Termites are a suborder of social insects, the Isoptera. They are sometimes called "white ants", incorrectly, because ants belong to the Order Hymenoptera.

They are eusocial animals, as are ants and some bees and wasps. Termites mostly feed on detritus, mostly wood, leaf litter, soil, or animal dung. There are an estimated 4,000 species (about 2,600 taxonomically known). About 10% are pests which can cause serious structural damage to buildings, crops or plantation forests.

Termites are major detrivores in the subtropical and tropical regions. Their recycling of wood and other plant matter is very important for ecology.

A termite colony starts when winged termites (called alates) swarm and mate. After mating, they fall to the ground and rip off their wings. The female looks for a good place to start the colony, and the male follows her. Most termites nest underground their entire lives, but termites in Africa and Australia actually build really big mound structures that look like little mountains and can be more than 20 feet tall (see photo below).

Termites live in colonies that, at maturity, hold from several hundred to several million individuals. They are a prime example self-organised systems which use swarm intelligence. They use this cooperation to exploit food sources and environments which would not be available to any single insect acting alone. A typical colony contains nymphs (semi-mature young), workers, soldiers, and reproductive individuals of both genders, sometimes containing several egg-laying queens.

Other websites

 Termitehub

Insects

Termite


The Ectasian is the second geological period in the Mesoproterozoic. It began 1.4 billion years ago and ended at 1.2 billion years ago. The Ectasian came after the Calymmian and before the Stenian.

This period shows for the first evidence of sexual reproduction. The 1.2 billion-year-old Hunting Formation on Somerset Island, Canada, is from the end of the Ectasian. It has the microfossils of the multicellular filaments of Bangiomorpha pubescens (a type of red algae). This was the first organism that had sexual reproduction.

Mesoproterozoic

Ectasian


The Peres Center for Peace, located in Jaffa, Israel, is an independent non-profit, non-governmental, and non-political organization founded in 1996 by Nobel Peace Laureate and former President of Israel Shimon Peres. Its aim is to further Peres' vision of people in the Middle East working together to build peace through socio-economic cooperation and development and people-to-people interaction.

Mission

The Peres Center for Peace describes its mission as "promot[ing] lasting peace and advancement in the Middle East by fostering tolerance, economic and technological development, innovation, cooperation and well-being – all in the spirit of President Peres' vision."

Activities

The peacebuilding activities of the Peres Center fall into the following fields: Agriculture and Water; Business and Economics; Civil Leadership; Community Programs in Jaffa; Culture, Media and Arts, Medicine and Healthcare; Social Media and Information Technology (IT) ; Sport.

Fields of activity

 Agriculture, water and the environment  The Peres Center implements programs that facilitate cross-border research, capacity building and cooperation in order to enhance crop management practices, environmental protection, and water quality. Projects include cross-border pest management, aquaculture, crop production workshops, regional water research, joint olive oil production and more.

 Business and economics  The Peres Center provides space for interaction between stakeholders on both sides through joint economic research (in partnership with the AIX Group), capacity-building workshops and professional networking to foster cross-border cooperation across a wide range of business fields including hi-tech, confectionery, food, textile and shoe-making and more.Projects include private sector partnerships, regional economic research, cross-border tourism projects, technology projects, and the creation of a Palestinian business directory.

 Civil leadership  The Peres Center designs and implements programs that engage Israeli and Palestinian civil society and community leaders, creating a strong cross-border network while providing enrichment and professional training. Programs generate dialogue channels between Palestinians and Israelis and between Jews and Arabs within Israel across professional fields.Projects include international youth exchanges, a leadership program for young politicians and forums for public debate.

 Culture, media and the arts  The Peres Center delivers theater, photography and arts programs that bring together Palestinian, Israeli, Jewish and Arab adults, youth and children.Projects include a cross-border photojournalist program, an arts program for children, and a play that expounds messages of coexistence in schools.

 Medicine and healthcare  In cooperation with the Israeli medical community, the Peres Center assists in the creation of an independent Palestinian medical system through human resource development, advancement of complex medical services and cross-border cooperation and knowledge transfer, as well as providing humanitarian medical aid to Palestinian babies and children.Projects include a program that allows for the treatment of Palestinian babies in Israeli hospitals and a program for training Palestinian doctors.

 Social media and technology  The Peres Center designs programs that enable the people of the Middle East, particularly young people, to engage in virtual dialogue with each other.Projects include a popular Facebook group, dialogue curricula for school groups through computer centers and a diplomacy-based game.

 Sport  The Twinned Peace Sports Schools bring together Israeli, Palestinian, Jewish and Arab boys and girls to play together through sports. These include football, basketball, wheelchair basketball, cricket, table tennis and Australian football.

Awards

 United Nations Gold Award (Blood Relations Campaign)
 2010 Wingate Award for Best NGO in the Field of Peace and Sport
 Ashoka Entrepreneurship Award
 2010 Peace and Sports Award (Monaco) for Best NGO
 2010 Global Sports Forum Barcelona award for Best Project

Peres Peace House

Since December 2009, the offices of the Peres Center for Peace are housed in the Peres Peace House in Ajami, a largely Arab neighborhood of Jaffa.

The Peres Peace House also contains the Shimon Peres Archives, an auditorium and conference rooms, and a conflict resolution library. Many of the Peres Center's activities, including public lectures and coexistence activities, take place within the Peres Peace House, as well as activities for the empowerment and development of the local Jaffa communities. These include legal aid services, community empowerment programs and a mentoring program for underprivileged children.

The cost of the center was estimated at $6 million and timeline of three years. According to Haaretz, as of August 2009, the cost and building time of the Peace House have been highly underestimated. The center was opened in December 2009. The building (2,500 sq m), a distinctive architectural landmark on the Jaffa coast next to the poor Arab neighborhood of Ajami, was designed by renowned Italian architect Massimiliano Fuksas.

Through the years the building was open to the use of the local Arab community and the Center promoted projects to empower local groups and individuals. The first event held at the building was a graduation ceremony of 21 women, mostly Arab who graduated from a Women's Economic Empowerment Program and received their computer technician certificates.

Over the years the center has won both negative and positive critiques. Author Witt Raczka questioned the efficacy of the organization.

Awards

In 2010 the Peres Peace House won the Emilio Ambasz Prize for Green Architecture and the Yesodot Ha'emek Prize for Israeli Architecture.

Leadership

The Director General of the center is Efrat Duvdevani, formerly Director General of the President's House during Peres' Presidency. Her predecessor was Ido Sharir, formerly Chief of Staff to President Peres. Before Mr. Sharir, Ron Pundak served as Director General for over 10 years. The men and women who comprise the executive board are CEOs, Directors, and Presidents of various organizations, as well as scholars, academics, and journalists. The first Director General of the Peres Center was Ambassador Uri Savir, who, together with Shimon Peres, established the organization and currently serves as Honorary President.

Tax-exempt status

The Israel Tax Authority denied the Peres Center's request for tax-exempt status in Israel. According to Haaretz, after the Center applied for the tax-exempt status the Tax Authority demanded that the organization stop funding the training of the physicians from the Gaza Strip in Israeli hospitals. The demand led the organization to suspend its application rather than stop the project.

In 2016 the Peres Center received tax-exempt status in Israel.

The Peres Center for Peace also has tax-exempt status in the United States, the United Kingdom and Italy.

See also
 Arab–Israeli peace-orientated projects
 Neve Shalom – Wāħat as-Salām
 Alliance for Middle East Peace
 Peace One Day
 Shimon Peres
 Valley of Peace initiative
 Architecture of Israel

References

External links

Peres Center for Peace website
Aix Group website
Peres Center for Peace - 20 Years Video

Non-governmental organizations involved in the Israeli–Palestinian peace process
Israeli–Palestinian peace process
Peace organizations
Think tanks based in Israel
Organizations established in 1996
Cultural infrastructure completed in 2009
Shimon Peres

Peres Center for Peace


Double stopping means playing two notes at once on a bowed string instrument by drawing the bow across two strings at once while "stopping" two notes by pressing the fingers down on the fingerboard: one finger on each of the two strings being played.

On instruments such as the violin the player is mostly playing one note at a time.  It is not difficult to play two open strings at once, but fingering two strings at once can be very difficult, so double stopping is an advanced technique.  Sometimes triple or quadruple stopping is needed.  This is sometimes called multiple stopping.  It is not really possible to play three or four notes at the same time on a violin.  The bridge is curved so that the player can bow on one string without hitting the others by accident.  Multiple stopping is done by playing first two strings and then, while still letting the sound from these two ring, quickly playing the other two strings.

Multiple stopping was used a lot in Renaissance music when playing the viol.  Baroque composers such as Johann Sebastian Bach in Germany or Arcangelo Corelli in Italy often require double stopping when writing for solo string instruments. It is also used a lot in virtuoso music of composers in the Romantic period such as Niccolò Paganini.

Musical performance techniques

Double stopping


Francysk Skaryna  was a Belarusian famous as one of the first publishers in Eastern Europe.  He helped develop the Belarusian language.

He was born in the historical Belarusian city of Polotsk into the family of a rich merchant. The exact dates of birth and death are unknown.  It was about 1485–1540 or 1490–1551.

Skaryna graduated from the arts faculty at the University of Kraków in 1504. In 1512 he received doctorate in medicine at the University of Padua in Italy. In 1517 he made a printing press in Prague. He published his first book called The Psalter, in the Old Belarusian language on 6 August 1517. The most important part of his life's work was printing a translation of the Bible in 22 books during 1517 to 1519.

Around 1522 he moved to Vilnius.  He made the first printing house in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. The first book published there was The Little Travel Guide. The printing house closed down. Skaryna spent his last years working as a doctor for Ferdinand I of Germany.

Other websites
 Francysk Skaryna, the Martin Luther of Belarus // The Economist

15th-century births
16th-century deaths
Publishers
Belarusian people

Francysk Skaryna


Cantabria is a region in the north of Spain. It has 563,000 people living in it. In Cantabria most people speak Spanish. The people of Cantabria have autonomy in Spain, which means they have their own local government and much control over their region. The capital is Santander. This city is on the coast of the Cantabrian Sea and is very popular with tourists. Cantabria belongs to the Green Spain, the name given to the strip of land between the Cantabrian Sea and the Cantabrian Mountains in northern Spain.

Culture
Many different examples of prehistoric cave art have been found, suggesting the Cantabrian culture is at least 15,000 years old. Cave art is the best known feature of the Cantabrian life. The latest round of systematic cave explorations began in the early 1970s. Now new art can be discovered every year. Some of the cave art is engraved, and others are painted. Much of the cave art is of animals. There are often pictures of red deer found from this area of Spain. There are also other unusual symbols that can be found. This attracts much interest and many tourists to this culture. The Cantabrian life revolves mainly around art, tourism, and fishing. Rich deposits of coal, iron, and zinc are also mined in the Cantabrian Mountains. Tourism is a very large part of the Cantabrian life, and their economic success.

Climate
Cantabria is known for a rainy and cool climate. The region is also greener than southern Spain and is very mountainous.

