Archie Green (June 29, 1917 – March 22, 2009) was an American folklorist specializing in laborlore (defined as the special folklore of workers) and American folk music. Devoted to understanding vernacular culture, he gathered and commented upon the speech, stories, songs, emblems, rituals, art, artifacts, memorials, and landmarks which constitute laborlore. He is credited with winning Congressional support for passage of the American Folklife Preservation Act of 1976 (P.L. 94-201), which established the American Folklife Center in the Library of Congress.

Early life and work
Born Aaron Green in Winnipeg, Manitoba he moved with his parents to Los Angeles, California in 1922. He grew up in southern California, began college at UCLA, and transferred to the University of California at Berkeley, from which he received a bachelor's degree in political science in 1939. He joined the Civilian Conservation Corps and spent his year of service in a camp on the Klamath River as a road builder and firefighter. He then worked in the San Francisco shipyards and served in the U.S. Navy during World War II. He was a member of the United Brotherhood of Carpenters and Joiners of America for over sixty-seven years and was a Journeyman Shipwright. His pro-labor orientation owed much to his upbringing. His parents were Jewish-Ukrainian immigrants from Chernigov, where his father had participated in the uprising against the Russian czar in 1905. When that revolution failed, they escaped to Canada. In the U.S., Green's father, a socialist, supported Eugene Debs, the campaign of Upton Sinclair for governor of California in 1934, and became a supporter of President Franklin Roosevelt's New Deal. While living in Los Angeles, Green regularly heard political speeches in Pershing Square. Describing himself as an "anarcho-syndicalist with strong libertarian leanings," or a "left-libertarian," Green combined a sensitivity for working people, an abiding concern for democratic processes, and a pragmatic willingness to lobby for reforms. He spent his career not only collecting material from laborers, but encouraging workers themselves to document and preserve their own lore.

In 1942 Green purchased the album Work Songs of the U.S.A. performed by folk singer Huddie "Leadbelly" Ledbetter. His love of music and especially the song "Old Man" sparked his interest in folkloristics, but it was to be nearly two decades before he returned to formal academia.

Academic career
Green enrolled in graduate school in 1958, earning an M.L.S. degree from the University of Illinois in 1960 and a Ph.D. in folklore from the University of Pennsylvania in 1968. He combined his support for labor and love of country music in the research that became his first book, Only a Miner. In the same period he recorded "Girl of Constant Sorrow," an LP of songs sung by Sarah Ogan Gunning, the sister of coalminer, songwriter, and labor leader Jim Garland. Green joined the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign in 1960, where he held a joint appointment in the Institute of Labor and Industrial Relations and the English Department until 1972. Working as a senior staff associate at the AFL-CIO Labor Studies Center in the early 1970s, he initiated programs presenting workers' traditions at the Smithsonian Institution's Festival of American Folklife on the National Mall, and from 1969 to 1976 he left academia to live in Washington, D.C., where he led the successful legislative campaign to enact the American Folklife Preservation Act.  He became known for his work on occupational folklore and on early hillbilly music recordings. In 1975 he joined the faculty of the University of Texas at Austin. He was awarded the Bingham Humanities Professorship at the University of Louisville in 1977, and was a Woodrow Wilson Center fellow in Washington, DC, in 1978. His articles have appeared in Appalachian Journal,  Journal of American Folklore, Labor's Heritage, Musical Quarterly, and other periodicals and anthologies. He retired from the University of Texas at Austin in June 1982, and established an archive for his collected materials in the Southern Folklife Collection at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.

Later work
In retirement from teaching, Green continued to write and publish the results of years of research. He completed books on the tinsmiths' art, using examples from northern California (Tin Men, 2002); a monograph on millwrights in northern California over the 20th century (2003); and a collection of essays on the Sailor's Union of the Pacific (2006).

Also notable was the 2007 publication of The Big Red Songbook, featuring the lyrics to the 190 songs included in the various editions of the Industrial Workers of the World's Little Red Songbooks from 1909 to 1973. Green inherited the project from John Neuhaus, a machinist and Wobbly a (member of the Industrial Workers of the World) who devoted years to collecting a nearly complete set of the IWW songbooks and determining what music the songs had been set to. When Neuhaus died of cancer in 1958, he gave his unique collection of songbooks, sheet music and other materials to Green, who vowed to carry on Neuhaus's vision of a complete edition of IWW songs. Green deposited Neuhaus's original materials in the folklife archive at the University of North Carolina.

At home in San Francisco, Green served as secretary of the nonprofit Fund for Labor Culture & History. Founded in July 2000, the Fund has worked with the National Trust for Historic Preservation to identify labor landmarks in San Francisco and install commemorative plaques, supported the publication of books on roots music, labor songs and historic labor landmarks, prepared guides to films on skilled union craftsmen, and helped the United Mine Workers restore the Ludlow Monument in Colorado. A visit to Archie Green's home often began with his salutation, "Greetings, fellow worker."  He would always assist any researcher or student,  but he would likewise always find something for them do go out and do. Green also brought together unionists, activists, scholars, and artists in "Laborlore Conversations," a series of conferences on working class culture.  Green was unable to attend the fourth of these conferences in August 2007, where he was honored with the Living Legend Award from the Librarian of Congress.

In 2011, University of Illinois Press published Sean Burns' biography of Archie Green entitled Archie Green: The Making of a Working Class Hero. The biography, which argues that the trajectory and accomplishments of Green's life can importantly challenge and expand Communist Party centered histories of the Popular Front, received the CLR James Book Award for 2012 awarded by the Working Class Studies Association.

Honors
 In 1995 he received the Benjamin A. Botkin Prize for outstanding achievement in public folklore from the American Folklore Society.
 In August 2007 he received the Living Legend award from the Library of Congress.

Death
Archie Green died of renal failure at his home in San Francisco, California on March 22, 2009.

References

Books by Archie Green
 Only a Miner: Studies in Recorded Coal-Mining Songs (University of Illinois Press, 1972).
 Wobblies, Pile Butts, and Other Heroes (University of Illinois Press, 1993).
 Songs About Work (Indiana University Folklore Institute, 1993).
 Calf's Head & Union Tale (University of Illinois Press, 1996).
 Torching the Fink Books & Other Essays on Vernacular Culture (The University of North Carolina Press, 2001).
 Tin Men (University of Illinois Press, 2002).
 Millwrights in Northern California, 1901-2002 (Northern California Carpenters Regional Council, 2003).
 Harry Lundeberg's Stetson & Other Nautical Treasures (Crockett, CA: Carquinez Press, 2006).
 Co-editor, with David Roediger, Franklin Rosemont, and Salvatore Salerno,The Big Red Songbook (Chicago: Charles H. Kerr Publishing Co., 2007).

Biography
 Sean Burns, Archie Green: The Making of a Working-Class Hero (University of Illinois Press, 2011).

External links
 American Folklife Center
 Hillbilly Music Source and Symbol Online Exhibit, Southern Folklife Collection, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
 Archie Green Papers, Southern Folklife Collection, The Wilson Library, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
 Archie Green interviewed on National Public Radio about The Big Red Songbook
 San Francisco Chronicle feature on Green and The Big Red Songbook
 Down Home Radio Show Tribute to Archie Green
 Archie Green Remembered on NPR

1917 births
2009 deaths
American folklorists
American libertarians
Canadian folklorists
Canadian libertarians
Canadian musicologists
Civilian Conservation Corps people
Deaths from kidney failure
Historians of the Industrial Workers of the World
Writers from Winnipeg
20th-century American musicologists
Canadian emigrants to the United States

Archie Green


The Halmahera Sea is a regional sea located in the central eastern part of the Australasian Mediterranean Sea. It is centered at about 1°S and 129°E and is bordered by the Pacific Ocean to the north, Halmahera to the west, Waigeo and West Papua to the east, and the Seram Sea to the south. It covers about  and its topography comprises a number of separate basins and ridges, the chief of which is the Halmahera Basin reaching a depth of 2039 m.

Extent
The International Hydrographic Organization (IHO) defines the Halmahera Sea as being one of the waters of the East Indian Archipelago. The IHO defines its limits as follows:

On the North A line from Wajaboela (Morotai) to Tg. Djodjefa, the Northern point of Halmahera.

On the East. A line from Tg. Gorango, the Northeastern point of Morotai Island, through Sajang and Kawé Islands to the Western extremes of Waigeo and Batanta Islands across to the Northwest point of Samawati Island, down the coast to Tg. Menonket its Southwest point, and thence to Tg. Sele, New Guinea ().

On the South. The Northern limit of Ceram Sea between Obi Major and New Guinea [A line from ... Obi Major ... Tanjong Seranmaloleo its Eastern extreme, thence through Tobalai, Kekek, Pisang and Kofiau Islands to Tanjong Sele (), the Western point of New Guinea].

On the West. The Southern limit of Molukka Sea  between Halmahera and Obi Major [A line from the Southern extreme of Halmahera to the North point of Bisa (Setile) Island, thence to the Northern extreme of Obi Major].

References

External links
 Halmahera Sea entry on the Glossary of Physical Oceanography

Seas of Indonesia
Landforms of Halmahera
Landforms of North Maluku
Landforms of Papua (province)
Maluku Islands

Halmahera Sea


Leptospirosis (also known as Weil's disease, canicola fever, canefield fever, nanukayami fever or seven day fever) is a bacterial disease. It is caused by spirochaetes of the genus Leptospira. This bacterium affects humans and many animals, including mammals, birds, amphibians, and reptiles. It was first described by Adolf Weil in 1886. At the time he reported an "acute infectious disease with enlargement of spleen, jaundice and nephritis". The pathogen, Leptospira-genus bacteria was isolated in 1907 from a post mortem kidney slice.

Leptospirosis is a relatively rare bacterial infection in humans. The infection is commonly transmitted to humans by allowing fresh water that has been contaminated by animal urine (often from rats) to come in contact with the skin, eyes or with the mucous membranes.

