Wilmer Dean Chance (June 1, 1941 – October 11, 2015) was an American professional baseball player. A right-handed pitcher, he played in 11 Major League Baseball seasons for the Los Angeles / California Angels, Minnesota Twins, Cleveland Indians, New York Mets and Detroit Tigers. With a touch of wildness and the habit of never looking at home plate once he received the sign from his catcher, Chance would turn his back fully towards the hitter in mid-windup before spinning and unleashing a good fastball, sinker or sidearm curveball.

In 1964, Chance became at the time the youngest pitcher to win the Cy Young Award when, as a member of the Los Angeles Angels, he led the American League in wins (20), innings pitched (278) and earned run average (1.65—as of 2015, a franchise record) and was third in the A.L. in strikeouts. He pitched 11 shutouts (also a franchise record as of 2015) that season, winning five of those by a 1–0 score. At the time, only one Cy Young Award was given in all of MLB; since 1967, separate awards have been given in the AL and the National League. Chance's Cy Young Award was the third in a string of five consecutive Cy Young Awards won by a pitcher from a Los Angeles-based team. The others were won by Dodger pitchers: Don Drysdale in 1962 and Sandy Koufax in 1963, 1965, and 1966.

Baseball career
Chance attended Northwestern High School in West Salem, Ohio, and starred on the baseball team and basketball teams (leading the team to a 1958 state title), but baseball is where Chance would shine. During his high school years, he set several state records which still stand including a 52–1 career record, 20 wins in a season, 32 straight wins, eight no-hitters in a season (in both his junior and senior years), and 17 no-hitters total. He also led the Huskies to the Class A state semifinals in 1958 and a championship in 1959 (and pitching every inning of every postseason tournament game).

Following high school, Chance signed with the Baltimore Orioles (for a $30,000 bonus and $12 Greyhound bus ticket) prior to the start of the 1959 season as an amateur free agent. After signing, he was assigned to the Bluefield Orioles in the class-D Appalachian League where he went 10–3 with a 2.94 ERA. In 1960, he went 12–9 for Fox Cities Foxes in class-B Illinois–Indiana–Iowa League. On December 14, 1960, Chance was drafted by the Washington Senators as the 48th pick in the 1960 AL expansion draft. Immediately following the draft, Chance was traded by the Senators to the Los Angeles Angels for outfielder Joe Hicks. He pitched most of 1961 for the Dallas-Fort Worth Rangers, going 9–12, before making his major league debut on September 11, 1961, at the age of 20. Chance finished the season 0–2 with a 6.87 ERA in five games, but was in the majors to stay.

Chance had an outstanding rookie campaign in 1962, winning 14 games with an ERA of 2.96 and finishing tied for third in AL Rookie of the Year voting with Bernie Allen and Dick Radatz (behind fellow Angel Buck Rodgers and winner Tom Tresh). The 1962 campaign was notable for the Angels as Chance and fellow phenom Bo Belinsky teamed on both the mound and in the Hollywood social circles, much to the enjoyment of the Los Angeles beat writers and the consternation of manager Bill Rigney and the rest of the Angels' front office. Although he lost 18 games in 1963, he finished with a 3.19 ERA in 248 innings. The pair were inseparable and often roomed together, some saying so that the Angels' would only have to mind one bad room – at least when they were in their room after curfew (which was not often). After his 1964 season in which he won the Cy Young Award and was elected to his first All-Star Game, Chance went 15–10 in 1965 and 12–17 in 1966, despite a respectable ERA of 3.08. After the 1966 season, the Angels, a weak hitting team desperate for power and looking to shed one of their problem children, shipped Chance and infielder Jackie Hernández to the Minnesota Twins on December 2 in a trade that netted them outfielder Jimmie Hall, slugging first baseman Don Mincher, and relief pitcher Pete Cimino.

Chance responded by winning 20 games for the Twins in 1967, leading the AL in games started (39), complete games (18) and innings pitched (283). On August 6 of that year, he pitched a rain-shortened, five-inning perfect game against the Red Sox at Metropolitan Stadium in Bloomington, Minnesota. He also pitched a 2–1 no-hitter against the Cleveland Indians on August 25 with the Indians scoring their sole run in the first inning on two walks, an error, and a wild pitch. Chance later said that umpire Ed Runge's wide strike zone had a lot to do with him keeping the Indians off the basepaths. The Twins nearly won the 1967 pennant, but Chance was outdueled in the season's final game, at Fenway Park, by Boston's Jim Lonborg, chasing Chance in with 5 runs in the sixth despite getting only one ball out of the infield, and the Red Sox emerged as surprise league champions — with Lonborg winning the 1967 AL Cy Young trophy in the process. The trade helped both teams and Chance as the Angels rose to fifth place with an 84–77 record in 1967, the Twins were in it until the season's final game, and Chance was voted to his second all-star team and won the Sporting News AL Comeback Player of the Year award.

The 1968 campaign saw Chance put up a lackluster 16–16 record (echoing the Twins' 79–83 finish), but saw him notch career lows in hits and walks per 9 innings (6.9 and 1.9 respectively), and career highs in innings (292), strikeouts (234), and strikeouts per 9 innings (7.9). Due to his strong numbers, Chance had more than a decent chance at again winning 20 games, but the Twins offense let him down in 1968, scoring two runs or fewer in 17 of his 22 starts (games in which Chance himself posted an ERA of 2.55). In the games in which the Twins scored at least three runs, Chance posted a 13–4 record. Despite his strong season, owner Calvin Griffith, well known for being "thrifty", tried to cut Chance's salary by $9,000. Chance held out prior to the 1969 season and was successful in having his salary cut by "only" $5,000. However, 1968 was his last big year before his career rapidly declined. From 1969 to 1971, he won only 18 games. In 1969, he was plagued by a back injury caused by rushing to get into shape following his holdout and only pitched 88 innings. On December 10, 1969, the Twins shipped Chance, third baseman (and future New York Yankees star) Graig Nettles, infielder Ted Uhlaender, and pitcher Bob Miller to the Cleveland Indians for relief pitcher Stan Williams and future Boston Red Sox star Luis Tiant. The trade was a disaster for the Twins as Nettles immediately blossomed and hit 26 home runs for the 1970 Indians and Tiant, the key to the trade, was released after only one injury-plagued season.

Chance split the 1970 season between the Indians, for whom he pitched a 9–8 record with a 4.28, and the New York Mets (after being purchased from the Indians on September 18). Chance was traded again on March 30, 1971, this time to the Detroit Tigers along with reliever Bill Denehy for minor league pitcher Jerry Robertson. Used largely out of the bullpen, Chance finished his career with a 4–6 record in 31 games.

His career record over 11 seasons (1961–71) and 406 games pitched was 128 wins, 115 losses and an ERA of 2.92. He was a notoriously weak batsman in the days prior to the designated hitter, garnering only 44 hits in 662 at bats, for a batting average . Chance's batting average is the lowest ever recorded by any Major League player with at least 300 plate appearances; he also struck out 420 times in his 662 at-bats. Baseball author Bill James named Chance, along with Ron Herbel as the worst hitting pitchers of the 1960s.

Retirement
Chance retired to a 300-acre ranch  from his boyhood farm During the 1970s and 1980s Chance acted as a midway barker and operated games of skill at carnivals and fairs and was one of the most successful operators, eventually employing 250 people and running 40 games at the Ohio State Fair alone, on a circuit that includes Columbus, Ohio, Raleigh, North Carolina, Augusta, Georgia, Syracuse, New York, Hollywood, Florida, and Corpus Christi, Texas before tiring of the constant travels and con men who frequented this business. Chance founded the International Boxing Association during the 1990s, managed many fighters, and was its long-time president.

As part of the Angels' 50th anniversary, Chance threw out the first pitch before the June 4, 2011 game versus the New York Yankees.

Chance had one child, son Brett, who graduated from Ohio State University in 1985 and worked as an executive for the Ohio State Fair, the Ohio Expo Center, and Instagram. In August 2015 Chance was inducted into the Angels Hall of Fame.

Chance died at his home in Wooster on October 11, 2015, at the age of 74.

See also
 List of Major League Baseball annual ERA leaders
 List of Major League Baseball annual wins leaders
 List of Major League Baseball no-hitters

References

External links

1941 births
2015 deaths
American League All-Stars
American League ERA champions
American League wins champions
Baseball players from Ohio
Bluefield Orioles players
California Angels players
Cleveland Indians players
Cy Young Award winners
Dallas Rangers players
Detroit Tigers players
Fox Cities Foxes players
Los Angeles Angels players
Major League Baseball pitchers
Minnesota Twins players
New York Mets players
People from Wooster, Ohio

Dean Chance


In mathematics (particularly set theory), a countable set is a set whose elements can be counted. A set with one thing in it is countable, and so is a set with one hundred things in it. A set with all the natural numbers (counting numbers) in it is countable too. This is because even if it is infinite, someone who counts forever would not miss any of the numbers. The sets which has the same size as the natural numbers are therefore called countably infinite. The size of these sets are then written as (aleph-null)—the first of the aleph numbers. Sometimes when people say 'countable set' they mean countable and infinite. Georg Cantor coined the term.

Examples of countable sets

Countable sets include all sets with a finite number of members, no matter how many.

Countable sets also include some infinite sets, such as the natural numbers. Since it is impossible to actually count infinite sets, we consider them countable if we can find a way to list them all without missing any. The natural numbers have been nicknamed "the counting numbers", since they are what we usually use to count things with.

You can count the natural numbers with

You can count the whole numbers with

You can count the integers with

You can count the square integer numbers with

A more-complex example

The rational numbers are also countable, but its counting becomes tricky. We can't just list the fractions as (0/1, 1/1, -1/1, 2/1, -2/1...) since we will never get to 1/2 this way. However, we can list all of the rational numbers in the form of a table. The horizontal rows are the numerators, while the vertical columns are the denominators. We can then zigzag through the list, starting at 1/1, then 2/1, then 1/2, then 1/3, then 2/2, then 3/1, then 4/1, then 3/2, then 2/3, etc.  If we keep this up, we will get to all of the numbers on the table in due time. Each time we hit a new rational number that is new, we add it to the list of counted numbers. We don't want to count numbers twice, so when we hit 3/6, for example, we can skip it, because we already counted the rational number 1/2. In this way, we produce an infinite list with all the rational numbers. Therefore, the rational numbers are countable.

Not all counting schemes will yield a countable list
Suppose the integers are counted differently, as

This does not prove that the integers are uncountable, but it does illustrate what one might call a "failed" effort to count a set, because it is never possible to reach .  Not all sets are countable. For example, the interval  and the set of real numbers can be proven to be uncountable.

Related pages

 Cantor's diagonal argument
 Cardinality
 Uncountable set

References

Set theory

Countable set


In English, adopt may mean 1) to take something up, such as an opinion ('we adopt the view that ....'), or 2) for a grown person to care for another person's child as if it was their own. This article is about the adoption of children.

