Simcoe Composite School is a high school in Simcoe, Ontario, Canada. It was established in the year 1898. There are lots of multicultural courses for students 14 to 21 years of age to study. The school is located near two parks, a busy downtown, fast food restaurants, and a post office. There is also a special education program for the mentally disabled to attend special courses and swimming on Wednesday afternoons at the local recreation centre. The school colors are blue and white.

English, French, and Spanish are the languages that are taught in Simcoe Composite School. There are also computer, music, drama, woodworking, and other classes. Simcoe is one of the oldest high schools in Norfolk County. Students from all over the county can attend this high school along with several others in the area.

Schools in Ontario
1898 establishments
1890s establishments in Canada

Simcoe Composite School


Lithium oxide is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is Li2O. It contains lithium and oxide ions.

Properties
Lithium oxide is a white solid. It is a strong base. It is corrosive when dissolved in water. Lithium oxide dissolves in water to make lithium hydroxide. It reacts with acids to make lithium salts. It reacts with carbon dioxide to form lithium carbonate. Lithium carbonate is much less corrosive. It makes a red color in a flame.

Preparation
When lithium is burned to air, it forms lithium oxide. This reaction also makes lithium nitride. It can also be made by heating lithium peroxide.

Uses
It is used as a flux in glazing ceramics. It can be used in scientific research. It could also be used in lithium ion batteries.

Safety
Lithium oxide is very corrosive. It reacts with water to make lithium hydroxide. It is toxic because of its strong alkalinity (being a base).

Related pages
Lithium nitrate
Lithium chloride

Lithium compounds
Oxides

Lithium oxide


Gambling in Metro Manila has been regulated since 1976 when the Philippine Amusement and Gaming Corporation (PAGCOR) was created through Presidential Decree 1067. Under its charter promulgated in 1983, the 100% state-owned PAGCOR, running under the direct supervision of the Office of the President, serves three crucial roles: to regulate and operate all games of chance in the country, particularly casino gaming; generate funds for the government's infrastructure and socio-civic projects; and boost local tourism.

Prior to 1976, illegal gambling dominated the Philippines as unlicensed casinos and underground bookmaking operations were opened across the country. Illegal forms of gambling included jueteng, masiao and last two. Among the few lawful gambling activities in those days were church-organised bingo sessions and jai alai wagering at the Manila Jai Alai Building.

In 1977, PAGCOR opened its first casino, The Manila Bay Casino, a floating casino which operated in all three decks of luxury liner MS Philippine Tourist off Manila Bay in partnership with the Philippine Casino Operators Corporation (PCOC) and Manila Bay Enterprises, Inc. (MBEI) which was majority owned by the Sociedade de Turismo e Diversões de Macau of casino magnate, Stanley Ho.
When a fire gutted the ship in 1979, PAGCOR shifted its operations to land-based casinos. By the end of that year, the Philippine Village Hotel built in 1974 at the old Nayong Pilipino complex adjacent to Ninoy Aquino International Airport (NAIA) became home to the city's first land-based casino.

Casino gambling

Metro Manila currently has around twenty casinos, most of which are located near the Manila Bay area and Ninoy Aquino International Airport in Parañaque. Most casinos in the city are operated by PAGCOR under the Casino Filipino brand. Gambling in Manila now takes place primarily in luxury casino hotels and integrated resorts located in Entertainment City and Newport City under license from PAGCOR.

The Casino Filipino Pavilion at the Waterfront Manila Pavilion (former Holiday Inn Manila Pavilion) is Manila's oldest surviving casino which opened in 1986. The city's largest stand-alone casino was Casino Filipino Airport housed in the PRIC Building on Ninoy Aquino Avenue formerly occupied by Duty Free Philippines until 1997 but was closed down in July 2014. In 2009, Resorts World Manila, the Philippines' first integrated resort, was built on a portion of Villamor Air Base in Pasay across from NAIA Terminal 3. The city's newest casino is the $2.4-B Okada Manila completed in December 2016 in Entertainment City, the third of four billion-dollar casinos to rise in Manila's gaming strip.
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Closed casinos
 Casino Filipino Airport (closed 2014)
 Casino Filipino Heritage Hotel (closed 2013)
 Grand Boulevard Hotel & Casino
 Silahis International Hotel (closed 2008)
 Philippine Village Hotel Casino (closed 2001)
 Manila Bay Casino (closed 1979)

Sports gambling

Sports betting has a long history in the Philippines. Popular forms of legalized sports gambling include betting on cockfighting, jai alai and horseracing. Sabong, as how cockfighting is known locally, has been hugely popular even prior to Spanish colonization in 1521. It was legalized and regulated in the early 18th century as a source of revenue for the Spanish colonial government. In 1854, the Tondo cockpit in Manila generated as much as 80,000 Mexican silver dollars for the government. By 1861, a new series of regulations were passed which permitted it to be held on Sundays and holidays, including town fiestas. The sport remains popular today and is regulated by the Philippine Gamefowl Commission created in 1981 under the Games and Amusement Board.

The Games and Amusement Board also regulates jai alai and horseracing operations as well as off-track bookmaking stations in the country. Jai alai was first introduced in the Philippines in 1899 with some of the earlier games played in the Casino Español de Manila. In 1939, the games shifted to the Manila Jai Alai Building. Jai alai was temporarily banned in 1986 because of problems with game fixing. The building was subsequently torn down in 2000. By March 2010, however, jai alai returned to the country with the games now being played in a fronton in Santa Ana, Cagayan.

Betting on other competitive sports such as boxing, basketball, football and tennis is also possible through licensed sportsbook MegaSportsWorld that has several branches in Metro Manila and a telephone service.

Online gambling
PAGCOR operates 102 e-Games stations throughout Metro Manila. An e-Games station is an internet café that allows customers to play casino games online. In addition, there are 12 e-Games sites in the metropolis operated by BigGame, Inc. (BGI), a subsidiary of PhilWeb Corporation, under license from PAGCOR. As of August 10, 2016, the e-Games outlets operated by PhilWeb were closed following the non-renewal of its license by PAGCOR.

See also
 Tourism in Manila
 Gambling in the Philippines
 List of casinos in the Philippines
 List of hotels in Manila

References

External links
 World Casino Directory – Philippine Casinos & Gambling

Tourism in Metro Manila
Gambling in the Philippines
Economy of Metro Manila
Culture in Metro Manila

Gambling in Metro Manila


A hard disk drive (HDD), hard disk or hard drive, is a data storage device for computers which uses magnetic storage to store data.  The capacity of a hard drive is usually measured in gigabytes (GB), however hard disk capacity can also be measured in terabytes when the capacity is over 1000 or 1024 gigabytes.  A gigabyte is one thousand megabytes and a megabyte is one million bytes, which means that a gigabyte is one billion bytes. Some hard drives are large that their capacity is measured in terabytes, (TB) where one terabyte is a thousand gigabytes (1 TB = 1000 or 1024 GB). As of 2023, hard drives can go up to 22TB in size.

Different interfaces

Over the years there have been many disk interface types, though all used the same rotating platter recording technology.  Differences were in how the data was encoded to binary, data integrity, data transfer speeds, cabling requirements, and cost.  In 2009, it was common to attach a hard disk using a Serial ATA connection.  The connection that came before that was called "IDE" and is called Parallel ATA today.  In large data centers, Fibre Channel is often used.

For servers, the SCSI interface is very popular. There are several types and versions of SCSI interface, like parallel and Serial Attached SCSI, each stepping-up in terms of speed and price. Within servers, several SCSI drives are often used in conjunction with each other, in order to safeguard against data loss or corruption (this is known as RAID - and there are many configurations to choose from).

Components

An HDD has a disk motor and an actuator motor that positions the read/write head. Wires from the actuator connect to the read/write head to amplifiers. They are bridged by the head support arm. In modern drives, acceleration at the head reaches 550 g, so a head support arm connects the actuator and the read/write head.

The actuator controls the read/write head and acts as a permanent magnet. A metal plate supports a squat neodymium-iron-boron (NIB) magnet. Beneath this plate is the voice coil, which is attached to the actuator hub. Beneath the actuator hub is a second NIB magnet, mounted on the bottom plate of the actuator.

The voice coil is shaped like an arrow. It is made up of a magnet with plastic insulation. This magnet interacts with the actuator magnet, causing the disk to move. If the magnetic field were uniform it would cancel out, but the surface magnet is divided between north and south poles in the middle so force is produced instead of canceled out.

Hard Drive Corruption

There are several reasons behind the corruption of internal and external hard drive.

Virus & Malware Attack:- If a system is attacked by a virus, the important boot files stored in the internal hard disk may be deleted, leading to boot failure. Meanwhile, the crucial data and the complete partition may also be deleted by the virus or malware attack.

Due to Physical Damage:- It is also called hardware failure, and consists the following types: Overheating of hard drive, Read/write head crash, Cracked or poor-contact data line, Scratch on magnetic platters, Short circuit in the control circuit board and much more. The data lost due to these kinds of reasons can hardly be repaired. A user have no choice but to turn to expert for data recovery from hardware damaged hard drive.

Corruption of Boot Sector:- The boot sector is the first sector of the hard drive. This is used to load processor control and then move it to the Operating System. When, the boot sector is damaged, you will not be able to enter the system and access any data stored in the internal hard drive.

Damaged file system:- The file system is used by the Operating System to define the approach for organizing files on the storage device. To be particular, it is like a gateway to access data stored on hard drive partitions. If the file system on the internal hard drive is unluckily damaged somehow, the drive may become inaccessible and the system may fail to start.

Software Clash:- All kinds of applications you installed on your local machine currently may not able to be fully supportive with each other, so software clash occurs now and then to lead to sudden computer shutdown and cause internal hard drive corruption.

Click of Death

When a hard disk fails to read the data (for example: if dropped, knocked over, or otherwise being damaged, the hard drive may start to click to indicate that it is damaged, or broken.

The clicking sound itself arises from the unexpected movement of the disk's read/write actuator.  At startup, and during use, the disk head must move correctly and confirm it is correctly tracking data on the disk.  If the head cannot do this, the disk controller may attempt to recover by retrying.  This may cause an audible "click".  In some devices, the process automatically retries, causing a repeated or rhythmic clicking sound, sometimes accompanied by the whirring sound of the drive plate spinning.

Related pages
 Hybrid drive
 Solid-state drive

References

Hard drives

Hard disk


Internal medicine is the branch and specialty of medicine concerning the diagnosis and nonsurgical treatment of diseases in adults, especially of internal organs.

Doctors of internal medicine, also called "internists", are required to have included in their medical schooling and postgraduate training at least three years dedicated to learning how to prevent, diagnose, and treat diseases that affect adults.

Caring for the whole patient

Internists are trained to solve puzzling diagnostic problems and handle severe chronic illnesses and situations where several different illnesses may strike at the same time.

