The Haywain Triptych is a panel painting by Hieronymus Bosch, now in the Museo del Prado, Madrid, Spain. A date of around 1516 has been established by means of dendrochronological research. The central panel, signed "Jheronimus Bosch", measures  and the wings measure . The outside shutters feature a version of Bosch's The Wayfarer.

History
The painting was part of a group of six acquired by King Philip II of Spain in 1570, and shipped to El Escorial four years later.  It was later sold to the Marquis of Salamanca, and divided into three paintings. In 1848, the central panel was bought by Isabella II of Spain and brought to Aranjuez, the right one was returned to Escorial and the left went to the Prado. The triptych was finally recomposed in 1914 in the latter museum. A copy exists at the Escorial.

Description

Shutters
The exterior of the shutters, like most contemporary Netherlandish triptychs, was also painted, although in this case Bosch used full colors instead of the usual grisaille. When closed, they form a single scene depicting a wayfarer. Around him is a series of miniatures including the robbery of another wayfarer and a hanged man. The man uses a stick to repel a dog.

According to the most recent interpretations, this figure may represent the man who follows his road in spite of the temptation of sins (such as lust, perhaps symbolized by the two dancing shepherds) and the evil acts occurring around him.

Main panels
The Haywain triptych follows a similar narrative to The Garden of Earthly Delights. The left panel shows God giving form to Eve.  Unlike the Garden, though, a narrative sequence flows through the panel in different scenes.  At the top, the rebel angels are cast out of Heaven while God sits enthroned, the angels turning into insects as they break through the clouds. Below this, God creates Eve from the rib of Adam. Next, Adam and Eve find the serpent and the tree; the serpent offers them an apple. Finally, at the lowest part of the panel, the angel forces the two out of the Garden of Eden. Adam speaks with the angel; Eve, in a melancholic pose, looks ahead to the right.

The central panel features a large wagon of hay surrounded by a multitude of fools engaged in a variety of sins, quite apart from the sins of lust which dominates the Garden of Earthly Delights. In the center panel Bosch shows Christ in the sky, not paralleled in the Garden. An angel on top of the wagon looks to the sky, praying, but none of the other figures see Christ looking down on the world. The rightward bow of the figures around the wagon provides the force for the viewer's eye to move with them on their journey and the cart is drawn by infernal beings which drag everyone to Hell, depicted on the right panel.

The forward kinetic motion of the participants moves the viewer from present-day sin into unadulterated torture in the realms of Hell. The procession on the left side of this panel bends back into the middle ground, but the right side figures continue in a straight line with the wagon, a more evident progress into damnation.

Painting materials
The triptych was thoroughly investigated by the scientists at the Bosch Research and Conservation Project with the results published in book form. Bosch's palette was rather limited with pigments including azurite, lead-tin yellow, vermilion and ochres.

See also
 List of paintings by Hieronymus Bosch

References

External links

The Haywain Triptych at El Escorial
Hieronymus Bosch, The Haywain Triptych, ColourLex

Paintings by Hieronymus Bosch in the Museo del Prado
Paintings depicting Jesus
Triptychs
1516 paintings
Paintings depicting Adam and Eve
Angels in art
Farming in art
Horses in art
Insects in art
Snakes in art
Dogs in art
Nude art

The Haywain Triptych


Ulva or the Isle of Ulva (Gaelic: Ulbha) is an island in the Inner Hebrides in Scotland. Around 16 people live there. At the beginning of the 19th century, 600 people lived there. Lachlan Macquarie who is sometimes known as the "Father of Australia", came from here.

Argyll and Bute
Inner and Outer Hebrides

Ulva


Kevin Lane Keller (born June 23, 1956) is the E. B. Osborn Professor of Marketing at the Tuck School of Business at Dartmouth College.  He is most notable for having authored Strategic Brand Management (Prentice Hall, 1998, 2002, 2008 and 2012), a widely used text on brand management. The book is focused on the "how to" and "why" of brand management, this strategy guide provides specific tactical guidelines for planning, building, measuring, and managing brand equity. He has published his research in the Journal of Marketing, Journal of Marketing Research, and Journal of Consumer Research. In addition, Philip Kotler selected Keller to be his co-author on the most recent edition of Kotler's market-leading text Marketing Management.

Keller was formerly on the faculty at the Stanford Graduate School of Business, the University of California, Berkeley and the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.  He has served as a visiting professor at Duke University and the Australian Graduate School of Management.  He is an alumnus of Cornell University, Carnegie-Mellon University and Duke University.

In the private sector, Keller often acts as a consultant on branding, speaks at industry conferences, and helps to manage the rock band The Church.

Keller currently resides in Etna, New Hampshire.

Books
 Kotler, Philip/Keller, Kevin Lane: Marketing Management, 13th edition, Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 2009,
 Keller, Kevin Lane and Swaminathan, Vanitha 2020. "Strategic Brand Management", 5th  edition, Pearson
 Keller, Kevin Lane: Best Practice Cases in Branding, 3rd ed., Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 2008,

References

 Kevin Lane Keller, E. B. Osborn Professor of Marketing. Dartmouth College. Accessed February 24, 2011.

1956 births
Living people
American business theorists
Branding consultants
American business writers
Marketing people
Marketing theorists
Advertising theorists
Business speakers
Tuck School of Business faculty
Cornell University alumni
Duke University faculty
Duke University alumni
People from Hanover, New Hampshire

Kevin Lane Keller


Theodor Holm Nelson (Ted Nelson, born 1937) is an American sociologist, philosopher, and pioneer of information technology. He coined the terms "hypertext" and "hypermedia" in 1963 and published it in 1965. He also is credited with first use of the words  transclusion, virtuality, intertwingularity and teledildonics. The main thrust of his work has been to make computers easily accessible to ordinary people. His motto is: "A user interface should be so simple that a beginner in an emergency can understand it within ten seconds." However, he is known for inventing many new words (neologisms) which few other people understand (such as "intertwingularity"), and his remarks contain humor to entertain rather than just inform. Consequently, some of his ideas have been met with negative reactions.

From a pessimist viewpoint, Ted Nelson promotes four maxims: "most people are fools, most authority is malignant, God does not exist, and everything is wrong".

Career
Nelson started Project Xanadu in 1960. He wanted to create a new computer network that was easy to use and easy to understand. He wrote about the project in his books Computer Lib/Dream Machines (1974) and Literary Machines (1981). He has spent much of his adult life working on Project Xanadu and telling people about its benefits.

The Xanadu project was not very successful. There were many reasons, but not everyone agrees why the project did not go well. Journalist Gary Wolf published an unflattering history, "The Curse of Xanadu", on Nelson and his project in the June 1995 issue of Wired. Nelson expressed his disgust on his website, referring to Wolf as a "Gory Jackal", and threatened to sue him. He also outlined his objections in a letter to Wired, and released a detailed rebuttal of the article.

Nelson says that Tim Berners-Lee made some ideas from Xanadu become true by inventing the World Wide Web. But, Nelson dislikes the World Wide Web, XML, and all embedded markup. Nelson thinks that Berners-Lee's work is a much too simple way of doing his original plan:

HTML is precisely what we were trying to PREVENT– ever-breaking links, links going outward only, quotes you can't follow to their origins, no version management, no rights management. – Ted Nelson (Ted Nelson one-liners )

Nelson co-founded Itty bitty machine company, or "IBM", which was a small computer retail store operating from 1977 to 1980 in Evanston, Illinois. The Itty bitty machine company was one of the few retail stores to sell the original Apple I computer. In 1978 he had a significant impact upon IBM's thinking when he outlined his vision of the potential of personal computing to the team that three years later launched the IBM PC.

Ted Nelson is currently working on a new information structure, ZigZag. More information about ZigZag is on the Xanadu project website. That website also has two versions of the Xanadu code that visitors can download. He is also currently developing XanaduSpace - a system for the exploration of connected parallel documents (an early version of this software may be freely downloaded from .  He is a visiting fellow at Oxford University - based at the Oxford Internet Institute - where he works in the fields of information, computers, and human-machine interfaces.

Education and awards
Nelson earned a Bachelor's degree in philosophy from Swarthmore College in 1959, a Master's degree in sociology from Harvard University in 1963 and a Doctorate in Media and Governance from Keio University in 2002.

In 1998, at the Seventh WWW Conference in Brisbane, Australia, Ted Nelson was awarded the Yuri Rubinsky Memorial Award. He told the audience that it was the first award that he had ever received for his work.

In 2001 he was knighted by France as "Officier des Arts et Lettres". In 2004 he was appointed as a Fellow of Wadham College, Oxford, and associated with the Oxford Internet Institute, where he is currently conducting his research.

In 2007 he celebrated his 70th birthday by giving an invited birthday lecture at the University of Southampton.

Personal life
He is the son of the late Emmy Award-winning director Ralph Nelson and the Academy Award-winning actress Celeste Holm.

His parents' marriage was brief, and he was mostly raised by his grandparents in Greenwich Village, with relatively little contact with his parents. He is partly of Norwegian descent.

Popular culture
The anime Serial Experiments Lain cites Project Xanadu as a precursor to The Wired (a fictional internet-like communications network and augmented reality system) and mentions Nelson as the originator of hypertext.

Populitism

Populitism ("pop-u-leet-ism") is another neologism coined by Nelson, as a combination of the word "populism" with "elite". It refers to treating the general populace with the privileges of elitism. The word suggests the society-of-text envisioned by theorists like Shoshana Zuboff and Jay David Bolter, a writing space in which traces of authority persist only as local and contingent effects, the social equivalent of the deconstructed author-function. A "populite" culture might mark the first step toward realization of Jean-Francois Lyotard's "game of perfect information" where all have equal access to the world of data, and where "[g]iven equal competence (no longer in the acquisition of knowledge, but in its production), what extra performativity depends on in the final analysis is 'imagination,' which allows one either to make a new move or change the rules of the game." This is the utopia of information-in-process, the ultimate wetware dream of the clerisy: discourse converted with 100 percent efficiency into capital, the mechanism of that magical process being nomology or rule-making—admittedly a rather specialized form of "imagination."

