The Rolladen-Schneider LS6 is a 15 metre and 18 metre single-seat flapped glider manufactured by Rolladen-Schneider Flugzeugbau GmbH between 1984 and 2003.

Development
The prototype of the LS6, successor to the LS3 in the FAI 15 metre Class, made its first flight in 1983. Having entered production one year later, the LS6 had an uncommonly long production run ended by Rolladen-Schneider's entry into receivership in 2003. A total of 375 of all versions were built.

A watershed design, the LS6 introduced carbon reinforced plastic as a structural material in LS-gliders, thin profiles for wings and empennage, wing extensions and other features that have been retained in all subsequent types developed by the company.  The Akaflieg Darmstadt D41, the LS9 and the Akaflieg Köln LS11 all have wings built in the LS6 moulds.

Bettering the record of the LS4 in the Standard Class, the LS6 dominated the 15 metre Class over nearly a decade, winning the first two places at the 1985 World Gliding Championships at Rieti in Italy, the first three places at the 1987 Worlds at Benalla in Australia, the first four places in the 1991 World Championships at Uvalde in the United States and the first two places in the 1993 World Championships at Borlänge in Sweden.

The type consolidated Rolladen-Schneider's reputation for well rounded, easy to fly gliders that do well in any conditions, being known for its superb handling, tolerance of piloting technique and environment (turbulence, rain, contamination by insects) as well as for good glide ratios over a wide speed range.

The LS6 is succeeded by the LS10, to be produced by DG Flugzeugbau GmbH.

Design

Aerodynamics
The designer Wolf Lemke decided to retain the wing area of the LS3 but with a double trapezoid wing plan approaching the ideal elliptical shape. A new profile with higher speed potential was selected, the FX 81-K-130 developed in 1981 by University of Stuttgart aerodynamicist Professor  Franz Wortmann. Albeit having a thickness-to-chord ratio of only 13%, this conservative profile has a remarkably benign behaviour that pays handsomely in terms of ease of handling and tolerance to environmental conditions. A slightly thicker version of this profile was developed with Prof. Wortmann for the outer wing, assuring healthy stall characteristics without requiring any washout. Profiles of the same family were selected for the slender, wide-span horizontal stabiliser.

A new fuselage, shorter and slimmer than that of the LS3 and LS4, was developed for the LS6. This fuselage and its horizontal stabiliser have been used, with minor modification, for all subsequent LS designs up to the LS10.

Construction
The slender wings required the use of a carbon reinforced main spar for structural feasibility. The horizontal stabiliser is a spareless carbon sandwich shell. The full-span flaperons are divided into six segments and built as aramid / foam sandwiches allowing a very light and rigid construction. Fairings on the upper wing surface accommodate the tall flaperon bellcranks. The elevator is a carbon / aramid shell except for the LS6-a that employed an Aramid / corrugated paper construction. The fuselage is built as a single shell of glass-reinforced plastic, except in the area of the cockpit that is a double shell for passive safety. A safety cockpit was developed for the -c variant with additional glass, carbon and aramid reinforcements, following crash tests carried out in-house by Wolf Lemke anticipating later TÜV Rheinland crashworthiness recommendations.

The wing-flaperon gaps were originally sealed by internal Teflon S seals on the top side and by thin metal strip seals sliding over Teflon on the bottom side. PET film seals later became standard on both surfaces. The original water ballast system had four interconnected and unvented ballast bags with a total capacity of 140 litres, with a central valve and a single dumping orifice under the fuselage.

Variants
LS6Initial production version.
LS6-awith a new construction for the elevator employing an aramid / corrugated paper sandwich, and a modified ballasting system, namely larger water ballast bags and an optional tank in the vertical fin for center of gravity corrections.
LS6-b(1987) introduced a lighter and stronger construction for the wing shells employing a glass, foam and carbon sandwich. A ballast system with independent valves in each wing was offered as an option. The LS6-b and all subsequent versions reverted to the original carbon / aramid elevator.
LS6-cmajor redesign, the most important novelty being the interchangeable wing tips allowing a span extension to 17.5 metres. This longer span required a larger rudder, increasing the overall length by eighteen centimetres. Concurrently, the cockpit was reinforced for increased crash safety and the allowable weight of non-lifting parts was increased. At the same time the control and ballast systems were brought up to a new standard shared with the LS7: fully automatic control hook-ups, a mass-balanced flaperon drive system (previous versions having anti-flutter dampers), airbrake locks relocated in the wings, a trigger-activated trim system in place of the trim wheel, a new ballast system that did away with plumbing inside the fuselage and Mylar seals for all control surfaces.
LS6-c18reduction in ballast capacity to 100 litres to accommodate the 18 metre wing extensions with winglets and an increase in maximum speed up to 280 km/h.
LS6-18wfurther convergence with the LS8: winglets for the 15 metre span and stronger spars allowing an increase in ballast capacity to 140 litres.

Specifications (LS6)

References

Further reading

External links

Sailplane Directory

1980s German sailplanes
Rolladen-Schneider aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1983
T-tail aircraft

Rolladen-Schneider LS6


Pasties (sing. 'pastie') are small pieces of cloth, plastic or metal. They are treated specially so they are sticky. They are used to cover a girl's nipples or genital area. They vary in size and are usually not much larger than the person's areola.

The concept of 'pasties' is to show as much of the breast as possible without making the woman entirely topless. Many exotic dancers in strip clubs are required to wear them by law. Pasties are usually applied with a special glue or tape.  This is the origin of their name, as they are quite literally 'pasted' onto the nipple.

Pasties are worn by many neo-burlesque performers. Burlesque pasties may also feature tassels which hang from the center, performer will sometimes twirl these as part of a performance.

Some women who choose not to wear a bra wear pasties to prevent their nipples from protruding visibly through their shirt.

Pasties in law
The United States Supreme Court held in Erie v. Pap's A.M. that a city ordinance requiring erotic dancers to wear pasties, and a g-string, was constitutional.

References

Underwear
Body art

Pasties


The Union of 17 October (, Soyuz 17 Oktyabrya), commonly known as the Octobrist Party (Russian: Октябристы, Oktyabristy), was a liberal-reformist constitutional monarchist political party in late Imperial Russia. It represented moderately right-wing, anti-revolutionary, and constitutionalist views.

History

The party's programme of moderate constitutionalism called for the fulfilment of Tsar Nicholas II's October Manifesto granted at the peak of the Russian Revolution of 1905. Founded in late October 1905, from 1906 the party was led by the industrialist Alexander Guchkov who drew support from centrist-liberal gentry, businessmen, and some bureaucrats.

Unlike their immediate neighbors to the Left, Constitutional Democrats, the Octobrists were firmly committed to a system of constitutional monarchy. At the same time they emphasised the need for a strong parliament and a government that would be responsible to it. They were generally allied with the governments of Sergei Witte in 1905-1906 and Pyotr Stolypin in 1906-1911, but they criticised the government for taking extralegal measures and a slow pace of reforms, especially after the revolution ended in 1907 and they no longer saw the need for the extraordinary measures that they reluctantly supported in 1905-1907. The Octobrists' programme included private farming and further land reform, which were in tune with Stolypin's programme. They also supported the government in its unwillingness to grant political autonomy to ethnic minorities within the empire, although they generally opposed legal restrictions based on ethnicity and religion.

The Octobrists and groups allied with them did poorly in the 1906 elections of the First and Second State Dumas. However, after the dissolution of the Second State Duma on June 3, 1907 (Old Style), the election law was changed in favour of propertied classes and the party formed the largest faction in the Third State Duma (1907-1912). The apparent failure of the party to take advantage of this majority and inability to influence the politics of the government led to a split within the party in 1913 and poor showing in the 1912 Duma election, resulting in a smaller faction in the Fourth State Duma (1912-1917).

In December 1913, after a November conference in St. Petersburg, the Octobrist party split into three factions, effectively new parties: the left Octobrists (16 deputies, including I. V. Godnev, S. I. Shidlovskii, and Khomiakov), the zemstvo Octobrists (57 deputies, including Rodzianko, N. I. Antonov, and A. D. Protopopov), and the right Octobrists (13 deputies, including N. P. Shubinskii and G. V. Skoropadskii).

With the outbreak of World War I in August 1914, moderate political parties became moribund in Russia. The Octobrists all but ceased to exist outside the capital, St. Petersburg, by 1915. Several of its prominent members, particularly Guchkov and Mikhail Rodzianko, continued to play a significant role in Russian politics until 1917, when they were instrumental in convincing Nicholas II to abdicate during the February Revolution and in forming the Russian Provisional Government. With the fall of the Romanovs in March, the party became one of the ruling parties in the first Provisional Government.

Some members of the party, such as Vladimir Ryabushinsky, later participated in the White Movement after the October Revolution and during the Russian Civil War (1918-1920), becoming active in White émigré circles after the Bolshevik victory in 1920. By that time, the October Revolution had given the term "Octobrist" a completely different meaning and connotation in Russian politics.

In other parts of the Russian Empire
In the Livonian guberniya, a similar party of Baltic German nobility and bourgeoisie named Baltic Constitutional Party (German: Baltische Konstitutionelle Partei) was active; its pendant in the Esthonian guberniya was Esthonian Constitutional Party.

See also
Liberalism in Russia
Russian Revolution of 1905
Duma
Mikhail Rodzianko

Notes

References

External links
V. I. Lenin: A Disorderly Revolution

Monarchist parties in Russia
Political parties of the Russian Revolution
Political parties in the Russian Empire
Defunct liberal political parties
Political parties established in 1905
Political parties disestablished in 1917
Liberalism in Russia
Monarchism in Russia
1905 establishments in the Russian Empire

Union of October 17


Grosseto is a town in the central Italian region of Tuscany. It is the capital of the Province of Grosseto. The city is 12km from the Tyrrhenian Sea. It is in the Maremma near the Ombrone river. Grosseto has 80,742 people. It is a small city but the province is the largest of the Tuscany. It's very comfortable because there is the sea near it.

