Plant breeding is the art and science of changing the traits of plants to produce desired characteristics.  Plant breeding can be done by many different techniques. Plants with desirable characteristics for propagation can be selected. More complex molecular techniques are also possible (see cultigen and cultivar).

Plant breeding has been practiced for thousands of years, since near the beginning of human civilization. It is now done worldwide by gardeners and farmers, or by professional plant breeders employed by government institutions, universities, crop-specific industry associations or research centres.

International development agencies believe that breeding new crops is important for preventing famine. New varieties are developed. They are higher-yielding, resistant to pests and diseases, drought-resistant or adapted to different environments and growing conditions.

History
Plant breeding started with the domestication of the first agricultural plants, a practice dates back 9,000 to 11,000 years. Initially early farmers simply selected food plants with particular desirable characteristics, and employed these as progenitors for subsequent generations, resulting in an accumulation of valuable traits over time.

Gregor Mendel's experiments with plant hybridization led to his establishing laws of inheritance. Once this work became well known, it formed the basis of the new science of genetics, which stimulated research by many plant scientists dedicated to improving crop production through plant breeding.

Modern plant breeding is applied genetics, but its scientific basis is broader, covering molecular biology, cytology, systematics, physiology, pathology, entomology, chemistry, and statistics (biometrics). It has also developed its own technology.

Related pages
Genetically modified food
Artificial selection

References

Genetics
Agriculture

Plant breeding


The Enterprise is a sedan built bi Kia Motors, an like many ither caurs frae Kia, it is based on anither vehicle - the Enterprise is based on the Mazda Sentia. It wis first available for sale in 1998. It wis pouered bi ane o twa Mazda sourced petrol ingines wi 2.5, 3.0 an 3.6 litres, which proved tae be unremarkable in performance but excellent for reliability. The Enterprise hae a FR layoot wi Multilink front an rear suspension.
In 2002, it wis replaced bi the Kia Opirus

Enterprise
Vehicles introduced in 1998
1990s automobiles
2000s automobiles

Kia Enterprise


Tayasal is a pre-Columbian Maya archaeological site from the Postclassic period.  The site is in the southern Maya lowlands on a small island in Lake Petén Itzá. This island is now part of the Department of Petén in northern Guatemala.  Tayasal was the capital of one of the last independent Maya polities to be conquered by the Spanish conquistadores and colonizers, along with Zacpeten (the capital of the Ko'woj Maya) and Eixequil (the Yalnain capital), in 1697.

As an archaeological site, it was heavily damaged by the Spanish after its fall.  The capital city of the modern Petén department, Flores, has been built over the island and the nearby shores of the lake.

The Itza left the Yucatán region in the 13th century and built the city later known as Tayasal as their capital. They called it Noh Petén, or literally "City Island". It was also called Tah Itzá, or Place of the Itzá.

In 1541, Hernán Cortés came to the island, on route to Honduras, but needed to move on and did not try to conquer it due to its very good defensive position.

The Spanish were not able to conquer the island until 1697, after several attempts, that begun in 1629, when they marched in, from Corozal in Belize, Yucatán and Alta Verapaz, attacked with boats, and destroyed it. Many Itzá people hid in the jungle for years. The structures of Noh Petén were turned into the Roman Catholic Church and other buildings in the city of Flores.

Related pages
Spanish conquest of Yucatán

Other websites
History and Photos from Tayasal, Zacpetén and Queixil Islands

Archaeological sites in Guatemala
Maya civilization

Tayasal


Sir John Bussy (also Bushy; died 29 July 1399) of Hougham in Lincolnshire was a member of parliament representing Lincolnshire or Rutland eleven times from 1383 to 1398 as a Knight of the Shire. He was also Speaker of the House of Commons at the three Parliaments between 1393 and 1398, during which he supported the policies of king Richard II. He was most famous for orchestrating the abdication of parliament's power to an eighteen-man subcommittee in order to concentrate power in the hands of the king's supporters.

Bussy's pre-eminence at court and execution after Richard's abdication were dramatised by Shakespeare in Richard II, where he appears as one of three councillors (Bushy, Bagot and Greene) who are accused by Henry Bolingbroke (later Henry IV) of misleading the king.   He also appears as a character in Thomas of Woodstock.

Early career
He was the son of Sir William Bussy and Isabel Paynell, the daughter of John Paynell. He married twice; firstly in 1382 to Maud, daughter of Sir Philip de Neville and secondly in 1386 to Mary, widow of Ralph Daubeney. He owned lands in Lincolnshire.

In 1378 he secured a position with John of Gaunt, the Duke of Lancaster, as the Steward of all his lands north of the Trent. He worked for the Duke until 1397 but had by then (1391) entered the service of Richard II. He was High Sheriff of Lincolnshire in 1383, 1385 and 1390.

Consolidation of power

He became a close confidant and advisor of Richard and together with Sir Henry Green and Sir William Bagot became a "continual councillor". The three continual councillors went on to acquire an unsavoury reputation. Bussy became notorious for his gross flattery of the king. He was elected speaker of Parliament three (or possibly four) times, first in 1394, probably in 1395 and later by the two parliaments convened in 1397. It was in the latter of the two that Bussy became most notorious. He forced the parliament to delegate all its authority to a committee of which he was a member. The committee comprised eighteen members (12 Lords, 6 Commons). Each was carefully chosen as a strong supporter of Richard. By this means Bussy secured a monopoly on power by the king's supporters.

Fall and death
When Henry Bolingbroke (King Henry IV) returned in 1399 from exile to forcibly claim his inheritance, Bussy was captured on 28 July at Bristol Castle, together with William le Scrope, 1st Earl of Wiltshire and Sir Henry Green, and the next day tried and beheaded for crimes of treason against the Kingdom.

In English drama
 In Shakespeare's Richard II he is one of three councillors (Bushy, Bagot and Greene) accused by Bolingbroke of misleading the king.
 Bussy also appears in Thomas of Woodstock as "William Bushy", again portrayed as one of the king's favourites.

References

Chris Give-Wilson, Chronicles of the revolution, 1397-1400: The Reign of Richard II (Barnes & Noble, 1997), pg 128

Year of birth missing
1399 deaths
English MPs October 1383
English MPs September 1388
English MPs January 1390
English MPs November 1390
English MPs 1391
English MPs 1393
English MPs 1394
English MPs 1395
English MPs January 1397
English MPs September 1397
Speakers of the House of Commons of England
Executed people from Lincolnshire
High Sheriffs of Lincolnshire
14th-century English politicians
Male Shakespearean characters
People executed under the Plantagenets by decapitation
People from South Kesteven District
Executed English people
English politicians convicted of crimes

John Bussy


Paid to click (PTC) is an online business model that draws online traffic from people aiming to earn money from home. PTC websites act as middlemen between advertisers and consumers; the advertiser pays for displaying ads on the PTC website, and a part of this payment goes to the viewer when they view the advertisement.

The PTC model shares some similarities with pay to surf as both of these models use referral marketing as a promotional method. Furthermore, the PTC model is usually combined with a variety of additional ways to earn, such as completing surveys and simple tasks, playing games, shopping, etc. Users can then redeem their earnings for cash through payment processors as well as a variety of gift cards.

Controversies and criticism
The viability of the PTC business model has been questioned, as fraudulent clicks have ramped up the expenses for advertisers. With lawsuits filed against the internet search companies, the burden has been placed on advertisers to determine valid clicks from fraudulent ones and request reimbursement.

A criticism leveled towards the PTC business model involves the notion that a Ponzi scheme could potentially attempt to market itself as a successful Internet advertising services company under the guise of a PTC website. The most notable case of this being Traffic Monsoon, charged with this tactic, via a complaint filed by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC).

See also
 Adware
 Affiliate marketing
 Browser toolbar
 Cost per impression
 Internet fraud
 Loyalty program
 Pay to surf
 Reward website
 Work-at-home scheme

References

Business models

Paid to click


The Real Audiencia of Santo Domingo was the first court of the Spanish crown in America.  It was created by Ferdinand V of Castile in his decree of 1511, but due to disagreements between the governor of Hispaniola, Diego Colon and the Crown, it was not implemented until it was reestablished by Charles V in his decree of September 14, 1526. This audiencia would become part of the Viceroyalty of New Spain upon the creation of the latter two decades later. Nevertheless, the audiencia president was at the same time governor and captain general of the Captaincy General of Santo Domingo, which granted him broad administrative powers and autonomy over the Spanish possessions of the Caribbean and most of its mainland coasts. This combined with the judicial oversight that the audiencia judges had over the region meant that the Santo Domingo Audiencia was the principal political entity of this region during the colonial period.

Structure
Law II ("That in the City of Santo Domingo in Hispaniola reside the Royal Audiencia and Chancellory, and of its Ministers, District and Jurisdiction") of Title XV ("Of the Royal Audiencias and Chancellories of the Indies") of Book II of the Recopilación de Leyes de las Indias of 1680—which compiles the decrees of September 14, 1526; June 4, 1527; April 19, 1583; October 30, 1591, and February 17, 1620—describes the limits and functions of the Audiencia.

The Audiencia of Santo Domingo maintained judicial oversight of Caracas Province, except for two short periods from 1717 to 1723 and 1739 to 1742, until the establishment of the Audiencia of Caracas in 1786. It also oversaw the provinces of Maracaibo, Margarita, Cumaná (New Andalusia), Guyana, Barinas and Trinidad, (which had been transferred to the Audiencia of Bogotá in 1739) from 1777 to 1786, while plans for the new Real Audiencia of Caracas were finalized. The president of the Audiencia retained administrative oversight of Margarita, Cumaná and Caracas throughout the majority of the colonial period.

Because Spain ceded Hispaniola to France in the Peace of Basel of 1795, the Audiencia was transferred to Santa María del Puerto Príncipe (today Camagüey, Cuba) by the royal decree of March 17, 1799. The new Audiencia was set up the following year and called the Real Audiencia of Puerto Príncipe.  This Audiencia maintained jurisdiction over Cuba, Puerto Rico, Louisiana and Florida. In 1838 the Real Audiencia of Havana was created, with the Puerto Príncipe retaining jurisdiction over the Eastern and Central departments of Cuba, since Spain had lost Florida and Louisiana. In 1831 the Real Audiencia of Puerto Rico was established, but it was dissolved in 1853.

