The Surface Freight Forwarder Deregulation Act of 1986, Public Law 99-521, is a federal law of the United States which eliminated federal regulation of prices, services and entry as to general commodities surface 'freight forwarders' This Act was a follow on to a sweeping program to free up competitive forces in United States transportation, most but not all of which was accomplished in the 1971-1980 period, as set out in the deregulation topic in this encyclopedia.

The bill was introduced by U.S. Senator Robert Packwood of Oregon, and was signed into law by President Ronald Reagan on October 22, 1986.

Reasoning
'Freight forwarders' aggregate shipments from a variety of sources to be put on common or contract carriers for transportation. Such entities are also commonly called transportation brokers. They perform two basic economic functions. One is making matches between transport demands and transport capacity on a flexible basis, calling on whatever carriers are available at a given time and place instead of being limited to the capabilities on just one or a few carrier organizations. The second function is providing a means of aggregating, or massing, a number of small demands from different entities into shipment sizes which can be efficiently and economically transported. This capacity allows smaller shippers to obtain transport arrangements more nearly equivalent to the arrangements available to larger shippers.

The capital requirements for this service are not, usually, great. Thus, the field is open to many entrants, and can be highly competitive as among the forwarders or brokers.

In the era of close economic regulation of transportation in the United States, the interstate Commerce Commission restricted entry into the market forwarders and brokers, allowing them limited access to the transport market, and limiting substantially the extent to which they could perform the services described above.

Law
This Act had the following major components
 Interstate Commerce Commission authority to regulate the prices charged by general commodities 'forwarders' and brokers was eliminated.
 Interstate Commerce Commission Authority to require a license to conduct general commodities forwarding was eliminated, making entry into this field easy.
 Interstate Commerce Commission authority to govern the contracts between general commodities forwarder (and brokers) and carriers was eliminated.

Effects
The 1980 passage of the Staggers Act and the Motor Carrier Act of 1980 substantially freed up both rail and motor carrier markets. The express intent of these Acts was to make carrier transport more flexible, efficient, and competitive. By the time of passage of the Surface Freight Forwarder Deregulation Act, participants in and observers of domestic U.S. transport markets had come to a judgment that there was no need to regulate the transportation intermediaries whose functions contributed to this flexibility and efficiency, and who individually had little 'market power'.

The effect of this Act was to eliminate economic regulation of the general commodities transport forwarder sector. Limited ICC controls as to the entry and practices of household goods forwarders was retained. This regulatory authority related in substantial part to practices which individual citizen household goods shippers had found to be deceptive, rather than being heavily oriented to economic regulation.

See also
Airline Deregulation Act PL 95-50
Freight forwarder
Motor Carrier Act PL 96-296
Staggers Rail Act PL 96-448

Notes
Rose, Seely and Barrett, 'The Best Transportation System in the World,'University of Ohio State Press, a part of an Historical Series on Business Enterprise, edited by Blackford and Kerr.

References

Logistics industry in the United States
Competition (economics)
United States federal government administration legislation
Freight transport


In physics, a frame of reference, or reference frame, is a perspective that one uses to determine if an object is moving. A frame of reference consists of an object or environment that is considered to be stationary. Typically the observer is at rest in the reference frame; in this context, the term is "observational frame of reference."

For example, when you see a ball roll down a street, you can tell the ball is moving because the frame of reference is the streets, whatever may be on the side of the roads, or the Earth. All of these are frames of reference.

All measurements of motion will be compared to a frame of reference. Therefore, the most commonly used frame of reference is Earth itself, even though it moves. Stars are used as a frame of reference when discussing the motions of the Earth.

When we walk from one side of a ship to the other, our frame of reference is the ship; whether the ship is moving is not relevant to that frame of reference.

Inertial frame of reference

An inertial frame of reference is a frame that is either not moving or moving at a constant velocity. In other words, an inertial frame of reference has no net force acting upon it, and therefore Newton's laws of motion are observed.

Inertial reference frames are often used in general relativity and special relativity to describe relative motion of observers or objects and the effects they will endure.

Inertial frames of reference are useful in everyday life as well. For example, consider a situation where two cars are traveling along a road. See Figure 1. If they are separated by a distance of 100 meters, the car in the back is moving at 10 meters per second and the car in front is moving at 5 meters per second, both relative to the ground.

There are three obvious inertial reference frames that can be used to determine when the cars will be even with each other: one where the back car is not moving but the front car is moving backwards at 5 m/s, one where the front car is stationary and the back car is moving forward at 5 m/s, or one where the ground is not moving and the cars are moving at their given velocities. These three perspectives all describe the situation accurately and are physically identical.

Related pages
 General relativity
 Special relativity
 Cartesian coordinate system
 Lorentz transformation
 Principle of relativity

References

Relativity
Reference
Basic physics ideas

Frame of reference


Mary Ann Esposito (born August 3, 1942) is an American chef, cookbook writer(having published over a dozen cookbooks), and the television host of Ciao Italia with Mary Ann Esposito, which started in 1989 and is the longest-running television cooking program in America.

Personal life
Esposito was raised in Buffalo, New York. Her mother was a dietitian. Her grandmothers, both professional chefs, moved to the United States from Italy in the 1890s. Her paternal grandmother, from Sicily, owned a butcher shop in Fairport, New York, and her maternal grandmother lived in Buffalo, where she owned a boarding house. The latter grandmother was from Naples, and continued the traditions of her Italian household within the boarding house. The boarding house was the only house in the neighborhood that had a bathtub, and on Friday nights she would offer neighbors a bath and dinner for a quarter. While her grandmothers provided traditional Italian food, Esposito desired to eat standard foods like other children: Wonder Bread and iceberg lettuce.

Esposito, who never intended to pursue a career in cooking, learned to cook from her family. Her grandmothers made bread every day, with Esposito helping to make upwards of 20 loaves of bread a day, canning vegetables and fruits, and helping to prepare ingredients for meals. Eventually, Esposito attended college, where she would graduate with a teaching degree and become an elementary school teacher.

In 1979, her mother sent her a pasta maker, and despite a lack of interest in cooking as an adult, Esposito taught herself how to make pasta dough. The following year, she and her husband Guy visited Italy for the first time, visiting his cousins. While in Italy, Esposito started attending a cooking class. She began learning the history of Italian cooking, region by region, and traveling to the country twice a year for cooking lessons. At the University of New Hampshire she took classes to learn how to speak Italian. By 1985, she had joined the history master's program at the university, writing her thesis about Italian Renaissance cooking.

Career
Esposito started teaching cooking through the University of New Hampshire's Division of Continuing Education. In the mid-1980s, she submitted a proposal for a cooking show to New Hampshire Public Television. The show was delayed production because of the small size of the television station; however, upon moving to a larger station, a pilot was taped. The pilot was a test to not only gauge viewer reception, but, to also see how Esposito would be on camera. On the hottest day of the year in the region, the television crew came to Esposito's home in Durham, New Hampshire, and the pilot was taped. Upon airing, the pilot received great reception and the longest-running television cooking show was born.

Esposito has published over a dozen cooking books about Italian cooking and entertaining. Her 1997 book, What You Knead, about breadmaking, was awarded best in category by the International Cookbook Revue and was named one of Food & Wine magazine's top cookbooks of 1997. She makes over forty public appearances a year nationally and has appeared on the Today Show, Regis and Kathie Lee, QVC, the Food Network, Martha Stewart Living Radio, and other programs. She contributed to The Huffington Post and New Hampshire Home.

Ciao Italia with Mary Ann Esposito
Ciao Italia with Mary Ann Esposito, is a thirty-minute cooking show produced for PBS by Esposito's own Mary Esposito Productions, and taped at New Hampshire Public Television. The show features Esposito's recipes and cooking tips, and visits from guest chefs. She also explores the history of Italian cooking and food. Through the show, Esposito seeks to help her viewers learn about new recipes that are "doable, authentic, and good."

When deciding what to feature on the show, Esposito has four standards: she must like to eat the food, the ingredients should be easy to find, the recipe should be something unique and new to the viewer, and should be manageable by the kitchen staff. Every episode has twenty volunteers who work on the show. An entire season of shows, generally about thirty-two episodes, can be taped within two weeks during the summer, with two to three shows being taped a day.

All of the food is made from scratch in the studio, with each dish being prepared in numerous batches and at different recipe stages. This allows Esposito to execute an entire recipe in a matter of minutes that might take hours to complete. All of the recipes are planned by Esposito and the kitchen staff. Volunteers gather all the pertinent ingredients from local markets and go to Boston for specialty foods if unavailable locally.

Recipes are prepared the day of the show. Ciao Italia is not scripted. The studio set is loosely based on Esposito's home kitchen. The view out the window of the set is painted to appear as the view of the Oyster River, which is seen from her home kitchen. To prepare for shows, Esposito researches and tests recipes outside the studio.

Restaurant
In 2020, Esposito opened a restaurant, also named "Ciao Italia". She stated, "I've been asked to do a Ciao Italia restaurant many times over the years, and I've always said no," but agreed to open one in her longtime hometown of Durham. Ownership and business model quickly pivoted, the very next year, 2021, to a wine bar owned by the Clark Family. Esposito is no longer mentioned on the website.

Recognitions
A scholarship foundation named after and maintained by Esposito awards scholarships for students seeking financial aid to study culinary arts. Esposito was awarded an honorary degree from St. Anselm College. She has received the Lifetime Achievement Award in the Culinary and Cultural Arts of Italy by the Order Sons of Italy in America. She is in the Hall of Fame for the Italian Trade Commission.

On June 2, 2013, a knighthood was bestowed upon her by the President of the Italian Republic under the title Cavaliere dell'Ordine della Stella d'Italia (Knight of the Order of the Star of Italy). She was one of 160 people worldwide to receive this honor in 2013, and the only American.

Esposito was honored in 2004 with the Advancement in Career award by her alma mater Daemen College.

