In estimating erosion, Playfair's law is an empirical relationship that relates the size of a stream to the valley it runs through. It is better defined as a theory rather than law.

Definition
The law states each stream cuts into its own valley, that each valley is proportional in size to its stream and that the stream junctions in the valley are proportional in depth in accordance with the stream level. Although there are models, in the most basic sense it simply says that large, fast streams will be in large valleys and vice versa. This is because steady, heavy flow of water will tug surrounding soil and subsequently erode and deepen the valley it cuts through.

Playfair's law also states that at tributary junctions, tributaries will have the same slope as the main channels. This is referred to by saying that the junctions occur "at grade".

Equation
By modeling Playfair's law in the following mathematical scheme, we can find the incision rate of the stream into the valley by following:

where
 is the erosion (or incision), and  is therefore equal to the incision rate
 is an erosion parameter (see below)
 is the area drained by the stream
 is the local gradient of the channel
 stream parameters (see below)
In evaluating the case specific parameters, we regard  as a parameter that is dependent on the type of land or soil that the stream is penetrating. Also,  can be estimated by first assuming that at the junction the law holds over the distance used to determine S and taking their ratios (m/n) at different points, then substitution.

See also
Glacial trough

References

Geomorphology
Water streams

Playfair's law


Motomel S.A. is a  brand of Argentine motorcycle, based in Buenos Aires Province; founded in 1992 by the La Emilia investment group.

History
The La Emilia factory has its origins in 1892. Two brothers established the first textile factory in Argentina located in the outskirts of Buenos Aires, in La Emilia. As the company grew in the Argentine market, it started to manufacture other products within its facilities. In 1992 the La Emilia factory changed course and began to assemble Suzuki motorcycles under the name of Motomel.

Motomel today
As of 2017, Motomel is the largest company importing motorcycles in Argentina and these motorcycles are also being re exported to some other countries in South America. Motomel assembles almost 150,000 motorcycles per year.

External links

 Club of Motomeleros
Motomel Motorcycles at Fuelarc.com

Motorcycle manufacturers of Argentina
Argentine brands

Motomel


The One World Trust is a charitable organization that promotes education and research into changes required in global governance to achieve the eradication of poverty, injustice, environmental degradation and war. It develops recommendations on practical ways to make powerful organisations more accountable to the people they affect now and in the future, and how the rule of law can be applied to all.

Established in 1951 in support of the All-Party Group for World Government, the Trust continues to have a close relationship with the UK Parliament.  The Trust also is an NGO with Special Consultative Status with the United Nations Economic and Social Council.

History
The One World Trust was founded in 1951.

Governance
The Trust's work is overseen by a board of trustees.  There are currently ten trustees with Lord Archer of Sandwell, PC as President, and Tony Colman leading as Chair.  The Trust is also supported by a group of Vice-Presidents acting as Patrons, and members of different project related advisory panels.

Funding
The Trust's work is funded by donations and bequests from individual supporters and through grants. Funders include the Ford Foundation, the Joseph Rowntree Charitable Trust, the James Madison Trust, the Konrad Adenauer Foundation, the Bearing Foundation, the Polden Puckham Charitable Foundation, the Funding Network and the Allan and Nesta Ferguson Charitable Settlement.  The Trust also derives a limited level of income from consultancy work.

Transparency
As part of its commitment to accountability, the Trust has developed an Information Disclosure Policy to provide stakeholders with an opportunity to identify what information they can access, including trustee meeting minutes, strategic plans, and financial accounts, which are all posted online.

Sphere of activity
The One World Trust works to make global governance more accountable. In its research it focuses on the accountability of global organisations, the political engagement of citizens at global level, and international law. Key project areas include the annual Global Accountability Report, Parliamentary Oversight of Foreign Policy, and work on the Responsibility to Protect.

Accountability of global institutions
The Trust conducts research and advocacy to improve the accountability of global organisations.  Through its Global Accountability Framework the Trust promotes conceptual understanding, cross sectoral learning, and organisational change in powerful globally operating institutions from the intergovernmental, non-governmental and transnational corporate sectors.

The Framework breaks up the concept of accountability into four dimensions: transparency, participation, evaluation, and complaint and response mechanisms.  Using indicators developed for these dimensions, the Trust seeks to capture organisational capacity to be accountable based on the principles and values that underlie an organisation's policies and systems.

Based on the framework, the One World Trust produces its annual Global Accountability Report. Alongside these reports, the Trust also works with Parliamentarians, national and international NGO umbrella groups and transnational corporations to strengthen their individual capacity to be accountable to their stakeholders as part of an integrated global governance system.

Parliamentary oversight of foreign policy
The Trust's Parliamentary Oversight Project, running since 2003, examines how the British Parliament holds the British government to account for foreign policy development and decisions.  The project specifically focuses on the systems and practices in place for UK approaches to international organisations like the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund, the World Trade Organisation, the European Union or key countries such as the United States.  This includes the way Britain responds armed conflict.  The project conducts research on loopholes in Parliamentary controls and undertakes advocacy to implement reforms.

In collaboration with Democratic Audit and the Federal Trust for Education and Research, the One World Trust published in 2006 the book Not in Our Name: Democracy and Foreign Policy in the UK, which looked at the checks and balances between Parliament and the UK government in the formulation and oversight of foreign policy. In December 2007, the One World Trust published the most recent of the three organisations' joint report A World of Difference: Parliamentary Oversight of British Foreign Policy, which focuses on the practical experiences and problems with parliamentary oversight of global security, responses to conflict and scrutiny of UK policy towards the European Union.

Responsibility to protect
The Trust's work on international law currently focuses on the opportunities and challenges associated with the increasing development of the international doctrine of the Responsibility to Protect (R2P). Undertaking its own research and advocacy the Trust works in particular to encourage international political agreement on R2P as a global framework for conflict prevention, response, and rebuilding of affected societies. With this focus, the Trust builds on its work in support of the development and ratification of the International Criminal Court (ICC) aimed at strengthening access to justice and redress for survivors of grave human rights abuses including war crimes, crimes against humanity and genocide. Through its Global Responsibility lectures and briefing papers, the One World Trust provides parliamentarians and others in the policy community with the opportunity to access key viewpoints and research results on issues associated with the operationalisation of the Responsibility to Protect and enforcement of the international rule of law.

References

External links
One World Trust

Charities based in the United Kingdom
Organizations established in 1951
1951 establishments in the United Kingdom
Poverty-related organizations
World federalist movement member organizations

One World Trust


The Hindu scriptures are a number of books and other texts which tell about Hinduism and Hindu mythology. They are sacred literature for Hindus. Important Hindu scriptures include the following:

The Vedas
The Brahmanas
The Upanishads
The Puranas

Two epics (very important pieces), the Ramayana and the Mahabharata, are also important Hindu scriptures.

All above sacred literature or scriptures are written in Sanskrit language.

Besides the above, there are several other works that are sacred literature of Hindus. Many of them are written in other languages of India such as Tamil and Hindi.

Hinduism
Hindu texts

Hindu scripture


The NFL Europa was a European American football league that ran from 1991 to 2007 under the control of the National Football League. It started off as the World League of American Football and had 3 teams in Europe, 6 in the USA and one in Canada. After 2 years the league was put on hold, so there were no 1993 or 1994 seasons. The league came back in 1995 as a purely European league, with the 3 original European teams plus 3 new ones. In 1998 the name of the league was changed to NFL Europe and then in 2007 it became NFL Europa. After the 2007 season, the NFL ceased operations of the league. This was a developmental league of the NFL. The Berlin Thunder were the league's best team, winning 42 games and 3 World Bowls

Past World Bowl Games

Note: Roman Numerals were not officially used by NFL Europa until World Bowl IX. Prior to 2001, the games were billed as World Bowl 2000, World Bowl '99 etc.

National Football League

NFL Europa


Liquid Paper, also called white out and correction fluid, is used to correct mistakes made in writing on typewriters and with ink. It was originally called Mistake Out and was invented by Bette Nesmith Graham in 1951, who was working at a bank in the U.S. state of Texas at time and had trouble when she typed on the typewriter, which was part of her job. She made the product by mixing the required substances with her blender and sold it to friends starting in 1956. She sold the product to the Gillette Corporation for 47.5 million US Dollars in 1979. When she died the following year, her son, Michael Nesmith, a famous musician, formally of The Monkees inherited the fortune.

