Kensington is a district in the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea. It may also be:

Places

In Australia
 Kensington, New South Wales
 Kensington, Western Australia
 Kensington, Victoria
 Kensington railway station, Melbourne
 Kensington, South Australia
 Kensington Gardens, South Australia
 Kensington Park, South Australia

In Canada
 Kensington, Calgary, a neighbourhood of central Calgary, Alberta
 Kensington Market in Toronto
 Kensington, Prince Edward Island
 Kensington (Edmonton), a neighborhood in Edmonton, Alberta
 Kensington Park (Burnaby), British Columbia

In New Zealand
 Kensington, New Zealand, a suburb of Dunedin

In South Africa
 Kensington, Gauteng
 Kensington, Cape Town

In the United Kingdom
 Kensington, London
 Kensington (UK Parliament constituency)
 North Kensington
 South Kensington
 West Kensington, London
 West Kensington tube station
 Kensington Gardens
 Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea
 Metropolitan Borough of Kensington
 Kensington and Chelsea parks and open spaces
 Kensington Gardens
 Kensington Palace was the home of Princess Diana
 Kensington, Liverpool

In the United States
Kensington, California (San Francisco Bay Area)
Kensington, San Diego, California
Kensington, Connecticut
Kensington, Illinois
Kensington, Kansas
Kensington, Maryland
Kensington, Michigan
Kensington, Minnesota
Kensington, New Hampshire
Kensington, New York (Long Island)
Kensington, Brooklyn, New York
Kensington, Ohio
New Kensington, Pennsylvania
Kensington, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
West Kensington, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Olde Kensington, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Kensington District, Pennsylvania

Roads

London
 Kensington Gore, location of the Royal Albert Hall
 Kensington High Street
 Kensington Road
 Kensington Palace Gardens contains some of the grandest and most expensive houses in the world

Elsewhere
 Kensington Road, Adelaide

Other items
Kensington may also be:
 Kensington Books, a publishing company
 Kensington Expressway, an expressway in Buffalo, New York
 Kensington (game), a board game
 Kensington (MARTA station), a passenger rail station in Decatur, Georgia
 Kensington Market, a Canadian musical group
 Kensington, a Dutch musical group
 Kensington Oval, a major cricket stadium located in Bridgetown, Barbados
 Kensington Prairie Elementary School in Surrey, British Columbia, Canada
 Kensington Pride (mango), a commercial mango cultivar from Australia.
 The Kensington Runestone, a rune stone found in Minnesota, possibly carved by Viking explorers or a hoax
 Kensington Computer Products Group, a security and computer accessories company
 their Kensington Security Slot, a slot and lock system for securing computer hardware
 Kensington MARC Station, A Commuter Rail station in Kensington, Maryland
 Kensington/115th Street (Metra), a commuter railroad station in Chicago, Illinois
 KenSingTon, the company who made fake games consoles such as the Vii

Kensington (disambiguation)


Mateo Alemán y de Enero (Seville, Spain, 1547 – 1615? in Mexico) was a Spanish writer.

He graduated at Seville University in 1564 and later studied at Salamanca and Alcalá. From 1571 to 1588 held a post in the treasury. He was descended from Jews who were made to converted to Catholicism after 1492. One of his forebears had been burned by the Inquisition for secretly continuing to practice Judaism.  In 1599, he published the first part of Guzmán de Alfarache. It was a well liked book which was printed in at least sixteen editions in five years.

In 1571 he married Catalina de Espinosa. It was not a happy marriage. He was constantly in money difficulties and was imprisoned for debt at Seville at the end of 1602.

In 1608, Alemán moved to America. It is said that he worked as a printer in Mexico.  His Ortografía castellana (1609), published in Mexico, contains ideas for the reform of Spanish spelling.  Nothing is known of Alemán after 1609, but it is sometimes believed that he was still living in 1617.

References

Spanish writers
1547 births
1610s deaths

Mateo Alemán


Derek Williams (born 20 August 1929 in Newcastle upon Tyne, Ingland; deed 2 August 2021) wis a Breetish documentary film director an writer who wis active frae the 1950s till 1992.  His films received fower Breetish Academy o Film an Televeesion Airts (BAFTAs) an five Oscar nominations (fower as director an writer an ane as writer anerlie) aw in the short documentary classification.

Career

1950's
He wis educatit at Newcastle Ryal Grammar School an Corpus Christi College, Cambridge.

His first film, Hadrian's Wall, wis made while he wis at university an wis sel-financed. On the basis o this film he wis able tae enter the film industry as a trainee assistant for World Wide Films.  His first commercial film, released in 1955, wis Oil Harbour, Aden, made for the sponsor George Wimpey & Co who haed the contract tae build a port tae service a nearbi oil refinery being built bi BP.  Williams actit as cameraman as well as writer an director durin the twa year location filmin.

His first big break came in 1955 when World Wide Films wis appointit bi BP tae film the British Trans-Antarctic Expedition, unner Dr. Vivian Fuchs, which BP wis sponsorin.  Williams became a member o the saxteen-body pairty the sailed tae the Weddell Sea aboard Theron wi the intention o establishin an advance base for the main pairty due tae arrive the follaein year.  Durin the ootward journey the ship became frozen is sea ice an an' a' haed tae depairt mair rapidly than oreeginally intendit, haein depositit the shore pairty who wur tae stay through the Antarctic winter.  The resultin film, Foothold on Antarctica, wis released in 1956.  It received a private viewin at Buckingham Palace an went on tae receive an Oscar nomination.  The film wis an aa shown on a number o occasions as pairt o public events which includit a talk frae Sir Vivian Fuchs an which raised private donations towards the costs o the expedition.

His next film, Oxford, made in 1956, wis commissioned bi the Central Office of Information as pairt o their efforts tae attract owerseas students.

In 1957 Williams moved frae World Wide Films tae Greenpark Films.  He wrote an directit From the Good Earth in 1957 unner the sponsorship o Hovis. This wis follaed bi There Was a Door (1957), which leuked at the care o the severely learnin disabled an wis sponsored bi the Manchester Regional Hospital Board.  This film representit his first social subject, an area that the Breetish documentary film industry syne the 1930s haes haed a strang track record. The film wis subsequently televised bi the BBC.  In 1959 he made The Road tae MIS, a film sponsored bi BP tae mark its fiftiet anniversary.  Follaein The Road to MIS, Williams became a freelance director an writer.

1960's
Subsequent films wur Bank of England (1960), Hunted in Holland (1961), The Cattle Carters (1962) and Treasure in Malta (1963), the latter three films being drama documentaries. Hunted in Holland and Treasure in Malta wur frequently shown tae Saturday forenuin children's film audiences in the 1960s.

In 1962 Williams acceptit an affer frae Films o Scotland tae direct a film tae commemorate the centennial o Glesga's appointment o its first Medical Officer for Health.  Williams' candid attempts tae portray the Glasgow o the times brocht him intae conflict wi John Grierson o Films of Scotland, who wantit a mair positive portrayal o Glesga.  Williams wis no creditit on the release o the finished film, Health of a City (1965).

His next film wis sponsored bi BP aboot their attempts tae fynd oil in northren Alaska. The film wis released as North Slope - Alaska in 1964 an is notable for its muisic composed bi the composer Edward Williams.  His subsequent films wur an aa sponsored bi BP. I Do - And I Understand (1964) wis on behauf o the Nuffield MAths Project an wan a Society of Film and Television Arts (SFTA, the predecessor tae BAFTA) award.  Turkey the Bridge focused on Turkeys historical an cultural heritage.  It wis editit bi Kevin Brownlow an wis Oscar nominatit.  His next film, haein wirked on but no been creditit for North Sea Quest (1967), wis Algerian Pipeline (1967) made for John Brown Ltd who wur biggin a pipeline.

1967 an aa saw the makin o Indus Water sponsored bi The World Bank an wi oreeginal muisic composed bi Wilfred Joseph.  The film leukit at a project unnertaken unner an Indian an Pakistan treaty tae mutually harness the waters o the Indus for agricultur.  This film an aa wan a SFTA award.

In 1969, rejoinin Greenpark Films, Williams made The Taking Mood for BP New Zealand, anither sma scale dramatic piece.  This wis tae be Derek Williams' last dramatic film which proved no tae be his strangest genre.

1970's an 1980's
Arguably his maist important an widely recognised film wis tae follae in 1970.  Entitled The Shadow of Progress an sponsored bi BP, the film wis an early example o the environmental movement.  The film exposed the consequences o industrialisation, particularly wi regard tae pollution, though comin prior tae the identification o global warmin, its focus is mair on the visual impact an damage tae wild-life an the lived environment. Ower 1,900 copies o the film wur printit an circulated in a number o leids an the film wis twice shown bi the BBC on prime time.

The follaein year he made Alaska - The Great Land again unner BP sponsorship focusin on the history, wildlife an cultur o Alaska.  Edward Williams wis the composer o the muisic.  The film resultit in Derek Williams' last SFTA award.

In 1972, he made Tide o Traffic unner BP sponsorship, pairt o a planned three pairt series (The Shadow of Progress, Tide of Traffic an a scriptit but niver made film on the issues creatit bi population growth).  Tide of Traffic wis aboot the impact o the caur particularly in terms o its damage tae the urban environment.  The film received an Oscar nomination an a Venice Golden Mercury.

In 1973 he made Scotland, a film sponsored bi BP an focused on the history an cultur o Scotland.  His last film for Greenpark wis made the follaein year.  A Heritage To Build On, released in 1975, wis sponsored bi the Cement and Concrete Association.  He wrote the script for The End of the Road (1976) aboot Alaska, which went on tae receive an Oscar nomination.

Bi nou the Breetish documentary industry wis in rapid decline wi the growin strength o telly an the dwindlin availability o industrial sponsorship, particularly follaein the 1973 oil shock.  Housomeivver, in his last significant budget film, The Shetland Experience (1977), Williams wirked unner the sponsorship o the Sullom Voe Association tae record the history, nature an cultur o the Shetlands as the oil began tae come ashore tae the terminal built at Sullom Voe. The film wis Oscar nominatit an Williams wis able tae attend the Oscar ceremony in Los Angeles for the anerlie time.

In 1979 he made Planet Water for BP, though on a muckle mair limited budget than the films o the early 1970s.  The film focused on the problems o access tae water an covered some o the theme which wur tae be pairt o the unmade film on population growth.

Maist o his remainin films reflectit the declinin sponsorship available an wur o a mair obviously commercial nature.  These include The Science of Art (1976) for Winsor & Newton, The Chemistry of India (1979) for ICI, Army Cadet (1980) an an airmy recruitment film, South East Pipeline (1982) for Esso, Fair Wear and Tear (1982) for BP, Diamond Day (1982) for De Beers, Configuration Management (1985) an Replenishment at Sea (1986) for the UK Airmed Forces.