Works by Ted Nelson
 Life, Love, College, etc. (1959)
 Computer Lib: You can and must understand computers now / Dream Machines: New freedoms through computer screens–a minority report (1974), Microsoft Press, rev. edition 1987:
 The Home Computer Revolution (1977)
 Literary Machines: The report on, and of, Project Xanadu concerning word processing, electronic publishing, hypertext, thinkertoys, tomorrow's intellectual revolution, and certain other topics including knowledge, education and freedom (1981), Mindful Press, Sausalito, California.
 Publication dates as listed in the 93.1 (1993) edition: 1980, 1981, 1982, 1983, 1984, 1987, 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993
 The Future of Information (1997)
 A Cosmology for a Different Computer Universe: Data Model, Mechanisms, Virtual Machine and Visualization Infrastructure . Journal of Digital Information, Volume 5 Issue 1. Article No. 298, July 16, 2004
 Geeks Bearing Gifts: How The Computer World Got This Way (2008) (Chapter summaries )

Notes

Other websites

 Ted Nelson's homepage
 Detailed Ted Nelson bibliography
 Xanadu project webpage
 The Magical Place of Literary Memory: Xanadu  in Screening the Past , July 2005 by Belinda Barnet
 Ted Nelson and Xanadu, in The Electronic Labyrinth, 1993
 The Curse of Xanadu , June 1995 Wired  article by Gary Wolf
 reactions to The Curse of Xanadu, September 1995 Wired magazine, from Vint Cerf, Jonathan Vos Post and Ted Nelson,
 Orality and Hypertext: An Interview with Ted Nelson
 Way Out Of The Box , by Theodor Nelson, October 8, 1999
 Software and Media for a New Democracy  a talk given by Ted Nelson at the File festival Symposium/November/2005
 Article/interview with Nelson, Wired, August 2005
 The Politics of Internet Software 'Geeks Bearing Gifts' , a talk given by Ted at the Oxford Internet Institute, November 30, 2005
 Transclusion: Fixing Electronic Literature , a talk given by Ted at Google, January 29, 2007
 Biography at ibiblio.org

American sociologists
American philosophers
People from New York City
1937 births
Harvard University alumni
Living people

Ted Nelson


Mary Tudor (28 March 1496 – 25 June 1533) was the youngest daughter of Henry VII of England and Elizabeth of York. She was princess of England, and was Queen of France for three months. After being Queen of France, she married someone else, and became Duchess of Suffolk until her death.

Biography
Mary Tudor was born on 18 March 1496 in Richmond Palace. Her older brothers were Arthur, Prince of Wales, and Prince Henry, and her older sister was Princess Margaret. Henry and Mary were close as children. Later in life, when Henry became King Henry VIII of England, he even named his ship, the Mary Rose, after her. His first daughter, Mary (later known as Queen Mary I of England), was probably also named after her.

Mary's father was anxious for all his children to make good marriages, and many of the other kings and queens of Europe wanted Mary as a wife for one of their sons. She was first betrothed to Charles of Castile, later the Holy Roman Emperor. This betrothal was broken later, and she did not get married until after her brother Henry became king. When Mary was 18 she married King Louis XII of France, who was 52 years old. She was married in Abbeville, France, on 9 October 1514. Mary did not want to marry King Louis, but agreed when her brother said that she could marry anyone she wanted after Louis died. Louis died on 1 January 1515, and Mary soon married Charles Brandon, Duke of Suffolk.
Mary did not have any children while married to Louis, but she did when she was married to Charles. Her children's names were Henry, Frances and Eleanor. Frances went on to be the mother of Lady Jane Grey, who was the Queen of England for only nine days.

After suffering failing health for some years, Mary Tudor died on 25 June, 1533 at the age of thirty eight at Westhorpe Hall, Westhorpe, Suffolk, possibly of cancer. Her husband then married Catherine Willoughby.

References

Tudor, Mary
1495 births
1533 deaths

Mary Tudor, Queen of France


A handbook (sometimes called a vade mecum which is Latin for go with me) is a pocket book that can be carried at all times. Now however, this term is thought to be very old and is not in normal use any more.

Handbooks may have information about any topic, and are mostly guides of information in a special field or about a special method. They are not made for reading through from end to end. They are made to have fast answers in their area. For example, the MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers is a style guide for how to cite works in the MLA way, among other things.

Books

Handbook


Būtingė (German: Butendiekshof or Budendiekshof) is a small village at the coast of the Baltic Sea in the north of Lithuania, at the border to Latvia. It belongs to Palanga City Municipality, and is situated  north of the town Palanga. The village has long time belonged to Livonia, and is a part of Lithuania since 1921.

The Būtingė oil terminal, a part of ORLEN Lietuva, has been in operation since 1999. The terminal is somewhat controversial because of fear of oil spills, which have occurred. Since July 2006 the Būtingė oil terminal is the only way for supplying ORLEN Lietuva (former Mažeikių Nafta) with oil, because the Russian partner state controlled Lukoil corporation has cut off the supply through the Druzhba pipeline from Russia.

References

Villages in Klaipėda County
Oil terminals
Palanga City Municipality

Būtingė


Protists are single-celled eukaryotes (which are organisms with a nucleus). The term Protista was first used by Ernst Haeckel in 1866. The protists are not a natural group, or clade, since they have no common origin. Like algae or invertebrates, they are often grouped together for convenience.

The term "protist" includes microorganisms from several distantly related phyla. Some are autotrophic (which means they make their own food by photosynthesis), and others are heterotrophic (which means they eat organic material).

Most protists are very small. They are made up of one or a few cells at most – they are microscopic and usually invisible to the naked eye. Some algae are protists, if they are single-celled. Many protists are part of the plankton and are very important for the ecosystem. The cells found in protists may be extremely complex, and are often little understood. It is now possible to do DNA sequencing, and a number of protists have been analysed. The results show that the Protista is not a monophyletic group. It is paraphyletic, and not a single clade. The taxonomy of the Protista is therefore rather confused.

Some protists cause diseases. Plasmodium falciparum causes malaria; sleeping sickness is also caused by a protist.

An example of a single celled organism in the protist kingdom is the Paramecium or "slipper animalcule." The Paramecium moves using its small, hair-like fibers called cilia, and eats using the cilia to sweep the food into its food vacuole. Other protists can be amoebas, which move by extending pseudopods and flowing into them, or flowing around food particles and engulfing them.

Origin and taxonomy

Protists are not a monophyletic clade. The term is a convenient holdall for about 20 different kinds of single-celled eukaryotes. They differ in their cell organelles, specialised units which carry out well-defined functions, like mitochondria and plastids. This proves they have made the transition from prokaryotes in different ways. It is fairly clear now that all or most of these organelles have their origin in once-independent prokaryotes (bacteria or archaea), and that the eukaryote cell is a 'community of micro-organisms' working together in 'a marriage of convenience'. Admittedly, the Protista is a collection of disparate single-celled forms, but while a more sophisticated taxonomy is in flux (changing), Protista is still a useful term.

References

Cell biology

Protist


A police station is a building where police officers work. Other members of the law enforcement may work there as well. These buildings often contain offices and accommodation for staff.

A small police station may have nothing apart from office space. Some police stations have cells for holding people who have been arrested. They may also have special rooms for interviewing people and rooms for storing evidence.

Police station


Tha Border Campaign was a meelitar campaign bi tha IRA in Northren Ireland frae 1956 tae 1962. It is kent as the Reseestance Campaign an aw or bi it's codename Operation Harvest. It's ettle wis tae ower thraw the Unitit Kinrick in Northren Ireland an mak the ae Unitit Ireland. It wis focussed on tairgets aboot the Erse border, maistly Breetish Airmy barracks. It feenished in 1962 efter it wis decidit tae hae been a failure. It wis follaed on bi the Ceevil Richts Muivement, thath in itsel lead on tae the Tribbles. It seen 11 IRA volunteers an 6 RUC deid alang wi 32 RUC woundit.

Ireland
Unitit Kinrick

Border Campaign


Étienne-Denis, duc de Pasquier (21 April 17675 July 1862), Chancelier de France, (a title revived for him by Louis-Philippe in 1837),  was a French statesman. In 1842, he was elected a member of the Académie française, and in the same year was created a duke by Louis-Philippe.

Biography
Born in Paris in a family of the noblesse de robe, with ancestors such as Étienne Pasquier, he was destined for the legal profession and was educated at the Collège de Juilly near Paris. He then became a counsellor of the parlement de Paris, and witnessed many of the incidents that marked the growing hostility between that body and Louis XVI of France in the years preceding the French Revolution of 1789.

His views were those of a moderate reformer, determined to preserve the House of Bourbon in a renovated France; his memoirs depict in a favorable light the actions of his  (an institution soon to be abolished towards the end of the year 1789, under growing revolutionary pressures).

For some time, and especially during the Reign of Terror (1793–1794), Pasquier remained in obscurity; but this did not save him from arrest nor his father from execution in the year 1794.  He was incarcerated for two months in the Saint-Lazare Prison shortly before the start of Thermidorian Reaction, and released after the fall and execution of Maximilien Robespierre at the end of July 1794.

Empire
He did not re-enter the public service until the period of the First French Empire, when the arch-chancellor Jean Jacques Régis de Cambacérès used his influence with Napoleon I to procure for him the office of maître des requêtes to the Conseil d'État. In 1809, he became baron of the Empire, and in February 1810 counsellor of State. In October 1810, the Emperor made him prefect of police of Paris.

The main challenge of his career was the strange conspiracy of the republican general Claude François de Malet (October 1812); Malet, spreading false news that Napoleon had died in the Russian campaign, managed to surprise and capture some of the ministers and other authorities in Paris, among them Pasquier. However, the attempt's manifest failure enabled Pasquier to speedily regain his liberty.

Restoration and July Monarchy
When Napoleon abdicated in April 1814, Pasquier continued to exercise his functions for a few days in order to preserve order, and then resigned from the prefecture of police, whereupon Louis XVIII of France allotted to him the Corps des Ponts et Chaussées. He distanced himself from the Imperial restoration at the time of the Hundred Days (1815), and, after the final Bourbon Restoration, became Keeper of the Seal (July 1815). Finding it impossible to work with the Ultra-royalists of the Chamber of Deputies (the Chambre introuvable), he resigned office in September. Under the more moderate ministers of succeeding years, he again held various appointments, but refused to join the reactionary cabinets of the close of the reign of Charles X of France.

After the July Revolution (1830), he became president of the Chamber of Peers, a post which he held through the whole of the reign of Louis-Philippe (1830–1848). After the abdication of Louis-Philippe in February 1848, Chancelier Pasquier retired from active life and set to work to compile the notes and reminiscences of his long and active career. He died in Paris at the age of ninety-five on 5 July 1862.

References

Sources
 In turn, it cites as references:
Mémoires du Chancelier Pasquier (6 vols., Paris, 1893–1895; partly translated into English, 4 vols., London, 1893–1894)
L. de Vieilcastel, Histoire de la Restauration, vols. i.iv.

1767 births
1862 deaths
Writers from Paris
Dukes of Pasquier
18th-century French lawyers
French memoirists
Prefects of police of Paris
Members of the Académie Française
People of the French Revolution
Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour
French interior ministers
Members of the Chamber of Peers of the Bourbon Restoration
Members of the Chamber of Peers of the July Monarchy
French male non-fiction writers
19th-century French lawyers

Étienne-Denis Pasquier


Gillian Carnegie (born 1971 in Suffolk ) is an English artist.

Carnegie is a graduate of the Camberwell School of Art and the Royal College of Art.