Subspecialties of internal medicine

Internists can choose to focus their practice on general internal medicine, or may take additional training to "subspecialize" in one of 13 areas of internal medicine, generally organized by organ system. Cardiologists, for example, are doctors of internal medicine who subspecialize in diseases of the heart. The training an internist receives to subspecialize in a particular medical area is both broad and deep. Subspecialty training (often called a "fellowship") usually requires an additional one to three years beyond the standard three year general internal medicine residency. (Residencies come after a student has graduated from medical school.)

In the United States, there are two organizations responsible for certification of subspecialists within the field, the American Board of Internal Medicine, and the American Osteopathic Board of Internal Medicine.

The following are the subspecialties recognized by the American Board of Internal Medicine.

Cardiology, dealing with disorders of the heart and blood vessels
Endocrinology, dealing with disorders of the endocrine system and its specific secretions called hormones
Gastroenterology, concerned with the field of digestive diseases
Hematology, concerned with blood, the blood-forming organs and its disorders
Infectious disease, concerned with disease caused by a biological agent such as by a virus, bacterium or parasite
Medical oncology, dealing with the study and treatment of cancer
Nephrology,dealing with the study of the function and diseases of the kidney
Pulmonology, dealing with diseases of the lungs and the respiratory tract
Rheumatology, devoted to the medical diagnosis and therapy of rheumatic diseases.

The ABIM also recognizes additional qualifications in the following areas
Adolescent medicine
Clinical cardiac electrophysiology
Critical care medicine
Geriatric medicine
Interventional cardiology
Sports medicine
Transplant hepatology

Internists may also specialize in allergy and immunology. The American Board of Allergy, Asthma, and Immunology is a conjoint board between internal medicine and pediatrics.

The American College of Osteopathic Internists recognizes the following subspecialties.

Allergy/Immunology
Cardiology
Critical care medicine
Endocrinology
Gastroenterology
Geriatric medicine
Hematology/Oncology
Infectious diseases
Nuclear medicine
Nephrology
Pulmonology
Rheumatology

References

Other websites
cell research - the world's sickle cell research center,burla,orissa,India
American College of Physicians - the world's largest medical specialty society for doctors of internal medicine
Doctors for Adults.com  - The American College of Physicians' patient education Web site, with more info about internal medicine and internists
On-line Internal Medicine Journal Club (via JournalReview.org)
The American Board of Internal Medicine - The largest certifying board for internists and related subspecialists in the USA
Canadian Society of Internal Medicine
The American College of Osteopathic Internists
The American College of Osteopathic Internists
Internal Medicine positions  - Internal medicine positions available
 Internal Medicine- CME Internal Medicine Org
 Buy Xanax Online

Medical specialties

Internal medicine


The emblem o the Kinrick o Bahrain wis designed in 1933 bi Charles Belgrave, the Breetish advisor tae the then-emir o Bahrain.

Awtho haein the appearance o a shield, the 2002 constitution speaks o an emblem an no a coat o airms.
The shield contains a near identical design as that foond on the naitional banner, the ae difference bein the hoist o the banner rotatit tae be displayed at the chief o the shield. The mantlin is reid wi white interior, an displayed aroond the shield athoot a helm or torse in a manner unuisual tae heraldic practice. The five white indentations represent the five pillars o the Muslim faith.

See an aa
 Coat o airms
 Heraldry
 Bahrain

Naitional seembols o Bahrain
Bahrain

Emblem o Bahrain


George D. Sax (April 14, 1904 – March 12, 1974) was the chairman of the board of Exchange International Corporation and Chicago's former Exchange National Bank (now part of LaSalle Bank). He was president of Sax Enterprises, Inc and was a business entrepreneur who owned the Saxony Hotel, the first luxury hotel to be built in Miami Beach.

Biography
Sax was born and raised in Peoria, Illinois. He graduated from Brown's Business College (now Midstate College) in Peoria.

In 1944, Sax took over Halsted Exchange National Bank after purchasing a controlling share. He renamed the bank The Exchange National Bank of Chicago and moved it to downtown Chicago.

Sax is credited with the innovation of several banking practices that have since been adopted worldwide - drive-through banking and instant loans. Later in his banking career, Sax devised such practices as open credit accounts. The Exchange National Bank had 10 teller windows and was the first in the Loop to feature show windows. The Sax family maintained control of Exchange for over thirty years.

After World War II, Sax was involved in another business venture - the building of the Saxony Hotel. The Saxony was the very first luxury hotel built in Miami Beach and was the first hotel to have central air-conditioning. Among the most lavish resorts in the country, the Saxony was frequently used by heads of state and featured rooms with glorious views, air conditioning, and complementary meals.

His granddaughter, Anita Sax, is a children's book author and publisher.  Anita Sax was born in Chicago, Illinois and raised in Mexico City, Mexico. Her passion for writing began at a young age after a school project led her to write her first short story. She has been writing ever since.

Accolades
In 1965, Sax received the Horatio Alger Award, an honor given to those who have achieved the American dream through hard work and adversity. Other notable Horatio Alger Award winners include former U.S. Presidents Dwight D. Eisenhower, Gerald R. Ford, and Ronald Reagan, McDonald's founder Ray Kroc and former astronaut Buzz Aldrin.

External links and references
 The Horatio Alger Association of Distinguished Americans: George D. Sax - Biography from the association.
 Historic Peoria: George D. Sax - Biography

American financial businesspeople
American bankers
American hoteliers
People from Peoria, Illinois
1904 births
1974 deaths
20th-century American businesspeople

George D. Sax


Emmanuel Théodose de La Tour d'Auvergne (1668 – 17 April 1730) was a French nobleman and ruler of the Sovereign Duchy of Bouillon. He was the son of Godefroy Maurice de La Tour d'Auvergne and his wife Marie Anne Mancini. He married four times and had eleven children.

Biography

Second son of Godefroy Maurice de La Tour d'Auvergne and his wife Marie Anne Mancini, he was styled the Prince of Turenne till he succeeded to the Sovereign Duchy of Bouillon which had been in his family's possession since 1594. His cousins included two famous generals, Louis Joseph, Duke of Vendôme and Prince Eugene of Savoy as well as his paternal cousins like Emmanuel Maurice, Duke of Elbeuf and Henri, Duke of Elbeuf.

His older brother Louis Charles de La Tour d'Auvergne was the Prince of Turenne but died in the Battle of Steenkerque. Prior to being the Prince of Turenne (heir to the duchy of Bouillon) he was the Duke of Albret. He married Marie Armande de La Trémoille on 1 February 1696 in the chapel of the Hôtel de Crequi, Paris.

His second wife Louise Françoise Angélique Le Tellier, was a daughter of Louis François Marie Le Tellier, and as such, a grand daughter of the marquis de Louvois.

Married four times, his third wife Anne Marie Christiane de Simiane, daughter of François de Simiane, Count de Monchadied and Anne-Marie Thérèse de Simiane, Marquise de Gordes, died giving birth to the couples only child. It was thorough that union that he and his wife were ancestors of the murdered Louis Antoine, Duke of Enghien, his grandmother was Charlotte de Rohan, wife of Louis Joseph, Prince of Condé.
He succeeded his father as the Grand Chamberlain of France. His uncle was the Cardinal de Bouillon and his great uncle was the famed Vicomte de Turenne.

From his first marriage, three sons were produced, the eldest two dying in infancy. He was succeeded by his third son from his first marriage Charles Godefroy de La Tour d'Auvergne.

Marriages and issue

His first wife, Marie Armande Victoire de La Trémouille (1677–1717) was a daughter of Charles Belgique Hollande de La Trémoille and Madeleine de Créquy. They married on 1 February 1696 and had seven children;

Armande de La Tour d'Auvergne (28 August 1697–13 April 1717) married Louis de Melun, Prince of Epinoy, Duke of Joyeuse (1694–1724)
Marie Madeleine de La Tour d'Auvergne (22 October 1698–25 September 1699) died in infancy;
X de La Tour d'Auvergne (28 December 1699–30 December 1699) died in infancy;
Godefroy Maurice de La Tour d'Auvergne, Prince of Turenne (4 May 1701–9 January 1705) died in infancy;
Frédéric Maurice Casimir de La Tour d'Auvergne, Prince of Turenne (24 October 1702–1 October 1723) married Maria Carolina Sobieski, daughter of James Louis Sobieski and sister of Clementina Sobieski; died in an accident at Strassburg; no issue;
Marie Hortense Victoire de La Tour d'Auvergne (27 January 1704–1741) married Charles Armand René de La Trémoille and had issue;
Charles Godefroy de La Tour d'Auvergne, Duke of Bouillon (16 July 1706–24 October 1771) married his brother's widow Maria Karolina Sobieski and had issue;

Married secondly to Louise Françoise Angélique le Tellier (d.1719), a grand daughter of Louvois, the couple married on 4 January 1718 and had a son;

Godefroy Girault de La Tour d'Auvergne, Duke of Château-Thierry (2 July 1719–29 May 1732) died in infancy;

Thirdly he married Anne Marie Christiane de Simiane (d.1722) on 26 May 1720. They had a daughter;

Anne Marie Louise de La Tour d'Auvergne (1 August 1722–19 September 1739) married Charles de Rohan, had one daughter Charlotte de Rohan;

Lastly he married Louise Henriette Françoise de Lorraine (1707–1737), daughter of Anne Marie Joseph de Lorraine and Marie Louise Jeannin de Castille. The couple married on 21 March 1725 and had a daughter;

Marie Sophie Charlotte de La Tour d'Auvergne (20 December 1729–6 September 1763) married Charles Just de Beauvau, son of Marc de Beauvau, Prince of Craon and had issue.

Ancestry

References and notes

1668 births
1730 deaths
Emmanuel Theodose
Dukes of Bouillon
Grand Chamberlains of France
French Roman Catholics
18th-century French people
17th-century French people
People of the Regency of Philippe d'Orléans
People of the Ancien Régime
18th-century peers of France
Viscounts of Turenne
Dukes of Château-Thierry

Emmanuel Théodose de La Tour d'Auvergne (1668–1730)


Reverend Charles Pritchard (29 February 1808 – 28 May 1893) was a British astronomer, clergyman, and educational reformer. He founded the Clapham Grammar School in 1834 and included sciences in the curriculum. A chapel was erected in 1846.

Biography
He was born at Alberbury, Shropshire, fourth son of William Pritchard, a failed manufacturer who later moved to London where he attended the Merchant Taylor's School and Poplar Academy where he was taught by John Stock, the progressive educationalist. Pritchard later described his studies as consisting of "a systematic course of instruction relating to physical phenomena".  At sixteen he was enrolled as a sizar at St John's College, Cambridge, graduating in 1830 as fourth wrangler. In 1832 he was elected a fellow of his college, and in the following year he was ordained, and became head of a private school at Stockwell. From 1834 to 1862 he was headmaster of Clapham grammar school. He then retired to Freshwater, in the Isle of Wight, and took an active interest in the affairs of the Royal Astronomical Society, of which he became honorary secretary in 1862 and president in 1866. His sister, Margaret died this same year.