1990's
In 1990 he made A Stake in the Soil, his first sponsorship bi Shell's film unit an focused on the environmental theme o the exhaustion o soil bi intensive farmin. A seicont Shell sponsorship follaed, Oman - Tracts of Time (1992) a film requestit bi the Sultan o Oman.  Durin the making o the film Williams suffered frae (temporary) ill-health which wis tae bring tae a close his film-makin career at the age o 62.

Retirement
In his retirement Williams haes written an publisht twa beuks on Roman history wi a third unpublished.

Derek Williams' films an the awards an nominations they received makes him ane o the leadin post-war UK documentary film directors.  He wis the subject o a retrospective at the Breetish Film Institute on 6 December 2010.

He married Olive Minnie Warren on 19 November 1960. They hae lived in Kent, Ingland syne 1961.

References
Shadows of Progress: Documentary Film in Post-war Britain, editit bi Patrick Russell an James Piers Taylor. A British Film Institute publication, Palgrave Macmillan 2010.

1929 births
2021 daiths
Fowk frae Newcastle upon Tyne

Derek Williams


A mass flow controller (MFC) is a device used to measure and control the flow of liquids and gases. A mass flow controller is designed and calibrated to control a specific type of liquid or gas at a particular range of flow rates. The MFC can be given a setpoint from 0 to 100% of its full scale range but is typically operated in the 10 to 90% of full scale where the best accuracy is achieved. The device will then control the rate of flow to the given setpoint. MFCs can be either analog or digital.  A digital flow controller is usually able to control more than one type of fluid whereas an analog controller is limited to the fluid for which it was calibrated.

All mass flow controllers have an inlet port, an outlet port, a mass flow sensor and a proportional control valve. The MFC is fitted with a closed loop control system which is given an input signal by the operator (or an external circuit/computer) that it compares to the value from the mass flow sensor and adjusts the proportional valve accordingly to achieve the required flow. The flow rate is specified as a percentage of its calibrated full scale flow and is supplied to the MFC as a voltage signal.

Mass flow controllers require the supply gas or liquid to be within a specific pressure range. Low pressure will starve the MFC of fluid and cause it to fail to achieve its setpoint. High pressure may cause erratic flow rates. There are many different technologies which can help to measure the flow of the fluids and eventually help in controlling flow. Those technologies define the types of Mass Flow Controllers, and they include differential pressure (ΔP), differential temperature (ΔT), Coriolis, Ultrasonic, electromagnetic, turbine, etc.

See also

 Control valve
 Coriolis
 Flow control valve
 Flow limiter
 Flow measurement
 Mass flow meter
 Thermal mass flow meter
 Mass flow rate

References

External links
  How a Mass Flow Controller works video
 Thermal Mass Flow Meter / Controller (Principle of operation) video
 MEMS-based thermal mass flow controller video

Measuring instruments
Control devices

Mass flow controller


Attica is one of 51 prefectures of Greece. Attica contains Athens, the capital of Greece. In ancient period was the area of ancient Athenian state. Attica today is the prefecture with the largest number of people in Greece being the area where Athens, the capital of Greece, is. There are about 3,500,000 people.

Geography
Attica is in the south of Greece. It is a peninsula between Peloponnese and Euboea. Its the southest point is the cape Sounion. Attica has five mountains with an elevation over 1000 meters, Parnitha (the highest of all), Penteli, Hymettus, Pateras mountain and Kithairon. Attica has borders with Boeotia prefecture  to the north and Corinthia prefecture to the west. Attica is surrounded by the sea of Saronic gulf to the west and South Euboean golf to the east. These seas are a part of Aegean sea.

Attica


Ken Billington (born October 29, 1946) is an American lighting designer.  He began his career in New York City working as an assistant to Tharon Musser.

He was born in White Plains, New York, the son of Kenneth Arthur (an automobile dealer) and Ruth (Roane) Billington.

Billington has 96 Broadway productions to his credit including Copperfield, Checking Out, Moon Over Buffalo, Grind, Hello, Dolly!, Meet Me in St. Louis, On the Twentieth Century, Side by Side by Sondheim, Lettice and Lovage, Tru, The Scottsboro Boys, and Sweeney Todd.

Off-Broadway productions include Sylvia, London Suite, Annie Warbucks, Lips Together, Teeth Apart, The Lisbon Traviata, What the Butler Saw, and Fortune and Men's Eyes.

Billington was the principal lighting designer for Radio City Music Hall from 1979 to 2004, where he created the lighting for the world-famous Christmas and Easter Spectaculars. While there, he also created the lighting for the stage adaptation of the 1937 animated musical film Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs. Other projects include lighting the 1975/76 season for the American Shakespeare Festival at Stratford, Connecticut as well as projects such as Turandot at the Vienna State Opera, to nightclub acts for headliners Ann-Margret, Shirley MacLaine, and Liberace.

At Disneyland, Billington's lighting is featured in the extravaganza Fantasmic. His architectural designs can be seen in restaurants and clubs from Manhattan to Asia. Ken also designed the lighting plot and original design for all four current Dolly Parton Dixie Stampede locations.

Billington has been nominated for the Tony Award for Best Lighting Design nine times and in 1997 won for the revival of Chicago, which also garnered him the Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Lighting Design.

In November 2015, Billington was inducted into the Theater Hall of Fame.

Awards and nominations

References

External links

Biography American Theatre Wing
The Lighting Archive complete lighting paperwork for Sweeney Todd

American lighting designers
Tony Award winners
1946 births
Living people

Ken Billington


Ferrets (Mustela putorius furo) are domestic animals. They are the domestic form of the European polecat. They are in the weasel genus of the family Mustelidae.

Ferrets have an average length of 20 inches (51 cm) including a 5-inch (13 cm) tail, weigh about . They live for about 7–10 years. Males are larger than females. They are sociable animals, and are usually kept in groups of two or more.

With their long thin body, ferrets look like a large weasel. They may have different colours and markings on their fur. A lot of ferrets in one place will sometimes have a strange smell. This is caused by natural oils produced by the ferrets.

Behavior
As naturally crepuscular animals, ferrets tend to sleep during the day.  This deters many people from getting them although most ferret owners say their ferrets change their sleeping schedules to that of their owners.

Ferrets and humans
Domesticated ferrets are used for hunting, or can be kept as pets. Hunting with ferrets is called ferreting. Because of their thin body, they can go down into holes and hunt rodents and rabbits. Ferrets have been kept as pets since the Middle Ages.

Health
Ferrets suffer from several health problems. Some of the most common health problems are cancers affecting the adrenal glands, pancreas, and lymphatic system. Viral diseases include canine distemper and influenza. Health problems can happen in unspayed females when not being used for breeding. Certain colors of ferret may also carry a genetic defect known as Waardenburg syndrome. Similar to domestic cats, ferrets can also suffer from hairballs and dental problems

Ferrets as pets
Ferrets are legal to have as a pet in most places. They are not legal in a few places in the United States. Ferrets should be vaccinated. A breeder or pet store will get it spayed or neutered and also de-scented.  Ferrets can spray the natural oils from their anal glands similar to that of a skunk if not de-scented.

Ferrets are very flexible and can fit into small holes to flush out rabbits or rodents. Ferrets can get through open vents or small holes in walls. Ferrets are good climbers so if curtains are touching the floor they can easily climb the curtains.

Ferrets should be kept in a group, unless you can provide them with multiple hours of activity, they get quite bored when alone.  Ferrets tend to sleep curled up together in a ball usually making them indistinguishable from one another.

Diet
Ferrets are carnivores and cannot tolerate grains or vegetable matter well.  Their diet should consist of around 20% fat and 80% meat.  Ferrets need a high calorie diet: commercial dog and cat foods do not contain enough fats and protein to suit them.  Feeding them such a diet while convenient will ultimately shorten the ferrets life.

Ferrets are subject to insulinoma and as such they should not be given fruits except on rare occasions as a treat. Raisins are a favorite of most ferret but should be given extremely sparingly. Fresh chicken, turkey or even duck is a good choice for your ferret. Commercial ferret foods are available but many contain grains and also fruits and as such are not suitable for them. Research brand ingredients or find a recipe to make your own.

References

Mustelids
Pets

Ferret


Randy Newman Live is a live album by American singer Randy Newman. It is one of only two official live recordings he has released (the other was 2011's Live in London.) The album was recorded over three evenings between September 17 and 19, 1970 at the Bitter End, New York.

Originally intended as a radio promo recording to gain publicity, it is just over 28 minutes in length. The material is mostly taken from his debut album and 12 Songs plus a couple of rarities ("Maybe I'm Doing It Wrong" and "Tickle Me") and two songs from the as then unreleased Sail Away album ("Last Night I Had a Dream" and "Lonely at the Top").

"I'll Be Home" is a song that was also recorded (most notably) by Harry Nilsson (Nilsson Sings Newman, 1970), Barbra Streisand (Stoney End), Cass Elliott (Cass Elliot), The New Seekers (Beautiful People album), Anne Murray (Danny's Song), Tim Hardin and Mina (Mina, in Italian). Newman released a studio version on Little Criminals in 1977.

Track listing
All songs written by Randy Newman

Side One
"Mama Told Me Not to Come" – 1:46
"Tickle Me" – 1:53
"I'll Be Home" – 2:40
"So Long Dad" – 1:41
"Livin' Without You" – 2:16
"Last Night I Had a Dream" – 1:43
"I Think It's Going to Rain Today" – 2:32

Side Two
"Lover's Prayer" – 1:52
"Maybe I'm Doing It Wrong" – 1:16
"Yellow Man" – 2:05
"Old Kentucky Home" – 1:33
"Cowboy" – 2:13
"Davy the Fat Boy" – 2:48
"Lonely at the Top" – 2:16

Personnel
Randy Newman - piano, vocals
Lenny Waronker	- producer
Russ Titelman - producer

References

Randy Newman albums
Albums produced by Lenny Waronker
Albums produced by Russ Titelman
1971 live albums
Reprise Records live albums
Albums recorded at the Bitter End

Randy Newman Live


Mercury poisoning is a health disturbance caused by high levels of exposure to mercury.

Symptoms of mercury poisoning include pink in the cheeks, fingertips, and toes, swelling, unexplainable sweating, lots of saliva, fast heartbeat, high blood pressure, and hair loss for some people. Mercury exposure happens most often when you eat certain types of fish or via other ways.

Health problems

Mercury poisoning


A light microscope works like a refracting telescope except that the object is very close to the objective lens. An object to be studied, for example a tiny organism so small it looks like just a dot, is put on a slide, which is usually a flat piece of glass. The clips on the microscope's flat stage hold the slide in place. The stage can be adjusted to add more light.  It also moves to allow different layers of the object to be in focus.  The user looks through the microscope eyepiece.  A mirror at the bottom of the microscope reflects light rays up to the object through a hole in the stage. Objective lenses magnify the image which is made even larger when it is seen through the eyepiece lenses. Some light microscopes are actually digital cameras, made to photograph small things but having no eyepiece.