Adoption and foster care
Before adoption laws there was trouble when people gave their children away, and later wanted them back again. These days, children may be put in foster care for a short time, and after, the child may go back to the parents again. But legal adoption lasts for ever. After legal adoption the adoptive parent(s) have all rights and responsibilities to the child. The biological parents have no legal rights or responsibilities to the child at all. Legal adoptions may only be cancelled if they were not done as the law says.

Public view of adoption

In the West, till not long ago, public opinion was that people should only have children if they were married. Everything else meant shame, not only for the parents, but also for a child whose parents were not married. Many children of unmarried parents were given for adoption, and adoptive parents would make out they were biological parents and try to keep secret that their child was adopted.

Today there is still secrecy about adoption. General opinion is that all adoptions are good, but even so, experts know that adoption can be trouble. Some ask questions about the family love for an adopted child. Almost one out of three people asked say that adopted children have trouble behaving, have more illness, and are more easily addicted to drugs and alcohol. But adoptive parents were described by almost 90 percent as "lucky, advantaged, and unselfish"

In many countries there are strong opinions on adoption. In some places single women may adopt a child, but single men may not. Some people say men are more likely to abuse children than women  Opinions are changing fast, and many places these days homosexual couples may adopt children.

Adopted people's idea of self
Many adopted people are pleased with their adoption. But many others are not. For example, experts have looked into adopted people's identity problems - their idea of self. Though the law says adoption lasts for ever, people from troubled adoptions want to know about their biological parents more than people from happy adoptions. Inter-racial adoption may also have problems for the adopted child's idea of self, of culture, and of where they come from.

Adopted people's family history
Many grown people who had a troubled adoption look into their family history. Even some people who were happily adopted want to know more about where they came from. In some countries, people can read about their adoption at a public records office. In other countries adoption records are kept secret.

In England and Wales, people adopted after 1975 may easily read parts of their adoption records. For people adopted earlier than 1975 there are more complex rules. In Scotland, adopted people have always been able to find their birth records with details of their biological mother, and possibly their father. But all over the United Kingdom there are rules that limit the details which public records may give out about living people.

Meetings between adopted people and their biological parents have different effects. In England and Wales, about 40% of these meetings do not lead to a long lasting relationship.

Women and their loss
Many women are sad after giving a child up for adoption. Some women never forget, and remember the child on birthdays, and some even say they think of the child every day. Many feel they were forced to give their child away, and that they did not get any help. Many can not take in what happened to them. They want people to know what happened, and to make sure that it does not happen again.

Related pages
 Foster care
 Hague Adoption Convention
 Orphanage
 Possible problems about adoptions where Adoptionscentrum helped

References

Children
Family law

Adoption


William Lawson (2 June 1774 – 16 June 1850) was an explorer of New South Wales, Australia.  He helped discover a passage inland through the Blue Mountains from Sydney.

Lawson was born in Finchley, Middlesex, England.  He is the son of Scottish parents. Lawson came to Sydney as an ensign with the New South Wales Corps in November 1800.  He was soon posted to Norfolk Island.

After 1808, Lawson was appointed aide-de-camp to George Johnston.  He was given 500 acres (2 km²) at Prospect. He built a 40-room mansion there.

In 1813 Lawson, with Gregory Blaxland and William Wentworth, led a trip west from Sydney to cross the Blue Mountains.

They left on 11 May 1813 with four servants, five dogs and four horses. The route they travelled is still the one used by travellers today. On 31 May 1813 they reached Mount Blaxland and could see the plains to the west.

Lawson was rewarded with a grant of 1,000 acres (4 km²) of land.  He ended up one of the largest land-holders in Australia. He was made a magistrate and was appointed commandant at Newcastle.

In 1819 Governor Lachlan Macquarie made a new settlement, Bathurst.  He made Lawson commander of the Bathurst settlement.  Lawson had this job until 1823. From Bathurst, Lawson explored as far north as Mudgee.

After leaving the army, Lawson was a member of the New South Wales Legislative Council from 1843 to 1848. He died at Veteran Hall on 16 June 1850.  The town of Lawson in the Blue Mountains is named for him.

In 1963 Lawson was honoured, together with Blaxland and Wentworth, on a postage stamp issued by Australia Post showing the Blue Mountains crossing.

References

1774 births
1850 deaths
Australian explorers
People from London
People from Middlesex

William Lawson (explorer)


A given name is a name given to a person at birth or baptism.  Given names are referred as first names.  It is different from a surname.  A surname is the last name or family name.

Example: A baby girl is born and someone decides to name her Hope.  Hope is her given name.  Someone can decide to give her a surname as it is commonly accepted for people to have a last name.  When she grows up, she can pick her own given name or surname if she does not like the one that was picked for her.  Family names are inherited and are not easily changed.

In most Western countries the given name comes first (before the last name or family name).  However, in many Asian countries such as India's Telugu States, Japan and China it comes after the last name or family name, and occasionally also in Europe, e.g. in Hungarian.

Christians often call their first name their "Christian name".

Related pages
 Personal name
 Posthumous name
 Regnal name
 Indian name

Given name


Historical demography is the quantitative study of human population in the past. It is concerned with population size, with the three basic components of population change (fertility, mortality, and migration), and with population characteristics related to those components, such as marriage, socioeconomic status, and the configuration of families.

Sources
The sources of historical demography vary according to the period and topics of the study.

For the recent period - beginning in the early nineteenth century in most European countries, and later in the rest of the world - historical demographers make use of data collected by governments, including censuses and vital statistics.

In the early modern period, historical demographers rely heavily on ecclesiastical records of baptisms, marriages, and burials, using methods developed by French historian Louis Henry, as well as hearth and poll tax records. In 1749 the first population census covering the whole country was conducted in the kingdom of Sweden, including today's Finland.

For population size, sources can also include the size of cities and towns, the size and density of smaller settlements, relying on field survey techniques, the presence or absence of agriculture on marginal land, and inferences from historical records. For population health and life expectancy, paleodemography, based on the study of skeletal remains, is another important approach for populations that precede the modern era, as is the study of ages of death recorded on funerary monuments.

The PUMS (Public User Microdata Samples) data set allows researchers to analyze contemporary and historical data sets.

Development of  techniques
Historical analysis has played a central role in the study of population, from Thomas Malthus in the eighteenth century to major twentieth-century demographers such as Ansley Coale and Samuel H. Preston. The French historian Louis Henry (1911-1991) was chiefly responsible for the development of historical demography as a distinct subfield of demography. In recent years, new research in historical demography has proliferated owing to the development of massive new population data collections, including the Demographic Data Base in Umeå, Sweden, the Historical Sample of the Netherlands, and the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series (IPUMS).

According to Willigan and Lynch, the main sources used by demographic historians include archaeological methods, parish registers starting about 1500 in Europe, civil registration records, enumerations, national census beginning about 1800, genealogies and family reconstruction studies, population registers, and organizational and institutional records.  Statistical methods have included model life tables, time series analysis, event history analysis, causal model building and hypothesis testing, As well as theories of the demographic transition and the epidemiological transition.

References

Further reading
 Alter, George C. "Generation to Generation Life Course, Family, and Community." Social Science History (2013) 37#1 pp: 1-26. abstract
 Alter, George C., et al. "Introduction: Longitudinal analysis of historical-demographic data." Journal of Interdisciplinary History (2012) 42#4 pp: 503-517. Online
 Alter, George C., et al.  "Completing Life Histories with Imputed Exit Dates: A Method for Historical Data from Passive Registration Systems," Population (2009) 64:293–318.
 Arriaga, Eduardo E. "A New Approach to the Measurements of Urbanization" Economic Development & Cultural Change (1970) 18#2 pp 206–18 in JSTOR
 Coale, Ansley J. Regional Model Life Tables and Stable Populations (2nd ed. 1983)
 Fauve-Chamoux, Antoinette. "A Personal Account of the History of Historical Demography in Europe at the End of the Glorious Thirty (1967-1975)." Essays in Economic & Business History 35.1 (2017): 175-205.
 Gutmann, Myron P. et al. eds. Navigating Time and Space in Population Studies (2012) excerpt and text search
 Henry, Louis. Population: analysis and models (London: Edward Arnold, 1976)
 Henry, Louis. On the measurement of human fertility: selected writings of Louis Henry (Elsevier Pub. Co, 1972)
 Henry, Louis. "The verification of data in historical demography." Population studies 22.1 (1968): 61-81.
 Nusteling, Hubert. "Fertility in historical demography and a homeostatic method for reconstituting populations in pre-statistical periods." Historical Methods: A Journal of Quantitative and Interdisciplinary History (2005) 38#3 pp: 126-142. DOI:10.3200/HMTS.38.3.126-142
 Smith, Daniel Scott. "A perspective on demographic methods and effects in social history." William and Mary Quarterly (1982 ): 442-468. in JSTOR
 Reher, David S., and Roger Schofield. Old and new methods in historical demography (Clarendon Press 1993), 426 pp.
 Swanson,  David A.  and Jacob S. Siegel. The Methods and Materials of Demography (2nd ed. 2004); rewritten version of Henry S. Shryock and Jacob S. Siegel, The Methods and Materials of Demography (1976); compendium of techniques
 Swedlund, Alan C. "Historical demography as population ecology." Annual Review of Anthropology (1978) pp: 137-173.
 van de Walle, Etienne. "Historical Demography" in Dudley L. Poston and Michael Micklin, eds. Handbook of Population (Springer US, 2005) pp 577–600
 Watkins, Susan Cotts, and Myron P. Gutmann. "Methodological issues in the use of population registers for fertility analysis." Historical Methods: A Journal of Quantitative and Interdisciplinary History (1983) 16#3: 109-120.
 Willigan, J. Dennis,  and Katherine A. Lynch, Sources and Methods of Historical Demography, (New York: Academic Press, 1982)   505 p. Abstract
 Wrigely, E. A., ed. An Introduction to English Historical Demography, London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1966.

External links
 International Commission for Historical Demography
 H-Demog, an international scholarly online discussion list on demographic history
 POPULATION STATISTICS in historical perspective

Fields of history
Population

Historical demography


Sackville Tufton, 9th Earl of Thanet (30 June 1769 – January 1825) succeeded to his title in April 1786, following the death of his father Sackville Tufton, 8th Earl of Thanet.  Two of his younger brothers were John Tufton and Henry Tufton, 11th Earl of Thanet, both well-known amateur cricketers.

Sackville Tufton was himself a keen cricketer who made five known appearances in first-class cricket matches between 1791 and 1794.  He was an early member of Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC) and was associated with Kent cricket.

