Richard Franklin Pettigrew (July 23, 1848October 5, 1926) was an American lawyer, surveyor, and land developer. He represented the Dakota Territory in the U.S. Congress and, after the Dakotas were admitted as States, he was the first U.S. Senator from South Dakota.

Early life and education
Pettigrew was born to Andrew Jr. Pettigrew and Hannah B. Sawtelle on July 23, 1848 in Ludlow, Windsor County, Vermont, in the residences of his grandparents, parents, seven siblings, uncles, aunts and cousins. He was the sixth child produced out of nine total. Pettigrew's siblings included Hannah M., Alma Jane, Henrietta Adelaide, Luella Belle, Justin A., Frederick (Fred) Wallace, Elizabeth Medora, and Harlan Page. In 1853, Andrew Jr. sold his store to the partnership of Emerson and Richards, and the family moved to Wisconsin in 1854 while Pettigrew was 6 years old. Andrew Jr. moved the family because of his neighbors' tough anti-slavery beliefs, and the store was used for the circulation of anti-slavery literature. The store was boycotted by angry, pro-slavers who threatened the Pettigrew family with violence.

The family settled in Rock County, near Union, Wisconsin. Pettigrew attended Evansville Academy, in Evansville.  In 1866, Pettigrew went to Beloit to enroll in Beloit College.  In the winter of 1868, Pettigrew entered law school at the University of Wisconsin–Madison.

Career in the Dakotas
Pettigrew moved to Dakota Territory in 1869 to work with a United States deputy surveyor. He settled in Sioux Falls, where he practiced law and engaged in surveying and real estate. He was a member of the territorial House of Representatives and served on the Territorial council.  He was elected as a Republican to the U.S. House, serving from March 4, 1881 to March 3, 1883. He was an unsuccessful candidate for reelection in 1882 but returned to the territorial council from 1885 to 1889.

Pettigrew was also instrumental in the founding of many local communities around Sioux Falls by donating land.  Pettigrew and his wife, Bessie, donated land in 1886 to aid the founding and development of Granite, Iowa in Lyon County.  In 1888, he and S.L. Tate both donated more land and were responsible for the founding of South Sioux Falls.  Pettigrew wanted to build a suburb of Sioux Falls to the south and west.

U.S. Senate
When South Dakota was admitted as a state, Pettigrew was elected as South Dakota's first Senator to the United States Senate.  He served from November 2, 1889 to March 3, 1901. He introduced a bill to fund the structure, recommending that native Sioux quartzite be used for construction of the state's first Federal building. He was re-elected in 1894, but left the Republican Party on June 17, 1896 to join the Silver Republicans, a faction of the Republican Party that opposed the party's position in support of the monetary gold standard.  He was an unsuccessful candidate for reelection in 1900.
Pettigrew was a strong opponent of President William McKinley's attempt to annex the Republic of Hawaii against the wish of its many native residents. In a congressional speech, he stated:
"The American flag went up on Hawaii in dishonor; it came down in honor, and if it goes up again now it will go up in infamy and shame and this Government will join the robber nations of the world."

His speech about Hawaii and annexation were at odds with some of his other views, namely in Federal Indian policy. Pettigrew was a supporter of a bill that sought to unilaterally dissolve tribal governments so as to force them to agree to allotment of their lands. In 1897, he delivered a speech on the Senate floor saying:

 "There is no question but that the Congress of the United States at one blow should not only provide that laws passed by those councils, by those governments, should be approved by the President before they go into force, but, on the contrary, that the [tribal] governments themselves should be destroyed; that their power to legislate should be taken away; that their courts should be ousted and a proper judicial system furnished to those people. It is our duty to do it."

In the Presidential Election of 1900, while still in the Senate, he was a delegate and a major figure in the national political convention of the Populist Party held in Sioux Falls that convened on May 9, 1900 and lasted three days.  The party endorsed William Jennings Bryan as its candidate.

Indictment
In 1917, while being interviewed by a journalist from the Argus Leader, Pettigrew offered his opinion that the First World War was a capitalist scheme intended to further enrich the wealthy, and he urged young men to evade the draft.  The local United States Attorney secured a felony indictment of Pettigrew for suspicion of violating the Espionage Act of 1917, the same charge for which Socialist leader Eugene V. Debs was then presently serving a ten-year Federal prison sentence.

Pettigrew assembled a high-powered legal defense team headed up by his close personal friend, prominent attorney Clarence Darrow.  The trial was repeatedly delayed, and eventually the charge against him was dropped.

Pettigrew had the formal document of indictment framed, and prominently displayed in his home next to a framed copy of the United States Declaration of Independence, where it remains to this day as part of the exhibits of the Pettigrew Home & Museum.

Later life and death
After his time in the Senate, Pettigrew first practiced law in New York City, but soon returned to Sioux Falls and was active in politics and business until his death in that city.  He was interred in Woodlawn Cemetery in Sioux Falls.

Pettigrew left his home to the city of Sioux Falls in his will.  The Pettigrew Home & Museum is maintained by the city of Sioux Falls to this day, designed to emulate how a person of Pettigrew's stature would have lived at the turn of the century.  The house is filled with antiques from the early 1900s and Pettigrew's personal collection of artifacts from his time as an amateur archaeologist.

Announced January 12, 2009, Richard F. Pettigrew Elementary School opened in fall of 2009 in southwest Sioux Falls.

Works
 "Who Owns the United States?" International Socialist Review, vol. 17, no. 6 (December 1916), pp. 357–359.
 The Course of Empire. New York: Boni & Liveright, 1920. (Anti-imperialist speeches)
 Imperial Washington: The Story of American Public Life from 1870 to 1920. Chicago: Charles H. Kerr & Co., 1922. Originally published as Triumphant Plutocracy: The Story of American Public Life from 1870 to 1920.

Quotes
All quotes are from Pettigrew's book Triumphant Plutocracy.

 "Capital is stolen labor and its only function is to steal more labor."
 "The early years of the century marked the progress of the race toward individual freedom and permanent victory over the tyranny of hereditary aristocracy, but the closing decades of the century have witnessed the surrender of all that was gained to the more heartless tyranny of accumulated wealth."
 "Under the ethics of his profession the lawyer is the only man who can take a bribe and call it a fee."
 "The sum and substance of the conquest of the Philippines is to find a field where cheap labor can be secured, labor that does not strike, that does not belong to a union, that does not need an army to keep it in leading strings, that will make goods for the trusts of this country."
 "It had come into being as a protest against slavery and as the special champion of the Declaration of Independence, it would go out of being and out of power as the champion of slavery and the repudiator of the Declaration of Independence." --–On the Republican Party.
 "The Russian Revolution is the greatest event of our times. It marks the beginning of the epoch when the working people will assume the task of directing and controlling industry. It blazes a path into this unknown country, where the workers of the world are destined to take from their exploiters the right to control and direct the economic affairs of the community."

See also
 List of United States senators who switched parties

References

Further reading
 Wayne Fanebust, Echoes of November: The Life and Times of Senator R. F. Pettigrew of South Dakota. Freeman, SD: Pine Hill Press, 1997.

External links

 A Forgotten Fighter against Plutocracy, an article about Pettigrew by George Novack
 Pettigrew Home & Museum

1848 births
1926 deaths
People from Ludlow (town), Vermont
Delegates to the United States House of Representatives from Dakota Territory
Republican Party United States senators from South Dakota
Silver Republican Party United States senators from South Dakota
Members of the Dakota Territorial Legislature
South Dakota lawyers
Writers from Vermont
Writers from Sioux Falls, South Dakota
Politicians from Sioux Falls, South Dakota
People from Union, Rock County, Wisconsin
19th-century American lawyers
19th-century American legislators
Beloit College alumni
University of Wisconsin Law School alumni
People acquitted under the Espionage Act of 1917

Richard F. Pettigrew


This is a list of historians.

The names are grouped by order of the historical period in which they were writing, which is not necessarily the same as the period in which they specialised.

Chroniclers and annalists, though they are not historians in the true sense, are also listed here for convenience.

Ancient historians
Herodotus, (485—c.420 BC), Halicarnassian "Father of History"
Thucydides, (c.460–400 BC), Peloponnesian War
Xenophon, (431—c.360 BC), an Athenian knight and student of Socrates
Julius Caesar, (c.100–44 BC), Gallic and civil wars
Flavius Josephus, (37–100), Jewish history
Sima Qian, (c.140 BC), Chinese history
Plutarch, (c. 46–120 AD)
Gaius Cornelius Tacitus, (c. 56—c. 120), early Roman Empire
Suetonius, (75–160)

Medieval historians/chroniclers
Jordanes, (6th century), Goths
Procopius, (d. c. 565), Byzantines
Bede, (c. 632–735), Anglo-Saxons
Geoffrey of Monmouth, churchman/historian
ibn Khaldun, (1332–1406)
Christine de Pizan, (c.1365—c.1430), historian, poet, philosopher
Snorri Sturluson, author of Younger Edda and Heimskringla; d. in  1241

Historians from the time period 1600--1900
Sharaf Khan Bidlisi, died in 1603
Voltaire, (1694–1778), French Enlightenment philosopher, historian, and novelist, author of Candide.
Edward Gibbon, (1737–1794), Roman Empire
Leopold von Ranke, (1795–1886), German
William H. Prescott, (1796–1859), US historian of Spain, Mexico, Peru
 Mary Sheldon Barnes, (1850-1898), American
 Henri Pirenne - "one of the most eminent scholars of the Middle Ages and of Belgian national development", says Encyclopædia Britannica; the Belgian died in 1935

Historians after 1900

Isaiah Berlin (1909–1997), history of ideas
Winston Churchill (1874–1965), U.K. prime minister; World Wars I and II, English-speaking peoples
Robert Conquest (1917–2015), Russia, Soviet Union
John Davies (1938–2015), Welsh historian
Michel Foucault (1926–1984), French historian of ideas / philosopher
Francis Fukuyama, (b. 1955)
Martin Gilbert (1936–2015)
Christopher Hill, (1912–2003), 17th century England
Eric Hobsbawm (1917–2012), British historian, labour history
Paul Kennedy (born 1945), British historian, author of influential The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers.
Thomas Kuhn, (1922–1996), history of science, author of The Copernican Revolution, Black-Body Theory and the Quantum Discontinuity, and the influential The Structure of Scientific Revolutions
Hans Mommsen (1930–2015), German social history
Richard Pipes (1923–2018), conservative Polish-born American historian, Russian and Soviet history
Janko Prunk (born 1942), Slovenian historian of modern history
Theodore Roosevelt (1858–1919), American president and historian, War of 1812, frontier
Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn (d. 2008), Russian historian and novelist
David Starkey (born 1945), Tudor history
Conrad Totman (born 1934), American historian, wrote A History of Japan
Eric Williams, (1911–1981), Guyanese historian, Caribbean history, anti-imperialist themes
Robert M. Young (academic) (d. 2019), American historian, history of medicine and human sciences
Howard Zinn (1922–2010), American historian, popular U.S. history, the Left in the U.S.