Now people still use the correction fluid, but more seldom. With more advanced technology, people have computers allowing them to backspace easily, not needing to use it. Also, there is also another recent invention of the correction tape. To use the fluid, you squeeze the bottle, and let the fluid flow out to cover the mistakes. Usually you have to shake the bottle before using it, and after using, you need to wait for it to dry for a few minutes, which is considered quite fast. Then you can write on top of the dried fluid.

Other websites
http://inventors.about.com/od/lstartinventions/a/liquid_paper.htm
http://www.camd.lsu.edu/msds/t/thinner_for_liquid_paper.htm

Writing tools

Liquid Paper


Tolerance is not taking action against people who do things one does not like. The opposite of tolerance is intolerance. Intolerance is often found in dictatorships historically and often causes the hate crime and hate speech. Tolerance is often about religion (religious toleration), sex, or politic opinion, nation, race, disability, sexual orientation or gender identity.

Also multiculturalism is promoted through toleration.

Related pages
Altruism

Politics

Toleration


Macrotyloma geocarpum is also known as the ground bean, geocarpa groundnut, Hausa groundnut, or Kersting's groundnut. In French, it is often called la lentille de terre. M. geocarpum is an herbaceous annual plant and a crop of minor economic importance in sub-Saharan Africa, tolerant of drought, with a growth habit similar to that of the peanut.

M. geocarpum is a pulse belonging to the legume family. It is primarily produced in western Africa, specifically in Benin and surrounding regions. It can provide nutrition, income, and the ability to alleviate hunger given the further production and enhancement of current practices.

Yields reach  in dry seed.

Early 20th century, West Africa

Following the construction of the Nigerian railway system, which extended from Lagos in 1896 to Ibadan in 1900 and Kano in 1911, the Hausa of northern Nigeria became major producers of groundnuts. They surprised the British, who had expected the Hausa to turn to cotton production. However, the Hausa had sufficient agricultural expertise to realize cotton required more labor and the European prices offered for groundnuts were more attractive than those for cotton. "Within two years, the peasant farmers of Hausaland were producing so many tonnes of groundnuts that the railway was unable to cope with the traffic. As a result, the European merchants in Kano had to stockpile sacks of groundnuts in the streets." This is a great example of the African initiative taken by peasant producers to adapt to a cash economy. It is not clear, however, whether the "Hausa groundnut", M. geocarpum, was the groundnut being produced in such significant numbers, as peanuts and Bambara groundnuts are also grown in the region.

Nutritional value
M. geocarpum is noted for relatively low yields, but high protein content and desirable flavour. Per 100g of dried seed, it consists of 9.7 g of water, 348 kcal, 19.4 g protein, 1.1 g fat, 66.6 g carbohydrates, 5.5 g fibre, 103 mg calcium, 392 mg phosphorus, 15 mg iron, 0.76 mg thiamin, 0.19 mg riboflavin, and 2.3 mg niacin. Leaves can also be eaten.

Geography
Benin is located in the savanna of Africa which has weather conditions that are fairly humid in the south while being semiarid in the north . It offers growing conditions for a variety of crops that can be intercropped in the differing seasons, known as the dry season and rainy season, as well as having differing climate between the north and south. Southern climate is primarily stable, maintaining temperatures between 27 and 32 °C in the warmest season and 22 to 25 °C during the colder season. In the north, temperatures fluctuate between 27 and 32 °C in the dry season and 25 to 27 °C during the lowest season.

Mergeai notes that cultivated forms of Kersting's groundnut are known, but not commonly grown, in coastal African nations from Senegal to Nigeria. Tamini records the declining cultivation of Kersting's groundnut in the south west of Burkina Faso.

Growing conditions
The geocarpa groundnut pod develops in the ground in pods in regions in Benin under the previously noted climate conditions. The growing conditions that allow for the success of the groundnut are seen in several countries across Africa in the savanna.

Economics
While the groundnut provides nutrition and the potential to alleviate hunger in Africa, it also offers potential to reduce poverty by contributing economically to small-scale farmers. In Benin in 2012, a kilogram of the geocarpa groundnut could sell for $2–$4 - roughly three to five times the price of rice, and selling up to 30 bags a day produces noteworthy incomes. Specifically, incomes average $1000 a month for this product alone. Considering that this crop is being produced on an average of 0.48 ha of land, the underuse is evident. Increasing the area of farming land for this crop would be extremely beneficial to both producers and consumers, as it would allow for a greater generation of the crop and enhance the availability to the greater population. With the generation of $1000 monthly incomes, the possibilities that the geocarpa groundnut offer to the economies of small-scale farming in Benin and other regions is promising.

Constraints to wider adoption
M geocarpum crops have been decreasing in production for years. The reduction is causing the adoption to halt, as farmers in regions new to the crop are unwilling to take chances with crops not seen to be a feasible option. With proper implementation and production practices, these constraints can be lifted. One problem is that it is viewed as crop for elders to farm; a reduction in plantation has been occurring and will continue to decrease unless wider adoption is met.
Further education in agriculture practices could alleviate this issue.

Rusts and mildews can be problematic diseases for this crop in the more humid parts of its range.

M. geocarpum is indigenous to west Africa, but is not widely grown there, and shows low levels of morphological variation. The need to maintain genetic diversity and food security by continuing to grow this crop throughout its historical range may be more important than promoting its adoption in new regions. It is most widely grown where  markets for it exist and where a history of religious and cultural significance for the crop is known.

Gender involvement
Although variation in regions may be present, Benin is host to a very female-empowered agriculture enterprise. Holding the main role in marketplace interactions, women have an important role in both the production and sale of their products. In southern Benin, where primary production occurs, both men and women contribute. In the north, however, operations run by primarily females are dominant.
Women contribute to the production of many underused crop species in Benin more than their counterparts, and the increase in production could enhance the position and empowerment of women in Africa.

Practical information
The geocarpa groundnut can be rotated with other species, thus reducing the risk of health degradation to soils. Producing as much as possible without degrading soil quality is as important as the crop itself, but with proper implementation the production can carry on to harvests that will bring upon wealth, both in the economical and health sides of the matter.

References

External links
 prota article
 fao article
 McSweeney, C. (n.d.). Benin. Retrieved from UNDP Climate Change Country Profiles: http://www.geog.ox.ac.uk/research/climate/projects/undp-cp/UNDP_reports/Benin/Benin.hires.report.pdf*
 Dansi, A., & Akpagana, K. (2012). Diversity of the Neglected and Underutilized Crop Species of Importance in Benin. The Scientific World Journal, 1-24.
 ASSOGBA Kossigbé Epiphanie Prisca (2013). Ethnobotanical study and agro-morphological evaluation of Kersting's groundnut (Macrotyloma geocarpum Harms) in Benin. Benin: IRDCAM.

Phaseoleae
Edible legumes
Plants described in 1908

Macrotyloma geocarpum


Osborne v. Ohio, 495 U.S. 103 (1990), is a U.S. Supreme Court case in which the Court held that the First Amendment to the United States Constitution allows states to outlaw the possession, as distinct from the distribution, of child pornography. In doing so, the Court extended the holding of  New York v. Ferber, which had upheld laws banning the distribution of child pornography against a similar First Amendment challenge, and distinguished Stanley v. Georgia, which had struck down a Georgia law forbidding the possession of pornography by adults in their own homes. The Court also determined that the Ohio law at issue was not overbroad, relying on a narrowing interpretation of the law the Ohio Supreme Court had adopted in prior proceedings in the case; however, because it was unclear whether the state had proved all the elements of the crime, the Court ordered a new trial.

Decision
The Court held that, with respect to child pornography, the government does not act out of a "paternalistic interest" in regulating a citizen's mind. By outlawing the possession of child pornography, the government seeks to eradicate legitimate harms by diminishing the market for child pornography. These harms include the psychological damage to children—both the children depicted in the pornography, for whom the images produced serve as a permanent record of the abuse, and the children whom potential abusers might lure with such images. "Given the importance of the State's interest in protecting the victims of child pornography, we cannot fault Ohio for attempting to stamp out this vice at all levels in the distribution chain."