Life
He was born at Hothfield House in Kent. His mother was Mary, daughter of Lord John Philip Sackville, and on his father's death, on 10 April 1786, his maternal uncle, John Frederick Sackville, 3rd Duke of Dorset, acted as his guardian during his minority. He became hereditary High Sheriff of Westmorland from 1786 to 1825. In early life he spent much time abroad, especially in Vienna, where he formed an alliance with a Hungarian lady, Anne Charlotte de Bojanowitz, to whom he was married, under the Anglican rite, at St. George's, Hanover Square, on 28 February 1811.

In politics Thanet's profile was low, but he generally supported the Duke of Bedford and the opposition to Pitt. In May 1798 he was present with Fox, Sheridan, Erskine, and other Whig sympathisers at the trial of Arthur O'Connor at Maidstone. O'Connor was found not guilty, but was not discharged, since a warrant for his arrest for another offence was pending. Thanet and others were charged with having created a riot in the court and put out the lights in an attempt to rescue the prisoner, or at least to help his escape. The case was tried before Lord Kenyon at the King's Bench on 25 April 1799. Sir John Scott prosecuted, and Erskine conducted the defence. Richard Brinsley Sheridan appeared to give evidence for the accused, and distinguished himself by parrying eight times, and finally evading, the question of Edward Law, counsel for the prosecution, 'Do you believe Lord Thanet meant to favour the escape of O'Connor?' Having been found guilty of riot and assault at Maidstone, Thanet was brought up for judgment on 3 May, and committed to the King's Bench prison, the bail offered by the Duke of Bedford being refused. On 10 June he was sentenced to a year's imprisonment in the Tower of London and a fine of £1,000, and on his release he was ordered to give security for his good behaviour for seven years to the amount of £20,000.

After his release the Earl lived quietly at Hothfield, and became a popular agriculturist, regularly visiting the agricultural market at Ashford. He spent much time abroad, and he died at Chalons on 24 January 1825. He was buried on 7 February at Rainham. Leaving no issue, he was succeeded in turn by his brothers Charles (1770–1832) and Henry Tufton (1775–1849), eleventh and last earl of Thanet.

References

Notes

External links
 CricketArchive record

Attribution

1769 births
1825 deaths
English cricketers
English cricketers of 1787 to 1825
Marylebone Cricket Club cricketers
High Sheriffs of Westmorland
Gentlemen of England cricketers
Gentlemen of Kent cricketers
Earls of Thanet

Sackville Tufton, 9th Earl of Thanet


PlanetSpace was a privately funded Chicago-based rocket and space travel project founded by Geoff Sheerin, CEO of the Canadian Arrow corporation. The owner was Dr. Chirinjeev Kathuria.

In February, 2007, NASA announced plans to provide PlanetSpace with requirements and specifications to provide crew and cargo flights to the International Space Station under the terms of the National Aeronautics and Space Act. Initially PlanetSpace planned to use the Silver Dart for this purpose,
but on 21 November 2007 PlanetSpace announced its COTS proposal would use a spacecraft provided by Lockheed Martin. This proposal did not include use of the Silver Dart.

Background

The mission of PlanetSpace was to make space travel accessible to the general public. The company focused its main efforts on two major projects: the Canadian Arrow, and the Silver Dart, which was a proposed orbital spaceplane.

Geoff Sheerin, President of Canadian Arrow and Dr. Chirinjeev Kathuria, two entrepreneurs with a love of space,  joined forces to create PLANETSPACE in the spring of 2005. At a press conference in May 2005 in London Ontario Canada, Sheerin told the United Press International that Canadian Arrow was nearing completion and that it was missing only one important component in its plan to develop its space tourism business: money. Geoff Sheerin proudly announced, "We have found our Paul Allen". Presenting the newly formed company PlanetSpace and his new partner Dr.Chirinjeev Kathuria.

Dr. Kathuria was a founding director of MirCorp, the company that made history on April 4, 2000 when it launched the world's first privately funded crewed space program and signed up Dennis Tito to space as Earth's first space tourist or citizen explorer. MirCorp was a joint venture with RSC Energia. RSC Energia launched the first satellite (Sputnik), sent the first man to orbit the Earth (Yuri Gagarin), built the Mir Space Station, and is a major partner in the International Space Station.

Canadian Arrow

The Canadian Arrow was a 16.5 m tall two-stage rocket, where the second stage was a three-person space capsule. In a somewhat conservative approach, the design of the rocket engine and aerodynamics were based on the well proven V-2 design from World War II. The vehicle was planned to launch vertically from the ground, on a sub-orbital trajectory, and return to Earth via parachutes and make a water landing, similar to the splashdowns of the Mercury, Gemini and Apollo spacecraft.

Silver Dart

Based on the FDL-7, a lifting body aircraft designed for near earth orbital flight by the US Airforce Flight Dynamics Laboratory, the Silver Dart was a lifting body concept designed to glide from hypersonic speeds of Mach 22 down to landing. The goal was to develop an orbital space craft/hypersonic glider capable of carrying around eight passengers. The spacecraft was expected to launch vertically atop a two-stage-plus-boosters rocket, propelled at takeoff by 28 Canadian Arrow rocket engines (slightly updated replicas of the German V-2 engine) and land horizontally on an aircraft runway, in an arrangement reminiscent of the Dynasoar project by NASA.

NASA based its Martin Marietta X-24B test aircraft on the FDL-7 lifting body, and valued the added range and stability of the sleek, sharp-nosed design. FDL-7's lifting body design was projected to be able to give the Silver Dart about twice the lift coefficient of NASA's space shuttles at subsonic speeds. The design was expected to have a higher glide and cross range than the Shuttle Orbiter, since it was designed with a 4,000 mile cross range.  The ship was intended to use a metal skin that would be more resistant to weather conditions than the Space Shuttle. PlanetSpace planned for an initial demonstration flight in 2009.

Athena III
In early 2008 PlanetSpace proposed the Athena III launch vehicle, a 2.8-million-pound-thrust ISS resupply rocket, to NASA under the  rebid of the Commercial Orbital Transportation Services (COTS) program. The Space Shuttle Solid Rocket Booster (SRB) derived rocket was to feature 2 1/2 segments from the SRB, and was to be realized in a joint venture with Lockheed Martin and Alliant Techsystems (ATK).

The PlanetSpace proposal was not accepted for NASA funding. On February 19, 2008, the second round award was made to Orbital Sciences Corporation, for the Cygnus spacecraft. NASA's selection statement showed that Orbital beat PlanetSpace on funding concerns.

In October 2008, PlanetSpace, Lockheed Martin and ATK teamed up with Boeing and the State of Florida to obtain private financing for the project outside the NASA funding they did not obtain.

Dissolved for non-compliance
PlanetSpace had its incorporated status revoked by the Canadian government for non-compliance under section 212 of the Canadian Business Corporations Act on 6 February 2013. The government's documents showed that PlanetSpace's last annual meeting occurred in 2010, and that was also the last time the corporation reported its annual filings.

References

Defunct technology companies of Canada
Defunct spaceflight companies
Defunct companies based in Chicago

PlanetSpace


Emergency & I is the third studio album by American indie rock band The Dismemberment Plan, released in 1999 by DeSoto Records. It was produced by J. Robbins and Chad Clark. At its release, the album was met with critical acclaim.

Barsuk Records reissued Emergency & I in vinyl format on January 11, 2011.

Recording
In 1998, The Dismemberment Plan signed a record deal with Interscope Records. Emergency & I was recorded during the band's time with Interscope and was meant to be the first of the two albums they would record with the label. Using the money from Interscope, the album was recorded at Water Music Studios in Hoboken, New Jersey.

Some songs went through different stages during recording. "Spider in the Snow" was originally going to have real strings. However, Travis Morrison thought that using strings was "too fancy" and decided to use Casio keyboards instead. "What Do You Want Me to Say?" was originally going to have turntable scratching, but the plan was scrapped after producer Chad Clark thought using samples was kitsch. Chad Clark also originally did not want "You Are Invited" to be on Emergency & I, finding the song too sentimental.

Lyrical themes
PopMatters Zachary Houle noted that the album had themes of growing pains experienced by people in their 20s. Jeremy D. Larson of Consequence noted the influence of Stephen Malkmus on the album's lyrics. Paul Thompson of Pitchfork related the album title to the encroaching chaos of modern life with the self.

With regards to individual songs, the track "Back and Forth" is based on Bob Dylan's "It's Alright, Ma (I'm Only Bleeding)". "You Are Invited", a song about an anonymous invitation that comes through the mail, deals with belonging and selflessness. "The City" deals with Morrison's loneliness living in a city, his longing for a wanderlust lover, and his inability to leave the city without abandoning everything that makes him who he is. Zachary Houle argued that songs such as "Memory Machine" and "What Do You Want Me to Say?" deal with themes of disconnectedness in the information age, including predicting the social media phenomenon that would be prominent in the following decade. The lyrics to "The Jitters" were originally written inside a copy of Charles Shaar Murray's musical biography on Jimi Hendrix, Crosstown Traffic: Jimi Hendrix & The Post-War Rock n' Roll Revolution, that Morrison had borrowed from Eric Axelson.

Release
When Geffen Records and A&M Records merged into Interscope in 1999, Universal Music Group announced that they would cut numerous artists from Interscope. The Dismemberment Plan were one of the artists affected by the cut. In turn, the band decided to release Emergency & I on their former label DeSoto Records.

2011 reissue
The band originally wanted Emergency & I to be released on vinyl back in 1999, but decided against that after seeing that vinyl was not a commercially viable option. After seeing a resurgence in vinyl records, the band decided to release the album on vinyl in 2011. Morrison cited sound quality and packaging as reasons he wanted it to be a vinyl release.

On January 11, 2011, Barsuk Records issued the vinyl edition of Emergency & I, which includes an oral history of the band conducted by The A.V. Clubs Josh Modell. The vinyl reissue came with 4 bonus tracks. "Since You Died" was the B-side to the vinyl 7-inch release of "What Do You Want Me to Say?", an earlier recording of the song released in November 1997, before Emergency & I was recorded. "Just Like You" was originally released on the compilation EP Ft. Reno Benefit Compilation in September 1997. "The First Anniversary of Your Last Phone Call" was originally released on The Ice of Boston EP on October 16, 1998. "The Dismemberment Plan Gets Rich" was originally from Juno & The Dismemberment Plan, a split EP between Juno and The Dismemberment Plan released on March 27, 2001.

Reception and legacy

Critical response
Emergency & I received overwhelming critical acclaim. The album has been described by Rolling Stone as "a game-changer for indie rock fans", and Pitchfork describes it as "one of indie's key LPs". Glide Magazine called the album "[The Dismemberment Plan's] landmark masterstroke, still cited by many bands and critics as a turning point in the evolution of indie rock."