Related pages
 List of historians by country

References

List of historians


WASTE is a peer-to-peer and friend-to-friend protocol and software application developed by Justin Frankel at Nullsoft in 2003 that features instant messaging, chat rooms, and file browsing/sharing capabilities.  The name WASTE is a reference to Thomas Pynchon's novel The Crying of Lot 49.  In the novel, W.A.S.T.E. is (among other things) an underground postal service.

In 2003, less than 24 hours after its release, WASTE was removed from distribution by AOL, Nullsoft's parent company. The original page was replaced with a statement claiming that the posting of the software was unauthorized and that no lawful rights to it were held by anyone who had downloaded it, in spite of the original claim that the software was released under the terms of the GNU General Public License.

Several developers have modified and upgraded the WASTE client and protocol.  The SourceForge edition is considered by many to be the official development branch, but there are several forks.

Description
WASTE is a decentralized chat, instant messaging and file sharing program and protocol. It behaves similarly to a virtual private network by connecting to a group of trusted computers, as determined by the users. This kind of network is commonly referred to as a darknet.  It uses strong encryption to ensure that third parties cannot decipher the messages being transferred.  The same encryption is used to transmit and receive instant messages, chat, and files, maintain the connection, and browse and search.

WASTE networks
WASTE networks are decentralized (see social networks), meaning there is no central hub or server that everyone connects to. Peers must connect to each other individually. Normally, this is accomplished by having individuals sharing their RSA public keys, ensuring that their computers are accessible via the appropriate ports (one or more parties must have an IP address and port that can be reached by the other), and entering the IP address and port of someone on the network to connect to.

Once connected to the network, public keys are automatically exchanged amongst members (provided enough of the members are set to forward and accept public keys), and nodes will then attempt to connect to each other, strengthening the network (decreasing the odds that any one node going down will collapse or shut out any part of the network), as well as increasing the number of possible routes from any given point to any other point, decreasing latency and bandwidth required for communication and file transfer.

Since WASTE connects small, private groups rather than large, public ones, the network search feature is one of the fastest of all the decentralized P2P applications. Its instant messaging and file sharing capabilities are much closer to those of AOL Instant Messenger than more typical file sharing programs. Members of the network can create private and public chat rooms, instant message each other, browse each other's files, and trade files, including the pushing or active sending of files by hosts, as well as the more common downloading by users. Simple drag-and-drop to chat boxes will send files to their intended destinations.

The suggested size for a WASTE network (referred to as a mesh by users) is 10-50 nodes, though it has been suggested that the size of the network is less critical than the ratio of nodes willing to route traffic to those that are not. With original Nullsoft-client groups now exceeding ten years of age, it's not uncommon for stable meshes to host multiple terabytes of secure content.

By default, WASTE listens to incoming connections on port 1337. This was probably chosen because of 1337's leet connotations.

Since there is no central hub, WASTE networks typically employ a password or passphrase, also called a network name to prevent collision. That is, a member from one network connecting to a member of another network, thus bridging the two networks. By assigning a unique identifier (passphrase) to your network, the risk of collisions can be reduced, particularly with the original clients.

Nullnets
Nullnets are networks without a passphrase. It is impossible to know how many nullnets exist, but there is one primary nullnet. The best way to access the nullnet is to post your credentials to the WASTE Key Exchange. The nullnet can easily merge with other nullnets because there is no passphrase, which makes it a great place for public discussion and file sharing.

Strengths
Secured through the trade of RSA public keys, allowing for safe and secure communication and data transfer with trusted hosts.
The distributed nature means that the network isn't dependent on anyone setting up a server to act as a hub. Contrast this with other P2P and chat protocols that require you to connect to a server. This means there is no single point of vulnerability for the network.
Similarly, there is no single group leader; everyone on the network is equal in what they can or cannot do, including inviting other members into the group, nor can any member kick another from the group, exclude them from public chats, etc.
WASTE can obfuscate its protocol, making it difficult to detect that WASTE is being used.
WASTE has a Saturate feature which adds random traffic, making traffic analysis more difficult.
The nodes (each a trusted connection) automatically determine the lowest latency route for traffic and, in doing so, load balance. This also improves privacy, because packets often take different routes.

Shortcomings
Trading public keys, enabling port forwarding on your firewall (if necessary), and connecting to each other can be a difficult and/or tedious process, especially for those who aren't very technically proficient.
Due to the network's distributed nature, it is impossible to kick someone from the network once they've gained access. Since every member of the network will have that member's public key, all that member needs to do to regain access is to connect to another member. Coordinating the change of the network name is exceedingly difficult, so the best course of action is to create another network and migrate everyone over to the new network. This could, of course, also be seen as a strength.
Since there is no central server, once someone disconnects from the network, they must know at least one network IP address to reconnect. It is possible that the network will drift from all the IP addresses used before so that none are known, and it becomes necessary to contact a network member and ask for address information to be able to reconnect. Indeed, it is possible that a network could unknowingly split into two this way. It takes at least some coordination to keep a WASTE network intact; this can be as simple as one or more volunteers with a static IP address or a fixed dynamic DNS (DDNS) address (available free of charge from a number of providers) keeping their node up to allow people to reconnect to the network.
While encryption is performed using the Blowfish algorithm, which is thought to be strong, the PCBC mode used has several known security flaws.
Nicknames are not registered, which allows eavesdropping and spoofing. WASTE version 1.6 reduces the chances of eavesdropping by using public keys for communication, but as network members may choose any nickname a user must know and recognize the hash of the person they wish to communicate with to be sure of their identity.
To connect from behind a firewall, one party must have the proper port forwarded to their computer; as WASTE networks do not depend on a central server there is no way around this. However, as long as one node accepts incoming connections it can act as a server, connecting nodes that cannot themselves accept incoming connections. Indeed, the long-term stability of a WASTE network depends on these hubs.

Versions
As of version 1.7, WASTE comes in an experimental and a stable release.  The experimental branch implements a new 16k packet size, which improves overhead and transfer speeds, but is not compatible with previous versions which support a 4k packet size.

WASTE 1.7.4 for Windows was released on 24 December 2008, and was current . This is a new branch on SourceForge created because of inactivity on the main WASTE development branch. This is the most fully featured version to date.

A cross-platform (including Linux, OS X, and Microsoft Windows) beta version of WASTE called Waste 1.5 beta 4 a.k.a. wxWaste, using the WxWidgets toolkit is available.

VIA Technologies released a fork of WASTE under the name PadlockSL, but removed the product's website after a few weeks. The user interface was written in Qt and the client was available for Linux and Windows.

BlackBelt WASTE is a released fork of WASTE. Its build is labelled 1.8 to mark its significant improvements across its various areas of functionality. It supports Tor and i2p networks as well as clearnet. Its routing has been updated to provide even more obfuscated meta-data internally. It has uPnP support to automatically handle port forwarding. It also has automatic Anti-Spoofing Technology to encourage unique users. Since May 2023, it also contains Conference VoIP. Under development since 2010, it currently (May 2023) has regular releases and improvements.

See also

 Peer-to-peer (P2P)
 Anonymous P2P
 File sharing
 Friend-to-friend (F2F)

References

External links
 WASTE again - a fork
 Original WASTE SourceForge site - now defunct
 BlackBelt WASTE - Fork of WASTE with support for i2p and Tor as well as clearnet

 The Invisible Inner Circle
 Anonymous Communication With Waste
 'Secure File Transfer With WASTE - Introductory video' by Russell Sayers at showmedo
 The Zer0Share Project - Jack Spratts' Darknet

2003 software
File sharing networks
Anonymous file sharing networks
Windows instant messaging clients
MacOS instant messaging clients
Instant messaging clients for Linux
Free instant messaging clients
Free file sharing software
Free software programmed in C++
Cross-platform free software
Discontinued software

WASTE


Daniel Ralph Glaze (March 13, 1881 – October 31, 1968) was an American sportsman and coach who played as a right-handed pitcher in Major League Baseball, and later became a football and baseball coach and administrator at several colleges.

Early life and playing career
Glaze was born in Denver, Colorado, and was recruited by Dartmouth College after displaying his skill in two sports. He played football at the University of Colorado in the 1901 season under coach Fred Folsom, a Dartmouth alumnus who became that school's coach in 1903. Glaze enrolled at Dartmouth in 1902, being followed there by his younger brother, John.  Under Folsom, he played a notable role in the school's first-ever football victory over Harvard in 1903, a game in which Harvard dedicated its new stadium. In 1905, Glaze was named an All-American as an end by Walter Camp, even though at 5'8" and 153 pounds he was the smallest player on Dartmouth's team that year. Glaze also played baseball at Dartmouth, and pitched a no-hitter against Columbia.

