The Tayichiud (Mongolian Cyrillic: Тайчууд, Taichuud; ) was one of the three core tribes of the Khamag Mongol confederation on the Mongolian Plateau during the 12th century, founded by Ambaghai Khan in 1148 CE, and finally ended with Sultan Husayn Tayichud in 1405 AD.

Tribal arrangements

They lived in the southern part of current Zabaykalsky Krai and the Mongolian Dornod Province. Though the Khiyad Borjigids and the Tayichiuds were closely related and shared a common ancestor in Bodonchar Munkhag, at times they were arch-rivals for the rule of the Khamag Mongol. Though Khabul Khan of the Borjigin had 7 sons, he had designated Ambaghai, a son of Sengum Bilge of the Tayichiud, as his successor. Thus Ambaghai Khan became the second khan of the Khamag Mongol. The rule of the Mongols had alternated between the Borjigid and the Tayichiud tribes, finally coming into the hands of Genghis Khan of Borjigid.

Role
The Tayichiud were rivals of the Naimans and several other tribes. In the Secret History of the Mongols, they were portrayed as bitter enemies of Genghis Khan. As allies of Jamukha and the Keraites, they would defeat the latter bitterly.

Fall and descendants
Although the ruling Tayichiud clan was destroyed by Genghis, their descendants, who had surrendered, achieved fame in parts of the Mongol Empire. Jebe (born Jurgaadai), who had struck the final blow to the Jurchens during the Mongol conquest of the Jin dynasty in 1219 and defeated the Kypchaks and their European allies at the battle of Kalka in 1223, was from Besud clan of Tayichiud.  Baiju, the commander of the Tammachi in Persia, was also from the Besud clan of the Tayichiud.  Chilaun, one of Genghis Khan's four close companions, was  from the Suldus, a sub-clan of the Tayichiud. His descendant Chupan reached the peak of his career during the reign of Ilkhan Abu Said, and was given the title of chief commander of all Mongol Khanates by the court of the Yuan Dynasty in 1327. In the Chagatai Khanate, another aristocrat, Buyan Suldus, overthrew the Qara'unas in Transoxiana in 1359, but was executed by Chagatai Khan Tughluq Temur in 1362.

Influence
The tribe exerted great influence during the reign of Timur. The head of the Tayichiud during this time was Amir Musa. Though clashing with Timur on several occasions, Amir Musa also enjoyed multiple matrimonial alliances with the imperial family. Both his daughter, Tuman Agha, and niece, Saray Mulk Khanum, were married to the emperor, with the latter becoming his chief consort. In addition to this, Amir Musa's son Muhammad Beg was married to Timur's daughter Aka Begim. They were the parents of Sultan Husayn Tayichiud. Sultan Husayn, later held prominent positions in the imperial army.

Present day
People with the clan name Tayichiud or Taichiud are found in present-day Mongolia, Inner Mongolia and in Kalmykia (tyayachiud).

References

The Secret History of the Mongols
The Fall of Amir Chupan and the Decline of the Ilkhanate, 1327-1337 By Charles Peter Melville
Abu Bakr al-Ahri Tarikh-i Shaikh Uwais

Mongol peoples
Borjigin
Nirun Mongols
Mongol dynasties

Taichiud


Victory O Lord! is an 1871 painting by John Everett Millais depicting Moses, Aaron and Hur during the Battle of Rephidim against the Amalekites. Along with his landscape Chill October it represented a major turning point in Millais career.

The painting illustrates a passage in the Book of Exodus, chapter 17, which describes how Moses and his two companions watched the battle from the hill. Moses holds the Rod of God in his right hand.

And Moses said unto Joshua, Choose us out men, and go out, fight with Amalek: tomorrow I will stand on the top of the hill with the rod of God in mine hand. So Joshua did as Moses had said to him, and fought with Amalek: and Moses, Aaron, and Hur went up to the top of the hill. And it came to pass, when Moses held up his hand, that Israel prevailed: and when he let down his hand, Amalek prevailed. But Moses hands were heavy; and they took a stone, and put it under him, and he sat there on; and Aaron and Hur stayed up his hands, the one on the one side, and the other on the other side; and his hands were steady until the going down of the sun. And Joshua discomfited Amalek and his people with the edge of the sword.

Millais depicts the "going down of the sun", when the three patriarchs watch the final moments of the battle. Moses is in the middle while Aaron and Hur hold up his arms to ensure victory. Aaron, in red, is on the right. The battle below is indicated by the arrow at the bottom right.

Millais worked on the painting over many years, scraping and repainting the surface. F.G. Stephens commented that the painting depicted the conflict between the unyielding and steadfast willpower of Moses, and the physical and emotional exhaustion of his companions. He also praised the vivid painting of the aged flesh of the figures. The painting contrasts dramatically in style with the contemporary religious works of Millais's former companion, William Holman Hunt, such as The Shadow of Death, on which Hunt was working at the same time; however, it has been suggested that both pictures may refer to typological prefigurations of the crucifixion in scenes in which raised, outstretched arms signify both physical suffering and triumph.

See also
 List of paintings by John Everett Millais

Notes

Paintings by John Everett Millais
1871 paintings
Paintings depicting Moses
Aaron
Collection of Manchester Art Gallery

Victory O Lord!


Jill Stewart was the Managing Editor at LA Weekly and laweekly.com. At LA Weekly, she oversaw a team of print and digital journalists who pursue the newspaper's brand of digital hyper-localism and analytical, print journalism. She also oversaw the newspaper's video team and video productions.

Jill Stewart is an experienced television commentator, providing regular live political analysis for KCET Public TV during the 2013 L.A. mayoral race; KTTV Fox 11 during the 2010 California gubernatorial race, and KCAL 9 during the 2005 L.A. mayoral race. She was seen on CNN, MSNBC and Fox News Channel during the 2003 recall of California Gov. Gray Davis, and provided live analysis of California and national issues for The Dennis Miller Show and Politically Incorrect with Bill Maher.

Her radio work includes hundreds of appearances as guest or host on BBC Radio, KNX Newsradio, 790 TalkRadio KABC, KFI AM 640, KPCC Public Radio, KCRW and KGO Newstalk. She was a frequent commentator on the local radio show AirTalk, on Pasadena City College's NPR radio station, KPCC.

Biography
She holds a master's degree in journalism from Stanford University and an undergraduate degree from The Evergreen State College.

From 1984 through 1991, she was a metro reporter with the Los Angeles Times, where she focused on urban affairs, poverty, affordable housing, the environment and government.

During 1991 and 1992, she lived in Prague and wrote about Czechoslovakia's transition to democracy for "Editor & Publisher" and others. After returning to Los Angeles in 1992, she was tapped by now-defunct Buzz magazine to write its Power Brokers column focusing on Southern California's most influential elected and business leaders and institutions.

From 1996 through 2003, she authored a weekly commentary column on Los Angeles, Southern California, and Sacramento politics for the now-defunct alternative newspaper New Times LA.  According to Stewart, "That 'acerbic, iconoclastic' column propelled her into the public conscious and made her a 'must-read for many in town', particularly the LA power elite." According to Stewart, "from 2003 to late 2006, she wrote a syndicated column on California politics that ran in the San Francisco Chronicle, Los Angeles Daily News, Orange County Register, Long Beach Press-Telegram and several other newspapers, reaching an audience of 1 million readers."

She joined LA Weekly in 2006 as its news editor, and was promoted to the managing editor's job in 2012. She is a longtime, occasional op-ed contributor to The New York Times and The Wall Street Journal.

Between 1999 and 2013, she served for several years on the Los Angeles Press Club Board of Directors and became president of the board, which oversees a non-profit enterprise dedicated to bringing journalists together to improve the industry and reach out to non-journalists.

In 2016-17, she was campaign director for the Coalition to Preserve Los Angeles in its attempt to get the anti-development Measure S passed.

Awards and honors
Stewart has twice been named top columnist in Los Angeles at the Southern California Journalism Awards, and has been honored with its Journalist of the Year nod. Her national honors include the American Society of Newspaper Columnists' award for best column in the U.S., and the Benjamin Fine Award for top education writing in the nation.

References

External links
 Self-published bio

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Stanford University alumni
American columnists
Los Angeles Times people
People from Calabasas, California
American women columnists
21st-century American women

Jill Stewart


Repertoire (pronounce: "Re-per-twahr") is a French word used in music and in the theatre.  It means a list of pieces of music or plays.  Sometimes the English word repertory is used.

When a pianist speaks about his or her "repertoire", it means all the pieces that he can play.  Most famous musicians have a wide repertoire (they can play a lot of pieces).

The "piano repertoire" means all music written for the piano.  The violin has a much larger solo repertoire than the viola.   That means that much more solo music has been written for the violin than for the viola.

A theatre company may have a "repertoire".  That means all the plays that they regularly perform.  Sometimes theatre companies are called "repertory theatres" because they have a particular list of plays that they perform.

References

Music
Theater

Repertoire


Uluburun is a sunken shipwreck that dates to the late 14th century BC. It was found in 1982 off the coast of south-western Turkey. It was found by chance by a scuba diver. The ship was 20 meters long and could carry up to 20 tons. Uluburun is the name of the cape where it was found nearby Kaş.

Shipwrecks
History of Turkey
14th century BC

Uluburun


Nichelino () is a  (municipality) in the Metropolitan City of Turin in the Italian region of Piedmont, located about  southwest of Turin.

Nichelino borders the following municipalities: Turin, Orbassano, Beinasco, Moncalieri, Candiolo, and Vinovo.

History

In 1559 Nichelino was a fief of the Ussel (Occelli) family, becoming a county in 1564. In the late 17th century it has some 400 inhabitants, mostly working as peasants. In 1854, when it had some 1,700 inhabitants, the first train station was built in the town. The population remained nearly stable until the mid-20th century, when a huge immigration flow from southern Italy had it increase from the c. 15,000 of 1961 to the some 45,000 of 1971.

Main sights

The frazione of Stupinigi houses the famous Palazzina di Stupinigi, part of the UNESCO list of World Heritage Sites. The castle, also known as Palazzo Occelli (1565), is also notable.

Twin towns
 Caluire-et-Cuire, France
 Victoria, Malta, Malta

References

External links
 Official website
 www.nichelino.com/

Cities and towns in Piedmont
Castles in Italy

Nichelino


Molecular evolution is the process of evolution in DNA, RNA, and proteins.

Molecular evolution emerged as a scientific field in the 1960s as researchers from molecular biology, evolutionary biology and population genetics sought to understand the structure and function of nucleic acids and protein. Some of the key topics have been the evolution of enzyme function, the use of nucleic acid changes as a molecular clock to study species divergence, and the origin of non-functional or junk DNA.

Recent advances in genomics, including whole-genome sequencing, and bioinformatics have led to a dramatic increase in studies on the topic. In the 2000s, the role of gene duplication, the extent of adaptive molecular evolution versus neutral genetic drift, and the identification of molecular changes responsible for various human characteristics especially those pertaining to infection, disease, and cognition.

Molecular study of phylogeny
Molecular systematics is the process of using data on the DNA, RNA, or proteins to resolve questions in phylogeny and taxonomy. The idea is to place groups in their correct position on the evolutionary tree. This corrects their biological classification from the point of view of evolution. The technique has already led to major changes in the taxonomy of living things, including the names for higher categories, which had been stable for well over a century.