References

See also
Colony of Santo Domingo − Captaincy General of Santo Domingo
Museo de las Casas Reales
Spanish Empire

Spanish West Indies
Santo Domingo
Colonial government in the West Indies
Colonial Puerto Rico
Colonial Venezuela
Spanish colonial period of Cuba
16th century in the Colony of Santo Domingo
History of the Caribbean
History of New Spain
Spanish colonization of the Americas
1511 establishments in the Spanish Empire
1526 establishments in New Spain
1799 disestablishments in New Spain

Real Audiencia of Santo Domingo


Gustavo Adolfo Domínguez Bastida, better known as Bécquer, (Seville, 17 February 1836 – Madrid, 22 December 1870) was a Spanish post-romanticist writer of poetry and short stories. He is considered one of the most important figures in Spanish literature. He adopted the alias of Bécquer  as his brother Valeriano Bécquer, a painter, had done earlier. He was associated with the post-romanticism movement and wrote while realism in literature was enjoying success in Spain. He was moderately well known during his life, but it was after his death that most of his works were published.

His best known works are the Rhymes and the Legends, usually published together as Rimas y leyendas. These poems and tales are essential to the study of Spanish literature and common reading for high-school students in Spanish-speaking countries.

His work approached the traditional poetry and themes in a modern way, and is considered the founder of modern Spanish lyricism.

People from Seville
Spanish poets
1836 births
1870 deaths

Gustavo Adolfo Bécquer


Sint-Jans-Molenbeek (Dutch, pronoonced ) or Molenbeek-Saint-Jean (French, pronoonced ) is ane o the nineteen municipalities locatit in the Brussels-Caipital Region o Belgium.

History

Rural beginnins
The name Molenbeek comes frae twa Dutch wirds meanin "mills" an "stream".  Awtho first applee'd tae the brook that ran throu the veelage, the name eventually came tae be uised tae designate the veelage itsel aroond the year 985.  In the early Middle Ages, Molenbeek wis kent for its miraculous well o Saunt Gertrude, which attractit thoosans o pilgrims.

The veelage wis made pairt o Brussels in the 13t century.  As a result, Molenbeek lost mony o its lands tae its mair pouerful neighbour. In addition, its main kirk wis dismantled in 1578, leadin tae further decline.  The toun's character remained maistly rural till the 18t century.

Industrialization
At the end o the 18t century, the Industrial Revolution an the biggin o the Brussels-Charleroi Canal brocht prosperity back tae Molenbeek, throu commerce an manufacturin. In 1785, the ceety regained its status as an independent commune. Attractit bi the industrial opportunities, mony wirkers muivit in, first frae ither Belgian provinces an Fraunce, then frae Sooth European, an mair recently frae East European an African kintras.  The growthe o the community continued unabated throughoot the 19t century, leadin tae cramped livin conditions, especially near the canal.

The ceety became kent as "Little Manchester" an its indwallers lived throu an extendit period o misery. At the end o the 19t century, Brussels reintegratit the canal aurie athin its new haven, which wis sicweys lost tae Molenbeek. The industrial decline, which haed aaready stairtit afore Warld War I, acceleratit efter the Great Depression. In some auries o the ceety, the ensuin poverty left its merk on the urban landscape an scarred the social life o the community, leadin tae risin creeme rates an pervadin cultural intolerance. Various local revitalization programs are currently unner wey, aimin at relievin the maist impoverished destricts o the municipality.

Population

Muslim community

Ower the past couple o decades, a substantial Muslim community o mainly Moroccan an Turkis ancestry haes established itsel in Molenbeek, vera visible (fowk, shops, cafés) in the auldest neighbourhuids o the commune, near the canal, while the new neighbourhuids are mair akin tae the population o neighbourin communes Jette or Berchem-Sainte-Agathe. Thare are several mosques in the commune, includin a Pakistani ane, an a Shi'a Turkis mosque.

Sichts

Several run-doun industrial biggins hae been renovatit an convertit intae prime real estate an ither community functions.  Examples include the Raffinerie, a umwhile succar refinery that is nou the steid o a cultural an modren dance complex; the Fonderie, a umwhile smelter that is nou hame tae a labour an industry museum; the Bottelarij, a bottlin plant which wis hoosin the Royal Flemish Theatre durin the renovation o the theatre in the centre o Brussels; an the maist impressive Tour & Taxis biggin an surroondin aurie, which will be turned intae various residences, as well as commercial enterprises.
The Karreveld castle is uised for a variety o cultural events, but an aa for the meetins o the municipal cooncil.
Regional natur pairk "Scheutbos".

Famous inhabitants
Toots Thielemans, jazz airtist (b. 1922)
Philippe Moureaux, politeecian, senator, mayor, an professor o economic history at the Université Libre de Bruxelles (b. 1939)
Thierry Zéno, author-filmmaker (b. 1950)
Zeynep Sever, Miss Belgium 2008

References

Twin ceeties
 Oujda
 Levallois-Perret

Freemit airtins

Offeecial steid o Molenbeek-Saint-Jean (anerlie in French or Dutch)

Municipalities o the Brussels-Caipital Region

Sint-Jans-Molenbeek


A calendar is a tool for organizing days. People use calendars to say when something happened, and for planning things that have not happened yet. The calendar gives the days names and numbers, called calendar dates. The dates are usually made based on how things in the sky seem to move. The year and month are based on motions of the Sun and moon. By knowing what day something happened or will happen, people have an easier life. Since the beginning of history, knowing when the seasons would start for crops was very important for farmers.

Calendar systems have a beginning time or era. The calendar era is often a religion-based event, such as the birth of Jesus, but it may be a political event such as a coronation or the founding of a state. Dates that are counted from the coronation are called "regnal".

The three principal calendars most used today are the Gregorian, Hebrew, and Islamic calendars. Other calendar systems from many different parts of the world are also used.

Basis
Calendars are based on three natural things:

 The Earth turns all the way around its axis.
 The Moon goes all the way around the Earth.
 The Earth goes all the way around the Sun.

The Earth turns all the way around its axis about 24 hours. It is called the Solar Day.  Days of most calendars are strongly based on the Solar Day.

The Moon turns all the way around the Earth about 29 days, 12 hours, 44 minutes and 2 seconds.  Months of some calendars are still strongly based on the Moon.  These are called Lunar calendars, which lasts about 354-355 days.  Solar calendars ignore the moon, and depend entirely on the Sun.

The Earth goes all the way around the Sun in about 365 days, 5 hours, 48 minutes and 46 seconds.  This is called the Solar year.  Years of most calendars are strongly based on the Solar year.

Related pages
 Anno Domini (AD)
 Common Era (CE)
 Friday (Muslim)
 Saturday (Jewish)
 Sunday (Christian)
 Gregorian calendar (Christian)
 Hebrew calendar (Jewish)
 Islamic calendar (Muslim)

Other websites
 Calendar for many years, for many countries
 Calendar -Citizendium

Calendar


Gerresheim is one of the oldest parts of the City of Düsseldorf, Germany. It is in the east of the city. About 28,200 live in Gerresheim today.

History

In the year 670 a church in Gerresheim is mentioned first time.

In 870 the church the Gerresheim Womans Abbay, St. Margaret's, (Gerresheim Abbey) was founded by Gerricus.

In 1368 got the City Rights by the Counts of Berg.

In the Truchsess War and later the Thirty Years' War Gerresheim was raided some times. Even the nons of Abbay became poorer.
So the city became poorer and lost its attraction.

In 1803 there was no Abbay anymore. In 1809 Gerresheim was taken over by Prussia.
In 1838 Gerresheim got its railway sation.

In 1909 Gerresheim became a part of Düsseldorf.

Buildings and attractions

 Basilica Saint Margaretha, formerly St. Hippolytus, Roman Catholic church, Romano-Gothic abbey church, sanctified in 1236 in the place of a church of the Staufens.
 The treasures of the church are a crucifix from the 10th century and a Gospel book from the 11th century
 Abbey buildings date from the 13th century
 Quadenhof Castle dates from the 15th century
 Gustav Adolf Church, Protestant (Lutheran) church from 1878

Sources
 Communal District Administration (German)
 Communal Administration (German)

Boroughs of Germany
Düsseldorf

Gerresheim


The hyoid is a horseshoe-shaped bone in the front of the neck. between the chin and the thyroid cartilage (Adam's apple). At rest, it lies at the level of the mandible in the front and the third cervical vertebra behind.
Unlike other bones, the hyoid is not directly connected to other bones. It is connected only to  muscles and ligaments. The hyoid aids in tongue movement and swallowing. The hyoid bone provides attachment to the muscles of the floor of the mouth and the tongue above, the larynx below, and the epiglottis and pharynx behind.

Fracture and applied anatomy
Due to its position, the hyoid bone does not fracture easily. In a suspected case of murder, a fractured hyoid strongly indicates throttling or  strangulation  However, this is not the case in children and adolescents, because their hyoid bone is still flexible as ossification is yet to be completed.

Bones
Neck

Hyoid


The Native American Church (NAC), also known as Peyotism and Peyote Religion, is a Native American religion that teaches a combination of traditional Native American beliefs and elements of Christianity especially the ten commandments, with sacramental use of the entheogen peyote. The religion originated in the Oklahoma Territory (1890–1907) in the late nineteenth century, after peyote was introduced to the southern Great Plains from Mexico. Today it is the most widespread indigenous religion among Native Americans in the United States (except Alaska Natives and Native Hawaiians), Canada (specifically First Nations people in Saskatchewan and Alberta), and Mexico, with an estimated 250,000 adherents as of the late twentieth century.

History

Historically, many denominations of mainstream Christianity made attempts to convert Native Americans to Christianity in the Western Hemisphere. These efforts were partially successful, for the religious practices, including those of the Native American Church, of many Native American tribes reflect Christian creeds. Although conversion to Christianity was a slow process, the tenets of the Native American Church were more readily accepted.

Originally formed in the Oklahoma Territory, the Native American Church is monotheistic, believing in a supreme being, called the Great Spirit. The tenets of the Native American Church regard peyote as a sacred and holy sacrament and use it as a means to communicate with the Great Spirit (God), also referred to as the Creator.

Beliefs of the church
Disease and death are believed to be a result of an imbalance in the individual. Besides peyote, other sacred plants, prayer, and fasting are used to cure this imbalance. Use of peyote is never for recreational purposes and the hallucinogenic effects of the plant are considered spiritual visions. To most Native Americans, visions are a communion with the metaphysical. However, not every member experiences hallucinogenic effects during peyote rituals. The plant is meant to heal or fix social, personal, and communal problems. Members believe the plant is safe for children and pregnant women.

Relationship to Christianity

Some American Natives dislike the beliefs of Christianity because of the history between natives and European Christian groups. Missionaries' attempts to alter or remove aspects of American Natives' heritage and culture has left many unable to reconcile with Christianity. On the other hand, some members are comfortable with a syncretic spiritual way that combines their Indigenous ways with some aspects of Christianity. The church included Protestant characteristics in its formation.

Different fireplaces
In the Native American Church, there are two main umbrella fireplaces (ceremonial peyote altars passed down generationally from family) that are conducted: the Half-Moon fireplace and the Cross-Fire fireplace.