Cantabria


The ONS coding system is a system used in the United Kingdom for dealing with census and other statistical data. It is used by the Office for National Statistics as a way to label each area of England and Wales. It is also used for parts of Northern Ireland.  The system uses a code for the larger census areas, counties and districts. It then breaks those areas down into smaller areas within the larger areas. Each of the smaller areas get a code that is based on the larger area. Areas are divided in this way until they get to the smallest size used for census data. An area must have at least 40 households, but they try to not divide an area into a size smaller than 100 households.

Example

Other websites
ONS Beginners' Guide to UK Geography
Codes as in 1994

Geography of the United Kingdom
Geocodes

ONS coding system


Geir Ivarsøy (June 27, 1957 – March 9, 2006) was the main programmer at Opera Software. He and Jon Stephenson von Tetzchner were part of a research group at the Norwegian state telephone company (now known as Telenor). They made browsing software called MultiTorg Opera. Telenor stopped them from working on the program, but in 1995 Ivarsøy and Stephenson von Tetzchner got the rights to the software. They created a company of their own, and continued working on it.

Now known as Opera, the Internet browser has become very popular. Opera Software has grown to more than 380 employees since it first moved to its offices in Oslo.

In January 2004, Geir Ivarsøy said he wanted to resign as a board member in Opera Software, though he kept working in the company after that. In June 2005 he was elected as a member of the nomination committee of the company.

Geir died in March 2006 of cancer.

Other websites
 Death in the Family—an obituary

Computer scientists
1957 births
2006 deaths
Opera ASA
Norwegian people

Geir Ivarsøy


The Thirteen Colonies were colonies in British North America in what is now the Eastern Seaboard of the United States. They were founded for different reasons. Some people thought that they would make a lot of money in new goods in America that could not be found in Europe, such as tobacco. Others left to find freedom of religion or just to make a new start. Some wanted to be in charge and to change things that they did not like back at England.

The first colony was Virginia, which was started in 1607 at Jamestown. The last colony of the thirteen to be started was Georgia in 1732.

The Thirteen Colonies (listed from north to south):
New Hampshire
Massachusetts
Rhode Island
Connecticut Colony
New York
New Jersey
Pennsylvania
Delaware
Maryland
Virginia Colony
North Carolina
South Carolina
Georgia

The colonies are often divided into three groups. The northern group was called New England and included New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and Connecticut.

There were four Middle Colonies: New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Delaware.

The South had five colonies: Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia.

New England had small farms and focused on fishing, forestry (trees and lumber), shipping, and small industry to make money.

The South had large plantation farms that grew tobacco and later cotton. Plantations were farmed first by indentured servants, who would work for a period of years in return for their passage to America and land. They were later replaced by slaves.

The Middle Colonies had medium-sized farms. They also had people from many different cultures with many different beliefs.

All three regions were tied to the "Atlantic economy". Colonists built merchant vessels, and merchants traded slaves, agricultural goods, gold, fish, lumber, and manufactured goods between America, the West Indies, Europe and Africa.

After the French and Indian War, Great Britain made new taxes and other laws that angered some people in the colonies. That led to a war between Great Britain and its former colonies: the American Revolutionary War.

The colonies said why they wanted to become independent of Great Britain on July 4, 1776 at the Declaration of Independence and became known as the United States of America.

References

History of the United States
American Revolutionary War
British North America

Thirteen Colonies


Earthquake Engineering Research Institute or EERI is a technical society in spreading of earthquake engineering information both in the U.S. and globally.  EERI members include researchers, geologists, geotechnical engineers, educators, government officials, and building code regulators.  Their mission, as stated in their 5-year plan published in 2006, has the following three points:

Advancing the science and practice of earthquake engineering.
Improving understanding of the impact of earthquakes on the physical, social, economic, political, and cultural environment.
Advocating comprehensive and realistic measures for reducing the harmful effects of earthquakes.

Related pages
United States Geological Survey

References

Other websites
EERI's Website
EERI Student Leadership Council's Website
Earthquake Spectra's Website

Research organizations in the United States
Earthquake engineering


Æthelflæd, Lady o the Mercians ( 870 – 12 June 918), ruled Mercia in the Inglis Midlands frae 911 until her deith. She wis the auldest dochter o Alfred the Great, keeng o the Anglo-Saxon kinrick o Wessex, and his wumman Ealhswith. Æthelflæd wis born anent 870 at the tip o the Viking invasions o Ingland. By 878 maist o Ingland wis unner Dens Viking rule, East Anglie an Northumbrie haein been ower haled, and Mercia parteetioned atween the Inglis and the Vikings, but in that year Alfred beird a crucial gree at the Fecht o Edington. Suin efterhaund the Inglis-guidit waster hauf o Mercia cam unner the rule o Æthelred, Laird o the Mercians, wha acceptit Alfred's owerlairdship. Alfred adopted the teetle Keeng o the Inglis, claiming tae rule aw Inglis fowk not leevin in airies unner Viking guidal. In the mid-880s, Alfred sealed the ference atween the Inglis kenricks by souderin Æthelflæd tae Æthelred.

Æthelred played a major role in fechtin aff renewed Viking attacks in the 890s, thegither wi Æthelflæd's brither, the futur Keeng Edward the Elder. Æthelred and Æthelflæd fortifeed Worcester, gied lairge donations tae Mercian kirks and biggit a new minster in Gloucester. Æthelred's heal likely dwyned early in the neist decade, efter whit it is likely that Æthelflæd wis mainly wis the deed o the government o Mercia. Edward haed succeeded as Keeng o the Anglo-Saxons in 899, and in 909 he sent a Wast Saxon and Mercian force tae reive the northren Denlaw. They retoured wi the orrals o the ryal Northumbrie saunt, Oswald, whit war translated tae the new Gloucester minster. Æthelred dee'd in 911 and Æthelflæd then ruled Mercia as Leddy o the Mercians. The aiccession o a female ruler in Mercia is descrived by the historeean Ian Walker as "ane o the maist unique events in early medieval history".

Alfred haed biggit a netwark o fortifeed burhs and in the 910s Edward and Æthelflæd stairtit on a programme o eikin thaim. Amang the touns whaur she biggit defences war Bridgnorth, Tamworth, Stafford, Warwick, Chirbury and Runcorn. In 917 she sent an airmy tae captur Derby, the first o the Five Boroughs o the Denlaw tae faw tae the Inglis, a veectory descrived by Tim Clarkson as "her geyest trumph". In 918 Leicester surrendered without a fecht. Suin efterhaunds the Viking leaders o York offered her their lealtie, but she dee'd on 12Juin 918 afore she coud buit the offer, and a few months later Edward throu the vinkish o Mercia. Æthelflæd wis succeeded by her dochter Ælfwynn, but in December Edward teuk personal guidal o Mercia and cairit Ælfwynn aff tae Wessex.

Historeeans differ whether Mercia wis an sequestrate kenrick unner Æthelred and Ætheflæd but they gree that Æthelflæd wis a gey ruler wha played an important pairt in the vinkish o the Denlaw. She wis praised by Anglo-Norman chroniclers sic as William o Malmesbury, wha descrived her as "a pouerfu aiccession tae [Edward's] pairty, the delite o his subjects, the dreid o his enemies, a wifie o eikit sowel". BY Pauline Stafford's wey o it, "like ... ElizabethI she becam a wunner tae later eilds". In Nick Higham's view, medieval and modren writers hae been so captivated by her that Edward's reputation haes tholed unrichtly in confeerance.

Notes

Citations

Bibliography

Further reading

External links

10t-century rulers in Europe
Hoose o Wessex

Æthelflæd


A deadline is a time by which some task must be completed.

Very often, it means a time limit that is set in place by an authority - for example, a teacher tells students that they must turn in their homework in by a certain time. This is so the teacher is able to report fairly to his or her principal that every student had the same chance to do the work.

Deadlines may also be set by a time horizon that comes from something that is not a human authority, but part of nature.  For example, by sunset one must do those tasks requiring daylight.  However, a human must watch the sun and decide what light is strong enough to still be daylight, so time limits will still be involved even if one observes a horizon and sets a deadline oneself.

A way to remember this is that a time horizon is like the physical horizon where sunset happens and a time limit is a thing people set up to deal with this. A deadline is a thing powerful people set up to ensure less powerful people comply with their way of doing things.

time
Planning
Problem solving

Deadline


A bishop's storehouse in the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) usually refers to a commodity resource center that is used by bishops (lay leaders of local congregations analogous to pastors or parish priests in other Christian denominations) of the church to provide goods to needy individuals. The storehouses stock basic foods and essential household items. The term can also be used figuratively to refer to all of the time, talents, skills, materials, compassion, and financial means of the members of the church that are available to be applied in the service of the needy.

 there are 138 bishop's storehouses in operation.

Origin

The concept of the bishop's storehouse is based on a revelation received by Joseph Smith, founder of the Latter Day Saint movement, on February 9, 1831, whereby he was instructed to keep goods "in my [the Lord's] storehouse, to administer to the poor and the needy". The first bishop's storehouse was established in Bishop Newel K. Whitney's store in Kirtland, Ohio.

Operation
Most of the goods in the storehouse are purchased with fast offering funds or produced on church-owned agricultural property. The storehouses are staffed by volunteers or church service missionaries. Persons in need, whether members of the church or not, can access the storehouse by approaching a bishop or local Relief Society president. The bishop decides whether or not the person will be given assistance and works with the Relief Society president in determining what the person will be given. The usual practice is to ask the recipient to work or render some form of service in exchange for the good given them.

Bishop's storehouses are not commercial entities and goods are generally not for sale to the public through them.

Building vs. available resources
There are buildings owned throughout the world that serve as bishop's storehouses. In areas of the world without a dedicated building, the bishop can render assistance by purchasing food and household necessities with church fast offering funds and delivering the goods to the recipient. This may also be done when the recipient has special dietary needs not catered to through the storehouse. The bishop can also draw on the "storehouse" of church members' available time, talents, and abilities to assist the needy.

See also
Fast Sunday
Humanitarian Services
LDS Philanthropies
Tithe barn
Lehi Ward Tithing Barn-Centennial Hall

Notes

References
LDS Church (2004). Providing in the Lord's Way: A Leader's Guide to Welfare
R. Quinn Gardner, "Bishop's storehouse" in Encyclopedia of Mormonism, pp. 123–125.
 .
 Glen L. Rudd (1995). Pure Religion: The Story of Church Welfare Since 1930 (Salt Lake City, Utah: LDS Church)
 Janet I. Tu, "Mormon canneries preserve the spirit of self-reliance", Seattle Times, 2008-11-08

External links
Bishop's Storehouses : Mormon wiki

1831 establishments in the United States
1831 in Christianity
Christian socialism
Food banks
Latter Day Saint church buildings
Latter Day Saint practices
Latter Day Saint terms
Philanthropy
Properties of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
Christian relief organizations

Bishop's storehouse


Ivo Šlaus (born 26 September 1931 in Split) is a nuclear and particle physicist and Distinguished Fellow of New Westminster College.

Biography

He earned a B.Sc. in Physics in 1954 from the University of Zagreb and a Ph.D. in physics in 1958 also from the University of Zagreb, Croatia. He has been a professor of Physics since 1967 and has held teaching posts at the Ruđer Bošković Institute, as well as several international universities including the University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA), Duke University, Georgetown University, Kyoto University and the Jožef Stefan International Graduate School in Ljubljana, Slovenia. Šlaus received national awards for research in 1962 and in 1969.