Even if the First Amendment did not categorically forbid the government to ban the possession of child pornography, Osborne argued that the Ohio statute under which he was convicted was overbroad.  A ban on speech is "overbroad" if it outlaws both prohibited speech as well as a substantial amount of legitimate speech. The statute, as written, banned depictions of nudity, and the Court had previously held that nudity was protected expression. But the Ohio Supreme Court had held that the statute only applied to nudity that "constitutes a lewd exhibition or involves a graphic focus on the genitals, and where the person depicted is neither the child nor the ward of the person charged" with violating it. Furthermore, the Ohio Supreme Court had required that the defendant had to know that the images depicted children before being convicted of possession of child pornography. By narrowing the scope of the statute in these ways, the Ohio Supreme Court had sufficiently tailored the law only to those images most harmful to children.

However, the Court reversed Osborne's conviction because, after reviewing the record of the trial, it observed that the State did not present evidence that the images were "lewd" within the meaning of the statute. Because lewdness was an essential element of the crime, the State had not satisfied its obligation to prove all the elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.

The dissenting opinion, written by Justice Brennan and joined by Justices Marshall and Stevens, argued, "When speech is eloquent and the ideas expressed lofty, it is easy to find restrictions on them invalid. But were the First Amendment limited to such discourse, our freedom would be sterile indeed. Mr. Osborne's pictures may be distasteful, but the Constitution guarantees both his right to possess them privately and his right to avoid punishment under an overbroad law."

See also
State law (United States)

References

External links

United States Supreme Court cases
United States Free Speech Clause case law
Child pornography law
1990 in United States case law
United States pornography law
United States Supreme Court cases of the Rehnquist Court

Osborne v. Ohio


A supporting character is a character in a narrative that is not the focus of the primary storyline, but is important to the plot/protagonist, and appears or is mentioned in the story enough to be more than just a minor character or a cameo appearance. Sometimes, supporting characters may develop a complex backstory of their own, but this is usually in relation to the main character, rather than entirely independently. In television, supporting characters may appear in more than half of episodes per season. Some examples of well-known supporting characters include Watson in the Sherlock Holmes stories, Donkey in the Shrek films, and Ron Weasley in the Harry Potter series.

In some cases, especially in ongoing material such as comic books and television series, supporting characters themselves may become main characters in a spin-off if they gain sufficient approval from their audience.

See also
Cameo
 Bit player
 Henchman
 Sidekick

References

Theatre
Counterparts to the protagonist

Supporting character


The Buckriders (, ) are a part of Belgian and Dutch folklore. They are ghosts or demons, who rode through the sky on the back of flying goats provided to them by a demon. During the 18th century, groups of thieves and other criminals co-opted the belief to frighten the inhabitants of southern Limburg, a province in the southern part of the Netherlands and eastern Belgium. Using the name "Bokkenrijders", these criminal bands launched raids across a region that includes southern Limburg, and parts of Germany and the Netherlands (parts of which were a part of the Southern Netherlands, currently Belgium). Commonly, the "Bokkenrijders" raided peaceful communities and farms. Several confessed "Bokkenrijders" were convicted and sentenced to death. Because of the link to the occult, authorities accused a large number of potentially innocent men of being "Bokkenrijders" and a number were tortured and subsequently convicted of crimes they denied having committed.

Etymology
Formally, the name Bokkenrijders was first publicly used in 1774, during the 'trial of Wellen', a town in the Belgian province of Limburg. Johan van Muysen slid a letter underneath the door of a farmer called Wouters. The letter contained a threat that Wouters's house would be burned down unless he paid up. Van Muyses claimed to be member of the buckriders and used the word Satan up to three times. In the trial of Wellen, the term "buckriders" is openly used against Philip Mertens, who wrote a similar threat letter.

History

Earliest records mentioning the buckriders originate from a tome called Oorzaeke, bewys en ondekkinge van een goddelooze, bezwoorne bende nagtdieven en knevelaers binnen de landen van Overmaeze en aenpalende landstreeken, which approximately translates to Causes, proof and discovery of a godless, averted gang of night thieves and gaggers within the lands of 'Overmaas' and adjacent regions. This book was written in 1779 by S.J.P. Sleinada (real name Pastor A. Daniels). This pastor, who lived in Landgraaf, knew several buckriders personally. The author tells us that these robbers made a pact with the Devil and rode their bucks at night. The common people told stories about them flying through the sky, pronouncing the following spell: 'Over huis, over tuin, over staak, en dat tot Keulen in de wijnkelder!' (across houses, across gardens, across stakes, even across Cologne into the wine cellar!). Once a year, they would visit their master, the Devil, on the 'Mookerheide'.

Later on, the buckriders held a reputation that resembles Robin Hood and his gang. The present interpretation is that a number of criminal gangs robbed houses and committed other crimes, using the myth to their advantage. Also, many of the buckriders that were arrested are thought to be innocent, as confessions were obtained through torture.

Raids and raiders
In Limburg, the buckriders are now embraced as part of cultural heritage.
Trials against buckriders differed from 'common trials against common criminals' if the suspect had performed a godless oath: 'I forswear God ... etc.' This so-called oath of heresy is a stereotypical aspect of the buckriders myth. Since the convicts were accused of their oath and pact with the devil, we can define this as a late form of witch-hunt. Prosecution of buckriders was as ruthless as the buckriders were themselves, even by those day's standards. 90% of the convicts received capital punishment. Confessions were given by means of torture, or by fear for it.

There are seven periods of different buckrider raids. The first took place during 1743 – 1745, and the last during 1793 – 1794.

Known associated deaths
 Gabriël Brühl – sentenced to death by hanging, 10 September 1743.
 Geerling Daniels – died of two self-inflicted stab wounds, 28 January 1751.
 Joseph Kirchhoffs – sentenced to death by hanging, 11 May 1772.
 Joannes Arnold van de Wal ("Nolleke van Geleen") – sentenced to death by hanging, 21 September 1789.

Buckriders and witch-hunts
The fact that the buckriders were tried and prosecuted for their pact with the devil, resembles the witch-hunts during the Early Modern Period. Historians place these buckrider-hunts alongside other prosecuted 'godless' people: heretics and witches. These kinds of ruthless and fullscale trials last took place in Limburg.

Most of the crimes they were accused of, buckrider gangmembers never performed (such as the pact with the devil). There never was an organized central buckriders gang, but small separate groups.

References

External links
  De Bokkenrijders: gruwelijke misdaden én executies

Belgian legends
Dutch legends
European demons
German legends
Heerlen
Limburgian culture
Outlaw gangs
Supernatural legends
Folklore of the Benelux
Belgian folklore
Dutch folklore

Buckriders


High court usually refers to the superior court (or supreme court) of a country or state. In some countries, it is the highest court (for example, Australia). In others, it is positioned lower in the hierarchy of courts (for example, England and Wales). A person who presides as a judge in such a court may be called a High Court judge, or, in some cases, a High Court Justice.

Courts (law)

High court


Game Recordings was a New York–based record label best known for its artists featured on the soundtrack of the video game Grand Theft Auto III. Game Recordings artists included Royce da 5'9", Agallah, Sean Price, Pretty Ugly, Ilacoin, Nature, and JoJo Pellegrino. The label was also known for the "Game Girls," or "Hip Hop Honeys," who featured on all of the promotional singles and maxi-CDs it released.

The label's Chief Executive Officer was Jonathan "Shecky Green" Shecter, co-founder of The Source magazine. Eric "Ric Riggler" Rhea, an A&R executive, headed the company.

Releases

Game Recordings' first release was Lord Digga's My Flows is Tight, a song based on a sample from the theme of the game show The Price is Right.

In 1999, Game Recordings released a 12" single consisting of three songs, by rap duo Bad Meets Evil, called Nuttin' to Do.

In 2000, Game Recordings released two singles from artist Ilacoin. "By A Stranger" featuring other New York artists Labba (later of Busta Rhymes' Flipmode Squad) & Bad Boy artist, Black Rob (snipped for the video game Grand Theft Auto III) and "Keep It Street" featuring Sadat X of Brand Nubian. One of the B-sides to Ilacoin's single "Keep It Street", "This, That & The 3rd" (produced by Easy Mo Bee) would be interpolated for The Wu-Tang Clan 2007 single, "Take It Back" from the 8 Diagrams album.

In 2002, the label released Game Tight, a compilation album. 50 Cent was featured on the album, on the Pretty Ugly song Hit Em' Up.

