125 Brigade Support Battalion The 125th Forward Support Battalion was constituted in 1936 at the 3rd Battalion, 49th Quartermaster Regiment and activated on 1 April 1942 at Berkeley, California, as the 3rd Battalion, 49th Quartermaster Truck Regiment. The 3rd Battalion was broken up and separated in 1943 and its element reorganized and redesignated. On 17 December 1943 the Headquarters and Headquarters Detachment was redesignated as the Headquarters and Headquarters Detachment, 125th Quartermaster Battalion, Mobile. In 1946, the battalion was converted to the 125th Transportation Corps Truck Battalion and inactivated.

The 125th was reactivated in Germany in 1955 and redesignated in 1957 as the 125th Transportation Battalion. While in Germany the unit was inactivated in 1959, activated in 1962 and deactivated in 1965. On 1 May 1987, the 125th Forward Support Battalion was activated in Germany along with Alpha, Bravo and Charlie companies. The 125th was assigned to the 3rd Brigade of the 1st Armored Division. The 125th Forward Support Battalion was temporarily moved to Fort Lewis, Washington and deactivated in 1995.

It was not until 16 February 1996 that the 125th Forward Support Battalion with the 3rd Brigade of the 1st Armored Division found its home at Fort Riley, Kansas. At that time, the 596th Signal Company was attached to the 125th, allowing the battalion to provide logistics support, maintenance support, medical support and communication support for the entire Brigade. 125th FSB was included in operation Iraqi freedom in March 2003 – February 2004 Ramadia Iraq(Camp payne). Than again deployed to Iraq in 2005–2006 at Taji, Iraq. Inactivated on 15 March 2008 at Fort Riley, Kansas. The 125th Brigade Support Battalion was redesignated and reactivated on 16 August 2009, at Fort Bliss, Texas in support of the 3rd Infantry Brigade Combat Team, 1st Armored Division, the first BCT of its kind in the 1st Armored Division. On order, the 125th Brigade Support Battalion deploys to a designated theater, conducts full spectrum combat service support operations in a joint or combined environment and redeploys to home station.

References

External links
 125th BSB's Facebook
 125th BSB, globalsecurity.org

BSB 0125

125th Brigade Support Battalion (United States)


The Vanir are one of the two tribes of deities in Norse mythology, the other being the Æsir. Native to Vanaheimr, the Vanir are peace-loving gods, associated with nature and fertility, while the Æsir were chaotic and warlike. Members of the Vanir include:
Njörðr - God of the sea and wind, he was chief of the Vanir in the years prior to the Æsir-Vanir War.
Freyr - God of prosperity and sunshine.
Freyja - Twin sister of Freyr, she is the goddess of love and beauty, magic, war, and death.
Skaði - Goddess of hunting and skiing, she is Freyr and Freyja's stepmother by way of her marriage to Njörðr.
Gerðr - Freyr's beloved wife, she is a jötunn native to the realm of Jötunheimr.
Oðr - Freyja's husband, who might be just a doublet of Odin. Nothing is known about Óðr except that he often went away on long journeys, and Freyja wept when she missed him. Freyja's tears become the purest gold and amber.
Gullveigr - A practitioner of dark magic, Gullveigr was a notably powerful sorceress who was burnt and killed three times by the Æsir, which eventually led to the war between the two tribes. Loki ate the burnt heart of Gullveigr and gave birth to a monster; Gullveigr still lived after all those punishments.
Heimdallr - Guardian of the Bifröst. Whether he is Æsir or Vanir is doubtful.
Ullr - God of hunting. In later traditions, Ullr is said to be a stepson of Thor.

A number of them live in Asgard alongside the Æsir as a token of goodwill following the war between the two tribes, which resulted in them uniting into a single pantheon. The goddess Freyja receives half of those slain in battle as a share of power between the two clans.

Norse gods and goddesses

Vanir


Champollion was a planned cometary rendezvous and landing spacecraft. It was named after Jean-François Champollion, a French Egyptologist known for translating the Rosetta Stone.

Rosetta surface science package
As originally envisaged, the joint NASA/CNES Champollion was to be one of two surface science packages for the Rosetta mission to comet Wirtanen, alongside the German-led RoLand. Champollion was to provide for return of cometary samples to Earth.

This part of the Rosetta mission was withdrawn in late 1996 due to lack of funding from JPL.

Deep Space 4 / Space Technology 4

Champollion was revived under NASA's New Millennium Program as Deep Space 4 / Space Technology 4, again as a joint project of NASA and CNES. In this version, Champollion would be a stand-alone project consisting of an orbiter and a lander, with the focus shifted somewhat to engineering validation of new technologies rather than pure science.

As of March 1999, the baseline mission was to launch in April 2003, reaching comet Tempel 1 in 2006. The sample return element of the mission was at this point contingent on sufficient funding/resources, possibly being replaced with a demonstration of related capabilities.

The lander was approximately 1.5m high weighing 160 kg; it was to autonomously navigate to the comet from 50 km altitude and anchor itself with a spike. The planned payload included:
CHARGE, a gas chromatograph/mass spectrometer
CIRCLE, cameras/microscope/IR spectrometer
CIVA, panoramic cameras
CPPP, "physical properties probes" to be driven into the cometary surface
SATM drill mechanism
gamma ray/neutron spectrometer

The orbiter was to carry cameras and a dust monitor.

Later in 1999, Space Technology 4 was scaled back to a single spacecraft with no sample return; it was cancelled entirely on July 1, 1999, due to budgetary constraints.

See also
Deep Impact (spacecraft) (Comet impactor mission)
Stardust (spacecraft) (Comet coma sample-return)

References

External links

Proposed NASA space probes
Cancelled spacecraft
New Millennium Program

Champollion (spacecraft)


Stephanie Anne Chadwick is a New Zealand politeecian, an umwhile member o the kintra's pairlament in Wellington, representin the Labour Pairty. She is a consteetuency member unner the proportional representation seestem, representin Rotorua.

1948 births
Livin fowk
New Zealand Labour Pairty MPs
Members o the Cabinet o New Zealand
Local poleetical office-hauders in New Zealand
New Zealand nuirices
Fowk frae Hastings, New Zealand
Fowk frae Rotorua
Weemen govrenment meenisters o New Zealand
New Zealand leet MPs
Unsuccessfu candidates in the New Zealand general election, 2011
Members o the New Zealand Hoose o Representatives
New Zealand MPs for North Island electorates
Mayors o Rotorua
Fowk eddicatit at Karamu High School
21st-century New Zealand politeecians
21st-century weemen politeecians
Weemen members o the New Zealand Hoose o Representatives

Stephanie Chadwick


The National Constituent Assembly was the first revolutionary government formed by the rebellious peasants in the French Revolution.
During an Estates General meeting, Louis XVI, the king of France at the time, removed the peasants from the room to try and cool the disruption they caused. The peasants, who were angry, went to a nearby indoor tennis court in Versailles. They swore the Tennis Court Oath, their unanimous agreement on the creation of a new form of government for France: The National Constituent Assembly. This was a semi-democratic form of government that focused mainly on popular vote.

French Revolution

National Constituent Assembly (France)


The year 1958 was marked by many events that left an imprint on the history of Soviet and Russian Fine Arts.

Events

 February 21 - The exhibition "40 years of the Soviet Armed Forces" opened in Moscow in the halls of the USSR Academy of Arts. The exhibition was attended by 294 artists, exhibited 518 works of painting, sculpture and graphics. The participants were Mikhail Avilov, Isaak Brodsky, Rudolf Frentz, Aleksandr Gerasimov, Igor Grabar, Aleksandr Deyneka, Boris Ioganson, Yuri Neprintsev, Nikolai Timkov, Maria Zubreeva, and other important Soviet artists.
 The "Autumn Exhibition of works by Leningrad artists of 1958" was opened in Exhibition Halls of the Leningrad Union of Artists. The participants were Taisia Afonina, Irina Baldina, Evgenia Baykova, Vsevolod Bazhenov, Piotr Belousov, Yuri Belov, Zlata Bizova, Sergei Frolov, Nikolai Galakhov, Elena Gorokhova, Abram Grushko, Alexei Eriomin, Mikhail Kaneev, Marina Kozlovskaya, Tatiana Kopnina, Boris Korneev, Alexander Koroviakov, Elena Kostenko, Nikolai Kostrov, Anna Kostrova, Gevork Kotiantz, Yaroslav Krestovsky, Valeria Larina, Boris Lavrenko, Ivan Lavsky, Piotr Litvinsky, Oleg Lomakin, Dmitry Maevsky, Gavriil Malish, Alexei Mozhaev, Evsey Moiseenko, Nikolai Mukho, Anatoli Nenartovich, Yuri Neprintsev, Dmitry Oboznenko, Sergei Osipov, Vladimir Ovchinnikov, Nikolai Pozdneev, Alexander Pushnin, Maria Rudnitskaya, Galina Rumiantseva, Lev Russov, Ivan Savenko, Gleb Savinov, Alexander Samokhvalov, Arseny Semionov, Alexander Semionov, Yuri Shablikin, Boris Shamanov, Alexander Shmidt, Nadezhda Shteinmiller, Elena Skuin, Alexander Sokolov, Nikolai Timkov, Yuri Tulin, Ivan Varichev, Anatoli Vasiliev, Piotr Vasiliev, Igor Veselkin, Vecheslav Zagonek, and other important Leningrad artists.

Deaths

April 11 - Konstantin Yuon (born 1875), Russian Soviet painter and theatre designer associated with the Mir Iskusstva. Later, he co-founded the Union of Russian Artists and the Association of Artists of Revolutionary Russia.
 May 6 - Nikolay Krymov (born 1884), Russian Soviet painter and art theoretician, People's Artist of Russian Federation.
 September 28 - Vasily Baksheev (born 1862), Russian Soviet painter, People's Artist of Russian Federation.
 October 1 - Robert Falk (born 1886), Russian painter.