His career as a professional astronomer began in 1870, when he was elected Savilian professor of astronomy at the University of Oxford. At his request the university decided to build a fine equatorial telescope for the instruction of his class and for purposes of research, a scheme which, as a result of Warren de la Rue's munificent gift of instruments from his private observatory at Cranford, expanded into the establishment of the new university observatory. By De la Rue's advice, Pritchard began his career there with a determination of the physical libration of the moon, or the nutation of its axis.

In 1882 Pritchard commenced a systematic study of stellar photometry. For this purpose he employed an instrument known as the "wedge photometer", with which he measured the relative brightness of 2,784 stars between the North Pole and about -10° declination. The results were published in 1885 in his Uranometria Nova Oxoniensis, and their importance was recognized by the bestowal in 1886 upon him, conjointly with Professor Pickering, of the Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society.

He then decided to experiment with applying photography to the determination of stellar parallax. With the object of testing the capabilities of the method, he took for his first essay the well-known star 61 Cygni, and his results agreed so well with those previously attained that he undertook the systematic measurement of the parallaxes of second-magnitude stars, and published the outcome in the third and fourth volumes of the Publications of the Oxford University Observatory. Although some lurking errors impaired the authority of the concluded parallaxes this work ranks as a valuable contribution to astronomy, since it showed the possibility of employing photography in such delicate investigations.

When an international survey of the heavens was proposed, the zone between 25° and 31° north declination was allotted to him, and at the time of his death some progress had been made in recording its included stars. Pritchard became a fellow of New College, Oxford, in 1883, and an honorary fellow of St John's College, Cambridge, in 1886. He was elected a fellow of the Royal Society in 1840, and in 1892 was awarded one of the royal medals for his work on photometry and stellar parallax.

Family
A son, Sir Charles Bradley Pritchard, was an administrator in British India.

Works

 Occasional thoughts of an astronomer on nature and revelation (1889)
 Modern science and natural religion (1874)

References
Proc. Roy. Soc. liv. 3
Astr. and Astrophysics, xii. 592
J. Foster, Oxford Men and their Colleges, p. 206
Hist. Register of the Univ. of Oxford, p. 95
The Times (30 May 1893)
C. J. Robinson's Register of Merchant Taylors' School, ii. 210
Charles Pritchard, D.D., Memoirs of his Life, by Ada Pritchard (London, 1897).

External links

 Awarding of RAS gold medal

Obituaries
 MNRAS 54 (1894) 198
 Obs 16 (1894) 256

1808 births
1893 deaths
Scientists from Shropshire
Alumni of St John's College, Cambridge
British Christians
19th-century British astronomers
Fellows of the Royal Society
Fellows of New College, Oxford
Royal Medal winners
Recipients of the Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society
Savilian Professors of Astronomy
Presidents of the Royal Astronomical Society

Charles Pritchard


"(Wish I Could Fly Like) Superman" is a song written by Ray Davies that was first released on the Kinks' 1979 album, Low Budget. The song, inspired by Superman: The Movie, employs a disco beat and lyrics that describe the singer's wish to be like the fictional character Superman. The song's disco style was created as a response to Arista Records founder Clive Davis's request for "a club-friendly record," despite Ray Davies' hatred of disco.

The song was released as the lead single from Low Budget, becoming a moderate hit in North America. It has since appeared on numerous compilation and live albums.

Background
"(Wish I Could Fly Like) Superman" was inspired by Ray Davies watching Superman: The Movie in late 1978. Ray Davies has said that the song was written as a joke in response to a request by music producer Clive Davis, who was then running Arista Records, for a record to appeal to clubs. Davies said of this: "It was kind of a joke, taking the piss out of Clive [Davis] wanting us to do a club-friendly record."

"(Wish I Could Fly Like) Superman", as well as its B-side, "Low Budget", were the first songs recorded for the Low Budget album, although, unlike the rest of the album which was recorded in New York, the tracks were cut in Konk Studios. The band's recently hired studio engineer, John Rollo, said of the sessions for the two songs, "The album before [Low Budget, Misfits] was beautifully recorded, but not that rock and roll.  I think the first two songs [I did] went extremely well and the band wanted to spend some time in New York, to get away from distractions and kept it as a raw band recording."

Dave Davies, initially unimpressed with the song, added guitar parts. Dave Davies also said of the song's release, "I think that one ['Superman'] was, not the biggest mistake, but it could've been one of the biggest mistakes we made. I remember I had quite a difficult time with Ray while we were making the record, because I didn't like the direction it was going. It was a strange time for music in general, anyway. The fact that it's funny, that it was a humorous song, saved it. I don't feel bad about that song at all, but it could have been a big mistake."

Lyrics and music
The song also invokes another movie from the era, Saturday Night Fever, and the 1960s Animals hit "We Got to Get Out of This Place."  The lyrics describe an average person dreaming of being Superman in order to get through social issues. The lyrics combine "fantasy" and "mundanity," two of Davies' favorite themes.  Author Thomas Kitts notes the irony in the lyrics sung by a weakling wishing he were Superman which, as with other songs Davies wrote, leads to the singer feeling resigned.  Author Nick Hasted makes a similar point, that despite dreaming of being Superman, the singer remains Clark Kent and can't get over his fear of the bad news he keeps hearing. According to Allmusic critic Richard Gilliam, its lyrics are among "Ray Davies' most sharp-edged."

"(Wish I Could Fly Like) Superman" has a disco-like sound, though a hard rock version is sometimes performed in concert. The song features a four on the floor drum part as well as a prominent guitar riff played by Dave Davies. Critic Johnny Rogan describes the lyrics as "witty" and the music as "upbeat." Music critic Robert Christgau describes it as a "fusion of syndrum and macho-flash guitar."

Release and reception
"(Wish I Could Fly Like) Superman", backed with "Low Budget", was released as the lead single from Low Budget. Although it was a chart failure in Europe, the song found moderate success in North America, reaching number 41 on the American Billboard charts and number 43 on the Canadian RPM charts. Charles Aaron of Spin attributed this success to the national sentiment in the United States at the time, saying, Superman' caught a mood — frankly, a lot of people felt like shit at the time, and Davies' wit was more broadly accessible than on some of his earlier, conceptual set pieces". Although multiple follow-up singles were issued, "(Wish I Could Fly Like) Superman" is the only single from the album to be released in both Britain and America.

In addition to its appearance on Low Budget, the song is present on many of the band's compilation albums, including Come Dancing with The Kinks and The Ultimate Collection.

Billboard rated it one of the top tracks from Low Budget. It described the song as a "strong pop and rock offering with outstanding vocals and instrumentation and biting lyrics. Cash Box said it "is a solid rocker with a steady beat, 'heavy metal' chording, nice phrasing and an analysis of the current British 'situation.'" Record World said that the Kinks "try out their disco shoes here without losing any of Ray Davies' esoterica."  Producer Clive Davis described the song as tapping "the malaise at the tail end of the decade." In its review of the single, Trouser Press praised the band for "tackl[ing] disco and com[ing] away with more than a shred of dignity."

Alternate versions
During the recording of Low Budget, many alternate versions of "(Wish I Could Fly Like) Superman" were created, including an approximately six-minute long extended edit that appeared on a 12-inch single in America and Britain. Studio engineer John Rollo said of the many versions: "On 'Superman' we must have mixed that song at Konk [studios] twenty times - and it was quite a long song - and to get it down for a 7-inch single version we had to do twenty edits. Then we were running out of days and [Ray] had to be out of the country. Clive Davis was always known as a totalitarian hands-on guy but Ray was having none of that, he was going to make the album he wanted."

It also appeared in live form on the album One for the Road.  Allmusic critic Bret Adams called this live version a "raw, stripped-down" rendition.

Personnel
 Ray Davies – lead vocals, synthesizer
 Dave Davies – lead guitar, backing vocals
 Mick Avory – drums
 Jim Rodford – bass guitar, backing vocals

Chart performance

References

The Kinks songs
1979 singles
Songs written by Ray Davies
Song recordings produced by Ray Davies
Arista Records singles
1979 songs
Songs about comics
Songs about fictional male characters
Superman music

(Wish I Could Fly Like) Superman


Tyson is a fictional character in Rick Riordan's Percy Jackson and the Olympians series. He is a cyclops. Percy Jackson, the main character of the series, is his half-brother. They have the same father, the Greek god Poseidon. He first appears as a homeless boy in the second book of the series, The Sea of Monsters the second book

Tyson is played by Douglas Smith in Percy Jackson: Sea of Monsters, the film adaption of The Sea of Monsters.

Background
Tyson is the son of the Greek god of the sea Poseidon and a nature spirit. He is a young cyclops who tries to be "the best little brother possible" and "make his family proud." He meets Percy at Meriwether College Prep school; Tyson is the subject of a program at the school which seeks to take in a homeless kid and help him while also taking in some information about him. The Mist obscures everybody's view of Tyson's one eye, making most think he has two eyes . Tyson has severe scars on his back that were caused by a sphinx in the substation where he used to live. Tyson finds Annabeth Chase pretty. He uses his bare strength and metalworking ability to his avail in many situations. For example, while fighting different monsters in The Sea of Monsters, his immunity to fire protected him from magical flaming spheres that would have killed anbody else that stepped in it's path of fire. During his first summer at Camp-Half Blood, Tyson makes Percy a shield with depictions of all their adventures engraved on it; it retracts into a watch when not deployed.

In the books

The Sea of Monsters

Thalia's tree, the tree which serves as the magical border of Camp Half-Blood, is mysteriously poisoned. Chiron is blamed for poisoning the tree and dismissed from camp; Tantalus takes his job. The only thing able to cure the tree is the Golden Fleece, which has healing powers for plants, animals, and humans. It is located on Polyphemus's Island in the Sea of Monsters (the Bermuda Triangle).

Clarisse La Rue, the daughter of Ares and longtime enemy of Percy, is given the quest to go into the Sea of Monsters to find the Golden Fleece. Percy and Annabeth decide to go also, not just for the Golden Fleece, but for their friend Grover, who is trapped in Polyphemus's cave. Tyson, Percy, and Annabeth, after saving Camp Half-Blood from two fire-breathing bulls, set out to find Polyphemus, who believes that Grover is a female cyclops and not a satyr.

As they enter the Sea of Monsters, they have to get past Scylla and Charybdis. Instead of trying to sail in between, Clarisse goes for Charybidis. Clarisse's ship is destroyed. Tyson, who did not escape the ship in time, is presumed dead the until it is learned that he was saved by a hippocampus named Rainbow. They all meet up on Polyphemus's Island and ultimately leave with the Golden Fleece.