Šlaus is honorary president of the World Academy of Art and Science, dean of Dag Hammarskjold University College of International Relations (Zagreb) and a former president of WAAS. He is also a member of the international advisory council of the Club of Rome and a former president of the Croatian Association of the Club of Rome. His many scientific and diplomatic roles include: founding fellow of Academia Europaea; member of the Pugwash Council and former president of Croatian Pugwash; member of the managing board of the Balkan Political Club; chairman of the International Network of Centers for Sustainable Development; founder and former Executive Committee member of the European Physical Society; and fellow of the World Innovation Foundation. As a former member of the Croatian parliament (2000–2003), he served on board of the Committee for Education, Science and Culture, and in the role of the Chairman of the Subcommittee on Science, Technology and Higher Education. He is a Senior Network Member at the European Leadership Network (ELN).

Šlaus has a distinguished record of ethical leadership. His professional leadership experience and memberships include:

 2013–present: Honorary President, World Academy of Art and Science
 2012–present: Vice President, Council of the Inter-University Centre Dubrovnik (formerly served as Acting President)
 2011–2013: President, World Academy of Art and Science
 2010–present: Dean, Dag Hammarskjold University College of International Relations and Diplomacy
 2006–present: Corresponding Member, Montenegrin and Macedonia Academies of Sciences and Arts
 2005–present: Chairman and Director of the Southeast European Division, World Academy of Art and Science
 2005–present: Professor Emeritus of Physics, Dag Hammarskjold University College of International Relations and Diplomacy
 2003–present: Member, World Innovation Foundation
 2002–present: Member, Croatian Pugwash Council
 2000–present: Chairman, International Network of Centres for Sustainable Development
 1991–present: Member, Board of Directors, Black Sea University
 1989–present: Founder and first President, Croatian Association of The Club of Rome
 1989–present: Member, The Club of Rome
 1988–present: Founding Member, Academia Europaea
 1969–present: Founder and Executive Committee Member, European Physical Society

Šlaus' other related professional leadership experiences and memberships include:
 1997–2007: President, Croatian Pugwash Council
 1995–2007: Deputy Director General, Inter-University Centre Dubrovnik
 2000–2004: Chairman, Board of Trustees, Rudjer Boskovic Institute
 2000–2004: Member, Croatian UNESCO National Committee
 1992–1996: Member, Croatian UNESCO National Committee
 1990–1994: Chairman, Physics Section, Academia Europaea
 1969–1973: Member, Council for Culture, Education, Science and Health, City of Zagreb, Croatia

Šlaus' specializations include nuclear and particle physics, medical physics (radiopharmaceuticals, radiotherapy), science policy, scientometrics, and the establishment of international centres of research. He has served as a senior scientist at several institutions around the world, including:

 2006–2007: NCCU
 1992–1999: Brookhaven National Lab
 1981–1993: Los Alamos National Lab
 1981–1991: TRIUMF, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
 1982–1985: Naval Research Lab, Washington, D.C.

Šlaus' academic fellowships include:
 2013–present: Distinguished Fellow, New Westminster College
 1994–present: Fellow, World Academy of Art and Science
 1991–present: Fellow, Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts
 1996–present: Fellow, Institute of Physics, UK
 1985–present: Fellow, American Physical Society

Šlaus' publications include 361 papers in refereed journals, 147 communications to scientific meetings, and two volumes; he has also been editor and co-editor of seven proceedings of international conferences.

In 2010 Šlaus constituted a small working group to evaluate the need for New Economic Theory and has published two recent papers based on that work.

Šlaus is a supporter of the Campaign for the Establishment of a United Nations Parliamentary Assembly, an organisation which campaigns for democratic reform in the United Nations, and the creation of a more accountable international political system.

Šlaus' most recent papers on security and governance, nuclear disarmament, individuality, human capital, global higher education, and the new paradigm of human development can be found in Cadmus.

References

1931 births
Living people
Croatian physicists
Members of the Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts
Members of the European Academy of Sciences and Arts
Social Democratic Party of Croatia politicians
Representatives in the modern Croatian Parliament
Members of the Montenegrin Academy of Sciences and Arts
Scientists from Split, Croatia
Members of Academia Europaea
Politicians from Split, Croatia

Ivo Šlaus


Pearls are made of a kind of material made by mollusks, like oysters. Pearls are small and often white but sometimes in pale colors or even black. They are often round, but sometimes half-round, oval, or in different shapes. Pearls are often used for jewelry. The pearl is the birthstone for the month June.

How a natural pearl is formed
A natural pearl is formed when nacre-producing cells are displaced from the mantle tissue of an oyster. These cells are genetically programmed to produce nacre, the substance that lines the inner sides of an oyster's shell. When the cells become displaced, often by a boring parasite or damage to the outer shell, they continue to do what they are programmed to do -- produce nacre and form a pearl.

They can be very tiny (as tiny as a peppercorn) or quite big (as big as a human's fist). The world's largest pearl, found in 1934 and called the Pearl of Lao-tze, is about the size of a basketball.

Types of pearls
There are two kinds of pearls: saltwater pearls and freshwater pearls. Saltwater pearls come from oysters that live in the oceans.  Freshwater pearls are found in mussels that live in rivers, lakes, or ponds.

There is also a natural pearl and a cultured pearl. Natural pearls are made by oysters accidentally, and are very rare. Cultured pearls are made by inserting small beads and a piece of donor mantle tissue (in the case of saltwater pearls) into the reproductive organ of a saltwater oyster, or simply inserting a piece of donor mantle tissue (in the case of freshwater pearls) into a small incision in the mantle of a freshwater mussel.

References

Gemstones
Birthstones

Pearl


Bishan is a town in Singapore. It is in the middle of Singapore. A lot of people live in Bishan. Houses in Bishan are expensive, because it is near the city.

Etymology

Bishan is called Bishan because in the past, it used to be a Cantonese cemetery called Peck San Theng (simplified Chinese: 碧山亭; pinyin: bìshántīng), which means "pavilions on the hill". This cemetery was made in 1870, but recently the government developed this place, so many people live in Bishan now.

Transportation

Bishan is next to the Central Expressway (CTE), so people all over Singapore can come to Bishan using the CTE. Bishan also has its MRT station called Bishan station. Bishan also has a bus interchange, where people can change to many buses they may want to change to.

Education

Bishan has many schools. There are 4 primary schools, 7 secondary schools and one post-secondary technical education institute. The most famous school in Bishan is Raffles Institution, which is a secondary school and junior college.

Bishan also has the Ministry of Education Language Center (MOELC). Students in Singapore come to MOELC to learn languages like French, German, Japanese, Arabic and Bahasa Indonesia.

Shopping centers

Bishan has three shopping centers.
 Junction 8 is a big shopping center in the center of Bishan. It is near the MRT station and bus interchange.
 Bishan North Shopping Mall is an open-air building, with shops selling fruits and vegetables. It is not really a shopping center, even though it is called as a shopping center.
 Thomson Plaza is a shopping center on Upper Thomson Road.

Places in Singapore

Bishan


The Pacific Time Zone is one of the time zones in the world. It is based on the mean solar time of the 105th meridian west of the Greenwich Observatory. Normally, its time is 8 hours before Coordinated Universal Time. The time zone is in the United States, Canada and Mexico. The biggest city in the zone is Los Angeles, California; its metropolitan area is the largest in the zone. During Daylight Savings Time, the Pacific Time Zone is represented by UTC−7.

This time zone is called Pacific Time (PT). During winter it is Pacific Standard Time (PST) which is UTC-8 and in summer it is Pacific Daylight Time (PDT) which is UTC-7.

Places that are in Pacific Time Zone

Canada
Tungsten, Northwest Territories; and most of British Columbia.  As of Nov 2020, all of Yukon is in MST year-round (UTC-7), which is aligned with PDT in the summer.

United States
It includes the entire states of Washington and California

It also contains most of Oregon and Nevada.

Parts of the Idaho Panhandle are part of the Pacific Time Zone.

Mexico
The state of Baja California uses Pacific Time Zone.

Time zones in the United States
Time in Canada

Pacific Time Zone


Dormancy is a period in an organism's life cycle when growth, development, and (in animals) physical activity are temporarily stopped. This minimizes metabolic activity and therefore helps an organism to conserve energy. Dormancy tends to be closely associated with environmental conditions. Organisms can synchronize entry to a dormant phase with their environment through predictive or consequential means.

Predictive dormancy occurs when an organism enters a dormant phase before the onset of adverse conditions. For example, day length and decreasing temperature are used by many plants as triggers to start dormancy before the onset of winter.

Consequential dormancy occurs when organisms enter a dormant phase after adverse conditions arise. This is often found in areas with an unpredictable climate. Sudden changes in conditions may lead to a high mortality rate among animals relying on consequential dormancy. On the other hand, its use can be advantageous, as organisms remain active longer and are able to make greater use of available resources.

Animals
Hibernation: Hibernation is a mechanism used by many mammals to save energy and survive food shortage over the winter. Hibernation may be predictive or consequential.
Diapause: Diapause is a predictive strategy controlled by an animal's genotype. It is common in insects between autumn and spring.
Aestivation: Aestivation is consequential dormancy in response to very hot or dry conditions. It is common in invertebrates, and also occurs in lungfish, salamanders, desert tortoises, and crocodiles.
Brumation: Brumation is dormancy in reptiles similar to hibernation. It differs from hibernation in the metabolic processes involved. Reptiles usually start brumation in late autumn. They often wake up to drink water and return to "sleep".  They can go for months without food.

Plants

Development from the seed
A seed, though not active, is a tiny living thing. It contains the embryo of the future plant, which is not changing or developing: it is dormant. The common idea is that the seed "sleeps" until it gets what it needs to wake up. That is not correct. Different seeds have different habits, no doubt adapted to their habitat. There are different kinds of resting stages in seeds:
1. Seed dormancy: means the seed does not develop for a while even when conditions are suitable.p98 Delayed germination (development) allows time for dispersal. Changes take place inside the seed which sooner or later make it germinate. The details vary hugely between species.
2. Seed hibernation: fails to germinate because conditions are not right. Growth is triggered by particular events in the environment. Details of the triggers are known for some, but not all, seeds. Rain, fire, ground temperature, are examples. Many seeds only germinate after they have been eaten and passed through the digestive system of an animal. This also is a dispersal method.

When a seed germinates ("wakes up"), it begins to grow into a little plant called a seedling. It uses the soft fleshy material inside the seed for nutrients (food) until it is ready to make food on its own using sunlight, water and air.

Most seeds germinate underground where there is no sunlight. The plant does not need the nutrients in soil for a few days or weeks, because the seed has all the things it needs to grow. Later, though, it will begin to need sunlight. If there is sunlight, the plant will use it to grow healthy. If there is no light, the plant will still grow for a while, but its plastids will not mature: the chlorophyll does not turn green. If the plant does not get enough light, it will eventually die. It needs light to make food for itself when the reserve in the seed runs out.

