The London Philharmonic Orchestra (LPO) is one of the major orchestras of the United Kingdom. It is based in the Royal Festival Hall, London.

The orchestra was formed in 1932 by Sir Thomas Beecham, and played its first concert on October 7, 1932 at the Queen's Hall, London. The associate conductor at the time was Malcolm Sargent.

At one of the orchestra's early concerts in November 1932 the sixteen-year old Yehudi Menuhin played a programme of violin concertos including the concerto by Elgar which the composer himself conducted.

In the 1930s, when Beecham conducted at the Royal Opera House, the orchestra played for operas there. Beecham made many recordings with the orchestra.

In 1939 the orchestra's sponsors stopped giving money to the orchestra. The orchestra became a self-governing body, which meant that, like the London Symphony Orchestra, the players organized the orchestra themselves, deciding on their pay, their members, what music they should play etc.

During the Second World War they went round the country playing in places where people would not otherwise hear music.
Many of the players' instruments were destroyed when the Queen's Hall was bombed in May 1941, but lots of people gave money for them to buy new instruments.

After the war, Beecham returned to the LPO for eighteen months, but left to start a new orchestra, the Royal Philharmonic. The orchestra continued to play with several guest conductors until Eduard van Beinum was appointed. When he became ill they appointed Sir Adrian Boult who stayed until 1956, although he continued to work with the orchestra and became its President in 1965.

Through the late 1950s the orchestra did not have much money and had to stop paying the players regular salaries. They only got paid for the work they did. In 1958 the LPO appointed William Steinberg as chief conductor. He helped the orchestra to become better again.

In 1964 the LPO became the resident orchestra for Glyndebourne Festival Opera in the summer. They continue to do this today.

In 1967 the LPO appointed Bernard Haitink as its principal conductor. He stayed with the orchestra for 12 years and was followed by Sir Georg Solti.

Vladimir Jurowski is now the principal conductor.

Discography
Studio albums
 Symphonic Music of Yes (1993)

Principal Conductors
Sir Thomas Beecham (1932–1939)
Eduard van Beinum (1947–1950)
Sir Adrian Boult (1950–1957)
William Steinberg (1958–1960)
Sir John Pritchard (1962–1966)
Bernard Haitink (1967–1979)
Sir Georg Solti (1979–1983)
Klaus Tennstedt (1983–1990)
Franz Welser-Möst (1990–1996)
Kurt Masur (2000-2007)
Vladimir Jurowski (since 2007)

Other websites
London Philharmonic Orchestra official website

British orchestras

London Philharmonic Orchestra


The International Labour Organization (ILO) is an international organization created in Geneva in 1919 for better for working conditions and standard of living. In 1946, this organization has become a special organization of the United Nations and won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1969.

Juan Somavía was the ILO's director-general from 1999 until October 2012, when Guy Ryder was elected as his replacement. This governing body is composed of 28 government representatives, 14 workers' representatives, and 14 employers' representatives.

The Constitution of the International Labour Organization
The constitution of the International Labour Organization affirms that "universal and lasting peace can be established only if it is based upon social justice." An additional declaration adopted in Philadelphia at the 26th section affirms that "Labour is not a commodity" (I (a)), "Freedom of expression and association are essential to sustained progress" (I (b)), "Poverty anywhere constitutes a danger to prosperity everywhere" (I (c)), and that "All human beings, irrespective of race, creed or sex, have the right to pursue both their material well-being and their spiritual development in conditions of freedom and dignity, of economic security and equal opportunity". (II (a))

Main purpose of activities

Freedom of trade union
Protection from unemployment
Equal payment for equal work
Abolishment of forced labour
Abolishment of child labour
Abolishment of sweatshop
Abolishment of work or profession discrimination
Fair rights of migrant workers
Decent work for all
Fair and decent rights of domestic workers

For this purpose, ILO has made 189 Conventions called "International Labour Convention" but many countries do not ratify the Conventions despite its importance.

Note

Other page
United Nations
Human rights
Convention on the Rights of All Migrant Workers

Other website
International Labour Organization
Official Website

United Nations
Human rights organizations
Organizations based in Geneva
Civil rights organizations
1919 establishments in Europe

International Labour Organization


Continental Baptist Churches was an association of "Calvinistic" Baptist churches holding New Covenant theology, organized in June 1983. The roots of this movement are in the Baptist Reformation Review, founded by Norbert Ward at Nashville, Tennessee, in 1972, and the Sword and the Trowel, edited by Ron McKinney of Dallas, Texas. Both of these papers espoused the doctrines traditionally known as Calvinism.

In 1979, the Sword and Trowel leaders began to sponsor an annual "Council on Baptist Theology." Through this form of exchange, it became clear that this "Dallas" group held different understandings, especially in the area of Covenant Theology, from those espoused by northeastern Reformed Baptists led by Walter Chantry and Albert N. Martin. This led the "Dallas" ("Sword and Trowel") churches to form their own association – Continental Baptist Churches. This group began with about twenty churches.

Beliefs held by the churches of this body include the doctrines of grace, often referred to as the Five Points of Calvinism, the gathered believers church, believers' baptism by immersion requisite to church membership and to participation at the Lord's table, and the autonomy of each local church. Continental Baptist Churches accept the First London Confession of Faith (1646 edition) as a general expression of their beliefs.

Continental Baptist churches generally disagreed with other Baptists in the Reformed tradition concerning the function of the moral law and the ten commandments in the Christian age, maintaining, for instance, the seventh-day Sabbath position that Christians have no obligation to observe the first day of the week as Christian Sabbath because of the fourth commandment.

The organizational structure includes an executive committee composed of a Council elected by the churches and the officers (Chairman, Vice Chairman, Secretary and Treasurer) elected by the association. A periodical called Kindred Minds is the official publication of Continental Baptist Churches. The association holds a Bible Conference and business meeting each year. In 1995, nine churches were participating in the association. Membership is open to any Baptist church "on the North American continent which subscribes to the Constitution and Articles of Faith of the Association." These churches must be received by majority vote of the messengers at the annual meeting. Continental Baptist Churches also cooperates with the Sovereign Grace Baptist Association of Churches.

Beginning with twenty churches in 1983, by 1994 this body was down to six churches in Indiana, Michigan, New York, Pennsylvania and Virginia. According to Albert Wardin, "ceased as an association in 2003."

References

Sources
 .
 .
 , page 92.
 , pages 772–773.
 , page 101.

Christian organizations established in 1983
Reformed Baptists denominations in North America
Christian denominations founded in the United States
Baptist denominations established in the 20th century

Continental Baptist Churches


The  chinese remainder theorem is a theorem from number theory. It is about congruence. The original form was:
How many soldiers are there in Han Xin's army? – If you let them parade in rows of 3 soldiers, two soldiers will be left. If you let them parade in rows of 5, 3 will be left, and in rows of 7, 2 will be left.

The theorem says that there will be a solution to this question if there's no common factor between the row sizes. Using the original example, that is that no number divides both 3 and 7, both 3 and 5, nor both 5 and 7 (except, of course, 1). They're all coprime.

The Chinese remainder theorem is used in cryptography. For example, for the RSA algorithm.

Other websites
 Chinese remainder theorem at cut-the-knot
 "Chinese Remainder Theorem" by Ed Pegg, Jr., The Wolfram Demonstrations Project, 2007

Theorems in number theory

Chinese remainder theorem


Gocta () is a perennial waterfall with two drops located in Peru's province of Bongara in Amazonas, approximately  to the northeast of Lima. It flows into the Cocahuayco River. Although the waterfall had been well known to locals for centuries (it is in full view of a nearby village), its existence was not made known to the world until after an expedition made in 2002 by a German, Stefan Ziemendorff, with a group of Peruvian explorers. The waterfall, which can be seen from several kilometers away, has been christened Gocta Falls, after the name of the nearest settlement.

At the time of the discovery, Ziemendorff successfully persuaded the Peruvian government to map the falls and to measure their height. On 11 March 2006, following his third expedition to the falls, he held a press conference, the contents of which were published by several of the world's wire services. He stated that the total height was measured at , which ranked Gocta as the third-tallest free-leaping waterfall in the world after Angel Falls in Venezuela and Tugela Falls in South Africa. However, this was apparently based on outdated and incomplete information gleaned from the National Geographic Society, and Ziemendorff's comments as to the waterfalls' ranking have since been widely disputed. Citing various encyclopedias, reference books, and webpages accessible through Google, Gocta Cataracts are unofficially listed as the world's fifth-tallest, after adding Ramnefjellsfossen (Norway) and Mongefossen (Norway). Furthermore, The World Waterfall Database ranks Gocta as the 16th tallest.

The daily El Comercio said that the impressive waterfall had remained unknown to outsiders until its announcement, because local people feared the curse of a beautiful blond mermaid who lived in its waters, if they revealed its whereabouts. "The falls are supposed to be protected by a white-haired mermaid-like spirit whose hair can be seen flowing down the massive U-shaped walls at the bottom of the falls."
On 13 March 2006, the Peruvian government announced to the press that the area surrounding the falls would be developed as a tourist attraction, with a target date sometime in mid-2007. A small hotel was built  from the base of the waterfall, with all rooms having views of the waterfall. Tourists can now hike the trails by foot or horse to the misty base of the waterfall. The nearby town of Chachapoyas is located at an altitude of . The waterfall is at a slightly higher altitude and thus clouds can be seen to occasionally eclipse part of the view.