It usually causes heart failure, kidney failure or liver failure, and most sufferers die if they are not treated urgently. The disease causes little concern, as it is quite rare

Except for tropical areas, Leptospirosis seems to occur most often in the months August to September, in the Northern Hemisphere.

Diseases caused by bacteria
Animal diseases

Leptospirosis


A thermocouple, TC for short, is a device that converts heat directly into electricity. A thermocouple can also work in reverse - using an electric current to transform into heat as well as cold.

How do thermocouples work?
Imagine that two wires made of different types of metal are connected at one end. If the junction of the two wires is heated, electricity will flow through the wire.

Electrons, when heated, will begin to cross the junction on their own. Because of the different properties of the different metals, the electrons will lose potential energy and gain kinetic energy, just like a ball rolling over a hill to a lower area. Although the voltage created by a thermocouple is very small (in the millivolt range), many thermocouples can be hooked together to make a larger voltage. This is called a thermopile.

Thermocouples can also generate heat from electricity, and even cold from electricity, acting as a refrigerator. If two different wires are connected at both ends, and some voltage source makes current flow through the loop, one junction will get hot and the other junction will become cold. The electrons at the hot junction are gaining kinetic energy as they cross the junction. This is why they make the metal hot. The electrons at the cold junction are losing kinetic energy as they cross the junction. This is why they make the junction cold.

It is difficult to measure the precise voltage that a thermocouple is producing when heat is applied to its junction. This is because any voltmeter wires that are connected to the thermocouple will probably be made of a different material than the wires of a thermocouple. This means that the connection between the voltmeter and the thermocouple is itself another thermocouple. Engineers designing microchips face the problem that virtually every electrical connection on a microchip is a thermocouple whether they want it to be or not.

Use of thermocouple
Gas heaters with pilot flames are one of the most famous examples for the use of thermocouples. Thermocouples are stacked to make a thermopile, which can generate enough voltage from the heat of the pilot flame to keep the gas valve open which in turn supplies the gas for the pilot flame. If the gas runs out, the flame extinguishes and the voltage across the thermopile decreases, which causes the electric gas valve to close. Many space probes get their electric power from a thermocouple in a radioisotope thermoelectric generator.

Thermocouples are also used in other ways. For instance, they monitor temperatures in air conditioning and refrigerators, and of CPUs in computers, which could be destroyed by overheating.

Some kinds of thermocouple
There are hundreds of thermocouples, but only eight of them are standardized internationally.Type E (chromel–constantan), type J (iron–constantan), type N (nicrosil–nisil), type T (copper–constantan) and type K (chromel–alumel) are base metals.Types B, R, and S thermocouples use platinum or a platinum–rhodium.

Thermometers

Thermocouple


Arlington County is a county in Virginia. It has so many buildings that it looks like a city. It is one of the smallest counties in the United States by area. It is across the Potomac River from Washington, D.C., and parts of it were once part of Washington. 210,000 people live there. It is where many U.S. government offices are, such as The Pentagon. It is also the location of Arlington National Cemetery, which was built at the former plantation of Robert E. Lee, and the Ronald Reagan National Airport. ANC is where John F. Kennedy and many American soldiers are buried. Several battles of the American Civil War were fought in and around Arlington.

The District of Columbia was made with land contributed by Virginia and Maryland. In 1846, Congress agreed to give the land south of the Potomac back to Virginia. Most of the returned land became Arlington.

Notable People

 John Glenn, Astronaut
 Al Gore, Bill Clinton's vice president
 Ilhan Omar, US Congresswoman

Arlington County, Virginia


Lowell Wesley Perry (December 5, 1931 – January 7, 2001) was an American football player and coach, government official, businessman, and broadcaster. He was the first African-American assistant coach in the National Football League (NFL), the first African American to broadcast an NFL game to a national audience, and Chrysler's first African-American plant manager. He was appointed as chairman of the federal Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) by President Gerald Ford, holding that position from 1975 to 1976. He later served as the director of the Michigan Department of Labor from 1990 to 1996.

Early years
Perry was born in Ypsilanti, Michigan.  His father, Lawrence C. Perry, was a dentist who graduated from the University of Michigan in 1920.  Perry was the youngest of four children. He grew up in Ypsilanti, where his father maintained a dental practice and was a respected civic leader.
As a youth, Perry joined the Boy Scouts of America organization as well as the National Honor Society. He attended Ypsilanti High School where he was a standout multi-sport athlete. Perry lettered in football, basketball, baseball, and track during his high school career. At age 16, he helped lead the Ypsilanti High School football team to the Class B state championship.

University of Michigan

Perry graduated from the University of Michigan where he studied history and played football for the Michigan Wolverines football team from 1950 to 1952. Perry was a two-way player who played end on offense and safety on defense and also handled punt returns for the Wolverines.  After the 1951 season, he was selected as a second-team All-American by the Central Press Association and a third-team All-American by the United Press.  He was considered as the best defensive back in college football during the 1951 season, and was also selected by the Associated Press as a first-team All-Big Ten Player and by the United Press as a first-team player on its All-Midwest team.

In three seasons for Michigan, Perry had 71 receptions for 1,261 yards and nine touchdowns.  Perry's three-year career total of 1,261 receiving yards was not exceeded by another Michigan player for a decade until Jack Clancy totaled 1,917 yards in four years from 1963 to 1966.

Perry's highest single-game total came against Indiana in 1951, with five catches for 165 yards.  He had two additional touchdown catches against Indiana in 1952.  His 165-yard game against Indiana was the Michigan single-game receiving record for 15 years, until Clancy had 197 yards against Oregon State in 1966.

Perry also returned 42 punts at Michigan for 351 yards, an average of 10.9 yards per return.

Pittsburgh Steelers and military service
Perry was drafted by the Pittsburgh Steelers in the eighth round (90th overall pick) of the 1953 NFL Draft.  His professional football career was deferred due to Reserve Officers' Training Corps (ROTC) obligations.  Perry joined the United States Air Force, where he achieved the rank of second lieutenant.  While serving in the Air Force, Perry played on the Bolling Air Force Team that included Al Dorow, Tommy O'Connell, and Johnny Lattner.  Perry was named the outstanding football player in the military.

In 1956, Perry joined the Pittsburgh Steelers as an end.  On his first play for the Steelers, Perry ran 93 yards for a touchdown in a pre-season game against the Detroit Lions.  In his first six NFL games, Perry totaled 14 catches for 334 yards and two touchdowns, including a 75-yard touchdown catch against the Cleveland Browns.  Perry also returned 11 punts for 127 yards and nine kickoffs for 219 yards.

In his sixth regular season game, Perry sustained a fractured pelvis and dislocated hip that forced his retirement.  Football writer Mark A. Latterman later wrote about witnessing Perry's career-ending injury:

A skinny 15 year-old boy and his dad were cheering the Pittsburgh Steelers new rookie star, Lowell Perry as he roared whippet-like around the New York Giants' fabled 1956 defensive line and headed full-throttle for the open field.  The boy's cheers turned to tears when Giants' star, Roosevelt Grier crunched Perry from behind and linebacker Bill Svoboda hit him from the side simultaneously, filling the stadium with a sickening 'crack' which silenced the Steelers' faithful.  I will never forget my sadness as the stretcher carried my new hero from the field.  Perry's pelvis was fractured, his hip dislocated and he never played pro football again.

Perry was hospitalized at Pittsburgh's Mercy Hospital for 13 weeks after the injury.  In June 1957, the Steelers hired Perry as the team's ends coach, making him the NFL's first African American coach since Fritz Pollard in the 1920s.  He worked as a scout for the Steelers in 1958.  While working for  the Steelers, Perry went to the Duquesne University law school.

Government, broadcast, and business career
Perry received a law degree from Detroit College of Law in 1960.  That same year, he became a law clerk to U.S. District Court Judge Frank A. Picard (the Michigan Wolverines' quarterback from 1909 to 1910).  In 1961, he accepted a job with the Chevrolet Division of General Motors in the personnel department of the gear and axle division.  In 1962, he left Chevrolet to prosecute unfair labor practice charges for the National Labor Relations Board, a position he held until 1963.

In 1963, Perry began a 17-year career with Chrysler.  He started as a personnel specialist.

In April 1966, Perry was hired as a color analyst for CBS Television to broadcast Steelers games alongside play-by-play man Joe Tucker.  He was the first African-American to broadcast an NFL game to a national audience.

After his stint as a television broadcaster, Perry returned to Chrysler where he became a personnel manager in 1970.  In 1973, he was appointed the plant manager of Chrysler's Eldon Avenue Axle Plant in Detroit.  He was the first African American to hold the plant manager position at a U.S. automobile company.

In 1975, Perry was appointed by President Gerald Ford to be chairman of the U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission.  At the ceremony in which Perry was sworn in, President Ford spoke and made the following comments:

He first came to my attention when I saw his prowess on the gridiron at the University of Michigan. He made it and I didn't. He was really good and played not only exceptionally well at Ann Arbor but very well for the Pittsburgh Steelers.  I have known Lowell over a period of time since then. I have always looked at his career, both in Government and with private employment, as an example of what a person can do who has got ability and the desire and the dedication.  I think it's, in this instance, Government's gain to have Lowell with us, and Lynn Townsend probably is losing one of his very finest young people in his Chrysler organization.

He served as EEOC commissioner until 1976.  Perry resigned from the EEOC after one year and returned to Chrysler.

In 1980 he served on the board of NFL Charities, precursor to the NFL Foundation

Perry returned to government service in 1990 as director of the Michigan Department of Labor, a position he held for six years.  In March 1996, Governor John Engler appointed him as the director of the Office of Urban Programs, a position that he held until his retirement in April 1999.

Family and death
Perry was married in January 1954 and had a daughter and two sons, one of whom is current New York Knicks basketball executive and former University of Michigan coach Scott Perry.

Perry died of cancer at a hospital in Southfield, Michigan, in January 2001.