History
Grosseto was one of the main Etruscan cities. The city was under the control of the Aldobrandeschi family. In 1137, the city was captured by German soldiers under the control of Duke Henry X of Bavaria. In 1151, the people of Grosseto agreed to be under the control of Siena. In 1222, the city returned to the Aldobrandeschi. When Siena captured the lands of the Aldobrandeschi in 1244, Grosseto was under their control again. The city tried to free itself in 1266 and 1355 but failed.

Sienese control of the Grosseto lasted until 1559 when Charles V gave control of the city to the Medici. It then became part of the Grand Duchy of Tuscany.

Important sites

 The Medicean Walls: Built by Francesco I de Medici in 1547. These walls replaced earlier walls built in the 12th through 14th century.
 The Cathedral: A Romanesque cathedral. It is the main monument of the city. The Cathedral was built between the end of the 13th century and the 15th century. Construction was slow because of the fighting with Siena.
 Palazzo Aldobrandeschi: Built in the Middle Ages, this Neo-Gothic building is the home to the government of the Province of Grosseto.
 Granducal villa of Alberese: Built by the Knights Hospitaller in the 15th century. It was later used as the home of the Grand Dukes of Tuscany.
 Abbey of San Rabano: The ruins of this Abbey are in the Parco Nazionale della Maremma. It originally belonged to the Benedictines, but was later a possession of the Knights Hospitaller.
 Church of San Francesco
 Church of San Pietro, the most ancient in Grosseto.
 Medieval buildings in Batignano, Istia d'Ombrone and Montepescali.
 Ruins of the Abbey of San Pancrazio al Fango

Other websites

 Official site

Cities in Tuscany
Capital cities in Italy
Settlements in Grosseto

Grosseto


Harry Danielsen (14 September 1936 – 12 May 2011) was a Norwegian educator and politician for the Conservative Party, later independent.

He was born Rødøy as a son of a fisherman. After commerce school and military education he worked as a teacher in Steigen from 1958 to 1969, interrupted by the formal education as a teacher which he finished in 1968. He was a headmaster in Steigen from 1969 to 1971, speech trainer in Alstahaug from 1971 to 1972 before having various educational positions in Lurøy from 1972 to 1998.

His first public position was as a school board member in Steigen from 1960 to 1968. From 1960 to 1966 he also chaired the local Conservative Party branch. He was the deputy leader of Nordland Conservative Party from 1975 to 1977, and chaired the branch in Lurøy from 1978 to 1980. He was a member of the executive committee of Lurøy municipal council and Nordland county council from 1979 to 1983.

He was first elected to the Parliament of Norway representing Nordland in 1981. He was a member of the Standing Committee on Transport. He was then a deputy representative during the terms 1985–1989 and 1985–1989. From 1985 to 1986 he met regularly as a deputy of Petter Thomassen, the Minister of Industry of Willoch's Second Cabinet. Danielsen left the Conservative Party and became independent on 1 October 1987.

References

1936 births
2011 deaths
Norwegian educators
Members of the Storting
Conservative Party (Norway) politicians
Nordland politicians
20th-century Norwegian politicians

Harry Danielsen


The Smart Common Input Method (SCIM) is a platform for inputting more than thirty languages on computers, including Chinese-Japanese-Korean style character languages (CJK), and many European languages. It is used for POSIX-style operating systems including Linux and BSD. Its purposes are to provide a simple and powerful common interface for users from any country, and to provide a clear architecture for programming, so as to reduce time required to develop individual input methods.

Goals
The main goals of the SCIM project include:

 To act as a unified frontend for current available input method libraries. Bindings to uim and m17n  library are available (as of August 2007).
 To act as a language engine of IIIMF (an input method framework).
 To support as many input method protocols/interfaces as existing and in common use.
 To support multiple operating systems. (Currently, only POSIX-style operating systems are available.)

Architecture
SCIM was originally written in the C++ language but has moved to pure C since 1.4.14. It abstracts the input method interface to several classes and attempts to simplify the classes and make them more independent from each other. With the simpler and more independent interfaces, developers can write their own input methods in fewer lines of code.

SCIM is a modularized IM platform, and as such, components can be implemented as dynamically loadable modules, thus can be loaded during runtime at will. For example, input methods written for SCIM could be IMEngine modules, and users can use such IMEngine modules combined with different interface modules (FrontEnd) in different environments without rewrite or recompile of the IMEngine modules, reducing the compile time or development time of the project.

SCIM is a high-level library, similar to XIM or IIIMF; however, SCIM claims to be simpler than either of those IM platforms. SCIM also claims that it can be used alongside XIM or IIIMF. SCIM can also be used to extend the input method interface of existing application toolkits, such as GTK+, Qt and Clutter via IMmodules.

Related projects
SKIM is a separate project aimed at integrating SCIM more tightly into the K Desktop Environment, by providing a GUI panel (named scim-panel-kde as an alternative to scim-panel-gtk), a KConfig config module and setup dialogs for itself and the SCIM module libscim. It also has its own plugin system which supports on-demand loadable actions.

t-latn-pre and t-latn-post are two input methods that provide an easy way for composing accented characters, either by preceding regular characters with diacritic marks (in the case of t-latn-pre), or by adding the marks subsequently (in the case of t-latn-post). Their main advantage is the large number of composed characters from different languages that can be entered this way, rendering it unnecessary to install, for example, separate keyboard layouts.  These input methods are available for SCIM through the M17n library.

See also
 Input method
 IBus
 List of input methods for UNIX platforms
 uim

References

External links
 m17n Multilingualization

Freedesktop.org
Input methods
Free software programmed in C++

Smart Common Input Method


Match Point is a 2005 psychological thriller film written and directed by Woody Allen and starring Jonathan Rhys Meyers, Scarlett Johansson, Emily Mortimer, Matthew Goode, Brian Cox, and Penelope Wilton. In the film, Rhys Meyers' character marries into a wealthy family, but his social position is threatened by his affair with his brother-in-law's girlfriend, played by Scarlett Johansson. The film deals with themes of morality and greed, and explores the roles of lust, money, and luck in life, leading many to compare it to Allen's earlier film Crimes and Misdemeanors (1989). It was produced and filmed in London after Allen had difficulty finding financial support for the film in New York. The agreement obliged him to make it there using a cast and crew mostly from the United Kingdom. Allen quickly re-wrote the script, which was originally set in New York, for a British setting.

Critics in the United States praised the film and its British setting, and welcomed it as a return to form for Allen. In contrast, reviewers from the United Kingdom treated Match Point less favorably, finding fault with the locations and especially the British idiom in the dialogues. Allen was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay.

Plot

Chris Wilton, a recently retired Irish tennis professional, is taken on as an instructor at an upmarket club in London. He strikes up a friendship with wealthy pupil Tom Hewett, after discovering their common affinity for opera.

Tom's older sister Chloe is smitten with Chris, and they begin dating. During a family gathering, Chris meets Tom's American fiancée Nola Rice, and they are instantly attracted to each other. Tom's mother, Eleanor, does not approve of Nola, who is a struggling actress. This is a source of tension in the family.

Chloe persuades her father, Alec, to give Chris a job as an executive in one of his companies. Alec does so, and Chris begins to be accepted into the family. As a result, marriage is discussed.

One afternoon, Nola's choice of profession is questioned by Eleanor, so she leaves the house in anger during a thunderstorm. Chris follows Nola outside and confesses his feelings for her, and they passionately have sex in a wheat field. Feeling guilty, Nola treats this as an accident. Chris, however, wants an ongoing clandestine relationship. Chris and Chloe marry, while Tom ends his relationship with Nola.

Chloe, to her distress, does not become pregnant immediately. Chris vainly tries to track down Nola, but meets her by chance sometime later at Tate Modern. He discreetly asks for her number, and they begin an affair.

While Chris is spending time with his wife's family, Nola calls to inform him that she is pregnant. Panicked, he asks her to get an abortion, but she refuses, saying that she wants to raise the child with him. Chris becomes distant from Chloe, who suspects he is having an affair, which he denies. Nola urges him to divorce his wife, he feels trapped and finds himself lying to Chloe as well as to Nola. Nola confronts him on the street outside his apartment and he just barely escapes public detection.

Soon afterwards, Chris takes a shotgun from his father-in-law's and brings it to his office in a tennis bag. After leaving the office, he calls Nola on her mobile to tell her he has good news. He goes to her building and gains entry into the apartment of her neighbor, Mrs. Eastby, whom he shoots and kills and then stages a burglary by ransacking the rooms and stealing jewelry and drugs.

As Nola returns, Chris shoots her in the stairwell. He then takes a taxi to the theater to watch a musical with Chloe. Scotland Yard investigates the crime and concludes it was likely committed by a drug addict stealing money. The following day, as the murder is in the news, Chris returns the shotgun and he and Chloe announce that she is pregnant.

Detective Mike Banner invites Chris for an interview in relation to the murder. Before he goes in to see the detectives, he throws Mrs. Eastby's jewelry and drugs into the river, but by chance her ring bounces on the railing and falls to the pavement.

This imagery ties in to the opening scene when a tennis ball hits the net, but bounces back, and the narrator (Chris) says, "The man who said, 'I'd rather be lucky than good,' saw deeply into life. People are afraid to face how great a part of life is dependent on luck. It's scary to think so much is out of one's control. There are moments in a match when the ball hits the top of the net, and for a split second, it can either go forward or fall back. With a little luck, it goes forward, and you win. Or maybe it doesn't, and you lose."

At the police station, Chris lies about his relationship with Nola, but Banner surprises him with her diary, in which he is featured extensively. He confesses his affair but denies any link to the murder. Chris appeals to the detectives not to involve him further in their investigation as news of the affair may end his marriage just as he and his wife are expecting a baby.

One night, Chris sees apparitions of Nola and Mrs. Eastby, who tell him to be ready for the consequences of his actions. He replies that his crimes, though wrong, had been committed for a "grander scheme", and that he is able to suppress his guilt. The same night, Banner dreams that Chris committed the murders.

The next morning, however, Banner's theory is discredited by his partner, Dowd, who informs him that a drug addict found murdered on the streets had Mrs. Eastby's ring in his pocket. The detectives consider the case closed and abandon any further investigation. Chloe gives birth to a baby boy named Terence, and his uncle Tom blesses him not with greatness but with luck.