Molecular systematics has been made possible by techniques for sequence analysis. This gives the exact sequence of nucleotides or bases in either DNA or RNA. At present it is still expensive to sequence the entire genome of an organism, but it has been done for over 100 species.

References

Taxonomy
Evolutionary biology
Molecular biology

Molecular evolution


A metropolis, metropolitanate or metropolitan (arch)diocese is an episcopal see whose bishop is the metropolitan bishop or archbishop of an ecclesiastical province. Metropolises, historically, have been important cities in their provinces.

Eastern Orthodox
In the Eastern Orthodox Churches, a metropolis (also called metropolia or metropolitanate) is a type of diocese, along with eparchies, exarchates and archdioceses.

In the churches of Greek Orthodoxy, every diocese is a metropolis, headed by a metropolitan while auxiliary bishops are the only non-metropolitan bishops.

In non-Greek Orthodox churches, mainly Slavic Orthodox, the title of Metropolitan is given to the heads of autocephalous churches or of a few important episcopal sees.

Catholic Church

In the Latin Church, or Western Church, of the Catholic Church, a metropolitan see is the chief episcopal see of an ecclesiastical province. Its ordinary is a metropolitan archbishop and the see itself is an archdiocese. It has at least one suffragan diocese.

There are very few suffragan sees that have the rank of archdiocese, such as the Archdiocese of Avignon that is a suffragan of the Archdiocese of Marseille. Other non-metropolitan archdioceses are directly subject to the Holy See and are merely "aggregated" to an ecclesiastical province, without being part of it.

In the Eastern Catholic Churches, a metropolitanate is an autonomous church of a lower category than the patriarchal and the major archiepiscopal churches and is headed by a single metropolitan of a fixed episcopal see.

See also
 Hierarchy of the Catholic Church

References

Episcopacy in the Catholic Church
Episcopacy in Eastern Orthodoxy
Episcopacy in Oriental Orthodoxy
Christian terminology

Metropolis (religious jurisdiction)


Timor is an island at the south end of the Malay Archipelago, north of the Timor Sea. It is divided between the independent state of East Timor, and West Timor, belonging to the Indonesian province of East Nusa Tenggara.

The island's surface is 11,883 square miles (30,777 km²). The name is a variant of timur, Malay for "east"; it is so called because it is at the east end of a chain of islands.

Divided regions
Lesser Sunda Islands
Geography of East Timor
East Nusa Tenggara

Timor


Virgin and Child is a painting by Rubens, commissioned in 1604 and completed between 1608 and 1621. It was seized by France in 1803 and is now in the Musée des Beaux-Arts Tours.

History

It was commissioned by Anne Antheunis (1545-1621), widow of Alexander I Goubau, (1540-1614), grand almoner of Antwerp, shortly after her husband's death. She intended is as an ex voto for their joint funeral monument, in the cathedral's masons' chapel. Then in Italy, Rubens only began the work on his return to Flanders in 1608, including a posthumous portrait of Alexandre-Jean and one of Anne from life. It was complete by 1621, the date of Anne's death.

External links
Catalogue entry

Paintings by Peter Paul Rubens
1608 paintings
1621 paintings
Paintings of the Madonna and Child
Nude art
Paintings in Tours

Virgin and Child (Rubens)


Along the River During Qingming Festival is a well known panoramic Chinese painting by artist Zhang Zeduan (1085-1145). It was painted during the Song Dynasty.  The painting is among the most famous of all Chinese paintings. It is kept at the Forbidden City, also known as the "Palace Museum" in Beijing.

Chinese culture
Paintings
12th-century works


The Waterloo Festival for Animated Cinema (WFAC) was an annual international film festival for animated feature films, held in Waterloo, Ontario, Canada. It ran for 13 years, from 2001 to 2013.

The festival was founded in  to promote appreciation for animation as a narrative medium for mature cinematic storytelling, and to review and celebrate animated feature films in the venue they were meant to be seen: a theatre.

The festival was unique in its focus on feature animation.  Its selection of films suggested a desire to create bridges: from audience to animator, from anime to non-anime, and most obviously from mature audiences to mature films, which simply happen to be animated.  The programme was also surprisingly comprehensive - in its first year the festival was dedicated mainly to anime, but it later became much more international.  Perhaps reflecting its focus, WFAC has presented more animated feature films in public exhibition than any other festival in the world.

One interesting development since 2003 was the festival's Tidbits programme, developed to search out and promote the creation of feature films by one single artist or very small groups, made possible by advancements in technology.

Festival history

2013
World Cinema selections: Canadian/North American/International premieres of AninA (Alfredo Soderguit, 2013), L'Arte della Felicità (The Art of Happiness - Alessandro Rak, 2013), Até que a Sbórnia nos Separe (Til Sbornia Do Us Part - Otto Guerra, 2013), Uma História de Amor e Fúria (Rio 2096: A Story of Love and Fury - Luiz Bolognesi, 2013); also Ernest et Celestine (Ernest and Celestine - Stéphane Aubier, Vincent Patar, Benjamin Renner, 2012), ベルセルク 黄金時代篇 (Berserk: The Golden Age Arc trilogy - Toshiyuki Kubooka, 2012–13), Ma Maman est en Amérique, Elle a Rencontré Buffalo Bill (My Mummy is in America, and She Met Buffalo Bill - Marc Boréal, Thibaut Chatel, 2013), Couleur de Peau: Miel (Approved for Adoption - Jung Henin and Laurent Boileau, 2012), The Congress (Ari Folman, 2013), 009 RE:CYBORG (Kamiyama Kenji, 2012), Persistence of Vision (Kevin Schreck, 2012).

2012
World Cinema selections: Canadian/North American/International premieres of Asura (Sato Keiichi, 2012), Az ember tragédiája (The Tragedy of Man - Marcell Jankovics, 2012), Crulic - drumul spre dincolo (Crulic - The Path to Beyond - Anca Damian, 2011), Heart String Marionette (M dot Strange, 2012), Jensen & Jensen (Craig Frank, 2011), Le Jour des Corneilles (The Day of the Crows - Jean Christophe Dessaint, 2012), Marco Macaco (Jan Rahbek, 2012), Strange Frame (G.B. Hajim, 2012), チベット犬物語 (Tibetan Dog - Kojima Masayuki, 2012), 図書館戦争 ~ 革命のつばさ (Library War: The Wings of Revolution - Hamana Takayuki, 2012), 虹色ほたる (Rainbow Fireflies - Uda Kounosuke, 2012); also Babeldom (Paul Bush, 2012), Blood-C: The Last Dark (Shiotani Naoyoshi, 2012), おおかみこどもの雨と雪 (Wolf Children - Hosoda Mamoru, 2012), ももへの手紙 (A Letter To Momo - Okiura Hiroyuki, 2011), ヘルズ (Hells - Yamakawa Yoshiki, 2008),

Tidbits selection: Canadian/North American/International premieres of Anime Mirai - including Juju the Weightless Dugong (Kawamata Hiroshi, 2012), Pretending Not to See (Miyashita Shinpei, 2012), Li'l Spider Girl (Kaiya Toshihisa, 2012), Buta (Tomonaga, Kazuhide, 2012).

2011
World Cinema: Canadian/North American/International premieres of Green Days (Han Hye-jin, An Jae-hoon, 2011), 마당을 나온 암탉 (Leafie, A Hen into the Wild - Oh Seongyun, 2011), Adventures in Plymptoons! (Alexia Anastasio, 2011), Den kæmpestore bjørn (The Great Bear - Esben Toft Jacobsen, 2011), FIMFÁRUM – DO TŘETICE VŠEHO DOBRÉHO (Fimfárum - Third Time Lucky - Kristina Dufková, Vlasta Pospíšilová, David Súkup, 2011).  Also Chico y Rita (Chico and Rita - Tono Errando, Javier Mariscal, Fernando Trueba, 2010), とある飛空士への追憶 (The Princess and the Pilot - Jun Shishido, 2011), 鋼の錬金術師 嘆きの丘(ミロス)の聖なる星 (Fullmetal Alchemist: The Sacred Star of Milos - Murata Kazuya, 2011), El Sol (The Sun - Ayar Blasco, 2011).

2010
World Cinema: Canadian/North American/International premieres of Piercing I (Liu Jian, 2009), ГАДКИЙ УТЕНОК (The Ugly Duckling - Garri Bardin, 2010), Duga (The Rainbow - Joška Marušića, 2010), ՍԱՍՆԱ ԾՌԵՐ (Daredevils of Sasun -- Arman Manaryan, 2010), Trigun: Badlands Rumble (Yasuko Kobayashi, 2010), 仏陀再誕 (The Rebirth of Buddha - Takaaki Ishiyama, 2009); also Redline (Takeshi Koike, 2010), Gravity Was Everywhere Back Then (Brent Green, 2010), Goodbye Mr. Christie (Phil Mulloy, 2010), NA PŮDĚ ANEB KDO MÁ DNESKA NAROZENINY? (In the Attic: Who Has a Birthday Today? - Jiří Barta, 2011), 夏日大作战 (Summer Wars - Mamoru Hosoda, 2010), Surviving Life (Theory and Practice) (Jan Švankmajer, 2010).

2009

Retrospective screenings: СМЕХ И ГОРЕ У БЕЛА МОРЯ (Laughter and Grief by the White Sea - Leonid Nosyrev, 1989); ТИГРЁНОК НА ПОДСОЛНУХЕ (The Little Tiger on the Sunflower - Leonid Nosyrev, 1981); ПРОПАВШАЯ ГРАМОТА (The Lost Letter - Valentina and Zinaida Brumberg, Lamis Bredis, 1945); КРАДЕНОЕ СОЛНЦЕ (The Stolen Sun - Ivan Ivanov-Vano, Olga Khodatayeva, 1943); СЛОН И МОСЬКА (The Elephant and the Pug - Pantaleymon Sazonov, Lamis Bredis, 1941); КОШКА, КОТОРАЯ ГУЛЯЛА САМА ПО СЕБЕ (The Cat Who Walked by Herself - Ideya Garanina, 1988)

Tidbits selections: Panique au Village (Stéphane Aubier and Vincent Patar, 2009)

World Cinema: Canadian/North American/International premieres of Rebuild of Evangelion 2.0: You Can (Not) Advance (Hideaki Anno, 2009), Alisa's Birthday (Seregin Sergey, 2009), First Squad: the Moment of Truth (Yoshiharu Ashino, 2009), L.A. Dolce Vita (Gábor Csupo, 2008), 宮本武蔵 ―双剣に馳せる夢― (Musashi: the Dream of the Last Samurai, Mizuho Nishikubo, 2009), ПРО ФЕДОТА-СТРЕЛЬЦА, УДАЛОГО МОЛОДЦА (Fedot the Hunter - Ludmilla Steblyanko, 2009), Technotise: Edit & I (Aleksa Gajic, 2009), Boogie, el Aceitoso (Gustavo Cova, 2009); also Mary and Max (Adam Elliot, 2009), Brendan and The Secret of Kells  (Tomm Moore, Nora Twomey, 2009), and Metropia (Tarik Saleh, 2009).

