Merlin's Apprentice is a 2006 miniseries, a sequel to Merlin (1998), with Sam Neill and Miranda Richardson reprising their roles as Merlin and the Lady of the Lake. Loosely adapted from Arthurian legend, the plot takes place after the death of King Arthur.

Plot

Part I
Satisfied at Camelot's conditions, Merlin (Sam Neill) decides to go on vacation in order to rejuvenate. This vacation nap is supposed to last a few months, but when Merlin awakes, he finds he has slept for fifty years. Upon his return to Camelot, he discovers a downtrodden place. Almost all of those he knew have died; Lord Weston (Garwin Sanford) runs the kingdom; and the Holy Grail has departed from the castle. However, Merlin's protective enchantments have held invaders in check.

A young thief named Jack (John Reardon) and his tagalong pig Sir Snout stowaway in a cart entering Camelot, angering its driver Squire Brian. Jack is no ordinary vagrant, as he possesses some rudimentary magical skills. Jack enters the chamber of Yvonne (Tegan Moss), granddaughter of Sir Gawain and steals a pendant. Yvonne enters and while Jack hides, Master Graham (Christopher Jacot), a local blacksmith whom she loves, visits her. Jack then attempts to steal Merlin's wand while Merlin concentrates on the whereabouts of the Grail. Merlin senses the visitor, and at first evicts him, but later apprentices Jack after a vision of the Holy Grail appears to both of them.

The only training the film shows is Merlin tempting Jack with food while telling Jack to resist his hunger and seek a ring that was lost in the castle (which turns out to be the former Round Table). It is around this time that Jack learns the truth of Brian, who is actually Brianna (Meghan Ory). She disguises herself in order to avenge a wrong done to her family.

In his search for the grail, Merlin suspects something is afoul in Camelot that caused the Grail to depart. Merlin confronts Yvonne (who is to be married to Lord Weston when the Grail returns) and her guardian Master Burton (Andrew Jackson). Later while touching the Grail's stand, Merlin sees a vision in which he learns the truth of his absence. The Lady of the Lake (Miranda Richardson) enchanted him and created Jack. Thus, Jack's father is Merlin and his mother is the Lady.

Barbarians threaten Camelot's door, and knights including Brian want to use an enchanted cave in order to surprise the invaders, who they think are building a dam to drown the kingdom. Jack agrees to lift Merlin's enchantment on the passage, but the knights find no construction. In the meantime, the barbarians directed by the Lady of the Lake enter the passage and breach Camelot's walls, which are vulnerable from the inside.

Realizing the impending doom, Merlin tells Jack the truth of his origins. Merlin and Jack coordinate to magic a bridge over the barbarian army to safety, but when Brianna is put in danger, Merlin tells Jack to go to her and completes the bridge alone (an effort that fatally drains him) commanding the townspeople, including Jack, to escape. As Jack steps off the bridge he breaks the spell to foil the pursuers. Meanwhile, Merlin was left in the walls of Camelot and is decapitated by Rauskaug (Alexander Kalugin), the leader of the barbarians.

Part II
The remaining people of Camelot have traveled the countryside for several months, seeking the Grail while fleeing their enemy. Jack is frustrated that his concentration does not give him insight, so the Lady of the Lake sends him a vision of the Grail's whereabouts. The group goes there, to discover that the water is cursed and several knights are murdered by a beast as they attempt to swim to the Grail's cave. Meanwhile, the Lady has told Rauskaug of their location and the barbarians begin their pursuit.

The film centers on the crimes of the Camelot's guardians, which they believe prevent their reaching of the Grail.  Yvonne's parents presented her as Gawain's kin but this ruse is discovered when she begs Jack to explore her past through visions. Through these it is discovered that Master Burton and Lord Weston had oppressed the surrounding peoples with taxes, unfair trade, and devious agreements.  This is the source of Brianna's anger, as her family was robbed of its property through such a contract.

Before Jack goes through Yvonne's past, Yvonne and Graham (Yvonne's true love) go behind a tree and kiss. In that time Jack and Brianna decide to give in to love and start to kiss. They are caught kissing by the other two. Jack tries to put it off as a joke, but though Yvonne and Graham now know Brian is a girl, they don't tell anyone.

In the meantime, Burton hopes to betroth Yvonne to a Scottish king and indenture the remaining citizens of Camelot to that lord for personal gain.  Yvonne and Jack reveal Burton and his wife's past treachery, and instead of a quick execution Jack hopes a trial will cleanse Camelot of its sins. Instead Brianna takes justice into her own hands and kills the pair as the barbarians approach.

While the two sides battle, Lord Weston accompanies Jack to the cave. Jack parts the waterfall, and they enter the cave. Jack warns Weston that he is the true stain on Camelot and advises him not to take the grail. When Weston touches it, his impurity turns him to dust.  The Lady of the Lake appears and offers Jack a chance to become powerful. Instead he rejects his mother (apparently killing her) and makes a wish of the Grail: Jack says that the Grail may do what it wishes with him, if it will only end the destruction outside. The Grail accepts this unselfish act, and reanimates the dead warriors on both sides. Graham holds it aloft and promises a new Camelot will be built.

Graham and Yvonne marry. During the reconstruction, Sir Snout tells Jack to speak the name of the land of the dead (Tartarus) in order to see his father. Jack goes to Merlin, and the two are allowed to spend the time they didn't have as father and son. The film concludes by hinting that Jack and Brianna are now married and probably going to have children. The film ends when Jack picks up Brianna as she blows out a candle, ending the movie.

See also
 List of films based on Arthurian legend

External links

2000s American television miniseries
Television series based on Arthurian legend
American sword and sorcery films
Films set in England
Hallmark Channel original films
Sonar Entertainment miniseries
Works based on Merlin
Films about wizards

Merlin's Apprentice


In computer programming and computer security, privilege separation is one software-based technique for implementing the principle of least privilege. With privilege separation, a program is divided into parts which are limited to the specific privileges they require in order to perform a specific task. This is used to mitigate the potential damage of a computer security vulnerability.

A common method to implement privilege separation is to have a computer program fork into two processes.  The main program drops privileges, and the smaller program keeps privileges in order to perform a certain task.  The two halves then communicate via a socket pair.  Thus, any successful attack against the larger program will gain minimal access, even though the pair of programs will be capable of performing privileged operations.

Privilege separation is traditionally accomplished by distinguishing a real user ID/group ID from the effective user ID/group ID, using the setuid(2)/setgid(2) and related system calls, which were specified by POSIX. If these are incorrectly positioned, gaps can allow widespread network penetration.

Many network service daemons have to do a specific privileged operation such as open a raw socket or an Internet socket in the well known ports range. Administrative utilities can require particular privileges at run-time as well. Such software tends to separate privileges by revoking them completely after the critical section is done, and change the user it runs under to some unprivileged account after so doing. This action is known as dropping root under Unix-like operating systems. The unprivileged part is usually run under the "nobody" user or an equivalent separate user account.

Privilege separation can also be done by splitting functionality of a single program into multiple smaller programs, and then assigning the extended privileges to particular parts using file system permissions. That way the different programs have to communicate with each other through the operating system, so the scope of the potential vulnerabilities is limited (since a crash in the less privileged part cannot be exploited to gain privileges, merely to cause a denial-of-service attack).

Separation of privileges is one of the major OpenBSD security features. The implementation of Postfix was focused on implementing comprehensive privilege separation. Another email server software designed with privilege separation and security in mind is Dovecot. Solaris implements a separate set of functions for privilege bracketing.

See also
 Capability-based security
 Confused deputy problem
 Privilege escalation
 Privilege revocation (computing)
 Defensive programming
 Sandbox (computer security)

External links
Theo de Raadt: Exploit Mitigation Techniques in OpenBSD slides
Niels Provos, Markus Friedl, Peter Honeyman: Preventing Privilege Escalation paper
Niels Provos: Privilege Separated OpenSSH project
 Trusted Solaris Developer's Guide: Bracketing Effective Privileges

Computer security procedures

Privilege separation


Brougham  is a small village (or more properly a collection of hamlets) and civil parish on the outskirts of Penrith in the Eden District of Cumbria, England.  According to the 2001 census the parish had a population of 279, falling marginally to 277 at the 2011 Census.

Within the parish are the remains of Brocavum Roman fort. The ruins of the medieval Brougham Castle, once home to Lady Anne Clifford, are next to the fort. The mainly 19th century Brougham Hall, the former seat of the Lords Brougham and Vaux is nearby. The 17th-century Countess Pillar, set up by Lady Anne, is beside the A66 near the castle.

The parish has two Anglican churches:
 The historic Ninekirks, dedicated to St Ninian, is situated by the banks of the River Eamont and was extensively rebuilt by Lady Anne Clifford. It was previously a Norman foundation, probably on the site of an earlier Anglo-Saxon church. There is reputed to have been an even more ancient monastery nearby, founded by St Ninian (see also History of Cumbria).
St Wilfred's or Brougham Chapel is next to the hall, overlooking the River Lowther.

Brougham "village" itself is no more than a scattering of farms and modern housing near the hall and is, along with neighbouring Eamont Bridge, often classed as an outlying suburb of Penrith.  There are some more cottages next to the castle, which is partially built on the site of the Roman fort.

Within the parish is Whinfell Forest the site of a Red squirrel reserve, a Center Parcs holiday village, and the site of RAF Hornby Hall World War II aerodrome.

See also

Listed buildings in Brougham, Cumbria

References

External links
  Cumbria County History Trust: Brougham (nb: provisional research only - see Talk page)

Villages in Cumbria
Civil parishes in Cumbria

Brougham, Cumbria


Joseph Yulyevich Achron, also seen as Akhron (Russian: Иосиф Юльевич Ахрон, Hebrew: יוסף אחרון) (May 1, 1886April 29, 1943) was a Russian-born Jewish composer and violinist, who settled in the United States.  His preoccupation with Jewish elements and his desire to develop a "Jewish" harmonic and contrapuntal idiom, underscored and informed much of his work. His friend, the composer Arnold Schoenberg, described Achron in his obituary as "one of the most underrated modern composers".

Biography

Achron was born in Lozdzieje, Russian Empire (now Lazdijai, Lithuania) to Julian and Bertha and began the study of the violin under his father, an amateur violinist, at the age of five.  His first public performance followed three years later at age seven in Warsaw. This was followed by a prodigious childhood career including performances throughout Russia. Between 1899 and 1904 he studied violin under Leopold Auer and composition under Anatoly Lyadov, at the Saint Petersburg Conservatory.