See also
 University of Michigan Athletic Hall of Honor

References

External links
Perry Bio at Answers.com

1931 births
2001 deaths
African-American coaches of American football
African-American players of American football
Chairs of the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission
Chrysler executives
Michigan Wolverines football players
National Football League announcers
Sportspeople from Ypsilanti, Michigan
Pittsburgh Steelers announcers
Pittsburgh Steelers coaches
Pittsburgh Steelers players
Players of American football from Michigan
United States Air Force officers
State cabinet secretaries of Michigan
African-American state cabinet secretaries
Detroit College of Law alumni
20th-century African-American sportspeople
Military personnel from Michigan

Lowell Perry


Isaac Albéniz (pronounced EE-saac al-BAY-nith) (born Camprodón, Catalonia, Spain, 29 May 1860; died Cambô-les-Bains, Spain, 18 May 1909) was a Spanish composer and pianist.  He wrote a lot of piano music.  His best known work is the collection of 12 piano pieces called Iberia which have lots of exciting Spanish rhythms.  These pieces are very difficult to play.  He also wrote several zarzuelas (light-hearted Spanish operas) and he tried to make the zarzuela more serious, but the public did not want that.  He helped to make Spanish music more popular in other countries.

His Life

Albéniz started to learn the piano when he was three.  His elder sister taught him.  He was a child prodigy who first performed at the age of four. When he was seven he passed the entrance examination for piano at the Paris Conservatoire, but he was not given a place because they thought he was too young.  A year later his father lost his job, so he took his two children on tour so that they could give concerts and earn some money.  In 1869 the family moved to Madrid, but Albéniz  had an unsettled childhood.  He twice ran away from home, giving concerts in various places and even escaping as a stowaway to South America where he visited Argentina, Uruguay, Brazil, Cuba, Puerto Rico and then the USA.  He returned to Spain in 1873.  By the age of fifteen, he had already given concerts all over the world. After a short stay at the Leipzig Conservatory, in 1876 he went to study in Brussels. In 1880, he went to Budapest wanting to study with Franz Liszt, but Liszt was not there.

In 1874 his sister wanted to become a singer at the Teatro de la Zarzuela.  When she did not get a place there she committed suicide.

Albéniz continued to travel all over the world.  In 1883, he met the teacher and composer Felipe Pedrell, who inspired him to write Spanish music such as the Suite Española, Op. 47.  The fifth movement of that suite, called Asturias (Leyenda), was later arranged for guitar.  It is probably the most famous piece for classical guitar.  The composer Francisco Tárrega made guitar arrangements of many other piano works by Albéniz.  Albéniz once said that he preferred Tárrega's guitar arrangements to his own original piano versions.

During the 1890s Albéniz lived in London and Paris and wrote mainly theatrical works. In 1900 he started to suffer from Bright's disease and started to write more piano music. Between 1905 and 1909 he composed his most famous work, Iberia (1908), a suite of twelve piano "impressions".

His orchestral works include Spanish Rhapsody (1887) and Catalonia (1899).

In 1883, the composer married his student Rosina Jordana. They had three children, Blanca (who died in 1886), Laura (a painter), and Alfonso (who played for Real Madrid in the early 1900s before becoming a diplomat).

Albéniz died on 18th May 1909 at the age of 48 in Cambô-les-Bains and is buried in Barcelona.

Reputation
Although he became world famous as a composer and pianist he was not properly appreciated in his own country.  The Spaniards were jealous of his international reputation and thought he was a Spaniard who had deserted his country.  He spent his last years in Paris where he had many friends including Gabriel Fauré, Vincent d'Indy, Paul Dukas and Claude Debussy.

There are no recordings of his piano playing but he had a very individual style.  He was able to put a lot of colour and life into his playing.  He had learned a lot from Liszt.

Most of his works are for piano.  The Suite Iberia is his best work.  A lot of the music is based on Spanish folksong.

1860 births
1909 deaths

Romantic composers
Spanish composers
Spanish pianists

Isaac Albéniz


The Archibald Prize is the most important prize for portraits in Australia. It was first awarded in 1921. The money for the prize was left by J. F. Archibald, the editor of The Bulletin magazine who died in 1919. The prize is awarded by the Trustees of the Art Gallery of New South Wales for the best portrait of a person famous in Art, Letters, Science or Politics. The artist must have lived in Australia or New Zealand for at least one year. The Archibald Prize is awarded every year. Since 2015 the prize has been worth A$100,000.

History

The first prize awarded in 1921 was worth £400. Early winners included William Beckwith McInnes, John Longstaff, and William Dargie. Dargie's painting which won in 1942 had been painted when he was an official war artist during World War 2 in Syria. The ship carrying the painting back to Australia sank and the painting was underwater for some time.

In 1946 the trustees selected works for instead of displaying all the entries. Less than a third of the entries were chosen for exhibition.

Dargie also won the 1956 prize with a portrait of Australia's celebrated Aboriginal painter Albert Namatjira. The portrait was done while Albert Namatjira was visiting Sydney from the Central Desert.

In 1964 and 1980 the prize was not awarded as there were no works that the trustees thought were good enough.

There are usually about 700 entries in the Archibald Prize, but only about 40 are selected as finalists for display. Some of the winning artists have had to enter for many years before they made the final display of paintings.

Portraits in 2006 included a painting of one of The Wiggles by Patrick Whiteley
actor Steve Bisley by Bronwyn Graham,
actor Garry McDonald by Paul Jackson,
politician Steve Bracks by Garry Anderson,
actor Cate Blanchett by McLean Edwards,
actor Ernie Dingo by Marie Klement,
cricketer Dennis Lillee by Melinda Mackay,
musician and TV personality Wilbur Wilde by Phillip Howe,
Peter Slipper by Wayne Strickland. The 2010 prize winner was Sam Leach with his painting of musician Tim Minchin.

Controversy
The prize has often been the centre of argument and there have even been several court cases. The most famous case was in 1943 when William Dobell's winning painting of artist Joshua Smith was claimed to be a caricature and not a portrait.

The Archibald is one of the few art prizes in which the artist's signature is covered up. The judges do not know who did the paintings. This is to try and stop the judges, some of whom are artists, from simply giving the prize to their friends and not the best painting.

Max Meldrum criticised the Archibald Prize winner in 1938, saying that women could not be expected to paint as well as men. Nora Heysen was the first woman to win the Archibald Prize, with a portrait of Madame Elink Schuurman, the wife of the Consul General for the Netherlands.

In 1953 several art students including John Olsen protested William Dargie's winning portrait. It was the seventh time he had won the prize. One protester tied a sign around her dog which said "Winner Archibald Prize – William Doggie". Dargie went on to win the prize again in 1956.

After Prime Minister Gough Whitlam was dismissed he refused to sit for the traditional portrait which is done of Australian Prime Ministers. He said that the 1972 Archibald Prize winning portrait by Clifton Pugh be used instead. This is now on display at New Parliament House in Canberra.

In 1975, John Bloomfield's portrait of Tim Burstall was rejected because it had been painted from a photograph, and not from life. The prize was then given to Kevin Connor. John Bloomfield took action in 1981 saying that the winner that year, Eric Smith had not painted his subject from life. In 1983 John Bloomfield went to court to try to get back the 1975 prize but was unsuccessful. In 1995 the application form of the Archibald Prize was changed to make it clear that the subject must be painted from life.

In 1985, control of the trust was given to the Art Gallery of New South Wales after a court case. In 1997 the painting of the Bananas in Pyjamas television characters by Evert Ploeg not allowed because it was not a painting of a person. Hundreds of portraits each year are not accepted as finalists.

The 2000 Archibald winner, Adam Cullen, took action against the American Broadcasting Company who had used his painting, Portrait of David Wenham, in a television commercial.

In 2002, head packer Steve Peters chose a painting of himself by Dave Machin as a possible winner for the Packing Room Prize. It did not win, but it was on display outside the Archibald exhibition. After this, portraits of the head packer were no longer allowed.

In 2004 Craig Ruddy's portrait of actor David Gulpilil, won both the main prize and the "People's Choice" award. It was challenged because it was a charcoal sketch rather than a painting. The claim was dismissed in the Supreme Court in June 2006.

In 2008 Sam Leach's portrait of himself as Hitler made the front page of Melbourne's newspaper The Age. This started a national argument about of his choice of subject matter. The prize money was also changed to $50 000.

The prize money is now currently $100,000.

Additional categories
Since 1988, two extra awards have been added to the Archibald prize event. In 1991, the Packing Room Prize was established. The employees who receive the portraits and put them in the gallery vote for their choice of winner. Although the prize is said to be awarded by the employees, the gallery's head storeman – , Steve Peters – holds 51% of the vote. The other award is the Peoples Choice Award in which votes from the viewing public are collected to find a winner. This award also comes with a prize of $2,500. To date, there has never been a matching Archibald Prize winner and a Packing Room Prize chosen in the same year, but there were two Peoples Choice Awards given to Archibald Prize winners in 1988 and 2004.

Twice there has been a matching Packing prize winner and Peoples choice award (neither won the main prize). The first was Paul Newton's portrait of Roy Slaven and HG Nelson in 2001, and second was Jan Williamson's portrait of singer/songwriter Jenny Morris the following year in 2002.

Associated prizes
The Archibald is held at the same time as the Sir John Sulman Prize, the Wynne Prize, the recent Australian Photographic Portrait Prize and was held with the Dobell Prize before 2003. The Archibald Prize is the next richest portrait prize in Australia, after the Doug Moran National Portrait Prize. However, the Archibald is the only artist's prize that receives much attention in the general press. Part of the reason is probably that many of the paintings feature well known Australians such as actors, sportspeople, and politicians, making the art more accessible than other genres. It is also longer running with a richer tradition than the newer established portrait prizes.

In 1978 Brett Whiteley won the Archibald, Wynne and Sulman Prizes all in the same year, the only time this has happened. It was his second win for the Archibald and the other prizes as well.

Some paintings which do not make the Archibald Prize finalists are shown at the S. H. Ervin Gallery in the Salon des Refusés exhibition, which began in 1992.

The satirical Bald Archy Prize, supposedly judged by a cockatoo, was started in 1994 at the Coolac Festival of Fun as a parody of the Archibald Prize; it attracted so many visitors that it has moved to Sydney.