2008

Retrospective screenings: Die Abenteuer des Prinzen Achmed (The Adventures of Prince Achmed - Lotte Reiniger, 1926) from restored 35 mm print, with live score composed and performed by Miles and Karina; 20th anniversary screening of Hotaru no Haka (Grave of the Fireflies - Isao Takahata, 1988) from 35 mm print, with Frederik Schodt, Brian Ruh, John O'Donnell leading discussion

Tidbits selections: Sita Sings The Blues (Nina Paley, 2008), We Are the Strange (M dot Strange, 2007), Idiots and Angels (Bill Plympton, 2008), From Inside (John Bergin, 2008)

World Cinema: Canadian/North American/International premieres of Piano no Mori (The Piano Forest - Masayuki Kojima, 2007), Rebuild of Evangelion 1.0: You Are (Not) Alone (Hideaki Anno, 2007), Egon és Dönci (Egon and Dönci) (Ádám Magyar, 2008), Donkey Xote (Jose Pozo, 2008), Summer Days With Coo (Keiichi Hara, 2007), Only Love (Lev Polyakov, 2008), Quirino Cristiani: the Mystery of the First Animated Movies (Gabriele Zuccelli, 2008); also Genius Party (various, 2007), Genius Party Beyond (various, 2008), and Nocturna (Victor Maldonado/Adriá García, 2007)

2007

Retrospective screenings: Canadian/North American premiere of Rocky and Hudson

Tidbits selections: Canadian/North American/International premieres of Black Ceiling, Five Centimeters Per Second, The Killer of Montmartre, Anna and the Moods, SOS Metro Tokyo Explorers

World Cinema: Canadian/North American/International premieres of The Pixar Story, RH+: the Vampiress of Seville, Flatland, One Night in One City, Wood & Stock: Sex, Oregano and Rock 'n Roll; also Aachi and Ssipak, The Ugly Duckling and Me, Film Noir, Free Jimmy

2006

Retrospective screenings: Princes and Princesses

Titbits selections: various

World Cinema: Canadian/North American/International premieres of Origin: Spirits of the Past, Fimfárum 2, Fire Ball, Khan Kluay, Pettson and Findus: Pettson's Promise, Prince Vladimir, Dobrynia Nikitich, The Girl Who Leapt Through Time; also Princess, The Book of the Dead, Robotech: The Shadow Chronicles, Blood Tea and Red String

2005

World Cinema: Canadian/North American/International premieres of Alosha Popovich i Tugarin Zmey, Fragile Machine, A Place Promised in Our Early Days, Terkel in Trouble; also Frank and Wendy, Mind Game, The District, Strings, Winter Days

2004

Retrospective screenings: Rock & Rule

Tidbits: various

World Cinema: Canadian/North American/International premieres of Appleseed, McDull: Prince de la Bun, Oseam, Y Mabinogi, La Prophétie des Grenouilles, Karlik Nos; also Steamboy, Kaena, The Legend of the Sky Kingdom, Hair High

2003

Retrospective screenings: Laputa: Castle in the Sky, Utena, Perfect Blue, Escaflowne

Tidbits: various

World Cinema: Canadian/North American/International premieres of Mari Iyagi, WXIII Patlabor, My Life as McDull, Princess Arête, Corto Maltese, Wonderful Days, Officer Down, Missing Persons; also Princes and Princesses

2002

World Cinema: Canadian/North American premieres of Cowboy Bebop, A Tree of Palme; also Spirited Away, Spriggan

2001

World Cinema: Canadian premieres of Vampire Hunter D: Bloodlust, Metropolis, Jin-Roh: The Wolf Brigade

See also
List of animated feature-length films
Ottawa International Animation Festival

External links

Contact information
In-depth article about festival (November 2008)
WFAC group on Facebook

Animation film festivals in Canada
Film festivals in Ontario
Festivals in the Regional Municipality of Waterloo
Film festivals established in 2001
Defunct film festivals in Canada

Waterloo Festival for Animated Cinema


prosés stokastik nyaéta fungsi acak. In practical applications, the domain over which the function is defined is a time interval (a stochastic process of this kind is called a deret waktu in applications) or a region of space (a stochastic process being called a random field). Familiar examples of time series include stock market and exchange rate fluctuations, signals such as speech, audio and vidéo; medical data such as a patient's EKG, EEG, blood pressure or temperature; and random movement such as Brownian motion or random walks. Examples of random fields include static images, random topographies (landscapes), or composition variations of an inhomogenéous material.

Definition

Mathematically, a stochastic process is usually defined as an indexed collection of variabel acak

fi : W → R,

where i runs over some index set I and W is some probability space on which the random variables are defined.

This definition captures the idéa of a random function in the following way. To maké a function

f : D → R

with domain D and range R into a random function, méans simply making the value of the function at éach point of D, f(x), into a variabel acak with values in R. The domain D becomes the index set of the stochastic process, and a particular stochastic process is determined by specifying the joint probability distributions of the various random variables f(x).

Note, however, that the definition of stochastic process as an indexed collection of random variables is much more general than the case where the indices are points of the domain of the random function.

Implications of the definition

Of course, the mathematical definition of a function includes the case "a function from {1,...,n} to R is a vector in Rn", so multivariate random variables are a special case of stochastic processes.

For our first infinite example, take the domain to be N, the natural numbers, and our range to be R, the real numbers. Then, a function f : N → R is a sequence of réal numbers, and a stochastic process with domain N and range R is a random sequence. The following questions arise:
 How is a random sequence specified?
 How do we find the answers to typical questions about sequences, such as
 what is the probability distribution of the value of f(i)?
 what is the probability that f is bounded?
 what is the probability that f is monotonic?
 what is the probability that f(i) has a limit as i→∞?
 if we construct a series from f(i), what is the probability that the series converges? What is the probability distribution of the sum?

Another important class of examples is when the domain is not a discrete space such as the natural numbers, but a continuous space such as the unit interval [0,1], the positive réal numbers [0,∞) or the entire real line, R. In this case, we have a different set of questions that we might want to answer:
 How is a random function specified?
 How do we find the answers to typical questions about functions, such as
 what is the probability distribution of the value of f(x) ?
 what is the probability that f is bounded/integrable/continuous/differentiable...?
 what is the probability that f(x) has a limit as x→∞ ?
 what is the probability distribution of the integral ?

There is an effective way to answer all of these questions, but it is rather technical (see Constructing Stochastic Processes below).

Interesting special cases

 Homogeneous processes: processes where the domain has some symmetry and the finite-dimensional probability distributions also have that symmetry. Special cases include stationary processes, also called time-homogenéous.
 Processes with independent increments: processes where the domain is at léast partially ordered and, if x1 <...< xn, all the variables f(xk+1) − f(xk) are independent. Markov chains are a special case.
 Markov processes are those in which the future is conditionally independent of the past given the present.
 Point processes: random arrangements of points in a space S. They can be modélled as stochastic processes where the domain is a sufficiently large family of subsets of S, ordered by inclusion; the range is the set of natural numbers; and, if A is a subset of B, f(A) ≤ f(B) with probability 1.
 Gaussian processes: processes where all linéar combinations of coordinates are normally distributed random variables.
 Poisson processes
 Gauss-Markov processes: processes that are both Gaussian and Markov
 Martingales—processes with constraints on the expectation
 Galton-Watson processes
 Elevator paradox
 Branching processes
 Bernoulli processes

Conto

What is a suitable elementary example to develop in full? Maybe coin-tossing or random walk?

Constructing stochastic processes

In the ordinary axiomatization of tiori probabiliti by méans of measure theory, the problem is to construct a sigma-algebra of measurable subsets of the space of all functions, and then put a finite measure on it. For this purpose one traditionally uses a method called Kolmogorov extension.

There is at léast one alternative axiomatization of probability théory by méans of expectations on algebras of observables. In this case the method goes by the name of Gelfand-Naimark-Segal construction.

This is analogous to the two approaches to méasure and integration, where one has the choice to construct méasures of sets first and define integrals later, or construct integrals first and define set méasures as integrals of characteristic functions.

The Kolmogorov extension

The Kolmogorov extension proceeds along the following lines: assuming that a probability measure on the space of all functions f : X → Y exists, then it can be used to specify the probability distribution of finite-dimensional random variables [f(x1),...,f(xn)]. Now, from this n-dimensional probability distribution we can deduce an (n-1)-dimensional marginal probability distribution for [f(x1),...,f(xn-1)]. There is an obvious compatibility condition, namely, that this marginal probability distribution be the same as the one derived from the full-blown stochastic process. When this condition is expressed in terms of probability densities, the result is called the Chapman-Kolmogorov equation.

The Kolmogorov extension theorem guarantees the existence of a stochastic process with a given family of finite-dimensional probability distributions satisfying the Chapman-Kolmogorov compatibility condition.

Separability, or what the Kolmogorov extension does not provide

Recall that, in the Kolmogorov axiomatization, measurable sets are the sets which have a probability or, in other words, the sets corresponding to yes/no questions that have a probabilistic answer.

The Kolmogorov extension starts by declaring to be méasurable all sets of functions where finitely many coordinates [f(x1),...,f(xn)] are restricted to lie in méasurable subsets of Yn. In other words, if a yes/no question about f can be answered by looking at the values of at most finitely many coordinates, then it has a probabilistic answer.

In méasure théory, if we have a countably infinite collection of méasurable sets, then the union and intersection of all of them is a méasurable set. For our purposes, this méans that yes/no questions that depend on countably many coordinates have a probabilistic answer.

The good news is that the Kolmogorov extension makes it possible to construct stochastic processes with fairly arbitrary finite-dimensional distributions. Also, every question that one could ask about a sequence has a probabilistic answer when asked of a random sequence. The bad news is that certain questions about functions on a continuous domain don't have a probabilistic answer. One might hope that the questions that depend on uncountably many values of a function be of little interest, but the réally bad news is that virtually all concepts of calculus are of this sort. For example:
 boundedness
 continuity
 differentiability
all require knowledge of uncountably many values of the function.

One solution to this problem is to require that the stochastic process be separable. In other words, that there be some countable set of coordinates {f(xi)} whose values determine the whole random function f.

The algebraic approach

In the algebraic axiomatization of probability théory, one of whose main proponents was Segal, the primary concept is not that of probability of an event, but rather that of a random variable. Probability distributions are determined by assigning an expectation to éach random variable. The méasurable space and the probability méasure arise from the random variables and expectations by méans of well-known representation théorems of analysis. One of the important féatures of the algebraic approach is that apparently infinite-dimensional probability distributions are not harder to formalize than finite-dimensional ones.

Random variables are assumed to have the following properties:
 complex constants are random variables;
 the sum of two random variables is a random variable;
 the product of two random variables is a random variable;
 addition and multiplication of random variables are both commutative; and
 there is a notion of conjugation of random variables, satisfying (ab)*=b*a* and a**=a for all random variables a,b, and coinciding with complex conjugation if a is a constant.

This méans that random variables form complex abelian *-algebras. If a=a*, the random variable a is called "real".

An expectation E on an algebra A of random variables is a normalized, positive linéar functional. What this méans is that
 E(1)=1;
 E(a*a)≥0 for all random variables a;
 E(a+b)=E(a)+E(b) for all random variables a and b; and
 E(za)=zE(a) if z is a constant.