See also
List of waterfalls by height

References

External links

Waterfalls of Peru
Tiered waterfalls
Landforms of Amazonas Region
Tourist attractions in Amazonas Region

Gocta Cataracts


Maurice "Rocket" Richard (1921-2000) was a Canadian professional ice hockey player. He played for the Montreal Canadiens. He played for 18 years (1942-1960) in the National Hockey League (NHL), totaling 544 goals and 421 assistants (965 points), in 978 regular season games played. His goals scored were the most in NHL history until Gordie Howe scored his 545th in the early 1960s. Richard is considered one of the fiercest competitors and prolific goal scorers who ever played in the NHL. The "Rocket", as he became known, was followed by his brother, Henri Richard ("Pocket Rocket"). They are both ranked in the top 100 NHL hockey players of all time, "Rocket" ranked # 5, with the "Pocket Rocket #30.

Playing career
Richard's first goal was against the New York Rangers on November 8, 1942. The 1944–45 NHL season was a record-setting one for Richard. He first set a new mark for points in one game when he made five goals and three assists in a 9–1 victory over the Detroit Red Wings on December 28, 1944; his eight points broke the previous record of seven held by three players; Richard broke the record on February 25, 1945, in a 5–2 victory over Toronto. Malone was on hand to present Richard with the puck used to score the 45th goal.Richard missed over 20 games of the 1951–52 season due to injury, but overcame another ailment in the playoffs.The 1952–53 season began with Richard in close pursuit of Nels Stewart's all-time NHL record of 324 goals.Richard fulfilled his promise to Canadiens' fans as he led Montreal to a Stanley Cup championship in 1955–56. The season began with the arrival of his young brother Henri to the Canadiens roster. The playoff goal was Richard's last, as on September 15, 1960, he announced his retirement as a player. Richard had reported to Montreal's training camp that fall, but Selke compelled Richard to end his playing career, fearing he was risking serious injury. In Richard's retirement speech, he said he had been contemplating leaving the game for two years, and stated that at age 39, the game had become too fast for him.

Playing style
Richard also called "the Comet" when his early playing career but then he was remark "The Rocket" because of his teammate Ray Getliffe, his style like rocket; his speed, strength and determination were all strong. His teammate Toe Blake said the moniker was fitting because "when he would take off, nothing got in his way that could stop him". Goaltender Jacques Plante said it often showed in Richard's eyes and comparing it to "the rocket's red glare" referenced in "The Star-Spangled Banner". When he flying his eyes were all lit up."

Personal life
As Richard struggled both with the need to find a purpose to his post-retirement life and the fear of being forgotten, he attached his name to numerous endeavours. He acted as a consulting editor for a magazine titled Maurice Richard's Hockey Illustrated, owned the "544 / 9 Tavern" in Montreal, and was a pitchman for dozens of products,
including beer, hair dye, car batteries, fishing tackle and children's toys. He continued to use his name as a promotional vehicle for over 30 years after his retirement. Richard briefly returned to hockey in 1972 as head coach for the Quebec Nordiques of the World Hockey Association. He lasted only two games, a win and a loss, before finding himself
unable to handle the strain of coaching.

Richard and his wife, Lucille, lived in Montreal where they raised seven children: Huguette, Maurice Jr., Norman, André, Suzanne, Polo and Jean. They had 14 grandchildren. Lucille died of cancer in 1994, two years after the Richards celebrated their 50th wedding anniversary. Richard's companion late in his life was Sonia Raymond. It was announced in 1998 that Richard was suffering from abdominal cancer. As his health deteriorated, Richard was diagnosed with Parkinson's disease, and doctors suspected he had Alzheimer's disease. He died on May 27, 2000 of respiratory failure as a result of his cancer.

References

1921 births
2000 deaths
Hart Memorial Trophy winners
Montreal Canadiens players

Maurice Richard


Coelenterata was the name for an animal phylum. It is not used now. It was broken down into two separate phyla: the Cnidaria (jellyfish) and the Ctenophora (comb jellies). This change was made on the evidence of molecular evolution. This makes use of protein amino acid sequences, and whole genome DNA analysis.

References

Invertebrates

Coelenterata


The Intel MCS-96 is a family of microcontrollers (MCU) commonly used in embedded systems. The family is often referred to as the 8xC196 family, or 80196, the most popular MCU in the family. These MCUs are commonly used in hard disk drives, modems, printers, pattern recognition and motor control. In 2007, Intel announced the discontinuance of the entire MCS-96 family of microcontrollers. Intel noted that "There are no direct replacements for these components and a redesign will most likely be necessary."

History

The MCS-96 family originated as a commercial derivative of the Intel 8061, the first processor in the Ford EEC-IV engine controller family. Differences between the 8061 and the 8096 include the memory interface bus, the 8061's M-Bus being a 'burst-mode' bus requiring a tracking program counter in the memory devices. There were also considerable differences in the I/O peripherals of the two parts – the 8061 had 8 HSI (pulse-measurement) inputs, 10 HSO (pulse-generation) outputs entirely separated from the HSI pins, and a non-sampling 10-bit ADC with more channels than the 8096 had. Many differences between the EEC-IV and the 8096 resulted from an effort to share pins to reduce I/O pin count in favor of using the pins for a more conventional memory interface bus. The 8096 also had on-chip program memory lacking in the 8061.

Ford created the Ford Microelectronics facility in Colorado Springs in 1982 to propagate the EEC-IV family, develop other custom circuits for use in automobiles, and to explore the gallium arsenide integrated circuit market. Parts in that family included the 8065, which incorporated a memory controller allowing it to address a megabyte of memory.

The family of microcontrollers are 16-bit, however, they do have some 32-bit operations. The processors operate at 16, 20, 25, and 50 MHz, and are separated into 3 smaller families. The HSI (high speed input) / HSO (high speed output) family operates at 16 and 20 MHz, and the EPA (event processor array) family operates at all of the frequencies.

The main features of the MCS-96 family include a large on-chip memory, Register-to-register architecture, three operand instructions, bus controller to allow 8- or 16-bit bus widths, and direct flat addressability of large blocks (256 or more) of registers.

809x/839x/879x family
The 809x/839x/879x ICs are members of the MCS-96 family. Although MCS-96 is thought of as the 8x196 family, the 8095 was the first member of the family. Later the 8096, 8097, 8395, 8396, and 8397 were added to the family.

The Intel 809x/839x/879x ICs are 12 MHz, 16-bit microcontrollers. The microchip is based on a 5 V, 3 micrometre, HMOS process. The microcontroller has an on-chip ALU, 4 channel 10-bit analog-to-digital converter (ADC), 8-bit pulse width modulator (PWM), watchdog timer, 4 16-bit software timers, hardware multiply and divide, and 8 KB of on-chip ROM. The 8095 is ROMless and has five 8-bit high speed I/O, full duplex serial port, as well as an ADC input and PWM output.

The 8095 comes in a 48-pin Ceramic DIP package, and the following part number variants. C8095-90

8x196/8xC196 family
The MCS-96 family is generally thought of as the 80C196 IC, even though the family includes the 809x/839x/879x microcontrollers, which came first. Members of this sub-family are 80C196, 83C196, 87C196 and 88C196.

Other vendors
As of 2021, microcontrollers using the MCS-96 architecture are still being manufactured by NIIET in Voronesh, Russia, as the 1874 series of integrated circuits. This includes a radiation-hardened device with a Spacewire interface under the designation 1874VE7T (). Cobham (formerly Aeroflex) manufactured another radiation-hardened MCS-96 microcontroller until about 2020.

See also
 Intel PL/M-96

References
 Intel: "809XBH/839XBH/879XBH COMMERCIAL/EXPRESS HMOS MICROCONTROLER" (Preliminary) (Accessed 7. September 2007)
 Intel: "MCS-96 809X-90,839X-90", Order #270016-004, T-49-19-16;T-49-19-59, Oct 1987 (Preliminary) (Accessed 7. September 2007)
 http://www.cpushack.com/chippics/Intel/8x9x/IntelC8095-90.html (Accessed 7. September 2007)
 https://web.archive.org/web/20071009212029/http://dragonsdawn.org/photos/MacIICard.jpg (Accessed 7. September 2007)

Notes

Intel microcontrollers

Intel MCS-96


A cantor is the chief singer in Jewish or Christian worship.
The cantor's duties and qualifications have varied a lot in different times and places.  In Roman Catholic and Anglican worship the cantor is the person (usually a man) who sings the solo parts of a chant, while the choir sing the choral parts.  In the Middle Ages the cantor came to be the supervisor or director of the choir.  In Anglican cathedrals they are often known as the precentor.

References
The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, ed. Stanley Sadie 1980 vol 3;

Christian music
Singing

Cantor (church)


A pacifier (called a dummy or soother in some countries) is an object that a baby sucks to comfort them. Sucking is a natural instinct for babies and it soothes them.

It generally consists of a teat (which is the part designed to be sucked) made from either silicone (a type of plastic) or latex (a form of rubber). Silicone is becoming more popular as it is more durable and easier to keep clean. The teat is mounted on a plastic plate which can vary in shape from circular, oval or butterfly shape. It can come in a variety of different colors with different designs like cartoon characters to make it look more appealing to the baby. The main purpose of the plastic mouth guard is to stop the baby from accidentally swallowing the pacifier. If for some reason the child is able to swallow it, the mouth guard is made to be too large to pass through the throat and if it should get lodged in the throat it also has holes to allow air to pass through so the child can still breathe. Finally there is sometimes a ring attached to allow the parent to remove the pacifier.

There is some concern that the use of pacifiers can affect the child's teeth so many teats now are a special shape to allow the teeth to form properly, these are called orthodontic teats. Non-orthodontic teats are sometimes called cherry teats.

Childhood
Medical equipment

Pacifier


Soil erosion is the washing or blowing away (by water or wind) of the top layer of soil (dirt). This is a serious problem for farmers.  If the soil has eroded, the crops that make food will not grow very well.

Soil erosion was a big problem in the Midwestern United States in the 1930s dust bowl.