During summers, Glaze played semi-pro ball in Colorado, using the assumed name "Ralph Pearce" to protect his college eligibility. Among the Colorado teams Glaze played for was the "Big Six" team in Trinidad, where he pitched in 1905.  In 1905 he met an opposing catcher named John Tortes, a Native American, and encouraged him to apply to Dartmouth due to the school's charter making specific provisions for the education of Native Americans. As Tortes had dropped out of school, several Dartmouth alumni conspired to create a false background for him, and he enrolled until the ruse was discovered some time after his first semester. Nonetheless, the catcher attracted notice from various baseball figures, and he went on to a 9-year major league career from 1909 to 1917 under the name Chief Meyers; he maintained a strong affinity to Dartmouth, and credited Glaze with his start in the sport.

After graduating in 1906, Glaze signed with the Boston Americans, as the press referred to them in 1906. The team would later be known as the Boston Red Sox. Over three years, Glaze posted a record of 15 wins against 21 losses, with 137 strikeouts and a 2.89 earned run average in 61 games and 340 innings pitched. A career highlight took place on August 31 of his rookie year, when he outdueled Philadelphia Athletics star pitcher Rube Waddell. Glaze began coaching in the offseasons, starting as a 1906 football assistant at Dartmouth; he also helped coach their baseball team in 1908. He left the Red Sox following the 1908 season, and spent the next several years with a number of minor league teams.

Coaching career
In 1910, Glaze became the football coach at Baylor University.  His teams had a record of 12–10–3 from 1910 through 1912, including a 6–1-1 mark in his first year. Glaze became the head coach of the University of Southern California's football team for the 1914 and 1915 seasons, compiling a 7–7 record.  He was the first coach after USC's teams began to be known as the Trojans. Before his arrival, USC had not played football for the previous three seasons; like many universities at the time, the school had switched to rugby and did not field football teams during the 1911 through 1913 seasons. After competing primarily against southern California teams throughout its history, USC was now beginning to include major colleges from other areas on its schedule.  The 1914 season finale at Oregon State was the first against a major college opponent since a 1905 loss at Stanford, and was also USC's first game ever outside of California. The highlight of Glaze's brief tenure occurred the following year with the inauguration of the long-standing series with California. At the time, Cal was considered the traditionally dominant team of West Coast football, and Glaze managed to lead USC to a 28–10 road victory before falling to Cal, 23–21, at home later the same season; however, it was Cal's first year resuming football after having switched to rugby for the previous nine seasons.

Glaze was succeeded in 1916 by Dean Cromwell, who was USC's football coach before the switch to rugby. Glaze also coached the Trojans baseball team, represented by the university's law school, in the 1915 season to a 5–10 record, and guided the USC track team the same spring.  He also coached the USC basketball team in 1915–16, with a record of 8–21 against exclusively southern California competition.

Glaze became football coach at Drake University in 1916, with a record of 3–10–2, and then became football coach at Colorado State Teachers College (now the University of Northern Colorado) in 1917–18 as the school resumed football after 11 years, with a record of 2–6. He coached football at the Colorado School of Mines in 1919–20, with a record of 0–10–2. From 1921 to 1924 he coached at Lake Forest College, leading the football team to a 10–12–3 record from 1921 to 1923, and the basketball team to an 11–32 mark from 1921 to 1924.

During his career, Glaze also coached at the University of Rochester, Texas Christian University and St. Viator College.

Marriage, later life, and death
Glaze married Evaline Leavitt in 1907; she died in 1927, the year he retired from coaching to go into business in Denver. In 1930, he became superintendent of the Boston and Maine Railroad's terminal in Charlestown, Massachusetts, and he married Winifred Bonar Demuth the same year. In 1946 the couple retired to California, moving to Cambria, California in 1951. In his later years, Glaze struck up a friendship with former American League outfielder Sam Crawford, who had a cottage several miles away; coincidentally, Crawford had been one of Glaze's successors as USC's baseball coach. Glaze stayed fit, walking three to five miles daily with his dogs when he was in his 80s. He died at age 86 in Atascadero, California.

Head coaching record

College football

References

External links

1881 births
1968 deaths
Baylor Bears football coaches
Colorado Mines Orediggers football coaches
Drake Bulldogs football coaches
Lake Forest Foresters football coaches
Northern Colorado Bears football coaches
Rochester Yellowjackets football coaches
St. Viator Irish football coaches
USC Trojans football coaches
Major League Baseball pitchers
Boston Red Sox players
Baseball players from Denver
Beaumont Oilers players
Indianapolis Indians players
Providence Grays (minor league) players
Topeka Jayhawks players
Minor league baseball managers
College men's basketball head coaches in the United States
Baylor Bears men's basketball coaches
Colorado Mines Orediggers men's basketball coaches
Drake Bulldogs men's basketball coaches
Lake Forest Foresters men's basketball coaches
Northern Colorado Bears men's basketball coaches
USC Trojans men's basketball coaches
American men's basketball coaches
Basketball coaches from Colorado
Baylor Bears baseball coaches
Colorado Mines Orediggers baseball coaches
USC Trojans baseball coaches
USC Trojans track and field coaches
American football ends
Dartmouth Big Green football players
Colorado Buffaloes football players
All-American college football players
Players of American football from Denver
Dartmouth Big Green baseball players
Sportspeople from Denver
Louisville Coal Miners players

Ralph Glaze


is a 26 episode science fiction drama series produced by Sunrise.

The character and mecha designs in Ryvius were created by Hisashi Hirai, who later went on to act as the character designer for Gundam SEED.

The series is also noted for its music, a blend of western R&B/hip-hop music with J-pop vocals. This is evident in the opening song, "dis–", performed by bilingual Japanese-American singer Mika Arisaka. Most of the vocal songs were composed by M.I.D. and the thematic background instrumentals by Katsuhisa Hattori.

The anime was originally licensed by Bandai Entertainment in North America before it ended up going out of print in 2012. Following the 2012 closure of Bandai Entertainment, Sunrise announced at Otakon 2013 that Sentai Filmworks has rescued Infinite Ryvius, along with a handful of other former BEI titles.

A two volume manga adaptation was released concurrently with the series in 1999–2000, and was then published in English in 2004. A parody spin-off original net animation (ONA) series, Infinite Ryvius: Illusion, was released in 2000.

Plot

Set in the year AD 2225, mankind has spread from Earth to inhabit nearly all the planets or nearby moons in colonies and settlements. Space travel has grown and improved to the point of being commonplace. For the inhabitants of the solar system, an astronaut career isn't out of the question, and one of the schools set up to train future space voyagers is the Liebe Delta, a space station positioned somewhere in Earth's orbit. This growth is despite the mysterious phenomenon known as the Geduld, a sea of plasma that suddenly erupted from the sun along the Earth's orbital plane in AD 2137. Stretching from the sun to the edge of the solar system, this area of high temperatures and gravity pressures has never been explained.

Kouji Aiba is a sixteen-year-old boy who packed his bags and left his home on Earth for the Liebe Delta and the training to obtain his Level 2 piloting license. He journeys to the space station accompanied by his childhood friend, Aoi Housen, whom Kouji discovers to his chagrin has enrolled in the Liebe Delta's flight attendant program. En route to the spaceport Aoi gives Kouji the additional unwelcome news that his younger brother, Yuki, is also to attend the Liebe Delta and in fact the brothers will be in the same flight class together. The list of Aoi's unfortunate news to Kouji is topped by her quipping that the boys' mother Mrs. Aiba had asked Aoi to look after the brothers while at school. Kouji's unhappy moodiness does not improve.

Once aboard the space station, the students and teaching staff on the Liebe Delta were like any other school, normal and concerned with their own affairs and classes. They even had a vacation period, known as the Dive Break, when the space station ventured near the Geduld for system maintenance. Out of about 1000+ students, about 500 stayed for the break. Unknown to all, the space station, in the middle of the routine dive considered so regular that it has been entrusted to the elite Zwei cadet class, was sabotaged and the majority of the staff gassed and rendered unconscious, free falling into the depths of the Geduld Sea, where the resulting gravity pressures would crush the station and kill all aboard. The remaining adults, all instructors, sacrificed their lives in an act that they believed would save the majority of students on board. When their heroic actions proved unsuccessful and the Liebe Delta hung on the verge of collapsing, a mysterious ship named RYVIUS, hidden within the Liebe Delta activated itself and surfaced from the Geduld Sea. There were a total of 515 personnel on board the Liebe Delta at the beginning of the dive, of whom a total of 486 were successfully evacuated, meaning that a total of 29 people were killed in the sabotaged dive. Eight were instructors, 12 were the gassed staff who were later killed by the two saboteurs, and nine students. The average age of the Ryvius crew is 16, so the story, despite its space-age setting, is more of a coming-of-age tale than anything else.

Stranded in space, with humanity's governments forsaking them, and within the ship anger, agitation and fear setting in, Kouji tries his best to maintain a semblance of order and peace in a time of crisis. But with fighting his own brother Yuki, dealing with his feelings for the beautiful Uranian aristocrat Fina S. Shinozaki, trying to avoid Aoi, and seeing the strange apparition of a girl in pink wandering the halls, will Kouji be able to help until the Ryvius reaches safety, or will he lose all that's dear to him in the process?

Vaia ships

The Vaia ships are said to be crucial to mankind's survival despite the effect it has on those who are exposed to it for long enough, which results in major mental breakdown, as seen with the Blue Impulse's captain after losing the battle with the Ryvius.