Gallery of works of 1958

See also
 List of Russian artists
 List of painters of Leningrad Union of Artists
 Saint Petersburg Union of Artists
 Russian culture
 1958 in the Soviet Union

References

Sources
 Autumn Exhibition of works by Leningrad artists of 1958. Exhibition Catalogue. - Leningrad: Khudozhnik RSFSR, 1959.
 Artists of peoples of the USSR. Biography Dictionary. Volume 1. - Moscow: Iskusstvo, 1970.
 Artists of peoples of the USSR. Biography Dictionary. Volume 2. - Moscow: Iskusstvo, 1972.
 Directory of Members of Union of Artists of USSR. Volume 1,2. - Moscow: Soviet Artist Edition, 1979.
 Directory of Members of the Leningrad branch of the Union of Artists of Russian Federation. - Leningrad: Khudozhnik RSFSR, 1980.
 Artists of peoples of the USSR. Biography Dictionary. Volume 4 Book 1. - Moscow: Iskusstvo, 1983.
 Directory of Members of the Leningrad branch of the Union of Artists of Russian Federation. - Leningrad: Khudozhnik RSFSR, 1987.
 Artists of peoples of the USSR. Biography Dictionary. Volume 4 Book 2. - Saint Petersburg: Academic project humanitarian agency, 1995.
 Matthew C. Bown. Dictionary of 20th Century Russian and Soviet Painters 1900-1980s. - London: Izomar, 1998.
 Vern G. Swanson. Soviet Impressionism. - Woodbridge, England: Antique Collectors' Club, 2001.
 Sergei V. Ivanov. Unknown Socialist Realism. The Leningrad School. - Saint-Petersburg: NP-Print Edition, 2007. - , .
 Anniversary Directory graduates of Saint Petersburg State Academic Institute of Painting, Sculpture, and Architecture named after Ilya Repin, Russian Academy of Arts. 1915 - 2005. - Saint Petersburg: Pervotsvet Publishing House, 2007.
 Igor N. Pishny. The Leningrad School of painting. Socialist realism of 1930-1980s: Selected names. – Saint Petersburg: Kolomenskaya versta, 2008. - .

Art
Soviet Union

1958 in fine arts of the Soviet Union


Gert Vlok Nel (Beaufort West, 1963) is a South African poet. He studied English, Afrikaans and history at Stellenbosch University and worked as a guide, a bartender and a watchman. He has published one collection of poems, Om te lewe is onnatuurlik (To live is unnatural), for which he received the Ingrid Jonker Prize in 1994. His countryman Etienne van Heerden praised Vlok Nel as 'one of our finest talents'.

Om te lewe is onnatuurlik was followed by a CD, Beaufort Wes se beautiful woorde, an autobiographical sketch and a full-length show with poems, songs and visual material, which he has performed all over South Africa. Some people say he is a travelling bard with a guitar, comparable to Bob Dylan and the South African troubadour Koos du Plessis. He himself says he admires Tom Waits and Bruce Springsteen ('Tom Waits, he messes about, just like me').

In his début collection, Vlok Nel paints a personal portrait of his childhood in Beaufort West, a rural part of South Africa with a predominantly poor-white population. His father was a railway employee.

Vlok Nel writes his lyrics in an unusual and innovative Afrikaans, comparable with, if anything, the language experiments of Antjie Krog.

The Dutch poet Gerrit Komrij included eight of Vlok Nel's poems in his anthology of South African poetry in Afrikaans De Afrikaanse poëzie in 1000 en enige gedichten.

Gert's re-released album entered the Dutch charts at number 59 in 2006.

References

1963 births
Living people
People from Beaufort West
Afrikaans-language poets
Afrikaans-language writers
20th-century South African poets
Date of birth missing (living people)
South African male poets
Stellenbosch University alumni
20th-century South African male writers

Gert Vlok Nel


The upper part of the posterior district of the medulla oblongata is occupied by the inferior cerebellar peduncle, a thick rope-like strand situated between the lower part of the fourth ventricle and the roots of the glossopharyngeal and vagus nerves.

Each cerebellar inferior peduncle connects the spinal cord and medulla oblongata with the cerebellum, and comprises the juxtarestiform body and restiform body.

Important fibers running through the inferior cerebellar peduncle include the dorsal spinocerebellar tract and axons from the inferior olivary nucleus, among others.

Function
The inferior cerebellar peduncle carries many types of input and output fibers that are mainly concerned with integrating proprioceptive sensory input with motor vestibular functions such as balance and posture maintenance. It consists of the following fiber tracts entering cerebellum:
 Posterior spinocerebellar tract: unconscious proprioceptive information from the lower part of trunk and lower limb. This tract originates at the ipsilateral Clarke's nucleus (T1-L1) and travels upward to reach  the inferior cerebellar peduncle and synapses within the spinocerebellum (also known as the paleocerebellum).
 Cuneocerebellar tract: unconscious proprioceptive information from the upper limb and neck. This tract originates at the ipsilateral accessory cuneate nucleus and travels through the inferior cerebellar peduncle to reach the spinocerebellum part of the cerebellum.
 Trigeminocerebellar tract: unconscious proprioceptive information from the face.
 Olivocerebellar tract: "error signal" in movement originates from the cerebral cortex and spinal cord. This tract originates at contralateral inferior olivary nucleus and enters the cerebellum as a climbing fiber.
 Vestibulocerebellar tract: vestibular information projects onto the vestibulocerebellum (also known as the archicerebellum).
This peduncle also carries information leaving cerebellum: from the Purkinje cells to the vestibular nuclei in the dorsal brainstem located at the junction between the pons and medulla oblongata.

See also
 Cerebral peduncle
 Juxtarestiform body
 Middle cerebellar peduncles
 Superior cerebellar peduncles

Additional images

References

External links

Brainstem
Cerebellar connections

Inferior cerebellar peduncle


Spinvis is a Dutch one-man music project centred on Erik de Jong (born 2 February 1961, Spijkenisse). Using experimental, lo-fi music, Spinvis has earned two gold records in the Netherlands, and performed sold-out tours in both the Netherlands and Belgium.

Biography

Spinvis
In 2001, Erik de Jong, or Spinvis, at the age of 40, sent a three-song demo to the Dutch indie label, Excelsior Recordings. Within two weeks, a record deal was signed. The label decided to keep the songs that had been recorded by Spinvis on his home computer. With some minor mixing touch-ups these songs comprised Spinvis' first album, released in the Netherlands on 1 April 2002. The music press responded with positive reviews and the album reached number one in Oor magazine's Moordlijst, an alternative chart in the Netherlands.

De Jong began touring, and played at the Crossing Border Festival in Amsterdam with Toots Thielemans. He at the end of 2002, Spinvis' song "Smalfilm" was second in the VPRO's Song of the Year 2002 contest.  In addition to this De Jong received an Essent Award, a prize for breakthrough artists.

Spinvis and his ensemble completed a brief tour in early 2003. With labelmates Bauer, De Jong created a track for a Dutch music webzine compilation. In August, Spinvis performed in Germany (Haldern Open Air) and Belgium (Pukkelpop). On 1 December, "Nieuwegein aan Zee" was released, containing a live registration and a number of unreleased tracks. On 17 December, Spinvis performed with an orchestra in Vredenburg, Utrecht.

In early 2004, Spinvis won two Dutch awards, the Silver Harp and the Annie M.G. Schmidt prize.  In honour of the fourth edition of the Cross-Linx festival De Jong composed a musical piece that consists of three rhythmical monologues. Actress Roos Ouwehand, opera singer Lucia Meeuwsen and actor Hans Dagelet performed the pieces together with Spinvis. For filmmaker Theo van Gogh, Spinvis wrote the title song for the television series Medea. This six-part series on Dutch politics was shown in the winter of 2004. In this busy year Spinvis also contributed to Claudia de Breij's song "Nieuwbouwwijk".

Dagen van gras, dagen van stro
During the Noorderslag music festival, the Ringtone Society presented a website that promoted the artistic development of ringtones. Spinvis participated in this project. The song "Idee Zeventien" ('Idea Seventeen') appeared on the compilation The Pet Series: Volume 4. During spring 2005, Spinvis Performed in Dutch theaters with his Lotus Europa tour. The band Solo played as support act. In April, Spinvis created a theatrical show in which he mixed stock footage with music and dialogue. Together with Hans Dagelet, Spinvis performed the piece. On 11 September, Spinvis' performance at the Dutch Moroccan Music Experience was cancelled because the organisers objected to the lyrics of the song "Het Mes van God" ('The Dagger of God'). The song's lyrics were considered too sensitive as Spinvis refers to Theo van Gogh's assassination in November 2004. Spinvis made a guest appearance on the album Geluiden van Weleer of the band, at the close of every day. In November, his own album Dagen van gras, dagen van stro was released. The album's title is a translation of Days of Grass, Days of Straw, a book by R.A. Lafferty from 1973. The first single from the album was "Het Voordeel van Video" (The Advantage of Video). In December, Spinvis began a tour in support of the album.

The second single was "Ik wil alleen maar zwemmen" (I just want to swim). De Jong created a new mix for the song and also added a dub version to the release. The song "Voor ik vergeet" (Before I forget) became part of Strips in Stereo. For this project, visual artists drew comics based on 14 Dutch songs. Hanco Kolk drew the graphics for Spinvis' song. Strips in Stereo was presented in Paradiso, Amsterdam, in March, in conjunction with Boekenweek 2006 (the annual 'book week' where awards are awarded and writers meet during the 'book ball').

JA!
Together with Meindert Talma, De Kift, at the close of every day, Andre Manuel, Mondo Leone and D'r Sjaak, Spinvis was part of the NL Impressionisten. In groups of two, the artists performed for a number of months throughout the Netherlands, starting on 18 March 2006. Two days later JA! was released, the 100th Excelsior Recordings release. Spinvis recorded it with poet Simon Vinkenoog and Arjan Witte (keys). The men played several dates in support of the album: Rotterdam, Antwerp, Groningen and Drachten were visited. Following this Spinvis and Vinkenoog wasted no time and performed the show De Suikerklok (The Sugar Clock). In the summer, Spinvis and his band performed at Lowlands, Waterpop and Folk Dranouter amongst other festivals.

Discography
 Spinvis (2002)
 Dagen van gras, dagen van stro (2005)
 Ja! (2006)
 Goochelaars & Geesten (2007)
 Ritmebox (2008)
 Tot Ziens, Justine Keller (2011)
 Trein Vuur Dageraad (2017)
 22.214.171.124. (2020)
 Be-Bop-A-Lula (2023)

References

External links

  (in Dutch)

1961 births
Living people
Dutch musicians
People from Spijkenisse

Spinvis


Crystal Palace Tr⚖⚖⚖⚖🚹🚻⚠🚭🛅🛅🚭🚭♿♿🚮🚮🚾🚾🛄🛄🛄🛄🛄🛂🛂nsmitter|Crystal

Wanda-wanda pamancar

Dina éléktronika pejuh sarta panyiaran, pamancar biasana miboga hiji catu daya, hiji  osilator, hiji modulator, sarta sababaraha amplifier pikeun frékuénsi audio (AF) jeung frékuénsi radio (RF). Modulator mangrupa alat anu numpangkeun sinyal informasi konak
 frékuénsigelombang pamawa. Kadangkala hiji pakakas (contona, telepon sélulér) ngandung pamancar ogé sakaligus panarima radio, anu dihijikeun dina sahiji wadah anu disebut transceiver.

Dina élmu komunikasi sarta pamrosésan informasi, pamancar mangrupa objék nu ngirim informasi ka pakakas panarima.