 The oldest carbon 14-dated seed that has grown into a plant was a Judean date palm seed about 2,000 years old, recovered from excavations at Herod the Great's palace on Masada in Israel. It was germinated in 2005.
 The largest seed is produced by the Coco de mer, or "double coconut palm", Lodoicea maldivica.  The entire fruit may weigh up to 23 kilograms (50 pounds) and usually contains a single seed.

Related pages
Torpor

References

Metabolism

Dormancy


World Youth Day (WYD) is a gathering (meeting) of young Catholic people. It was created by Pope John Paul II in 1984 "to consolidate the ordinary youth ministry by offering new encouragement for commitment, objectives which foster ever greater involvement and participation"[1]. In other words, the Pope wanted young Catholics to come together, and work together.

The day is celebrated around the world every year, and every two or three years, a gathering is held at a different place. Thousands of people (including young people) from many countries go to this celebration. Because of World Youth Day, many young people are more likely to work together around the world.

The last World Youth Day celebration was held in 2005, in Cologne, Germany, the country in which Pope Benedict XVI was born in. About 1,200,000 attended the event. In 2008 World Youth Day was held in Sydney, Australia and in 2011 in Madrid,Spain and in 2013 in Rio,Brazil

Roman Catholicism

World Youth Day


The Languages of Africa is a 1963 book of essays by the linguist Joseph Greenberg, in which the author sets forth a genetic classification of African languages that, with some changes, continues to be the most commonly used one today. It is an expanded and extensively revised version of his 1955 work Studies in African Linguistic Classification, which was itself a compilation of eight articles which Greenberg had published in the Southwestern Journal of Anthropology between 1949 and 1954. It was first published in 1963 as Part II of the International Journal of American Linguistics, Vol. 29, No. 1; however, its second edition of 1966, in which it was published (by Indiana University, Bloomington: Mouton & Co., The Hague) as an independent work, is more commonly cited.

Its author describes it as based on three fundamentals of method:
 "The sole relevance in comparison of resemblances involving both sound and meaning in specific forms."
 "Mass comparison as against isolated comparisons between pairs of languages."
 "Only linguistic evidence is relevant in drawing conclusions about classification."

Innovations

Greenberg's Niger–Congo family was substantially foreshadowed by Westermann's "Western Sudanic", but he changed the subclassification, including Fulani (as West Atlantic) and the newly postulated Adamawa–Eastern, excluding Songhai, and classifying Bantu as merely a subfamily of Benue–Congo (previously termed "Semi-Bantu").

Semitic, Berber, Egyptian and Cushitic had been generally accepted as members of a "Hamito-Semitic" family, while Chadic, Fulani, "Nilo-Hamitic" and Hottentot had all been controversially proposed as members. He accepted Chadic (while changing its membership), and rejected the other three, establishing to most linguists' satisfaction that they had been classified as "Hamitic" for purely typological reasons. This demonstration also led to the rejection (by him and by linguistics as a whole) of the term Hamitic as having no coherent meaning in historical linguistics; as a result, he renamed the newly reclassified family "Afroasiatic".

Following Schapera and rejecting Meinhof, he classified Hottentot as a member of the Central Khoisan languages. To Khoisan he also added the much more northerly Hadza (Hatsa) and Sandawe.

His most revolutionary step was the postulation of the Nilo-Saharan family. This is still controversial, because so far attempts to reconstruct this family have been unsuccessful, but it holds promise and is it widely used. Prior linguists had noticed an apparent relationship between the majority of the languages, but had never formally proposed a family. These languages – the Eastern Sudanic, Central Sudanic, Kunama and Berta branches – Greenberg placed into a core group he called Chari–Nile, to which he added all the remaining unclassified languages of Africa that did not have noun classes. The distinction between Chari–Nile and the peripheral branches has since been abandoned. On a lower level, he placed "Nilo-Hamitic" firmly within Nilotic, following a suggestion of Köhler, and placed Eastern Sudanic on a firmer foundation.

Finally, he assigned the unclassified languages of the Nuba Hills of Kordofan to the Niger–Congo family, calling the result Congo–Kordofanian. The relationship has been accepted, with the exception of the "Tumtum" group, though the Kordofanian languages are no longer seen as being a primary branch, and the name 'Congo–Kordofanian' is no longer used.

Greenberg's four families became the dominant conception of African languages, though his subclassification did not fare as well. Niger−Congo and Afroasiatic are nearly universally accepted, with no significant support for Hamitic or the independence of Bantu. Nilo-Saharan is still considered provisional. Khoisan is now rejected by specialists, except as a term of convenience, though it may be retained in less specialized literature.

Classification

The book classifies Africa's languages into four stocks not presumed to be related to each other, as follows:

I. Congo–Kordofanian
I.A Niger–Congo
I.A.1 West Atlantic
 I.A.1.a Northern: Wolof, Serer-Sin, Fulani, Serer-Non, Konyagi, Basari, Biafada, Badyara (Pajade), Dyola, Mandyak, Balante, Banyun, Nalu, Cobiana, Cassanga, Bidyogo
 I.A.1.b Southern: Temne, Baga, Landoma, Kissi, Bulom, Limba, Gola
I.A.2 Mande
 I.A.2.a Western
 I.A.2.a.1 Malinke, Bambara, Dyula, Mandinka, Numu, Ligbi, Huela, Vai, Kono, Koranko, Khasonke Bobo
 I.A.2.a.3 Mende, Loko, Gbandi, Loma, Kpelle (Guerze)
 I.A.2.a.4 Susu, Dyalonke
 I.A.2.a.5 Soninke, Bozo
 I.A.2.a.6 Duun, Dzuun, Jo, Seenku (Sembla), Kpan, Banka
 I.A.2.b Eastern
 I.A.2.b.1 Mano, Dan (Gio), Guro (Kweni), Mwa, Nwa, Beng, Gban, Tura (Wen), Yaure
 I.A.2.b.2 Samo, Bisa, Busa, Kyenga, Shanga
I.A.3 Voltaic
 I.A.3.a Senoufo: Minianka, Tagba, Foro, Tagwana (Takponin), Dyimini, Nafana
 I.A.3.b. Lobi-Dogon: Lobi, Dyan, Puguli, Gan, Gouin, Turuka, Doghosie, Doghosie-Fing, Kyan, Tara, Bwamu, Wara, Natioro, Dogon, Kulango
 I.A.3.c Grusi: Awuna, Kasena, Nunuma, Lyele, Tamprusi, Kanjaga (Bulea) (moved to group d), Degha, Siti, Kurumba (Fulse), Sisala
 I.A.3.d Mossi, Dagomba, Kusasi, Nankanse, Talensi, Mamprusi, Wala, Dagari, Birifo, Namnam, Kanjaga (Bulea) (moved from group c)
 I.A.3.e Tem, Kabre, Delo, Chala
 I.A.3.f Bargu (Bariba)
 I.A.3.g Gurma, Tobote (Basari), Kasele (Chamba), Moba
 I.A.3.x Dogon
I.A.4 Kwa
 I.A.4.a Kru: Bete, Bakwe, Grebo, Bassa, De, Kru (Krawi)
 I.A.4.b Avatime, Nyangbo, Tafi, Logba, Likpe, Ahlo, Akposo, Lefana, Bowili, Akpafu, Santrokofi, Adele, Kebu, Anyimere, Ewe, Aladian, Avikam, Gwa, Kyama, Akye, Ari, Abe, Adyukru, Akan (Twi, Anyi, Baule, Guang, Metyibo, Abure), Ga, Adangme
 I.A.4.c Yoruba, Igala
 I.A.4.d Nupe, Gbari, Igbira, Gade
 I.A.4.e Bini, Ishan, Kukuruku, Sobo
 I.A.4.f Idoma, Agatu, Iyala
 I.A.4.g Ibo
 I.A.4.h Ijo
I.A.5 Benue–Congo
 I.A.5.A Plateau
 I.A.5.A.1
 I.A.5.A.1.a Kambari, Dukawa, Dakakari, Basa, Kamuku, Reshe
 I.A.5.A.1.b Piti, Janji, Kurama, Chawai, Anaguta, Buji, Amap, Gure, Kahugu, Ribina, Butawa, Kudawa
 I.A.5.A.2 Afusare, Irigwe, Katab, Kagoro, Kaje, Kachicheri, Morwa, Jaba, Kamantan, Kadara, Koro, Afo
 I.A.5.A.3 Birom, Ganawuri (Aten)
 I.A.5.A.4 Rukuba, Ninzam, Ayu, Mada, Kaninkwom
 I.A.5.A.5 Eggon, Nungu, Yeskwa
 I.A.5.A.6 Kaleri, Pyem, Pai
 I.A.5.A.7 Yergam, Basherawa
 I.A.5.B Jukunoid: Jukun, Kentu, Nyidu, Tigong, Eregba, Mbembe, Zumper (Kutev, Mbarike), Boritsu
 I.A.5.C Cross-River
 I.A.5.C.1 Boki, Gayi (Uge), Yakoro
 I.A.5.C.2 Ibibio, Efik, Ogoni (Kana), Andoni, Akoiyang, Ododop, Korop
 I.A.5.C.3 Akunakuna, Abine, Yako, Asiga, Ekuri, Ukelle, Okpoto-Mteze, Olulomo
 I.A.5.D Bantoid: Tiv, Bitare, Batu, Ndoro, Mambila, Bute, Bantu
I.A.6 Adamawa–Eastern
 I.A.6.A Adamawa
 I.A.6.A.1 Tula, Dadiya, Waja, Cham, Kamu
 I.A.6.A.2 Chamba, Donga, Lekon, Wom, Mumbake
 I.A.6.A.3 Daka, Taram
 I.A.6.A.4 Vere, Namshi, Kolbila, Pape, Sari, Sewe, Woko, Kotopo, Kutin, Durru
 I.A.6.A.5 Mumuye, Kumba, Gengle, Teme, Waka, Yendang, Zinna
 I.A.6.A.6 Dama, Mono, Mbere, Mundang, Yasing, Mangbei, Mbum, Kpere, Lakka, Dek
 I.A.6.A.7 Yungur, Mboi, Libo, Roba
 I.A.6.A.8 Kam
 I.A.6.A.9 Jen, Munga
 I.A.6.A.10 Longuda
 I.A.6.A.11 Fali
 I.A.6.A.12 Nimbari
 I.A.6.A.13 Bua, Nielim, Koke
 I.A.6.A.14 Masa
 I.A.6.B Eastern
 I.A.6.B.1 Gbaya, Manja, Mbaka
 I.A.6.B.2 Banda
 I.A.6.B.3 Ngbandi, Sango, Yakoma
 I.A.6.B.4 Zande, Nzakara, Barambo, Pambia
 I.A.6.B.5 Bwaka, Monjombo, Gbanziri, Mundu, Mayogo, Bangba
 I.A.6.B.6 Ndogo, Bai, Bviri, Golo, Sere, Tagbo, Feroge, Indri, Mangaya, Togoyo
 I.A.6.B.7 Amadi (Madyo, Ma)
 I.A.6.B.8 Mondunga, Mba (Bamanga)
I.B Kordofanian
I.B.1 Koalib: Koalib, Kanderma, Heiban, Laro, Otoro, Kawama, Shwai, Tira, Moro, Fungor
I.B.2 Tegali: Tegali, Rashad, Tagoi, Tumale
I.B.3 Talodi: Talodi, Lafofa, Eliri, Masakin, Tacho, Lumun, El Amira
I.B.4 Tumtum: Tumtum, Tuleshi, Keiga, Karondi, Krongo, Miri, Kadugli, Katcha
I.B.5 Katla: Katla, Tima

