William Gaston Lewis (September 3, 1835 – January 7, 1901) was a Confederate general in the American Civil War.

Early life
William G. Lewis was born September 3, 1835, in Rocky Mount, North Carolina. He was the son of Dr. John Wesley Lewis and Catherine Ann Battle.  His first cousin Anna Lewis married Captain Luther Rice Mills, who later became a college Professor at Wake Forest University. He was educated at Lovejoy's Academy in Raleigh. Soon after the death of his father, the family moved to Chapel Hill, where Lewis entered the University of North Carolina, studying civil engineering. Lewis graduated in 1855.

He then taught in Chapel Hill for a year, before moving to Florida. In 1857, he was appointed to the U. S. Survey Corps, and worked in Minnesota for over a year. He then returned to North Carolina and became assistant engineer on the Wilmington and Weldon Railroad.

American Civil War
When the Civil War began, Lewis joined the Confederate army as the third lieutenant of Company A, 1st North Carolina Regiment ("Bethel"). His first fighting came in the Battle of Big Bethel on June 10, 1861. By January 1862, he had been promoted to major and took part in the Battle of New Bern. For his actions at New Bern, he was promoted to lieutenant colonel of the 33rd North Carolina Infantry. Lewis fought with the regiment at the Seven Days Battle and the Battle of Malvern Hill. During the later months of 1862, he took part in the defense of Richmond.

Lewis returned to North Carolina in December 1862 and took part in the fighting in and around New Bern and Kinston. In the spring of 1863, his regiment returned to Virginia and he took part in the Gettysburg Campaign with the 43rd North Carolina Infantry as part of Brigadier General Junius Daniel's Brigade of Major General Robert Rodes' Division. At Gettysburg, the regimental commander, Colonel Thomas S. Kenan, was wounded and captured, and Lewis took command of the regiment.

After the Confederate retreat from Gettysburg, Lewis returned to North Carolina and took positions around New Bern. He subsequently took part in the fighting to recapture Plymouth. He led Robert Hoke's brigade at the Battle of Cold Harbor and was promoted to brigadier general following the battle in June 1864. He was then wounded during Jubal Early's raid on Washington. In 1864, he married Martha Lucinda "Mittie" Pender, first cousin of Major General Dorsey Pender. Lewis also supervised the entrenchment of Drewry's Bluff, Virginia. He took part in a skirmish near Farmville, Virginia, on April 7, 1865, but was once again wounded and captured during the fighting. He was paroled within two weeks. Throughout his military service in the Confederate Army, Lewis saw action in 37 battles and skirmishes.

Postwar career
Following the war, Lewis returned to his peacetime career as a civil engineer, serving as the State Engineer of North Carolina for thirteen years, plus many years as road-master, construction engineer, chief engineer, and general superintendent for several railroads. In 1899, he was chief engineer for the Albany and Raleigh Railroad.

Lewis died on January 7, 1901, from pneumonia.

Ancestry

Through his paternal Grandmother Ann Harrison, he is descended from early immigrant Captain James Neale and his wife Anne Gill, who was a Lady-in-Waiting to Queen Henrietta Maria (the wife of King Charles I of England).

See also

List of American Civil War Generals (Confederate)

Notes

References
 Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. .
 Sifakis, Stewart. Who Was Who in the Civil War. New York: Facts On File, 1988. .
 Warner, Ezra J. Generals in Gray: Lives of the Confederate Commanders. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1959. .
 William Gaston Lewis
 Inventory of the William Gaston Lewis Papers, Manuscripts Department, UNC Library

1835 births
1901 deaths
Confederate States Army generals
People of North Carolina in the American Civil War
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill alumni
19th-century American railroad executives
American Civil War prisoners of war

William G. Lewis


Scholasticism is a way of thinking and teaching knowledge. It was developed in the Middle Ages. It started when people wanted to bring together what is called classical philosophy with the teachings of
Christian theology. Classical philosophy is the philosophy developed in Ancient Greece.
Scholasticism is not a philosophy or a theology, but rather a way of teaching and learning. Scholasticism emphasises the use of dialectic. The main purpose of dialectic is to find an answer to a question, or to show that a contradiction can be resolved.

Scholasticism was started by people like Saint Ambrose and St. Augustine. They tried to use philosophy to help explain the doctrine and mysteries of the church. Ambrose and Augustine were among the first Church fathers who brought Christian ideas and Greek philosophy together.

The main figures of scholasticism were Peter Abelard, Albertus Magnus, Duns Scotus, William of Ockham, Bonaventure and, most importantly, Thomas Aquinas. Summa Theologica is an ambitious synthesis of Greek philosophy and Christian doctrine.

In the 13th century, the teachings of Aristotle were considered more important than those of Plato. Scholastic education was very much based on written texts, and with arguments for and against ideas in those texts. In this way it differed greatly from modern science, which is based on observations from nature. In Aristotle the scholastics chose someone who was himself quite an original investigator of the natural world. But the scholastics themselves dealt almost entirely with the world in manuscripts written in two ancient languages. One was in Latin, the language of the Vulgate Bible and the other was Ancient Greek. Greek opened the doors to the writings of the Greek philosophers in their own language, at least so far as their works survived. The motto of Boethius "As far as you are able, join faith to reason" reminds us that all scholastics were mediaeval Christians. Their main concern was to see how the Greek ideas could be fitted into their religious view of the world.

Other websites
 "Scholasticism". In Encyclopædia Britannica Online.

Philosophical movements and positions
Theology

Scholasticism


Lord Don't Slow Me Down is a rockumentary movie.  It looks back on British band Oasis' Don't Believe the Truth world tour.  The tour took place from May 2005 to March 2006.  The movie is directed by Baillie Walsh. It went platinum in the UK.

Pre-release
A handful of fans-only private screenings took place around the world. The world premiere of the movie at the Directors Guild Theater in New York City on 4 November 2006 as part of the CMJ Film Festival.  The UK television premiere was on Channel 4 on 19 November, at 11:50PM. It was a heavily edited version with about 40 minutes cut from the original 95 minute version.  The movie was first shown to go along with Oasis' compilation album Stop the Clocks, released on 20 November 2006. A preview of the movie was included on the Let There Be Love DVD single, released in November 2005.

The movie features a new Oasis song also called "Lord Don't Slow Me Down", written by Noel Gallagher and recorded during the Don't Believe the Truth sessions. Gallagher described it as being "one of the best things, like The Who, The Yardbirds and the Jeff Beck Group combined, and it's got two drum solos on it!".   He has also said that his girlfriend thought it was the only Oasis song you could dance to.  The song was left off Don't Believe the Truth because Gallagher felt that including it would have meant he'd have been singing too many songs on the record. Italian footballer  Alessandro Del Piero also appears in the video signing a shirt for Noel.

DVD Release

Lord Don't Slow Me Down was released on DVD on 29 October 2007.  The DVD set contents:

Disc One:
 Documentary tour movie Lord Don't Slow Me Down in stereo and surround sound.
 Bonus audio commentary featuring the members of the band
 A Noel Gallagher Q&A session with the fans filmed in New York in 2006

Disc Two:
 Oasis live at City of Manchester Stadium on 2 July 2005 in HD with stereo and surround sound.
This concert has also been shown regularly on the HD music television channel, "Rave."
 "Fuckin' in the Bushes"
 "Turn Up the Sun"
 "Lyla"
 "Cigarettes & Alcohol"
 "The Importance of Being Idle"
 "Little by Little"
 "A Bell Will Ring"
 "Acquiesce"
 "Songbird"
 "Live Forever"
 "Mucky Fingers"
 "Wonderwall"
 "Rock 'n' Roll Star"
 "The Meaning of Soul"
 "Don't Look Back in Anger"
 "My Generation"
 Unique footage and pictures sent in by fans who attended the concert

References

Other websites
 Official Oasis Website
 'Lord Don't Slow Me Down' webcast preview on MSN Music
 Oasis Rock forum
 Review at Bandidge.com

Oasis (band)
2007 documentary movies

Lord Don't Slow Me Down


An agar plate is a Petri dish that contains agar and some nutrients (food for the microorganisms). It is used to grow microorganisms. For example, a blood sample of a patient may be put on agar plate, to let the bacteria that made the patient sick grow. These bacteria can then be identified using a microscope to let the doctor choose the appropriate treatment of the patient.

When microorganisms grow on the agar plate, they form colonies. Each colony has similar genetic characteristics.

There are many types of agar plates that are used, but the two main types are defined and undefined. An undefined plate's nutrients aren't exactly known, but everything in a defined plate is accounted for.

Related pages
Tissue culture

Laboratory equipment

Agar plate


The Warner Theatre is an Art Deco and French Renaissance-styled theater located in downtown Erie, Pennsylvania in the United States. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982. The Warner was designed by Chicago-architects Rapp and Rapp and was opened in 1931. It was used as a movie theater until 1976, when it was sold to the City of Erie.  In the early 1980s, Erie converted the theater to a performing arts center, which has become the focus of a downtown revival.

The theater features a 65-foot-by-28-foot proscenium stage and is complemented by crushed velour, gold and silver leaf, and gold-backed French mirrors. Today it hosts concerts and Broadway theatre performances and is home to the Erie Philharmonic and the Lake Erie Ballet.  The Warner's Grand Lobby has capacity for up to 500 persons for a reception.

History
The Warner Theatre was commissioned to be built by Warner Bros. in 1929.  It opened on April 10, 1931 with the showing of the film The Millionaire.

Restoration Project

In 1992, the Warner Theatre became the highest priority of the local Metro Cultural Planning Committee, an arm of the Erie Area Fund for the Arts. The committee received a grant from Erie County in 1993 to develop a Master Plan, at which point members began to seek support from state legislators. The Commonwealth of Pennsylvania appropriated $7 million for the Warner Theatre project in 1994 and released the funds in December 1997. The Warner Theatre Preservation Trust was formed in 1994 with the goal of raising $3.3 million, which it reached in January 1998. Daniel P. Coffey and Associates, LTD of Chicago, Illinois  and Crowner/King of Erie were selected to head the renovation project in September 1998. Pennsylvania appropriated another $2 million in 1999 while another $1.2 million was raised by the Trust. An additional $11 million was released by Pennsylvania in April 2007, bringing the total funding for the renovation project to $23 million.

The project was delayed from 1999 to 2001 while land was acquired at the corner of 9th Street and French Street. Phase I (new roof, interior restoration, repair of outside facade) was completed in 2002. Phase II (new seating) was completed in 2003. Phase III (expansion and integration with building at 8th Street and French Street) was due to be completed in March 2007. Phase IV (new entrance, box office, concessions, restrooms) can begin now that the $11 million has been received from the Commonwealth.

Organ
The Warner theater was originally equipped with a 3 manual 17 rank Wurlitzer pipe organ.  This organ was moved to the Grays Armory in Cleveland, Ohio in 1970.