Publications

 Celebrations Italian Style: Recipes and Menus for Special Occasions and Seasons of the Year. Hearst Books: New York (1995). . Morrow Cookbooks: New York (1991). .
 Bringing Italy Home. .
 Family Classics: More than 200 Treasured Recipes from 3 Generations of Italian Cooks. St. Martin's Press: New York (2011). .
 Five-Ingredient Favorites: Quick and Delicious Recipes from an Italian Kitchen. St. Martin's Press: New York (2009). .
 Tuscany: Traditional Recipes from One of Italy's Most Famous Regions. St. Martin's Press: New York (2003). .
 Umbria: Recipes and Reflections from the Heart of Italy. St. Martin's Press: New York (2002). .
 CPronto!: 30-Minute Recipes from an Italian Kitchen. St. Martin's Press: New York (2005). .
  Slow and Easy: Casseroles, Braises, Lasagne, and Stews from an Italian Kitchen. St. Martin's Press: New York (2007). .
Mangia Pasta!: Easy-To-Make Recipes for Company and Every Day. Morrow Cookbooks: New York (1998). .
 Nella Cucina: More Italian Cooking from the Host of Cucina Italiana. Morrow Cookbooks: New York (1993). .
 What You Knead. Morrow Cookbooks: New York (1997). .

See also

 List of chefs
 List of Italian Americans
 List of people from Buffalo, New York
 List of people from New Hampshire
 List of University of New Hampshire alumni
 Lists of writers

References

External links

1942 births
20th-century American non-fiction writers
20th-century American educators
20th-century American women writers
21st-century American non-fiction writers
21st-century American educators
21st-century American women writers
American cookbook writers
American television chefs
American television hosts
American writers of Italian descent
People of Sicilian descent
People of Campanian descent
Educators from New York (state)
Living people
PBS people
Television personalities from Buffalo, New York
People from Durham, New Hampshire
Recipients of Italian civil awards and decorations
University of New Hampshire alumni
University of New Hampshire faculty
Women cookbook writers
Writers from New Hampshire
Writers from Buffalo, New York
American women chefs
American women non-fiction writers
American women television presenters
20th-century American women educators
21st-century American women educators
American women academics
Chefs from New Hampshire

Mary Ann Esposito


Akhtenskite is a manganese oxide mineral with the chemical formula of MnO2 (or: ε-Mn4+O2) that was named after the Akhtensk deposit in Russia, where it was first discovered and noted in 1979.  It can be found in the Akhtensk brown ironstone deposit, in the southern Ural Mountains, on Mt. Zarod, on the Sikhote-Alin Mountains, and in the Primorskiy Krai, all in Russia.

Its crystals are usually hexagonal in shape, with flakiness and plating, usually because it replaced a mineral. Akhtenskite is a polymorphous with the much more widespread pyrolusite. It occurs in mixtures with "psilomelane" (recently renamed to romanechite) and with other manganese oxides in an iron oxide deposit, most likely bacterially altered from a previous mineral in the Akhtensk deposit. It also occurs in crusts of ferromanganese minerals on oceanic rocks. Its chemical makeup is 63% oxygen and 37% manganese.

Some minerals that are commonly associated with akhtenskite are: todorokite, pyrolusite, nsutite, goethite, and cryptomelane.

References

Manganese(IV) minerals
Oxide minerals

Akhtenskite


Kanata is a large suburban area in the western part of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. It has a population of 90,000 and is growing very fast. It is just west of the Greenbelt. It is an important area for Hi-tech Businesses. It was an independent town from 1978 to 2000.

History

Kanata was originally part of the Township of March. It was settled by Europeans in the early 19th Century. It was mainly agricultural(Farms) until the 1960s when it became the site of a lot of construction. Modern Kanata is largely the creation of Bill Teron, a developer and urban planner who purchased over 3,000 acres (12 km2) of rural land and set about building a model community. It was planned to have a mix of offices, residential(Housing) area, and green area. Kanata was divided into a number of communities. Each was intended to have its own Business Center and unique culture. These include Beaverbrook, Glen Cairn, Bridlewood, Katimavik, Hazeldean, Morgan's Grant, and Kanata Lakes.

Kanata grew Rapidly. In 1978 the Province of Ontario made Kanata a city separate from the Township of March. Kanata remained a city intil 2001 when it was merged with the city of Ottawa, along with many other cities.

The city became an important hi-tech centre. DEC was one of the pioneer technology companies in Kanata. The DEC campus has been successively Digital, Compaq, and is now HP. Kanata remains home to many of the major hi-tech employers of Ottawa, such as Mitel, March Networks, Alcatel-Lucent, Dell Canada, Hewlett-Packard, Smart Technologies, Norpak, Nortel, MDS Nordion, Breconridge, AMCC, and Cisco Systems, Inc.. The hi-tech industry is clustered along March Road, in the Kanata North Business Park and Kanata Research Park, and along Eagleson Road, in the Kanata South Business Park.

Location

Kanata is in the Ottawa Valley. It is about 22 km southwest of Downtown Ottawa. It is along the Highway 417. The northern end of Kanata is west of the Ottawa River.

To the east, Kanata is separated from the former City of Nepean by the National Capital Commission's Greenbelt (Ottawa). The community of Bells Corners borders the inner side of the Greenbelt. Bells Corners is, like Kanata, a hi-tech suburb that was established around 1950.

To the west of Kanata is Stittsville, Ontario. Stittsville first a farming community, then a village, then part of the township of Goulbourn. Stittsville is now a large suburb which was merged into the new City of Ottawa in 2001, and is largely employed by the hi-tech industry.

To the south of Kanata is the former village of Richmond, Ontario which pre-dated what is now the City of Ottawa.

Notable Buildings

Scotiabank Place, 1000 Palladium Drive. Home arena of the Ottawa Senators of the National Hockey League and many large concerts. It has also been known as The Palladium (1996), and The Corel Centre (1996-2005). For several years before the merger, the Corel Centre was not in the City of Ottawa, but rather in the City of Kanata, which was in the Regional Municipality of Ottawa-Carleton.
The Kanata Recreation Complex, 100 Walter Baker Place. It Has two skating rinks and a toboggan hill.
The Kanata Leisure Centre and Wave Pool, 70 Aird Place
The Brookstreet Resort, 525 Legget Drive
The Kanata Centrum power centre; together with adjacent developments, Ottawa's third largest shopping centre.
The Royal Canadian Legion's national headquarters, located near the Kanata Leisure Centre and the bridge over Hwy. 417 which links Castlefrank Road and Kanata Avenue. The Department of National Defence named the Valour Bridge on 1 December 2006, in an official naming ceremony to honour Canada's Armed Forces.
Ron Maslin Playhouse, 1 Ron Maslin Place. The 350-seat theatre was completed in 1996, and was funded by an all-volunteer theatre company which was founded in 1968 in the homes of original Kanata residents and enthusiasts of live theatre.
Bell Sensplex, 1565 Maple Grove Road. Houses four ice rinks, one olympic sized, an indoor soccer pitch, a licensed restaurant upstairs and the new location of iPlay, formerly on Iber road in Stittsville.
AMC Kanata 24 Theatres, the largest movie theatre in Ottawa. The movie theatre itself is located in the Kanata Centrum.

Schools

Major schools in Kanata:

Elementary schools

Bridlewood Community Elementary School
Castlefrank Elementary School
École Élémentaire Publique Kanata
Glen Cairn Public School
Jack Donohue Public School
John Young Elementary School
Katimavik Elementary School
Roch Carrier Elementary School
Roland Michener Public School
Stephen Leacock Public School
W. Erskine Johnston Public School
W.O. Mitchell Elementary School

French Catholic Schools:

École Roger-Saint-Denis
École Elisabeth-Bruyère

Catholic Schools

Georges Vanier Catholic School
Holy Redeemer Catholic School
Holy Spirit Catholic School
St Isidore Catholic School
St Martin de Porres Catholic School

French Immersion Catholic Schools: École elementaire publique Kanata

St James Catholic School
St Anne Catholic School

Secondary schools

Earl of March Secondary School
A.Y. Jackson Secondary School
Holy Trinity Catholic High School
All Saints Catholic High School

Private Schools
March Montessori School

Cities in Ontario
Former cities in Canada
Neighborhoods

Kanata, Ontario


Uniform numbers are used to tell and identify different baseball players's and coach's. Over time, numbers can have a much more meaning to the player and fans. A number can be symbolic of a player's legacy, and has resulted in all kinds of superstition (or rumors). Uniforms numbers are put on the backs of baseball uniforms.

Retired numbers in Major League Baseball
Many teams retire numbers of important players who used to play for their team. Retiring a number means that nobody on that team can use that number anymore. Players' numbers are not retired while they are still playing baseball.

The number "42" was retired by all of Major League Baseball in 1997 because it was used by Jackie Robinson, who was the first black player in Major League Baseball. Players who were already wearing #42 were allowed to keep using the number, but nobody else could use it. As of 2010, New York Yankees pitcher Mariano Rivera was the last player using #42.

Major League Baseball

Uniform number (Major League Baseball)


Chanson is the French word for "song".  The word is often used in music to mean any song with French words, but it is more often used when talking about songs in which lyrics have been set to music by French classical composers.

Very often "chansons" refers to the French songs that were sung in the late Middle Ages and Renaissance.  People who sang these chansons were called "chansonniers". They had various forms, including ballade, rondeau and virelai.  Some composers at the time liked to set popular poetry to music.  The earliest chansons were for two, three or four voices, many of them being for three voices.   By the 16th century most were for four voices. Sometimes, the singers were accompanied by instruments.

Early chansons

The first important composer of chansons was the medieval composer Guillaume de Machaut.  In the Renaissance Guillaume Dufay and Gilles Binchois wrote many simple chansons.  Later Johannes Ockeghem and Josquin des Prez composed chansons which had lots of imitation between the voices. Clément Janequin wrote more simple, homophonic chansons.  He worked in the area around Paris.  Later composers such as Orlando de Lassus were influenced by the Italian madrigal. The style of music started to be used in music for instruments.

The first book of sheet music printed from movable type was Harmonice Musices Odhecaton, a collection of 96 chansons by many composers, published in Venice in 1501.

Later chansons

During the 16th century French songs started to be composed with lute or keyboard accompaniment.  In the 19th century many composers wrote songs with piano accompaniment.  These chansons were often called mélodies.

Popular Chanson
In France today "chanson" often refers to the work of more popular singers such as Georges Brassens, Jacques Brel, Édith Piaf, Camille, Olivia Ruiz.
French chansons of Jacques Brel have been translated and are interpreted in English by Arnold Johnston, Professor at West Michigan University. More than 100 chansons of Brel, Brassens, Barbara, Bécaud, Ferrat, Aznavour, Trenet et Ferré have been translated and are interpreted in German language by the Duo Stéphane & Didier (see www.deutsche-chanson-texte.de).