Brent DiCrescenzo of Pitchfork originally gave the album a 9.6 out of 10, with a short review that read simply, "If you consider yourself a fan of groundbreaking pop, go out and buy this album right now. Now. Get up. Go." Ned Raggett of AllMusic called the album a "firecracker" which shows the band's "at once passionate and sly approach to music—take in everything, put it back out, and give it its own particular sheen and spin—is in no danger of letting up." Robert Christgau of The Village Voice wrote "The only way [The Dismemberment Plan are] punk anymore is that there aren't very many of them and that none of them seems to be playing a keyboard even though most of them can. What they are instead is a much rarer thing [...] thoughtful, quirky, mercurial young adults skilled at transforming doubt into music."

Accolades and retrospective reviews
Emergency & I was ranked the best album of 1999 by Pitchfork. On the same website, the album was ranked #16 their "redux" version of the Top 100 Albums of the 1990s list, with William Morris writing "The album's lyric book reads better than half the modern volumes on my bookshelf. Modern R&B should have as much rhythm. Modern rock should have as much balls." In addition, the website ranked the track "The City" #64 on their list of the Top 200 Tracks of the 1990s. In December 2007 the album was ranked number 95 on Blenders 100 Greatest Indie-Rock Albums Ever list.

The album's 2011 vinyl reissue brought about numerous positive reviews as well. Zachary Houle of PopMatters wrote that "Just in terms of a sheer personal enjoyment factor, I would almost argue the case for a new rating: the Spinal Tap-esque 11. Emergency & I is just a relentless record, full of youthful abandon and insightful penetrations into the technology-addled brain. I just can't get enough of it." In another review of the reissue, Consequences Jeremy D. Larson wrote: "The Plan colors this record with 12 songs that serve as hitching posts for whatever ails you. Life medicine never sounded better ... Emergency & I continues to arch its influence even after a 12-year gap." Pitchfork gave the reissue a perfect 10/10 with a "best new reissue" designation," while Sputnikmusic's Alex Robertson rated the album "classic" with a perfect 5.0. The album was ranked at number 26 on Spins "The 300 Best Albums of the Past 30 Years (1985–2014)" list.

Track listing

"A Life of Possibilities", "What Do You Want Me to Say?", "The Jitters" and "The City" are all also featured in remixed form on A People's History of The Dismemberment Plan.

Personnel
 Eric Axelson – bass guitar, keyboards
 Jason Caddell – guitar, keyboards
 Joe Easley – drums
 Travis Morrison – vocals, guitar, keyboards

References

External links
Emergency & I on the Dismemberment Plan's website

1999 albums
The Dismemberment Plan albums
DeSoto Records albums
Albums produced by J. Robbins

Emergency & I


Storer House is a Frank Lloyd Wright house in the Hollywood Hills of Los Angeles built in 1923. The structure is noteworthy as one of the four Mayan Revival style textile-block houses built by Wright in the Los Angeles area from 1922 to 1924.

Design of Storer House
The Storer House was built in 1923 for Dr. John Storer, a homeopathic physician. Wright used the textile-block motif to "fit" the home into the hillside, trying to create the impression that the home was "a man-made extension of the landscape." However, Wright biographer Brendan Gill described the Storer House as a disappointment on this score: "In direct contradiction to everything that Wright had earlier preached about the natural, nearly invisible joining of structure and site, the Storer House, small as it is, asserts its presence with a surprising degree of arrogance—an arrogance far more obvious in the 1920s, when the hillside lacked the softening effect of foliage, than it is today."

The house is dominated by a large upstairs living room with a high ceiling, Mayan inspired columns, and tall narrow windows; the living room is the front facade facing the street. The tall banks of windows flood the living room with natural light. Outside the living room, there are two terraces, one with a view of Hollywood and the other with a view of the hillside. The floor plan forms a T and has large public spaces, each with a fireplace. The dining room and kitchen are on the main floor. The house has  with three bedrooms, a den, three bathrooms, staff wing and a spa. The house was built without a front door, entrance being offered through a rear door, "as if to finalize the metaphor of privacy and retrenchment."  Actually there are five door/window openings in front, being very visually pleasing, but perhaps lacking the definitiveness of "one front door."

The house is built on a steep hillside in the Hollywood Hills at a time when the hills did not have the rich foliage present today. At the time of its construction, Storer House is said to have resembled a Pompeiian villa. Frank Lloyd Wright's son, Lloyd Wright, was both the on-site construction manager and the landscape architect, providing an illusion of a ruin barely visible within its jungle environment.

The Storer House was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1971 and designated as a Historic-Cultural Landmark (#96) in 1972 by the Los Angeles Cultural Heritage Commission. It was also included in Sydney LeBlanc's book The Architecture Traveler: A Guide to 250 Key 20th Century American Buildings.

An homage to Wright was built in the Hollywood Backlot at Disney's California Adventure Park in Anaheim, California: a textile block restroom and seating area was based on the design of the Storer House.

Wright's textile-block houses

Considered an example of Wright's pre-Columbian or early Modernist architecture, Storer House is one of four textile-block houses he built in Southern California, the others being the Millard House, the Samuel Freeman House and the Ennis House.  The textile-block houses were named for their richly textured brocade-like concrete walls. The style was an experiment by Wright in modular construction that he called the Textile Block System. He sought to develop an inexpensive and simple method of construction that would enable ordinary people to build their own homes with stacked blocks, tied together with steel rods. Writer Hugh Hart has described Wright's concept this way: "By unifying decoration and function, exterior and interior, earth and sky -- perforated blocks served as skylights -- Wright saw his Textile Block Method approach as an utterly modern, and democratic, expression of his organic architecture ideal."

Wright was also intrigued by archaeological discoveries on Mexico's Yucatan Peninsula and used elements from Maya architecture and design in the Storer House. Wright used sledgehammers and aluminum molds to imprint elaborate Maya-inspired patterns into the blocks. The four Southern California textile-block houses represented Wright's earliest uses of the exotic, monumental Maya forms. Storer House is the only one of Wright's textile-block houses to use multiple block patterns—four in all.

Wright's textile block houses did not catch on as he had hoped. As The New York Times later said of the California houses built by Wright in the 1920s: "It didn't help that he was obsessed at the time with an untested and (supposedly) low-cost method of concrete-block construction. What kind of rich person, many wondered, would want to live in such a house? Aside from the free-spirited oil heiress Aline Barnsdall, whom he fought with constantly, his motley clients included a jewelry salesman, a rare-book dealing widow and a failed doctor."

Restoration by Joel Silver

By 1980, the house had fallen into a dilapidated condition. It was put on the market for $1 million in 1981, before being acquired in 1984 for $800,000 by motion picture producer Joel Silver. Silver, who has produced such films as Lethal Weapon, Die Hard and The Matrix, began a restoration project in 1984. The restoration was carried out under the supervision of Wright's grandson, Eric Lloyd Wright, and Martin Eli Weil, past president of the Los Angeles Conservancy. One of the challenges in the restoration effort was to develop a formula to duplicate the structure's concrete blocks. Ultimately, replacement blocks were made using soil from the backyard mixed with cement to conform to Wright's concept of "organic architecture." In addition to restoring the house, Silver also restored the original landscaping and installed a pool that had been planned but not built. Eric Wright worked with Silver in completing elements included in the original plans. The restoration project won awards from the California Council of the American Institute of Architects and the Los Angeles Conservancy. In 2005, The New York Times wrote that the Storer House "is widely considered the best-preserved Wright building in Los Angeles."

Silver put it on the market in 2001 for $3.5 million. After putting "a small fortune" into the restoration and fixing leaky roofs, Silver had difficulty finding a buyer. Reports indicated that a similar home would sell for $1 million, leading Forbes magazine to ask: "Will someone pay a 400% premium to live in a piece of architectural history?  Probably not.  Even immaculately restored, the Storer House still has drawbacks: It's small, the address is just a shade east of swanky Beverly Hills and the other houses on the hills above invade its privacy." Given the landscaping however, the house has great privacy from all of its neighbors. Silver ultimately sold the house in 2002 for $2.9 million. In 2013, the house was listed for sale once more. It sold two years later in February 2015 for a reported $6.8 million.

In popular culture
One of the blocks in the house was used as the Silver Pictures logo from 1991 to 2005, shown at the end of The Matrix Trilogy, Conspiracy Theory, Cradle 2 The Grave, Swordfish, and Romeo Must Die.
In The Venture Brothers, home of Phantom Limb and later the Monarch and Doctor Mrs. the Monarch.
 It is prominently featured in The Rocketeer.

See also
List of Frank Lloyd Wright works
Los Angeles Historic-Cultural Monuments in Hollywood
National Register of Historic Places listings in Los Angeles

References

Storrer, William Allin. The Frank Lloyd Wright Companion. University Of Chicago Press, 2006,  (S.215)

External links

Original architectural drawing of Storer House
Drawings and data pages on the Library of Congress Historic American Buildings Survey

Frank Lloyd Wright buildings
Culture of Hollywood, Los Angeles
Houses completed in 1923
Los Angeles Historic-Cultural Monuments
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Los Angeles
Mayan Revival architecture
Modernist architecture in California
Hollywood Hills
Hollywood Boulevard

Storer House (Los Angeles)


is a Japanese actor. He graduated from Okinawa Prefecture Koza High School. He is represented with Humanitè.

Mitsushima's older sister is former Folder and Folder 5 member turned actress Hikari Mitsushima. His younger sister is model Minami Mitsushima. Mitsushima's younger brother is Kotaro Mitsushima, a basketball player for Rizing Zephyr Fukuoka of the Japan Basketball League.

Biography

After graduating from high school Mitsushima moved to Tokyo from Okinawa, he worked as an after-school childcare worker there, and became a production director for the film Be Sure to Share.

After living in Tokyo for about two years, he took a chance to cycle around Japan for seven months from May to November 2009. Mitsushima traveled around the country from Hokkaido to Kagoshima Prefecture. On the street, he saw posters, signboards, and magazines of a film in which his older sister appeared and realized that his sister "impressed a lot of people" and he has "to work hard as well", and came to aim for the way of acting. Later in December, Mitsushima joined to the office in which his sister has belonged.

In 2010, he made his acting debut as the lover of Tomoko Nakajima's character in Osorubeki Oya-tachi performed in the Tokyo Metropolitan Theatre.

Mitsushima made his starring debut in the film Zoku Ittara Jinsei Kawatta www released 9 November 2013.

He later married his sister Hikari's manager at the end of 2014.

In 2016, he voiced the main character Satoru Fujinuma in the anime television Erased in which he made his voice acting debut.