Related pages
List of Archibald Prize winners

References

Other websites
Official website
Archibald Prize at everything2
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Art awards
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Archibald Prize


Eve could mean:

Bible
 Eve (Bible), the first woman according to Christian theology.

Computers and programming
 EVE Online, an MMORPG computer game, Space Simulation
 Groupee Community, an online community formerly known as Eve
 Evolving Virtual Enterprise, or EVE(TM), an adaptive Web Portal System
 EVE (text editor), a text editor provided with the VMS operating system
 Eve, a multimedia CD-ROM game created in association with and featuring the music of Peter Gabriel

Games
 EVE: The Second Genesis Collectible Card Game

Days
The day before, or the evening before, a holiday, such as:
 New Year's Eve
 Christmas Eve
 St. John's Eve, also called Midsummer's Eve or Bonfire Night
 The Eve of St. Agnes
 All Hallows Eve, another name for Halloween

Fictional characters
 Eve (Applegeeks), an android in the Applegeeks webcomic
 E.V.E (Exceptionally Versatile Evolvanoid), from early Sonic the Hedgehog comics
 Eve (Buffyverse), in the television series Angel
 Eve (DC Comics), in the Sandman comic book series
 Eve (Xena), Xena's daughter in the TV series Xena: Warrior Princess
 Eve, a female superhero in the Freedom Force computer game series
Mitochondria Eve (not to be confused with Mitochondrial Eve), the main villain in the Parasite Eve video game.
 Eve (Black Cat), in the manga Black Cat
   Eve, title of a TV episode from the TV series, Journey to the Unknown starring Carol Lynley
  Eve (Hitman: Blood Money), a fictional character from the video game Hitman: Blood Money

Music and television
 Eve (album), a progressive rock album by The Alan Parsons Project
 EVE (band), a Korean visual rock band
 Eve (TV series), starring rapper Eve (rapper) as Shelly
 "Eve" (The X-Files episode), an episode of The X-Files
 Ève, an oratorio by Jules Massenet
 Divergence Eve, an anime
 Eve (rapper)

People
 Eve (name)
 Eve (surname)
 Mitochondrial Eve, the most recent common matrilineal ancestor of all living humans
 Eve, the alleged first successful human clone, by the Raelian corporation Clonaid
 Eve Angel, Hungarian pornographic actress
 Eve Laurence, American pornographic actress

Places
 Ève, a commune in the Oise département of France

Other
 Eve (cigarette)
 Eve, standing for Everything Vs Everything is a Mugen screenpack customized for play with the Mugen engine
 Eva (mortar),  a mortar weapon of the Mörser Karl series of German WWII artillery
 Ewe language, alternate spelling
 Eve, meaning evening, a reference to a time of day at approximately 6PM
 Scaled Composites White Knight Two, or Eve, a sub-orbital launch aircraft
 Eve, a symbolic name for an eavesdropper in cryptography discussions; see Alice and Bob

Related pages
 Evening

Eve


David Bremner Henderson (March 14, 1840 – February 25, 1906), a ten-term Republican congressman from Dubuque, Iowa, was the speaker of the United States House of Representatives from 1899 to 1903. He was the first congressman from west of the Mississippi River, the last Civil War veteran, the second foreign-born person (after Charles Frederick Crisp), and the only Iowan to serve as Speaker.

Early life

Henderson was born in Old Deer, Scotland on March 14, 1840. He emigrated to the United States with his parents, who settled in Winnebago County, Illinois in 1846.  The family moved to a farm near Clermont, in Fayette County, Iowa in 1849. He attended the common schools, and the Upper Iowa University at Fayette, Iowa.

Henderson married Augusta Fox, a fellow student at Upper Iowa University. While pursuing the same course of study they formed a lifelong attachment. After finishing their studies, their paths diverged for a time. Fox returned to her home and Henderson entered the army as a private. He was severely wounded and lost a leg, but he returned to active service and accepted a colonelcy even before fully recovering. After the close of the war Colonel Henderson and Fox were married. Fox was a native of Ohio, but had moved to Iowa at an early age. They had two daughters and one son. The elder daughter married Samuel Peaslee, and the other daughter, Isabelle, was an accomplished musician.

Civil War service
Henderson served in the Union Army during the Civil War and was wounded severely twice, once in the neck and later in the leg, which resulted in progressive amputations of that leg. He enlisted in the Union Army on September 15, 1861, as a private in Company C, 12th Iowa Volunteer Infantry Regiment.  Henderson was elected and commissioned first lieutenant of that company.  In the Battle of Fort Donelson, he was shot in the neck in the final charge over the breastworks.  After returning to the Regiment in April 1862, he lost one foot and part of one leg at the Second Battle of Corinth in October 1862.  He was discharged on February 26, 1863, due to his wounds, and returned to Iowa.  After serving as commissioner of the board of enrollment of the third district of Iowa from May 1863 to June 1864, he re-entered the Army as colonel of the new 46th Iowa Volunteer Infantry Regiment, one of the "Hundred Days Men" regiments, and commanded the Regiment until it was mustered out in September 1864.

Law practice
Henderson was a successful lawyer prior to pursuing his political career. After studying law, he was admitted to the bar in 1865 and commenced practice in Dubuque.  He was the collector of internal revenue for the third district of Iowa from November 1865 to June 1869, when he resigned to accept a position as Assistant U.S. Attorney for the Northern District of Iowa, where he served until 1871. He was in private practice in Dubuque until 1882.

Congressman and committee chair
In 1882, Henderson was elected as a Republican to represent Iowa's 3rd congressional district in the U.S. House, where he served from March 4, 1883, to March 3, 1903. He ran for Speaker of the House when the 51st Congress convened in 1889, finishing well behind Thomas Brackett Reed and runner-up William McKinley. He served as the chairman of the Committee on Militia in the 51st Congress, and chairman of the Committee on the Judiciary in the 54th and 55th congresses. He was also the ranking Republican on the House Committee on Appropriations during the 52nd and 53rd congresses, when the House had a Democratic majority. When Republicans regained the majority after the 1894 elections, Speaker Reed broke from tradition by returning the chairmanship to Joseph Gurney Cannon, who had served more nonconsecutive terms in the House and would have outranked Henderson had Cannon not lost his House seat for two years.

Henderson was an aggressive debater and an intense Republican partisan.  He seems to have loved a fight; he got into enough of them from his very first term, exercising his power of personal vituperation and abuse against Democrats whenever he found grounds to do so.  "I would rather spend an eternity in hell with a Confederate than an eternity in heaven with a northern Copperhead," he told one crowd. His secret for political success came from combining mainstream Republican causes with those dear to the hearts of his farmland constituency.  In the summer of 1886, he led House forces in favor of levying a high tax on oleomargarine. At the same time he sponsored a bill to raise the benefits for veterans' widows by fifty percent. (On the final passage of another bill he favored, increasing the pensions of disabled veterans, Henderson withheld his vote, since he would stand among the beneficiaries).  His commitment to pension legislation, general and individual, marked his whole career and took up most of his time. No member did more than he in that respect.

Speaker of the House

With the support of fellow "western state" Republicans, Henderson was elected to succeed Reed as Speaker following Reed's resignation from the post in 1899.  During his two terms as speaker (in the 56th and 57th congresses), Henderson, by longstanding tradition also held the role as chairman of the Committee on Rules.

On September 16, 1902 -- with the next Congressional election less than two months away -- Henderson surprised nearly everyone by announcing that he was withdrawing from the re-election campaign.  Several explanations for his abrupt withdrawal were suggested. Henderson's letter announcing his decision referred to "a growing sentiment, among Republicans, that I do not truly represent their views on the tariff question."  Some attributed his decision to the lingering effects of his war injuries. In a letter to Henderson's successor Joe Cannon dated three days after Henderson's announcement, former House Clerk Henry H. Smith stated that "there can be but one explanation of the reason for his action [the resignation] . . . they relate not alone to poker playing, but to his alleged intimacy with a certain 'lobbyess' who is reported to have some written evidence that would greatly embarrass the Speaker. . . . He seemed to have lost all control of himself and become reckless. . . . This is not mere guesswork at all but private and reliable information which I am sure you will recognize when I tell you the name."  -  Whatever the cause, Henderson's resignation ushered in the beginning of Cannon's famous tenure as Speaker.

Death and honors
After leaving Congress, Henderson practiced law in New York City until health problems caused him to retire to Southern California.  Henderson died in Dubuque on February 25, 1906, aged 65. He is buried at Linwood Cemetery in Dubuque.

His portrait hangs in the speakers' room in the U.S. Capitol, and statues of Henderson by J. Massey Rhind are found in the collections of the Iowa State Historical Society and in Clermont.

"Allison-Henderson Park," in Dubuque, shares his name with that of six-term U.S. Senator William B. Allison, another citizen of Dubuque.

References

 Retrieved on 2008-10-01.

Further reading
Hoing, Willard L. "David B. Henderson: Speaker of the House." Iowa Journal of History 55 (January 1957): 1-34.
Schlup, Leonard. "Defender of the Old Guard: David B. Henderson and Republican Politics in Gilded Age America." Julien's Journal 22 (January 1997): 22–24.
"100 Years Later, Henderson still remembered as a hero", Dubuque, Iowa Telegraph Herald, (February 25, 2006): 1.
"Red-Light District: Working the Intersection Of Sex and Power," Lily Burana, Washington Post, (May 6, 2007): Page B01.

1840 births
1906 deaths
American amputees
Iowa lawyers
Politicians from Dubuque, Iowa
People of Iowa in the American Civil War
American politicians with disabilities
Scottish emigrants to the United States
Speakers of the United States House of Representatives
Union Army colonels
Upper Iowa University alumni
Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Iowa
19th-century American politicians
People from Old Deer
American lawyers with disabilities

David B. Henderson


A force field is a field of energy that usually blocks something. The force field is common in science fiction and fantasy stories. The ideal of a force field may be from the vector field, thought it resembled the warding spells, the protective magic that was claimed to be used by shamans from long ago.