It was mentioned that there were six Vaia ships, which took several hundred thousand trained astronauts entering into the Geduld to capture, formulate, and secure vaias for the ships. This was made known for the purpose of protecting humanity from another Geduld phenomenon, as the gravitational warping effects of the vital guarders could easily block the advancing Geduld phenomenon.
BLACK Ryvius (Referred to as the "Brattica" by those who seek to take it.)
The main setting of the rest of the series after the destruction of the Liebe Delta, and the target of the Orbital Security Bureau, so much so that they've justified destroying Hyperion with the Blue Impulse's Vital Guarder to try and destroy them. The Ryvius is one of two Vaia ships whose Sphixs have been manifested, but is also the only one with a humanized one, Neya. The other ship is basically stripped of any humanity but the desire to kill Neya.
Vital Guarder - Einvalt, A large humanoid like mecha deployed from the lift ship housed in the front of the Ryvius, has the power to control gravitational forces in much the same way as the others, but has a much stronger localized control of gravity waves it creates (especially from its hands.)

BLUE Impulse
The first Vaia ship to be a technical casualty to the Ryvius, after using its vital guarder to destroy Hyperion. The Ryvius detached its barge cannon and with the vital guarder in hand, turned the tides of the battle in the Ryvius's favor. Impulse is no longer known after this battle, possibly decommissioned due to the loss of its vital guarder.
Vital Guarder - Verticular Drill, A powerful vital guarder capable of plowing through large masses using a strong gravitational field projected around the main drill arm, which spins with tremendous force. Was used to destroy Hyperion, which established another of its attacks, by using any sized chunks surrounding it the Verticular Drill could capture these objects in its field and fire them.

CRIMSON Dicastia
Piloted exclusively by aged women. The Dicastia boasts the greatest output of gravitational force, using smaller pods wired together. Dicastia was the first ship to score casualties on the Ryvius by firing on it while trapped in the entrapment field.
Vital Guarder - Eysfina, the pod chain system used to generate an entrapping gravity field. Used as a means to detain their target in order to safely enter firing range.

GREY Gespenst
Conrad Vicuss's Vaia ship most akin to the Ryvius, also possessing a comparable and somewhat humanoid vital guarder, but fuzed to a large fixture system at its arms and legs. It is only upon seeing Neya and recognizing her form as that of his deceased daughter that he realizes what grave wrongs he has committed. The Gespenst is capable of forming blades from gravitational forces to cut through the targets that it closes in on. It also has the ability to merge with existing 'vaia squids' to amplify its mass and gravity control and power, much to Stein's dismay, as he cannot stand to see anything that defies scientific logic.
Vital Guarder - Geist, a humanoid body fixed vital guarder with tremendous gravitational force power, estimated by Stein's numbers of being at least twice as powerful as the Ryvius. These observations were more or less proven when the Geist merged with a number of Vaia squids around it, significantly boosting its attack power. Geist continued to destroy parts of the Ryvius's vital guarder, until it separated from the large ball of mass it created around itself, and began a powerful supercharge of energy. In one final ramming attack, the Geist was annihilated, along with the Einvalt, while everyone in the lift ship is safe.

After a maddeningly fierce battle, and the loss of his vital guarder, his final words after once again being face to face with Neya, were: "Attention all hands. The Ryvius is piloted by children, I want them rescued!" before killing himself with a gun, proof that he had understood the situation on board the Ryvius during most of his pursuit of it. (He had earlier stated that the student's pleas for rescue must be a trick). This marks the end of the war between the Orbital Security Bureau and the crew of the Ryvius.

Themes and symbols
Infinite Ryvius is a complex series with many underlying themes and symbolisms.
Responsibility - The only adult characters aboard the Ryvius are written out of the story at an early stage and throughout the series the characters are regularly forced to take responsibility for difficult decisions in the absence of adult guidance.
Loss of innocence - The burden of responsibility and the many traditionally adult situations the children face bring about the premature loss of innocence.
Politics - Throughout the series the political power structure aboard the ship shifts and changes and acts as a microcosm of real-world politics.

Episodes
Some of the titles given by the series' North American distributor, Bandai Entertainment, differ from the literal translations; the Bandai-given titles appear in parentheses where applicable.
Sere 1:
Sere 2:
Sere 3:
Sere 4:
Sere 5:
Sere 6:
Sere 7:
Sere 8:
Sere 9:
Sere 10:
Sere 11:
Sere 12:
Sere 13:
Sere 14:
Sere 15:
Sere 16:
Sere 17:
Sere 18:
Sere 19:
Sere 20:
Sere 21:
Sere 22:
Sere 23:
Sere 24:
Sere 25:
Sere 26:

Manga
A companion manga was released in Japan in 1999-2000. Created by Shinsuke Kurihashi, and released by MediaWorks Publishing, the manga details the voyage of the Ryvius from the character viewpoints of Aoi Housen, and to a lesser extent, her roommates Kozue Izumi and Reiko Ichikawa. This is in contrast to the anime, which had been seen through the eyes of the Aiba brothers, Ikumi Oze, and other mostly male characters. As such, the manga does not follow the anime "to the letter", but provides episodes and plotlines previously unseen.

The English-language rights to the Ryvius manga were acquired by ComicsOne, and the first volume of the English version, covering the anime episodes 1-13, was released in October 2004. The second and final volume, covering the remainder of the series, was expected to be released in January 2005. After ComicsOne was taken over by DrMaster, Volume 2 of the Infinite Ryvius manga was delayed. It was finally released under the new DrMaster label in May 2005.

Soundtracks
Infinite Ryvius Original Soundtrack 1
VICL-60485
Release Date: 16 December 1999
"Dis (Club Mix version)" by Mika Arisaka

"Revise Us"
"Nowhere"

"Easy Living"

  by Mika Arisaka
"Communication"
"Almost Blue"

"Faint Hope"

"Cool!"
"Dis (English version)" by Mika Arisaka
 by Mika Arisaka
"Dis" (Instrumental)
 (Instrumental)

Infinite RYVIUS Original Soundtrack 2
 VICL-60486
 Release Date: 1 March 2000
 harakunaru sasayaki (Distancing Whisper)
 nani mo shiranakutemo (Unaware of Anything)
 toge (Thorn; performed by Mika Arisaka)
 mukai aumono (Face To Face)
 genjitsuto no haza made (Until Reality Shows Its Face)
 kokoro no kakera (Fragments of the Heart)
 itoshi sa no nakade (Into Beauty)
 hayaru kokoro (Thriving Heart)
 utsutsu narumono (Taking Revenge)
 tawamurete (Flirting)
 mitsumete (Watching)
 shijirarerumono wa (Of Disbelief)
 yume o sugitemo (Even After Dreaming)
 mirai e no ippo (A Step Towards the Future)
 aragaenumama
 sasurai tsuzukete (Continued Wandering)
 tsumugareta fuan (Spun Anxiety)
 ketsui to koudou to (Decision and Action)
 todoketai kokoro (Undeliverable Heart)
 shinkirou no you ni (Like A Mirage)
 ashita ga arukara (Because There Will Be Tomorrow)
 yamikara no hohoemi (Smile From The Shadows)
 shiritakatakoto (Things I Wanted to Know)
 yume o sugimoto (Even After Dreaming; performed by Mika Arisaka)
 todoketai kokoro (Undeliverable Heart; Reggae Phil Mix)
 H (Mega Mix)

Infinite RYVIUS Original Soundtrack 3
 VICL-60487
 Release Date: 23 March 2000
 M.I.D. ANTHEM
 DIS~ (Song Bird Mix; performed by Mika Arisaka)
 BLUE WRECKAGE (performed by Noriko)
 CODE-026
 aoi tori no yukue (performed by Mika Arisaka)
 menterae
 GOING (performed by Kaori)
 JUST (Interlude)
 THE NEPHILIMS (performed by Afrika Bambaataa)
 kanashiki hyouryuu (performed by DJ MA$A)
 SEE THE LIGHT (performed by Smooth Bee and his family)
 tobira (performed by DJ MA$A)
 GENERATION WAR
 ENVIOUS
 DIS~ (Terra Mix; performed by Mika Arisaka)

Reception
In 2000, Infinite Ryvius won an award for Best TV Animation at the fifth animation Kobe.

References

External links
 Sunrise's Official Infinite Ryvius Page
 Future Without Limits: Infinite Ryvius: The most comprehensive English-language IR website.

1999 anime television series debuts
2004 manga
Adventure anime and manga
Anime with original screenplays
Bandai Entertainment anime titles
ComicsOne titles
Dengeki Comics
Drama anime and manga
Fiction set on Hyperion (moon)
Mecha anime and manga
Odex
Fiction set on Saturn's moons
Television shows written by Yōsuke Kuroda
Sentai Filmworks
Shōnen manga
Sunrise (company)
TV Tokyo original programming
2000 anime ONAs

Infinite Ryvius


Semih Erden (born July 28, 1986 in Istanbul, Turkey) is an Turkish basketball player who currently plays for the Cleveland Cavaliers of the NBA. He was selected 60th overall in the 2nd round in the 2008 NBA Draft by the Boston Celtics, while he was playing for Fenerbahçe Ülker in his homeland. Erden arrived in Boston for the 2010–11 season, but was traded to Cleveland near the end of the season. During the 2011 NBA lockout, he returned to Turkey and played for Beşiktaş; after the lockout ended in December 2011, he returned to the Cavaliers.

Other websites
Semih Erden's NBA profile

1976 births
Living people
Boston Celtics players
Cleveland Cavaliers players
Turkish basketball players

Semih Erden


Desktop publishing (also known as DTP) is the creation of documents using page layout software on a personal computer.