He joined the Society for Jewish Folk Music in 1911 and from that point occupied himself in theory and practice with the Jewish music tradition. His first "Jewish" work, Hebrew Melody, became immediately recognized through the interpretation of violinist Jascha Heifetz. In 1913, Achron became the head of the violin and chamber music departments at the Kharkiv Conservatory in Ukraine, and served in the Russian Army between 1916 and 1918. In the years after World War I, he toured extensively as a concert artist in Europe, the Near East and Russia, performing over 1000 concerts between 1919 and 1922. During this period he was appointed head of the violin masterclass and chamber music department at the Leningrad Artists' Union. In 1922, Achron moved to Berlin, where together with Mikhail Gnessin he ran the Jewish music publishing company Jibneh. In 1924, Achron spent some months in Mandatory Palestine.

In 1925, he emigrated to the United States and settled in New York, where he taught the violin at the Westchester Conservatory. He performed his Violin Concerto No. 1 with the Boston Symphony Orchestra in 1927. His incidental music suite from H. Leivick's The Golem, also written during this period, was chosen by the International Society for Contemporary Music (ISCM) for performance in Venice in 1932.

In 1934, he moved to Hollywood, where he composed music for films and continued his career as a concert violinist. He performed his Violin Concerto No. 2 with the Los Angeles Philharmonic Orchestra in 1936 and his third – commissioned by Jascha Heifetz – with the same orchestra in 1939. Atonality and polytonality are among the techniques used in his later works. His final work was the Concerto for solo piano, Op. 74. He died in Hollywood in 1943 and is buried in Hollywood Forever Cemetery.  A year after his death the Joseph Achron Memorial Committee was formed, which included twenty well-known composers, instrumentalists, conductors and critics.

He was the older brother of the concert pianist and composer Isidor Achron, who became Jascha Heifetz's accompanist for more than ten years.

Selected works

Orchestral
Hebrew Melody, Op. 33, for violin and orchestra (1911)
Hazzan, Op. 34, for cello and orchestra (1912)
2 Hebrew Pieces, Op. 35 (1913)
Dance Improvisation, Op. 37 (circa 1913)
Epitaph to the Memory of Alexander Scriabin, Op. 38 (1915)
Shir, Op. 42, dance for clarinet and orchestra (1917)
2 Pastels, Op. 44, for violin and orchestra (1917)
The Fiddle's Soul, Op. 50 (1920)
Violin Concerto No. 1, Op. 60 (1925)
Konzertanten-Kapelle, Op. 64, for violin and orchestra (1928)
Two Tableaux from Belshazzar (1931)
The Golem, suite for chamber orchestra (1932)
Dance Overture (1932)
Little Dance Fantasy (1933)
Violin Concerto No. 2, Op. 68 (1933)
Violin Concerto No. 3, Op. 72 (1937)

Choral
Epitaph (in memory of Skryabin), Op. 38, for four voices and orchestra (1915)
Salome's Dance, Op. 61, for mixed voices, piano and percussion (1925) / (1966)
Evening Service of the Sabbath, Op. 67, for baritone voice, four voices and organ (1932) -   commissioned by Congregation Emanue-El of New York City, published by Bloch Publishing Company.

Chamber and instrumental
Suite No. 1 en Style Ancien (Première Suite en Style Ancien), Op. 21, for violin and piano (circa 1914) / (1923)
Chromatic String Quartet, Op. 26 (circa 1915)
Sonata No. 1, Op. 29, for violin and piano (circa 1915)
Stimmungen, Op.32, Two Pieces for violin and piano (circa 1915/16)
Symphonic Variations and Sonata on a Palestinian Theme, Op. 39, for piano (circa 1916)
Suite Bizarre, Op. 41, for violin and piano (circa 1917)
Sonata No. 2, Op. 45, for violin and piano (circa 1917)
Children's Suite, Op.57, for clarinet, string quartet and piano (circa 1925)
Elegy, Op. 62, for string quartet (1927)
4 Improvisations, Op. 63, for string quartet (1927)
2 Pieces, Op. 65, for viola and piano (1932)
Statuettes, Op. 66, for solo piano (1930)
The Golem, for cello, trumpet, horn and piano (1931)
Sinfonietta, Op. 71, for string quartet (1935)
Concerto for solo piano, Op. 74 (1941)

Miscellaneous
Spring Night, ballet music for a short film (1935)

See also
The forgotten work of Joseph Achron in Hagai Shaham.

Notes

References
 Glanville-Hicks, P. "Achron, Joseph". Grove Music Online . Macy, L. ed. Retrieved March 26, 2006).

External links

Joseph Achron Society
The New Jewish School in Music
Joseph Achron Biography, Milken Archives
Joseph Achron biography, on Jewish Music Research Centre

1886 births
1943 deaths
People from Lazdijai
19th-century Lithuanian Jews
Soviet emigrants to the United States
American classical violinists
Male classical violinists
American male violinists
Russian classical violinists
Jewish classical violinists
20th-century classical composers
Jewish classical composers
Jewish American classical composers
Child classical musicians
Violin pedagogues
American music educators
Russian music educators
Burials at Hollywood Forever Cemetery
American male classical composers
American classical composers
20th-century American composers
20th-century classical violinists
20th-century American male musicians
20th-century American violinists

Joseph Achron


The Lockheed C-69 Constellation was a four-engined, propeller-driven military transport aircraft developed during World War II. It was co-developed with the Lockheed Constellation airliner.

It first flew in 1943, and production of the 22 constructed was shared between the United States Army Air Forces (15) and commercial carriers. Most of the C-69 aircraft built were later converted into civilian airliners under the designation Lockheed L-049 Constellation.

Design and development

Following the Attack on Pearl Harbor and the United States entering World War II, the assembly lines at the Lockheed were taken over by the American government for the war effort. Along with the assembly lines, the Lockheed L-049 Constellation airliner was also requisitioned and redesignated C-69 and was to be used as an equipment and personnel transport by the United States Army Air Forces (USAAF). In February 1942, the 80 L-049/L-149 Constellations ordered by Transcontinental & Western Air and Pan American World Airways were also requisitioned. The 50 L-049s both airlines had on order were to be redesignated C-69 and C-69A, respectively, and used as troop transport aircraft. The 30 L-149 aircraft Pan Am had on order were replaced by the similar model L-349 (difference being the cargo door on the upper left hand side of the aircraft and the ability to carry cargo) and designated C-69B. Another 180 C-69B aircraft were ordered increasing the figure to 210. Due to the direction the war was heading during summer 1942, the need for a large troop transport capable of crossing the Atlantic Ocean or Pacific Ocean (by flying from island to island) became more important. This would help avoid the risks the convoys in the Atlantic were facing due to U-boat attacks. The Douglas C-54 Skymaster planned for these roles wasn't completely capable. So on September 29, 1942, the United States Department of War signed contract W535 AC-26610. With this contract, the nine L-049 aircraft under construction for TWA were purchased and 150 more C-69A and C-69B aircraft were ordered along with C-69C (L-549) and C-69D VIP transport versions. In reality, only one C-69C was produced out of all these planned variants.

Around the same time the decision regarding contract W535 AC-26610 was made, the prototype XC-69 was completed and rolled out in December 1942. The aircraft was painted in olive green and grey camouflage colors and the civilian registration NX25600 along with Lockheed's logo being painted on the nose of the aircraft for promotional reasons; construction of the aircraft at Lockheed's Engineering Experimental Shop had been kept a secret. However, problems developed with the aircraft's powerplant, the Wright R-3350 Duplex-Cyclone. A consideration to replace the R-3350 engines with Pratt & Whitney R-2800 had been taken up. This led to a new version designated XC-69E, but the project was eventually abandoned.

On January 9, 1943, after the last inspections had been carried out by the USAAF and Lockheed, the XC-69 finally took to the skies. For the occasion, Lockheed had borrowed the Boeing Aircraft Company's chief test pilot, Edmund Allen.  Allen was one of a small number of pilots to have experience with the R-3350 and was the test pilot for the Boeing B-29 Superfortress bomber, the role for which the R-3350 was originally developed. Lockheed test pilot Milo Burcham, who was known for flying the prototype Lockheed P-38 Lightning, acted as co-pilot during the flight. Both Allen and Burcham traded control of the aircraft during the entire experience. Both designers, Kelly Johnson and R.L. Thoren were also present on the flight (the latter acting as the flight engineer). The aircraft landed at Muroc Dry Lake (presently Edwards Air Force Base) and conducted four successful take-offs and landings. Burcham flew the XC-69 back to Burbank in 31 minutes. In total, the XC-69 performed six separate flights all adding up to 129 minutes. Two aircraft, a Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress and a Lockheed L-18 Lodestar acted as photo chase aircraft. After the experience Allen commented, "This machine works so well that you don't need me anymore!" Allen returned to Boeing. A seventh flight took place on January 18. This time, the landing gear doors were placed on the aircraft so the gear could be retracted (this was not done earlier to avoid any landing gear failure). On July 28, 1943, the XC-69 was symbolically handed over to the USAAF at Las Vegas, Nevada and given a military serial number 43-10309. Later that same day, the XC-69 returned to Lockheed for further testing. It is worth mentioning that the C-69 was able to attain a higher maximum speed than the Japanese Mitsubishi A6M Zero fighter.

Major problems, however, surfaced with the R-3350 powerplant that powered the C-69, when an XB-29 test aircraft crashed into a Boeing factory. The accident killed 14 factory workers, Edmund Allen, and the rest of Allen's test crew. The cause was due to one of the aircraft's R-3350 engines catching fire and burning through the wing of the aircraft causing it to fail and dooming the XB-29. All aircraft fitted with the R-3350, including the C-69, were grounded until the investigation of the engine's failure was concluded. The conclusion led to a recommendation to replace the existing carburetors with more reliable ones. With that, testing resumed after June 18, 1943. A fuel leakage problem was discovered with the C-69 and wasn't solved until April 1944 when a new method of sealing the fuel tanks surfaced. More overheating, fire and other troubles continued with the R-3350 engines. This happened to the point where Lockheed started to doubt the abilities of the engine's manufacturer, Curtiss-Wright. Lockheed suggested to the USAAF that the C-69's engines be replaced by more reliable R-2800 radial engines. Instead, the USAAF ceased production of the R-3350 until the troubles that plagued the engines were solved. This caused the development of the C-69 to slow down and furthermore, the C-69 was not declared a priority. Lockheed continued to focus on building combat aircraft while the C-54 Skymaster, the C-69's competitor was already flying and officially ordered.