Half-Moon fireplace:
 Uses a half-moon shaped sand altar, the color of sand and size used varying between tribes
 Uses tobacco and corn-shucks during main sections of the service
 Coal design patterns differ from tribe to tribe during the service
 Staff is passed around the tipi during singing sections
 Main four ceremonial songs sung

Cross-Fire fireplace:
 Uses a horseshoe shaped sand altar, with a corresponding mound outside of the tipi parallel to the firepit – to represent the "grave of Jesus Christ"
 No tobacco used
 Staff is placed upright in the ground and does not get passed around the ceremony during singing sections
 Bible sections are recited and used according to the family's prayer for the particular service
 Cross design within the coals to represent certain elements of Jesus Christ
 Mainly Christian peyote songs sung, with the main four ceremonial songs appended to the Cross-fire

There are many variations of each fireplace, and they depends greatly on tribe and environment. There are also special fireplaces that do not exactly fit into the mold of either main style, so the above list is by no means authoritative.

National organizational structure
Within the United States, there are two main umbrella chapters of the Native American Church:

 Native American Church of the United States – the original 1913 charter enabled in Oklahoma territory. All chapters with this designation have no blood quantum requirements to attend ceremonies and all races, generally, are welcome. Most tribes that adopted the NAC early have an original chapter enacted with this charter.
 Native American Church of North America – an offshoot that originates from the late 1960s, the NAC of North America only allows Native Americans with a blood quantum of 1/4 or more to attend. This is enforced by tribal police via checking Certificates of Degree of Indian or Alaska Native Blood (CDIBs) and NAC membership cards. While in the minority nationally, major community figures in the peyote world are actively involved and defend its decision to only allow Native Americans to attend.

There are other tribal specific offshoots of both umbrella chapters, notably the Navajo, with major chapters in both states representing both the original charter and the NAC of North America.

Ceremony and roles
Followers of the Native American Church have differing ceremonies, celebrations, and ways of practicing their religion. For example, among the Lakota, the Cross Fire group uses the Bible for sermons, which are rejected by the Half Moon followers, though they each teach a similar Christian morality. Ceremonies commonly last all night, beginning Saturday evening and ending early Sunday morning. Scripture reading, prayer, singing, and drumming are included. In general, the Native American Church believes in one supreme God, the Great Spirit.

Ceremonies are generally held in a tipi and require a priest, pastor, or elder to conduct the service. The conductor is referred to as the Roadman. The Roadman is assisted by a Fireman, whose task is to care for the holy fireplace, making sure that it burns consistently all night. The Roadman may use a prayer staff, a beaded and feathered gourd, a small drum, cedar, and his eagle feather as a means for conducting services. The Roadman's wife or other female relative prepares four sacramental foods and the "second breakfast" that are part of the church services. Her part takes place very early, between 4:30 and 5:00 in the morning. The four sacramental foods are water, shredded beef or "sweet meat", corn mush, and some variety of berry. To counterbalance the bitterness of the peyote consumed during the services, the sweet foods were added later. The second breakfast is like a typical American breakfast. It generally includes boiled eggs, toast, hash brown potatoes, coffee, and juice. This meal is served well after sunrise and just prior to the closing of the church services.

Church services are not regular Sunday occurrences but are held in accordance with special requests by a family for celebrating a birthday, or for a memorial or funeral service. Services begin at sundown on either a Friday or Saturday evening and end at sunrise. Thus, a participant "sits up" all night, giving up a full night's rest as part of a small sacrifice to the Holy Spirit and Jesus.

The church services culminate in a feast for the whole community the following day. Because peyote is a stimulant, all of the participating members are wide awake, so they, too, attend the feast. The need for sleep is generally felt in the late afternoon, particularly after the feast. Gifts are given to the Roadman and all his helpers by the sponsoring family at the feast to show deep appreciation for all his hard work.

Common reasons for holding a service include the desire to cure illness, birthday celebrations, Christian holidays, school graduations, and other significant life events.

Music

Music during prayer services consists of the singer with his gourd rattle staff and the water-drummer with his water-drum. The singer sings four songs, concludes his set, and passes the staff, gourd and drum along to the next relative to sing.

There are only two musical instruments used in an authentic Native American Church prayer service:

 Peyote gourd rattle – a gourd rattle made of wood (beaded and non-beaded), raw gourd shell, and sea stones used to sing peyote songs throughout the service. The wood is usually strong, hard-wood like Gabon ebony and Bodark to produce the appropriate tune for the rattle.
 Water drum – a metal drum (usually cast-iron, brass or aluminum) filled with water and tied down with marbles/stones with an appropriate animal hide.  When tied correctly, it produces a deep tone that can be manipulated with the thumb on the hide to change the sound as a relative is singing.

Peyote songs of the Native American Church are in the peyote language. This language makes up all peyote songs sung around all fireplaces, no matter what tribe or denomination nationally. The language was introduced by the Carrizo and Coahuiltecan people of South Texas and is what people consider "straight" peyote songs.

That being said, many tribes incorporate their own language into peyote songs, which will assign that particular song to one particular tribe, instead of it being represented in an intertribal way as a "straight" song.

Artwork
Along with the founding of the Native American Church came new artwork and art techniques. European trade materials such as beads and metal were incorporated into artwork. Therefore, the category of "peyote art" includes traditional and contemporary styles. Many art pieces are ritual instruments or for ceremonial settings. These objects of art include gourd rattles made of hardwoods, glass beads, leather fringe, and dyed horsehair. Furthermore, most objects, if they are associated with the church, are produced by men. There are also feather fans that can be made from hawk, golden eagle, mascot or other birds' feathers. These fans are one of the most important objects related to the church because they represent the bird symbolism in the religion. Moreover, there are also drum sticks and ritual staffs that have carvings of tipis, birds, stars, sun patterns, and other symbols important to the church. However, there are also non-instrumental art pieces such as paintings and jewelry.

Persecution and law
As the United States government became more involved in the control of drugs, the Native American Church faced possible legal issues regarding their use of peyote. The Indian Religious Freedom Act of 1978, also called the American Indian Religious Freedom Act, was passed to provide legal protection for the Church's use of the plant.

The controversy over peyote resulted in its legal classification as a controlled drug in the United States. However, as a result of US v. Boyll (1991) and other federal rulings, members of the Native American Church are allowed to transport, possess, and use peyote for religious purposes. While such use has been declared legal without regard to race or tribal status in all US states other than Idaho and Texas, which have outlawed use by non-natives, the purchase of peyote from licensed distributors can only be made via permit by enrolled tribal members, who also must intend to use it for religious purposes only. These distributors, located in Texas near the Mexican border, sell wild peyote gathered in its native range by licensed collectors. Cultivation of peyote is legal under the same circumstances as possession, where the cultivator must be able to prove that plants are for use in Native American Church ceremonies, or depending on the state, for general religious ceremonies.

The Neo-American Church tried to claim LSD and marijuana as sacraments, seeking protection similar to that afforded to peyote use by the Native American Church. The courts ruled against them. The Peyote Way Church of God's failed federal lawsuit was rendered partially successful when Arizona expanded permitted use of peyote to general bona fide religious purposes, as well as spiritual intent. Colorado, New Mexico, Nevada and Oregon also allow for general religious use.

Influential people
Prominent figures in the church's development include Chevato, Jim Aton, John Wilson, and Jonathan Koshiway. These people, and many others, played important roles in the introduction and adoption of the Native American Church.

Victor Griffin, known as the last chief of the Quapaw tribe, was noted for facilitating the incorporation of the Native American Church under Oklahoma law in 1911. He also helped spread the religion to some other related tribes in the region.

Led by James Mooney, a first generation of anthropologists brought their help to Peyotists, providing testimonies before legislative bodies, and later encouraged the movement's leaders to consolidate peyote use into an established religion whose practice would be protected by law.

The Native American novelist N. Scott Momaday gives a highly accurate portrayal of the peyote service in his book House Made of Dawn.

Reuben Snake was a Ho-Chunk roadman and worked towards the establishment of the American Indian Religious Freedom Act, which passed after his death in 1994 in order to legalize the use of ceremonial peyote.

See also

 Eagle-bone whistle
 Employment Division v. Smith

 Freedom of thought
 Hair drop, Native American Church regalia
 Indigenous peoples of the Americas
 Religion and drugs
 The red road

References

Bibliography
 Hayward, Robert. The Thirteenth Step: Ancient Solutions to the Contemporary Problems of Alcoholism and Addiction using the Timeless Wisdom of The Native American Church Ceremony. Native Son Publishers Inc., 2011. . – Describes the Native American Church Ceremony.
 Stewart, Omer C.  Peyote Religion: A History.  Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1987.

External links

 Listing of Native American Churches
 American Ethnography – The use of Peyote by the Carrizo and Lipan Apache tribes
 "Native American Church, Encyclopedia of the Great Plains

1890s establishments in Oklahoma Territory
American psychedelic drug advocates
Native American religion
Protestant organizations
Religion in Oklahoma
Religious organizations established in the 1890s
Religious organizations using entheogens
Religious syncretism
Christianity and religious syncretism
Indigenous Christianity
Religion in the United States
History of religion in the United States
Religious belief systems founded in the United States

Native American Church


The AFC North is a division in the AFC conference of the National Football League. Teams in the division are the Pittsburgh Steelers, Baltimore Ravens, Cincinnati Bengals, and the Cleveland Browns. Pittsburgh has won the Super Bowl six times, the most of any team in the league. Baltimore has won it twice. Cincinnati and Cleveland have never been Super Bowl champions.

National Football League

AFC North


Ambush marketing is a form of marketing. Many events, especially in sports have sponsors. These sponsors pay money, which makes it possible to hold the event. In return for this, they get publicity and media coverage. Ambush marketing is a name given to marketing campaigns that are also done around the event, but where no money is paid for the event.

There are many major events where one company will pay money to become the exclusive sponsor of the event (or in a category of the event).  This blocks other brands or companies.  These other brands then seek to promote themselves in connection with the same event.  They do not pay the sponsorship fee.  Even if they wanted to, they could not, because one brand is the exclusive sponsor.

Ambush marketing is not illegal, and many people do it.  Examples in sport include FIFA World Cup, Olympic Games, and the Super Bowl.

Anti-ambush marketing regulations have become controversial for restricting freedom of speech and self-promotion.