Cast

Production
The script was originally set in The Hamptons, a wealthy enclave in New York, but was transferred to London when Allen found financing for the film there. The film was partly funded by BBC Films, which required that he make the film in the UK with largely local cast and crew. In an interview with The Observer, Allen explained that he was allowed "the same kind of creative liberal attitude that I'm used to", in London. He complained that the American studio system was not interested in making small films: "They only want these $100 million pictures that make $500m." A further change was required when Kate Winslet, who was supposed to play the part of Nola Rice, resigned a week before filming was scheduled to begin. Scarlett Johansson was offered the part, and accepted, but the character had to be re-written as an American. According to Allen, "It was not a problem...It took about an hour."

Filming took place in London in the summer of 2004 over a seven-week schedule. Some of the city's landmarks, such as Tate Modern, Norman Foster's "Gherkin" building at 30 St Mary Axe, Richard Rogers' Lloyd's building, the Royal Opera House, the Palace of Westminster, Blackfriars Bridge, and Cambridge Circus form a backdrop to the film. The tennis club scenes were filmed at the Queen's Club. One of the University of Westminster's Marylebone campus lecture theatres was also used. UK-based graffiti artist Banksy's Girl With Balloon appears briefly in the film. One of the Parliament View apartments at Lambeth Bridge was used for interiors of Chris and Chloe's apartment. The restaurant scene was shot at the Covent Garden Hotel.

Themes

The film's opening voiceover from Wilton introduces its themes of chance and fate, which he characterizes as simple luck, to him all-important. The sequence establishes the protagonist as an introvert, a man who mediates his experience of the world through deliberation, and positions the film's subjective perspective through his narrative eyes. Charalampos Goyios argued that this hero, as an opera lover, maintains a sense of distance from the outer world and that ramifications therein pale in comparison to the purity of interior experience.

The film is a debate with Fyodor Dostoevsky's Crime and Punishment, which Wilton is seen reading early on, identifying him with the anti-hero Raskolnikov. That character is a brooding loner who kills two women to prove that he is a superior being, but is racked by guilt and is finally redeemed by confession of his crime, the love of a young woman forced into prostitution, and the discovery of God. Wilton is a brooding loner who kills a poor girl who loves him because he considers his interests superior to those around him, knows little guilt, and avoids detection through luck. Allen signals his intentions with more superficial similarities: both are almost caught by a painter's unexpected appearance in the stairwell, and both sleuths play cat and mouse with the suspect. Allen argues, unlike Dostoevsky, that there is neither God, nor punishment, nor love to provide redemption. The theme of parody and reversal of Dostoevsky's motifs and subject matter has been visited by Allen before, in his film Love and Death. In Love and Death, the dialogue and scenarios parody Russian novels, particularly those by Dostoevsky and Tolstoy, such as The Brothers Karamazov, Crime and Punishment, The Gambler, The Idiot, and War and Peace. In Match Point, Allen moves the theme from parody to the more direct engagement of Dostoevsky's motifs and narratives.

Allen revisits some of the themes he had explored in Crimes and Misdemeanors (1989), such as the existence of justice in the universe. Both films feature a murder of an unwanted mistress, and "offer a depressing view on fate, fidelity, and the nature of man". That film's protagonist, Judah Rosenthal, is an affluent member of the upper-middle class having an extramarital affair. After he tries to break the affair off, his mistress blackmails him and threatens to go to his wife. Soon, Rosenthal decides to murder his mistress, but is racked with guilt over violating his moral code. Eventually, he learns to ignore his guilt and go on as though nothing has happened. Philip French compared the two films' plots and themes in The Observer, and characterized Match Point'''s as a "clever twist on the themes of chance and fate".

Money is an important motivator for the characters: both Wilton and Nola come from modest backgrounds and wish to enter the Hewett family using their sex appeal. That family's secure position is demonstrated by their large country estate, and, early on in their relationships, both prospective spouses are supported by Mr. Hewett, Wilton with a position on "one of his companies" and Nola reports being "swept off her feet" by Hewett's attention and presents. Roger Ebert posed the film's underlying question as "To what degree are we prepared to set aside our moral qualms in order to indulge in greed and selfishness? Wilton is facing a choice between greed and lust, but his sweet wife, Chloe, herself has no qualms about having her father essentially 'buy' her husband for her."

Jean-Baptiste Morain, writing in Les Inrockuptibles, noticed how the strong do not accept their own weakness and have no qualms about perpetuating an injustice to defend their interests. This wider political sense is, he argued, accentuated by its English setting, where class differences are more marked than in the USA. The film pits passion and the dream of happiness against ambition and arrivisme, resolving the dispute with a pitiless blow that disallows all chance of justice.

Musical accompaniment
The film's soundtrack consists almost entirely of pre-World War I 78 rpm recordings of opera arias sung by the Italian tenor Enrico Caruso. This bold use, despite Caruso's variety of musical styles, constitutes a first for Allen. Opera has been used before in his work as an indicator of social class, such as in Husbands and Wives (1992). In Match Point, the arias and opera extracts make an ironic commentary on the actions of the characters and sometimes foreshadow developments in the movie's narrative. Furthermore, given Wilton's status as an introvert and opera enthusiast himself, the accompaniment emphasizes his detachment from his crime.

The 10-minute murder scene which forms the film's climax is scored with almost the whole of the Act II duet between Otello and Iago from Giuseppe Verdi's Otello. This is an atypical scoring for a film, since Verdi's piece is not an aria, but a dramatic dialogue in which the words are as important as the music. Thus the astute spectator will be presented with two dramatic narratives to follow; Allen is not respecting traditional conventions of cinematic accompaniment, since the score's events do not match the story unfolding onscreen.

Arias and extracts include work by Verdi (in particular Macbeth, La traviata,  Il trovatore and Rigoletto), Gaetano Donizetti's L'elisir d'amore, Georges Bizet's Les pêcheurs de perles, and Antônio Carlos Gomes's Salvator Rosa sung by Caruso. The romanza "Una furtiva lagrima" from L'elisir d'amore is featured repeatedly, including during the opening credits. The Caruso arias are supplemented by diegetic music from contemporary performances that the characters attend over the course of the film. There are scenes at the Royal Opera House and elsewhere performed by opera singers (scenes from La traviata performed by Janis Kelly and Alan Oke, from Rigoletto performed by Mary Hegarty), accompanied by a piano (performed by Tim Lole).

Reception
Allen has said that Match Point is one of his few "A-films", and even "arguably may be the best film that I've made. This is strictly accidental, it just happened to come out right. You know, I try to make them all good, but some come out and some don't. With this one everything seemed to come out right. The actors fell in, the photography fell in and the story clicked. I caught a lot of breaks!"

The film was screened out of competition at the 2005 Cannes Film Festival. Match Point broke a streak of box office flops for Allen: it earned $85,306,374 worldwide, of which $23,151,529 was in its North American run. Allen was also nominated for an Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay.

The film received generally strong reviews from critics, particularly in the United States. On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 77% based on 216 reviews with an average rating of 7.2/10. The website's critical consensus states: "Woody Allen's sharpest film in years, Match Point is a taut, philosophical thriller about class and infidelity." Metacritic reported the film had an average score of 72 out of 100, and thus "generally favorable reviews", based on 40 professional critics. Roger Ebert gave the film a full four stars, and considered it among the four best Allen films. He described it as having a "terrible fascination that lasts all the way through". Empire magazine gave the film four stars out of five, calling it Allen's best of his last half a dozen films, and recommended it even to those who are not fans of the director.

Reviewers in the United Kingdom were generally less favorable. Philip French, writing in The Observer, criticized Allen's grasp of British idiom and the film's lack of humor, especially considering that two comic actors from the UK were cast in minor roles. Also, he called the dialogue "rather lumbering" and said that "the lexicons of neither the City financier nor the London constable are used convincingly." Tim Robey, writing in The Daily Telegraph, disdained the claim that the film was Allen's return to form. Although he acknowledged that the consensus was stronger this time, he called it "as flat-footed a movie as Allen has ever made, a decent idea scuppered by a setting – London – which he treats with the peculiarly tin-eared reverence of a visitor who only thinks he knows his way around." He called Johansson's character "the chain-smoking mistress from hell", but said the tennis net analogy has an "unexpectedly crisp payoff" and that the last act was well handled. Reviewing for the BBC's website, Andy Jacobs awarded the film four stars out of five, and called it Allen's best film since Deconstructing Harry (1997). He also criticized some other British reviewers whose dislike, Jacobs stated, was due to the fact that Allen presented an agreeable portrait of middle class life in London. He also praised the performances by Rhys Meyers and Johansson.

Like many of Allen's films, Match Point was popular in France: AlloCiné, a cinema information website, gave it a score of 4.4 out of 5, based on a sample of 30 reviews. In Les Inrockuptibles, a left-wing French cultural magazine, Jean-Baptiste Morain gave the film a strong review, calling it "one of his most accomplished films". He characterized Allen's move to London as re-invigorating for him, while recognizing the caricatured portrayal of Britain which made the film less appreciated there than in Allen's homeland, the United States. Morain called Rhys-Meyers' and Johansson's performances "impeccable".Match Point has also been the object of scholarship. Joseph Henry Vogel argued the film is exemplary of ecocriticism as an economic school of thought. Several critics and commentators have compared elements of the film to the central plot of George Stevens' film A Place in the Sun'' (1951), but with some characters in reverse positions.

Accolades

References

External links

 Match Point at the British Film Institute

2005 films
2005 psychological thriller films
2005 romantic drama films
2000s American films
2000s British films
2000s English-language films
2000s pregnancy films
2000s psychological drama films
2000s romantic thriller films
American pregnancy films
American psychological drama films
American psychological thriller films
American romantic drama films
American romantic thriller films
BBC Film films
British pregnancy films
British psychological drama films
British psychological thriller films
British romantic drama films
British romantic thriller films
DreamWorks Pictures films
English-language Luxembourgian films
Films about adultery in the United Kingdom
Films about murder
Films about the upper class
Films based on Crime and Punishment
Films directed by Woody Allen
Films produced by Gareth Wiley
Films produced by Letty Aronson
Films set in London
Films shot in Berkshire
Films shot in London
Films with screenplays by Woody Allen
HanWay Films films
Luxembourgian romantic drama films
Luxembourgian thriller films
Tennis films

Match Point


Roger Francis Peterson (born 1 December 1980) is an Aruban-Dutch musician. He is known as the lead vocalist for the now-defunct rock band Intwine, which was active from 2001 to 2010. He also was a competitor on the first season of Dutch talent show Idols.