Erosion also leaves large sinkholes in the ground, which can weaken buildings and even cause them to collapse.   Urban areas are usually protected from soil erosion, so not many buildings collapse from erosion.

Steps for conserving soil from eroding
Soil erosion can be conserved in several ways:

 A wind break is a line of plants that are planted to stop or slow the wind.  A thick row of bushes or shrubs planted next to a field of crops can stop the wind from blowing the soil away.  This method also helps against water erosion, as the soil gets caught up against the roots of the bushes, rather than washing away.
 Terraces are level places that have been made on hill sides. They are used for Terrace farming.
 If the crops are growing on a slope, then one should plant them in contour lines that run across the slope, rather than up and down. So, if the slope goes downhill to the south, then the plants should be in rows that run from east to west.
 Groynes (wooden planks) along the beaches can resist erosion, or sea walls against cliffs can protect the cliffs.

Agriculture
Soil

Soil erosion


Jacopo Francesco Riccati (28 May 1676 – 15 April 1754) was a Venetian mathematician and jurist from Venice. He is best known for having studied the equation which bears his name.

Education
Riccati was educated first at the Jesuit school for the nobility in Brescia, and in 1693 he entered the University of Padua to study law. He received a doctorate in law (LL.D.) in 1696. Encouraged by Stefano degli Angeli to pursue mathematics, he studied mathematical analysis.

Career
Riccati received various academic offers but declined them in order to devote his full attention to the study of mathematical analysis on his own. Peter the Great invited him to Russia as president of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences. He was also invited to Vienna as an imperial councillor and was offered a professorship at the University of Padua. He declined all these offers.

He was often consulted by the Senate of Venice on the construction of canals and dikes along rivers.

Some of his work on multinomials was included by Maria Gaetana Agnesi, at Riccati's request, in the book on integral calculus of her Analytical Institutions.

The Riccati equation is named after him.

Personal life
His father, Conte Montino Riccati, came from a noble family who owned land near Venice. His mother was from the powerful Colonna family. His father died in 1686, when Riccati was only ten, leaving the youth a handsome estate.

Jacopo's son, Vincenzo Riccati, a Jesuit, followed his father's footsteps and pioneered the development of hyperbolic functions.

A second son, Giordano Riccati was the first to measure the ratio of Young's moduli of metals—preceding the better known Thomas Young by 25 years.

Honors
Jacopo Riccati was named honorary Academician of the Academy of Sciences of the Institute of Bologna in 1723.

Notes and references

Works

External links

1676 births
1754 deaths
Republic of Venice scientists
17th-century Italian mathematicians
18th-century Italian mathematicians

Jacopo Riccati


William Thomas Riker is a Star Trek: The Next Generation character. He is played by Jonathan Frakes. He is first officer on the starship Enterprise. This means that he is second in command of the starship and can give orders if the Captain is away.

Character story
Riker soon becomes very comfortable on the Enterprise, many times refusing offers of his own command. On part 1-2 on the episode "The Best of Both Worlds", Riker takes command on the Enterprise and orders Jean-Luc Picard rescued.

Star Trek: The Next Generation characters

William Riker


Time Vindicated to Himself and to his Honours was a late Jacobean era masque, written by Ben Jonson and with costumes, sets, and stage effects designed by Inigo Jones. James's son and heir Prince Charles led the dances of the principal masquers, as he had in several previous masques at the Stuart Court.

Originally scheduled for Twelfth Night in 1623, its performance was delayed by an illness of the King, James I; the masque was staged on Sunday 19 January, in the Banqueting House at Whitehall Palace. (Coincidentally, Jonson's play The Alchemist had been staged at Court on 1 January.)

The sets
Jones's elaborate stage set featured a double change of scenery: the first set was a perspective scene of Whitehall itself, which prominently featured Jones's recently completed Banqueting House – a sort of self-advertisement on the part of the architect. That scene changed to a cloudscape that contained the principal masquers, which in turn yielded to a forest setting.

The show
Jonson's text has an unusual cast, even by the standards of the masque form. It opens with the entrance of a personified Fame, accompanied by "the Curious" – who are three, "the Eyed, the Eared, and the Nosed." These three personifications of the sense organs were apparently costumed with multiple iterations of their specific parts; in one of his (or its?) speeches, the Eyed refers to his (or its) four eyes. Their conversation on the nature of Fame and Time is broken in upon by Chronomastix, a satyr with a whip or scourge. The main topic of this scene is the climate of political scandalmongering, satire, and libel that was considered epidemic at the time.

Two anti-masques ensue; the first is of "Mutes," in which the Curious adore Chronomastix and carry him out like a hero (though Fame sits out the dance); and the second is a dance of jugglers and tumblers who are ushered in by the Cat with the fiddle (from the Hey-diddle-diddle nursery rhyme). Once the tomfoolery is done, the serious portion of the masque begins: Saturn, the god of time, and Venus are shown with their votaries, followed by Cupid, Diana, and Hippolytus. The masquers are revealed, and they descend from their cloud and dance, performing  "braules, corantos, and galliards."

Jonson vs. Jones
Though Jonson expressed the appropriate establishmentarian disapproval of libel and scandal and political pamphleteering, the mere fact that he broached this increasingly delicate subject was questioned; the masque was not well received by its courtly audience. (British popular culture was then moving into a stage of increasingly aggressive religious and political controversy, especially involving Puritan commentators like William Prynne, who were deeply hostile to the reigning monarchy and the dominant social order.)

Jonson also earned disapproval for parodying the then-significant, now-forgotten poet George Wither in the figure of Chronomastix. Wither enjoyed the patronage of both the King and the Lord Chamberlain, the Earl of Pembroke. A little more than a month after the staging of Time Vindicated, James consoled Wither by granting him and his heirs a 51-year patent (or copyright) on his Hymns and Songs of the Church, a translation of Biblical lyrics for musical settings by Orlando Gibbons, and potentially a very lucrative work.

Conversely, Jones's share in the masque was praised and highly regarded, according to a contemporary: "They say it was performed reasonably well both for the device, and for the handsome conveyance and variety of the scene whereof Inigo Jones hath the whole commendation." This second-hand report is somewhat countered by the more exacting eye-witness verdict of the Venetian ambassador, who judged it "a spectacle of some pomp and beauty but not attaining the royal standard of excellence."

Publication
The text of Time Vindicated was published in quarto in 1623, soon after its performance, as was not uncommon with the Court masques of the era. The text was reprinted in the second folio collection of Jonson's works in 1641, and thereafter was included in the collected editions of the poet's works.  Unusually, the masque was reprinted in a separate octavo edition in 1756.

References

Masques by Ben Jonson
English Renaissance plays
1623 plays

Time Vindicated to Himself and to His Honours


The judiciary or judicial system is the system of courts that administers (or makes decisions about) justice. This kind of system, does its work in the name of the state (or country) or the sovereign. A judicial system is used to resolve disputes.

The term is also used to refer collectively to the judges and magistrates who form the basis of the judiciary, as well as the other people who help keep the system running properly.

Separation of powers
Separation of powers causes separate branches of government that each has a different purpose. The judiciary is the branch of government that interprets the law. Such systems may have three branches: Legislature, Executive and Judiciary. Often the judiciary branch has courts of first resort, appellate courts, and a supreme court or constitutional court. Decisions of the lower courts may be appealed to the higher courts.

Judiciary in the USA

In the United States the federal Judicial Branch is an integrated system of courts headed by the Supreme Court of the United States. Each state also has a judicial system.

Law occupations
Courts (law)

Judiciary


Machine code is a computer program written in machine language. It uses the instruction set of a particular computer architecture. It is usually written in binary. Machine code is the lowest level of software. Other programming languages are translated into machine code so the computer can execute them.

An instruction tells the process what operation to perform. Each instruction is made up of an opcode (operation code) and operand(s). The operands are usually memory addresses or data. An instruction set is a list of the opcodes available for a computer. Machine code is what assembly code and other programming languages are compiled to or interpreted as.

Program builders turn code into another language or machine code. Machine code is sometimes called native code. This is used when talking about things that work on only some computers.

Writing machine code

Machine code can be written in different forms:
 Using a number of switches. This generates a sequence of 1 and 0. This was used in the early days of computing. Since the 1970s, it is no longer used.
 Using a Hex editor. This allows the use of opcodes instead of the number of the command.
 Using an Assembler. Assembly languages are simpler than opcodes. Their syntax is easier to understand than machine language but harder than high level languages. The assembler will translate the source code into machine code on its own.
 Using a High-level programming language allows programs that use code that is easier to read and write. These programs are translated into machine code. The translation can happen in many steps. Java programs are first optimized into bytecode. Then it is translated into machine language when it is used.

Typical instructions of machine code
There are many kinds of instructions usually found in an instruction set:
 Arithmetical operations: Addition, subtraction, multiplication, division.
 Logical operations: Conjunction, disjunction, negation.
 Operations acting on single bits: Shifting bits to the left or right.
 Operations acting on memory:  copying a value from one register to another.
 Operations that compare two values: bigger than, smaller than, equal.
 Operations that combine other operations: add, compare, and copy if equal to some value(as one operation), jump to some point in the program if a register is zero.
 Operations that act on program flow: jump to some address.
 Operations that convert data types: e.g. convert a 32-bit integer to a 64-bit integer, convert a floating point value to an integer (by truncating).
Many modern processors use microcode for some of the commands. More complex commands tend to use it. This is often done with CISC architectures.

Instructions
Every processor or processor family has its own instruction set. Instructions are patterns of bits that correspond to different commands that can be given to the machine. Thus, the instruction set is specific to a class of processors using (mostly) the same architecture.

Newer processor designs often include all the instructions of an earlier one and may add more instructions. Sometimes, a newer design will discontinue or alter the meaning of an instruction code (typically because it is needed for new purposes), affecting code compatibility; even nearly completely compatible processors may show slightly different behavior for some instructions, which may or may not be a problem.

Systems may differ in other details, such as memory arrangement, operating systems, or peripheral devices. Because a program normally relies on such factors, different systems will typically not run the same machine code, even when the same type of processor is used.

Most instructions have one or more opcode fields. They specify the basic instruction type. Other fields may give the type of the operands, the addressing mode, and so on. There may also be special instructions that are contained in the opcode itself. These instructions are called immediates.

Processor designs can be different in other ways. Different instructions may or may not have the same length. Having all instructions with the same length can simplify the design.

Example
The MIPS architecture has instructions which are 32 bits long. This section has examples of code. The general type of instruction is in the op (operation) field. It is the highest 6 bits. J-type (jump) and I-type (immediate) instructions are fully given by op. R-type (register) instructions include the field funct. It determines the exact operation of the code. The fields used in these types are:

    6      5     5     5     5      6 bits
 [  op  |  rs |  rt |  rd |shamt| funct]  R-type
 [  op  |  rs |  rt | address/immediate]  I-type
 [  op  |        target address        ]  J-type

rs, rt, and rd indicate register operands. shamt gives a shift amount. The address or immediate fields contain an operand directly.

Example: add the registers 1 and 2. Place the result in register 6. It is encoded:

 [  op  |  rs |  rt |  rd |shamt| funct]
     0     1     2     6     0     32     decimal
  000000 00001 00010 00110 00000 100000   binary

Load a value into register 8. Take it from the memory cell 68 cells after the location listed in register 3:

 [  op  |  rs |  rt | address/immediate]
    35     3     8           68           decimal
  100011 00011 01000 00000 00001 000100   binary

Jump to the address 1024:

 [  op  |        target address        ]
     2                 1024               decimal
  000010 00000 00000 00000 10000 000000   binary

Related pages
 Binary numeral system
 Quantum computers
 Instruction set
Reduced instruction set computer

Other websites

 Machine Code -Citizendium

References

Computer architecture
Programming languages

Machine code


Les Six (pronounced "Le sees") is French for "The Six". Les Six were a group of six French composers who were friends around the year 1920. They were young at the time, and they shared a lot of ideas about music. The composer Erik Satie called them "Les Nouveaux Jeunes", but then a man called Henri Collet called them "Les Six" in an article he was writing, and that name was always used for them after that.

In their music they tried to be different from Richard Wagner and other composers of Romantic music, and different from Debussy and Ravel who had been writing Impressionistic music. They also wanted to write in a simple way instead of using complicated rhythms such as those of Stravinsky or twelve tone music like Arnold Schoenberg. Many of their pieces were quite short. They liked strong, masculine music, especially jazz.

The six composers did not stay together for very long as they soon developed their own personal styles in their compositions.

Members

 Georges Auric (1899–1983) wrote lots of rhythmic music which had lots of energy. He wrote music for movies.
 Louis Durey (1888–1979) did not want to follow fashion. He used traditional ways of composing and wrote in his own, personal way.
 Arthur Honegger (1882–1955) liked chamber music and the symphony. His popular piece Pacific 231 describes a train journey on the Canadian Pacific Railway.
 Darius Milhaud (1892–1974) was a very talented composer who wrote in several different styles. Some of his music uses bitonality and polytonality (writing in two or more keys at the same time. His love of jazz can be heard in popular pieces like Le Boeuf sur le Toit which he called a cinema-symphony.
 Francis Poulenc (1899–1963) was the most famous of the six composers. He continued to write in a style which was similar to the music of the 1920s. Many of his pieces are often performed today, e.g. Gloria, his ballet Les Biches, some of his chamber music and many songs.
 Germaine Tailleferre (1892–1983) was the only female in the group. She liked to use dance rhythms. She was the only member of Les Six to earn diplomas from the Paris Conservatory. She loved children and animals and wrote many works about them. She also wrote operas, concertos, and many works for the piano.

After 1920

It was really only in 1920 that all six composers were together. They had all been inspired by Jean Cocteau and Eric Satie. By 1921 Louis Durey had already left the group. Les Six continued to be associated with the style of French music from around the 1920s. They still remained friends, and used to visit a bar known as "La Gaya" which became Le Boeuf sur le Toit (The Ox on the Roof): the title of Milhaud's ballet. The group published an album of piano pieces together called "Album des Six". Five of the members worked together on the music for Cocteau's work Les Mariés de la Tour Eiffel

The name "The Six" was a reference to the group of Russian composers who had been known as "The Five".

20th-century French composers

Les Six


Edward VIII (Edward Albert Christian George Andrew Patrick David; later The Duke o Windsor; 23 Juin 1894 – 28 Mey 1972) wis Keeng o the Unitit Kinrick an the Dominions o the Breetish Commonweel, an Emperor o Indie, frae 20 Januar tae 11 December 1936.

Edward wis the eldest son o Keeng George V an Queen Mary. He wis creatit Prince o Wales on his saxteent birthday. As a young man, he served in the Breetish Airmed Forces durin the First Warld War an unnerteuk several foreign tours on behauf o his faither.

Edward acame king when his faither died in early 1936. He showed impatience wi coort protocol, an politeecians wur concerned bi his apparent disregard for established constitutional conventions. Anly months intae his reign, he caused a constitutional crisis bi proposin marriage tae the American socialite Wallis Simpson, who haed divorced her first husband an wis seekin a divorce frae her seicont. The prime meenisters o the Unitit Kinrick an the Dominions opposed the marriage, arguin that the fowk wad never accept a divorced woman wi twa livin ex-husbands as queen. Addeetionally, sic a marriage wad hae conflicted wi Edward's status as heid o the Kirk o Ingland, which opposed the remarriage o divorced fowk if thair umwhile spooses wur still alive. Edward knew that the govrenment led bi Breetish Prime Meenister Stanley Baldwin wad resign if the marriage went ahead, which coud hae dragged the king intae a general election an wad ruin his status as a poleetically neutral constitutional monarch. Choosin nae tae end his relationship wi Simpson, Edward abdicatit. He wis succeedit bi his younger brither Albert, who chose the regnal name George VI. Wi a reign o 326 days, Edward wis ane o the shortest-reignin monarchs in Breetish an Commonweel history. He wis never crowned.

Efter his abdication, he wis gien the title Duke o Windsor. He mairit Simpson in Fraunce on 3 Juin 1937, efter her seicont divorce acame final. Later that year, the couple toured Germany. Durin the Seicont World War, he wis at first stationed wi the Breetish Militar Mission tae Fraunce but, efter private accusations that he held Nazi sympathies, he wis assigned tae the Bahamas as the islands' Govrenor. Efter the war, he wis never gien anither offeecial appointment an spent the remainder o his life in retirement in Fraunce.

1894 births
1972 daiths

Alumni o Magdalen College, Oxford
Breetish Airmy personnel o Warld War I
Breetish field marshals
Breetish govrenors o the Bahamas
Daiths frae cancer in Fraunce
Dukes o Cornwall
Monarchs that abdicatit
Dukes o Rothsay
Emperors o Indie
Inglis memoirists
Grenadier Guards officers
Heids o state o Canadae
Heids o state o New Zealand
Hoose o Windsor
Breetish emigrants tae Fraunce
Knichts Grand Commander o the Order o the Indian Empire
Knichts Grand Commander o the Order o the Starn o Indie
Knichts o Juistice o the Order o St John
Knichts o St Patrick
Knichts o the Gairten
Knichts Grand Cross o the Order o St. Olav
Knichts o the Gowden Fleesh
Marshals o the Ryal Air Force
Members o the Queen's Privy Cooncil for Canadae
Attemptit assassination survivors
Monarchs o Australie
Monarchs o Sooth Africae
Monarchs o the Unitit Kinrick
Fowk frae Richmond, Lunnon
Fowk o the Victorian era
Princes o the Unitit Kinrick
Princes o Wales
Protestant monarchs
Recipients o the Militar Cross
Grand Crosses o the Order o the Condor o the Andes
Grand Crosses o the Order o the Sun o Peru
Recipients o the Ryal Victorian Cheen
Ryal Fellaes o the Ryal Society
Ryal Navy admirals o the fleet
Recipients o the Hoose Order o the Wendish Croun
Honorary Fellows o the Ryal Society o Edinburgh
Edward VIII abdication creesis
2

Edward VIII


Guerin, Garin, Warin, or Werner ( or Guarnarius; died 845 or 856) was the Count of Auvergne, Chalon, Mâcon, Autun, Arles and Duke of Provence, Burgundy, and Toulouse. Guerin established the region against the Saracens from a base of Marseille and fortified Chalon-sur-Saône (834). He took part in many campaigns during the civil wars that marked the reign of Louis the Pious (814–840) and after his death until the Treaty of Verdun (843). The primary sources for his life are charters and chronicles like the Vita Hludovici.

There is a good deal of confusion amongst authors over the exact identity of this person. He has been allocated as a son of William of Gellone and his second wife Guitbergis (or Vuithbergis) on the basis of the Liber Manualis of Dhuoda, wife of Bernard of Septimania, one of William's sons by his first wife. Otherwise, he has been recently hypothesised as the son or grandson of Adalard, Count of Chalon, who defended that site against Waifer of Aquitaine. Warin was thus Count of Chalon by heredity or by grateful gift of the king on account of his father's service. This latter theory hinges on the assumption that there were two Guerins who have been subsequently confused: Guerin I and his son Guerin II. Neither descent from William of Gellone nor the two persons hypothesis are universally accepted. His proximity, in extant documents of the time, to Bernard of Septimania has been used as evidence for a relationship to that family, as has the existence of a related "Count Guerin" in later charters of the 850s and 860s. Guerin has been suggested as a brother of Bernard I of Auvergne, whose relationships are unknown.

In 818, Louis the Pious granted him the Auvergne, probably because of a connection of his wife's, for she was possibly the daughter of the previous count Ithier. In 825, he received the town of Cluny from Hildebald, Bishop of Mâcon, in an exchange.

In 819, he and Berengar of Toulouse invaded Gascony to put down a rebellion of Lupus III Centule, as recorded by both the Annales regni Francorum and the Vita Hludowici. By 820, Gascony was pacified and Carolingian authority restored, but not across the Pyrenees in Navarre.

On 24 July 840 in Strasbourg, Lothair precipitated a new civil war by declaring his imperium over all the lands of the empire and, joining with his nephew Pepin II of Aquitaine, attacked the Loire Valley. While Ermenaud III of Auxerre, Arnulf of Sens, Audri of Autun, and Gerard II of Paris pledged themselves for Lothair, Guerin and Adalbert of Avallon remained with Charles the Bald. In March 841, the Burgundians faithful to Charles accompanied Guerin to Aquitaine, from which they expelled Lothair and Pepin. In May, Guerin, as dux cum Tolosanis et Provincianis, joined Charles and the king of Bavaria, Louis the German, at Châlons-sur-Marne. In June, Pepin finally joined with Lothair in Auxerre. On 25 June 841, Lothair and Pepin initiated the ensuing Battle of Fontenay and had the upper hand until the arrival of Guerin and his army of Provençals turned the tide in favour of Charles.

Charles sent Guerin to expel Bernard of Septimania from Toulouse in 842 and then against Gothia in 843. After the Treaty of Verdun in August that year, he was the dux and marchio in Provence under Lothair. He may have inherited that office from Leibulf around 829. In 844, he received Autun, which had been stripped from Bernard's heir William. The French historian Pierre Andoque asserts that Bernard was captured in 843 by Guerin in Uzès and brought before Charles to be executed in 844. He was succeeded in 845 by Fulcrad as duke, with Marseille going to a count Adalbert.

Guerin married Albane (or Ava) and was the father of Isembard, Count of Autun, and perhaps of Ermengarde mother of William I, Duke of Aquitania.

Notes

Sources

Guinard, P. Recherches sur les origines des seigneurs de Semur-en-Brionnais. Semur-en-Brionnais, 1996.

Counts of Auvergne
Counts of Chalon
Counts of Mâcon
Counts of Autun
Counts of Arles
Dukes of Provence
Dukes of Burgundy
Counts of Toulouse
9th-century dukes in Europe
9th-century deaths
Year of birth unknown
Year of death uncertain
Nobility of the Carolingian Empire

Guerin of Provence


A video game mod is a change made to a video game. The word mod is short for modification. A mod can be a change to any part of a game, including how it sounds, how it plays, the way it looks, or anything else. They are usually created by fans of a game instead of the people who made the original game. Mods are usually put on the internet for free when they are released.

Mods can be as small or as large as the creators want it to be. They can be minor bug fixes, or they can change so many things that they become a completely different game. Large mods like that are sometimes called total conversions. Some popular examples of total conversion mods that became separate video games are Counter-Strike, Team Fortress, and Killing Floor.

Mods can help a game become more famous and successful. Many people think that good mods can make a game more fun and interesting than the original. Some video game companies saw this and decided to give mod creators tools to help them make even more mods. Examples of companies that have done this are id Software, Valve Corporation, Mojang AB, and Bethesda Softworks.

Sometimes, a mod of a game might become just as popular as the original game, or more popular. When this happens, the word vanilla is often used to talk about the original game without mods.

References

Video games

Mod (video games)


This is a list of rivers, which are at least partially in Liechtenstein.

 Rhine/Rhein, flows into the North Sea. It forms most the country's border with Switzerland.

 Samina River/Saminabach, flows into the Ill. It starts in Liechtenstein and continues into Austria.

Liechtenstein
Liechtenstein

List of rivers of Liechtenstein


In computer science Language Of Temporal Ordering Specification (LOTOS) is a formal specification language based on temporal ordering of events. LOTOS is used for communications protocol specification in International Organization for Standardization (ISO) Open Systems Interconnection model (OSI) standards.

LOTOS is an algebraic language that consists of two parts: a part for the description of data and operations, based on abstract data types, and a part for the description of concurrent processes, based on process calculus.

Work on the standard was completed in 1988, and it was published as ISO 8807 in 1989. Between 1993 and 2001, an ISO committee worked to define a revised version of the LOTOS standard, which was published in 2001 as E-LOTOS.

See also
 Formal methods
 List of ISO standards
 CADP
 E-LOTOS
 Process calculus

References

 ISO/IEC international standard 8807:1989. Information Processing Systems - Open Systems Interconnection - LOTOS: A Formal Description Technique based on the Temporal Ordering of Observational Behaviour. Geneva, September 1989.
 The Formal Description Technique LOTOS, P.H.J. van Eijk et al., editors, North-Holland, 1989.
 LOTOSphere: Software Development with LOTOS, Tommaso Bolognesi, Jeroen van de Lagemaat, and Chris Vissers, editors, Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1995.
 Hubert Garavel, Frédéric Lang, and Wendelin Serwe, From LOTOS to LNT. In Joost-Pieter Katoen, Rom Langerak, and Arend Rensink, editors, ModelEd, TestEd, TrustEd - Essays Dedicated to Ed Brinksma on the Occasion of His 60th Birthday, vol. 10500 of Lecture Notes in Computer Science, pages 3–26, Springer International Publishing, October 2017, doi 10.1007/978-3-319-68270-9_1.

External links

World-wide Environment for Learning LOTOS (WELL)
Tutorials for LOTOS (see section 3)
 LOTOS in the RKBExplorer

Process calculi
Formal methods
Formal specification languages
Concurrency (computer science)
Theoretical computer science
Concurrency control
Synchronization


Frequency response is a measure of the range of bass, mid-range, and treble that your speakers can reproduce with clarity. The wider the frequency range, the more dynamic sound you'll hear.

Systems respond differently to inputs of different frequencies. Some systems may amplify frequencies of certain range and attenuate the other frequencies. The way that the system output is related to the input for different frequencies is called frequency response. Frequency response means a graph where can be seen how something changes in different sound frequency. It is typically used in loudspeakers. Also audio crossovers way to function can be shown with frequency response.

The frequency response will be represented by two numbers and measured in Hertz (Hz) which is the unit of measurement for one frequency cycle. The first number represents the lowest bass frequency while the second number indicates the highest high-frequency an audio product can produce.

Other websites

Sound

Frequency response


The Invitation to William was a letter sent by seven famous Englishmen. They were later named the Immortal Seven. They sent this letter to William III, Prince of Orange, received by him on 30 June 1688 (Julian calendar, 10 July Gregorian calendar). In England a Catholic male heir to the throne, James Francis Edward Stuart, had been born. The letter asked William to force the ruling king, his father-in-law James II of England to make William's Protestant wife Mary, James's oldest daughter, the heir. This might possibly be done by saying that the newborn Prince of Wales was not really James' son.

The letter told William that if he were to land in England with a small army, they would rise up and support him. The Invitation shortly told him about their complaints against King James. They said that the King's son was not really the King's son and that the English people generally believed him to be false. They complained that William had sent a letter to James congratulating him on the birth of his son. It was carried to William in The Hague by Rear Admiral Arthur Herbert (the later Lord Torrington) disguised as a common sailor. It was read by a secret code.

The invitation made William decide to carry out his existing plans to land with a large Dutch army. This ended in the Glorious Revolution.  James was allowed to escape and was replaced by William and Mary as joint rulers.

The signatories
Those who signed the invitation were:
The Earl of Danby
The Earl of Shrewsbury
The Earl of Devonshire
The Viscount Lumley
The Bishop of London (Henry Compton)
Edward Russell
Henry Sydney (who wrote the Invitation)

References
 Ashley, Maurice, The Glorious Revolution of 1688, Charles Scribner's Sons, New York 1966.  .
 Harris, Tim, Revolution: The Great Crisis of the British Monarchy, 1685–1720, Penguin Books, Ltd., 2006.  .

Other websites

17th century in England
1688
1680s in Europe

Invitation to William


An explosion is a fast increase in volume and increase in energy made available.  It normally makes high temperatures and makes gases. Many natural events can make explosions, such as lightning, volcanic eruptions, meteors, and supernovae. People make explosions mostly by using chemical explosive materials.

A chemical explosion starts pressure waves in the medium where it happens.  Explosions are categorized as deflagrations if the pressure waves are subsonic and detonations if they are supersonic.  When a detonation happens, the resulting pressure waves are named shock waves.

Unintentional explosions
Unintentional explosions can be caused when chemicals are mixed together, or when pressurized containers or flammable materials are heated or exposed to flames. To cause an explosion, pressure does not have to be present but is always a result of an explosion.

Several safety measures are used to prevent unintentional explosions.  Many countries require that chemicals, fuels, and pressurized containers that may explode be labelled with warning labels.  As well, many countries have regulations restricting the possession and use of potentially explosive materials so they will only go to appropriate industrial and research uses.  Transportation regulations require potentially explosive chemicals, fuels, and pressurized containers to be transported safely.

Intentional explosions
Intentional explosions are caused when armies fire artillery or when air forces drop bombs on enemies.  Military engineers handle explosives and arrange intentional explosions during wartime.  Intentional explosions are also used by civilians in demolition.  They break up old and obsolete buildings and bridges, and break rock and stone for construction.  Explosions are made for activities such as mining, construction, and large-scale civil engineering projects such as building tunnels, roads, railways, and dams.

Related pages
Explosion protection

Safety
Military

Explosion


James Hepburn Campbell (February 8, 1820 – April 12, 1895) was an Opposition Party and Republican member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Pennsylvania.

Biography
James Hepburn Campbell was born in Williamsport, Pennsylvania.  He graduated from the law department of Dickinson College in Carlisle, Pennsylvania, in 1841.  He was admitted to the bar the same year and commenced practice in Pottsville, Pennsylvania.  In 1842, he married author Juliet Hamersley Lewis, the daughter of Judge Ellis Lewis, Pennsylvania Attorney General and Chief Justice of the Pennsylvania Supreme Court.  Campbell was a delegate to the 1844 Whig National Convention.

Campbell was elected as an Opposition Party candidate to the Thirty-fourth Congress.  He was an unsuccessful candidate for reelection in 1856 to the Thirty-fifth Congress.  He was again elected as a Republican to the Thirty-sixth and Thirty-seventh Congresses.  He was not a candidate for renomination in 1862.

During the American Civil War, Campbell served as major of the Twenty-fifth Regiment of Pennsylvania Infantry.  He was appointed Minister to Sweden by President Abraham Lincoln in May 1864 and served until March 29, 1867.  He declined the diplomatic mission to Colombia in 1867.  He located in Philadelphia in 1867 and continued the practice of law.  He died on his estate "Aeola," near Wayne, Pennsylvania, in 1895.  He was interred in Woodlands Cemetery in Philadelphia.

References
 Retrieved on 2008-02-14
The Political Graveyard
 James H. Campbell Papers, 1861-1866, William L. Clements Library, University of Michigan

1820 births
1895 deaths
Burials at The Woodlands Cemetery
Politicians from Williamsport, Pennsylvania
Opposition Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Pennsylvania
Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Pennsylvania
Ambassadors of the United States to Sweden
Pennsylvania lawyers
Politicians from Delaware County, Pennsylvania
Politicians from Pottsville, Pennsylvania
Union Army officers
19th-century American diplomats
19th-century American politicians
19th-century American lawyers
Military personnel from Pennsylvania

James Hepburn Campbell


Thomas Pollock Anshutz (October 5, 1851 – June 16, 1912) was an American painter and teacher. Known for his portraiture and genre scenes, Anshutz was a co-founder of The Darby School. One of Thomas Eakins's most prominent students, he succeeded Eakins as director of drawing and painting classes at the Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts.

Personal life and education

Thomas Anshutz was born in Newport, Kentucky in 1851. He grew up in Newport and Wheeling, West Virginia. His early art instruction took place at the National Academy of Design in the early 1870s, where he studied under Lemuel Wilmarth. In 1875, he moved to Philadelphia and studied with Thomas Eakins at the Philadelphia Sketch Club, beginning a close association between the two. In 1892 Anshutz married Effie Shriver Russell. The two spent their honeymoon in Paris, where Anshutz attended classes at Académie Julian. In 1893 they returned  to Philadelphia. Later in his life he proclaimed himself a socialist. He retired from teaching in the fall of 1911 due to poor health and died on June 16, 1912.

Career

Association with Eakins and The Ironworkers' Noontime

In 1876, Anshutz enrolled as a student at the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts, the same year Thomas Eakins began teaching there.  Eakins was Chief Demonstrator of Anatomy and Christian Schussele was Professor of Drawing and Painting. In 1878 Anshutz became Eakins's assistant, eventually succeeding Eakins as Chief Demonstrator when Eakins was promoted to Professor of Drawing and Painting. In 1880, while still a student, Anshutz completed his first major work, The Ironworkers' Noontime.

The Ironworkers' Noontime, Anshutz's most well known painting, depicts twenty-or-so workers on their break in the yard of a foundry. Painted near Wheeling, West Virginia, it is conceived in a naturalistic style similar to that of Eakins, although Eakins never painted industrial subjects. The piece was exhibited at the Philadelphia Sketch Club in 1881 and compared to Eakins's work by art critics. Art historian Randall C. Griffin has written of it: "One of the first American paintings to depict the bleakness of factory life, The Ironworkers' Noontime appears to be a clear indictment of industrialization. Its brutal candor startled critics, who saw it as unexpectedly confrontational—a chilling industrial snapshot not the least picturesque or sublime." It is now in the collection of the Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco.

Around 1880, Eakins became involved in photography, incorporating it into his classes and using it as a tool for his artwork. Anshutz and other students at the academy started to make use of the camera, posing models and making prints for study. Anshutz participated in Eakins's The Naked Series, photographing nude models in seven pre-defined standing poses. He modeled for Eakins himself, along with colleagues such as J. Laurie Wallace and Covington Few Seiss, who would pose outdoors nude, often wrestling, swimming and boxing. Eadweard Muybridge eventually made his way to Philadelphia and Anshutz and Eakins helped build Muybridge's zoopraxiscope.

Loincloth incident

Eakins was forced to resign from the academy in an 1886 scandal that was sparked by his use of a fully nude male model in front of either an all-female or a mixed-male-and-female class. Anshutz did not defend his mentor; he co-signed a letter to the Philadelphia Sketch Club: "We hereby charge Mr. Thoms Eakins with conduct unworthy of a gentleman & discreditable to this organization & ask his expulsion from the club."

Maturity
Anshutz was promoted to Eakins's position at the academy. Anshutz would briefly travel to Europe, focusing primarily on his teaching in Philadelphia. Numerous artists studied under Anshutz, including Elizabeth Sparhawk-Jones, George Luks, Charles Demuth, John Sloan, Charles Sheeler, Everett Shinn, John Marin, William Glackens, Robert Henri and Margaret Taylor Fox. As a teacher, Anshutz, according to art historian Sanford Schwartz, "was known as much for his approachability as his sarcasm, which apparently wasn't of the withering variety."

The Anshutz family regularly vacationed in Holly Beach, New Jersey which served as a creative place for the painter. There he experimented with watercolors, bright color palette, and simple compositions. He also photographed the natural environment, utilizing the images as studies for paintings, specifically Holly Beach and trips down the Delaware and Maurice rivers. Although Anshutz experimented persistently with landscape painting, he was more well known for his portraiture, which won him numerous awards in the 1890s and 1900s. In 1898 he and Hugh Breckenridge co-founded the Darby School, a summer school outside of Philadelphia which emphasized plein air painting. At Darby, Anshutz created his most abstract works, a series of bright oil landscape paintings that were never exhibited. He continued to participate in the Darby School until 1910. He was elected as an Associate member of the National Academy of Design in 1910. He served as president of the Philadelphia Sketch Club.

Legacy

In 1971 Robert and Joy McCarty, who lived in the home formerly owned by the Anshutz family in Fort Washington, Pennsylvania, donated a portion of letters, glass negatives, and photographs to the Archives of American Art. A second donation from the Anshutz family took place in 1971 and 1972. The materials were microfilmed and returned to the family.

Notable collections
Boys with a Boat, Ohio River, near Wheeling, West Virginia, 1880; Smithsonian American Art Museum
Dissecting Room, ca. 1879; Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts
Two Boys by a Boat, 1895; Carnegie Museum of Art

Gallery

References

Bibliography

Griffin, Randall C. (2004). Homer, Eakins, & Anshutz: The Search for American Identity in the Gilded Age. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press.
Schwartz, Sanford (1982). The Art Presence. New York: Horizon Press.
Sullivan, Mark.  "Pennsylvania Impressionism." Encyclopedia of Greater Philadelphia, online at philadelphiaencyclopedia.org.

External links

 Thomas Anshutz at American Art Gallery

1851 births
1912 deaths
People from Newport, Kentucky
Painters from Philadelphia
19th-century American painters
American male painters
20th-century American painters
Académie Julian alumni
American landscape painters
American socialists
American arts administrators
Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts alumni
Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts faculty
Students of Thomas Eakins
Kentucky socialists
Pennsylvania socialists
West Virginia socialists
19th-century American male artists
20th-century American male artists

Thomas Pollock Anshutz


Q... is a surreal television comedy sketch show written by Spike Milligan and Neil Shand, and starring Spike Milligan with supporting players, usually including Julia Breck, John Bluthal, Bob Todd, and John Wells.  The show ran from 1969 to 1982 on BBC2. There were six series in all, the first five numbered from Q5 to Q9, and a final series titled There's a Lot of It About. The first and third series ran for seven episodes, and the others for six episodes, each of which was 30 minutes long.

Various reasons have been suggested for the title. One possibility is that it was inspired by the project to construct the Cunard liner QE2, launched in September 1967, which was previously codenamed Q4. Another theory is that Milligan was inspired by the BBC 6-point technical quality scale of the time, where "Q5" was severe degradation to picture or sound, and "Q6" was complete loss of sound or vision. This was extended by some engineering departments to a 9-point scale, finishing at "Q9". According to Milligan's autobiography, the final series was renamed There's a Lot of It About after the BBC felt the public might find Q10 too confusing.

Forerunner in comedy
Though many found it to be more "hit and miss" than Milligan's earlier work, especially The Goon Show, it is considered by many to be one of the landmarks in British comedy. In particular Q5, which first aired on 24 March 1969, and with its surreal bent and almost stream-of-consciousness format is seen by many as a forerunner to Monty Python's Flying Circus, which debuted a few months later. The Pythons themselves remember that, having seen Q5, they had been forced to scurry around for a new hook for their series, as the format they had been intending to use had now already been done. Michael Palin recalls "Terry Jones and I adored the Q... shows...[Milligan] was the first writer to play with the conventions of television."

Scudamore (1985, p. 170) cites one interview with the Pythons in which John Cleese said: "Shows prepare the way for other shows, and sometimes shows that make genuine breakthroughs are missed. Spike Milligan's Q5 was missed...when we first saw Q5 we were very depressed because we thought it was what we wanted to do and Milligan was doing it brilliantly. But nobody really noticed Q5". Terry Jones, Michael Palin and Terry Gilliam concurred. Jones noted that "watching Q5, we almost felt as if our guns had been Spiked! We had been writing quickies or sketches for some three years and they always had a beginning, a middle and a tag line. Suddenly, watching Spike Milligan, we realized that they didn't have to be like that".