Research and development
The plasma window is a real-live object that resembles the force field, it provides a separation between vacuum and gas. There is only one true ideal of creating a 'force shield': using an electric field to change the way metallic items move, although no power is known to be powerful enough to do this.

Other websites
 Electrostatic "invisible wall" encountered in a plastic film factory Report from an electrostatics industry symposium.

Science fiction technology

Force field (technology)


Moina Mathers, born Mina Bergson (28 February 1865 – 25 July 1928), was an artist and occultist at the turn of the 20th century. She was the sister of French philosopher Henri Bergson, the first man of Jewish descent to be awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1927. She is, however, more known for her marriage to the English occultist, Samuel Liddell MacGregor Mathers, one of the founders of the organisation Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn and, after his death in 1918, for being the head of a successor organisation, called the Rosicrucian Order of Alpha et Omega.

Biography
Moina, then named Mina, or Minna, was born in Geneva, Switzerland, to an influential Polish-Jewish family from father's and English and Irish from mother's sides, moving to Paris, when she was but two years of age. Her father, Michel Bergson, achieved some musical success in composing the operas Louisa de Montfort and Salvator Rosa, he was a native of Warsaw and member of the influential Bereksohn family. Moina Mathers' grandfather, Jacob Levison (born c. 1799) was a surgeon and a dentist. Her grandmother was Katherine Levison, born in London in c. 1800. Her maternal aunt was Minna Preuss, born in Hull, Yorkshire, in 1835, and her mother, Kate, née Levison, was also born in Yorkshire. Her eldest brother, was later Nobel Prize winner Henri Bergson, 1859–1941, joined the faculty of the College of France and is best known for authoring the philosophical work Creative Evolution. He was also the president of the British Society for Psychical Research.

Moina was a talented artist and joined the Slade School of Art, at the age of fifteen. The Slade was known for encouraging young women in the Arts, at the turn of the nineteenth century. Moina was awarded a scholarship and four merit certificates for drawing at the School. She became friends with Beatrice Offor, with whom she shared a studio. It was also at the Slade in 1882, that Moina met her future friend Annie Horniman, who would become the major financial sponsor for the Matherses, as struggling artists and occultists, in backing the Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn.

Moina met her husband, Samuel Liddell MacGregor Mathers, in 1887, while studying at the British Museum, where Samuel was a frequent patron. A year later, her future husband founded the Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn, one of the most influential organisations in the Western Mystery Tradition. Moina was the first initiate of this Order in March, 1888. Her chosen motto in the Golden Dawn was Vestigia Nulla Retrorsum, meaning "Prudence never retraces its steps." A year later in 1890, she married S. L. Mathers and Mina Bergson became Moina Mathers. In their occult partnership, her husband was described as the "evoker of spirits" and Moina as the clairvoyant "seeress", who often illustrated, as an artist, what her husband "evoked". In March 1899, they performed the rites of the Egyptian goddess Isis, on the stage of the Théâtre La Bodinière in Paris.

In 1918, when her husband died, Moina took over the Alpha et Omega, a successor organisation to the Golden Dawn, as its Imperatrix. She died in 1928 in London.

See also
 The Book of Abramelin
 Magic
 Occultism
 List of Occultists

Notes

References
 Greer, Mary K. (1995) ''Women of the Golden Dawn: Rebels and Priestesses." Rochester, Vermont: One Park Street.

1865 births
1928 deaths
Bereksohn family
Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn
French Ashkenazi Jews
French people of Polish-Jewish descent
Alumni of the Slade School of Fine Art
19th-century occultists
20th-century occultists
French occultists
French emigrants to the United Kingdom
French women illustrators

Moina Mathers


Magnus I (1304–1369), called the Pious (Latin Pius), was duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg.

The son of Albert the Fat, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg, Magnus was still a minor when his father died in 1318; he and his brother Ernest were put under the guardianship of their elder brother Otto, who continued as sole ruler even after his brothers came of age. After marrying Sophia, a niece of Louis IV, Holy Roman Emperor, Magnus was appointed margrave of Landsberg and count palatine of Saxony by the Emperor in 1333. Magnus took residence at Sangerhausen. When Otto died in 1344, Magnus and Ernest jointly took over government of the state; but already on 17 April 1345, they agreed to divide the territory. Magnus received the Principality of Wolfenbüttel.

In 1346, a border war between Wolfenbüttel and the Archbishop of Magdeburg broke out. In exchange for help in this conflict, Magnus sold the Margraviate of Landsberg to Frederick II, Margrave of Meißen. But the Archbishop conquered Schöningen in 1347, and Magnus had to cede Hötensleben and some other possessions to the Archbishop. Financially ruined by the war, Magnus could not stop the cities in the state from acquiring more and more rights; especially the City of Brunswick was becoming more powerful.

In 1348, the Emperor gave Landsberg and the Palatinate of Saxony to Bernard, Prince of Anhalt. The ensuing conflict over these territories between Magnus and Bernard ended amicably with a marriage between Magnus' son Magnus and Catherine, daughter of Bernhard III, Prince of Anhalt-Bernburg.

Magnus attempted to secure the Principality of Lüneburg for his son Louis, so that it could be reunited with Wolfenbüttel. The prince of Lüneburg, William II, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg, a member of the same house to which Magnus belonged, the House of Welf, did not have sons; however, he had already promised the principality to a son of his daughter, a relative of the Duke of Saxony, before he agreed to Magnus' plan. Louis then married William's daughter Matilda. A lengthy conflict broke out that culminated in the Lüneburg Succession War, which was resolved only in 1388.

In 1367, Magnus joined Dietrich, Archbishop of Magdeburg, Albert, Bishop of Halberstadt, Valdemar, Prince of Anhalt, and others in a campaign against Gerhard of Berg, Bishop of Hildesheim; they were defeated by Hildesheim in a battle near Farmsen and Dinklar on 3 September.(:de:Schlacht von Dinklar) Magnus was taken prisoner, and had to buy his freedom. He died in summer of 1369.

Family

Around 1327, Magnus married Sophia (died 1356), the daughter of Henry I, Margrave of Brandenburg-Stendal. They had the following children that reached adulthood:
 Magnus (died 1373)
 Louis (died 1367), married Matilda, daughter of William II, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg
 Albert, Prince-Archbishop of Bremen (died 1395)
 Henry, Provost of Halberstadt Cathedral
 Ernest
 Matilda, married Bernhard III, Prince of Anhalt-Bernburg
 Agnes, married in 1360 to Count Henry of Hohnstein
 Sophie, married Count Dietrich V of Hohnstein

References
Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie, vol. 20, pp. 62–64
Zedlers Universal-Lexicon, vol. 19, pp. 240–241
at the House of Welf site

Princes of Wolfenbüttel
14th-century births
1369 deaths
Old House of Brunswick

Magnus I, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg


Scrutiny (French: scrutin; Late Latin: scrutinium; from scrutari, meaning "those who search through piles of rubbish in the hope of finding something of value" and originally from the Latin "scruta," meaning "broken things, rags, or rubbish.") is a careful examination or inquiry (often implying the search for a likely mistake or failure).  In Roman times, the "scrutari" of cities and towns were those who laboriously searched for valuables amidst the waste and cast-offs of others.  The modern English "scrutiny" is derived from this root, indicating a careful examination or inquiry (often implying the search for a hidden mistake, misstatement, or incongruity).

The word is specifically applied in the early Roman Catholic Church to the examination of the catechumens or those under instruction in the faith. They were taught the creed and the Lord's Prayer, examined therein, and exorcized prior to baptism.  The days of scrutiny varied at different periods from three to seven.  From about the beginning of the 12th century, when it became usual to baptize infants soon after their birth instead of at stated times (Easter and Pentecost), the ceremony of scrutiny was incorporated with that of the actual baptism.

Currently, there are three moments for the scrutinies to occur: the 3rd, 4th, and 5th Sundays of Lent.  These are done in public in front of the entire congregation, and the candidates are dismissed before the Prayer of the Faithful.  Only under grave circumstances can the scrutinies be dispensed, and only then by the local ordinary (who can dispense only two at most).  The scrutinies are fully intended for the catechumens (i.e., those who are to receive Baptism, Communion, and Confirmation).

Scrutiny is also a term applied to a method of electing a pope in the Catholic Church, in contradistinction to two other methods, acclamation and accession.  In the law of elections, scrutiny is the careful examination of votes cast after the unsuccessful candidate has lodged a petition claiming the seat, and alleging that he has the majority of legal votes.  Each vote is dealt with separately, notice being given beforehand by one party to the other of the votes objected to and the grounds of objection.

References

Baptism
Catholic liturgy

Scrutiny


Netball is a sport played in two teams of seven. It is like basketball except that bouncing the ball is not allowed. The player cannot step with the ball either, nor hold it for more than three seconds. The game proceeds by players throwing (passing) the ball to each other until one attempts to throw it through the hoop, known as a "shot".

There are 7 fixed positions on the court, which restrict the places where each player is allowed to go:
 C - Centre
 WA - Wing attack
 WD - Wing defence
 GD - Goal defence
 GK - Goal keeper
 GS - Goal shooter
 GA - Goal attack

There are many rules in netball some of which are these:
 If a shooter attempts to shoot the ball but misses the hoop without it touching, then the shooter must wait until another player touches the ball first or until the ball bounces before she can touch the ball again.
 A player can only hold the ball for three seconds - held ball
 No stepping with the ball - stepping
 When defending, a player must be 3 feet from the player with the ball - otherwise it is called obstruction
 A player may not bounce the ball to herself - replay
 A player may not contact another player - contact
 A player may not enter a part of the court where her position is not allowed - offside
 When shooting or defending, a player may not use the pole as support - free pass to the other teams.
No player is allowed to shoot from outside the semi circle or pass over a third.

Playing court
A netball court is 30.5m long and 15.25m wide. The longer sides are called the side lines and the shorter sides the goal lines. The court is divided into three equal parts, a centre third and two goal thirds. These sections are marked by two transverse lines parallel to the goal lines. Each third measures 10.167m wide.