Many microscopes, often used in colleges and high schools, normally have a top magnification of 40x with the option of having 4x and 8x. This lets the microscope show basic cells and other items.  Others can magnify hundreds of times, or thousands.

Components

All modern optical microscopes designed for viewing samples by transmitted light share the same basic components of the light path, listed here in the order the light travels through them. Also almost all microscopes have the same 'structural' components:
 Ocular lens (eyepiece) (1)
 Objective turret or Revolver or Revolving nose piece (to hold multiple objective lenses) (2)
 Objective (3)
 Focus wheel to move the stage (4 – coarse adjustment, 5 – fine adjustment)
 Frame (6)
 Light source, a light or a mirror (7)
 Diaphragm and condenser lens (8)
 Stage (to hold the sample) (9)
These entries are numbered according to the image on the right.

Alternatives
Optical microscopes cannot show things that are smaller than light waves, because of the diffraction limit. Microscopes which can see smaller things include:
Atomic force microscope (AFM)
Scanning electron microscope (SEM)
Scanning ion-conductance microscopy (SICM)
Scanning tunneling microscope (STM)
Transmission electron microscopy (TEM)
Ultraviolet microscope
X-ray microscope

Other websites
Antique Microscopes.com A collection of early microscopes
Historical microscopes , an illustrated collection with more than 3000 photos of scientific microscopes by European makers
The Golub Collection, A collection of 17th through 19th Century microscopes, including extensive descriptions
Molecular Expressions, concepts in optical microscopy
Online tutorial of practical optical microscopy
OpenWetWare
Antonie van Leeuwenhoek: father of microscopy and microbiology

Microscopes

Light microscope


The centimetre-gram-second system (abbreviated CGS or cgs) is a variant of the metric system.  The derived units are on the centimeter as the unit of length, the gram as a unit of mass and the second as a unit of time. The system evolved in the nineteenth century when it was used to define both electrical and mechanical units.

The cgs units of energy and force are the dyne and the erg.
 The dyne is defined as the force needed to accelerate a mass of one gram by one centimetre per second squared (cm s-2).
 The erg is defined as the work done when a mass of one gram is moved a distance of one centimetre against a force of one dyne.

The coherent cgs unit of pressure was the barye (symbol Ba). A bayre is one dyne per square centimeter.
Many non-coherent units of pressure were used in the cgs system. They include:
The atmosphere (atm). A standard atmosphere is 1.01325×106 Ba.
Millimetres of mercury (mmHg). One millimeter of mercury is 133.32 Ba.

The dyne and the erg were used to define the units for electrical quantities. Two different forms of cgs units were developed. One form was developed for electrostatic units and another for electromagnetic units.  Electrical engineering units were based on the MKS (metre-kilogram-second) system instead of the CGS system.

During the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries many other units were defined using cgs units. In 1960 the BIPM published the International System of Units (SI) which was based on the metre, the kilogram, the second and the ampere. SI has now replaced the CGS system of units in most applications.

Units of measurement

Centimetre–gram–second system of units


Curtis Marsena "Curt" Gentry (June 13, 1931 – July 10, 2014) was an American writer, born in Lamar, Colorado.

He is best known for co-authoring, with Vincent Bugliosi, the 1974 book Helter Skelter,  which detailed the Charles Manson murders. Gentry lived in San Francisco, California.

Gentry died, aged 83, on July 10, 2014, in San Francisco.

Awards and nominations

Frame-Up was a nominee for the 1968 Edgar Award from the Mystery Writers of America for Best Fact Crime book.

Helter Skelter won a 1975 Edgar Award from the Mystery Writers of America for Best Fact Crime book.

J. Edgar Hoover won the 1992 PEN Center West Literary Award for Non-Fiction.

Select works

 The Last Days of the Late, Great State of California, Putnam, 1968 (novel)
 J. Edgar Hoover: The Man and the Secrets, W. W. Norton, 1991,
 The Madams of San Francisco: An Irreverent History of the City by the Golden Gate, Doubleday and Company, 1964, paperback reprint 1971
 The Killer Mountains: A Search for the Legendary Lost Dutchman Mine, World Publishing Company (1969)
 Helter Skelter: The True Story Of The Manson Murders (with  Vincent Bugliosi)
 Frame-up: The Incredible Case of Tom Mooney and Warren Billings, W. W. Norton, 1967
 The Dolphin Guide to San Francisco and the Bay Area
 Jade: Stone of Heaven (with Richard Gump)
 John M. Browning: American Gunmaker (with J. Browning)
 The Vulnerable Americans
 A Kind of Loving, with Toni Lee Scott (autobiography), World Publishing Company (1970)
 Operation Overflight: The U-2 Spy Pilot Tells His Story for the First Time (with Francis Gary Powers) Holt, Rinehart and Winston (1971)
 Second in Command: The Uncensored Account of the Capture of the Spy Ship Pueblo (with Edward R. Murphy)

References

1931 births
2014 deaths
People from Lamar, Colorado
American non-fiction crime writers
American investigative journalists
Edgar Award winners
Writers from San Francisco
Writers from Colorado
Deaths from lung cancer in California
Historians from California

Curt Gentry


The current form o the banner o Slovakie wis adoptit bi Slovakie's Constitution, which came intae force on 3 September 1992. The banner, in common wi ither Slavic naitions, uises the white, blue an reid colours.

Slovakie's banner in its current form (but wi anither coat o airms on it or athoot ony airms) can be datit back tae the revolutionary year 1848 (see: The Revolutions o 1848 in the Habsburg auries). It wis an aa uised semi-offeecially in Czechoslovakie afore Warld War II, bi the Slovak Republic durin WWII, an finally adoptit (athoot the coat o airms) on 1 Mairch 1990 as the banner o the Slovak Republic athin Czechoslovakie. The coat o airms wis addit on 3 September 1992 an a special law describin the details o the banner follaed in Februar 1993.

The blue triangle in the current banner o the Czech Republic, wi which Slovakie formed Czechoslovakie up tae the dissolution o Czechoslovakie, wis taken ower frae the blue strip o Slovakie's banner in 1920 intae the banner o Czechoslovakie. The banner o Czechoslovakie wis taken ower bi the Czech Republic in late 1992 in direct violation o the 1992 Act on the Diveesion o Czechoslovakie explicitly forbiddin state seembols tae be uised bi the twa successor states.

Syne the Slovak banner athoot the coat o airms is identical tae that o the modren banner o Roushie an it can an aa be compared tae the modren bannero Slovenie, the Constitution o Slovakie addit the naitional coat o airms in September 1992.

Naitional seembols o Slovakie
Slovakie

Banner o Slovakie


Sericulture, also called silk farming, is the process of making silk fibers. It starts by raising silkworms and then processing the fibers they produce. Silk fibers are combined into silk thread. The thread can then be twisted into silk yarn or woven into silk cloth (fabric).

Production

Stages of production
The stages of production are as follows:

 The silk moth lays thousands of eggs.
 The silk moth eggs hatch to form larvae or caterpillars, known as silkworms.
 The larvae feed on mulberry leaves.
 Having grown and moulted several times, the silkworm pushes out silk fibers to make a net to hold itself.
 It swings its head from side to side in a figure '8' distributing the saliva that will form silk.
 The silk solidifies when it contacts the air.
 The silkworm spins approximately one mile of filament (fiber) and completely encloses itself in a cocoon. This takes about two or three days.
The whole cocoons are picked and boiled, killing the silkworm pupa.
 The silk is obtained by brushing the undamaged cocoon to find the outside end of the filament.
 The silk filaments are then wound on a reel.

The amount of usable quality silk in each cocoon is small. As a result, about 2500 silkworms are required to produce a pound of raw silk.

One cocoon contains approximately 1,000 yards (meters) of silk filament. The silk at the winding stage is known as "raw" silk. One thread is made up of as many as 48 individual silk filaments.

References

Other websites

 The History of Sericulture , from the Smithsonian magazine
 Central Silk Board of India
 Silk Production Process
 Sericultural Research & Training Institute of Mysore, India
 Central Sericultural Germplasm Resources Centre  Ministry of Textiles, Government of India
    Sericulture in the India Development Gateway
 Silkworm Life cycle (photos)
 Raising silkworms in your classroom, including photos
 "Livelihood - Hanging by a Thread"
 A bitter-sweet story

Fibers
Agriculture

Sericulture


Ivy was a motorcycle manufacturer between 1907 and 1934 in Birmingham, England. It was run by various brothers from the Newman family. Ivy built about 6,000 motorcycles of various models. Most used two-stroke engines made by either J.A.P. or Precision, but there were also 225cc and 296cc engines designed and manufactured by Ivy. The company also made its own suspension forks, carburettors and sidecars.

The company was heavily involved in motorcycle racing, with several of the Newman brothers entering races themselves. The race bikes were kept as standard wherever possible to demonstrate the build quality and specification of the production machines. The Newman brothers believed that this was the best way to prove their designs and advertise their products. H. C. Newman was especially successful, winning many local events and finishing well in the Isle of Man TT races several times.

Models

Various different models were made during the company's existence. These included:

Ivyette: This had a 2 ¼ horsepower Valveless 224 cc two-stroke Ivy engine.
Designed to be a cheap and reliable vehicle for getting around town. Powered by the Ivy engine.

Model C: This had a 2 ½ horsepower Precision engine. A version of this model was also sold as the Model E, which had a 2 ¾ horsepower engine.
Model D: This was available with a wide range of engines including:
3 ½  Hp single cylinder Precision engine (also a special TT version with 3 ¾ Hp which is claimed to be the first single-cylinder machine to achieve a speed of  with a sidecar).
4 ½ Hp twin cylinder Precision engine.
5 Hp twin cylinder JAP engine
6 Hp twin cylinder Precision or JAP engine
A ladies' version of the model D was also available with a lower crossbar.
1924 Models: These were available with 349cc and 297cc single-cylinder SV engines, Sturmey Archer gearbox, Dunlop 26 x 2 1/2 cord tyres and mechanical oiling (as opposed to a hand-operated pump).

Ivy Side Car: broke 7 world records at Brooklands on 30 October 1913 when used with 3 ½ horsepower Ivy D.
An H.C. Newman-designed 677cc V-twin was used in the first Martinsyde.

References:

Motorcycle manufacturers of the United Kingdom
Defunct motor vehicle manufacturers of England
Defunct companies based in Birmingham, West Midlands
Manufacturing companies based in Birmingham, West Midlands

Ivy (motorcycles)


An era in geology is a time of several hundred million years. It describes a long series of rock strata which geologists decide should be given a name. An example is the Mesozoic era, when dinosaurs lived on the Earth.