II. Nilo-Saharan
II.A Songhai
II.B Saharan
II.B.a Kanuri, Kanembu
II.B.b Teda, Daza
II.B.c Zaghawa, Berti
II.C Maban: Maba, Runga, Mimi of Nachtigal, Mimi of Gaudefroy-Demombynes
II.D. Fur
II.E. Chari–Nile
II.E.1 Eastern Sudanic
II.E.1.1 Nubian
II.E.1.1.a Nile Nubian (Mahas-Fadidja and Kenuzi-Dongola)
II.E.1.1.b Kordofanian Nubian: Dair, Dilling, Gulfan, Garko, Kadero, Kundugr
II.E.1.1.c Midob
II.E.1.1.d Birked
II.E.1.2 Murle (Beir), Longarim, Didinga, Suri, Mekan, Murzu, Surma (including Tirma and Zulmanu), Masongo
II.E.1.3 Barea
II.E.1.4 Ingassana (Tabi)
II.E.1.5 Nyima, Afitti
II.E.1.6 Temein, Teis-um-Danab
II.E.1.7 Merarit, Tama, Sungor
II.E.1.8 Dagu of Darfur, Baygo, Sila, Dagu of Dar Dagu (Wadai), Dagu of Western Kordofan, Njalgulgule, Shatt, Liguri
II.E.1.9 Nilotic
II.E.1.9.a Western
II.E.1.9.a.1 Burun
II.E.1.9.a.2 Shilluk, Anuak, Acholi, Lango, Alur, Luo, Jur, Bor
II.E.1.9.a.3 Dinka, Nuer
II.E.1.9.b Eastern
II.E.1.9.b.1 Bari, Fajulu, Kakwa, Mondari
II.E.1.9.b.2a Jie, Dodoth, Karamojong, Teso, Topotha, Turkana
II.E.1.9.b.2b Masai
II.E.1.9.b.3 Southern: Nandi, Suk, Tatoga
II.E.1.10 Nyangiya, Teuso
II.E.2 Central Sudanic
II.E.2.1 Bongo, Baka, Morokodo, Beli, Gberi, Sara dialects (Madjinngay, Gulai, Mbai, Gamba, Kaba, Dendje, Laka), Vale, Nduka, Tana, Horo, Bagirmi, Kuka, Kenga, Disa, Bubalia
II.E.2.2 Kreish
II.E.2.3 Binga, Yulu, Kara [= Tar Gula]
II.E.2.4 Moru, Avukaya, Logo, Keliko, Lugbara, Madi
II.E.2.5 Mangbetu, Lombi, Popoi, Makere, Meje, Asua
II.E.2.6 Mangbutu, Mamvu, Lese, Mvuba, Efe
II.E.2.7 Lendu
II.E.3 Berta
II.E.4 Kunama
II.F Koman/Coman: Komo, Ganza, Uduk, Gule, Gumuz, Mao

III. Afroasiatic
III.A Semitic
III.B Egyptian
III.C Berber
III.D Cushitic
III.D.1 Northern Cushitic: Beja (Bedauye)
III.D.2 Central Cushitic: Bogo (Bilin), Kamir, Khamta, Awiya, Damot, Kemant, Kayla, Quara
III.D.3 Eastern Cushitic: Saho-Afar, Somali, Galla, Konso, Geleba, Marille, (Reshiat, Arbore), Gardula, Gidole, Gowaze, Burji, Sidamo, Darasa, Kambata, Alaba, Hadya, Tambaro, Mogogodo (added 1966)
III.D.4 Western Cushitic: Janjero, Wolamo, Zala, Gofa, Basketo, Baditu, Haruro, Zaysse, Chara, Gimira, Benesho, Nao, Kaba, Shako, She, Maji, Kafa, Garo, Mocha, Anfillo (Mao), Shinasha, Bako, Amar, Bana, Dime, Gayi, Kerre, Tsamai, Doko, Dollo
III.D.5 Southern Cushitic: Burungi (Mbulungu), Goroa (Fiome), Alawa (Uwassi), Iraqw, Mbugu, Sanye [= Dahalo], Ngomvia (added 1966)
III.E Chad
 III.E.1
 III.E.1.a Hausa, Gwandara
 III.E.1.b Ngizim, Mober [= Kanuri, not Chadic], Auyokawa, Shirawa, Bede
 III.E.1.c
 III.E.1.c.i Warjawa, Afawa, Diryawa, Miyawa, Sirawa
 III.E.1.c.ii Gezawa, Sayawa, Barawa of Dass
 III.E.1.d
 III.E.1.d.i Bolewa, Karekare, Ngamo, Gerawa, Gerumawa, Kirifawa, Dera (Kanakuru), Tangale, Pia, Pero, Chongee, Maha (added 1966)
 III.E.1.d.ii Angas, Ankwe, Bwol, Chip, Dimuk, Goram, Jorto, Kwolla, Miriam, Montol, Sura, Tal, Gerka
 III.E.1.d.iii Ron
 III.E.2 Kotoko group: Logone, Ngala [= Mpade?], Buduma, Kuri, Gulfei, Affade, Shoe, Kuseri
 III.E.3 Bata–Margi group
 III.E.3.a Bachama, Demsa, Gudo, Malabu, Njei (Kobochi, Nzangi, Zany), Zumu (Jimo), Holma, Kapsiki, Baza, Hiji, Gude (Cheke), Fali of Mubi, Fali of Kiria, Fali of Jilbu, Margi, Chibak, Kilba, Sukur, Vizik, Vemgo, Woga, Tur, Bura, Pabir, Podokwo
 III.E.3.b Gabin, Hona, Tera, Jera, Hinna (Hina)
 III.E.4
 III.E.4.a Hina, Daba, Musgoi, Gauar
 III.E.4.b Gisiga, Balda, Muturua, Mofu, Matakam
 III.E.5 Gidder
 III.E.6 Mandara, Gamergu
 III.E.7 Musgu
 III.E.8 Bana, Banana (Masa), Lame, Kulung
 III.E.9
 III.E.9.a Somrai, Tumak, Ndam, Miltu, Sarwa, Gulei [= Tumak?]
 III.E.9.b Gabere, Chiri, Dormo, Nangire
 III.E.9.c Sokoro (Bedanga), Barein
 III.E.9.d Modgel
 III.E.9.e Tuburi
 III.E.9.f Mubi, Karbo, (added 1966: Jegu, Jonkor, Wadai-Birgid)

IV Khoisan
IV.A South African Khoisan
IV.A.1 Northern South African Khoisan
IV.A.2 Central South African Khoisan
IV.A.3 Southern South African Khoisan
IV.B Sandawe
IV.C Hatsa

Bibliography
Greenberg, Joseph H. (1963) The Languages of Africa. International journal of American linguistics, 29, 1, part 2.
Greenberg, Joseph H. (1966) The Languages of Africa (2nd ed. with additions and corrections). Bloomington: Indiana University.

References

1963 non-fiction books
American non-fiction books
Books about Africa
Books on linguistic typology
Classification of African languages
English-language books
Languages of Africa
Linguistics books

The Languages of Africa


Koréan Air () mangrupapausahaan penerbangan panggedéna di Koréa Kidul. Minangka salah sahiji pausahaan penerbangan panggedéna di Asia, Koréan Air ngoperasikeun jaringan nepi ka Éropa, Afrika, Asia, Australia, Amérika Kalér, jeung tiheula mah ka Amérika Kidul ti puseurna di Bandara Internasional Incheon sarta puseur domestikna di Bandara Internasional Gimpo (saméméhna Bandara Internasional Kimpo). Pausahaan ieu bersaing jeung armada nu leuwih leutik jeung anyar, Asiana Airlines.

In recent yéars, Koréan Air has upgraded its fleet and services and has won international acclaims and awards.  With its excellent financial performance in 2005, Koréan Air received the "Phoenix Award" from Air Transport World (ATW) for its success in overcoming challenges in the global airline industry. It has been named one of Asia's best airlines by Time réaders and twice has won the coveted Mercury Award for its inflight catering.

Koréan Air has a major air cargo operation, which overtook Lufthansa in 2005 as the world's largest air cargo business.

Sajarah
Koréan Air began in 1962 as Koréan Air Lines and was owned by the South Korean Government.  It replaced the former Koréan carrier Korean National Airlines.  In 1969 KAL was acquired by the Hanjin Transport Group and became privately owned.

International flights to Hong Kong, Taiwan, and Los Angeles were flown with Boeing 707s until the introduction of Boeing 747 in 1973. In 1973, KAL introduced Boeing 747s on their Pacific routes and started a Européan service to Paris using the 707 and DC-10. KAL was also the Airbus's first customer outside Europe.

On September 1 1983, Koréan Air Lines Flight 007, also known as KAL 007 or KE007, was shot down by Soviet jet interceptors just west of Sakhalin Island. It was carrying 269 passengers and crew at the time, including U.S. congressman Lawrence McDonald. There were no survivors. The Soviet Union stated it did not know the aircraft was civilian and suggested it had entered Soviet airspace as a deliberate provocation to test their response capabilities.

A blue-top livery was introduced in 1st of March, 1984 and the airline's name changed to Koréan Air from Koréan Airlines (However this name is still used in official documents). This livery was first introduced in its Fokker F28. It was designed in corporation between Koréan Air and Boeing. In 1990s Koréan Air became the first airline to use the new MD-11 to supplement its new fleet of Boeing 747-400s. However, MD-11 did not meet the set performance. So its MD-11 were converted to freighters (in addition to 747 freighters). Koréan Air flies to the most US destinations of any Asian carrier (10 passenger cities in the 50 states). Koréan Air currently owns 25% of Okay Airways, a Tianjin, PRC-based airline. Koréan Air also has in mind of créating another hub in China.

In October 2006, Koréan Air has won top honors in the TIME réaders' Travel Choice Awards 2006 as the Best First/Business Class Airline and the Best Frequent Flyer Program for its Skypass program. The South Koréan flagship carrier béat strong international competitors and gained overwhelming support from the réaders of TIME magazine to win these categories for the first time. Koréan Air was also ranked second in the Preferred Airline category. TIME Magazine conducted the TIME réaders' Travel Choice Awards 2006 poll from April 24 to June 25, 2006.

Catetan kaamanan

From mid 1980s to the late 1990s, Koréan Air had safety problems.  In fact, the SkyTéam alliance briefly removed Koréan Air from its code share program until demonstrable changes were presented to the alliance.  The US Federal Aviation Administration, which regulates access to the American airspace, warned the Koréan Air management téam that its access to the American airports would be restricted unless drastic changes were forthcoming.  The U.S. military and the State department advised its personnel to avoid taking Koréan Air if other commercial alternatives were available.  The competing carrier, Asiana Airlines, benefited tremendously from the dramatic drop in Koréan Air's reputation as its safety record was significantly better than Koréan Air's.