The goal circle is a semi‑circle 4.9m in radius and its centre is the midpoint of the goal line. The centre circle is 0.9m in diameter and is marked in the centre of the court.

All lines are part of the court and  50mm wide, preferably white. It is recommended that they are a textured, water‑based acrylic, straight and have clean, crisp edges.

Netball


The Ford Versailles is an automobile.  Twa different vehicles hae been sauld as the Ford Versailles:
 1954-1957 in Fraunce
 1992-1996 in Brazil

Fraunce
The umwhile Ford SAF plant in Poissy, acquired bi Simca in 1954, manufactured a lairge caur cawed the Simca Vedette. This wis a descendant o the late 1940s/early 1950s Ford Vedette, an wis an aa marketit as Ford Vedette in the Netherlands, Germany an Swaden till 1957. It wis available in fower versions, each o which wis an aa marketit wi a separate model name - Trianon, Versailles, Régence an Marly - hence the "Ford Versailles" appearin in some markets.

Brazil

In Brazil, the Ford Versailles wis a version o the Volkswagen Santana sauld in the 1990s when Ford an Volkswagen shared models in Sooth Americae in a jynt ventur kent as Autolatina. It replaced the Ford Del Rey in 1991, an wis available as a sedan (wi twa or fower doors) an station wagon cawed the Royale, wi ae three doors, even tho the Volkswagen Quantum on which it wis based wis available wi five doors. (It wis alleged that Volkswagen did no want the Royale tae be available as a five-door model, as this wad hae posed a competitive threat tae the popular Quantum.). In 1995 an 1996, Ford an aa sauld a five-door version o the Royale. It wis an aa sauld as the Ford Galaxy in Argentinae, whaur it replaced the Ford Sierra. Baith the Versailles an the Galaxy wur eventually replaced bi the Ford Mondeo.

See an aa
Lincoln Versailles, an upmarket version o the 1970s U.S. Ford Granada
Volkswagen Apollo
Volkswagen Pointer

Versailles

Ford Versailles


Campden tablets are used by people making their own beer, wine, or cider. The tablets kill yeast, making better yeast to be added later for better drinks. 5 of them in 1 pint of water makes a cleaning liquid that can be used to clean the equipment. They are made from sulfur. They were invented in Gloucestershire in the 1920s, but Boots Co. made them better. They can also be used to get rid of chlorine in tap water, making it safer to drink.

Beer
Wine

Campden tablets


MTV Unplugged in New York is a live album by the American rock band Nirvana. It was recorded on November 18, 1993 as a part of the MTV Unplugged television series, which many artists and bands perform on with acoustic instruments instead of electric ones. It was released on November 1, 1994, six months after the band had broken up because of the death of Kurt Cobain, who was the lead singer and guitarist.

It was unusual compared to other artists on the MTV Unplugged series, because Nirvana played mostly their less-famous songs and cover versions of other artists' songs. Most artists on the program played mainly their hits.

Four singles were released from the album. This was unusual because it was a live album. The singles were "About a Girl", "The Man Who Sold the World", "Where Did You Sleep Last Night", and "Lake of Fire". All of these except for "About a Girl" were covers.

List of songs
"About a Girl"
"Come as You Are"
"Jesus Doesn't Want Me for a Sunbeam" (The Vaselines cover)
"The Man Who Sold the World" (David Bowie cover)
"Pennyroyal Tea"
"Dumb"
"Polly"
"On a Plain"
"Something in the Way"
"Plateau" (Meat Puppets cover)
"Oh Me" (Meat Puppets cover)
"Lake of Fire" (Meat Puppets cover)
"All Apologies"
"Where Did You Sleep Last Night" (traditional; Lead Belly version cover)

References

Nirvana albums
1993 albums
MTV Unplugged albums

MTV Unplugged in New York


Shita-kiri Suzume (which means The Tongue-Cut Sparrow) is a Japanese folk legend. It is told by many parents to their children. The story is about being kind and helping someone who is hurt. It is also about being mean and greedy.

The story

Shita-kiri Suzume is the story of an old man and an old woman who find a sparrow. The old man takes care of the sparrow and gives it food. The old woman treats the sparrow badly and cuts out the sparrow's tongue. After the sparrow flies away, the old man goes to find it in the mountains. When he does, the sparrows give him a choice between two baskets to take home. The basket he picks is filled with many good things. The old woman sees the good things and goes to the sparrows to get a basket for herself. She is greedy and mean when she talks to the sparrows, but they still give her a basket. She is not patient and opens the basket before she gets home. It is filled with bad and scary things.

References

Japanese folklore
Children's literature

Shita-kiri Suzume


The Wet van 15 mei 1829, houdende algemeene bepalingen der wetgeving van het Koningrijk (English Law from 15 may 1829, holding general decrees from the legislation of the Kingdom, short name Wet algemene bepalingen) is a principal law of the Netherlands containing a number of basic precepts pertaining to the applicability of the law in general. It is considered part of the body of constitutional law of the Netherlands, which is composed primarily of Constitution of the Netherlands and the Charter for the Kingdom of the Netherlands.

History
The Wet algemene bepalingen was developed by a legal advisory committee instituted by the Dutch King William I in 1814. It was originally intended to be part of the "General Definitions and Decrees" section of the new Dutch Civil Law, which William I intended to replace the Napoleonic code left over from the French occupation of the Netherlands which had ended in 1813. However, 1815 saw the start of a long period of political discord among the committee members and later the States-General of the Netherlands. This discord had two primary causes:

 First, the different committees working on parts of the new bodies of law could not agree upon reforming the Napoleonic code or returning to pre-Batavian Republic common law (the primary body of civil law).
 Second, the addition of the Southern Netherlands to the Northern Netherlands by the Congress of Vienna brought in a lot of new legal scholars and politicians who preferred Napoleonic law over Dutch common law, quite against the wishes of William I.

Despite attempts of several parties (including the King), the Southern Dutch dominated parliament rejected the new law in 1822 and pushed for a reformed Napoleonic law. As part of this transformation of the civil law book the "general precepts of law" were split off into a new law, the 1829 Wet Algemene Bepalingen. This law was passed on 15 May 1829 but did not enter into force until October 1, 1838 together with the Civil Law. Ironically, the delay was caused by the Belgian Revolution in which the Southern Netherlands forcibly split off from the kingdom.

The Wet algemene bepalingen has since proven to be quite a stable law. It is currently one of the oldest laws still in force in the Netherlands, and remains mostly unchanged from its first version. It has been changed three times in its existence (first time in 1988), always to move precepts into the Constitution or another law.

Contents
The Wet algemene bepalingen, or Law on general precepts and regulations introduces some basic rules for the applicability of laws throughout the Kingdom. It lays out the foundations for which laws relate to people and land, plus how the judicial power is supposed to behave.

Current precepts
Ex post facto and changing of the lawArticle 4 determines that the law is only applicable after it is passed, not before (ex post facto law). Article 5 states that all laws remain in force until repealed or amended by a new law.
Personal over territorial applicability of lawsArticle 6 determines that legal rights and responsibilities pertaining to Dutch citizens and the state hold, even if the citizen is abroad.
Territorial applicability of lawsArticle 8 determines that the criminal law of the Netherlands applies to all those who are within its borders.
Universal and territorial applicability of civil lawArticle 9 determines that Dutch civil law applies equally to citizens and foreigners in the Netherlands, unless explicitly stated by law.
Primacy of territories' lawArticle 10 determines that any countries' law is applicable to that country (Dutch law has no primacy in foreign countries).
No court-made lawArticle 11 determines that a judge must follow the law in his rulings and may not consider "inner value" or "reason within" the law (i.e. a judge must apply the law as it is written — he may not decide to do something else because he disagrees with the law or feels it is badly written). Article 12 states that judges may not render verdicts in the form of a general decree, disposition or regulation (i.e. judges cannot make general rules, but only rule on specific cases).
Right to ruling of the courtArticle 13 determines that the court must rule in all cases; no judge may refuse to render verdict by claiming a lack of law, insufficiency or unclarity of law and can be prosecuted if he does.
Rule of international lawArticle 13a limits the power of judges and official acts to within the bounds set by international law.

Previous precepts
No law is valid unless it is publicly accessibleArticle 1 determined that no law would take effect before it had been properly proclaimed. Article 2 stated that all law is equally applicable throughout the kingdom, valid once it has been proclaimed throughout the entire Kingdom (i.e. all citizens of the Kingdom can know about it) and enters into force 20 days after official publication in the Staatscourant unless otherwise determined in that law. Articles 1 and 2 were rescinded on February 17, 1988 and their regulations were moved to the Constitution.
No common lawArticle 3 determined that there is no uncodified law in the Netherlands: there is law and not common law, unless the law explicitly leaves room for it. This article was rescinded on January 1, 1992 and incorporated into the Civil Law books.
Public decency cannot be subvertedArticle 14 determined that laws pertaining to public decency or order cannot be subverted or undone by any manner of act or common agreement. This article was rescinded on January 1, 1992 and incorporated into Book II of the Civil Law.
Real estate is ruled by territorial lawArticle 7 determined that the law applicable to real estate was the law of the territory in which that real estate was located. This article was rescinded on May 1, 2008 and incorporated into other laws.

1829 in law
1829 in the Netherlands
Dutch legislation
Government of the Netherlands

Wet Algemene Bepalingen


Faridabad is a city in the Indian state of Haryana. It is the largest city in Haryana in terms of population (1,404,653 people as per 2011 census). It is a part of the National Capital Region (NCR) and lies on the border of India's capital city New Delhi. Faridabad was ranked as the eighth fastest growing city in the world by a City Mayors Foundation survey. In 2018, the World Health Organization ranked Faridabad as the second most polluted city in the world.

Cities in Haryana

Faridabad


The smaw thairm is a thairm, an a pairt o mony leevin beins. It lees atween the painch an the lairge thairm. In humans ower 5 year auld, a smaw thraim micht be five tae sax metre lang. It is langer nor the muckle thairms. But, as its diameter is less, its name is the smaw thairms.