Game released three full-length albums, two by Royce da 5'9" (Rock City and Rock City Version 2.0); its third release was Game Tight, a best-of album. The label was also set to release 8-Off Agallah's First album, Imagine Your Life, although the album never saw the light of day.

In 2008, Game released two CDs by Royce da 5'9": the first was a new Royce da 5'9" album titled Lost & Found, which features rare and unreleased tracks that were recorded while he recorded for the label, and the second is titled Rock City Version 3.0, which is a mix of Royce's first two albums, Rock City and Rock City Version 2.0.

Game also provided Rockstar Games with songs for the Midnight Club 2 soundtrack.

Game Recordings stopped operating as a record label in 2005. Shecky Green continued to make and promote the Hip Hop Honeys DVD series under the Game Recordings name. In 2007, Royce da 5'9" released his single "Hit 'Em"/"Ding!" through the label.

Although Game Recordings no longer functions as a record label, an artist known as Keith from Up the Block is represented by Game. Also, the Game Las Vegas site is still in operation, as are the Hip Hop Honeys.

Although he did not record it, he did various tasks for the Infinity Ward series for the Call of Duty: Ghosts saga.

External links
 discogs.com

American record labels
Record labels disestablished in 2005

Game Recordings


Saunt Paul (umwhile Saul o Tarsus) (c.3 - c.67) wis an early Christian teacher an scriever, aften said tae be the maist important chiel o early Christianity forby Jesus himsel, as weel as bein bi faur the maist kenspeckle o the early Christian meesionaries. He scrieved a nummer o the letters that maks up pairt o The New Testament, tho exactly hou mony isna kent fer certaint. He wis born in Tarsus, in modren day Turkey an wis execute in Roum duirin the waldin o Nero.

(Aw Biblical quotes in this airticle haes been taen frae W.L Lorimer's translate)

Life

Early Life
Saul wis born til a Jewish faimly in the ceety o Tarsus in Roman kintra o Cilicia (modren-day Turkey). Whan he raxed foweteen year auld, he gaed tae lear the Jewish Laws unner the kenspeckle Pharisee Gamaliel in Jerusalem, forby learnin the tredd o tent-makkin at the same time. While thare he teuk on a guid command o Ebrue that aw Jewish scholars haed (syne The Ebrue Bible is scrieven in Ebrue), tho it seems that his mither toung wis the Aramaic, anither Semitic leid; sib tae Ebrue. He spak the Greek glib-gabbitsome (see Acks 21:38) an aw, as did maist fowk that bid in the Mediterranean kintras at the time (it haed acome somewhit o a lingua franca efter the time o Alexander the Great). Forby bein a Jew, Saul wis a Roman ceetizen, haein been born in a Roman kintra - this wis tae come in uissfu a nummer o times durin his meesion-darg, syne it gied him certaint legal richts.

Agin the Christians
While in Jerusalem, Saul cam tae ken o a new muivement in Judaism that threapit that the Messiah haed awready come til the yird, an that his name wis Jesus o Nazareth, a chiel that haed been killt unner the influence o the Jewish heidmen. Lik mony ither Jews, Saul wis agin this new sect, an his greeschoch comeetment tae Judaism led him tae set himsel agin it teirinsome. Whan the first Christian mairtyr, Stepehen, wis execute, aboot 34/5 AD Luke records:
Syne they [that is, the Jewish heidmen] lichtit on him like ae man, drave him out o the toun, an yokit tae stanin him, the witnesses first layin doun their claes at the feet o a yung man named Saul. (Acks 7:58)
Eftir this, Saul becam ane o the heidfowk in the early tewin o the Christians. Luke gangs on til scrieve:
Saul wis thrang haggin an hashin at the Kirk; breingein intil ae houss efer anither, he haurlt aff men an weimen an caused thraw them in jyle. (Acks 8:3).

Conversion

Accordin tae Luke in Acks 9, Saul wis on the gate til Damascus wi authority frae the Jewish heidmen in Jerusalem for tae gar the Christians thare tae be incarcerate. As he an his feres wis traivelin, thare cam a great licht frae the lift. Saul wis gart faw tae the grund an a vyce cawed oot:
"Saul, Saul, what gars ye persecute me?"
"Tell me, Maister, wha ye ar," said he [Saul]; an the voice answert, "I am Jesus at ye ar persecutin. But staund ye up an gang intil the toun, an ye s' be tauld there what ye maun dae." His companions stuid there tung-tackit, hearin the voice, but seein naebodie.
Syne Saul rase aff the grund, but whan he apent his een, he coudna see nane; sae they tuik him bi the haund an broucht him intae Damascus. For three days he wis seein nane, an tuik naither bite nor sup.

While he wis in Damascus, an unner the guidance o a local Christian cryed Ananian, Saul cam tae chynge his thochts anent the "new" releegion. While thare he becam convinced o the need tae tak the guid news o Jesus tae the Gentiles (that is, fowk that arnae Jews) an aw, an no keep it for the Jews thair lane.

Meesion -Darg
As pairt o his wark in takkin the gospel tae the Gentiles, Saul chynged his name tae Paul - tho syne he wis frae a Roman kintra, this micht hae been a Roman form o his name he haed haed syne bairnheid but no uised aften. Syne Paul saw that it wis richt for the Gentiles tae hear the guid news o Jesus as weel as the Jews, he gaed on three vaiges ootthrou the Mediterranean Warld for tae gie fowk the Gospel, baith Jews an Gentiles, tho it seems he wis mair successfu amang the Gentiles. Amang the ceeties he cam til wis Corinth, Philippi, Ephesus an mony ithir steids that wis kenspeckle at the time, but no the nou. Alang the gate he scrieved letters tae the kirks he haed stairtit or veesitit, that some o sum survives tae this day as the pairt o the canon o The New Testament kent as the Corpus Paulinum. Thir letters wis anent things that wis needfou for the congregations o thae kirks tae ken, sic as the reddin o the kirk (the kynds o fowk needit tae be elders, for exemplar) an whit wey tae haud tae the Jewish laws.

Pairt o Paul's releegious philosphy wis that the Christians needna haud sae close tae the Jewish laws as ither early kirk leaders, sic as Peter, seems tae hae jaloused. This did lead tae some misgreein in the early kirk, but it disna seem tae hae caused a muckle spleet o the kirk, an in the end maist fowk seems tae hae taen Paul's pairt.

At ae pynt, at the end o his third meesionary vaige, Paul cam bak til Jerusalem, whaur he teuk pairt o fallaeskip wi the kirk leaders thare, that suggeests that he an Peter wisna in sic bad misgreein as some fowk seems tae jalouse.

The Reestin an Daith
Whan Paul retoured tae Jerusalem for tae gie news o his wark amang the Gentiles til the kirk thare, thay telt him o some souchs that haed been gaun aboot that said that he wis agin the Jewish Laws an wis tellin the convertit Jews tae forleit Jewish customs, sic as the circumsisin. Fet tae pit thir souchs tae bed, the elders o the Jerusalem kirk speired at Paul gin he wad jyne wi fower ither Jewish Christians in makkin the vou o purifacation accordin tae the Law o Moses. Paul greed til this, an gaed on tae gie the vou. Some o the Jewish leaders haed seen Paul wi a Gentile aboot Jerusalem, an jaloused that he haed brocht him intil the Temple - that cairiet the daith penalty unner Jewish Law. Thay wad hae killt Paul thaimsels, but the Roman sodgers teuk him tae be speired at an impreesoned while thay fand oot whit he haed duin an whither or no he deserved tae for it unner thair ain laws. Thay haed him jylt in Jerusalem, syne teuk him til Caesarea.
Threapin on his richts as a ceetizen o Roum (syne he haed been born in Tarsus, see abuin), Paul demaundit tae be tried in Roum, but due tae the want o action bi the governor o Caesarea; Antonius Felix, Paul bid in the jyle for twa year. It wisnae till the new governor, Porcuis Festus teuk up his post that Paul wis at last sent tae Roum (tho Festus himsel didna think Paul haed duin onything wrang, an wad hae lowsed him haed he no appealed tae Roum). Tho shipwrackit on the wey (leadin tae spendin some time in Malta), Paul did eventually mak it til Roum, whaur he wis tae spend twa year mair unner hoose-arrest. While in Roum he scrieved mair letters til kirks an indiveedual chiels that haed won on til the present day at pairt o The New Testament.