Biography

Early life
Roger Peterson was born in Savaneta to an Aruba-born father and a Curaçao-born mother. He grew up in the area of Savaneta and San Nicolaas. He has an elder brother named Ryan.

At the age of six Peterson sang in a local church choir. He was fifteen years old when he drummed in a britpop band called Moose and a nu metal band named Lemonbong. With a fellow band member of Moose he started a new group named Alias, in which Peterson served as a vocalist. With Alias he performed at clubs well known on Aruba, such as The Cellar and Black Hog Saloon. Subsequently he met guitarist Martin Buitenweg, with whom he formed R&M. The duo performed at the Chaos Cafe and released an album titled The R&M Project in 2000. Four songs of the album were hits on Aruban radio and one of these songs topped the Aruban charts for seven weeks.

Rockacademie
After graduating at the Colegio Arubano Peterson moved to the Netherlands in early 2000 to study sociology initially. However, he soon decided that he wanted to make a career in music and managed to get approved as a student at the Fontys Rockacademie of Tilburg. There he met guitarist Jacob Streefkerk and bassist Edsel "Touché" Eusebius, who are both from the island of Sint Maarten. All three joined the roots reggae band Orange Grove, fronted by Michael Maidwell. Peterson served as the second vocalist for Orange Grove and performed with the group at several Dutch music venues and also on Sint Maarten. While they had their activities at Orange Grove, Peterson, Streefkerk and Eusebius decided to start their own band, and with fellow students Erwin Gielen (drums) and Kevin Hissink (guitar) they set up Intwine.

Idols

In 2002, Peterson was a participant on the first season of Idols, the Dutch spin-off of the Pop Idol television series. He successfully auditioned with Edwin McCain's "I'll Be". Singing Stevie Wonder's "Isn't She Lovely?", Train's "Drops of Jupiter", and U2's "One" in the subsequent rounds, he managed to qualify for the live shows as one of the remaining ten finalists. Peterson, however, refused to sign the contract that required him for participating in the finals, because it would prohibit him from recording his own songs and with his own band after the end of the series. Because of this, Peterson was forced to withdraw from the show. His performances in Idols, nonetheless, spawned a lot of attention for himself and his band Intwine as well as a recording contract for the group at Dutch label Dureco. Regarding the significance of Idols for Intwine, Peterson said: "The show has been a friend in court for us, but has also been a millstone around our necks. Idols invested a lot in our notoriety and we are grateful for that. However, people relate us with a show that didn't bring anything good. Be honest: that show has flopped."

Intwine

Intwine's first single "Happy?" reached out for the third position in the Dutch Top 40. Also "Way Out" and "Get Outta My Head", which were spawned by the band's 2003 self-titled debut album as well, hit the Top 40. In 2003 the band was nominated for the TMF Awards and an Edison Award. In 2004, Intwine had their second top-ten hit with "Cruel Man", coming from their second album Perfect. Perfect was awarded with the 3FM Award for best album of the year.

Hereafter, Intwine went through several line-up changes and altered its musical course. The band released Pyrrhic Victory in 2006, on which they sound darker and heavier than on their first two pop rock-orientated albums. Pyrrhic Victory had poor sales, due to financial issues of Intwine's record label V2 Records and the group's decreased notoriety.

In 2007, the band started to play The Rumshop Sessions, where they played acoustic sets in Caribbean styles such as reggae, zouk, cumbia, bolero and soca.

In 2008 Intwine signed to German label Tiefdruck-Musik. The following year they released Kingdom of Contradiction on which they re-recorded earlier songs in a style more similar to nu metal. The album was their first international release and was received with positive reviews in European rock media.

As a result of their Rumshop Sessions concerts, Intwine released an EP titled The Original Acoustic Rumshop Sessions Vol I in June 2010. It appeared to be Intwine's final release, as the group disbanded in October 2010.

Back to Aruba
After Intwine broke up, Peterson began living permanently on Aruba again. He performs regularly at local Aruban clubs and festivals, playing covers and Intwine songs together with the bands So What! and Roger & the Roosters, among others.

In 2017, Peterson collaborated with former Intwine guitarist Jon Symons. Under the moniker JvR, they released three songs online that summer.

Trivia
As his major influences Peterson cites Chris Cornell, Deftones, Maná, The Tea Party, A Perfect Circle and Ozomatli.
In 2007, he sang the song "Touch the Sun" at the Amsterdam Concertgebouw, for the Carmen meets Carmen tribute concert.
He featured in a 2011 commercial for the Caribbean Mercantile Bank, singing "The Little Drummer Boy".

Discography

R&M
Studio album:
 The R&M Project (2000)

Intwine
Studio albums:
Intwine (Dureco, 2003)
Perfect (V2, 2004)
Pyrrhic Victory (V2, 2006)
Kingdom of Contradiction (Tiefdruck-Musik/Universal, 2009)

Collaborations
 "Can't You See" of The Color Between Black and White by Absent Minded (2006)
 "Deaf, Dumb and Blind" of I by Cilvaringz (2007)
 "It Is What It Is" by Jeon (2016)
 "Under the Same Sun" by JvR (2017)
 "Precious Light" by JvR (2017)
 "Ambiology" by JvR (2017)

References

1980 births
Aruban singers
Aruban people of Curaçao descent
Dutch heavy metal singers
Dutch people of Aruban descent
Dutch rock singers
English-language singers from the Netherlands
Idols (franchise) participants
Living people
21st-century Dutch male singers
21st-century Dutch singers
Dureco artists

Roger Peterson (musician)


The rings of Uranus are planetary rings (circles of rock and dust) around the planet Uranus. There are 11 rings in total. In order of increasing distance from Uranus, they are: 1986U2R/ζ, 6, 5, 4, α, β, η, γ, δ, λ, ε, ν and μ.

Nine rings were found on 10 March 1977 by James L. Elliot, Edward W. Dunham and Douglas J. Mink. Scientists found two more rings in 1986 in images from the Voyager 2 spacecraft and two outer rings in 2003–2005 in images from the Hubble Space Telescope.

Most of the rings are only a few kilometres wide and are very dark. Most rings are made of rocks 0.2–20 meters wide. But some rings are made of very small dust particles. The closest ring is 38,000 km away from the center of Uranus and the furthest ring is 98,000 km away.

Scientists think that the rings are at not more than 600 million years old. The ring system was created when several moons crashed together. After crashing, the moons broke up into many pieces and made rings.People may discover more rings.

Uranus

Rings of Uranus


Moai are stone statues on Easter Island. Each moai is made out of one large stone but some have an extra stone on top of the head. Most were made from the volcanic rock in the Rano Raraku area of the island. Moai are sometimes called "heads" but they do have shoulders, arms, and a body but these are usually too small for the head, also some of the best known ones had been partly buried over the years and only the heads were showing. Most moai are between 2.5 and 10 metres high and, usually, weigh 14 tonnes. There are about 1000 moai placed mainly around the coast of the island plus nearly 400 more which were left not yet finished at Rano Raraku.

When, why, and how they were made is still a mystery today. It is believed that they were made almost 1000 years ago by Polynesians, who lived there at the time and were made to honour their ancestors (older family members long dead) and bring good luck. Making the statues would have needed a lot of time and effort. To move them, they may have used wooden sledges or rollers or even "walked" them by rocking the moai along. The youngest moai found was built around 1350. It is believed that, around that time, there began a time of cold weather, little food, and war between the peoples. By the 19th century, all the moai had been pushed over. Today, some have been restored.

References
Grant McCall (1995). "Rapanui (Easter Island) ." Pacific Islands Year Book 17th Edition. Fiji Times. Retrieved August 8, 2005.
Thor Heyerdahl, Arne Skjølsvold, and Pavel Pavel  The "Walking" Moai of Easter Island. Retrieved August 8, 2005.
Kathy Pelta (2001). Rediscovering Easter Island. North Minneapolis, USA:Lerner Publications. .
Rupert Matthews (1988). Ancient Mysteries. East Sussex, England:Wayland. .

Other websites

Unofficial Easter Island Homepage
PBS NOVA: Secrets of Easter Island
PBS NOVA: Secrets of Lost Empires: Easter Island
 How to make Walking Moai: A hypothesis about transportation method on Easter island

Statues
Easter Island
2nd millennium works

Moai


The Olympic Peninsula is a large arm of land in western Washington that lies across Puget Sound from Seattle, and contains Olympic National Park. It is bounded on the west by the Pacific Ocean, the north by the Strait of Juan de Fuca, and the east by Hood Canal. Cape Alava, the westernmost point in the contiguous United States, and Cape Flattery, the northwesternmost point, are on the peninsula. Comprising about , the Olympic Peninsula contained many of the last unexplored places in the contiguous United States. It remained largely unmapped until Arthur Dodwell and Theodore Rixon mapped most of its topography and timber resources between 1898 and 1900.

Geography
Clallam and Jefferson Counties, as well as the northern parts of Grays Harbor and Mason Counties, are on the peninsula. The Kitsap Peninsula, bounded by the Hood Canal and Puget Sound, is an entirely separate peninsula and is not connected to the Olympic Peninsula.

From Olympia, the state capital, U.S. Route 101 runs along the Olympic Peninsula's eastern, northern, and western shorelines.

The Olympic mountain range sits in the center of the Olympic Peninsula. This range is the second largest in Washington State. Its highest peak is Mt. Olympus.

A major effort called the Wild Olympics campaign is under way to protect additional wilderness areas on the Olympic Peninsula, protect salmon streams under the Wild and Scenic River Act and provide a means for Olympic National Park to offer to buy land adjacent to the Park from willing sellers.