Carnegie works within traditional categories of painting – still life, landscape, the figure and portraiture – with a highly accomplished technique. Yet while apparently following the conventions of representational painting, Carnegie challenges its established languages and unsettles its assumptions. Her work builds up the oil paint to create an almost sculptural relief of impasto. This technique is most effective in her Black Square paintings where the dense layerings of black oils coalesce to form dense woodlands.

Nominated to the 2005 Turner Prize shortlist at London's Tate Britain gallery, her apparently traditional use of the oil medium prompted the Daily Telegraph headline: 'Turner Prize shocker: the favourite is a woman who paints flowers. Whatever next?' – in allusion to the medium-combative nature of the prize. She was beaten to the prize by Simon Starling's Shedboatshed.

In 2013 Carnegie exhibited at Tate Britain in 'Painting Now: Five Contemporary Artists'. "I never felt the need to feel informed about the experience of seeing a painting in order that I understand it...I'd like to think someone would still want to look at a painting rather than inform themselves about it beforehand"

References

1971 births
Living people
20th-century English women artists
21st-century English women artists
Alumni of the Royal College of Art
Alumni of Camberwell College of Arts
British contemporary painters
English contemporary artists
English women painters

Gillian Carnegie


Hans von Marées (24 December 1837 – 5 June 1887) was a German painter.
Initially specialising in portraiture he later turned to mythological subjects. He spent the last years of his life in Italy.

Life
Marées was born into a banking family at Elberfeld, part of Wuppertal since 1829, in Germany. In 1847 his family moved to Koblenz, where he was educated at the Gymnasium (grammar school). From 1853 to 1855 he studied at the Berlin Academy, and in 1854 he entered the studio of the painter and printmaker Carl Steffeck.  He served in the military in 1855–7, after which he moved to Munich where he met Franz von Lenbach.

During his time in Munich he concentrated mainly on portraiture. In 1864 Count Adolf von Schack sent Marées and Lenbach to Italy to copy old masters. In Italy he became friendly with  the art theorist Konrad Fiedler, who later became his patron, and the sculptor Adolf von Hildebrand.

In 1869, he visited France, the Netherlands and Spain with Fiedler. He served in military in the Franco-Prussian War (1870–71) and then lived in Berlin and Dresden for a while. In 1873, he decorated the library walls of the newly built German Marine Zoological Institute in Naples, Italy The murals consist of five scenes depicting figures in landscapes, set into a  framework of friezes and pilasters designed by Hildebrand.  They have no specific symbolic or mythological scheme, being intended simply to express, in Marées' own words, "the joys of sea and beach life". The next year, he moved to Florence, where he became acquainted with Anselm Feuerbach and Arnold Böcklin, two leading members of the group of idealist, intellectual artists known as the "German Romans".

He turned increasingly to mythological subjects and developed a complex and individual technique, overpainting tempera with layers of oil and creating a depth of colour quite unlike the muted tones used by his fellow classicist, Feuerbach. Fritz Novotny wrote that in Marées' brand of classicism "a completely new role is assigned to colour", and that, after Ingres, he was "the second great classicist in the nineteenth century who was also a great artist".

In the 1880s Marées painted four monumental triptychs: The Judgment of Paris, The Hesperides, Three Saints on Horseback and The Wooing. During this time he also produced smaller mythological paintings and some portraits. He spent these last years of his life in Rome, supported by Fiedler. He died there in 1887, at the age of 49, and was buried in the  Protestant Cemetery.

In 1935 the painting Die Labung had been stolen by the Nazi regime. In 1980 it came into the possession of the Museum Wiesbaden. In order to fulfill the museum's project of identifying Nazi plunder and to return it to the legitimate heirs - the museum kept showing only the backside of the work, until they collected enough money through donations to buy it at the end of the same year.

References

Sources
German Masters of the Nineteenth Century: Paintings and Drawings from the Federal Republic of Germany. Catalogue of an exhibition held at the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York,  1981. Free download available.

External links

 WetCanvas biography
 Artcyclopedia links

1837 births
1887 deaths
19th-century German painters
19th-century German male artists
German male painters
German people of Jewish descent
German untitled nobility
Burials in the Protestant Cemetery, Rome
People from Elberfeld
Prussian Academy of Arts alumni
Artists from Wuppertal

Hans von Marées


Hercules: The Legendary Journeys is an American television series filmed in New Zealand, based on the tales of the classical Greek culture hero Heracles (Hercules was his Roman analogue). Starring Kevin Sorbo as Hercules and Michael Hurst as Iolaus, it was produced from January 16, 1995, to November 22, 1999. It ran for six seasons, producing action figures and other memorabilia as it became one of the highest-rated syndicated television shows in the world at that time. It has aired on Once Channel, Sky1, five/5, Heroes & Icons, and Horror.

It was preceded by several TV movies with the same major characters in 1994 as part of Universal Media Studios's Action Pack in order of appearance: Hercules and the Amazon Women, Hercules and the Lost Kingdom, Hercules and the Circle of Fire, Hercules in the Underworld, and Hercules in the Maze of the Minotaur, the last of which served mostly as a "clip show" of the previous movies as a lead up to the series. The show was cancelled midway through filming of the sixth season, and only a total of eight episodes were produced after Sorbo initially declined to renew a three-year extension contract to continue his role as Hercules.

Plot

The series is set in a fantasy version of ancient Greece not precisely located in historical time. The show also has a mixture of Oriental, Egyptian and Medieval elements in various episodes. The show stars Kevin Sorbo as Hercules and regularly features Michael Hurst as his sidekick Iolaus. Rotating as Hercules' other regular companion, particularly in earlier seasons, is Salmoneus (Robert Trebor), a wheeler-dealer ever looking to make a quick drachma.

Typical plot lines involve Hercules and Iolaus saving rustic villagers from monsters, evil warlords, or the often selfish whims of the gods. There was also comedy and episodes often had "in-jokes" about modern themes.

In the earlier episodes as mentioned in the show's opening title, Hercules' main nemesis is his evil stepmother Hera, the powerful queen of the gods who seeks to destroy Hercules using various monsters and helping her various followers because he is a reminder of her husband Zeus' infidelity. As the series progressed, a wider range of enemies was used; notably Hercules' half-brother, the malicious god of war Ares replaced Hera as the show's primary antagonist. Towards the end of the series, Ares is himself replaced by the evil god Dahak who is the main villain in the show's fifth season and sets off a story arc that has Hercules traveling to Sumeria, Norseland and Éire. Although Zeus, Hercules' father, is frequently cited by Hercules as a neglectful father, Zeus' love for Hercules is well documented in the show. Indeed, Hercules is often referred to as "the favorite son of Zeus". Zeus makes several appearances on the show, even saving his son's life and restoring his superhuman strength on one occasion when he needs it the most. Hercules, for his own part, is always there for Zeus when his father needs him, and in the end, Hercules reconciles with his father and buries whatever issues he has with the father he has come to understand and love.

Cast

Main cast

 Hercules (Kevin Sorbo)
 Iolaus (Michael Hurst)

Recurring cast

 Alcmene (Elizabeth Hawthorne, Liddy Holloway, Kim Michalis)
 Aphrodite (Alexandra Tydings)
 Apollo (Scott Michaelson)
 Ares (Kevin Smith)
 Artemis (Rhonda McHardy)
 Atalanta (Cory Everson)
 Autolycus (Bruce Campbell)
 Callisto (Hudson Leick)
 Cassandra (Claudia Black)
 Charon (Michael Hurst)
 Cupid (Karl Urban)
 Dahak (Michael Hurst, Mark Newnham)
 Deianeira (Tawny Kitaen)
 Deimos (Joel Tobeck)
 Dirce (Lisa Chappell)
 Discord (Meighan Desmond)
 Falafel (Paul Norell)
 Gabrielle (Renee O'Connor)
 Hades (Erik Thomson, Mark Ferguson)
 Hera (Meg Foster)
 Iphicles (Kevin Smith)
 Jason (Jeffrey Thomas, Chris Conrad)
 Joxer (Ted Raimi)
 Kernunnos (Stuart Devenie)
 Morrígan (Tamara Gorski)
 Nebula (Gina Torres)
 Nemesis (Karen Witter, Teresa Hill, Kimberley Joseph)
 Odin (Peter McCauley)
 Persephone (Andrea Croton)
 Salmoneus (Robert Trebor)
 Serena (Sam Jenkins, Kara Zediker)
 Strife (Joel Tobeck)
 Xena (Lucy Lawless)
 Zeus (Roy Dotrice, Peter Vere-Jones, Charles Keating, Anthony Quinn).

Episodes

Spin-offs
The show had two spin-offs, Xena: Warrior Princess and Young Hercules, with which it shared recurring characters such as Ares (Kevin Smith), Autolycus (Bruce Campbell), Salmoneus (Robert Trebor), Aphrodite (Alexandra Tydings), Deimos/Strife (Joel Tobeck) and Callisto (Hudson Leick). Both shows, although produced in New Zealand with mostly local actors using American accents, were syndicated worldwide.

Home media
Anchor Bay Entertainment released all six seasons of Hercules: The Legendary Journeys on DVD in Region 1 for the first time between 2003 and 2005. As of 2010, these releases have now been discontinued.

On January 12, 2010, Universal Studios Home Entertainment announced that they planned on re-releasing Hercules: The Legendary Journeys on DVD. They have subsequently re-released all six seasons.

In Region 4, Madman Entertainment has released all six seasons on DVD in Australia.

 NOTE: The Season 1 release in both regions 1 & 4 includes the 5 tele-films preceding the series. The region 1 re-release does not include the TV movies.

In other media

Games

Hercules: The Legendary Journeys is an action adventure video game with beat 'em up elements that was released on the Nintendo 64 and Game Boy Color, developed by Player 1 and published by Titus Interactive, based on the television series.

Animation
Hercules and Xena – The Animated Movie: The Battle for Mount Olympus is a 1998 American animated action-adventure direct-to-video film starring the voices of Kevin Sorbo, Lucy Lawless, Michael Hurst, Renee O'Connor, Kevin Smith, and Alexandra Tydings, all reprising their roles from Hercules: The Legendary Journeys and Xena: Warrior Princess. It was directed by Lynne Naylor and written by John Loy. It later received a television airing on Fox's Fox Kids block. The movie's plot involved Hercules and Xena joining forces to save the Gods of Olympus from the Titans.

Legacy
The success of the show led to the commissioning of several similar series, also set in the ancient world, including The Adventures of Sinbad, Conan the Adventurer, The New Adventures of Robin Hood, BeastMaster, Tarzan: The Epic Adventures, and Jack of All Trades. A sci-fi series, Cleopatra 2525, was also produced as a result of the series' influence. Thirteen years later, Legend of the Seeker was produced by the same team.