The second production C-69 had first flown in August 1943. Lockheed had hoped to produce four C-69 aircraft by the end of 1943, but due to the low importance of the C-69 to the USAAF, this didn't occur. On April 16, 1944, Howard Hughes, one of the key people in the Constellation's development, and owner of TWA, flew the aircraft from Burbank to Washington D.C. in less than seven hours at 346 mph (557 km/h) at 65% engine power on a publicity stunt. This was done on the condition that the aircraft be delivered to the USAAF when it got to Washington. The aircraft was painted in full TWA livery while still retaining its military serial number. Also present on the flight was TWA president Jack Frye (who flew the first part of the journey and later handed the controls over to Hughes), and actress Ava Gardner, who was Hughes' girlfriend at the time. The other C-69 aircraft were used for different trials such as the seventh C-69 being flown to Fairbanks, Alaska for testing in Arctic conditions. During one flight, the XC-69 arrived at Wright Field and picked up famous aviator Orville Wright, on what would be his last flight in an aircraft. Wright was allowed to control the aircraft momentarily during the flight. He even commented that the wingspan was greater than that of his first flight. The third C-69 was sent on a flight between New York City and Paris on August 14, 1945 which showed its capability to cross the Atlantic. The test flight took less than 15 hours and was flown by a TWA crew.

Unfortunately for Lockheed, the C-69 became less important to the war effort as time progressed, especially since the tide of the war had turned in favor of the Allies. Only a small number of C-69 aircraft would see service in the last year of the war. Even so, Lockheed was able to conduct tests at the expense of the government to solve problems with the aircraft's design. Although the problems with the R-3350 were being solved, the B-29 had priority for the engines over the C-69. Even with all the effort put forth by Lockheed, the USAAF favored the C-54 Skymaster over the C-69. At the end of the war, only 22 C-69s were produced (seven of which were never delivered). Except for the C-69C, all other C-69s were declared surplus and sold on the civilian market between 1946 and 1947. These would later be converted by Lockheed into L-049 passenger aircraft for airline usage. The prototype XC-69 was converted into the sole XC-69E, which tested the possibility of using the R-2800 in place of the R-3350. This never happened. The XC-69E was later sold to the Hughes Tool Company, only to be bought back by Lockheed who converted it into the prototype L-1049 Super Constellation. In modern times, only one former C-69 is still in existence today. That C-69 currently resides at the Pima Air and Space Museum, and is painted in full TWA livery.

Variants

XC-69
Unpressurized prototype version. One built.
C-69
Initial troop transport version. 13 built. Seven others were under construction, but converted to L-049 airliners while still on the assembly line.
C-69A
Troop transport with a different internal layout than the C-69. None built
C-69B
Long range troop and cargo transport with a cargo door on the left. None built. Company designation L-349.
C-69C
VIP transport version based on the initial C-69. One built. Company designation L-549.
C-69D
VIP transport with different engines with extra oil and fuel tanks. None built.
XC-69E
Prototype XC-69 converted to use four Pratt & Whitney R-2800 radial engines in place of the original R-3350 for testing purposes.

Specifications (C-69)

See also

References

Notes

Bibliography

External links

 Lockheed Constellation Survivors – A website that explains information and whereabouts of surviving Constellations of all variants, including the last surviving C-69 Constellation.

C-069 Constellation
1940s United States military transport aircraft
Four-engined tractor aircraft
Low-wing aircraft
C-069
Aircraft first flown in 1943
Four-engined piston aircraft
Triple-tail aircraft

Lockheed C-69 Constellation


Chimbote is the largest city in the Ancash Region of Peru.  The city has over 400,000 residents.

It is on the coast of the Pacific Ocean.  Most of the people of Chimbote catch fish, or work with seafood in some way.  The city catches more fish than any other place in Peru.

Chimbote is known for its good version of the national dish of Peru, ceviche.  Chimbote is also the hometown of the former president of Peru, Alejandro Toledo.

Cities in Peru
Chimbote

Chimbote


An SMS, or short messaging service is a type of communication used in mobile phones. They are more commonly called 'text messages'. With SMS, someone can send text to another person.

SMS can be slow, as a network gives priority to phone calls, and only carries text messages after calls are handled.  There is also a limit of 160 characters that a text message can send.  Longer messages than this will be sent as multiple messages, where the sender has to pay for each individual message.

Text messages are often sent between phone users when an actual phone call is not wanted or needed. For example, they may be used in a situation where silence is needed, or to send something private that one person does not want people near them to hear. Message price depends on the phone network of the user. Some mobile phone plans allow for unlimited texting.

References

Telecommunications

SMS


The Associated Board of the Royal Schools of Music or ABRSM is an organisation that arranges music examinations.  The organisation is based in London, but they arrange examinations in places all over the world.  Many people, especially children, who learn instruments take examinations of the ABRSM as it helps them to become better players because it gives them something to work for.  People of any age can take the exams.  Those who pass an exam get a certificate.  Over 620,000 candidates take the ABRSM examinations every year in over ninety countries.

The organisation is called  "Associated Board of the Royal Schools of Music" because it is organised by a group of four music conservatoires:
Royal Academy of Music
Royal College of Music
Royal Northern College of Music
Royal Scottish Academy of Music and Drama

Graded Exams

Exams can be taken on many different instruments.  In nearly each case there are eight grades, numbered from 1 to 8.  For example, someone who has learned the piano for a short while may take Grade 1 once he or she can play pieces such as a simple minuet, and play a few scales with separate hands.  By the time they take Grade 8 they will need to be able to play movements from sonatas by composers such as Beethoven, play all 24 scales in various ways very fluently and be good at sight-reading.

The marks are given out of 150.  The pass mark is hundred.  Below hundred marks is a "Fail".  one hundred and twenty marks to one hundred and twenty nine is called a "Merit" and one hundred and thirty and above is a "Distinction".

Although some students take each of the grades as they get better at their instrument, it is not necessary to have passed earlier grades in order to take a higher grade.  For grades 6 and above it is necessary to have passed Grade 5 Theory or Practical Musicianship or Jazz.  This is to make sure that students have a good knowledge of music.

The examiners are people who are professional musicians.  Many of them are music teachers.  They have a wide experience of music and they are trained by the ABRSM so that they all mark in the same way.

The ABRSM also publish a lot of music, including the music set for their exams.

There are four kinds of exams:

Practical Exams
These are by far the most commonly taken exams. Available for over 35 instruments, these exams consist of 4 different sections:

 Set Pieces. The student will need to play three pieces which he or she will have practised and can play well.  There is a choice of pieces: students must choose one from each of three groups of pieces.  For some instruments a selection of these pieces are published together in a book.  The pieces will change every two years (or with some instruments every four years).

 Scales.  These will include scales, arpeggios and broken chords, depending on the grade and instrument.

 Sight Reading. The student is given a piece he has never seen before, and has 30 seconds to look at it or try it out, and then he must play it as well as he can.

Aural Tests.  The student must listen to examples played by the examiner and answer questions on them.  He may, for example, have to sing the notes the examiner played, or clap the rhythm or say what kind of chords were played (depending on the grade).

Each section has a certain number of marks and all the marks add up to 150. 100 is a pass, 120 a merit and 130 a distinction.

There is also a Prep Test for those who are not yet ready to take Grade 1 but would like to have the experience of taking an exam.  Students who take a Prep Test are not given a mark.  It is a way to encourage young people and make them relaxed about the idea of taking exams.

Theory Exams
These are written papers about musical theory. They are marked out of 100: 66 or more is a pass; 80 or more is a merit; 90 or more is a distinction.

Practical Musicianship
These exams will test a student's understanding of rhythm, melody, key and notation together with the ability to sing and play from memory, and improvise and to recognise changes to and answer questions about a score.

Jazz Exams
These are the newest types of exams.  Jazz piano was first offered in 1999. At the moment they are only available for flute, piano, clarinet, saxophone, trumpet and trombone. They are also only available from Grades 1-5. They are marked in the same way as practical exams. However many of the pieces include large sections where they have to improvise (make something up) using particular chords.

Diplomas
The ABRSM offer diplomas in three disciplines:
Music Performance
Music Direction
Instrumental/Vocal Teaching
For each discipline there are three levels of award:
DipABRSM (Diploma of The Associated Board of the Royal Schools of Music)
LRSM (Licentiate of the Royal Schools of Music)
FRSM (Fellowship of the Royal Schools of Music)
These are professional qualifications which allow a person to put the letters after his or her name.

Other websites
 Official ABRSM website

Music education


Astrid Anna Emilia Lindgren (born Astrid  Ericsson; November 14, 1907 – January 28, 2002) was a famous Swedish writer. She wrote many books for children.  She had a son named Lars.

Biography

Astrid Lindgren grew up in Näs, near Vimmerby, Småland, and many of her books are based on her family and childhood memories. However, Pippi Longstocking, her most famous character, was invented for her daughter Karin, who was, at the time, ill and had to stay in the bed.

Lindgren was the daughter of Samuel August Ericsson and Hanna Johnsson.  She had two sisters. Her brother, Gunnar Ericsson, was a member of the Swedish parliament. She finished the school and  took a job with the a local newspaper in Vimmerby. When she became pregnant with the chief editor's child in 1926, he proposed marriage. She did not accept, and moved to Stockholm, learning to become a typist and stenographer. There she gave birth to her son Lars in Copenhagen and left him with another family to care for him.

Although poorly paid, she saved whatever she could and travelled as often as possible to Copenhagen to be with Lars; often just over a weekend, spending most of her time on the train back and forth. Eventually, she managed to bring Lars home, leaving him in the care of her parents until she could afford to raise him in Stockholm. In 1931 she married her boss, Sture Lindgren (1898-1952). Three years later, in 1934, Lindgren gave birth to her second child, Karin, who later became a translator. The family moved in 1941 to an apartment on Dalagatan, with a view over Vasaparken, where Astrid lived until her death.

Astrid Lindgren died in 2002, at the age of 94.

Politics
In 1976, they had a scandal in Sweden when Lindgren's had to pay taxes 102% of her income. This is known as the "Pomperipossa effect" from a story, which she published in Expressen   on 3 March 1976.
Astrid Lindgren was well known both for her support for children's and animal rights, and for her opposition to corporal punishment. In 1994, she received the Right Livelihood Award (also known as the Alternative Nobel Prize), "...For her commitment to justice, non-violence and understanding of minorities as well as her love and caring for nature."

Books
Some of her books include:
The Pippi Longstocking series (Pippi Långstrump)
The Six Bullerby Children (Barnen i Bullerbyn)
Mio, my Mio (also known as Mio, my Son) (Mio, min Mio)
Karlsson-on-the-Roof
Madicken
Emil of Lönneberga
The Brothers Lionheart (Bröderna Lejonhjärta)
Ronia the Robber's Daughter (Ronja rövardotter)

Related pages
List of Swedish-language writers

References
1. ^ John-Henri, Holmberg (1997/1999), "Scandinavia", in Clute, John, and John Grant, The Encyclopedia of Fantasy, New York: St. Martin's Griffin, pp. 841 .