The term has been used for publishing at all levels, from small-circulation documents such as local newsletters to books, magazines and newspapers. However the term implies a more professional-looking end result, with a more complex layout, than word processing, and so when introduced in the 1980s was often used in connection with homes and small organisations who could not previously produce publication-quality documents themselves.

History
Desktop publishing began in 1985 with the introduction of MacPublisher, the first WYSIWYG layout program, which ran on the original 128K Macintosh computer. The DTP market exploded in 1985 with the introduction in January of the Apple LaserWriter printer, and later in July with the introduction of PageMaker software from Aldus which rapidly became the DTP industry standard software.

Before the advent of desktop publishing, the only option available to most persons for producing typed (as opposed to handwritten) documents was a typewriter, which offered only a handful of typefaces (usually fixed-width) and one or two font sizes.  Indeed, one popular desktop publishing book was actually titled The Mac is not a typewriter. The ability to create WYSIWYG page layouts on screen and then print pages containing text and graphical elements at crisp 300 dpi resolution was revolutionary for both the typesetting industry and the personal computer industry. Newspapers and other print publications made the move to DTP-based programs from older layout systems in the 1980s.

The term "desktop publishing" is attributed to Aldus Corporation founder Paul Brainerd, who sought a marketing catch-phrase to describe the small size and relative affordability of this software in contrast to the expensive commercial phototypesetting equipment of the day.

Behind-the-scenes technologies developed by Adobe Systems set the foundation for professional desktop publishing applications. Although Macintosh-based systems would continue to dominate the market, in 1986, the GEM-based Ventura Publisher was introduced for MS-DOS computers. While PageMaker's pasteboard metaphor closely simulated creating layouts manually, Ventura Publisher automated layout through its use of style sheets. This software automatically generated indices and other body matter. This made it suitable for manuals and other long-format documents.

During its early years, desktop publishing acquired a bad reputation as a result of untrained users who created poorly-organized layouts — similar criticism would be levied again against early Web publishers a decade later. However, some were able to realize truly professional results.

Terminology
There are two types of pages in desktop publishing, electronic pages and virtual paper pages to be printed on paper. All computerized documents are technically electronic, and are limited in size only by computer memory or computer data storage space.

Virtual paper pages will ultimately be printed, and therefore require paper parameters that coincide with international standard physical paper sizes such as "A4," "letter," etc., if not custom sizes for trimming. Some desktop publishing programs allow custom sizes designated for large format printing used in posters, billboards and trade show displays. A virtual page for printing has a predesignated size of virtual printing material and can be viewed on a monitor in WYSIWYG format. Each page for printing has trim sizes (edge of paper) and a printable area if bleed printing is not possible as is the case with most desktop printers.

A web page is an example of an electronic page that is not constrained by virtual paper parameters. Most electronic pages may be dynamically re-sized, causing either the content to scale in size with the page or causing the content to re-flow.

Master pages are templates used to automatically copy or link elements and graphic design styles to some or all the pages of a multipage document. Linked elements can be modified without having to change each instance of an element on pages that use the same element. Master pages can also be used to apply graphic design styles to automatic page numbering.

Page layout is how the elements are laid on the page orderly, aesthetically, and precisely. Main types of components to be laid out on a page include text, linked images that can only be modified as an external source, and embedded images that may be modified with the layout application software. Some embedded images are rendered in the application software, while others can be placed from an external source image file. Text may be keyed into the layout, placed, or (with database publishing applications) linked to an external source of text which allows multiple editors to develop a document at the same time.

Graphic design styles such as color, transparency, and filters, may also be applied to layout elements. Typography styles may be applied to text automatically with style sheets. Some layout programs include style sheets for images in addition to text. Graphic styles for images may be border shapes, colors, transparency, filters, and a parameter designating the way text flows around the object called "wraparound" or "runaround."

Comparisons

With word processing
While desktop publishing software still provides extensive features necessary for print publishing, modern word processors now have publishing capabilities beyond those of many older DTP applications, blurring the line between word processing and desktop publishing.

In the early days of graphical user interfaces, DTP software was in a class of its own when compared to the fairly spartan word processing applications of the time.  Programs such as WordPerfect and WordStar were still mainly text-based and offered little in the way of page layout, other than perhaps margins and line spacing.  On the other hand, word processing software was necessary for features like indexing and spell checking, features that are common in many applications today.

As computers and operating systems have become more powerful, vendors have sought to provide users with a single application platform that can meet all needs.

With other electronic layout software
The key difference between electronic typesetting software and DTP software is that DTP software is generally interactive and WYSIWYG in design, while other electronic typesetting software  requires the user to enter the processing program's markup language without immediate visualization of the finished product.
This kind of workflow is less user-friendly than WYSIWYG, but more suitable for conference proceedings and scholarly articles as well as corporate newsletters or other applications where consistent, automated layout is important.

One of the early and comprehensive reference books on the art of Desktop Publishing is Desktop Publishing For Everyone by K.S.V. Menon.  This publication deals with virtually every facet of publishing  and nearly all tools available as at the time of the publishing of this book in the year 2000. It is currently out of print.

There is some overlap between desktop publishing and what is known as Hypermedia publishing (i.e. Web design, Kiosk, CD-ROM).  Many graphical HTML editors such as Microsoft FrontPage and Adobe Dreamweaver use a layout engine similar to a DTP program. However, some Web designers still prefer to write HTML without the assistance of a WYSIWYG editor, for greater control and because these editors often result in code bloat.

DTP applications
 Adobe FrameMaker
 Adobe PageMaker
 Adobe HomePublisher
 Corel Ventura
 iStudio Publisher
 Microsoft Office Publisher
 LibreOffice Draw
 QuarkXPress
 Ready,Set,Go

Related pages
 Page layout
 Typography
Graphic design
 E-book

References

Further reading
Many books specialise in the details of particular software. These three teach the basics of page layout design on desktop systems.
Miles, John 1987. Design for desktop publishing. Fraser, London. The first, and still one of the best.
Aldrich-Reunzel, Nancy and Fennell, John 1991. The designer's guide to typography. Phaidon, Oxford.
Parker, Roger C. 1995. Desktop publishing & design for dummies. Wiley.
Dabner, David 2004. Graphic Design School: the principles and practices of graphic design.   Broader than just desktop publishing.

Other websites
 Desktop Publishing tips and tutorials

Typography
Graphics
History of printing

Desktop publishing


In Egyptian mythology, Nehebkau (also spelled Nehebu-Kau, and Neheb Ka) guarded the entrance to Duat, the Egyptian underworld. He was made up of Ka and Ba, the two parts of the soul. He is pictured as a snake with two heads. Atum was said to have to keep his finger on Nehebkau to keep him from being out of control. Since he was a snake, he was believed to heal those bitten by snakes and/or scorpions.

Egyptian mythology
Egyptian gods and goddesses

Nehebkau


The Samina also: Saminabach is a rapid river located in Liechtenstein and formed the Samina Valley in the course of time. It has a length of 17 km (Liechtenstein: 12 km, Austria: 5 km) and is the 2nd longest river of the principality. In the community area of Frastranz the river merges with the Ill.

Rivers of Liechtenstein

Samina (river)


Elasmobranchii  is a subclass of the Chondrichthyes or cartilaginous fish. It includes the modern sharks and the rays and skates.

Evolution
Fossilised shark teeth are known from the early Devonian, around 400 million years ago. During the following Carboniferous period, the sharks underwent a period of diversification, with many new forms evolving. Many of these became extinct during the Permian, but the remaining sharks underwent a second burst of adaptive radiation during the Jurassic, around which time the skates and rays first appeared.

Taxonomy
Subclass Elasmobranchii
†Plesioselachus
†Order Squatinactiformes
†Order Protacrodontiformes
†Infraclass Cladoselachimorpha
†Order Cladoselachiformes
†Infraclass Xenacanthimorpha
†Order Xenacanthiformes
Infraclass Euselachii (sharks and rays)
†Order Ctenacanthiformes
†Division Hybodonta
†Order Hybodontiformes
Division Neoselachii
Subdivision Selachii (Selachimorpha) (modern sharks)
Superorder Galeomorphi
Order Heterodontiformes (bullhead sharks)
Order Orectolobiformes (carpet sharks)
Order Lamniformes (mackerel sharks)
Order Carcharhiniformes (ground sharks)
Superorder Squalomorphi
Order Hexanchiformes (frilled and cow sharks)
Order Squaliformes (dogfish sharks)
†Order Protospinaciformes
Order Squatiniformes (angel sharks)
Order Pristiophoriformes (sawsharks)
Subdivision Batoidea (rays)
Order Torpediniformes (electric rays)
Order Pristiformes (sawfishes)
Order Rajiformes (skates and relatives)
Order Myliobatiformes (stingrays and relatives)

References

Cartilaginous fish

Elasmobranchii


Hanasaka-jiisan(花咲か爺)is a famous folk story of Japan.  The name means "old man who made flowers blossom(Japanese flower)".  The story became famous in Japan in the Edo Period (1603-1868).

Story

There was a kind-hearted old man, Hanasaka-jiisan, who grew cherry blossoms.  The old man and his wife had a white puppy.  One day, their dog barked, "Koko-hore-wan-wan," (meaning "Dig here! Bark bark!") while digging in a field.  The old man dug up gold and made the old man very rich.  The old man was very happy.  The old man's neighbor saw the dog barking and watched as the old man dig up the treasure. The old couple's neighbors were jealous of this.  So they stole the white puppy away, and ordered him to search for treasure. They beat him, then he went to search for treasure.  But they only found rubbish. So, then they killed the dog.  The old man was crushed with grief. The neighbor's gave the old man and his wife the dog's ashes.
Then, the dog appeared in the old man's dream.  The dog said, "Please scatter my ashes on the dead cherry blossom tree!"  The old man followed the dog's directions. Then, the dead cherry blossom tree came into full bloom.  The old man and his wife received great praise from a feudal lord passing by.