Related pages
 Mélodie

References

Medieval music
Renaissance music
Song forms

Chanson


The Sari Temple ( also known as Candi Bendan) is an 8th-century Buddhist temple located at Dusun Bendan, Tirtomartani village, Kalasan, Sleman Regency, Special Region of Yogyakarta, Indonesia. It is located about  northeast of the Kalasan temple. The temple was a two-story building with wooden beams, floors, stairs completed with windows and doors; all from organic materials which now are decayed and gone. It is suggested that the original function of this building was a vihara (Buddhist monastery), a dwelling place for monks. The temple's name Sari or Saré translates as "to sleep" in Javanese, which also confirms the habitation nature of the building.

History
Historians suggested that the temple was built around the same time as the Kalasan temple. The Kalasan inscription dated 778 AD, in Pranagari script written in Sanskrit, mentions that the temple was erected by the will of Guru Sang Raja Sailendravamçatilaka (the Jewel of the Shailendra dynasty) who succeeded in persuading Maharaja Tejapurnapana Panangkaran (in other parts of the inscription also called as Kariyana Panangkaran) to construct a holy building for the boddhisattva Tara and also build a vihara (monastery) for Buddhist monks from Sailendra family's realm. Panangkaran awarded the Kalara village to the Sangha (the Buddhist monastic community). Based on this inscription, Candi Sari was probably the monastery for monks who served the nearby Kalasan temple.

The ruins were discovered in early 1920s, and in 1929, an effort to reconstruct the temple began and was finished in 1930. However it was incomplete because many parts are missing including the outer base that surrounds the temple, and the extended front room and front stairs that once projected from the east wall of the temple.

Architecture
The temple consists of three parts; the base, the body, and the roof. The temple has a rectangular plan, measuring 17.3 m north-south, 10 m west-east, and soaring 17 m in height. Only some parts of the base remain, the outer base stoneblocks are missing. The entrance door is located at the eastern side with a gate adorned with a Kala and elephant carving. Windows surround the walls and consist of lower and upper rows. There is also a horizontal middle "belt" line around the wall, suggesting that it was a two-story-tall building.

The interior consists of three rooms; north room, central room, and south room, each measuring 3 m x 5.8 m. These three rooms are connected with doorways on the eastern side of the room along the north-south axis. On the wall of each room are found rows of extruding stone blocks which used to support wooden beams and a wooden ceiling separating the upper and lower floors. In some places there are diagonal stones which is probably the place where there used to be a wooden stairway.

The upper level was probably used by monks for meditation or worship. Some suggest the upper rooms were used as the place for monks to stay, rest, or sleep, while the lower rooms was the place for worship. In the lower rooms there are some elevated parts where statues were once placed, but now the statues are gone. On the side walls are found niches, probably to place oil lamps. In the inner part of each window there are holes to install wooden window bars.

These rooms were topped with three horse-shoe arched niches adorned with Kala-makaras and crowned with three rows of stupas. Between these arched niches are found rain-water drainage and "jaladwara" water spouts taking the form of a giant sitting on a snake.

The outer wall is richly decorated with Buddhist deities. External decoration include  Tara with flowers and Bodhisattvas with musical instruments. These figures are arranged in two upper and two lower rows and placed on each side of the windows. They form a total of 36 statues: 8 on the east, north, and south sides respectively, and 12 on the west side.
These Buddhist figures are usually found in the graceful position of Tribhanga, holding red or blue lotuses and displaying peaceful and serene facial expressions.
Images of Kinnara-Kinnari also adorn the walls. However, unlike the common depiction of Kinnara as heavenly creature with an upper human-shaped part and a lower bird-shaped part, the unusual image of Kinnara found on the northern wall shows a winged deity (somewhat similar to how commonly angels are portrayed).

On the outer wall of the temple are found the traces of plaster called vajralepa (lit: diamond plaster). The same substance is also found in the nearby Kalasan temple. The white-yellowish plaster was applied to protect the temple wall, but now the plaster has worn off.

See also
 Candi of Indonesia
 Indonesian Esoteric Buddhism
 Banyunibo
 Kalasan
 Kalasan inscription (778 CE)

References

External links
 Sari Temple
  location on wikimapia.
 Official site
 Article with photos from borobudur.tv

Archaeological sites in Indonesia
Buddhist temples in Indonesia
Shailendra dynasty
Cultural Properties of Indonesia in Yogyakarta
Prambanan
8th-century Buddhist temples

Sari temple


A spectator sport is a sport that is characterized by the presence of spectators, or watchers, at its competitions. Spectator sports may be professional sports or amateur sports. They often are distinguished from participant sports, which are more recreational.

Overview
Most popular sports are both spectator and participant, for example association football, basketball, cricket, tennis, rugby, golf, athletics and volleyball. Less popular sports are mainly participant sports, for example hunting.

The increasing broadcasting of sports events, along with media reporting can affect the number of people attending sports due to the ability to experience the sport without the need to physically attend and sometimes an increasingly enhanced experience including highlights, replays, commentary, statistics and analysis. Some sports are particularly known as "armchair sports" or "lounge room sports" due to the quality of the broadcasting experience in comparison to the live experience.

Spectator sports have built their own set of culture and traditions including, in the United States, cheerleading, team mascots, and pre-game and half time entertainment such as fireworks, particularly for big games such as competition decider events and international tests. The passion of some sports fans also means that there are occasionally spectator incidents.

The North American Society for Sport Management (NASSM) devotes much of their annual conference to research addressing the psychology behind a desire to view spectator sports, and how it might be leveraged to increase demand. Much of the research focuses on exploiting a need for vicarious achievement, and a desire within the spectator to project a public image through a declaration of team allegiance.

Separation of the active and the passive, the line between sport and spectator, gives rise to the paradox of the spectator—described by French philosopher Jacques Rancière—which is to seek an opportunity to passively contemplate engaging in an activity, and in doing so, forfeit that life moment one might have used to actually engage in the activity.

See also

 List of sports attendance figures

References

Sports culture
Sports attendance

Spectator sport


An expedition usually means a long journey or voyage done for a specific purpose, often exploratory, scientific, geographic, military or political in nature.

Some famous expeditions
 The Burke and Wills expedition in 1860—61 to cross Australia from south to north.
 The Central Australian Expedition of 1844 led by Charles Sturt to find an Australian inland sea.
 The Lewis and Clark Expedition in 1804—06 to explore Louisiana.
 The Overland Expedition in 1897—98 to rescue whale ships trapped in ice.
 The Terra Nova Expedition to the South Pole in 1910—13 led by Robert Falcon Scott.

Exploration

Expedition


A redirect is a page created so that navigation to a given title takes the reader directly to a different page. A redirect is created using the syntax:
#REDIRECT [[Target]]
...where "target" is the name of the target page. It is also possible to add a section header to make a redirect to a specific section of the target page in the following manner:
#REDIRECT [[Target#Section header]]
The pound/number/hash sign (#) is also used to link to page anchors.

Usually, redirect maintenance categories should also be added.

Syntax

A page is treated as a redirect page if its wikitext begins with #REDIRECT followed by a valid wikilink or interwikilink. A space is usually left before the link. (Note that some alternative capitalizations of "REDIRECT" are possible.)

Note that a redirect works as intended (takes the reader directly to the target page) only if the link is to an existing normal page (not a special page) on the same project (English Wikipedia). In other cases soft redirects are often used – see below.

Examples:
 #REDIRECT [[France]] (redirects to the France article)
 #REDIRECT [[France#History]] (redirects to the "History" section of the France article)
 #REDIRECT [[fr:France]] (appears as a redirect to the France article on French Wikipedia, but does not work as a true redirect)

Any text appearing after the redirect link is ignored in the display, but may be used to add categories, interwiki links, comments, etc.

Note that the redirect link must be explicit – it cannot contain magic words, templates, etc.

When redirecting to a category page, prefix the target pagename with a colon to prevent the redirect from showing up in the category. (Redirects from one category page to another should use soft redirects – see below.) Redirects to image pages also require the colon.

How it appears to the user
If the redirect target is an existing page on English Wikipedia and a reader navigates to the redirect page – by wikilink, the search box, or a URL – the reader is taken directly to the target page. A small notice below the top title indicates that the user arrived via a redirect. For example, if you click Transportation, you are redirected to the Transport article, and the top of the page looks like:

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from [ Transportation])

To go to the redirect page itself (to edit it, view its history, etc.), click the link in the "(Redirected from...)" notice.

If the redirect target is a non-existing page (redlink), or a special page, or a page in another project, then the redirect is not followed, and the reader sees the display of the redirect page (as illustrated below). If the target is a non-existent section of an existing page, then the redirect will take the reader to the top of the target page.

Chains of redirects are not followed. If title A redirects to B, and B is itself a redirect page, then a reader navigating to A will see the display of the redirect page B (as illustrated). See Double redirects. (Bots fix such chains so that each redirect points directly to the final target page.)

A redirect page viewed directly, either in the situations described above, or when the URL used to access the page contains the query parameter redirect=no, looks like this:

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Redirect page
 Transport

(See the actual  redirect page.)

Redirects to articles that begin with a lowercase title, for example the redirect from the page at Ebay.com to the article at eBay, will display the target page with a capitalized first letter, even though the article displays the title with a lowercase title. This is because the true title of the target page is actually capitalized — it just appears lowercase because of the use of the magic word DISPLAYTITLE. (Usually, the template {{Lowercase title}} is used to implement the DISPLAYTITLE magic word for lowercase titles.)

Section redirects
When the redirect target is a section link, following a redirected link should lead to the section or other element identified by the link. Normally the redirected page includes the entire contents of the target page as if the section fragment wasn't specified, and uses JavaScript to jump to the section after the page is loaded. If JavaScript is disabled, this jump does not happen.

When a redirect page is viewed directly without following the target link, the link is shown as an ordinary section link, and works as usual without the use of JavaScript.

Purposes of a redirect

Redirects are usually created because readers may search for an article under different names (or editors may wish to link to it from different names). Examples are:
 Alternative names for the same thing
 Alternative spellings, capitalizations, etc. (although it is not necessary to create redirects from different capitalizations just because readers may enter them in the search box - the Go button in the Monobook skin resolves this automatically)
 Common misspellings
 Plurals
 Subtopics that don't have their own article (in this case, you may redirect to a section of the target page)
 Shortcuts to a page, used mainly in project space (such as WP:AFD)
 Redirects that keep links to a page active after it has been renamed (even if internal links are updated—this still applies for links from outside and links in edit summaries)

Note that it is not necessary to create redirects from every title an editor may conceivably wish to link to a given page – piped links can be used as an alternative.