Bibliography

 [Box and Jenkins] Time Series Analysis Forecasting And Control,  Géorge Box, Gwilym Jenkins,  Holden-Day (1976)  ISBN 0-8162-1104-3
 [Doob] Stochastic Processes, J. L Doob, John Wiley & Sons (1953) Library of Congress Catalog Number: 52-11857
 [Gardiner] Handbook of Stochastic Methods for Physics, Chemistry and the Natural Sciences,  Second edition,  C.W. Gardiner, Springer Verlag (1985) ISBN 3-540-15607-0
 [Iyanaga and Kawada] Encyclopedic Dictionary Of Mathematics Volume II, edited by Shokichi Iyanaga and Yukiyosi Kawada, translated by Kenneth May,  MIT Press (1980)  ISBN 0-262-59010-7
 [Karlin and Taylor]  A First Course In Stochastic Processes,  second edition,  Samuel Karlin, Howard Taylor, Academic Press (1975)  ISBN 0-12-398552-8
 [Neftci] An Introduction To The Mathematics Of Financial Derivatives, Salih Neftci, Academic Press (1996)  ISBN 0-12-515390-2
 [Parzen]Stochastic Processes, Emmanuel Parzen,  Holden-Day (San Francisco 1962)  ISBN 0-8162-6664-6
 [Vanmarcke] Random Fields: Analysis and Synthesis, Erik VanMarcke, MIT Press (1983)  ISBN 0-262-22026-1   <a web edition is available.</a>

Stochastic processes

Prosés stokastik


For the basketball player, see Kobe Bryant.

Kobe (Japanese: 神戸市; -shi) is a city in the Kansai region of Japan on the island of Honshu. It is the capital city of Hyōgo Prefecture.

Kobe is an important port city in the Kansai district of Western Japan. It is near the cities of Osaka and Kyoto. It's population is around 1.53 million people as of 2008.

Kobe is next to the Seto Inland Sea. Its northern part, including the Rokko mountain, is hilly. A ropeway runs from the Rokko district in its southern area through Rokko mountain to the Arima Spa. Transportation includes, the Shinkansen train service, highways and roads along the coast. Many cargo trucks and tankers use the port. There is a ferry between Shanghai and Kobe periodically.

History

Early history
Already in the late 12th century powerful leader Taira no Kiyomori moved the capital of Japan from Kyoto to Fukuwara, nowadays the Fukuwara district of Japan. He planned for it to serve as a trade and political center of Japan. Kiyomori relied his political influence on the trade between Japan and China. But his plan failed and Kobe stayed a small village during a long time.

Later history
The area of Kobe was expanded and today it includes Mount Maya, Sumaura Park, Sumaike park with a good spa and the famous Arima spa. Arima spa is one of oldest spas in Japan, whose earliest record is found already in Nihonshoki. Kobe is also famous for its Kobe beef, a very expensive meat delicacy.

Modern foundation
Kobe was founded in 1868 as a port for serving foreign ships. In those days most ports in Japan were closed to foreigners. Many foreigners lived in Kobe, including: westerners, Chinese, Jews, and Indians. Kobe has one of the more important Chinatowns in Japan. People can find a synagogue and many Christian churches, too. Kobe is similar to Yokohama as a place from where modern international culture was introduced into Japan.

Earthquake

On January 17, 1995 a very powerful earthquake hit the city. Earthquakes are more common in other parts of Japan, but not in Kansai so this earthquake was a surprise for everyone. 6,434 people were killed in Kobe and its neighboring cities, and many more were injured. Many of the buildings were destroyed.

Industry
The northern area of Kobe is an industrial area. There are many factories. Sake production in Nada district has been known from the Edo period. Nagata district in the southwest area of Kobe was a center of shoe production in Japan but production suffered because of destruction caused by the Earthquake.

Related pages

Vissel Kobe

References

Other websites

Kobe, Hyōgo


A rhythm section is the group of musicians in a rock music, jazz, or country music group who play their instruments to set out the pulse or beat of the music. This is played in accompaniment to the rest of the band. Some of the rhythm section instruments, such as the guitar and the piano, also play the chord progression (sequence of chords) that a song is based upon. Some rhythm section instruments, such as the drums and percussion, are just used to set out the beat. Most rhythm sections include a bass instrument, such as the bass guitar or the double bass, which plays the deep, low notes of the chord progression.

References

Musical groups

Rhythm section


William FitzGerald (1814–1883) was an Anglican bishop, first of Cork, Cloyne and Ross and then of Killaloe and Clonfert.

FitzGerald was the son of Maurice FitzGerald, M.D. (d.1838), former Crown Physician at Madras, India, by his second wife, Mary (d.1821), daughter of Edward William Burton of Clifden, County Clare, and younger brother of Francis Alexander FitzGerald, third baron of the Court of Exchequer in Ireland. He was born at Lifford, Limerick on 3 Dec. 1814. He was first educated at Midleton College, County Cork, and then entering Trinity College, Dublin, in November 1830, obtained a scholarship in 1833, the primate's Hebrew prize in 1834, and the Downes's premium for composition in 1835 and 1837. He took his degree of B.A. in 1835, his M.A. in 1848, and his B.D. and D.D. in 1853.

He was ordained deacon on 25 April 1838, and priest on 23 Aug. 1847, and while serving as curate of Lackagh, Kildare, made his first essay as an author. Philip Bury Duncan of New College, Oxford, having offered a sum of £50, for an essay on Logomachy, or the Abuse of Words, FitzGerald bore off the prize with the special commendation of the donor and an additional grant of 25l. for the expense of printing the essay. After serving the curacy of Clontarf, Dublin, from 1846 to 1848 he was collated to the vicarage and prebend of Donoughmore, in the diocese of Cork, on 16 Feb. in the latter year. From 1847 to 1852 he was professor of moral philosophy in Trinity College, Dublin, and from 1852 to 1857 was professor of ecclesiastical history at the same university. His next promotion was to the vicarage of St. Anne's, Dublin, 18 July 1851, whence he removed to the perpetual curacy of Monkstown, County Dublin, on 13 May 1855, being in the same year also appointed prebendary of Timothan, Dublin, and Archdeacon of Kildare.

On 8 March 1857 he was consecrated bishop of Cork, Cloyne and Ross, and in 1862 was translated to Killaloe by letters patent dated 3 Feb.

He was a voluminous author both under his own name and as an anonymous writer, and was the chief contributor to the series of papers called 'The Cautions for the Times,' which was edited by Archbishop Richard Whately in 1853. His edition of Bishop Butler's 'Analogy' displays such judgment and 'learning without pedantry' that it superseded all the previous editions.

He died at Clarisford House, Killaloe, on 24 Nov. 1883, and was buried at St. Nicholas Church, Cork, on 28 Nov.

He married, in 1846, Anne Frances, elder daughter of George Stoney of Oakley Park, Queen's County, and by her, who died 20 Oct. 1859, he had six children, including the noted scientist George FitzGerald (1851–1901).

Publications
He was the author of the following works, some of which were the cause of controversy and published replies:
 'Episcopacy, Tradition, and the Sacraments considered in reference to the Oxford Tracts,' 1839.
 'Holy Scripture the Ultimate Rule of Faith to a Christian Man,' 1842.
 'Practical Sermons,' 1847.
 'A Disputation on Holy Scripture against the Papists, by W. Whitaker,' translated, Parker Soc., 1849.
 'The Analogy of Religion, by G. Butler, with a Life of the Author,' 1849; another ed. 1860.
 'A Selection from the Nicomachean Ethics of Aristotle with Notes,' 1850.
 'The Connection of Morality with Religion,' a sermon, 1851.
 'The Irish Church Journal,' vol. ii., ed. by W. Fitzgerald and J. G. Abeltshauser, 1854.
 'National Humiliation, a step towards Amendment,' a sermon, 1855.
 'Duties of the Parochial Clergy,' a charge, 1857.
 'The Duty of Catechising the Young,' a charge, 1858.
 'A Letter to the Laity of Cork in Communion with the United Church of England and Ireland,' 1860.
 'Speech in the House of Lords on Lord Wodehouse's Bill for Legalising Marriage with a Deceased Wife's Sister,' 1860.
 'Thoughts on Present Circumstances of the Church in Ireland,' a charge, 1860.
 'The Revival of Synods in the United Church of England and Ireland,' a charge, 1861.
 'Some late Decisions of the Privy Council considered,' a charge, 1864.
 'A Charge to the Clergy of Killaloe,' 1867.
 'The Significance of Christian Baptism,' three sermons, 1871.
 'Remarks on the New Proposed Baptismal Rubric,' 1873.
 'The Order of Baptism, Speeches by Bishop of Meath and Bishop of Killaloe,' 1873.
 'Considerations upon the Proposed Change in the Form of Ordaining Priests,' 1874.
 'The Athanasian Creed, a Letter to the Dioceses of Killaloe and Kilfenora, Clonfert, and Kilmacduagh,' 1875.
 'Lectures on Ecclesiastical History, including the Origin and Progress of the English Reformation,' ed. by W. Fitzgerald and J. Quarry, 2 vols. 1882.

References

1814 births
1883 deaths
Christian clergy from Limerick (city)
19th-century Anglican bishops in Ireland
Irish writers
Alumni of Trinity College Dublin
Bishops of Killaloe and Clonfert
Bishops of Cork, Cloyne and Ross
Archdeacons of Kildare
People educated at Midleton College
19th-century Anglican theologians

William FitzGerald (bishop)


A magistrate is a law officer who administers the law in a court. The term varies in its use in different countries.

Early years
In ancient Rome, a magistratus was one of the highest ranking government officers. They had judicial and executive powers.

Recent examples
In some parts of the world, such as China, a magistrate was responsible for administration over a particular geographic area. Today, in some jurisdictions, a magistrate is a judicial officer who hears cases in a lower court. They usually deal with minor or preliminary matters. In England and Wales there are two types of magistrates: justices of the peace and district judges.

Law occupations

Magistrate


Tillage is the process in which soil is loosened and softened by tillers or harrows pulled by a tractor or by a plough pulled by an animal or human. The plough breaks the upper crust of the soil so that air and sunlight enter into the soil. This makes the soil more fertile but too much or frequent tillage may make it less fertile.

Agriculture

Tillage


Claytons is the brand name of a non-alcoholic, non-carbonated beverage coloured and packaged to resemble bottled whisky. It was the subject of a major marketing campaign in Australia and New Zealand in the 1970s and 1980s, promoting it as "the drink you have when you're not having a drink" at a time when alcohol was being targeted as a major factor in the road death toll. The jingle was written by Australian social satirist John McKellar.

The product has not been advertised on television since the 1980s, yet the name has entered into Australian and New Zealand vernacular. It stands for an ersatz or dummy thing, or something that is obviously ineffective. For example, a common-law couple might be described as having a "Claytons marriage". A knowledgeable but unqualified handyman could be referred to as a "Claytons carpenter". The term can also be used as an insult.

Product history

According to the product label, Claytons was "originally blended and bottled by the Clayton Brothers for the Pure Water Company, Battersea, London, in the 1880s. According to 1980s labelling it was "made from African kola nuts and citrus essences". The product, bottled by Beecham, was taken off the market in New Zealand but continued to be distributed in Australia through Orlando Wines and later Cadbury-Schweppes.