An era is made up of periods, and several eras make up an eon. The Phanerozoic eon started about 541 million years ago (mya). It is made up of the Paleozoic era (from the Greek for "oldest life"), the Mesozoic era ("middle life") and the Cainozoic era ("latest life").

Units of time

Geology

Era


Franz Welser-Möst (born Linz, 16 August 1960) is an Austrian conductor. He is the conductor (music director) of the Cleveland Orchestra.

Life
Franz Leopold Maria Möst was born in Linz, Austria. He learned to play the violin, but after being injured in a car accident he changed to conducting.

In 1985 he changed his stage-name to "Welser-Möst" after the town of Wels where he grew up. He soon started to be invited to conduct major orchestras. He appeared at the Salzburg Festival in 1985, then conducted the London Philharmonic Orchestra in 1986 and, from 1989 he appeared a lot in the United States. He conducted the Saint Louis Symphony Orchestra, Atlanta Symphony Orchestra, Boston Symphony Orchestra, New York Philharmonic and Chicago Symphony Orchestra. In 1990, Welser-Möst became main (principal) conductor of the London Philharmonic Orchestra. He received a lot of criticism and left the LPO in 1996.

In 1995 he went to the Zurich Opera House where he conducted many operas including complete cycles of Wagner's Ring Cycle. He left the Zurich post in 2008.

Since 2002 Welser-Möst has been conductor of the Cleveland Orchestra.

In 2007, the Austrian government made him musical director (Generalmusikdirektor) of the Vienna State Opera beginning in September 2010.

He has made many recordings.

Other websites
 Franz Welser-Möst biography at The Cleveland Orchestra

1960 births
Living people
Austrian conductors
People from Linz

Franz Welser-Möst


The start menu is a part of the graphical user interfaces found in many operating systems. It is well known for its use in Microsoft Windows, where it is used to start programs, open files, change system settings, and get help if a user doesn't know how to do what they want to do.

Since Windows 95, the button used to show the start menu, called the "start button", is found at the bottom left corner of the screen, on the far left side of the taskbar. Clicking this button will make a list of menu items appear, from which the user can find a list of programs, documents or settings, search their computer for something by name (Find), enter the location of a file to open it (Run), get help on using Windows, or turn off the computer (Shut Down).

The Start menu has, for the most part, stayed more or less like this, although there were changes in later versions of Windows such as Windows XP. But for Windows 8 (and its follow-up version, Windows 8.1), Microsoft replaced the menu with a "Start screen" that covers the entire screen rather than just part of it. Here, programs and files show up as large "tiles" that can show information from the program or the contents of the file without the need to open it. For many people, this was a big change that they did not like as they were used to the older look of the Start menu, and so when Microsoft designed Windows 10, the company brought back this look while keeping the "live tiles" from Windows 8.

Computing

Start menu


An XOR linked list is a type of data structure used in computer programming. It takes advantage of the bitwise XOR operation to decrease storage requirements for doubly linked lists.

Description
An ordinary doubly linked list stores addresses of the previous and next list items in each list node, requiring two address fields:

  ...  A       B         C         D         E  ...
           –>  next –>  next  –>  next  –>
           <–  prev <–  prev  <–  prev  <–

An XOR linked list compresses the same information into one address field by storing the bitwise XOR (here denoted by ⊕) of the address for previous and the address for next in one field:

  ...  A        B         C         D         E  ...
           ⇌   A⊕C   ⇌   B⊕D   ⇌   C⊕E   ⇌

More formally:
   link(B) = addr(A)⊕addr(C), link(C) = addr(B)⊕addr(D), ...

When traversing the list from left to right: supposing the cursor is at C, the previous item, B, may be XORed with the value in the link field (B⊕D). The address for D will then be obtained and list traversal may resume. The same pattern applies in the other direction.

i.e.
where
       link(C) = addr(B)⊕addr(D)
so
       addr(D) = addr(B)⊕addr(D) ⊕ addr(B)

       addr(D) = addr(B)⊕addr(B) ⊕ addr(D)
since
        X⊕X = 0
        => addr(D) = 0 ⊕ addr(D)
since
        X⊕0 = X
        => addr(D) = addr(D)
The XOR operation cancels  appearing twice in the equation and all we are left with is the .

To start traversing the list in either direction from some point, the address of two consecutive items is required. If the addresses of the two consecutive items are reversed, list traversal will occur in the opposite direction.

Theory of operation
The key is the first operation, and the properties of XOR:
X⊕X = 0
X⊕0 = X
X⊕Y = Y⊕X
(X⊕Y)⊕Z = X⊕(Y⊕Z)

The R2 register always contains the XOR of the address of current item C with the address of the predecessor item P: C⊕P. The Link fields in the records contain the XOR of the left and right successor addresses, say L⊕R. XOR of R2 (C⊕P) with the current link field (L⊕R) yields C⊕P⊕L⊕R.
 If the predecessor was L, the P(=L) and L cancel out  leaving C⊕R.
 If the predecessor had been R, the P(=R) and R  cancel, leaving C⊕L.

In each case, the result is the XOR of the current address with the next address. XOR of this with the current address in R1 leaves the next address. R2 is left with the requisite XOR pair of the (now) current address and the predecessor.

Features
 Two XOR operations suffice to do the traversal from one item to the next, the same instructions sufficing in both cases. Consider a list with items {…B C D…} and with R1 and R2 being registers containing, respectively, the address of the current (say C) list item and a work register containing the XOR of the current address with the previous address (say C⊕D).  Cast as System/360 instructions:

 X  R2,Link    R2 <- C⊕D ⊕ B⊕D (i.e. B⊕C, "Link" being the link field
                                   in the current record, containing B⊕D)
 XR R1,R2      R1 <- C ⊕ B⊕C    (i.e. B, voilà: the next record)

 End of list is signified by imagining a list item at address zero placed adjacent to an end point, as in {0 A B C…}. The link field at A would be 0⊕B. An additional instruction is needed in the above sequence after the two XOR operations to detect a zero result in developing the address of the current item,
 A list end point can be made reflective by making the link pointer be zero. A zero pointer is a mirror. (The XOR of the left and right neighbor addresses, being the same, is zero.)

Drawbacks

 General-purpose debugging tools cannot follow the XOR chain, making debugging more difficult;
 The price for the decrease in memory usage is an increase in code complexity, making maintenance more expensive;
 Most garbage collection schemes do not work with data structures that do not contain literal pointers;
 Not all languages support type conversion between pointers and integers, XOR on pointers is not defined in some contexts;
 While traversing the list the address of the previously accessed node is needed to calculate the next node's address and the pointers will be unreadable if one isn't traversing the list—for example, if the pointer to a list item was contained in another data structure;
 XOR linked lists do not provide some of the important advantages of doubly linked lists, such as the ability to delete a node from the list knowing only its address or the ability to insert a new node before or after an existing node when knowing only the address of the existing node.

Computer systems have increasingly cheap and plentiful memory, therefore storage overhead is not generally an overriding issue outside specialized embedded systems. Where it is still desirable to reduce the overhead of a linked list, unrolling provides a more practical approach (as well as other advantages, such as increasing cache performance and speeding random access).

Variations
The underlying principle of the XOR linked list can be applied to any reversible binary operation. Replacing XOR by addition or subtraction gives slightly different, but largely equivalent, formulations:

Addition linked list

  ...  A        B         C         D         E  ...
           ⇌   A+C   ⇌   B+D   ⇌   C+E   ⇌

This kind of list has exactly the same properties as the XOR linked list, except that a zero link field is not a "mirror". The address of the next node in the list is given by subtracting the previous node's address from the current node's link field.

Subtraction linked list

  ...  A        B         C         D         E  ...
           ⇌   C-A   ⇌   D-B   ⇌   E-C   ⇌

This kind of list differs from the standard "traditional" XOR linked list in that the instruction sequences needed to traverse the list forwards is different from the sequence needed to traverse the list in reverse. The address of the next node, going forwards, is given by adding the link field to the previous node's address; the address of the preceding node is given by subtracting the link field from the next node's address.

The subtraction linked list is also special in that the entire list can be relocated in memory without needing any patching of pointer values, since adding a constant offset to each address in the list will not require any changes to the values stored in the link fields. (See also serialization.) This is an advantage over both XOR linked lists and traditional linked lists.

Binary search tree
The XOR linked list concept can be generalized to XOR binary search trees.

See also
XOR swap algorithm

References

External links

 Implementation of Xor List in C++ in library Listes.

Binary arithmetic
Linked lists

XOR linked list


The Orion complex (sometimes called the Orion  molecular cloud complex) is a huge star-forming area in the constellation of Orion.

It is a large group of bright nebulae, dark clouds, and young star clusters. The cloud is between 1,500 and 1,600 light-years away and is hundreds of light-years across. Several parts of the nebula can be seen through binoculars and small telescopes. Some parts (such as the Orion nebula) are visible to the naked eye.

The nebula is important because of its sheer size. It is also one of the most active regions of stellar formation that can be seen in the night sky. In it are protoplanetary discs and many very young stars.  The nebula is very bright in the infrared wavelengths due to the heat-intensive processes involved in star formation. The complex contains dark nebulae, emission nebulae, reflection nebulae, and HII regions.

Nebulae in the complex

The following is a list of notable nebulae in the larger nebula complex:
 The Orion nebula, also known as M42
 M43, which is part of the Orion Nebula
 IC 434, which contains the Horsehead Nebula
 The Horsehead nebula
 Barnard's Loop
 M78, a reflection nebula
 NGC 1999
 NGC 2175
 NGC 2174
 Various Orion molecular clouds
 Flame nebula (NGC 2024)

Also the Orion OB1 Association is part of this complex. This is a group of several dozen hot giant stars of spectral types O and B. These are blue  and blue-white stars.

References

Other websites
Orion Cloud Complex
SEDS website
Clickable table of Messier Objects
Orion images

Astronomical objects
Super star clusters

Orion complex


Robert Beaven (January 20, 1836 – September 18, 1920), son of James Beaven, was a British Columbia politician and businessman. Beaven moved to British Columbia from Toronto, where he had been educated at Upper Canada College, because of the gold rush. He entered business in Victoria, which was then the capital of the Colony of Vancouver Island. After the colony's union with British Columbia, Beaven became involved with politics as secretary of Amor De Cosmos' Confederation League which advocated that the colony enter Canadian Confederation.

Beaven was elected to the provincial legislature in 1871, the year of union with Canada, and served in the cabinets of De Cosmos and his successor George Anthony Walkem as chief commissioner of land and works. He was accused by the opposition of corruption and was criticised for not opening up land for settlement quickly enough as well as running up the deficit. Beaven was in opposition during the government of Andrew Charles Elliott but rejoined the government when Walkem became premier for a second time in 1878 and became minister of finance and agriculture. Due to a shortage of revenues he instituted a poll tax in 1881.  In 1882 Beaven became premier of the province but many of his supporters were defeated in the subsequent July election and Beaven ruled with a minority.