Creating and editing redirects
Unregistered users, and those not yet autoconfirmed, can request a redirect be created at Wikipedia:Articles for creation/Redirects and categories.  There is also a wizard that less experienced editors can use to create a redirect.

A redirect page can be created like any other page (see Creating a new page). Simply type in the wikitext #REDIRECT [[xxx]], replacing "xxx" with the title of the target page (optionally followed by a "#" sign and the section title).

Make sure that there is no text before the #REDIRECT keyword, or the redirect will not work. There is not usually any reason to place any text after the link either, although sometimes categories (or categorizing templates—see Categorizing redirects), interwiki links (see Interlanguage links) or HTML comments (<!-- comment -->) are added.

Similarly, any existing page can be edited to turn it into a redirect.

To edit a page that is already a redirect (or to view its history, talk page, etc.), follow the redirect to the target page, then click on the link in the "(Redirected from ...)" notice at the top of the page. This takes you to the redirect page itself. (The URL for accessing a redirect page without following the redirect contains the query parameter redirect=no.)

Another way to get to a redirect page is to go to the target page, and click "What links here" (in the toolbox on the left of the page). This will show you all the backlinks to that page, including redirects. Clicking on a redirect in this list will take you to the redirect page, not the target.

The edit summary box can be left blank; the summary will then be automatically generated stating that the page has been redirected to the given target.  (This applies for: a new redirect page; an existing article page turned into a redirect page; and a change to the target of an existing redirect.)  The generated summary is overridden if the editor supplies their own summary.

Using VisualEditor
To create a redirect using the VisualEditor:
 Open the "page options" menu (icon with three parallel horizontal bars) at the top right of the editor
 Select "Page settings"
 Check the box marked "Redirect this page to"
 Enter the name of the target page in the text box below the checkbox
 Click on the blue "Apply changes" button
 Save the page. You may enter an edit summary, or an automatic summary will be generated.

With Template

For redirecting xyz to article abc, enter xyz here, and type #REDIRECT [[abc]] in the body.

Deleting redirects

Administrators can delete redirects in the same way as any other page. Deletion or other potentially controversial treatment of redirects can be proposed by any editor at Redirects for discussion.  Please refer to Wikipedia's deletion policy for details and instructions.

Moving pages
When a page is moved (renamed), a redirect is automatically created from the old to the new name, and also one for the corresponding talk page (if that was moved as well). Administrators and Page movers can choose to suppress creation of the redirect.

If the new page name is occupied by a redirect that has only one edit in its history and targeted to the old page name, it is replaced by the page being moved. If the redirect has more than one history entry, or has a different target page, then the move must be made by an administrator or pagemover.

Transclusion
When a page called for transclusion is a redirect page, the redirect target is included instead, with the same parameters, without any redirect message. Hence if Template:AFD is redirected to Template:Afd, then {{AFD|...}} will have the same effect as {{Afd|...}} As usual, double redirects are not followed.

Soft redirects
As an alternative to the normal "hard" redirects (which take the reader directly to the target page), it is possible to create "soft" redirects, which leave the reader on the redirect page, giving them the option of clicking the link to the target page. This is usually done in the following situations:
 When the target is on another project (Wiktionary, Meta, other language Wikipedias, etc.) or is a special page. (In these situations a hard redirect would behave as a soft one in any case.)
 For redirects between categories. (Hard redirects work for category pages, but soft ones are preferred because of the software's inability to recategorize pages from redirected categories.)

Soft redirects are created using the templates  and .

See also

 :Category:Redirect templates
 Hatnote and examples for page hatnotes
 Redirect technical help at Meta-Wiki
 Wikipedia:Printability
 Wikipedia:Template messages/Redirect pages
 WikiProject Redirect's style guide
 Wikipedia:Visualizing redirects, for how to make links to redirects stand out (based on the mw-redirect CSS class)

Redirect

Redirect
Redirect

H:REDIR


World Meteorological Organization (WMO) squares is a system of geocodes that divides a world map with latitude-longitude gridlines into grid cells of 10° latitude by 10° longitude, each with a unique, 4-digit numeric identifier (refer chart at NODC World Ocean Database 2005 page). On the plate carrée projection, the grid cells appear square; however, if the Mercator projection is used, the grid cells appear 'stretched' vertically nearer the tops and bottoms of the map. On the actual surface of the Globe, the cells are approximately "square" only adjacent to the Equator, and become progressively narrower and tapered (also with curved northern and southern boundaries) as they approach the poles, and cells adjoining the poles are unique in possessing three faces rather than four.

Each 10°x10° square is allocated a number between 1000 and 7817. The numbering system is based first on "global quadrant" numbers where 1=NE, 3=SE, 5=SW, 7=NW which gives the initial digit of any square code (1xxx, 3xxx, 5xxx, 7xxx). The second digit (x0xx through x8xx) indicates the number of tens of degrees latitude (north in global quadrants 1 and 7, south in global quadrants 3 and 5) of the 'minimum' square boundary (nearest to the Equator), i.e. a cell extending between 10°N and 20°N (or 10°S and 20°S) has this digit = 1, a cell extending between 20°N and 30°N has this digit = 2, etc. The third and fourth digits (xx00 through xx17) similarly indicate the number of tens of degrees of longitude of the 'minimum' square boundary, nearest to the Prime Meridian. By way of illustration, the square 1000 thus extends from 0°N to 10°N, 0°E to 10°E, and the square 7817 from 80°N to 90°N, 170°W to 180°W, adjacent to the major portion of the International Date Line. In this manner, reverse-engineering (decoding) the relevant square boundaries from any particular WMO Square identifier is straightforward, in contrast to some other similar systems e.g. Marsden squares.

WMO squares are also used as the basis for the c-squares system for spatial indexing, which further divides 10°x10° WMO squares into smaller units of 5°x5°, 1°x1°, 0.5°x0.5°, 0.1°x0.1°, and so on.

See also
Geocode
Grid (spatial index)
Marsden Square
C-squares
QDGC

Geocodes
World Meteorological Organization

World Meteorological Organization squares


Sir Richard Cecil (ca. 1495 – 19 March 1553) was an English nobleman, politician, courtier, and Master of Burghley (Burleigh) in the parish of Stamford Baron, Northamptonshire. His father Sir David Cecil, of Welsh ancestry, rose in favour under King Henry VIII of England, becoming High Sheriff of Northamptonshire in 1532 and 1533, and died in 1541.

Richard too was a courtier. In 1517 he was a royal page; in 1520 he was present at the Field of the Cloth of Gold; he rose to be Groom of the Robes and constable of Warwick Castle. He was High Sheriff of Rutland in 1539, and was one of those who received no inconsiderable share of the plunder of the monasteries. He married Jane Heckington, daughter and heiress of William Heckington of Bourne, Lincolnshire. He had one son, William Cecil, Lord Burghley (1520–1598), and three daughters.

When Richard died, he left an ample estate behind him in the counties of Rutland, Northamptonshire and elsewhere. He died at his house in Canon Row and was buried at St Margaret's, Westminster. Jane was a widow for 35 years dying 10 March 1587. Richard and Jane have a joint monument in St Martin's Church, Stamford.

Family
He sent his son William to the grammar schools of Stamford and Grantham, and in 1535 William entered St John's College, Cambridge. Academically a success, William ran foul of his father, when his heart was lost to Mary Cheke, daughter of a local widow, with only a fortune of 40 pounds to recommend her. William was immediately removed before he could take his degree, and was entered as a student at Gray's Inn in 1541. If the motive was to prevent a marriage, it failed. Two months after he came up to London, William married Mary, probably secretly. Thomas, the future Earl of Exeter and only fruit of this union was born at Cambridge on 5 May 1542, therefore presumably at his grandmother's house. The marriage was so distasteful to Richard, that he is said to have altered his will, or at any rate, to have intended to do so. But the young wife did not live long, dying on 22 February 1544.

Of his daughters, Anne (also called Agnes) married Thomas White of Tuxford, Notts.; Margaret married Roger Cave (see Cave-Browne-Cave baronets), nephew of Sir Ambrose Cave, and secondly Ambrose Smythe of Husbands Bosworth, co Leic; and Elizabeth married Robert Wingfield and secondly Hugh Alington.

References

Wallace T. MacCaffrey (2004) "Cecil, William, first Baron Burghley (1520/21–1598)", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press,

Further reading
The Cecil Family, by George Ravenscroft Dennis

1490s births
1552 deaths
Year of birth uncertain
People from Northamptonshire (before 1974)
Richard
English people of Welsh descent
High Sheriffs of Rutland
High Sheriffs of Northamptonshire
English courtiers
Court of Henry VIII

Richard Cecil (courtier)


The Saalburg is a Roman fortification in the Taunus mountains in Germany and was a stronghold in the Upper Germanic Limes.

It was constructed about 90 CE and enlarged until about 210. Then the Romans left it after 260. It is estimated that it was home to a cohors equitata, about 500 cavalry and infantry, to protect the access to the Rhine-Main valley from the Germanic tribes in the North. Eventually it decayed, and its stones were used as a quarry.

In 1897 Wilhelm II ordered that it was rebuilt. Today the Saalburg houses a museum and is a center for Roman archeology. It is located between Bad Homburg and Wehrheim, some 30 km north of Frankfurt am Main.

As part of the Upper Germanic Limes the Saalburg belongs to the UNESCO World Heritage sites since 15. July 2005.

References

Other websites
 Saalburgmuseum

Buildings and structures in Hesse
History of Germany

Saalburg


Daniel Wroughton Craig (born 2 Mairch 1968) is an Inglis actor. He trained at the National Youth Theatre an graduatit frae the Guildhall School of Music and Drama in 1991, afore beginnin his career on stage. His film debut wis in the drama The Power of One (1992). Ither early appearances war in the historical telly war drama Sharpe's Eagle (1993), Disney faimily film A Kid in King Arthur's Court (1995), the drama serial Our Friends in the North (1996) an the biografical film Elizabeth (1998).

Craig's appearances in the Breetish telly film Love Is the Devil: Study for a Portrait of Francis Bacon (1998), the indie war film The Trench (1999), an the drama Some Voices (2000) attractit the film industrie's attention. This led tae roles in bigger productions sic as the action film Lara Croft: Tomb Raider (2001), the crime thriller Road to Perdition (2002), the crime thriller Layer Cake (2004), an the Steven Spielberg historical drama Munich (2005).