Japanese folklore

Hanasaka Jiisan


Selwyn Jepson (25 November 1899 – 10 March 1989) was an English mystery and detective author and screenwriter. He was the son of the fiction writer Edgar Jepson (1863–1938) and Frieda Holmes, daughter of the musician Henry Holmes. His sister Margaret (1907–2003) was also a novelist and the mother of the author Fay Weldon.

Youth and SOE Service
Jepson was born in Bloomsbury and educated at St Paul's School, London and the Sorbonne. He served in the Tank Corps during World War I and in the Special Operations Executive (SOE) in World War II. In the latter role he recruited for the independent French F section, as one of the SOE's "most skilled craftsmen" and its senior recruiting officer. When interviewed by the Imperial War Museum he stated:
I was responsible for recruiting women for the work, in the face of a good deal of opposition, I may say, from the powers that be. In my view, women were very much better than men for the work. Women, as you must know, have a far greater capacity for cool and lonely courage than men. Men usually want a mate with them. Men don't work alone, their lives tend to be always in company with other men. There was opposition from most quarters until it went up to Churchill, whom I had met before the war. He growled at me, "What are you doing?" I told him and he said, "I see you are using women to do this," and I said, "Yes, don't you think it is a very sensible thing to do?" and he said, "Yes, good luck to you." That was my authority!"

M. R. D. Foot's SOE contains an illuminating account of Jepson's interview style with potential recruits; "I have to decide whether I can risk your life and you have to decide whether you're willing to risk it" (p. 73). According to Foot, of F section's 470 agents sent into the field, 117 were killed; 39 of the 470 were women, of whom 13 failed to return.

As an aside Foot comments that Captain (Royal Navy) was a rank Jepson sometimes affected but to which he was not entitled ("...but the Admiralty never knew"), rather he was "a major in the Buffs".

Author
Jepson became a well-known mystery/detective author and screenwriter, best known for Keep Murder Quiet (1940), the "Eve Gill" ingénue sleuth novel series, and other non-series novels:
The Qualified Adventurer (1922)
Puppets of Fate (1922)
Golden-Eyes (1922), US title The Sutton Papers
That Fellow MacArthur (1923)
The King's Red-Haired Girl (1923)
Rogues and Diamonds (1925)
Snaggletooth (1926)
The Death Gong (1927)
Love and Helen (1928)
Tiger Dawn (1929)
I Met Murder (1930)
Rabbit's Paw (1932) US title The Mystery of the Rabbit's Paw
Heads and Tails (1933) short story collection
Love in Peril (1934)
The Wise Fool (1934)
Riviera Love Story (1948)
Man Running (1948), as Outrun the Constable in the US. In 1950, it was published in paperback as Killer by Proxy
Tempering Steel (1949)
Man Dead (1951)
The Assassin (1956)
A Noise in the Night (1957)
The Third Possibility (1965)
The Angry Millionaire (1968)
Letter to a Dead Girl (1971)

Screenwriter and director
For Love of You (1933) screenwriter
Money Mad (1934) screenwriter
Kiss Me Goodbye (1935) screenwriter
Hyde Park Corner (1935) screenwriter
The Love Test (1935) screenwriter
The Riverside Murder (1935) screenwriter
Toilers of the Sea (1936) director, screenwriter
Well Done, Henry (1936) screenwriter
Wedding Group (1936) screenwriter
The Scarab Murder Case (1936) screenwriter
Sailing Along (1938) screenwriter
The Red Dress (1954) screenwriter
The Last Moment (1954) screenwriter
Forever My Heart (1954) screenwriter

Film adaptation
The Alfred Hitchcock film Stage Fright (1950) was based on Selwyn Jepson's 1948 novel Man Running (also published as Outrun the Constable and Killer by Proxy). It was adapted for the screen by Whitfield Cook and Hitchcock's wife and frequent collaborator Alma Reville, with additional dialogue by James Bridie and Ranald MacDougall.

Television
Selwyn Jepson had many pieces converted for broadcast by the BBC. BBC archival material exists for their productions of The Golden Dart and The Hungry Spider is held by the Mausoleum Club.

Private life
For his private use, Selwyn Jepson built the Far House, Farther Common, Liss, Hampshire.

References

External links

1899 births
1989 deaths
People from Liss
People educated at St Paul's School, London
University of Paris alumni
British Army personnel of World War I
British Army personnel of World War II
British male screenwriters
British Special Operations Executive personnel
20th-century British screenwriters

Selwyn Jepson


The Miami Marlins are a Major League Baseball team in Miami, Florida. The team began play in 1993. They were called the Florida Marlins through the 2011 baseball season. In November 2011, after the end of the season, they were renamed the Miami Marlins.

The marlin is a large sport fish that lives in warm parts of the ocean. There was once a minor league baseball team called the Miami Marlins. The major league team was named the "Marlins" in honor of the minor league team.

The Marlins' first home was Sun Life Stadium. They opened a new stadium in 2012 called Marlins Park, which became LoanDepot Park in 2021.

The Marlins won two World Series in 1997 and 2003.

Other websites
Official Website

1993 establishments in Florida

Miami Marlins


A phase shift module is a microwave network module which provides a controllable phase shift of the RF signal. Phase shifters are used in phased arrays.

Classification

Active versus passive
Active phase shifters provide gain, while passive phase shifters are lossy.
 Active:
 Applications: active electronically scanned array (AESA), passive electronically scanned array (PESA)
 Gain: The phase shifter amplifies while phase shifting
 Noise figure (NF)
 Reciprocity: not reciprocal
 Passive:
 Applications: active electronically scanned array (AESA), passive electronically scanned array (PESA)
 Loss: the phase shifter attenuates while phase shifting
 NF: NF = loss
 Reciprocity: reciprocal

Analog versus digital
 Analog phase shifters provide a continuously variable phase shift or time delay.
 Digital phase shifters provide a discrete set of phase shifts or time delays. Discretization leads to quantization errors. Digital phase shifters require parallel bus control.
 Differential, single-ended or waveguide:
 Differential transmission line: A differential transmission line is a balanced two-conductor transmission line in which the phase difference between currents is 180 degrees. The differential mode is less susceptible to common mode noise and cross talk.
 Antenna selection: dipole, tapered slot antenna (TSA)
 Examples: coplanar strip, slotline
 Single-ended transmission line: A single-ended transmission line is a two-conductor transmission line in which one conductor is referenced to a common ground, the second conductor. The single-ended mode is more susceptible to common-mode noise and cross talk.
 Antenna selection: double folded slot (DFS), microstrip, monopole
 Examples: CPW, microstrip, stripline
 Waveguide
 Antenna selection: waveguide, horn

Frequency band

One-conductor or dielectric transmission line versus two-conductor transmission line
 One-conductor or dielectric transmission line (optical fibre, finline, waveguide):
 Modal
 No TEM or quasi-TEM mode, not TTD or quasi-TTD
 Higher-order TE, TM, HE or HM modes are distorted
 Two-conductor transmission line (CPW, microstrip, slotline, stripline):
 Differential or single-ended
 TEM or quasi-TEM mode is TTD or quasi-TTD
 Phase shifters versus TTD phase shifter
 A phase shifter provides an invariable phase shift with frequency, and is used for fixed-beam frequency-invariant pattern synthesis.
 A TTD phase shifter provides an invariable time delay with frequency, and is used for squint-free and ultra wideband (UWB) beam steering.

Reciprocal versus non-reciprocal
 Reciprocal: T/R
 Non-reciprocal: T or R

Technology
 Non semi-conducting (ferrite, ferro-electric, RF MEMS, liquid crystal):
 Passive
 Semi-conducting (RF CMOS, GaAs. SiGe, InP, GaN or Sb):
 Active: BJT or FET transistor based MMICs, RFICs or optical ICs
 Passive: PIN diode based hybrids

Design
 Loaded-line:
 Distortion:
 Distorted if lumped
 Undistorted and TTD if distributed
 Reflect-type:
 Applications: reflect arrays (S11 phase shifters)
 Distortion:
 Distorted if S21 phase shifter, because of 3 dB coupler
 Undistorted and TTD if S11 phase shifter
 Switched-network
 Network:
 High-pass or low-pass
  or T
 Distortion:
 Undistorted if the left-handed high-pass sections cancel out the distortion of the right-handed low-pass sections
 Switched-line
 Applications: UWB beam steering
 Distortion: undistorted and TTD
 Vector summing

Figures of merit

 Number of effective bits, if digital [bit]
 Biasing: current-driven, high-voltage electrostatic [mA, V]
 DC power consumption [mW]
 Distortion: group velocity dispersion (GVD) [ps2/nm]
 Gain [dB] if active, loss [dB] if passive
 Linearity: IP3, P1dB [dBm]
 Phase shift / noise figure [°/dB] (phase shifter) or time delay / noise figure [ps/dB] (TTD phase shifter)
 Power handling [mW, dBm]
 Reliability [cycles, MTBF]
 Size [mm2]
 Switching time [ns]

References

External links
"Phase Shifters", Micorwaves101.com
Microwave Phase Shifter information from Herley General Microwave
 A low cost electro-mechanical phase shifter design, including a brief summary of solid state methods @ www.activefrance.com

Radar
Microwave technology

Phase shift module


Pierre François Marie Louis Boulle (20 February 1912 – 30 January 1994) was a French writer. He was born in Avignon, France. Boulle wrote many novels and short stories in French. Two stories became popular English language movies: Planet of the Apes and The Bridge on the River Kwai. Boulle won the award for Best Adapted Screenplay and BAFTA Award for Best British Screenplay for The Bridge over the River Kwai.  He is said to have given the shortest acceptance speech in Academy Award history, the single word, "Merci", which means "Thank you".