It is in the smaw thairm, whaur nutrients o fuids get absorbed.

Digeestive seestem

Smaw thairm


Jacques de Harlay, lord of Champvallon or Chanvallon (? - 3 April 1630) was a French nobleman. He was a son of Louis de Harlay, Baron of Montglas and his wife Louise de Carre. His coat of arms was "D'argent à deux pals de sable".

He is most notable as a lover of Margaret of Valois - their love affair with her was immortalised by poems in which she called him her "handsome sun" ("beau soleil"). He was Grand Squire (Grand écuyer) to her brother Francis, Duke of Anjou.

Marriage and issue
On 20 August 1582, he married Catherine de La Marck, lady of Bréval (born 1548), daughter of Robert IV de La Marck and Françoise de Brézé (the latter being daughter of Louis de Brézé). They had at least two children, Achille and François.

1630 deaths
French nobility
Year of birth unknown

Jacques de Harlay


Typhon (Greek Τυφῶν), also Typhoeus, Typhaon, and Typhos, was the final son of Gaia in Greek mythology. He attempted to destroy Zeus after Zeus imprisoned the Titans. Zeus won and sent Typhon to be trapped under Mount Etna. Typhon was the father of the Nemean lion, Cerberus, and the Gorgons. He was married to Echidna. Meanwhile, all of the Greek gods (except for Hermes and Zeus) had fled to Egypt. In Egypt, many of the gods made themselves turn into animals to hide fromTyphon. They reproduced, and the Egyptian gods and goddesses were born.

Apperance

Typhon was a giant that was so tall that his head touched the stars. His torso was that of a man, but his legs were coils of vipers that would hiss and attack as he moved. His main head had on it 100 snakeheads who would make different sounds of animals. His eyes were glowing red and would terrify everyone who looked upon them, and he had what was called a savage jaw which would breathe fire. His body had hundreds of different wings on it and his hands were made up of 100 snake coils just like his legs.

References
Typhon: https://greekgodsandgoddesses.net - Greek Gods & Goddesses, February 7, 2017

People in Greek mythology
Titans

Typhon


The prisoner's dilemma is a paradox  about co-operation. It shows why two "rational" individuals might not co-operate, even if it seems in their best interests. It is studied in game theory.

Game structure

Setup
The police catch two criminals after they committed a crime. The police do not know which person committed the crime and which person just helped. They question the two in separate cells. Each prisoner can either stay silent or betray (hurt) the other by blaming the crime on them. If both stay silent, they only go to jail for 2 years. If one betrays and the other stays silent, the one that stays silent goes to jail for 10 years and the other one does not go to jail at all. If they both betray each other, they each go to jail for 5 years. No matter what happens, the prisoners will never see each other again.

Strategies
If you are a prisoner in this situation and you care only about yourself, the way to get the smallest sentence is to betray the other prisoner. No matter what, you get a shorter sentence when you betray than when you do not.

If the other prisoner stays silent and does not betray, then betraying means you do not go to jail at all instead of going to jail for 6 months.

If the other prisoner betrays, then betraying lets you go to jail for 5 years instead of 10 years. In other words, it's always best for you to betray, even though the two of you would be better off if you both stayed silent. Betraying the other prisoner is your "dominant strategy" because it is always the best thing for you to do, no matter what the other prisoner does.

The prisoner's dilemma does not have same result if some of the details are different.

Game theory was much studied during the Cold War period. In that case the "players" being studied were the United States and the Soviet Union.

References

Logical paradoxes

Prisoner's dilemma


Puerto Quito is a toun an urban parish in the province o Pichincha, Ecuador. The toun is a developin aurie for eco-tourism, thanks tae an abundance o wildlife, seicontary jungle an bonnie watterfaws such as the Cascada Azul (Blue Watterfaw). Puerto Quito is situatit beside a major brig ower the river Caoní on the main road frae Quito tae the coast. Bi road, Quito is 140 km or 3.5 oors bi bus.

Geography an climate
Although geographically pairt o the Sierra region of Ecuador, Puerto Quito's climate an geography is closer tae that o the coastal region. The toun is locatit in the tropical forest o Ecuador. As such, it haes a heicher temperatur than the rest o the province, averagin aroond 25 degree celsius year-roond. Average rainfaw is atween ane an twa meters a year.

Freemit airtins
Offeecial wabsteid
Tourist Information  - (English an Spanish)
Information aboot Puerto Quito - Govrenment o Pichincha Province (Spainyie)

Populatit places in Pichincha Province

Puerto Quito


The Bridge of Dreams is a 370-foot covered bridge located near Brinkhaven, Ohio. Originally built in the 1920s as a railroad bridge, and covered in 1998. It is the second longest covered bridge in Ohio after the Smolen–Gulf Bridge, and third longest covered bridge in the United States.

History

The Bridge of Dreams spans the Mohican River in Knox County, Ohio. It is a pedestrian and bicycling bridge and part of the Mohican Valley Trail, a nature trail built on an abandoned railroad bed belonging to the old Pennsylvania Railroad. The bridge is closed to motorized traffic but is often used by Amish buggies.

A railroad bridge at the site, carrying the Pennsylvania Railroad line over the river, was constructed in the 1920s.  By the early 1990s, the line had been abandoned and a group of local residents and businesses developed a plan for converting it into a multi-use trail stretching from the Holmes County line near Brinkhaven, to Danville.  The most ambitious aspect of the plan was to cover the 370 foot railroad bridge.  Skeptics of this expensive plan claimed that its proponents were "dreaming", which led backers to adopt the name "Bridge of Dreams" for the project.  Eventually planners were able to raise the almost $90,000 through contributions and a grant from the Ohio Department of Natural Resources. The "Bridge of Dreams" was completed in December 1998 and dedicated in April 1999.  The Mohican Valley Trail officially opened on June 15, 2001.  Today the trail extends from East Street in Danville to the Holmes County Line, connecting the Kokosing Gap Trail and the Holmes County Trails.

References

Covered bridges in Ohio
Buildings and structures in Knox County, Ohio
Wooden bridges in Ohio
Transportation in Knox County, Ohio
Tourist attractions in Knox County, Ohio
Pennsylvania Railroad bridges
Bridges completed in 1998
Railroad bridges in Ohio
Pedestrian bridges in Ohio
Former railway bridges in the United States
1920s establishments in Ohio

Bridge of Dreams


Overexposed is the fourth studio album by American pop rock band Maroon 5. The album was released on June 26, 2012 under A&M/Octone Records in the United States. The album was announced on March 26, 2012 on the group's newsletter. The album's producers consist of One Republic frontman Ryan Tedder, Benjamin "Benny Blanco" Levin, Max Martin, and Shellback. The lead single off the album "Payphone" was released on April 16, 2012. It features rapper Wiz Khalifa. The song peaked at number two on the Billboard Hot 100 singles chart and number-one on the Digital Songs chart. It sold 490,000+ digital downloads within its first week beating out the previous toppers Black Eyed Peas with their hit single "I Gotta Feeling."

On May 18, 2012 the band performed the song "One More Night" in Atlantic City publicly for the first time. It was announced on May 22nd that it would serve as the album's second single before the time of the album's release on June 26, 2012. And the third and fourth singles of the album were "Daylight" and "Love Somebody".

Production
The Maroon 5' members started writing the songs for Overexposed during their Hands All Over Tour.

Track listing
 "One More Night"
 "Payphone" (featuring Wiz Khalifa)
 "Daylight"
 "Lucky Strike"
 "The Man Who Never Lied"
 "Love Somebody"
 "Lady Killer"
 "Fortune Teller"
 "Sad"
 "Tickets"
 "Doin' Dirt"
 "Beautiful Goodbye"

Bonus tracks
 "Wipe Your Eyes"
 "Wasted Years"
 "Kiss" / "Let's Stay Together"
 "Payphone" (featuring Wiz Khalifa) (Cutmore Remix)
 "Payphone" (featuring Wiz Khalifa) (Supreme Cuts Remix)
 "Payphone" (featuring Wiz Khalifa) (The Others Remix) (Preorder Only)
 "One More Night (The Sticky K. Remix)

Release history

2012 albums
Maroon 5 albums

Overexposed (album)


Johann Peter Süßmilch or Süssmilch (September 3, 1707 in Zehlendorf – March 22, 1767 in Berlin) was a German Protestant pastor, statistician and demographer.

Education and career
Süßmilch studied medicine and theology at Jena and Halle  and in 1741 was an army chaplain in the First Silesian War. On Sunday, 13 August 1741, the former field preacher gave his inaugural sermon as pastor of the community Etzin. In 1742 he took a post as Provost in the St. Petri parish in Berlin-Cölln. He became a member of the Prussian Academy of Sciences in 1745. He conversed with Gotthold Ephraim Lessing and Immanuel Kant.

Süßmilch's most important publication on The Divine order in the circumstances of the human sex, birth, death and reproduction, which he wrote in 1741, is regarded as a seminal and pioneering work in demography and the history of population statistics. Süssmilch discovered that, in the long term, there is a constant sex ratio of 1,000 female births to 1,050 male births. He saw this as a proof of the Divine working in this World. Due to this work, he can be regarded as one of the founding fathers of demography in Germany. However, he refers in his work to Caspar Neumann's work, who calculated a monthly statistics of deaths by age and death cause already between 1687 and 1691 in Breslau (present-day Wrocław). Süssmilch also worked on life tables.

Works

The Royal Residence of Berlin's Growth and Rapid Construction, 1752 (Digitalisat)
The Divine order in the changes in the human sex from birth, death and reproduction of the same, 2 parts, 1761-1762 (Digitalisat demography/demography/suessmilch_1761 Part 1, Part 2)

References

External links

1707 births
1767 deaths
German statisticians
German Protestant clergy
Members of the Prussian Academy of Sciences
Writers from Berlin
People from the Margraviate of Brandenburg
University of Jena alumni
University of Halle alumni
German military chaplains
German male writers
Demographers

Johann Peter Süssmilch


This article is only about the chemistry of the alcohols.
The alcohol used in drinks is ethanol; more information can be found at alcoholic drink and alcoholism.