When they return to the mortal world, Clarisse returns to camp on a plane. Percy, Annabeth and Tyson are kidnapped by Luke. He almost kills Percy in a duel, but Percy reveals that Chiron is innocent. Chiron comes to rescue them with his strangely dressed relatives, the Party Ponies. When they return to camp, the Fleece is put on the tree, reviving both it and Thalia.

The Titan's Curse

Tyson plays a minor role in The Titan's Curse. Once, while he is in Poseidon's underwater court making various items at the forge, he appears in an Iris message between him and Percy, where he explains that he is going back to camp.

The Battle of the Labyrinth

Percy comes back to Camp Half-Blood to find Tyson already there cleaning their room for inspection. Tyson has also fixed Percy's shield, which has been broken by a manticore, Dr. Thorn in the third book. The shield retracts into a watch when not in use.

Annabeth leads the quest into Daedalus' Labyrinth. She breaks the rule of having only two companions on a quest by choosing Percy, Grover, and Tyson. Annabeth descends into the Labyrinth with them to find a way to stop Kronos's evil forces from entering the borders of Camp Half-Blood by searching for its inventor, Daedalus. They run into many obstacles. Annabeth faces a Sphinx and finds the riddles (which are actually factual questions) not challenging and an insult to her intellect. They escape the claws of the Sphinx and continue on to find Hephaestus so he can tell them about where to find Daedalus. Tyson then finds Briares, the Hundred-Handed One, but is disappointed to find out he is afraid of Kampe and refuses to fight. They split up, and Tyson follows Grover, who goes a different direction in search of Pan. They all reunite and flee the Labyrinth after the help of Daedalus (Quintus).

The Last Olympian

After jumping off the exploding Princess Andromeda (a cruise ship that Kronos had made his headquarters), Percy finds himself in Poseidon's palace where Tyson is waiting for him. Percy is in a grim state, so Tyson takes him to Poseidon. Poseidon looks very aged due to all of the stress from the war going on. Poseidon is not letting Tyson fight, for fear of losing him. To Tyson's disappointment, he sends him back to the armory to make weapons. The next time he is seen is through the mist of the hearth on Mount Olympus. Percy gives Poseidon the idea to send Tyson and all the other Cyclopes to take down Typhon. They do, and Typhon lands in the Hudson River. Tyson is last seen on Mount Olympus where he is awarded a new "stick"; he is also given the role of general of Olympus' army.

Power and Abilities
 Immensely strong
 Works well with metal (skilled craftsman and smith)
 Cannot be killed/harmed by fire (all cyclopes are immune to fire)
 Inhuman hearing and can imitate voices
 Gets along extremely well with hippocampi (or fish ponies, as he calls them), especially the hippocampus Rainbow, first introduced in " The Sea of Monsters"
 Can communicate with Percy (or any other son of Poseidon) underwater mentally.
 Has inhuman smelling abilities which allows him to smell all monsters

References

Other websites
 Official UK Site

Percy Jackson and the Olympians characters

Tyson (Percy Jackson)


The Fouga CM-175 Zéphyr is a navalized variant of the Fouga CM-170 Magister. It was used by the French Navy for air training between 1959 and 1994. Thirty examples only were built, and it was not sale at foreign country. It flown from the French aircraft carrier Clemenceau, and sister-ship Foch.

French military aircraft

Fouga CM-175 Zéphyr


DuckTales is an animated Disney television series. The main characters of the series are Scrooge McDuck and his grandnephews Huey, Dewey, and Louie. The series was originally shown from September 18, 1987 to November 28, 1990. It had a total of 100 episodes. There has been a movie, a spinoff TV show, and a reboot

Basic story
DuckTales is about the adventures of Scrooge and his nephews. The nephews used to live with their uncle, Donald Duck. They were left with Scrooge when Donald went off to join the Navy.

Scrooge is the richest duck in the world. He has no want for anything. This does not stop him from finding ways to try to get more money. Other common plots deal with him protecting his wealth from villains. In general, there were several different plotlines that were used many times in many of the episodes. Some of these plotlines included:

 Scrooge learns about an ancient treasure or civilization. When he goes to find it, he finds more trouble than he thought he would find. (Home Sweet Homer, Master of the Djinni, Sweet Duck of Youth, A Ducktale's Valentine)
 In a similar plot, Scrooge is having trouble with one of his businesses. When he goes to fix the problem, he gets involved in an adventure of some sort. (Where No Duck Has Gone Before, Bermuda Triangle Tangle, Ducks of the West, Back Out in the Outback)
 Gyro creates a new invention. The invention usually either causes problems when it does not work properly or it is stolen and used for evil. (Armstrong, Bubba's Big Brainstorm, Time Teasers)
 Scrooge loses all of his money, often to the Beagle Boys, and tries to get it back. This plotline is often used with one of the other common plotlines. (The Money Vanishes, Scrooge's Last Adventure, Time is Money)
 Flintheart Glomgold tries to become better than Scrooge. This usually deals with Glomgold trying to become the richest duck in the world. (Duckman of Aquatraz, The Uncrashable Hindentanic, The Attack of the Metal Mites)
 Magica de Spell tries to steal the first money that Scrooge ever earned. This is his first dime, which he calls his "Number One Dime". Her plans involve using the special dime to create a magic spell that will give her great wealth. (Send in the Clones, Nothing to Fear, Magica's Shadow War).
 Scrooge remembers some business, voyages or adventures from when he was young. (Ducktales:Treasure of the Golden Suns, Duck in the Iron Mask, Status Seeker, Launchpad's First Crash, Once Upon a Dime, The Curse of Castle McDuck, Back to the Klondike, Super DuckTales).

Characters

Heroes
 Scrooge McDuck is the richest duck in the world. He owns factories, mines, railroads and oils wells. He keeps all of his money in the Money Bin and lives at Manor McDuck in the make-believe city of Duckburg.
 Huey, Dewey, and Louie are Scrooge's great nephews. They live with him at McDuck's mansion. They like to play in the pool and to go with the rich uncle on his adventures.
 Webby is a pretty girl who lives at McDuck's mansion with his adoptive family, the Duck family.
 Duckworth is the butler of McDuck's mansion.
 Launchpad McQuack is Scrooge's accident-prone pilot.

Villains
 Flintheart Glomgold is a South African billionaire and the second richest duck in the world, who wants to destroy Scrooge's wealth in order to become the richest duck in the world.
 The Beagle Boys are a group of thieves in Duckburg who try to steal Scrooge's money.
 Magica de Spell is a witch who tries to steal Scrooge's lucky dime.

Minor characters
 Bubba, pre-historic duck that meet Scrooge in the movie Time is money.
 Fenton Crackshell is an accountant who is also the superhero Gizmoduck. He met Scrooge in the movie Super DuckTales.
 Donald Duck is Scrooge's nephew.
 Gladstone Gander is Scrooge's lucky nephew.

Selected episodes

Back Out in the Outback
Somebody is sabotaging Scrooge's ranch when McDuck and his nephews go by plane to Australia. Scrooge, the Manager and MacQuack go by airplane to explore but they are attacked by light swords. Meanwhile, Webby loses herself in the jungle and sleeps on the woods.

The next day, Webby and some animals find an opal mine and discover that the Manager is responsible. The manager wants to buy Scrooge's ranch and become a rich man. Fortunately, Webby and the animals show who is the Manager and Scrooge preserves his ranch. Scrooge asked Webby when, how she made up to captured the bandit, she said "group work".

Master of the Djinni

Scrooge McDuck and Huey, Dewey and Louie go to the Sahara desert to find Aladdin's lamp. Flintheart Glomgold follows them. The ducks find the lamp's vault but Scrooge and Glomgold rub it at the same time. The djinni comes out and because he can't tell who rubbed the lamp first, he decides to have a race between Scrooge and Glomgold. By Scrooge's suggestion, the djinni decides live in Manor McDuck during the race. Once the djinni and the nephews go to the mansion, Scrooge fights Glomgold's tramps (like the villain trying to kill him with a rock avalanche). Scrooge decides to win the race to Glomgold leave his nephews without a dime.

At McDuck's mansion, the djinni starts to like the luxuries of Scrooge's house (because he can eat burgers, swim in the pool and watch TV). He likes it so much that he decides to send Scrooge and Glomgold to back in time so he can live free forever. Because the two billionaires do not know about the time voyage, they continue running when they find a palace. The Sultan, thinking that they are spies of Hemir, decides to give them to crocodiles. But Schewebazade, the Sultan's young wife, saves them and they escape from the palace. The guards follow them and Glomgold go for his count. Meanwhile, the nephews and Webby, who witnessed the evil act of the djinni, put the djinni back in the lamp and let him leave only when he agrees to bring Scrooge back from the past.

At this moment, Scrooge and Glomgold come back to the present-day. Unfortunately, Glomgold finds and explores and make over win the race. Obviously, Scrooge can make over come to Duckburg only to discover that Glomgold won the race. Glomgold's first wish is to send Scrooge to a desert island. Glomgold uses his second wish by mistake to go to the desert island with Scrooge (he said he wishes he could see the look on Scrooge's face face when he gets there). At the island, Glomgold wishes that the lamp was never found in the first place. This puts everything back in time to when the ducks open the vault entrance. The explosion made the lamp fall and despite the ducks can back to Duckburg alive, the lamp stays in the vault as never found.

Sweet Duck of Youth

One night, Scrooge McDuck and Launchpad go back to Manor McDuck. When Scrooge enters the mansion, he discovers that it is his birthday (which is weird because the show depicts it as a summer night whereas Scrooge's real birthday is in the winter or very late fall) and his family prepared a surprise party. Scrooge is unhappy because he is old. When Mrs. Beakley mentions the fountain of youth, Scrooge runs to the library. There he finds a book that talks about "Ponce de Loon", a Spanish explorer who said he found the fountain of youth in Florida.

The next day, in Florida, the ducks are in a tropical forest when they meet an old man who is also trying to find the fountain of youth. After finding a map, the guys find the Fountain of Youth. However, they find out that the fountain only makes their reflection look youthful. Scrooge goes home and realizes that people have to age.

Where No Duck Has Gone Before

One day, at Manor McDuck, Huey, Dewey and Louie are watching the television show "Ducks of the Galaxies" when Scrooge buys the Duckburg studios, the place where "Ducks of the Galaxies" is filmed. Scrooge tells Gyro to build a toy spaceship, but Gyro builds an real spaceship.

The spaceship sends the Captain, Huey, Dewey, Louie, and McQuack to space where they are captured by aliens. The nephews find out that the Captain is evil. Eventually, Huey, Dewey, and Louie go back to Earth where Scrooge punishes the Captain.

Back to the Klondike
On Valentine's Day, Scrooge tells his nephews and Webby his only love story:
When Scrooge worked at White Agony Creek he went to Blackjack Saloon where he met Goldie, a pretty singer. After Scrooge lost his gold nugget by Dangerous Dan, he bet that Goldie can't make honest money. Goldie and Scrooge work for many months to get a lot of gold. But Dangerous Dan stole the gold, and Scrooge thought that Goldie stole it.