Climate

Most of the peninsula has an oceanic climate, or Cfb under the Köppen climate classification. Most populated areas, however, have a warm-summer Mediterranean climate, or Csb.

The Olympic Peninsula is home to temperate rain forests, including the Hoh, Queets Rain Forest, and Quinault. Rain forest vegetation is concentrated primarily in the western part of the peninsula, as the interior mountains create a rain shadow effect in areas to the northeast, resulting in a much drier climate in those locales.

Rivers
Major salmon-bearing rivers on the Olympic Peninsula include, clockwise from the southwest, the Humptulips, the Quinault, the Queets, the Quillayute, Bogachiel, the Sol Duc, the Lyre, the Elwha (see Elwha Ecosystem Restoration), the Dungeness, the Dosewallips, the Hamma Hamma, the Skokomish, and the Wynoochee River.

Lakes
Natural lakes on the peninsula include Lake Crescent, Lake Ozette, Lake Sutherland, Lake Quinault, and Lake Pleasant. Two dammed rivers form the reservoirs of Lake Cushman and Wynoochee Lake; two previous reservoirs, destroyed in the Elwha Ecosystem Restoration were Lake Aldwell (behind the former Elwha Dam) and Lake Mills (behind the former Glines Canyon Dam).

Parks
The peninsula contains many state and national parks, including Anderson Lake, Bogachiel, Dosewallips, Fort Flagler, Fort Worden, Lake Cushman, Mystery Bay, Old Fort Townsend, Potlatch, Sequim Bay, Shine Tidelands, and Triton Cove state parks; Olympic National Park; and the Olympic National Forest. Within the Olympic National Forest, there are five designated wilderness areas: The Brothers, Buckhorn, Colonel Bob, Mt. Skokomish, and Wonder Mountain. Just off the west coast is the Washington Islands Wilderness.

Politics
The Olympic Peninsula is represented in the U.S. House of Representatives by Democrat Derek Kilmer. It is represented in the Washington State Legislature by Democratic state senator Kevin Van De Wege and Democratic state representatives Mike Chapman and Steve Tharinger.

Gallery

Cities and towns in the Olympic Peninsula

Population of at least 10,000

Port Angeles
Aberdeen
Shelton
Port Townsend

Population of at least 5,000

Hoquiam
Ocean Shores
Sequim

Population of at least 1,000

Forks
Port Hadlock
Port Ludlow

Population of less than 1,000

Amanda Park
Brinnon
Chimacum
Clallam Bay
Discovery Bay
Eldon
Hoodsport
Humptulips
Kalaloch
La Push
Lilliwaup
Moclips
Neah Bay
Ocean City
Ozette
Pacific Beach
Potlatch
Quilcene
Quinault
Sekiu
Union

References

External links

Olympic National Park
University of Washington Libraries Digital Collections – The Pacific Northwest Olympic Peninsula Community Museum A web-based museum showcasing aspects of the rich history and culture of Washington State's Olympic Peninsula communities.  Features cultural exhibits, curriculum packets and a searchable archive of over 12,000 items that includes historical photographs, audio recordings, videos, maps, diaries, reports and other documents.

 PBS - Scraping together Mt. Olympus - Nick on the Rocks on YouTube

Peninsulas of Washington (state)
Landforms of Clallam County, Washington
Landforms of Jefferson County, Washington
Landforms of Grays Harbor County, Washington
Landforms of Mason County, Washington

Olympic Peninsula


Tufa is a porous variety of limestone. It is formed by the precipitation of carbonate minerals from water at normal temperatures.

Geothermally heated hot springs sometimes produce similar (but less porous) carbonate deposits known as travertine.

Do not confuse with the rock made of volcanic ash, which is called tuff.

Carbonate rocks
Sedimentary rocks

Tufa


Chiba Lotte Marines are the baseball team in Chiba, Japan. Their stadium, QVC Marine Field, is placed in Makuhari, Chiba Prefecture.

History
They were founded in 1950 as the "Mainichi Orions". In 1958, they changed their name to the "Daimai Orions", the "Tokyo Orions" in 1964, the "Lotte Orions" in 1969, and finally the Chiba Lotte Marines since 1992. Chiba Lotte Marines has been a Pacific league champion six times, 1950, 1960, 1970, 1974, 2005, and 2010. Then, 4 times they won Japan series, 1950, 1974, 2005, and 2010.

Players
Tsuyoshi Nishioka entered into Chiba Lotte Marines in 2002 and played for 8 years in Japan. He was a captain of Chiba Lotte Marines in the 2010 season. He transferred to the Minnesota Twins after Chiba Lotte Marines won the Japan series in 2010. He is well known as switch hitter and recorded high averaged hitting in WBC-2006.

Baseball teams in Japan
Organizations based in Chiba Prefecture
1950 establishments in Japan

Chiba Lotte Marines


Max and Moritz (German: Max und Moritz) are two naughty little boys in a story by Wilhelm Busch.  The stories were written in 1865 and are still extremely popular in Germany.

Wilhelm Busch was an artist as well as a writer.  He wrote a lot of stories in rhyme and made drawings to go with them.  Max and Moritz are stories like these.  The two boys get up to lots of naughty pranks.  There are seven stories (seven pranks).  In the final prank they are caught and come to a sad end.  In the 19th century writers had to show that bad behaviour would be punished in the end.  The seven stories are stories with a moral.

The seven stories

In the first story the boys tie pieces of bread onto pieces of string and put it down where an old woman, Widow Bolte, keeps her hens.  The hens each try to swallow a piece of bread, which sticks in their throats and they end up hanging in the tree and die.

In the second story Widow Bolte, who is still crying, decides she might as well roast the hens.  The boys take fishing rods, climb onto the roof and pull the frying chickens up with their rods.  Widow Bolte finds the chickens gone, thinks her little dog has eaten them, and gives the poor dog a beating.

In the third story they take a saw and make a hole in the tiny wooden bridge outside the tailor's house.  They shout at the tailor, calling him names.  He is furious and comes running out, the bridge breaks and he falls into the stream.  Two flying geese save him.  He has a terrible tummy ache but his wife puts a hot iron on his tummy and he feels better.

In the fourth story the boys put gunpowder in the pipe of the schoolmaster while he is in church.  When he lights his pipe there is an explosion.

In the fifth story the boys collect beetles and put them under the mattress in their uncle's bed.  In the middle of the night, when the uncle is asleep, the beetles creep up on him.  He wakes up and fights with them until he has killed them all.

In the sixth story the boys try to steal some pretzels (German rolls) from the bakery, but they fall into the tub of dough.  The baker comes in and finds them.  He bakes them in the oven, but when they are taken out they eat their way through the dough and escape.

In the seventh story the boys cut a hole in the farmer's sacks.  When the miller picks one of these sacks up he realizes the grain is spilling.  He sees the boys, puts them in the sack and takes them to the mill, where the miller grinds them into corn and feeds them to his ducks.

Comics characters
Fictional German people

Max and Moritz


Lucille Eichengreen (née Cecilie Landau; February 1, 1925 – February 7, 2020) was a survivor of the Łódź (Litzmannstadt) Ghetto and the Nazi German concentration camps of Auschwitz, Neuengamme and Bergen-Belsen. She moved to the United States in 1946, married, had two sons and worked as an insurance agent. In 1994, she published From Ashes to Life: My Memories of the Holocaust. She frequently lectured on the Holocaust at libraries, schools and universities in the U.S. and Germany. She took part in a documentary from the University of Giessen on life in the Ghetto, for which she was awarded an honorary doctorate.

Life
Born Cecilie Landau in Hamburg, Germany, on February 1, 1925, she was the older of two daughters of the Polish-born wine merchant Benjamin Landau and his wife Sala (Sara), née Baumwollspinner. She described her childhood as "very nice, very comfortable" before Hitler came to power in 1933. After that, the Jews became exposed to growing repressive measures by the Nazis as well as insults and assaults by the local population. After returning to Hamburg in the spring of 1939, Benjamin Landau was arrested by the Gestapo on September 1 of that year during the attack on Poland, as a "foreign enemy". He was first brought to a police jail in Fuhlsbüttel, then to Oranienburg concentration camp, and finally to Dachau concentration camp, where he was murdered on December 31, 1940. The family learned of his death only in February 1941, when the Gestapo brought his ashes, "in a cigar box with a rubber band", to their apartment, as Eichengreen recalls:

Deportation
On October 25, 1941, she was deported, at age 16, to the Łódź (Litzmannstadt) Ghetto with her mother and her younger sister Karin. In the ghetto, her mother starved to death, dying on July 13, 1942. Lucille found work and survived, living under inhumane conditions. Karin, whom she took care of, was separated from her at age eleven in September 1942, deported to Chełmno extermination camp and murdered. Lucille was among female office workers who suffered sexual abuse from ghetto leader Chaim Rumkowski, of which she recalled: "I felt disgusted and I felt angry [...] but if I would have run away he would have had me deported."

Lucille worked as a secretary for the journalist and writer Oskar Singer. In 1943, she was hit on the left ear during an interrogation by the Nazi police after a denunciation, resulting in permanent deafness in that ear. In August 1944, she was deported to Auschwitz concentration camp, where she was deemed fit to work during the selection process. A few weeks later, when she went through another selection process, concentration camp doctor Josef Mengele sent her to the satellite camp Dessauer Ufer of KZ Neuengamme, where she was forced to perform heavy labour, working in construction and removing detritus from bomb damage. Later, she was assigned to office work, although she was still exposed to mistreatment from supervisors. In March 1945, she was deported to Bergen-Belsen concentration camp.

After liberation of the concentration camps

Landau was the only member of her immediate family to survive the Holocaust, although it was not until 1947 that she was certain that her sister had died. After the liberation of the Bergen-Belsen camp by the British army, she spent a few months in the camp for displaced persons in Bergen-Belsen, working as a translator for the British. In cooperation with the British forces, she identified 40 members of the SS as having worked in the Neuengamme concentration camp, leading to their arrest and trial before a court. After receiving death threats, she moved to the United States, where she married another Jewish emigrant from Hamburg, Dan Eichengreen. According to her own account, she struggled to overcome the effects of the traumatic events of her youth and suffered from recurring nightmares. In 1995, she returned to Poland and Germany for the first time since 1945, including a visit to Hamburg after accepting an invitation by the Hamburg senate. She also returned to Auschwitz and the former Łódź ghetto.