It isna kent for certaint whither Paul dee'd in Roum, or wis able tae gang til Spain as he ettled tae dae (see Romans 15:22-27). Housome'er maist o the Kirk Faithers seems tae jalouse that he wis mairtert in Roum atween 64 an 67 AD, execute unner the waldin o Nero.

Catholic tradeetion hauds that Paul's corp wis yirdit wi that o Saunt Peter in the kenspeckle Catacombs o Roum.

See Forby
 Christianity
 The New Testament - wi a section anent the Corpus Paulinum

Fremmit Airtins
 Cairts o Saunt Paul's vaiges

AD 5 births
67 daiths
1st-century Christian martyrs
1st-century executions
1st-century Romans
1st-century Christian theologians
1st-century writers
Aungelic veesionars
Biblical fowk in Islam
Christian martyrs executit bi decapitation
Christian mystics
Christian saunts frae the New Testament
Christian writers
Converts tae Christianity frae Judaism
Early Jewish Christians
Hellenistic Jewish writers
Judaism-relatit controversies
Letter writers
Naitional seembols o Maltae
Fowk executit bi the Roman Empire
Prophets o the New Testament
Roman-era Jews
Saunts frae Roman Anatolie
Shipwreck survivors
Year o birth uncertaint
Year o death uncertaint

Saunt Paul


The Windic March (; also known as Wendish March) was a medieval frontier march of the Holy Roman Empire, roughly corresponding to the Lower Carniola () region in present-day Slovenia. In Slovenian historiography, it is known as the Slovene March ( or Slovenska krajina).

Etymology
The name Windic is derived from Wends (), the name for Western Slavs settling in the Germania Slavica contact zone. The medieval German term  referred to the Slovene language, but also to Slavic languages in general. It has the same etymology as , the historic German term for the Sorbian-speaking population in Lusatia. In the 6th and 7th century the term was used by Bavarian settlers to refer to the Slavic population in the East Alpine principality of Carantania. The medieval geographic term  referred also to the region of Slavonia. In this usage, March is defined as a frontier or border area between two countries or territories.

History

Earliest mentions
The Chronicle of Fredegar mentions "Sclavos coinomento Winedorum" in 623. Samo's tribal union included the Windic March (Marca Vinedorum) of Duke Valuk (Wallucus Dux), located in the Eastern Alps, in 631.

8th–10th century
The territory of the Windic march was contained within the larger March of Carniola in Carolingian times, but under King Otto I of Germany from about 960 on it was separated from Upper Carniola (Gorenjska) and integrated into the March of Savinja (or Soune). In 976 it was attached to the newly founded Duchy of Carinthia.

11th–12th century
After Margrave William of Soune had been killed by the deposed Carinthian duke Adalbero in 1036, the Windic march was separated from Carinthia and reattached to the newly established March of Carniola, which was thereafter sometimes called "Carniola and the Windic March". In 1077 King Henry IV of Germany put Carniola and the Windic March under the direction of the Patriarch of Aquileia. From 1127 to 1131 the margravial territory was further expanded in several campaigns by the Counts of Weichselburg (or Weichselberg, modern Višnja Gora) against Croatia in the union with Hungary. Backed by the Archbishop of Salzburg, they conquered the territory around Metlika up to the Kolpa River in the southeast, the later White Carniola (Bela krajina) region.

13th century
Until 1209 the Counts of Weichselburg held extended possessions in the Windic March. Through a marriage to the last heiress Sophia of Weichselburg, the Counts of Andechs, then at the peak of their power as Margraves of Istria and Dukes of Merania came to dominate the territory. It was part of the dowry of Agnes of Merania, daughter of Duke Otto I of Andechs-Merania, upon her marriage with the Frederick II of Babenberg, son of Duke Leopold VI of Austria, in 1229. Frederick II thereafter called himself a dominus Carniole (Lord of Carniola) and succeeded his father as Duke of Austria and Styria in the following year.

In 1248 the title was picked up by Duke Ulrich III of Carinthia, who had married Agnes of Merania after Frederick's death in 1246. When Duke Ulrich died in 1269, King Ottokar II of Bohemia occupied and unified Carniola, the Windic March, the valley of the Savinja, and the Slovenj Gradec as "the march" of his vast kingdom extending from the Baltic Sea to the Adriatic. After 1282, despite King Rudolf I's grant to his sons, Carniola and the Windic march were united under the control of the Meinhardiner duke Meinhard of Carinthia.
During this period, the entity became known as the County in the March and Möttlig (Metlika).
After 1374, the Windic March fell to the House of Habsburg. The Habsburgs however soon pawned it to the Counts of Cilli who remained the de facto rulers of the territory until their extinction in 1456. The Habsburgs retook the Windic March together with all other Cilli possessions in the Holy Roman Empire. They immediately reunited it with Carniola, and the Windic March thus ceased to be a separate political entity.

The head of the House of Habsburg continued carrying the title of "Lord on the Windic March" in the grand title of the Emperor of Austria.

See also

Slovene Lands
History of Slovenia
Inner Austria

References

External links

Windic
States and territories established in the 960s
Medieval Slovenia
Duchy of Carniola
960 establishments

Windic March


In Hinduism, sadhu is a common term for an ascetic or someone who practices yoga (yogi). Sadhus have given up trying to achieve the first three Hindu goals of life: kama (enjoyment), artha (practical objectives) and even dharma (duty). The sadhu is solely dedicated to achieving moksha (liberation) through meditation and contemplation of God. Sadhus often wear ochre-colored clothing, as a symbol that they have given up many things in life.

Hinduism

Sadhu


Zivilarbeiter () refers primarily to ethnic Polish residents from the General Government (Nazi-occupied central Poland), used during World War II as forced laborers in the Third Reich.

Polish Zivilarbeiters
The residents of occupied Poland were conscripted on the basis of the so-called Polish decrees (Polenerlasse), and were subject to discriminatory regulation.

Compared to German workers or foreign workers from neutral and German-allied countries (Gastarbeitnehmer), Polish Zivilarbeiters received lower wages and were not allowed to use public conveniences (such as public transport) or visit many public spaces and businesses (for example they were not allowed to attend German church services, visit swimming pools or restaurants); they had to work longer hours than Germans; they received smaller food rations; they were subject to a curfew; they often were denied holidays and had to work seven days a week; could not enter a marriage without permission; possess money or objects of value. Bicycles, cameras and even lighters were forbidden. They were required to wear a sign – the "Polish-P" – attached to their clothing.

In late 1939 there were about 300,000 prisoners from Poland working in Germany; By autumn of 1944 their number swelled to about 2.8 million (approximately 10% of Generalgouvernement workforce). Poles from territories taken over after the German invasion of the Soviet Union and not included in the General Government (see Kresy) were treated as Ostarbeiters.

The history of Polish Zivilarbeiters dates back to October 1939, when German authorities issued a decree, which introduced mandatory work system for all residents aged 18 to 60. In December 1939, the system also covered those aged 14 to 18, with severe punishments for law breakers. The people who did not work were called by the local authorities, and sent to work in Germany. Since the Third Reich suffered from shortage of workers, as time went by also those Poles who had permanent employment, but were not regarded as necessary for the economy, were sent to Germany. Other methods were also used, such as the infamous roundups, called "łapanka" in Poland. Those who did not present a certificate of employment were automatically sent to Germany.

Most Polish Zivilarbeiters worked in agriculture, forestry, gardening, fishing, also in transport and industry. Some were employed as housekeepers. None signed any contracts, and their working hours were determined by the employers.

References

Nazi war crimes in Poland
Forced migration
Unfree labor during World War II

Zivilarbeiter


The Palestinian territories usually refers to the West Bank and the Gaza Strip. Their final status has yet to be determined. The territories were originally part of the Israeli Civil Administration, until the Oslo Accords in 1993. They were captured and occupied by Jordan and by Egypt in the late 1940s. Israel captured and occupied the areas in the Six-Day War in 1967.  Palestinian territories borders Jordan in the east, Israel in the west. It also borders Egypt on the southwest, which shares the maritime boundary of the Dead Sea.