Pamancar radio

Sajarah
Dina awal mekarna rékayasa radio, énergi frékuénsi radio dibangkitkeun ngagunakeun alternator mékanis. Dina taun 1920-an, pamancar elektronik nu ngagunakeun bungbung hapa mimiti digunakeun.

gaya pacar

Effective radiated power (ITL) dipaké pikeun ngitung wengkuan setasiun.  It is the TPO, minus any attenuation or radiated loss in the line to the antenna, multiplied by the gain (magnification) which the antenna provides toward the horizon.  This is important, because the electric utility bill for the transmitter would be enormous otherwise, as would the cost of a transmitter.  For most large stations in the VHF- and UHF-range, the transmitter power is no more than 20% of the ERP.

For VLF, LF, MF and HF the ERP is typically not determined separately. In most cases the transmission power found in lists of transmitters is the value for the output of the transmitter. This is only correct for omnidirectional aerials with a length of a quarter wavelength or shorter.
For other aerial types there are gain factors, which can réach values until 50 for shortwave directional béams in the direction of maximum béam intensity.

Since some authors take account of gain factors of aerials of transmitters for frequencies below 30 MHz and others not, there are often discrepancies of the values of transmitted powers.

Power supply
Transmitters are sometimes fed from a higher voltage level of the power supply grid than necessary in order to improve security of supply. For example, the Allouis, Konstantynow and Roumoules transmitters are fed from the high-voltage network (110 kV in Alouis and Konstantynow, 150 kV in Roumoules) even though a power supply from the medium-voltage level of the power grid (about 20 kV) would be able to deliver enough power.

Cooling of final stages
Low-power transmitters do not require special cooling equipment. modérn transmitters can be incredibly efficient, with efficiencies exceeding 98 percent. However, a broadcast transmitter with a megawatt power stage transferring 98% of that into the antenna can also be viewed as a 20 kilowatt electric héater.

For medium-power transmitters, up to a few hundred watts, air cooling with fans is used. At power levels over a few kilowatts, the output stage is cooled by a forced liquid cooling system analogous to an automobile cooling system. Since the coolant directly touches the high-voltage anodes of the tubes, only distilled, deionised water or a special dielectric coolant can be used in the cooling circuit. This high-purity coolant is in turn cooled by a héat exchanger, where the second cooling circuit can use water of ordinary quality because it is not in contact with énérgized parts.  Very-high-power tubes of small physical size may use evaporative cooling by water in contact with the anode. The production of stéam allows a high héat flow in a small space.

Protection equipment
The high voltages used in high KIMPET (up to 40 kV) require extensive protection equipment.  Also, transmitters are exposed to damage from lightning. Transmitters may be damaged if operated without an antenna, so protection circuits must detect the loss of the antenna and switch off the transmitter immediately.  Tube-based transmitters must have power applied in the proper sequence, with the filament voltage applied before the anode voltage, otherwise the tubes can be damaged.  The output stage must be monitored for standing waves, which indicate that generated power is not being radiated but instéad is being reflected back into the transmitter.

Lightning protection is required between the transmitter and antenna.  This consists of spark gaps and gas-filled surge arresters to limit the voltage that appéars on the transmitter terminals.  The control instrument that méasures the voltage standing-wave ratio switches the transmitter off briefly if a higher voltage standing-wave ratio is detected after a lightning strike, as the reflections are probably due to lightning damage. If this does not succeed after several attempts, the antenna may be damaged and the transmitter should remain switched off. In some transmitting plants UV detectors are fitted in critical places, to switch off the transmitter if an arc is detected. The operating voltages, modulation factor, frequency and other transmitter paraméters are monitored for protection and diagnostic purposes, and may be displayed locally and/or at a remote control room.

Building
A commercial transmitter site will usually have a control building to shelter the transmitter components and control devices. This is usually a purely functional building, which may contain apparatus for both radio and television transmitters. To reduce transmission line loss the transmitter building is usually immediately adjacent to the antenna for VHF and UHF sites, but for lower frequencies it may be desirable to have a distance of a few score or several hundred metres between the building and the antenna.  Some transmitting towers have enclosures built into the tower to house radio relay link transmitters or other, relatively low-power transmitters.

Legal and regulatory aspects
Since radio waves go over borders, international agreements control radio transmissions. In Européan countries like Germany often the national Post Office is the regulating authority. In the United States broadcast and industrial transmitters are regulated by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC).  In Canada technical aspects of broadcast and radio transmitters are controlled by Industry Canada, but broadcast content is regulated separately by the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC). In Australia transmitters, spectrum, and content are controlled by the Australian Communications and Media Authority (ACMA).  The International Telecommunication Union (ITU) helps managing the radio-frequency spectrum internationally.

Planning
As in any costly project, the planning of a high power transmitter site requires gréat care. This begins with the location. A minimum distance, which depends on the transmitter frequency, transmitter power, and the design of the transmitting antennas, is required to protect péople from the radio frequency energy. Antenna towers are often very tall and therefore flight paths must be evaluated. Sufficient electric power must be available for high power transmitters. Transmitters for long and medium wave require good grounding and soil of high electrical conductivity. Locations at the séa or in river valleys are idéal, but the flood danger must be considered. Transmitters for UHF are best on high mountains to improve the range (see radio propagation).  The antenna pattern must be considered because it is costly to change the pattern of a long-wave or medium-wave antenna.

Transmitting antennas for long and medium wave are usually implemented as a mast radiator. Similar antennas with smaller dimensions are used also for short wave transmitters, if these send in the round spray enterprise. For arranging radiation at free standing steel towers fastened planar arrays are used. Radio towers for UHF and TV transmitter can be implemented in principle as grounded constructions. Towers may be steel lattice masts or reinforced concrete towers with antennas mounted at the top. Some transmitting towers for UHF have high-altitude operating rooms and/or facilities such as restaurants and observation platforms, which are accessible by elevator. Such towers are usually called TV tower. For microwaves one uses frequently parabolic antennas. These can be set up for applications of radio relay links on transmitting towers for FM to special platforms. For the program passing on of television satellites and the funkkontakt to space vehicles large parabolic antennas with diameters of 3 to 100 meters are necessary. These plants, which can be used if necessary also as radio telescope, are established on free standing constructions, whereby there are also numerous special designs, like the radio telescope in Arecibo.

Just as important as the planning of the construction and location of the transmitter is how its output fits in with existing transmissions. Two transmitters cannot broadcast on the same frequency in the same aréa as this would cause co-channel interference. For a good example of how the channel planners have dovetailed different transmitters' outputs see Crystal Palace UHF TV channel allocations. This reference also provides a good example of a grouped transmitter, in this case an A group. That is, all of its output is within the bottom third of the UK UHF television broadcast band. The other two groups (B and C/D) utilise the middle and top third of the band, see graph. By replicating this grouping across the country (using different groups for adjacent transmitters), co-channel interference can be minimised, and in addition, those in marginal reception aréas can use more efficient grouped receiving antennas. Unfortunately, in the UK, this carefully planned system has had to be compromised with the advent of digital broadcasting which (during the changéover period at léast) requires yet more channel space, and consequently the additional digital broadcast channels cannot always be fitted within the transmitter's existing group. Thus many UK transmitters have become "wideband" with the consequent need for replacement of receiving antennas (see external links). Once the Digital Switch Over (DSO) occurs the plan is that most transmitters will revert to their original groups, source Ofcom July 2007 .

Further complication arises when adjacent transmitters have to transmit on the same frequency and under these circumstances the broadcast radiation patterns are attenuated in the relevant direction(s). A good example of this is Waltham which broadcasts digital MUXES 5 & 6 on the same frequencies as Sandy Héath, another transmitter 50 miles SSE of it. Thus Waltham's transmitter array does not broadcast these two channels in the direction of Sandy Héath and vice versa. All of the above provides a perfect case study in transmission frequency planning.

Where a particular service needs to have wide coverage, this is usually achieved by using multiple transmitters at different locations. Usually, these transmitters will operate at different frequencies to avoid interference where coverage overlaps. Examples include national broadcasting networks and cellular networks. In the latter, frequency switching is automatically done by the receiver as necessary, in the former, manual retuning is more common (though the Radio Data System is an example of automatic frequency switching in broadcast networks). Another system for extending coverage using multiple transmitters is quasi-synchronous transmission, but this is rarely used nowadays.

Main and relay (repeater) transmitters

Transmitting stations are usually either classified as main stations or relay stations (also known as repeaters or translators).

Main stations are defined as those that generate their own modulated output signal from a baseband (unmodulated) input.  Usually main stations operate at high power and cover large aréas.

Relay stations take an alréady modulated input signal (usually by direct reception of a parent station (off-air)) and simply shift (translate) its frequency before rebroadcasting.  Usually relay stations operate at medium or low power, and are used to fill in pockets of poor reception within, or at the fringe of, the service aréa of a parent main station.

Note that a main station may also take its input signal directly off-air from another station, however this signal would be fully demodulated to baseband first, processed, and then remodulated for transmission.

Transmitters in culture
Some cities in Europe, like Mühlacker, Ismaning, Langenberg, Kalundborg, Hoerby and Allouis became famous as sites of powerful transmitters. For example, Goliath transmitter was a VLF transmitter of the German Navy during World War II located néar Kalbe an der Milde in Saxony-Anhalt, Germany. Some transmitting towers like the radio tower Berlin or the TV tower Stuttgart have become landmarks of cities. Many transmitting plants have very high radio towers that are masterpieces of engineering.

Having the tallest building in the world, the nation, the state/province/prefecture, city, etc., has often been considered something to brag about. Often, builders of high-rise buildings have used transmitter antennas to lay claim to having the tallest building. A historic example was the "tallest building" feud between the Chrysler Building and the Empire State Building in New York, New York.

Some towers have an observation deck accessible to tourists. An example is the Ostankino Tower in Moscow, which was completed in 1967 on the 50th anniversary of the October Revolution to demonstrate the technical abilities of the Soviet Union. As very tall radio towers of any construction type are prominent landmarks, requiring careful planning and construction, and high-power transmitters especially in the long- and mediumwave ranges can be received over long distances, such facilities were often mentioned in propaganda.  Other examples were the Deutschlandsender Herzberg/Elster and the Warsaw Radio Mast.

Records
Tallest radio mast
1974-1991: Konstantynow for 2000 kilowatt longwave transmitter, 646.38 metres (2120 ft 8 in)
1963-1974 and since 1991: KVLY Tower, 2,063 ft (628.8 m)
Highest power
Longwave, Taldom transmitter, 2500 kW
Medium wave, transmitter Bolshakovo, 2500 kW
Highest transmission sites (Europe)
FM Pic du Aigu in Chamonix
MW Pic Blanc in Andorra

References

See also
List of famous transmission sites
Radio transmitter design

Tumbu kaluar

International Telecommunication Union
Jim Hawkins' Radio and Broadcast Technology Page
WCOV-TV's Transmitter Technical Website
Major UK television transmitters including change of group information, see Transmitter Planning section.
Richard Moore's Anorak Zone Photo Gallery of UK TV and Radio transmission sites

Radio
Alat telekomunikasi
Radar

Pamancar


Nki National Park (Parc national de Nki, also Réserve de Nki) is a national park in southeastern Cameroon, located in its East Province. The closest towns to Nki are Yokadouma, Moloundou and Lomie, beyond which are rural lands. Due to its remoteness, Nki has been described as "the last true wilderness." It has a large and varied ecosystem, and it is home to over 265 species of birds, and the forests of Cameroon contain some of the highest population density of forest elephants of any nation with an elephant density of roughly 2.5 per square kilometer for Nki and neighboring Boumba Bek National Park combined. These animals are victims of poaching, which has been a major problem since an economic depression in the 1980s. The indigenous people follow in the footsteps of the poachers, attracted by the financial opportunities. The removal of logging industries from the park, on the other hand, has been a success; it is no longer considered a major threat to Nki's wilderness.

