The Krishak Sramik Party (, Farmer Labourer Party) was a major anti-feudal political party in the British Indian province of Bengal and later in the Dominion of Pakistan's East Bengal and East Pakistan provinces. It was founded in 1929 as the Nikhil Banga Praja Samiti to represent the interests of tenant farmers in Bengal's landed gentry estates. Sir Abdur Rahim was its first leader. A. K. Fazlul Huq was elected leader in 1935 when the former was appointed as the president of the Central Legislative Assembly of India. In 1936, it took the name of Krishak Praja Party ( Farmer Tenant Party) and contested the 1937 election. The party formed the first government in the Bengal Legislative Assembly. After the partition of British India, it was reorganized as the Krishak Sramik Party (Farmer-Labour Party) to contest the 1954 election, as part of the United Front. The coalition won the election and formed the provincial government in the East Bengal Legislative Assembly.

The party's politics played an important role in the growth of Bengali Muslim political consciousness; it also received support from large sections of the Bengali Hindu population who resented the influence of the landed gentry.

The party was the political vehicle of the Bengali lawyer and politician A. K. Fazlul Huq, who served as the Prime Minister of Bengal and Chief Minister of East Bengal. Another chief minister from the party was Abu Hussain Sarkar (1955–56). Abdus Sattar, one of the party's leaders, later became the President of Bangladesh.

Background

The Permanent Settlement established an extensive feudal system in the Bengal Presidency. Large sections of the population became tenant farmers of landlords (zamindars). Many of the landlords were wealthy Hindus who enjoyed the patronage of the British. The permanent settlement displaced much of the Mughal ruling class with many Hindu landed estates; but there continued to be influential Muslim landed estates. British Bengal's wealthy Hindu oligarchy included Marwari merchants in Calcutta, the political and commercial capital of Bengal and the British Indian Empire. In contrast, the province of Bengal had a Bengali Muslim-majority population, with large minorities of non-upper class Hindus. In 1905, the British government implemented the first partition of Bengal, with support from the Muslim aristocracy, to increase investment in Eastern Bengal and Assam. The partition stoked vocal protests from Hindu landlords and merchants in Calcutta, who argued that it was a policy to divide and rule Bengal. In 1911, the partition was annulled. But the partition left a strong legacy and enjoyed support in the Muslim population. The All India Muslim League and Bengal Provincial Muslim League were formed to uphold the interests of Muslims amid the growth of Hindu nationalist movements. But the All India Muslim League was dominated by members of the Muslim aristocracy, who were often speakers of Hindustani, instead of the vernacular Bengali language. Bengal's middle classes, professionals and farmers increasingly looked for an alternative platform of this party.

Praja Party
In 1929, 18 members of the Bengal Legislative Council formed the All Bengal Tenants Association, which became known as the Praja Party. Its leaders included A. K. Fazlul Huq, Sir Azizul Haque, Maulvi Tamizuddin Khan and Sir Abdur Rahim. The group was formed to capitalize on the resentment caused among peasants by the Bengal Tenancy (Amendment) Act, 1928, which enjoyed the support of wealthy Hindus.

Krishak Praja Party
When the Government of India Act 1935 planned the 1937 Indian provincial elections, the Praja Party was renamed as the Krishak Praja Party, with the intention of appealing to a broad rural base. Its main rivals were the Bengal Congress and the Bengal Provincial Muslim League. The Krishak Praja Party won 36 seats in the Bengal Legislative Assembly. Due to non-cooperation and boycott of the new system by the Congress, the Krishak Praja Party claimed the right to form a government, with support from the Muslim League. A. K. Fazlul Huq became the first Prime Minister of Bengal. As part of reforming the zamindari system, Prime Minister Huq used legal and administrative measures to relieve the debts of farmers. The party saw internal rebellion soon after taking power and Huq emerged as its lone cabinet member.

In 1940, Prime Minister Huq supported the Muslim League's Lahore Resolution.

The Huq ministry governed during the period of World War II. In 1941, the Muslim League withdrew support for Prime Minister Huq after he joined the Viceroy's defence council against the wishes of the League's president Muhammad Ali Jinnah. Jinnah felt the council was dominated by politicians who did not support the partition of India. Huq was joined on the council by the premier of Punjab, Sir Sikandar Hayat Khan. In Bengal, Huq formed a second coalition with the Hindu Mahasabha and its leader Syama Prasad Mukherjee. The Huq-Syama coalition lasted until 1943, when the Muslim League secured majority support in the assembly.

Krishak Sramik Party

A. K. Fazlul Huq revived the party as the Krishak Sramik Party (Farmer-Labour Party) in 1954. The party was part of the United Front coalition that contested the 1954 East Bengali legislative election; with a 21-point manifesto. The coalition secured a landslide victory. The Krishak Sramik Party itself won 48 seats in the East Bengal Legislative Assembly. Huq served as Chief Minister of East Bengal for six weeks. During his tenure, Huq took steps to establish the Bangla Academy. He was dismissed after allegations of inciting secession. After a period of Governor General's rule, Krishak Sramik Party leader Abu Hussain Sarkar became the Chief Minister of East Pakistan in 1955. Sarkar lost his majority in 1956, after which President's rule was imposed. Awami League leader Ataur Rahman Khan then became chief minister.

In August 1955, a coalition between the Krishak Sramik Party in East Pakistan and the Muslim League in West Pakistan allowed Chaudhry Mohammad Ali to become Prime Minister and A. K. Fazlul Huq to become the federal Home Minister. Prime Minister Ali was later dismissed by President Iskander Mirza, who allowed a coalition of the Awami League and Republican Party to form government. As a result, the Krishak Sramik Party and the Muslim League formed the main opposition.

Following the 1958 Pakistani coup, all provincial assemblies, including in East Pakistan, were dissolved. Numerous political figures were arrested, with Huq placed under house arrest. The Elected Bodies Disqualification Order barred 75 politicians from holding public office for eight years (until 1966). Huq died on 27 April 1962.

See also
Unionist Party (Punjab)
Bengal Provincial Muslim League
Legislatures of British India

References

Politics of East Pakistan
1929 establishments in India
1958 disestablishments in Pakistan
Agrarian parties in India
Banned political parties
Defunct political parties in Bangladesh
Defunct political parties in India
Defunct political parties in Pakistan
Political parties disestablished in 1958
Political parties established in 1929
Populist parties
Progressive parties
Social democratic parties in Asia

Krishak Sramik Party


The Sun is the star at the center of the Solar System.

The Sun may also mean:

Publications

United Kingdom
 The Sun (United Kingdom), a current daily national tabloid
 The Sun (1792–1806), a defunct British newspaper
 The Sun (1893–1906), a defunct British newspaper

United States
 The Sun (magazine), a monthly literary and photography magazine
 The Sun (Lowell), a daily newspaper in Massachusetts
 The Sun (New York City), a defunct daily newspaper in New York (1833–1950)
 The New York Sun, 2002–2008
 The Sun (Sheridan), a defunct weekly newspaper in Oregon (1890–2014)
 Sun, later the Ann Arbor Sun, a defunct underground newspaper in Michigan
 The Sun, later called Peck's Sun, a Wisconsin newspaper founded by George Wilbur Peck
 The U.S. Sun, the U.S. online edition of The Sun (United Kingdom)

Elsewhere
Sun Newspapers (Northern Territory), community newspapers in Darwin, Australia
The Sun (Hong Kong), a defunct Chinese-language newspaper (1999–2016)
 The SUN (Hong Kong), an English-language newspaper for Filipinos
 The Sun (Malaysia), a daily Malaysian tabloid
 The Sun (New Zealand), a defunct New Zealand newspaper
 The Sun (Nigeria), a daily Nigerian newspaper
 The Sun (Rangoon), a defunct Burmese newspaper (1911–1954)
 The Sun (Sydney), a defunct Australian tabloid (1910–1988)

Arts and entertainment

Movies
 The Sun (movie), a 2005 Russian biographical movie

Music

Artists
 The Sun (American band)
 The Sun (Estonian band)
 The Sun (Italian band), previously under the name Sun Eats Hours

Albums
 The Sun (Cat Empire album)
 The Sun (Fridge album)
 The Sun, an album by FanFan

Songs
 "The Sun", by Maroon 5 from the 2002 album Songs About Jane
 "The Sun", a 2014 single by Parov Stelar
 "The Sun", an original Barney song from Barney in Outer Space

Fictional and literary uses
 The Sun (Tarot card), a trump card in the tarot deck
 The Sun (wordless novel), a 1919 book of woodcut prints by Frans Masereel
 Ash-Shams ("The Sun"), the ninety-first sura of the Qur'an
 The Sun, a The House of the Dead III character

Other
 The Sun (St. Paul's Churchyard), a historical bookseller in London

Related pages
 Sun (disambiguation)
 Sun (newspaper)
 The Sunday Sun (disambiguation), name of various newspapers
 Le Soleil (French for "The Sun"), name of various newspapers
 Die Son (Afrikaans for "The Sun"), a daily South African tabloid

The Sun


Mats Mikael "Micke" Dubois (25 February 1959 – 30 November 2005), also known as Svullo, was a Swedish actor and comedian.

Micke Dubois was born in Stockholm. He began his career when he entered an air guitar competition, where he came third (he actually played air bass and called himself "Sweden's only professional air bassist"). He later started performing at various rock clubs under the artist name Captain Freak.

In 1988 he got the idea for the character Svullo, a Swedish taunt name for obese people which is derived from his big body mass. He met Hans Crispin, and together they formed the duo Angne & Svullo for television. Svullo in particular was responsible for wrecking a number of cars - in the supposed name of comedy.

During the later years he participated in TV4, for example as host for Robot Wars (2002), and as a judge in the program Sveriges värsta ("Sweden's worst") (2005), where he was anointed as the "worst Swedish husband".

Dubois was found dead in his apartment's cellar on 2 December 2005. He had committed suicide by hanging. He was 46 years old.

Biography
Dubois grew up in Solna, Stockholm. He wasn't very interested in education and liked sports more. He was very talented in ice hockey and tennis. He also was a prankster in school, which made him go to a special class. There, he was bullied for being thin.

Dubois never continued his studies and took some odd jobs. With the money he made, he went to the United States. At the time, bodybuilding was very popular and Dubois trained at the same gym as Arnold Schwarzenegger, gaining a lot of muscles. When he went back home to Sweden, he wanted to pursue a career as a comedian. He entered an air guitar contest in which he got the third place. Later, he performed a couple of times at the restaurant Berns. He then went famous and performed at the rock club Alexandra. His performance was very successful and he continued to perform there once a week in one year. It was during this time, 1988, that he got the idea of the character "Svullo".

Later in the same year, he met Hans Crispin. Together they formed the comedic duo "Angne och Svullo". The odd characters became favorites in Sweden, and later they made a movie.

Later in his career, Dubois made some more movies, for example the cult film Svullo Grisar Vidare. In 1990, he recorded the famous song "För fet för ett Fuck" (Too Fat for a Fuck) with rock band Electric Boys. The song was a huge hit, and climbed to the top of the Swedish charts in 1990. After recording more albums including För fet för ett omslag (Too fat for a cover), he started a tour with Griståget (The Pig Train), in which Eddie Meduza performed.

During the early 1990s, Dubois created a journalist character named Skägget (The Beard) who wore a fake goatee and made a series of home interviews named Hemma Hos (At Home) with Swedish celebrities, including Claes "Clabbe" af Geijerstam, Anna Lindh and Alice Timander.