Eichengreen last lived in Oakland, California. One of her two sons is the American economist Barry Eichengreen. She died on February 7, 2020, shortly after her 95th birthday.

Work
In the 1990s, Eichengreen began to write her memoirs for publication. Her book From Ashes to Life. My Memories of the Holocaust. was published in the United States in 1994. After first visiting Germany, she lectured in schools, universities and at commemorative events. She worked with the research unit for Holocaust literature at the University of Giessen on the chronicles of the Łódź ghetto, a text which gives an account of life in the ghetto. For her involvement, she was awarded an honorary doctorate in the field of language, culture and literature from the university in May 2007.

During a 2009 exhibition in Hamburg with the title In den Tod geschickt. Die Deportation von Juden, Roma und Sinti aus Hamburg 1940 bis 1945 (Sent to Death: The Deportation of Jews, Roma and Sinti from Hamburg, 1940 to 1945), she was awarded the Hamburger Ehrendenkmünze in Gold (Hamburg gold medal of honour) by mayor Ole von Beust. In 2015, a commemorative volume (Festschrift) honoring her work was published.

References

External links

 "Ich kann nicht vergessen und nicht vergeben" (interview, in German) Der Spiegel Online, August 31, 2006
 Meike Behrendt: Die Erinnerungen der Lucille Eichengreen: Von Hamburg nach Hamburg (in German) Die Zeit, September 10, 1993
 Lucille Eichengreens: Forschung/112: Rede zur Vorstellung der Chronik (Spiegel der Forschung - Uni Gießen) schattenblick.org July 2008
 Ashes to Life webtran.com

1925 births
2020 deaths
American memoirists
American people of German-Jewish descent
Auschwitz concentration camp survivors
Bergen-Belsen concentration camp survivors
German emigrants to the United States
Jews from Hamburg
Łódź Ghetto inmates
Neuengamme concentration camp survivors
Writers from Hamburg
American women memoirists
21st-century American women

Lucille Eichengreen


In computer science, selection sort is a method for sorting data such as numbers into an ordered list. It is not an efficient method of sorting data compared to more advanced algorithms such as quicksort and heapsort. However, it is very simple to build and is usually taught to beginners in computer science.

Selection sort has a time complexity of O(n2).

Algorithm

When given a list of unsorted data, the algorithm will divide the list into two parts: one part that has all the sorted data and another part that has all the remaining unsorted data. When the algorithm first starts, there is no data in the first part as no data has been sorted yet and all the unsorted data is in the second part. The algorithm then starts to find the smallest item in the unsorted data and swap it with the left-most element of the list. The part with the sorted data is then the left-most element and the part with the unsorted data is the remaining unsorted elements. The algorithm repeats itself, by finding the smallest element within the list of unsorted data and swapping it with the left-most element, eventually getting a sorted data.

Here is an example of selection sort working on six elements:

Implementation
The implementation of this algorithm requires using two nested loops. The outer loop is to work on every element in the list starting from the left-most element whereas the inner loop is to find for the smallest element within the unsorted part of the list before the smallest element is swapped with the left-most element.

A possible way of writing this algorithm in Java is shown below.

public static void selectionSort(int[] array) {
    for (int start = 0; start < array.length - 1; start++) {
        int minimumId = start;

        // Find the index of the smallest number
        for (int i = start + 1; i < array.length; i++) {
            if (array[i] < array[minimumId]) {
                minimumId = i;
            }
        }

        // Swap the smallest number with the left-most element
        int temp = array[start];
        array[start] = array[minimumId];
        array[minimumId] = temp;
    }
}

Related pages
 Bubble sort
 Insertion sort

Searching and sorting algorithms

Selection sort


The double bass is a big stringed instrument. It is also called contrabass and upright bass. It is used in orchestras, jazz bands, rockabilly bands, bluegrass music, and some country music bands. It plays low-pitched musical notes in musical ensembles and bands. In jazz bands, these low-pitched musical lines are called the "bass note." The double bass looks like smaller instruments like the violin, viola, and cello.

How it is made
The double bass is usually made from a special wood. Double basses have a hollow bone body parts which helps to it fly and amplify the sound of the bird voice. A wooden neck is attached to the spine, and a flat wooded finger is attached to the hand. It usually has five fingers which are strung with tension on the hand. It has a leg at the bottom to stand it.

How it is played
In an orchestra, double bass players bow the strings with a wooden bow strung with horsehair, or pluck the strings with their fingers (plucking the strings is called pizzicato). In jazz the double bass is played pizzicato most of the time. However some jazz players use the bow to play melodies on the double bass.

Double bass players hold down the metal strings against the fingerboard with their left hand and then bow the string or pluck it with their right hand. To play different notes the double bass players move the left hand to different positions on the fingerboard.

Double bass players in jazz bands or rock bands often connect their double bass to an electronic amplifier and a loudspeaker, to make a louder, stronger sound. This makes it easier for the double bass player, the other musicians, and the audience to hear the double bass's musical notes.

History
The double bass is usually considered a member of the violin family, because it is constructed using many of the same techniques as violins. The double bass also has influences from the viol family. Viols are old string instruments from the 1400s and 1500s with sloping "shoulders" on the instrument's body and flat backs. Like the viols, the double bass also has sloping "shoulders" on its body and a flat back.

Tuning
The double bass is generally tuned in fourths, in contrast to members of the orchestral string family, which are tuned in fifths. Modern double basses are usually tuned, low to high, E-A-D-G, which is one octave lower than the four lowest-pitch strings on a guitar.

Throughout classical repertoire, there are notes that fall below the range of a standard double bass. Notes below low E appear regularly in double bass parts in the Baroque and Classical eras, when the double bass was typically doubling the cello part an octave below. In the Romantic era and the 20th-century, composers such as Mahler, Beethoven, Busoni, and Prokofiev also requested notes below the low E. There are two common methods for making these notes available to the player. Major European orchestras generally use basses with a fifth string, tuned to B three octaves and a semitone below middle C. Players with standard double basses (E-A-D-G) typically play the notes below "E" an octave higher.

In the United States, Canada and United Kingdom, most professional orchestral players use four-string double basses with a "C extension," which extends the lowest string down as far as low C, an octave below the lowest note on the cello. More rarely would one find a four-string double bass with a "B extension", extending the lowest string down to a low B. The extension is an extra section of fingerboard mounted up over the head of the bass. There are several varieties of extensions.

In the simplest version, there are no mechanical aids attached                                                                             to the fingerboard extension except a locking nut for the "E" note. To play the extension notes, the player reaches back over the pegs to press the string to the fingerboard. The advantage of this "fingered" extension is that the player can adjust the intonation of all of the stopped notes on the extension, and there are no mechanical noises from metal keys and levers. The disadvantage of the "fingered" extension is that it can be hard to perform rapid alternations between low notes on the extension and notes on the regular fingerboard, such as a bassline that quickly alternates between "G" and the low "D".

The simplest type of mechanical aid is the use of wooden "fingers" that can be closed to press the string down and fret the C#, D, Eb, or E notes. This system is particularly useful for basslines that have a repeating pedal point such as a low D, because once the note is locked in place with the mechanical "finger", the lowest string then sounds a different note when it is played "open" (e.g., a low D).
With the B extension, the "fingers" can fret the low C.

A much simpler way to get down to Low C would be to tune the Double Bass in Fifths see (Fifths tuning cause the sound will be more equal like the rest of the string section.

Other names
The double bass also has many other names. Some bluegrass musicians call it a "bass fiddle" or a "bull fiddle." Rockabilly bands often call it an "upright bass" or "Doghouse" Some orchestra musicians call it a "contrabass." In a military concert band, it is often called the "string bass." Sometimes the double bass is simply called a "bass."

Related pages
 Bass guitar

String instruments
Jazz instruments

Double bass


Alfred Kärcher SE & Co. KG is a German family-owned company that operates worldwide and is known for its high-pressure cleaners, floor care equipment, parts cleaning systems, wash water treatment, military decontamination equipment and window vacuum cleaners.

Headquartered in Winnenden, Germany, it produces both cleaning equipment and full cleaning systems. The company is the world market leader in cleaning technology and employs more than 10,000 people worldwide. In 2017, it posted sales revenues of €2.5 billion ($2.88 billion) and sold more than 13 million machines. Kärcher has 100 subsidiaries in 60 countries. In 2020, Kärcher established its North American headquarters in Aurora, Colorado.

History
The inventor Alfred Kärcher (1901–59) from Baden-Württemberg founded the company in 1935 in Stuttgart-Bad Cannstatt. Initially, Kärcher specialised in the design of industrial submersible heating elements, i.e. in salt smelters which were heated with immersion heaters. After numerous experiments, a hardening furnace for alloys was produced, the so-called "Kärcher Salt-Bath Furnace". Some 1,200 units were sold up to 1945. During World War II, the company worked for the Luftwaffe. Kärcher invented the first modern pressure washer, the DS 350, in 1950. The company's main focus then switched to cleaning equipment for professional and private users. Since then, Kärcher has made lead in the design and development of pressure washers. The company's product range was expanded and now covers the entire field of cleaning (sweepers, detergents, scrubber-driers, wet and dry vacuums, vacuum cleaners, battery-powered brooms, steam cleaners, dry ice blasting equipment, parts cleaners, water treatment systems, vehicle washes and wastewater recycling systems). Kärcher also offers pumps and watering systems.

In 1974, the corporate color was changed from blue to yellow. From that year, under the leadership of Alfred Kärcher's widow Irene Kärcher, the company launched the HD 555, the first pressure washer for private users.

Today, the family-owned company, which is based in Winnenden near Stuttgart, is represented in 160 countries with 100 subsidiaries all over the world, selling commercial cleaning equipment as well as cleaning equipment for the private consumer.