See also
 List of concert halls
 National Register of Historic Places listings in Erie County, Pennsylvania

References

External links

Warner Theatre

Erie, Pennsylvania
Theatres on the National Register of Historic Places in Pennsylvania
Theatres completed in 1930
Art Deco architecture in Pennsylvania
Concert halls in Pennsylvania
Movie palaces
Buildings and structures in Erie, Pennsylvania
Tourist attractions in Erie, Pennsylvania
National Register of Historic Places in Erie County, Pennsylvania
1930 establishments in Pennsylvania

Warner Theatre (Erie, Pennsylvania)


Théophile Emile Achille de Bock (14 January 1851, in The Hague – 22 November 1904, in Haarlem) was a Dutch painter belonging to the Hague School. Although many denigrate De Bock's work as too gray and too sketchy, Hague School champions love his work. Even Van Gogh was convinced of De Bocks "artistic temperament", although he eventually found his choice of subject too limited and tried to get De Bock to paint figure studies. But De Bock stuck to the subject he was good at, the Dutch landscapes.

Biography

Born in The Hague, De Bock started out as a clerk for the Dutch Railway Company, but then turned to painting full-time, when the work interfered with his drawing. He trained in The Hague under the landscape painters J.W. van Borselen, J.H. Weissenbruch and Jacob Maris. He also spent time with Willem Maris and probably was one of his students as well.

In 1880, De Bock traveled to Paris and Barbizon where he would often return, perhaps because of his appreciation for the work of Millet and Corot. It was especially Corot and Jacob Maris who would influence De Bock greatly. In 1881 he contributed to the Panorama Mesdag of Hendrik Willem Mesdag, where he painted the sky and dunes. He enticed Van Gogh to come and see the final work, and Van Gogh wrote enthusiastically about it in his letters to his brother Theo.

Around 1880, he worked a great deal in Scheveningen and in the area of Loosduinen, and from 1884, he also visited other areas. In the autumn of 1885, he went to Drente for the first time, and when he returned there the following summer, he took Isaac Israëls with him. His landscapes are often heavy and gloomy, and his oil sketches of the megaliths were often monumental. He wrote, "My idea of life is to reproduce and interpret all that I see and feel to be beautiful around me." Although he hardly ever drew figures, his interest in the farmers was apparent from the number of short stories he wrote about farm life in Drente.

As an alternative to Pulchri Studio, the Hague Art Circle was founded 1891 on the initiative of De Bock. Its goal was to promote the various artistic expressions such as the visual arts, crafts, architecture, music, musical arts and writing. De Bock became chairman of Visual Art and of the board. Although many painters were members of both organizations, the Art Circle offered the generation after 1850 an alternative to the Pulchri Studio, in which the renowned Hague School artists such as Mesdag, Israëls, and Jacob Maris were members. An exhibition organized in 1892 by Jan Toorop, which included works by Vincent van Gogh, was a major success and the avant-garde reputation of the Art Circle was established.

Gallery

Sources
Sillevis, John and Tabak, Anne, The Hague School Book, Waanders Uitgegevers, Zwolle, 2004 (pp 341–346)

References

External links

1851 births
1914 deaths
Hague School
Painters from The Hague
19th-century Dutch painters
Dutch male painters
20th-century Dutch painters
19th-century Dutch male artists
20th-century Dutch male artists

Théophile de Bock


The Trinci Palace is a patrician residence in the center of Foligno, central Italy. It houses an archaeological museum, the city's picture gallery, a multimedia museum of Tournaments and Jousts and the Civic Museum.

History
Palazzo Trinci was the residence of the Trinci family who ruled over the city from 1305 to 1439. The palace was built (attested by archival documents) over a medieval building by Ugolino III Trinci between 1389 and 1407. An adapted Roman burial stele states the date 1407, which may be the actual year the construction started.  It was completed in 1411.

After the defeat and death of Corrado III Trinci (June 1441), the palace became the seat of the Priori del Popolo and the papal government of Foligno. From that moment on, the building began to decline slowly. Already in 1458 Pope Pius II   had to provide 200 guilders for its restoration. A similar episode occurred in 1475 with pope Sixtus IV   and in 1546 with pope Paul III Farnese. The south-west part of the building was used as a prison from 1578 on. The staircase in the courtyard was restored in 1679, but then demolished in 1781. In the early 18th century, a small part of the south-west building was converted to a small theater.

The building underwent serious damage by the earthquakes of 1831-1832 and minor damages by the bombing of Foligno in 1944 and the earthquake of 1985.

Description
The present inconspicuous Neoclassical façade dates only from 1842 to 1847. It was built by Vincenzo Vitali on a draft of Odoardo Poggi, amended by Sigismondo Ferretti.

The arcaded inner courtyard reflects the problems the architects faced when they wanted to save as much as possible from the pre-existing structure. They created a transition from the Romanesque style and Gothic style of the ground floor to the Renaissance style of the upper floors. The steep Gothic staircase (Scala Gotica) was built over three Romanesque cross vaults between 1390 and 1400, when the palace still belonged to the wealthy merchant Giovanni Ciccarelli. The surface of this staircase and the surrounding cloister walls were originally covered with frescoes, now almost completely lost. The staircase, demolished in 1781, was rebuilt by Cesare Bazzani in 1927.

All frescoes in the palace, except those of the chapel, were commissioned by Ugolino III Trinci, who died in 1415. Their execution started probably in 1407. The concept of these fresco cycles probably came from Francesco Federico Frezzi, the bishop of Foligno and author of the Quadriregio, a poem of the four kingdoms Love, Satan, the Vices, and the Virtues. Some of these frescoes were painted between 1411 and 1412 by Gentile da Fabriano, with the assistance of Jacopo Bellini. The designs were by Gentile, but their painting was almost completely done by pupils. The authorship of the frescoes was attested by Lodovico Coltellini, a scholar who saw in 1780 two receipts to Ugolino Trinci by Gentile da Fabriano for painting the halls. Some of the frescoes in the palace depicting secular subjects are attributed to Giovanni di Corraduccio

The loggia is decorated with frescoes describing the legend of the "Founding of Rome". These frescoes are already mentioned in documents dating from 1405. They depict: The Vestal Virgin Rhea Silvia who gives in to the love of the god Mars;  the Birth of Romulus and Remus; Faustulus brings the twins to his wife Acca Larentia; Rhea Silvia, the Siege of Alba Longa, the Twins and the King Amulius. Each episode is explained below by verses in Italian. Through these frescoes, the Trinci family tried to provide an acceptable lineage of their ancestors to the founders of Rome. The painter of these frescoes is anonymous. His style is certainly different from the styles of the frescoes in the other rooms of the palace. He paints with almost monochromatic colors and has a great sense of anecdotal narrative. These reveal a certain similarity with the Master of the Life of St. Benedict (partly in the Uffizi, Florence, and part in the Museo Poldi Pezzoli, Milan).

The small chapel is entirely decorated with frescoes  (1421- February 1424) by Ottaviano Nelli, describing in sixteen scenes the life of the Virgin : Anna and Joachim in the Temple, annunciation to Joachim and Anna, meeting at the Porta Aurea, birth of Mary, marriage to Joseph, Annunciation, Nativity, Adoration of the Magi, presentation of Jesus in the Temple, announcement of the death of Mary, arrival of the apostles, death of Mary, funeral and Assumption. The fresco of the Crucifixion above the altar shows also  the archbishop Jacobus de Voragine with his book the Golden Legend in his hand. This fresco is flanked by frescoes of three saints (one of them is the blessed Paoluccio Trinci, who died in September 1390) and St. Francis, receiving the Stigmata. Many of these palace chapels were dedicated to Mary in the 13th to the 15th centuries. These frescoes were commissioned by Corrado III Trinci who resumed the policy of his father as a patron of the Arts. These religious frescoes are a rare set that show at the same time a humanistic and profane iconography.

The Hall of Liberal Arts and of the Planets (or Hall of Stars) takes its name because its frescoes represent  the Liberal Arts : the Trivium (grammar, rhetoric, logic and philosophy) and the Quadrivium (music, geometry, astronomy, and arithmetics) and the planets: (Moon, Mars, Mercury, Jupiter, Venus, Saturn and the Sun - the latter two are missing) The other side of the room shows the different Ages of Man (infancy, childhood, adolescence, youth, adulthood, deterioration, old age, decrepitude) and the Hours of the Day. The former name of the room was "Chamber of the Rose", probably because of the presence of roses, emblem of Trinci family, in its decorative top. The hall represents iconographically the best of medieval culture. There are seven planets, as there are seven ages of man, each under the influence of a planet. This influence of the planets is stronger in certain times of day, as man learns in each age another discipline. The provision of the planetary system does not conform to the actual position of planets in the heavens, but follows a chronological trend that relates to the day of the week.

The impressive frescoes in the Hall of the Emperors or the Hall of the Giants  represent the leaders, heroes and emperors of Ancient Rome, sumptuously dressed in Renaissance clothes. The practice of decorating palace walls with a series of famous men was widely known during the Middle Ages and lasted well into the 16th century. These paintings were meant to enhance the glory and the importance of the owner of the palace. These frescoes, executed in Late Gothic style, were already mentioned in a document dating 1417. They represent Romulus, Julius Caesar (lost), emperor Augustus, Tiberius, Lucius Furius Camillus, Gaius Fabricius Luscinus, Manus Curius Dentatus, Titus Manlius Torquatus, Cincinnatus, Marcus Marcellus, Scipio Africanus, Muzius Sceva, Cato the Younger, Gaius Marius, Publius Decius, Nero, Fabius Maximus, Caligula, Pompey and Trajan (the last three are lost). Each figure is illustrated by a Latin epigram. All, except Caligula, are positive models. These frescoes relate to the style of Ottaviano Nelli.

The concept of these frescoes came from the humanist Francesco da Fiano (1350 ca.-1421), who was inspired by the model of ancient biographies of famous men (De viris illustribus) by Petrarch, used in the decoration (today lost) in the great hall of the palace of the Carrara (Loggia dei Carraresi) in Padua.

Some archaeological artifacts are also on exhibition in this room, most notably a marble slab showing a quadriga race in the Circus Maximus, Rome.

The Hall of Sixtus IV was originally a vast open room without roofing. In 1476 pope Sixtus IV stayed for a short time in this palace, while Rome was afflicted with the plague. The pontiff's emblem can still be seen on the wooden ceiling of this hall and of the Hall of the Emperors. The Hall of Sixtus IV was redecorated during the reign of pope Paul III Farnese (1535-1546), most probably  by the painters Lattanzio Pagani and his gifted assistant Dono Doni. The frieze with mythological stories can be attributed to them. The hall of Sixtus IV is an important example of the new Mannerist style of Giorgio Vasari that has undergone a Roman influence.