Scrooge and the others go to Klondike where they try to get the lost gold back. Scrooge meets Goldie and their relationship is of hate\love at the end of the episode. Scrooge discovers that Dangerous Dan is the real thief and, when he tries to tell that to Goldie, she discovers a goldmine. Before the episode ends, Scrooge realizes that Goldie did not steal his gold, she stole his heart.

Home video releases

VHS

Video Chile: ADV Garantía Original Video
Thirdteen VHS cassettes contaning 26 episodes were released on Argentinina/Chile.

DVD

Video Chile: ADV Garantía Original Video
The sets from Germany and the United Kingdom have also been released on Argentinina/Chile. The First Collection came out on September 15, 2012. The Second Collection was released on April 12, 2013. The Third Collection was released on September 14, 2013.

Other websites

Channel Links

First run syndicated television programs
1987 American television series debuts
1990 American television series endings
English-language television programs

DuckTales


Ananda Kentish Muthu Coomaraswamy (, Āṉanta Kentiś Muthū Kumāracuvāmi;  Ānanda Kumārasvāmī; 22 August 1877 − 9 September 1947) was a Ceylonese metaphysician, historian and a philosopher of Indian art who was an early interpreter of Indian culture to the West. In particular, he is described as "the groundbreaking theorist who was largely responsible for introducing ancient Indian art to the West".

Life

Ananda Kentish Coomaraswamy was born in Colombo, British Ceylon, now Sri Lanka, to the Ceylon Tamil legislator and philosopher Sir Muthu Coomaraswamy of the Ponnambalam–Coomaraswamy family and his English wife Elizabeth Beeby. His father died when Ananda was two years old, and Ananda spent much of his childhood and education abroad.

Coomaraswamy moved to England in 1879 and attended Wycliffe College, a preparatory school in Stroud, Gloucestershire, at the age of twelve. In 1900, he graduated from University College London (UCL), with a degree in geology and botany. On 19 June 1902, Coomaraswamy married Ethel Mary Partridge, an English photographer, who then traveled with him to Ceylon. Their marriage lasted until 1913. Coomaraswamy's field work between 1902 and 1906 earned him a doctor of science for his study of Ceylonese mineralogy, and prompted the formation of the Geological Survey of Ceylon which he initially directed. While in Ceylon, the couple collaborated on Mediaeval Sinhalese Art; Coomaraswamy wrote the text and Ethel provided the photographs. His work in Ceylon fueled Coomaraswamy's anti-Westernization sentiments. After their divorce, Partridge returned to England, where she became a famous weaver and later married the writer Philip Mairet.

By 1906, Coomaraswamy had made it his mission to educate the West about Indian art, and was back in London with a large collection of photographs, actively seeking out artists to try to influence. He knew he could not rely on museum curators or other members of the cultural establishment – in 1908 he wrote "The main difficulty so far seems to have been that Indian art has been studied so far only by archaeologists. It is not archaeologists, but artists ... who are the best qualified to judge of the significance of works of art considered as art." By 1909, he was firmly acquainted with Jacob Epstein and Eric Gill, the city's two most important early Modernists, and soon both of them had begun to incorporate Indian aesthetics into their work. The curiously hybrid sculptures that were produced as a result can be seen to form the very roots of what is now considered British Modernism.

Coomaraswamy then met and married a British woman Alice Ethel Richardson and together they went to India and stayed on a houseboat in Srinagar in Kashmir. Commaraswamy studied Rajput painting while his wife studied Indian music with Abdul Rahim of Kapurthala. When they returned to England, Alice performed Indian song under the stage name Ratan Devi. Alice was successful and both went to America when Ratan Devi did a concert tour. While they were there, Coomaraswamy was invited to serve as the first Keeper of Indian art in the Boston Museum of Fine Arts in 1917. The couple had two children, a son, Narada, and daughter, Rohini.

Coomaraswamy divorced his second wife after they arrived in America. He married the American artist Stella Bloch, 20 years his junior, in November 1922. Through the 1920s, Coomaraswamy and his wife were part of the bohemian art circles in New York City, Coomaraswamy befriended Alfred Stieglitz and the artists who exhibited at Stieglitz's gallery. At the same time, he studied Sanskrit and Pali religious literature as well as Western religious works. He wrote catalogues for the Museum of Fine Arts and published his History of Indian and Indonesian Art in 1927.

After the couple divorced in 1930, they remained friends. Shortly thereafter, on 18 November 1930, Coomaraswamy married Argentine Luisa Runstein, 28 years younger, who was working as a society photographer under the professional name Xlata Llamas. They had a son, Coomaraswamy's third child, Rama Ponnambalam (1929-2006), who became a physician and convert at age 22 to the Roman Catholic Church. Following Vatican II, Rama became a critic of the reforms and author of Catholic Traditionalist works. He was also ordained a Traditionalist Roman Catholic priest, despite the fact that he was married and had a living wife. Rama Coomaraswamy studied in England and then in India, learning Hindi and Sanskrit. Became a psychiatrist in the United States, he was an opponent of Pope John Paul II and remain a wider correspondent of mother Teresa of Calcutta, whose first healing attribution was recognized by John Paul II in 2002.

In 1933 Coomaraswamy's title at the Museum of Fine Arts changed from curator to Fellow for Research in Indian, Persian, and Mohammedan Art. He served as curator in the Museum of Fine Arts until his death in Needham, Massachusetts, in 1947. During his long career, he was instrumental in bringing Eastern art to the West. In fact, while at the Museum of Fine Arts, he built the first substantial collection of Indian art in the United States. He also helped with the collections of Persian Art at the Freer Gallery of Art in Washington, D.C., and the Museum of Fine Arts.

After Coomaraswamy's death, his widow, Doña Luisa Runstein, acted as a guide and resource for students of his work.

Contributions
Coomaraswamy made important contributions to the philosophy of art, literature, and religion. In Ceylon, he applied the lessons of William Morris to Ceylonese culture  and, with his wife Ethel, produced a groundbreaking study of Ceylonese crafts and culture. While in India, he was part of the literary circle around Rabindranath Tagore, and he contributed to the "Swadeshi" movement, an early phase of the struggle for Indian independence. In the 1920s, he made discoveries in the history of Indian art, particularly some distinctions between Rajput and Moghul painting, and published his book Rajput Painting. At the same time he amassed an unmatched collection of Rajput and Moghul paintings, which he took with him to the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, when he joined its curatorial staff in 1917. Through 1932, from his base in Boston, he produced two kinds of publications: brilliant scholarship in his curatorial field but also graceful introductions to Indian and Asian art and culture, typified by The Dance of Shiva, a collection of essays that remain in print to this day. Deeply influenced by René Guénon, he became one of the founders of the Traditionalist School. His books and essays on art and culture, symbolism and metaphysics, scripture, folklore and myth, and still other topics, offer a remarkable education to readers who accept the challenges of his resolutely cross-cultural perspective and insistence on tying every point he makes back to sources in multiple traditions. He once remarked, "I actually think in both Eastern and Christian terms—Greek, Latin, Sanskrit, Pali, and to some extent Persian and Chinese." Alongside the deep and not infrequently difficult writings of this period, he also delighted in polemical writings created for a larger audience—essays such as "Why exhibit works of art?" (1943).

In his book The Information Society: An Introduction (Sage, 2003, p. 44), Armand Mattelart credits Coomaraswamy for coining the term 'post-industrial' in 1913.

Methodology
Coomaraswamy was a firm believer in the comparative method. The analysis of both texts and symbols across a wide variety of cultures and time periods allowed him to see below the surface of local interpretations and religious exclusivism to locate the bedrock of tradition. By tradition, he meant that which has been handed down from time beyond memory.

The folk has thus preserved, without understanding, the remains of old traditions that go back sometimes to the indeterminably distant past, to which we can only refer as "prehistoric". Had the folk beliefs not indeed been once understood, we could not now speak of them as metaphysically intelligible, or explain the accuracy of their formulations.

His extensive knowledge of ancient languages allowed him access to primary sources and his understanding of metaphysics helped him discern the deeper meanings that other scholars often missed. Given the specialization and compartmentation of knowledge that was part of the Western academic tradition, his efforts were not always appreciated. He expressed some of his feelings in a letter to Graham Carey:

What the secular mind does is to assert that we (symbolists) are reading meaning into things that originally had none: our assertion is that they are reading out the meaning. The proof of our contention lies in the perfection, consistency and universality of the pattern in which these meanings are united.

His criticism of the academic world was centered around a number of related issues. First, the academic method, by itself, was ill-equipped to deal with the way in which ideas where transmitted in non-literate cultures, due to an over-reliance on written documentation. Too much was left out.

By "folklore" we mean the whole and consistent body of culture which has been handed down, not in books but by word of mouth and in practice, from time beyond the reach of historical research, in the form of legends, fairy tales, ballads, games, toys, crafts, medicine, agriculture, and other rites, and forms of social organization, especially those that we call "tribal." This is a cultural complex independent of national and even racial boundaries, and of remarkable similarity throughout the world.

A second point of conflict was the obsessive tendency of Western scholarship to divide cultures, religions, and time periods into discrete categories in order to fit into academic organizational and mental structures.

It is equally surprising that so many scholars, meeting with some universal doctrine in a given context, so often think of it as a local peculiarity.

As a traditionalist, Coomaraswamy emphasized the continuity of culture. He was well aware of historical change but he felt that the connecting elements had been lost by the extreme emphasis placed on change and "progress". Conflict between a new religion and an older one often obscured the commonalities that linked them.

The opposition of religion to folklore is often a kind of rivalry set up as between a new dispensation and an older tradition, the gods of the older cult becoming the evil spirits of the newer.

He pointed out that the Greek word daimon, which at root indicates something given, was synonymous with the Christian Holy Spirit, God's gift of life. If Christian propagandists chose to emphasize the demonic at the expense of the daimon it was only to further their own cause. Ideas like this did not go over well with other scholars and his correspondence has its share of angry or condescending responses to his work which he deflected with a combination of erudition, tact, and humor.

A third issue that raised his ire was the racism inherent in the Western world's criticism and misinterpretation of traditional and tribal cultures, attitudes tied closely to literacy and the attendant idea of progress.

It was possible for Aristotle, starting from the premise that a man, being actually cultured, may also become literate, to ask whether there is a necessary or merely an accidental connection of literacy with culture. Such a question can hardly arise for those to whom illiteracy implies, as a matter of course, ignorance, backwardness, unfitness for self-government: for you, unlettered people are uncivilized peoples and vice versa—as a recent publisher's blurb expresses it: "The greatest force in civilization is the collective wisdom of a literate people."

Like Franz Boas and a handful of others, Coomaraswamy waged a constant war against racism with the press and academic world. He was a strong advocate for Indian independence and was pressured to leave England for publicly suggesting that Indians not fight in the First World War.