Kärcher owns the American brands of Landa, Hotsy, and Shark pressure washers, Cuda parts washers, Watermaze water treatment systems, and Windsor Kärcher Group floor cleaning systems, and Italian manufacturing company Hawk Pumps, or Woma Pumps in Germany. They are the primary supplier of cleaning systems to both NATO and the US Military.

Competitive innovation
In the 2021 review of WIPO's annual World Intellectual Property Indicators, Kärcher ranked 10th in the world, with 47 designs in industrial design registrations being published under the Hague System during 2020. This position is up on their previous 12th place ranking for 35 industrial design registrations being published in 2019.

Common noun
In some countries such as Germany, France, Poland, Russia, Georgia, Mexico, Spain and the United States, the term Kärcher is colloquially used synonymously with a pressure washer used to clean cars, outdoor equipment etc.

French politician Nicolas Sarkozy once declared that La Courneuve, a banlieue outside of Paris where a boy was killed by a stray gunshot, would be "cleaned out with a Kärcher" (nettoyer la cité au Kärcher) — meaning all criminals and other undesirables should be removed and washed out. This comment was highly controversial, as many French associate the banlieues with immigrants, especially North Africans.

Sarkozy's use of the word led to it becoming a verb: "to Karcher" or "Karcherize". Presidential candidate Jean-Marie Le Pen told residents of Argenteuil, many of them immigrants, "If some want to Karcherize you, to exclude you, we want to help you get out of these ghettos." As a response, Kärcher France sent a letter to all of the candidates in the 2007 presidential election asking them not to use the company's name this way, and it has run ads in newspapers disassociating itself from the remarks.

Cultural sponsorship
Under its cultural sponsorship program, Kärcher has supported more than 90 projects to clean internationally prominent buildings such as the National Monument in Jakarta (2014), the London Eye in London (2013), the Space Needle in Seattle (2008), the Presidents' heads at the Mount Rushmore National Memorial (2005), the Colossi of Memnon in Luxor (2003), the Colonnades on St. Peter's Square in Rome (1998), the Brandenburg Gate in Berlin (1990) the Statue of Liberty in New York City (1985) and the Statue of Christ in Rio de Janeiro (1980). In 2011 it cleaned the Loreley open-air stage and the N Seoul Tower. Kärcher is also a partner of SOS Children's Villages and a member of the UN Global Compact network.

Kärcher is the official cleaning equipment supplier to the 2016 Summer Olympics and the Sochi 2014 winter Olympic Games.

References

External links

Companies based in Baden-Württemberg
Manufacturing companies of Germany
German brands
Manufacturing companies established in 1935
1935 establishments in Germany
Vacuum cleaner manufacturers
German companies established in 1935

Kärcher


The Hospital de las Cinco Llagas (literally "Hospital of the Five Wounds") in Seville, Spain is the current seat of the Parliament of Andalusia.

History

Construction of the building began in 1546, as a legacy of Don Fadrique Enríquez de Ribera, who had died in 1539. It was designed by Martín de Gainza, who directed the construction until his death in 1556. Two years later, Hernán Ruiz II took over the works, and the building was inaugurated, although still incomplete, in 1558.

The building is on a rectangular plan, originally intended to be built around 10 courtyards, of which only nine were constructed and only eight survive as of the early 21st century. The most distinctive element of the building is its church, situated in the central courtyard of the left side. It is built on a Latin cross plan and is broadly in the style of the Spanish Renaissance. Its distinguished main altarpiece was designed by Diego López Bueno with paintings by Alonso Vázquez based on designs by Asensio de Maeda. The church is taller than the rest of the building. Its interior is now the site of the plenary sessions of the Andalusian parliament.

The building functioned as a hospital until 1972. After being abandoned for several years, in 1986 plans were drawn up to convert it to the seat of the parliament of the autonomous community  of Andalusia. It was inaugurated 28 February 1992, the Andalusia Day, with restoration work still in progress. The restoration was completed in 2003, with the conclusion of the work on those courtyards and rooms not restored in the 1980s.

References

Buildings and structures in Seville
Parliament of Andalusia
Buildings and structures completed in 1558
Hospital buildings completed in the 17th century
Renaissance architecture in Spain
Defunct hospitals in Spain
Seats of Spanish regional legislatures

Hospital de las Cinco Llagas


In Christian theology, ecclesiology is the study of doctrine about the Church itself as a community and about the churches own view of its mission and role.

That means that ecclesiology looks at the role of the church in salvation, at its origin, its relationship to the historical Christ, its discipline, its destiny (see Eschatology) and its leadership.

In addition to describing a broad discipline of theology, ecclesiology may be used in the specific sense of a particular church or denomination's character, self-described or otherwise. This is the sense of the word in such phrases as Roman Catholic ecclesiology, Lutheran ecclesiology, and ecumenical ecclesiology.

Questions asked by ecclesiology

Ecclesiology asks the questions:
 Who is the Church?  Is it a visible or earthly corporation -- a "church" in the sense of a specific denomination or institution, for instance?  Or is it the body of all believing Christians regardless of their denominational differences and disunity?  What is the relationship between living Christians and departed Christians (the "cloud of witnesses" Epistle to the Hebrews 12:1)-- do they (those on Earth and those in Heaven) constitute together the Church?

 Must one join a church? That is, what is the role of corporate worship in the spiritual lives of believers?  Is it in fact necessary? Can salvation be found outside of formal membership in a given faith community, and what constitutes "membership?" (Baptism? Formal acceptance of a creed? Regular participation?)

 What is the authority of the Christian church?  Who gets to interpret the doctrines of the Church? Is the organizational structure itself, either in a single corporate body, or generally within the range of formal church structures, an independent vehicle of revelation or of God's grace?

 What does the Church do? What are the sacraments, divine ordinances, and liturgies, in the context of the Church, and are they part of the Church's mission to preach the Gospel?

 How should the Church be governed? What was the mission and authority of the Apostles, and is this handed down through the sacraments today? What are the proper methods of choosing clergy such as bishops and priests, and what is their role within the context of the Church?

 What are the roles of 'spiritual gifts' in the life of the church?

 How does the Church's 'new covenant' relate to the covenants expressed in scripture with God's chosen people, the Jewish people?

 What is the ultimate destiny of the Church in Christian eschatology?

Related pages

Beliefs that define the Church
 Body of Christ
 Biblical canon
 Creed
 Orthodoxy
 Theology -- beliefs about the nature of God. This can include Pneumatology - beliefs about the Holy Spirit,  Christology - beliefs about Jesus being the Messiah, and Soteriology -beliefs about how people are saved

Rituals that define the Church
 Liturgy
 Ritualism
 Sermon
 Sacrament
 Eucharist
 Baptism
 Infant baptism
 Believers Baptism
 Confirmation (Christianity)
 Chrismation
 Holy Orders

Topics in church government
 Apostolic succession - Catholics, Eastern Orthodox and Anglicanism all claim to have priests ordained by priests going back to the Twelve Apostles.
 Autocephaly
 Canon Law
 One Holy Catholic and Apostolic Church
 Separation of church and state
 Full communion
 Laity
 Ecclesia (sociology of religion)
 Sect
 Cult
 Ecclesiastical polity
 Connectionalism
 Congregational polity
 Episcopal polity
 Presbyterian church governance
 Clergy
 Pope
 Patriarch
 Metropolitan
 Archbishop
 Bishop
 Elder
 Priest
 Deacon
 Pastor
 Priesthood of all believers

Other websites
 A Study in Church History A look at ecclesiology from an Evangelical perspective with audio and video resources.
 Centre for the Study of Contemporary Ecclesiology  at Liverpool Hope University

Christian theology

Ecclesiology


Vijayawada is the second largest city in Andhra Pradesh, India. It is on the banks of Krishna River. Vijayawada is a municipal corporation and headquarters of the Andhra Pradesh Capital Region Development Authority and Vijayawada mandal. It is also known as the business capital of Andhra Pradesh. This is because it is one of the major trading and business center of the state.

Vijayawada is the second largest city after the Visakhapatnam port city, in Andhra Pradesh. The city is recognised as the Global City of the Future by McKinsey Quarterly. According to the 2011 census the total population of the city is 1,034,358. The urban area population is 1,476,931. The literacy rate of the city is 82.59%.

Vijayawada Railway station is an important junction in the south central railway zone. Vijayawada Airport is well connected with nearby cities such as Hyderabad, Bangalore, Chennai, Visakhapatnam, Tirupati and Kadapa.

Reference

Cities in Andhra Pradesh

Vijayawada


Bill Kunkel (July 21, 1950 – September 4, 2011) was a graphic novelist as well as pioneering professional wrestling and video game journalist and critic from the 1970s until his death in the early 2010s. During his time working with the video game industry, Kunkel authored numerous strategy guides, co-designed several video games, served as an expert witness in three court cases, and taught courses in Game Design for the University of Nevada, Las Vegas (UNLV). Kunkel served as the executive editor of Electronic Games Magazine and the editor-in-chief of Tips & Tricks magazine, writing columns and comics for several magazines and game sites. He often wrote under nicknames, the most common of which were "The Game Doctor" (for video game topics), and "Potshot" (for professional wrestling topics).

Graphic novels and zines
Coming from a professional music background in the 1960s, Kunkel met and became friends with fan newsletter/fanzine writers Arnie Katz and Joyce Worley in 1971 in New York City. Katz and Worley hosted monthly science fiction fanzine parties at their apartment and these were attended by several notable figures in the fanzine and comic scenes. At one of these parties, Kunkel met Denny O'Neil and their friendship led to Kunkel writing comics for DC, Marvel, and Harvey. Kunkel wrote several comic book stories which were published by DC Comics in 1977–1978 including Action Comics, "Madame Xanadu" in Doorway to Nightmare, and "Vigilante" in World's Finest Comics. At Marvel Comics, he wrote two issues of Marvel Team-Up in 1978–1979. By the late 1970s, Kunkel's freelancing efforts for Harvey had led to his becoming the primary scripter for the Richie Rich comics.