The walls of the corridor, linking the palace with the cathedral of San Feliciano, is frescoed with the Heroes of Ancient Times (Ciclo dei Prodi). These frescoes represent heroes from Roman times (Romulus, Scipio Africanus) and nine heroes from French medieval tradition, the Nine Worthies. These came from Jewish history (Joshua, King David and Judas Maccabeus), pagan history (Hector (lost), Julius Caesar, Alexander the Great) and Christian history (King Arthur, Charlemagne and Godfrey of Bouillon, the last two are lost)

Notes

References

Valle Umbria : History, art, culture and tradition; published by Servizio Turistico Associato, Foligno; seventh edition, 2006
Valle Umbria : Musées, théâtres, bibliothèques (in French); published by the Servizio Turistico Associato, Foligno.

Buildings and structures in Foligno
Trinci
Gothic architecture in Foligno
Paintings by Gentile da Fabriano
Tourist attractions in Umbria
Museums in Umbria
Paintings in Foligno

Palazzo Trinci


Gelatin is a protein substance that comes from collagen. Collagen is a natural protein found in the tendons, ligaments, and tissues of mammals as well as fish. Gelatin has no smell, no taste, and is either colorless or light yellow. It can be found in sheets, flakes, or as a powder. It can be dissolved in water, but not in alcohol.

It is made by boiling the connective tissues, bones and skins of animals, usually cows and pigs. Once the boiling is done, the collagen will cool and make a jelly.  As a food, gelatin is used to make jellied desserts; used in the preservation of fruit and meat, and to make powdered milk.  Gelatin can also be used as glue for matches or for paper money. You can also find it used as the syrup in medicine, also known as medicine emulsions. Gelatin is also found in some makeup.

Gelatin is classed as a liquid when above room temperature but reverts to a solid if below room temperature.

Because gelatin comes from animals, vegetarians and vegans do not eat or use products that have gelatin added. Some religious or cultural groups also do not eat gelatin because of the animals used to make it. For example, people that keep kosher or halal will not eat gelatin because it is often made from cows. Alternatives to gelatin are products like agar or carrageenan which comes from seaweed or pectin which comes from plants.

References

Proteins
Animal tissues

Gelatin


A Numbers station is a kind of shortwave radio station with unusual broadcasts: very often, these broadcasts consist of numbers that are read by computer-generated voices. Several of these stations exist, numbers are read in different languages. Some stations have operated for a period of more than ten years, using the same frequency.

The purpose of the stations is unknown, along with who operates them. One supposition is that governments use them to communicate with secret agents or spies. As receiving the messages is relatively simple, the agent only needs a world radio receiver.

Radio stations

Numbers station


Burnin the clavie is an auncient Scots custom still observed at the Brochheid, a fishin clachan on the Moray Firth. The clavie is a banefire o baurels split in twa, luntit on 11t Januar, i.e. the first day o the year by the Julian Calendar. Ane o thae baurels is jyned thegither again by a muckle nail (Laitin clavis; hyne the term, it can be frae Scots Gaelic cliabh, a basket used for holding combustibles, an aw). It is than fillt wi taur, luntit an cairied bleizin roond the veelage an finally up tae a ness upo that staunds the ruins o a Roman altar, locally cried the Douro. It here forms the nucleus o the banefire, that is biggit up o spleet baurels. Whan the burnin taur-baurel faws in pieces, the fowk scrammles tae get a luntit piece that thay uise for tae kinnle the New Year's fire on thair cot hoose hearth. The charcoal o the clavie is collectit an pitten in pieces up the cot house's lums, for tae hinder speerits an witches frae comin doun.

References

Brochheid
Events in Scotland
Januar observances

Burnin the Clavie


Brazil is currently divided into five regions (also called macroregions) by the Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE). These divisions are composed of states with similar cultural, economical, historical and social aspects, and, although information given by this type of division is not very accurate from the scientific point of view, this division is the most widely used in Brazil because official information given by the IBGE uses this system.

North Region

Area: 3,869,637.,9 km² (45.27%)
Population: 12,833,383 (3.31 people/km²; 6.2%)
GDP: ~$9.6 billion (2%)
HDI: ~0.764
Climate: Equatorial (high temperatures and high annual precipitation)
States: Acre, Amapá, Amazonas, Pará, Rondônia, Roraima, Tocantins
Largest Cities: Manaus (1,403,796); Belém (1,279,861); Ananindeua (392,947); Porto Velho (314,525); Macapá (282,745); Santarém (262,721); Rio Branco (252,885); Boa Vista (220,383); Palmas (208,000).
Economy: Iron, Energy production, electronic manufacturing, latex, tourism.
Transport: Mainly rivers (which are abundant in the region). Highways are scarce and present mainly in the east. Airplanes are commonly used in small remote communities and sometimes in the larger cities.
Vegetation: Almost the entire region is covered by the Amazon Rainforest, except the state of Tocantins, which has savanna-like vegetation (cerrado). Although most of the native vegetation still remains, the region suffers from critical problems due to the growing deforestation of the area.
Notable characteristics: Presence of the Amazon Rainforest, which is the vegetation dominant in every state but Tocantins. Cities are spread far apart in the region, and it has the lowest population density of the country. There are very few paved highways in the region, as it is almost isolated from the rest of the country. It is also the biggest region of Brazil, being responsible for almost half of the Brazilian territorial extension. Economic growth above national average (especially in Amazonas and in Tocantins).

Northeast Region

Area: 1,561,177 km² (18.3%)
Population: 47,700,000 (30.55 people/km²; 27%)
GDP: ~$48.1 billion (~12%)
HDI: ~0.716
Climate: Very hot all the year long. Tropical near the coast and semi-arid in the interior; semi-equatorial in the far west of the region.
States: Alagoas, Bahia, Ceará, Maranhão, Paraíba, Pernambuco, Piauí, Rio Grande do Norte, Sergipe
Largest Cities: Salvador (2,892,625); Fortaleza (2,138,234); Recife (1,421,993); São Luís (868,047); Maceió (796,842); Natal (789,836); Teresina (714,583); João Pessoa (595,429); Jaboatão dos Guararapes; (580,795); Feira de Santana (481,137); Aracaju (461,083); Olinda (368,666); Campina Grande (354,546).
Economy: Tourism, cocoa, machinery manufacturing, textiles.
Transport: Mainly highways, which are more abundant along the coast, although transport by sea is also important.
Vegetation: Mainly desert-like vegetation, with tropical forests along the coast and in the west and savanna-like vegetation in the southwest.
Notable characteristics: This region was the first part of Brazil discovered by the Portuguese, and the first Brazilian capital, Salvador, was founded here. It has the lowest levels in the country in many social indicators, but it had the best economic growth (above national average) between 2000 and 2003.

Central-West Region

Area: 1,612,077.2 km² (18.86%)
Population: 11,616,750 (7.2 people/km²; 6.4%)
GDP: ~$40 billion (8%)
HDI: ~0.818
Climate: Savanna climate (hot, with relative little precipitation) northeast and the east; Tropical in the east and in the west; Equatorial in the north.
States: Goiás, Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, Distrito Federal (Federal District).
Largest Cities: Brasília (national capital) (2,043,169); Goiânia (1,090,737); Campo Grande (662,534); Cuiabá (483,044); Aparecida de Goiânia (335,849); Anápolis (287,666).
Economy: Livestock, Soybeans, tourism.
Transport: Highways where they are present (mostly in the center and east regions); transport by rivers is common in the north and in the east; airplanes are used in remote and smaller communities.
Vegetation: Mainly savanna-like vegetation, including the Pantanal (Chaco, in Paraguay), flooded areas in the west, equatorial rainforests in the north.
Notable characteristics: With a low population density, most of the land in the region is used for grazing instead of agriculture. The region is also the least industrialized in the country, based mainly in food & meat processing.

Southeast Region

Area: 927,286 km² (10.85%)
Population: 72,300,000 (77.96 people/km², 38%)
GDP(nominal): ~$320 billion (58,5%)
HDI: ~0.817
Climate: Tropical in the northwest (warm, relatively dry in the winter and wet in the summer); Semi-arid in the north; Temperate in the south
States: Espírito Santo, Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo
Largest Cities: São Paulo (10,405,867); Rio de Janeiro (5,851,914); Belo Horizonte (2,232,747); Guarulhos (1,071,268); Campinas (968.172); Nova Iguaçu (915,366); São Gonçalo (889,828); Duque de Caxias (770,865); São Bernardo do Campo (701,289); Osasco (650,993); Santo André (648,443); Contagem (600,236); São José dos Campos (610,965);  Ribeirão Preto (505,053); Uberlândia (500,488); Sorocaba (494,649); Niterói (458,465); Juiz de Fora (456,432); Santos (412,243), Vila Velha (357,952), Jundiaí (340,907), Bauru (310,000), Vitória (291,941)
Economy: Manufacturing (machinary, electronics, automobilive and aviation), coffee, sugar cane, tourism, petroleum, textiles, energy production (not sufficient, however, to fulfill its demand). It is the business-economic center of Brazil, and most large companies present in Brazil have constructed their headquarters in this region
Transport: The region is heavily covered by highways, and, to some extent, railways. Railways and rivers are used mainly for freight, and used where they are present. The region also contains several airport hubs which provide many domestic and international air routes.
Vegetation: Mainly tropical-like semideciduous forests (Mata Atlântica); semi-arid in the north, with almost no vegetation; savannah-like vegetation in the west and in the northwest (Cerrado). Very little of the native vegetation still remains (~2%, mostly in parks)
Notable characteristics: The southeast region is the major powerhouse of the Brazilian economy, being responsible for 58% of the Brazilian GDP (approximately $320 billion). It is also the most populous region in the country, and has the three most important national metropolitan regions (São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro and Belo Horizonte) as well as many other large cities (Campinas, Santos, Juiz de Fora, Uberlândia).

South Region

Area: 577,214 km² (6.75%)
Population: 25,800,000 (43,46 people/km², 12.5%)
GDP: ~$91.5 billion (16.5%)
HDI: ~0.831
Climate: Subtropical in almost all of the entire region, hot to moderately hot in the summer, mild (though cold for Brazilian standards) and very humid winters. Snow is extremely rare except for the highlands where some occasional light snow might fall. The northeast part of the region has a tropical climate, being hot in the summer and warm/cool during the winter.
States: Paraná, Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina
Largest Cities: Curitiba (1,828,092); Porto Alegre (1,441,554); Londrina (446,822); Joinville (429,004); Caxias do Sul (360,223); Florianópolis (341,781); Pelotas (323,034); Canoas (305,711); Maringá (288.,465); Ponta Grossa (281,000); Blumenau (277,500); Cascavel (273,000); Foz do Iguaçu (269,585); Santa Maria (243,396), Rio Grande (238,000)
Economy: Machinery and automobile industries, textiles, tourism, energy production, information technology, orange, apple, grapefruit.
Transport: There are many developed highways and railways throughout the region, although the latter is mainly used for freight. Rivers are used when possible.
Vegetation: Rainforests along the coast (Mata Atlântica), tropical semiciduous in the north and west (Araucárias) and prairie-like vegetation in the south (Pampas). Little native vegetation still remains due to deforestation.
Notable characteristics: The South region is characterized by its high standard of living, with the best social indicators of the country. This region contains the cities with the highest HDI levels: Florianópolis has an HDI of 0.875; Porto Alegre has an HDI of 0.865; Curitiba has an HDI of 0.856 (information accurate as of 1996). The region, along with the state of São Paulo, is also also characterized by its strong immigrant presence, with many inhabitants descended from Italian, German, Portuguese, Spanish, Polish, Japanese, Arabic, Ukrainian and Lithuanian immigrants, and have added to the local culture, especially in architecture, cuisine and forms of agriculture.