After the Oslo Accords were signed in 1993, parts of the territories have been governed by the Palestinian National Authority (PNA). Both Israel and the PNA claim East Jerusalem, which was captured by Israel in 1967. In 1980, Israel made a law to include East Jerusalem as part of Israel. This has not been recognized by any other country. Part of Judea and Samaria is ruled by the Israeli 'Judea and Samaria Civil Administration'. This has not been recognized by any other country.

Since the Palestinian Declaration of Independence in 1988, about 130 UN members have recognized the State of Palestine. Israel and the United States have not.

Palestinian territories


Michael C. Malin (born 1950) is an American astronomer, space scientist, and CEO of Malin Space Science Systems. His cameras have been important scientific instruments in the exploration of Mars.

Malin designed and ran the orbiting Mars camera (part of the larger Mars Global Surveyor spacecraft) which took over 212,000 high-resolution photos of Mars over a nine-year period. In late 2006, he and Kenneth Edgett announced photographic evidence which strongly suggested water was flowing on Mars in the present day.

History
A native of California, born in Los Angeles, Michael Malin earned a B.A. from U.C. Berkeley in Physics with a minor in English literature. He then attended Caltech, where he earned a Ph.D. in Planetary Sciences and Geology in 1975. After his doctorate, he worked for four years at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, where he was involved with the Viking 1 and Voyager missions. He taught geology at Arizona State University for 11 years before returning to California and founding Malin Space Science Systems.

Malin Space Science Systems

Malin was convinced that valuable science could be done by a high resolution camera orbiting Mars. However, he met with skepticism from NASA officials. Malin was told "Viking had already taken all the pictures we ever needed of Mars." Malin thought that position was absurd. (Interview, Space.com 6/2000). Malin and Ed Danielson, a friend from Caltech days, jointly thought up a camera which would be able to resolve objects 6.5 feet across. NASA was not very interested but, in 1985, they gave Malin and Danielson $50,000 to come up with a proposal. Their design was telescope mated to an electronic camera. The camera was approved, and Malin now had to build it.

Building the camera took years and was delayed several times by NASA. In the spring of 1992, with launch only months away, the camera was installed on the Mars Observer. The launch was successful and in January 1993 it took some photos but then, the Observer spacecraft ceased operations. Fortunately, MSSS had built a double and so two years later, the double was sent up (in November 1996) and that camera worked flawlessly for the next decade.

 Malin was the lead scientist on the Mars Orbiter Camera.
 Malin was a scientist on the Mars Pathfinder mission in 1996.
 He was the Principal Investigator on the Mars Color Imager (MARSI) (1998), a two-camera system designed to observe the color of Mars.
 He had the same role for the 1999 Mars Polar Lander (which mysteriously failed to report back any data).
 Malin and his team helped build THEMIS (Thermal Emission Imaging System) on the 2001 Mars Odyssey mission.
 Malin was the Principal Investigator on the 2005 Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter MARCI, a reflight of the 1998 Mars Color Imager.

Malin has authored a number of papers based on the photos returned from the Mars Orbiter Camera (MOC). His most significant claim is that photographic evidence from the MOC strongly suggests recent flow of water on the surface of Mars. This claim was initially met with skepticism but it has been bolstered by recent photographic evidence (see Life on Mars for more details).

The Surveyor exceeded its designed life by many years but in November 2006 it stopped sending back data. As of December 2006, the NASA program manager said it is likely that the spacecraft and all its instruments (including the Malin MOC) were lost.

Awards
 2017 Whipple Award
 2005 Carl Sagan Memorial Award
 1987 MacArthur Fellows Program

Works

References

External links

1950 births
Planetary scientists
Living people
20th-century American astronomers
MacArthur Fellows

Michael C. Malin


Qterics (formerly Broadcast Data Corporation and later UpdateLogic Incorporated ) is a company which has developed a system for datacasting firmware upgrades to digital television devices.  It appears that UpdateTV is the only product the company, founded in 2003, has yet developed.

Products

UpdateTV
UpdateTV is a multipath worldwide distribution system which allows digital televisions to automatically receive firmware upgrades and software patches sent out via terrestrial broadcast, digital cable networks, and the Internet.  The network and technology has been under development by UpdateLogic since 2004, was completed in 2006, first shipped in TV sets in 2008 by Sony Electronics, and is now shipped in TVs from Sanyo and others.

In the terrestrial case, the UpdateTV solution which works within the ATSC A/97 (Software Data Download Service, or SDDS) protocol, will be datacast by National Datacast on PBS TV stations across the United States.  Major cable operators are required by contract to transmit the data such that the software upgrades are also passed to their customers.  UpdateLogic works with content delivery network providers, or Internet service providers, to download the software update(s) to connected devices.

TV manufacturers work with UpdateLogic to schedule the network distribution of the software patch(es) and optimize the roll-out to ensure the TVs receive it.  The upgrades are transmitted repeatedly every day over a period of many months, in part so that the update is not missed due to a power outage, being unplugged (such as to prevent lightning damage while a resident is away, or perhaps being in storage), or due to data corruption or data loss caused by interference or weak signal strength in rural areas or mountainous terrain - which only occurs in the terrestrial broadcast distribution.  UpdateTV does ask the user to give consent to install the software on their TV.  There is no charge to the consumer for installing an update.

Software updates for television sets have fixed issues with video resolution, format compatibility, channel changing speed, V-chip ratings, user interface, timer controls, and more.

UpdateTV is enabled on silicon chip set solutions from Broadcom, AMD, Zoran and others.

The UpdateTV network can deliver updates to many types of devices - not just television sets. Devices such as Blu-ray players, mobile/handheld TVs, set-top boxes and gaming consoles are capable of using the service - since they are connected to the Internet, a cable network, and/or a digital TV antenna.

Sale to Silicon Image
On May 6, 2014, Silicon Image purchased UpdateLogic for an undisclosed price.  On December 4, 2014, Qualcomm purchased a 7% stake in the company for $USD 7 million.  Effective on that date, UpdateLogic was renamed Qterics.

Notes

External links

Digital television
Technology companies established in 2003
American companies established in 2003
Companies based in Plymouth, Minnesota
2014 mergers and acquisitions

Qterics


Being Awake is a daily brain state. It is being in a state of consciousness where one is conscious about the surroundings. The person (or animal) can respond to these surroundings by communicating, walking, eating, and more.

Being awake is the opposite of being asleep. When you are asleep most responses to your surroundings are turned off, and you are unconscious of what is happening around you.

Animals are awake for some hours each day or night. Animals which are awake during the day are called diurnal. Animals which are awake during the night are called nocturnal.

Diurnal animals include humans. They wake up in the morning and are awake during the day. When they are awake they can eat and move.

Basic English 850 words

Awake


Rotohex is a Nintendo video game for the  Wii's WiiWare service. It is a remake of the Japan-only bit Generations title Dialhex. It was released as WiiWare in North America on October 27, 2008.

Gameplay
The objective of the game is for the player to form hexagons of a solid color (called a "Hex") by rotating into place and combining together colored triangles which drop down from the top of the screen. The player is required to create a certain number of Hexes in order to pass each stage. Initially the game starts with triangles encompassing only two colors, with more colors eventually being added to the mix. In addition, glowing triangles give the player power-ups such as creating a hole in the bottom of the play area, or swapping colors. There are eight different colors in total.

Along with a solo mode which involves progressing through levels, the game features unlockable endless play and sprint modes along with competitive and co-operative multiplayer.

Development
Rotohex was originally released for the Game Boy Advance as Dialhex under the Bit Generations label on July 13, 2006 exclusively in Japan. This version was announced on June 1, 2006. Nintendo announced that they would be giving free copies of the games in the series to 700 members of the Club Nintendo website in exchange to feedback on them, though only to people who own a Game Boy Advance or Nintendo DS. Nintendo filed for an ESRB rating for this title in the US. It was later remade for the Wii's WiiWare service in the Art Style series. Both versions were developed and published by Skip Ltd. and Nintendo respectively.

Reception

Rotohex received mixed reviews from critics upon release. On Metacritic, the game holds a score of 70/100 based on 7 reviews, indicating "mixed or average reviews". On GameRankings, the game holds a score of 71.00% based on 7 reviews.

IGN gave Rotohex an 8/10, calling the game "one of those awesome 'zone out' matching puzzlers" which carries an "unbelievable addictiveness" in its gameplay that is "almost as addictive as Marathon Mode is in Tetris". It was nominated for Best Puzzle Game for the Wii by IGN in its 2008 video game awards.