1907 births
2002 deaths
Swedish children's writers

Astrid Lindgren


The Artaxiads (Georgian: არტაშესიანი, Artašesiani), a branch of the dynasty of Armenia that ruled Iberia (ancient Georgia) from c. 90 BC to 30 AD. Little is known about the early years of the Iberian Artaxiad rule. They seem to have been under the influence of their Armenian cousins to whom Iberia had gotten a significant portion of its territory. In 65 BC, their kingdom was attacked by Rome and the dynasty was forced to sign a peace treaty.

History of Georgia (country)
Royal dynasties

Artaxiad dynasty of Iberia


Georg Eberhard Rumphius (originally: Rumpf; baptized c. 1 November 1627 – 15 June 1702) was a German-born botanist employed by the Dutch East India Company in what is now eastern Indonesia, and is best known for his work Herbarium Amboinense produced in the face of severe personal tragedies, including the death of his wife and a daughter in an earthquake, going blind from glaucoma, loss of his library and manuscripts in major fire, and losing early copies of his book when the ship carrying it was sunk.

Early life

Rumphius was  the oldest son of August Rumpf, a builder and engineer in Hanau, and Anna Elisabeth Keller, sister of Johann Eberhard Keller, governor of the Dutch-speaking Kleve (Cleves), at that time a district of the Electorate (Kurfürstentum) of Brandenburg. He was baptized Georg Eberhard Rumpf in Wölfersheim, where he grew up. He went to the Gymnasium in Hanau. Though born and raised in Germany he spoke and wrote in Dutch from an early age, probably as learned from his mother. He was recruited by the West India Company, ostensibly to serve the Republic of Venice, but was put on a ship "De Swarte Raef" (The Black Raven) in 1646 bound for Brazil where the Dutch and Portuguese were fighting over territory. Either through shipwreck or capture he landed in Portugal, where he remained for nearly three years. Around 1649 he returned to Hanau where he helped his father's business.

Merchant of Ambon

A week after his mother's funeral (20 December 1651) he left Hanau for the last time. Perhaps through contacts of his mother's family, he enlisted with the Dutch East Indies Company (as Jeuriaen Everhard Rumpf) and left as a midshipman on 26 December 1652 aboard the ship Muyden for the Dutch East Indies. He arrived in Batavia in July 1653, and proceeded to the Ambon archipelago in 1654. By 1657 his official title was "engineer and ensign", at which point he requested a transfer to the civilian branch of the company and became second merchant ("onderkoopman") on Hitu island, north of Ambon. He became a merchant ("koopman") in 1662. He then started to undertake a study of the flora and fauna of these Spice Islands. In 1666 he was appointed as "secunde" at Ambon directly under Joan Maetsuycker, the governor-general in Batavia, who would later give him dispensation from his ordinary duties to complete this study.  Maetsuycker was a barrister-at-law and a patron of science. Rumphius would become known as Plinius Indicus (the Pliny of the Indies). This was the name under which he was made a member by the Academia Naturae Curiosorum in Vienna in 1681.

Herbarium Amboinense

Rumphius is best known for his authorship of Het Amboinsche kruidboek or Herbarium Amboinense, a catalogue of the plants of the island of Amboina (in modern-day Indonesia), published posthumously in 1741. The work covers 1,200 species, 930 with definite species names, and another 140 identified to genus level. The publication of this book was possible because of the governor Johannes Camphuys. Camphuys, an amateur astronomer, personally reviewed the manuscript and ensured a copy was made before the ill-fated manuscript was sent off to Europe for printing. Rumphius provided illustrations and descriptions for nomenclature types for 350 plants, and his material contributed to the later development of the binomial scientific classification by Linnaeus. His book provided the basis for all future study of the flora of the Moluccas and his work is still referred to today. Despite the distance, he was in communication with scientists in Europe, was a member of a scientific society in Vienna, and even sent a collection of Moluccan sea shells to the Medicis in Tuscany.

After going blind in 1670 due to glaucoma, Rumphius continued work on his six-volume manuscript with the help of others. His wife and a daughter were killed by a wall collapse during a major earthquake and tsunami on 17 February 1674. On 11 January 1687, with the project nearing completion, a great fire in the town destroyed his library, numerous manuscripts, original illustrations for his Herbarium Amboinense, volumes of the Hortus Malabaricus, and works by Jacobus Bontius. Persevering, Rumphius and his helpers first completed the book in 1690, but the ship carrying the manuscript to the Netherlands was attacked and sunk by the French, forcing them to start over from a copy that had fortunately been retained thanks to Camphuys. The Herbarium Amboinense finally arrived in the Netherlands in 1696. However, the East India Company decided that it contained so much sensitive information that it would be better not to publish it. Rumphius died in 1702, so he never saw his work in print; the embargo was lifted in 1704, but then no publisher could be found for it. It finally appeared in 1741, thirty-nine years after Rumphius's death, in a Latin translation by Johannes Burman (1707–79). Much of the natural history in Oud en Nieuw Oost-Indiën ("Old and New East-India") by François Valentijn was by Rumphius and they were close friends.

The Herbarium Amboinense as published in 1741 consisted of six large folio volumes. Being blind, Rumphius required the assistance of others to produce it. His wife, Suzanna, was one of the early assistants and she was commemorated in Flos Susannae a white orchid (now Pecteilis susannae) described by Rumphius. His son Paul August made many of the plant illustrations as also the only known portrait of Rumphius. Other assistants included Philips van Eyck, a draughtsman, Daniel Crul, Pieter de Ruyter a soldier trained by Van Eyck, Johan Philip Sipman, Christiaen Gieraerts J. Hoogeboom An English translation by E. M. Beekman, which took seven years to make, was posthumously published in 2011.

Among the many species described in the Herbarium was the upas tree (Antiaris toxicaria); the toxicity of the tree was exaggerated and caught the fancy of Europeans. Other plants included a description of the clove, the starfruit and durian. Rumphius used multinomial names and his descriptions were largely missed by Linnaeus as he received it after he had worked on Species Plantarum. Rumphius was the first to interpret the function of the pitchers in pitcher plants. He also discovered that some mosquitoes bred in their pools. He analysed edible nest swiftlets and came to the conclusion that the substance was produced by the swiftlets and not marine algae as had been earlier believed.

The other major work D'Amboinsche Rariteitkamer ("Amboinese Cabinet of Curiosities"), a manuscript he had sent to Dr Hendrik D'Acquet of Delft in 1701 consisted mainly of plates of seashells and crabs.

After Rumphius' death, his son Paul August was appointed "merchant of Amboina", the position his father had held. A monument was erected to the memory of Rumphius at Amboina but this was destroyed by the English who believed they would find gold under it. In 1824 a second monument was built by Governor-General van der Capellen but this was destroyed by a bomb in World War II.

Works

Amboinsche Historie (Amboina History)
Amboinsche Lant-beschrijvinge (a social geography)
Amboinsch Dierboek (Amboina animal book, lost)

References

Sources
 Wehner, U., W. Zierau, & J. Arditti The merchant of Ambon: Plinius Indicus, in Orchid Biology: Reviews and Perspectives, pp 8–35. Tiiu Kull, Joseph Arditti, editors, Springer Verlag 2002
Georg Eberhard Rumpf and E.M. Beekman (1999). The Ambonese curiosity cabinet - Georgius Everhardus Rumphius, Yale University Press (New Haven, Connecticut): cxii + 567 p. () English translation preceded by an account of his life and work and with annotations.

External links

 An interpretation of Rumphius's Herbarium amboinense (1917) by E.D. Merrill
 Rumphius Gedenkboek (1902) [="Rumphius memorial book" in Dutch]
 Rumpf, George Eberhard (1741) D'Amboinsche rariteitkamer - digital facsimile from the Linda Hall Library

1627 births
1702 deaths
Dutch blind people
Botanists active in the Pacific
Botanists with author abbreviations
People from Ambon, Maluku
17th-century Dutch botanists
Dutch mycologists
17th-century Dutch naturalists
Dutch East India Company people
Scientists from Hesse
Pre-Linnaean botanists
People from Wetteraukreis
Biology and natural history in the Dutch Republic
Scientists with disabilities

Georg Eberhard Rumphius


Nawabzada Liaquat Ali Khan (, , October 1, 1895 – October 16, 1951) was a Pakistani politician. He was the first Prime Minister of Pakistan and Defence Minister. Liaquat rose to political importance as a member of the All-India Muslim League.

He played an important role in the independence movement of Pakistan from the British Empire. In 1947, he became the prime minister, a position that he held until his assassination in October 1951.

In Pakistan, he is regarded as one of the right-hand men of Muhammad Ali Jinnah, the leader of the Muslim League and first governor-general of Pakistan, but stands largely a controversial figure due to his bad relations with Miss Fatima Jinnah an account of which has been published in Qudrat Shahab's "Shahab Nama". He was one of the architect as well as one of the few builders of Pakistan. He tried to organize the social and political life in Pakistan along these lines "in Pakistan, consensus can be desired in all areas of civil life, such as art and literature, politics, religion and education. Liaquat Ali Khan was given the titles of Quaid-e-Millat (Leader of the Nation), and, after his death, Shaheed-e-Millat (Martyr of the Nation).

References

1896 births
1951 deaths
Assassinated people
Leaders of All India Muslim League
Murders by firearm
Prime Ministers of Pakistan

Liaquat Ali Khan


An Apostolic Nunciature is the embassy of the Holy See in a foreign country.  The nunciature protects the affairs of the Roman Catholic Church, not just the Vatican City, and also liases between the Holy See and the Roman Catholic Church in that country.

The head of nunciature is called a Nuncio. The nuncio is the equivalent of an Ambassador, or a High Commissioner (Ambassador) in Commonwealth countries.

Some countries make the Nuncio Dean of the Diplomatic Corps (head of the group of ambassadors to its country).  This is allowed by the international agreement about diplomats.  Usually the Dean of the Diplomatic Corps is the longest serving ambassador in a country.

A pro-Nuncio was the name used for a Nuncio in countries which did not make a Nuncio Dean of the Diplomatic Corps automatically.  The Vatican stopped using the title in 1991.

An Apostolic Delegate represented the Holy See to the church, but not the government, in another country.

Notes

Vatican City
Roman Catholicism

Apostolic Nunciature


In Japan, Daikokuten (大黒天), is one of the Seven Lucky Gods. Daikokuten came from the Indian god, Shiva. Daikoku wears Japanese robes and has a happy and smiling personality.