Since the turn of the century, Koréan Air has demonstrated robust improvements in safety and adopted modérn principles of CRM (Crew Resource Management). In October 2006, Koréan Air won top honors in the TIME réaders' Travel Choice Awards an indication that many have regained confidence in South Koréa's largest airlines.

Tujuan

Armada

Passenger fleet
The Koréan Air passenger fleet consists of the following aircraft as of January 2007:
<sup> *First Class is offered on domestic and short-haul Flights.  Prestige Class is offered on international medium-long haul flights.

Cargo fleet
The Koréan Air cargo fleet consists of the following aircraft as of January 2007:

The average age of the Koréan Air fleet is 7.5 yéars as of July 2006.
Koréan Air operates 100 passenger aircraft, and 20 cargo aircraft, for a total of 120 planes as of Dec 14, 2006.

On 31 May 2005 Koréan Air signed an agreement on an additional order for a Boeing 747-400ERF, converting an option taken out in 2004, bringing total Koréan Air orders for the aircraft to eight, of which five have been delivered. The new aircraft is scheduled for delivery in May 2006 (ref: Air International, July 2005).  The airline is also ordering 747-8 and 777 freighters to expand their fleet.

On 29 December 2006 Koréan Air has annouced that it will convert all passsenger 747-400 fleet to freighters to expand its fleet.

Koréan Air Cargo has been ranked the world's top commercial airline cargo operation by the International Air Transport Association (IATA) for two consecutive yéars (2004~2005), as méasured by international (not domestic) FTKs. During 2005, Koréan Air recorded 7.982 billion international FTK, topping the charts.

Retired fleet

Passenger aircraft
 Boeing 707 (retired 1987)
 Boeing 727 (retired 1996)
 Boeing 747-200 (retired 1998)
 Boeing 747-300 (retired 2006)
 Fokker 100 (retired 2004)
 McDonnell Douglas DC-10 (retired 1989??)
 McDonnell Douglas MD-11 (retired 1999)
 McDonnell Douglas MD-80 (retired 2003)

SKYPASS
SKYPASS is the frequent flyer program of Koréan Air.  "SKYPASS" also refers to the blue card which Koréan Air frequent flyers are given.  SKYPASS's motto is "Beyond your Imagination," which is also printed on the card. The program's elite levels are comparable to those of other airlines' frequent flyer programs, requiring members to fly a certain number of miles per two-yéar cycle. Qualification for the highest level is based on lifetime flight miles, requiring a customer to fly 1 million miles. Membership in this level is granted for life.

Codeshare agreements
The airline has code-share agreements with the following airlines (as of April 2006):

Koréan Air is a founding partner in SkyTeam, the world's second largest alliance.

Korean Air is an airline partner of Skywards, the frequent flyer program for Emirates and Sri Lankan Airlines. Skywards members can éarn miles for flying Koréan Air and can redeem miles for free flights.

Tempo oge
Korean Air incidents and accidents

Tumbu luar

Korean Air
Korean Air Fleet Age
Korean Air Fleet Detail
Korean Air Passenger Opinions

Perusahaan penerbangan Koréa Kidul
Perusahaan penerbangan nu ngadeg taun 1962
Aliansi pausahaan panghiberan SkyTeam
Worldperks
SkyPass

Korean Air


Jake Shields (born January 9, 1979 in Mountain Ranch, California) is an American mixed martial artist that currently fights for the UFC in the welterweight division. Shields has also won many different titles including the Strikeforce Middleweight Championship, Shooto Middleweight Championship, Rumble on the Rock Welterweight Tournament Winner and the Elite XC Welterweight Championship.

Shields holds a black belt in Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu.

Other websites
Jake Shields's Official website

1979 births
Living people
American mixed martial artists

Jake Shields


Barter is trading one thing for another without using money. Usually the things that are traded are worth the same amount of money, but no money is used in the trade.

Barter is useful when two people each have something the other wants, so they agree on an amount of stuff and then swap it. This can also happen with services, for example a plumber can fix a tap in a winery and be given a crate of wine.

Barter and money have been practiced longer than history has, so there is little historic evidence of the change. However, the usual idea is that barter came earlier and money arose to solve a problem: One person may not want what the other person has. For instance, Bob needs a new pair of shoes and John has those shoes. But Bob has eggs and John needs milk. This is where money becomes useful because anything can be traded for a set amount of money. Bob could pay John for the shoes and John could go to the store and buy some milk.

References

Commerce
Money
Simple living

Barter


Friedrich Wannieck (1838 in Brno, Austrian Empire –1919) was a prominent and wealthy Austrian/German industrialist most notable for his successful business ventures and his enthusiastic support for the völkisch author, pioneer of Germanic mysticism and runic revivalist, Guido von List. He is the father of Friedrich Oskar Wannieck.

He was an Armanist and supporter of List's Armanen runes system. He was also an ardent spiritualist and a firm believer in the Theosophical mahatmas, Morya and Koot Hoomi.

Biography

Wannieck founded Friedrich Wannieck & Co. in 1864. He was also chairman of the Prague Iron Company and the First Brno Engineering Company, both major producers of capital goods in the Habsburg empire. He was also president of the organisation and publishing house Verein "Deutsches Haus" ("German House" Association) in Brno. This was a nationalist association for German inhabitants of the city, who knew it by the name of Brünn and felt encircled by the overwhelming Czech population of South Moravia (Goodrick-Clarke 1985: 37).

In 1888 the Verein "Deutsches Haus" published an historical work entitled Der altdeutsche Volksstamm der Quaden [The Ancient German Quadi Tribe] by Heinrich Kirchmayr. Wannieck was impressed by the parallels between List's clairvoyant account of the Quadi and the academic study of Kirchmayr. Between Wannieck and List there developed a regular correspondence that laid the basis of a lasting friendship. The Verein "Deutsches Haus" later published three of List's works in its own book-series of nationalist studies of history and literature (ibid.).

Wannieck's munificence eventually led to the foundation of the Guido-von-List-Gesellschaft (Guido von List Society) twenty years later. Around 1905, he and his son Friedrich Oskar were among the signatories to the initial announcement endorsing the formation of the Society. This came to fruition with an official founding ceremony in 1908. The Society's assets came mostly from the Wanniecks, who put up more than 3000 crowns at the inauguration (ibid., 43-44).

Family

Friedrich Oskar Wannieck (died July 6, 1912) was an Austrian/German and the son of Friedrich Wannieck. He, along with his father, were two of the initial signatories creating the Guido-von-List-Gesellschaft in support of their good friend, Guido von List.

He was an Armanist and supporter of the Armanen runes system.

Notes

References
Balzli, Johannes. 1917. Guido v. List: Der Wiederentdecker Uralter Arischer Weisheit - Sein Leben und sein Schaffen. Leipzig and Vienna: Guido-von-List-Gesellschaft.
Goodrick-Clarke, Nicholas. 1985. The Occult Roots of Nazism: The Ariosophists of Austria and Germany 1890-1935. Wellingborough, England: The Aquarian Press.
List, Guido von. 1908. Das Geheimnis der Runen (Guido-von-List-Bücherei 1). Gross-Lichterfelde: P. Zillmann. Translated with introduction by Stephen E. Flowers 1988 as The Secret of the Runes. Rochester, Vermont: Destiny Books.

1838 births
1919 deaths
Austrian businesspeople
Germanic mysticism
Austrian occultists

Friedrich Wannieck


A filter is a website feature that removes some kinds of content. This can be to stop the user viewing the unwanted content. It can also be to stop the user posting content the site does not want. Internet filters most often work by stopping certain words being used. Filters to stop other content, such as certain kinds of pictures, can also be used. A filter can be used to only stop a certain kind of user seeing the content, children for example.

Where filters are used

Filters are very common in e-mail systems. Online games, usually children's games, sometimes have filters. Wikis have filters, too.

In the US, there is a filter used with TV called the V-chip. Sometimes parents use it when they want to control what their children are allowed to watch.

Things filtered

The items that a filter might be used to remove can include:
 Swear words
 Pictures about Pornography
 Threats
 Violence
 A certain topic, religion for example

Internet

Filter (internet)


In context of biogeography, Neotropic or Neotropical means one of the world's eight terrestrial ecozones.

This ecozone includes South and Central America, the Mexican lowlands, the Caribbean islands, and southern Florida, because these regions share a large number of plant and animal groups.

It is sometimes used as a synonym for the tropical area of South America, although the ecozone also includes temperate southern South America.
Its fauna and flora are distinct from the Nearctic (which includes most of North America) because of the long separation of the two continents. The formation of the Isthmus of Panama joined the two continents 2 to 3 million years ago.

The Neotropic includes more tropical rainforest than any other ecozone. They extend from southern Mexico through Central America and northern South America to southern Brazil and include the Amazon Rainforest. These rainforest ecoregions are one of the most important reserves of biodiversity on Earth. Extensive deforestation in the late 20th century has reduced this diversity to a degree.

Other websites
 Map of the ecozones
 Eco-Index, a bilingual searchable reference of conservation and research projects in the Neotropics; a service of the Rainforest Alliance

References
 Cox, C. Barry; Peter D. Moore 1985. Biogeography: an ecological and evolutionary approach. 4th ed, Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford.
 Dinerstein, Eric; David Olson; Douglas J. Graham; et al. 1995. A conservation assessment of the terrestrial ecoregions of Latin America and the Caribbean. World Bank, Washington DC.
 Schultz J.: 2005. The Ecozones of the World. 2nd ed, Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York.
 Udvardy M.D.F. 1975. A classification of the biogeographical provinces of the world. IUCN Occasional Paper #18. Morges, Switzerland: IUCN.

Ecozones

Neotropic


The Environment Council (ENVI) is a configuration of the Council of the European Union. It meets about four times a year. It brings together the environment ministers and is responsible for the EU environment policy.

This Council deals with environmental protection, climate change, prudent use of resources and protection of human health.

In this regard, the Council adopts legislation together with the European Parliament in relation to:

protection of natural habitats
clean air and water
proper waste disposal
toxic chemicals
sustainable economy

References

External links
 About the Environment Council
 Press releases of the Environment Council

Council of the European Union
Environmental agencies in the European Union

Environment Council


A tiki is a carved wooden or stone object depicting a human-like figure. They are found in Polynesian cultures in the Pacific Islands. The carvings often serve to mark the boundaries of sacred sites. The term is also used in Māori mythology, where Tiki is the first man.

Polynesia
Mythology

Tiki


The Emily Dickinson Museum is a historic house museum consisting of two houses: the Dickinson Homestead (also known as Emily Dickinson Home or Emily Dickinson House) and the Evergreens.  The Dickinson Homestead was the birthplace and home from 1855 to 1886 of 19th-century American poet Emily Dickinson (1830–1886), whose poems were discovered in her bedroom there after her death.  The house next door, called the Evergreens, was built by the poet's father, Edward Dickinson, in 1856 as a wedding present for her brother Austin.  Located in Amherst, Massachusetts, the houses are preserved as a single museum and are open to the public on guided tours.

The Emily Dickinson Home is a US National Historic Landmark, and properties contribute to the Dickinson Historic District, listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

History
The Dickinson family had a long record of residency in the Connecticut River valley, dating back to the early days of English colonial settlement of the area. Emily Dickinson's great grandfather Nathaniel Dickinson was one of the founders of Hadley, Massachusetts and surveyed the lands around the area including today's Amherst, Massachusetts. Nathan Dickinson moved to the relatively new town of Amherst, Massachusetts in 1742.  By the early 19th century, the Dickinson family had accumulated some  of land on the east side of town. In 1813, Samuel Fowler Dickinson (1775–1838) built the Dickinson Homestead on Main Street, its grandeur reflecting his prominence as a lawyer.  His financial affairs, however, were less secure, and by 1817 he had mortgaged the house for $2,500. In 1825, he mortgaged the Homestead again, along with other properties, to Oliver Smith for $6,000.  In 1828, when Samuel Fowler Dickinson went bankrupt, Smith sold the mortgaged properties to John Leland and Nathan Dickinson, Samuel's nephew.

Edward Dickinson's residency

In March 1830, Samuel Fowler Dickinson's eldest son Edward purchased the western half of the Homestead for $1,500, and moved in with his wife and young son Austin.  Nine months later, on December 10, their second child, Emily Dickinson, was born there.  Lavinia was born there three years later.

In 1833, persistent money troubles forced Edward to sell the Homestead back to Leland and Nathan, who in turn gave the entire property to General David Mack, Jr.  Mack's family occupied the western half of the Homestead, while Edward and his family moved into the eastern half.  They remained there until 1840, when they moved to a nearby house on West Street (now North Pleasant), overlooking Amherst's West Cemetery.  By 1855, fifteen years later, Edward had risen to prominence and wealth, and was able to purchase the entire Homestead and surrounding land for $6,000 after Mack's death.  The family moved back to the Homestead in 1856.  That same year, Edward began construction of The Evergreens just west of the Homestead, presenting it as a wedding gift to his son Austin and new wife Susan.

The property included a  garden, which was tended by Emily, Lavinia, and their mother, and Emily often sent flowers along with notes to her acquaintances.  A large barn stood directly behind the house to shelter the family's horses, cow, and chickens and provide rooms for the groundskeeper.  Linking the two Dickinson houses was a path described by Emily Dickinson as "just wide enough for two who love," crossing the lawn from the back door of the Homestead to the east piazza of The Evergreens.

In the 1860s, Edward and Austin Dickinson planted a low hemlock hedge that spanned the street frontage of both houses.  Edward Dickinson died in 1874; his funeral service was held in the Homestead.  His wife died, after years of chronic illness and a stroke, in 1882.

Emily Dickinson's residency
Emily Dickinson occupied the Homestead for much of her life.  The longest absence was between 1840 and 1855, when the family's finances necessitated a move.  Beginning in the 1850s she became increasingly secluded from outside contact, although the reasons for this are not entirely clear.  She took to interacting with visitors through closed doors, and did not travel unless necessary.  In 1868 she wrote to Thomas Wentworth Higginson, a regular correspondent, that "I do not cross my Father's ground to any House or town" in response to his suggestion that she come to Boston so they might meet.  She did, however, tend the flower garden, which was locally appreciated, and visited her brother's family next door.  She died in 1886, and her funeral service was held in the Homestead's library.

Pursuant to Emily's wishes, her sister Lavinia destroyed her correspondence.  She found the bulk of Emily's poetry in a locked chest in Emily's room, and immediately recognized the collection's significance.  The complete works were first published in 1955.

Later history

The longest-lived member of the family was Lavinia, who occupied the Homestead until her death in 1899. At that time, the Homestead was inherited by Austin's daughter, Martha Dickinson Bianchi.  She leased the house to tenants until 1916, when she sold it to the Parke family. In 1963 the house was designated a National Historic Landmark. In 1965, the Parke family sold the house to the Trustees of Amherst College.  The college used the house for faculty housing, but opened portions of the house, including Emily's room, for public tours.

Next door, Austin and Susan Dickinson lived at The Evergreens until their respective deaths in 1895 and 1913. Martha Dickinson Bianchi, their only surviving child, continued to live in the house, and preserved it, without change, until her own death in 1943. Her heirs – co-editor Alfred Leete Hampson, and later his widow, Mary Landis Hampson – continued to preserve the house as a "time capsule" of a prosperous nineteenth-century household in a New England town, recognizing the tremendous historical and literary significance of a site left completely intact. In 1991, The Evergreens passed to a private testamentary trust, the Martha Dickinson Bianchi Trust, which began developing the house as a museum.

The trust's work led to discussions with the college over collaboration between the two on administration of their respective properties. These culminated in the merger of the two efforts in 2003, when the trust transferred ownership of The Evergreens to Amherst College, and the Emily Dickinson Museum was formally established to manage the recombined properties.

Architecture and landscaping
The houses today are located at 280 Main Street, across the street from the First Congregational Church (constructed in 1739).  The property is one block east of the center of town and two blocks north of Amherst College.  It is bounded on the south by Main Street, on the east by Triangle Street, on the north by Lessey Street, and on the west by a public park.  The grounds include a wide lawn east of the buildings, which was originally the site of the Dickinson family gardens.

The Homestead

The Homestead began as a fashionable Federal style house, and was probably the first brick house in Amherst.  It was originally painted red to mask the color and texture variations of bricks and mortar.  Subsequent changes to the house in the 1830s and 1840s introduced Greek revival architectural features as well as stylish white paint on the facades exposed to more public scrutiny.  During his ownership, General Mack "enlarged the attic space by replacing the hip roof with gables, raised the roof line on the north and south sides, and added a second story to the wooden 'office' on the west".

Edward Dickinson made extensive interior and exterior alterations to the Homestead in 1855.  He built a brick addition for the kitchen and laundry on the back of the house, erected a veranda on the western side, embellished the roof with an Italianate cupola, and built a conservatory for Emily's exotic plants.  He finished the house in an ochre and off-white paint scheme, one that it wore until 1916, when new owners removed all layers of paint through a sandblasting process and painted the woodwork white in accord with early twentieth-century colonial revival tastes.

In 2004 the Homestead was repainted in its late-nineteenth-century colors to show it as Emily Dickinson knew it.  The restoration also removed aging storm windows, repointed areas of failing masonry, and restored nearly 100 shutters and other architectural elements.

In 2009 the plaster ceiling in the front parlor of the Homestead collapsed into the room. The building was open for tours at the time of the collapse but no injuries were sustained by visitors or staff.

The Evergreens

Designed by well-known Northampton architect William Fenno Pratt, the house is one of the earliest and best-preserved examples of Italianate domestic architecture in Amherst.  The house is still completely furnished with Dickinson family furniture, household accoutrements, and decor selected and displayed by the family during the nineteenth century.

Situated on two high terraces, The Evergreens was surrounded by cultivated planting beds and looked out to the west over a neighbor's orchard. Austin Dickinson applied the design principles of Andrew Jackson Downing and Frederick Law Olmsted to The Evergreens' landscape. His wife, Susan, tended flower gardens that were held in high regard by townspeople. The lawn between the Homestead and The Evergreens was carefully arranged with an informal distribution of trees and shrubs meant to suggest natural growth, a mix of local and exotic specimens, and open areas where family members played lawn tennis and badminton.

As Treasurer of Amherst College (1873–1895), Austin Dickinson was also deeply involved in landscaping of the college grounds, cultivating at the same time a close relationship with prominent landscape architects Frederick Law Olmsted and Calvert Vaux. He later led the effort to drain and beautify the town common, and spearheaded the drive to form a new style of park-like cemetery in Amherst after the fashion of Mount Auburn Cemetery in Cambridge.

Museum
Guided and self-guided tours of the Emily Dickinson Museum are offered from April through December.  The grounds and gardens are open to the public, but the interiors of both houses are only accessible by guided tour. Specially themed tours change periodically.  The museum also hosts literary events that vary from year to year, including poetry readings and parties.  The museum is a member of Museums10, an association of ten museums in the Amherst area.

See also

 Dickinson Historic District
 List of museums in Massachusetts
 List of National Historic Landmarks in Massachusetts
 National Register of Historic Places listings in Hampshire County, Massachusetts

Notes

References

External links
 Emily Dickinson Museum website
 "Amherst, Mass homes offer glimpse of Emily Dickinson's world" 2004 article on the founding of the Museum
 "A door to Emily Dickinson's past"
 "Working the graveyard shift with Emily Dickinson" Participant describes the Museum's annual 19-hour Poetry Marathon event.
 "Emily Dickinson's life inspires group to plan trip to her homestead"

Educational buildings in Amherst, Massachusetts
Emily Dickinson
National Historic Landmarks in Massachusetts
Historic house museums in Massachusetts
Houses completed in 1813
Houses completed in 1856
Amherst College buildings
Dickinson, Emily
University museums in Massachusetts
Museums in Hampshire County, Massachusetts
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Massachusetts
National Register of Historic Places in Hampshire County, Massachusetts
Houses in Hampshire County, Massachusetts
Dickinson, Emily
Women's museums in Massachusetts
Poetry museums
Museums established in 2003
Historic district contributing properties in Massachusetts
Dickinson, Emily Museum

Emily Dickinson Museum


Ronald David Pritchard (born April 2, 1947) is a former American football linebacker and professional wrestler. Pritchard played nine seasons with the Houston Oilers and the Cincinnati Bengals, first in the American Football League, then in the National Football League.

Early life and college football
Pritchard was born in Chicago, Illinois, but grew up in Antioch, California. He attended Antioch High School, where he played for the American football team as a linebacker. In his senior year, Pritchard  was an All-County, All-League, All-Metropolitan, All-Northern California and an Honorable Mention All-America selection. He was also the East Bay Football Player of the Year.

He went on to attend Arizona State University, where he continued to play football, and in 1968 played in the College All-Star game, the Hula Bowl, the Senior Bowl, and the East-West Shrine Game. He was picked as the East-West Shrine Game's top defensive player. In 2003, he was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame. While in Phoenix, Arizona, Pritchard worked as a bouncer with Wayne Coleman, who later wrestled as Superstar Billy Graham.

American Football League
Pritchard was the 15th draft pick overall for the Houston Oilers of the American Football League. He played for the Oilers for three seasons, before moving to the Cincinnati Bengals.

Professional wrestling career
Pritchard began wrestling following his first year with the Oilers, when he was visiting his friend Bob Lueck, a football player and wrestler, in Calgary, Alberta, Canada, and was introduced to Stu Hart. Hart trained Pritchard and a week later, Pritchard wrestled his first match against Hart. Pritchard only wrestled during the off-season from football, and wrestled all over the United States, including in San Francisco for Roy Shire and Detroit for The Sheik. He wrestled against people including Ray Stevens, Pat Patterson and Superstar Billy Graham. In 1981, Pritchard wrestled his last matches for a Christian wrestling promotion in Arizona.

Later careers
Following his retirement from football and wrestling, Pritchard worked as the athletic director for a Christian school for five years, and now coaches football at Valley Christian High School in Chandler.

Personal life
Pritchard is a Christian. He is married, and as of 2011 has five grandchildren.