See also
 List of Hercules and Xena characters
 Greek mythology in popular culture
 Hercules in popular culture

References

External links

1990s American drama television series
1990s New Zealand television series
1995 American television series debuts
1999 American television series endings
1995 New Zealand television series debuts
1999 New Zealand television series endings
Action Pack (TV programming block)
American action adventure television series
American fantasy drama television series
Depictions of Julius Caesar on television
English-language television shows
First-run syndicated television programs in the United States
New Zealand drama television series
New Zealand science fiction television series
Television shows filmed in New Zealand
Television series by Universal Television
Television series set in ancient history
Television series about Heracles
Television shows set in Greece
Works by Alex Kurtzman and Roberto Orci
Classical mythology in popular culture
Television shows adapted into films
Television shows adapted into comics
Television shows adapted into video games
Television series set in ancient Greece
Television series based on classical mythology
Television series created by Sam Raimi
Video games based on Greek mythology
Television series created by Rob Tapert

Hercules: The Legendary Journeys


Ramon Sessions (born April 11, 1986) is a professional basketball player for the Los Angeles Lakers of the National Basketball Association (NBA). He played college basketball at the University of Nevada for three years before entering the 2007 NBA Draft. The Milwaukee Bucks chose him with the 56the pick of the draft.

On April 14, 2008, Sessions scored 20 points and had 24 assists in a game against the Chicago Bulls. Although the Bucks lost this game to the Bucks, Sessions set a Bucks record for the most assists by one player in a game.

In September 2009, Sessions signed a contract to join the Minnesota Timberwolves. The Timberwolves traded him to the Cleveland Cavaliers in July 2010. Sessions was then traded to the Los Angeles Lakers in March 2012.

References

1986 births
Living people
American basketball players
Cleveland Cavaliers players
Milwaukee Bucks players
Minnesota Timberwolves players
Sportspeople from South Carolina

Ramon Sessions


Sesame oil is a vegetable oil made from the sesame plant. It is used a lot in Asian cooking.

History

The English term sesame traces back to the Arabic simsim, Coptic semsem, and early Egyptian semsent. Semsent was listed in the Ebers Papyrus, a 65-feet-long scroll listing ancient herbs and spices discovered by the famous German Egyptologist, Ebers. The earliest recorded use of a spice - sesame seed - comes from an Assyrian myth which claims that the gods drank sesame wine the night before they created the earth. Sesamum indicum, (indicum meaning "from India") is native to the East Indies. Usage dates back to 3000 B.C.  the  African slaves brought sesame seeds, which they called benné seeds, to America, where they became a popular ingredient in southern dishes. Through the ages, the seeds have been a source of food and oil. Sesame seed oil is still the main source of fat used in cooking in the Near East and Far East.

Buying & keeping

Good sesame oil has a strong smell when it is opened. The color should be bright brown or gold. It should be kept at . If it is too cold, the oil would be solid and lose its smell. Sesame oil can go bad if it is exposed to air and sunlight. Therefore it is better kept on a shelf or a sideboard. A dark brown bottle is better than a plain one, because the brown one can protect the oil from the sunlight better. The bottle should be closed tightly to keep air out.

Many things affect the price. Oil content is the most important. Usually a bottle of sesame oil has 40~55%. The more oil content it has, the higher price it has. Another element is country of origin. Also if you buy it made from a factory it would cost less than oil made in a country house by a farmer.

References

Other websites
How to make sesame oil at ehow.com

Condiments
Cooking oils

Sesame oil


PlayStation Official Magazine – Australia is a video games magazine published by Future Australia.

The magazine's origin dates back to the original PlayStation console. The magazine was called "Official Australian PlayStation Magazine". As the era changed, it would be rebranded as "Official PlayStation 2 Magazine-Australia". Finally, to coincide with the release of the PlayStation 3, it was rebranded again as "PlayStation Official Magazine – Australia". The magazine's title is often abbreviated to OPM.

Staff
 Editor: Adam Mathew
 Staff Writer: Adam Guetti
 Art Director: Stephanie Goh
 Contributors: James Cottee, Dan Staines, Paul Taylor, James Ellis, Dave Kozicki, Toby McCasker, Nathan Lawrence, Martin Gladstone and Clint McCreadie
 Graphic Design: Ryan Stuart
 Creative Director: Paul Cook
 'Resident Evil': "Angry Sackboy"

Structure
The regular sections of OPS are:

 Intro - Editor and staff explain what has been happening in that month
 Insider - Recent PlayStation news, as well as smaller sub-sections that include a mock movie based on a game, a Top 10 with a subject that changes each month, a calendar of events, various competitions and more
 Inbox - Each month a "Letter of the Month" wins the game of the month.
 Cuttings - Snippets of letters or extremely short letters that cannot work as letter by themselves.
 OPS Facebook Page - material posted by readers on the OPS Facebook fan page. Official PlayStation Magazine - Australia Facebook Fan Page
 Subscriptions
 Incoming - Previews of games, both hands-on and first looks, that are as of the date of printing unreleased or unreviewed. This covers all PlayStation branded games, including PS3, PS2 and PSP.
 Indepth - Longer previews that usually tie in interviews with game developers and publishers
 Inreview - Reviews of all current PlayStation games. Titles are given a score out of 10. Those that are rated 10/10 receive a 'gold award', 9/10 a silver, 8/10 a bronze.
 Internet - The online portion of the magazine recommends various demos and videos on the PlayStation Store, as well as Downloadable content and the online component of PS3 games.
 Insight - Provides hints and tips for games, as well as a list of activities recommended specifically for recent games. The list may include 'Easter Eggs' (Easter egg (media)), highlights of various stages or gameplay moments.
 Intermission - Blu-ray, DVD and cinema reviews. Includes new releases and a recently added Anime section.
 Index - Titled 'All the games that matter', this section lists the "must have" titles for all PS3 owners. It has four categories that broadly encapsulate the genres of games available. The categories are Adventure, Shooter, Racing and Music & Sports.
 The Best PSN Games - a column with six of the best PlayStation Network games available.
 The Best PSP Games - a column with six of the best PSP games available.
 Magic Moments - a column that details a special moment in a game in the PlayStation library.
 Top Five - this column changes each month, detailing in a humorous manner 'top five' things about games, for example the 'top five shameless videogame rip-offs'.
 Infamous - a retrospective of a notable PlayStation title.
 Insane - subtitled "It should be a game", this section lampoons established game franchises and notable figures and characters.

External links
Techmags Site

2007 establishments in Australia
Computer magazines published in Australia
Magazines established in 2007
PlayStation (brand) magazines
Monthly magazines published in Australia
Video game magazines published in Australia


"Girls, Girls, Girls" is a single by the American heavy metal band Mötley Crüe. It is the first single from the album of the same name, released on May 11, 1987 and peaked on the Billboard Hot 100  at #12 and #20 on the Mainstream rock charts. American pop artist Lady GaGa wrote the song "Boys Boys Boys" as an homage to this song.

Music video
Mötley Crüe"s first video of "Girls, Girls, Girls" was banned from MTV due to nudity, it was shot at the Seventh Veil Strip Club in Los Angeles. There was trouble when finding a location because most strip clubs did not serve alcohol. The dancers were from mainly the Tropicana which was Vince Neil's favourite club and the Seventh Veil. The song and album were both written during a time when main songwriter Nikki Sixx, and co-writer Dominic Catanzarito were both addicted to heroin.

1987 songs
Mötley Crüe songs

Girls, Girls, Girls


Major-General Anthony Emmett (1790 – 27 March 1872) was a British Army officer who served his entire career in the Royal Engineers. After fighting throughout the Peninsular War and participating in the last battles of the War of 1812, he served as Commanding Royal Engineer, St Helena, during Napoleon's incarceration on the island. Emmett retired in 1855 because of injuries he had taken forty-three years earlier at the Third Siege of Badajoz.

Life
Emmett as born in Kingston-Upon-Hull, and after passing through the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich, received his commission as second lieutenant in the Royal Engineers on 16 February 1808. He joined the army in the Iberian Peninsula early in 1809, and remained with it until the summer of 1812, when he was sent to England for recovery from the effects of a very severe wound received while leading on one of the columns to the assault of Badajoz in April 1812.

He returned to the army in October of the following year at his own request, and remained with it to the close of the war. During his service in Peninsular War he was constantly before the enemy. First, in Abrantes and skirmishes near it, while the French were in front of the lines of Lisbon; secondly, at both the sieges of Badajoz in 1811, at the cavalry affair of El Boden, and in the trenches before Ciudad Rodrigo; and thirdly, at the siege of Badajoz in 1812, when he led on the Portuguese column of the 4th division to the assault of the breach of the curtain, and was severely wounded. He was shortly after sent to England for the restoration of his health.

Prior to the siege he was occupied in improving the navigation of the Upper Douro to facilitate the transfer of supplies for the operations in Badajoz. On rejoining the army as a captain in 1813 he was employed in the examination of the fords of the Nive, held by the enemy's posts prior to the successful passage of that river. During the following campaign he was attached to the 2nd division, and was present at the battle of St. Pierre, near Bayonne, at the attack on the heights of Garres St.-Palais at Tarbes, and at the battles of Orthez and Toulouse. Soon after his return to England he was sent, in 1815, with General Keane, on the expedition against New Orleans, landed with the advance, and was present in the attack of the Americans, also at the assault made on the enemy's lines and at the siege of Fort Bowyer.

He was next appointed commanding royal engineer at St. Helena, where he went with Sir Hudson Lowe, and held the command until after the death of Napoleon. He held various commands at home, at Bermuda, and in the Mediterranean, until he was compelled in May 1855 to retire as a major-general on account of bad health brought on by the wounds he received in the Peninsula. He was awarded the war medal and four clasps. He died at Brighton on 27 March 1872.

References

1790 births
1872 deaths
British Army major generals
Royal Engineers officers
People of the Peninsular War

Anthony Emmett


Port Glaud () is an administrative district of Seychelles located on the northwestern coast of the island of Mahé. It is 25 km² and has a population of 2174 (2002 census). The main village is Port Glaud. The district contains two marine parks; Bay Ternay & Port Launay. The offshore islands of Thérèse Island and Conception Island are part of Port Glaud District.

References

Districts of Seychelles
Mahé, Seychelles

Port Glaud


A border dispute is when two governments or more do not agree on the location of the border between their lands. An example is Pakistan and India over the territory of Kashmir. Another example is Kosovo which Serbia believe is theirs. An historical example is the Honey War between Iowa and Missouri.

Wars are sometimes fought over border disputes. Irredentism is often a border dispute.

Other websites
 CIA World factbook  The World Factbook by the United States Central Intelligence Agency lists countries that are currently having border disputes.

Countries

es:Anexo:Territorios disputados

Border dispute


Jurriaan Andriessen (12 July 1742, Amsterdam - 31 July 1819, Amsterdam) was a Dutch decorative painter and graphic artist.