As Premier he hosted the three-month visit to British Columbia of the Governor General of Canada, the Marquess of Lorne, and his wife Princess Louise, offering to make the princess Queen of Vancouver Island. She declined.

In January 1883 Beaven attempted to introduce a legislative program but his government was brought down by a Motion of No Confidence and he resigned on January 29, 1883.

Beaven remained an MLA and leader of the opposition until 1894 when he lost his seat in an election after having served in the legislature for twenty-three years. He also served three terms as mayor of Victoria, British Columbia in the 1890s.

Following the 1898 election, no party had a majority and the lieutenant-governor Thomas Robert McInnes passed over the former premier John Herbert Turner and asked Beaven to form a government despite the fact that he had been out of the legislature for four years. Leading members of the legislature refused to support Beaven and he was unable to form a cabinet.

Robert Beaven died in 1920 and was interred in the Ross Bay Cemetery in Victoria.

External links
Biography at the Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online

1836 births
1920 deaths
Premiers of British Columbia
Canadian Anglicans
English emigrants to pre-Confederation Ontario
Mayors of Victoria, British Columbia
Politicians from Toronto
Immigrants to Upper Canada
Colony of British Columbia (1866–1871) people
Upper Canada College alumni
English emigrants to pre-Confederation British Columbia

Robert Beaven


A dialect is a form of a language spoken by a group of people. People who live in the same place may share a dialect; this is called a "regiolect". People who are similar in some other way, such as social class, may share a dialect.

There is no absolute difference between a dialect and a language. British English and American English are different standard dialects of English. They differ slightly in spelling, pronunciation, and vocabulary. However, they are "mutually intelligible", which means people who speak either variety understand the other.

Deciding if something is a language or a dialect is sometimes a political decision as a way to make minority groups assimilate or become part of a nation's larger culture.  The linguist Max Weinreich once joked that "a language is a dialect with an army and a navy."

Examples
Japanese and the Okinawan language are related, as they are Japonic languages, but they are not mutually intelligible. When Japan took over Okinawa during the Meiji Era, the Japanese government called the Okinawan language a dialect of Japanese. This was used to forbid Okinawans from speaking Okinawan and to force them to Japanese.

Catalan and Galician used to be considered as dialects of Spanish but are now recognized as languages. They are about as near to Portuguese and to Occitan, respectively, as they are to Spanish.

Hindi and Urdu are called different languages today, but they used to be the same language, Hindustani. After Pakistan became separate from India, Hindustani became called Urdu in Pakistan and Hindi in India. However, speakers of both can understand each other if they are using everyday speech. The two languages use different writing systems, but writing systems are not an accurate way to decide if languages are related.

English is definitely a language, but it once was Anglo-Saxon, a dialect of Old Saxon.

Chinese is called a language, but has hundreds of dialects, such as Mandarin, Cantonese, Wu, and Hokkien. Many of them are not mutually intelligible.

In past times, travel was difficult and so dialects developed in quite small regions. In Britain, there were dialects in the different parts of the country, and traces can stiill be heard today. The Romance languages were dialects of Latin that separated in that way.

Differences in dialects can be:

 words: people in England to church, but in Scotland, people go to kirk.
Pronunciation: the r of letters is silent in most of England but is pronounced by most of the United States.
grammar: instead of I dived, some people say I dove.
In India, there are scores of dialects of Hindi language like Rajasthani, Bhojpuri, Chhattisgarhi, Magadhi, Haryanvi and others. Moreover,people whose native language is Hindi, may or maynot treat it as their mother tongue.

Animal dialects
With certain kinds of birds, people have noticed that their singing is different in different geographical areas. They have called these variations dialects. Similar observations have been done with Orcas.

Language

Dialect


A plectrum or pick is a small object used to play certain types of string instruments. The plectrum is held in the hand and used to pluck a string. This makes a hard, metallic, "twangy" sound. The instruments most commonly plucked include the guitar, lute and mandolin. The strings of a harpsichord are also plucked, although the plectra in this instrument are called "jacks". They pluck the string when the player presses a key down.

Plucked string instruments

Plectrum


A nanny is someone hired to take care of the children in a family.  They are usually female but there are also male nannies. Many nannies can begin their employment in their late teens. Many nannies live in their employers' home most of the days in the year. Some employers require their nanny/nannies to wear a uniform.

Related pages

Au pair
Babysitter

Personal service occupations
Domestic work

Nanny


Flash Forward was the first Disney Channel original TV series. It was produced in Canada by Global Television. The show was meant for pre-teens and teenagers. It was on the Disney Channel from 1995-1997.

The show is about two best friends, Tucker and Rebecca, and their neighbors. They are in the eight grade. The show was produced by Atlantic Films. The show had 26 episodes and only one season.

Characters
Tucker "Tuck" James is played by Ben Foster
Rebecca "Becca" Fisher is played by Jewel Staite
Miles Vaughn is played by Theodore Borders
Christine "Chris" Harrison is played by Asia Vieira
Horace James is played by Ricky Mabe
Ellen Fisher is played by Rachel Blanchard (ep 1-4) and Robin Brûlé

Other websites

Animated television series
Television series by Disney
English-language television programs
1995 television series debuts
1997 television series endings

Flash Forward


An incomplete list of events in 1139 in Italy:

 Second Council of the Lateran
The Second Council of the Lateran is believed to have been the Tenth Ecumenical Council by Roman Catholics. It was held by Pope Innocent II in April of the year, and was attended by close to a thousand clerics. Its immediate task was to neutralise the after-effects of the papal schism, which had arisen after the death of Pope Honorius II in February 1130 and the setting up of Petris Leonis as the antipope Anacletus II.

 Treaty of Mignano
The Treaty of Mignano of 1139 was the treaty which ended more than a decade of constant war in the Italian Mezzogiorno following the union of the mainland duchy of Apulia and Calabria with the County of Sicily in 1127. More significantly, in 1130, Antipope Anacletus II had crowned Roger II king.

The legitimate pope, Innocent II, did not recognise this title and many of Roger's peninsular vassals took exception to his exercising royal authority over them. Over the decade of the 1130s, Roger defeated his vassals one by one until in 1137, the Emperor Lothair II came down with the pope and conquered most of the south. Lothair's death deprived the southern barons of their support, however, and Roger quickly reconquered his territories and in 1139 the papal-imperial duke of Apulia, Ranulf of Alife, died.

Italy
Italy
Years of the 12th century in Italy

1139 in Italy


Ludwig Lichtschein  (died 1886, Ofen) was a Hungarian rabbi.

Lichtschein was born Komorn, studied at Pápa, and was rabbinical assessor of Austerlitz, Nagykanizsa, and Esztergom. From 1876 until his death he was rabbi at Somogy-Csurgó.

Lichtschein was the author of the following works:
 A Zsidók Kőzép és Jelenkori Helyzetők (Gross Kanizsa, 1866), on the condition of the Jews in medieval and modern times
 Die Dreizehn Glaubensartikel (Brünn, 1870), a sermon
 Der Targum zu den Propheten (in Stern's Ha-Meḥaḳḳer, i)
 Der Talmud und der Socialismus (ib. iii); Kossuth Lajos és a Sátoraljaúhelyi Rabbi (in Magyar Zsidó Szémle, 1885), on Kossuth and the rabbi of Sátoralja-Ujhely.

References

Hungarian rabbis
Hungarian Jews
People from Komárno
Year of birth missing
1886 deaths

Ludwig Lichtschein


विजय (यश संपादन करणे,किंवा करणारा)हे एक सर्वनाम तसेच नाम आहे.विजयी असे त्याचे विशेषण आहे.
Victory (from Latin victoria) is a term, originally in applied to warfare, given to success achieved in personal combat, after military operations in general or, by extension, in any competition. Success in a military campaign is considered a strategic victory, while the success in a military engagement is a tactical victory.

In terms of human emotion, victory is accompanied with strong feelings of elation, and in human behaviour is often accompanied with movements and poses paralleling threat display preceding the combat, associated with the excess endorphin built up preceding and during combat.
Victory dances and victory cries similarly parallel war dances and war cries performed before the outbreak of physical violence.

Examples of victory behaviour reported in Roman antiquity, where the term originates, are the victory songs of the Batavi mercenaries serving under Gaius Julius Civilis after the victory over Quintus Petillius Cerialis in the Batavian rebellion of 69 (according to Tacitus), and also the "abominable song" to Wodan, sung by the Langobards at their victory celebration in 579. The sacrificial animal was a goat, around whose head the Langobard danced in a circle while singing their victory hymn (see also Oslac).
In the Roman Republic, victories were celebrated by triumph ceremonies and monuments such as victory columns (e.g. Trajan's Column). A trophy is a token of victory taken from the defeated party, such as the enemy's weapons (spolia), or body parts (as in the case of head hunters).

In mythology, victory is often deified, as in Greek Nike or Roman Victoria. Archetypical victories of good over evil, or of light over dark etc. are a recurring theme in mythology and fairy tales. The victorious agent is a hero, often portrayed as engaging in hand-to-hand combat with a monster (as Saint George slaying the dragon, Indra slaying Ahi, Thor slaying the Midgard Serpent etc.). Sol invictus ("Sun invincible") of Roman mythology became an epithet of Christ in Christian mythology. The resurrection of Christ is presented as a victory over Death and Sin by Paul of Tarsus (1 Corinthians 15:55; see also Jesus Christ in comparative mythology).

Latinate victory from the 14th century replaces Old English sige (Gothic sigis, Old High German sigu), a frequent element in Germanic names (as in Sigibert, Sigurd etc.), cognate to Celtic sego- and Sanskrit sahas.

See also

विजय (नाव)


The Chiado () is a neighborhood in the historic center of Lisbon, the capital of Portugal. Chiado is an important cultural and commercial district, known for its luxury shopping, historic landmarks, and its numerous theatres and museums. In 1988, the Chiado area was severely affected by a fire. Following an extensive rehabilitation project by Pritzker-winning architect Álvaro Siza Vieira, the Chiado has recovered and become one of the most valuable real estate markets in Portugal.

Name

The toponym Chiado has existed since around 1567. Initially the name referred to Garrett Street, and later to the whole surrounding area. The most widely cited possible origin for the name is related to António Ribeiro (c.1520–1591), a popular poet from Évora who lived in the area and whose nickname was "chiado" ("squeak").

A bronze statue of the poet, by sculptor Costa Mota (tio), was placed in the Chiado Square in 1925.

History

The Chiado has been inhabited since at least Roman times, when several villae were present in the area.

During the Middle Ages it was used for agricultural purposes and it was in its vicinity that North European Crusaders settled during the Siege of Lisbon, in 1147. After the Christian reconquest of Lisbon, several convents were founded here: the St Francis Convent (1217), Espírito Santo da Pedreira (1279), Trindade Convent (1291) and the Carmo Convent (1398).