Craig achieved internaitional fame whan chuisen as the saxt actor tae play Ian Fleming's Breetish saicret augent James Bond in the eponymous film series, takkin ower frae Pierce Brosnan in 2005. His debut film as Bond, Casino Royale, wis released internaitionally in November 2006 an wis heichly acclaimed, earnin him a BAFTA nomination an acomin the heichest grossin in the series at the time. Quantum of Solace follaed in 2008. His third Bond film, Skyfall, premiered in 2012 an is currently the heichest-grossin film in the series an the 27t-heichest-grossin film o aw time; it wis an aw the heichest-grossin film in the Unitit Kinrick till 2015. He reprised his role in Spectre (2015), an returned for the fift an feenal time as Bond in No Time to Die (2020).

Ootside o Bond, Craig haes conteena'd tae starn in ither films, includin the fantasie film The Golden Compass (2007), historical film Defiance (2008), science feection western Cowboys & Aliens (2011), the Inglis-leid adaptation o Stieg Larsson's mystery thriller The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo (2011), the heist film Logan Lucky (2017), an dark comedy Knives Out (2019) for that he earned a Gowden Globe Awaird nomination for Best Actor – Motion Pictur Muisical or Comedy.

References

Livin fowk
1968 births
20t-century Inglis male actors
21st-century Inglis male actors
Actors frae Cheshire
Alumni o the Guildhall School of Music and Drama
Best Actor Empire Awaird winners
Inglis male film actors
Inglis male models
Inglis male radio actors
Inglis male stage actors
Inglis male televeesion actors
Inglis male video gemme actors
Inglis male vyce actors
James Bond
National Youth Theatre members
Fowk eddicatit at Calday Grange Grammar Schuil
Fowk frae Chester
Inglis fowk o Welsh strynd

Daniel Craig


The languages of the Caucasus are languages spoken by more than ten million people in the Caucasus region of Eastern Europe and Western Asia, between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea.

Some of those language families have no known members outside the Caucasus area. The term Caucasian languages can mean only these families or all languages historically spoken in that area.

Other websites

 Comparative Notes on Hurro-Urartian, Northern Caucasian and Indo-European by V. V. Ivanov
 An overview of languages of the Caucasus

Languages of the Caucasus


George Henry Thomas (July 31, 1816 – March 28, 1870) was a general in the U.S. Army. He was one of the top Union army generals in the Western Theater of the American Civil War.

Thomas was born in Virginia in 1816. He graduated from the United States Military Academy in 1840. He fought in the Mexican-American War in an artillery battery. When the Civil War started, he decided to stay in the Union army instead of fighting for Virginia. He became a Brigadier General. He won a victory at the Battle of Mill Springs in Kentucky in 1861.

In 1862, he became a major general and commanded a corps in the Army of the Cumberland. He fought at the Battle of Stones River and the Battle of Chickamauga. He became commander of the Army of the Cumberland during the Chattanooga Campaign in 1863. He continued commanding the army during the Atlanta Campaign. When William T. Sherman started his March to the Sea, Thomas was left behind to defend Tennessee against John Bell Hood. Thomas defeated Hood at the Battle of Nashville in December 1864.

After the war, Thomas stayed with the U.S. army. He died in 1870 in San Francisco.

1816 births
1870 deaths
American Civil War generals
Military people from Virginia

George Henry Thomas


Championship Manager 2008 is an iteration in Eidos' Championship Manager series of computer games.

It is available for Windows and Mac although there is no PSP version as there was in Championship Manager 2007. The game was released on November 2, 2007.

Features
Users can now play in a multi-player mode, meaning that they can have more than one person on an account. Also, users can manage nations and can apply "Club Benefactor", which lets the user have more money, although these additions were added in the previous Championship Manager. Another feature is the addition of more leagues – for example, the Australian League – player tendencies and team talks.

The game uses ProZone tool to give a comprehensive database of player statistics.

Reaction

Championship Manager 2008 received average reviews but was criticised by GameSpot UK who said it "ultimately fails because it doesn't seem to know who it's aiming at".

GameSpot gave Championship Manager 2008 a score of "6". PC Gamer UK gave the game 72 out of 100 but Ferrango gave it 45 out of 100, showing the reception of the game was mixed.

Other Versions
 A mobile version of this game, Championship Manager 2008 Mobile  was developed in 2008, by BAFTA award-winning  mobile games developer Dynamo Games.

See also
Football Manager 2008

References

2007 video games
Association football management video games
Beautiful Game Studios games
Eidos Interactive games
MacOS games
Multiplayer and single-player video games
Video games developed in the United Kingdom
Windows games
Dynamo Games games

Championship Manager 2008


Puppets are objects used in theatrical performances. They are similar to dolls. They often use strings or other means to make the puppet move and look alive. Some puppets are very simple, but others are more complicated and need skill to use. The person who works the puppet and makes it move is called a puppeteer. The audience cannot usually see this person but some, like a ventriloquist and dummy, are in full view of the audience. There are many different types of puppets to be found around the world. Puppetry is a special art form that is very important in some cultures.

Types of puppets

Finger Puppet: A very simple type of puppet where the puppet is placed on a finger and worked by moving the finger.

Sock puppet: A sock or similar garment worn as a glove, with the thumb acting as a jaw.

Hand Puppet: Similar to a finger puppet, but  larger. The puppeteer uses his or her fingers and hand to work the puppet. Punch and Judy are famous glove puppets.

Pop-up puppets: A cone with a rod through and a puppet inside. When the rod is pushed up, the puppet appears.

Paddle Puppet: The puppet is on the end of a paddle. When the puppeteer steps on the paddles back end the other end lifts up, making it seem that the puppet moves by itself.

Jumping Jack: A puppet where the arms and legs of the puppet are joined to a string. When the string is pulled down, the arms and legs go up.

Rod Puppet and Bunraku: The puppet is worked with rods joined to the puppets arms and legs, while another puppeteer moves the head and sometimes the mouth. Bunraku is a special type of Japanese rod puppetry.

Shadow Puppet: Another very simple puppet. A cut out figure on a rod is held in front of a light. Its shadow is projected onto a screen. The puppeteer moves the puppet around, giving it some life. Sometimes coloured paper is used to give a certain amount of colour to the puppet.

Marionette or String Puppet: This puppet is moved around with strings that hang from above the theatre. This is one of the more complex types of puppetry and is hard to master as some marionettes can have up to thirty strings.

Ventriloquist Figure or Dummy: This puppet is one of the few where the audience sees the puppeteer. The puppeteer moves the puppets head arms and mouth with his hands as well as with levers. The performance usually takes the shape of a conversation between the dummy and the puppeteer. The puppeteer speaks normally, then puts on a different voice when the puppet is supposed to be talking. His voice seems to be coming from his stomach (Latin: "venter").  His lips are not moving, but the puppet's lips may move, so it seems as if the puppet is talking.

Ticklebug: A type of Hand Puppet; a person uses their fingers as body parts to look like their hand is an animal. The center finger becomes the animal's head, the first and third fingers become the front legs, and the thumb and last finger are used as back legs.

Puppet


The categorical imperative is an idea that the philosopher Immanuel Kant had about ethics.  Kant said that an "imperative" is something that a person must do.  For example:  if a person wants to stop being thirsty, it is imperative that they have a drink.  Kant said an imperative is "categorical," when it is true at all times, and in all situations.

Kant named the example of a thirsty person the Hypothetical Imperative.  Kant used the hypothetical imperative to explain his ideas about the ethics of a categorical imperative.  For example, it is not usually a moral choice when a person decides to drink water, no matter why they are drinking the water.  If a person is very thirsty, then it is a hypothetical imperative that they drink the water.

Instead of the hypothetical imperative, Kant said that the moral choices are governed by a categorical imperative.  The categorical imperative is something that a person must do, no matter what the circumstances.    It is imperative to an ethical person that they make choices based on the categorical imperative. Another way of saying that, is that an ethical person follows a "universal law" regardless of their situation.

Kant explained his ideas about following the categorical imperative by introducing one more idea he called a "maxim."  A maxim is another way of saying what we want to do and why we want to do it in one sentence.  We can learn ethical maxims by applying the test of the categorical imperative.  And he said we can live ethical lives if we use these maxims whenever we make decisions.

The categorical imperative, hypothetical imperative, and the maxim can all be seen in the example of the thirsty man.   A man locked alone in a room for one night, and he brought nothing with him except a bottle of water.   The man has had nothing to drink all day and is very thirsty. We can call this man, "Thirsty Man."

A hypothetical imperative might be that "a thirsty man must drink water if he wants to stop being thirsty."  If Thirsty Man lived by a maxim based on this hypothetical imperative, it might be "If I can, I will drink water whenever I am thirsty."   In this example, Thirsty Man is not making any obvious moral choice.  Some philosophers would say that the Thirsty Man's maxim is a reasonable one.  Based on Thirsty Man's maxim, he will soon drink the water.   A few minutes later a second man is brought into the room.  Both men are told that they will be in the room all night, and that no one else will be back to see them until morning.

Thirsty Man has not yet opened the water bottle.  The new man has not had anything to drink for many days.  The second man is clearly dying of dehydration.  If he is not given water soon he will die.  We can call this second man, "Dying Man."  Thirsty Man now has a decision to make, will he share the water or drink it himself?  Thirsty Man does not live by the maxim of "I will drink water when I am thirsty," because that maxim fails the test of being universally fulfilling the categorical imperative.

Thirsty Man believes that the categorical imperative is the Golden Rule.  To be an ethical person, Thirsty Man believes he must at all times treat others the way he would want them to treat him.   From the categorical imperative of the Golden Rule, Thirsty Man has adopted a maxim of "I will give anything I can to anyone I meet, if that person needs what I have much more than I need it."  Thirsty Man prepares to decide if he will drink the water that he wants to drink, or if he will give it to Dying Man.   Thirsty Man tests both choices by comparing them to his maxim.   He sees that it is imperative  that he give the water to Dying Man.  Thirsty Man gives the water to Dying Man.  Dying Man drinks nearly the entire bottle, but then he chokes on the last sip.  There is nothing Thirsty Man can do to stop the choking, and Dying Man dies.  There are many philosophies of ethics, and many philosophers who have very different opinions.   Some philosophers might say that it would have been ethical if Thirsty Man had kept the bottle for himself to drink.   It was his bottle to begin with and he could do whatever he wanted with it.  Other philosophers might say that Thirsty Man was ethically wrong to give the bottle to Dying Man because the water ended up choking the Dying Man to death.