Famous "ambush marketing"
 1984 Summer Olympics; Kodak sponsors TV broadcasts of the games as well as the US track team even though Fujifilm is the official sponsor.
 1988 Summer Olympics; Fujifilm sponsors the games, but Kodak is the official sponsor.
 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona; Nike sponsors press conferences with the US basketball team despite Reebok being the official sponsor. During ceremonies, the players covered their Reebok logos.
 1994 Winter Olympics; American Express sponsors the games despite Visa being the official sponsor.
 1996 Atlanta Olympics; sprinter Linford Christie wore contact lenses embossed with the Puma AG logo at the press conference preceding the 100 metres final, despite Reebok being the official sponsor.
 1996 Atlanta Olympics; Messages On Hold strategically infiltrates a banner within the camera frame as US runner Jon Drummond prepares for the opening leg of 4x100 relay final. The moment is broadcast live across the world.
 1996 Cricket World Cup; Pepsi ran a series of advertisements titled "Nothing official about it" targeting the official sponsor Coca Cola.
 1998 World Cup; Nike sponsored a number of teams competing in the Cup despite Adidas being the official sponsor.
 2000 Sydney Olympics; Qantas Airlines' slogan "The Spirit of Australia" sounds strikingly similar to the games' slogan "Share the Spirit." despite Ansett Air being the official sponsor.
 2002 Boston Marathon; as Adidas-sponsored runners come off the course Nike are treated to spray-painted messages honoring the day of the race, but not the race itself.
 2003 Cricket World Cup; Indian players threatened to strike over concerns that the anti-ambush marketing rules were too strict. Of particular concern was the length of time before and after the cup that players were not allowed to endorse a rival to one of the official sponsors. Players argued that if they had pre-existing contracts that they would be in breach of them if they were to accept the ICC's rules.
 2006 FIFA World Cup; fans of the Netherlands had to disrobe Bavaria Brewery's leeuwenhosen because Budweiser was the official beer sponsor.

References

Marketing

Ambush marketing


Fox is a 2009 Indian Hindi-language thriller film written and directed by Deepak Tijori, starring Sunny Deol, Arjun Rampal, Udita Goswami and Sagarika Ghatge. It is an action thriller movie and is about a cat and mouse chase between a young successful criminal lawyer and a mysterious stranger (Fox) who is controlling and threatening his life. Sunny Deol plays the *Fox* in the movie. The film was released on 6 September 2009 and is said to be inspired from Hollywood film A Murder of Crows (1999). The film was a disaster at the box office.

Plot
Arjun Kapoor (Arjun Rampal) is a successful criminal defense lawyer. The film opens with him defending his friend Raj Thakur (Vipul Gupta), who has been accused of rape and murder. Arjun's defense strategy involves suggesting the victim had dubious morals. The victim's parents confront Arjun outside the courthouse, cursing him for his lack of a conscience. Later Raj confesses to Arjun that he is guilty; when Arjun is disturbed by his friend's lack of shame, Raj points out that Arjun's success comes from defending wealthy criminals like him.

At home, Arjun calls his girlfriend and fellow lawyer Urvashi (Sagarika Ghatge). A shadowy figure carrying a gun sneaks up on Arjun, but they retreat when they hear Arjun confess over the phone that he wants to change. When the court convenes the next morning, Arjun publicly accuses his friend of being guilty. The judge orders Arjun to step down from his duties, and his license is revoked. Arjun decides to take a break, leaving Mumbai and his girlfriend.

Arjun travels to Goa, where he meets an old man named Vivian McNamara who claims to be a retired lawyer. They spend time together, during which McNamara says he understands Arjun's situation. McNamara has written a novel titled "Fix the Fox", a crime thriller about the murder of five lawyers, which he hopes to publish and leave behind a positive legacy instead of a negative one. McNamara gives Arjun a copy of the manuscript, which he finishes reading in one night. When Arjun returns to McNamara's house the next morning, he is stopped by a police officer named Gaitonde, who tells him that McNamara just died.

As there's no one to give the manuscript to, Arjun decides to have it published in memoriam. He offers it to Sophia (Udita Goswami), a publishing house editor who recognizes its potential. The manuscript's pages are watermarked with "McNamara", which Sophie assumes is Arjun's pen name. Sophie's publishing policy is to use real names; she also doesn't normally accept unknown authors, but Arjun's fame as a lawyer will ensure the novel's publication. Arjun is pressured into signing a contract, officially claiming to be the author.

The novel becomes a national bestseller and lands in the hands of a local crime branch police officer Yashwant Deshmukh (Sunny Deol), who reads it and finds something suspicious. Yashwant meets Arjun to discuss the novel, and when Arjun confirms that he wrote it, Yashwant has Arjun arrested. The five murders in the novel match five unsolved murders on file, right down to confidential details. Urvashi comes to Arjun's aid, negotiating for bail and a remand under Yashwant's custody so they can investigate the case themselves.

Arjun and Urvashi tell Yashwant the full story and ask for his help, but they can't find any evidence that "Vivian McNamara" or "Gaitonde" ever existed. Arjun then remembers that the original manuscript had the "McNamara" watermark, which may help cast reasonable doubt. He and Urvashi sneak out of Yashwant's house to get it from the publishing house. They arrive just as "Gaitonde" has taken it; Arjun chases him, eventually following him back to Yashwant's house.

Arjun sneaks into Yashwant's rooms, where he discovers pictures of Yashwant with "Gaitonde". He also finds a secret room where there are costuming materials and newspaper articles of the five criminal lawyers and Arjun himself. He realizes that Yashwant is the Fox. He is behind the murders and the frame-up.

Arjun agrees to meet Yashwant at a secluded location. There, he demands to know why Yashwant framed him. Yashwant explains that his wife and son were murdered, but a criminal defense lawyer similar to Arjun got the killer acquitted. Yashwant since then vowed to kill all lawyers like him. He had almost killed Arjun, as seen earlier in the film, but changed his mind when he heard Arjun confess his troubles to Urvashi. Yashwant decided to give Arjun a chance, setting up the con with "Vivian McNamara" (actually Yashwant's brother, who also pretended to be Gaitonde), but when Arjun took credit for the novel, Yashwant took it as evidence that he hadn't changed at all. Arjun reveals that he's actually wired and the entire conversation was recorded. Police officers come out from their hiding place, and when Yashwant attacks and overpowers Arjun, he is shot and killed by the police.

Cast
Sunny Deol as Fox/ACP Yeshwant Deshmukh, Crime Branch, Goa
Arjun Rampal as Advocate Arjun Kapoor
Udita Goswami as Sophia Mukherjee
Sagarika Ghatge as Urvashi Mathur, Arjun's girlfriend
Kurush Deboo as Zubeen Mangal
Vipul Gupta as Raj Thakur
Ravi Gossain as Constable Gaitonde/Shinde/Fake McNamara
Rituparna Sengupta as Mrs. Ritika Deshmukh
Vishwajeet Pradhan as Dr. Vivian McNamara
Naseer Abdullah as Public Prosecutor, Goa

Soundtrack

References

External links

2009 films
2000s Hindi-language films
Films set in Mumbai
Films directed by Deepak Tijori
Indian remakes of American films

Fox (film)


Sir John Barbirolli CH,  (born London, 2 December, 1899 ; died London 29 July  1970), was a English conductor and cellist.  Barbirolli was particularly remembered as the conductor of the  Hallé Orchestra, Manchester, which he conducted for nearly thirty years, turning it into a world famous orchestra.  He was conductor of other great orchestras including the New York Philharmonic and the Houston Symphony, and also conducted orchestras including the London Symphony Orchestra, the London Philharmonic Orchestra, the Berlin Philharmonic, and the Vienna Philharmonic.  He often played the music of English composers such as Edward Elgar and Ralph Vaughan Williams.

Life

Early years
Barbirolli was born into a musical family. His father and grandfather had come from Italy and moved to London.  His mother was French.  His father and uncle were violinists.

Barbirolli won a scholarship to study at Trinity College of Music, and later studied at the Royal Academy of Music.  In 1916 he joined the Queen's Hall Orchestra where he was the youngest member.   The next year he gave his first solo recital.  He spent two years in the army where he got conducting experience with a voluntary orchestra.  In 1919 he was again playing in orchestras and twice appeared as soloist with the Bournemouth Municipal Orchestra.

Between 1929 and 1933 he conducted opera at Covent Garden. From 1933 to 1936 he conducted the Scottish Orchestra in Glasgow.

In 1927 he took over a concert that Thomas Beecham would have conducted with the London Symphony Orchestra.  He conducted other English orchestras including the Hallé Orchestra and was becoming very well known.  He could learn music very quickly.  In the 1930s he made many recordings with the London Symphony Orchestra and London Philharmonic, accompanying concertos with famous soloists such as Fritz Kreisler, Jascha Heifetz and Arthur Rubinstein.

International career
In 1937 Barbirolli was invited to take over from Arturo Toscanini as conductor of the New York Philharmonic.  To follow such a great conductor was a very great honour.  He conducted there for five years with great success, although there were some critics who supported Toscanini and were always criticizing Barbirolli.  It was a difficult time for him as a new orchestra had just been formed in New York, the NBC Symphony Orchestra which was conducted by Toscanini and they paid their musicians more money.  When he was invited, in 1942,  to stay on with the New York Philharmonic he decided not to, partly because he would have to become a US citizen.

Hallé Orchestra
The Hallé Orchestra, based in Manchester, England, had been famous under the conductor Hamilton Harty.  However, in recent years they had been sharing half their players with the BBC.  This had saved the orchestra in the difficult years when the economy was bad and during the early war years, but the orchestra was not as good as it had been.  Barbirolli was invited to become the conductor of the orchestra, so he moved back to England in 1943.

The first thing he had to do was to rebuild the orchestra. It had not had a permanent conductor since 1933 when Hamilton Harty left.  Only four of the shared players with the BBC chose to join the Hallé in Manchester, so Barbirolli  auditioned many musicians.  The "new Hallé" made several recordings including  symphonies by Arnold Bax and Vaughan Williams.

Barbirolli conducted the orchestra for 25 years.  In 1958 he became "conductor-in-chief", so that he could share the work with others.  In 1968 he was given the title "conductor laureate" for the rest of his life.

As well as his work with the Hallé he conducted the BBC Symphony Orchestra and other London orchestras, and made many recordings.  From 1961 to 1967 he was also principal conductor of the Houston Symphony Orchestra in Texas.  He was also made guest conductor of the Berlin Philharmonic.

During his last years he had serious health problems  His last two concerts were held in the St Nicholas Chapel, King's Lynn, as part of its 1970 Festival.  Although he collapsed during the Friday afternoon, he managed to conduct  Elgar's Symphony No 1 and Sea Pictures. The last piece he conducted was Beethoven's Symphony No 7 on the Saturday before his death.