In the late 1990s, Dubois starred in some TV productions, for example "Knäppa Klipp" (Crazy Clips) and "Robot Wars". He also directed a theatre play called "Hur man lyckas i showbusiness utan att bli utbränd" (How to succeed in show business without getting burned out).

In 2005, he committed suicide by hanging himself in his cellar. He is survived by his wife Gitte Nilsson and their three children.

After death
The DVD Micke Dubois - Mycket Mer Än Bara Svullo (Micke Dubois - Much More Than Just Svullo) was released in 2006. It contained some Angne och Svullo sketches, bloopers and outtakes from Knäppa Klipp and a special tribute with celebrities including Ulf Malmros (who directed Den Elake Polisen), Markoolio and Sven Melander who all talked about the energy and charisma of Dubois.

Filmography
 1988 - Angne och Svullo
 1989 - Den Elake Polisen
 1990 - Svullo Grisar Vidare
 1991 - V Som i Viking
 1991 - 1628
 1991 - Riktiga Män Bär Alltid Slips
 1991 - Angne och Svullo "Här och Nu"
 1996 - Lilla Jönssonligan och Cornflakeskuppen
 1997 - Lilla Jönssonligan På Styva Linan
 1997 - En Fyra för Tre
 1999 - Lukas 8:18
 2000 - Sex, Lögner och Videovåld
 2000 - Naken
 2006 - Micke Dubois - Mycket Mer Än Bara Svullo (posthumous)

References

External links
 IMDb bio

1959 births
2005 deaths
2005 suicides
Male actors from Stockholm
Swedish comedians
Swedish male film actors
Swedish male television actors
Suicides by hanging in Sweden
20th-century Swedish comedians

Micke Dubois


Meher Baba (25 February 1894  31 January 1969) referred to himself as the Avatar of the Age. His birth name was Merwan Irani and his parents' names were Sheriar and Shireen Irani. His family lived in Poona (Pune) India, but they were of Persian descent. Today Persia is called Iran. They were not Hindus or Muslims, but were of the Zoroastrian religion.

Merwan had a normal childhood and liked poetry and sports, especially cricket. When he was thirteen years old he started a boy's club with his best school friends called The Cosmopolitan Club. The boys in the club kept up on the news, practiced public speaking at their clubhouse, and raised money to give to the poor. He graduated from St. Vincent's High School and attended Deccan College. In 1913, when Baba was nineteen, he was coming home from college riding a bicycle. A very old Muslim woman named Hazrat Babajan, referred to as a Perfect Master  (God Realized), was sitting under a Neem tree, called for him to come over to her, he said he was drawn to her like iron to a magnet. He began spending time visiting with her and serving her. In 1914 she kissed him on the forehead, he then went home. Baba later said that he became so dazed after this kiss that he could barely find his way home, and that when Babajan kissed him, initially he lost all consciousness of the world, he then realized God within himself.  He was so dazed he neither ate or slept for several weeks. Moving about semi-autonomously in 1915 Merwan was drawn to the other five Perfect Masters, beginning with Sai Baba of Shirdi who upon seeing Merwan called out to him "Parvardigar!" (Divine Sustainer). Upasni Maharaj, also a Perfect Master on seeing Merwan thru a stone, hitting him on the forehead where Babajan had kissed Merwan. He often went to live with Upasni at Sakori. The five Masters assisted Merwan in regaining his integration of the physical world of duality with the Divine Oneness that is the Avatar's natural state. Merwan served as their disciple while in fact he was already fully God Realized.

The process of integration took 7 years during which Merwan often stayed at Upasni's ashram. He also visited with Babajan and stayed with his family, as his integration became more functional he began taking on jobs such as working at his father's toddy shop, and managing a group of performers.  In 1921 Upasni told some of his followers that Merwan was the Avatar of the Age and that they should now follow Merwan. In 1921 one of these early disciples began calling Merwan "Meher Baba" which means "Compassionate Father".  In 1922 Meher Baba and a group of male disciples walked from Ponna (Pune) to Bombay (Mumbai) where he established his first ashram, Manzil-e-Meem (House of the Master) where over the next year he trained them as his disciples, from then on Baba would be their spiritual guide. Baba eventually took these new followers to Ahmednagar, to a place now called Meherabad. There he gave discourses on spirituality, worked with the local poor villagers, established a dispensary and hospital, cared for the God-mad "masts", and started boarding school for children of all faiths and castes, all free of charge. Gradually his following grew.

In 1925 Meher Baba began keeping silent and for the rest of his life Baba did not speak. He communicated first by writing on slates but then adapted an English alphabet board by pointing to letters painted on it. Years later he stopped using the alphabet board and used his own form of hand gestures. He kept silent until his death in 1969. Some people called him "The Silent Master" and there is a book by that title.

Meher Baba traveled around the world many times. He visited many countries. He spent several months in England, Australia and the United States. Many thousands of people came to see him. Some of them became his followers.

In 1954, when Baba was sixty years old, he said publicly for the first time that he was the Avatar. In the ancient language of Sanskrit, the word "Avatar" means one who has come down from God. Baba said that the Avatar is born on Earth every 700–1400 years, and comes to help others find God. Meher Baba said that in the past the Avatar had been on Earth as Zoroaster, Rama, Krishna, Buddha, Jesus, and Muhammad.

Meher Baba's most famous quote is "Don't Worry, Be Happy," partly because it appeared in a popular song. Others know of him because of the song "Baba O'Reilly" written by Pete Townshend who is a follower of his and named the song partly after Baba.

Regarding publications, there are two of major significance. In Discourses, messages that were given by Meher Baba concerning many areas of the spiritual life are clearly presented. In God Speaks, Meher Baba dictated and explained the complete journey of the incarnate soul from stone to man, over thousands of years and many lifetimes, culminating in God Realization; the goal of life. He said, "Real happiness lies in making others happy." He showed his followers that the best path is to love God at all times by loving your fellow man, exemplified by his own life of Selfless Service.

He also said he had not come to start a new religion—but to revitalize all religions: "I shall revitalize all religions and cults, and bring them together like beads on one string". His followers come from all religions: Zoroastrians, Christians, Jews, Hindus, Muslims, Sufis, Buddhists, and Sikhs, as well as from no religion, there are atheists and agnostics who may not necessarily believe in God, but who are attracted purely to his honest and loving way of life.

References

Other websites

 AvatarMeherBaba.org

Spiritual teachers
Asian Sufis
1894 births
1969 deaths
People from Pune

Meher Baba


The Second Battle of Winchester was fought between June 13 and June 15, 1863, in Frederick County and Winchester, Virginia as part of the Gettysburg Campaign during the American Civil War. As Confederate Lieutenant General Richard S. Ewell moved north through the Shenandoah Valley in the direction of Pennsylvania, his corps defeated the Union Army garrison commanded by Major General Robert H. Milroy, capturing Winchester and numerous Union prisoners.

Background

After the Battle of Brandy Station on June 9, 1863, Confederate General Robert E. Lee ordered Ewell's 19,000-man Second Corps, Army of Northern Virginia, to clear the lower Shenandoah Valley of Union opposition so that Lee's army could proceed on its invasion of Pennsylvania, shielded by the Blue Ridge Mountains from Union interference.

Union General-in-chief Henry Wager Halleck expressed great concerns about the Middle Department's defensive strategy for its primary objective of protecting the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad corridor. Brig. Gen. Benjamin Franklin Kelley, commander of the "railroad division" (Department of Harper's Ferry), had been advised that his plan along with Maj. Gen. Milroy's and Maj. Gen. Robert C. Schenck's (Commander of the Middle Department) was unsound:

Opposing forces

Ewell's Second Corps, Army of Northern Virginia

Lt. Gen. Richard S. Ewell's force of 19,000 consisted of:
 The division of Maj. Gen. Jubal A. Early, with the brigades of Brig. Gens. Harry T. Hays (Louisiana Tigers), William "Extra Billy" Smith, John B. Gordon, and Isaac E. Avery
 The division of Maj. Gen. Robert E. Rodes, with the brigades of Brig. Gens. Junius Daniel, George P. Doles, Alfred Iverson, Stephen Dodson Ramseur, and Col. Edward A. O'Neal
 The division of Maj. Gen. Edward "Allegheny" Johnson, with the brigades of Brig. Gens. George H. Steuart, James A. Walker (Stonewall Brigade), John M. Jones, and Col. Jesse M. Williams (Nicholls' Brigade)
 The unattached 1st Maryland Battalion
 The cavalry brigade of Brig. Gen. Albert G. Jenkins
 Corps Artillery Reserve under Col. J. Thompson Brown

2nd Division, VIII Corps, Middle Department

Maj. Gen. Robert H. Milroy's force of 6,900 consisted of three infantry brigades, under Brig. Gen. Washington L. Elliot and Cols. Andrew T. McReynolds and William G. Ely, and two small outposts northwest of town under Col. Joseph W. Keifer.

Preliminary maneuvers

Army of Northern Virginia (A.N.Va.) movement
Ewell's movements were coordinated as part of an overall orchestration of the Army of Northern Virginia into position for crossing the Potomac River toward Pennsylvania by using the Blue Ridge Mountains as a screen. This strategic offensive maneuver was put into effect on 3 June, when Gen. Robert E. Lee stated his intent to "transfer the scene of hostilities beyond the Potomac", by moving in a concealed fashion down the Shenandoah Valley.

Longstreet's First Corps (via Snickers Gap) and Hill's Third Corps (via Ashby's Gap) paralleled the movements of Second Corps to the east through Berryville, Virginia, and Stuart's Cavalry Division was under orders for careful synchronization and screening for Lee's Army by conducting demonstrations and screening actions along the ANV's right flank east of the Blue Ridge.

Ewell's Second Corps movements
June 4–11  The Second Corps left Hamilton's Crossing on 4 June and marched to Culpeper, Virginia, arriving 7 June. Receiving intelligence that Union forces had crossed the Rappahannock River in force, Lee ordered Ewell northeast to Brandy Station, Virginia, on 9 June, to support Major General J.E.B. Stuart's actions in the Battle of Brandy Station, only to find the Union forces already retreating. Ewell resumed the march on 10 June, and on 11 June Early and Johnson's Divisions marched via the Sperryville turnpike to Gaines crossroads, while Rodes' Division took the Richmond road toward Flint Hill. On the evening of the 11th, after consulting with General Lee, Ewell met with Early, Johnson and the Second Corps topographer, Jedediah Hotchkiss, to discuss approach routes, and a general plan for the Second Corps' objective to capture Winchester and Martinsburg.

June 12  The Second Corps passed through Chester's Gap southeast of Front Royal, Virginia, approaching along the Front Royal Pike (modern U.S. 522). There the Second Corps was joined by its cavalry brigade under the command of Brig. Gen. Albert G. Jenkins. Ewell consulted with Early and Jenkins to form his corps-level plan of action, composed of splitting the corps into two basic independent movements:

 North intercept & cut-off maneuver to Berryville & Martinsburg:
 Units: Rodes' Division and Jenkins' cavalry brigade
 Direction of movement: detached north through Berryville, Virginia to Martinsburg, West Virginia
 Ewell's objective: To capture, if possible, McReynolds' force of 1,800 men stationed at Berryville and then to press north to Martinsburg
 Main strike maneuver to Winchester:
 Units: Early's Division, Johnson's Division and the 16th Virginia Cavalry Battalion (Maj. James H. Nounnan) of Jenkins' Brigade
 Direction of movement: Northwest to Winchester, Virginia
 Ewell's objective: To attack the fortifications in Winchester and Milroy's force of 6,000 to 8,000 men

By the end of the day on 12 June, Rodes' Division was  north of Front Royal, encamped at Stone Bridge, while Johnson's Division arrived at Cedarville, and Early's Division was encamped near the Shenandoah River.