Unlike Rene Guenon and others who shared many of his understandings, he was not content to describe traditional ideas from the inside out, in metaphysical terms alone. His commitment to the Western intellectual tradition was deep. He didn't believe that science and metaphysics were in opposition but were two different ways of looking at the world. He was trained as a geologist and was well equipped to deal with science as well as metaphysics.

Nor did his work suffer from the oversimplifications and distortions that can afflict comparative studies. He was critical of the writings of Carl Jung and of Theosophy which he believed distorted the meaning of traditional ideas. The details he provided in support of his arguments could daunt the ablest scholar; his footnotes sometimes took up more room on a page than the text. The comparative method has achieved a good deal of success in linguistics but its application to culture had rarely gone beyond mere documentation before Ananda Coomaraswamy.

Traditional symbolism
One of Coomaraswamy's most important contributions was his profound understanding of how people communicated in early times and how their ideas were transmitted and preserved in the absence of writing. He felt that traditional symbolism could best be understood by means of images, which preceded writing and which contained ideas that had been handed down from the earliest times and preserved in a vast array of media.

To have lost the art of thinking in images is precisely to have lost the proper linguistic of metaphysics and to have descended to the verbal logic of "philosophy.

His study of traditional symbols had taught him that symbols were meant to express ideas and not emotions and that a study of "styles" and "influences" would reveal little of significance.

An adequate knowledge of theology and cosmology is then indispensable to an understanding of the history of art, insofar as the actual shapes and structures of works of art are determined by their real content. Christian art, for example, begins with the representation of deity by abstract symbols, which may be geometrical, vegetable, or theriomorphic, and are devoid of any sentimental appeal whatever. An anthropomorphic symbol follows, but this is still a form and not a figuration; not made as though to function biologically or as if to illustrate a text book of anatomy or dramatic expression. Still later, the form is sentimentalised; the features of the crucified are made to exhibit human suffering, the type is completely humanised, and where we began with the shape of humanity as an analogical representation of the idea of God, we end with the portrait of the artist's mistress posing as the Madonna and a representation of an all-too-human baby; the Christ is no longer a man-God, but the sort of man we can approve of.

In keeping with his traditionalist stance, he saw this process as one of gradual decay in which the human life world began to encroach gradually on the divine with an attendant growth of sentimentality and loss of meaning. He was fond of quoting the curator, John Lodge: "From the Stone Age until now, quelle dégringolade."

Coomaraswamy spent a lot of his time documenting themes and images that appeared to be very old, given their widespread distribution. Major areas of study included:
 Solar symbolism
 Symbolism of the wheel
 The Flood story
 The "Water Cosmology" and the "Plant Style"
 Soma and the Water of Life
 Traditional cosmologies (the three worlds)
 The symbolism of snakes and reptiles
 The symbolism of birds and other "psychopomps" (soul carriers)
 The heavenly ladder
 The cosmic dome and the hole in the sky with its guardian figure
 The Thread-spirit (sutratman) doctrine that underlies the symbolism of the fiber arts
 The concept of ether and the symbolism of fire
 Divine bi-unity (male/female) as one
 The inverted tree and arboreal symbolism
 The Symplegades (Clashing Rocks) and the Coincidence of Opposites

He found these symbols in many cultures and time periods, both in religious writings and in folklore. He saw little opposition between religion and folklore. Folklore was transmitted in the vernacular as compared to the sacred languages in which scripture was delivered and interpreted. Folklore was less moralistic but its themes shared a common source with those of religion; Jack's beanstalk was Jacob's ladder. Religion was not "contaminated" by folklore but used it to express the same ideas in a more rationalized and moralized setting, just as Plato used myths to explain his philosophy.

The designs we found in Neolithic times were derived from older images. Thus the continuity of tradition reveals itself best in art, which expresses ideas. Even when religious philosophies developed with writing, a continuity of meaning could be observed often because the change was gradual and the old and the new existed side by side.

In the Vedas, the belief {that all life began in the "Waters"} appears in the form of an old popular theory, for which are substituted the successively more philosophical concepts of Space Cosmology, of a belief in the origin of the world in Non-being, in an origin of the world from Being, and finally in the conception of Brahman (the Absolute) as world-ground. The Water Cosmology, it is true, persists side by side with, and linked with these deeper views, even in post-Vedic literature; but it is typically not a creation of the Vedas and seems to belong to an even older stratum of ideas than that which is developed in the Vedas.

The ideas expressed by images were made explicit by writing, which allowed for a greater degree of abstraction and elaboration but since the concrete preceded the abstract, all philosophy started with images. In the absence of writing, the tribal cultures of the world have preserved a good deal of this older symbolism.

Coomaraswamy also maintained that traditional technologies (like the needle or the fire drill) were applications of metaphysical ideas, just as modern technology is an expression of scientific principles.

Primitive man knew nothing of a possible divorce of function and meaning: all his inventions were applied meaning.

The American art historian, Carl Schuster, who corresponded with Coomarawamy and learned much from him, would go on to identify some of the Paleolithic sources of this symbolism.

Perennial philosophy

He was described by Heinrich Zimmer as "That noble scholar upon whose shoulders we are still standing." While serving as a curator to the Boston Museum of Fine Arts in the latter part of his life, he devoted his work to the explication of traditional metaphysics and symbolism. His writings of this period are filled with references to Plato, Plotinus, Clement, Philo, Augustine, Aquinas, Shankara, Eckhart, Rumi and other mystics. When asked how he defined himself foremost, Coomaraswamy said he was a "metaphysician", referring to the concept of perennial philosophy, or sophia perennis.

Along with René Guénon and Frithjof Schuon, Coomaraswamy is regarded as one of the three founders of Perennialism, also called the Traditionalist School. Several articles by Coomaraswamy on the subject of Hinduism and the perennial philosophy were published posthumously in the quarterly journal Studies in Comparative Religion alongside articles by Schuon and Guénon among others.

Although he agrees with Guénon on the universal principles, Coomaraswamy's works are very different in form. By vocation, he was a scholar who dedicated the last decades of his life to "searching the Scriptures". He offers a perspective on the tradition that complements Guénon's. He was extremely perceptive regarding aesthetics and wrote dozens of articles on traditional arts and mythology. His works are also finely balanced intellectually. Although born in the Hindu tradition, he had a deep knowledge of the Western tradition as well as a great expertise in, and love for, Greek metaphysics, especially that of Plotinus, the founder of Neoplatonism.

Coomaraswamy built a bridge between East and West that was designed to be two-way: among other things, his metaphysical writings aimed at demonstrating the unity of the Vedanta and Platonism. His works also sought to rehabilitate original Buddhism, as he believed that the distance (i.e. differences) between Buddhism and Hinduism was artificially created by Western Indologists. In his book, Hinduism and Buddhism, he wrote:

Works
For a complete bibliography, see James S. Crouch, A Bibliography of Ananda Kentish Coomarswamy. Indira Gandhi, National Center for the Arts, Manohar, New Delhi, (2002). See also Corrigenda to A Bibliography of Ananda Kentish Coomaraswamy.

Traditional art
 Elements of Buddhist Iconography, Harvard University Press, 1935.
 Figures of Speech or Figures of Thought?: The Traditional View of Art, (World Wisdom 2007)
 Introduction To Indian Art, (Kessinger Publishing, 2007)
 Buddhist Art, (Kessinger Publishing, 2005)
 Guardians of the Sundoor: Late Iconographic Essays, (Fons Vitae, 2004)
 History of Indian and Indonesian Art, (Kessinger Publishing, 2003)
 Teaching of Drawing in Ceylon (1906, Colombo Apothecaries)
 The Indian craftsman (1909, Probsthain: London)
 Voluspa; The Sibyl's Saying (1909, Essex House Press, London)
 Viśvakarmā; examples of Indian architecture, sculpture, painting, handicraft (1914, London)
 Vidyāpati: Bangīya padābali; songs of the love of Rādhā and Krishna], (1915, The Old Bourne press: London)
 The mirror of gesture: being the Abhinaya darpaṇa of Nandikeśvara (with Duggirāla Gōpālakr̥ṣṇa) (1917, Harvard University Press; 1997, South Asia Books,)
 Indian music (1917, G. Schirmer; 2006, Kessinger Publishing,
 A catalog of sculptures by John Mowbray-Clarke: shown at the Kevorkian Galleries, New York, from May the seventh to June the seventh, 1919. (1919, New York: Kevorkian Galleries, co-authored with Mowbray-Clarke, John, H. Kevorkian, and Amy Murray)
 Rajput Painting, (B.R. Publishing Corp., 2003)
 Early Indian Architecture: Cities and City-Gates, (South Asia Books, 2002) I
 The Origin of the Buddha Image, (Munshirm Manoharlal Pub Pvt Ltd, 2001)
 The Transformation of Nature in Art, (Sterling Pub Private Ltd, 1996)
 Bronzes from Ceylon, chiefly in the Colombo Museum, (Dept. of Govt. Print, 1978)
 Early Indian Architecture: Palaces, (Munshiram Manoharlal, 1975)
 The arts & crafts of India & Ceylon, (Farrar, Straus, 1964)
 Christian and Oriental Philosophy of Art, (Dover Publications, 1956)
 Archaic Indian Terracottas, (Klinkhardt & Biermann, 1928)
 Yaksas, (Munshirm Manoharlal Pub Pvt Ltd, 1998)

Metaphysics
 Hinduism and Buddhism, (Kessinger Publishing, 2007; Golden Elixir Press, 2011)
 Myths of the Hindus & Buddhists (with Sister Nivedita) (1914, H. Holt; 2003, Kessinger Publishing)
 Buddha and the gospel of Buddhism (1916, G. P. Putnam's sons; 2006, Obscure Press,)
 A New Approach to the Vedas: An Essay in Translation and Exegesis, (South Asia Books, 1994)
 The Living Thoughts of Gotama the Buddha, (Fons Vitae, 2001)
 Time and eternity, (Artibus Asiae, 1947)
 Perception of the Vedas, (Manohar Publishers and Distributors, 2000)
 Coomaraswamy: Selected Papers, Volume 2, Metaphysics, (Princeton University Press, 1977)

Social criticism
 Am I My Brothers Keeper, (Ayer Co, 1947)
 The Dance of Shiva – Fourteen Indian essays Turn Inc., New York; 2003, Kessinger Publishing,
 The village community and modern progress (12 pages) (Colombo Apothecaries, 1908)
 Essays in national idealism (Colombo Apothecaries, 1910)
 Bugbear of Literacy, (Sophia Perennis, 1979)
 What is Civilisation?: and Other Essays. Golgonooza Press, (UK),
 Spiritual Authority and Temporal Power in the Indian Theory of Government, (Oxford University Press, 1994)

Posthumous collections
 The Door in the Sky. Coomaraswamy on Myth and Meaning, (Princeton University Press, 1997)
 Coomaraswamy: Selected Papers, 3 volumes: Traditional Art and Symbolism, Metaphysics, His Life and Work, (Princeton University Press, 1977)
 The Essential Ananda K. Coomaraswamy, (2003, World Wisdom)
 Guardians of the Sun-Door, (Fons Vitae, 2004)

See also
Ivan Aguéli
Titus Burckhardt
Calico Museum of Textiles
Comparative Religion
Esoterism
René Guénon
Seyyed Hossein Nasr
Martin Lings
Whitall Perry
Huston Smith
William Stoddart
Mateus Soares de Azevedo
Michel Valsan
Advaita Vedanta
Carl Schuster

References

Sources
 T.Wignesan, "Ananda K. Coomaraswamy's Aesthetics" # Tamil studies Now published in the collection: T.Wignesan. Rama and Ravana at the Altar of Hanuman: On Tamils, Tamil Literature & Tamil Culture. Allahabad:Cyberwit.net, 2008, 750p. & at Chennai: Institute of Asian Studies, 2007, 439p.
 "Ananda Kentish Coomaraswamy" in One Hundred Tamils of the 20th Century
 "Coomaraswamy, Ananda K.", Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature, vol. 1, ed. Amaresh Dutta, Sahitya Akademi (1987), p. 768.
 Mattelart, Armand. The Information Society: An Introduction, Sage: London, Thousand Oaks, New Delhi, 2003, p. 44.