Between 1373 and 1375, during the reign of King Ferdinand I, a new city wall was built that encompassed part of present-day Chiado, favouring its urbanisation and settlement. The main gate (Portas de Santa Catarina) was located in the Chiado Square.

In the 16th century, the area outside the city walls (present-day Bairro Alto) was also urbanised. The gate and walls were demolished in the early 18th century.

The 1755 Lisbon earthquake greatly affected the area, destroying houses, churches and convents. The rebuilding plan organised by the Marquis of Pombal included the Chiado, and new streets were opened to link the area with the Baixa Pombalina. New churches we rebuilt in Rococo-Baroque style, like the Mártires Basilica, Encarnação Church and the Loreto Church, the latter belonging to the Italian community of Lisbon.

In the 18th and, especially, in the 19th century, a great number of important commercial establishments opened in the Chiado, turning it into a favourite shopping area. Some of them exist to this day, like the "Bertrand Bookshop" (opened 1747) and "Paris em Lisboa" (garment shop opened 1888). In 1792, Lisbon's opera house, the Teatro Nacional São Carlos, was inaugurated, attracting the cultural elite of the city, and other theatres were opened in the 19th century (Trindade Theatre, S. Luís Theatre).

Museums were also created, like the Archaeological Museum in the former Carmo Church and the Museum of Contemporary Art in the former Convent of Saint Francis (now Chiado Museum). The cafés and theatres in the area were a meeting point for the aristocracy, artists, and intellectuals at least until the 1960s. It eventually became a beloved touristic site thanks to its picturesque streets and squares, cultural attractions, cafés and shops.

1988 fire

In the early hours of August 25, 1988, a fire started at the Grandella department store in Rua do Carmo (Carmo Street) and quickly spread to Rua Garrett (Garrett Street) and others, affecting a total of 18 buildings (corresponding to an 8000 m2 land footprint) in the Chiado area, of which 11 were full losses with structure collapse, including the Armazéns do Chiado and Grandella department stores, that never reopened, along with several other historical shops also destroyed.

The fire was fought by 1,680 firefighters from throughout the country, and was put out by 16:00 local time. Several anecdotes indicate that the poorly equipped fire crews and access difficulties (especially at Rua do Carmo) combined with the extensive flammable contents (including gas bottles for sale on the stores) meant the firefighters struggled to cope with such a large scale urban fire. Two people were killed, and 73 were injured (60 of them firemen). Between 200 and 300 people lost their homes, and close to 2000 people lost their jobs. In terms of the extent of the city affected and number of destroyed buildings, the Chiado fire is often considered the worst disaster to strike the city since the 1755 Lisbon earthquake. Although it is known that the fire started with a slow combustion on the top floor of the Grandella building (which is unlikely in the event of intentional fire, that typically spreads quickly) the cause was never fully determined.

In 1989 the Portuguese architect Álvaro Siza Vieira was invited by the mayor of Lisbon Krus Abecasis to oversee the reconstruction project for the area. This rebuilding project was mostly completed by 1999, and included a shopping centre on the former Armazéns do Chiado building and the new Baixa-Chiado station of the Lisbon Metro, as well as new public spaces. The exterior look of the buildings was restored, while the interiors have been completely rebuilt according to modern construction techniques and safety regulations. The last feature of Siza's project was opened in 2015, the Terraços do Carmo, a structure comprising a series of balconies and belvederes behind the ruins of the Carmo Convent, that includes the upper landing of the Santa Justa Lift.

Landmarks
 A Brasileira
 Chiado Museum
 Carmo Convent
 Teatro Nacional de São Carlos

References

External links

1567 establishments in Portugal
Districts of Lisbon
Squares in Lisbon
Álvaro Siza Vieira buildings

Chiado


Water vapor is water that is in the form of a vapor, or gas. It is a part of the water cycle. When liquid water is heated to boiling point, 100 degrees Celsius (212 F), it turns into vapor. Water vapor can also be produced directly from ice; this is called sublimation. Steam is water vapor, but clouds are liquid water. The amount of water vapor in air is called humidity and it affects weather conditions. In the cold, breathing out causes the water vapor in the breath to freeze.

Water vapor weighs less than air, thus slightly reduces the lift produced by an aircraft wing.

Water vapour is transparent. The small droplets that look white like mist are actually liquid.

Water vapour is a big cause of the greenhouse effect.

Water vapor is invisible but when it condenses it makes visible water.

Thermodynamics
Vapor

Water vapor


Rhenock (Nepali: रिनाक ) is a small town in East district in the Indian state of Sikkim, located at . It is 63  kilometres east of Gangtok on the way to Jelepla Pass at an altitude of 1,040. The word Rhe-nock (in Lepcha dialect) means Black Hill. It is in the far east of Sikkim. Rhenock had the first police out post in the state, which is the historical event.

History
Rhenock was covered with dense forest in and around the 13th century. The Lepchas were the early settlers about six to five hundred years ago. After the Lepchas, Bhutias settled in the villages presently known as Kyongsa, Aritar & Chalisey. The people who settled here after 16th century were mostly from Nepali ethnic group such as Newars, Bahuns (Adhikari, Paudel, Gautam, Dahal, Bhandari and Achaarja), Chhetri (Subedi, Khatiwada & Bista), Gurung, Rai and Limboo.

People
Rhenock is inhabited by the people of different ethnic groups such as Lepchas, Bhutias, Nepalis (Gorkhas), Biharis and Marwaris. Lepcha tribes who were early settlers have their own unique culture. Originally followers of Shamanism religion, later became the followers of Buddhism. Some of them are the followers of Christianity. Bhutias are another group tribes who are the followers of Buddhism also have their own identity & culture. Majority of the people are Indian Nepalis also known as Gorkha. Most of them are the Hindus by religion. Some of the Nepalis Gurung After 1990 became  Buddhist, before that they were followers of Hinduism. Some others are the followers of Christianity. In spite of above all every one respects others belief and faith and celebrates others' festivals which makes a peaceful and prosperous society.

Educational institutions
Rhenock has about 130 years' long history of education. Rhenock School is among the oldest schools of Sikkim. It was established by a Christian missionary in the year 1880 at Rhenock (Khamdong). Later it was taken over by the government of Sikkim and moved to Kingstone. Presently the school is known as Senior Secondary School, Rhenock. A Sanskrit Pathshala (School) was run in the premises of Rhenock Temple to teach Sanskrit and rituals to train Hindu priest. After the merger of Sikkim into Indian union more than a dozens of schools were opened by the govt. of Sikkim. Now, Rhenock has following educational institutions
Government Degree College
Government Senior Secondary School, Rhenock
Government Secondary School, Tarpin
Government Sec. School, Sudunglakha
Government Secondary School, Aritar
St. Joshep's School, Rhenock
Sanskrit School at Khamdong & Rhenock Bazar
Others: Junior High Schools and many primary Schools

Places of interest

Aritar Lake
Wood Land Nursery
Aritar Gumpa (monastery)

References

Towns in Sikkim

Rhenock


In music a rondo is a piece of music which has one main theme, which is heard several times, and other musical ideas in between each time.  If we give the main theme a label "A" and the other musical ideas "B", "C", "D" etc. then the form of a rondo can be described as ABACADA.  The sections in between the main "A" section are called "episodes".  Rondos can vary in length, e.g. a rondo might be ABACADAEAFA.  Each episode is normally in a different key from the main key.

The word "rondo" is sometimes given the French spelling: rondeau.

Composers from the Baroque period onwards often write movements which are in rondo form.  In the Classical music period the last movement of a symphony or sonata is very often a rondo.  Rondos are normally fast and lively.  They are a good way of finishing a long piece of music with something that is happy.

The word "rondo" is related to the word "ritornello" meaning: something that keeps returning.

Rondo form is sometimes combined with sonata form to make something which is called "sonata rondo form".  In sonata rondo form the second tune is treated like the second subject in sonata form where it comes back in the main key the second time.

Musical forms

Rondo


The Excelsior Stadium is the home of Airdrie United F.C. of the Scottish First Division.  The ground is named as such as a tribute to the fact that Airdrieonians began life as Excelsior Football Club in 1878.

When the stadium first opened it was officially titled Shyberry Excelsior Stadium ("Shyberry" being the company who sponsored the stadium when it first opened). Now, though, even the name Excelsior Stadium is rarely used by Airdrie United supporters as well as opposing fans and even the media as the stadium has instead come to be referred to as New Broomfield which is more palatable from an Airdrie perspective due to its association with the former home of Airdrieonians, Broomfield Park.

Football stadiums in Scotland

Excelsior Stadium


Dead Reckoning (or DR) is a method of estimating a position. It is an important part of navigation. It uses the last known point (a fix), and speed and direction the vehicle or person has moved since it was at the fix, to make a good guess where the current position is.

It is used to track where a ship or airplane or sometimes where a vehicle on land is at.  Now, Global Positioning System (GPS) is used and dead reckoning is not as important.  But it is still used in areas where GPS is not available or for short periods of time if a GPS update is missed.  It is also good to know in case the GPS satellites are damaged by a solar flare, or equipment is lost or broken, so it is still taught to sailors and pilots.

Dead Reckoning is how the sailors mapped the world after Christopher Columbus came to the New World. Using the stars, they could find their latitude (distance between the equator and the poles). But before accurate clocks were created, they could not tell their longitude (how far east or west they were) unless they saw land that they knew.  So to cross the oceans they used dead reckoning.  This is also how Richard Byrd became the first person to fly to the North Pole in 1926. He was able to fly for 16 hours and come back to the place he had left, with only ice fields beneath him.

Method
Dead reckoning starts from a known point (the fix).  Then the speed of the vehicle needs to be known.  In old times, ships would throw a log over the side (tied to a rope) and count how long it took to pass this log (or to pull a rope with knots and count how many knots get pulled out in a certain amount of time).  This would give the speed of the ship.  Knowing the direction from a compass would give the direction.  From these two numbers an estimate (a good guess) could be made about the current location of the vehicle.  However, a wind pushes the vehicle to one side (called drift) so this needs to be measured as well.  Also there are currents in the water, even in the middle of the ocean.  Over time this could make errors as well, so charts were made to correct for currents.

Airplanes can measure their windspeed easily (how fast they are going through the air), but not how fast they are moving over the land (called ground speed).  A head wind, tail wind, or cross wind changes the ground speed.  If the altitude of the plane is known, then the ground speed can be found by timing how fast the plane goes past an object on the ground.  (The higher you are, the slower the ground seems to move).  A window on the floor of the airplane can be used to find the ground speed and the drift of the airplane.

A vehicle on ground can also use dead reckoning.  Usually they do not need to worry about drift from the wind, and there are no currents on land, so this reckoning is easier.