Milroy's defensive preparations

Berryville outpost
By April, four months into his occupation of Winchester, Milroy's loose grip on Confederate raiding in the lower Shenandoah Valley caused enough concern for the Middle Department commander, Schenck, to directly order Milroy to post one brigade further to the east at Berryville. It offered a base of operations to patrol crossings of the Shenandoah River and lookout for Confederates raiding in and out of both Snicker's Gap and Ashby's Gap in the Blue Ridge Mountains on the eastern border of the valley. In response, Milroy posted McReynolds' brigade in Berryville, with orders to evacuate to Winchester upon the signal of the firing of one of the heavy artillery guns.

Cavalry defenses
Milroy stationed pickets and videttes around Winchester, but they were positioned too close to Winchester, due to bushwacking of his patrols. Therefore, Milroy had practically no surveillance of the situation around himself. His caution in posting outlying videttes was also perhaps due to the severe losses he incurred in trying to suppress various Confederate cavalry raids that kept occurring in his district, such as on 26 February, when he sent the 1st New York Cavalry and the 13th Pennsylvania Cavalry out to pursue raiders. They met the 7th and 11th Virginia Cavalry, under the command of Col. O. R. Funsten, and suffered a devastating loss of 197 Federal cavalry, including 12 officers. Milroy also often recorded many other grand-sounding cavalry incursions supposedly capturing or killing many of Colonel John S. Mosby's rangers in the weeks and months leading up to June; however, the records of Mosby's Rangers do not corroborate or mention most of these engagements Milroy's farthest outlying videttes to the south were located at or near Parkins Mill Battery at the Opequon Creek crossing, a mere  south of Winchester. Other reports of Federal videttes to the west of Winchester were never seen or encountered by Confederate forces.

Fortifications

Winchester was heavily fortified by forts and lunettes circumferencing the town, as well as along the outlying turnpike routes entering town. Within Winchester, Milroy constructed or improved ten defensive fortifications, numbered Battery No. 1 through Battery No. 10, making improvements on many pre-existing forts and fortifications left by prior Confederate and Federal occupations. The fortifications were linked in places with roads and trenches, and the use of these were a key to Milroy's defensive strategy. Through a combination of retreating his forces into the defensive works, and then using his long-range heavy artillery, Milroy felt that he could hold out for weeks (if not months) against any force that may be thrown against him.

During the battle, Milroy concentrated his forces on the ridges west of town in his three highest and most improved forts connected by trenches. The larger forts were named:
 Battery No. 2 - Fort Milroy: Originally built by Confederate troops and called the "fortification on the heights" or the "Main Fort", this was improved under Maj. Gen. Banks and called "Fort Garibaldi" by the 39th New York regiment. The fort was improved extensively by Milroy's troops and held 14 guns, including heavy artillery, and renamed Fort Milroy (but then renamed Fort Jackson after the battle).
 Battery No. 3 - Star Fort: This fort was built by Federal troops in 1862, improved by Milroy, and equipped with 8 guns.  (Renamed Fort Alabama).
 Battery No. 5 - West Fort: This was a 4-gun lunette located due west of Fort Milroy (later renamed Louisiana Heights)

The lesser fortifications initially used, but abandoned by Milroy during the course of the battle were:
 Battery No. 1: A linear entrenchment-lunette along Bower's Hill south of Fort Milroy (Battery 2).
 Battery No. 4: A large star lunette with entrenchments and minor lunettes containing 6 guns, located due north of Star Fort (Battery 3) along the same ridge line (north of modern VA 37).
 Battery No. 6: A small lunette with 2 guns on a hill peak located in between West Fort (Battery 5) and Battery 7 (modern exit of VA 37 onto VA 522).
 Battery No. 7: A large lunette and trench line with 8 guns on Apple Pie Ridge west of Apple Pie Ridge Road (modern James Wood High School).
 Battery No. 8: A grouping of two redans downhill west of Star Fort (Battery 3).
 Battery No. 9: Unknown location.
 Battery No. 10: this was the Confederate Fort Collier built on the east side of the Martinsburg turnpike on the north end of town.
 Fortification at Opequon Crossing (Parkins Mill Battery): A lunette or redan 4 miles south of Winchester at the Opequon River crossing on the Front Royal turnpike (modern VA 522).

For further information see:The Occupation of Major General Robert Milroy

Main battle

June 13: initial engagements

Ewell's attack plan
Ewell and his generals were well acquainted with the tactical situation in Winchester, having fought through here under Lt. Gen. Jackson during the First Battle of Winchester, and understood the layout of the various fortifications and terrain masking opportunities on the west side of town. Therefore, Ewell further split his main attack force of two divisions into two basic flanking movements:

 West (Left) Flanking Movement
 Units: Early's Division, Brown's artillery battalion, 1st Maryland Infantry Battalion and the Baltimore Light Artillery
 Direction: West to Newton, on the Valley Pike
 Ewell's objective: Approach Winchester from the southwest, and seek flanking avenues of approach from the west and northwest ridges of town
 East (Right) Flanking Movement
 Units: Johnson's Division, 16th Virginia cavalry battalion
 Direction: Northwest to Winchester on the Front Royal Pike
 Ewell's objective: Perform demonstrations moving north along the east side of Winchester to "divert attention" from Early's movements

Johnson's Division advances on the Front Royal Pike
Johnson's division, while moving northwest on the Front Royal Pike, drove back Federal pickets at the Opequon River crossing (Parkins Mill Battery) around 8:30 a.m., and engaged in cavalry skirmishes at Hoge Run around 9:30 a.m. Johnson's advance stalled under fire from Fort Milroy's heavy guns shortly before noon, and skirmishing and artillery engagements commended afterward with Federal artillery located on the hill near Hollinsworth Mill. Johnson held his position at that point to synchronize with the arrival of Early's Division.

Early's Division advances on the Valley Pike
Ewell ordered Early's Division to cross west via Ninevah to Newtown and move north on the Valley Pike. Arriving at the outskirts of Kernstown light infantry and artillery engagements commenced around noon. Late in the afternoon, around 4 p.m., Early pushed back Federal skirmishers at the Valley Pike toll-gate and after minor engagements, the Federal forces retreated north of Abrams Creek.

Milroy concentrates into his forts
Milroy, despite the engagements up to point, still had no idea that he was facing the entire Second Corps of Lee's Army. Milroy concentrated all of his forces in the three forts defending the town. Having feared exactly this type of a scenario, General-in-chief Henry W. Halleck had asked Schenck to order Milroy to fall back from Winchester to Harpers Ferry. Although Schenck had discussed evacuation with Milroy, he left no clear direction for Milroy to evacuate, since Milroy had convinced Schenck that his defensive position in Winchester was strong. Milroy had previously decided to disregard concerns from Washington because he was confident that the strength of his fortifications would allow his garrison to withstand an assault or a siege.

Rodes' Division advances on Berryville and Martinsburg
Ewell, based on good intelligence from sources in the lower Valley, had foreseen that Milroy's only escape route could be successfully blocked and had already anticipated by having Rodes' Division advance on Martinsburg via Berryville to cut off Milroy's expected retreat route, per his plans from 11 June. That afternoon, having reached Berryville, Rodes' Division and Jenkins' cavalry brigade attempted to capture McReynolds' Brigade, but, alerted to the Confederate movement by the firing of signal guns by Milroy's main force in Winchester, McReynolds withdrew to Winchester, where his force occupied the Star Fort north of town. Nevertheless, the Confederates were able to capture portions of the Federal supply train at nearby Bunker Hill, West Virginia, along with 75 prisoners. Subsequently, Confederate forces cut the telegram line into Winchester, eliminating Milroy's only line of communication, and by sundown on 13 June Rodes' Division had reached Martinsburg, capturing the town along with five Federal artillery pieces. The night of 13 June a storm arose, and a strong rain drenched Winchester and the lower Valley all night long.

June 14: Ewell's double-flank Attack

Early's left flanking march to Apple Pie Ridge
At dawn on June 14, Gordon's Brigade swept forward to capture Bower's Hill with little resistance. Johnson extended his line to the right against very light opposition. There was fitful skirmishing in the streets of Winchester. Early and Ewell conferred on Bower's Hill and decided on a flanking strategy. Gordon's Brigade and two batteries were left on Bower's Hill, while Early led his three other brigades back to Cedar Creek Grade, west beyond Apple Pie Ridge where it was out of view of Federal fortifications, then north over Cloverdale Plantation to Walnut Grove. His column was accompanied by 20 guns. While Early made this march, Johnson advanced a line of skirmishers on the right to occupy the Federals' attention, providing diversionary skirmishing all day from 10 a.m. until about 4 p.m. The Confederate batteries on Bower's Hill opened up, touching off a duel with the Federal guns in Fort Milroy. By mid-afternoon, Early's force had gained a position opposite West Fort on Apple Pie Ridge. Eight guns were positioned on the Brierly Farm northwest of the fort, while 12 guns were placed in an orchard southwest of the fort, but by this time the field had quieted. Within the Federal forts, Milroy and his sub-commanders believed that the Confederates had been repulsed from Winchester, still seemingly unaware they were now totally surrounded and cut off, with the additional problem of an entire division (Rodes') occupying their primary escape route north.

Early's attack on West Fort
About 6 p.m., Early's artillery opened fire on West Fort. The twenty guns fired for 45 minutes, while Hays stealthily advanced his Louisiana brigade through the corn and wheat fields at the base of Apple Pie Ridge. On command, the brigade rushed forward across 300 yards of open fields and swept upward into the works. After a brief hand-to-hand struggle, the Federal defenders abandoned the works, retreating to Fort Milroy, while their own captured artillery were turned around and used against them. Hays was supported in the attack by Smith's and Avery's brigade, and Early consolidated his line on West Fort (or Flint) Ridge, but darkness prevented further gains. An artillery duel continued until long after dark. After the battle, Ewell christened West Fort Ridge as "Louisiana Heights" in honor of Hays's brigade. That evening, Ewell located his Corps Headquarters at the Bowers' House, while Early's Division pounded away at Milroy's main fort in an artillery duel well into the night.

Johnson's right flanking march toward Stephenson's Depot
Ewell assumed that Milroy might attempt a retreat during the night and ordered Johnson to prevent his escape by marching north and cutting off escape to the east-north-east via the Charles Town Road, a potential escape route that could possibly bypass the position of Rodes' Division in the north. Therefore, about 9 p.m., Johnson (with Steuart's and Williams's brigades and 8 guns) commenced a night march north to Berryville Pike and west to Jordan Springs Road, where he turned north toward Stephenson's Depot, a train stop on the Winchester and Potomac Railroad near the intersection of the Martinsburg Pike and the Charles Town Road. About midnight, the Stonewall Brigade disengaged and joined the rear of the column, leaving one brigade (Jones) astride the Berryville Pike east of town.

Milroy retreats up the Martinsburg Pike
Also at 9 p.m., at a formal council of war, Milroy and his officers made the decision to try to "cut their way through" to Harpers Ferry on the old Charles Town Road, the very same road that Confederate Johnson and his division were marching toward to cut off. All of the cannons were spiked and their carriages destroyed. Shortly after midnight, the Federal soldiers pulled their colors and left their works so quietly that Early's Confederates did not know they were gone until morning. The column massed in the low ground between Star Fort and Fort Milroy, then moved down along the railroad line and the Valley Pike toward the Charles Town crossroad, just south of Stephenson's Depot.