Filmography

TV dramas

Films

Stage

TV anime

Anime films

TV programmes

Radio programmes

Advertisements

Dubbing

Awards
 2012

References

External links
 – Humanitè
Tokushū: Ano Hito no totte oki Selection: Shinnosuke Mitsushima-san NHK Archives

Japanese male stage actors
Japanese people of French descent
Japanese people of American descent
People from Okinawa Prefecture
1989 births
Living people

Shinnosuke Mitsushima


International Classification of Goods and Services also known as the Nice Classification was established by the Nice Agreement (1957), is a system of classifying goods and services for the purpose of registering trademarks. It is updated every five years and its latest 11th  version of the system groups products into 45 classes (classes 1-34 include goods and classes 35-45 embrace services), and allows users seeking to trademark a good or service to choose from these classes as appropriate. Since the system is recognized in numerous countries, this makes applying for trademarks internationally a more streamlined process. The classification system is specified by the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO).

History of the Nice Classification

The Nice Classification is based on a multilateral treaty administered by WIPO.
This treaty, consummated on 15 June 1957 in Nice, France, is called the "Nice Agreement Concerning the International Classification
of Goods and Services for the Purposes of the Registration of Marks".
This Classification is commonly referred to as the "Nice Classification". The Nice Agreement is open to states who are parties to the "Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property".

Contracting states
The following is a list of states with their date of accession and ratification.

Albania (2003)
Algeria (1972)
Argentina (2007)
Armenia (2004)
Australia (1972)
Austria (1973)
Azerbaijan (2003)
Bahrain (2005)
Barbados (1984)
Belarus (1998)
Belgium (1974)
Benin (1978)
Bosnia and Herzegovina (1993)
Bulgaria (2000)
Canada (2019)
Chile
China (1994)
Croatia (1992)
Cuba (1995)
Czech Republic (1970)
Democratic People's Republic of Korea (1997)
Denmark (1970)
Dominica (2000)
Egypt (2005)
Estonia (1996)
Finland (1973)
France ()
Georgia (2002)
Germany (1970)
Greece ()
Guinea (1996)
Hungary (1970)
Iceland (1995)
Ireland (1968)
Israel (1969)
India (2019)
Italy (1977)
Jamaica (2005)
Japan (1989)
Kazakhstan (2002)
Kyrgyzstan (1998)
Latvia (1994)
Lebanon ()
Liechtenstein (1972)
Lithuania (1996)
Luxembourg (1974)
Malawi (1995)
Malaysia (2007)
Mexico (2000)
Moldova (1997)
Monaco (1975)
Mongolia (2001)
Montenegro (2006)
Morocco (1975)
Mozambique (2001)
Netherlands (1979)
New Zealand (2013)
Norway (1970)
Paraguay (2021)
Peru (2022)
Philippines ()
Poland (1996)
Portugal (1982)
Republic of Korea (1998)
Republic of Macedonia (1993);
Romania (1998)
Russian Federation (1992)
Saint Kitts and Nevis (2005)
Saint Lucia (2000)
Saudi Arabia (2021)
Serbia (2006)
Singapore (1998)
Sint Maarten ()
Slovakia (1993)
Slovenia (1992)
Spain (1979)
Suriname (1981)
Sweden (1969)
Switzerland (1970)
Syrian Arab Republic (2004)
Tajikistan (1994)
Trinidad and Tobago (1995)
Tunisia ()
Turkey (1995)
Turkmenistan (2006)
Ukraine (2000)
United Arab Emirates (2022)
United Kingdom (1979)
United Republic of Tanzania (1999)
United States of America (1972)
Uruguay (1999)
Uzbekistan (2001)

Application

The trademark offices of the nations signatory to the Nice Agreement agree to employ the designated classification codes in their official documents and publications.

Advantages and uniqueness of the Nice Classification

Use of the Nice Classification by national offices has the advantage that trademark applications are coordinated with reference to a single classification system. Filing is thereby greatly simplified, as the goods and services to which a given mark applies will be classified the same in all countries that have adopted the system. That the Nice Classification exists in several languages also saves applicants a considerable amount of work when filing internationally.

Worldwide use

As of January 2014, there were 84 signatory nations to the Nice Agreement; these countries have officially adopted the Nice Classification and apply it in the registration of trademarks. In addition, 65 non-member countries, four organizations and the International Bureau of WIPO also use the Nice Classification.

Updating the treaty

The Nice Classification is continuously revised by a "Committee of Experts", whose membership is representative of all signatory states, and a new edition is published every five years. The current (eleventh) edition has been in effect since 1 January 2017.

List of Classes (11th edition)
GOODS

Class 1	Chemicals used in industry, science and photography, as well as in agriculture, horticulture and forestry;  unprocessed artificial resins, unprocessed plastics; manures;  fire extinguishing compositions;  tempering and soldering preparations;  chemical substances for preserving foodstuffs; tanning substances;  adhesives used in industry

Class 2	Paints, varnishes, lacquers; preservatives against rust and against deterioration of wood; colorants;  mordants;  raw natural resins;  metals in foil and powder form for use in painting, decorating, printing and art

Class 3	Bleaching preparations and other substances for laundry use;  cleaning, polishing, scouring and abrasive preparations;  non-medicated soaps;  perfumery, essential oils, non-medicated cosmetics, non-medicated hair lotions; non-medicated dentifrices

Class 4	Industrial oils and greases; lubricants;  dust absorbing, wetting and binding compositions;  fuels (including motor spirit) and illuminants;  candles and wicks for lighting

Class 5	Pharmaceuticals, medical and veterinary preparations;  sanitary preparations for medical purposes; dietetic food and substances adapted for medical or veterinary use, food for babies;  dietary supplements for humans and animals; plasters, materials for dressings;  material for stopping teeth, dental wax;  disinfectants;  preparations for destroying vermin; fungicides, herbicides

Class 6	Common metals and their alloys, ores;  metal building materials for building and construction;  transportable buildings of metal;  materials of metal for railway tracks;  non-electric cables and wires of common metal; ironmongery, small items of metal hardware;  pipes and tubes of metal;metal containers for storage or transport;  safes;;  ores

Class 7	Machines and machine tools; motors and engines (except for land vehicles);  machine coupling and transmission components (except for land vehicles);  agricultural implements other than hand-operated;  incubators for eggs;  automatic vending machines

Class 8	Hand tools and implements (hand-operated);  cutlery;  side arms;  razors

Class 9	Scientific, nautical, surveying, photographic, cinematographic, optical, weighing, measuring, signalling, checking (supervision), life-saving and teaching apparatus and instruments;  apparatus and instruments for conducting, switching, transforming, accumulating, regulating or controlling electricity;  apparatus for recording, transmission or reproduction of sound or images;  magnetic data carriers, recording discs;  compact discs, DVDs and other digital recording media; mechanisms for coin-operated apparatus;  cash registers, calculating machines, data processing equipment, computers;  computer software; fire-extinguishing apparatus

Class 10	Surgical, medical, dental and veterinary apparatus and instruments;  artificial limbs, eyes and teeth;  orthopaedic articles;  suture materials;  therapeutic and assistive devices adapted for the disabled;  massage apparatus; apparatus, devices and articles for nursing infants;  sexual activity apparatus, devices and articles

Class 11	Apparatus for lighting, heating, steam generating, cooking, refrigerating, drying, ventilating, water supply and sanitary purposes

Class 12	Vehicles;  apparatus for locomotion by land, air or water

Class 13	Firearms;  ammunition and projectiles;  explosives;  fireworks

Class 14	Precious metals and their alloys;  jewellery, precious and semi-precious stones;  horological and chronometric instruments

Class 15	Musical instruments

Class 16	Paper and cardboard;  printed matter;  bookbinding material;  photographs;  stationery and office requisites, except furniture;  adhesives for stationery or household purposes;  artists' and drawing materials;  paintbrushes; typewriters and office requisites (except furniture);  instructional and teaching materials (except apparatus);  plastic materials forsheets, films and bags for wrapping and packaging;  printers' type,;  printing blocks

Class 17	Unprocessed and semi-processed rubber, gutta-percha, gum, asbestos, mica and substitutes for all these materials;  plastics and resins in extruded form for use in manufacture;  packing, stopping and insulating materials;  flexible pipes, tubes and hoses, not of metal

Class 18	Leather and imitations of leather;  animal skins, and hides;  trunks and travellingluggage and carrying bags;  umbrellas and parasols;  walking sticks;  whips, harness and saddlery;  collars, leashes and clothing for animals

Class 19	Building materials (non-metallic);  non-metallic rigid pipes for building;  asphalt, pitch and bitumen;  non-metallic transportable buildings;  monuments, not of metal

Class 20	Furniture, mirrors, picture frames;  containers, not of metal, for storage or transport; unworked or semi-worked bone, horn, ivory, whalebone or mother-of-pearl;  shells;  meerschaum;  yellow amber

Class 21	Household or kitchen utensils and containers;  combs and sponges;  brushes, (except paintbrushes); brush-making materials;  articles for cleaning purposes;  steelwool; unworked or semi-worked glass, (except building glass used in building);  glassware, porcelain and earthenware

Class 22	Ropes and string;  nets; tents, awnings, and tarpaulins;  awnings of textile or synthetic materials;  sails;  sacks for the transport and storage of materials in bulk;  padding, cushioning and stuffing materials, (except of paper, cardboard, rubber or plastics);  raw fibrous textile materials and substitutes therefor

Class 23	Yarns and threads, for textile use

Class 24	Textiles and substitutes for textiles;  bed covers;  table covershousehold linen;  curtains of textile or plastic

Class 25	Clothing, footwear, headgear

Class 26	Lace and embroidery, ribbons and braid;  buttons, hooks and eyes, pins and needles;  artificial flowers;  hair decorations;  false hair

Class 27	Carpets, rugs, mats and matting, linoleum and other materials for covering existing floors; wall hangings (non-textile)

Class 28	Games, toys and playthings; video game apparatus;  gymnastic and sporting articles;  decorations for Christmas trees

Class 29	Meat, fish, poultry and game; meat extracts;  preserved, frozen, dried and cooked fruits and vegetables;  jellies, jams, compotes;  eggs;  milk and milk products; edible oils and fats

Class 30	Coffee, tea, cocoa and artificial coffee;  rice;  tapioca and sago;  flour and preparations made from cereals;  bread, pastries and confectionery;  edible ices; sugar, honey, treacle;  yeast, baking-powder;  salt;  mustard; vinegar, sauces (condiments);  spices;  ice

Class 31	Raw and unprocessed agricultural, aquacultural, horticultural and forestry products;  raw and unprocessed grains and seeds;  fresh fruits and vegetables, fresh herbs;  natural plants and flowers;  bulbs, seedlings and seeds for planting;  live animals;  foodstuffs and beverages for animals;  malt

Class 32	Beers;  mineral and aerated waters and other non-alcoholic beverages;  fruit beverages and fruit juices;  syrups and other preparations for making beverages

Class 33	Alcoholic beverages (except beers)

Class 34	Tobacco;  smokers' articles;  matches

SERVICES

Class 35	Advertising;  business management;  business administration;  office functions