References

Navigation

Dead reckoning


Janus was a two-faced god of Roman mythology who kept the gate of Heaven. He was the god of beginnings and ends, and so of gates, doors, doorways and passages. He is usually depicted as having two faces, since he looks to the future and to the past. The Romans named the month of January (Ianuarius) in his honor. In January we look back on the last year and forward to the next.

Janus presided over the beginning and ending of conflict, and hence war and peace. The doors of his temple were open in time of war, and closed to mark the peace. As a god of transitions, he was remembered at births, and journeys: he was concerned with travelling, trading and shipping.
It was also said that his face was split in two since a door can let you in or out.

An unusual feature of the mythology is that the ancient Greeks had no version of Janus.

Roman gods and goddesses

Janus


Burnside is one of the 77 official community areas of Chicago, Illinois. It is located on the city's south side. It had a population of 2,254 in 2016. It is also the least populous community area.

This area is also called by locals, "The Triangle", as it is bordered by railroad tracks on every side; the Illinois Central on the west, the Rock Island on the south and the Nickel Plate Railroad (now Norfolk-Southern) on the east.

Originally thought to be part of Roseland and the Chatham communities.

Other websites
 Official City of Chicago Burnside Community Map
 Community Map

Community areas of Chicago

Burnside, Chicago


Fake The Khmer Empire  or Angkor Empire (Khmer: ចក្រភពអង្គរ, Chăkrâphôp Ângkô are the terms that historians use to refer to Cambodia from 802 CE to 1431 CE when the nation was a Hindu/Buddhist empire in Southeast Asia. The empire referred to itself as Kambuja or Kambujadeśa which are ancient terms for Cambodia. The empire grew out of the former civilizations of Funan and Chenla, and at times ruled over and/or vassalized most of mainland Southeast Asia and parts of Southern China, its control stretching from the tip of the Indochinese Peninsula northward to modern Yunnan province, China, and from Vietnam westward to Myanmar.

A notable achievement is the site of Angkor, which is located in present-day Cambodia, the Khmer capital when the empire was the greatest. The majestic monuments of Angkor, such as Angkor Wat and Bayon, show the Khmer Empire's immense power, wealth, art, culture, architectural technique, aesthetics achievements, and the variety of belief systems that the Khmer Empire had over time. Satellite imaging has revealed that Angkor was the largest pre-industrial urban center in the world during the Khmer Empire's peak in the 11th to 13th centuries,.

The beginning of the era of the Khmer Empire is conventionally dated to 802 when King Jayavarman II declared himself chakravartin ("universal ruler", title equivalent to "emperor") on Phnom Kulen. The empire ended with the fall of Angkor in the 15th century.

Former countries in Southeast Asia
Former empires
History of Cambodia
800s establishments
9th-century establishments in Asia
15th-century disestablishments

Khmer Empire


Annibale Padovano (1527 – March 15, 1575) was an Italian composer and organist of the late Renaissance Venetian School.  He was one of the earliest developers of the keyboard toccata.

Life

Padovano was born in Padua — hence his name — but little is known about his early life.  He first appears at St. Mark's in Venice on November 30, 1552, when he was hired as first organist at an annual salary of 40 ducats.  He stayed at this post until 1565.  St. Mark's at this time also began to employ a second organist (it was Claudio Merulo for the last eight years of Padovano's tenure), which allowed two simultaneous, spatially separated organs to perform in the huge space of the cathedral:  this was a key development in music of the Venetian school, which was already using spatially separated choirs of voices.  Merulo took over the job of first organist when Padovano left.

In 1566, Padovano left Venice to go to the Habsburg court in Graz.  Many Venetian musicians left their native area to seek their fortunes in Habsburg domains, which generally remained friendly to Venice.  Padovano became the director of music at Graz in 1570, and died there five years later.

Music and influence

Although Padovano published a book of motets, a book of masses, and two books of madrigals, he is mainly remembered for his instrumental music.  He was a notable early composer of ricercars, a predecessor of the fugue; many of the themes he used derived from plainchant, but he included considerable ornamentation in the melodic lines.  In addition he often broke the theme up for motivic development in a surprisingly "modern" way, anticipating the developmental techniques of the common practice period.

Probably his most famous compositions are his toccatas, which were perhaps the earliest examples of the toccata in its more modern sense as an improvisatory, highly ornamented piece.  Usually he included imitative interpolations between improvisatory sections, and also meter changes from duple to triple, anticipating later music of the Venetian school.

While in Bavaria he wrote an enormous mass for 24 voices, which makes use of three choirs of eight voices each.  This composition was likely performed for the wedding of Duke Wilhelm V of Bavaria to Renata of Lorraine.  This piece has been recorded by the Huelgas Ensemble, led by Paul Van Nevel.

References and further reading

 Eleanor Selfridge-Field, Venetian Instrumental Music, from Gabrieli to Vivaldi.  New York, Dover Publications, 1994.
 "Annibale Padovano", in The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, ed. Stanley Sadie.  20 vol.  London, Macmillan Publishers Ltd., 1980.
 Gustave Reese, Music in the Renaissance.  New York, W.W. Norton & Co., 1954.

External links

1527 births
1575 deaths
16th-century Italian musicians
Italian classical composers
Italian male classical composers
Italian classical organists
Male classical organists
Musicians from Padua
Renaissance composers
Venetian School (music) composers

Annibale Padovano


A biscuit is a type of food. They are small baked breads or cakes.

Biscuits in British usage

In British English, Australian English, Canadian English and New Zealand English, biscuits are usually sweet and can be eaten with tea, milk or coffee. In North America these are called "cookies".

In spite of the difference, this is the meaning in the name of the United States' most famous maker of cookies and crackers, National Biscuit Company (now called Nabisco).

Biscuits in American usage

In American English, a "biscuit" is a small form of bread, similar to scones, made with baking powder or baking soda as a leavening agent rather than yeast. (Biscuits, soda breads, and corn bread, among others, are sometimes referred to all together as "quick breads" to show that they do not need time to rise before baking.)

Breads
Desserts

Biscuit


A debugger is a computer program that is used to test and "debug" other programs, mainly to solve programming bugs.

Debuggers offer advanced functions such as:
Running a program step by step (single-stepping),
Stopping (breaking) (pausing the program to examine the current state) at some kind of event by means of breakpoint (a place for stopping or pausing in a program),
Tracking; which means following the values of some variables,
Some debuggers can change a program while it is running; some only watch it.

The same things that make a debugger useful for solving software bugs allow it to be used as a software cracking tool to defeat copy protection and other software protection features.

Computer science

Debugger


The Sunda Islands are part of the Malay archipelago. They are divided into the Greater Sunda Islands and the Lesser Sunda Islands.  Sumatra, Java, Borneo and Sulawesi make up the Greater Sunda Islands. The Lesser Sunda Islands consist of many smaller islands. Today, the Sunda Islands are divided between Indonesia, Malaysia, Brunei and East Timor. The Wallace Line also runs through the Sunda Islands. It is the biological division between the Australian fauna and flora, and that of Southeast Asia.

Geography of Asia

Sunda Islands


Friedensreich Hundertwasser (born 15 December 1928, died 20 February 2000) was an Austrian artist. He often called himself Friedensreich Regentag Dunkelbunt Hundertwasser (Land-of-Peace Rainy-Day Dark-Colourful Hundred-Water) . Hundertwasser became known for designing buildings, but he also created stamps, painted, designed posters, and other works. He even designed a new flag for New Zealand, based on a local fern frond, called the Koru.

Biography
Hundertwasser was born in Vienna as Friedrich Stowasser. His mother, Elsa, was Jewish, so the Second World War was a difficult time for them. They pretended to be Catholic during the war, and to escape notice, Friedrich even joined the Hitler Youth.

After the war ended, he changed his name from Friedrich Stowasser to Friedensreich Hundertwasser. Part of the meaning of Friedensreich is peaceful realm (country). He studied briefly at the Academy of Fine Arts in Vienna, but when his money ran out, he started to travel a lot. He began to develop his own style, and in 1952, he exhibited his paintings for the first time.

Hundertwasser married twice - in 1957 and 1962 - but both marriages ended in divorce. He had one daughter, Heidi Trimmel, who was born in 1982.

In 1975, Hundertwasser left Europe and went to live in a small town called Kawakawa in New Zealand, where he could live mostly self-sufficiently. The artist bought several properties, joined them together to give himself enough access to nature, built solar panels and a water purification plant, and grew his own food. He lived there until he died of a heart attack in 2000.

He was buried at home in New Zealand. On top of his grave, a tree was planted. Hundertwasser said in 1989, A dead person is entitled to reincarnation in the form of... a tree that grows on top of him and through him.

Political views
As a result of his experience of being persecuted by the Nazi regime, Hundertwasser developed an anti-totalitarian position early on. His early fears of the square marching battalions associated with dictatorships may have led him to oppose any "geometrization" of people and their architecture. In a letter in 1954 Hundertwasser described the square as "geometric rectangles compressed columns on the march".

Artistic styles and themes
Hundertwasser had a lively imagination; his art was unruly and chaotic. In his work, he used spirals, organic forms, wavy lines, bright colours, and a strong individualism. He wanted humans to live in harmony with nature, where there are no straight lines. Once, he called straight lines "something cowardly drawn with a ruler, without thought or feeling."

Concept
Hundertwasser believe that a person has three 'skins. First, her 'epidermis', her skin. Second, her clothes. And finally, her house or home. Later on in the 1970s, he added two more skins: social environment (family, friendships, nation) and the planet (environment, the ecology, nature).

Painting
You can see examples of Hundertwasser's paintings here . Colour is a large part of Hundertwasser's art. He didn't select colours for any special significance; instead he used bright, fierce, burning colours, and combined colours to form competing patterns.

Architecture
While he began as a painter, later in life the third skin - the home, or architecture - greatly interested Hundertwasser. He hated the way most buildings had straight lines and angles. He felt that buildings should fit and represent those who lived inside them. His building designs use natural forms, and often fit around nature rather than trying to bend nature to fit them. In the Hundertwasserhaus, an apartment building in Vienna, Austria, the floors aren't flat and even: they undulate.

Hundertwasser used nature in his buildings, which often have roof gardens. Grass roofs also have ecological, health and insusaltion advantages. A grass roof produces oxygen and makes life possible. It absorbs dust and dirt and converts the earth. Body and soul of man is at ease, both, who looks at it as well as who lives beneath it. (Hundertwasser 1991)

The artist also believed in a human's right to a window. He thought that "Some people say houses consist of walls. I say houses consist of windows."The repetition of identical windows next to each other and above each other as in a grid system is a characteristic of concentration camps.Windows in rank and file are sad, windows should be able to dance.A person in a rented apartment must be able to lean out of his window and scrape off the masonry within arm's reach. And he must be allowed to take a long brush and paint everything outside within arm's reach, so that it will be visible from afar to everyone in the street that someone lives there who is different from the imprisoned, enslaved, standardised man who lives next door. (Hundertwasser 1990)Hundertwasser wanted to allow the residents of his building to personalise their windows.