Biography
His father was from Brandenburg and his mother was from Holstein. He began his art studies at the age of twelve with the decorative painter Anthony Elliger. Four years later, he worked with Jan Maurits Quinkhard. In 1760, he attended the Technical School in Amsterdam and was awarded first prize for his graduation work in 1766. That same year, he was accepted as a member of the Guild of Saint Luke and received a major order for wall decorations at the Huis te Manpad in Heemstede.

He worked with Johannes van Dreght and Reinier Vinkeles. In 1770, he was married. The couple settled in Amsterdam, where he and  opened a workshop for making painted wallpaper. His brother Anthonie, who was a carriage painter, also became involved in the business. Idyllic, mythological landscapes were his most popular product. Toward the end of the Eighteenth-century, the interest in painted wallpaper declined, so he joined with Hermanus Numan to paint theatrical scenery; most notably for the Schouwburg of Van Campen.

In addition, he was a notable teacher, whose students include Jan Bulthuis, Jacques Kuyper, Gerrit Jan Michaëlis, Jacobus Schoemaker Doyer, Wouter Johannes van Troostwijk and Johann Georg Ziesenis as well as his son, Christiaan.

In 1799, he suffered a stroke that left him partially paralyzed. In all, he produced over 200 wallpaper designs, many of which are in the collection of the Rijksmuseum. Very few are still to be seen in their original locations. The museum also has his diary, meticulously kept over the course of twenty years.

Selected works

References

Further reading
Richard Harmanni, Jurriaan Andriessen (1742-1819): A Beautiful View, Antique Collectors Club Limited, 2009

External links

Jurriaan Andriessen on Artnet

1742 births
1819 deaths
Painters from Amsterdam
18th-century Dutch painters
18th-century Dutch male artists
Dutch male painters
19th-century Dutch painters
Decorative arts
Dutch people of German descent
19th-century Dutch male artists

Jurriaan Andriessen (artist)


An ethnic conflict (or ethnic war) is a conflict where different ethnic groups fight each other. It is different from a civil war, where a single nation or ethnic group is fighting among itself.

Examples of ethnic wars since the 1990s were typically caused by secessionist movements leading to the breakup of multi-ethnic states along ethnic lines: the Yugoslav Wars, the First Chechen War, the Nagorno-Karabakh War, the Rwandan Civil War and the War in Darfur, among others

Academic explanations of ethnic conflict generally fall into one of three schools of thought: primordialist, instrumentalist or constructivist. Intellectual debate has also focused around the issue of whether ethnic conflict has become more common since the end of the Cold War, and on finding ways of managing conflicts, through instruments such as consociationalism and federalisation.

Conflicts

Ethnic conflict


North Frisie is a minority leid o Germany, spoken bi aboot 10,000 fowk in North Frisie. There are twa main dialectal diveesions: those o the mainland an the insular dialects. There is nae staundart variety, although some hae suggestit the mainland Moorin dialect.  The leid is pairt o the lairger group o the Wast Germanic Frisie leids.

North Frisie is an endangered leid, as in maist places childer nae langer learn it. Exceptions are a few veelages on the islands o Föhr an Amrum an the Risum-Lindholm aurie.
Aw speakers o North Frisie are at least bilingual (North Frisie an Staundart German). Mony are trilingual (North Frisie, Staundart German an Law German) an, especially alang the Dens border, quadrilingualism uised tae be widespread (North Frisie, Staundart German, Law German an Sooth Jutlandic).

On 24 Dizember 2004 a state law became effective in Schleswig-Holstein that recognises the North Frisie leid for offeecial uise in the Nordfriesland destrict an on Heligoland.

Endangered Indo-European leids
Frisie leids
Leids o Germany
German dialects

frr:Nordfriisk

North Frisie leid


Charles-Louis de Secondat, Baron de La Brède et de Montesquieu (18 January 1689 – 10 February 1755), was commonly known as Montesquieu. He was a French political thinker who lived during the Age Of Enlightenment. He is famous for his theory of the separation of powers in government. Many constitutions all over the world use it. He helped make the terms "feudalism" and "Byzantine Empire" popular.

Political views
Before Montesquieu, the standard feudal system was called "the three estates":
 the entire clergy
 the aristocracy (the monarch was outside the system of "estates")
 the "third estate": the commoners

Montesquieu's radical work divided French people into three classes, or groups: three classes (or trias politica, a term he coined):
 the monarchy
 the aristocracy
 the commons

These should be balanced, so that no one power would be able to overcome the other two, either singly or in combination. This was a radical idea because it eliminated the three estates structure. Montesquieu's ideas are important because they ended the feudalistic structure. They also helped inspire the constitution of many countries, including the United States.

Some of Montesquieu's ideas are still controversial. He believed that women could be leaders in government. But he thought women could not lead a family. He supported a hereditary aristocracy and primogeniture. Hereditary means that the title passes from the parents to the children.

Montesquieu describes an unusual idea in his essays The Spirit of the Laws and Persian Letters. This idea is the climate theory. It says that climate, the weather of a place, influences the nature of man and his society. Montesquieu thought that some climates were better than others. He believed the mild climate of France is the best. He believed people from hot countries are "too hot-tempered". People in cold, northern countries are "icy" or "stiff." The climate in middle Europe therefore breeds the best people. (This view is possibly influenced by similar statements in Germania by Tacitus, one of Montesquieu's favourite authors.)

Montesquieu's philosophy that "government should be set up so that no man need be afraid of another" prompted the creators of the Constitution to divide the U.S. government into three separate branches.

List of works

 Les causes de l'écho (The Causes of an Echo)
 Les glandes rénales (The Renal Glands)
 La cause de la pesanteur des corps (The Cause of Gravity of Bodies)
 La damnation éternelle des païens (The Eternal Damnation of the Pagans, 1711)
 Système des Idées (System of Ideas, 1716)
 Lettres persanes (Persian Letters, 1721)
 Le Temple de Gnide (The Temple of Gnide, a novel; 1724)
 Arsace et Isménie ((The True History of) Arsace and Isménie, a novel; 1730)
 Considérations sur les causes de la grandeur des Romains et de leur décadence (Considerations on the Causes of the Grandeur and Decadence of the Romans, 1734)
 De l'esprit des lois ((On) The Spirit of the Laws, 1748)
 La défense de «L'Esprit des lois» (In Defence of "The Spirit of the Laws", 1748)
 Pensées suivies de Spicilège (Thoughts after Spicilège)
 Montesque was a French philosopher

Related pages
 Liberalism
 Contributions to liberal theory
 French Government
 Napoleon

Other websites

 Free full-text works online
 Montesquieu in The Catholic Encyclopedia.
 Montesquieu in The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
 Timeline of Montesquieu's Life

1689 births
1755 deaths
French philosophers

Montesquieu


Malnutrition is eating a diet which does not supply enough nutrients. There are two broad categories of malnutrition:

 The amount of food eaten is too little to provide for all the nutrients required. This is usually called undernourishment.
 Sometimes, the amount of food is enough, but the quality of the food is such that it does not provide all nutrients required for a healthy diet.
 A third category is called dehydration; it is caused by not getting enough liquid (usually water).

Sometimes, people need to lose weight, and eat according to a special diet. This is usually not called malnutrition.

Malnutrition  is considered a more scientific and official term than starvation which has negative associations.  Malnutrition is not, however, simply a matter of eating too little.  Someone can be malnourished if they eat an unhealthy diet.  This can be cured by eating a proper balanced diet.

Children whose daily diet contains less carbohydrate and protein do not grow well.  They do not gain weight. Their hands and legs appear as skin and bones.  They cry all the time with hunger.  They are not active and have sunken eyes.  Such children often fall sick.  Lack of a particular vitamin is another kind of malnutrition which can cause a particular deficiency disease, such as beriberi and rickets.

Malnutrition becomes a bigger problem during famine because most of the people do not get enough food, hence increasing the death rate.

Related pages
 Famine
 Hunger
 Global Hunger Index
 Kwashiorkor
 Marasmus
 Starvation

Nutrition problems
Hunger

Malnutrition


For the court as the seat of a royal person see royal court.
For the court as a space inside a building, see courtyard.
A court, in law, is a part of the government in which people come together to decide how to apply the country's laws to a specific situation, especially when there is an argument over how to apply the law. Some disagreements a court may decide are whether a person is guilty of a crime, who is the legal owner of property, or who the children of two divorced parents should live with. The system of courts that interprets and applies the law is commonly known as the judiciary. A court is usually located in a special building called a courthouse.

Most countries have multiple courts to deal with different issues.  For example, civil courts deal with private disputes between people or organizations, while criminal courts deal with people who have been accused of crimes.

Types of courts

 Appellate court
 Court-martial
 Constitutional court
 International court
 Supreme court
 Trial court

Court


"Tied Up Too Tight" is the second single from English band Hard-Fi's debut album, Stars of CCTV (2005). It was released on 18 April 2005. The song reached number 15 in the UK charts and was set to follow the success of Hard-Fi's debut single "Cash Machine"—a track that received "single of the week" accolades from the likes of NME, Time Out and Radio 1's Zane Lowe, who tagged "Tied Up Too Tight" as "the hottest record in the world" while receiving great support from XFM and Jo Whiley.

History
The single was originally called "Middle Eastern Holiday", but it was seen that "Tied up Too Tight" was particularly successful when performed live and was thus chosen as the single instead. However, they decided to keep "Middle Eastern Holiday" as a B-side which caused a debate on whether the single was a double A-side or not.

"Tied Up Too Tight" and "Middle Eastern Holiday" are two tracks that showcase the variety of sources that have influenced Hard-Fi. The politically motivated song that is "Middle Eastern Holiday" is taken from Hard-Fi's self-financed album Stars of CCTV while their cover of The White Stripes' "Seven Nation Army" sees Hard-Fi transforming the blues stomper into a thuggish, attitude-drenched skank.

"Tied Up Too Tight"
"Tied Up Too Tight" is all about the desire to escape the mundanity of the boredom spent in the band's hometown of Staines, and leaving for the more lively surroundings of London. "Straight out of West London... Just like a loaded gun"

Richard Archer describes the song by saying, "It talks about being stuck in a town and wanting to leave to find people like yourself. It's also about the buzz you get from the city. The music's better, the girl's are prettier etc." "Where I come from is pretty grey, boring and depressing if you're not into the usual run-of-the-mill sorts of things. It could be about any satellite town and how you don't really feel as if you fit in there. So it's about getting out and driving to London, seeing the bright lights and the people dressing cooler and being cooler. It's basically a going-out song."

The video was directed by Richard Skinner and shows black and white clips of the band and of cars heading towards London.

"Middle Eastern Holiday"
This song is based on modern day culture of teenagers / young adults going to war, risking their life and not knowing whether they will see their families or friends again. It also has a political view, "back at home politicians sit, over lunch, discussing this". The band are known to be anti-war and anti-racism as they have appeared at Love Music Hate Racism gigs, and at Damon Albarn's African Express.

The song is often the first song to be played on live shows after the introduction that is usually "The Man with the Harmonica" by Ennio Morricone. On live shows the track features a more prominent use of the melodica and usually comes with visuals depicting war.

Track listings
CD single
 "Tied Up Too Tight"
 "Middle Eastern Holiday"

7-inch vinyl
 "Tied Up Too Tight"
 "Middle Eastern Holiday"
 "Seven Nation Army" (White Stripes cover)

10-inch vinyl
 "Tied Up Too Tight"
 "Middle Eastern Holiday"
 "Seven Nation Army" (White Stripes cover)
 "Middle Eastern Holiday" (Wrongtom Meets the Rockers East Medina)
 "Middle Eastern Holiday" (Chicken Lips Remix)

Charts

References

External links

Hard-Fi songs
2004 songs
2005 singles
Atlantic Records singles
Songs written by Richard Archer

Tied Up Too Tight


Robert Beauchamp (1923 – 22 March 1995) was an American figurative painter and arts educator. Beauchamp's paintings and drawings are known for depicting dramatic creatures and figures with expressionistic colors. His work was described in the New York Times as being "both frightening and amusing,". He was a Guggenheim Fellow and a student of Hans Hofmann.

Early life and education

Robert Beauchamp was born in Denver, Colorado in 1923. He had three brothers and three sisters; the children were orphaned by the time Beauchamp was three. The family grew up impoverished due to the Great Depression, living in a community house with other families. As a child he dabbled in art but it wasn't until high school that he began taking art classes. When not creating art he also played sports; football and basketball, and enjoyed chemistry and geology.

He was told he was good at drawing, and replaced study hall classes with art classes, receiving instruction and inspiration from a Welsh teacher named R. Idris Thomas. While in high school Beauchamp would go, every Monday, to the public library and a local museum where he would read books about art; specifically French painting, as assigned by Thomas. Beauchamp would spend upwards of four hours a day in the art room and eventually won the Carter Memorial Prize, which provided a scholarship to the Colorado Springs Fine Arts Center. At Colorado Springs he studied under Boardman Robinson, painting landscapes in nature.

Beauchamp eventually joined the Navy and then returned to Colorado Springs to continue his studies. Traveling the world as an Armed Guard, he spent a year and a half at sea and the rest of the three years in San Francisco. Seeking to make money, and to follow his love for a girl, Beauchamp decided to attend Cranbrook Academy of Art from 1947–1948. There he studied pottery, believing one could "make more money selling pots than you could selling paintings." He described his experience at Cranbrook as intimidating and claustrophobic, and eventually switched to sculpture before switching to painting.

Career and personal life

Beauchamp moved to New York City in the early 1950s and was involved in the Tenth Street galleries, which provided outlets for more experimental artists and the second generation of abstract expressionists. Despite his involvement with 10th Street and friendships with abstract artists, abstract art never interested in him. He showed at numerous galleries in New York and Provincetown, socializing with gallery owners, artists and collectors. His first exhibition was at the Tanager Gallery in New York, he also showed during the 1950s at the Hansa Gallery. In New York and Provincetown he studied under Hans Hofmann. Eventually he felt that abstract expressionism became dull and stalemated.

During the 1960s he showed at the Green Gallery. C. 1960 he was awarded a Fulbright Award allowing him to travel to La Romola, Italy. He traveled frequently to cities such as Rome and worked constantly. Beauchamp returned to the states and lived in Provincetown at Walter Gutman's house, who awarded Beauchamp a grant. That year he met his future wife, Nadine Valenti, whom he married in 1967. Beauchamp taught at a variety of schools during his lifetime including Brooklyn College, School of Visual Arts, Cooper Union and the Art Students League of New York during the last fifteen years of his life. Beauchamp died in March, 1995, of prostate cancer in New York.

Paintings and drawings

Beauchamp described his drawings as painterly, seeking the spontaneity in an image. He would develop a drawing then a painting, and vice versa. His heavily impastoed paintings, often described as sculptures themselves, came from the pouring of paint from a can, with little planning and constant evolution in the medium upon the canvas. He preferred little planning to his creations, believing that an artists work would become stale and repetitive with constant planning.

He also created large scale works, at times 70 inches long. Beauchamp had little intention of ever selling his large works, preferring to create them due to the slow and intense experience he received from the process. The large drawings he created on the floor, and the smaller works were created on a table. Paintings were created on either the floor or wall and he described his painting process as "splattering", "pushing the paint around," and sponging.

Animals often appear in his paintings, despite a dislike for domestic animals outside of his artistic creations. He called the characters in his paintings as Beauchamps. Some Beauchamps hold meaning, with Beauchamp rarely sharing the meaning behind the symbols and characters. He made up the creatures himself, seeking to emphasize the character of each.

Reception

In 2006 the University of Massachusetts Amherst College of Visual & Performing Arts hosted an exhibition of Beauchamp's pieces from the 1960s, curators stated that Beauchamp's work: "effortlessly blends innovative style elements with narrative, descriptive images. One senses equal enjoyment in the manipulation of, and interaction with, color and paint, and the often sudden and unexpected presence of a wasp or a lump of sugar."

Notable exhibitions
Felix Landau Gallery
Guggenheim Museum
Louisiana State University
University of South Florida
Utah Museum of Fine Arts
Walker Art Center
Whitney Museum of American Art

Notable collections
Denver Art Museum
Hirshhorn Museum
Museum of Modern Art
University of Massachusetts Amherst
University of Texas

Further reading
"Twelve New York Painters." New York: David Findlay Jr. Fine Art (2006).

References

1923 births
1995 deaths
Painters from New York City
Cranbrook Educational Community alumni
Artists from Denver
20th-century American painters
American male painters
Art Students League of New York faculty
Cooper Union faculty
Deaths from prostate cancer
Brooklyn College faculty
School of Visual Arts faculty
Deaths from cancer in New York (state)
United States Navy personnel of World War II
American expatriates in Italy
Fulbright alumni

Robert Beauchamp


The transition metals are a group of metals that are found in the middle of the periodic table. The alkaline earth metals, beginning with beryllium are to the left and the boron group elements are to the right. The term "transition element" was invented for them in 1921.

The atomic numbers of these metals are from 21 to 30, 39-48, 57, 72-80, 89 and 104-112. Many elements like Zn, Cd, Hg, La and Ac have a highly debatable position in the transition series of elements. La and Ac are also classed in the lanthanide series and actinide series respectively.

Transition metals have several general properties. They are harder and less reactive than the alkaline earth metals. They are also harder than the post transition metals. They make colorful chemical compounds with other elements. Most of them have more than one oxidation state. Like other metals, they are electrical conductors.

Some of the transition metals are necessary to keep humans healthy, such as iron, zinc, and chromium. Other elements in the transition metals can be harmful to our body, like cadmium and mercury. Other elements like gold or silver do not harm or help us. There are more transition metals than any other groups in the periodic table.

Only a few of the transition metals are colored; most of them are silver-gray or silver-bluish.

Transition metal


A colloid is a mixture of one substance spread out evenly inside another substance. They can be in two different phases or states of matter.

One substance is the dispersion medium, such as water or gas. The other is the dispersed medium, sometimes called the 'internal phase'. This is usually tiny solid particles. Otherwise, if the dispersion medium is a gas, then the internal phase can be either tiny particles or tiny droplets of a liquid.

Definition: A colloid is a substance microscopically dispersed evenly throughout another substance. The dispersed-phase particles have a diameter between about 5 and 200 nanometers.

Examples:
Milk is an emulsion, which is a colloid in which both parties are liquids.
Shaving cream and whipped cream are colloids of gas inside a liquid.
Gels, such as agar, jelly or even opals, are colloids of liquids inside solids.
Styrofoam and pumice are gases inside solids.
The red colour of cranberry glass is caused by the reflection of light off gold particles in the glass. The glass is a colloid of solid particles inside the solid glass.
Mud is usually considered a suspension because the dirt will settle, but it may be a partial colloid, particularly with very fine-grained clay.
Fog is a complex mixture in which air has both water droplets and solid particles. It may be colloidal in parts.

References

Materials
Physical chemistry

Colloid


Eddie August Schneider (October 20, 1911 – December 23, 1940) was an American aviator. He set the transcontinental airspeed record for pilots under the age of twenty-one in 1930. When he received his pilot's license, he was the youngest licensed pilot in the United States.

Biography
Eddie Schneider was born in 1911 in Manhattan in New York City. His father was Emil August Schneider (1886-1955), a banker and stock broker who born in Germany. His mother was Inga Karoline Eldora Pedersen (1882-1927), who was born in Farsund, Norway. The family moved from Manhattan to Red Bank, New Jersey, and then they moved to Jersey City, New Jersey by 1920. Eddie graduated from Dickinson High School in Jersey City in 1927, the same year that his mother died. After his mother's death, he and his parents visited Bielefeld, Germany and Farsund, Norway to visit with relatives. In Germany Eddie went on a plane ride and then aviation became his obsession. In 1929 he trained at Roosevelt Field on Long Island and became the youngest person in the United States to receive a commercial pilot's license. That same year he also received a mechanics license, becoming the youngest licensed airplane mechanic in New York.

On August 25, 1930 he set the round-trip transcontinental air speed record for pilots under the age of twenty-one years in his airplane. He flew from Westfield, New Jersey on August 14, 1930 to Los Angeles, California in 4 days with a combined flying time of 29 hours and 55 minutes. He lowered the East to West record by 4 hours and 22 minutes. He then made the return trip from Los Angeles to New York City in 27 hours and 19 minutes, lowering the West to East record by 1 hour and 36 minutes. His total elapsed time for the round trip was 57 hours and 14 minutes, breaking the preceding record for the round trip. Frank Goldsborough held the previous record which was 62 hours and 58 minutes. When Eddie landed in New York on August 25, 1930, his first words were to his father: "Hello Pop, I made it."

He married Gretchen Hahnen (1902-1986) in New York City on June 2, 1934. Gretchen was the daughter of Zora M. Hahnen (1882-1962) and was originally from Des Moines, Iowa. Eddie met her at an aviation function. They did not have any children.

In 1936 Eddie left for Spain to be a pilot in the Spanish Civil War which was against the law. Along with fellow Americans Bert Acosta and Frederic Ives Lord he organized the Yankee Squadron. He was only there for a month before he returned to the United States. When talking to reporters Eddie said: "I was broke, hungry, jobless ... yet despite the fact that all three of us are old-time aviators who did our part for the development of the industry, we were left out in the cold in the Administration's program of job making. Can you blame us for accepting the lucrative Spanish offer?"

On December 23, 1940, Eddie was killed in an accident while training another pilot. They were trying to land, when a Navy pilot struck the tail of Eddie's plane. Eddie's plane went into a spin and crashed into the river. Both the student and Eddie were killed.