Boulle served in the army in World War II.

Boulle died in Paris on 30 January 1994, at age 81.

Novels
William Conrad (1950; tr. in 1955 as Not the Glory by Xan Fielding; also issued as Spy Converted)
Le sacrilège malais (1951; tr. in 1959 as Sacrilege in Malaya by Xan Fielding; also issued as S.O.P.H.I.A.)
Le Pont de la rivière Kwaï (1952; tr. in 1954 as The Bridge over the River Kwai by Xan Fielding)
Le Bourreau (1954; tr. in 1961 by Xan Fielding, US title: The Executioner, UK title: The Chinese Executioner)
L'épreuve des hommes blancs (1955; tr. in 1957 as The Test by Xan Fielding; also issued as White Man's Test)
La face (1956; tr. in 1956 as Saving Face by Xan Fielding; also issued as Face of a Hero)
Les voies du salut (1958; tr. in 1958 as The Other Side of the Coin by Richard Howard)
Un métier de seigneur (1960; tr. in 1960 as A Noble Profession by Xan Fielding; also issued as For a Noble Cause)
La planète des singes (1963; tr. in 1964 as Monkey Planet by Xan Fielding; later issued as Planet of the Apes)
Le jardin de Kanashima (1964; tr. in 1965 as Garden on the Moon by Xan Fielding)
Le Photographe (1967; tr. in 1967 by Xan Fielding, US title: The Photographer, UK title: An Impartial Eye)
Les Jeux de l'esprit (1971; tr. in 1973 as Desperate Games by Patricia Wolf)
Les Oreilles de jungle (1972; tr. in 1972 as Ears of the Jungle by Michael Dobry and Lynda Cole) - story of the Vietnam war told from the perspective of a North Vietnamese commander
Les Vertus de l'enfer (1974; tr. in 1974 as The Virtues of Hell by Patricia Wolf)
Le Bon Léviathan (1978; tr. in 1978 as The Good Leviathan by Margaret Giovanelli)
Les Coulisses du Ciel (1979; tr. in 1985 as Trouble in Paradise by Patricia Wolf)
L'Énergie du désespoir (1981)
Miroitements (1982; tr. in 1986 as Mirrors of the Sun by Patricia Wolf)
La Baleine des Malouines (1983; tr. in 1984 by Patricia Wolf, US title: The Whale of the Victoria Cross, UK title: The Falklands Whale)
Pour l'amour de l'art (1985)
Le Professeur Mortimer (1988)
Le Malheur des uns... (1990)
A nous deux, Satan! (1992)
L'Archéologue et le mystère de Néfertiti (2005; posthumous)

Short story collections
Contes de l'absurde (1953)
E=mc2 (1957)
Histoires charitables (1965)
Time Out of Mind: And Other Stories (1966; twelve stories from Boulle's first three collections tr. by Xan Fielding and Elisabeth Abbott)
Quia absurdum: sur la Terre comme au Ciel (1966; tr. in 1970 as Because It Is Absurd: On Earth as It Is in Heaven by Elisabeth Abbott)
Histoires perfides (1976; tr. in 1977 as The Marvelous Palace And Other Stories by Margaret Giovanelli)
L'enlèvement de l'obélisque (2007; posthumous)

Non-fiction
Le Siam (Walt Disney) (1955; tr. in 1958 as Walt Disney's Siam by Herbert Knapp) — in Walt Disney's "Le Monde et ses habitants"/"The World and its Inhabitants" series
L'étrange croisade de l'empereur Frédéric II (1963)
Aux sources de la rivière Kwaï (1966; tr. in 1967 by Xan Fielding, US title: My Own River Kwai, UK title: The Source of the River Kwai) — memoir
L'univers ondoyant (1987)
L'îlon (1990) — memoir

Movies and television series based on Pierre Boulle books
The Bridge on the River Kwai (1957)
Planet of the Apes (1968)
Beneath the Planet of the Apes (1970)
Escape from the Planet of the Apes (1971)
Conquest of the Planet of the Apes (1972)
Battle for the Planet of the Apes (1973)
Planet of the Apes (TV series) (1974)
Return to the Planet of the Apes (Animated TV Series) (1975)
Planet of the Apes (2001)
Rise of the Planet of the Apes (2011)

References

1912 births
1994 deaths
People from Avignon
BAFTA Award winners
French military people
French novelists
French people of World War II
Military personnel of World War II
Writers from Provence-Alpes-Cote d'Azur

Pierre Boulle


A Khachkar or Khatchkar ("Խաչքար" in Armenian, meaning "cross-stone", pronounced as ) is a carved memorial stone found in Armenia.

It has a crucifix or cross, with a rosette or sun circle below it. Other parts can be filled with patterns of leaves, grapes or knots. Sometimes it has a ledge at the top with saints' or characters from the bible.

Much of the time a khachkar is put up for religious reasons such as the salvation of the soul of a living or a dead person. They have also been removed for other reasons, such as to show a military win, building of a new church, or as a protection from natural disasters.

Most Khachkars are in graveyards. But Armenian gravestones take many other forms, and only a small are khatchkars.

Gallery

Other websites
 Khachkar.am
 Khatchkar collection at Armenica.org

Armenian culture
Monuments and memorials

Khachkar


This is a list of cities, towns and villages in the county of Gloucestershire, England.  For places in the district of South Gloucestershire, see that article.  For places in Bristol formerly in Gloucestershire, see Subdivisions of Bristol.

A
Abbeymead, Abenhall, Ablington, Acton Turville, Adlestrop, Alderley, Alderton, Alderton Fields, Aldsworth, Alkerton, Alkington, Allaston, Alstone (Cheltenham), Alstone (near Tewkesbury), Alvington, Amberley, Ampney Crucis, Ampney St Mary, Ampney St Peter, Andoversford, Anthony's Cross, Apperley, Arle, Arlebrook, Arlingham, Arlington, Ashchurch, Ashleworth, Ashley, Ashton under Hill, Aston Cross, Aston Magna, Aston Subedge, Avening, Awre, Aylburton, Aylworth

B
Badgeworth, Bagendon, Bagpath, Baker's Hill, Ball's Green, Bamfurlong, Barnsley, Barrington, Barrow, Barrow Wake, Barton, Barton End, Batsford, Battledown, Battlescombe, Baunton, Beachley, Bencombe, Bengrove, Berkeley, Berkeley Vale, Berry Hill, Beverston, Bibstone, Bibury, Birdlip, Bishop's Cleeve, Bishop's Norton, Bisley, Bisley-with-Lypiatt, Bitton, Blaisdon, Blakeney, Bledington, Blockley, Boddington, Bondend, Boughspring, Boulsdon, Bournes Green, Bournside, Bournstream, Bourton-on-the-Hill, Bourton on the Water, Bowbridge, Box, Boxbush, Boxwell, Boxwell with Leighterton, Brain's Green, Brand Green, Breadstone, Bream, Brimpsfield, Brimscombe, Broad Campden, Broadwell, Cotswold, Broadwell, Forest of Dean, Brockhampton, Brockweir, Brockworth, Bromsberrow, Bromsberrow Heath, Brookthorpe, Brookthorpe-with-Whaddon, Buckland, Bussage

C
Cainscross, Calcot, Calcott's Green, Cam, Cambridge, Cashes Green, Chaceley, Chalford, Charlton Abbots, Charlton Kings, Chaxhill, Chedworth, Cheltenham, Chipping Campden, Churchdown, Churchend, Cinderford, Cirencester, Clapton-in-the-Hill,  Clearwell, Cleeve Hill, Coaley, Coaley Peak, Coalway, Coberley, Cold Ashton, Cold Aston, Coldharbour, Coleford, Colesbourne,  Coln Rogers, Coln St. Aldwyns, Coln St. Dennis, Colthrope, Compton Abdale, Condicote, Coombe, Coombe Hill, Corse, Cowley, Cranham, Cutsdean

D
Daglingworth, Daylesford, Deerhurst, Didbrook, Didmarton, Dixton, Donnington, Doughton, Down Ampney, Draycott, Driffield, Drybrook, Dumbleton, Duntisbourne Abbots, Dursley, Dymock

E
Earthcott, East Dean, Eastington, Cotswold, Eastington, Stroud, Eastcombe, Edgeworth, Elmstone Hardwicke, Ellwood, Elmbridge, English Bicknor, Elmore Back, Elkstone, Evenlode, Epney

F
Fairford, Filton, Flaxley, Ford, Forthampton , Framilode, Frampton Cotterell,  Frampton Mansell, Frampton-on-Severn, Fretherne, Frocester, Frocester Hill, Fyfield

G
Ganborough, Gloucester, Gorsley, Gotherington, Greet, Gretton, Gotherington, Guiting Power, Great Rissington, Great Witcombe,

H
Ham, Hampnett, Hardwicke (Elmstone-Hardwicke), Hardwicke (Stroud), Haresfield, Harrow Hill, Hartpury, Hasfield, Hatherop, Hawkesbury Upton, Hawling, Hazleton, Hempsted, Henbury, Hewelsfield, Hidcote Boyce, Highnam, Hillesley, Hinchwick, Hinton (South Gloucestershire), Hinton (Stroud), Horsley, Hucclecote, Huntley

I
Icomb, Innsworth

J
Joys Green

K
Kemble, Kempley, Kempsford, Kent's Green, Kilcot, Kineton, King's Stanley, Kingscote, Kingsway Village, Kingswood, South Gloucestershire, Kingswood, Stroud District, Knightsbridge