Kant's idea of the categorical imperative would say that Thirsty Man made the right choice, for the right reasons, and he made those ethical decisions in a logical way.

An important part of Kant's idea is that the morality of a choice is based on why we make the choice (intention), and not based on what happens after we make it (consequence).  Another important part of Kant's idea is that these ethical decisions are not rules or laws handed down to us (universal law or objectively true ethical statement).  Kant thought that ethical decisions needed to be based in logic and reason (correct reasoning or deductive reasoning).

Kant elaborated on these ideas by saying that we should treat other persons as persons and not as tools who can help us in some way. He said we should do this based on the ethical duty that all persons have to each other, an ethical duty which could be called a universal law. Kant's ideas about this universal law and the categorical imperative are important basic components of the philosophy of Absolutism.

Ethics

Categorical imperative


Acoustics is a science. It studies the mechanical waves in gases, liquids, and solids.  These waves can make echo, vibration, sound, ultrasound and infrasound.

A scientist who works in the field of acoustics is an acoustician.  Someone who works with acoustics technology may be called an acoustical engineer.

Sound

Acoustics


The British and Irish Lions is a rugby union team selected from players from the national sides of England, Ireland, Scotland and Wales. The side tours every four years, changing between Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa. The 2009 Test series was lost 2–1 to South Africa, while the 2013 Test series was won 2–1 over Australia.

Rugby union in Europe

British and Irish Lions


Events
 First Foundation of the Venerable English College
 January 16 – The "Grote Mandrenke" storm tide strikes Holland, England, Germany and Denmark destroying the city of Rungholt in Nordfriesland, Germany.
 Under Edward III, English replaces French as England's national language, for the first time following the Norman Conquest of 1066.
 September 28 – Pope Urban V succeeds Pope Innocent VI as the 200th pope.
 Louis I of Hungary defeats and captures Ivan Sratsimir of Bulgaria; he conquers northern Bulgaria, extending his control over the Balkans.
 The Ottomans capture Philippopolis and Adrianopole (now the city of Edirne) from the Byzantine Empire. Byzantine Empire is reduced to the city of Constantinople.
 Waldemar Atterdag of Denmark defeats the Hanseatic League in a naval battle off Helsingborg.
 Shahabuddin succeeds his brother, Alauddin Ali Sher, as Sultan of Kashmir.
 Constantine VI succeeds his cousin, Constantine V, as King of Armenia.
 Grand Duke of Lithuania Algirdas crushed the Tatars at the Blue Waters of the Southern Bug in 1362.

Births
 Bonne of Berry, Regent of Savoy (died 1435)
 Murdoch Stewart, 2nd Duke of Albany (died 1425)

Deaths
 April 6 – James I, Count of La Marche, French soldier (b. 1319)
 April 10 – Maud, Countess of Leicester(b. 1339)
 July 22 – Louis of Durazzo, Italian soldier (poisoned) (born 1324)
 September 12 – Pope Innocent VI
 Constantine V of Armenia
 Louis of Taranto (born 1320)

1362


McNab is a former unincorporated community in southern Alberta, Canada within the County of Warner No. 5. It is located on Highway 506 between the Hamlet of New Dayton and the Village of Warner, approximately  southeast of the City of Lethbridge.

McNab is named after McNabb, master mechanic of the Alberta Railway and Irrigation Company at Lethbridge, Alberta, although it was spelled erroneously.

Regional attractions
The Devil's Coulee Dinosaur Heritage Museum features a Hadrosaur (duck-billed dinosaur) nest and embryo, ancient fossils, dinosaur models, located in the Warner.

The Galt Historic Railway Park located 1 km north of Stirling is another popular museum which displays of life and travel in the 1880s to 1920s are set up in the restored 1890 North West Territories International Train Station from Coutts, Alberta, Canada and Sweetgrass, Montana, USA. The station was moved to the current location near Stirling in 2000 and is added onto every year. Future plans to move the 1925 Oglvie grain elevator from Wrentham for display along the station in the 36 acre park is still in the planning stages.

Stirling Agricultural Village is a National Historic Site of Canada, and was listed as one of only three communities in Canada designated as a National Historic Site because of the community's well preserved settlement pattern that follows the Plat of Zion model. Located within the village are two museums the Michelsen Farmstead a totally restored 1900s home showcasing rural life in Alberta in the 1930s. Listed as a Provincial Historic Site in 2001., and the Galt Historic Railway Park.

The Warner elevator row is a row of historic wood-cribbed grain elevators. A total of six elevators still stand in a row from south to north alongside the Canadian Pacific Railway on the east entrance of the village of Warner. Due to the loss of a vast amount of Alberta's many grain elevators, the elevator row in Warner remains the very last row of elevators in Alberta. Only two elevator rows remain in Canada, Warner's row and the elevators in Inglis, Manitoba.

Waterton Lakes National Park is a National Park located in the extreme southwest corner of Alberta, Canada, 40 km west of Cardston, and borders Glacier National Park in Montana, USA. Waterton Lakes was Canada's fourth National Park formed in 1895.  The Rocky Mountains rise suddenly out of the rolling prairies in the park. Amid the peaks are the three Waterton Lakes, carved out of the rock by ancient glaciers.

Writing-on-Stone Provincial Park, is one of the largest areas of protected prairie in the Alberta park system, and serves as both a nature preserve and protection for the largest concentration of rock art, created by Plains People. There are over 50 rock art sites, with thousands of figures, as well as numerous archeological sites.

See also
 List of communities in Alberta
 List of unincorporated communities in Alberta

References

Ghost towns in Alberta
Localities in the County of Warner No. 5

McNab, Alberta


Alodía Almira Arraiza Gosiengfiao-Quimbo (née Gosiengfiao; born March 9, 1988) is a Filipino cosplayer, model, TV presenter, singer, vlogger, actress and co-founder of Tier One Entertainment. She is also known as Senpai Alodia of the Philippines. As a celebrity endorser, she is one of the ambassadors and VJ for Animax Asia known as the "Ani-mates" and co-host of ABS-CBN's prank show Laugh Out Loud. She has been featured in various magazines, newspapers and TV shows locally and abroad. She appeared on the Filipino FHM 100 Sexiest Women poll, ranking No. 1 in 2009, No. 2 in 2010 and No. 3 in 2012; she posed as the cover girl for that magazine on its July 2013 issue. She was named by DOS Magazine as one of the Most Influential Women in the Philippines.

Cosplaying
Gosiengfiao became involved in cosplay after contacting other anime and video game enthusiasts in an internet fan forum called Animé Club. Encouraged by her friends from the forum, she started cosplaying in 2003 at the age of 15, joining various competitions in Metro Manila. Her first cosplayed character was a Priestess from Ragnarok Online at Ragnalaunch in Glorietta. She began to attract attention when she won 3rd place in the 2003 C3 Convention as Gun Mage Rikku of Final Fantasy X-2. This led to her and her younger sister Ashley Gosiengfiao being featured on the cover of Issue 14 of Culture Crash Magazine, a manga magazine in the Philippines. Since then, she cosplayed a series of characters from over 40 anime, movie and video game titles including: Witchblade, G.I. Joe, K-On!, Paradise Kiss, Evangelion and Final Fantasy X-2. As a multi-awarded cosplayer, she is now being invited to appear at conventions or to judge competitions locally and abroad. She started judging at the age of 18.

International appearances
Due to her constant contribution to the cosplay community in the Philippines, Gosiengfiao has been invited into various international cosplay conventions and events as a participant, performer, judge or simply to attend as a guest. In November 2009 at Suntec Convention Hall in Singapore, Alodía, together with her younger sister Ashley, represented the Philippines as one of the finalist for the Anime Festival Asia Regional Cosplay Championship. Alodía and Ashley cosplayed as Masane Amaha and Shiori Tsuzuki from the Witchblade anime.

On July 3, 2010, Singapore, Alodía and Ashley Gosiengfiao were invited by the Mascot Parade supported by the Singapore Government to judge the cosplay competition. They both cosplayed characters from the romantic anime series Paradise Kiss. In addition to judging the cosplay competition, Alodía and Ashley also performed two songs on stage: "Lonely in Gorgeous" from Paradise Kiss and "Real Emotion" from the hit Japanese roleplaying game Final Fantasy X-2. Animax also held "meet and greet" sessions with Alodía in Camp Pong for Singaporean anime and cosplay enthusiasts.

On July 21–24, 2010, Gosiengfiao attended the annual San Diego Comic-Con for a cosplay gathering at Kotobukiya booth. She landed a big role in the San Diego Comic-Con documentary directed by Morgan Spurlock and produced by Legendary Pictures. The documentary team followed 5 different people from around the world to document what they did at the San Diego Comic Convention in the United States – line up includes an artist, comic book enthusiast, cosplayer, etc. Part of the team was Stan Lee, the father of Marvel Comics. This led to a meeting with Legendary Pictures CEO/founder Thomas Tull and vice president Alex Garcia, regarding their upcoming film, Warcraft. After this meeting, Gosiengfiao was featured in a very popular US-based website Kotaku. Blizzard Entertainment, maker of Warcraft, got in touch with Alodía regarding business and an endorsement deal for their new game, Star Craft 2. She also won the "Hall Costume Award" as an award given by the Costume Designers Guild to convention members who wear exceptional get-ups inside the venue.

On October 31, 2010, Gosiengfiao, together with Animax and Hong Kong Tourism Board held an event "Hong Kong Halloween Treats Party". Hong Kong Halloween Treats Party is the culmination of a one-and-a-half-month-long campaign by Hong Kong Tourism Board and Animax to promote Hong Kong across South-East Asia as the dream Halloween destination. Cosplayers from all over Asia gathered to celebrate the event.

On November 13, 2010, she was back again in Singapore for the Anime Festival Asia 2010 in Suntec Convention Hall, this time she was invited as a Celebrity Judge for the AFA Regional Cosplay Championship. The same event Alodía and Ashley attended as a finalist and representative of the Philippines way back 2009. Gosiengfiao graced the event along with the Japanese celebrity guests namely Ichirou Mizuki, May'n, SCANDAL, JAM Project, Angela, Kana Hanazawa, Milky Holmes and the Cosplayers Kaname and Aira.

On November 27, 2010, Gosiengfiao's "Rei Ayanami" Grimrock version cosplay made its first appearance at the 2010 Supanova Pop Culture Expo in Brisbane, Australia, she was invited to guest judge the Madman National Cosplay Championship as part of the Supanova Cosplay Festival.