June 15: Johnson's attack at Stephenson's Depot
Near dawn on June 15, Johnson's skirmishers encountered the head of Milroy's retreating column near the intersection of the Valley Pike and old Charles Town road. Milroy faced his column to the right on the pike and prepared to fight his way out of a "murderous trap" by enveloping the enemy. Johnson deployed his regiments along Milburn Road as they came up and advanced to the railroad and placed two guns on either side of the Charles Town Road railroad bridge. The rest of the artillery was deployed on the heights east of Milburn Road. As it grew light, Federal forces made several desperate but uncoordinated attacks against the bridge and railroad embankment. The Confederates were being steadily reinforced and repulsed each attempt. Nicholl's Brigade crushed the final Federal attack and the Stonewall Brigade then came up in line of battle north of the road and advanced to cut the Valley Pike. This was the final blow; and some remaining Federal regiments hoisted the white flag. At some point Milroy's horse was shot out from under him, and the Division as a whole scattered in various directions to the northwest, north, and northeast, with some small groups even managing to escape covertly to the southeast toward and through Manassas Gap into Federally controlled territory.

Aftermath

Casualty reports
Both Union and Confederate Official Record reports on casualties are practically identical. Ewell reported:

"The fruits of this victory were 23 pieces of artillery (nearly all rifled), 4,000 prisoners, 300 loaded wagons, more than 300 horses, and quite a large amount of commissary and quartermaster's stores."

This prisoner count seems to include the capture of all the Federal wounded hospitalized in Winchester, since Ewell's topographer, Jedediah Hotchkiss counts about 2,000 prisoners from the town, along with an estimate of about 1,500 that escaped to Harper's Ferry, along with more prisoners captured during pursuits from the Confederate cavalry. When Milroy appeared later in Harpers Ferry, he was immediately placed under arrest. Shortly after Schenck reported Milroy's arrest had expired, Aide-de-Camp Capt. Frederick A. Palmer, 18th Connecticut Infantry, reported in an extensive and detailed table of all units, summarized:

Killed: 7 Officers, 88 Enlisted men, Wounded: 12 Officers, 336 Enlisted men, Captured or missing: 144 Officers, 3856 Enlisted men.

Thus, while Ewell reports 4,000 captured, the VIII Corps reports 144 Officers and 3856 Enlisted men missing or captured, which also adds to 4,000. Captain Palmer summarized the Union losses at a total of 4,443 for 1st, 2nd and 3rd Brigades from the 2nd Division, VIII Corps including all independent attachments.

Johnson's Division, alone, captured 3,500 prisoners in the action at Stephenson's Depot, and this is not surprising, since this is the only major engagement of the war in which an entire Division column was attacked at night while route-marching on a road. General Johnson claimed to have taken 30 prisoners "with his opera glass!" as well as "11 stands of colors, 175 horses, and arms and accoutrements of every description".

Some casualty estimates range lower. Eicher writes that Confederate casualties were 269 (47 killed, 219 wounded, 3 missing); Union 3,801 (95 killed, 348 wounded, 3,358 missing or captured). Difficult to account for in the records are additional numbers of captured Union soldiers from the many hospitals in Winchester.

The casualty ratio in this engagement of two divisions against one was an amazing 269 to 4,443 or 0.06 ... the most lopsided for an engagement of this size in the entire war. It's no wonder that Confederate artillerist Maj. Robert Stiles wrote, "This battle of Winchester ... was one of the most perfect pieces of work the Army of Northern Virginia ever did."

A division lost, two battalions gained
Milroy and his staff, his cavalry, and other small units, totaling about 1,200 escaped to Harpers Ferry. Additionally, in the days following the battle "2,700 more turned up in Bloody Run, Pennsylvania". Milroy's command ceased to exist, and the scattered remnants of what was the 2nd Division, VIII Corps were assimilated back into the Middle Department, while Milroy was placed under arrest. The Confederates had merely hoped to re-supply and forage, but with the easy capture of Winchester, they captured enough artillery and horses to equip a battalion of infantry and cavalry, including 28 guns (23 at Winchester and 5 at Martinsburg) and 300 horses in total. Additionally, the Confederates captured a great quantity of food, clothing, small arms ammunition and medical stores in Winchester.

Following this battle, a Court of Inquiry was held, and both President Abraham Lincoln and Halleck desired to know who disobeyed the orders to "evacuate Winchester". President Abraham Lincoln wrote to Milroy:

The nature of the inquiry was later changed from investigating who disobeyed orders to evacuate Winchester, to the discovery of the events and nature of the retreat from Winchester. Milroy was exonerated and claimed that his brilliant defensive action at Winchester was instrumental in causing the timing of the Battle of Gettysburg, leading to the overall Union victory for the campaign. Despite this, Halleck insisted that Milroy not be given any more commands.

Contribution to Lee's Gettysburg campaign

The victory at Second Winchester cleared the Valley of Federal troops and opened the door for Lee's second invasion of the North. The capturing of ample supplies justified Lee's conceptual plan to provision his army on the march. The Federal defeat stunned the North, and Secretary of War Edwin M. Stanton called for additional militia to be federalized. Shortly afterwards, President Lincoln requested 100,000 volunteers to repel the threatened invasion. Several fleeing members of the scattered 87th Pennsylvania hastily tramped back to their homes near Gettysburg and in adjoining York County, Pennsylvania, spreading news to local officials that the Confederates were now in the Valley in strength, with apparent designs on invading Pennsylvania. Gov. Andrew Curtin of Pennsylvania, in response to these reports and other military intelligence, called for 50,000 volunteers to protect the Keystone State.

Ewell's followup
Immediately following the battle, Ewell dispatched the entire Corps cavalry brigade under Jenkins on a raid to Chambersburg, Pennsylvania, to forage and reconnoiter. Ewell placed his Second Corps Headquarters about 3 miles north of Winchester and then at Mr. Boyd's house near Bunker's Hill. The captured flag of Fort Milroy was used to create a new Confederate flag, and Ewell and Early attended a christening ceremony in which the new flag was hosted, and the fort officially renamed "Fort Jackson" in honor of the recently slain former Second Corps commander. Topographer Jedediah Hotchkiss then commenced an all day survey, creating his now famous map of the battle which appears at the head of this article.

Leadership contribution
Jubal Early's leadership in this battle was superb. Later, Lee had the utmost confidence in Early, ultimately giving him not just the Confederate Second Corps, but a new Valley District army to try again, in 1864, the distracting demonstration invasion of the United States that Lee had always dreamed of. Early succeeded, where Lee failed twice at Sharpsburg and Gettysburg, and shelled Fort Stevens in Washington, D.C.

Medals of Honor

During the Second Battle of Winchester, two Union enlisted men and one officer received the Medal of Honor for their actions.

 2nd Lt. James R. Durham, 12th West Virginia Infantry
 Musician John T. Patterson, 122nd Ohio Infantry
 Pvt. Elbridge Robinson, 122nd Ohio Infantry

See also
 Gettysburg Campaign
 Winchester in the American Civil War
 Flanking maneuver

Notes

References
Books on the Second Battle of Winchester
 Beach, William H. The First New York (Lincoln) Cavalry: From April 19, 1861 to July 7, 1865. New York: The Lincoln Cavalry Association, 1902.
 Grunder, Charles S. and Beck, Brandon H. The Second Battle of Winchester (2nd Edition). Lynchburg, VA: H.E. Howard, Inc., 1989.
 Grunder, Charles S. and Beck, Brandon H. The Three Battles of Winchester: A History and Guided Tour (2nd Edition). Berryville, VA: The Civil War Foundation, Inc., 1997.
 Maier, Larry B. Gateway to Gettysburg: The Second Battle of Winchester. Burd Street Press: Shippensburg, Pennsylvania, 2002.

Winchester Civil War books and diaries
 Mahon, Michael G., Ed. Winchester Divided: The Civil War Diaries of Julia Chase & Laura Lee. Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books, 2002.
 Noyalas, Jonathan A. Plagued by War: Winchester, Virginia During the Civil War. Leesburg, VA: Gauley Mount Press, 2003.

Handley Regional Library, Winchester, Virginia

General
 Early, Lt. Gen. Jubal A. Autobiographical Sketch and Narrative of the War Between the States. With Notes by R.H. Early. Philadelphia: J.P. Lippincott Company, 1912.
 Eicher, David J., The Longest Night: A Military History of the Civil War, Simon & Schuster, 2001, .
 Hotchkiss, Jedediah, (McDonald, Archie, Ed.) Make Me a Map Of the Valley: The Civil War Journal of Stonewall Jackson's Topographer, Southern Methodist University Press, Dallas, 1973.
 Kennedy, Frances H., Ed., The Civil War Battlefield Guide, 2nd ed., Houghton Mifflin Co., 1998, .

Further reading
 Wittenberg, Eric J., and Scott L. Mingus, Sr. The Second Battle of Winchester: The Confederate Victory that Opened the Door to Gettysburg. El Dorado Hills, CA: Savas Beatie, 2016. .

External links

 Ewell's Official Report

 Official Records: Return of Casualties in the Union forces at Winchester, Va., June 13-15, 1863.
 National Park Service Battle Summary
 CWSAC Report Update
The Second Battle of Winchester - Extracted from The Reminiscences of Lorenzo D. Barnhart, Company B, 110th Ohio Volunteer Infantry

Battles of the Gettysburg campaign
Battles of the Eastern Theater of the American Civil War
Confederate victories of the American Civil War
Winchester, Virginia
Battles of the American Civil War in Virginia
Conflicts in 1863
1863 in Virginia
June 1863 events

Second Battle of Winchester


Prince William, Duke o Rothsay  (William Arthur Philip Louis; born 21 Juin 1982), is the elder son o Charles III an his first wife, Diana, Princess o Wales. His paternal grandparents are Queen Elizabeth II an Prince Philip, Duke o Edinburgh. He is in line tae succeed his faither.

Prince William wis educatit at fower schuils in the Unitit Kinrick an obtained a degree frae the Varsity o St Andrews. He spent pairts o a gap year in Chile, Belize, Tanzania, an Kenyae, whaur he haes lived an holidayed several times. Prince William haes an aa taken Kiswahili studies at varsities in Kenyae an Tanzanie. He an aa completit trainin as an afficer (eventually bein commissioned as a Lieutenant in the Blues an Ryals Regiment), an a pilot (earnin his wings bi completin pilot trainin at Ryal Air Force College Cranwell) in the Breetish militar. He then unnerwent helicopter flyin trainin in order tae acome a full-time pilot wi the Search an Rescue Force.

Prince William mairit Catherine Middleton, on 29 Aprile 2011 at Westminster Abbey. Oors prior tae the event, he wis creatit Duke o Cambridge, Earl o Strathearn, an Baron Carrickfergus. Thair first bairn, Prince George o Cambridge, wis born on 22 Julie 2013, an thair seicont, Princess Charlotte o Cambridge, wis born on 2 Mey 2015. A thrid bairn, Prince Louis o Cambridge, wis born on Saunt George's Day, 23 Aprile 2018.

Notes

References

Freemit airtins
 Royal.gov.uk – The Duke o Cambridge
 The Duke an Duchess o Cambridge
 Prince William graduates frae RMAS
 Prince William talks wi NBC's Matt Lauer

1982 births
Alumni o the Varsity o St Andras
Blues an Ryals afficers
Breetish watter polo players
Catherine, Duchess o Cambridge
Dukes o Cambridge
Yerls or mormaers o Strathearn
Inglis Anglicans
Inglis polo players
Graduates o the Ryal Militar Academy Sandhurst
Knichts o the Gairten
Knichts o the Thristle
Livin fowk
Helicopter pilots
Hoose o Windsor
Mountbatten-Windsor faimily
Hoose o Glücksburg (Greece)
Fowk eddicatit at Eton College
Fowk eddicatit at Ludgrove Schuil
Fowk eddicatit at Wetherby Schuil
Fowk frae Lunnon
Preses o the Fitbaa Association
Princes o the Unitit Kinrick
Ryal Air Force officers
Ryal Fellaes o the Ryal Society
Ryal Navy afficers
Spencer-Churchill faimily

Prince William, Prince o Wales


Nickel silver, sometimes called German silver, is an alloy. It normally has copper, nickel, and zinc in it. Despite the name, it does not contain any real silver. It is common in utensils. It is also used in cymbals, keys, zippers, and musical instruments. Some coins use nickel silver. It is sometimes used to trick people into thinking it is silver. A German industrial chemist named E.A. Geitner discovered nickel silver in the early 19th century.

Alloys

Nickel silver


A Bolshevik was a Russian communist in the early 20th century. They are also called the Bolshevik Communists. The majority of the Russian Social Democratic Workers Party was a Marxist political party.

At the party congress in 1903, members disagreed with each other. The party divided into two groups, the Bolsheviks and the Mensheviks. They were called Bolsheviks because it means "those who are more." Vladimir Ilyich Lenin was the leader of the Bolshevik group. The more moderate group, the Mensheviks (meaning "those of the minority") were led by Julius Martov. Although the Bolsheviks were called "those who are more", before 1917 there were more Mensheviks. Many of Lenin's opponents were afraid that he liked to control things too much.

In 1905 the Bolshevik group became a separate political party, the RSDLP(B) the 'b' in brackets standing for 'Bolshevik'.

Revolution
After the February Revolution, some of the Mensheviks took positions in the Russian Provisional Government. Lenin said socialists must oppose the Provisional Government. The government began to weaken and Lenin started to have more authority. Because of this, many Mensheviks joined the Bolsheviks.

The Bolsheviks led the October Revolution in Russia in 1917. They said they created the world's first Workers' State. The Mensheviks opposed the government led by the Bolsheviks. Many ended up in prison or were killed. After that, they opposed the Bolsheviks from outside Russia, in exile.

After the Revolution, the Bolshevik Party was called the Russian Communist Party.

Russian Revolution

Bolshevik


Death of a Salesman is a 1949 tragedy play which was written by Arthur Miller and was done into a Death of a Salesman in 1951.

The characters

Willy Loman - Willy is the main character of the play.  He is 63 years old
and he is a terrible salesman.  He has a flawed vision of the American Dream that
if someone is "well liked", they can succeed.  He often cannot tell the difference
between fantasy and reality.  He does not like change and he often day dreams about
the past. Several times he tries to kill himself so that the insurance money can
go to his children.

Linda Loman - The wife of Willy.  She gives the family strong emotional support
during the tough times when the family needs it the most.  She defends her husband
Willy when her children start complaining about him.

Biff Loman - Biff is the 34 year old son of Willy and Linda.  He was well liked
during high school, but he did not graduate.  During high school, he developed a habit
of stealing things (his father supported it), which would later get him fired from
several jobs.  Biff eventually realizes that Willy's vision of the American Dream is
wrong and he often argues against him.  He wants to go out west to Texas and start a farm.

Harold Loman - Harold is usually called by his nickname "Happy". The word happy is
used with sarcasm.  Happy has always lived in the shadow of his older brother, Biff,
who was more popular and likable than he is.  His parents (Linda and Willy) usually do
not pay attention to him and act like he is invisible.  Happy believes in Willy's
incorrect vision of the American Dream and is at risk of becoming just like his father.

The Woman - The woman is Willy's mistress. While Biff and Happy were in high
school, Willy Loman cheated on his wife and had a relationship with the woman.

Charley - Charley is one of Willy's only true friends.  Charley offers Willy a job,
but Willy refuses.  He felt bad for Willy's bad financial situation, so he gives Willy
money each week that Willy pretends is his pay.

Bernard - Bernard is the son of Charley.  While Bernard was in high school, Willy
made fun of him for studying too hard and said that he was "liked, but not well liked".
Bernard became a successful lawyer who got to argue a case in front of the  [[Supreme
Court of the United States]].

Ben - Ben is Willy's brother who died.  Willy in his daydreams sees Ben
as a person who entered the jungles of Africa at age 17, and came out of Africa as
a very rich man.

Theme
The theme of Death of a Salesman is Miller's criticism of capitalism and he tries to express that the American Dream does not happen to everybody.  He also tries to express that being well liked is not enough to succeed, because success requires skill also.
Suicide in fiction
American plays
1940s plays
1949 works

Death of a Salesman


Yueju Opera (),is a Chinese opera popular in China. It originated in Shengxian County(namely Shengzhou). The word "Yue" in Chinese means Zhejiang province and the regions around it. "ju" means (Chinese) opera. At present, Yueju Opera is the second most popular opera in China, after the Beijing Opera.

Chinese culture
Zhejiang

Yueju Opera


Alfredo James "Al" Pacino (; born Apryle 25, 1940) is an American actor an filmmakker. Pacino haes haed a career spannin ower five decades, in that time he haes received numerous accolades an honours baith competitive an honorar, amang them an Academy Awaird, twa Tony Awairds, twa Primetime Emmy Awairds, a Breetish Academy Film Awaird, fower Gowden Globe Awairds, the Lifetime Achievement Awaird frae the American Film Institute, the Gowden Globe Cecil B. DeMille Awaird, an the Naitional Medal o Airts. He is an aw ane o few performers tae hae wan a competitive Oscar, an Emmy, an a Tony Awaird for actin, dubbed the "Treeple Croun o Actin".

A method actor an umwhile student o the HB Studio an the Actors Studio in New York Ceety, whaur he wis tocht bi Charlie Laughton an Lee Strasberg, Pacino made his featur film debut wi a minor role in Me, Natalie (1969) an gained favourable notices for his lead role as a heroin addict in The Panic in Needle Park (1971). He achieved internaitional acclaim an recogneetion for his brakthrou role as Michael Corleone in Francis Ford Coppola's The Godfather (1972). He received his first Oscar nomination an wad reprise the role in the equally successfu sequels The Godfather Part II (1974) an The Godfather Part III (1990). Pacino's performance as Michael Corleone is nou regairdit as ane o the greatest screen performances in film history.

Pacino received his first Best Actor Oscar nomination for Serpico (1973); he wis an aw nominatit for The Godfather Part II, Dog Day Afternoon (1975) an ...And Justice for All (1979) an wan the awaird in 1993 for his performance as the blind Lieutenant Colonel Slade in Scent of a Woman (1992). For his performances in The Godfather, Dick Tracy (1990) an Glengarry Glen Ross (1992), Pacino wis nominatit for the Academy Awaird for Best Supportin Actor. Ither notable roles include Tony Montana in Scarface (1983), Carlito Brigante in Carlito's Way (1993), Lieutenant Vincent Hanna in Heat (1995), Benjamin Ruggiero in Donnie Brasco (1997), Lowell Bergman in The Insider (1999) an Detective Will Dormer in Insomnia (2002). In telly, Pacino haes actit in several productions for HBO includin the miniseries Angels in America (2003) an the Jack Kevorkian biopic You Don't Know Jack (2010), baith o that wan him the Primetime Emmy Awaird for Ootstaundin Lead Actor in a Miniseries or a Movie.

In addeetion tae his wark in film, Pacino haes haed an extensive career on stage an is a twa-time Tony Awaird winner, in 1969 an 1977, for his performances in Does a Tiger Wear a Necktie? an The Basic Training of Pavlo Hummel respectively. A lifelang fan o Shakespeare, Pacino directit an starned in Looking for Richard (1996), a documentary film aboot the play Richard III, a role that Pacino haed earlier portrayed on-stage in 1977. He haes an aw acted as Shylock in a 2004 featur film adaptation an a 2010 production o The Merchant of Venice. Haein made his filmmakkin debut wi Looking for Richard, Pacino haes an aw directit an starned in the independent film Chinese Coffee (2000) an the films Wilde Salomé (2011) an Salomé (2013), aboot the play Salomé bi Oscar Wilde. Syne 1994, Pacino haes been the jynt preses o the Actors Studio wi Ellen Burstyn an Harvey Keitel. In 2016, he received the Kennedy Centre Honour.

References

1940 births
20t-century American male actors
21st-century American male actors
Actors Studio members
American film directors o Italian strynd
American film directors
American male film actors
American male Shakespearean actors
American male stage actors
American fowk o Sicilian strynd
BAFTA winners (fowk)
Best Actor Academy Awaird winners
Best Actor BAFTA Awaird winners
Best Drama Actor Gowden Globe (film) winners
Best Miniseries or Televeesion Movie Actor Gowden Globe winners
Cecil B. DeMille Awaird Gowden Globe winners
David di Donatello winners
Directors Guild o Americae Awaird winners
Drama Desk Award winners
Inglis-leid film directors
Film directors frae New York
Fiorello H. LaGuardia High School alumni
Livin fowk
Male actors frae New York Ceety
Male actors o Italian strynd
Obie Awaird recipients
Ootstaundin Performance bi a Lead Actor in a Miniseries or Movie Primetime Emmy Awaird winners
Ootstaundin Performance bi a Male Actor in a Miniseries or Televeesion Movie Screen Actors Guild Awaird winners
Fowk frae Harlem
Fowk frae the Bronx
Tony Awaird winners
Unitit States Naitional Medal o Airts recipients

Al Pacino


A repinique  is a two-headed drum used in samba baterias (percussion ensembles). It is used in the Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo Carnival baterias and in the baterias of Bahia, where it is known as repique. It is equivalent to the tik-tik in the non-Brazilian drum kit or to the tenor drum in marching bands. It is tuned very high to produce a tone that cuts through the sound of the rest of the bateria and it is a lead and solo instrument.

Typically its body is made of metal. The heads, made of nylon, are tightened through the use of metal tuning rods. The instrument is usually smaller in diameter than the Brazilian caixa (snare drum) but several inches longer in height and lacking a snare. It is carried using a shoulder strap attached to one of the tuning rods. In Rio-style samba it is played with one wooden stick and one hand. In Bahia it is played with two wooden sticks usually but in some cases also like the Rio-style (the bloco afro Ilê Aiyê for example). It may also be played  with two thin plastic "whippy" sticks.

The repinique was established in samba percussion in the 1950s. Then, this drum was made out of wood with natural heads made from goatskin. Also the manner of playing was different. For example, in the soundtrack to the movie Black Orpheus one may hear the sound at that time.

Baterias commonly include a group of repinique players whose patterns set the tempo to which the rest of the bateria plays by elaborating on the basic "1-2-3-4" rhythmic structure typical of samba. The repinique is also often used by the musical director as a lead instrument, producing calls to which the rest of the bateria responds in a set fashion. It is often played with the hand or stick and is used to alert the percussion section of rhythmic changes with chamadas (calls). In samba, it is also used to assist the dancer keep the tempo and rhythm of the piece

The repinique is also used in American classical music as well. A solo repinique was used in the 30 minute symphonic work "Rhapsody for solo percussion and orchestra" by Ney Gabriel Rosauro.

See also
Hand-repique
Ring-repique

References

External links
Bateria Sounds

Brazilian percussion
Drums
Membranophones

Repinique


Jean-Baptiste Joseph Émile Montégut (14 June 1825 – 11 December 1895) was a French critic.

He was born at Limoges.  He began to write for the Revue des deux mondes in 1847, contributing between 1851 and 1857 a series of articles on the English and American novel, and in 1857 he became chief literary critic of the review. Émile Montégut translated Essais de philosophie américaine (1850) from Ralph Waldo Emerson; Revolution de 1688 (2 vols. 1853) from Thomas Macaulay's History; and also produced the Œuvres completes (10 vols. 1868-1873) of William Shakespeare.

Among his numerous critical works are Poètes et artistes de l'Italie (1881), Types littéraires et fantaisies esthétiques (1882), Ecrivains modernes d'Angleterre (3rd series, 1885-1892) and Heures de lecture d'un critique (1891) and studies of John Aubrey, Alexander Pope, Wilkie Collins and Sir John Mandeville.

Montégut died at Paris.

References

1825 births
1895 deaths
People from Limoges

Jean-Baptiste Joseph Émile Montégut


Arrigo Boito (; born Enrico Giuseppe Giovanni Boito; 24 February 1842 10 June 1918) was an Italian librettist, composer, poet and critic whose only completed opera was Mefistofele. Among the operas for which he wrote the libretti are Giuseppe Verdi's monumental last two operas Otello and Falstaff as well as Amilcare Ponchielli's La Gioconda.

Along with Emilio Praga and his own brother Camillo Boito, he is regarded as one of the prominent representatives of the Scapigliatura (Italian bohemian) artistic movement. He wrote essays under the anagrammatic pseudonym of Tobia Gorrio

Biography

Born in Padua, the son of Silvestro Boito (1802–1856), an Italian painter of miniatures, who was not of noble birth but passed himself off as a nobleman, and his wife, a Polish countess, Józefina Radolińska, Boito studied music at the Milan Conservatory with Alberto Mazzucato until 1861, where a friend, Albert Visetti resided as well. His older brother, Camillo Boito, was an Italian architect and engineer as well as a noted art critic, art historian and novelist.

In 1866 he fought under Giuseppe Garibaldi in the Seven Weeks' War in which the Kingdom of Italy and Prussia fought against Austria, after which Venice was ceded to Italy.

Between 1887 and 1894, he had an affair with the celebrated actress Eleonora Duse. Their relationship was carried out in a highly clandestine manner, presumably because of Boito's many aristocratic friends and acquaintances. Despite this, their voluminous correspondence over the years survives. The two remained on good terms until his death.

Towards the end of his musical career, Boito succeeded Giovanni Bottesini as director of the Parma Conservatory after the latter's death in 1889 and held the post until 1897. He received the honorary degree of Doctor of Music from the University of Cambridge in 1893, and on his death in Milan he was interred there in the Cimitero Monumentale. He was an atheist.

A memorial concert was given in his honor at La Scala in 1948. The orchestra was conducted by Arturo Toscanini. Recorded in very primitive sound, the concert has been issued on CD.

Career in music
Boito wrote very little music, but completed (and later destroyed) the opera Ero e Leandro and left incomplete a further opera, Nerone, which he had been working at, on and off, between 1877 and 1915. Excluding its last act, for which Boito left only a few sketches, Nerone was finished after his death by Arturo Toscanini and Vincenzo Tommasini and premiered at La Scala in 1924. He also left a Symphony in A minor in manuscript.

Mefistofele

His only completed opera, Mefistofele, based on Goethe's Faust, was given its first performance on 5 March 1868, at La Scala, Milan. The premiere, which he conducted himself, was badly received, provoking riots and duels over its supposed "Wagnerism", and it was closed by the police after two performances. Verdi commented, "He aspires to originality but succeeds only at being strange." Boito withdrew the opera from further performances to rework it, and it had a more successful second premiere, in Bologna on 10 April 1875. This revised and drastically cut version also changed Faust from a baritone to a tenor. Mefistofele is the only work of his performed with any regularity today, and Enrico Caruso included its two tenor arias in his first recording session. The prologue to the opera, set in heaven, is a favorite concert excerpt.

Libretti

Boito's literary powers never waned. As well as writing the libretti for his own operas, he wrote them for greater operas by two other composers. As "Tobia Gorrio" (an anagram of his name), he provided the libretto for Amilcare Ponchielli's La Gioconda.

Collaboration with Verdi

Shortly after he had collaborated with Verdi on Inno delle nazioni ("Anthem of the Nations", London, 1862), Boito offended him in a toast to his long-time friend, the composer (and later conductor) Franco Faccio. The rapprochement was effected by the music publisher Giulio Ricordi, whose long-term aim was to persuade Verdi to write another opera. Verdi agreed that Boito should revise the libretto of the original 1857 Simon Boccanegra. Musicologist Roger Parker speculates that this was based on a desire to "test the possibility" of working with Boito, before possibly embarking on a larger project. The revised Boccanegra premiered to great acclaim in 1881. With that, their mutual friendship and respect blossomed, and that larger project became Otello. Although Verdi's aim to write the music for an opera based on Shakespeare's King Lear never came to fruition (despite the existence of a libretto), Boito provided subtle and resonant libretti not just for Otello (based on Shakespeare's play Othello) but also for Falstaff (which was based on two other Shakespeare plays, The Merry Wives of Windsor and parts of Henry IV).  After those many years of close association, when Verdi died in 1901, Boito was at his bedside.

Libretti by Boito
The years given are those of the premieres. Boito also provided the text to Verdi's cantata Inno delle Nazioni which was first given on 24 May 1862 at Her Majesty's Theatre, London.

 Amleto (Franco Faccio; 1865)
 Mefistofele (1868, his own music; 1875, his own music)
 Un tramonto (Gaetano Coronaro; 1873)
 La falce (Alfredo Catalani; 1875)
 La Gioconda (Amilcare Ponchielli; 1876)
 Semira (L. San Germano; never perf.)
 Ero e Leandro (Giovanni Bottesini; 1879 – Luigi Mancinelli; 1897)
 Simon Boccanegra (Giuseppe Verdi; 1881 [revised version of the 1857 original])
 Basi e bote (Riccardo Pick-Mangiagalli; 1927)
 Otello (Verdi; 1887)
 Falstaff (Verdi; 1893)
 Nerone (Boito, unfinished, lacking act V; 1924)

Recordings
Recordings of two operas exist:
 Mefistofele
  Nerone

Depictions in media
 The play After Aida — a 1985 play-with-music by Julian Mitchell — depicts the struggle of Giulio Ricordi and Franco Faccio to get the retired Verdi to collaborate with young Boito on a project, which resulted in Otello.
 In November 2001, Tell Giulio the Chocolate is Ready, a radio play by Murray Dahm, was produced and broadcast by Radio New Zealand. The play is based on the letters of the Verdi-Boito correspondence and explores the genesis and production of Verdi and Boito's opera Otello. The play and broadcast included those sections of the opera as they appeared in the correspondence (such as Iago's Credo).

See also
 Scapigliatura

References
Notes

Sources
 Ashbrook, William (1998), "Boito, Arrigo",  in Stanley Sadie, (Ed.), The New Grove Dictionary of Opera, Vol. One, pp. 527–529. London: Macmillan Publishers, Inc. 1998
 "Arrigo Enrico Boïto", Opera Glass Composer Index, (Stanford University) on opera.stanford.edu.  Retrieved 17 January 2014
 Budden, Julian (1984), The Operas of Verdi, Volume 2:  From Il Trovatore to La Forza del Destino. London: Cassell.  (hardcover)   (paperback).
 Budden, Julian (1984), The Operas of Verdi, Volume 3:  From Don Carlos to Falstaff.  London: Cassell.
 Businelli, Mariella; Giampiero Tintori (1986), Arrigo Boito, Musicista e Letteratto, Nuove Edizioni
 D'Angelo, Emanuele (2007), "Arrigo Boito", in Encyclopedia of Italian Literary Studies, edited by Gaetana Marrone. New York: Routledge. Vol. 1, pp. 271–274.
 D'Angelo, Emanuele (2010), Arrigo Boito drammaturgo per musica: Idee, visioni, forma e battaglie, Venezia, Marsilio.
 De Van, Gilles (trans. Gilda Roberts) (1998), Verdi's Theater: Creating Drama Through Music. Chicago & London: University of Chicago Press.   (hardback),
 Kimball, David (2001), in Holden, Amanda (Ed.), The New Penguin Opera Guide, New York: Penguin Putnam, 2001.
 Maeder, Costantino, Il real fu dolore e l'ideal sogno. Arrigo Boito e i limiti dell'arte, Cesati: Firenze, 2002.
 Parker, Roger (1998), "Simon Boccanegra", in Stanley Sadie, (Ed.), The New Grove Dictionary of Opera, Vol. Four. London: Macmillan Publishers.
 Viagrande, Riccardo (2008), Arrigo Boito "Un caduto chèrubo", poeta e musicista, Palermo, L'Epos.
 Viagrande, Riccardo (2013), Verdi e Boito. "All'arte dell'avvenire". Storia di un'amicizia e di una collaborazione artistica, Monza, Casa Musicale Eco.
 Walker, Frank (1982), "Boito and Verdi" in  The Man Verdi, New York: Knopf, 1962, Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

External links

 Arrigo Boito article in The Illustrated Sporting & Dramatic News July 17, 1880

1842 births
1918 deaths
19th-century classical composers
19th-century Italian male musicians
20th-century classical composers
20th-century Italian composers
20th-century Italian male musicians
Academic staff of the Parma Conservatory
Burials at the Cimitero Monumentale di Milano
Giuseppe Verdi
Italian classical composers
Italian male classical composers
Italian male writers
Musicians from Padua
Italian opera composers
Italian opera librettists
Italian people of Polish descent
Italian Romantic composers
Male opera composers
Milan Conservatory alumni
Writers from Padua
People of the Austro-Prussian War
Scapigliatura Movement

Arrigo Boito


N H Buchanan Motor Co Pty Ltd was an Australian kit car manufacturer. It made sports cars in the 1950s.

The original body produced by Buchanan was a fibreglass item based on an Aston Martin DB3-S racing car.  Buchanan borrowed a DB3-S and pulled moulds from it while it was in Australia.  The styling was altered by filling in the scallops either side of the bonnet and reshaping the grille opening to be oval.  Because the target market was for rebodying of early model MGs, the Buchanan moulds were cut and extended between the door openings and the rear wheelarches, adding several centimetres to the body length.

Racing car kits were also produced, consisting of this type of body plus a fabricated X-frame racing chassis manufactured from steel channel sections welded face to face to form box sections.  The chassis used mechanicals from a Holden FJ, with the front suspension crossmember and rear axle assembly being shortened to suit the narrower body.

The Buchanan Cobra was introduced in 1958 as a production vehicle based on Standard 10 mechanicals.  Only 7 were manufactured.

Buchanan car list
Buchanan Cobra number 1 was known to be sitting in an industrial shed in Warners Bay awaiting restoration as at November 2006.

Buchanan Cobra number 3 is a complete running car and is raced through the Victorian Racing Register on a regular basis in Victoria as of May 2007.  Attached is a current photograph of Cobra no.3 being raced at Sandown in November 2013.  car is owned and driven by Paul Schilling a member of the Victorian Racing Register and residing at Healesville in Victoria. Cobra number 3 has recently undergone a facelift, an engine rebuild, a paint job, electrical sorting and has appeared at Phillip Island, Sandown, Briant Park and Rob Roy hillclimbs and 2014 could be a big year for this cobra..

"Wally Mitchell's" MGY-based Holden-powered Buchanan is currently undergoing a full ground up restoration by current owners Mathew Liersch and Clark Watson with an estimated completion date set for 2011.

References

External links

 The Buchanan Register

Car manufacturers of Australia
Kit car manufacturers

Buchanan (car)


Christopher Rowley (born 1948) is an American writer specializing in the science fiction and fantasy genres. He is also a former journalist and television screenwriter.

Christopher Rowley was born in 1948 in Lynn, Massachusetts, to an American mother and an English father. Educated primarily at Brentwood School, in Essex, England, he became a London-based journalist in the 1970s. In 1977 he moved to New York City, and now lives in upstate New York's Hudson Valley.

Rowley's first science fiction novel was The War for Eternity, published in 1983, which won the Compton Crook Award for best first novel. The War for Eternity led to three further novels set in the same future: The Black Ship, The Founder, and To a Highland Nation. His novel Starhammer has been cited by computer programmer Jason Jones as an important literary influence in the creation of the Halo video game series by Bungie. Starhammer was followed by The Vang: The Military Form and The Vang: The Battlemaster to form a loosely connected trilogy (all published by Ballantine Books) spanning several thousand years and involving different sets of characters in each book.

In the 1990s, Rowley switched to the fantasy genre with the success of his first novel for Roc Books, Bazil Broketail. This novel was set on the imaginary world Ryetelth and involved the adventures of battledragons and the boys that care for them in the service of the legions of the nine cities of the Argonath. Bazil Broketail's adventures continued with Sword for a Dragon, Dragons of War, Battledragon, A Dragon at World's End, Dragons of Argonath, and Dragon Ultimate. The Ryetelth novels also include a tangential story, told in The Wizard and the Floating City, that interrupted the sequence of Bazil Broketail novels and introduced new characters and a broadening of the conceptual framework of the entire series. In the 1980s and 1990s he also co-wrote two television animated series by Robert Mandell, The Adventures of the Galaxy Rangers and Princess Gwenevere and the Jewel Riders.

After the conclusion of the Bazil Broketail series, he produced the Books of Arna, a trilogy set on Arna, a world colonized by humans in the far future. This series began with The Ancient Enemy, continued with The Shasht War, and concluded with Doom's Break. In February 2009, Rowley's first illustrated novel, titled Arkham Woods, a supernatural tale of horror inspired by the Cthulhu Mythos of H.P. Lovecraft and published by Seven Seas.

References

External links
  (2005-2009)

 Christopher Rowley at The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction

1948 births
20th-century American novelists
21st-century American novelists
American fantasy writers
American horror writers
American male journalists
American male novelists
American male screenwriters
American science fiction writers
American television writers
American male television writers
Living people
People educated at Brentwood School, Essex
Novelists from New York (state)
20th-century American male writers
21st-century American male writers
20th-century American non-fiction writers
21st-century American non-fiction writers
Screenwriters from New York (state)

Christopher Rowley


Abutig (أبو تيج) is a ceety in Egyp. It is locatit on the wast bank o the Nile, in the Asyut Govrenorate. Its population is aroond 440,000.

It is characterized bi historical an auncient hooses, which is attributit tae age an Alohnas Pharaonic, Coptic, Islamic an Islamic place o worship as fowk caw El Vergel. Famous fowk Obotej generosity an luve o the guests are Obotej ceety commercial, industrial, whaur the business o sellin wholesale tae the spread o the timber industry an thare is a branch o the Arab Company for Cotton Ginning, as well as a branch o the company East (Eastern Company) tae trade fumes an factory for the production o aluminum an thare are a factory tae fill an import o tea (Tea the key an the Royal Club an Company) an thare is an industrial aurie in the veelage o carpets an thare's Babotij zoo cawed gairden Nasser, thare flocked bi visitors frae aw ower the govrenorates an neighborin govrenorates, especially in events an festivals an on the banks o the Nile in front o the Obotej hospital central an ane o the lairgest hospitals in the centers o the govrenorate.

Populatit places in Egyp

Abutig


KMS (Key Management Service) is one of the methods to activate Microsoft Windows and Microsoft Office. Activation ensures that the software is obtained from and licensed by Microsoft. KMS is used by volume license customers, usually medium to large businesses, schools, and non-profits. Individual computers do not need to contact Microsoft, although the KMS server does. KMS clients must be activated at least once every 180 days. A KMS client will try to activate once every 7 days, and if it fails it will try again every 2 hours. The KMS server can be automatically detected by DNS if the proper DNS record is present, or it can be manually entered using the slmgr command. There must be at least 25 KMS-activated computers (5 for Windows Server) on the network to use KMS. If the KMS activation fails (for example, because the KMS server is not available or there are less than 25 computers on the network), a watermark telling the user to activate Windows will appear in the bottom right corner of the screen.

Exploits
There is an unofficial KMS server emulator that will activate Windows or Office even if the software was not licensed or paid for, and regardless of whether or not there are 25 or more computers on the network. There is also a program that will send KMS requests to a legitimate KMS server, in order to fool the server into thinking that there are 25 or more computers on the network. Microsoft considers both of these exploits to be a violation of the Terms and Conditions.

Microsoft

Key Management Service


Guido Maus (born 5 November 1964, Malmedy) is a Belgian-born gallery owner, gallerist, curator, and long-time collector of contemporary art. He is currently living and working in Birmingham, Alabama.

Gallery
In early 2010, Maus opened beta pictoris Gallery / Maus Contemporary dedicated to supporting contemporary creativity across the visual arts in photography, painting, sculpture and works on paper as well as mixed media, with a strong emphasis on issue-driven artwork and committed to experimentation and risk-taking. Through representing emerging, established, and internationally recognized artists, the gallery is committed to bringing a global perspective to contemporary issues and practices across the visual arts. The program consists of exhibitions, print publications, and media outreach.

The gallery represents the artists Jelili Atiku, John Bankston, Jarrod Beck, Steven Bindernagel, Manuel Caeiro, Willie Cole, Clayton Colvin, Derek Gracco, John Fields, Mark Flood, Peter Fox (artist), Irene Grau, Deborah Karpman, Barbara and Michael Leisgen, Sharon Louden, Odili Donald Odita, Sonja Rieger, Bayeté Ross Smith, Leslie Smith III, Susana Solano, Travis Somerville, Taravat Talepasand, Melissa Vandenberg, and the Estates of Eugene J. Martin and Yoshishige Furukawa.

beta pictoris gallery is a member of ICI, Independent Curators International (ICI), New York, a supporting member of The Birmingham Museum of Art, and its Collectors Circle for Contemporary Art, as well as its Sankofa Society, a support group for African and African-American Art. beta pictoris gallery is also a supporting member of the Museum of Contemporary Art Denver in Denver, Colorado and the Boulder Museum of Contemporary Art in Boulder, Colorado.

Gallery exhibits curated by Maus in beta pictoris gallery / Maus Contemporary have been reviewed in many art magazines and art blogs including Artforum, ARTslant, Square Cylinder Northern California Art, and Hyperallergic, among others.

Notes and references

External links
beta pictoris Gallery / Maus Contemporary Home Page Retrieved 2013-07-20.
3rd ArtPad iteration represents more than typical fare by Scott Jennings, June 2013  Retrieved 2013-07-20.
Emotionally charged exhibits on display at Beta Pictoris by Walter Lewellyn, January 2013 Retrieved 2013-07-20.
Everyone in the ArtPad, Artnet Magazine, May 2012 Retrieved 2013-07-20.
Art of the Urbane, Bhamarchitect's Blog, May 2010 Retrieved 2013-07-20.

1964 births
Living people
Belgian painters
Artists from Birmingham, Alabama
Postmodern artists
Belgian multimedia artists

Guido Maus


Daniel [ dan-yuhl ] is a Hebrew given name for males and a surname. It means, "GOD IS MY JUDGE".

There are many nicknames for "Daniel": Dan, Danny, Dani (English) and Danya (Russia). For females, nicknames include Danielle, Daniela, Dani, and Danitza. "Daniel" as a surname developed into Daniels, meaning "son of Daniel".

This name was ranked #16 on the US Popular Male Names in 2021.

First name

 Dan Andriano, bassist in the punk band Alkaline Trio
 Dan Aykroyd, Canadian-American actor
 Dan Beard, founder of the Boy Scouts of America (1850-1941)
 Dan Brown, American author and writer of The Da Vinci Code
 Dan Castellaneta, American actor, knowing for voicing Homer Simpson
 Dan Coats, U.S. senator and ambassador to Germany
 Dan Cruickshank, British architectural historian and television presenter
 Dan Curry, visual effects producer most noted for his work on the Star Trek series of movies and TV shows
 Dan Daniel (sportswriter), American sportswriter
 Dan DeCarlo, American cartoonist
 Dan Green, American voice actor
 Dan Glickman, president of the Motion Picture Association of America, former U.S. Secretary of Agriculture
 Dan Gurney, American racing car driver
 Dan Jansen, American speed skater, Olympic gold medalist
 Dan Kowarsky, Canadian Singer, B4-4/RyanDan

 Dan Lewis, Canadian volleyball player
 Dan Majerle, American basketball player
 Dan Marino, American football player
 Dan Middleton, British YouTuber.
 Dan Varga, American Viddy Star.
 Dan O'Bannon (1946-2009), American filmmaker
 Dan Reeves, American football player and head coach
 Dan Savage, American sex columnist
 Dan Snow, British television presenter
 Dan White, assassinated San Francisco Mayor George Moscone and Supervisor Harvey Milk
 Daniel, the Old Testament prophet, of the book of Daniel in the Bible
 Daniel (singer) (born 1955), Montenegro-born singer
 Daniel Alves (born 1983), Brazilian international footballer
 Daniel Anthony (actor), British actor
 Daniel Barenboim, pianist and conductor
 Daniel Boone (1734-1820), American pioneer, fur trader, explorer, adventurer and hunter
 Daniel Brunhart, Liechtenstein judoka
 Daniel Castellani, Argentine volleyball player and coach
 Daniel Chan, Hong Kong singer and actor
 Daniel Ciobotea, Romanian patriarch
 Daniel Colla, Argentine volleyball player
 Daniel Coronell, director of Noticias Uno
 Daniel Craig, English actor
 Daniel Day-Lewis, English actor
 Daniel Delfino, Argentine association football player
 Daniel Defoe, English writer, journalist, and pamphleteer.
 Daniel Dennett, American philosopher
 Daniel Drezner, American political scientist and author
Daniel Duquesnois Dubois, French-Brazilian visual artist
 Daniel Gibson, American basketball player
 Daniel Henney,  Korean-American actor and model
 Daniel Hudson, American baseball pitcher
 Daniel Johns, Australian vocalist, composer, guitarist and pianist
 Daniel Johnston, American singer-songwriter
 Daniel Jorgensen, American freestyle swimmer
 Daniel Dae Kim, Korean-American actor
 Daniel Kandi, Danish trance producer
 Daniel Armand Lee (also known as Tablo), Korean-Canadian rapper, songwriter and lyricist
Daniel Larze (Puerto Rican Writer), Puerto Rican Singer
 Daniel Lewis, Canadian volleyball player
 Daniel Lins Cortês, Brazilian association football player
 Daniel López, Chilean association football player
 Daniel Málek, Czech breaststroke swimmer
 Daniel Mameri, Brazilian water polo player
 Daniel Murphy, American baseball player
 Daniel Ortega, Nicaraguan revolutionary and politician
 Daniel Pliński, Polish volleyball player
 Daniel Radcliffe, British actor best known for acting the main role in Harry Potter films
 Daniel Raditch, a fictional character in Degrassi: The Next Generation
 Daniel Rincón, Colombian road cyclist
 Daniel Schlereth, baseball pitcher
 Daniel Sedin, Swedish ice hockey player
 Daniel Sirera, Spanish politician
 Daniel D. Tompkins, 6th Vice President of the United States
 Daniel Tosh, American stand-up comedian and television presenter
 Daniel Van Zandt, a fictional character in Degrassi: The Next Generation
 Daniel Vasella (born 1953), Swiss businessman
 Daniel Vasilevski, Macedonian-Australian association football player
 Daniel Webster (1782-1852), American statesman
 Daniel Webster (Florida politician), former Speaker of the Florida House of Representatives
 Daniele Barbaro, Patriarch of Aquileia.
 Daniil Granin, Soviet/Russian writer
 Daniil Kharms, early Soviet-era surrealist and absurdist poet, writer and dramatist
 Daniil Simkin, soloist with American Ballet Theatre
 Danny!, American record producer and rapper
 Danny Ahn, Korean-American rapper and actor
 Danny Alves, Portuguese association football player
 Danny DeVito, American actor
 Danny Elfman, American musician
 Danny Glover, American actor
 Danny John-Jules, British actor and dancer
 Danny Jones, vocalist and guitarist of British band McFly
 Danny Kaye, American actor, singer, dancer, and comedian
 Danny La Rue, Irish-British entertainer
 Danny Saucedo, Swedish pop/dance-singer
 Danny Thomas, Welsh association football player
 Danny Wallace, British author and humourist
 Danny Way, American professional skateboarder
 Danny Wood, singer of New Kids on the Block
 Danyl Johnson, British singer
 Daniel Alfredsson, hockey player

Last Name
 Andrew Daniel, winner of the fifth season of Big Brother
 Antoine Daniel, Jesuit missionary
 Arnaut Daniel, Provençal troubadour of the 13th century
 Augustus Daniel, former Director of the National Gallery in London
 Beth Daniel, professional golfer
 Bill Daniel, governor of Guam and Democratic member of the Texas House of Representatives
 Britt Daniel, lead singer of the rock band Spoon
 Brittany Daniel, actress
 Caroline Daniel, panelist for The McLaughlin Group
 Celso Daniel, former mayor of Santo André, São Paulo
 Charles E. Daniel, United States Senator from South Carolina
 Dan Daniel (sportswriter)
 David Daniel, Wales international rugby player
 Elton L. Daniel, historian and Iranologist
 Frank Daniel, Czech-born movie director, producer and screenwriter
 Gabriel Daniel, French Jesuit historian
 Gbenga Daniel, governor of Ogun State in Nigeria
 Glyn Daniel, British archaeologist
 Jack Daniel, founder of Jack Daniel's whiskey
 James Simpson-Daniel, English rugby union footballer
 Jeffrey Daniel, American dancer and singer, notably of the group Shalamar
 Jennifer Daniel, British actress
 John Daniel, 17th century English musician
 John Reeves Jones Daniel, United States Representative from North Carolina
 John W. Daniel, American lawyer and Democratic politician
 Junius Daniel, American planter and career military officer
 Lorenzo Daniel, American track and field sprinter
 Marcos Daniel, Brazilian tennis player
 Oliver Daniel, American arts administrator, musicologist, and composer
 Paul Daniel, English conductor
 Price Daniel, United States Senator from Texas
 Ray Daniel, Welsh football player and manager
 Robert Daniel, United States Representative from Virginia
 Samuel Daniel, English poet and historian
 Tony Daniel, American artist
 Wayne Daniel, cricket player
 Wendy Palmer-Daniel, professional basketball player in the WNBA
 William Daniel, 19th century U.S. politician
 Yuli Daniel, Soviet dissident writer

References

Surnames
Given names

Daniel (name)


The Cleveland Orchestra is an American orchestra based in Cleveland, Ohio.  Their conductor is Franz Welser-Möst.

The orchestra was started in 1918 with Nikolai Sokoloff as conductor.  In 1931 a new concert hall called the Severance Hall was opened.  It has been the orchestra's concert hall ever since.

The conductor George Szell made them into one of the world's best orchestras.  When he started conducting them after World War II he told twelve of the players that they had to leave.  Another twelve musicians were so angry that they left as well.  Szell then improved the orchestra during the 24 years he was with them.  Even now the orchestra is so good because of what Szell did for them.

Today's conductor of the Cleveland Orchestra, Franz Welser-Möst, continues to conduct the orchestra in Cleveland as well as touring with them all over the world.  They perform regularly in the summer at the Blossom Festival in Cuyahoga Falls, Ohio, and also in Miami, Florida, and in the Musikverein, Vienna.

Conductors
1918-1933 Nikolai Sokoloff
1933-1943 Artur Rodziński
1943-1944 Erich Leinsdorf
1946-1970 George Szell
1970-1972 Pierre Boulez
1972-1982 Lorin Maazel
1984-2002 Christoph von Dohnányi
2002-present Franz Welser-Möst

Other websites
The Cleveland Orchestra Official website

American orchestras
Cleveland
1918 establishments in the United States
1910s establishments in Ohio

Cleveland Orchestra


Zhang Jinghui (Chang Ching-hui; ; Hepburn: Chō Keikei); (1871 – 1 November 1959) was a Chinese general, warlord and politician during the Warlord era. He is noted for his role in the Japanese puppet regime of Manchukuo in which he served as its second and final Prime Minister.

Biography
Zhang Jinghui was born in Tai'an, southwest of Mukden, Liaoning Province. The area was a battlefield in the First Sino-Japanese War and he joined the Honghuzi irregular cavalry forces of the Manchurian warlord Zhang Zuolin at an early age. These forces were recruited as mercenaries by the Japanese during the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-05.

In the final years of the Qing dynasty, Zhang Zuolin was appointed Viceroy of Three Northeast Provinces with his base at Fengtian, and with the Xinhai Revolution managed to obtain recognition of his forces as part of the new Republic of China military. At that time he was appointed commander of the Beiyang Army's 27th Infantry Brigade. However, with the death of Yuan Shikai in 1916, the Beiyang Army split into several mutually hostile factions.

Zhang Jinghui deserted Zhang Zuolin to join Wu Peifu's Zhili clique. He later rejoined Zhang Zuolin and served as his Minister of War in the Beiyang Government from May 1926 to June 1927 and as Minister of Enterprises in the National Pacification Army Government from June 1927 to June 1928. Within a year he was appointed governor of the Harbin and China Eastern Railway Special District in northern Manchuria. However, following the death of Zhang Zuolin in the Huanggutun Incident on 4 June 1928, Zhang Jinghui's relations with his son and successor, Zhang Xueliang, deteriorated. Nevertheless, both men participated in a national unity conference called by Kuomintang leader Chiang Kai-shek in January 1929 in Nanjing.

However, the political balance was changed after the Mukden Incident and the successful invasion of Manchuria by the Japanese Kwantung Army in 1931. Zhang called a conference in his office on 27 September 1931 to organize an "Emergency Committee of the Special District", with the goal of achieving the secession of Manchuria from China. Following the expulsion of pro-Kuomintang Gen. Ma Zhanshan from Qiqihar, Zhang proclaimed his territory to be self-governing and was inaugurated as governor on 7 January 1932. Uncertain of the intentions of the Soviet Union to the north, and unable to withstand the Japanese military presence to the south, Zhang reached an agreement with the Japanese and accepted an appointment as governor of Heilongjiang Province in the new Japanese-run state of Manchukuo. His refusal, though, to leave his stronghold in Harbin to take up residence in Qiqihar created friction with the Kwangtung Army leadership. However, when Ma Zhanshan agreed to terms with the Japanese on 14 February 1932 in exchange for the post of Governor of Heilongjiang Province, Zhang was set aside. Ma revolted in April 1932 and Zhang took his place as Minister of Defense of the Empire of Manchukuo.

On 21 May 1935, Zhang succeeded Zheng Xiaoxu as Prime Minister of Manchukuo at the instigation of the Kwantung Army over the objections of Emperor Puyi. As Prime Minister of Manchukuo, Zhang preferred to take a passive figurehead role, allowing the Japanese advisors seconded from the Kwantung Army to handle all aspects of day-to-day administration while he spent his days copying Buddhist sutras. Reviled by modern Chinese historians for his pro-Japanese stance, and nicknamed "the Tofu Prime Minister" even in his lifetime, Zhang was recorded to have only once spoken out against the Japanese administration—to criticize the forced sale of lands to Japanese colonists.
In 1943 he was the official delegate from Manchukuo to the Greater East Asia Conference held in Tokyo. That same year a false report was published in  Time Magazine that Zhang had poisoned his family and killed his Japanese advisor and other members of the Manchukuo government before committing suicide.

Zhang held the position of Prime Minister until the collapse of Manchukuo following the Soviet Red Army's invasion of Manchuria in August 1945.

Following World War II he was held in custody by the Soviet Union in Siberia and extradited to the People's Republic of China in 1950, where he was imprisoned at the Fushun War Criminals Management Centre. He died of heart failure nine years later in 1959.

References

External links
IMTFE Judgement, Invasion & Occupation of Manchuria
 Photo at World War II Database

Chinese collaborators with Imperial Japan
Prime Ministers of Manchukuo
Government ministers of Manchukuo
Republic of China warlords from Liaoning
Politicians from Anshan
World War II political leaders
1871 births
1959 deaths
Chinese people imprisoned abroad
Chinese people who died in prison custody
Prisoners who died in Chinese detention
Prisoners and detainees of the People's Republic of China
People extradited from the Soviet Union
People extradited to China
Chinese anti-communists
Heads of government convicted of war crimes
People convicted of treason

Zhang Jinghui


The naitional banner o Brunei wis adoptit on September 29, 1959 when the kintra wis a Breetish protectorate, an wis retained when the kintra gained full unthirldom on Januar 1, 1984, as Brunei Darussalam (State o Brunei, Abode o Peace). The banner haes the Crest o Brunei in the centre, on a yellae field. The field is cut bi black an white diagonal stripes, awtho thay are offeecially cawed parallelograms.

The coat o airms is as follaes: a crescent (seembolising Islam) joined wi a parasol (seembolising monarchy), an twa gloves on baith sides. Belaw the crescent is a ribbon. On the crescent an ribbon are Arabic inscriptions translatin as "State o Brunei, Abode o peace" an Brunei's motto, "Aaways in service wi God's guidance"

In Sootheast Asie, yellow is tradeetionally the colour o royalty, an the ryal staundarts o Malaysie an Thailand, alang wi the presidential banner o Indonesie, an aa uise a yellae field.

Black an white stripes represent Brunei's chief meenisters, an yellae represents the Sultan o Brunei. The naitional emblem wis placed in the center in 1959. A seemilar version o this banner, athoot the coat o airms, wis first uised in 1906. The coat o airms bears a crescent seembolic o the Islamic faith, an the central mast is a seembol o the state. The banner an umbrella are seembols o ryalty, an the upturned haunds signify the benevolence o the govrenment. The Arabic motto on the crescent translates as, Aaways render service bi God's guidance. Belaw it, a scroll bears the inscription Brunei Darussalam, the kintra's offeecial title, meanin Ceety o Peace.

Freemit airtins

 Flag and Crest Description from Government website
 History Brunei Flag

Brunei
Naitional seembols o Brunei

Banner o Brunei