L
Lasborough, Lassington, Laverton, Lechlade, Leckhampton, Leigh, Leighterton, Leonard Stanley, Little Rissington, Little Witcombe, Little Barrington, Littledean, Long Newnton, Longborough, Longford, Longhope, Longlevens, Longney, Lower Slaughter, Lower Apperley, Lower Berry Hill, Lower Cam, Lower Dowdeswell, Lower Lemington, Lower Oddington, Lower Swell, Lower Wick, Luxley, Lydbrook, Lydney, Lypiatt

M
Maisemore, Meysey Hampton, Mickleton, Milkwall, Minchinhampton, Miserden, Mitcheldean, Moreton-in-Marsh, Moreton Valence, Minsterworth

N
Nailsworth, Naunton, Newent, Newington Bagpath, Newland, Newnham on Severn, Newport, North Nibley, Northleach, Northway, Northwick, Norton, Notgrove, Nympsfield

O
Oakle Street, Oakley, Oakridge, Oddington, Okle Green, Oldbury-on-the-Hill, Oldcroft, Over (South Gloucestershire), Over (Tewkesbury), Owlpen, Oxenton, Ozleworth

P
Painswick, Parkend, Parton, Piff's Elm, Pillowell, Pope's Hill, Poulton, Prestbury, Priding, Prior's Norton, Purton near Berkeley, Purton near Lydney

Q
Quedgeley, Quenington

R
Randwick, The Reddings, Redmarley D'Abitot, Rendcomb, Rodborough, Ruardean, Ruardean Woodside

S
Saintbury, Salperton, Sandhurst, Sapperton, Saul, Sedbury, Seven Springs, Sevenhampton, Sharpness, Sheepscombe, Sherborne, Shipton Moyne, Shipton, Shorncote, Shurdington, Shuthonger, Siddington, Siston, Slad, Slimbridge, Snig's End, Snowshill, Somerford Keynes, South Cerney, Southam, Southrop, St. Briavels, Stanton, Stanway, Staunton, nr. Coleford, Staunton, on A417, Staverton, Staverton Bridge, Stinchcombe, Stoke Orchard, Stone, Stonehouse, Stow-on-the-Wold, Stowe, Stowell, Stratfod,  Stratton, Stroat, Stroud Green, Stroud, Stow-on-the-Wold, Sudgrove, Sunhill, Swindon Village, Syde

T
Taynton, Teddington, Tetbury, Tewkesbury, Tidenham, Thrupp, Toddington, Tredington, Temple Guiting, Tibberton, Througham Slad, Todenham, Tresham, Tuffley, Twyning

U
Uckington, Uley, Ullenwood, Up Hatherley, Upleadon, Upper Dowdeswell, Upper Slaughter, Upper Coberley, Upper Oddington, Upper Swell, Upper Framilode, Upper Soudley, Upper Lydbrook, Upton St Leonards, Upper Rissington

V
Viney Hill

W
 Walton Cardiff, Whiteshill, Whiteway Colony,  Whitminster, Winchcombe, Winson, Winstone, Witcombe, Withybridge, Woodchester, Woodmancote near Cirencester, Woodmancote near Dursley, Woodmancote near Cheltenham, Wotton-under-Edge, Wyck Rissington

Y
Yanworth, Yorkley

See also
List of settlements in Gloucestershire by population
List of places in England

 Places
Gloucestershire
Places

List of places in Gloucestershire


Ilok Castle ( or Gradina Ilok) or Odescalchi Castle overlooks the town of Ilok in eastern Croatia. It is built on a hill above the town centre, offering views on the Danube and the Pannonian Plain.

The castle was originally built in the 15th century by Nicholas of Ilok, Croatian viceroy and the king of Bosnia. The Ottomans conquered Ilok in the 16th century. After the victory against the Ottomans at the Battle of Vienna in 1683, the Emperor Leopold I granted the castle, significant properties and the title of the Duke of Syrmia to Livio Odescalchi, nephew of Pope Innocent XI and a member of the powerful Italian aristocratic Odescalchi family, which would own the castle for the next two centuries. In the 18th century, the Odescalchis reconstructed the castle in the Baroque style. The castle was nationalized by authorities of Yugoslavia in 1945. After a restoration, it was opened to visitors in 2010. The lower two floors host the Museum of the Town of Ilok. Wine cellars of the castle are among the most famous in Croatia.

References

Ilok
Castles in Croatia
Buildings and structures in Vukovar-Syrmia County

Ilok Castle


102.2 Smooth FM was an Independent Local Radio station for Greater London. It replaced 102.2 Jazz FM on 7 June 2005 at 10 am, with the help of R&B singer Lemar and the then breakfast show host Jon Scragg. The first track played, keeping with the name of the newly launched radio station was Sade Adu's "Smooth Operator", and was owned by the radio division of the Guardian Media Group, GMG Radio. Following disappointing audience figures, the station was closed on 23 March 2007 and relaunched as 102.2 Smooth Radio the following Monday, following a successful format change request to Ofcom to play music oriented at listeners aged 50 and above.

102.2 Smooth FM was available on DAB across London, Central Scotland, the North East of England, South Wales and the Severn Estuary, Yorkshire and the West Midlands, as well as on Freeview channel 718.

Origins

In 2005, the Guardian Media Group made the decision to drop the jazz name from the Jazz FM brand and relaunch the station as Smooth FM. The London version of Jazz FM closed on 27 May 2005 to prepare for the launch of Smooth FM on 7 June.

On-Air
102.2 Smooth FM played middle of the road music, soul and R&B during the day and, as part of its licence requirements, focused on jazz music at night. Smooth FM also played specialist jazz and soul shows at weekends, details of which are listed below.

The station was launched on the premise of a 'clutter-free' listen, offering 40 minutes of non-stop music every hour without commercial interruptions, deliberately posed as a direct challenge to the 'might' of the BBC and a tactic aimed at increasing the total number of hours listeners stayed with the station. The 'Smooth 40' later became the '9-5 Smooth 40', with off-peak shows introducing more commercial breaks into their output, before the concept was dropped altogether in mid-2006.

Weekday programming featured an 'all-request' feature entitled 'Smooth on Demand' at 2 pm and 7 pm, Monday to Friday, where listeners were invited to 'demand' their favourite song by calling a local-rate phone number.

Smooth FM also ran a number of 'big money' promotions to entice listeners to trial the station - the 'Smooth £10K Tripleplay' ran for several weeks in late 2005, giving £10,000 to a listener for correctly identifying three consecutive songs in a particular order. Another large prize was awarded to Dawn Muggleton on 19 April 2006, however - who correctly identified the 'Smooth Secret Song' (Diana Ross' My Old Piano), winning £118,454 at the end of a contest that had run for several months, which was, at that time, the biggest cash prize awarded on UK radio since 1999.

The station also held exclusive live commentary rights for Chelsea FC soccer matches in London for the 2005/06 and 2006/07 seasons. Commentary was provided by Gary Taphouse and Kerry Dixon.

The station's jingle package was produced by Bespoke and voiced by Mitch Johnson.

Presenters
102.2 Smooth FM's presenters included:
Mike Allen
Dave Brown
Campbell Burnap
Jim Colvin
Jenni Costello
Kevin Greening
Rosie Kendrick
Dave Koz
Ramsey Lewis
Gavin McCoy
Howard Pearce
Russell Pockett
David Prever
Jon Scragg
Mark Walker
Sarah Ward
Nigel Williams
Paul Wisdom
Gareth Trower

Specialist Shows Broadcast on 102.2 Smooth FM
Motown Sunday: Four hours of Motown classics, initially hosted by programme director Mark Walker and later by Dave Brown.
 Legends of Jazz with Ramsey Lewis: A show which featured classic jazz recordings from major and influential jazz artists.
 Mainstem with Campbell Burnap: A two-hour programme which included many forms of jazz from classic to Latin as well as a mix of jazz from the younger players of the day.
Peter Young: Three hours of funk, soul and jazz music.
Smooth Selection: A selection of mellow jazz through the evening, first presented by Sarah Ward, later by Mark Walker and finally by Dave Brown.
Smooth Edge: Four hours of soul music on in the early hours of Saturday and Sunday morning.
The Dave Koz Radio Show: The jazz saxophonist presented a two-hour syndicated radio show on Sunday nights featuring the latest tracks in the world of smooth jazz, alongside interviews with well-known smooth jazz artists.
The Late Lounge with Rosie Kendrick: A two-hour show featuring chillout grooves and jazz.
The Saturday Night Experience: Broadcast on Saturday evenings from 9 pm and presented by Mike Chadwick, the show specialised in music with a distinct cutting edge.

Rebrand
On 20 October 2006, GMG Radio announced that it was requesting a change of format for Smooth FM from Ofcom, moving the station away from its daytime soul and R&B remit, instead offering easy listening music and speech for the over 50s and an improved local news service. Ofcom approved the changes on 8 December 2006, with the condition that GMG retained the 45 hours of jazz per week that constituted part of the former licence requirement.

Smooth FM trailed the forthcoming changes from the beginning of March 2007, promising 'more of London's smooth favourites mixed with the best songs from the past five decades'. The station closed at 6:02 pm on Friday 23 March 2007 with newsreader Sam Gudger uttering the final words - "that was Smooth FM" - followed by a weekend of preview music, before the station's replacement, 102.2 Smooth Radio, launched on Monday 26 March.

See also
Timeline of Smooth Radio

References

External links
Official website (now redirects to Smooth Radio)
Press Release about the rebrand
GMG Radio article about the launch of 102.2 Smooth FM

Radio stations in London
Radio stations established in 2005
Defunct radio stations in the United Kingdom
Radio stations disestablished in 2007
2007 disestablishments in England

102.2 Smooth FM