Class 36	Insurance;  financial affairs;  monetary affairs;  real estate affairs

Class 37	Building construction; repair;  installation services

Class 38	Telecommunications

Class 39	Transport;  packaging and storage of goods;  travel arrangement

Class 40	Treatment of materials

Class 41	Education;  providing of training;  entertainment;  sporting and cultural activities

Class 42	Scientific and technological services and research and design relating thereto;  industrial analysis and research services;  design and development of computer hardware and software

Class 43	Services for providing food and drink;  temporary accommodation

Class 44	Medical services;  veterinary services;  hygienic and beauty care for human beings or animals; agriculture, horticulture and forestry services

Class 45	Legal services;  security services for the physical protection of tangible property and individuals;  personal and social services rendered by others to meet the needs of individuals

See also

 Madrid System
 World Intellectual Property Organization

References

External links
Nice Agreement  in the WIPO Lex database — official website of WIPO.
The full text of the Nice Agreement Concerning the International Classification of Goods and Services for the Purposes of the Registration of Marks (as amended on September 28, 1979)
MKTU.info - Class Search Tool

Trademark law
Intellectual property treaties
Treaties concluded in 1957
World Intellectual Property Organization treaties
Treaties entered into force in 1961
Treaties of Albania
Treaties of Algeria
Treaties of Argentina
Treaties of Armenia
Treaties of Australia
Treaties of Austria
Treaties of Azerbaijan
Treaties of Bahrain
Treaties of Barbados
Treaties of Belarus
Treaties of Belgium
Treaties of the People's Republic of Benin
Treaties of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Treaties of Bulgaria
Treaties of the People's Republic of China
Treaties of Croatia
Treaties of Cuba
Treaties of the Czech Republic
Treaties of Czechoslovakia
Treaties of North Korea
Treaties of Denmark
Treaties of Dominica
Treaties of Egypt
Treaties of Estonia
Treaties of Finland
Treaties of France
Treaties of Georgia (country)
Treaties of West Germany
Treaties of Greece
Treaties of Guinea
Treaties of the Hungarian People's Republic
Treaties of Iceland
Treaties of Ireland
Treaties of Israel
Treaties of Italy
Treaties of Jamaica
Treaties of Japan
Treaties of Kazakhstan
Treaties of Kyrgyzstan
Treaties of Latvia
Treaties of Jordan
Treaties of Lebanon
Treaties of Liechtenstein
Treaties of Lithuania
Treaties of Luxembourg
Treaties of Malawi
Treaties of Malaysia
Treaties of Mexico
Treaties of Monaco
Treaties of Mongolia
Treaties of Montenegro
Treaties of Morocco
Treaties of Mozambique
Treaties of the Netherlands
Treaties of New Zealand
Treaties of Norway
Treaties of Poland
Treaties of the Estado Novo (Portugal)
Treaties of South Korea
Treaties of Moldova
Treaties of Romania
Treaties of the Soviet Union
Treaties of Saint Kitts and Nevis
Treaties of Saint Lucia
Treaties of Serbia and Montenegro
Treaties of Singapore
Treaties of Slovakia
Treaties of Slovenia
Treaties of Francoist Spain
Treaties of Suriname
Treaties of Sweden
Treaties of Switzerland
Treaties of Syria
Treaties of Tajikistan
Treaties of North Macedonia
Treaties of Trinidad and Tobago
Treaties of Turkey
Treaties of Tunisia
Treaties of Turkmenistan
Treaties of Ukraine
Treaties of the United Kingdom
Treaties of Tanzania
Treaties of the United States
Treaties of Uruguay
Treaties of Uzbekistan
Treaties of Yugoslavia
Treaties extended to Aruba

International (Nice) Classification of Goods and Services


Bermuda Hogges were a Bermudian football team based in Hamilton, Bermuda. Founded in 2006, the team played in the USL Premier Development League (PDL), the fourth tier of the American Soccer Pyramid, in the Mid Atlantic Division of the Eastern Conference. On 28 May 2013, the club announced it pulled out of the USL's Premier Development League due to financial difficulties.

The team played its home games at the Bermuda Athletic Association Stadium in Pembroke, Bermuda. The team's colours were red, green and white.

History
The Hogges were announced as an expansion team in the USL Second Division in 2007, owned by Bermuda legend Shaun Goater, fellow former professional Kyle Lightbourne, and local businessman Paul Scope. The stated aim of the team was to develop the overall level of play in Bermuda due to increased regular international competition for the top Bermudan players, which it was hoped would also result in a more competitive national team. The name "Hogges" was suggested by the team's owners following a fan contest; it comes from the hog's long association with Bermuda, and the toughness of the animal.

The initial first team squad included a number of full Bermudian international players, notably Stephen Astwood, Domico Coddington, Darius Cox, Devaun DeGraff, Timothy Figureido, Damon Ming, John Barry Nusum, Michael Parsons, Jelani Scott and Kwame Steede, all of whom had represented their country in various World Cup and CONCACAF Gold Cup qualifying games. Shaun Goater and Kyle Lightbourne were also Bermudian internationals until their retirement from international football, making the Hogges' by far the most experienced USL2 team in terms of international competition.

The team's first game took place on 27 April 2007, at home against the Harrisburg City Islanders, in front of over 1,500 fans. The Islanders won the game 1–0 off a goal from Chad Severs, setting in motion a difficult first season for the Hogges. Bermuda won just three of their 20 regular season games – a 2–1 over New Hampshire Phantoms at the end of June in what was the franchise's first ever victory, a 3–2 over Cincinnati Kings in July in which Stephen Astwood hit two goals, and a 1–0 victory in August, again over New Hampshire. Lloyd Holder scored the Hogges' first ever goals in the 1–1 draw with Cincinnati in May; elsewhere, however, the Hogges struggled to find form. Charlotte Eagles hit four goals past them in two separate occasions, Richmond Kickers hammered them 4–0 in mid-June, while the season's nadir came in the astonishing 8–1 demolition they suffered at the hands of Crystal Palace Baltimore in late July. The season ended with the Hogges in last place in the USL2 table, one point behind the New Hampshire Phantoms, but 29 points behind regular season champions Richmond. Stephen Astwood had the honour being the Hogges' top scorer in the debut season, with four goals, while Damon Ming contributed four assists. Shaun Goater made 8 appearances for his team, scoring three goals along the way.

The Hogges' form improved slightly in the 2008 season, and although they finished the year with a losing record, and out of the playoffs for a second year, they did improve to a 5–13–2 record, and finished ahead of Real Maryland Monarchs in the final standings. The year began with a disappointing 6–0 loss to Charlotte Eagles on the opening day of the season, but the Hogges quickly recovered to register back-to-back victories for the first time in franchise history with wins over Wilmington Hammerheads and Pittsburgh Riverhounds. Further wins over Western Mass Pioneers (3–1 in mid-June), Real Maryland Monarchs (2–1 on the road in late July off a late goal from Kevin Richards), and Crystal Palace Baltimore (3–1 on the penultimate game of the season) provided the year's bright spots; however, they also suffered a number of comprehensive losses, falling 5–1 to Wilmington in early July, 5–1 to eventual USL2 champions Cleveland City Stars later in the month, and being annihilated 7–1 at home by the Richmond Kickers, with Richmond striker David Bulow scoring a hat trick. Damon Ming was Bermuda's sophomore season top performer, with four goals and four assists. Shaun Goater made just four appearances, registering just 18 minutes of play for the year.

On 22 December 2009, following the exodus of teams from the USL to the new North American Soccer League, the Hogges announced that they would self-relegate, and play in the USL Premier Development League in 2010.

On 28 May 2013 club management announced they would not field a team in the PDL for the 2013 season. The team's owner Paul Scope said Hogges had failed to raise sufficient funds to cover the cost.

Players

Notable former players

This list of notable former players comprises players who went on to play professional football after playing for the team in the Premier Development League, or those who previously played professionally before joining the team.

  Logan Alexander
  Stephen Astwood
  Tyrell Burgess
  Devaun DeGraff
  Shaun Goater
  Freddy Hall
  Kyle Lightbourne
  John Barry Nusum
  Kevin Richards
  Marlon Rojas
  Antwan Russell
  Nahki Wells
  Damon Ming

Year-by-year

Head coaches

  Kyle Lightbourne (2007–2009)
  Scott Morton (2010)
  Maurice Lowe (2011–2012)

Stadia
 Bermuda National Stadium, Hamilton, Bermuda (2007–2009)
 Bermuda Athletic Association Stadium, Pembroke, Bermuda (2010–2012)

Average attendance
Attendance stats are calculated by averaging each team's self-reported home attendances from the historical match archive at https://web.archive.org/web/20100105175057/http://www.uslsoccer.com/history/index_E.html.

 2007: 756
 2008: 532
 2009: 744
 2010: 254

References

External links
Official PDL site (archived 17 March 2011)

Football clubs in Bermuda
Association football clubs established in 2006
Expatriated football clubs
Former USL Second Division teams
Defunct Premier Development League teams
2006 establishments in Bermuda
Association football clubs disestablished in 2013

Bermuda Hogges F.C.


Phillip Allen Sharp (born June 6, 1944) is an  American geneticist and molecular biologist.

He co-discovered gene splicing, and shared the 1993 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with Richard Roberts for "the discovery that genes in eukaryotes are not contiguous strings but contain introns, and that the splicing of pre-messenger RNA to delete those introns can occur in different ways, yielding different proteins from the same DNA sequence".

Sharp was born in Falmouth, Kentucky. He completed his PhD in chemistry at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign in 1969. After completing his PhD he worked at the California Institute of Technology until 1971, where he studied plasmids and, later, gene expression in human cells at the Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory under James Watson.

In 1974 he was offered a position at MIT by biologist Salvador Luria.  He was director of MIT's Center for Cancer Research (now the Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research) from 1985 to 1991; head of the Biology department from 1991 to 1999; and director of the McGovern Institute for Brain Research from 2000 to 2004.

Work
It used to be thought that each gene on DNA coded for a single protein in a continuous strip. In 1997 Sharp and Roberts independently found out that genes were split into segments that were combined later in RNA processing.

Sharp and Roberts proved that the coding DNA is separated by stretches of DNA which are non-coding. The coding sections are exons, and the non-coding sections are introns.

Furthermore, it turned out that this structure occurs in all higher organisms. The discovery that a gene in could be present in the genetic material as several distinct and separate segments was revolutionary.

The second part of Sharp's work was in gene-splitting and gene splicing. This means to cut pieces out of, and add pieces to, a coding sequence. This creates a protein which works differently from the original version.

Suggested effect on evolution
This kind of structure may allow more flexible responses to environmental change, and so speed up evolution. The structure may also be responsible for a number of inherited genetic defects.