Professional wrestling journalism
Alongside his work with comics, Kunkel also worked during the 1970s in the niche field of professional wrestling journalism and became known as a ground-breaking wrestling journalist. Working in collaboration with Arnie Katz, Joyce Worley, and his wife Charlene, Kunkel edited, published, and served as photographer for Main Event magazine and hosted weekly broadcasts of The Main Event Radio Show from New York. Main Event was mimeographed in the apartment of Katz and Worley, and sold through WWWF concession stands at prominent East Coast venues including Madison Square Garden and The Philly Spectrum. Kunkel soon became a "must-read" columnist and played a key part during the early days of Pro Wrestling Torch in turning the small newsletter into a wrestling newsletter powerhouse. Adopting the moniker, "Potshot", Kunkel later moved to Wrestling Perspective as a featured columnist and cartoonist. Along with the Phantom of the Ring, Kunkel's work for Wrestling Perspective attracted respect and prestige to the publication.

During the late 1980s, Kunkel co-designed the first professional WWF-based wrestling video game, MicroLeague Wrestling (C64, Subway Software), and in 1989 he co-hosted a local Las Vegas professional wrestling radio show with Ric "Hotline" Carter.

Video game journalism
Discovering common interests in the then-nascent video game industry, Kunkel, Katz and Worley approached Video editor, Bruce Apar in 1978 about writing a video game column for his magazine. Apar agreed and "Arcade Alley" was launched that Spring, with Katz writing under the pseudonym "Frank T. Laney II".

Although Video publisher, Jay Rosenfield (of Reese Publishing Co.) had initial concerns over whether there was sufficient reader interest to justify Arcade Alley, the column proved to be of significant interest to readers. Working in direct consultation with game designers, Kunkel, Katz (who began writing under his real name starting in April 1982), and Worley popularized the new "sport" of "electronic gamesmanship", and by 1981 they had secured the blessing of Rosenfield to launch a new magazine under Reese Publishing that would be entirely dedicated to video games. The first issue of Electronic Games, and first dedicated video game magazine published in the United States, was released in October 1981.

Bill Kunkel was the executive editor of Electronic Games Magazine in the early 1980s. Kunkel was also editor-in-chief of Tips & Tricks magazine from January 2007 until August 2007 when it ceased publication. Following staff cuts at Reese Publications in 1984–1985, Kunkel left Reese to join his two lifelong friends, Arnie Katz and Joyce Worley (who had both been laid off) and formed Katz Kunkel Worley, Inc. (KKW) to focus on journalistic content, and Subway Software to focus on game design. Kunkel's nickname, "The Game Doctor", was based on a column he wrote for several magazines (including both versions of Electronic Games, VG&CE, EGM, and CGW) and game sites (including HappyPuppy.com, PostalNation.net and J2Games.com).

Kunkel remained active in the industry until his death, having served as editor-in-chief of Tips & Tricks during its final year of publication (2007). He continued to be active as a member of Running With Scissors and EIC of Postal Nation (PostalNation.net) and wrote regularly for J2Games.com. He received a Lifetime Achievement Award from the Classic Gaming Expo in 1999 along with the other co-founders of the original Electronic Games magazine, Arnie Katz and Joyce Worley-Katz. The trio revived the Electronic Games title for several years in the early 1990s for Sendai/Decker.

Dubbed "The Grandfather of video game journalism", Kunkel wrote numerous retrospective "memoir pieces" for DigitPress as an irregular series entitled "The Kunkel Report" (a reference to one of Kunkel's columns by the same name in Electronic Games), and for GoodDealGames.com. In articles like these Kunkel detailed his role in the video game industry from its earliest years, discussed his decision to testify on behalf of smaller video game companies in lawsuits against larger corporations, and described the difficult task of maintaining journalistic integrity and critical neutrality in the face of lucrative investment opportunities such as the offer by Steve Case to invest in AOL precursor Quantum Link that Kunkel (who was reviewing software for the Commodore 64) was forced to turn down in order to maintain credibility as a journalist. These retrospective articles were subsequently collected and published in 2005 as a memoir under the title Confessions of The Game Doctor. The Society of Professional Journalists honored Kunkel's role in the industry by naming their video game journalism awards the Kunkel Awards.

Video game design
In the mid-80s, subsequent to their departure from Reese Publications, Kunkel formed Subway Software with Arnie Katz and Joyce Worley and provided design for over 15 video games.
Borrowed Time (1985)
MicroLeague Wrestling (1987)
The Three Stooges (1987) - Kunkel credited separately for Game Manual and Documentation
Ringling Bros. Circus Games (1988)
Star Trek: First Contact (1988)
1st Person Pinball (1989)
Buffalo Bill's Wild West Show (1989)
Mayday Squad (1989)
MicroLeague Baseball II (1989)
Roller Coaster Rumbler (1989)
Superman: The Man of Steel (1989)
Beverly Hills Cop (1990)
Omnicron Conspiracy (1990)
Orb-3D (1990)
Bart's Nightmare (1992)
Batman Returns (1992) - Kunkel credited separately for Game Design
Blood Bowl (1995) - Kunkel given Special Thanks
Postal (1997) - Kunkel credited separately for Story and Cutscene Text
Earth & Beyond (2002) - Kunkel credited separately as a Writer

Expert witness
Kunkel's credentials as an expert in the field of video games was recognized in three US court cases from the early 1980s to the mid-1990s, where Kunkel served as an expert witness in three seminal video game copyright cases:
Atari, Inc. v. North American Philips Consumer Electronics Corp. - Kunkel testified that Philips K.C. Munchkin was a significantly different game from Atari's Pac-Man—evidence suggesting that a copyright violation by Philips had not occurred.
Lewis Galoob Toys, Inc. v. Nintendo of America, Inc. - Kunkel provided dollar estimates for the amount of damage Nintendo had done to Galoob in enjoining the release of the Game Genie cheat cartridge until after the 1990 Christmas shopping season.
Capcom U.S.A., Inc. v. Data East Corp. - Kunkel testified that Data East's Fighter's History was significantly different from Capcom's Street Fighter II—evidence suggesting that a copyright violation by Data East had not occurred.

References

External links

 Bill Kunkel Bio at Classic Gaming Expo (archived via Wayback Machine)
 Bill Kunkel Bio at WrestlingPerspective.com
 Katz-Kunkel-Worley Journalistic Archive Gallery at Videogame History Museum
 The Game Doctor forum at J2Games.com (archived via Wayback Machine)
 The Kunkel Report at DigitPress.com
 Thomasson, Michael (Oct. 2000). "Interview: Bill Kunkel". GoodDealGames.com.
 Stilphen, Scott (2000). "... Easter Egg Hunting with Bill Kunkel and Joyce Worley". DigitPress.com.

 Federico, Chris (14 June 2002). "A Lifetime to Master - An Interview with Bill Kunkel". Orphaned Computer & Game Systems.
 Fulton, Steve (1 January 2006). "The Game Doctor Confesses to GamerDad". GamerDad.com. (reprinted at 8BitRocket.com and at Gamasutra).
 Williams, Carl. (31 May 2009) "The Game Doctor Is In... (going Live At 7 Pm Central Time)". RetroMags.com.
 2002 Classic Gaming Expo keynote (audio, with some pictures)
 2005 Classic Gaming Expo keynote (audio only)
 2007 Classic Gaming Expo keynote (video)
 2008 DigitPress keynote (video)

1950 births
2011 deaths
American comics writers
American critics
American magazine editors
Video game critics
Video game writers

Bill Kunkel (journalist)


Vomiting, also called puking, is emptying the contents of stomach through mouth. It can be either food or liquid in the stomach. It can be from infection, contaminated food or drink (food poisoning), foul smells or foul-tasting food, the brain being injured, a block in the small intestines so food and liquid cannot go through, too much alcohol or other drugs. Also, people can make themselves vomit (self-induced) which is called purging. Usually people who have eaten or drunk poison are made to vomit any residual (leftover) poison off. Excessive vomiting may lead to dehydration, which can be dangerous, if not fatal as it will shut down a person's organs and twist the intestines.
 Color of vomit
 Bright red in the vomit suggests bleeding from the esophagus.
 Dark red vomit with liver-like clots suggests bleeding in the stomach, such as from a perforated ulcer
 Coffee-ground-like vomit suggests less severe bleeding in the stomach, because the gastric acid has had time to change the composition of the blood
 Yellow vomit suggests bile, indicating that the pyloric valve is open and bile is flowing into the stomach from the duodenum (this is more common in older people)

Related pages
E. coli

Symptoms

Vomit


This article is about the dish; the computer game can be seen at Sauerbraten (video game)
Sauerbraten is a meat dish eaten mainly in Germany, but also neighbouring countries. The name comes form sauer (sour) and braten (roast). It refers to the way the dish is prepared: the meat is left in a kind of sour sauce (based on vinegar) to marinate

German food
Meat dishes

Sauerbraten


A logical disk is a concept from computing. Logical disks provide a certain amount of space to store data. Unlike real (called physical) hard disks that can be touched, logical disks can take this storage space from different locations.

Common locations where this can be taken from:
A disk partition on a hard disk
A logical volume from a logical volume manager
A combination of hard drives (as in a RAID system, which contains the physical disks)
A storage area network
The main memory of a computer (this can be used for temporary files, which can be deleted when the system shuts down)

The disk is described as logical because it does not actually exist as a single physical entity in its own right.

Why do we need them?

When IBM first released the magnetic disk drive in the 1956 (IBM 305) a single drive would be directly attached to the using system, with each disk managed as a single entity. As the development of drives continued, it became apparent that reliability was a problem and systems using RAID technology evolved. This means that more than one physical disks are RAID-ed together to produce a single logical disk.

In a modern home PC environment, disk drives now provide hundreds of gigabytes of storage capacity which can be impractical to use as a single entity. Therefore most systems have their drives partitioned into multiple logical drives.

In most modern business IT environments, some form of a Storage area network will exist. Here, many storage devices are connected to many host server devices in a network. A single RAID array may provide some capacity to one server, and some capacity to another. Therefore logical disks are used to partition the available capacity and provide the amount of storage needed by each host from a common pool of logical disks.

Computing

Logical disk