History
The World Wildlife Fund has been in the process of conserving the park since the 1980s, including ridding the area of the logging business. This movement, however, has been met with some criticism, especially by members of the remote village of Ndongo, Cameroon. Before WWF arrived, Ndongo was a bustling logging town of 300 residents with fairly good roads and plentiful working opportunities. Once the organization established itself, it pressured the logging companies to operate in a more environmentally friendly manner. The logging companies pulled out of the town in 1988, leaving broken machinery and severely damaging Ndongo's economy. According to Leonard Usongo, manager of WWF projects in southeast Cameroon, "we cannot convince a community of the need to protect forests if we don't acknowledge their problems or their poverty."

Today, logging is no longer a major problem, as "it would require a lot of investment to develop necessary infrastructure, such as roads, for [its] operations, especially in the southern portion of Nki." According to the WWF's scientific advisor in the region, Paul Robinson Ngnegueu, "poaching is the biggest threat to ... Nki." It is a result of the late 1980s economic depression in Cameroon. The indigenous people followed the poachers, attracted by the financial opportunities. They would sell their product through "intermediaries" for money and more hunting supplies.

Cameroonian authorities fought poaching in Nki by applying repressive measures to the indigenous population. An example of this was in January 1997, when Bakas were forced from their homes near Mambele. These actions turned the Bakas against the WWF, which they considered "an organization of whites who want to protect animals". Every year, poachers travel up the Dja for central Nki, where elephant ivory is abundant. Strong currents on the river are a deterrent for half the year, but after that, according to freelance journalist Jemini Pandya, the fauna is easy to prey upon.

Nonetheless, when Pandya of the WWF visited Nki National Park in the early 1990s, she described it as "the last true wilderness." In 1995, the park was named an Essential Protection Zone, its first official status. It was not formally established as a national park until the Cameroonian government decreed the creation of Boumba Bek and Nki National Parks on 17 October 2005. This establishment was not without opposition; the Bakas have continually asked to reduce the park's boundaries and ask for higher usage rights, which invaded upon "their" land.

Cameroon and Gabon are currently working on the TRIDOM project, a conservation initiative leading to a land management plan which will oversee access to and use of forests. It will create a tri-national "interzone" bordered by the Minkebe, Boumba-Bek, Nki, and Odzala National Parks and the Dja Wildlife Reserve. This project is part of a conservation movement toward the zoning and designation of new protected areas.

Geography and climate
The park is located in a remote area of southeastern Cameroon, which "has helped maintain most of its pristine forest and beauty." It has never been completely explored. Largely hilly in its terrain at an elevation of 350–650 m, it falls within the Sangha ecoregion. Nki is crossed by several large rivers, including the Dja River. A waterfall, Nki falls, is located on the river in the park, giving "a tinge of exoticism to the landscape." The park is situated from latitude 2˚05 to 2˚50 N and longitude 14˚05 to 14˚50 E. It covers a surface area of  and straddles two administrative divisions in the East province: Ngoyla in Haut Nyon and Moloundou in Boumba et Ngoko Division. The closest towns to Nki are Yokadouma, Moloundou and Lomie, beyond which is rural lands.

Seventy-three bais, or forest clearings, have been discovered in Nki National Park. In April 2006, while looking for elephant groups, a WWF team discovered the largest bai in the region, Ikwa Bai. Dr. Mike Loomis, a member of the group, confirmed that this bai is slightly larger than Dzanga Sangha Bai (Central African Republic), which had previously held the record. He also reported little human development adjacent to the bai, and noticed 21 elephants and 16 buffaloes in it simultaneously. The bai has a small creek running through its center, which sits atop a bed of rocks and sand. A large mineral pit is located next to the stream. It is the habitat of several wildlife species, the largest-numbering being chimpanzees, elephants, buffaloes, and gorillas.

The park has a tropical climate with temperature ranging from 23.1–25˚C with an average annual temperature of 24˚C. Its relative humidity varies between 60 and 90% while annual rainfall is 1500 mm per year. According to the Cameroon Ministry of Agriculture, nearby Moloundou has a rainy season from September to November, a dry season from November to March, a rainy season from March to June, and a dry season from July to August.

Demographics
The area around the park, as defined by the World Wildlife Fund, has a human population of 22,882, mostly ethnic Bantus and, despite being named a minority in Cameroon's constitution of 18 January 1996, Baka Pygmies. These include the Djem, Bangando, Bakwele and Zime tribes. Non-indigenous employees of logging companies and traders make up a sizeable amount of the population. The population density of the region is about five people per square kilometer, concentrated along the main Yokadouma-Moloundou road. The villages around the park are mostly homogeneous as there are few non-natives, most of whom work as civil servants or traders.

Biodiversity

Flora
As with Boumba-Bek to the northeast, the main type of forest is semi-evergreen with an open canopy dominated by the 50–60 m Triplochiton, though it is mixed with large patches of closed evergreens. There are also some seasonally flooded Uapaca trees along the Dja River.

Fauna

Nki, according to the Environmental News Service, "encompass[es] a biodiverse group of plants and animals." This has been confirmed by various studies over the years. Sitatunga, chimpanzees, forest antelope (largely duikers), bushbucks, giant forest hogs, bush pigs, leopard, Nile crocodiles and bongos are all found in Nki National Park, along with "hundreds" of fish species.

The forests of Cameroon contain some of the highest population density of forest elephants of any nation, and Nki is no different, with an elephant density of roughly 2.5 per square kilometer for Boumba Bek and Nki combined. The population has been steadily rising, from 1,547 in 1998 to 3,000 in 2006. Gorillas are also reported to abundant; there are an estimated 6,000 adults in Nki. The park is also home to diurnal primates, such as the threatened crested monkey, De Brazza monkey, and the black colobus, who reportedly only live east of the Dja River.

A 20-day study held by BirdLife International discovered 265 species of birds in the park. Of these, the yellow-bellied form of forest robin is widespread. In the study, a pair of Dja River scrub warblers was discovered in a 1 hectare patch of Rhynchospora marsh; its population must be small as there are few such marshes in Nki. Three species of forest nightjar have been observed in the park; Bate's and brown nightjars are common in southeastern Cameroon, while a rarer and unidentified third species' call has been heard twice. It is likely that this is Prigogine's nightjar, as its voice is identical to that of the only known specimen of this species which was found in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Two small owls, Sjostedt's and African barred owlets coexist in Nki, due to similar habitat requirements.

See also

 List of national parks of Cameroon

References

Bibliography

National parks of Cameroon
Protected areas established in 2005
2005 establishments in Cameroon

Nki National Park


Ludwig von Brenner (born Leipzig, 19 September 1833; died 9 February 1902) was a German conductor and composer.

He studied at the Leipzig conservatory. He went to Saint Petersburg to play in the Saint Petersburg Philharmonic Orchestra. In 1872 he returned to Germany and conducted an orchestra called the Berlin Symphony Orchestra.  He then started an orchestra called Neue Berliner Symphoniekapelle.   In 1882 he became the first conductor of a new orchestra, the Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra, which was soon to become one of the world's best orchestras.

1833 births
1902 deaths

19th-century German composers
German conductors

Ludwig von Brenner


Nursing research is research that provides evidence used to support nursing practices. Nursing, as an evidence-based area of practice, has been developing since the time of Florence Nightingale to the present day, where many nurses now work as researchers based in universities as well as in the health care setting.

Nurse education places focus upon the use of evidence from research in order to rationalise nursing interventions. In England and Wales, courts may determine if a nurse acted reasonably based upon whether their intervention was supported by research.

Areas of research
Nursing research falls largely into two areas:
 Quantitative research is based in the paradigm of logical positivism and is focused upon outcomes for clients that are measurable, generally using statistics. The dominant research method is the randomised controlled trial.
 Qualitative research is based in the paradigm of phenomenology, grounded theory, ethnography and others, and examines the experience of those receiving or delivering the nursing care, focusing, in particular, on the meaning that it holds for the individual. The research methods most commonly used are interviews, case studies, focus groups and ethnography

Recently in the UK, action research has become increasingly popular in nursing.

Evidence-based quality improvement practices
In 2008, the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality AHRQ created the AHRQ Health Care Innovations Exchange to document and share health care quality improvement programs, including hundreds of profiles featuring nursing innovations. Each of the nursing profiles contained in this collection contains an evidence rating that assesses how strong the relationship is between the innovative practice and the results described in the profile.

See also
 AHRQ Health Care Innovations Exchange
 Evidence-based medicine
 Nursing journal
 Nursing theory

References

External links

Health research

Nursing research


The Belize District is a district of the nation of Belize.  The district capital is the nation's largest city, Belize City.

Settlements

San Pedro Town, which is on the island of Ambergris Caye, is also in the Belize District. Caye Caulker and St. George's Caye are the island villages in this district. Maskall, Bomba, Corozalito, Santana, Lucky Strike, Rockstone Pond, Boston, Crooked Tree, Biscayne, May Pen, Gardenia, Grace Bank, Sand Hill, Lord's Bank, Ladyville, Burrel Boom, Buttercup, Scotland Halfmoon, Flowers Bank, Bermudian Landing, Isabella Bank, Double Head Cabbage, Willows Bank, Saint Paul's Bank, Big Falls, Rancho Dolores, Hattieville, Freetown Sibun, Gracie Rock, La Democracia, and Gales Point are all mainland villages in the Belize District.  The Crooked Tree and Monkey Bay Wildlife Sanctuaries, the Belize Zoo (30 miles west of Belize City), as well as the ancient Maya ruins of Altun Ha are all in this district.

History

The Belize District was the area first settled by Europeans. They lived along the rivers and creeks because these waterways were used for transportation. Many of the estates were called the owner's 'bank'(as in the banks of a river). Therefore, Mr. Lord's estate on the bank of the Belize River became Lord's Bank. Mr. Flowers' home place on this same river became Flowers Bank. Many of these old estates have grown into villages.  Other places such as Baker, Bob Eiley, Bocotora, Nago Bank, Washing Tree, Cedar Bank, Churchyard, Egypt, Watters Bank, and White Hill are old estates which did not become villages. Some places like Davis Bank and Tropical Park have now become parts of larger communities.

Geography

Most of the Belize District is in the east central mainland of Belize. The Belize District also includes offshore islands, including Ambergris Caye, Caye Caulker, St. George's Caye, Caye Chapel, English Caye and Goff's Caye. Ambergris Caye and Caye Caulker are two of the country's main tourism areas. The longest river in the country, the Belize River, passes through the district and joins the Caribbean Sea along its coast. The Northern River, Sibun River, and Manatee River are also in this District.

References

Districts of Belize

Belize District


Jorge Jiménez de la Jara (b. December 25, 1944) is a Chilean Christian Democrat politician, MD and former Minister of Health and Ambassador to Italy. He has published over seventy articles and ten books on public health, paediatrics and infectious diseases, and has worked as a consultant for the PanAmerican Health Organization, the InterAmerican Development Bank, the World Bank, the Rockefeller Foundation and a number of other multilateral agencies.

Biography
Jiménez comes from a very political family. His father was Minister of Health under President Salvador Allende, and his sister Mónica Jiménez is the former Minister of Education. He is a physician graduated from the Universidad Catolica de Chile in 1968, who has worked as General Practitioner (1968–1971), trained as Pediatrician in the University of Chile (1971–1974). Practiced and taught Pediatrics, Neonatology and Respiratory Diseases in Children between 1974 and 1990. Trained in Public Health at Johns Hopkins University (1987–1988) where he obtained a MPH in the Hubert Humphrey Program of the US Government.

He was a very active health promoter communicator in mass media (TV, journals, and magazines) in maternal and child health matters in the seventies in Chile, field in which WHO awarded him a Fellowship in 1977. During the 1980s he started doing research in Health Policy at Corporación de Promoción Universitaria (CPU) an NGO, where he developed the Alternative Health Policy for the restoration of democracy in Chile with funding from IDRC and Adenauer Foundation, when he became Minister of Health in 1990 through 1992. In between he consulted in Public Health with the World Bank, Inter-American Development Bank, The Rockefeller Foundation, USAID, WHO and PAHO, among other institutions.

Political career
As Minister of Health (1990–1992), Jiménez was the head of a totally new and active team for the Chilean Health Reform Process, in which he was the recognized leader and inspirator of a group of more than 100 Chilean experts from all professions. The Chilean Health Reform process has been acknowledge to be one of the most original and successful of the 1990s with an impact in other policy development institutions such as World Bank, IDB and WHO/PAHO. In 1992-1993, he participated in three consulting meetings for the preparation of the World Development Report (WDR) of the World Bank, with the direct writers and consultants, in his condition of Minister of Health of Chile.

He was Ambassador to Italy (1995–1998) during the period of Mr. Romano Prodi as Prime Minister, with whom he developed a close relationship. During the same years he was part of the Health in Development Commission of WHO (1994–1997). During this period, he participated in several International Health meetings on a variety of issues related to Health Research for Development. He was nominated Visiting Fellow at the Imperial College School of Management in 1999, and Visiting Professor of International Health at Universita Bocconi of Milano in 2001.

Current endeavours
During the years 1998 through 2001 he was a member of the Executive Board of WHO and its Chairman in 2000-2001. With WHO he was involved in the normal activities of the agency plus active participation in the drafting of policies and diffusion of WHO's more recent reports on critical issues of international health. Among other he chaired the AIDS discussion group at two World Health Assemblies (2000 and 2001), represented WHO in the joint meeting with the European Commission in September 2000 on poverty related diseases that led to important international policy changes related to drug availability for HIV/AIDS, TB and Malaria.

Between the years 2000 and 2001, he participated in the Macroeconomics and Health Commission, led by Professor Jeffrey Sachs in the Working Group 5 on Mechanisms for Improving health outcomes of the poor, under the leadership of Professor Anne Mills. In this period he participated also as Professor in the Summer School of Dubrovnic organized by the European Health Systems Observatory, sponsored by EU, WHO, the World Bank and other institutions. During 2003 he participated and collaborated with Professor Richard Feacham in the design and search for executives at the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria, in which Professor Feacham is Executive Director.

Since 1998, Jiménez has been working as Professor and Researcher in Public Health at the Catholic University where he has been devoted to promote Health Policy issues from an academic point of view, via publications and seminars with students, politicians and PH experts. He evaluated two important Rockefeller Foundation programs (National Epidemiology Boards in 1993 and INCLEN, 1999). Since 2001 he has been the Director of a research project to promote the use of DRG's in clinical management in Chilean hospitals, financed by CONICYT, the National Commission for Scientific Research. His main interest nowadays is Health Policy Research and Promotion in Chile and elsewhere, Research lines are Policy Evaluation of the last 20 years in Chile, especially in successful areas such as Child Survival Second Stage, Renovation of Clinical Management and other policy issues. In Chile he has been permanent advisor in Health Reform to the MoH (2002–2005), and member of the Boards in Nutrition, Vaccines and International Health.

In the field of International Health his main strength is his wide range of contacts around the world in different institutions and fora, gathered in his almost twenty years of activity.
His last intervention was as Advisor to the MoH of Turkey in the implementation of Family Medicine model for PHC. During 2005 he started a Global Health Program at Universidad Católica in a joint agreement with MoH and WHO/PAHO.

Jiménez has published more than 60 articles in several journals and has participated as main author or editor in 24 books in Medicine and Public Health. He is a frequent contributor to Chilean journals in social and health policy issues, seminars and debates conductor in TV and in open fora. Dr Jiménez holds decorations from the Governments of Italy (Cavaliere Gran Croce) and the Order of Malta (Magna Croce).

References

1944 births
Living people
Chilean Ministers of Health
Pontifical Catholic University of Chile alumni
Politicians from Santiago
Johns Hopkins University alumni
Christian Democratic Party (Chile) politicians
20th-century Chilean politicians

Jorge Jiménez (Chilean politician)


Shorts are short length trousers or pants that reach only to the upper part of the legs or more, but do not cover the entire leg. They are worn by both men and women.  Shorts are worn either as outer garments or as underwear. They are called "shorts" because they are a shortened version of trousers (as they are called in British English, or pants in American English) which cover the entire leg.

Why people wear shorts:
 Fashion  appearance, attractiveness
 Practical  cool, light weight, allows for ease of movement; sportswear
 Uniform  decided by the organisation the wearer belongs to

Types

There are many types of shorts:

 Boxer shorts: Shorts mainly used as male underwear. Some years ago, this term also related to a basic style male short.
 Track shorts: Shorts that reach only the upper thigh and are intended to give maximum freedom of movement in sports activities.
 Walking shorts: Shorts with a long pant length reaching to the knees. They are intended for casual wear in warm weather.
 Cut-offs: Homemade shorts made by cutting the legs off trousers
 Hotpants: Commonly known as "short shorts" and are mostly worn by women. These are short, tight shorts. They are usually made out of cotton, nylon, or some other common material.
 "Bun huggers": Short, tight, athletic shorts also known as "racing briefs". They are usually made from spandex and/or nylon. These shorts are commonly used for some adult athletic events such as volleyball.
 "Skorts": Shorts that have a piece of fabric in front so that from the front it looks like a skirt. It is a portmanteau of "skirt" and "shorts".
 "Zip-off shorts": A pair of long pants that zip off at the knee. They allow the wearer to change from pants to shorts as the weather changes.
 Board shorts: A combination of shorts and a bathing suit worn by men. They have recently gained in popularity.
 Three quarter pants: A name used to refer to other types of shorts such as Shants or Shankles.
 "Capris": Shorts that reach below the knee.
 Baggies: Loose fitting shorts which reach the knees.
 Cycling shorts: Special shorts designed for athletic use, originally in cycling.
 Bermuda shorts: A knee-length shorts commonly worn in Bermuda as business attire, or largely any style less than formal.
 Cargo shorts: Typically khaki shorts with cargo pockets, similar to cargo pants, except they are around knee-length.
 Boyshorts: Similar to boxer briefs, but for females.
 Jorts: Jean shorts using denim fabric.
 Lederhosen: Traditional German leather shorts.

Shorts


Bioinorganic chemistry studies the role of metals in biology. It also studies  natural phenomena such as the behaviour of metalloproteins and artificially introduced metals in medicine and toxicology.  Many biological processes such as respiration depend on some inorganic molecules. Bioinorganic chemistry also includes the study of inorganic models or mimics that imitate the way metalloproteins work.

It is a mix of biochemistry and inorganic chemistry. Bioinorganic chemistry studies the implications for biology of electron-transfer proteins, substrate bindings and activation, atom and group chemistry as well as metal properties.

History
Paul Ehrlich used organoarsenic ("arsenicals") for the treatment of syphilis. This demonstrated the relevance of metals, or at least metalloids, to medicine. Then Rosenberg discovered the anti-cancer activity of cisplatin (cis-PtCl2(NH3)2). The first protein ever crystallized  was urease. This has nickel at its active site.  Vitamin B12, the cure for pernicious anemia, was shown by crystallography by Dorothy Hodgkin to have a cobalt atom in a corrin macrocycle. The Watson-Crick structure for DNA demonstrated the key structural role played by phosphate-containing polymers.

Research areas
Some areas of interest in research are:

 Metal ion transport and storage: this covers a diverse collection of ion channels, ion pumps (e.g. NaKATPase), vacuoles, siderophores, and other proteins and small molecules whose aim is to carefully control the concentration of metal ions in the cell (sometimes referred to as metallome).
 Hydrolase enzymes: these include a diverse collection of proteins that interact with water and substrates.  Examples of this class of metalloproteins are carbonic anhydrase, metallophosphatases, and metalloproteinases.
 Metal-containing electron transfer proteins:
 iron-sulfur proteins such as rubredoxins, ferredoxins, and Rieske proteins
 blue copper proteins
 cytochromes
 Oxygen transport and activation proteins: these make use of metals such as iron, copper, and manganese.  Heme is used by red blood cells in the form of hemoglobin for oxygen transport.  Other oxygen transport systems include myoglobin, hemocyanin, and hemerythrin.  Oxidases and oxygenases are metal systems found throughout nature that take advantage of oxygen to carry out important reactions such as energy generation.  Some metalloproteins are designed to protect a biological system from the potentially harmful effects of oxygen and other reactive oxygen-containing molecules such as hydrogen peroxide. A complementary metalloprotein to those that react with oxygen is chlorophyll, the basis of photosynthesis. Chlorophyll is a carbon ring pigment, similar to other porphyrin pigments such as heme. At the center of the chlorin ring is a magnesium ion. This system is part of the complex protein machinery that produces oxygen as plants do photosynthesis.
 Bioorganometallic systems such as hydrogenases and methylcobalamin are biological examples of organometallic compounds.  This area is more focused on the utilization of metals by unicellular organisms. Bioorganometallic compounds are significant in environmental chemistry.
 The nitrogen metabolism pathways: these make use of metals. Nitrogenase is one of the more famous metalloproteins associated with nitrogen metabolism.  More recently, the cardiovascular and neuronal importance of nitric oxide has been examined, including the enzyme nitric oxide synthase. (See also: nitrogen assimilation.)
 Metals in medicine: this is the study of the design and mechanism of action of metal-containing pharmaceuticals, and compounds that interact with endogenous metal ions in enzyme active sites. This diverse field includes the platinum and ruthenium anti-cancer drugs, chelating agents, gold drug chaperones, and gadolinium contrast agents.
 In mental health: some inorganic compounds have been found to treat certain disorders. For example, lithium carbonate has been used to treat mania in bipolar disorder.

References

Other websites
The Society of Biological Inorganic Chemistry (SBIC)'s home page
Dalton Transactions, a journal for bioinorganic chemistry
Glossary of Terms in Bioinorganic Chemistry
Metal Coordination Groups in Proteins by Marjorie Harding
Bio, M. et al. home page

More reading
 Heinz-Bernhard Kraatz (editor), Nils Metzler-Nolte (editor), Concepts and Models in Bioinorganic Chemistry, John Wiley and Sons, 2006,
 Ivano Bertini, Harry B. Gray, Edward I. Stiefel, Joan Selverstone Valentine, Biological Inorganic Chemistry, University Science Books, 2007,
 Wolfgang Kaim, Brigitte Schwederski "Bioinorganic Chemistry: Inorganic Elements in the Chemistry of Life." John Wiley and Sons, 1994,
 Ivano Bertini, Harry B. Gray, Stephen J. Lippard, Joan Selverstone Valentine, "Bioinorganic Chemistry," University Science Books, 1994,
 Stephen J. Lippard, Jeremy M. Berg, Principles of Bioinorganic Chemistry, University Science Books, 1994,
 Rosette M. Roat-Malone, Bioinorganic Chemistry : A Short Course, John Wiley & Sons|Wiley-Interscience, 2002,
 J.J.R. Fraústo da Silva and R.J.P. Williams, The biological chemistry of the elements: The inorganic chemistry of life, 2nd Edition, Oxford University Press, 2001,
 Lawrence Que, Jr., ed., Physical Methods in Bioinorganic Chemistry, University Science Books, 2000,

Biochemistry

Bioinorganic chemistry


Noah Thomas Porter III (December 14, 1811 – March 4, 1892) was an American Congregational minister, academic, philosopher, author, lexicographer and an outspoken anti-slavery activist. Porter Mountain, of the Adirondack Mountains, was named for him after he was the first to climb it in 1875. He was President of Yale College (1871–1886).

Biography
He was born to Noah Porter Jr. (1781–1866) (one of the first ministers of First Church of Christ, Congregational in Farmington, Connecticut) and his wife, born Mehitable Meigs, in Farmington, Connecticut, on December 14, 1811. His younger sister was Sarah Porter, founder of Miss Porter's School, a college preparatory school for girls. He graduated in 1831 from Yale College, where he was a member of the Linonian Society. On April 13, 1836, in New Haven, he married Mary Taylor, daughter of Nathaniel Taylor (who presided over the creation of the Yale Divinity School and created what came to be known as "New Haven theology") and his wife Rebecca Marie Hine.  They had several children, and two daughters survived them.

He was ordained as a Congregational minister in New Milford, Connecticut, from 1836 to 1843. He served as pastor at a Congregational Church in Springfield, Massachusetts, from 1843 to 1846. He was elected professor of moral philosophy and metaphysics at Yale in 1846.

Porter was inaugurated as President of Yale College on Wednesday, October 11, 1871. He continued to serve as head of the college until 1886.

Porter edited several editions of Webster's Dictionary, and wrote on education.

Influenced by the German refugee writer and philosopher Francis Lieber, Porter opposed slavery and integrated an antislavery position with religious liberalism.

He was a frequent visitor to the Adirondack Mountains of New York, and in 1875 was among the first recorded to make an ascent of the peak later named Porter Mountain in his honor.

His best-known work is The Human Intellect, with an Introduction upon Psychology and the Human Soul (1868), comprehending a general history of philosophy, and following in part the "common-sense" philosophy of the Scottish school, while accepting the Kantian doctrine of intuition, and declaring the notion of design to be a priori. Of great importance were two other works, Elements of Intellectual Science (1871) and Elements of Moral Science (1885).

He died on March 4, 1892, in New Haven, and was buried in the Grove Street Cemetery there.

Notes

References
 Kelley, Brooks Mather. (1999).  Yale: A History. New Haven: Yale University Press. ;  OCLC 810552
 Levesque, George. "Noah Porter Revisited," History of Higher Education Annual, 26 (2007), 29–66.
 Welch, Lewis Sheldon and Walter Camp. (1899).  Yale, Her Campus, Class-rooms, and Athletics. Boston: L. C. Page and Co.  OCLC 2191518

External links

Civil Liberty: A Sermon, from the Antislavery Literature Project
The Human Intellect: With an Introduction upon Psychology and the Soul via Google Books.
Peirce, C. S. (1869), "Professor Porter's Human Intellect" (review), The Nation 8, 211–13 (March 18, 1869). Peirce Edition Project Eprint.

1811 births
1892 deaths
Yale College alumni
Presidents of Yale University
People from Farmington, Connecticut
Burials at Grove Street Cemetery
American lexicographers
American philosophers
Burials in Connecticut
American Congregationalist ministers
19th-century American clergy
19th-century lexicographers

Noah Porter


Old Jewry is a one-way street in the City of London, the historic and financial centre of London. It is located within Coleman Street ward and links Poultry to Gresham Street.

The street now contains mainly offices for financial companies. The nearest London Underground station is Bank and the closest mainline railway station is Cannon Street.

Early history
Soon after the Norman Conquest, William the Conqueror encouraged Jews to come to England. Some settled in cities throughout his new domain, including in London. According to Reverend Moses Margoliouth, Old Jewry was a ghetto. Ghettos, areas of a city mainly or exclusively populated by Jews, were common across Europe. In 2001, archaeologists discovered a mikveh (ritual bath) near to Old Jewry, on the corner of Gresham Street and Milk Street, under what is now the State Bank of India. It would have fallen into disuse after 1290, when the Jews were expelled from England.

On the west side of Old Jewry is St Olave Old Jewry; only the tower of this church survives. When it was destroyed in 1887, a Roman pavement and vases were discovered. Jewen Street, not far away, off Aldersgate, still existed in 1722. According to Ephraim Chambers' Cyclopaedia, this was the only permitted burial ground for Jews. Also nearby is St Lawrence Jewry, a Church of England guild church on Gresham Street, next to the Guildhall.

Thomas Rowlandson was born on Old Jewry in 1756.

For many years, the headquarters of the City of London Police was in Old Jewry.

Meeting-house

There was a Dissenting chapel in Old Jewry in the 1700s. Richard Price, minister of Newington Green Chapel, was also the afternoon preacher here from 1763. Joseph Fawcett spoke there from 1785, when he began a series of Sunday evening lectures which drew "the largest and most genteel London audience that ever assembled in a dissenting place of worship".

See also
Bank junction
Cheapside
Ironmonger Lane
Lothbury

References

External links
 Medieval Old Jewry
 Jewish guide to Britain
 Mikveh
 Mikveh
 Roman pavement
 Chambers Encyclopedia
 Richard Price

Jewish English history
Jewish ghettos in Europe
Jews and Judaism in London
Odonyms referring to religion
Streets in the City of London

Old Jewry


The Invasion of Grenada, codenamed Operation Urgent Fury, was an invasion of the nation of Grenada ordered by President Ronald Reagan. Grenada is an island in the Caribbean Sea, 100 miles north of Venezuela, and over 1,500 miles south east of the United States. It was invaded by the combined force of troops from the United States (nearly 10,000 troops), Jamaica and members of the Regional Security System (RSS) (approximately 300 troops).

1983 in the United States
History of Grenada
1980s conflicts

United States invasion of Grenada


The New York State Library is a research library in Albany, New York, United States. It was established in 1818 to serve the state government of New York and is part of the New York State Education Department. The library is one of the largest in the world by number of items held, with over 20 million cataloged items in 2011.

The library and its sister institutions, the New York State Museum and New York State Archives, are housed in the Cultural Education Center, which is part of the Empire State Plaza, a large complex of state government offices in downtown Albany.

The New York State Library was formerly located in the New York State Capitol and then across Washington Avenue in the New York State Education Building. An annex containing books, journals, and newspapers is still located in the basement of the Education Building. The library undertook an effort to discard some of these items in 2014.

Organization

Research Library

History
The New York State Library was established in 1818 to serve the government of New York State.

By 1855, the New York State Library was open to the public. A Shaker brother from New Lebanon, New York, visited it in November 1855 and marveled at the free access to books: "I went awhile to the state library, free for the public — looked round — and was much edified with the wonderful collection of books, maps, &c — much art & expense is displayed there. Any one can look around, or read what he pleases — by only calling for what book he wants. I sat & talked awhile with the Librarian." Melvil Dewey was the state librarian from 1888 to 1905. He created the position of reference librarian and founded a children's department in the library. Dewey also initiated traveling libraries, with around 100 books that were sent to communities without public libraries. New York's system of traveling libraries was often a model for other states.

On March 29, 1911, a fire in the Assembly Chamber of the New York State Capitol, where the Library was located at the time, devastated its collections, destroying approximately 450,000 books and 270,000 manuscripts including some of the historical records documenting New York's early Dutch and colonial history, translated by Francois Adriaan van der Kemp.

Collections

Government Publications: Although its scope has increased over time, one of the NYS Library's primary functions is still to serve as a repository for the official publications of New York State government (the executive, legislative, and judicial branches, as well as the commissions, public authorities, and other agencies). The Library is also a depository for federal government documents and a patent depository.

Law: The New York State Library has a strong law collection, particularly New York State law.

New York State History: Another focus is the history and culture of New York State, including extensive holdings in local history and genealogy. One of the largest sections in the Library, the local history and genealogy collections are used by many different researchers including people tracing their family history, professional genealogical researchers, biographers, and historians seeking information on collective family histories or the domestic life of a particular period in American history.

The collection is national in scope, but with an emphasis on families from New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and New England. There are some reference works available for genealogical research outside of the U.S., but separate family histories are not collected for foreign countries. The library's online catalog provides access to information about genealogical materials via author, title, and subject searches; card files are available on site provide access to additional resources such as the surname records, vital records, city directories, and the Daughters of the American Revolution (DAR) collection.

Digital Collections: The Library's digital collections consist of over 80,000 documents, including New York State government publications and historical materials from the 18th and 19th century in many subjects areas.

Talking Book and Braille Library

The New York State Talking Book and Braille Library (TBBL) is a unit of the New York State Library, but it is also a regional Library in the nationwide program coordinated by the National Library Service for the Blind and Physically Handicapped, a division of the Library of Congress, in Washington DC.

TBBL lends braille and recorded books and magazines, and the necessary equipment to play recorded books, to New York State residents who are unable to read standard printed materials because of a visual or physical disability. TBBL serves residents of the 55 upstate counties of New York State; the Andrew Heiskell Library, a unit within the New York Public Library, serves residents of New York City and Long Island.

History of TBBL

1896—Established the New York State Library for the Blind, providing embossed books to blind adults. Patrons were permitted to borrow one book at a time, for up to one month, and books were available in American Braille, New York Point, Boston line, or Moon type, depending on the reader's preference of embossed alphabet.
1931—Became one of the original Regional Libraries in the Library of Congress' national program. "Talking" books on long-playing record were introduced.
1952—Extended Library services to blind children.
1966—Extended Library services to physically disabled and reading disabled individuals.
1974—Renamed the New York State Library for the Blind and Visually Handicapped.
1995—Renamed the New York State Talking Book and Braille Library.

Library Development

The Division of Library Development provides statewide leadership and advisory services to all libraries – public, school, academic and special – throughout New York. Library Development:
 administers State and Federal aid for library services and programs;
 makes recommendations on statewide policy and planning to the State Librarian;
 coordinates chartering (incorporation) and registration (approval) of public libraries;
 coordinates certification (licensing) of public librarians for employment in New York State; and
 collects and disseminates information and data about public libraries and the 74 library systems.

References

External links

Official website
NYSL Catalog
Library Development
Talking Book and Braille Library (Upstate New York)

1818 establishments in New York (state)
Buildings and structures in Albany, New York
Organizations based in Albany, New York
Government agencies established in 1818
Libraries in New York (state)
State libraries of the United States
New York State Education Department

New York State Library


was a Japanese special forces/airborne unit during World War II. The unit was a division-level force, and was part of the Imperial Japanese Army Air Force (IJAAF). The Teishin units were therefore distinct from the marine parachute units of the Special Naval Landing Forces.

History

The Imperial Japanese Army developed an airborne paratroop force in the late 1930s, but the program did not receive much attention by the Imperial General Headquarters until review of the success of similar German paratroop units during the Blitzkrieg of 1940.

Army paratroops were first deployed in combat during the Battle of Palembang, on Sumatra in the Netherlands East Indies (now Indonesia) on 14 February 1942. The operation was well-planned, with 425 men of the 1st Parachute Raiding Regiment seizing Palembang airfield, while the paratroopers of the 2nd Parachute Raiding Regiment seized the town and its important oil refinery. However, after the 1st Raiding Regiment departed Japan aboard the transport ship, Meiko Maru bound for Indochina, it suddenly caught fire in the South China Sea sinking near Hainan Island January 3, 1942. All the paratroopers were rescued by the Japanese cruiser Kashii but lost all their equipment and were exhausted and therefore did not partake leaving the operation to the 2nd Parachute Raiding Regiment. The IJA paratroopers were subsequently deployed in the Burma campaign only to have the operation aborted.

Following this success, in July 1943, the 1st Glider Tank Troop was formed, with four Type 95 Ha-Go light tanks. This unit was eventually expanded to battalion size, with a tank company using 14 Type 2 Ke-To light tanks, an infantry company, and a motorized transport company.

The paratroop brigades were organized into the Teishin Shudan as the first division-level raiding unit, at the main Japanese airborne base, Karasehara Airfield, Kyūshū, Japan. It was commanded by a major general, and was organized as follows:

 headquarters company (220 personnel)
 aviation brigade
 raiding brigade
 two glider infantry regiments
 raiding artillery company (120 personnel)
 raiding signals company (140 personnel)
 raiding engineer company (250 personnel)

The unit had an estimated 5,575 personnel.

However, as with similar airborne units created by the Allies and other Axis powers, the Japanese paratroops suffered from a disproportionately high casualty rate, and the loss of men who required such extensive and expensive training limited their operations to only the most critical ones. For the most part, the Teishin Shudan was deployed as elite light infantry.

Two regiments of Teishin Shudan were formed into the 1st Raiding Group, commanded by Major General Rikichi Tsukada under the control of the Southern Expeditionary Army Group, during the Philippines campaign. Although structured as a division, its capabilities were much lower, as its six regiments had manpower equivalent to a standard infantry battalion, and it lacked any form of artillery, and had to rely on other units for logistical support. Its men were no longer parachute-trained, but relied on aircraft for transport.

Philippines Campaign

Some 750 men, mainly from the 2nd Raiding Brigade, of this group were assigned to attack American air bases on Luzon and Leyte on the night of 6 December 1944. They were flown in Ki-57 transports, but most of the aircraft were shot down. Some 300 commandos managed to land in the Burauen area on Leyte. The force destroyed some planes and inflicted numerous casualties before they were annihilated.

The remainder of Teishin Shudan remained based in the Philippines until the end of the war.

Equipment used by Teishin units

Army Paratrooper Uniform

The uniforms of Japanese Army paratroops during the Palembang Campaign in first stages of the war was similar to that of German Luftwaffe paratroops. The padded leather helmet was later replaced by a steel one, although photographs suggest that the German helmet was actually issued to Japanese parachute troops. The troops wore standard infantry equipment with additional ammunition bandoleers. In the Philippines campaigns later in the war, the uniforms were changed to the standard Army Khaki colour uniform with brown belts and harness, the yellow star in the cap and kepi plus dark or light brown boots and gloves.

In both cases Japanese Army paratroopers wore badges depicting a golden kite, similar to pilot wings, as well as a roundel emblem depicting an opened parachute and star.

Weapons
Bayonet (Type 30 bayonet)
Type 26 revolver
Type 14 pistol
Type 94 pistol
Arisaka rifle
Type 2 rifle
Type 100 submachine gun
Type 96 light machine gun
Type 99 light machine gun
Type 97 20 mm anti-tank rifle
Type 97 grenade
Type 89 grenade discharger
Type 97 grenade discharger
Type 11 70 mm infantry mortar
Type 99 81 mm mortar
Type 11 37 mm infantry gun

Some heavy weapons were dropped in special parachute containers.

In the later stages of the war, it was planned that the Teishin units be equipped with some advanced weapons, including experimental anti-tank weapons like the Type 4 70 mm AT Rocket Launcher and Type 5 45mm recoilless gun, but this never occurred.

Armoured support was to be provided by Type 95 Ha-Go light tank among other types. It was also intended that the Teishin units use the Special No. 3 Flying Tank So-Ra or Ku-Ro, amongst the Maeda Ku-6 Flying Tank an experimental winged tank which never went into production.

See also
Giretsu Kuteitai
Japanese marine paratroopers of World War II
Fallschirmjäger (World War II)
Paratrooper
Airborne forces
List of paratrooper forces
Commando

References

 Jowett, Philip. The Japanese Army 1931-1945, Volume 2. Osprey. 2002
Rottman, Gordon. Japanese Paratroop Forces of World War II (Elite), Osprey 2005
Japanese Parachute Troops by United States War Department
MILITARY INTELLIGENCE SERVICE SPECIAL SERIES No. 32, Japanese Parachute Troops

Japanese World War II special forces
Airborne units and formations of Japan
Infantry units and formations
Military history of Japan during World War II
Units and formations of the Imperial Japanese Army Air Service
Military units and formations established in 1941
Military units and formations disestablished in 1945
1941 establishments in Japan
1945 disestablishments in Japan
Air Divisions of Japan

Teishin Shudan


Carl Lang (born 20 September 1957) is a French politician and former Member of the European Parliament for the North-West constituency. He was member of the National Front from 1978 to 2008; he is currently president and co-founder of the Party of France (Front National and Party of France are both classified by their opponents as a far-right party).

He was a member of the europarliamentary group "Identity Tradition and Sovereignty" (ITS) in the European Parliament until its dissolving in November 2007. Currently a Non-Inscrit, he is member of the Committee on Employment and Social Affairs.

Carl Lang is also a substitute for the Committee on Fisheries and the Committee on Industry, Research and Energy, a member of the delegation for relations with Belarus, and a substitute for the delegation to the EU–Romania Joint Parliamentary Committee.

Ahead of the 2009 European elections, he announced that he would run a dissident FN list against the official FN list led by Marine Le Pen in the North-West constituency.

Career
 State diploma as a masseur-physiotherapist (1980)
 Secretary-General of the National Front (1988–1995, 1998–2006)
 Member of the Nord-Pas-de-Calais Regional Council (since 1992)
 Member of the European Parliament (since 1994)

External links
 Carl Lang
 European Parliament biography

1957 births
Living people
People from Vernon, Eure
Politicians from Normandy
Party of France politicians
MEPs for North-West France 2004–2009
National Rally (France) MEPs
MEPs for North-West France 2009–2014
MEPs for France 1994–1999
National Rally (France) politicians
French people of German descent

Carl Lang


was a leading Japanese playwright and writer of comic fiction. From 1961 to 1986, he used the pen name of Uchiyama Hisashi.

Early life
Inoue was born in what is now part of Kawanishi in Yamagata Prefecture, where his father was a pharmacist. His father was  involved in an agrarian reform movement and also managed a local drama troupe. A novel his father had written won a prize and he was offered a job as a scriptwriter in a film company. But when he was preparing to move to Tokyo, he became ill with spinal caries and, soon after, when Hisashi Inoue was 5 years old, he died at age 34. His father's sudden death influenced Hisashi to be a writer.  After suffering from child abuse at the hands of his stepfather, he was subsequently sent off to a Lasallian orphanage in Sendai, where he received a Christian baptism. He graduated from Sophia University's Facility of Letters, continuing on to graduate school in French literature, with a two-year hiatus in between to raise more money for his studies by working at a sanatorium in Kamaishi, Iwate.

World War II ended when Inoue was just 11 years old. The experience of war helped shape Inoue's own writing style, and fostered an anti-war perspective.

Literary career

Even before graduation, Inoue began his literary career by working as a stage manager and writing scripts for the Furansu-za striptease theater in Asakusa, Tokyo. It was common to have a one-hour vaudeville performance before and between strip acts, and many famous actors, including Kiyoshi Atsumi started their careers in such an environment.  He wrote a semi-fictional account of his life during this period in Mokkinpotto Shi no Atoshimatsu ("The Fortunes of Father Mockinpott").
After graduation, he obtained a position as a script writer for a puppet drama Hyokkori Hyotanjima, which aired from April 1964 for a five-year period.

After an initial career in radio, he wrote his first stage play Nihonjin no Heso in 1969 for Theatre Echo. He first gained literary recognition for his satirical comic plays in the tradition of the Edo period gesaku genre. Inoue has won a very large number of literary awards in the course of his career, including the 67th Naoki Prize in 1972 for his novel Tegusari Shinju ("Handcuffed Double Suicide"). He followed on this success in 1981 with Kirikirijin ("The People of Kirikiri"), which was awarded both the Yomiuri Literary Prize and the 2nd Japan Science Fiction Award.

In 1983, Inoue established his own theatre troupe called "Komatsuza" to perform his own plays. Komatsuza gave its debut in 1984 with a play on writer Ichiyō Higuchi, Zutsuu katakori Higuchi Ichiyō. Another biographical work centered on Meiji period writer Ishikawa Takuboku, whom together with Higuchi Inoue had long admired. His 2002 play Taiko tataite, fue fuite, based on the late years of writer Fumiko Hayashi, received the Tsuruya Nanboku Drama Award.

In 1988, he completed a comic trilogy: Kirameku seiza, Yami ni saku hana, Yuki ya kon kon, depicting the lives of ordinary people in the Shōwa period.  Despite his activity with the theatre, Inoue continued to write novels, winning the 1982 Seiun Award for Best Novel for Kirikirijin, the Yoshikawa Eiji Literary Prize for Treasury of Disloyal Retainers in 1986, the 27th Tanizaki Prize for Shanghai Moon in 1991, and the Kikuchi Kan Prize for Tokyo Seven Roses in 1999.  In 1984, the Writer's Block Library was opened in Kawanishi, Yamagata, thanks to Inoue's donation of his 100,000 volume book collection.  Inoue was awarded the Asahi Prize in the year 2000 and the Yomiuri Literary Prize again in 2010. In 2004, he was designated a Person of Cultural Merit by the Japanese government.

His career delves into the genre of science fiction. He started radio broadcasting with the play X-Man (1960). He also wrote for the daily children's television show Hyokkori Hyōtanjima ["Madcap Island"] (1964), which was a puppet show in which a volcanic eruption destroyed a whole community adrift. There were hints of adult and dark humor in the children's show.

Inoue's career was long and distinguished. He didn't only work as a writer, he also produced and wrote anime as a writer and lyricist. He created the theme songs for Himitsu no Akko-chan, Hans Christian Andersen Stories and Moomin (1969). He is also known for writing the lyrics and screenplay for The Wonderful World of Puss 'n Boots (1969).

Chichi to kuraseba, has been translated into the English by Roger Pulvers under the title The Face of Jizo.

Style
Inoue had shown a self-reflective attitude about the war. His perspectives came from his early life. When he was young, he thought that he would die due to the war. However, the war was ended with the use of the atomic bomb, and it offered him a new chance to see the world. His experience during the war also made him see himself as just one man who alone who didn't have the power to create change.

In reflecting on Japan's experience during the war, he has written, "When I bring up the subject of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, an increasing number of people say, 'It is wrong to dwell on having been victimized, because the Japanese of those days also victimized Asia.' The second part of this view is certainly accurate. The Japanese did victimize all of Asia. However, I will never accept this first statement because I believe that the two atomic bombs were not merely dropped on the Japanese; they were dropped on the entire human existence . …modern world who cannot escape from the existence of nuclear weapons."

When compared with other modern Japanese writers, he shows a stronger influence of Japanese culture, particularly popular culture. His writing is for Japanese people, and his plays were usually have strong influenced from Japanese culture. In turn, he has influenced Japanese broadcast systems and his influence could be easily found in the Japanese modern theatre culture, other drama, and Japanese shows. He is also famous for using high quality Japanese words in his writing. As a result, translators find it hard to translate his plays and other writing. However, because of his play was influenced by Japanese culture a lot, it would be hard to translate it into different cultures, but his writing is considered to be helpful to understand a Japanese perspective. Inoue's novel Kirikirijin (Kirikiri People, 1981) shows Inoue's sharp humor and word play.

Inoue became famous as comedy writer. In his early literary career, he worked as broadcast writer and comedy writer in strip show. These early literary career influence him to be comedy writer. His suffered young life from the death of his father and World War II also influenced him to have interest about the life of ordinary people.

Inoue had warm and kind perspectives about poor or weak people, and it is shown in his plays. His play tries to give hope and show the kind side of society. His writing was based on Humanism, and this likely accounts for his popularity with the public. He also usually focused on showing how ordinary people's lives were destroyed by war or calamity and how they cured themselves.

Personal life
Inoue lived in Ichikawa, Chiba in the 1970s, and moved to Kamakura, Kanagawa from 1989, where he lived until his death. He had three daughters by his first wife, Yoshiko Nishidate, who was a stage actress and political activist. His second wife, Lily, was the sister of essayist and translator Mari Yonehara, and the daughter of Arika Yonehara, a senior member of the Japan Communist Party. Together they had a son.

Inoue hated air travel, but was fascinated by the city of Bologna in Italy, which he visited in 2004. He had previously visited Australia in 1976, and had also visited New York City in the 1980s for discussion about a possible Broadway version of a story of Miyamoto Musashi he was planning to write.

Inoue served as president of the Japan P.E.N. Club from 2003 to 2007. He was also director of the Japan Association of Playwrights, and director of the Institute of Japanese Literature. An outspoken pacifist, Inoue established a political group in support of the Constitution of Japan with Kenzaburō Ōe in 2004.

A heavy smoker, Inoue was diagnosed with lung cancer in October 2009 and died at his home on 9 April 2010 at the age of 75.

Selected works

Scripts
 Ame (雨), 1976.
 Buraun kangoku no shiki (ブラウン 監獄 の 四季), Tōkyō : Kōdansha, 1977.
 Jūninin no tegami (十二人 の 手紙), Tōkyō : Chūō Kōronsha, 1978.
 Tanin no chi (他人 の 血), Tōkyō : Kōdansha, 1979.
 Seibo no dōkeshi (聖母 の 道化師), 1981.
 Shikaban Nihongo bunpō (私家版 日本語 文法), Tokyo : Shinchōsha, 1981.
 Hon no makura no sōshi (本 の 枕 草子), Tōkyō : Bungei Shunjū, 1982.
 Kotoba o yomu (ことば を 読む), Tōkyō : Chūō Kōronsha, 1982.
 Shichinin no sakkatachi : intabyū-shū (七人 の 作家たち : インタビュー集), Tōkyō : Doyō Bijutsusha, 1983.
 Moto no mokuami (もと の 黙阿弥), Tōkyō : Bungei Shunjū, 1983.
 Nippon hakubutsushi (にっぽん 博物誌), Tōkyō : Asahi Shinbunsha, 1983.
 Inoue Hisashi zen shibai (井上 ひさし 全 芝居), Tōkyō : Shinchōsha, 1984.
 Jikasei bunshō-dokuhon (自家製 文章読本), Tōkyō : Shinchōsha, 1984.
 Fu Chūshingura (不 忠臣蔵), Tōkyō : Shūeisha, 1985.
 Kuni yutaka ni shite gi o wasure (国 ゆたか に して 義 を 忘れ), Tōkyō : Kadokawa Shoten, 1985.
 Fukkoki (腹鼓記), Tōkyō : Shinchōsha, 1985.
 Yonsenmanpo no otoko. Ezo hen (四千万步 の 男. 蝦夷 篇 ), Tōkyō : Kōdansha, 1986.
 Yonsenmanpo no otoko. Izu hen (四千万步 の 男. 伊豆 篇 ), Tōkyō : Kōdansha, 1989.
 Shanhai mūn (シャンハイ ムーン), Tōkyō : Shūeisha, 1991.
 Nihongo nikki (ニホン語 日記), Tōkyō : Bungei shunjū, 1993.
 Chichi to kuraseba (父と暮せば), Tōkyō: Shinchōsha, 1994.
 Besuto serā no sengoshi (ベスト セラー の 戦後史), Tōkyō : Bungei Shunjū, 1995.
 Hon no unmei (本 の 運命), Tōkyō : Bungei Shunjū, 1997.
 Yonsenmanpo no otoko, Chūkei no ikikata (四千万步 の 男・忠敬 の 生き方), Tōkyō : Kōdansha, 2003.
 Little Boy, Big Taifoon (リトル・ボーイ、ビッグ・タイフーン~少年口伝隊一九四五~), 2008.

Books
Kirikirijin (Shinchosha, 1981, Japan SF Grand Prize, Yomiuri Prize for Literature)
Yonsenmanpo no otoko (Kodansha, 1986–90, five volumes)
Tokyo sebun rōzu (Bungeishunju, 1999, Kikuchi Kan Prize)

References

External links
 Hisashi Inoue at J'Lit Books from Japan
 Synopsis of Tokyo Seven Roses (Tokyo sebun rozu) at JLPP (Japanese Literature Publishing Project)
 "Books: Magician of Language: Hisashi Inoue." Time Magazine. Monday August 1, 1983.
 Home page of Komatsuza Theater Company
Entry in The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction
Pulvers, Roger. "Hisashi Inoue: A great friend, writer, and people's champion is gone." The Japan Times. April 18, 2010. - Obituary
"Crusader with a Pen: The Japan Times." Japan Times
Nihon SF Taisho Award Winners List

1934 births
2010 deaths
Deaths from lung cancer in Japan
Japanese Esperantists
20th-century Japanese novelists
21st-century Japanese novelists
Japanese Roman Catholics
Japanese science fiction writers
People from Yamagata Prefecture
Roman Catholic writers
20th-century Japanese dramatists and playwrights
Sophia University alumni
Yomiuri Prize winners
Writers from Yamagata Prefecture

Hisashi Inoue


Sir John Tenniel (28 February 1820 – 25 February 1914) was a British illustrator. He is famous for drawing the pictures in Alice's Adventures in Wonderland and Through the Looking-Glass. He was knighted by Queen Victoria in 1893. He was born and died in London.

1820 births
1914 deaths
British illustrators

John Tenniel


Constipation is when it is very hard to pass stool (defecate): that is, get rid of digested food waste (feces). Constipation can be caused by many things. One is eating or drinking too much dairy products that use cow milk. To solve this problem many people use a laxative or eat defecation-inducing foods such as plums. Another possible cause could be an obstruction somewhere along the digestive tract (the path that food travels inside the body). A person suffers from constipation if he or she passes stool three times in a week or more seldom. People suffering from constipation may defecate only once or twice in a week, and their stool is very solid and tough. Normally people defecate daily.

When a person is constipated their lower stomach and intestinal area will be blocked. People can usually conquer constipation by eating natural laxatives such a fruits, fruit juice and dietary supplements. Liquid will help get rid of constipation. Constipation can occur by eating hard food such as cheese or meat.

A good way on preventing constipation is to eat foods which contain fiber such as whole grain
Papaya and guava is very rich in fiber and potassium should be consume after meal everydayGet rid of constipation .

The seven types of stool are:

Type 1: Separate hard lumps, like nuts (hard to pass)
Type 2: Sausage-shaped, but lumpy, and passing it feels very painful, "like childbirth"
Type 3: Like a sausage but with cracks on its surface
Type 4: Like a sausage or snake, smooth and soft
Type 5: Soft blobs with clear cut edges (passed easily)
Type 6: Fluffy pieces with ragged edges, a mushy stool
Type 7: Watery, no solid pieces. Entirely liquid

Types 1 and 2 indicate constipation, with 3 and 4 being the "ideal stools", especially the latter, as they are the easiest to defecate, and 5–7 tending towards diarrhoea.

Diseases and disorders of the digestive system

Constipation