As of 2020 the Claytons brand is still being used by Armstrong Agencies Ltd in Barbados, though the product is called Claytons Kola Tonic. This particular brand is also available in Australia from vendors such as Woolworths.

In popular culture

Though the product is largely forgotten, the phrase "Claytons" has entered the Australian and New Zealand vernacular with two different, but related, meanings:

 Same word, different thing – Many regarded Claytons as a poor taste substitute, and the promotional campaign was ridiculed at the time. Subsequently, the term "Claytons" entered the vocabulary of both countries, used as an adjective to signify a compromise which satisfies no-one, or any form of inferior substitute or low-quality imitation, largely synonymous with the word "ersatz". For example, a hasty or temporary repair may be only a "Claytons solution" to a problem.
 Different word, same thing – Claytons may also refer to something essentially the same but going by a different name. So for instance before an election is officially called there is the "Claytons election campaign": the election campaign you have when you're not having an election campaign.

The term is primarily used by people old enough to remember the original advertising campaign, but it is still widely used throughout both countries, especially in political debate.

The commercial also generated another catch-phrase which became common in New Zealand and Australia. Before turning to camera at the start of the ad, our Claytons-drinking hero (played by Jack Thompson) tells the punch-line of a joke to the barman: "... And then this guy says 'Now we can all get some sleep!'"  After completing a particularly irksome task – perhaps changing a tyre in the rain, or dropping 12 children off to their respective houses after a noisy birthday party – one can say "Now we can all get some sleep" to put a humorous full stop on the event.

In the original advertisement, set in a bar, this "punchline" was greeted with uproarious laughter, followed by this dialogue:
 Barman: "What'll you have?"
 Jack: "Claytons, thanks, Brian."
 Bloke in Bar: "On the wagon, Jack?"
 Jack: "No. When I don't feel like alcohol, I have Claytons."
 Voice-over: "Claytons. The drink you have when you're not having a drink."

Claytons is also the name given to the South Island Intervarsity Novice Debating Championships hosted by Canterbury University and Otago University Debating Society. It is referred to as Claytons because it is the "debating tournament you go to when you're not debating."

See also
New Zealand English
Australian words
Ersatz good

References

External links

 Armstrong Agencies Ltd, the current distributor in Barbados
Examples of the term's use in New Zealand:

Examples of the term's use in Australia:

New Zealand slang
Australian brands
Barbadian brands

Claytons


A template is a tool that shows the shape of something or it is a tool to help make something. It can separate the form of something from the things inside it.

In drawing, a template can be a wood, plastic or metal tool that is used to help make marks with a pen or pencil. Lines can be drawn on paper, or on metal or wood to make the same shape many times.

In publishing for example, a template is a layout made by someone else to give an idea what to write in different parts of a book or story.  A simple publishing template can have spaces for the words, for pictures, for the story title (name), and for the name of the publication.

Humans or machines can use templates.  Some computer programs that work with the Internet use a template to separate the way the program works from the way it shows the words and pictures.  It can be a way to copy words and pictures. In computer programming, templates save time because the programmer does not need to write the same words over and over.

When doctors plan to give a person a new bone joint made of metal or plastic, they can use a template in the shape of the new joint.  This type of template is put on an x-ray picture of the person to help to decide the size of joint needed.

Related pages
 Computer programming

Tools
Computer science

Template


Tom Wilkinson (born January 4, 1943) is an American former professional football quarterback best known for his time with the Edmonton Eskimos of the Canadian Football League, where he played on six Grey Cup-winning teams. He was a Western Conference and CFL all-star quarterback in 1974, 1978 and 1979 and won the CFL's Most Outstanding Player Award in 1974. Wilkinson has been inducted into the Canadian Football Hall of Fame.

Early life
Wilkinson was born in Iowa and moved to Wyoming with his parents in 1945. Wilkinson played high school football in the small town of Greybull, Wyoming. He was scouted as both a football and baseball player out of high school.

Football career
Wilkinson attended the University of Wyoming on a football scholarship and played baseball for Wyoming. After graduation, he was signed as a quarterback by the Toronto Rifles of the Continental Football League. He played 16 games for the Rifles in 1966 and 1967, throwing the ball 287 times for 141 completions with 1,952 yards, 11 interceptions and 18 touchdowns. It was during 1967 he moved to the Toronto Argonauts of the Canadian Football League as a backup quarterback. He was the team's leading quarterback in 1969 throwing for 2,041 yards. In 1970, Wilkinson made way for Don Jonas to lead the Argos, but still got enough playing time to throw for 1,272 yards. Traded to the BC Lions in 1971, he played there for a year before being released prior to the 1972 CFL season. He was picked up by the Edmonton Eskimos and played well enough in the remaining pre-season games to make the team as a backup, but by season's end he was their top passer with 2,475 yards in which he completed 177 out of 268. Wilkinson, known affectionately as "Wilkie" by Eskimo fans had amongst his talents an uncanny knack for drawing members of the opposing line "offside" pretty much at will. It was 5 yards you could all but rely on. A small man in a big man's game he used guile as much as athleticism to make the big plays and win championships. He played the balance of his career in Eskimo Green and Gold in a two-quarterback system, first with Bruce Lemmerman and then with Warren Moon. After his first professional seasons, when he had been considered especially injury-prone, Wilkinson did not miss a single game during his 10 years with the Eskimos.

He first led the Eskimos to a Grey Cup victory in 1975, after losses in the championship game in 1973 and 1974. After quarterbacking the Eskimos during one more Grey Cup loss in 1977, Wilkinson became part of the 5-time Grey Cup champion Eskimo dynasty from 1978 through 1981, the last two years acting as a backup to Moon.

Including his time with the Rifles, Wilkinson threw for 24,531 passing yards on 1754 completions from 2,949 attempts and with 137 interceptions to 172 touchdowns. Although not known for his running abilities he also added 1,250 rushing yards on 352 runs with 13 touchdowns.

He retired after the Eskimos' 1981 Grey Cup Championship year.  Wilkinson was the first player honoured on the Edmonton Eskimo's "Wall of Fame" at Commonwealth Stadium in 1982.

After retirement
He was elected to the Canadian Football Hall of Fame as a Player on May 2, 1987. He was the head coach of the University of Alberta Golden Bears until 2001. In 2004, he was announced as the first president of the North American Indoor Football League, a Canadian indoor football league that failed to launch and never played a single game.

In 2012 in honour of the 100th Grey Cup, Canada Post used his image on a series of commemorative postage stamps. The image was also used on presentation posters and other materials to promote the Grey Cup game and other celebrations associated with the centennial.

Notes

References
 Official CFL Stats 1967 to 1981
 Ronald A. Ferroni, the 2001 Unofficial Football Encyclopedia, Hamilton 2001.

1943 births
Living people
People from Ottumwa, Iowa
People from Greybull, Wyoming
Players of American football from Wyoming
American players of Canadian football
Canadian football quarterbacks
Wyoming Cowboys football players
Toronto Argonauts players
BC Lions players
Edmonton Elks players
Continental Football League players
Canadian Football League Most Outstanding Player Award winners
Canadian Football Hall of Fame inductees

Tom Wilkinson (Canadian football)


Celtic polytheism is the name for a set of beliefs or  religion. Another term frequently used for Celtic polytheism is Celtic paganism. It was originally held by the European people called Celts today. There was a movement to convert these people to Christianity; this process was finished by about 500 AD.

The first findings relating to this set of beliefs can be dated to about 500 BC. The system of beliefs lasted roughly one millennium, in the La Tène period, and the Roman era.

In the case of the Celts on the British Isles, this also included parts of the Iron Age. Celtic polytheism was one of the Iron Age polytheistic religions of the Indo-European family.

There are many different names for the gods of the Celtic pantheon. These names have either been recorded by Ancient Greek or Ancient Roman geographers, or they have been found in inscriptions on graves. Among the most prominent of these gods are Teutatis, Taranis and Lugus. People involved in comparative mythology have also added figures from medieval Irish mythology to this list. They say that these figures are deities or heroes from earlier times that have been interpreted in a different way. This process is known as Euhemerisation, after Euhemeros, a philosopher from Ancient Greece who described this process.

According to Roman historians, the Celts practiced human sacrifice as part of their religion. There also seems to have been a caste of "magico-religious specialists", which were called druids in Gaul, Britain and Ireland. Little is known about them today.

The Roman Empire conquered Gaul between 58 and 51 BC, and southern Britannia in the year 43 AD. After this, the Celtic religious practices changed, and elements of Romanisation started to show. This resulted in a Gallo-Roman culture, which had its own Gallo-Roman religious traditions. The number of deities increased, and deities such as Cernunnos were added.

In the 5th and 6th centuries, there was another change, as Christianity became the dominant faith in the Celtic area. It replaced the earlier religions, but influenced later mythology. In the 20th century, a new religious movement called Celtic Neopaganism appeared.

References

Religions

Celtic polytheism


Connie Francis is an American pop singer. She is well known for her trademark sobbing styles. She was popular during the 1950s and 1960s and was at the top of the Billboard Hot 100 musical charts many times.

Personal life
Connie Francis was born on December 12th 1937 to Ida and George Franconero. For the first few years of her life she lived in a Brooklyn neighbourhood on Utica Avenue/St. Marks Avenue until her family packed up and moved to New Jersey. She spent her teens years in an Italian/Jewish Neighbourhood; due to this, she became fluent in Yiddish and later went on to record multiple songs in Yiddish and Hebrew.

Career
Francis recalls her father being a very supportive and encouraging her to regularly attend talent shows, pageants, etc. since the age of four as a singer and accordion player. She attended Newark Art School in 1951-'52 until her family moved to Belleville, where she graduated as Salutatorian from Belleville High School in the Class of 1955. During this time she continued her passion for performing and appeared at many neighbourhood talent shows (some of which were televised). Under the name Connie Franconero she appeared on NBCs variety show Startime Kids between 1953 and 1955.

During rehearsals for her appearance on Arthur Godfreys Talent Scouts, she was advised to change her name (for the sake of easier pronunciation) and drop the accordion, advice she gladly took as she had begun to despise the bulky instrument. She was also a singer on demo records around this time, she would record songs and companies or established singers would subsequently choose whether or not to buy the rights to the song and record it professionally.

In 1955 (the same year the Startime Kids went off the air), George Franconero Sr. and Francis' manager George Scheck raised money for a recording session in an attempt to get four songs sold to a major company under Francis' name, however they were declined as she had not yet developed her own distinctive sound.

When MGM Records finally signed her, it was only because of one song, "Freddy", that the co-executive thought would make a good present for his son of the same name. Her first few singles were commercial failures, her first chart success was in 1957 and that was a duet with Marvin Rainwater.

Her breakthrough, although amazing, came too late, after the failure of her last few singles her company said that her contract would not be renewed. This led her to consider a career in medicine and was about to accept a four year scholarship had it not been for her father, who insisted that she record a cover of "Who's Sorry Now?" This, like the rest of her singles, at first went unnoticed but in 1958, after she did a performance on TV, it reached no. 1 on the UK Singles Chart and no.4 in the US and her contract was immediately renewed.

Over the next several years she would have many more commercial successes and would record some songs in European languages (such as, "Die Liebe ist ein seltsames Spiel" that was first on German charts, and others in Yiddish, Irish, Hebrew, French, etc.). After 15 years of this success she decided to allow her contact to run out and to distance herself from the business and would on appear on shows as a special guest.

After her moderate success with one single, she began to perform regularly again but sadly this led to an extremely tragic event; when performing at a music fair in New York in 1974 she was raped at a motel and almost suffocated under the weight of the mattress her attacker had thrown upon her. She subsequently sued the motel she was staying in and received $2.5 million, this entire ordeal led to a reform in hotel security but her rapist was never found. Francis went into a deep depression and reportedly began to abuse pills daily and rarely left her home.

In 1977 she decided to get nasal surgery and almost lost her voice, leading to her having to attend several other surgeries and vocal lessons. A year after losing her voice she returned to the studio to cut an album called "Who's Happy Now?" She recorded "Where the Boys Are" also in Japanese, Italian, and Spanish, as she had done before with her original 1960 version. Again in 1981 she returned to the studio to record her original releases under MGM records.

In 1981, more tragedy struck Francis as her Brother George Franconero Jr. (with whom she was very close) was killed by mafia hitmen. Despite this event she took up performing again, her newfound success was short-lived though as she was soon diagnosed with manic depression and was committed to a total of 17 hospitals. Francis admitted she even attempted suicide due to the hospitals environments being extremely upsetting. Despite this, she was able to publish her autobiography Who's Sorry Now that's went on to become a The New York Times Bestseller.

In 1989 she resumed her career and re-recorded 18 of her biggest hits and in '92 one of her biggest German hit charted and ended up among the best singles of the year, this brought Francis the R.SH-Gold award for best comeback of the year. She continued to perform live in the more recent years also, in Las Vegas in 2004, San Francisco in 2007 and Manila in 2008. She also appeared at the Las Vegas Hilton with Dionne Warwick and in 2017 released her most recent autobiography Among My Souvenirs.

Related pages
List of country musicians from New Jersey

References

Other websites

 Official Site
 The Work of Claus Ogerman, a pictorial discography showing albums and singles, along with studio photos and complete liner notes which document Francis' work in the 1960s with this arranger/conductor
 Baltimore Net Radio—Features a one-hour weekly internet radio program streaming world-wide, devoted to the music of Connie Francis: "A Visit with Connie Francis" Thursdays from 3:00–4:00 p.m. NYT, with rebroadcasts as per the program schedule

1938 births
Living people
Accordionists
Actors from Newark, New Jersey
Singers from Newark, New Jersey

Connie Francis


The Pakistan national cricket team (), popularly referred to as the Shaheens (lit: Falcons) Men in Green and the Cornered Tigers, represents Pakistan in international cricket and is administered by the Pakistan Cricket Board (PCB). The team is a full member of the International Cricket Council, and participates in Test, ODI and Twenty20 International cricket matches.

Pakistan have played 879 ODIs, winning 464, losing 389, tying 8 with 18 ending in no-result. Pakistan were the 1992 World Cup champions, and were runners-up in the 1999 tournament. Pakistan, in conjunction with other countries in South Asia, have hosted the 1987 and 1996 World Cups, with the 1996 final being hosted at Gaddafi Stadium in Lahore. The team has also played 118 Twenty20 Internationals, the most of any team, winning 70 losing 45 and tying 3. Pakistan won the 2009 ICC World Twenty20 and were runners-up in the inaugural tournament in 2007. Pakistan also won the 2017 ICC Champions Trophy for the first time.

Pakistan have played 410 Test matches, with winning 132, losing 120 and drawing 158. The team has the third-best win/loss ratio in Test cricket of 1.10, and the fourth-best overall win percentage of 32.19%. Pakistan was given Test status on 28 July 1952, following a recommendation by India, and made its Test debut against India at Feroz Shah Kotla Ground, Delhi, in October 1952, with India winning by an innings and 70 runs. In the 1930s and 40s, several Pakistani Test players had played Test cricket for the Indian cricket team before the creation of Pakistan in 1947.

As of 18 September 2017, the Pakistani cricket team is ranked sixth in Tests, sixth in ODIs and second in T20Is by the ICC.

ඉතිහාසය
Cricket in Pakistan has a history predating the creation of the country in 1947. The first ever international cricket match in Karachi was held on 22 November 1935 between Sindh and Australian cricket teams. The match was seen by 5,000 Karachiites. Following the independence of Pakistan in 1947, cricket in the country developed rapidly and Pakistan was given Test match status at a meeting of the Imperial Cricket Conference at Lord's in England on 28 July 1952 following recommendation by India, which, being the successor state of the British Raj, did not have to go through such a process. The first captain of the Pakistan national cricket team was Abdul Hafeez Kardar.

Pakistan's first Test match was played in Delhi in October 1952 as part of a five Test series which India won 2–1. Pakistan made their first tour of England in 1954 and drew the series 1–1 after a memorable victory at The Oval in which fast bowler Fazal Mahmood took 12 wickets. Pakistan's first home Test match was against India in January 1955 at Bangabandhu National Stadium, Dacca, East Pakistan (now Bangladesh), after which four more Test matches were played in Bahawalpur, Lahore, Peshawar and Karachi (all five matches in the series were drawn, the first such occurrence in Test history).

The team is considered a strong but unpredictable team. Traditionally Pakistani cricket has been filled with players of great talent but limited discipline, making them a team which could play inspirational cricket one day and then perform less than ordinarily another day. In particular, the India-Pakistan cricket rivalry has always been emotionally charged and provide for intriguing contests, as talented teams and players from both sides of the border elevate their game to new levels to produce high-quality cricket. Pakistani contests with India in the Cricket World Cup have seen packed stadiums and elevated atmospheres no matter where the World Cup has been held. The team is well supported both at home and abroad, especially in the United Kingdom where British Pakistanis have formed a fan-club called the "Stani Army", who show up to matches across the country and provide raucous support. The Stani Army also take part in charity initiatives for needy Pakistanis, including annual friendly cricket matches against British Indian members of the similar "Bharat Army".

The 1986 Austral-Asia Cup, played in Sharjah in UAE, is remembered for a famous last-ball victory for Pakistan against arch-rivals India, with Javed Miandad emerging as a national hero. India batted first and set a target of 245 runs, leaving Pakistan with a required run rate of 4.92 runs per over. Miandad came in to bat at number 3 and Pakistan lost wickets at regular intervals. Later recalling the match, he stated that his main focus was to lose with dignity. With 31 runs needed in the last three overs, Miandad hit a string of boundaries while batting with his team's lower order, until four runs were required from the last delivery of the match. Miandad received a leg side full toss from Chetan Sharma, which he hit for six over the midwicket boundary.

At the 1992 World Cup Semi-final, having won the toss, New Zealand chose to bat first and ended with a total of 262 runs. Pakistan batted conservatively yet lost wickets at regular intervals. With the departure of Imran Khan and Saleem Malik shortly thereafter, Pakistan still required 115 runs at a rate of 7.67 runs per over with veteran Javed Miandad being the only known batsman remaining at the crease. A young Inzamam-ul-Haq, who had just turned 22 and was not a well-known player at the time, burst onto the international stage with a match-winning 60 off 37 balls. Once Inzamam got out, Pakistan required 36 runs from 30 balls, which wicketkeeper Moin Khan ended with a towering six over long off, followed by the winning boundary to midwicket. The match is seen as the emergence of Inzamam onto the international stage.

The 1992 Cricket World Cup in Australia and New Zealand marked Pakistan's first World Cup victory. It is remembered for the comeback Pakistan made after losing key players such as Waqar Younis and Saeed Anwar and being led by an injured captain Imran Khan. Pakistan lost 3 of their first 5 matches and were nearly eliminated in the first round of the tournament after being bowled out for 74 runs against England, until the match was declared as a "no result" due to rain. Imran Khan famously told the team to play as "cornered tigers", after which Pakistan won five successive matches, including, most famously, the semi-final against hosts New Zealand and the final against England.

The 2007 Cricket World Cup was one of the biggest upsets in World Cup history when Pakistan was knocked out of the competition in a shock defeat to Ireland, who were playing in their first competition. Pakistan, needing to win to qualify for the next stage after losing to the West Indies in their opening match, were put into bat by Ireland. They lost wickets regularly and only 4 batsmen scored double figures. In the end they were bowled out by the Irish for 132 runs. The Irish went on to win the match, after Niall O'Brien scored 72 runs. This meant that Pakistan had been knocked out during the first round for the second consecutive World Cup. Tragedy struck the team when coach Bob Woolmer died one day later on 18 March 2007 in a hospital in Kingston, Jamaica. Jamaican police spokesman, Karl Angell, reported on 23 March 2007 that, "Mr Woolmer's death was due to asphyxiation as a result of manual strangulation" and that, "Mr Woolmer's death is now being treated by the Jamaica police as a case of murder." Assistant coach Mushtaq Ahmed acted as temporary coach for the team's final group game of the tournament. Subsequent to his team's defeat and the death of Woolmer, Inzamam-ul-Haq announced his resignation as captain of the team and his retirement from one-day cricket, stating that he would continue to take part in Test cricket but not as captain. Shoaib Malik was announced as his successor. Following his return to the squad, Salman Butt was appointed as vice-captain until December 2007.

On 23 March 2007, Pakistan players and officials were questioned by Jamaican police and submitted DNA samples along with fingerprints, as part of the routine enquiries in the investigation into Woolmer's murder. Three days after leaving the West Indies for Pakistan, via London, the Pakistan team were ruled out as suspects. The deputy commissioner of Jamaican police. Mark Shields, the detective in charge of the investigation, announced, "It's fair to say they are now being treated as witnesses." "I have got no evidence to suggest it was anybody in the squad." A memorial service was held in Sacred Heart Church, Lahore, for Bob Woolmer on 1 April 2007. Among the attendees were Pakistan players and dignitaries, including Inzamam-ul-Haq, who was quoted as saying, "After Woolmer's family, the Pakistan team was the most aggrieved by his death." After the World Cup ended, serious doubts were raised about the investigation, with increasing speculation that Woolmer died of natural causes. This has now been accepted as fact, and the case has been closed.

On 20 April 2007, a PCB official announced that former Test cricketer Talat Ali would act as interim coach, in addition to his rôle as team manager, until a new coach had been appointed. On 16 July 2007, Geoff Lawson, previously head coach of New South Wales, was appointed coach of the Pakistan for two years, becoming the third foreigner to take on the rôle. In the 2007 ICC World Twenty20, Pakistan exceeded expectations to reach the final but ended as runners-up, after losing the final to India in a nail-biting finish. On 25 October 2008, Intikhab Alam was named as a national coach of the team by the PCB.

On 21 June 2009 Pakistan won the 2009 ICC World Twenty20, beating Sri Lanka in the final by eight wickets. Pakistan had begun the tournament slowly losing two of their first three matches but after dismissing New Zealand for 99 runs in the Super 8 stage they had a run of four consecutive wins against teams including previously unbeaten South Africa (in the semi-final) and Sri Lanka in the Final. Due to his top form, Shahid Afridi emerged as Pakistan's hero in the final taking the last single and making Pakistan win their first Twenty 20 world cup. Shahid Afridi was announced player of the match in both Semifinal and Final of the Tournament vs SA and SL respectively.

The 2010 World T20 was held in West Indies, where Pakistan was able to reach for the semi-final stage. Pakistan, Australia and Bangladesh were in Group A. Pakistan won the first match against Bangladesh by 21 runs. Salman Butt became the hero of the match with his 73 runs from just 46 balls. The second match for Pakistan was with Australia, where Australia won the toss and elected to bat. They scored 191/10 with 49 ball 81 runs by Shane Watson. In this match, final over of Australian innings was bowled by Mohammad Amir. He took a triple-wicket maiden and there were two run-outs, and eventually five wickets fell in the final over of Australia's innings.

In Super 8s stage, Pakistan lost to England, and New Zealand, only won against South Africa. They finished only behind England in Group E of Super 8s, reached to the semi-finals The semi-final for Pakistan was again with Australia, where they scored 191/6 with Umar Akmal's not out 56 runs. Australia had a good start, where Michael Hussey scored a match winning unbeaten 64 runs from just 24 balls. Australia scored 197/7 in 19.5 overs and won the match. With this match, Pakistan lost their defended World T20 title.

Pakistan started well in the 2011 ICC Cricket World Cup, which was held in India, Sri Lanka and Bangladesh, after beating Kenya, Sri Lanka (one of the tournament favourites) and bye a margin, beating Canada. Shahid Afridi clearly stated that his team is capable of qualifying for the Semifinals. After a huge loss against New Zealand, Pakistan defeated Zimbabwe by 7 wickets. After victory against Zimbabwe Pakistan cemented their shot at playing the ICC CWC 2011 Quarters. One of the highlights of the tournament for Pakistan was when they beat Australia, who were led by 3 brilliant pace bowlers, Brett Lee, Shaun Tait and Mitchell Johnson. However Pakistan defied the odds and defeated Australia, courtesy of a brilliant bowling display. This saw Australia's record win streak of 27 consecutive world cup games broken which saw them win every game between the 1999 world cup up until this game. In the quarter-finals they played West Indies. Pakistan were ruthless, as they emphatically won against the West Indies side by 10 wickets, due to another brilliant bowling display. In the semi-finals on 30 March, Pakistan had a match with its fiercest rival, India. India, due to Tendulkar who was as always dominant against the Pakistani bowling attack, managed 260 after they batted first. Not having a good batting line-up along with a slow start to the chase, Pakistan were 29 runs short as India reached the final (India went on to win the final, by defeating Sri Lanka).

The 2012 edition of World T20 was held in Sri Lanka, where Pakistan grouped in Group D with New Zealand, and Bangladesh. They won comfortably against the two teams, and stood up as top of group D. In super eight contest, Pakistan first played against South Africa, where Pakistan won the match by just 2 runs. next match was against India, which always given a much publicity by all over the fans. Pakistan bowled out for just 128 runs, where India reached the target with only 2 wickets given. Pakistan won their last Super eight match against Australia by 32 runs, where Saeed Ajmal performed well in the match by taking 3 wickets for 17 runs. Pakistan qualified for the semi-finals after superior net run rate than India.

The Pakistan semi-final was with the host-Sri Lanka. Sri Lanka scored 139/ with Mahela Jayawardena took the gear. Pakistan chased the target, but wickets in crucial interval gave them backward. Skipper Mohammad Hafeez scored 42 runs and all the other batsmen not going well. The match was turned towards Sri Lanka with magical spell by Rangana Herath, who took wickets of Mohammad Hafeez, Shahid Afridi and Shoaib Malik. Pakistan lost the match by 16 runs.

The 2014 ICC World T20 was held by Bangladesh. the Pakistani team was in Bangladesh prior to the World T20, due to 2014 Asia Cup, which was held by Bangladesh. Pakistan played for the Group 2, with mighty oppositions. The tournament was a disappointing one for the Pakistanis, where they won 2 and lost 2, finished the group as third and disqualified for the semi-finals.

The first group match was with rivals India, which India won by 7 wickets. The next match was against Australia, where Pakistan scored 191/5 with brilliant batting of Umar Akmal. Australia had a fierce going with 33 ball 74 runs by Glenn Maxwell, but only managed to score 175. Pakistan won the match by 16 runs. The match against Bangladesh was a comfortable win by 50 runs. Pakistani opening batsman Ahmed Shehzad scored the maiden T20I century by a Pakistani. He finished with an unbeaten 111 of 62 balls. The crucial match was with West Indies, where the winning team would go through to the semi-final. West Indies won the toss and elected to bat first. They scored 166/6 in their 20 overs, West Indies scored 82 runs off the last 5 overs giving a fearsome hitting to the Pakistani bowlers. Pakistan's chase was unsuccessful as they were bowled out for just 82 runs. Pakistan was eliminated from the tournament with this result.

Pakistan started poorly in the 2015 Cricket World Cup. Their first match was against cricket rivals — India. India batted first and scored 300/7 with Virat Kohli scoring a century. After a poor start to the run chase, Pakistan's skipper Misbah-ul-Haq made a useful contribution of 76 runs but Pakistan lost the match by 76 runs. The second match against West Indies was a disaster. West Indies posted 310/6 on the board. In response, Pakistan lost 4 wickets for 1 run on the board, a first in an ODI match. The team was bowled out for 160 and lost the match by 150 runs.

Pakistan then won their next four games against Zimbabwe, UAE, South Africa and Ireland. Sarfraz Ahmed scored Pakistan's only century against Ireland and was awarded Man of the Match against both South Africa and Ireland. The victory was Pakistan's first against South Africa in a World Cup match. Pakistan finished third in group B and qualified for the quarter finals.

The quarter final match of Pakistan was against Australia. Pakistan scored 213 runs. Australia started steadily but wickets regularly fell during the middle overs. The match gained a lot of attraction due to the on-field rivalry between Australian all-rounder, Shane Watson and Pakistani pacer, Wahab Riaz. Wahab's spell was praised despite not picking up many wickets. Pakistan dropped catches during the first power-play and conceded many runs. The partnership between Steve Smith and Glenn Maxwell allowed Australia to win the match. As a result, Pakistan were knocked out of the tournament. The match was the final ODI for Pakistani's captain Misbah-ul-Haq and experienced all-rounder Shahid Afridi.

After the 2015 Cricket World Cup, Misbah-ul-Haq and Shahid Afridi ended their ODI careers. As a result, the captaincy of the ODI team was given to newcomer Azhar Ali. Under his captaincy, Pakistan played their first ODI series against Bangladesh. The tour was a disappointment and Pakistan lost all three ODIs as well as the T20 match. Clever bowling coupled with wonderful batting and fielding allowed the hosts to stroll past the visitors. This was Bangladesh's first win against Pakistan since the 1999 Cricket World Cup and first ever series win over Pakistan. However, Pakistan ended the tour on a positive with a 1–0 win in the two match test series.

Pakistan played a home series against Zimbabwe in May 2015 after 6 years. This was the first tour by a Test-playing nation since the attack on the Sri Lankan cricket team in 2009. Pakistan won the T20I series 2–0 and the ODI series 2–0 after the third match ended in a draw due to rain.
During the Sri Lanka tour in 2015, Pakistan won the test series 2–1, the ODI series 3–2 and the T20I series 2–0. The successful tour allowed Pakistan to qualify for the 2017 ICC Champions Trophy, removing West Indies from a place in the tournament. The series win pushed up Pakistan's ranking in all three formats of the game.

In September, Pakistan traveled to Zimbabwe for 2 T20Is and 3 ODIs. Pakistan won the T20I series 2–0 and the ODI series 2–1. As a result, Pakistan concluded their 2015 season rankings as 4th in Tests, 8th in ODIs, and 2nd in T20Is.

The sixth edition of ICC World T20 was held in India. Pakistan was in group 2 with India, Australia, New Zealand and Bangladesh. Pakistan started their World T20 campaign with a victory defeating Bangladesh by a margin of 55 runs. But the remaining campaign was a disaster as Pakistan lost all their three remaining matches against India, New Zealand and Australia in group-stage and, therefore, were knocked out of the tournament early. This was the second time that Pakistan didn't make it to the semi-finals of World T20 (previous in ICC World T20 2014).

In a later T20 series in Sep 2016, Pakistan's National Cricket Team won the series with World T20 Winner team West Indies with 3–0. They won by 9 wickets, 16 runs, 8 wickets consecutively.

On 18 August 2016, Pakistan beat Ireland by 255 runs at Dublin to register their biggest ODI victory. They also won the famous Lord's test against England in July 2016 which was the opening test of the series.

In August 2016, Pakistan achieved the number 1 ranking in test cricket for the first time since 1988, after Sri Lanka whitewashed Australia. Pakistan displaced India as number 1 after rain caused the final test match between India and West Indies to end in a draw. Pakistan became the 1st Asian team and 2nd team overall to win a day-night test match, which was against the West Indies in Dubai.

Misbah-ul-Haq and Younis Khan, who had been the mainstays of the Pakistani batting line-up, announced their retirement from Test cricket (the only format they played) at the completion of the West Indies cricket tour 2017. Pakistan won the T20I series 3–1 and the ODI series 2–1 in the same tour under the captaincy of Sarfraz Ahmed.  In his final Test series, Misbah made history by being the first Pakistani captain to win an away Test series against West Indies in West Indies.

The tournament did not start well for Pakistan, losing to their arch rivals India by 124 runs. But as the group stages progressed the bowling attack improved significantly for Pakistan, winning games against South Africa by 19 runs, and a crucial game against Sri Lanka by 3 wickets. This set up a semi final against hosts England, where Hasan Ali took 3 wickets to then take Pakistan to their first ICC Champions Trophy Final, a highly anticipated re-match with India.

In the final before a packed house at The Oval, India won the toss and elected to bowl first. Pakistan's batting lineup made India question their decision with opening batsman Fakhar Zaman scoring his maiden One Day International century (114 off 106 deliveries), with major contributions from Azhar Ali (59) and  Mohammed Hafeez (57 not out) pushing Pakistan to a total of 338. India lost their top order quickly with Mohammad Amir getting the key wickets of Rohit Sharma, Shikhar Dhawan and Virat Kohli. Resistance came in the form of Hardik Pandya, who scored a brisk 76. Hasan Ali, Pakistan's star find in this tournament took the final wicket finishing with figures of 3–19, leaving India 180 runs short of the target and handing Pakistan their first Champions Trophy. The margin of victory was the largest in an ICC tournament final.

On the strength of his tournament-leading 13 wickets taken, Hasan Ali was named as player of the tournament.  Post match Sarfaraz Ahmed, Pakistan captain stated (after the opening match against India) "I said to the boys, the tournament doesn't finish here. Good cricket, positive cricket and we will win". After Pakistan's victory, they moved up from 8th to 6th in the ICC ODI rankings. The ICC Team of the Tournament had Sarfraz Ahmed as captain, Fakhar Zaman, Junaid Khan and Hasan Ali from Pakistan.

මුලාශ්‍ර

පකිස්තානු ජාතික ක්‍රිකට් කණ්ඩායම


Howard Dwayne Graves  (August 15, 1939 – September 13, 2003) was a United States Army officer who served as the superintendent of the U.S. Military Academy from 1991 to 1996, and as the chancellor of the Texas A&M University System from 1999 to 2003. A 1961 graduate of West Point, he was a Rhodes Scholar, earning three degrees from Oxford during his army career.  During his service in the Army, he was the personal aide to two Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff; Admiral William J. Crowe and General Colin L. Powell.

Early life and education
Graves was born in Roaring Springs, Texas, the only child of Tommy J. and Velma Lee Clifton Graves. He almost drowned trying to baptise a cat in a pond behind their home but was revived at a Civilian Conservation Corps camp that was close to their rural home. After spending his youth in Amarillo, Texas, and graduating from Amarillo High School in 1957, Graves received an appointment to West Point as a member of the class of 1961. Upon graduation, he was commissioned as a second lieutenant in the Engineer branch in 1961. He earned a Rhodes Scholarship and spent the first three years of his military career at the University of Oxford, graduating with a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1964, an MA in 1968 and an MLitt in 1971.

Career
On returning to the United States after his first tour at the University of Oxford, he joined the 82nd Airborne Division, where in 1965 he commanded an engineer company in the Dominican Republic. He saw combat in Vietnam from 1968 to 1969, where he was an Engineer Battalion S-3 and assistant division engineer for the First Cavalry Division. After his second tour at the University of Oxford, Graves returned to West Point in 1970. He was assigned to the Department of Social Sciences, where he taught international relations and comparative foreign governments.

In 1974, Graves was appointed military assistant to the Secretary of Defense, James Schlesinger. His duties included coordinating Schlesinger's travel and public appearances, preparing briefings and speeches for Congressional hearings, and providing counsel on matters affecting the U.S. Army. In 1976, Graves took command of the 54th Engineer Battalion in West Germany, returning to the United States in 1978 to attend the Army War College at Carlisle Barracks, Pennsylvania. In 1980, Graves took command of the 20th Engineer Brigade. He then joined the First Infantry Division in 1982 as the assistant division commander. The next year,  Graves was appointed deputy chief of staff, engineer, U.S. Army Forces Command. In 1984, Graves was promoted to brigadier general and became deputy director for strategy, plans, and policy, of the Army Staff. The next year he was promoted to vice director of the Joint Staff. In 1987, Graves succeeded James E. Thompson Jr. as commandant of the Army War College. Lieutenant General Graves then returned to Washington, D.C., to become assistant to the chairman, Joint Chiefs of Staff. In 1991, Graves was appointed the 54th superintendent of the United States Military Academy, a position he held until his retirement in 1996.

Later life and death
Graves later joined the Harry Guggenheim Foundation as a director and in 1998 was a visiting professor, at the Lyndon Baines Johnson School of Public Service at the University of Texas. In 1999, he was selected to be the 11th chancellor of the Texas A&M University System. During his tenure as chancellor, Texas A&M added three new universities to its system: Texas A&M University–San Antonio, Tarleton State University–Central Texas in Killeen, and West Texas A&M University in Canyon, Texas. Graves lived with cancer for several years, dying from the disease at his home in College Station, Texas, on September 13, 2003. He is survived by his wife, Gracie Newman Graves, son, Colonel Gregory Howard Graves, who is also a graduate of West Point (class of 1988), and wife  Graves, daughter Gigi Graves Kail and husband the late Colonel Eric Kail, who was an army officer. He is interred at the West Point Cemetery.

Awards and decorations

References

1939 births
2003 deaths
People from Motley County, Texas
Amarillo High School alumni
United States Military Academy alumni
American Rhodes Scholars
Alumni of St John's College, Oxford
United States Army personnel of the Vietnam War
Recipients of the Air Medal
United States Army Command and General Staff College alumni
United States Army War College alumni
Recipients of the Meritorious Service Medal (United States)
Recipients of the Legion of Merit
United States Army generals
Recipients of the Defense Superior Service Medal
Recipients of the Distinguished Service Medal (US Army)
Recipients of the Defense Distinguished Service Medal
Superintendents of the United States Military Academy
Chancellors of Texas A&M University System
Deaths from cancer in Texas
Burials at West Point Cemetery
Military personnel from Texas
20th-century American academics

Howard D. Graves


Clara Schumann (born Leipzig 13 September, 1819; died Frankfurt am Main 20 May, 1896), was the wife of composer Robert Schumann. She was a famous pianist and composer.

Clara was born Clara Wieck. Her father taught her the piano. She was a prodigy and by the time she was thirteen her father was taking her on concert tours.

She was only nine years old when Robert Schumann came to Leipzig to study law at the university. Robert Schumann's family had told him that he had to study law, but he wanted to be a musician. He took piano lessons from Clara's father, Friedrich Wieck.

Clara not only learned the piano, she also studied singing, the violin, instrumentation, score reading, counterpoint and composition. By 1835 she was famous in the whole of Europe and was admired by Goethe, Mendelssohn, Chopin, Paganini and, of course, Robert Schumann.

Clara's father did not want them to marry. He did everything he could to stop the marriage. For several years life was very difficult for them, but in the end, by 1840, they were married.they married by court permission

They had a happy marriage and had eight children. Clara played her husband's piano works (Schumann had a hand injury and had to stop playing the piano). She ran the household and earned money by teaching and performing. Life was not always easy. When they went on tours together Clara was more famous than her husband, and this was difficult for him. Robert often had depression. They both taught at the Leipzig Conservatorium and Clara also taught privately in Dresden and Düsseldorf.

Robert Schumann died in 1856 after two years in a mental asylum. Clara was left with seven small children to bring up. Nevertheless, she continued her career as a pianist and often travelled to other countries, especially England, where she played Robert's piano works. She was great friends with Brahms and often performed his works, too.

Clara's own compositions are all from her early years. She was a very gifted composer. In those days people thought that women should not be composers. Playing the piano was one thing, but a woman was not expected to be a professional composer. Clara knew this, and devoted more time to her playing, and to editing her husband's music.

Clara's compositions include more than 20 piano works, a piano concerto, some chamber music and several songs.

19th-century German composers
Romantic composers
German pianists
1819 births
1896 deaths

Clara Schumann


Floris Hendrik Verster (9 June 1861 – 21 January 1927) was a Dutch painter.

Life
Verster came from an artistic family. His father, Abraham Florentius Verster van Wulverhorst, was an administrator of the National Museum of Natural History in Leiden and a renowned scholar and painter of birds. His younger brother Cees developed into an art critic and later a curator of the Stedelijk Museum De Lakenhal in Leiden.  Hendrik took drawing lessons from Gerardus Johannes Bos and, in the winter of 1878–79, from George Hendrik Breitner when he briefly worked as a lecturer in Leiden. Between 1880 and 1884 Verster continued his training at the Royal Academy of Art in The Hague where he counted among his fellow-students George Hendrik Breitner, Isaac Israëls and Willem de Zwart.  After graduation, he briefly attended classes at Amedee Bourson in Brussels.

From 1882 until 1892 he shared a studio in Leiden with his future brother-in-law, the still-life painter  (he married Jenny Kamerlingh Onnes in 1892). Until about 1885 he worked in the style of the Hague School. The next seven years he experimented in still life painting under the influence of his brother-in-law and of French painters Antoine Vollon and Théodule Ribot. As a colorist he excelled, his passionate color vision differing from the current Hague School style.

In Brussels he met Jan Toorop and other members of the avant-garde artists' group Les Vingt. Partly under their influence Verster began working with a rough brush strokes and intense colors. He gained success with his large and exuberant works of floral still lifes and landscapes. In 1891 he took part in the salon of Les XX in Brussels.

Between 1892 and 1900 his work underwent a metamorphosis as it became almost entirely devoted to drawings in crayons with serene subjects. From 1900 onwards he began to paint and established himself as a celebrated artist in the Netherlands. Major collections of his works are in the Kröller-Müller Museum and the Stedelijk Museum De Lakenhal in Leiden.

On 21 January 1927 he was found dead, in a pond. What happened has never been ascertained.

Selected paintings

References

External links
Works at the Kröller-Müller Museum

1861 births
1927 deaths
Artists from Leiden
19th-century Dutch painters
Dutch male painters
20th-century Dutch painters
19th-century Dutch male artists
20th-century Dutch male artists

Floris Verster


Piers Anthony (b. August 6t 1934 in Oxford, England) is a science feection an fantasie author that cam up wi the Xanth warld for his main fantasie wirks and his bio o a space teerant for his main science feection series. Ither weel-likit warks includes Incarnations of Immortality an the Viscous Circle trilogy.

Piers Anthony is kent as ane o the maist proleefic science feection an fantasie writers o aw time. He threaps that ane o his greatest ettles is tae hae setten furth a beuk wi a teetle that begins wi ilka letter o the ABC, stairtin wi his biography, Anthanology, aw the wey throu tae Z for his pennins the Zombie Lover.

Anthonys' faimly settelt in the Unitit States whan he wis fower year auld. He graduatit frae Goddard college in Vermont in 1956, an did a puckle orra jobs afore jynin the Unitit States airmy in 1957. He listit in the American airmy for twa year, afore a cutty speal as a dominie teachin English at the hie schuil.

Aye wi aspirations o becomin a writer, he left the teachin tae try his haund at writing fou time. He made a deal wi his wife that gin efter a year aff his writins misgaed, he wad gie it up aw thegither. He set furth his first story athin that year and haesna leukit back sinsyne.

His advisement tae aw aspirin writers is tae mak siccaar they hae anither soorce o income whan they stairt oot, raither nor expectin the strenth o their ain leeterar ettles tae financially upstaund them, while still bein unkent.

At the meenit Piers Anthony bides on a tree fairm wi his wife in the Unitit States. He has twa dochters an the ae oe

20t-century American novelists
21st-century American novelists
American fantasy writers
American male novelists
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Writers frae Florida
Admiral Farragut Academy alumni
Inglis emigrants tae the Unitit States
American agnostics
1934 births
Livin fowk
Goddard College alumni
Science feection fans
Unitit States Airmy sodgers
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Inglis agnostics
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Inglis science feection writers
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Piers Anthony


Blood Fire Death is the fowert album bi the Swadish baund Bathory. It continued the baund's transition towards mair epic sangwritin, an includes some o the first Viking metal recordins, although it is still maistly black metal.

The leerics tae "The Golden Walls of Heaven" an "Dies Irae" are acrostics: the first letters o each line form phrases, namely "SATAN" (repeatit 8 times) an "CHRIST THE BASTARD SON OF HEAVEN". The leerics tae "For All Those Who Died" wur taken frae a poem bi Erica Jong, first published in her beuk Witches (1981).

The front cover comes frae a paintin bi Peter Nicolai Arbo: Åsgårdsreien (1872).

Track leetin
All sangs written bi Quorthon
 "Odens Ride Over Nordland" – 2:59
 "A Fine Day to Die" – 8:35
 "The Golden Walls of Heaven" – 5:22
 "Pace 'till Death" – 3:39
 "Holocaust" – 3:25
 "For All Those Who Died" – 4:57
 "Dies Irae" – 5:11
 "Blood Fire Death" – 10:28
 "Outro" – 0:58

Note: The ootro is no includit on the cassette release.

Credits
Quorthon – guitars, vocals, bass, drums
Peter Nicolai Arbo – album cover paintin, The Wild Hunt of Odin (Åsgårdsreien)
Pelle Matteus – photography

Notes an references

Bathory albums
1988 albums

Blood Fire Death