In the late 1970s, Hundertwasser was asked by City of Vienna to build a housing project - housing for poorer citizens who could not afford it otherwise. Inside, there were wavy, undulating floors ("an uneven floor is a divine melody to the feet"), a roof covered with earth and grass, and large trees growing from inside the rooms, with limbs extending from windows. Hundertwasser took no payment for the design of the house, declaring that it was worth it, to prevent something ugly from going up in its place. Within the house there are 52 apartments, four offices, 16 private terraces and three communal terraces, and a total of 250 trees and bushes. The Hundertwasser House is one of Vienna's most visited buildings and has become part of Austria's cultural heritage.

In Kawakawa, New Zealand, where Hundertwasser lived between 1975 and 2000, he designed the public toilets. Coach-loads of tourists visit every day to see these toilets, which are designed according to the artist's strict beliefs. All of the plants and vegetation which were displaced by the toilet were replanted on the roof, and it was built from recycled bricks from an old bank, and the residents' used glass bottles.

Gallery

References

Other websites
 Peter Schamoni: Hundertwasser Regentag (Hundertwasser's Rainy Day, 1972). An award-winning German documentary about the artist rebuilding an old wooden ship called Regentag (Rainy Day).
 Hundertwasser Museum , Vienna
 Hundertwasser's stamps
 Bad Blumau - hot spring resort designed by Hundertwasser

1928 births
2000 deaths
Austrian artists

Friedensreich Hundertwasser


The presidency armies were the armies of the three presidencies of British India. The presidency armies, like the presidencies themselves, belonged to the East India Company until the Indian Mutiny, when the British government took over all three presidencies. Eventually all three presidency armies were merged into the Indian Army.

The presidency armies were named after the presidencies, these were:

 The Bengal Army
 The Madras Army
 The Bombay Army

Before the rebellion
From the mid-eighteenth century, the East India Company began to keep armies at each of its three main stations, or 'Presidencies', in India at Calcutta (Bengal), Madras and Bombay. The Bengal Army, Madras Army, and Bombay Army were quite different, each with its own list of Regiments and European officers. All three armies had both European regiments in which both the officers and men were Europeans, and a larger number of 'Native' regiments in which the officers were Europeans and the ordinary soldiers were Indians.

Also from the mid-eighteenth century the British government began to send regiments of the regular British Army to India to reinforce the Company's armies. These troops are often referred to as 'H.M.'s Regiments' or 'Royal regiments'.

After the rebellion
Following the Indian rebellion of 1857-58 and the end of the East India Company, its European regiments were joined in 1860 with the British Army, but its 'Native' regiments were not. The three separate Presidency Armies  continued to exist, and their European officers continued to be listed as members of the Bengal, Madras or Bombay Army rather than the British Army. However, the Presidency Armies began to be described as the Indian Army. Also after the rebellion artillery was only to be used by the British Army and not by Indian troops.

In the 1890s, the separate Presidency Armies were joined together to form the Indian Army.

Related pages
Bengal Presidency
Bombay Presidency
Madras Presidency

Military of British India

Presidency armies


"Unsightly and Serene" was the second release made by the Manchester post-punk band, Crispy Ambulance.
It was also their first release on Factory Records, as they were signed to the label with the help of Rob Gretton who, after the death of Ian Curtis in May 1980, became a director of the label.
As a member of the band said in an interview: "Tony never liked us, but suffered us because Rob liked what we did. Since he had become an equal shareholder, Tony had no choice but to bite his lip."

Track listing
 Not What I Expected (4:00)
 Deaf (3:54)

References

1980 singles
1980 songs
Factory Records singles

Unsightly and Serene


In physical cosmology, the idea of  inflation is a proposed theory that would explain many features of the present-day universe, including the existence of large-scale structures such as galaxies. The theory was proposed by Alan Guth in the 1970s.

Basic Idea of Inflation
Based on the Standard Model of Cosmology, the universe has been and is expanding. The classical Big Bang theory assumes that the universe expanded at the same rate throughout universal history. Inflation says that the universe has not always expanded at the same rate, and that the universe has experienced many periods of brief but immense expansions in which the size of the universe nearly doubled. These periods, as said, were extremely short, lasting less than a second. After a single period, the expansion slowed down until the next rapid inflation came and, again, massively increased the size of the universe.

Problems Solved by Inflation Theory
The main problem solved by inflation is the origin of large-scale structures, such as galaxies. Inflation theory says that in a slow expansion of the universe, quantum fluctuations were only on the tiny distance scales; when the universe experienced a brief period of inflation, however, these quantum fluctuations are "stretched" much larger to cause density fluctuations. The places of higher density later caused matter to clump in those locations and form large-scale objects.

Another problem is that of temperature uniformity in the universe: why is the temperature so evenly distributed? Inflation says that objects that were previously in close proximity to one another were separated very quickly during a period of inflation, so the temperature balance was still held. In the classical Big Bang theory this was a problem because the uniform expansion would mean that objects would have to travel many times the speed of light to maintain temperature balance.

Another problem that inflation possibly solves is the problem of magnetic monopoles. Why do we no longer see magnetic monopoles in our universe? Inflation says that the few existing monopoles were so dispersed during periods of inflation that it is virtually impossible to find them now.

Mathematical Formulation
Inflation theory uses General relativity to model the inflation mathematically. The metric of inflation theory is

Predictions of Inflation Theory

Inflatons
The main prediction of inflation theory is that particles called inflatons are created from a scalar field from Quantum field theory. These inflatons would drive the inflation periods of the universe, but they quickly decay so the inflation periods are not very long at all. It was initially thought that the Higgs boson was an inflaton, but that has recently been discredited.

Multiverse
Inflation theory also suggests that there might be other universes. If inflation caused our universe, could it not also cause many other universes as well? This prediction has no empirical basis, but it has been explored in modern physics.
Cosmology

Inflation (cosmology)


In music, a melisma is the technique of singing one syllable to a lot of notes.  They are often called vocal runs or simply runs.  Music which uses melismas can be called melismatic.

In Western music melismas are often used in operas or any other music which is written for the singer to show off the voice.  Melismatic music is the opposite of music where each syllable has its own note.  In the "Alleluia Chorus" from Handel's Messiah each syllable of the word "Alleluya" has its own note.  But in other parts of the Messiah there are often melismas, e.g. in "Thus saith the Lord" the word "shake" ("and I will shake the heavens and the earth") is set to a run of 25 fast notes.  This example can also be described as "word painting".  Handel uses the melisma to make it sound like someone shaking something.

Melismas are used a lot in music from many different cultures.

Musical performance techniques

Melisma


Lee Cornes is an English television actor and writer born in Worcester.

A stand up comedian since 1980, he was a regular compere at London's Comedy Store throughout the 1980s and won best Stand Up Comedian at the Charrington London Fringe Awards in 1987.

Cornes appeared in three series of Blackadder, in two episodes of The Young Ones and as barman 'Dick Head' in the TV show Bottom. He made an appearance in the first episode of Filthy, Rich & Catflap as a binman. Appeared in the Comic Strip episode "Slags". Appearances on Saturday Night Live. Cornes also starred in children's drama Grange Hill as Mr. Jeff Hankin (1990–2002); provided voices for characters in the children's television series TUGS, and featured in the Doctor Who story "Kinda" as the Trickster (1982). He appeared in Red Dwarf as Paranoia in the series one episode "Confidence and Paranoia". He also appeared several times in the BBC Scotland sitcom Rab C. Nesbitt, once as a DSS Clerk and again as a barman in a Highland pub.

He played a major role as the harassed talent agent Dickie Valentino in the 1994 partially-improvised comedy film There's No Business..., alongside comedy duos Raw Sex (Simon Brint and Rowland Rivron) and The Oblivion Boys (Stephen Frost and Mark Arden).

He appeared in the 2002 S Club Juniors video "One Step Closer." In November 2010 he appeared as Dave in Episode 6 of E4 comedy Phoneshop. He appeared as the Tooting Flasher in Matt Berry's Toast of London pilot. Appeared in Hustle. Also appearances in French and Saunders, The Lenny Henry Show, The Detectives, After You've Gone, and My Family.

Stage appearances include Ken Campbell's The Warp at the Liverpool Everyman, several roles at the Orange Tree Theatre, Richmond. Figaro at The Watford Palace Theatre, as well as pantomime roles. Co-writer and performer The WOW Show at the Wyndham's Theatre. He toured Britain with Neal from the Young Ones.

Cornes was one of the lead writers for Mr Bean, The Animated Series, and a writer on Cavegirl and Channel 4's Gophers!. He was a co-writer of Channel 4's animation series The Bird, and writer/storyliner on What's Up Doc?, a writer and performer on Thames TV's After Hours and joint writer on two series of The WOW Show on Radio 4. He has appeared in various children's television shows such as My Parents are Aliens, Bear Behaving Badly, Jackanory.

In a 2010 interview in The Times, Cornes was cited as one of fellow comedian Sean Lock's biggest comedic influences.  Lock said: "He's not very well known but he is my main influence — he used to compere at the Comedy Store. He's the comedians' comedian. He used to be very unpredictable, which is a great skill in a comedian, not knowing where to go next. He also used to play the physics teacher in Grange Hill."

References
Citations

Sources

External links

20th-century English male actors
21st-century English male actors
Living people
English male television actors
People from Hayes, Hillingdon
Male actors from London
Actors from Worcester, England
Male actors from Worcestershire
Year of birth missing (living people)
English male comedians
Comedians from Worcestershire

Lee Cornes


The palendag, also called Pulalu (Manobo and Mansaka), Palandag (Bagobo), Pulala (Bukidnon) and Lumundeg (Banuwaen) is a type of Philippine bamboo flute, the largest one used by the Maguindanaon, a smaller type of this instrument is called the Hulakteb (Bukidnon). A lip-valley flute, it is considered the toughest of the three bamboo flutes (the others being the tumpong and the suling) to use because of the way one must shape one's lips against its tip to make a sound. The construction of the mouthpiece is such that the lower end is cut diagonally to accommodate the lower lip and the second diagonal cut is make for the blowing edge. Among the Bukidnon, a similar instrument with the same construction except that it is three-fourths the length of the palendag, is called the hulakteb

For the Maguindanaon, the palendag was used for intimate gatherings for families in the evening.

References

External links
Photograph of a Pulala, by Hans Brandeis.
Photograph of a Pulala, by Hans Brandeis.
Photograph of a Pulala mouthpiece, by Hans Brandeis.
Photograph of a Palandag, by Fekke de Jagar.
Photograph of a Pulalu, by Fekke de Jagar.

End-blown flutes
Philippine musical instruments
Culture of Maguindanao del Norte
Culture of Maguindanao del Sur
Culture of Bukidnon
Bamboo flutes

Palendag