Further reading
 Ananda Coomaraswamy: remembering and remembering again and again, by S. Durai Raja Singam. Publisher: Raja Singam, 1974.
 Ananda K. Coomaraswamy, by P. S. Sastri. Arnold-Heinemann Publishers, India, 1974.
 Ananda Kentish Coomaraswamy: a handbook, by S. Durai Raja Singam. Publisher s.n., 1979.
 Ananda Coomaraswamy: a study, by Moni Bagchee. Publisher: Bharata Manisha, 1977.
 Ananda K. Coomaraswamy, by Vishwanath S. Naravane. Twayne Publishers, 1977. .
 Selected letters of Ananda Coomaraswamy, Edited by Alvin Moore, Jr; and Rama P. Coomaraswamy (1988)
 Coomaraswamy: Volume I: Selected Papers, Traditional Art and Symbolism, Princeton University Press (1977)
 Coomaraswamy: Volume II: Selected Papers, Metaphysics, Edited by Roger Lipsey, Princeton University Press (1977)
 Coomaraswamy: Volume III: His Life and Work, by Roger Lipsey, Princeton University Press (1977)

External links

Books by Coomaraswamy - Fons Vitae Series
1999 Coomaraswamy lecture by Sandrasagra
Ananda K. Coomaraswamy at WorldCat
Coomaraswamy bibliography at religioperennis.org
"Ananda K. Coomaraswamy's Life and Work" at World Wisdom publishers
The Colonial Context and Aesthetic Identity Formation: Coomaraswamy, A Case Study by Binda Paranjpe
Coomaraswamy's Impetus to Eastern Spirit
Coomarswamy in Dictionary of Art Historians
Ananda Coomaraswamy materials in the South Asian American Digital Archive (SAADA)

1877 births
1947 deaths
20th-century philosophers
Advaitin philosophers
Alumni of University College London
American Hindus
American people of Sri Lankan Tamil descent
Art critics
Sri Lankan art historians
Sri Lankan scholars of Buddhism
Ananda
Hindu studies scholars
Indian art curators
Indian independence activists
Metaphysicians
Museum of Fine Arts, Boston
Pali
People educated at Wycliffe College, Gloucestershire
People from Colombo
People from Needham, Massachusetts
Smithsonian Institution people
Sri Lankan emigrants to the United States
Sri Lankan people of English descent
Sri Lankan philosophers
Sri Lankan Tamil writers
Tamil scholars
Traditionalist School
Neo-Vedanta
Historians of Indian art
Historians of Sri Lanka
20th-century Sri Lankan historians

Ananda Coomaraswamy


Tanzania is an East African country known for its vast wilderness areas. They include the plains of Serengeti National Park, a safari mecca populated by the "big five" game (elephant, lion, leopard, buffalo, rhino), and Kilimanjaro National Park, home to Africa's highest mountain. Offshore lie the tropical islands of Zanzibar, with Arabic influences, and Mafia, with a marine park home to whale sharks and coral reefs.

Tanzaniya


Raya Garbousova (; September 25, 1909 – January 28, 1997) was a Russian Empire-born American cellist and teacher.

Early life and career
According to the biography contained in the program booklet for the 1997 memorial concert in her honor in DeKalb, Illinois, she made her formal debut in Moscow in 1923 and left the Soviet Union in 1925.  She lived and performed in Europe, and gave her first performance in New York City in 1935.  In December 1938, she toured the UK as supporting artist to Richard Tauber. She emigrated to the United States in 1939.

In 1948, she married cardiologist Kurt Biss and settled in DeKalb, Illinois.  She taught at Northern Illinois University from 1973 until her retirement in 1991.  Besides teaching at NIU, Garbousova also taught at the Hartt College of Music in Hartford, Connecticut, and gave many master classes at prominent musical institutions. They raised two sons, Gregory Biss (born 1942) and Paul Biss (born 1944). Gregory is a pianist and composer. Paul is a violinist and violist who is married to violinist Miriam Fried; one of their children, Jonathan Biss, is a classical pianist.

During her performing career, she performed with many of the world's leading orchestras and conductors.  To many who knew her, she was particularly associated with the cello music of Samuel Barber.  Barber wrote his cello concerto for her, and she performed its world premiere with Serge Koussevitzky and the Boston Symphony Orchestra in 1946.  Her recording of the Barber Sonata for Cello and Piano is also well known in this context.

For her students, in addition to providing the typical technical and musical instruction which master teachers provide, she added the perspective of having personally known many of the great composers and string soloists of the twentieth century.

Legacy
In the booklet of letters and biographies which was distributed privately to participants in the 1997 Memorial Concert for Raya Garbousova, Mstislav Rostropovich stated, "For me, Raya was my closest, dearest friend."  In this same document, János Starker stated, "But play she did and on a level of  artistry that earned her a place among the handful of truly greats of the century."

Partial discography
Samuel Barber: Concerto for Cello & Orchestra (Decca Records LP, DL 10132, 1966)

Notes

External links

1909 births
1997 deaths
Northern Illinois University faculty
University of Hartford Hartt School faculty
Musicians from Tbilisi
Soviet emigrants to the United States
American classical cellists
Soviet classical cellists
American people of Russian descent
American music educators
American women music educators
20th-century classical musicians
20th-century American musicians
American women classical cellists
20th-century American women musicians
American women academics
20th-century cellists

Raya Garbousova


The Taiwan Strait or Formosa Strait is a 180 km-wide strait between mainland China and the island of Taiwan. The strait is part of the South China Sea and attaches to East China Sea to the northeast. The thinest part is 131 km wide. The Taiwan Strait is often incorrectly called the "Taiwan Straits".

The Strait has been the theatre for several military confrontations between the People's Republic of China and the Republic of China since the last days of the Chinese Civil War in 1949 when the Kuomintang forces led by Chiang Kai-shek retreated across the Strait and relocated its government on its final stronghold of Taiwan.

Geography of Taiwan
Straits

Taiwan Strait


The High Representative for Common Foreign and Security Policy is a position created by the Treaty of Lisbon, starting December 1, 2009 (it was actually already created in 1999). The position is part of the European Commission.

Her duty is to be the face of European Union to the rest of the world, along with the President of Europe

The job is sometimes known casually a "the European Foreign Minister" but this is not correct because she is not a member of any government.

High Representatives:
 Jürgen Trumpf (acting, from Germany): 1999
 Javier Solana (from Spain): 1999-2009
 Catherine Ashton (from the United Kingdom): 2009-2014
 Federica Mogherini (from Italy): 2014-present

European Union

High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy


Marin Mersenne, (born 8 September 1588, in modern-day Sarthe, died 1 September 1648, in Paris) was a French theologian and mathematician. He developed the first laws of acoustics, which was known by his name for a long time. Today, he is mainly remembered for the Mersenne primes. Together with Galileo Galilei he built the laws which describe how a mass falls in an empty space. He was in favour of modern science, and did not agree with "occultist" movements.

He often travelled to meet great scientists, which made him an important mediator. This is especially true for mathematicians such as Pierre Gassendi, Gilles Personne de Roberval, Blaise Pascal und Pierre de Fermat. To tell Mersenne of a discovery was like publishing it. He told Gassendi to reply to the Meditations of Descartes. Mersenne gave Huygens the idea of using a pendulum to measure time. This led to the development of pendulum clocks.

1588 births
1648 deaths
French mathematicians
French Roman Catholics
French theologians

Marin Mersenne


The Wealdway, Kent and East Sussex, is a public footpath that runs for 83 miles / 134 km from Gravesend, Kent on the Thames estuary, to the A259 at Eastbourne, 3 km north of Beachy Head.

Interrelation with other long-distance routes
This is the only north-south route from the Thames Estuary east of London and west of the Medway Towns.  It crosses the North Downs, Higher and Lower, Kentish and Sussex Weald (see Kent long distance walks here) and starts at Gravesend. Here there is a regular ferry link to Tilbury and routes north of the Thames.  At the south is Eastbourne the start of the South Downs Way overlooking the south coast. The route provides access to coast routes: a return circuit for users of the Saxon Shore Way.

History
The Wealdway was conceived in 1970 by members of the Ramblers' Association.  The first route descriptions were published in the mid seventies, but the poor state of the rights of way between Uckfield and Eastbourne delayed publication until 1981. Motorway Construction work and the building of the Tonbridge Flood Relief Barrier forced many changes to the original route.

Route

From the Thames Estuary
The route goes through Gravesend; crosses the A2 at Tollgate; goes southward through Sole Street and Luddesdown; climbs to the North Downs Way at Trottiscliffe/Vigo Village; descends the scarp slope of the North Downs; crosses the M20 and A20; goes through Platt and Mereworth Woods to Gover Hill, where the Medway valley comes into view; goes down to West Peckham, Barnes Street and thus to the Medway; takes the riverside path upstream for a full , through Tonbridge to Hayesden; heads due south, under the railway and under the Tonbridge bypass; climbs to the ridge at Bidborough through to Modest Corner, Southborough; and follows a mixture of paths and roads to the A264, at Stone Cross.