Also, in the Pythons' (2004) autobiography, Cleese cites a conversation between himself and Terry Jones: "We both happened to watch Spike Milligan's Q5, and one or the other of us phoned up and said kind of jokingly but also rather anxiously, 'I thought that's what we were supposed to be doing?' And the other one said, 'That's what I thought too.' We felt that Spike had got to where we were trying to get to, but if you'd asked us the previous day, we couldn't have described very well what that was. However, when we saw it on the screen we recognised it, and in a way the fact that Spike had gone there probably enabled us to go a little bit further than we would otherwise have gone" (p. 191).

In the Python autobiography, Michael Palin mentions meeting their directors. "One was Ian MacNaughton, director of the Spike Milligan Q5 series which we all thought was one of the best comedy shows on TV and certainly the most far ahead..." (p. 218). He describes himself and Terry Jones as being so impressed with the Q... show that they specifically sought out McNaughton to direct their own series.

Development
While Flying Circus had four series between 1969 and 1974, because of Milligan's tempestuous relationship with the BBC, he had to wait until 1975 for his second series, Q6, to be commissioned. The series continued sporadically after this. Q7 appeared in 1978, Q8 shortly after in 1979 (two years before the Kuwait Petroleum Corporation registered the trademark; the TV series' opening credits showed the characters 'Q8' being formed from the word 'Kuwait'), Q9 in 1980 and There's a Lot of It About in 1982. Milligan resented the BBC for the cold attitude they took towards the series in comparison with series like Flying Circus, and always maintained that, given the opportunity, he would have produced more.  The shows were written by Milligan and his writing collaborator Neil Shand, with occasional episodes (especially in later years) giving "additional contribution" credit to any or all of David Renwick, Andrew Marshall, and John Antrobus.

Q gave centre stage to Milligan's freeform surreal wit. The sketches came thick and fast, running into one another, making outrageous leaps from one subject or location to another and often stopping with no apparent conclusion. Even the costumes were madcap and contradictory – in some episodes each of them still bore its BBC Wardrobe Department tag – and Milligan seemed to have a fondness for large noses and hats.

However, Milligan was criticised for his tendency to make racially charged jokes, especially regarding Jews and Pakistanis, and the series as a whole was decidedly risqué even by the standards of the 1970s – almost every episode featured an appearance by the scantily-clad, huge-breasted "glamour stooge" Julia Breck.

Episodes

Archive status

34 of the 38 "Q" episodes still exist.  Through the mid-1970s, the BBC had a policy of wiping master copies of previously aired shows in order to reuse the videotape, or disposing of master videotapes altogether in order to reduce storage costs.  This affected series Q5, as four of the seven episodes are now lost, and another two exist as black-and-white telerecordings only.  However, all of Q6 exists, as does all of Q7, Q8, Q9 and There's a Lot of It About.

Only three episodes of Q5 still exist. Episodes 2 and 3 both survive as 16mm black and white tele-recordings. Episode 4 exists in colour in its original form, and a few short clips from this colour episode appeared on the documentary Heroes of Comedy: Spike Milligan, and again on BBC4's "Assorted Q" in December 2014.

In 2022, film rolls containing sketches from one of the missing Q5 episodes were discovered in Spike Milligan's personal archive during the making of a documentary about him.

Guests
Most of the episodes featured a relatively 'straight' musical interlude, sometimes performed by Milligan himself, or his collaborators Ed Welch or Alan Clare at the piano. There were also appearances by jazz groups, ragtime bands, singer-songwriters and the Mike Sammes Singers, who received custard pies in their faces at the end of one performance. Some of the musical clips were included in the BBC Four series Jazz Britannia.

Regular cast members
Julia Breck
John Bluthal
Alan Clare
Jeannette Charles
Robert Dorning
Linzi Drew
Richard Ingrams
Peter Jones
David Lodge
Chris Langham
David Rappaport
Keith Smith
Stella Tanner
Bob Todd
Rita Webb
John Wells

Home releases
Volume One (containing the first three series) was released on 21 November 2016, Followed by Volume Two (containing the fourth and fifth series) which was released on 27 February 2017.

A 5-disc DVD Collection (consisting the complete second to fifth series, along with all 3 surviving episodes of the first) was released on 20 November 2017.

Notes and references

Further reading
Carpenter, Humphrey. Spike Milligan: The Biography. London, Hodder and Stoughton. 2003.

External links
 Comedy Guide

A tribute to Spike Milligan's Q series

BBC television sketch shows
British black comedy television shows
1960s British television sketch shows
British surreal comedy television series
Q (Spike Milligan series)
1970s British television sketch shows
1980s British television sketch shows
1969 British television series debuts
1982 British television series endings

Q... (TV series)


Charles Edward Ives (October 30, 1874 – May 19, 1954) was an American composer.   He experimented with new ways of composing which many people did not understand at the time. These became more widely used later in the century.  He used dissonant (harsh) sounding intervals and techniques such as polytonality (playing in several keys at once), polyrhythms (several rhythms at once) and polytextures (several textures at once).  Very few people listened to his music at the time he was writing it.  Only much later did musicians  start to realize the importance of his work.   Ives earned his living as an insurance agent.  He composed in his spare time.

Life

Early years

Charles Ives was born in Danbury, Connecticut.  His father George Ives was a U.S. Army bandleader in the American Civil War.  His mother was a singer.  His father taught him a great deal about the music and encouraged him to experiment with new sounds.  As well as teaching him counterpoint and introducing him to the music of  J.S.Bach  he trained his son's musical ear by getting him to sing a tune in one key while he played the accompaniment in another.  In this way the young Charles became used to modern sounds that were quite different from traditional, Romantic music.  Charles also listened in Danbury town square to his father's marching band and other bands that were playing on other sides of the square, so that he heard a mixture of several pieces of music at the same time.  His father also taught him the music of Stephen Foster.

Ives became a church organist at the age of 14 and wrote various hymns and songs for church services, including his Variations on 'America' .  At the same time he also enjoyed sport and was good at baseball, football and tennis.

Ives spent four years at Yale University.  His teacher Horatio Parker was very good and taught him important basic techniques of composing, but he could not understand some of things that Ives was writing in his music.  Ives got annoyed when his teacher told him he could not finish a section of music on a dissonant chord, but Ives liked it like that.   The choirmaster at the Centre Church where Ives played the organ was John Griggs.  He had more understanding of what Ives was trying to do.  It was a terrible blow to Charles when his father died on 4 November 1894.  He always had a huge admiration for his father who had encouraged him in his musical experiments.  Charles kept busy composing.  He did not do any sport at Yale because his father had forbidden him to take part in sport so that he would spend his time on studying.  By the time Charles graduated he had composed more than 40 songs, several marches, overtures, anthems and organ pieces, a string quartet and a symphony.  However, most people thought of him as the composer of a simple waltz tune called The Bells of Yale.

Adult years

After his studies at Yale Ives continued to work as a church organist while working for an insurance firm.   He was very good at his job and became very well known in the insurance business.  Some of his business friends were often surprised to find out that he was also a composer.

In 1907, Ives had his first "heart attack".  These attacks may have been more to do with his imagination.  When he was better he composed more than ever before.  He married in 1908.  After several heart attacks in 1918 he composed very little.  He stopped composing altogether in 1926.  His health problems continued, and he retired from the insurance business in 1930.  He spent some time revising works he had written early, but never wrote any more new pieces.

Ives died in 1954 in New York City at 12:32 PM.

His music

Ives published more than 100 of his songs.  He was a very good pianist and the piano parts are often quite difficult.  They include bitonality and pantonality.. Although he is now best known for his orchestral music, he composed two string quartets and other chamber music. His organ piece Variations on "America" (1891), takes the tune My Country, 'Tis of Thee (which is the same tune as God Save the Queen )  and changes it in several amusing variations, using a march, a ragtime and bitonality. it was not published until 1949.  The variations differ sharply: a running line, a set of close harmonies, a march, a polonaise, and a ragtime allegro; the interludes are one of the first uses of bitonality.

His Symphony Number 1 was fairly traditional, but Symphony Number 2 is much more modern sounding, even ending with a dissonant chord with 11 notes.

In 1902 he gave up his organ job.  He left all his best anthems and organ music in the church library, and these were thrown out in 1915 when the church moved so most of them are lost.

Central Park in the Dark
Central Park in the Dark is a piece for orchestra which describes the mysterious, quiet park and then sounds of music coming from nearby nightclubs in Manhattan (playing the popular music of the day, ragtime, quoting Hello My Baby and even Sousa's Washington Post March).

The Unanswered Question
Perhaps the piece which is most often heard today is the short fanfare  The Unanswered Question (1908), written for the very unusual combination of trumpet, four flutes, and string orchestra. The strings, playing from behind the stage, play very slow, chorale-like music throughout the piece while several times the trumpet (playing from behind the audience) plays a short group of notes that Ives described as "the eternal question of existence". Each time the trumpet is answered with harsh outbursts from the flutes (onstage) — apart from the last one.  That is the question that is left unanswered.  Musicians often have discussions about what the real meaning of the piece is.

Orchestral and Piano works
Another well-known orchestral work is Three Places in New England.   His best-known piano work is his Concord Sonata.  Ives often liked to quote bits of other pieces, and in this piano sonata he quotes the famous opening of  Beethoven's Fifth Symphony. It also has an interesting example of one of Ives' experiments: in the second movement, he tells the pianist to use a 14¾ in (37.5 cm) piece of wood to make a thick but soft  cluster chord.  The sonata is one of the best piano works of the 20th century.

Fourth Symphony
One of his most interesting works is the his Fourth Symphony (1910–16) written for a huge orchestra.  The last movement is like a fight between discord and traditional tonal music. The piece ends quietly with just the percussion playing at a distance.  This symphony seems to say everything that Ives had been trying to do in music.  It was not until 1965 that a complete performance of the symphony was given.

Reputation
Ives music only gradually began to get well known during the 1930s and into the 1940s.  Schoenberg recognized his importance.  In 1951, Leonard Bernstein conducted the first performance of Ives' Second Symphony in a broadcast concert by the New York Philharmonic Orchestra.  He recorded a lot of his music and even played some in a television programme for young people.

Other websites
The Charles Ives Society

1874 births
1954 deaths
20th-century American composers
Grammy Award winners
Musicians from Connecticut
Yale University alumni

Charles Ives


A contactor is an electric device to switch an electric circuit. It is controlled electrically for it to switch on or switch off the circuit. It has a relatively high current rating. The control circuit usually has much lower power level than the switched circuit.

Related pages
 Relay

Electricity

Contactor


The Disciples of Christ are an American Christian denomination of churches, which began in the 1800s. Disciples churches welcome members of other churches, and members of the public, to their services. Their most famous slogan is "We are not the only Christians; we are Christians only."

Protestantism

pl:Kościoły Chrystusowe

Disciples of Christ


Dorothy Bryant (1930–2017) was an American novelist, playwright, essayist and feminist writer.

Bryant was known for her mystical, feminist and fantastic novels and plays that traverse the space between the real world and her character's inner psyche or soul.  Her book The Kin of Ata Are Waiting for You was described by Alice Walker as "One of my favorite books in all the world."

Personal and professional life
Dorothy Bryant was born in San Francisco in 1930, second daughter of Joe and Giuditta Calvetti, both born in Balangero, a factory town near Turin, Italy, and brought to the United States as children. Bryant became the first in her family to graduate from college, and she earned her living teaching (high school and college) until 1976. She began writing in 1960 and published a dozen books of fiction and non-fiction. Her plays have been performed in the Bay Area and beyond.

Works

Fiction
Ella Price's Journal (1972, J. B. Lippincott, reprinted 1973 by Signet Books)
The Kin of Ata Are Waiting for You (1976)
Miss Giardino (1976)
The Garden of Eros (1979)
Prisoners (1980)
Killing Wonder (1981)
A Day in San Francisco (1983)
Confessions of Madame Psyche (1986) (American Book Award winner 1987)
The Test (1991)
Anita, Anita (1994)
The Berkeley Pit (2007)

Non-fiction
 Writing a Novel (1983)
 Myths to Lie By (1984)
 Literary Lynching: When Readers Censor Writers  (online)

Plays
 Dear Master (1991)
 Tea with Mister Hardy (1992)
 The Panel (1994)
 Posting for Gaugain (1997)
 The Trial of Cornelia Connelly (2003)
 Sad But Glorious Days (2003)
 Eros in Love (2006)

References

External links

1930 births
2017 deaths
American feminist writers
American women dramatists and playwrights
American women essayists
American women novelists
American women short story writers
Writers from the San Francisco Bay Area
20th-century American dramatists and playwrights
20th-century American essayists
21st-century American essayists
20th-century American novelists
21st-century American novelists
20th-century American short story writers
21st-century American short story writers
20th-century American women writers
21st-century American women writers
American writers of Italian descent
American Book Award winners

Dorothy Bryant


Pschitt is a French drink cleckit bi Perrier in 1954. The name's oreegin is the transcreeption in French o the soond made bi a Perrier bottle whan it is opent. It comes in twa sindry gusts, leemon an oranger. It is nou aucht the Neptune Group (the watter subsidiary o the Castel Group).

Ane o the auldest French saft drinks, it is conseedert ootdatit in Fraunce. Houaniver it wis re-diskivered in 2001 whan Presses Jacques Chirac uised the wird in a televeesion interview (he juist said "Pschiiiitt!").

Fremmit airtins
Neptune Group

Citrus sodas
1954 introductions

Pschitt


Snakes on a Plane is a 2006 American horror/thriller film directit bi David R. Ellis an starrin Samuel L. Jackson. It wis released bi New Line Cinema on August 18, 2006 in North Americae. The film wis written bi David Dalessandro, John Heffernan, an Sheldon Turner an follaes the events o hunders o snakes being released on a passenger plane in an attempt tae kill a trial witness.

The film gained a considerable amount o attention afore its release, formin lairge fanbases online an becomin an Internet phenomenon, due tae the film's title, castin, an premise. In response tae the Internet fan base, New Line Cinema incorporatit feedback frae online uisers intae its production, an addit five days o reshootin. Afore an efter the film wis released, it wis parodied an alludit tae on television shows an films, fan-made videos, video games, an various forms o literature.

References

2006 films
2000s action thriller films
American films
American action thriller films
2000s comedy horror films
Naitural horror films
Inglis-leid films
Aviation films
Films aboot snakes
Films set on airplanes
Films set in Hawaii
Films set in Los Angeles
Films shot in Hawaii
Films shot in Los Angeles
New Line Cinema films
Film scores bi Trevor Rabin

Snakes on a Plane


A sliotar (or sliothar) is a hard solid sphere slightly larger than a tennis ball, consisting of a cork core covered by two pieces of leather stitched together. Sometimes called a "puck" or "hurling ball", it resembles an American baseball with more pronounced stitching.  It is used in the Gaelic games of hurling, camogie, rounders and shinty.

Early sliotars used various materials, depending on the part of the country:

 hollow bronze
 wood and leather
 wood, rope and animal hair.

Sports equipment

Sliotar


Joseph Marie Alphonse Nicolas Jongen (14 December 1873 – 12 July 1953) was a Belgian organist, composer, and music educator.

Biography
Jongen was born in Liège, where his parents had moved from Flanders. On the strength of an amazing precocity for music, he was admitted to the Liège Conservatoire at the extraordinarily young age of seven, and spent the next sixteen years there. Jongen won a First Prize for Fugue in 1895, an honors diploma in piano the next year, and another for organ in 1896. In 1897, he won the Belgian Prix de Rome, which allowed him to travel to Italy, Germany and France.

He began composing at the age of 13, and immediately exhibited exceptional talent in that field too. By the time he published his Opus 1, he already had dozens of works to his credit. His monumental and massive First String Quartet was composed in 1894 and was submitted for the annual competition for fine arts held by the Royal Academy of Belgium, where it was awarded the top prize by the jury.

In 1902, he returned to his native land, and in the following year he was named a professor of harmony and counterpoint at his old Liège college. With the outbreak of World War I, he and his family moved to England, where he founded a piano quartet. When peace returned, he came back to Belgium and was named professor of fugue at the Royal Conservatory of Brussels. From 1925 until 1939, he served as director of that institution; he was succeeded by his brother Léon Jongen. Fourteen years after leaving the directorship, Joseph Jongen died at Sart-lez-Spa, Belgium.

Compositions
From his teens to his seventies Jongen composed a great deal, including symphonies, concertos (for cello, for piano and for harp), chamber music (notably a late string trio and three string quartets), and songs, some with piano, others with orchestra. (His list of opus numbers eventually reached 241, but he destroyed many pieces.) Today, the only part of his oeuvre performed with any regularity is his output for organ, much of it solo, some of it in combination with other instruments.

His monumental Symphonie Concertante of 1926 is a tour de force, considered by many to be among the greatest works ever written for organ and orchestra. Numerous eminent organists of modern times (such as Virgil Fox, Alexander Frey, Jean Guillou, Michael Murray, Diane Meredith Belcher and Olivier Latry) have championed and recorded it. The work was commissioned by Rodman Wanamaker for debut in the Grand Court of his palatial Philadelphia department store, Wanamaker's. Its intended use was for the re-dedication of the world's largest pipe organ there, the Wanamaker Organ, as part of a series of concerts Rodman Wanamaker funded with Leopold Stokowski and the Philadelphia Orchestra.  Wanamaker's death in 1928 precluded the performance of the work at that time in the venue for which it was written, but it was finally performed for the first time with the Wanamaker Organ and the Philadelphia Orchestra on 27 September 2008.

In 1945, Jongen composed the Mass, Op. 130, for choir, brass and organ, in memory of his brother Alphonse.

Honours
 1919: Officer of the Order of Leopold.
 1932 : Commander of the Order of Leopold.
 1934 : Grand Officer in the Order of Leopold II.
 Member of the Royal Academy of Science, Letters and Fine Arts of Belgium

References

Some of the information on this page appears on the website of Edition Silvertrust but permission has been granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License.

External links
Worklist
Les Amis de Joseph Jongen
Joseph Jongen String Quartet Nos.1 & 2, Opp.3 & 50 & Piano Trio No.1, Op.10 Soundbites and short biography.
 Koninklijk Conservatorium Brussel and Conservatoire royal de Bruxelles now houses most works and manuscripts of Jongen, after the bankruptcy of CeBeDeM in 2015.

 Joseph Jongen. Petit Prélude (1937). Andrew Pink (2021) Exordia ad missam.

Belgian classical composers
Belgian male classical composers
Romantic composers
20th-century classical composers
Members of the Royal Academy of Belgium
Grand Officers of the Order of Leopold II
Academic staff of the Royal Conservatory of Liège
Belgian classical organists
Male classical organists
Composers for pipe organ
Belgian music educators
Child classical musicians
Prix de Rome (Belgium) winners
Musicians from Liège
1873 births
1953 deaths
Musicians awarded knighthoods
20th-century Belgian male musicians
19th-century Belgian male musicians

Joseph Jongen