Endorsements, media and press
Her achievements in the cosplay community led her way to be recognized by the mainstream media and various companies in the Philippines. Currently she is endorsing a whitening skin care product; a health food and beverage product; a Japanese sushi bar; a toy collector and figurine distributor in the Philippines; a large video game company based in Japan; a clothing line; and Japanese snack. She also became one of the brand ambassador of a Philippine telecommunication company, and in 2012 became a brand ambassador for Canon.

Past endorsements include many video game companies such as Level-Up Games, E-Games, Kelphil's Shade and SEGA's Love and Berry. She was part of the Official Muse Guild for the massively multiplayer online role-playing game (MMORPG) Mu Online. She was also a game moderator for another MMORPG called Khan Online. Gosiengfiao was chosen as the Rose-It Girl during the Level Up Games' ROSE Online event and was given the title of "Community Manager" and a one-year contract with Level Up Games. As the official model and endorser of IPVG-EGames Zhu Xian Online game in 2009, Gosiengfiao, an avid gamer, hold her first Fans Day during the Domination 3 Event in April 2009.

Gosiengfiao is the Animax's first ever Levi's Kawaii girl winner in the last episode of Mad Mad Fun, which was announced on air on October 27, 2007. In 2010, Alodia together with Ashley Gosiengfiao and model Steph Henares was chosen by Animax to be their Ambassador and VJ, known as the Ani-Mates. It was the first time Animax had chosen a cosplayer as one of its VJs. Gosiengfiao's cosplay and hosting stints in various events and Animax paved the way for her first project in ABS-CBN. She is now seen as a Host in ABS-CBN's prank show titled "L.O.L" (Laugh Out Loud) with Luis Manzano every Saturday night.

She has been featured in several magazines such as Candy Magazine, Meg Magazine, Preview Magazine, GAME! Magazine, Digital Photographers Philippines Magazine and newspapers like Philippine Daily Inquirer, Manila Bulletin and Manila Times. She was also invited to appear as guest on TV shows like MogTV, QTV 11 now GMA News TV, Front Act, Matanglawin, Mel and Joey and Ang Pinaka. Other than local media, Gosiengfiao has also been featured in newspapers and magazines in different countries such as Japan, Singapore and United States. She was also part of the book called OTACOOL: Worldwide Otaku Rooms and OTACOOL2: Worldwide Cosplayers by Danny Choo.

She was also featured on a TV show in Tokyo Culture: Japan, featuring her costumes, artworks, comic books and figure collections which was also shown in Animax. Additionally, she was featured in Channel News Asia: Primetime Morning and Straits Times Razor TV in Singapore.

Gosiengfiao ranked No. 76 in the Philippine FHM 100 Sexiest Women poll for 2010 and ranked No. 87 in 2009. She was named by UNO Magazine as one of the Most Influential Women in the Philippines.

In 2016, Gosiengfiao appeared as one of the zombies along with her sister, Ashley Gosiengfiao, in Resident Evil: The Final Chapter, which is a final installment of Resident Evil film series, which was released in the Philippines in the following year.

Gaming career
As she continued her rise to international recognition in cosplay, Gosiengfiao branched out to her lifelong passion of gaming. In 2014, she started streaming video games on Twitch and quickly became a Twitch Partner by streaming various games such as Dota 2 and League of Legends. Through her streaming endeavors she was able to secure brand deals with various gaming sponsors such as Acer Predator, Sony PlayStation Asia and many others. On April 21, 2017, Gosiengfiao and veteran esports shout caster Tryke Gutierrez founded Tier One Entertainment, the Philippines' first gaming and esports agency, which also made its reach in some parts of Southeast Asia. On March 14, 2018, she announced her exclusive partnership with Facebook Gaming and transitioned her video game streams and content to her official Facebook Page. She was one of the first Facebook Gaming partners from Asia and paved the way for additional Asian streamers to join the platform including Suzzysaur, Yasumeow Gaming, Thinnd, Freya Fox and Amie Lynn.

On June 13, 2018, Gosiengfiao teamed up with Sony PlayStation to promote Days Gone and Spiderman at E3 2018. During E3 2018, she and fellow Facebook Gaming partners Stonemountain64 and other creators participated in the first Facebook Gaming Creator meet and greets.

On December 4, 2018, Gosiengfiao went viral on Italian news as her Mobile Legends gaming stream interrupted Italian Deputy Prime Minister Matteo Salvini's Facebook stream. It is unclear how the interruption happened, but it resulted in over 12,000 of Salvini's viewers video chained to her gaming stream.

On February 21, 2020, Lyceum of the Philippines University announced its partnership with Gosiengfiao to develop Esports curriculum with Gosiengfiao's company, Tier One Entertainment.

Personal life
Alodia Gosiengfiao lives in Quezon City, Philippines, and is fond of art, fashion, gadgets, video games, photography, collecting toys and figures such as BJDs, and plays the piano. Her mother found her name in a name book; 'Alodia' means "love" and 'Almira' means "princess". She is of Filipino and Chinese descent; her father, Ed Gosiengfiao, a businessman and mechanical engineer, is Chinese Filipino while her mother, Mariglor Arraiza, is a former customer service advisor. She has a younger sister, Ashley Gosiengfiao, who is also a cosplayer. She is the niece of former Filipino movie director Joey Gosiengfiao.

Gosiengfiao attended Assumption College (Makati) from pre-school to grade 2, Miriam College from grade 3 to her fourth year of high school, and Ateneo de Manila University, where she graduated in 2009 with a BFA degree in Information Design. As a high school student, she was a member of the Miriam College High School pep squad. She also worked on art commissions for international clients, illustrating both digital and traditional artwork.

On February 14, 2018, Gosiengfiao and YouTube vlogger Wil Dasovich revealed that they were in a relationship. On November 14, 2021, Gosiengfiao confirmed through her Facebook page that she and Dasovich have broken up. In early 2022, Gosiengfiao is in relationship with the Calabria Company Ltd. President and General Manager, Christopher Quimbo. On July 23, 2022, Gosiengfiao and Quimbo announced their engagement through their social medias. The couple married on February 14, 2023, the ceremony was attended by the couple's family and close friends in the industry. Her sister, Ashley served as her maid of honor.

On Valentine's Day of 2021, she and her sister Ashley Gosiengfiao launched their podcast named The Raid with Alodia and Ashley on Spotify as it tackles on gaming, anime, and pop culture.

Filmography

Television

Film

Discography
"アジアの変身" – Super Dolls — (2013)
"ヒロイン症候群" – Super Dolls — (2013)
"かわいいガール" (featuring Tenchim & Dempagumi.inc) — (2013)
 Tear It Off - Mobile Legends: Bang Bang (2022)

Awards and recognitions

FHM 100 Sexiest Women

Other recognitions

References

External links

Ateneo de Manila University alumni
Cosplayers
Filipino television directors
Star Magic
Filipino film actresses
People from Quezon City
Filipino people of Basque descent
Filipino people of Chinese descent
Filipino people of Spanish descent
Living people
Filipino actors of Chinese descent
Filipino songwriters
Filipino television personalities
Filipina gravure idols
21st-century Filipino women singers
YouTubers
Women television directors
1988 births
Actresses from Quezon City
Miriam College alumni

Alodia Gosiengfiao


Robert Clark Gregg (born 2 Apryle 1962) is an American actor, screenwriter an director.  He haes played Phil Coulson in the Marvel Cinematic Universe, appearin in Iron Man (2008), Iron Man 2 (2010), Thor (2011), Marvel's The Avengers (2012), an the telly series Marvel's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.. He vyces the chairacter on the animate telly series Ultimate Spider-Man an in the gemme Lego Marvel Super Heroes an aw. Gregg haes forby co-starred as Christine Campbell's umwhile guidman Richard in the CBS sitcom The New Adventures of Old Christine, whilk debuted in Mairch 2006 an concludit in May 2010. He played FBI Special Agent Mike Casper on the NBC series The West Wing an Cam, Jack's on-an-aff jo (an Grace's client) on the NBC series Will & Grace an aw.

References

Freemit airtins

1962 births
Male actors frae North Carolina
American male film actors
American film directors
American male screenwriters
American male televeesion actors
Livin fowk
New York Varsity alumni
Tisch School of the Arts alumni
Ohio Wesleyan Varsity alumni
Fowk frae Chapel Hill, North Carolina
Film directors frae North Carolina
American Episcopalians
American Christians
Male actors frae Boston
American practitioners o Brazilian jiu-jitsu
Writers frae Boston
20t-century American male actors
21st-century American male actors
Film directors frae Massachusetts

Clark Gregg


A blossom is a flower that grows on stone fruit trees and other plants including oranges, cherries, plums, apples and almonds

Other meanings of Blossom
Blossom (TV series), a TV series in the 1990s.
Blümchen (Jasmin Wagner), a German singer uses this name when she sings in English.
Blossom Music Center in Cleveland, Ohio
One of the Powerpuff Girls.

Flowers

Blossom


Anne Elliot is the protagonist of Jane Austen's sixth and last completed novel, Persuasion (1817).

Anne Elliot was persuaded, when she was 19 years old, to break off her engagement with Frederick Wentworth, a promising young lieutenant in the Royal Navy but a commoner without fortune, and she has never married. Lonely, unloved by a stuck-up and pretentious father and older sister, little considered by a family circle incapable of recognising her value, she leads a dull life of an almost-old maid. And yet here it is that, 7/8 years after the naval war with France ended, in September 1814, the young man whom she has never forgotten returns to England, having earned epaulettes, prestige and fortune in the navy. The first contacts are painful. He has retained an image of her as a person too easily influenced and she sees clearly that he is still angry with her. But at age 26/27, she has matured and gained enough independence from her family and social circle to choose her friends and her future.

The posthumous novel by Jane Austen presents the portrait of an independent spirit, a young, intelligent and melancholic woman, sensitive and attentive to others, who regains her self-confidence when she is given a second chance to find happiness, a very different happiness from other Austenian heroines, since she marries neither a land owner nor a clergyman, but a ship's captain. She would be "proud of being the wife of a sailor" but she would also know its anxieties and its sorrows. She is considered the most lucid and responsible Austenian heroine and the reader is privy in a special way to her thoughts, which are of an exactitude and a perceptiveness unparalleled in the heroines of previous novels.