His reputation
Barbirolli is remembered for his great interpretations of Romantic music and of early 20th century English music.  He was not interested in very modern music although he did conduct Benjamin Britten's Violin Concerto and Sinfonia da Requiem in New York.  He is remembered for his performances of Elgar, Ralph Vaughan Williams and Gustav Mahler, as well as Franz Schubert, Beethoven, Jean Sibelius, Giuseppe Verdi and Giacomo Puccini.  Vaughan Williams gave him the nickname "Glorious John".  He was a great supporter and friend of the great cellist Jacqueline du Pré.

He was knighted in 1949 and made a Companion of Honour in 1969.

Family
His first marriage was to singer Marjorie Parry.  His second marriage from 1939 to his death was to the British oboist Evelyn Rothwell who died at the age of 97 in January 2008.

References
Groves Dictionary of Music and Musicians, edited Stanley Sadie, 1980;

1899 births
1970 deaths
British conductors
Companions of Honour
Knights Bachelor

John Barbirolli


The Juche Tower is a monument in Pyongyang, North Korea. It was completed in 1982. It is on the eastern bank of the Taedong River, opposite the Kim Il-Sung Square. Its geographic coordinates are 39°1′3.52″N, 125°45′48.05″E. It was made to celebrate the anniversary of Kim Il-Sung's 70th birthday. It is claimed that it was designed by Kim Jong-il.

The 170 meter (560') structure contains 25,550 blocks (365 × 70, one for each day of Kim Il Sung's life, excluding remainder days), dressed in white stone with seventy dividers and capped with a 20 meter high, 45 ton, shining torch allegedly made out of 'special materials'. It is possible to go to the top of the tower. It is said that the tower was built in 35 days and was dressed in 76 days.

In front of the tower is a 30 meter high statue consisting of three figures — one with a hammer, one with a sickle and one with a writing brush (an idealised worker, a peasant and a "working intellectual"). Also close to the tower is a wall of 82 friendship plaques, apparently from foreign supporters. Around the tower there are also pavilions and water features. It is claimed that the tower has become a popular place for North Koreans.

The tower is named after the principle of Juche, developed by Kim Il-Sung. The name of the tower is sometimes translated as the Tower of the Juche Idea or Juche Ideology Tower.

Pyongyang
Monuments and memorials
Towers in Asia
Buildings and structures in North Korea
1982 establishments in Asia
Establishments in North Korea

Juche Tower


Modest Petrovitch Mussorgsky (born Karevo, Pskov district, 21 March 1839; died St Petersburg, 28 March 1881) was a Russian composer.

Mussorgsky is famous for his operas and songs. He discovered new ways of writing for the voice which were very tuneful but which also suited the Russian language. His most famous opera is Boris Godunov. He wrote an overture called Night on a Bald Mountain. Another very famous piece is called Pictures at an Exhibition. He wrote it for the piano, but many years after his death another composer called Maurice Ravel orchestrated it and this is the version people usually hear today. Some of his works were re-orchestrated and "improved" by the composer Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov. In recent years people have started to think that what Mussorgsky wrote originally was better.

Life

Early years
Mussorgsky was born in Toropets, 250 miles south of Saint Petersburg.  His family were very rich and owned a lot of land and servants (known as "serfs" in Russia).  He probably got to know the serfs well.  Later, in his operas, we can see that he had a lot of sympathy for the ordinary, poor people.  When Mussorgsky was six he started to have piano lessons from his mother. He learned very quickly, and when he was nine he performed a concerto by John Field and works by Franz Liszt for the family.  When he was 10 he and his brother went to a private school: St Peter's School.  When he was 12 he composed a polka.  His father paid for it to be published.

When he was 13 he was sent to the Cadet School of the Guards.  His parents wanted him to be in military service, like his ancestors had been.  It was a hard life at the school.  There was a lot of bullying.  He learned to drink alcohol and this eventually led to his alcoholism which was to kill him.  He played the piano for the cadets to dance to.  He was interested in history and German philosophy.

Adulthood
In October 1856, when he was 17 years old, he met the 22-year-old Alexander Borodin.  They were both working in a military hospital in Saint Petersburg. The two men were soon good friends. He also met Alexander Dargomyzhsky who was then the most important Russian composer after Mikhail Glinka. Dargomyzhsky liked Mussorgsky's piano playing, and Mussorgsky often went to musical parties at Dargomyzhsky's home.  Here he met many other important Russian musicians: the critic Vladimir Stasov and the composers César Cui and Mily Balakirev. He had a very special relationship with Balakirev who was like a teacher to him and gave him a lot of advice and encouragement, introducing him to a lot of music he did not yet know.  In 1858 Mussorgsky decided to give up his job and spend all his time on music.

The following years were difficult for Mussorgsky.  He had a lot of depression. He composed some piano pieces and some songs. It was also a difficult time for his family who lost a lot of their wealth in 1861 when the new tsar of Russia ordered that the serfs could be free.  Mussorgsky became a member of a group of five composers who became known as the Mighty Handful.  The other four were Balakirev, Borodin, Cui and Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov.  The five were not together for very long.  The others became too busy with careers outside music, or their musical tastes became very different from Mussorgsky's.  In 1863 he started to compose an opera Salammbô but he never finished it.

Mussorgsky was very upset when his mother died in 1865.  He started to drink heavily.
In 1867 he finished the original orchestral version of his Night on Bald Mountain.  Balakirev did not like it and refused to conduct it, so it was never performed during Mussorgsky's lifetime.

Fame
Mussorgsky continued his career as a civil servant, but often he was not paid.  He was very impressed by Dargomïzhsky's new opera The Stone Guest and composed eleven scenes for an opera called The Marriage.  This, too, remained unfinished.  However, he learned a lot from working at these unfinished works, and developed his own style which was later used in his greatest work: Boris Godunov.  He learned a way of setting words to music that would keep the words flowing in a natural way which heightened their meaning.  It was very different from the old-style operas where music was divided sharply into arias and recitatives with a few choruses.

When he was 29 he was encouraged to write an opera on the historical story of Boris Godunov.  He based his opera on a play by Alexander Pushkin, but he also read history books by Nikolay Karamzin.  He worked at the opera for a year while living with friends and working for the Forestry Department.  In 1871 he had finished it, but it was not performed in the theatre because it did not have an important part for a female.  Mussorgsky changed the opera, adding a whole new act with a love scene with a Polish princess. He made other changes as well.  The new version was accepted.  The first performance of the complete Godunov took place in February 1874.  Mussorgsky was then at the height of his fame.

Decline

After this Mussorgsky's life became gradually worse.  He was depressed, and had fits of madness.  He was drinking heavily. He still managed to compose.  He wrote a song cycle
Sunless, a piano suite Pictures at an Exhibition and started two operas:  Khovanschina and The Fair at Sorochyntsi.  A lot of his friends were drinking, and many of them died.  He was lucky to keep his job: his boss was very keen on music and allowed him a lot of time off work.   However, in 1880 he eventually lost his job.  He was very poor.  A group of friends got together to give him money so that he could finish the two operas he was composing.  He almost managed to finish Khovanschina but The Fair at Sorochyntsi remained unfinished.  He became ill.  The famous painter Repin made a painting of the composer, showing him with a red nose and glazed eyes.  He died a week after his 42nd birthday.

His music

Mussorgsky's music uses Russian musical themes.  His music influenced later composers such as  Dmitri Shostakovich and Sergei Prokofiev.  His greatest work was the opera Boris Godunov which was about an historical character who illegally made himself tsar of Russia, but dies when he feels guilty about the murder he had committed.

Khovanshchina was left unfinished and was completed by Rimsky-Korsakov.  It was first performed in 1886 in Saint Petersburg. This opera, too, was revised by Shostakovich. The Fair at Sorochyntsi remained unfinished.  It includes a dance, a Gopak, which is very well-known.

Perhaps his best-known work is Pictures at an Exhibition. It was written for piano, but later the French composer Maurice Ravel arranged it for orchestra, and this version is very often performed today at concerts. A short orchestral piece Night on Bald Mountain is also very often performed.

Mussorgsky wrote a number of songs including three short song cycles: The Nursery (1872), Sunless (1874) and Songs and Dances of Death (1877).  One very well-known song is Mephistopheles' Song of the Flea.

References

1839 births
1881 deaths
Romantic composers
Russian composers

Modest Mussorgsky


Max Wertheimer (Prague, 15 April 1880 – New Rochelle, New York, 12 October 1943) was a psychologist who was one of the three founders of Gestalt psychology, with Kurt Koffka and Wolfgang Köhler.

From 1929 to 1933, Wertheimer was a professor at the University of Frankfurt. When Adolf Hitler became Chancellor of the Third Reich in 1933, it became apparent to Wertheimer that he must leave Germany. In the end, he accepted an offer to teach at The New School in New York.

In New York he continued to investigate problem-solving, or what he preferred to call "productive thinking". The relationship between the book and his earlier work was this: all the problems in the book except one could be solved by considering geometric diagrams. In other words, they were partly visual in essence, and could be represented and partly solved visually. That thread ran through much of the gestalt work.

Wertheimer completed the book (his only book) in late September 1943, and died just three weeks later of a heart attack. Wertheimer was buried in Beechwood Cemetery in New Rochelle, New York.

Phi phenomenon

The phi phenomenon is an optical illusion described by Wertheimer in 1912, in which the persistence of vision was exploited by the cinema film, applied by Hugo Münsterberg in 1916. This optical illusion is based in the principle  that the human eye is capable of perceiving movement from pieces of information, for example, a succession of images. In other words, from a slideshow of a group of frozen images at a certain speed of images per second, we observe constant movement.

References
King, D. Brett & Wertheimer, Michael 2007. Max Wertheimer and Gestalt theory. Transaction.

1880 births
1943 deaths
American psychologists
Czech Jews
Jewish American academics
Jewish American scientists
Jewish German academics
Jewish German scientists
Naturalized citizens of the United States
Scientists from Prague
Refugees from Nazism
Czech psychologists

Max Wertheimer


East Anglia is a region of eastern England. It is named after an ancient Anglo-Saxon kingdom, which was named after the homeland of the Angles, Angeln in northern Germany. The kingdom consisted of Norfolk and Suffolk ("North folk" and "South folk") but the region's borders are vague.

Farming and gardening are very successful in this fertile country. The landscape has been heavily influenced by Dutch technology.

Regions of England
Petty kingdoms of England

East Anglia


Slow Man is a novel by the South-African writer J.M. Coetzee and concerns a man who must learn to adapt after losing a leg in a road accident. The novel has many varied themes, including the nature of care, the relationship between an author and his characters, and man's drive to leave a legacy. It was Coetzee's first novel since winning the Nobel Prize in Literature in 2003. The novel was longlisted for the 2005 Man Booker Prize.

Characters
Paul Rayment, a French expatriate in his sixties now living in Adelaide, who at the beginning of the novel has his right leg above the knee amputated after a bicycle accident. He is a photographer by profession who has no children of his own and no ties to his homeland or his adopted country, except a collection of 19th-century Australian photographs.
Elizabeth Costello, an aging Australian writer famous for her early novel The House on Eccles Street, which re-tells James Joyce's Ulysses from the perspective of the protagonist's wife, Molly Bloom. She appears on Paul's doorstep about one-third into the novel and begins interfering with his life by setting him up on a 'blind' date with a woman he glimpsed at the hospital. It is also heavily implied throughout the novel that he is a character in a book she is writing. Costello is the eponymous protagonist of Coetzee's previous novel.
Marijana Jokic, a paid nurse who cares for Paul at his home and becomes the object of his affections and desires. Her family are refugees from Croatia.
Drago Jokic, Marijana's sixteen-year-old son, whom Paul looks upon as the son he never had.

Plot summary
Paul Rayment, a man of late middle-age, loses part of a leg after his bicycle is hit by a car driven by a reckless young man. He becomes reclusive and retreats to his flat where he is cared for by a succession of nurses. None suit him until Marijana, with whom he shares a European childhood (hers in Croatia, his in France), comes along. Paul's feelings for Marijana, and for her teenage son Drago, become more complex. When Paul offers to finance Drago's education, Marijana's husband becomes suspicious of Paul's relationship with Marijana, which causes trouble in their family and culminates in Drago fighting with his father and moving in with Paul.

It is not until the famed author Elizabeth Costello shows up unexpectedly and uninvited at Paul's doorstep that he confronts his feelings for Marijana and his resentment at the state of his life following his bicycle accident. Costello's sudden presence in his life confounds Paul, who believes she is merely using him as a character in her next novel.

The book can be read as a metafictional discourse on the inter-relationship between the literary author and the characters, and with reality.

Slow Man, the opera
Slow Man (opera). An operatic adaption of Slow Man by the composer Nicholas Lens, in close co-operation with Coetzee who wrote the libretto, had its world premiere on 5 July 2012 by the Malta Festival 2012 in Poznań, with the Opera Poznań Grand Theatre Wielki.

Reviews
Review from MysteryInk

References

2005 novels
2005 Australian novels
Novels by J. M. Coetzee
Metafictional novels
Novels set in South Australia
Secker & Warburg books
Postmodern novels
Novels adapted into operas
21st-century South African novels

Slow Man


An Enemy of the People (original Norwegian title: En folkefiende), an 1882 play by Norwegian playwright Henrik Ibsen, followed his previous play, Ghosts, which criticized the hypocrisy of his society's moral code. That response included accusations of both Ghosts and its author being  "scandalous," "degenerate," and "immoral." In An Enemy of the People, a man dares to expose an unpalatable truth publicly and is punished for it.

However, Ibsen took a somewhat skeptical view of his protagonist, suggesting that he may have gone too far in his zeal to tell the truth. Ibsen wrote to his publisher: "I am still uncertain as to whether I should call [An Enemy of the People] a comedy or a straight drama. It may [have] many traits of comedy, but it also is based on a serious idea."

Plot overview

Act I
Dr. Thomas Stockmann is the medical officer of a recently opened spa in a small town. The play begins with a dinner party hosted by Dr. Stockmann and his wife, Katrine. The dinner guests include Dr. Stockmann's brother Peter (the mayor) and Hovstad (the editor of the newspaper). Peter asks Stockmann about a rumor that Hovstad is about to print an article the doctor wrote regarding the spa baths. Dr. Stockmann is evasive about the nature of this article, and Peter leaves. Petra, Dr. Stockmann's daughter, brings in a letter containing lab test results confirming Dr. Stockmann's suspicions that the spa water is contaminated with bacteria, and Hovstad agrees to print Dr. Stockmann's article, although revealing the truth may force the baths to shut down, with negative repercussions for the town's economy. Dr. Stockmann has mixed reactions to these events but ultimately rejoices about preventing harm through the contaminated water.

Act II
The next morning Morten Kiil, Dr. Stockmann's father-in-law, stops by to congratulate him on what Kiil believes is an elaborate prank, since Kiil thinks the notion that the baths are tainted is too ridiculous to be believed, especially not by the mayor. Hovstad and the printer Aslaksen visit to reinforce their commitment to the doctor and extend their gratitude; the newspaper wants to confront the government of the town and expose its corruption, and this opportunity is a good start.

Peter arrives and tells Dr. Stockmann that if he selfishly proceeds to publish this article, he will be partially culpable for the town's ruin. Peter urges Dr. Stockmann to think of the bigger picture, retract the article, and solve the problem in a quieter way. Dr. Stockmann refuses; Peter warns of terrible consequences for him and his family.

Act III
In the newspaper office, Hovstad and Billing discuss the pros and cons of running Dr. Stockmann's article. Dr. Stockmann arrives and tells them to print the article, but they begin questioning how valuable it is to expose the government in this way, concluding that printing this article will do more harm than good, because of its likely effect on the town's economy. Peter Stockmann appears with a statement of his own, intended to reassure the public about the safety of the spa baths, and the newspaper agrees to print it. Desperate, Dr. Stockmann decides that he does not need the paper to print anything and that he can fight this battle on his own. He decides to call a town meeting and spread the information that way. Although Katrine Stockmann realizes that her husband is risking his reputation, she stands by him.

Act IV
At a town meeting in Captain Horster's house, Dr. Stockmann is about to read his water report to the townspeople. Billing, the family, the mayor, Aslaksen, and Hovstad are there. Aslaksen, a respected citizen, is elected Chairman of the meeting. Permission for Dr. Stockmann's being allowed to speak is about to be voted on, when Dr. Stockmann says he has a different subject. He then winds up into a passionate oration about social evolution. He says that new, truthful ideas are always condemned, due to the "colossal stupidity of the authorities" and the small-mindedness of "the compact liberal majority" of the people, who may as well "be exterminated." The audience feels insulted by these accusations and anger rises. By the end of the meeting the audience has rebelled, repeatedly shouting, "He is an enemy of the people!"  Dr. Stockmann tells his father-in-law, Kiil, that it is his tannery that is leaking most of the poisons into the baths. As the crowd is leaving, voices are heard threatening to break Stockmann's windows.

Act V
By the next morning, Dr. Stockmann's house, especially his study, has been badly damaged, for the town has turned against him and his family. The landlord is evicting them from their house;  Petra has been fired from her job as a schoolteacher for having progressive opinions; Peter comes to the house with a letter from the board of directors of the baths that terminates his contract along with a resolution from the homeowners' association stating that no one should hire Dr. Stockmann in this town again.

Dr. Stockmann's father-in-law, Morton Kiil, arrives to say that he has just bought shares in the Baths with the money that he had intended to leave to his daughter and grandchildren. He expects that will cause his son-in-law to stop his crusade, to ensure that the spa does not go bankrupt and his family will have a secure future. Dr. Stockmann rebuffs Kiil's threat and also ignores Peter's advice to leave town for a few months. Katrine tells Dr. Stockmann she is afraid that the people will drive him out of town. But Dr. Stockmann replies that he intends to stay and make them understand "that considerations of expediency turn morality and justice upside down." He ends by proclaiming himself the strongest man in town because he is able to stand alone.

Characters

 Doctor Thomas Stockmann, the medical officer at the new Municipal Baths and the protagonist.
 Mrs. Katherine Stockmann, his wife.
 Petra, their daughter, a teacher.
 Ejlif & Morten, their sons.
 Peter Stockmann, Doctor Stockmann's elder brother; he is the mayor of the town and thus Thomas' supervisor.
 Morten Kiil, a tanner (Mrs. Stockmann's  father), also known as the Badger.
 Hovstad, editor of The Peoples' Messenger, the local paper.
 Billing, sub-editor.
 Captain Horster, a shipmaster going to America and a friend of Thomas Stockmann.
 Aslaksen, a publisher (also a character in The League of Youth).
 Men of various conditions and occupations, a few women, and a troop of schoolboys – the audience at a public meeting.

Themes
In An Enemy of the People, speaking the language of comic exaggeration through the mouth of his spokesman, the idealist Doctor Thomas Stockmann, Ibsen puts into very literal terms the theme of the play: It is true that ideas grow stale and platitudinous, but one may go one step further and say flatly that truths die. According to Stockmann, there are no absolute principles of either wisdom or morality.  In this Ibsen is referring indirectly to the reception of his previous plays.  For example, the commandment "honor thy father and thy mother" referred to in Ghosts is not simply either true or false.  It may have been a truth once and a falsehood today.  As Stockmann states in his excited harangue to his political enemies:

Yet, Ibsen addresses in an engaging manner a number of challenges that remain highly relevant today, such as environmental issues (versus economic interests), professional responsibilities (of experts in policy debates) and, last but not least, the moral dilemmas and tensions involved in whistle blowing.

Background

As in any other plays, Ibsen derived names and traits from his relatives, including the name Stockmann, a real family in Telemark from which lbsen himself was descended; Ibsen was also born in Stockmanngarden in Skien. Peter Stockmann, who in the Norwegian original holds the offices of  (city judge/magistrate) and  (chief of police), was based on lbsen's uncle, Christian Corneliys Paus, who held the same two offices in Skien and who was also a descendant of the Stockmann family.

Reception
Scottish drama critic William Archer, an early and contemporary advocate of Ibsen's plays, said the play was less sensational than some of Ibsen's earlier efforts, but was a strong drama with excellent dialogue and characters.

Adaptations
This classic play was adapted by Arthur Miller in the 1950s in a production that opened at the Broadhurst Theater on December 28, 1950. It starred Academy Award winner Fredric March and his wife Florence Eldridge as well as Morris Carnovsky; future Oscar winner Rod Steiger was a "townsperson." Miller's adaptation was presented on National Educational Television in 1966, in a production starring James Daly. It was also made into a movie of the same name in 1978, starring Steve McQueen. The BBC then cast Robert Urquhart as "Tom Stockman" in their 1980 TV version, adapting the story and the cast names to reflect it now being set in a Scottish town.  In the creation of his adaptation of Ibsen's work, several changes were made by Miller to make the play more accessible and accepting to a 1950s audience, as opposed to Ibsen's late 1800s audience. Many major edits not only included the transformation of speech and language, but changes were made to the character of Dr. Stockmann to avoid having him champion eugenics. Throughout the play, Dr. Stockmann acts as a Christ figure. Miller found it necessary therefore to change Ibsen's use of genetic and racial theories from the late 1800s to further Dr. Stockmann's standing as a champion of the lower classes as opposed to a scientist with a belief in racial determinism and the importance of eugenics for "improving" people. For example, in Ibsen's original, a portion of Dr. Stockmann's speech to the people contained:

In Miller's adaptation, no such eugenics-positive screed is read. Miller keeps Dr. Stockmann's ideals as a character, and his dedication to facing down the hypocrisy of the aristocracy and governmental bureaucrats, but portrays him as more of a democratic thinker and socialist, while retaining some of the original character's ideas about the evolution of animals and humans, and the need to cultivate humane qualities in order to bring the masses to a more rational and educated level, so that they can fully participate in a democracy. In Miller's adaptation, part of the doctor's speech reads:

A version was produced for Australian television in 1958.

The 1972 Greek film  O ehthros tou laou (An Enemy of the Society) is an adaptation of the play, taking place in Greece during the mid-1930s.

The play was the indirect inspiration for the blockbuster movie Jaws.

Satyajit Ray's 1989 film Ganashatru was based on this play. In 1990, PBS produced the play for their show American Playhouse, starring William Anton and John Glover.

In 2000 an adaptation of the play called "Paragon Springs" written by Steven Dietz premiered at Milwaukee Repertory theatre in Milwaukee Wisconsin, U.S.A. The play is set in "a small town in the American Midwest" in 1926.

An Enemy of the People (with the subtitle The strongest one is the one who stands alone), a Norwegian film released in 2004 and directed by Erik Skjoldbjærg, is an adaptation of Ibsen's play.

In 2007 Ouriel Zohar's troupe Compagnie Ouriel Zohar performed an adaptation for two actors only of An Enemy of the People, performed first in Paris, then Fréjus, Besançon (2008), Liège, Minsk, Valleyfield (Canada, 2009), and Porto Heli (Greece, 2010).

In early 2013, a stage adaptation entitled "عدو الشعب" (Arabic: Enemy of the people or A Public Enemy) was organized and directed by Nora Amin (who played Doctor Stockmann's wife, with Tarek El-Dewiri as Doctor Stockmann) in Cairo. It was translated into colloquial Arabic and featured a rock-themed soundtrack played live on-set. Jointly sponsored by the Norwegian Embassy in Cairo and the Ibsen Studies Center in Norway, it received various positive reviews at a time when Egypt was plunged into deep political turmoil.

A new adaptation by Robert Falls, based on a 19th-century translation by Eleanor Marx, was staged at Chicago's Goodman Theatre from March - April 2018.

In Autumn 2021, a new National Theatre of Scotland adaptation entitled simply "Enemy", authored by Keiran Hurley and directed by Finn den Hertog, toured Scotland. The play is set in a fictional Scottish town, is written using contemporary language and makes use of innovative technical effects such as overhead projected Twitter feeds, social media comments, and video live streams.

Censored in Mainland China
"An Enemy of the People", produced by Berlin's Schaubühne theater, was performed in Beijing from September 6 to September 8, 2018, but the subsequent touring of the show was cancelled due to its themes. The audience in Beijing reportedly showed overwhelming support for Dr. Stockmann, and allegedly shouted criticism of the Chinese regime during interaction parts. Even in subsequent censored performances, audiences yelled "for personal freedom!" The regime's censorship officers would not agree to any more touring unless the script was doctored in favor of the regime's thought on what a play should be.

Notes

External links

 An Enemy of the People at Project Gutenberg

 An Enemy of the People: Study Guide
 Spark Notes

Plays by Henrik Ibsen
1882 plays
Norwegian plays adapted into films

An Enemy of the People


A foreign minister is a person in a government whose job is to negotiate with leaders in other countries.  In some countries, this person is called the foreign minister, but in other countries the person has another title.  For example, in the United States, the top diplomat is called the Secretary of State.

A foreign minister's powers vary in different governments. In a general parliamentary system, a foreign minister forms foreign policy. But when the government has a strong prime minister the foreign minister may be may not determine policy himself.

Foreign ministers are also traditionally responsible for many diplomatic duties, such as hosting foreign world leaders. They also are responsible for going on state visits to other countries. The foreign minister is generally person who travels the most in any cabinet.

In the United Kingdom, the foreign minister is called the 'Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs' (or Foreign Secretary for short). Before 1968, the Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs only handled relations with non-Commonwealth, countries. The relations with Commonwealth countries and colonies were handled by the Secretary of State for Commonwealth Affairs. So, in Commonwealth countries other than the United Kingdom, the ministers responsible for handling relations with both Commonwealth and non-Commonwealth countries were formerly usually designated ministers for 'External Affairs'.

In the United States, the foreign minister is called the 'Secretary of State'. He occupies the oldest cabinet post in the nation. The post originally had several domestic duties. Other common titles may include minister of foreign relations. In many Spanish-Speaking Latin American countries, the foreign minister is colloquially called canciller (chancellor).

Government occupations

Foreign minister


The Cornish Rex is a breed of domestic cat. The Cornish Rex has no hair except for down. Most breeds of cat have three different types of hair in their coats: the outer fur or "guard hairs", a middle layer called the "awn hair"; and the down hair or undercoat, which is very fine and about 1cm long. Cornish Rexes only have the undercoat. Occasional individuals are prone to hair loss or will develop a very thin coat or even go bald over large parts of their body. The curl in their fur is caused by a different mutation and gene than that of the Devon Rex. The breed originated in Cornwall, Great Britain.

Characteristics
The coat of a Cornish Rex is extremely fine and sometimes curly. Their light coat means that they are best suited for indoor living in warm and dry conditions, as they are sensitive to low temperatures. They like to stay near warm places such as computer monitors, light bulbs, laps and shoulders.

The breed is sometimes referred to as the Greyhound of the cats, because of the sleek appearance and the galloping run characteristic of the breed. These cats tend to stay playful and kittenish throughout their long lives. Some Cornish Rexes like to play fetch, race other pets, or do acrobatic jumps. The Cornish Rex is an adventurous cat and is very intelligent. It can readily adapt to new situations and will explore wherever it can go. The Rex is extremely curious, seeks out the company of people and is friendly towards other companion animals.

Cornish Rex cats come in a wide variety of coat colours and patterns, outlined in the breed standard: solids, including white, black, chocolate, orange and the dilutes blue, lilac and cream; all forms of tabby including classic, mackerel and ticked tabbies, bicolor "tuxedo" coat in many colours, tortoiseshell, "smoke" colours and the colour-point pattern standard in the Siamese breed.

Genetics
In 2013, researchers identified the mutation that defines the Cornish Rex breed. Genome-wide analyses were performed in the Cornish Rex breed and in 11 phenotypically diverse breeds and two random bred populations. A gene on chromosome A1, the lysophosphatidic acid receptor 6 (LPAR6), was identified to have a 4 base pair deletion. This induces a premature stop codon in the receptor that is absent in all straight haired cats analyzed. LPAR6 encodes a receptor essential for maintaining the structural integrity of the hair shaft. In humans, LPAR6 mutations result in a form of ectodermal dysplasia characterised by a woolly hair phenotype.

Origin
The Cornish Rex is a genetic mutation that originated from a litter of kittens born in the 1950s on a farm in Cornwall, UK. One of the kittens, a cream-colored male named Kallibunker, had an extremely unusual, fine and curly coat; he was the first Cornish Rex. The owner then backcrossed Kallibunker to his mother to produce 2 other curly-coated kittens. The male, Poldhu, sired a female called Lamorna Cove who was later brought to America and crossed with a Siamese, giving the breed their long whippy tails and big ears.

The Devon Rex looks similar in appearance to the Cornish Rex but has guard hairs and sheds. The Devon Rex mutation is different from the Cornish Rex mutation in that the Devon has shortened guard hairs, while the Cornish Rex lacks guard hairs altogether. Crosses between Devon and Cornish Rexes are not permitted in pedigrees and matings between them will not produce a cat with short wavy fur. Another hair-deficient breed is the Sphynx cat, which has no hair but may have a very light coat of fuzz.

Hypoallergenic

Despite some belief to the contrary, the Cornish Rex's short hair does not make it non- or hypo-allergenic. Allergic reactions from cats are not the result of hair length, but from a glycoprotein known as Fel d 1, produced in the sebaceous glands of the skin, saliva, and urine. Most people who have cat allergies are reacting to this protein in cat saliva and cat dander: when the cat cleans its fur, the saliva dries and is transformed into dust that people breathe in. Since Cornish Rex cats groom as much as or even more than ordinary cats, a Cornish Rex cat can still produce a reaction in people who are allergic to cats. It is, however, widely reported to cause lesser to little allergic reaction. It is recommended a potential owner visit a cattery to check their own tolerance.

References

External links

Cornish Rex Club of Canada - Cornish Rex cat breed association that promotes and protects the breed in Canada.

Cat breeds
Rex cat breeds
Cat breeds originating in England
Cornwall

Cornish Rex


Will Hoge (born November 14, 1972) is an American Americana country music singer, songwriter, and musician from Nashville, Tennessee, United States.

Early life
Will Hoge was born and grew up in Franklin, Tennessee, located just south of Nashville.  His sound was influenced by his musician father and uncles and the extensive record collection that his father kept.

Hoge attended Western Kentucky University to study history, planning to become a high school history teacher and basketball coach.  He decided that he wanted to try his hand at rock and roll and began writing music.  Will left the university after realizing he wanted to be a musician.

Early band
Will released an early EP of original music with his band Spoonful in the mid-1990s.  However, the band was not picked up and eventually disbanded.  Some of these early songs were recycled on later albums, and are still hits with his loyal followers.

Solo artist
With former The Georgia Satellites guitarist Dan Baird in tow, Hoge began touring the American south.  He independently released his first CD, Live At The Exit/In, a live set recorded at the Nashville club.  His original sound drew much attention and, through constant touring, he was able to release his first studio album, Carousel.

Hoge caught the attention of Atlantic Records music executives and he was signed to a record deal in early 2002.  Atlantic then re-released Carousel to a wider market.  His 2003 major label debut, Blackbird On A Lonely Wire was a cleaner sounding effort; however, the album was poorly promoted by Atlantic.  Eventually, Hoge asked for and received a release from his contract, re-obtaining the rights to Carousel.

The support of his fans has given Hoge the ability to tour incessantly, and self-release a couple live albums (2004's Almost Alone: Live At Smith's Olde Bar''' and 2005's During the Before and After), a politically charged album called The America EP (which included a cover of Bob Dylan's "The Times They Are A-Changin')", and a bluesy rock and roll sounding album, The Man Who Killed Love.

Over the years, Hoge has toured with many artists, including Midnight Oil, Shinedown, Needtobreathe, Marc Broussard, ZZ Top, The Cat Empire, Squeeze, Jason Isbell, Lisa Loeb and Edwin McCain.  Bands that have opened for him include Steel Train, The Trews, The Elms, Rose Hill Drive, Needtobreathe, Moses Mayfield, The Alternate Routes, Aslyn, Katie Herzig, Missy Higgins, and The Civil Wars.

Hoge recorded the opening theme song, "You Make Me Happy," for the CBS sitcom Still Standing.

On February 20, 2007, he released a live album, Again Somewhere Tomorrow, from recordings made during the band's two-night stint at the Exit/In in Nashville, in September 2006.

The band's fourth studio album, Draw the Curtains, was released nationwide in October 2007 by Rykodisc Records. The album was initially released as a CD, with a limited edition 180-Gram Vinyl Record version which followed later.

Following a scooter accident in August 2008, the band went on hiatus for seven months while Hoge recuperated from his injuries.  In April 2009, the band got together for a 3-week acoustic tour of venues in the Midwest, Southeast and East Coast, hitting cities including New York City, Chicago, Nashville and Atlanta.  When the tour ended in late April, the band headed back into the studio to complete recording their next album (of which they had begun at the time of Hoge's accident).  Ken Coomer and Charlie Brocco again produced, and the album, The Wreckage, was released on September 29, 2009.

Will Hoge performed a residency at 12th & Porter in Nashville, TN in June 2010.  During these concerts, many of Hoge's friends, family, and former bandmates joined him on stage during the run of the four shows.  These guests included former guitarists Dan Baird, Brian Layson, and Jason 'Slim' Gambill; former keyboard players Jefferson Crowe and John Lancaster; as well as Will's own father, who sang lead vocals on the final song of the concert series.

On August 29, 2009, Will and the band appeared and performed the single "Even If It Breaks Your Heart" on the CBS Early Show as the music guest.

Hoge opened for Needtobreathe on their spring 2010 tour.  He also opened shows for Sugarland and Michelle Branch on select dates during their summer tour.

Hoge was part of a line-up, which included Keith Urban, Dierks Bentley, and Sheryl Crow, that performed on the nationally televised "Music City Keep On Playin'" flood relief program that aired on GAC on May 16, 2010.  Hoge closed the show by performing his song "Washed By The Water."

Hoge opened for mainstream rock band Shinedown on their acoustic "Anything & Everything" tour in the fall of 2010.

In September 2011, Hoge released his 7th studio album entitled 'Number Seven'.  The album was his third release via Ryko.  This time around, Hoge took over production duties for the entire album.  The album's first single "When I Get My Wings" was released to radio in August 2011.  The official music video for the song was added into rotation on both VH1 and CMT.  During this time, Hoge was invited to perform on three separate occasions at the Grand Ole Opry, with country legend Vince Gill playing guitar and singing background vocals on a couple songs during his first appearance (Gill is a guest artist on 'Seven' as well, as he and his wife, Amy Grant are fans of Hoge).

In a September 2012 blog post on his website, Hoge announced a number of changes.  He left Rykodisc Records after releasing three albums with them. Longtime drummer Sigurdur 'Siggi' Birkis was released from the band.  They have yet to hire a permanent replacement.  He also announced in a Twitter post that Lady Antebellum was recording a cover of his song "Better Off Now" from his 2003 release "Blackbird On A Lonely Wire" which will be included on their next album.

In October 2012, Hoge announced, via Twitter, than he has signed a songwriting deal with BMG Nashville.

Hoge received a Country Music Association nomination, an Academy of Country Music nomination and a Grammy nomination for "Country Song of the Year" for "Even If It Breaks Your Heart". The song was recorded by the Eli Young Band and reached #1 on the country charts.

In 2013, he released Never Give In.  The album debuted at 129 on the Billboard 200, his highest debut on the chart, selling 3,000 copies in the US. The album's final track "Strong" was featured in a television commercial for Chevy trucks and contributed to the album's success.

On April 7, 2015, Hoge released his album Small Town Dream.  The album debuted at No. 162 on the Billboard 200 and No. 15 on the Top Country Albums chart, selling 3,700 copies for the week.

On August 11, 2017, Hoge released Anchors, which debuted at No. 14 on the Independent Albums chart,  with 1,900 copies sold in its first week.

In 2018 Hoge released his 11th studio album, the politically-charged My American Dream. He also toured with punk rock band Social Distortion after lead singer Mike Ness heard Hoge on satellite radio, thanks to a free subscription with his new car.  Ness invited Hoge to tour together.

Hoge's next album, Tiny Little Movies, was released in June 2020. His latest effort, Wings On My Shoes, is slated for release on 26 August 2022.

Motorcycle accident
Hoge was involved in a motorcycle accident on August 20, 2008 after leaving a studio session for what would be his next album, "The Wreckage." He was traveling north on Main Street in East Nashville at about 8 p.m. when a van traveling southbound failed to yield while turning into 712 Main St.  Hoge's motorcycle collided with the passenger side of the van. He was admitted to Vanderbilt University Medical Center in critical condition.  He went into surgery immediately upon arrival at the hospital for numerous broken bones (ribs, sternum, shattered femur, knee cap, shoulder blades), and lacerations to his face, arms, and torso requiring over 200 stitches.  Hoge's condition was upgraded to stable on August 22.  No evidence was found that alcohol or drugs were involved in the accident.

In the year following the accident, Hoge went through numerous surgical procedures (mainly on his shattered femur/leg) and intensive physical therapy.  Work on The Wreckage, as well as tour dates, were postponed through spring 2009.  Since that point, Hoge has made a full recovery.

Current band members

Thom Donovan - lead guitar, backing vocals
Allen Jones - Drums/percussion
Christopher Griffiths - Bass

Former band members

Adam Beard - bass, trumpet, backing vocals
Jesse Isley - Lead guitar, background vocals
Dan Baird - guitar
Adam Ollendorff - guitar, pedal & lap steel, dobro
Greg Everett - guitar (Spring 2005 Selected Dates)
John W. Lancaster - keyboards (2000-2004, select dates 2010)
Kirk Yoquelet - drums
Tres Sasser - bass
Doy Gardner - drums
Sigurdur Birkis - drums
Chris Payne - drums (Summer 2012)
Brian Layson - guitar
Jason (Slim) Gambill - guitar (Winter 2005/2006 tour only)
Dean Tomasek - bass
Adam Fluhrer - guitar
Jefferson Crow - keyboards
Devin Malone - guitar, pedal steel, mandolin, keys
Ericka Smith - Vocals
Trina Meade - Vocals
Molly Thomas - Vocals/Fiddle/Percussion
Eleanor Whitmore - Vocals/Fiddle/Mandolin

 Discography

 Carousel (2001)
 Blackbird on a Lonely Wire (2003)
 The Man Who Killed Love (2006)
 Draw the Curtains (2007)
 The Wreckage (2009)
 Number Seven (2011)
 Never Give In (2013)
 Small Town Dreams (2015)
 Anchors (2017)
 My American Dream (2018)
 Tiny Little Movies (2020)
 Wings On My Shoes'' (2022)

References

External links
Will Hoge official site
Will Hoge MySpace site
Hoge Head's message board
Will Hoge Purevolume site
Will Hoge fan site
Interview with Up Next Music

1973 births
American Southern Rock musicians
American country singer-songwriters
Living people
Singer-songwriters from Tennessee
People from Franklin, Tennessee
Rykodisc artists
Western Kentucky University alumni
Singers from Nashville, Tennessee
21st-century American singer-songwriters
Country musicians from Tennessee

Will Hoge


The Pipettes are an English girl group. They were formed in Brighton by Robert "Monster Bobby" Barry in 2003 at a seaside party. The members were Julia Clarke-Lowes, Rose Elinor Dougall and Rebecca Stephens. The band has had a lot of changes of members. The members are now Gwenno and Ani Saunders. They have released two albums and two EPs. Their single "Pull Shapes" reached number 26 in the UK Singles Chart. Ani Saunders joined the band in 2008. She is also a member of The Lovely Wars.

British girl groups
People from Brighton
English musical groups
2000s music groups
2010s music groups

The Pipettes


Accordion Tribe were an international accordion group featuring Bratko Bibič (Slovenia), Lars Hollmer (Sweden), Maria Kalaniemi (Finland), Guy Klucevsek (USA/Slovenia) and Otto Lechner (Austria). They have recorded three albums, have toured Europe several times and played in Victoriaville (QC) Canada in 1998.

In 2006 the third Accordion Tribe album, Lunghorn Twist, recorded in Uppsala at Lars Hollmer's Chickenhouse studios was picked in Songlines Magazine "Top of the World" chart.

Biography
In Ghent, Belgium in May 1996, five internationally respected accordionists convened to form an ensemble that would explore the use of the instrument in different cultures and musical contexts. They rehearsed for three days and performed in Vooruit, following it with a three-week European tour. Their performances were recorded, and a self-titled album was culled from the results.

In 1998, Klucevsek put together Accordion Tribe II, with Alan Bern, Amy Denio, and Pauline Oliveros, again touring Europe and prompting a reunion of the original ensemble.

On December 25, 2008, member Lars Hollmer died after a brief illness.  The group thus performed as a quartet during their already scheduled April 2009 tour, "in memory of their friend and colleague".

In 2010 Klucevsek announced that he had decided to let the group come to an end as an ongoing project but did not rule out the possibility of a reunion concert in the future.

Discography
Accordion Tribe (1997)
Sea of Reeds (2002)
Lunghorn Twist (2006)

Film
Accordion Tribe - Music Travels is a German-language documentary film about the band, produced by Maximage of Switzerland and written and directed by Stefan Schwietert. It premiered in January 2004. In 2005 it won the Swiss Film Prize for the Best Documentary, as well as the documentary film prize at the Würzburg International Filmweekend. The film features the life of the band on the road and in concert, as well as exploring each individual member in their homelands.

References

External links

Accordion Tribe homepage

Accordion organizations

Accordion Tribe


Position is a way to explain where something is.

Location
The words which indicate position are called prepositions.

Left, middle, and right

To find which is your left hand side, hold your hands palms down, point your index fingers and stick your thumbs out at right angles. The finger and thumb of your left hand will form a capital letter L.

If the letter L you make is reversed, you found your right hand. Left and right are called opposite sides.

Middle is between up and down and is between left and right.
Middle means the same as center.

Far and near

Far means that something is a long way away from you. Near means it is close to you. Things can also be near and far other persons and other things.

In sports
In many sports, the term "position" is used to show what occupation a person has on their team. For example, in baseball, positions include catcher, shortstop and pitcher.

Human position
In various activities such as dance and yoga, the static arrangement of the body and its parts is called a position, for example in an arabesque (ballet).

In math and physics

The position of something is where that thing is in space and time. Usually people use Cartesian coordinates to write down a position. So a scientist might say that the balloon was at x, y, z when it popped at a certain time.

In society
The position of a person is his status or responsibility in a community or group of people. It is called rank in the army.
In a factory the manager is a typical position.

Basic English 850 words
Geometry

Position