References

2006 video games
Game Boy Advance games
Puzzle video games
Skip Ltd. games
Video games developed in Japan
WiiWare games
Wii games
Nintendo games
Multiplayer and single-player video games
Video game remakes

Rotohex


Stand and Sing of Zambia, Proud and Free est l'hymne national de la Zambie.

Version anglaise

Stand and sing of Zambia, proud and free,
Land of work and joy in unity,
Victors in the struggle for the right,
We have won freedom's fight.
All one, strong and free.

Africa is our own motherland,
Fashion'd with and blessed by God's good hand,
Let us all her people join as one,
Brothers under the sun.
All one, strong and free.

One land and one nation is our cry,
Dignity and peace 'neath Zambia's sky,
Like our noble eagle in its flight,
Zambia, praise to thee.
All one, strong and free.

CHORUS
(Sung After Third Verse Only)

Praise be to God.
Praise be, praise be, praise be,
Bless our great nation,
Zambia, Zambia, Zambia.
Free men we stand
Under the flag of our land.
Zambia, praise to thee!
All one, strong and free.

Liens externes
Zambia: "Stand and Sing of Zambia, Proud and Free" - Audio of the national anthem of Zambia, with information and lyrics

Hymne national
Symbole de la Zambie


The Bundesverdienstkreuz (Federal Cross of Merit) is Germany's only general decoration (award). It is officially called the Verdienstorden der Bundesrepublik Deutschland (Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany). This Federal Order of Merit was created on 7 September 1951. Germany gives between 3,000 and 5,200 awards every year, in all classes.

Most of the Länder have their own orders of merit. There are up to three ranks (member, officer, commander). The Cities of Bremen and Hamburg do not have an order, and by old tradition its citizens will refuse any decoration in form of an order.

Classes
The Bundesverdienstkreuz has eight classes, in ascending order:
 Verdienstmedaille (Medal of Merit)
 Verdienstkreuz am Bande (Cross of Merit on ribbon)
 international: Ritterkreuz (Knight's Cross)
 Verdienstkreuz 1. Klasse (Cross of Merit, First class)
 international: Offizierkreuz (Officer's Cross)
 Großes Verdienstkreuz (Halskreuz) (Great Cross of Merit, neck cross)
 international: Komturkreuz (Commander's Cross)
 Großes Verdienstkreuz mit Stern (Great Cross of Merit with star)
 international: Großoffizierkreuz (Great Officer's Cross)
 Großes Verdienstkreuz mit Stern und Schulterband (Great Cross of Merit with Star and shoulder ribbon)
 international: Großkreuz 2. Klasse (Grand Cross of Merit, Second class) oder Großkomturkreuz (Grand Commander's Cross)
 Großkreuz (Grand Cross)
 Sonderstufe des Großkreuzes (Special class of the Grand Cross)

The President of the Federal Republic holds the Sonderstufe des Großkreuzes ex officio. It is awarded to him in a ceremony by the President of the Bundestag. The Chancellor, the President of the Bundesrat and the President of the Bundesverfassungsgericht attend this ceremony. Other than the President of the Federal Republic, only a foreign head of state can receive the highest class award. People can also receive the Großkreuze in a special rare design. Only two people have had this award, Konrad Adenauer and Helmut Kohl.

Insignia

Except for the lowest class, the badge is the same for all classes. However, the badge and ribbon for women is a little smaller. The badge is a golden Maltese Cross enamelled in red. It has a central disc with a black eagle. The star is golden. It has straight rays and its size and points vary according to class. The badge is on top of it. The ribbon is red with gold-black-gold stripes.

1951 establishments in Europe
1950s establishments in Germany

Bundesverdienstkreuz


The Palaeogene (meaning "old generation" in Greek) is the first geological period of the Cainozoic and the tenth period in the Phanerozoic eon. It began 65 million years ago, and ended 23 million years ago. Before it was the Cretaceous. The Palaeogene was followed by the Neogene.

The Palaeogene had three stages: Palaeocene, Eocene and Oligocene.

The Palaeogene and the succeeding Neogene were originally considered to be one period, the Tertiary, until it was split recently .

Climate
The climate was warmer than today. The world was largely forested, and the larger land animals were browsers, not grazers. Grasses existed, but they had not yet become the dominant ecology they became later. The change to a modern climate came in the Miocene period, which started off like the Paleogene, but changed towards a modern-type ecology with less rainfall and widespread grasslands.

References

Cainozoic

Palaeogene


Huldah ( Ḥuldā) is a prophet mentioned in the Hebrew Bible in  and . After the discovery of a book of the Law during renovations at Solomon's Temple, on the order of King Josiah, Hilkiah together with Ahikam, Acbor, Shaphan and Asaiah approach her to seek the Lord's opinion.

She was the wife of Shallum son of Tokhath (also called Tikvah), son of Harhas (also called Hasrah), keeper of the wardrobe. She lived in Jerusalem, in the Second District or Second Quarter. The King James Version of the Bible calls this quarter "the college", and the New International Version calls it "the new quarter".

According to Rabbinic interpretation, Huldah and Deborah were the principal professed woman prophets in the Nevi'im (Prophets) portion of the Hebrew Bible, although Miriam is referred to as such in the Torah and an unnamed prophetess is mentioned in Isaiah. "Huldah" derives from the Hebrew lemma חלד, meaning to abide or to continue.

The Huldah Gates in the Southern Wall of the Temple Mount are named for her.

In the Bible
The account in 2 Kings 22 recounts the consulting of Huldah as follows:

After authenticating the book and prophesying a future of destruction for failure to follow it, Huldah concludes by reassuring King Josiah that due to his piety, God has heard his prayer and "thou shalt be gathered unto thy grave in peace, neither shall thy eyes see all the evil which I shall bring upon this place".

Huldah's prophetic oracle identifies the words the King of Judah heard (2 Kings 22:18) with what Yahweh had spoken (2 Kings 22:19). According to William E. Phipps, Huldah is the first person to declare certain writings to be Holy Scripture.

Huldah appears in the Hebrew Bible only in nine verses, , . This short narrative is sufficient to make clear that Huldah was regarded as a prophet accustomed to speaking the word of God directly to high priests and royal officials, to whom high officials came in supplication, who told kings and nations of their fates, who had the authority to determine what was and was not the genuine Law, and who spoke in a manner of stern command when acting as a prophet. Nonetheless, the Bible does not offer the sort of background information it typically does with other pivotal prophets. Indeed, we are left knowing more about her husband's background than we know of hers, and the little information we know of her personality is largely about her husband.

In rabbinic literature
According to Rabbinic interpretation, Huldah said to the messengers of King Josiah, "Tell the man that sent you to me ..." (), indicating by her unceremonious language that as far as she was concerned, Josiah was like any other man. The king addressed her, and not Jeremiah because he believed that women are more easily stirred to pity than men and that therefore she would be more likely than would Jeremiah to intercede with God on his behalf (Meg. 14a, b; comp. Seder 'Olam R. xxi.). Huldah was a relative of Jeremiah, both being descendants of Rahab by her marriage with Joshua (Sifre, Num. 78; Meg. 14a, b). While Jeremiah admonished and preached repentance to the men, Huldah did the same to the women (Pesiḳ. R. 26 [ed. Friedmann, p. 129]). Huldah was not only a prophet but taught publicly in the school (Targum to ), according to some teaching, especially the oral doctrine.

Burial site
Two conflicting traditions exist regarding the final resting place of Huldah. The Tosefta records Huldah's burial site as between the walls of Jerusalem. During the Middle Ages, a second tradition developed identifying Huldah's burial site with a cave carved out of the rock beneath a mosque on the Mount of Olives (see Chapel of the Ascension, Jerusalem). In Christianity and Islam, the burial is associated with two different holy women from those respective religions.

References

 "Huldah", The Jewish Encyclopedia (article in 1903 public domain Jewish Encyclopedia).

Further reading
 Reti, Irene Helen. The Kabbalah of Stone.
 Kavanagh, Preston Huldah – The Prophet Who Wrote Hebrew Scripture. Pickwick Publications, Eugene, OR, 2012.