In chemistry, alcohol is a general term which refers to many organic compounds used in industry and science as reagents, solvents, and fuels. Alcohols are carbohydrates which are  made of an alkyl group with one or more hydroxyl (-OH) groups bound to its carbon atoms. Alcohol is colorless, and also transparent.

Names for alcohol
There are two ways of naming alcohols: Common names, and IUPAC names.

 Common names often are made by taking the name of the alkyl group, and adding the word "alcohol". For example, "methyl alcohol" or "ethyl alcohol".
 IUPAC names are made by taking the name of the alkane chain, removing the last "e", and adding "ol". Examples of this are "methanol" and "ethanol".

Properties
The hydroxyl (OH) group makes alcohols polar. Alcohols are very weakly acidic. Most alcohols are highly flammable.

Common alcohols
The simplest two alcohols are methanol (or methyl alcohol) and ethanol (or ethyl alcohol), which have the following structures:

IUPAC nomenclature is used when describing more complex alcohols.

In common usage, "alcohol" often means ethanol or "grain alcohol". (See also: alcoholic proof).

Other commonly used alcohols include:
 Isopropyl alcohol (sec-propyl alcohol, propan-2-ol, 2-propanol) H3C-CH(OH)-CH3, or "rubbing alcohol"
 ethylene glycol (ethane-1,2-diol) HO-CH2-CH2-OH, which is the main substance in antifreeze
 glycerin (or glycerol, propane-1,2,3-triol) HO-CH2-CH(OH)-CH2-OH bound in natural fats and oils, which are triglycerides (triacylglycerols)
 phenol, an alcohol where the hydroxyl group is bound to a benzene ring.

Carbohydrates
Functional groups

Alcohol


A loan shark is a person that sells loans with very high interest rates. People go to loan sharks for many reasons. It is often because no one else will lend them money. Loan sharks tend to ask for something beforehand, like someone's passport. Loan sharks are often illegal.

Loan sharks are called 'loan sharks' because they are like sharks; aggressive, angry, and greedy. They can do many illegal things to just get repayment, like kidnapping or even killing.

Economics
Organized crime

Loan shark


An Air Force Instruction (AFI) is a documented instruction for members of the United States Air Force. It is intended for use by active duty, guard, and reserve members and associated civilians.  It is one of many forms of directives published by the Air Force Departmental Publishing Office (AFDPO).  In almost all cases, an Air Force Instruction is a form of a general order; and violation of the AFI by an Airman subject to it can be punished under the Uniform Code of Military Justice.

References

United States Air Force

Air Force Instruction


Pat Rabbitte (born 18 Mey 1949) is a politeecian in the Republic o Ireland, an a member o the Irish pairlament in Dublin, representin the Labour Pairty.  He represents the Sooth-wast Dublin consteetuency in Dáil Éireann, an haes been the chief o his pairty syne 2002.

1949 births
Livin fowk
Alumni o Varsity College Galway
Cooncillors o Dublin Coonty Cooncil
Democratic Left (Ireland) politeecians
Leaders o the Labour Pairty (Ireland)
Local cooncillors in Sooth Dublin (coonty)
Members o the 26t Dáil
Members o the 27t Dáil
Members o the 28t Dáil
Members o the 29t Dáil
Members o the 30t Dáil
Members o the 31st Dáil
Politeecians frae Coonty Mayo
Teachtaí Dála
Wirkers' Pairty o Ireland politeecians
Meenisters o State o the 27t Dáil

Pat Rabbitte


(March 21, 1666, Edo, Japan – February 28, 1728, Edo) was a Japanese philosopher who used the pen name Butsu Sorai in many of his writings. He has been described as the most influential Confucian scholar during the Tokugawa period. His main field of study was how Confucius' teachings could be used in government, and how they could influence the order of society as a whole. At the time, Japan had problems with the government. The economic model of mercantilism was used, but was not successful. Japan was still using old institutions, but they had become weak because their members were extravagant (excessive).  Still, these institutions were dominant in society. In Sorai's opinion, they used teachings such as The Way to justify their actions.

Sorai rejected the moral ways of Song Confucianism and looked at the older works instead. He argued that allowing human emotions to express themselves was important. For this reason, he tried to strengthen the position that Chinese literature had in Japan. Sorai had a large following with his teachings and created the Sorai school, which would become an influential force in Japanese Confucian scholarship.

Life
Sorai was born the second son of a samurai (a warrior) who was the personal physician of Tokugawa Tsunayoshi (徳川綱吉). Tsunayoshi would  become the fifth shogun.  Sorai studied the Zhu Xi version of Song Confucianism, and by 1690 he became a private teacher of Chinese classics. In 1696, he started serving Yanagisawa Yoshiyasu, a senior councilor to Tsunayoshi. Tsunayoshi died in 1709. At that time Sorai stopped using the teachings of Zhu Xi and started to develop his own philosophy and school. Sorai is credited with the creation of kō shōgi, an unusual form of chess.

Teachings

Sorai wrote many influential works where he showed what he thought were the two basic problems of the philosophy of Song Confucianism. The first was with the bakufu-domain system, which by the eighteenth century was in trouble. Sorai doubted that it was enough that each person wanted to find their ethical good. He argued that solving the political crisis of the time required more than perfecting moral character. He also saw that the Chinese sage kings were not only concerned with morality, but also with government itself. The second point where Sorai disagreed with Song Confucianism was that he felt it was putting too much emphasis on morality and that it repressed human nature, because human nature was based on emotion.

Sorai did not think these two problems were problems with Confucianism itself. He thought that the Song Confucianists interpreted the classic works of the Four Books and the Five Classics the wrong way. In Sorai's view, they did this because they "did not know the old words". Sorai consulted the ancient works to get more reliable knowledge. He stated that the ultimate form of scholarly knowledge was history. For him, these works were the best source, even though the present was constantly changing. Sorai thought that study of philosophy began with the study of language. In this he was highly influenced by the Ancient Rhetoric school of the Ming period. This movement saw the Qin and Han periods as the model for prose, and the Tang period as a model for poetry. The Sorai school introduced in Selections of Tang Poetry to Japan, where it became very popular. This work is thought to have been edited by Li Panlong (李攀竜 1514-70), who was a founder of the Ancient Rhetoric school.  As a result of this, Sorai's school is  also known as the Ancient Rhetoric (kobunji 古文辞) school today. Sorai's school saw Selections of Tang Poetry mainly as a means of accessing the Five Classics. In this viewpoint it was different from other Confucianist schools. Sorai would also accuse other Confucianists in Japan, such as Hayashi Razan, of relying too heavily on Song sources such as Zhu Xi.

Sorai also did not agree with other teachings of Song Confucianism. One was that the Way was not a predetermined principle of the universe, but rather an establishment of men: the ancient sages had described it in the Confucianist classic works. These provided for the Way, which was divided by rites (rei 礼) and music (gaku 楽).  The rites gave social order and music gave inspiration for the heart.  In this it directly allowed for the flow of human emotions, something that the moralist philosophy of Song Confucianism did not agree with. Sorai argued for the opposite, and wanted people to be enriched through music and poetry. He taught that literature should be cared for, because it was an important part of human expression. As a result, Chinese writing began to thrive in Japan and became an accepted art form. In this way, several great writers of Chinese composition of that time were followers of his school.

Sorai was a supporter of the samurai class. While most old institution decline because of leadership problems, the samurai, he felt, were best able to solve this problem with a system of rewards and punishment. Sorai also saw problems with the merchant class at the time: he accused them of conspiring to lock prices. He did not support the lower classes either, though. He argued, "What possible value can there be for the common people to overreach their proper station in life and study such books [as the Confucian classics]?"

Master Sorai's teachings
Master Sorai's Teachings is a record of Sorai's teaching and his exchanges with his students. The text was edited by his own students and contained their questions followed by his answers. The work was not released until 1724, but it is thought to have actually been written around 1720. In it he writes that literature is not so much intended for instruction in morality or governance, rather it simply allows human's emotions to flow. From this, answers to the former topics may be found. While Sorai sought to redefine the sources of Tokugawa legitimacy, his purpose was clearly to strengthen the authority of the Tokugawa shogunate.

Criticisms
Some scholars criticised Sorai's work and found his teaching was impractical. Goi Ranshū believed that Sorai was motivated to surpass Itō Jinsai, another leading Confucianist. Goi thought that Sorai had used Itō's  arguments to the level of absurdity. Goi felt that Sorai's teachings would cause a lot of damage to moral philosophy if they were followed. Another scholar critical of Sorai's teachings was Nakai Chikuzan, who was also familiar with Goi's opposition to Ogyū Sorai. Goi wrote his opposition to Sorai in his essay Hi-Butsu hen. This essay was written in the 1730s, but not published until 1766. The published essay had been edited by Chikuzan and his brother. Nakai later wrote his own, highly emotional, response to Sorai's beliefs in his work Hi-Chō (1785). In this work he rejected the idea that individuals could not improve themselves through moral choices. He also claimed individuals were able judge if external ideas and actions were true or just.  Denial of these morals, he felt, would leave only "rites and rules" to be followed.

Works
 Regulations for Study (Gakusoku, 1715)
 Distinguishing the Way (Bendō, 1717)
 Master Sorai's Teachings (Sorai sensei tōmonsho, 1724)

References

Further reading
 Najita, Tetsuo. (1998). Visions of Virtue in Tokugawa Japan. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.
 Shirane, Haruo. (2006). Early Modern Japanese Literature. New York: Columbia University Press.
 Totman, Conrad. (1982). Japan Before Perry. Berkeley: University of California Press.
 Tucker, J., ed. (2006). Ogyu Sorai's Philosophical Masterworks: The Bendo And Benmei (Asian Interactions and Comparisons). Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.
 Yamashita, Samuel Hideo. (1994). Master Sorai's Responsals: An Annotated Translation of Sorai Sensei Tōmonsho. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.

1666 births
1729 deaths
Japanese philosophers
Confucianism
People from Tokyo

Ogyū Sorai