Introduction
Jane Austen, in a letter to her niece Fanny Knight dated the 13th of March 1816, after she reminds her how "Pictures of perfection, as you know, make me sick and wicked", mentions the heroine of the novel she is in the process of writing, with some irony: "You may perhaps like the heroine, as she is almost too good for me."

Anne is both the main character in Persuasion and the secondary narrator. Indeed, only her view of events is available to the reader. None of the heroines of the prior novels is as visibly the center of convergence of the action and the main point of view, since the narrator does not openly pull the strings of the plot and avoids directing irony at Anne. On the contrary, it is she who perceives the events and the people with much finesse, a keen sense of observation and analysis, and most of the time it is from her that the reader learns the details of the plot;  it is on her alone, to whom the author gives complete freedom to express her feelings and her unwavering commitment to Wentworth, that the resolution ultimately depends.

Description

Anne is the overlooked middle daughter of a narcissistic and extravagant baronet, Sir Walter Elliot of Kellynch Hall.  Unique among Jane Austen heroines, she is, already, 26/27-years-old at the beginning of the novel and seemingly a confirmed spinster.  Her mother is dead; her father and older sister are vain and selfish; and her younger sister is a manipulative hypochondriac but not quite so beyond Anne's influence as her elder sister Elizabeth.  With few to appreciate her sweet nature and refined, elegant mind, Anne is somewhat isolated, living in a narrow social sphere where she "was nobody with either father or sister; her word had no weight; her convenience was always to give way; she was only Anne."

Lady Russell, her late mother's best friend, is her only real confidante; and although Lady Russell means well and usually shows good judgment, she tends to put great value on social position when forming her opinions.  This preference has caused Anne great sorrow: eight years before, Lady Russell persuaded her to break off an engagement with an ambitious, promising young naval officer named Frederick Wentworth—a man whom Anne loved passionately—on the grounds that his poverty, lack of social rank and connections made him an unsuitable choice.

Anne has never fully recovered from the heartbreak, and begins Persuasion as a sad figure, disregarded by her father, "wretchedly altered" in looks, looked down upon by her elder sister and resigned to an empty life.  When Captain Wentworth, now grown rich from prize money, returns from the Napoleonic Wars to visit the neighborhood, Anne is at first pained; however, his presence gradually sets her life in motion again.

Literary significance
Persuasion manifests a significant shift in Austen's attitude toward inherited wealth and rank. Elsewhere in her writing, salvation for the heroine comes in the form of marriage to a well-born gentleman, preferably wealthy and at least her equal in social consequence. Elizabeth Bennet (Pride and Prejudice), for example, who has little money of her own, refuses the hand of a financially secure but unbearable young clergyman; befriends briefly a penniless (and, as it turns out, utterly worthless) army officer; and finally marries Mr. Fitzwilliam Darcy, who has a great estate, a Norman-sounding name, and  £10,000 a year. Emma Woodhouse (Emma), already wealthy and secure, marries 37-year-old George Knightley, a man not only from her own class, but from her extended family; and Marianne Dashwood (Sense and Sensibility) loses her heart to a charming young wastrel, but then marries the virtuous Colonel Brandon, a man of property twice her age. Anne Elliot's "true attachment and constancy" to a dashing, self-made young outsider distinguishes her from all her sister Austen heroines.

In Persuasion hereditary aristocracy is held up to ridicule: the 'eligible' suitor, Mr. Elliot, turns out to be a scoundrel, while the village patriarch, Sir Walter Elliot, is not only "foolish" and "spendthrift" but also absurdly proud of his baronetcy. To fill the void, Austen sets up a sort of rising meritocracy made up of successful officers in the Royal Navy. Sir Walter and his daughter Elizabeth cede their position as landed gentry when they let Kellynch Hall to Admiral Croft. As Austen makes clear, these Elliots are unworthy of their high social status; they are also unworthy of Anne, a natural aristocrat who languishes, disregarded, until she reunites with Captain Wentworth. In effect, Anne escapes from her meaningless life as an Elliot to join the Navy.

Lady Russell overvalues inherited social class and so underestimates Wentworth and nearly cheats Anne of her only chance of happiness. When circumstances prove both the captain's worthiness and the corresponding worthlessness of fellow suitor Mr. Elliot, Lady Russell herself—the very voice of benevolent propriety—has to "admit that she had been pretty completely wrong and to take up a new set of opinions and hopes."

Film and TV portrayals

1960: Daphne Slater, BBC series
1971: Anne Firbank, BBC series Persuasion
1995: Amanda Root, made-for-television Persuasion
2007: Sally Hawkins, ITV1 Persuasion
2022: Dakota Johnson, Netflix film Persuasion

References

 Lydia Martin, Les adaptations à l'écran des romans de Jane Austen: esthétique et idéologie, [Screen Adaptations of the Novels of Jane Austen: Aesthetics and Ideology,] L'Harmattan Edition, 2007, 270 p.

Persuasion characters
Literary characters introduced in 1818
Fictional gentry
Female characters in literature

Anne Elliot


Les Troyens is an opera by Hector Berlioz. Berlioz wrote the words and music between 1856 and 1858. The opera is based on Virgil's Aeneid. It took many years for the opera to be performed. It was very long. Berlioz cut the opera to the last three acts. They were performed in Paris in November 1863.

Compositions by Hector Berlioz
1850s operas

Les Troyens


Dina statistik, métodeu  maximum likelihood, dimimitian ku ahli genetika/ahli statistik Sir Ronald A. Fisher, mangrupa métodeu  titik estimasi, nu digunakeun keur nga-estimasi anggota populasi nu teu ka-observasi tina paraméter ruang nu di-maksimal-keun ku fungsi likelihood.
Tingali p ngalambangkeun paraméter populasi teu ka-observasi nu bakal di-estimasi.  Tingali X ngalambangkeun random variable nu di-observasi (which in general will not be scalar-valued, but often will be a vector of probabilistically independent scalar-valued random variables.  The probability of an observed outcome X=x (this is case-sensitive notation!), or the value at (lower-case) x of the probability density function of the random variable (Capital) X, as a function of p with x held fixed is the likelihood function

For example, in a large population of voters, the proportion p who will vote "yes" is unobservable, and is to be estimated based on a political opinion poll.  A sample of n voters is chosen randomly, and it is observed that x of those n voters will vote "yes".  Then the likelihood function is

The value of p that maximizes L(p) is the maximum-likelihood estimate of p. By finding the root of the first derivative one will obtain x/n as the maximum-likelihood estimate. In this case, as in many other cases, it is much éasier to take
the logarithm of the likelihood function before finding the root of the derivative:

Taking the logarithm of the likelihood is so common that the term log-likelihood is commonplace among statisticians. The log-likelihood is closely related to information entropy.

If we replace the lower-case x with capital X then we have, not the observed value in a particular case, but rather a variabel acak, which, like all random variables, has a probability distribution.  The value (lower-case) x/n observed in a particular case is an estimate; the variabel acak (Capital) X/n is an estimator.  The statistician may take the nature of the probability distribution of the éstimator to indicate how good the éstimator is; in particular it is desirable that the probability that the éstimator is far from the paraméter p be small.  Maximum-likelihood éstimators are sometimes better than unbiased estimators.  They also have a property called "functional invariance" that unbiased éstimators lack: for any function f, the maximum-likelihood éstimator of f(p) is f(T), where T is the maximum-likelihood éstimator of p.

However, the bias of maximum-likelihood éstimators can be substantial.  Consider a case where n tickets numbéréd from 1 through to n are placed in a box and one is selected at random, giving a value X.  If n is unknown, then the maximum-likelihood éstimator of n is X, even though the expectation of X is only n/2; we can only be certain that n is at léast X and is probably more.

Statistika

Maximum likelihood


Postfix notation is a mathematical notation. It is a way to write down equations and other mathematical formulae. Postfix notation is also known as Reverse Polish Notation. The notation was invented by Charles Hamblin in 1920. He wanted to simplify writing logic equations. He used Jan Łukasiewicz's prefix notation.

When postfix notation is used, no grouping elements (like parenthesis) are needed.

Some computer languages, like Postscript use Postfix notation. It is also used in some models of Hewlett-Packard calculators

With postfix notation, the operations are noted after their arguments. Because of this, postfix is relatively easy to do with computers that have a stack to do calculations.

Further Explanation
Reverse Polish Notation uses a system that involve "stacks", each of which stores a certain value in specific ranks. The stacks usually start off with the first stack (often called the X stack), followed by the second stack (often called the Y stack), the third stack, and so on. New values can be entered on the first stack by pushing up the stack ranks by one. On a Reverse Polish Notation calculator, the "Enter" function would do the same.

Using a common operator (plus, minus, multiply, or divide) will make the operator act from the first stack to the second stack. For example, the Reverse Polish Notation "12 3 /" means "take the numbers 12 and 3, then divide 12 by 3". On a Reverse Polish Calculator, this is written as "12 Enter 3 /", to denote each declared ranking up of the stacks.

Reverse Polish Notation is able to deal with expressions involving brackets too. Suppose there is a normal equation "4 * (5 + 8)". In Reverse Polish Notation, this expression will be formatted as "5 8 + 4 *". The "5 8 +" part refers to the bracket "5 + 8" to equal 13. The "4 *" part refers to multiplying the result together to get 52. On that step, the resulting stack from adding 5 and 8 is automatically raised one rank after adding in the new value 4. Then using the multiply operator will multiply the sum of 5 and 8 by 4 will equal 52.

Documentation included with early Hewlett-Packard calculators explained RPN as the same method you would use to evaluate an expression using paper and pencil. Basically, first you write down the arguments and then perform the arithmetic function. From the calculator's perspective, you must provide the argument(s) before calling the function. The benefit of a calculator with RPN is that you are always certain to which numbers (or intermediate calculation results) a function is being applied.

References

Mathematical notation

Postfix notation


The Peninsula Campaign was a series of battles during the American Civil War. The campaign happened from March to July 1862. The Union Army of the Potomac, commanded by George B. McClellan, tried to capture the Confederate capital of Richmond, Virginia by moving westward on the Virginia Peninsula. The Confederate Army of Northern Virginia, commanded by Joseph E. Johnston, tried to stop McClellan. After Johnston was wounded on May 31st at the Battle of Seven Pines, Robert E. Lee took command of the army. Lee then attacked McClellan during the Seven Days Battles. After the battles, McClellan's army was transferred back to Washington, D.C.

1862 in the United States

Peninsula Campaign