Location
Daikoku's pictures are found in the temples of Tibet and China and the god enjoys a high position as a household god in Japan. Daikoku's connection with wealth and success started a strange ritual known as Fuku-nusubi. This ritual started with the belief that the person who stole figures of gods and goddesses was promised good luck, if they were not caught while stealing. Eventually, stealing divine figures became so common that the Toshi-no-ichi or the 'year-end-market' held in the Asakusa Kannon temple became the main place where the sale of these images was held.

Purpose
Daikoku is considered to be the god of wealth or the household, mostly the kitchen. He is recognised from his wide face, smile, and a flat black hat. He is often shown holding a golden mallet and sitting on bales of rice.

References
 Japan and Indian Asia by Hajime Nakamura. Publisher: Firma KLM, 1961. Publication Date: 1961
 India and Japan: A Study in interaction during 5th cent - 14th century - By Upendra Thakur .

Gods and goddesses of Japan

Daikokuten


The Falls of the Ohio National Wildlife Conservation Area is a national, bi-state area on the Ohio River near Louisville, Kentucky in the United States, administered by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers in partnership with Indiana Department of Natural Resources. Federal status was awarded in 1981. The falls were designated a National Natural Landmark in 1966.

Overview

The area is located at the Falls of the Ohio, which was the only navigational barrier on the river in earlier times. The falls were a series of rapids formed by the relatively recent erosion of the Ohio River operating on 386-million-year-old Devonian hard limestone rock shelves. Louisville, Kentucky, and the associated Indiana communities—Jeffersonville, Clarksville, and New Albany—all owe their existence as communities to the falls, as the navigational obstacles the falls presented meant that late-18th-century and early- to late-19th-century river traffic could benefit from local expertise in navigating the  drop made by the river over a distance of two miles (3 km). In its original form, the falls could be characterized more as rapids extending over a length of the river, than as a point-like discontinuity in a river such as Niagara Falls. Still, the falls provided a singular, dramatic, and daunting obstacle to navigation on this important inland waterway.

The first locks on the river, the Louisville and Portland Canal completed in 1830, were built within a bypass canal constructed to provide year-round navigation of the river. The falls were later largely covered by the McAlpine Locks and Dam, built by the Army Corps of Engineers. The taming of the Ohio River at the falls, with the attendant reduction in local flow velocity, has of late led to the covering over of the fossil beds by large and increasing quantities of low-velocity effluvia: although an impediment to viewing the fossils, this action serves to protect the portions of the falls covered over by sediment and therefore temporarily immune to direct weathering. However, a significant area of the fossil-rich Devonian limestone rock is still left exposed, and is accessible to visitors today. The best time for visitation is during the low water season of the Ohio River between August and October. Removal of fossils is prohibited.

The shallowness of the falls provided a favored crossing point for bison in pre-settlement times and, later, an easy crossing for Native Americans.

In 1990, a section of the area in Indiana became the Falls of the Ohio State Park. An interpretive center is open throughout the year.

Size and sound
Prior to modification for industrial and navigational purposes, the Falls of the Ohio spanned the entire width of the Ohio River. Native Americans and early European explorers heard the crisp roar of the Ohio River crashing down the cascade falls more than 10 miles away.

Geology

The rock unit in which the falls are formed is referred to as the Jeffersonville limestone. The limestone formed approximately 387 to 380 million years ago during the Emsian Age (in the latest part of the Early Devonian Period) and the Eifelian Age (Middle Devonian). The exposure is unique—large and diverse tabulate corals and rugose corals are exposed in lifelike positions.  Brachiopods and bryozoans are also present, as are gastropods (snails).

During the Devonian Period, the region lay at the bottom of a shallow inland sea about ten degrees north of the equator in the supercontinent of Euramerica.

See also

 Geography of Louisville, Kentucky
 History of Louisville, Kentucky
 List of attractions and events in the Louisville metropolitan area

References

External links

 Falls of the Ohio State Park
 , United States Army Corps of Engineers
 Falls of the Ohio Archaeological Society
 Falls of the Ohio (U.S. Army Corps of Engineers). Retrieved 29 April 2017

 Plat of the Falls of the Ohio at extreme low water (surveyed by Capt. T.J. Cram, Summer 1843)

Clarksville, Indiana
History of Louisville, Kentucky
Landforms of Louisville, Kentucky
Ohio River
Ohio
Tourist attractions in Louisville, Kentucky
Protected areas of Clark County, Indiana
Protected areas of Jefferson County, Kentucky
National Natural Landmarks in Indiana
National Natural Landmarks in Kentucky
Waterfalls of Indiana
1981 in paleontology
Protected areas established in 1981
1981 establishments in Kentucky
1981 establishments in Indiana


The olive (Olea europaea) is the fruit of the olive tree.  It is an important food crop in countries around the Mediterranean Sea, and places with a Mediterranean climate.

It is a healthy food but rather fatty.  It has olive oil, one of the fattiest cooking oils in use, even more than palm, canola and other vegetable oils. Olive oil is the juice made by crushing olives. It is considered to be healthier alternative to sunflower oil.

In Roman literature, the olive branch is used as a symbol of peace: "extending the olive branch". In Christianity, too, it is seen as a symbol of peace, because according to the Bible, a dove brought an olive branch to Noah to show that the flood was over. Many writers and illustrators use olive branches around text to give it greater artistic credit (a similar effect is achieved with wheat).

The raw olives are very bitter. They are "cured" mostly by bacterial fermentation. Later they may be alternately washed with water and packed with salt. The procedures vary a lot, and different varieties of olives get different treatment. The bitter chemical oleuropein, a phenol compound, has to be broken down or removed. This is what the curing process does. Even so, olives still often do have a rather bitter taste. There is a variety called "Kalamata" which grows around
kalamata region in Greece. The olives which are eaten raw and have a very pleasant taste.

Fruits
Oleaceae

Olive (fruit)


The Embarcadero (Spanish for "Embarkment") is the eastern waterfront of Port of San Francisco and a major roadway in San Francisco, California. It was constructed on reclaimed land along a three mile long engineered seawall, from which piers extend into the bay. It derives its name from the Spanish verb embarcar, meaning "to embark"; embarcadero itself means "the place to embark." The Central Embarcadero Piers Historic District was added to the National Register of Historic Places on November 20, 2002.

The Embarcadero right-of-way begins at the intersection of Second and King Streets near Oracle Park, and travels north, passing under the San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge. The Embarcadero continues north past the Ferry Building at Market Street, Pier 39, and Fisherman's Wharf, before ending at Pier 45. A section of The Embarcadero which ran between Folsom Street and Drumm Street was formerly known as East Street.

For three decades, until it was torn down in 1991, the Embarcadero Freeway dominated the area. The subsequent redevelopment and restoration efforts have, according to the National Trust for Historic Preservation, "contributed to a remarkable urban waterfront renaissance", with the Embarcadero Historic District serving as a "major economic engine for the Bay Area".

History
San Francisco's shoreline historically ran south and inland from Clark's Point below Telegraph Hill to present-day Montgomery Street and eastward toward Rincon Point, enclosing an inlet named Yerba Buena Cove. As the city grew, the cove was filled. Over fifty years a large offshore seawall was built and the mudflats filled, creating what today is San Francisco's Financial District.
The San Francisco Belt Railroad, a short line railroad for freight, ran along The Embarcadero; its former enginehouse has been preserved. The roadway follows the seawall, a boundary first established in the 1860s and not completed until the 1920s.

During the early-20th century when the seaport was at its busiest and before the construction of the Bay Bridge, Pier 1, Pier 1½, Pier 3 and Pier 5 were dedicated chiefly to inland trade and transport. These connections facilitated the growth of communities in the Sacramento- and San Joaquin Valleys and fostered California's agricultural business. Today, these piers comprise the Central Embarcadero Piers Historic District. The Delta Queen docked at Pier 1½, ferrying people between San Francisco and Sacramento. There was once a pedestrian footbridge that connected Market Street directly with the Ferry building and a subterranean roadway to move cars below the plaza.

During World War II, San Francisco's waterfront became a military logistics center; troops, equipment and supplies left the Port in support of the Pacific theater. Almost every pier and wharf was involved in military activities, with troop ships and naval vessels tied up all along the Embarcadero.

However, after the completion of the Bay Bridge and the rapid decline of ferries and the Ferry Building, the neighborhood fell into decline. The transition to container shipping, which moved most shipping to Oakland, led to further decline. Automobile transit efforts led to the Embarcadero Freeway being built in the 1950s. This improved automobile access to the Bay Bridge, but detracted aesthetically from the city. For 30 years, the freeway divided the waterfront and the Ferry Building from downtown. It was torn down in 1991, after being severely damaged in the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake.

After the freeway had been cleared, massive redevelopment began as a grand palm-lined boulevard was created, squares and plazas were created and/or restored, and Muni's N Judah and T Third Street and F Market & Wharves lines were extended to run along it, with the N and T lines going south from Market Street to Fourth and King Streets (at Oracle Park and the Caltrain station) and the F line going north from Market to Fisherman's Wharf. The Muni also relaunched the 'E' line which was historically a seasonal service connecting Fishermans' Wharf to the Caltrain Depot, the line now operates weekends between Jefferson and Jones adjacent Fisherman's Wharf and Fourth and King streets near the Caltrain terminus.

The sidewalk along the waterfront between China Basin and Fisherman's Wharf was named "Herb Caen Way..." after the death of celebrated local columnist Herb Caen in 1997. The three dots, or ellipsis, deliberately are included in honor of columnist Herb Caen's Pulitzer Prize winning writing style.

A large public sculpture, Cupid's Span, by Claes Oldenburg and Coosje van Bruggen, was installed in 2002 along the Rincon Park area. Resembling Cupid's bow and arrow with the arrow implanted in the ground, the artists stated that the statue was inspired by San Francisco's reputation as the home port of Eros, hence the stereotypical bow and arrow of Cupid.

In 2016, the Embarcadero was named on the list of "11 Most Endangered Historic Places" in the US by the National Trust for Historic Preservation, citing "the dual natural threats of sea-level rise and seismic vulnerability" to the seawall.

Subway station
Embarcadero Station, a BART and Muni Metro subway station, is located at the foot of Market Street, one block from The Embarcadero. While not in the original transit system plans, it has become the most highly trafficked BART station. As it is an infill station, the design is unique among the Market Street subway.

Embarcadero Center

Embarcadero Center consists of four 30 to 45 story buildings and the Hyatt Regency San Francisco, located between the Ferry Building and the foot of Market Street. Until 2001, there was a viewing deck on top of the Embarcadero Center. During the winter holidays, the edges of all four buildings are illuminated, the effect resembling the outlines of four giant books on a shelf.