References

1911 births
1940 deaths
People from New York City
American aviators

Eddie August Schneider


János Pilinszky (27 November 1921 in Budapest – 27 May 1981 in Budapest) was one of the greatest Hungarian poets of the 20th century.

Well known within the Hungarian borders for his vast influence on postwar Hungarian poetry, Pilinszky's style includes a juxtaposition of Roman Catholic faith and intellectual disenchantment. His poetry often focuses on the underlying sensations of life and death; his time as a prisoner of war during the Second World War and later his life under the communist dictatorship furthered his isolation and estrangement.

Born in a family of intellectuals in 1921, Pilinszky went on to study Hungarian literature, law, and art history at Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, in 1938. Although he failed to complete his studies, it was during this same year that his first works of poetry were published in several varying literary journals. In 1944 he was drafted into the army; his unit being ordered to follow the retreating German allies, he arrived at Harbach, a small village in Germany, after a march of several weeks. Adrift in Germany, he witnessed several camps before he could return to Hungary after the end of the war, most notably the Ravensbrück concentration camp. What he saw in the camps was an experience he never forgot and later commemorated in a great number of poems, most notably,  ("KZ oratory"),  ("Passion of Ravensbrück"), , etc.

Following the publication of his first body of work in 1946,  ("Trapeze and Bars"), he was awarded the Baumgarten Prize in 1947. While Trapéz és korlát consists of only 18 poems, it established Pilinszky as a major poetic force in Hungary.

His next publication, 1959's  ("On the third day"), was not released for over 10 years as a result of his being labeled "pessimistic" by the ruling Hungarian Communist Party in the 1950s. Harmadnapon contains his poem  ("Apocrypha"), considered his chef-d'oeuvre, which many see as one of the highest peaks of Hungarian poetry. The poem has the return of the prodigal son to his parents in its center, and summarises Pilinszky's poetic world from his experiences in the lagers to his alienation and the painful absence of God from the world.

From 1960 to 1970, he traveled the United States and Europe taking part in several poetry readings. In 1971 he was awarded the József Attila Prize for his collection entitled  ("Metropolitan Icons"). His monumental and visionary poems gave way to short, epigrammatic verses over time. 1972 saw the publication of   ("Splinters"), followed by  ("Dénouement") in 1974. His last collection,  ("Crater") was published in 1975, containing both new poems and the majority of his rather short, but extremely substantial and concise oeuvre rearranged in cycles. He was awarded the Kossuth Prize in 1980 before returning to Budapest where he died of a heart attack in 1981.

Pilinszky lead a very reserved private life. His alleged homosexuality was object of study by the geneticist Endre Czeizel, who concluded that the poet could not accept his sexual orientation because of his religious views. Eventually, he married a French woman, Ingrid Ficheux, 11 months before his death.

His poems were translated into several languages; most notably, his English translator was Ted Hughes (in collaboration with János Csokits), while most French translations were made by his friend Pierre Emmanuel.

A documentary about his life  was produced in 2016.

References

External links
'Apocrypha' by János Pilinszky (English translation by Ted Hughes and János Csokits)
Selected poems in English

1921 births
1981 deaths
Hungarian male poets
Hungarian Roman Catholics
Eötvös Loránd University alumni
20th-century Hungarian poets
20th-century Hungarian male writers
Burials at Farkasréti Cemetery
Baumgarten Prize winners
Attila József Prize recipients

János Pilinszky


The Battle of Mons Lactarius (also known as Battle of the Vesuvius) took place in 552 or 553 AD during the Gothic War waged on behalf of Justinian I against the Ostrogoths in Italy.

After the Battle of Taginae, in which the Ostrogoth king Totila was killed, the Byzantine general Narses captured Rome and besieged Cumae. Teia, the new Ostrogothic king, gathered the remnants of the Ostrogothic army and marched to relieve the siege, but in October 552 (or early 553) Narses ambushed him at Mons Lactarius (modern Monti Lattari) in Campania, near Mount Vesuvius and Nuceria Alfaterna. The battle lasted two days, and Teia was killed in the fighting. Ostrogothic power in Italy was eliminated, and many of the remaining Ostrogoths went north and (re)settled in south Austria. After the battle, Italy was again invaded, this time by the Franks, but they too were defeated and the peninsula was, for a brief period of time, reintegrated into the Empire. This brief period of Roman rule was brought to an end by the invasion of the Lombards, a Germanic tribe, in 568.

Sources
 History of the Later Roman Empire by J. B. Bury, from Lacus Curtius

550s conflicts
Battles involving the Byzantine Empire
Battles involving the Ostrogoths
Battles in Campania
Gothic War (535–554)
550s in the Byzantine Empire
552

Battle of Mons Lactarius


The 2009 European Parliament Election was held in all 27 countries that are part of the European Union on 4 June 2009. In the United Kingdom, 72 Members of the European Parliament (MEPs) were elected using proportional representation.

Notable results include the UK Independence Party coming second in a national election for the first time in its history and the far-right British National Party gained its first ever representation in an elected parliament.

Final results across England, Scotland and Wales are shown below:

 Conservative Party (25 MEPs, 27.7% of vote)
 UK Independence Party (13 MEPs, 16.5% of vote)
 Labour Party (13 MEPs, 15.7% of vote)
 Liberal Democrats (11 MEPs, 13.7% of vote)
 Green Party of England and Wales (2 MEPs, 8.6% of vote)
 British National Party (2 MEPs, 6.2% of vote)
 Scottish National Party (2 MEPs, 29.1% of vote in Scotland)
 Plaid Cymru (1 MEP, 18.5% of vote in Wales)

In Northern Ireland, 3 MEPs were elected from Sinn Fein, the Democratic Unionist Party and the Ulster Unionist Party.

The next European Parliament Election will be held in 2014.

2009 in the United Kingdom
2009 elections
2000s elections in the United Kingdom
June 2009 events

2009 European Parliament election in the United Kingdom


The subtropics are geografic an climate zones locatit roughly atween the tropic circle o latitude (the Tropic o Cancer an Tropic o Capricorn) an the 35t parallel in each hemisphere. Subtropical climate regimes can exist at heich elevations within the tropics, sic as athort the Mexican Plateau an in Vietnam an Taiwan.  Sax climate classifications utilize the term tae help define the various temperatur an precipitation regimes for the planet Yird.  Aicht months o the year within the subtropics hae an average temperatur at or abuin , wi thair cauldest month averagin atween .

A great portion o the warld's deserts are locatit within the subtropics, due tae the development o the subtropical ridge.  Within savanna regimes in the subtropics, a wet saison is seen annually during the simmer, which is when maist o the yearly rainfaw faws.  Within Mediterranean climate regime, the wet saison occurs during the winter.  Auries borderin wairm oceans are prone tae locally hivy rainfaw frae tropical cyclones, which can contribute a signeeficant percentage o the annual rainfaw.  Plants sic as date paums, citrus, mango, litchi, an avocado are grown within the subtropics.  Tree ferns an sequoia an aa grow within subtropical climate regimes.

Physical geografie
Climate

Subtropics


Franco Zeffirelli, KBE (born 12 Februar 1923; deed 15 Juin 2019) wis an Italian director and producer of movies and television. He is also a opera director and designer of Italian operas.

He is a former senator of Catania (1994–2001). His political pairty wis the Forza Italia pairty.

He received an honorary knighthood from the Breetish government in 2004 when he wis creatit a Knight Commander of the Order of the Breetish Empire.

Zeffirelli wis born Gianfranco Zeffirelli on 12 Februar 1923 in Florence, Italy.

References

Ither wabsteids

1923 births
2019 daiths
Italian militar personnel o Warld War II
Italian film directors
Italian film producers
Italian opera directors
Italian Roman Catholics
Italian televeesion directors
Italian televeesion producers
Italian theatre directors
Honorary Knichts Commander o the Order o the Breetish Empire
LGBT Roman Catholics
LGBT directors
LGBT militar personnel
Forza Italia politeecians
Opera designers
Fowk frae Florence
David di Donatello winners
David di Donatello Career Awaird winners
Nastro d'Argento winners
LGBT politeecians frae Italy
Gay politeecians
20t-century Italian politeecians
21st-century Italian politeecians

Franco Zeffirelli


Craig Cameron Mello (born October 18, 1960) is an American biologist and Professor of Molecular Medicine at the University of Massachusetts Medical School.

He was awarded the 2006 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with Andrew Fire for the discovery of RNA interference. Mello has been a Howard Hughes Medical Institute investigator since 2000.

Family life
Mello was born in New Haven, Connecticut on October 18 1960. He was the third child of James and Sally Mello. His father, James Mello, was a paleontologist and his mother, Sally Mello, was an artist. His fathers parents moved to the US from the Portuguese islands of Azores. His parents met while at the Brown University and were the first children in their families to go to college. James Mello was awarded his PhD in paleontology from Yale University in 1962. The Mello family moved to Falls Church in northern Virginia so that James could take a job with the United States Geological Survey (USGS) in Washington, DC.

After a short time in Falls Church, the family moved to Fairfax, Virginia, when James Mello began work as Assistant Director at the Smithsonian Museum of Natural History. Some of his happiest early memories were holidays with his whole family in Colorado, Wyoming and more often to the Blue Ridge Mountains in Virginia.

The Mello family enjoyed long talks at the dinner table and this was very important to young Craig Mello. He learned to argue, to listen, and to accept if he was wrong about something. Mello's first few years of grade school were difficult. He was five years old when he started first grade in a local private school. He was too young to enter first grade in the public system. He does not know if he was a slow learner, or just not interested, but he did not do well in school until the seventh grade. In second grade, Mello only pretended that he could read and he was embarrassed of being talked to by the teacher. He enjoyed playing outdoors, in the woods and creeks, more than time spent in the classroom. At this time, his older siblings were great students, so his teacher's wanted him to do well. During these early years, Mello had no doubt that he would be a scientist when he grew up.

Education
After he got his high school diploma, Mello went to Brown University, where he studied biochemistry and molecular biology. After finishing his studies at Brown, Mello went to Boulder, Colorado for more studies, and then to Harvard University. He was awarded his PhD at Harvard in 1990.

Nobel prize
In 2006, Mello and Fire were awarded the Nobel Prize for work published in 1998. The paper reports that tiny snippets of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) effectively shut down specific genes, and so caused the destruction of messenger RNA (mRNA) with sequences matching the dsRNA. As a result, the mRNA cannot be translated into protein.

Fire and Mello found that dsRNA was much more effective in gene silencing than the previously described method of RNA interference with single-stranded RNA. Because only small numbers of dsRNA molecules were required for the observed effect, Fire and Mello proposed that a catalytic process was involved. This hypothesis was confirmed by later research.

The Nobel Prize citation, issued by Sweden's Karolinska Institute, said: "This year's Nobel Laureates have discovered a fundamental mechanism for controlling the flow of genetic information". The British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) quoted Nick Hastie, director of the Medical Research Council's Human Genetics Unit, on the scope and implications of the research:

"It is very unusual for a piece of work to completely revolutionise the whole way we think about biological processes and regulation, but this has opened up a whole new field in biology".

Awards and honors
By year of award:
 Co-recipient (with Andrew Fire) of National Academy of Sciences Award in Molecular Biology in 2003.
 Co-recipient (with Andrew Fire, Thomas Tuschl and David Baulcombe) of the Wiley Prize in the Biomedical Sciences from Rockefeller University in 2003.
 Elected member National Academy of Sciences in 2005.
 Co-recipient (with Victor Ambros, Andrew Fire and Gary Ruvkun)  of Brandeis University's Lewis S. Rosenstiel Award for Distinguished Work in Medical Research in 2005.
 Co-recipient (with Andrew Fire) of the Gairdner Foundation International Award in 2005.
 Co-recipient (with Andrew Fire and David Baulcombe) of Massry Prize in 2005.
 Co-recipient (with Andrew Fire) of the Paul Ehrlich and Ludwig Darmstaedter Prize in 2006.
 Inaugural recipient of The Dr. Paul Janssen Award for Biomedical Research by Johnson & Johnson in 2006.
 Co-recipient (with Andrew Fire) of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2006.
 Recipient of an honorary doctorate by Brown University in 2007. He gave the keynote Baccalaureate Address at Commencement ceremonies.

References

Other websites
 Nobel Prize information
 Nobel announcement from Stanford University
 Nobel announcement from the University of Massachusetts
 US Patent 6506559 Genetic inhibition by double-stranded RNA (patent)
 Potent and specific genetic interference by double-stranded RNA in Caenorhabditis elegans , in Nature, via University of Massachusetts

1960 births
Living people
Academics from Massachusetts
American biologists
American Nobel Prize winners
Scientists from New Haven, Connecticut
Yale University alumni
Educators from New Haven, Connecticut

Craig Mello


Aerobics or rhythmic fitness is a physical exercise performed under a rhythmic music. It includes running, jumping, stretching and strength training routines. It may be practiced in a group setting led by an instructor, although it can be done solo and without musical accompaniment.

Aerobics classes may allow participants to select their level of participation according to their fitness level. Many gyms offer a wide variety of aerobic classes for participants to take. Each class is designed for a certain level of experience and taught by a certified instructor with a specialty area related to their particular class.

Jogging and cycling similarly promote aerobic fitness, but they are not usually done in classes led by instructors or with music, hence are not "aerobics".

Related pages
 Flexibility training

Fitness
Healthy lifestyle

Aerobics


The 29th century BC is a century which was from the year 2900 BC to 2801 BC.

Events

 c. 2900 BC – 2400 BC: Sumerian pictographs evolve into phonograms.
 2900 BC – 2334 BC: Mesopotamian wars of the Early Dynastic period.
 c. 2900 BC – 2600 BC: Votive statues, from the Square Temple, Eshnunna (modern Tell Ashmar, Iraq) was made. It is now in the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago. Excavated 1932–1933.
 2897 BC: Hùng Vương established the Hồng Bàng Dynasty in Vietnam (then known as Văn Lang).
 2890 BC: Egypt: Pharaoh Qa'a died. End of First Dynasty, start of Second Dynasty. Pharaoh Hotepsekhemwy started to rule.
 2880 BC: Estimated germination of the Prometheus Tree
 c. 2874 B.C.: The 365-day calendar year was started in ancient Egypt, with fixed lunar months of 30 days + 5 epagomenal days.
 2852 BC: The beginning of the period of the Three August Ones and Five Emperors in China.
 2832 BC: Estimated germination of the Methuselah Tree, the oldest known living organism
 2807 BC: Possible date for an asteroid or comet impact occurring between Africa and Antarctica, around the time of a solar eclipse on May 10, based on flood stories. Possibly causing the Burckle crater and Fenambosy Chevron.
 Ur becomes one of the richest cities in Sumer

References

29th century BC

29th century BC


The Materials Science Citation Index is a citation index, established in 1992, by Thomson ISI (Thomson Reuters). Its overall focus is cited reference searching of the notable and significant journal literature in materials science. The database makes accessible the various properties, behaviors, and materials in the materials science discipline. This then encompasses applied physics, ceramics, composite materials, metals and metallurgy, polymer engineering, semiconductors, thin films, biomaterials, dental technology, as well as optics. The database indexes relevant materials science information from over 6,000 scientific journals that are part of the ISI database which is multidisciplinary. Author abstracts are searchable, which links articles sharing one or more bibliographic references. The database also allows a researcher to use an appropriate (or related to research) article as a base to search forward in time to discover more recently published articles that cite it.

Materials Science Citation Index lists 625 high-impact journals, and is accessible via the Science Citation Index Expanded collection of databases.

Editions
Coverage of Materials science is accomplished with the following editions:
Materials Science, Ceramics
Materials Science, Characterization & Testing
Materials Science, Biomaterials
Materials Science, Coatings & Films
Materials Science, Composites
Materials Science, Paper & Wood
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Materials Science, Textiles

See also
 Science Citation Index
 Academic publishing
 List of academic databases and search engines
 Social Sciences Citation Index, which covers over 1500 journals, beginning with 1956
 Arts and Humanities Citation Index, which covers over 1000 journals, beginning with 1975
 Impact factor
 VINITI Database RAS

References

Thomson Reuters
Bibliographic databases and indexes
Online databases
Citation indices

Materials Science Citation Index


José Joaquín Rodríguez Zeledón (6 January 1837 – 30 November 1917) was President of Costa Rica from 1890 to 1894.

Rodríguez was born on 6 January 1837. He studied law at the University of San Carlos of Guatemala, but owing to family matters and economic circumstances he had to break off his studies and return to Costa Rica. However, he did eventually graduate with a law degree from the Universidad de Santo Tomás in San José.

He was a prestigious lawyer who had never made any active forays into the country's politics, but he had distinguished himself as the Magistrate of the Supreme Court of Justice (Corte Suprema de Justicia). For a short time he also occupied the post of Secretary of State in Bernardo Soto's government.

He attained the presidency by being elected with a considerable majority, ushering in a new era for the country that would end with imposed governments.

Rodríguez sought the clergy's support to be able to govern. The liberals became alarmed and decided to support the president, who accepted this group's collaboration, succeeding in beating the Catholic Party in the midterm elections for deputies.

In 1892, he dissolved the Congress, and even as dictator kept the title President. In 1893 he established once again individual guarantees so that voting for his successor could go ahead with greater freedom. The winner was the Minister of War and the Navy, Don Rafael Yglesias Castro, the Civil Party candidate.

Rodríguez had to govern during a time of great conflict and his main preoccupation was his homeland's welfare. His methods of keeping order have been censured by the citizenry.

Among his successes are his measures favouring education. He established night schools for adults in the national capital and provincial cities. He hailed the contract to establish the telephone service in the capital and the provinces. He started construction on the National Theatre.

José Joaquín Rodríguez Zeledón died on 30 November 1917.

Personal life
Rodríguez's parents were Sebastián Rodríguez Mora and Francisca Zeledón Aguilar. His wife was Luisa Alvarado Carrillo. They had several children together and, coincidentally, one of them, Manuela Rodríguez Alvarado, married Rodríguez's successor, Rafael Yglesias Castro.

Rodríguez's main successes
 He signed contracts to establish Costa Rica's first telephone service in 1891.
 He favoured education and created night schools for adults.
 He started construction on the National Theatre in 1890.
 He promoted European immigration for the country's colonization and agricultural development.

References
 http://www.guiascostarica.com/presi/presi19.htm

1837 births
1917 deaths
People from San José, Costa Rica
Presidents of Costa Rica
Vice presidents of Costa Rica
Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala alumni
19th-century Costa Rican people
Foreign ministers of Costa Rica
Supreme Court of Justice of Costa Rica judges

José Joaquín Rodríguez Zeledón


A gamebook is a book that is also a game. It is sometimes called solo adventure, or choose your own adventure (CYOA). Choose Your Own Adventure is the name of a famous series of gamebooks.

Description

The book is made of several paragraphs. The paragraphs are numbered. You do not read the paragraphs in order. At the end of a paragraph, you make a choice between two or more possibilities; your choice leads to another paragraph.

For example,
 Paragraph 1. Your are in a corridor. There are two doors: one on the left, one on the right.
 If you want to open the left door, read the paragraph 2.
 If you want to open the right door, read the paragraph 3.
 etc.

You can read the book several times. If you make different choices, you read a different story each time.

Use of gamebooks

Some gamebooks are adventure games. They tell the story of an adventurer. These books are usually related to role-playing games. They are often science-fiction books, or fantasy books.

Some gamebooks are educational. They are used to learn something. A gamebook is funny to read; the reader is active (he makes choices). The gamebook can describe real situations where people must make choices; the paragraphs explain the consequences of the choices. Gamebooks can be a good way to make a subject more interesting.

Gamebooks can contain small games inside: riddles, puzzles, dice games, etc.

Famous series

 Choose Your Own Adventure: American series started in 1976. The creator is Edward Packard.
 Fighting Fantasy: British series started in 1982. The books are translated in many languages. The creators are Steve Jackson and Ian Livingstone.
 Lone Wolf: British series started in 1984. The author is Joe Dever.
Some series are spin-offs of novels. For example, the gamebooks series Give Yourself Goosebumps is a spin-off of the Goosebumps series.

Some gamebooks are adventure for role-playing games (RPGs), played by only one people. They are called "solo adventure", or "solitaire adventure". The first solo adventure was written in 1976 for the RPG Tunnels and Trolls.

Some games are spin-offs of gamebooks. For example,
 several video games are based on Fighting Fantasy gamebooks;
 several traditional role-playing games are based on gamebooks:
 Advanced Fighting Fantasy is a RPG based on Fighting Fantasy gamebooks,
 Lone Wolf Adventure Game is a RPG based on Lone Wolf gamebooks.

Related pages
 Role-playing game

Genres
Games

Gamebook


A gyrocompass is a type of compass that does not use magnetism to point north. Normal compasses do not work around magnets, or big pieces of ferrous metal. Gyrocompasses do. This makes them very useful.

A gyrocompass is a non-magnetic compass based on a fast-spinning disc and the rotation of the Earth  It automatically finds geographical direction.

Although one part of a gyrocompass is a gyroscope, these are not the same devices. A crucial ingredient is needed to turn a gyroscope into a gyrocompass, so it would automatically position to true north. This is some mechanism that applies torque whenever the compass's axis is not pointing north. Successful methods have two significant advantages over magnetic compasses:
 they find true north as determined by Earth's rotation, which is different from, and more useful than,  magnetic north, and
 they are unaffected by ferromagnetic materials, such as ship's steel hull, which change the magnetic field

Note

Navigation
Tools

Gyrocompass