From the Kent borders
The route crosses into Sussex, following the medium height contours; drops down into the upper Medway valley wending its way to Withyham; follows a metalled drive, with good views to the north and south, leading to Five Hundred Acre Wood, the inspiration for A. A. Milne's, Christopher Robin and Winnie the Pooh books – the wood was first enclosed in 1693 and the path dedicated as a right of way by the owner in 1970; rises to Greenwood Gate Clump, at the top of the Ashdown Forest  above mean sea level; continues on high ground to Camp Hill and on to Browns Brook Cottage; progresses to Buxted Park, Uckfield; rounds Blackboys, with its Youth Hostel; traverses East Hoathly and Chiddingly; negotiates Gun Hill walking through arable and pasture interspersed with coppice; descends into the Cuckmere valley at Hellingly through to the A22 south of Horsebridge; passes through Upper Dicker; crosses the River Cuckmere to get to Arlington; passes Wilmington and its  high chalk figure, the Long Man; climbs then falls towards Jevington; climbs to Willingdon Hill, ; journeys  downhill to the Eastbourne Youth Hostel on the A259 and optionally continues along the footway to the resort itself.

External links

 Ramblers' Association.

References

Geography of Sussex
Geography of Kent
Tourist attractions in Kent
Wealden District
Long-distance footpaths in England
Footpaths in Kent
Ashdown Forest

Wealdway


John Harlan Willis (June 10, 1921 – February 28, 1945) was a United States Navy sailor.  He received the Medal of Honor because of his actions in World War II.

Medal of Honor citation
Willis' Medal of Honor recognized his conduct at the Battle of Iwo Jima.  He was killed while giving frontline first aid to the many marines wounded in fighting.

The words of Willis' citation explain:
For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty as Platoon Corpsman serving with the 3d Battalion, 27th Marines, 5th Marine Division, during operations against enemy Japanese forces on Iwo Jima, Volcano Islands, 28 February 1945. Constantly imperiled by artillery and mortar fire from strong and mutually supporting pillboxes and caves studding Hill 362 in the enemy's cross-island defenses, Willis resolutely administered first aid to the many marines wounded during the furious close-in fighting until he himself was struck by shrapnel and was ordered back to the battle-aid station. Without waiting for official medical release, he quickly returned to his company and, during a savage hand-to-hand enemy counterattack, daringly advanced to the extreme frontlines under mortar and sniper fire to aid a marine lying wounded in a shellhole. Completely unmindful of his own danger as the Japanese intensified their attack, Willis calmly continued to administer blood plasma to his patient, promptly returning the first hostile grenade which landed in the shell-hole while he was working and hurling back 7 more in quick succession before the ninth exploded in his hand and instantly killed him. By his great personal valor in saving others at the sacrifice of his own life, he inspired his companions, although terrifically outnumbered, to launch a fiercely determined attack and repulse the enemy force. His exceptional fortitude and courage in the performance of duty reflect the highest credit upon Willis and the U.S. Naval Service. He gallantly gave his life for his country.

Namesake
John Willis is the namesake of the destroyer escort ship USS John Willis (DE-1027) which was named in his honor.

Related pages
 List of Medal of Honor recipients for World War II
 List of Medal of Honor recipients for the Battle of Iwo Jima
 Posthumous recognition

References

Other websites

1921 births
1945 deaths
United States Navy Medal of Honor recipients
American people of World War II
Pharmacists
Military people from Tennessee

John Willis


Skirlaugh is a village and civil parish in the East Riding of Yorkshire, England, in an area known as Holderness. It is situated approximately  north-east of Hull city centre on the A165 road. Originally a farming community, it is now primarily a commuter village for Hull.

According to the 2011 UK census, Skirlaugh parish had a population of 1,473, a decrease on the 2001 UK census figure of 1,543.

The parish church, St Augustine's Church, was built by Walter de Skirlaw who later became the Bishop of Durham in the late 14th century. It is, according to Pevsner, a "gem of the early-perpendicular" style.
This is because subsequent generations left the original structure largely intact. The stonework was re-pointed in the 1980s and 1990s by Edward Brown, a local volunteer. The church is a Local Ecumenical Partnership between the Church of England and the Methodist church. In 1966 the church was designated a Grade I listed building and is now recorded in the National Heritage List for England, maintained by Historic England.

Skirlaugh was served from 1864 to 1957 by Skirlaugh railway station on the Hull and Hornsea Railway even though the station was located  south of the village.

Skirlaugh rugby league club, play in the Premier Division of the National Conference League.

Notable people
Walter de Skirlaw (?–1406), Bishop of Durham and adviser to King Richard II and Henry IV
John Bigland (1750–1832), schoolmaster and historian

References

External links

Skirlaugh Parish Council website

Villages in the East Riding of Yorkshire
Civil parishes in the East Riding of Yorkshire
Holderness

Skirlaugh


The history of Asia can be seen as the history of several distinct regions, East Asia, South Asia, and the Middle East that have more or less context depending of the situation in the central Eurasian steppe.

The coastal periphery was the home to some of the world's earliest known civilizations, with each of the three regions developing early civilizations around fertile river valleys. The civilizations in Mesopotamia, the Indus Valley, and China had much in common. Therefore, it is likely that they exchanged technologies and ideas such as mathematics and the wheel. Other aspects such as that of writing developed individually in each area. Cities, states and then empires developed in these lowlands.

The steppe region had long been inhabited by nomads, and from the central steppes they could reach all areas of the Asian continent. The earliest known expansion out of the steppe is that of the Indo-Europeans which spread their languages into the Middle East, the Indian subcontinent, and in the Tocharians to the borders of today's China. The northern part of the continent was not accessible to the steppe nomads due to the dense forests and the tundra. These areas had very few people.

The centre and periphery were kept separate by mountains and deserts. The Caucasus, Himalaya, Karakum Desert, and Gobi Desert formed barriers that the steppe horsemen could only cross with difficulty. The city dwellers were more advanced in civilisation but they could do little militarily to defend against the mounted hordes of the steppe. Because the lowlands did not have enough open grasslands to support a large horsebound force the nomads who conquered states in China, India, and the Middle East were soon forced to adapt to the local societies.

Outline

Paleolithic

Neolithic

Bronze

Iron Age

Alexander the Great conquered an area from Turkey to Pakistan in the 4th century BC. The Roman Empire would later control parts of western Asia. The Achaemenid, Seleucid, Parthian and Sassanian empires were based in ancient Persia. Many ancient civilizations were influenced by the Silk Road, which connected China, India, the Middle East and Europe. The Vedic religion and later Buddhism, which began in Southern Asia, were an important influence on South and East Asia.

Middle Ages
The Islamic caliphate and other Islamic states took over the Middle East starting in the 7th century, and later expanded into India and Indonesia. The Crusades would be fought from the 12th century, in Christian Europe's attempt to retake the Holy Land from the Muslims. The Mongol Empire conquered a large part of Asia in the 13th century, an area extending from China to Europe. The Delhi Sultanate and Mughal Empire conquered most of the Indian subcontinent.

Modern period
The Russian Empire began to expand into Asia from the 17th century, eventually taking control of much of Siberia and most of Central Asia by the end of the 19th century. The Ottoman Empire controlled Turkey and the Middle East from the 16th century onwards. In the 17th century, the Manchu conquered China and established the Qing Dynasty, although this was in decline by the nineteenth century and had been overthrown in 1912.

Several European powers had control of other parts of Asia by the 1900s, such as British India, French Indochina and Portuguese Macau and Goa. Russia and Britain struggled for power in the Central Asian region in the nineteenth century. The Trans-Siberian Railway that crossed Asia by train was complete by 1916. Parts of Asia remained free from European control, although not influence, such as Persia, Thailand and most of China. In the twentieth century, Imperial Japan expanded into China, Korea and Southeast Asia during the Second World War. After the war, many Asian countries became independent from European powers. During the Cold War, the northern parts of Asia were communist controlled with the Soviet Union and People's Republic of China, while western allies formed pacts such as CENTO and SEATO. Conflicts such as the Korean War, Vietnam War and Soviet invasion of Afghanistan were fought between communists and anti-communists. In the decades after the Second World War, a massive restructuring plan drove Japan to become the world's second-largest economy, a phenomenon known as the Japanese post-war economic miracle. The Arab-Israeli conflict has dominated much of the recent history of the Middle East. After the Soviet Union's collapse in 1991, there were many new independent nations in Central Asia.

History by country

History of the Middle East
History of Arabia
 History of Saudi Arabia
History of Armenia
 History of Iraq
History of Mesopotamia
 History of the Levant
History of Israel
History of Jordan
History of Lebanon
History of Palestine
History of Syria
 History of Turkey
History of Anatolia
History of the Republic of Turkey

History of South Asia
 History of India
History of the Republic of India
History of South India
History of Assam
History of Bengal
History of West Bengal
History of the Punjab
History of Tamil Nadu
 History of Pakistan
Historical regions of Pakistan
History of Sindh
History of Punjab
History of Balochistan
History of Afghania
History of Mehrgarh
History of the Indus Valley
 History of Iran
History of Persia
 History of Afghanistan
History of Kashmir
 History of Khalistan
 History of Bangladesh
History of East Bengal
History of East Pakistan
 History of Nepal
 History of Sikkim
 History of Bhutan
 History of Tibet
 History of Myanmar
 History of Sri Lanka
 History of the Maldives

History of East Asia
listed by area in alphabetical order
History of China
History of Hong Kong
History of Japan
History of Korea
History of Macau
History of Mongolia
History of Russian Far East
History of Ryukyu Islands
History of Siberia
History of Tibet
History of Taiwan
History of Vietnam
History of Vladivostok

History of Central Asia
 History of Tajikistan
 History of Kazakhstan
 History of Kyrgyzstan
 History of Mongolia
 History of Uzbekistan
 History of Turkmenistan

History of Southeast Asia
 History of Cambodia
 History of Indonesia
 History of Laos
 History of Malaysia
 History of the Philippines
 History of Singapore
 History of Thailand
 History of Vietnam

History of Asia


Torture is when someone puts another person in pain as a punishment or in order to force them to do or say something. This pain may be physical or psychological. People who have been tortured often suffer from long term physical problems or mental health issues and the person may even die.

Reasons for torture
Reasons for torture can include punishment, revenge, political re-education, deterrence, and interrogation. Victims or third parties may be forced to take actions against their will. Torture may for the sadistic gratification of those watching the torture.

Torture for information
A common reason for torture is to get information from the victim, for example, to get confessions or the names of accomplices. Information got by torture is unreliable, because people suffering tend to say whatever the questioner wants them to say. Nevertheless, it was used for centuries by all kinds of societies. It was authorised by the Christian Church during the  Inquisition from 1252 to 1816.

In 1600 Anton Praetorius fought against torture and against the hunting of witches.

Present day
Almost all countries agree that torture is a violation of human rights and one of crimes against humanity. On 10 December 1948, the United Nations General Assembly adopted the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR). Article 5 states, "No one shall be subjected to torture or to cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment". To ensure human rights protection against torture, the Convention against Torture has adopted by United Nations in 1984.

Amnesty International is the leading non-governmental organisation against the use of torture. It has regularly reported on which countries it thinks still use torture. It says "Over the last five years, Amnesty has reported torture in at least three quarters of the world - 141 countries".

References

War crimes

Torture