Embarcadero Plaza

At the eastern end of Market Street is Embarcadero Plaza, opened in 1972 and originally named Justin Herman Plaza, for M. Justin Herman, head of the San Francisco Redevelopment Agency from 1959 to 1971.

Education
Right along the Embarcadero Center is the Embarcadero YMCA, the city's flagship branch of a group of a dozen locales. The center features the unique Youth Chance High School, an alternative high school that is a magnet for troubled students from throughout the Bay Area.

Seawall upgrade and enhancements projects

The Embarcadero seawall is over a century old, originally constructed between 1878 and 1916, and is in need of upgrades in order to ensure its integrity in the event of a major earthquake.  the Port of San Francisco, the San Francisco Municipal Transportation Agency, and several other departments are partnering to deliver a project to upgrade the seawall and adjoining public spaces. The project is expected to cost at least $2 billion, and the city successfully passed a ballot measure to issue $425 million in bonds to finance part of the project in November 2016.

Gallery

See also

 A Trip Down Market Street, a historic film showing the Embarcadero and Ferry Building in 1906

References

External links

Financial District, San Francisco
History of San Francisco
Street running
Redeveloped ports and waterfronts in the United States
Skateboarding spots
Streets in San Francisco
Culture of San Francisco
Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in California
National Register of Historic Places in San Francisco
San Francisco Bay Trail
Waterfronts
Roads on the National Register of Historic Places in California

Embarcadero (San Francisco)


The Ottauquechee River is a river in Vermont, in the eastern United States. It is a tributary to the Connecticut River, and is about  long. It begins in the Green Mountains, and flows through the counties of Rutland County and Windsor County, flowing into the Connecticut River in the town of Hartland. There is one hydroelectric dam on the river, which forms a lake called North Hartland Lake.

Rivers of Vermont

Ottauquechee River


Dharmarakṣita (Sanskrit, 'Protected by the Dharma')(Pali: Dhammarakkhita), was one of the missionaries sent by the Mauryan emperor Ashoka to proselytize Buddhism. He is described as being a Greek (Pali: Yona, lit. "Ionian") in the Mahavamsa, and his activities are indicative of some Hellenistic Greeks following Buddhism during its early centuries.

Greek communities had been present in neighbouring Bactria and in northwestern India since the time of the conquests of Alexander the Great around 323 BCE, and developed into the Greco-Bactrian Kingdom and the Indo-Greek Kingdom until the end of the 1st century BCE. Greeks were generally described in ancient times throughout the Classical world as "Yona", "Yonaka", "Yojanas" or "Yavanas", lit. "Ionians". They were ardent recipients of Buddhism and the example of Dharmarakṣita indicates that they even took an active role in spreading Buddhism as leading missionaries.

A Greek Buddhist missionary
The efforts of Emperor Ashoka to spread the Buddhist faith are described in the Edicts of Ashoka carved during his reign on stone pillars and cave walls:
 "Here in the king's domain among the Greeks, the Kambojas, the Nabhakas, the Nabhapamkits, the Bhojas, the Pitinikas, the Andhras and the Palidas, everywhere people are following Beloved-of-the-Gods' instructions in Dhamma." Rock Edict Nb13 (S. Dhammika)

Ashoka also claimed to have sent emissaries beyond his borders, as far as the Greek kings of the Mediterranean:
"Now it is conquest by Dhamma that Beloved-of-the-Gods considers to be the best conquest. And it (conquest by Dhamma) has been won here, on the borders, even six hundred yojanas away, where the Greek king Antiochos rules, beyond there where the four kings named Ptolemy, Antigonos, Magas and Alexander rule, likewise in the south among the Cholas, the Pandyas, and as far as Tamraparni." Rock Edict Nb13 (S. Dhammika)

Dharmaraksita is then described in important Buddhist Pali historical texts, the Dīpavaṃsa and the Mahāvaṃsa, as being a Greek Buddhist missionary, in charge of propagating the faith to the northwestern part of the Indian subcontinent.

"When the thera Moggaliputta, the illuminator of the religion of the Conqueror, had brought the (third) council to an end (…) he sent forth theras, one here and one there:
 The thera Mahyantika he sent to Kasmira and Gandhara,
 The thera, Mahadeva he sent to Mahisamandala.
 To Vanavasa be sent the thera named Rakkhita,
 and to Aparantaka (he sent) the Yona named Dhammarakkhita;
 to Maharattha (he sent) the thera named Mahadhammarakkhita,
 but the thera Maharakkhita he sent into the country of the Yona.
 He sent the thera Majjhima to the Himalaya country,
 and to Suvambhurni he sent the two theras Sona and Uttara.
 The great thera Mahinda, the theras Utthiya, Uttiya, Sambala and Bhaddasala his disciples, these five theras he sent forth with the charge: `Ye shall found in the lovely island of Lanka the lovely religion of the Conqueror.'" (Mahavamsa, XII)

The country of Aparantaka has been identified as the northwestern part of the Indian subcontinent, and comprises Northern Gujarat, Kathiawar, Kachch, and Sindh, the area where Greek communities were probably concentrated.

Dharmarashita is said to have preached the Aggikkhandopama Sutra, so that 37,000 people were converted in Aparantaka  and that thousands of men and women entered the Order ("pabbajja"):

"The thera Dhammarakkhita the Yona, being gone to Aparantaka and having preached in the midst of the people the Aggikkhandhopama-sutta gave to drink of the nectar of truth to thirty-seven thousand living beings who had come together there, lie who perfectly understood truth and untruth. A thousand men and yet more women went forth from noble families and received the pabbajja" (Mahavamsa XII, Dipavamsa. VIII.7)

Dharmaraksita and Punabbasukutumbikaputta Tissa Thera
In another Pali reference, a Buddhist monk from Sri Lanka  named Punabbasukutumbikaputta Tissa Thera is said to have been to India in order to study with "the Yonaka Dhammarakkhita", whereupon he attained the "patisambhida" (analytical knowledge). (VibhA.389, Sammoha-Vinodaní, Vibhanga Commentary).

The place where Dharmaraksita resides is also said to be around 100 leagues (around 700 miles) from Sri Lanka, putting it somewhere in northern India. (See: )

Dharmaraksita and the Milinda Panha
The Milinda Panha is another famous non-canonical Pāli Buddhist text that describes the religious dialogues between the famous Indo-Greek king Menander, whose kingdom was in Sagala in today's Punjab, and a Buddhist monk called Nagasena, around 160 BCE. It is today one of the texts of reference of Theravada Buddhism.

According to the Milinda Panha (I 32-35), the monk Nagasena, before his encounter with Menander, was once a student of Dharmaraksita and learnt Buddhism and reached enlightenment as an Arhat under his guidance in Pataliputra.

This event took place roughly a hundred years after the missionary efforts of Ashoka, and it would suggest that Dharmaraksita was a young man under Ashoka, became a respected elder settled in the Ashokan capital of Pataliputra, and then trained a young Nagasena in the Tripiṭaka and towards enlightenment, before Nagasena himself met Menander at a venerable age.

The Milinda Panha therefore seems to relate the dialogue between a great Greek king, Menander I, with a monk trained in Buddhism by the great Greek Buddhist elder Dharmaraksita, tending to suggest the importance of Greeks during the first formative centuries of Buddhism.

See also
Ashoka's policy of Dhamma
Edicts of Ashoka
Greco-Buddhism
Greco-Buddhist monasticism
Mahadharmaraksita

References
"The Edicts of King Asoka: An English Rendering" by Ven. S. Dhammika (The Wheel Publication No. 386/387)
"The shape of ancient thought. Comparative studies in Greek and Indian Philosophies" by Thomas McEvilley (Allworth Press, New York, 2002)

External links
Full text of the Edicts of Ashoka
Full text of the Mahavamsa
Full text of the Milinda Panha

Hellenistic-era people
Greek Buddhists
3rd-century BC Buddhists
3rd-century BC people
Indian Buddhist missionaries
Buddhist missionaries

Dharmaraksita


Cinematography  is the recording of photographic images for cinema. Like still photography, it includes making lighting and camera choices. However, the pictures move. A person who specializes in cinematography is called a cinematographer.

Etymology
The word cinemetography come from the Greek words kinema - κίνημα, meaning "movement" and graphein - γράφειν meaning "to write".

Uses
Movie cameras use a lens to focus reflected light from objects. This light makes an image that is used by an image sensor or a light-sensitive material inside a movie camera. These images are created one after another and saved for later processing and viewing as a motion picture. Images captured with photographic emulsion create a series of invisible images on the film stock. Chemicals are used to "developed" this into visible images. The images on the film stock are projected for viewing the motion picture.

When using an electronic image sensor, the image creates an electrical charge for each pixel in the image. This kind of camera is a video camera. These are processed and stored in a video file. This file can later be processed or shown.

Cinematography is used in many fields of science and business as well as for entertainment and mass communication.

Related pages
Cameraman

Movie industry

Cinematography


The FM Towns Marty was the world's first 32-bit game console (not the Amiga CD32, which was only in Europe and North America). It was one of the first CD-based consoles and the first made for gaming rather than high-end PC-like systems, like the Amiga CDTV and Phillips CDi. It was only released in Japan and was a commercial failure, but despite this, it was made until 1999 – longer than the average games console.

Video game consoles

FM Towns Marty


Type may mean:

In philosophy:
A type is a category of being
Type-token distinction
Type theory, basis for the study of type systems

In mathematics:
Type (model theory)
Type or Arity, the number of operands a function takes
Type, any proposition or set in the Intuitionistic type theory

In computing:
Data type, collection of values used for computations
Type (command), a shell command.
Type system, defines a programming language's response to data types

In sociology:
Ideal type
Normal type
Typification

Other:
Type (band), name of Portuguese DJ and musician Cyz (Cynthia Zamorano)
Typeface, used in typesetting
Typing, Pressing buttons (keys) on a keyboard to enter text
Architectural type, classification of architecture by functional types (houses, institutions), morphological types or historical types
The yellowchair performance experience, a theatre company often abbreviated to TYPE
Dog type, categorisation by use or function of domestic dogs
Biological type, which fixes a scientific name to a taxon

Related pages
Kind

Type


Ba Don is a ceety and municipality o Quang Binh province, in North Central Coast (Vietnam), 450 km south of Ha Noi. Its population stands at aboot 115,196 fowk (2013). The ceety is locatit on the richt bank o the Giang River. Ba Don is located at 54 km north o Dong Hoi.
Dong Hoi Airport is 50 km south of Ba Don.

Ceeties in Vietnam

Ba Don


The U.S. Committee for the United Nations Development Program (UNDP-USA) was an independent 501(c)(3) organization and one of several "friends of" organizations in the United Nations (UN) family, dedicated to the promotion of the UN and its goals. Founded in 1995, UNDP-USA was the officially recognized NGO in the United States for the UNDP, supporting the goals of the agency, and the UN in general, while helping to inform the American people about the work of the UN. The U.S. Committee's stated goal was to help construct a world in which Americans are well-educated about the vital importance of international development activities to the building of a more democratic, prosperous, peaceful, and united planet.

After 14 years of work, the U.S. Committee for the United States Development Program closed in December 2009.

Please visit the UNDP Washington Representation Office website for information on UNDP's role in the United States.

See also

 United Nations
 United Nations Development Programme
 International development
 United Nations Association of the United States of America

References

External links
 UNDP-USA
 UNDP-USA 2008 Annual Report

United Nations Development Programme
Organizations established in 1995
Organizations disestablished in 2009
1995 establishments in the United States
2009 disestablishments in the United States


Viral marketing research is a subset of marketing research that measures and compares the relative return on investment (ROI) of advertising and communication strategies designed to exploit social networks.

Algorithms are used to derive respondent-level coefficients of Social Networking Potential (SNP). These coefficients are integrated with respondent-level data measuring
the selling effectiveness of specific communications and
 the Viral Marketing Potential of those communications within specific media (e.g., Internet video, texting, print ads, television).
Results identify strategies that are likely to drive sales among the target audience and be distributed throughout relevant social networks.
Viral marketing is more of online and when it is done offline it is called buzz marketing.

Examples

An electronics manufacture is about to launch a new video console and wants to maximize new product potential. In advance of the launch, Viral Marketing Research is used to compare the relative ROI of several strategies of among high SNP respondents within the target audience. Results help the manufacturer maximize sales by identifying what needs to be communicated and through which media (e.g., print ads, Internet videos, texting, television).

A pharmaceutical company has developed a new drug for an existing drug category and needs to build brand recognition. Viral Marketing Research could be conducted among physicians or patients to identify which communication strategies are most likely to be spread by word-of-mouth, and which are likely to induce physicians/patients to prescribe/request the new drug.

See also
Market Research
Social Networks
Social Networking Potential
Viral Marketing

Market research
Viral marketing

Viral marketing research


Etorphine (M99)  is a semi-synthetic opioid possessing an analgesic potency approximately 10,000–30,000 times that of morphine. It was first prepared in 1960 from oripavine, which does not generally occur in opium poppy extract but rather the related plants Papaver orientale and Papaver bracteatum. It was later reproduced in 1963 by a research group at MacFarlan Smith in Gorgie, Edinburgh, led by Kenneth Bentley. It can also be produced from thebaine.

Veterinary use
Etorphine is available legally only for veterinary use and is strictly governed by law. It is often used to immobilize elephants and other large mammals. Diprenorphine (Revivon) is an opioid receptor antagonist that can be administered in proportion to the amount of etorphine used (1.3 times) to reverse its effects. Veterinary-strength etorphine is fatal to humans. For this reason the package as supplied to vets always includes the human antidote along with the etorphine.

The human antidote is generally naloxone, not diprenorphine, and is always prepared before the preparation of etorphine to be immediately administered following accidental human exposure to etorphine. The  in humans is 3 μg which led to the requirement that the medicine include an equal dose of an antidote, diprenorphine or naloxone.

One of its main advantages is its speed of operation, and more importantly, the speed that diprenorphine reverses its effects. The high incidence of side effects, including severe cardiopulmonary depression,  has caused etorphine to fall into disfavor in general veterinary practice.  However, its high potency, combined with the rapid action of both etorphine and its antagonist, diprenorphine, means that it has found a place for use in the capture of large mammals such as rhinoceroses and elephants, where rapid onset and rapid recovery are both very important. The high potency of etorphine means that sufficient etorphine can be administered to large wild mammals by projectile syringe (dart).

Large Animal Immobilon is a combination of etorphine plus acepromazine maleate. An etorphine antidote Large Animal Revivon contains mainly diprenorphine for animals and a human-specific naloxone-based antidote, which should be prepared prior to the etorphine. A 5–15 mg dose is enough to immobilize an African elephant and a 2–4 mg dose is enough to immobilize a black rhinoceros.

Pharmacology
Etorphine is an extremely potent, non-selective full agonist of the μ-, δ-, and κ-opioid receptors. It also has relatively weak affinity for the nociceptin receptor. Etorphine has an LD50 of 3 μg in humans.

Legal status
In Hong Kong, etorphine is regulated under Schedule 1 of Hong Kong's Chapter 134 Dangerous Drugs Ordinance. It can be used legally only by health professionals and for university research purposes. The substance can be given by pharmacists under a prescription. Anyone who supplies the substance without prescription can be fined $10,000 (HKD). The penalty for trafficking or manufacturing the substance is a $5,000,000 (HKD) fine and life imprisonment. Possession of the substance for consumption without license from the Department of Health is illegal with a $1,000,000 (HKD) fine and/or 7 years of jail time.

In the Netherlands, etorphine is a Schedule I drug of the Opium Law. It is used only for veterinary purposes in zoos to immobilize large animals.

In the US, etorphine is listed as a Schedule I drug with an ACSCN of 9056, although its hydrochloride salt is classified as Schedule II with an ACSCN of 9059.  The 2013 annual aggregate manufacturing quota for both was zero so veterinary supplies of the hydrochloride are presumably imported from Germany and/or the UK.

In the UK, under the Misuse of Drugs Act 1971, etorphine is controlled as a Class A substance.

In Italy Etorphine is illegal, as are the parent compounds  Dihydroetorphine and Acetorphine. (Datas from 2022)

See also
 6,14-Endoethenotetrahydrooripavine - the central nucleus of all Bentley compound opioids under which class etorphine falls
 Dihydroetorphine – a close analog of etorphine that has been used as an opioid painkiller for human usage in China
 Thienorphine
 Opioid potency comparison

References

External links
 Opioids.com page on etorphine
 Etorphine: Molecule of the Month

Analgesics
Delta-opioid receptor agonists
4,5-Epoxymorphinans
Ethers
Semisynthetic opioids
Kappa-opioid receptor agonists
Mu-opioid receptor agonists
Nociceptin receptor agonists
Phenols
Tertiary alcohols

Etorphine


In economics free good means a good that is available without production, and therefore not scarce.  It is available in as much quantity as desired, with zero opportunity cost to society.

A good that is made available at zero price is not necessarily a free good.  For example, a shop might give away its stock in its promotion, but for the production of these goods, resources were needed, so this would not be a free good in an economic sense.

There are three main types of free goods:

Resources that are so abundant in nature that there is enough for everyone to have as much as they want.  An example of this is the air that we breathe.

Resources that are jointly produced.  This type of free good is produced as a by-product of something else that is more valuable.  Waste products from factories and homes, such as discarded packaging, are often free goods.

Ideas and works that can be copied at zero cost, or almost zero cost.  For example, if someone invents a new device, many people could copy this invention, with no danger of this "resource" running out.  Other examples include computer programs and web pages.

Intellectual property laws have the effect of converting some goods to scarce goods by law.
Although these goods are free goods (in the economic sense) when they have been produced, they did require scarce resources, such as artistic skill, to create them in the first place.  Thus, intellectual property laws such as copyrights and patents are sometimes used to give exclusive rights to the creators of such "intellectual property", to make sure that people are interested in these activities.

Many futurists theorize that advanced nanotechnology with the ability to automatically turn any kind of material into any other combination of equal mass, will make all goods essentially free goods, since all raw materials and manufacturing time will become perfectly interchangeable.

Goods

Free good


An ignition coil (cried a spark coil an aw) is an induction coil in an automobile's ignition system that transforms the battery's law voltage tae the thousands o volts needed tae creaut an electric spark in the spark plugs tae ignite the fuel.  Some coils hae an internal resistor, while others rely on a resistor wire or an external resistor tae leemit the current flowing intae the coil frae the car's 12-volt supply. The wire that goes frae the ignition coil tae the distributor an the heich voltage wires that go frae the distributor tae each o the spark plugs are cried spark plug wires or heich tension leads. Oreeginally, every ignition coil system required mechanical contact breaker pynts an a capacitor (condenser). Mair recent electronic ignition systems uise a power transistor tae provide pulses tae the ignition coil. A modren passenger automobile mey uise ane ignition coil for each ingine cylinder (or pair o cylinders), eliminating fault-prone spark plug cables an a distributor tae route the heich voltage pulses. Ignition systems are nae required for diesel ingines which rely on compression tae ignite the fuel/air mixture.

Internal combustion ingine

Ignition coil


Dorothy is a female given name. It comes from the Greek Δωροθέα (Dōrothéa) meaning "God's Gift", from δῶρον (dōron), "gift" + θεός (theós), "god". There are also male names in English such as "Dorie" from the Greek word Δωρόθεος (Dōrótheos). Also, the given names Theodore and Theodora come from the same two Greek words as Dorothy, but in the reverse order.

Dorothy became one of the most popular girl's names in the United States between 1904 and 1940. It was ranked among the top 10 most popular names given to American newborn girls. The name was in the top 100 most popular names for American girls until 1961. In 2006 it was ranked 986 in the top 1,000 most popular names for American newborn girls. There were 235 newborn American girls given the name in 2010.

Famous people named Dorothy
Dorothy Allison, American writer
Dorothy Arnold, American socialite who disappeared mysteriously
Dorothy Dandridge, actress
D. C. Fontana (Dorothy Catherine), screenplay writer
Dorothy Garrod, British archaeologist
Dorothy Gish, American actress
Dorothy Hamill, figure skater
Dorothy Hodgkin, British biochemist and winner of Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Dorothy Lee, 1930s American actress-comedian
Dorothy Metcalf-Lindenburger, American astronaut
Dorothy Parker, American poet
Dorothy L. Sayers, English writer
Dorothy Scharf, English philanthropist
Dorothy Stang (1931-2005), Catholic nun of the Sisters of Notre Dame de Namur
Dorothy Sterling, American writer
Dorothy Vest, American female tennis player
Dorothy Wordsworth, sister of William Wordsworth
Dorothy Faye Dunaway, American actress
Dorothy Bush Koch, daughter of the 41st President of the United States George H. W. Bush  and sister of George W. Bush, the 43rd President

In fiction:
Dorothy Catalonia, a character from the Gundam Wing anime series
Dorothy Gale, the little girl who was blown to the Land of Oz by a cyclone in L. Frank Baum's 1900 book The Wonderful Wizard of Oz and the classic 1939 movie adaptation The Wizard of Oz and Oz the Great and Powerful
 Dorothy Michaels, name used by the female impersonator in the 1982 comedy film Tootsie, played by Dustin Hoffman
Dorothy Zbornak, played by Bea Arthur on the long-running TV sitcom The Golden Girls
R. Dorothy Wayneright, female android in the anime series Big O
Dot Branning, fictional character on the television show  EastEnders

References

Dorothy


Year 1126 (MCXXVI) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Events
 By area
 Asia
 January–March – In Song Dynasty China, scholars and farmers demonstrate around Kaifeng for the restoration of a probity military official, Li Gang (李綱). Small conflicts erupt between the protestors and the Government.
 Two previously written Chinese pharmaceutical works, one by Shen Kuo and another by Su Shi, are combined into one written work.
 The rule of Emperor Huizong of Song ends in China.
 The Jin Dynasty is established in the north of China, following the Song Dynasty's loss at the Huang He River valley. Remnants of the court flee south, including much of the populace and communities such as the Kaifeng Jews.

 Europe
 Rutherglen becomes one of the first Royal Burghs in Scotland.
 Ragnvald Knaphövde, pretender to the Swedish throne, is killed by upset peasants at a local thing. Sweden is without ruler, but Magnus the Strong claims sovereignty over Gothenland for the time being.
 Alfonso VII is crowned king of Castile and León in Spain.
 King Alfonso the Battler of Navarre and Aragon launches a raid into Granada.
 The Venetians occupy Cephalonia. Byzantine Emperor John II Komnenos restores their trading privileges.
 Olegarius creates the community of knights known as the confraternity of Tarragona to combat the Andalusians in Catalonia.

 By topic
 Science
 Adelard of Bath translates Muḥammad ibn Mūsā al-Ḵwārizmī's arithmetic and astronomical tables into Latin.

Births
 Fan Chengda, Chinese poet, travel writer, and geographer (d. 1193)
 Averoes, Andalus judge and physician
 Eynion de Tilston Lord of the Manor of Tilston

Deaths
 February 10 – William IX, Duke of Aquitaine and poet (b. 1071)
 March 8 – Queen Urraca of Castile (b. 1082)
 October 1 – Morphia of Melitene, Queen of Jerusalem
 Edgar Ætheling, last member of the Anglo-Saxon royal house (b. 1052)
 Ragnvald Knaphövde, pretender to the Swedish throne (killed by upset peasants at the thing)
 Abbot Ekkehard of Aura
 Omar Khayyam, Persian poet and mathematician

References

1126


Victoire of France Daughter of France (Victoire Louise Marie Thérèse; 11 May 1733–7 June 1799) was the fifth daughter of Louis XV of France and his wife Marie Leszczyńska. She died unmarried. She was known at court simple as "Madame Victoire".

Early years

Victoire, Daughter of France was born at the Palace of Versailles in 1733. As a daughter of the king of France she had the title of "daughter of France" which was highly prized within the royal family. She was the seventh child of ten. From birth she was known as Madame Quatrième, as she was not baptised. She was however eventually named Victoire Louise Marie Thérèse, being known simply by her first name. Unlike the older children in the royal family, Victoire was raised at the Palace of Versailles but only till the age of five when she left Versailles to live at "Abbey of Fontevraud" in northern France. Leaving in 1738 with her sisters Sophie and Thérèse. The princesses left Versailles on 6 June 1738 accompanied by furniture and a military escort.

Life at Versailles

At the age of 15, 1748, she was allowed to return to the royal court. Her religious education stayed with her all her life and she would always remain close to her siblings and mother. Victoire arrived to a court which was dominated by the powerful Madame de Pompadour who had become Louis XV's mistress in 1745. Victoire was often described as the most beautiful of the kings daughters. The only project for marriage arose in 1753 when it was suggested that she marry King Ferdinand VI of Spain as his wife was seriously ill at the time. However she recovered and there were never any other projects.

In 1765, her older brother died of consumption at Fontainebleau at the age of 36. Victoire, like all of her sisters, mourned their brother greatly. As a result of his death, the future Louis XVI became the heir to the throne and the family was pushed closer together. Three years later, 1768, Versailles was again mourning, this time for the death of Queen Marie. The sadness within the royal family was worsened by the kings new passion for Madame du Barry. The princesses redused to acknowledge the Barry and this caused friction within the court. However, at the death of Louis XV in 1774, Madame du Barry was exiled and Louis XVI came to the throne. Victoire and her sister Marie Adélaïde were close to the young king but did not like his wife Marie Antoinette purely because she was Austrian.
Louis XV having died, Victoire and her sisters had to move out of their apartments and soon took up residence at the Château de Bellevue outside the capital. Victoire lived their with Marie Adélaïde and their younger sister Sophie and they redecorated the building to suit their tastes. Having no power at Versailles, the sisters began touring France at great expense which caused havoc for France's already bad finances. When Versailles was stormed, the sisters were at Bellevue and thus were not placed under house arrest. They quickly fled France and went to stay with their niece Marie Clotilde of France, (Turin) who was the wife of Charles Emmanuel IV of Sardinia. They then traveled to Rome in 1791 and soon ended up in Naples in 1796, home of Marie Antoinette's sister, the Queen of Naples. Moving to Corfu in 1799 followed by Trieste where Victoire eventually died of breast cancer. Marie Adélaïde died the following year in Rome. The two sisters were bought back to France during the reign of their nephew Louis XVIII and buried at the Basilica of Saint Denis.

References

Further reading
 Zieliński, Ryszard (1978). Polka na francuskim tronie. Czytelnik.

Titles and Styles

11 May 1733 – 7 June 1799 Her Royal Highness Victoire of France, Daughter of France or simply Madame Victoire.

1733 births
1799 deaths
House of Bourbon
People from Versailles
Deaths from breast cancer

Victoire of France


Wolfgang von Kempelen (; 23 January 1734 – 26 March 1804) was a Hungarian author and inventor. He is known for his chess-playing "automaton" hoax, The Turk, and for his speaking machine.

Personal life
Von Kempelen was born in Pressburg, part of the Kingdom of Hungary. He was the last child of Engelbert Kempelen (1680–1761), and Anna Theresa Spindler.

He studied law and philosophy in Pressburg, and attended the Academy in Győr, Vienna and Rome. He was interested in mathematics and physics. He spoke German, Hungarian, Latin, French, Italian. Later, during his travels he learned English and Romanian. His first job was in 1755 as a clerk in the Hungarian Court Chamber in Pozsony. Later he became a secretary (1757), a Councillor of the Court Chamber (1764), Director of Salt Mining (1765), Second Commissioner of the Constitutional Commission for the Region of Banat (1769), and finally Imperial-Royal Court Councillor (1787).  He also helped move the University of Nagyszombat to Buda Castle, and looked after the building of the Court Theatre in Buda's old Carmelite monastery.

He married twice, first in 1757 to Maria Franziska Piani, who died in 1758, and again in 1762 to Maria Anna von Gobelius. Five children were born from his second marriage, of whom two survived into adulthood: Maria Theresia (1768–1812) and Karl (1771–1822).

Inventions
Von Kempelen was most famous for his construction of The Turk, a chess-playing automaton presented to Maria Theresa of Austria in 1769. The machine had a life-sized model of a human head and body, dressed in Turkish robes and wearing a turban. It was seated behind a large wooden box on with a chessboard on the top. The machine could play a game of chess against a human opponent. But it was a trick. There was a person, a skilled chess player, hidden inside the box. The Turk was a really a puppet, worked from below by levers. The Turk won most of the games played during its shows around Europe and the Americas for nearly 84 years. It played and defeated many people including Napoleon Bonaparte and Benjamin Franklin.

Kempelen also built a speaking machine.  One of them can still be seen in the Musical Instruments section of the Deutsches Museum in Munich. In 1789, he published a book of his 20 years of speech research, Mechanismus Der Menschlichen Sprache Nebst Beschreibung Seiner Sprechenden Maschine.

He also built steam-engines, waterpumps, a pontoon bridge in Pressburg (1770), patented a steam turbine for mills (1788/89) and a typewriter for the blind Viennese pianist Maria Theresia von Paradis (1779), and built a theatre house in Buda opened on 25 October 1790 (now Budapest) and the famous fountains at Schönbrunn in Vienna (1780). He was also an artist, wrote poems and epigrams, and composed a singspiel, Andromeda and Perseus, performed in Vienna.

Retirement and death
He retired in 1798, after 43 years of service to the Austrian Empire. In 1771, Maria Theresia gave von Kempelen an annual pension of 1,000 ducats. After her death, her son Joseph II cut the pensions given to the court's civil servants. In 1802, he tried to get his pension back from Francis II, and also asked for compensation of 20,000 Gulden, but was not granted.

At the time of his death in 1804, he owned a country estate in Gomba near Pozsony, but died in his apartment in Alser, a suburb of Vienna.

The Wolfgang von Kempelen Computing Science History Prize was named in his honor, as was a high school in Budapest.

Publications

 Mechanismus der menschlichen Sprache. Wolfgangs von Kempelen k. k. wirklichen Hofraths Mechanismus der menschlichen Sprache, nebst der Beschreibung seiner sprechenden Maschine; Wien 1791. (Digitalisat bei Oregon Health & Science University Digital Collections)

 Wolfgang von Kempelen: Der Mechanismus der menschlichen Sprache. / The Mechanism of Human Speech.: Kommentierte Transliteration & Übertragung ins Englische / Commented Transliteration & Translation into English. Herausgegeben von / Edited by Fabian Brackhane, Richard Sproat & Jürgen Trouvain; Dresden 2017 (Online-Version).

References

Other websites

 Angéla Imre: On the personality of Wolfgang von Kempelen, in: Grazer Linguistische Studien 63 (2004), pp. 61–64
 Wolfgang von Kempelen on the Web
 Wolfgang von Kempelen's speaking machine and its successors
 The Chess-playing Turk

1734 births
1804 deaths
Inventors
People from Bratislava

Wolfgang von Kempelen


A simile is a figure of speech that compares two different things, usually by using the words 'like' or 'as'. It is used to make a direct and clear comparison between two things .Similes may be confused with metaphors, which do the same kind of thing. Similes use comparisons, with the words 'like' or 'as'. Metaphors use indirect comparisons, without the words 'like' or 'as'.

Similes:
Like a hungry wolf, he ate the food.
A dragonfly is like a plane: they both fly and cannot close their wings.
 He fought like a lion.
 The color yellow is like walking into a surprise birthday party.

The other team's quarterback is as big as a redwood tree
Kingda Ka is as green as a pine tree

Other websites
"On substantiation through transitive relations" is an old manuscript written by the Arabic scholar Sayf al-Din al-Amidi. He talks about similes.

Figures of speech

Simile