Regions of Brazil


The Blood of Jesus (1941) is a race movie.  It was written, directed, and starring Spencer Williams. It was also released as The Glory Road. The movie was produced in Texas. Its budget was US$5,000.  Scenes from a 1911 Italian movie called L'Inferno were used to show souls entering Heaven. The movie was screened in black theatres and black churches. It received good reviews. In 1991 The Blood of Jesus became the first race movie to be chosen for preservation in the United States National Film Registry.

Story
A church group is holding a riverside baptismal service. One of those being immersed is the recently married Martha. At home, Martha's husband Ras accidentally shoots her when his hunting rifle discharges. The church people gather at Martha's bedside to pray. An angel arrives to take Martha's spirit from her body. She is brought to the Crossroads between Heaven and Hell. She is tempted by the devil's agent slick Judas Green.

Judas takes Martha to a nightclub. He arranges to have her get a job there. The angel returns and advises Martha to flee. She tries to flee. A nightclub patron mistakenly believes Martha is a pickpocket who robbed him. A chase ensues. Martha races back to the Crossroads. Satan is waiting for her. The angel protects Martha from the mob. They are driven away. The sign at the Crossroad is transformed into the vision of Jesus Christ being crucified, and Christ's blood drips down on Martha's face. She awakens to discover she is home. Her health is restored. Martha is reunited with her husband. He has embraced religion. The angel who took Martha on her journey returns to bless their marriage.

References

American drama movies
United States National Film Registry movies
1941 movies
English-language movies

The Blood of Jesus


Barrie Wallace Zwicker (born November 5, 1934) is a Canadian alternative media journalist, documentary producer, and political activist.

He is best known for his documentary work, which has dealt primarily with 9/11 conspiracy theories.

Biography
Barrie Zwicker was born in White Haven, Nova Scotia. His family soon moved to Manitoba, and Zwicker's earliest work in journalism was with the Russell Banner, a local newspaper in Manitoba, at the age of 16. He went on to study journalism at University of Michigan. In 1967, Zwicker earned a Southam Fellowship allowing him to work with media analysis pioneer, Marshall McLuhan at St. Michael's College.

Zwicker became a staff writer at a variety of newspapers in Canada and the United States, including The Globe and Mail, Toronto Star, Vancouver Province, Sudbury Star, Detroit News, and Lansing State Journal. During his seven-year tenure at The Globe and Mail, he won several awards with the Education Writers' Association of North America.

Zwicker also taught the Media and Society course at Ryerson Polytechnic University in Toronto as a part-time professor for seven years. He worked as Vision TV's media critic since the multifaith network's inception in the fall of 1988, until 2003.

Zwicker and Dick MacDonald edited The News: Inside the Canadian Media, in which Zwicker argued that there was a "terrible sameness" in the media's coverage of many important issues, and a shutting out of other, potentially valuable, perspectives and sources of information. Zwicker took over as publisher of Content magazine founded by MacDonald in 1970. He continued his media criticism in the pages of Content and subsequently in the pages of Sources, which he published from 1977 on. Sources is a directory of contacts for editors, reporters and researchers. In 1994, he created a Canadian government directory called Parliamentary Names & Numbers. He subsequently sold these publications in 1999.

In 1983 Zwicker wrote War, Peace, and the Media, a 48-page pamphlet which argued that Canadian and American press coverage of the USSR was unbalanced, "creating a stereotype of a country that is the embodiment of everything evil, with which it is impossible to have civilized dealings or to conclude rational agreements, notably on arms control. The result of the press coverage is to push people to the conclusion that the only way to deal with the USSR is to engage in an arms race that can only result in eventual war."

Alternative viewpoints and 9/11 conspiracy works

The End of Suburbia
He was involved in making the video The End of Suburbia: Oil Depletion and the Collapse of The American Dream on Vision TV, and earned a number of awards from local film and video festivals for his contributions.

The Great Conspiracy: The 9/11 News Special You Never Saw
The Great Conspiracy: The 9/11 News Special You Never Saw is a 70-minute sequel to The Great Deception. It premiered at The Citizens' Commission on 9-11. In this work, Zwicker contends that fear was used to control the public after 9/11, and states that the "War on Terrorism" is a public control mechanism. He also analyses the military breakdown on 9/11 and claims that the president and his aides acted entirely inappropriately that day.  Throughout, mainstream media is accused of being either compliant or complicit with a cover-up.

Other accomplishments

 In 1996, he founded a media relations newsletter and Web site called HotLink.
 In 1991, he was awarded an honorary membership in the Media Club of Canada.

References

External links
 Biography of Barrie Zwicker from the Humanist Association of Toronto (Not Found)
 Barrie Zwicker's media profile and areas of expertise
 The Great Conspiracy website
 Barrie Zwicker's assertions in TGC video * 9/11 Related information
 CBC interview with Michael Enright. here's the audio link.

Zwicker, Barry
Canadian humanists
Canadian people of German descent
Canadian people of Scottish descent
Canadian socialists
Zwicker, Barry
Zwicker, Barry
Zwicker, Barry
University of Michigan College of Literature, Science, and the Arts alumni
9/11 conspiracy theorists
Canadian conspiracy theorists

Barrie Zwicker


Elder Futhark is the oldest known runic script. It was used by Germanic tribes during the 2nd to 8th century. It consists of 24 different characters that are used like an alphabet; each character represents a sound or syllable. All Germamic tribes used the same form and same language. Its use lasted to the mid 8th century. Scholars are still discussing when it was first used: The oldest known use which is not disputed is a comb on the Vimose inscriptions from Denmark. It dates around the year 160. There are also runes on the Meldorf fibula, which date from the year 50. The inscription on the fibular is made of characters that are probably runes. The problem is that these characters can also represent symbols in the Latin alphabet.

Many of the characters from Elder Futhark resemble Latin or etruscan ones. For this reason, Elder Futhark had probably modelled form Southern Europe. The ordering of the Futhark letters is completely different from other known alphabets. In contrast, the ordering of the Latin alphabet is the same as the Greek one, which preceded it.

Runes
Germanic languages

de:Futhark#Das ältere Futhark
sv:Futhark#Den äldre futharken

Elder Futhark


The Kretinga Museum (), also known as Kretinga Manor, is located near the Baltic Sea in Kretinga, Lithuania. Originally a private estate, it was converted to a museum in 1992, and now contains a number of archeological finds, fine and applied art collections, folk art, and ethnographic exhibits, as well as a restored orangery. Nearby is a sculpture garden featuring a reconstruction of a Lithuanian solar calendar. The museum is operated by the Kretinga district municipality.

History

The manor's location had always provided shelter from maritime winds in the area. Its modern history is said to have begun when the bishop of Vilnius, Ignacy Jakub Massalski, planted fruit trees there in the late 18th century. In 1874 the land was purchased in an auction by Count Tyszkiewicz. In the course of creating a family manor, he converted the existing residence into a palace, built the orangery, now known as the Winter Garden (), and re-landscaped the grounds. The landscaping included cascading ponds, a waterfall, arbors, fountains, sculptures, and parterres.

The idea of turning the manor into a museum is credited to Juozas Žilvitis (1903–1975); the Kretinga Museum Committee was established in 1935. The garden was completely destroyed during World War II. In 1940 the museum became a branch of the Kaunas State Museum (now the Vytautas the Great War Museum). In 1987 the greenhouse was rebuilt; since 1998 the Kretinga Estate Park Friends Club has been a co-sponsor.

Exhibits and expositions

The exhibits portraying the life of the Tyszkiewicz family occupy seven halls, and contain family portraits, furniture, photographs, household objects, and paintings. The folk art exhibits contain textile art and works of Lithuanian cross crafters. Household articles include tools and furniture used during various eras.

Recent exhibitions have featured jewelry, ceramics, printed matter of historic interest, and folk costumes. The gardens and the orangery, which contains a cafe, are frequently updated. The museum sponsors concerts, scientific and research projects, holiday specials, a "Tree Feast", and folk dance presentations.

References
Museum website
Museums of Lithuania
Samogitian Cultural Association
Museum history and exhibitions
Photos of a modern solar calendar near the museum

Manor houses in Lithuania
Museums in Klaipėda County
1935 establishments in Lithuania

pl:Pałac Tyszkiewiczów w Kretyndze

Kretinga Museum


The clarinet is a woodwind instrument.

The clarinet body is made up of the mouthpiece, barrel, upper joint, pads, keys, ring key, rod, lower joint, and bell. The clarinet has one reed. The reed is made of cane, bamboo or  plastic, which varies in thickness. The reed is attached to the mouthpiece with a clamp called a ligature, which is usually made out of metal.   Blowing through the mouthpiece makes the reed vibrate, and therefore makes the noise.  The body of the clarinet is a cylindrical tube with holes.  The holes are covered by the fingers to make musical notes.  There are also buttons pressed by the fingers which allow pads over holes to open or close so all notes of the chromatic scale can be played. The buttons are usually played with the "pinkie" finger.

One kind of keyed clarinet is called the Albert system.  Another kind is called the Boehm system. The Boehm clarinet is much used by classical orchestras and by jazz musicians. In North America and other Western countries, the most popular clarinet is the clarinet pitched in B flat. This means that if a clarinet player plays a note that is written as a C, it sounds like a B flat on a piano. The B flat clarinet is used in concert, marching, and school bands.  Musicians in orchestras also play the A-clarinet (a semitone lower), the sopranino E flat clarinet (a fourth higher) and the Bass_clarinet  in B flat (sounding an octave lower).

A beginner clarinet player usually can play a note within the first minutes of a lesson. Making a sound with the clarinet is easier than making a sound with many other wind instruments. Most instrumental music teachers consider it to be a good instrument for young players as soon as the lower adult teeth have grown. The fingering system is very similar to the flute and the saxophone, so changing from playing the clarinet to one of these instruments is not too difficult after the student is comfortable playing the clarinet and has reached a certain level.

A famous piece that features a clarinet is Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart's Clarinet Concerto, which has the clarinet playing the melody with the rest of the orchestra playing along. Written in 1791, it is often considered the first great composition for the instrument.

Components

Notable players
 Benny Goodman
 Artie Shaw
 Sabine Meyer
 Martin Fröst
 Charles Neidich
 Paul Meyer (clarinetist)
 Jörg Widmann

Other websites

 The International Clarinet Association

Woodwind instruments

Clarinet


The Daily Mirror is a British newspaper. It was founded on 2 November 1903.

History

20th century
The Daily Mirror was launched on 2 November 1903 by Alfred Harmsworth (later Lord Northcliffe) as a newspaper for women, run by women. Hence the name: he said, "I intend it to be really a mirror of feminine life as well on its grave as on its lighter sides....to be entertaining without being frivolous, and serious without being dull", and also invited men to read it. It cost one penny.

It was not an immediate success.  In 1904, he decided to turn it into a pictore newspaper, changing the masthead to The Daily Illustrated Mirror and made Hamilton Fyfe editor who then fired all the women journalists. This name ran from 26 January to 27 April 1904 (issues 72 to 150), then reverted to The Daily Mirror. The first issue did not have advertisements on the front page as previously, but instead news text and engraved pictures (of a traitor and an actress), with the promise of photographs inside. Two days later, the price was dropped to one halfpenny and to the masthead was added: "A paper for men and women". This combination was more successful: by issue 92, the guaranteed circulation was 120,000 copies and by issue 269, it had grown to 200,000:

Harmsworth sold the newspaper to his brother Harold Harmsworth (from 1914 Lord Rothermere) in 1913. In 1917, the price was increased to one penny. Circulation continued to grow: in 1919, some issues sold more than 1 million copies a day, making it the largest daily picture paper.

By the mid 1930s, the Mirror was struggling – it and the Mail were the main casualties of the early 1930s circulation war that saw the Daily Herald and the Daily Express establish circulations of more than two million, and Rothermere decided to sell his shares in it.

In the late 1930s the paper moved from being a conservative, middle-class newspaper into a left-wing paper for the working class. The Mirror was the first UK paper to adopt the look of the New York tabloids. By 1939, it was selling 1.4 million copies a day.

It was threatened with closure in World War II because Churchill thought a cartoon made fun of the navy.  The cartoon showed a sailor clinging to a piece of wreckage.  It attacked the waste of petrol, and other goods, that sailors were trying to bring across the Atlantic and avoid being killed by German submarines.

The Mirror'''s mass working-class readership had made it the United Kingdom's best-selling daily tabloid newspaper. In 1960, it bought the Daily Herald (the popular daily of the labour movement) when it bought Odhams, in one of a series of takeovers which created the International Publishing Corporation (IPC). The Mirror management did not want the Herald competing with the Mirror for readers, and in 1964, relaunched it as a mid-market paper, now named the Sun. When it failed to win readers, the Sun was sold to Rupert Murdoch — who immediately relaunched it as a more populist and sensationalist tabloid as a direct competitor to the Mirror.  In 1978, The Sun overtook the Mirror in circulation, and in 1984 the Mirror was sold to Robert Maxwell.

After Maxwell's death in 1991, the Mirror went through a protracted crisis before merging with the regional newspaper group Trinity to form Trinity Mirror in 1999. In recent years, the paper's circulation has also been overtaken by that of the Daily Mail.

The Daily and Sunday Mirror are now printed at Watford and Oldham by Trinity Mirror.

21st century

In 2002, the Mirror changed its masthead logo from red to black, because the term "red top" is a name for a sensationalist mass-market tabloid.  Sometimes it was blue. On 6 April 2005, the red top came back.

Under then-editor Piers Morgan, it opposed the 2003 invasion of Iraq, and ran many front pages critical of the war. It also gave financial support to the 15 February 2003 anti-war protest, paying for a large screen and providing thousands of placards.

The Mirror's front page on 4 November 2004, after the re-election of George W. Bush as U.S. President, read "How can 59,054,087 people be so DUMB?". It gave a list of states and their average IQ, showing the Bush states all below average intelligence (except for Virginia), and all Kerry states at or above average intelligence. The source for this table was The Economist, though it was a hoax. Richard Wallace became editor in 2004.

 Editors

1903: Mary Howarth
1904: Hamilton Fyfe
1907: Alexander Kenealy
1915: Ed Flynn
1916: Alexander Campbell
1931: Leigh Brownlee
1934: Cecil Thomas
1948: Silvester Bolam
1953: Jack Nener
1961: Lee Howard
1971: Tony Miles
1974: Michael Christiansen
1975: Mike Molloy
1985: Richard Stott
1990: Roy Greenslade
1991: Richard Stott
1992: David Banks
1994: Colin Myler
1995: Piers Morgan
2004: Richard Wallace

Source: Tabloid Nation'' p. 248.

Other websites

References

Newspapers published in the United Kingdom
1903 establishments in the United Kingdom

Daily Mirror


The St Nicholas Orthodox Cathedral, Nice (, ) is an Eastern Orthodox cathedral located in the French city of Nice. Property of the Russian Federation, it is recognized as a national monument of France, and it currently belongs to the jurisdiction of the Moscow Patriarchate. It is the largest Eastern Orthodox cathedral in Western Europe.

The cathedral was opened in 1912, thanks to the generosity of Russia's Tsar Nicholas II. From 1931 until 15 December 2011 (after a longstanding legal dispute over ownership was resolved), the parish that occupied the cathedral was part of the Paris-based Patriarchal Exarchate for Orthodox Parishes of Russian Tradition in Western Europe under the jurisdiction of the Church of Constantinople. After 2011, following a final ruling by France's highest court, the Court of Cassation, the cathedral was declared to be property of the Russian state, and the congregation came under the jurisdiction of the Korsun diocese of the Russian Orthodox Church.

History
Beginning in the mid-19th century, Russian nobility visited Nice and the French Riviera, following the fashion established decades earlier by the English upper class and nobility. In 1864, immediately after the railway reached Nice, Tsar Alexander II visited by train and was attracted by the pleasant climate. Thus began an association between Russians and the French Riviera that continues to this day.

The cathedral, consecrated in December 1912 in memory of Nicholas Alexandrovich, Tsarevich of Russia, who died in Nice, was meant to serve the large Russian community that had settled in Nice by the end of the 19th century, as well as devout visitors from the imperial court. Tsar Nicholas II funded the construction work.

After 1917, Communist persecution of religion in Russia led some Russian Orthodox dioceses abroad to form jurisdictions not affiliated with Moscow. One of these, the Paris-based exarchate, later assumed control of the Nice Cathedral.

On 20 January 2010, a French Court (the Tribunal of First Instance at Nice) ruled that the title to the cathedral should be held by the Russian state.

Legal dispute
From 2005 till December 2011, there was a protracted ownership and church jurisdictional dispute over the church building as well as control over the parish, between the existing administration of the Exarchate (for legal purposes represented by the "association culturelle") on the one hand and the RF government on the other. The dispute partly stemmed from a conflict between old Russian nobility who had long since settled in Nice and newly arrived post-Soviet Russians. The Russian state, which in 2010 was recognised by the French court as the legal owner, decided in 2011 to turn the church building over to the Moscow Patriarchate.

On 10 April 2013, the Cour de Cassation, the highest civil court in France, refused to quash the decision of the Court of Appeal, with the result that the building itself and the parcel of land on which it stands were confirmed as the property of the Russian Federation.

References

Further reading
  Andrew Higgins, "In Expanding Russian Influence, Faith Combines With Firepower," New York Times Sept 13, 2016

External links
▪ Official web-site of St Nicholas cathedral
Map showing the location of the cathedral

 NY Times article regarding disputed ownership.

Russian Orthodox cathedrals in France
Churches in Nice
Church buildings with domes
Tourist attractions in Nice
Russian Revival architecture
1903 establishments in France
Churches completed in 1912

Russian Orthodox Cathedral, Nice


Music of Mexico has a lot of different forms of music genres that are performed by Mexican musicians.

Type of music

Folk music
The corrido is a type of narrative song that tells a story. Corridos are recorded as a ballad and sometimes as a duet with another artist. Traditional folk music is a type of folk music that is sung by ordinary people. In popular music, this can include the ranchera, mariachi and conjunto music. Mexican folk music are based on instruments such as the violin and guitar. Mexican sones are a type of ranchera music that developed when the Spanish evaded Mexico. Tejano music is a type of folk music mixed with R&B and country. Tejano (or Tex-Mex music) is popularized in South Texas and North Mexico. Tejano began when the Germans settled in South Texas during the 1600s and brought musical instruments to the native people. Ever since, Tejano has grown to become the most widely known type of music in Mexico and has its own music awards held annually in San Antonio, Texas. "The Queen of Tejano music" is Selena and "The King of Tejano music" is Emilio Navaria. Banda and Norteño are two music genres that formed from Tejano music.

Cumbia and pop
The cumbia music is also popular in Mexico and was brought by the Cubans. "Bolero", which originated from Puerto Rico, is popular in Mexico as a mixed style with cumbia music. In recent year, Mexican Pop music has seen the rise in popularity beginning in the 2000s.

Music of Mexico


Tripontium (Latin for "Place of three bridges") was a town in Roman Britain. It lay on the Roman road later called Watling Street (and known today as the A5) at a site now chiefly within the civil parish of Churchover in the English county of Warwickshire and partly in Leicestershire, some 3.4 miles north-east of Rugby and 3.1 miles south of Lutterworth.

Character
Tripontium was established as a military frontier post soon after the Roman invasion of Britain in AD 47. Its name references the bridges over the River Avon and two of its tributaries. Tripontium later developed into a civilian town which was inhabited for around 400 years, peaking in the 2nd century, before being abandoned in the late 4th century when the Romans left Britain.

Excavations
The exact position of Tripontium remained a mystery for centuries, but it was found by the antiquarian Matthew Bloxam in 1836. Excavation works at the site were begun in 1961 by the Rugby Archaeological Society and have continued to 2006.

From its out-of-the-way location, it was initially thought that Tripontium was a small wayside settlement of little importance. Excavations of the site have, however, revealed that it was an important Romano-British town, with large public bath houses, an extensive administrative building, and an inn () . Numerous pieces of pottery, Roman coins, and other remains have been found. Some of the area of the town has been destroyed by gravel extraction in modern times and part of the site is unavailable for excavation. Nevertheless, it seems highly likely that more buildings, such as the remains of a temple or a forum, remain to be found at the site. The excavation of Tripontium has been the largest of its type to be carried out by an amateur archaeological society.

Tripontium was probably the most important Roman settlement in the area. The town is some 8 miles south of Venonae (High Cross), the point at which Watling Street crossed the Fosse Way. The large size of the bathhouses and inn have led historians to conclude that Tripontium is likely to have been an important stopping-place for travellers, both military and civilian. It was probably also an administrative centre for the surrounding area. The town was mentioned as a stopping place in the Antonine Itineraries, a third century document which recorded the places the Roman Emperors stopped and those they passed through.

The site is a scheduled ancient monument. It has been placed on the Heritage at Risk Register due to the risks from unlicensed metal detecting and its condition is declining.

The site is not open to the public, but many of the finds from the excavations are on display at the Rugby Art Gallery and Museum.

Further reading
Tripontium, by Jack Lucas FSA (1997)

References

External links
Rugby Archaeological Society's website

Structures on the Heritage at Risk register in Warwickshire
Populated places established in the 1st century
Roman fortifications in England
Roman towns and cities in England
History of Warwickshire
Former populated places in Warwickshire
Scheduled monuments in Warwickshire
Borough of Rugby

Tripontium


Gold is a soft, dense, yellow metal. It is a chemical element. Its chemical symbol is Au. Its atomic number is 79. As a precious metal, it has been used for many thousands of years by people all over the world, for jewelry, and as money. Gold is important because it is rare, but also easier to use than other rare metals. It is also used to repair and replace teeth and in electronic equipment such as computers. The color of this metal is also called gold.

Mining methods for gold are similar to other metals. Gold is so valued that the discovery of a new place to mine has sometimes caused a gold rush. The deepest workplaces for miners in the world are in South African gold mines.

Often, gold is found as a native metal. This means it is not part of an ore, and does not need smelting. It may be in large, pure nuggets but more often must be separated from other minerals and soil.

Most of the gold on Earth is deep inside the Earth's core because it is dense. Nearly all discovered gold was deposited on the surface by meteorites.

Properties
In chemistry, gold is chemical element 79, a transition metal in Group 11. It has an atomic weight of 199.966 a.m.u. Its symbol is Au, from the Latin word for gold, aurum. It is a "noble metal" meaning it has low chemical reactivity.

Gold is very soft. It is malleable, meaning a goldsmith can hammer it into thin metal sheets. It is also ductile, which means it can be pulled into wire. When it is used in money or in jewelry, it is often alloyed with silver or some other metal to make it harder.

Most metals are gray in color. Gold is yellow because of the way its electrons behave. The only other metal in common use that has a non-gray color is copper. Caesium also has a gold-like color, but it is not commonly used as a metal because it reacts with water.

Gold is a fairly good electrical conductor, better than aluminium, but not as good as copper or silver. Copper and brass electrical connectors, especially those used with computer and audio/video equipment, are often plated with gold for corrosion resistance. Gold is also a good heat conductor, although it is not commonly used for this purpose due to its cost.

Language and culture
Gold can mean that something or someone is very good or has done very well. A gold medal is often the given to the first-place winner in a race or other sports. Something that is in some way good may be given gold status.

Safety
Metallic gold is non-toxic, which is unusual for a heavy metal. Soluble gold compounds, however, are toxic to the liver and kidneys. Gold is non-flammable, even in a pure oxygen environment or when finely powdered. It does not react with most household or laboratory chemicals. Gold is commonly processed with cyanide, which is highly toxic.  Most of the cyanide is destroyed in the production process, so it is not present in the final product, but it can be a hazard to workers in a gold processing plant. Since gold conducts electricity, gold jewelry should never be worn when working with electricity.

Related pages
Alchemy

References

Other websites

 Atomic Properties
 Gold Institute
 Gold -Citizendium

Basic English 850 words

Gold


Time Sharing Option (TSO) is an interactive time-sharing environment for IBM mainframe operating systems, including OS/360 MVT, OS/VS2 (SVS), MVS, OS/390, and z/OS.

Use
In computing, time-sharing is a design technique that allows many people to use a computer system concurrently and independently—without interfering with each other. Each TSO user is isolated; it appears to each one that they are the only user of the system.

TSO is most commonly used by mainframe system administrators and programmers. It provides:
 A text editor
 Batch job support, including completion notification
 Debuggers for some programming languages used on System/360 and later IBM mainframes
 Support for other vendors' end-user applications, for example for querying IMS and DB2 databases

TSO interacts with users in either a line-by-line mode or in a full screen, menu-driven mode. In the line-by-line mode, the user enters commands by typing them in at the keyboard; in turn, the system interprets the commands, and then displays responses on the terminal screen. But most mainframe interaction is actually via ISPF, which allows for customized menu-driven interaction. This combination is called TSO/ISPF. TSO can also provide a Unix-style environment on OS/390 and z/OS via the UNIX System Services command shell, with or without ISPF.

TSO commands can be embedded in REXX execs or CLISTs, which can run interactively or in batch.

TSO eliminated the need to punch cards on a keypunch machine, and send card decks to the computer room to be read by a card reading machine.

History
When it was originally introduced in 1971, IBM considered time-sharing an "optional feature", as compared to standard batch processing, and hence offered TSO as an option for OS/360 MVT. With the introduction of MVS in 1974, IBM made it a standard component of their top-end mainframe operating system. TSO/E ("Time Sharing Option/Extensions") is a set of extensions to the original TSO. TSO/E is a base element of z/OS. Before z/OS, TSO Extensions (TSO/E) was an element of OS/390 and was a licensed program for the MVS and MVS/ESA System Products. Since all z/OS installations usually have both TSO and TSO/E functions installed, it is normal to refer to both TSO and TSO/E as "TSO".

When first released, TSO module names always had the "prefix" IKJ, plus the second and third letters of the associated pre-TSO functional group (IEA = original functional group of "supervisor", hence a TSO module name of IKJEAxxx, IEB = original functional group of "dataset utilities", hence a TSO module name of IKJEBxxx, etc.).

Batch use
It is common to run TSO in batch (as opposed to interactively): all the usual TSO line-mode interactive commands can be also executed via Job Control Language (JCL) by running any of the programs IKJEFT01, IKJEFT1A, and IKJEFT1B and supplying the line commands in a file pointed to by the SYSTSIN DD. The primary difference between the three programs is their handling of return codes from the executed commands.

Batch execution of TSO is one way to allow an IBM mainframe application to access DB2 resources.

See also
 History of IBM mainframe operating systems
 Michigan Terminal System
 MUSIC/SP
 ORVYL and WYLBUR

References

Further reading

External links
 Several TSO manuals from the early 1970s, available from the BitSavers.org archive

IBM mainframe operating systems
Time-sharing operating systems

Time Sharing Option


Unintended Consequences is a novel by John Ross, first published in 1996 by Accurate Press. The story chronicles the history of gun culture, gun rights, and gun control in the United States from the early 20th century through the late 1990s. Although clearly a work of fiction, the story is heavily laced with historical fact, including historical figures who play minor supporting roles. The protagonist is very active in competitive shooting sports, as is the author; so unusually detailed and intricate facts, figures, and explanations of firearms-related topics ornament the narrative and drive the plot.

The cover has a picture of Lady Justice being assaulted by an ATF agent.

The book was listed by The New York Times Sunday Book Review as one of the most sought after out-of-print books of 2013.

 Background

The story hinges upon the enactment and subsequent unintended consequences of several important pieces of U.S. gun control legislation and regulation: the National Firearms Act of 1934, the Gun Control Act of 1968, the Firearm Owners Protection Act of 1986, the Assault Weapons Importation Ban enacted by Presidential executive order in 1989, and the Federal Assault Weapons Ban of 1994.

Its thesis, as discussed in the "Author's Note – A Warning and Disclaimer" in the beginning of the book, is that enough bullying, by what is widely perceived as a hostile occupation government, will inevitably end in revolt if the occupied area is large enough and has a culture that is significantly different from the occupying state, and that this revolt will be undefeatable if the rebels use very low-tech "leaderless resistance."

CharactersHenry Bowman is the principal character, although the story begins in 1906, long before Bowman's birth on January 10, 1953. The story is told primarily from his perspective when he is in his early forties. Bowman grows up in the St. Louis, Missouri area, where much of the story takes place. He is a trained geologist, a self-taught expert marksman, a firearms, ammunition, and self-defense authority, and a pilot. Bowman lives on a rural acreage near the St. Louis, Missouri metropolitan area. There is an abandoned stone quarry on his land which Bowman uses for recreational shooting. Bowman, in the novel, enjoys owning performance automobiles and driving at high speed on interstate highways. In one part of the novel, he races his hot-rodded GMC truck against a rival Porsche, with Bowman winning, driving in excess of  to win. Bowman also has several forged identities that he uses for various purposes in the novel. Bowman is a proficient skydiver.Walter "Blackout" Bowman is Henry's father. A skilled pilot and U.S. Navy officer, he trained 437 naval aviators during World War II, retiring as a Lieutenant Commander. He represents the studious, responsible, and thoughtful side of the younger Bowman. The author has stated that the elder Bowman is based on his own father.Max Collins is Bowman's uncle. He is portrayed as a larger-than-life character who is an expert marksman, professional gambler, and accomplished ladies' man. He served in the airborne troops of D-Day, and killed a German army officer in combat with his sniper rifle. In the novel, at a 1960s Nevada shooting competition, he bets on his nephew Henry's shooting, winning $10,000. He represents the adventurous, spontaneous, and aggressive side of the younger Henry Bowman. The author has stated that Collins is based on his own uncle.Irwin Mann is a survivor of The Holocaust and the Warsaw Ghetto, and a key participant in the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising. His inclusion in the story permits a study of the use of firearms by average citizens to repel an oppressive government and connects Nazi gun control measures to American gun control efforts.Ray Johnson is a New York City attorney, originally from Aspen, Colorado, who moves to Africa in 1963 and becomes a big-game safari guide. His return to the U.S. in 1994 serves to illustrate how much U.S. gun owners' freedoms have eroded, due to legislation and executive orders enacted during his absence. At the airport, Customs attempts to confiscate an English double rifle worth some US$40,000, a Belgian FN FAL semi-automatic rifle, a Smith & Wesson 2" Chief's Special revolver, and his hat which has a leopard skin hat band. Ray calls his friend Henry, and Henry calls in a favor with a friend who is a high-ranking Customs official. Ray is allowed to keep his firearms and enter the United States.Allen Kane is a major machine gun dealer who is Henry's lifelong friend. A major shift in the novel's plot occurs when Henry finds corrupt ATF agents framing Allen, himself, and another firearms dealer. Allen aids and accompanies Henry in much of the novel.Cindy Caswell' is a victim of childhood abuse and organized crime who becomes important in the freedom struggle as it develops. She is from Rolla, Missouri. She is abducted by mafia thugs during a trip to Chicago, Illinois, who force her to become a sex slave for mafia bosses and leaders. After several years, she escapes and meets Henry Bowman at an Alcoholics Anonymous meeting. She assassinates many pro-gun control and big-government politicians and legislators in the novel. The author has been criticized for creating an "adolescent fantasy" with this character. Ten years after writing the novel, Ross met Tammy Chapman, whose early life shares a resemblance to that of the fictional Caswell. Ross and Chapman now live together in St. Louis.

Plot
The novel's protagonist, Henry Bowman, shows an early proficiency with firearms, practicing whenever he can find the time. Encouraged by his father, he gathers an impressive firearms collection and gains extensive experience in piloting small aircraft. During college, Bowman is robbed, beaten, and sodomized by a rural gang. The incident nearly destroys him and causes him to become an alcoholic for a period.

While at a gun show in Indianapolis, Indiana with friend Allen Kane, Bowman publicly embarrasses an agent of the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (ATF), Wilson Blair. One of Blair's men was trying to trick and entrap a fellow firearms dealer. Blair takes the offense personally, and with the support of the ATF's director, begins to plan revenge. Several years later, Blair and subordinate agents of the ATF plan to frame Henry and his friends as terrorists, smugglers, and counterfeiters. They plan to plant "evidence" when the men are away on vacation. Unbeknownst to Blair, Bowman delays his departure at the last minute due to a work commitment, and is on a friend's property when the agents arrive. Bowman assumes the agents are burglars and engages in a gun battle with them, killing or capturing all and in the process discovering the truth about the raid.

Bowman realizes that his life has been irrevocably changed. He makes Blair record a video taped confession of his illegal actions, kills Blair, and disposes of all forensic evidence of the agents' presence. Afterwards, he hunts down and kills Blair's remaining subordinates. Bowman and his closest friends begin to systematically kill ATF agents around the nation – whom Bowman views as supporting the infringement of citizen's constitutional rights, and abusing government powers – as well as politicians who had supported unconstitutional gun control legislation. Simultaneously Bowman releases the video tape of Blair to CNN, which claims that Blair and his companions have had a change of heart, realize what they are doing is wrong, and are now dedicated to killing other ATF agents. Amidst the national search for Blair and company, Bowman continues to rack up the body count.

Eventually, as the ATF and FBI are unable to effectively track down those responsible for the killings, the President of the United States is forced to give an address to the nation relating his intent to repeal the unconstitutional laws, including the National Firearms Act of 1934 and Gun Control Act of 1968.

Fictionalized accounts of historical events
The story contains several items of historical fiction (accounts of real events with fictionalized thoughts & dialog) that are not widely known and advance the book's premise and plot. The following events are featured prominently:

 Bonus Army March on Washington, D.C. (1932)
 Warsaw Ghetto Uprising (1943)
 Battle of Athens, Tennessee (1946)
 Ken Ballew raid (1971)
 1985 MOVE bombing in Philadelphia (1985)
 FBI shootout in Miami, Florida (1986)
 Jerry Drasen (1988) NFA-licensed firearm dealer sent to prison without breaking any law, the applicable law interpreted to apply to inoperable and unassembled portions of a rifle as well as the entire rifle
 John Lawmaster ATF raid in Tulsa (1991)
 Ruby Ridge incident in Idaho (1992)
 Aron S. Lipman (1992) ATF confiscated gun inventory, prosecuted Aron only after his demanding inventory back. Prosecuted for "conspiracy to violate federal firearms laws."
 Waco Siege (1993)
 William Fleming (1994) Class 3 NFA dealer sent to prison for embarrassing the ATF as expert witness for defense, raided in retaliation, sent to prison for obscure and non-criminal paperwork violations
 Harry and Terry Lamplugh May 25, 1994 raid, ATF stomped pet cat to death, destroyed the Lamplughs' house, in their illegal and unconstitutional "raid."
 Oklahoma City bombing (1995)

Reception
The novel sold over 60,000 copies of over four printings. After having been out of print for several years, a paperback edition was reissued in June, 2013.

The author's web site states that he is working on a shorter sequel that was originally scheduled for publication in 2006.  However, this sequel has not yet been released.

Timothy McVeigh controversy

Timothy McVeigh read the novel while awaiting his trial for the Oklahoma City bombing. He loved the book, and noted that if it had come out a few years earlier, he would have given serious consideration to using sniper attacks in a war of attrition against the government instead of bombing a federal building:

References

Sources

 An interview with the author

External links
 Author's FAQ on the book
 Errata Sheet for the 1st Edition

1996 American novels
Gun politics
Works about gun politics in the United States
American political novels
Novels about terrorism

Unintended Consequences (novel)


A combustion chamber is that pairt o an internal combustion ingine (ICE) in which the fuel/air mix is burned. ICEs teepically comprise reciprocating piston ingines, rotary ingines, gas turbines an jet turbines.

Internal combustion ingine

The combustion process increases the internal energy o a gas, which translates intae an increase in temperature, pressure, or volume dependin on the configuration. In an enclosure, for ensaumple the cylinder o a reciprocating ingine, the volume is controlled an the combustion creates an increase in pressure. In a continuous flow seestem, for ensaumple a jet ingine combustor, the pressure is controlled an the combustion creates an increase in volume.
This increase in pressure or volume can be uised tae dae work, for ensaumple, tae muive a piston on a crankshaft or a turbine disc in a gas turbine. If the gas velocity changes, thrust is produced, sic as in the nozzle o a rocket ingine.

Petrol ingine

At tap dead centre the pistons o a petrol ingine are flush (or nearly flush) wi the tap o the cylinder block. The combustion chamber mey be a recess aither in the cylinder heid, or in the tap o the piston. A design wi the combustion chamber in the piston is cried a  Heron heid, whaur the heid is machined flat but the pistons are dished. The Heron heid haes proved even mair thermodynamically efficient  than the hemispherical heid.  Intake valves  permit the inflow o a fuel air mix; an exhaust valves allou burnt gases tae be scavenged.

Various shapes o combustion chamber hae been uised, sic as: L-heid (or flathead) for side-valve ingines; "bathtub", "hemispherical", an "wedge" for owerheid valve engines; an "pent-roof" for engines haein 3, 4 or 5 valves per cylinder.  The shape o the chamber haes a merked effect on power output, efficiency an emissions. The designer's objectives are tae burn aw o the mixture as completely as possible, while avoiding excessive temperatures which creaut nitrogen dioxide.  This is best achieved wi a compact rather than elangatit chamber.

Ingine technology

Combustion chamber


The Roman army is the military of ancient Rome, the forces used by the Roman Kingdom, Roman Republic and later Roman Empire. Its infantry for much of its history was the Roman legion. Rome also had a navy. The size of the army in the late Roman Empire was about 128,000  179,200 men. It was very well organized. The main Roman soldiers in the Empire were the legionaries. The legions were separated into centuries, made up of 80 soldiers and 20 other men who remained in the camp to cook and do other chores.

Other soldiers in the army were called the auxilia. Auxilia were non-citizens who mainly came from the Roman provinces. They were paid less than legionaries and did not usually wear armor but at the end of their service, which was a minimum of 25 years, they were given Roman citizenship.

The army had cavalry units called Equites. Their men were rich enough to have horses and more expensive weapons. Being few, they were less important in battle than the infantry.

Weapons and equipment

The soldiers of the Roman army wore helmets and body protection. In the early to mid-Republican era, legionaries usually bought their own equipment. Hastati, the first line of soldiers, usually had breastplates, called a cuirass, and some wore lorica hamata, or chainmail. The richer principes, the second line of soldiers, could afford lorica hamata but they were sometimes seen wearing the cheaper cuirasses. Both hastati and principes were each armed with a gladius – a short, 60 centimeter (two foot) sword, and each had two pila – short spears.

The third line of soldiers, the Triarii, had a hasta, a two meter long spear. They were also armed with the gladius and had an early form of the lorica segmenta or iron band armor. All legionaries had a large rectangular shield, the scutum, which had rounded corners.
By the late Republican period, all legionaries carried a gladius, two pila, a new, larger scutum, and wore chainmail. Lorica segmentata was only commonly worn between the 2nd and 3rd century.

Larger weapons such as the ballista (large crossbow) and the Onager (catapult) were used in larger battles.

From the Second Punic War onward, Roman armies had units of non-Italian mercenaries, such as Numidian light cavalry, Cretan archers, and Balearic slingers. Roman armies had previously lacked these kinds of troops.

Training
The main thing a member of the Roman Army needed was athletic ability. Soldiers were expected to march about 36 km (24 miles) in five hours. They also had to be fit to fight well and cope with any injuries.

New soldiers would do two sessions of military drill and give their oath of loyalty to their Commander and Emperor. Every day the whole of the legion would practice running, jumping, sword fighting and javelin throwing.

References

Military of ancient Rome
Armies

Roman army


Oahu (or Oʻahu) is the third largest of the Hawaiian Islands, in the United States. It means "the gathering place" (a place where people meet) in the Hawaiian language. Most of the people of Hawaii live there (1.2 million of the state's 1.7 million in the mid-1990s). The total land area is . Honolulu, the capital city of Hawaii, is on this island. Other well-known places on Oahu are Waikiki, Pearl Harbor, Diamond Head, Hanauma Bay, Kaneohe Bay, and both the North Shore and Makaha (which are famous for very big ocean waves).

History
Kamehameha I made Oahu his capital when he became the first king of Hawaii. Iolani Palace was built later on by others of the royal family. It is the only royal palace on American soil.

Oahu was perhaps the first of the Hawaiian Islands which the crew of HMS Resolution saw on 18 January 1778. This was during Captain James Cook's third Pacific Ocean trip. Europeans did not land on Oahu until 28 February 1779 when Captain Clerke of the HMS Resolution stepped ashore at Waimea Bay. Clerke took command of the ship after Captain Cook was killed at Kealakekua Bay on February 14.

Economy
Today, Oahu has become a tourism and shopping center. Almost 7 million visitors (mainly from the American mainland and Japan) go there every year to enjoy the special island holiday found only in Hawaii.

Oahu in TV
Oahu can be seen in hundreds of movies and TV shows. Some of them are Magnum, P.I., Lost, Hawaii Five-O and Jake and the Fatman.

Islands of Hawaii

Oahu


Solid geometry is the geometry of three-dimensional Euclidean space. It includes the measurements of volumes of various solid figures (three-dimensional figures). These include pyramids, cylinders, cones, spheres, and prisms.

It is Euclidean geometry, but not plane geometry. Points are defined as a defined position on a sphere. A "staight line" is the shortest path between two points which stays on the surface of the sphere.

Euclid's account of spherical geometry is in his Elements volumes XIXIII containing solid geometry, and in his lesser-known work the Phaenomena, which includes 25 geometric propositions. The actual discoveries were often made by others.

The Pythagoreans dealt with the regular solids, like the cube and the sphere. The pyramid, prism, cone and cylinder were not studied until the Platonists. Eudoxus proved the pyramid and cone have one-third the volume of a prism and cylinder on the same base and of the same height.

The equations for areas and volumes in two and three dimensions was proved by Archimedes. One of Archimedes' works was called On the sphere and the cylinder. He asked that a carving of the two solid figures be placed on his tomb. He specified a "right circular cylinder with height equal to its circumference" because he had used this in his proof.

People use solid geometry for many purposes including engineering and the calculation of perspective.

References

Fields of geometry

Solid geometry


John Lawrence Le Breton Hammond (18 July 1872 – 7 April 1949) was a British journalist and writer on social history and  politics. A number of his best-known works were jointly written with his wife, Barbara Hammond (née Bradby, 1873–1961). She was the sister of poet and novelist G. F. Bradby.

He was educated at Bradford Grammar School and St John's College, Oxford, where he read classics. He was editor of the Liberal weekly The Speaker from 1899 to 1906. He was the leader-writer for The Tribune in 1906–1907 and for The Daily News in 1907. He was later on the staff of the Manchester Guardian.

Works

Charles James Fox a Political Study (1903)
The Village Labourer 1760-1832: a Study of the Government of England before the Reform Bill (1911) with Barbara Hammond
The Town Labourer 1760-1832: The New Civilisation (1917) with Barbara Hammond via Archive.org
The Skilled Labourer 1760-1832 (1919) with Barbara Hammond
The Terror in Action: A Graphic Sketch of Irish Policy from 1914-1921 (1921)
Lord Shaftesbury (1923) with Barbara Hammond
The Rise of Modern Industry (1925) with Barbara Hammond
The Age of the Chartists 1832-1854: A Study of Discontent (1930) with Barbara Hammond
James Stansfeld: A Victorian Champion of Sex Equality (1932) with Barbara Hammond
Britain and the Modern World Order (1932) with Arnold J. Toynbee
C. P. Scott of the Manchester Guardian (1934)
The Bleak Age: England 1800-1850 (1934) with Barbara Hammond
Gladstone and the Irish Nation (1934)
C. P. Scott, 1846 - 1932. The Making of the Manchester Guardian (1946) with C. E. Montague and H. D. Scott Nichols
Gladstone and Liberalism (1952) with M. R. D. Foot

References

External links
Page at Spartacus Educational

1872 births
1949 deaths
British historians
British male journalists
British writers
People educated at Bradford Grammar School
Alumni of St John's College, Oxford

John Lawrence Hammond


Stickney crater is the lairgest crater on Phobos, whilk is a muin o Maurs. It is aboot 10 km in diameter.

It is thocht that the dunt whilk creatit Stickney wis sae snar that it naurly brak Phobos asinder. Radiatin chacks can be seen aboot Stickney.

The crater is cried efter Chloe Angeline Stickney Hall, wife o Phobos diskiverer Asaph Hall.

Stickney coud be seen wi the nakit ee frae the surface o Maurs. It is in the mids o the left lip o Phobos's face, on the Maurs-facin side. It is locate at 5°S 55°W on Phobos.

It haes a smawer, nameless crater inouth it, the affcome o a later dunt.

Maurs

Stickney (crater)


Stolp Island is a small island in the Fox River in Aurora, Illinois.  In 1986 the island and its 41 buildings were added to the National Register of Historic Places as the Stolp Island Historic District.  It covers  of land area.

Stolp Island are named in Słupsk. ()

History

The island is named after Joseph Stolp who purchased the island for $12.72 in 1848. He constructed a mill on the island with Zaphna Lake and the McCarty brothers. The dam for the mill was completed in 1835. By 1848, the town had grown to over 1,000 people. As Aurora grew, the Fox River caused a separation between the two halves of the city, leading to animosity between them. Stolp Island, then, became an ideal location for Aurora's government structures, as it was not confined to either side.

East Aurora was incorporated as a city in 1845, and West Aurora followed in 1854. The Aurora area received its first major economical boost when the Chicago, Burlington, & Quincy Roundhouse and Locomotive Shop was constructed in 1856. Prior to this point, commercial development was strictly fit to meet local needs, but the new train station and shops provided new customers. In 1857, following efforts by William Parker, the two cities joined as one city. The city charter was approved on the condition that a new city hall would be built on Stolp Island. It was constructed in 1865 and featured a post office on the first floor.

Public organizations also saw Stolp as an ideal island to serve both sides of Aurora. The Grand Army of the Republic Hall was opened in 1877 to serve Grand Army of the Republic Post No. 20. The island also housed a Carnegie library and the first YMCA building. In the 1920s, the north end of the island, previously prone to flooding, was expanded and reinforced with landfill. While Aurora became a major steel exporter in the early 20th century, Stolp Island was used exclusively for commercial and public uses.

In 1907, the Columbia Conservatory of Music was built as a school for music, art, dancing, and foreign languages. It was presided over by Harry Rutt Detweiler  and closed when he decided to retire.

Hotel Aurora was constructed in 1917 and surpassed Hotel Arthur as the tallest building in Aurora. The Renaissance Revival structure was built in hopes that the newly expanded north end would help Stolp Island become a major attraction. Two office buildings were designed in the Prairie Style by George Grant Elmslie: the Keystone Building (1923) and the Graham Building (1926). The Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks constructed the Aurora Elks Lodge No. 705 in 1926, in the Mayan Revival architecture style. A third major hotel, Leland Tower, was constructed across the street in 1928 and was operated by the same family as Hotel Arthur. When it opened, Hotel Leland was the tallest building in Illinois outside out Chicago. The Rapp and Rapp Paramount Theatre opened in 1931 and operated continuously until a 1976 restoration.

Major Buildings on Stolp Island

 Benton St. Bridge (east branch)
 Downtown Auto Service Station
 SciTech Hands On Museum
 Downer Place Bridge (east branch)
 Linden & Lake Plumbers Building
 Aurora Herald/Freemasons Building
 Aurora Coin & Stamp Building
 G. A. R. Memorial Building
 Fox Theatre Building & Promenade
 Aurora Silver Plate Mfg. Building
 Aurora Greenhouse
 Stolp Woolen Mill Store, separately listed on the NRHP
 Stolp Woolen Mill Dye House
 VIP Realty
 Metropolitan Business College
 Sherer Building
 Galena Blvd Bridge (east channel)
 Aurora Civic Center Authority Offices
 Paramount Theatre
 Block & Kuhl/Carson Pirie Scott Building
 North Island Center
 New York Street Memorial Bridge
 Hotel Aurora
 Moose Building/Isle Theater
 Stanley's Furniture Building
 Keystone Building (Aurora, Illinois)
 Graham Building (Aurora, Illinois)
 37 S. Stolp Ave.
 Assell's Photo Shop
 Barefoot Charley's Diner
 Leland Tower
 Illinois Bell
 Columbia Conservatory of Music
 Aurora Elks Lodge No. 705, separately listed on the NRHP
 Building at northwest corner of Stolp & Galena

References

External links

Geography of Aurora, Illinois
Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Illinois
National Register of Historic Places in Kane County, Illinois
Buildings and structures in Aurora, Illinois
River islands of Illinois

Stolp Island


Marty Glickman was a sportscaster and sprinter. He hosted pregame/postgame shows for the Brooklyn Dodgers and the New York Yankees and was the race caller for Yonkers Raceway. He called play-by-play for the New York Giants, New York Knicks, New York Rangers, New York Jets, New York Knickerbockers, NBA on SNI, NFL on NBC, NFL on NBC Radio, College Football on PBS, Connecticut Huskies football, Connecticut Huskies basketball, New York Nets, and College Basketball on WPIX-TV play-by-play.

1917 births
1992 deaths
Horse Racing broadcasters
Major League Baseball broadcasters
National Hockey League broadcasters
College basketball broadcasters
American Basketball Association announcers
National Basketball Association broadcasters
National Football League broadcasters
College football broadcasters
American sports commentators
American sprinters

Marty Glickman


The Tube Map, is a map that navigates passengers around London using the London Underground, London Overground, Docklands Light Railway, and Emirates Air-line. To make the map easier to read, the lines of the tunnels are made straight instead of the shape they really follow.

The Tube Map was the first map to use these simplifying techniques that are now used in transport maps across the world. Transport for London (TfL) continue to expand the Tube map as more stations, lines and methods of transport are added.
The Tube Map helps navigate over a billion journeys a year in the biggest city in Europe.

Rail transport in London

Tube map


Gordon Stanley Brown (August 30, 1907 in Australia – August 23, 1996 in Tucson, Arizona) was a professor of electrical engineering at MIT.  He originated many of the concepts behind automatic-feedback control systems and the numerical control of machine tools. From 1959 to 1968, he served as the dean of MIT's engineering school. With his former student Donald P. Campbell, he wrote Principles of Servomechanisms in 1948, which is still a standard reference in the field.

Biography

Early life
Brown was born in 1907 in Australia.  He graduated from the Workingman's College (now the Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology) at the age of 18 with diplomas in civil, electrical and mechanical engineering.
In 1929, Brown entered MIT as a junior, and graduated with a degree in electrical engineering in 1931. Continuing his studies at the Institute, he earned a master's degree in 1934. Since 1931 Brown assisted Harold Hazen in constructing an electro-optical analog computer based on Norbert Wiener's "Cinema Integraph" concept. In 1933 Brown's servomechanisms were displayed at the Century of Progress World Fair. In 1938 Brown received his Ph.D. for the study and making of the practical "Cinema Integraph", under tutelage of Hazen.

MIT career
In 1938 Vannevar Bush left the MIT for the Carnegie Institute. Hazen became the head of Electrical Engineering Department; Brown joined the MIT faculty in 1939 as an assistant professor of electrical engineering and took over the course in control systems created by Bush a few years earlier. Brown's first class was a group of four Navy lieutenants, who later all became admirals. In the same year, Brown became a naturalized American citizen. After the outbreak of World War Two, publication of Brown's research was suppressed for wartime secrecy concerns. Hazen, now section head at the NDRC, compensated Brown with his own laboratory at the MIT, – the Servomechanisms Laboratory, now known as the MIT Laboratory for Information and Decision Systems. The laboratory did pioneering research into control systems for machines, which led to the automatic fire-control and aiming systems used during the Second World War.  Brown and his staff was also involved in the development of Whirlwind, the first all-digital computer.

Brown was promoted to full professor in 1946 and served as the chairman of the MIT faculty from 1951 to 1952.  In 1952, he became the chairman of the electrical engineering department and from 1959 to 1968, he served as the dean of the school of engineering.  In 1973, Brown received the distinction of Institute Professor, MIT's highest academic honor.

Retirement
Brown retired in 1974 as an emeritus professor of electrical engineering and Institute Professor Emeritus.  He and his wife moved to Arizona, where he became involved with introducing computers and the ideas of system dynamics into classrooms.

In 1985, the building on MIT's campus housing the Microsystems Technology Laboratories was named the Gordon Stanley Brown Building (Building 39).

Publications

References

External links
History of the MIT Servomechanisms Laboratory

Gordon Stanley Brown Papers, MC-0024. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Institute Archives and Special Collections, Cambridge, Massachusetts.

1907 births
1996 deaths
Cyberneticists
MIT School of Engineering alumni
MIT School of Engineering faculty
Australian emigrants to the United States

Gordon S. Brown


watchOS is the mobile operating system of the Apple Watch, developed by Apple Inc. It is based on the iOS operating system and has many similar features. It was released on April 24, 2015, along with the Apple Watch, the only device that runs watchOS.

The second version, watchOS 2, included support for native apps that could be made for the Apple Watch and other improvements, and was released on September 21, 2015. The third version, watchOS 3, was released on September 13, 2016, It had better performance and including new watch faces and stock apps. The fourth version, watchOS 4, was released on September 19, 2017. The fifth version, watchOS 5, was released on September 17, 2018, adding more support for apps that could be made for the Apple Watch and new workouts, along with the "Walkie-Talkie" feature.

Other websites
 – Official website

Apple software
Operating systems

WatchOS