Here's a key part of the Nobel presentation speech by Professor Bertil Daneholt of the Nobel Assembly of the Karolinska Institute:

"Earlier it was believed that genes evolve mainly through the accumulation of small discrete changes in the genetic material. But their mosaic gene structure also permits higher organisms to restructure genes in another, more efficient way. This is because during the course of evolution, gene segments – the individual pieces of the mosaic – are regrouped in the genetic material, which creates new mosaic patterns and hence new genes. This reshuffling process presumably explains the rapid evolution of higher organisms".

References

1944 births
American geneticists
Living people
Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine winners
American Nobel Prize winners
Scientists from Kentucky

Phillip Sharp


Émile Francqui (; 25 June 1863 – 1 November 1935) was a Belgian soldier, diplomat, businessman and philanthropist.

Career
Émile Francqui was sent to a military school when he was just 15 years old. At the age of 21, like many young officers, he was sent to Congo Free State by king Leopold II of Belgium.

In 1896, he became the Belgian consul in Imperial China and stayed there until 1902. In China he met the future American president Herbert Hoover during negotiations concerning the granting of the Hankow-Canton railroad concession in China in 1901. Although they were competitors, they respected each other very much and became friends.

Francqui returned to Belgium in 1902, and began a financial career. He became the managing director of the Banque d'Outremer, and managing director of the Union Minière du Haut Katanga (UMHK). Ten years after his return to Belgium, he became Director of the Société Générale de Belgique, and in 1932 became its Governor. During World War I he was President of the Belgian Comité National de Secours et d'Alimentation (National Aid and Food Committee, abbreviated to CNSA). During World War I, Herbert Hoover in the United States set up the Commission for Relief in Belgium (CRB) to support the CNSA abroad.

After the war the remaining resources of the committee were decided to be used for the rebuilding of Belgium. Émile Francqui wanted to invest in the universities as a means for rebuilding the country. In 1920 the University Foundation was founded by Émile Francqui. In addition the Belgian American Educational Foundation (BAEF) was founded for the exchange of students between Belgium and the United States. Émile Francqui was involved, with Félicien Cattier, in the establishment of the Fonds National de la Recherche Scientifique (FNRS).

In April 1924, Émile Francqui participated in the creation of the Dawes Plan to find a solution for the collection of the German reparations debt following World War I.

The future king, Leopold III, requested Francqui take steps to improve the health of the population Belgian Congo, leading to the foundation Prince Leopold Institute of Tropical Medicine in 1931 of which Francqui served as first President.

In 1932 Émile Francqui and Herbert Hoover created the Francqui Foundation for the support of basic research in Belgium.

Honours
 1918: Grand Officer on the Order of Leopold.
 1926: Grand Cordon of the Order of Leopold.

See also
Francqui Prize

References

External links

 Francqui Fondation
 Laureates of the Francqui Prize

1863 births
1935 deaths
Military personnel from Brussels
Belgian soldiers
Diplomats from Brussels
Businesspeople from Brussels
Société Générale de Belgique
Belgian Ministers of State
Belgian civil servants
Congo Free State officials

Belgian relief in World War I

Émile Francqui


Testicular cancer is cancer in one or both testicles, a part of the male reproductive system. In the United States, about 8,000 to 9,000 people are diagnosed with the cancer every year. Every male has a 1 in 250 (four tenths of one percent, or 0.4%) chance of being diagnosed with it. It is most common among males aged 15-40 years. Testicular cancer has one of the highest cure rates of all cancers; more than 90%. This is most often achieved by removing one or both testicles. Even in the small number of cases where the cancer has spread widely, chemotherapy offers a cure rate of at least 50%.

Symptoms and early detection
Because testicular cancer is curable (stage I can have a success rate of >95%) when detected early, experts recommend regular monthly testicular self-examination after a hot shower or bath, when the scrotum is looser.  Men are advised to feel each testicle, feeling for pea-shaped lumps.
Symptoms of testicular cancer include one or more of the following:
 a lump in one testis or a hardening of one of the testicles
 pain and tenderness in the testicles
 build-up of fluid in the scrotum
 a dull ache in the lower abdomen or groin
 a change in the size of a testicle
 blood in semen

How bad the cancer is and whether it is present at all is often discovered through ultrasound of the testicles, x-rays, and/or CT scans.  Blood tests are also used to identify and measure tumour markers that are only in a person's blood if they have testicular cancer.  Biopsies should not be performed because it increases the risk of migrating cancer cells into the scrotum.

Cancer

Testicular cancer


Douglas Eaglesham Dunn, OBE (born 23 October 1942) is a Scottish poet, academic, and critic. He is Professor of English and Director of St Andrew's Scottish Studies Institute at St Andrew's University.

Background
Dunn was born in Inchinnan, Renfrewshire. He was educated at the Scottish School of Librarianship, and worked as a librarian before he started his studies in Hull. After graduating with a First Class Honours degree from the University of Hull, he worked in the university's Brynmor Jones Library under Philip Larkin. He was friendly with Larkin and admired his poetry, but did not share his political opinions.

He was a Professor of English at the University of St Andrews from 1991, becoming Director of the University's Scottish Studies Centre in 1993 until his retirement in September 2008. He is now an Honorary Professor at St Andrews, still undertaking postgraduate supervision in the School of English. He was a member of the Scottish Arts Council (1992–1994). He holds an honorary doctorate (LL.D., law) from the University of Dundee, an honorary doctorate (D.Litt., literature) from the University of Hull and St Andrews. He became a Fellow of the Royal Society of Literature in 1981, and was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire in 2003. Terry Street, Dunn's first collection of poems, appeared in 1969 and received a Scottish Arts Council Book Award as well as a Somerset Maugham Award.

Awards and honours
1968 Eric Gregory Award
1969 Scottish Arts Council Book Award for Terry Street
1969 Somerset Maugham Award.  for Terry Street
1976 Scottish Arts Council Book Award for Love or Nothing
1976 Geoffrey Faber Memorial Prize for Love or Nothing
1981 Hawthornden Prize for St. Kilda's Parliament
1981 Fellow of the Royal Society of Literature
1985 Whitbread Book of the Year for Elegies
1989 Cholmondeley Award
2003 Officer of the OBE
Guggenheim Fellowship
Honorary doctorate (LL.D., law) from the University of Dundee
Honorary doctorate (D.Litt., literature) from the University of Hull
Honorary doctorate (D.Litt., literature) from the University of St Andrews

Selected works
Terry Street - 1969 (winner of the Somerset Maugham Award)
The Happier Life - 1972
Love or Nothing - 1974 (winner of the Geoffrey Faber Memorial Prize)
Barbarians - 1979
St. Kilda's Parliament - 1981 (winner of the Hawthornden Prize)
Europa's Lover - 1982
Elegies - 1985
Secret Villages (collection of short stories) - 1985
Northlight - 1988
Andromache (translation of Racine's play of the same name) - 1990
Dante's Drum-Kit - 1993
Boyfriends and Girlfriends - 1995
The Donkey's Ears - 2000
The Year's Afternoon - 2000
New Selected Poems 1964-2000 - 2002
Invisible Ink - 2011
The Noise of a Fly - 2017

Reviews
 White, Kenneth (1982), review of St. Kilda's Parliament, in Murray, Glen (ed.), Cencrastus No. 8, Spring 1982, pp.44 & 45,
 Craig, Cairns (1984), Lourd on My Hert, which includes a review of Europa's Lover, in Hearn, Sheila G. (ed.), Cencrastus No. 15, New Year 1984, pp. 54 & 55,

Notes

References

External links
 Art UK Your Paintings, in partnership with the Public Catalogue Foundation

 Profile and poems written and audio at The Poetry Archive
 Guardian profile "Speaking from experience" 18 January 2003
 Article "Douglas Dunn: Finished Fragrance: The Poems of George Mackay Brown.  Poetry Nation No 2 - 1974
 National Gallery of Scotland profile and sculpture
Ferens Gallery, Hull.

People from Renfrewshire
Scottish librarians
Scottish literary critics
Scottish poets
Officers of the Order of the British Empire
Fellows of the Royal Society of Literature
Academics of the University of St Andrews
Scottish scholars and academics
Alumni of the University of Hull
1942 births
Living people
Scottish academics of English literature

Douglas Dunn


Trade in Services refers to the sale and delivery of an intangible product, called a service, between a producer and consumer.  Trade in services that takes place between a producer and consumer that are, in legal terms, based in different countries is called International Trade in Services.

Methods of Trade
International trade in services is defined by the Four Modes of Supply of the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS).

 (Mode 1) Cross-Border Trade - which is defined as delivery of a service from the territory of one country into the territory of other country, e.g. remotely providing accounting services in one country for a company based in another country, or an airline flying between two international destinations
 (Mode 2) Consumption Abroad - this mode covers supply of a service of one country to the service consumer of any other country, e.g. tourism, telemedicine, or study abroad
 (Mode 3) Commercial Presence - which covers services provided by a service supplier of one country in the territory of any other country, e.g. a bank opening a physical branch or internet service provider offering internet services in another country
 (Mode 4) Presence of Natural Persons - which covers services provided by a service supplier of one country through the presence of natural persons in the territory of any other country, e.g. a business transferring an employee from one country to another for work duties (doctors or architects traveling and working abroad)

A "natural person" is a human being, as distinct from legal persons such as companies or organisations. Countries can freely decide where to liberalize on a sector-by-sector basis, including which specific mode of supply they want to cover for a given sector.

Mode 2 (Consumption Abroad) is by far the most liberalized mode in terms of commitments by WTO members. This is mostly due to governments being less likely to restrict the movements of citizens outside domestic borders (e.g. tourists). Mode 1 (Cross-Border Trade) is not often committed, mostly because it is impossible for many services to be supplied remotely (e.g. construction services), while Mode 3 (Commercial Presence) is more open, reflecting its crucial role in driving the international supply of services, transferring know-how and improving the capacity of economies to participate in global value chains. Mode 4 (Presence of Natural Persons) has the lowest depth of commitments, probably due to a number of sensitivities involved with the movement of foreign workers.

Value of Trade in Services
In 2014, global trade in services totaled some $3.8 trillion, with Mode 3 (commercial presence) accounting for 55% of the total, followed by Mode 1 (cross-border trade) at 30%, then Mode 2 ( consumption abroad) at 10%, and Mode 4 (presence of natural persons) the lowest share, at less than 5%.

In wealthy developed economies, services comprise a significant share of GDP and employment. For example, services account for 70% of economic output in the United States and 75% in the European Union.

Trade Agreements and Law
During the Uruguay Round of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), the General Agreement on Trade in Services was drafted, and became enshrined as one of the four pillars of the international treaty comprising the World Trade Organization Agreement in 1995.