7th-century BC people
Prophets in the Hebrew Bible

Women in the Hebrew Bible
Books of Samuel people
Books of Chronicles people

Huldah


A hick is a term for an American stereotype, which is also used in Canada to a lesser degree. It is a term for people who live in rural areas, especially on farms and ranches and is usually meant as an insult and considered offensive to most people. It is mostly used to describe people in the south-central United States, including Texas, Missouri, Arkansas, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, Tennessee, Kentucky, Kansas, Iowa, and Nebraska.

Other forms of the word 'hick' are 'redneck', 'yokel', 'hillbilly', and 'hayseed'.

Pejoratives

Hick


The British Rail Class 08 is a class of diesel locomotive designed for shunting.  It was the standard BR diesel-electric shunter. It was based on the LMS 12033 series (later TOPS Class 11).  Production started in 1953 and when it finished in 1962, the class had become the most numerous of all British classes, numbering 996 in total. There were also 26 of the near-identical but higher geared Class 09, and 171 similar locomotives fitted with different engines and transmissions (some of which became Class 10), which together brought the total number of outwardly-similar machines to 1193.

Since their introduction, rail freight has primarily moved to fixed-rate bulk freight traffic and intermodal freight operations which reduce or remove the need for shunting, therefore only a few class 08 locomotives remain in service today.

08

British Rail Class 08


"Hansel and Gretel" () is a fairy tale from Germany. The Brothers Grimm heard it from Dortchen Wild in Cassel and published it in their Children's and Household Tales in 1812. The Grimms revised the tale over the years. They gave the children names, changed the mother to a stepmother, and introduced Christian motifs. Their final version is dated 1857. The tale has been adapted to many media, most notably the opera Hänsel und Gretel (1893) by Engelbert Humperdinck. A stop-motion animated movie based on the opera was made in the 1950s.

Story
Hansel and Gretel are a young brother and sister who learn their parents intend to abandon them in the forest. Despite their situation, Hansel and Gretel's spirits remained high.They find their way home by leaving a trail of pebbles. One day, however, their parents succeed. The children wander the forest and come upon a house made of cake and candy. It belongs to an old woman who makes the children prisoners. Although, she intends to eat them, she fails. Gretel outwits her. She pushes the old woman into the oven and slams the door. The two poor kids escaped and lived happily ever after.

References
 Opie, Iona and Peter. 1974. The Classic Fairy Tales. Oxford UP. pp. 236-7.
 Tatar, Maria. 2002. The Annoted Classic Fairy Tales. Norton. pp. 44-5.
 Zipes, Jack (Ed.) 2002. The Oxford Companion to Fairy Tales. Norton. pp. 225-6.

Grimms' Fairy Tales

Hansel and Gretel


A military organization is a way of making up the armed forces of a state as a need to offer military capability as needed by a national defence policy. In some countries paramilitary forces are included in a nation's armed forces. Armed forces that are not a part of the military or paramilitary organizations, such as insurgent forces, often mimic military organizations, or use ad hoc structures.

Military organization


The Jurist (), also known as The Lawyer, is an oil-on-canvas painting by Italian artist Giuseppe Arcimboldo, painted in 1566.

It shows a member of the legal profession, whose facial features are depicted using meat and fish, and whose body is composed of legal documents. Two versions of the painting exist; the first, from 1566, is held by the National Museum of Fine Arts (Nationalmuseum) in Stockholm (acquired from a collection at Gripsholm Castle in 1866), and a later version is held by a private collector in Milan.

Arcimboldo was employed as court painter to Maximilian II and was already well established as an artist by the time he created The Jurist. He was known for his innovative style, particularly for his portraits in which the subjects were composed of everyday objects. His fantastical and imaginative paintings somewhat foreshadowed the Surrealist movement of the 20th century, but were also appreciated as part of the Mannerist tradition of his own time. His series of paintings, The Four Seasons, which depicted the changing seasons as series of portraits composed of seasonal plants, were particularly popular, and he even created a portrait of Rudolf II (entitled Vertemnus) in the same style.

The features of the face are represented by the plucked carcasses of poultry and the sneering mouth by fish. It is not known if the subject is a caricature of the legal profession in general or based on a real jurist of the time. The German jurist Ulrich Zasius is normally suggested as the subject; the Nationalmuseum lists the picture in its catalogue as The Lawyer (Ulrich Zasius), but Calvin has also been suggested. Arcimboldo's portrait of The Librarian (Il Bibliotecario), painted the same year, has a more noble aspect, although this portrait too has been interpreted as a parody of librarianship, book collectors, and intellectualism.

Bibliography

1566 paintings
Mannerist paintings
Paintings by Giuseppe Arcimboldo
Books in art
Fish in art
Birds in art
Paintings in the Nationalmuseum Stockholm

The Jurist (Arcimboldo)


Thurgood Marshall (July 2, 1908 – January 24, 1993) was an American jurist and the first African American to serve on the Supreme Court of the United States.  Thurgood Marshall, earlier named Thoroughgood Marshall (which he changed in the 2nd or 3rd grade), was born in Baltimore, Maryland.  Marshall served on the Court from 1967 to 1991. In 1946 he was awarded the Springarn Medal for all his achievements and hard work for the NAACP.  Marshall had been one of the NAACP's top lawyers.  He was one of the lawyers who argued Brown v. Board of Education.  He was also Solicitor General of the United States.

Thurgood Marshall attended Frederick Douglass High School in Baltimore, Maryland and was in the class with the brightest students. He graduated a year early in 1925 with a B-grade average, and was in the top three of his class. In 1929, he married Vivian burey . He went on to attend  Lincoln University and graduated in 1930. He applied to the University of Maryland Law School, but was denied admission because he was black. He later joined the NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People) and became an active member. In 1934, Marshall became director of the NAACP, Legal Defense and for an Educational Fund. He won his first major civil rights case in Maryland in 1935 with the help of Charles Houston. He won 29 of 32 Supreme Court cases. He went on to argue thirty-two cases before the Supreme Court in 1940. Marshall argued in the Smith v. Allwright which disputed the Texan government preventing the rights of black people from voting in 1944. He also fought in the Brown vs. Board of Education of Topeka about racial segregation in public schools in 1948, which was one of the biggest cases of the century. In 1954 the Supreme Court ended racial segregation in public schools. This was a rule violation of the 14th Amendment. It made way for integration and was a major victory of the civil rights movement. He then went on to investigate U.S. Army courts-martial in 1950-1951, in Japan and Korea to help African American soldiers. In 1961 John F. Kennedy appointed him to the US Court of Appeals and he won 29 cases before attending the Supreme Court.

Between the years 1908-1993, he fought for individual rights. A quote that he wrote himself  "A child born to a black mother in a state like Mississippi….. has the same rights as a white boy born to the wealthiest person the United States. It's not true, but I challenge anyone to say it is not a goal worth working for.." Marshall believed that both blacks and whites should have equal rights but it was not happening in the United States. He thought it was right for both rich and poor children to have equal rights. This quote had to do with Thurgood Marshall's life because he was not rich but his parents and teachers worked hard to help him become a lawyer. He had to memorize the constitution. As a lawyer, he fought to end segregation between blacks and whites.

Thurgood Marshall was against the death penalty because he didn't think that it was necessary. He argued that there is no reason for the people who did something wrong, to go through the death penalty. He says that they should have a less painful punishment by going to prison instead. In 1990, Marshall said a lot of things about the death penalty and why he didn't want it enforced.

Back in Thurgood Marshall's time, the time of segregation, some thought that if people were more open they would have seen the most important black male of the century. He joined the NAACP and argued in Brown v Board. To this day there is only one other black male in the Supreme Court justice. In his time in the Supreme Court he worked to end segregation and fought for the equal rights for all people. Even though he's dead, his legacy is still alive.

An elementary school in Seattle, WA was named after him.

1908 births
1993 deaths
Deaths from heart failure
Politicians from Baltimore
Writers from Baltimore
United States Solicitors General
United States Supreme Court justices
Lawyers from Baltimore
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People

Thurgood Marshall


The bow is the forward part of the  hull of a ship or boat, the point that is most forward when the vessel is underway.
The bow is designed to reduce the resistance of the hull cutting through water and should be tall enough to prevent water from easily washing over the top of it. The bow is helpful for letting the ship smoothly pass through the ocean.

Ship building

Bow (ship)