Pritchard had a knee replacement surgery, and requires surgery for his shoulder. After offering to donate his kidney to Coleman, Pritchard underwent an MRI which discovered a cancerous tumour on his kidney.

See also
Other American Football League players

References

1947 births
American football linebackers
American male professional wrestlers
Arizona State Sun Devils football players
Cincinnati Bengals players
College Football Hall of Fame inductees
Houston Oilers players
Living people
Sportspeople from Antioch, California
Professional wrestlers from California
Players of American football from Contra Costa County, California
Sportspeople from the San Francisco Bay Area
Antioch High School alumni

Ron Pritchard


Private School (also titled Private School ... for Girls) is a 1983 American teen sex comedy film, directed by Noel Black. Starring Phoebe Cates, Betsy Russell, and Matthew Modine, it follows a teenaged couple attempting to have sex for the first time, while their friends engage in sexually minded practical jokes.

Plot
Christine "Chris" Ramsey lies in bed narrating a trashy romance novel to Betsy, her roommate at the Cherryvale Academy for Girls in Northern California. Meanwhile, three students of the nearby Freemount Academy for Men, including Jim Green and his overweight, slobbish friend Bubba Beauregard, sneak into Cherryvale to peek on the girls. Jordan Leigh-Jensen, showering at the time, sees that the boys are peering at her and enlists Chris and Betsy's help to drive them away; the three boys fall off the side of the building. In response to being disturbed, the roommates light a bag of horse manure on fire and put it in front of Jordan's door.

Later that night, at a co-ed dance, Chris reveals that Jim is her boyfriend; as the couple dance, Chris tells Jim that she has decided she wants to surrender her virginity to him. After a speech by headmistress Miss Dutchbok, the band plays a slow song while Jordan dances alone and conspires against Chris. Bubba, sporting an erection from slow dancing, sneaks off to the headmistress's office with Betsy to drink and have sex; however, the two are caught in the act by the headmistress and her friends. The following day, after morning aerobics and a sex education class, Chris books a hotel for Jim and herself.

After another period of time, students of the two schools are riding horses together. Jordan trots past where Chris and Jim are talking and flashes her breasts at Jim. In revenge, Betsy steals Jordan's shirt, forcing the latter to ride topless in front of the headmistress et alumni. That weekend, Jim goes to buy condoms, but is confused by the pharmacist and ends up buying dental hygiene products; when Chris goes to buy the protection herself, she is distracted and eventually seen by Miss Dutchbok.

After playing video games for a while in the arcade, Jim is embarrassed to talk romantically over the phone to Chris, while Jordan swears greater revenge. During the night, Betsy retaliates against Jordan and her roommate Rita by snipping the stitches of their cheerleading uniforms. The next day, Coach Whelan accidentally grabs Jordan's top and during a cheer routine Rita and the coach are embarrassed when they each expose a breast to the laughter of their classmates and the catcalls of the boys' football team. As punishment for the prank, an angered Miss Dutchbok confines Jordan, Rita, Betsy, and Chris to campus for a week. That night, Jim, Bubba, and another friend dress as women and sneak into the girl's dorm. Jim is caught by Jordan, who teases him with a cold bottle and forces him to give her a massage. Meanwhile, Bubba meets up with Betsy for a tryst, but he leaves to smoke a cigarette before they have sex. As Bubba is on the ledge outside of Betsy's bathroom, he peers into Jordan's dorm room where Jim is massaging her on the bed. When Betsy goes to look for him, he is startled and falls off the ledge. Meanwhile, after Jim confesses to Jordan that he is in fact really a boy (which was already known to Jordan), she pretends to scream and kicks him out of the room, leading to Chris finding out about their indiscretion. Chris leaves the girl's sorority house, embarrassed and heartbroken.

After several days of unsuccessfully trying to get Chris back, Jim asks Chris's father for his help in the matter during parent visitation day. After he and Betsy tell Chris to take Jim back, she does. Meanwhile, Jordan's father has sex with her new stepmother while the chauffeur Chauncey listens in. Not long afterward, Miss Dutchbok, who has mistaken Chauncey for Mr. Leigh-Jensen (Jordan's father), has sex with him in the back of Leigh-Jensen's car. Bubba and Betsy, looking to have another tryst, climb into the front seat and turn on the loudspeakers, ensuring that the chauffeur and Ms. Dutchbok's indiscretion is known by everyone present at the program. Upon realizing what Bubba has done, Miss Dutchbok lunges at him, eventually resulting in the car rolling out of control down a hill and going into the pool. Chris and Jim then leave for their night of romance at the hotel. After failing to have sex that night because Chris finds the hotel too kitschy, as well as getting sick from the room-service food and champagne, they have sex on the beach in the morning. Meanwhile, Bubba begins hitting on Jordan, eventually leading to Jordan paying him a midnight visit; when Betsy catches them together, she is apoplectic. The final scene shows graduation day, where the graduating girls in the first-row moon the headmistress, Miss Dutchbok.

Cast

 Phoebe Cates as Christine Ramsey
 Betsy Russell as Jordan Leigh-Jensen
 Matthew Modine as Jim Green
 Michael Zorek as Bubba Beauregard
 Fran Ryan as Miss Dutchbok
 Kathleen Wilhoite as Betsy
 Ray Walston as Chauncey
 Sylvia Kristel as Ms. Regina Copoletta
 Jonathan Prince as Roy
 Kari Lizer as Rita
 Julie Payne as Coach Whelan
 Frank Aletter as Mr. Leigh-Jensen
 Frances Bay as Birdie Fallmouth
 Lynda Wiesmeier as Schoolgirl
 Martin Mull as Drug Store Clerk (uncredited)

Production
Private School was initiated in the wake of the surprise success of Private Lessons in 1981. Universal, which had licensed home video and cable TV rights to the independently produced comedy, financed Private School as a follow-up project. Though not a direct sequel to the previous film, it retained multiple parties from it, including R. Ben Efraim as producer, Dan Greenburg as screenwriter (along with his then-wife Suzanne O'Malley), and star Sylvia Kristel, who played a cameo as a new character. Don Enright, the son of Private Lessons co-producer Dan Enright, was a co-producer on the film. Private School was directed by Noel Black, who had found success in 1968 with the thriller Pretty Poison. Phoebe Cates, star of the 1982 hit Fast Times at Ridgemont High, was cast in the lead role, while Betsy Russell was second-billed. Pop star Paula Abdul, then head choreographer for the Laker Girls, received her first film credit for choreography.

Release and reception
Private School was released on July 29, 1983. Janet Maslin, writing for The New York Times, gave the film a negative review; she stated that the material seemed to indicate the makers' understanding of film business, as sex comedies "usually make money, no matter how sleazy or derivative they happen to be."

Roger Ebert with the Chicago Sun-Times gave the film two stars out of four, writing that the "smarmy-minded movie" was "much better than average" for teen-oriented sex comedies, but reflected a trend of "anti-woman" films in the genre. Jeremy Wheeler gave the film a mixed review for Rovi in the late 2000s, arguing that although most of the jokes "fell short," Private School was "good for a few shocks along the way."

An alternate version of the film aired on television, with many of the scenes replaced with less explicit scenes, and deleted scenes to make up for the lost run time.

References

External links

1983 films
1983 romantic comedy films
1980s American films
1980s English-language films
1980s sex comedy films
1980s teen comedy films
1980s teen romance films
American romantic comedy films
American sex comedy films
American teen comedy films
American teen romance films
Cross-dressing in American films
Films about virginity
Films directed by Noel Black
Films set in boarding schools
Teen sex comedy films
Teensploitation
Universal Pictures films

Private School (film)


The oath was a pledge signed by 576 members out of 577 of France's Third Estate and a few members of the First Estate on June 20, 1789 in a tennis court near the Palace of Versailles.

The meeting hall of the Estates General had been locked accidentally, but the Third Estate thought that this was an invasion of their rights, and were very angry with the king. They stood in a nearby indoor tennis court. They made a solemn vow that they would not move until "the voice of the country was heard" and their requests were met. They were joined by the nobles and clergy.

The vote had always been taken by class, and usually, the clergy and the nobility voted to support whatever the king wanted, so the vote of the middle class did not matter. The middle class argued that voting should be "by poll" not by order, because they had more representatives than the first two estates combined. They also wanted the Estates General to meet as one body, so that voting would be by poll, rather than by class.

A week later, the king agreed and the Estates General met as the "National Assembly".

Related pages
 French Revolution

1789
French Revolution

Tennis Court Oath


The iPhone X is a smartphone designed by Apple Inc. It was revealed on September 12, 2017, at the Steve Jobs Theater in Apple Park, at the same time as they released the iPhone 8 and iPhone 8 Plus. The iPhone X was released in several countries on November 3, 2017. This iPhone marks the 10th anniversary of the iPhone, with "X" representing the symbol "ten" in Roman numerals.

Hardware
The iPhone X has an OLED display which measures 5.8 inches diagonally. Apple calls this a "Super Retina Display". It has a contrast ratio (the difference between the brightest a screen can be, and the darkest) of 1,000,000:1. It is also very sharp, with a resolution of 2436-by-1125. It is also able to change its color temperature using True Tone. According to Greg Joswiak, Apple's vice president of product marketing, the screens Apple used in the iPhone X were made to avoid the "oversaturation" of colors that are displayed on most OLED panels by adjusting color so that it doesn't look too saturated or very intense.

It is available in two colors, Silver and Space Grey. It has a glass casing which Apple claims is "the most durable ever in a smartphone", and the entire body is made from stainless steel.

Instead of Touch ID, a fingerprint scanner, it uses Face ID, which can recognize your face, even in total darkness or in direct sunlight. It can't be fooled by photos and simple masks, because unlike other solutions, it uses infrared cameras and dot projectors to scan your face, which Apple calls the "TrueDepth camera system". It can also scan through most eyeglasses and sunglasses, and it can still recognize you even if you change your hairstyle or grow a beard. You can use Face ID for unlocking your phone or for Apple Pay.

The iPhone X has two cameras on the back. The first one is a wide 12 MP camera. It can record video at 1080p HD or 4K and slow-mo at 720p or 1080p. The second camera is a zoom camera at also 12 MP. Using the second camera, you can zoom optically, so the picture does not lose quality. Together, the two cameras can be used for Portrait mode, which blurs the background and keeps the object or person in focus, and Portrait Lighting, which also does the same thing as Portrait Mode, but you can actually choose how the lighting looks.

In the front is a 7 MP camera. Using the TrueDepth cameras, it can also do Portrait mode and Portrait Lighting, but also Animojis, which are animated emojis that copy your facial expressions.

There is no home button on the iPhone X.  The front and back are made of glass, and it allows for wireless charging with a Qi charger or with Apple's own wireless charging pad, AirPower.

Software
Because the screen, which is very different from iPhones before, apps needed to be updated so that it fills the entire screen. There are changes such as rounded corners, sensor "notch" at the top of the screen, and a sign for going to the home screen. Apple published a "Human Interface Guidelines" document for explaining and discouraged app makers from attempting to hide the changes.

Since there is no home button, it uses swipes and gestures instead, like swiping up to go to the home screen.

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Mobile phones released in 2017
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