Regional trade in services agreements are also negotiated and signed between regional economic groupings such as CARICOM, North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), ASEAN and the Commonwealth of Independent States (Commonwealth of Independent States Agreement on Free Trade in Services, Establishment, Operations and Investment). All single markets and economic unions (European single market, European Economic Area, Gulf Cooperation Council, Central American Common Market, CARICOM Single Market and Economy, Eurasian Economic Space and Mercosur) with "four economic freedoms" also cover free trade in services.

Beginning in February 2012, 50 countries (28 of which are represented by the European Union) around the world began negotiating the Trade in Services Agreement (TISA). TISA negotiations primarily comprised high- and upper-middle income countries who were members of the WTO and hoped to further liberalize trade in financial services, healthcare, and transportation between themselves. The agreement has not progressed since early 2016 due to uncertainty surrounding negotiations in the aftermath of many elections that occurred that year.

Examples

Some of the most common examples of trade in service would be:

 Business and professional services, including:

See also
 Trade in Services Agreement (TiSA)
 Trade in services statistics

References

Department for International Development, Background Briefing - Service and Developing Countries, March 2003.  https://web.archive.org/web/20050214211614/http://www.dfid.gov.uk/pubs/files/tradebrief-services.pdf
The World Trade Organisation, The General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS): objectives, coverage and disciplines, http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/serv_e/gatsqa_e.htm Last accessed 13 February 2005.
WTO Secretariat, AN INTRODUCTION TO THE GATS, http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/serv_e/gsintr_e.doc 13 February 2005.

International trade
Services sector of the economy

Trade in services


In addition to the Amiga chipsets, various specially designed chips have been used in Commodore Amiga computers that do not belong to the 'Amiga chipset' in a tight sense.

System logic

Gary
CSG 5719 Gary, short for Gate Array, has been used in the Amiga 500, 2000(B) and CDTV. Gary provides glue logic for bus control and houses supporting functions for the floppy disk drive. It integrates many functions built discretely in the earlier Amiga 1000 in order to reduce costs.

Fat Gary

Fat Gary was Gary's upgrade for the 32-bit A3000/T and A4000/T.

Gayle
Gayle replaced Gary in the A600 and A1200. It also incorporates the control logic for the PCMCIA and internal ATA interface on these systems.

Akiko
Akiko is the CD32's all-purpose 'glue' chip and forms part of the AGA chipset used in that system. Akiko is responsible for implementing system glue logic that in previous Amiga models were found in the discrete chips Budgie, Gayle and the two CIAs. In detail, it includes control logic for the CD32's CD-ROM controller, system timers, the two game ports, the serial ('AUX') port, and the chip memory soldered onto the motherboard. It controls a one kilobyte EEPROM for saving data such as highscores etc.

Additionally, the Akiko chip is able to assist simple 'chunky-to-planar' graphics conversion in hardware. The Amiga's native display is a planar display which is simple and efficient to manipulate for routines like scrolling or 2D composition. However, chunky displays are faster and more efficient for 3D graphics manipulation. Akiko assists this conversion in hardware, instead of shifting the bits solely by CPU code which would cause more overhead. The conversion works by writing 32 8-bit chunky pixels to Akiko's registers and reading back eight 32-bit words of converted planar data to be copied to the display buffer.

Bridgette
Bridgette is an integrated bus buffer in the A4000 series. It connects the chip, CPU and I/O buses. It replaces six 74F646s and four 74F245s chips used in the original A3000 design.

Expansion

Buster
Buster is the expansion BUS conTrollER and was used in the Amiga 2000(B), integrating discrete logic from the original A2000(A). Buster controls bus arbitration and DMA for the Zorro II expansion subsystem.

Super Buster (Fat Buster)

The Amiga 3000 and 4000 lines use Super Buster for bus control and arbitration of both Zorro II and Zorro III subsystems. Super Buster's development was never really finished, so there are various levels of compatibility. All revision Super Buster are pin-compatible and can be upgraded.
 Level I - up to rev 7 (A3000), only provides support for basic Zorro III without DMA.
 Level II
 rev 9 (A4000) is slightly faster than Level I. It provides DMA support, but has a bug that might lead to a bus lockup.
 rev 11 (Late A4000, A4000CR, A4000T and aftermarket) provides DMA support for a single bus master. A 16 MHz A3000 requires a 25 MHz upgrade for Buster 11 to work.
All revisions fully support Zorro II PIO and DMA.

Budgie
Used in the A1200, Budgie connects the trapdoor expansion port for Zorro II-like expansions and controls additional Fast RAM.

Memory and direct memory access

8727 DMA
The MOS Technology 8727 DMA was used on the A2090(A) ST-506/SCSI Controller and provides DMA management for the Konan DJC-002 (ST-506) and the WD33C93 SCSI controllers with byte-to-word funnelling and a 64-byte FIFO buffer.

DMAC
Used in A2091/A590 SCSI adapters, the CDTV, and the A570 CDROM expansion, the 16-bit DMAC provides DMA and bus interface for the WD33C93A SCSI controller or the A570's XC2064 FPGA chip and includes 24-bit address generation.

Ramsey & Super DMAC

In the A3000 and A4000 series, Ramsey controls the on-board 32-bit Fast RAM, four banks of either 1 or 4 MiB, and provides address generation for Super DMAC. The SDMAC in the A3000/T provides DMA and bus interface for the integrated WD33C93A SCSI controller.

Officially, SDMAC rev 02 requires a Ramsey 04, and SDMAC 04 a Ramsey 07 counterpart. but SDMAC 04 + Ramsey 04 combinations have been reported to work as well.
A combination of SDMAC 02 + Ramsey 07 generally works, but major hard disk errors have been reported.

Kickstart

The Kickstart ROM is not a custom chip but a mask-programmed ROM chip for most versions. It contains the largest part of the operating system. Kickstart 1.x ROMs have a capacity of 256 KiB, Kickstart 2.x and 3.x contain 512 KiB. 32-bit Amigas use a pair of 16-bit chips to provide full-width access. Later, non mass-produced upgrade versions were often realized with PROMs or EPROMs.

Input/output

CIA
All Amiga computers use two 8520 CIAs (Complex Interface Adapter) for peripheral interfacing and the system timers, except for the CD32, where these functions are performed by the Akiko chip. The CIA chips were also used in some other Commodore devices.
 'Even' CIA functions: floppy control, serial control, some parallel port status
 'Odd' CIA functions: parallel port, keyboard, some floppy support, joystick/mouse button number one.

Video

390562
The 'Hedley Controller' 390562-01 was used in the A2024 high resolution monitor and controlled the frame buffer (usually eight 64K×4 DRAMs) in either flicker fixer mode or its own special 1024×800/1024×1024 resolution modes.

Amber
Amber (390538-03) was used in the A3000(T) and on the A2320 flicker fixer expansion for the A2000. Amber buffers alternate video fields in three 256K×4 field memory chips (OKI MSM514221) to convert interlaced output to progressive format ('weaving') at 31 kHz, twice the normal scan frequency. Amber can accurately sample Lores and Hires modes but drops every other horizontal pixel in SuperHires (35 ns pixels) mode (for simplicity, it always runs in Hires mode). Non 15 kHz modes are automatically bypassed to the monitor without buffering or changing frequencies. Amber was also designed to work without expensive field memory as a simple scan doubler, but has not been marketed that way.

Vidiot
The Vidiot is a hybrid integrated circuit that works as digital-to-analog converter (DAC) for the OCS/ECS generation's 12-bit video to analog RGB output. It also generates a monochrome composite video signal and combined sync. The A3000 uses one Vidiot each for 15 kHz video and for 31 kHz (Amber) output. The A1000 uses discrete resistor arrays and amplification. The A600 and AGA Amigas use off-the-shelf DACs.

References

 Commodore Amiga 500/2000 technical reference manual
 A3000 system schematics, March 1990
 A4000 system schematics, March 1992

Amiga
MOS Technology integrated circuits

Amiga custom chips


A mechanical wave requires a medium. Sound waves, waves in a Slinky, and pressure waves are all examples of this phenomenon. Sound waves need a physical medium in order to exist; the Slinky waves need the Slinky, and the waves in the ocean need the water. Like all waves, they have a frequency, period, wavelength and amplitude.

Mechanical waves are a local oscillation of material. Only the energy propagates; the oscillating material does not move far from its initial equilibrium position; the wave travels by jumping from one particle of the transmission medium to another. Therefore, mechanical waves transport energy and not material.

Physics

Mechanical wave


The Federal Ministry of Work and Social Affairs (BMAS) is a ministry of the Federal Republic of Germany . It was part of the Federal Ministry of economy and work () between 2002 and 2005.

Office building

A part of the ministry is based in Berlin-Mitte. When the Bundestag and government moved to Berlin in 1999 the BMA moved into buildings in the Jägerstraße/ Wilhelmstraße. A large part of the ministry stayed in Bonn. Originally the building at Wilhelmstraße 49 was a stately home. After 1826 it was used by the Hohenzollern Prince Karl.

The building housed the press department of the Reichsregierung (National government) of the Weimar Republic between 1918 and 1933. Under the Third Reich it was the Ministry of Public Enlightenment and Propaganda of Dr Joseph Goebbels.

After Wartime damage was repaired, the Central Council of the National Front moved in 1947. Later the Central Council of the German Democratic Republic occupied the building. The study of the first and only president of the DDR, Wilhelm Pieck, is there. It was restored between 1996 and 2000.

Federal ministers

Federal Minister for Work 1949 to 1957
1949-1957: Anton Storch (CDU)

Federal Minister for Work and Social Affairs 1957 to 2007
 1957-1965: Theodor Blank (CDU)
 1965-1969: Hans Katzer (CDU)
 1969-1976: Walter Arendt (SPD)
 1976-1982: Herbert Ehrenberg (SPD)
 1982-1982: Heinz Westphal (SPD)
 1982-1998: Norbert Blüm (CDU)
 1998-2002: Walter Riester (SPD)
 2002-2005: Wolfgang Clement (SPD) Minister for Economy and Labour
 2002-2005: Ulla Schmidt (SPD) Minister for Health and Social Security
 2005-2007: Franz Müntefering (SPD)
 2007-2009: Olaf Scholz (SPD)
 2009: Franz Josef Jung (CDU)
 2009-2013: Ursula von der Leyen (CDU)
 2013-2017: Andrea Nahles (SPD)
 2017-2018: Katarina Barley, (SPD)
 2021-: Hubertus Heil, (SPD)

Functions
The BMAS was involved in promoting the new Code of Social Law II, sometimes called Hartz IV.

The ministry also supervises the

Bundesagentur für Arbeit federal Labour agency ("Jobcentres" as they are known in the UK);

Bundesanstalt für Arbeitsschutz und Arbeitsmedizin. Federal Institute for Occupational Safety and Health

Europe
The European Court of Justice found that Germany did not properly enforce the Working Hours Directive. This was a job BMAS should have done.

Federal Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs