Here Comes the Groom is a 1951 American musical romantic comedy film produced and directed by Frank Capra and starring Bing Crosby and Jane Wyman. Based on a story by Robert Riskin and Liam O'Brien, the film is about a foreign correspondent who has five days to win back his former fiancée, or he'll lose the orphans he adopted. Filmed from late November 1950 to January 29, 1951, the film was released in the United States by Paramount Pictures on September 20, 1951.

Plot
Newspaper reporter Pete (Bing Crosby) works in a Paris orphanage. His charming way with children and music enables him to find homes for even the most troubled kids. One afternoon, Mr. and Mrs. Godfrey (Alan Reed and Minna Gombell), an American couple, come to the orphanage to adopt Bobby, a boy they saw in one of the ads Pete ran in his newspaper. Bobby misbehaves, but when Pete discovers that Mr. Godfrey plays for the Boston Symphony Orchestra, he quickly produces a young blind opera wunderkind, Theresa (Anna Maria Alberghetti), who sings her way into the Godfreys' hearts.

Later that night, Pete dreams that the fiancée he left behind in America, Emmadel (Jane Wyman) has visited. She appears in a hologram atop his record player, scolding him for leaving her at the altar and talks about the children they might have had. Filled with regret, Pete arranges to adopt both Bobby and his little sister Suzi and bring them to Boston, where he'll marry Emmadel. American authorities inform him that he must marry within five days or the adoption will be void.

After delays in obtaining the children's birth certificates, they and Pete finally fly to Boston, and go to Emmadel's house. While she bonds with Bobby and Suzi, Pete discovers that Emmadel is engaged to an aristocratic man, Wilbur Stanley, whose office she works in. She had gotten tired of waiting for Pete's arrival home. The kids stay with her loud parents (drunken father James Barton, a fisherman, and disapproving mother Connie Gilchrist). Pete tries everything to win Emmadel back. She helps him secure a lease on a new house via her fiancé's company. However, when Pete and the children arrive at the house in the rain, they discover that another couple (the McGonigles) also have a lease for the property. Emmadel's fiancé Wilbur shows up to settle the matter. Wilbur offers Pete a ride to another house - but Pete talks him into letting them stay at the Stanley family's gatehouse. They agree to a friendly competition for Emmadel's heart during the few days leading up to the wedding.

Pete and the children settle into the Stanleys' lavish gatehouse, where Emmadel's parents are also staying. Emmadel meets Wilbur's amiable elderly relatives, who present her with $500,000 as a wedding gift. Her parents embarrass her by running screaming through the garden. Emma discovers Pete's presence and visits the gatehouse to have it out with him. After she pulls Suzi's loose tooth, Pete pretends to be in love with Winnifred, Wilbur's fourth cousin twice-removed, and laughs when Emmadel pratfalls on her huge party dress.

Pete reveals his plan to Winnifred Stanley. He discovers that she has long been in love with her cousin Wilbur, but feels too socially awkward to pursue him. In a bit of Pygmalion, Pete teaches Winnifred to feel comfortable with herself. Winnifred's newfound confidence bubbles over at the wedding rehearsal. She and Emmadel erupt in a brawl on the front lawn. Winnifred concedes the fight, and Emmadel declares that she's proud to be a fisherman's daughter.

The wedding day arrives. News reporters line the outdoor chapel, proclaiming this the Cinderella story of the decade. As he escorts Emma down the aisle, Pa Jones tells her that Pete kidnapped the children and ran so they wouldn't be sent back to France. Emmadel begins to have second thoughts. Pete shows up at precisely the wrong moment, handcuffed to a policeman, with both crying kids in tow. Although Wilbur offers to marry Emma and adopt the children, Bobby and Suzi cling sobbing to Pete. On national television, Wilbur abandons his own wedding and forces a reluctant Emma and a protesting (but secretly thrilled) Pete to marry. Pete, Emmadel, Bobby, Suzi, Ma and Pa Jones all ride off for their honeymoon together.

Cast

 Bing Crosby as Pete Garvey, a musician and foreign correspondent
 Jane Wyman as Emmadel Jones, Pete's ex-fiancé who's engaged to Wilbur Stanley
 James Barton as William Jones, Emmadel's funny alcoholic father
 Connie Gilchrist as Ma Jones, Emmadel's loud mother
 Walter Catlett and Ellen Corby as the McGonigles
 Robert Keith as George Degnan, a newspaper man
 Alan Reed as Walter Godfrey
 Minna Gombell as Mrs. Godfrey
 Franchot Tone as Wilbur Stanley
 Alexis Smith as Winifred Stanley, Wilbur's cousin and Emmadel's maid of honor
 H. B. Warner as Uncle Elihu
 Ian Wolfe as Uncle Adam
 Nicholas Joy as Uncle Prentiss
 Maidel Turner as Aunt Abby
 Adeline De Walt Reynolds as Aunt Amy
 Jacques Gencel as Bobby
 Beverly Washburn as Suzi
 Anna Maria Alberghetti as Theresa
 Louis Armstrong as himself
 Cass Daley as herself
 Phil Harris as himself
 Dorothy Lamour as herself
 Frank Hagney as Passenger on Airplane (uncredited)
 J. Farrell MacDonald as Husband on Airplane (uncredited)

Reception
Bing Crosby arranged for the world premiere of the film to be held in Elko, Nevada, on July 30, 1951, and the charitable events associated with it raised $10,000 for the Hospital Building Fund. The New York premiere took place at the Astor Theater on September 20, 1951.

Bosley Crowther of The New York Times commented:

Variety reviewed the film at a tradeshow and said:

Awards and nominations

The film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists:
 2004: AFI's 100 Years ... 100 Songs:
 "In the Cool, Cool, Cool of the Evening" – Nominated

Soundtrack
"Caro nome" sung by Anna Maria Alberghetti
"Your Own Little House" (Jay Livingston / Ray Evans): sung by Bing Crosby
"In the Cool, Cool, Cool of the Evening": sung by Bing Crosby and Jane Wyman
"Misto Cristofo Columbo" (Jay Livingston / Ray Evans): sung by Bing Crosby, Louis Armstrong, Cass Daley, Dorothy Lamour and Phil Harris
"Oh Promise Me" few lines sung by Bing Crosby
"Bonne Nuit (Goodnight)" (Jay Livingston / Ray Evans): sung by Bing Crosby

Bing Crosby recorded four of the songs for Decca Records. "In the Cool, Cool, Cool of the Evening" was in the Billboard charts for six weeks with a peak position of #11. Crosby's songs were also included in the Bing's Hollywood series.

References

External links

1951 films
1951 musical comedy films
1951 romantic comedy films
American black-and-white films
American musical comedy films
American romantic comedy films
American romantic musical films
Films about adoption
Films about weddings
Films directed by Frank Capra
Films that won the Best Original Song Academy Award
Films set in Boston
Paramount Pictures films
1950s romantic musical films
1950s English-language films
1950s American films

Here Comes the Groom


Mary John Sr. CM (June 15, 1913 – September 30, 2004) was a leader of the Carrier people of the central interior of British Columbia in Canada. She was known as "Mary John Sr." to distinguish her from her daughter-in-law, also named Mary John.  She became well known both for her political and social activism and as a role model, a person of enormous integrity, strength, and gentleness.

History
John was born at Lheidli (near Prince George, British Columbia) to Anzel Quaw. She grew up in Saik'uz (Stoney Creek) village, raised by her mother and her stepfather Johnny Paul.  She was a member of the Tachek clan, whose crests are cariboo and ruffed grouse. She survived the flu epidemic of 1918, during which, only five years old, she had to care for her sick mother.  At the age of eight she was sent to the residential school in Fort St James where she learned English. The next year she moved to the newly established Lejac Residential School, which she attended until she was fourteen years old. At the age of sixteen she married Lazare John, with whom she had twelve children.

In 1942, she helped to found the local chapter of the British Columbia Homemakers' Association, of which she was the first President. She later served as district president. Although the Homemakers' Association was intended by the Department of Indian Affairs to teach homemaking skills to native women, she and other women turned it into a vehicle for political action. In the 1950s, with the help of her friend Bridget Moran, she founded the Welfare Committee, which worked to place aboriginal children in aboriginal foster homes in or near their own community.

In 1980, along with her daughter Helen, and elders Celina John and Veronica George, she established the Stoney Creek Elders' Society. The Elders' Society built the Potlatch House and the associated campground as economic development initiatives. Still more important, the Elders' Society provided the impetus for social change and political action.

In the 1980s, she began her liaison work with the Royal Canadian Mounted Police. She invited the staff to her fishing camp for a barbecue every summer. She eventually served on the Aboriginal Advisory Committee to the Commanding Officer of RCMP "E" Division, a province-wide body, of which she was a founding member.

Mary John was greatly concerned with the preservation of her culture and language, of which she was a fluent speaker. In the 1970s she taught the Carrier language and culture at St. Joseph's School, the Catholic school in Vanderhoof, British Columbia, as well as several conversational Carrier courses for adults. She was one of the founders of the Yinka Dene Language Institute of which she became
the Permanent Honorary Chair. She was one of the principal contributors to the Saik'uz Children's Dictionary and other teaching materials. From 1992 until her death, she worked tirelessly with linguist Bill Poser to document her dying language.

Honors
In her later years, Mary John received many honors.  In 1978, she was honored as Vanderhoof Citizen of the Year, the first time that a native person had received this award. In 1995 she received an honorary degree from the University of Northern British Columbia. In 1997 she was made a Member of the Order of Canada with the following citation:

A well-loved and respected elder of the Carrier Nation of the Stoney Creek Reserve in British Columbia, she has dedicated her life to helping others. She is the strong force and influence behind the success of many positive initiatives and was one of the originators of the Friendship House, a community centre for Native and non-Native people. She survived many hardships to emerge as a respected elder, counsellor, midwife, educator and conciliator between the Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal communities. Now in her eighties, she is still promoting the Carrier culture to the younger generation.

In 2002, she received the Queen's Jubilee Medal.

In January 2008, the Vanderhoof Public Library opened the Mary John Collection, a collection of 800 books on First Nations topics created in her honor.

See also
Notable Aboriginal people of Canada

Notes

Bibliography
 Eulogy delivered by Colleen Erickson
 Moran, Bridget and Mary John (1989) Stoney Creek Woman: The Story of Mary John. Arsenal Pulp Press. .
 Order of Canada record,

1913 births
2004 deaths
20th-century First Nations people
21st-century First Nations people
Dakelh people
Indigenous leaders in British Columbia
Members of the Order of Canada
People from the Regional District of Fraser-Fort George
Women in British Columbia politics
20th-century Canadian women politicians

Mary John Sr.


The West Highland White Terrier or Westie is originally a Scottish dog.

The Westie was first used for hunting foxes and otters. The breed is well known for high stamina, courage and agility. Westies have a double white coat which protects them from attacks and cold weather. They have dark black eyes.

They are small dogs and are lively, playful and alert. They are loyal to their owner, but can be stubborn at times. They are known to kill small animals, such as moles, squirrels, chipmunks and birds. They like to be outdoors.

Terriers
FCI breeds
Dog breeds originating in Scotland

West Highland White Terrier


An answering machine (other names are answerphone, ansaphone, ansafone and Telephone Answering Device (TAD)) is a machine. It is attached to a telephone line. If the phone is not answered after a few rings, it will play a message to the caller. The caller can then leave a message (after a sound that has become known as the beep). It is different form voicemail which is based in the network. Answering machines are installed at home (or at the office).

At first, answering machines used tapes (a smaller version of audio cassettes). Today, most systems use computer memory to store the messages and the prerecorded text. Many systems allow to listen to the left messages by simply calling the answering machine. Answering machines also have a system to save costs: If there are no new messages, there will be fewer rings.

Machines
Home appliances

Answering machine


Underbyrg sind gebūna scīra þe licgaþ ǣghƿæðer ge on þǣm outer rim sumre burge ge outside the official limits sumre burge (the term varies from country to country), or the outer elements of a conurbation.

Ūtanƿearde bendas and references

 Managing Urban America by Robert E. England and David R. Morgan 1979
 http://www.ideal-homes.org.uk/why-suburbs-happen-01.htm  on the suburban growth of London, England.
 http://www.hgs.org.uk/mystreet/index.html provides images of a mature north London suburb illustrating a wide range of domestic architecture.

Metropolitan areas

Underburg


Walter Burley Griffin (November 24, 1876February 11, 1937) was an American architect and landscape architect. He designed Canberra, Australia's capital city,  the New South Wales towns of Griffith and Leeton, and (with his wife) the Sydney suburb of Castlecrag.

Influenced by the Chicago-based Prairie School, Griffin developed a unique modern style in partnership with his wife Marion Mahony Griffin. In 28 years they designed over 350 buildings, landscape and urban-design projects as well as designing construction materials, interiors, furniture and other household items.

Early life
Griffin was born in 1876 in Maywood, Illinois, a suburb of Chicago. He was the eldest of the four children of George Walter Griffin, an insurance agent, and Estelle Burley Griffin. His family moved to Oak Park and later to Elmhurst. As a boy, he had an interest in landscape design and gardening, and his parents allowed him to landscape the yard at their new home in Elmhurst. Griffin attended Oak Park High School. He considered studying landscape design but was advised by the landscape gardener O. C. Simonds to pursue a more lucrative profession.

Griffin chose to study architecture, and, in 1899, completed his bachelor's degree in architecture at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. The University of Illinois program was run by Nathan Clifford Ricker, a German-educated architect, who emphasized the technical aspects of architecture. During his studies, he also took courses in horticulture and forestry.

Chicago career

After his studies, Griffin moved to Chicago and was employed as a draftsman for two years in the offices of progressive architects Dwight H. Perkins, Robert C. Spencer, Jr., and H. Webster Tomlinson in "Steinway Hall". Griffin's employers worked in the distinctive Prairie School style. This style is marked by horizontal lines, flat roofs with broad overhanging eaves, solid construction, craftsmanship, and strict discipline in the use of ornament. Louis Sullivan was influential among Prairie School architects and Griffin was an admirer of his work, and of his philosophy of architecture which stressed that design should be free of historical precedent. Other architects of that school include George Grant Elmslie, George Washington Maher, William Gray Purcell, William Drummond and most importantly, Frank Lloyd Wright.

In July 1901, Griffin passed the new Illinois architects' licensing examination and this permitted him to enter private practice as an architect. He began working in Frank Lloyd Wright's famous Oak Park, Illinois, studios. Although he was never made a partner, Griffin oversaw the construction on many of Wright's noted houses including the Willits House in 1902 and the Larkin Administration Building built in 1904. From 1905 he also began to supply landscape plans for Wright's buildings. Wright allowed Griffin and his other staff to undertake small commissions of their own. The William Emery house, built in Elmhurst, Illinois, in 1903 was such a commission. While working for Wright, Griffin fell in love with Mr. Wright's sister, Maginel Wright. He proposed marriage to her, but his affections for her were not returned, and she refused.

In 1906, he resigned his position at Wright's studio and established his own practice at Steinway Hall. Griffin and Wright had fallen out over events following Mr. Wright's trip to Japan in 1905. While Wright was away for five months, Griffin ran the practice. When Wright returned, he told Griffin that he had overstepped his responsibilities, completing several of Wright's jobs, and sometimes substituting his own building designs. Further, Wright had borrowed money from Griffin to pay for his travels abroad, and then he tried to pay off his debts to Griffin with prints he had acquired in Japan. It became clear to Griffin then that Wright would not make Griffin a partner in his business.

Griffin's first independent commission was a landscape design for the State Normal School at Charleston, Illinois, that became Eastern Illinois University. In the fall of 1906, he received his first residential job from Harry Peters. The Peters' House was the first house designed with an L-shaped or open floor plan. The L-shape was an economical design and easily constructed. From 1907 to 1914, several houses designed by Griffin were built on the far southwest side of Chicago in the city's Beverly and Morgan Park, Chicago neighborhoods. In 1981, the city of Chicago granted landmark status to 13 of these Prairie-style bungalows in Beverly along the 1700 block of West 104th Place, 12 blocks of Longwood Drive between West 98th and 110th Streets, and three blocks of Seeley Avenue. With seven of these houses being located on West 104th Place—comprising the largest concentration of original prairie style homes built in Chicago—the street as it runs between Hale Avenue on the west to Prospect Avenue on the east was designated the Griffin Place Historic District, which comprises a part of the larger Ridge Historic District.

In 1911, Griffin developed 'Solid Rock' house for William F. Tempel in Winnetka, Illinois. It was the first house built by Griffin in his mature style and of reinforced concrete.

On June 29, 1911, Griffin married Marion Lucy Mahony, a graduate of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in architecture. She was employed first in Wright's office, and then by Hermann V. von Holst, who had taken over Wright's work in America when Wright left for Europe in 1909. Marion Mahony recommended to von Holst that he hire Griffin to develop a landscape plan for the area surrounding the three houses on Millikin Place for which Wright had been hired in Decatur, Illinois. Mahony and Griffin worked closely on the Decatur project immediately before their marriage.

After their marriage, Mahony went to work in Griffin's practice. A housing development with several homes designed by Griffin and Mahony, Rock Crest – Rock Glen in Mason City, Iowa, is seen as their most dramatic American design development of the decade and remains the largest collection of Prairie Style homes surrounding a natural setting.

From 1899 to 1914, Griffin created more than 130 designs in his Chicago office for buildings, urban plans and landscapes; half of these were built in the mid-western states of Illinois, Iowa, Michigan and Wisconsin.

The relationship between Griffin and Frank Lloyd Wright cooled in the years following Griffin's departure from Wright's firm in 1906. With Walter and Marion's wedding, Wright started to feel they were "against him". After the Griffins' win in the Australian federal capital design competition, and resultant front-page coverage in The New York Times, Wright and Griffin never spoke to each other again. In later years, whenever Griffin was brought up in conversation Wright would downplay his achievements and refer to him as a draftsman.

Canberra

In April 1911, the Australian Commonwealth Government held an international competition to produce a design for its new, as yet unnamed, federal capital city. Griffin produced a design with impressive renderings of the plan by his new wife. They first heard about the competition in July, while on honeymoon, and worked feverishly to prepare the plans. On May 23, 1912, Griffin's design was selected as the winner from among 137 entries. This created significant press coverage at the time and brought him professional and public recognition. Of his plan, he famously remarked:

I have planned a city that is not like any other in the world. I have planned it not in a way that I expected any government authorities in the world would accept. I have planned an ideal city – a city that meets my ideal of the city of the future.

In 1913, Griffin was invited by the Commonwealth Government to Australia to inspect the site that was to become Canberra. He left Mahony Griffin in charge of the practice and travelled to Australia in July. His letters reveal his appreciation for the Australian landscape. The Griffins joined the Naturalists Society of New South Wales in 1914, where they enjoyed organized bush walks and field studies. The society facilitated their contact with the Australian scientific community, especially botanists. This appreciation for Australian flora was reflected in Griffin's 1914 town plan for the town of Leeton in the Murrumbidgee Irrigation Area of New South Wales, and later in a design for Newman College at the University of Melbourne. He also used Australian flora botanical names as places names for suburbs and streets in Canberra, such as Grevillea Park, Telopea Park, Clienthus Circle and Blandfordia.

Griffin was offered the position of head of the department of architecture at the University of Illinois. At the same time he was negotiating a three-year contract with the Commonwealth Government to remain in Australia and oversee the implementation of his plan, which he felt had already been compromised. In October 1913, he was appointed the Federal Capital Director of Design and Construction. In this role, Griffin oversaw the design of North and South Canberra, though he struggled with considerable political and bureaucratic obstacles. In May 1914, he and his wife left America for Australia along with architects Roy Lippincott and George Elgh.

With the outbreak of World War I in 1914, Griffin was under pressure to reduce the scope and scale of his plans due to the diversion of funds towards the war effort. Several parts of his basic design underwent change. Plans to create Westbourne, Southbourne and Eastbourne Avenues to complement Canberra's Northbourne Avenue were eliminated, as was a proposed railway connecting South Canberra to North Canberra, and on to Yass, 35 mi (55 km) away. A market area that would have been at Russell Hill in North Canberra was moved south to  Fyshwick, next to South Canberra.

The pace of building was slower than expected, partly because of a lack of funds and partly because of continued disputation between Griffin and Commonwealth Government bureaucrats. Many of Griffin's design ideas were attacked by both the architectural profession and the press. In 1917, a Royal Commission determined that they had undermined Griffin's authority by supplying him with false data which he had used to carry out his work. Ultimately, Griffin resigned from the Canberra design project in December 1920 when he discovered that several of these bureaucrats had been appointed to an agency that would oversee Canberra's construction. The Commonwealth Government under the leadership of Prime Minister Hughes had removed Griffin as Director of Design and Construction after disagreements over his supervisory role, and in 1921 it created the Federal Capital Advisory Committee, with John Sulman as chair. Griffin was offered membership, but declined and withdrew from further activity in Canberra.

Griffin designed several buildings for Canberra, none of which was built. The grave of General Bridges on Mount Pleasant was the only permanent structure designed by him to be built in Canberra.

Aside from the city's design, Griffin's longest-living legacy is the plantation of Redwood trees (Sequoia sempervirens and Sequoiadendron giganteum) known as Pialligo Redwood Forest, that he and arborist Thomas Charles Weston planted in 1918. It is on Pialligo Avenue between Canberra and Queanbeyan, 1.8 mi (2.8 km) east of Canberra airport.

Later career

The Griffins' office in Chicago closed in 1917; however, they had successful practices in Melbourne and Sydney, which were a strong motivation for their continuing to live in Australia. The Griffins had received commissions for work outside Canberra since Walter first arrived in the country in 1913, designing town plans, subdivisions, and one of his highly regarded buildings, Newman College, the Catholic residential college of the University of Melbourne while employed in Canberra. While supervising activities in Canberra, Griffin spent much time in Melbourne and, in 1918, became a founder, with Royden Powell, of the Henry George Club, an organization devoted to providing a home for the Single Tax movement. The Griffins' first major commission after leaving Canberra was the Capitol Theatre in Melbourne; it opened on November 7, 1924. In 1964 architectural writer Robin Boyd described the Capitol as "the best cinema that was ever built or is ever likely to be built".

In 1916 and 1917, Griffin developed a patented modular concrete construction system known as "Knitlock" for use in the construction of Canberra. No Knitlock buildings were ever built in Canberra, although several were built in Australia. The first were built on Griffin's property in Frankston in 1922, where he constructed two holiday houses called "Gumnuts". The best examples of Knitlock include the S.R. Salter House in Toorak and the Paling House. Frank Lloyd Wright designed a similar system and used Griffin's design to support the arguments for his design.

In 1919, the Griffins founded the Greater Sydney Development Association (GSDA), and in 1921 purchased 259 ha of land in North Sydney. The GSDA's goal was the development of an idyllic community with a consistent architectural feel and bushland setting. Walter Burley Griffin as managing director of the GSDA designed all the buildings built in the area until 1935. Castlecrag was the first suburb to be developed by the GSDA. The Redding House and several others in Castelcrag were also built in Knitlock. Almost all the houses Griffin designed in Castlecrag were small and had flat roofs, and he included an internal courtyard in many of them. Griffin used what was at that time the novel concept of including native bushland in these designs. He came to be referred to as "The Wizard of Castlecrag".

Other work the Griffins did during this time included the Melbourne subdivisions of Glenard (where the Griffins built their own Knitlock house "Pholiota") and Mount Eagle at Eaglemont, and the Ranelagh Estate in Mount Eliza Victoria 1924. The Ranelagh Estate was listed on the Victorian State Heritage Register (H01605) in 2005 as a significant example of a country estate. Prior to 1920 the Griffins also designed the New South Wales towns of Leeton and Griffith. Griffin and architect J Burcham Clamp designed a large tomb built at Waverley Cemetery, Sydney, between 1914 and 1916 for James Stuart, which still stands as a good example of Griffin's sense of 'human-scale monumentality'.

The Griffins participated in the celebrated Chicago Tribune Tower Competition in 1922. Having won one international competition, as architects who were both well acquainted with Chicago and recognized as practical visionaries, they offered a solution that was positive, forward-looking and elegant. Indeed, their non-winning entry appears to have been about a decade ahead of its time, with emphatic verticality along the lines of the Art Deco or Art Moderne. It anticipated, and would have been a near neighbor of, Chicago's 333 North Michigan by Holabird & Roche (1928); with stylistic echos in John and Donald Parkinson's Bullocks Wilshire, in Los Angeles (1929), as well as Adah Robinson and Bruce Goff's Boston Avenue Methodist Church, Tulsa (1929).

In the 1920s, the Griffins prepared plans for the Milleara Estate (also known as City View) at Avondale Heights and the Ranelagh Estate at Mount Eliza, both in Victoria (Australia) in conjunction with surveyors Tuxen and Miller.

Incinerators
During the financial hardship of the Great Depression, in the 1930s Griffin designed incinerators, collaborating with the Reverberatory Incinerator and Engineering Company (RIECo), in conjunction with his friend and business partner, Eric Nicholls. He was responsible for twelve incinerator designs between 1930 and 1938, of which seven still survive. They are located at:

 Willoughby, New South Wales
 Glebe, New South Wales
 Ipswich, Queensland
 Essendon, Victoria
 Hindmarsh, South Australia
 Thebarton, South Australia
 Canberra, Australian Capital Territory
The Willoughby incinerator is a good example of this work. It has been listed by the National Trust of Australia and the Royal Australian Institute of Architects as a building of significance. In 1999 it was listed in the New South Wales State Heritage Register. It has since been restored and converted to commercial use by Willoughby Council.

The Walter Burley Griffin Incinerator, Ipswich, Queensland is listed on the Queensland Heritage Register and has been converted into a theatre. Another incinerator was built in the suburb of Pyrmont, not far from the centre of Sydney. This incinerator was considered for heritage listing but was demolished in 1992 because it was in irredeemably bad condition.

India
During their time at the GSDA, the Griffins became more involved in anthroposophy, and in 1935 through contacts in the movement Griffin won a commission to design the library at the University of Lucknow in Lucknow, India.

Although he had planned to stay in India only to complete the drawings for the library, he soon received more than 40 commissions, including the University of Lucknow Student Union building; a museum and library for the Raja of Mahmudabad; a zenana (women's quarters) for the Raja of Jahangirabad; Pioneer Press building, a bank, municipal offices, many private houses, and a memorial to King George V. He also won complete design responsibility for the 1936–1937 United Provinces Exhibition of Industry and Agriculture. His 53 projects for the  site featured a stadium, arena, mosque, imambara, art gallery, restaurant, bazaar, pavilions, rotundas, arcades, and towers, however, only part of his elaborate plans were fully executed.

Griffin was inspired by the architecture and culture of India, modifying forms as "he sought to create a modern Indian architecture ... Griffin was able to expand his aesthetic vocabulary to create an exuberant, expressive architecture reflecting both the 'stamp of the place' and the 'spirit of the times'". While in India, Griffin also published numerous articles for the Pioneer, writing about architecture, in particular about ventilation design improvements. Marion joined Walter in Lucknow in April 1936 to collaborate on several projects.

Death and burial in India
Griffin died of peritonitis in early 1937, five days after gall bladder surgery at King George's Hospital, Lucknow in Lucknow city in state of Uttar Pradesh, India, and was buried in Christian Cemetery in Lucknow. Marion Mahony Griffin oversaw the completion of the Pioneer Building that he had been working on at the time of his death. She closed down their Indian offices, then left their Australian practice in the hands of Griffin's partner, Eric Milton Nicholls, and returned to Chicago.

Legacy

Griffin was largely under-appreciated during his time in Australia, but since his death recognition of his work has steadily grown. In 1964, when Canberra's central lake was filled, as Griffin had intended, Prime Minister Robert Menzies declined to have the lake named after himself. Instead he named it Lake Burley Griffin, making it the first "monument" in Canberra dedicated to the city's designer ("Burley" was included in the name because of the ongoing misconception that it was part of Griffin's surname). Burley Griffin Way is a 276 km road linking Griffith, Temora, Harden, Binalong to the Hume highway west of Bowning, 10 km northwest of Yass.

Architectural drawings and other archival materials by and about the Griffins are held by numerous institutions in the United States, including the Drawings and Archives Department of Avery Architectural and Fine Arts Library at Columbia University; the Block Gallery at Northwestern University; the Ryerson & Burnham Libraries at the Art Institute of Chicago; and the New York Historical Society, as well as in several repositories in Australia, including the National Library of Australia, National Archives of Australia, and the Newman College Archives of the University of Melbourne. At the centenary of the Griffins' design work for Canberra, some believe they are owed a permanent memorial.

In his own words
"I am what may be termed a naturalist in architecture. I do not believe in any school of architecture. I believe in architecture that is the logical outgrowth of the environment in which the building in mind is to be located"
From The New York Times, Sunday June 2, 1912

Major works

India
 Library in University of Lucknow, in Lucknow city in the state of Uttar Pradesh in India
 Dr Bhatia's Residence, still extant in Lucknow city in the state of Uttar Pradesh in India

United States
 G.B. Cooley House, 1908 South Grand St., Monroe, Louisiana
 Alfred W. Hebert House Remodeling, 1902, Evanston, Illinois
 W.H. Emery House, 1903, Elmhurst, Illinois
 Adolph Mueller House, 1906
 John Dickinson House (part of the Eden Rift Estate Winery), 10034 Cienega Road Hollister, California 1906
 Mary H. Bovee Apartment, 1907
 John Gauler House, 5917-5921 N. Magnolia Ave., Chicago, Illinois, 1908
 William S. Orth House, 1908, Winnetka, Illinois
 Edmund C. Garrity House, 1909
 Ralph Griffin House, 1909, Edwardsville, Illinois
 Edmund C. Garrity House, 1712 W. 104th Place, Chicago, Illinois, 1909
 William B. Sloan House, 1910
 Frank N. Olmstead House, 1624 W. 100th Place, Chicago, Illinois, 1910
 Harry N. Tolles House, 10561 S. Longwood Drive, Chicago, Illinois, 1911
 Harry G. Van Nostrand House, 1666 W. 104th Place, Chicago, Illinois, 1911
 Russell L. Blount House I, 1724 W. 104th Place, Chicago, Illinois, 1911
 Benjamin J. and Mabel T. Ricker House, 1510 Broad Street, Grinnell, Iowa, 1911-1912
 Joshua Melson House, 1912, Mason City, Iowa
 Russel L. Blount House II, 1950 W. 102nd Street, Chicago, Illinois, 1912–1913
 Jenkinson House, 1727 W. 104th Place, Chicago, Illinois, 1912–1913
 Walter D. Salmon House, 1736 W. 104th Place, Chicago, Illinois, 1912–1913
 Newland House, 1737 W. 104th Place, Chicago, Illinois, 1913
 Ida E. Williams House, W. 104th Place, Chicago, Illinois (based on the Von Nostrand plans, built by Blount), 1913
 William R. Hornbaker House, 1710 W. 104th Place, Chicago, Illinois, (based on the Von Nostrand plans, built by Blount), 1914
 James Frederic Clarke House, 1731 W. 104th Place, Chicago, Illinois, (based on the Von Nostrand plans, built by Blount), 1913
 Harry C. Furneaux House, 1741 W. 104th Place, Chicago, Illinois, (based on the Salmon House plans, built by Blount), 1913
 James Blyth House, Mason City, Iowa
 Stinson Memorial Library, Anna, Illinois

Australia
 Canberra plan, 1914–1920
 Leeton town plan, 1914
 Griffith town plan, 1914
 Eaglemont town plan, 1915
Paris Theatre, Sydney, 1915 (demolished 1981)
 Newman College, University of Melbourne, 1916–1918
 Café Australia, Melbourne, 1916
Pholiota, in Eaglemont, Victoria 1920
 Capitol Theatre, Melbourne 1924
Palais de danse, St Kilda 1925 (destroyed by fire)
 Leonard House, Elizabeth Street Melbourne 1925 (demolished)
 Ranelagh, town plan, 1924
 Langi Flats, Toorak 1925-26
 Castlecrag, suburb plan, 1925
 Fishwick House, completed in 1929
 Lake Daylesford, completed 1929
 Castle Cove, suburb plan, 1930
 Willoughby Incinerator, completed 1932
 Duncan House (Castlecrag), completed 1934
 Eric Pratten House, in Pymble, Sydney, completed 1936
 Hindmarsh Incinerator, South Australia, completed 1936
 Pyrmont Incinerator, completed 1936 (demolished 1992)
 Thebarton Incinerator, South Australia, completed 1937
 Walter Burley Griffin Incinerator, Ipswich, completed 1992

Gallery

References

Citations

Works cited

General references
 Birrell, James. 1964. Walter Burley Griffin. University of Queensland Press
 Gebhard, David & Gerald Mansheim, Buildings of Iowa, Oxford University Press, New York, 1993
 Gebhard, David. "The Suburban House and the Automobile." The Car and the city: The Automobile, the Built Environment and Daily Urban Life. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1991: 106,123.
Griffin, Dustin, ed., The Writings of Walter Burley Griffin (Cambridge University Press, Melbourne, 2008).
 Kruty, Paul. 2000. Griffin, Walter Burley. American National Biography Online. Oxford University Press

 Mason City Iowa, An Architectural Heritage, Department of Community Development, City of Mason, Iowa, 1977
 Maldre, Mati and Paul Kruty, Walter Burley Griffin in America, University of Illinois Press, Urbana, 1996
 McGregor, Alasdair, 'Grand Obsessions: The life and work of Walter Burley Griffin and Marion Mahony Griffin, Penguin/Lantern, Camberwell, Victoria, 2009
 Walker, M., Kabos, A. and Weirick, J. (1994) Building for nature : Walter Burley Griffin and Castlecrag, Castlecrag, N.S.W. : Walter Burley Griffin Society ()
 Wilson, Richard Guy and Sidney K. Robinson, The Prairie School in Iowa, Iowa State University Press, Ames, 1977

Further reading
 Brooks, H. Allen, Frank Lloyd Wright and the Prairie School, Braziller (in association with the Cooper-Hewitt Museum), New York 1984;
 Brooks, H. Allen, The Prairie School, W.W. Norton, New York 2006;
 Brooks, H. Allen (editor), Prairie School Architecture: Studies from "The Western Architect", University of Toronto Press, Toronto, Buffalo 1975;
 Brooks, H. Allen, The Prairie School: Frank Lloyd Wright and his Midwest Contemporaries, University of Toronto Press, Toronto 1972;
 Griffin, Dustin (editor), The Writings of Walter Burley Griffin, Cambridge University Press, Melbourne 2008;
[Move this book from "Further Reading" to "General References."

 McGregor, Alasdair, 'Grand Obsessions: The life and work of Walter Burley Griffin and Marion Mahony Griffin', Penguin/Lantern, Camberwell, Victoria, 2009
 Turnbull, J. and Navaretti, P. (eds), The Griffins in Australia and India: the complete works of Walter Burley Griffin and Marion Mahony Griffin, Miegunyah Press, Melbourne 1998;

External links

 Walter Burley Griffin Society (Australia)
 Walter Burley Griffin and Marion Mahony Griffin architectural drawings, circa 1909-1937.Held by the Department of Drawings & Archives, Avery Architectural & Fine Arts Library, Columbia University.
 The Griffin Legacy, National Capital Authority
 Imagining Canberra in Chicago from the ABC
 Reading the past in the Walter Burley Griffin Incinerator and Fishwick House at Willoughby, NSW (educational resources)
 Castlecrag Progress Association
 [CC-By-SA]
 Great Buildings Online: works of Walter Burley Griffin (includes links to W.H. Emery House, 1903; Ralph Griffin House, 1909; Adolph Mueller House, 1906; Joshua Melson House, 1912; and Stinson Memorial Library, 1913)
 Walter Burley Giffiin, The Prairie School of Architecture
 Stinson Memorial Public Library (includes history of Stinson Library construction)
 The Walter Burley Griffin Society of America
 Mary Mahoney Griffin's Manuscript, The Magic of America: Ryerson & Burnham Libraries: Archives Collection

National Library of Australia:
 Eric Milton Nicholls collection
 Papers of Walter Burley Griffin and Marion Mahony collected by Eric Nicholls, 1900–1947
 The Donald Leslie Johnson collection of Walter and Marion Griffin documents, 1901–1988
 The work of Walter Burley Griffin and Marion Mahony Griffin in Melbourne, 1975 a collection of photographs by Wolfgang Sievers of works by Walter Burley Griffin and Marion Mahony Griffin taken in 1975

Online exhibitions
 Walter Burley Griffin: in his own right, Public Broadcasting Service
 An Ideal City? The 1912 Competition to Design Canberra an online exhibition developed by the National Archives of Australia, National Library of Australia and the National Capital Authority

1876 births
1937 deaths
People from Maywood, Illinois
American landscape architects
American urban planners
Anthroposophists
University of Illinois School of Architecture alumni
Architects from Chicago
Deaths from peritonitis
Artists from Oak Park, Illinois
People from Elmhurst, Illinois
Georgists
American expatriates in Australia
American expatriates in India
History of the Australian Capital Territory

Walter Burley Griffin


The Polícia Militar do Estado de São Paulo (São Paulo State Military Police) is a military law enforcement agency (Military Police (Brazil)) of in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. It is the largest state police force in the country, with over 100,000 personnel in its ranks, in several battalions throughout the state as well as within the Greater São Paulo region (Grande São Paulo) which itself comprises 40 cities and towns.

It should not be confused with the Military Police of the Armed Forces, which are the Army Police (Brazil) (Polícia do Exército), the Air Force Police (Polícia da Aeronáutica) and the Police Company of the Naval Battalion (Companhia de Polícia do Batalhão Naval).

In Brazil, State Military Police Officers are considered military personnel by the Brazilian constitution, however, they perform police duties among civilian populations. In certain cases, they can also act as reserve forces for the Brazilian Army.

Under the United Nations, in cooperation with the Brazilian Army, the Military Police of São Paulo State has served in Angola, Mozambique, East-Timor, Sudan, and Haiti.

Mission and organization

Its primary function is to perform the patrolling of public places such as city streets, state highways and forests in the entire state and also authority escorting, intelligence and reconnaissance (P2) and crime prevention duties. São Paulo Fire Fighters belongs to PMESP and are equally structured as a state police organization.

The PMESP is further divided into specialized units as follows:

Police Cavalry Regiment "July 9th" is one of the most traditional Units of the Military Police of São Paulo State. Actually, it dates from the origins of the militia in the State, because when the Permanent Municipal Guard was created, on December 15, 1831, by the Brigadier Rafael Tobias de Aguiar, thirty men were designated for making up a "Cavalry Section". Nowadays, the Regiment "July 9th" is a special organ of execution, under the Command of Conflict Policing, aiming at preserving the public order in the whole state territory, in Rural and Urban Special Actions, as well as controlling tumults. Helping with the activities of Social and Cultural Communication, by means of the Fanfare Band, of the Horseback Riding School, of the Carrousel, of the Center of Horse therapy, of the Equestrian Sport and, mainly, of the Preventive Ostensible Policing with horses.
1°BPChq ROTA – Nowadays it is subordinated to the Shock Policing Command, having, as its main mission, the control of civil commotions and urban contra-guerrilla. Furthermore, the Unit executes the ostensible motorized patrolling denominated " ROTA " (Ostensive Patrols Tobias de Aguiar), seeking for the prevention and the repression of criminality in support to the Battalions of Area, saturating the areas of larger criminal rates. The ROTA is a tactical force that makes versatility, flexibility and strong reaction capacity possible. It's a reserve troop of the General Command of the Military Police of São Paulo State.
2°BPChq Anchieta – The 2nd Battalion of Shock Troops has the following missions: Control of Civil Commotions; Policing in Sports Areas; Policing during Artistic and cultural Events; ROCAM (Ostensible Patrol with Motorcycles).
3°BPChq Humaitá – Policing by foot and with vehicles, inspecting prisons, vehicles carrying valuable things, parades, military and funereal honors.
4°BPChq Operações Especiais –
Commandos and Special Operations - Operations in high-complexity environments such as rural, forest, mountain and cavernous areas, as well as favelas and combat diving; escorting of valuable armaments.
Group of Special Tactical Actions – occurrences with hostages and bomb disposal.
5°BPChq Canil;- K-9 Unit
Fire Brigade of PMESP – The creation of the Fire Brigade in São Paulo is dated March 10, 1880, as consequence of the disastrous fire on February 15 of that year, which destroyed the library and the file of the College of Law located then in the San Francisco Convent, at a traditional square in São Paulo City. Thus, in an incipient way, a long and difficult path had begun and it was by the spirit of sacrifice, by courage, by heroism and by the will of helping other people, examples of dedication and professionalism that crown the history of this Centennial Corporation, whose most important objective is to preserve life, property and the environment.
São Paulo Highway Patrol – Traffic Highway Policing is executed on state highways to instruct the users to follow the traffic rules and regulations based on international standards highway security. It consists of the execution of inspection services, patrolling and traffic control, comprehending the following activities: policing in traffic lights, attending traffic occurrences, policing in special events, solemnities, escorting during dignitaries' visits, popular celebrations, sports competitions on streets, instructing students, escorting vehicles and drivers. The Highway Policing is managed for 5 battalions distributed alongside São Paulo Stadual Highways.
GRPAe João Negrão – The Military Police of São Paulo State, the pioneer of the aviation in Brazil during the first decade of the last century, has contributed with important services to the society of São Paulo State and to the rest of the country in the use of its aircraft until the thirties, when it was extinct. With the evolution and development of the City of São Paulo, the largest and most important metropolis of South America, an increase and rising of the criminality has occurred, and the use of high technology in order to provide safety to society is necessary. Thus, the Military Police incorporated an agile, efficient and effective equipment for combating criminality: the helicopter "Eagle Uno", which had the mission to support the PM in all its activities. The date was August 15, 1984, and Aerial Radiopatrol Grouping was officially created. Their mandate is to uphold criminal law and enforce peace and order in the 247,000 km2 (95408 sq mi) of state territory, as well as to provide security to the state Governor and his family as well as state government buildings. They have at their disposal several helicopters such as the Helibras HB-350 Esquilo under the Águia (eagle) codename.

History

The police force was founded by Brigadier General Rafael Tobias de Aguiar on December 15, 1831, originally as the São Paulo Municipal Imperial Guard. The MPSP of today was raised in 1935 as a result of its involvement in the Constitutionalist Revolution of 1932.

Weapons

Pistols
Taurus RT827S in .38SPL This weapon has been retired since January 2011, and the complete substitution by the .40 pistols has been completed in March 2011.
Taurus PT24/7 PRO LS in .40
Taurus PT101 in .40
Taurus PT640 - Subcompact pistol for concealed carry while on intelligence duties.
Glock G22 (.40SW) in substitution for Taurus pistols since 2019

Shotguns

Remington 870
Pump CBC 12
Benelli M4

Submachine guns

B&T APC40 PRO
Beretta M12 (under the name model of Beretta M972 in Brazil)
H&K MP5SD3
H&K MP5A2
TAURUS/FAMAE .40

Carbines
FAMAE CT-30

Assault rifles

IMBEL IA2
Colt M16A2
Colt M4A1
FN FAL
FN SCAR

Sniper Rifles

SSG M1
FN Model 30-11
IMBEL AGLC
AR10A4 Super SASS used by ROTA, GATE and COE
HK PSG1
Barrett M82 (used to defend maximum security prisional facilities from helicopters that may attempt to extract inmates)

Machine Guns

IWI Negev - in use since 2020 for special operations

Vehicles inventory

Notable officers

Conte Lopes, now a political representative, was a commanding officer (ranked as captain) behind the famous ROTA units in the 1970s and 1980s.

Cel. Ubiratan Guimarães, the commanding officer of the police operation resulting in the Carandiru massacre, was a high-ranked officer in the PMESP ranks (ranked as colonel).

See also

 Museum of the Military Police of the State of São Paulo
 Rondas Ostensivas Tobias de Aguiar - 1st Shock Police Battalion, PMESP's elite ostensive patrol unit
 Comandos e Operações Especiais - 1st, 2nd and 3rd Companies of the 4th Shock Police Battalion, PMESP's counter-terrorism unit
 Grupo de Ações Táticas Especiais - 4th, 5th and 6th Companies of the 4th Shock Police Battalion, PMESP's hostage rescue unit

References

Sao Paulo
Gendarmerie
1831 establishments in South America
Organisations based in São Paulo (state)

Military Police of São Paulo State


Union generally means that two or more things are joined into one. That can be an organization of several people or organizations, several objects combined into one, and so on. The term may mean:

 Trades union: an organization of workers with a common goal.

In politics
 The Union, referring to the federation that is the United States
 The Union (American Civil War), the states that did not declare their secession
 The Union Army, the army of the United States in the Civil War
 National Union Party (United States), forerunner of the United States Republican Party during the 1864 election
 Act of Union, one of several acts by the English Parliament
 United Kingdom, the constitutional result of that legislation
 African Union, an inter-governmental organization in Africa
 European Union, a supranational and inter-governmental organization in Europe
 Government of India, known officially as the Union Government
 Personal union, a group of separate, independent states that share the same monarch
 Political union, a type of state composed of smaller states
 Real union, an intermediate step between personal and political union of states
 Soviet Union, Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
 State of the Union Address annual speech by the President of the United States
 The Union (political coalition) (l'Unione), a twenty-first century Italian political coalition
 Unionist Party (Canada), known when in power as the Union Government
 Trade union, labor union, employment

In sports and entertainment
 Unión de Santa Fe, Argentine professional football club
 R. Union Saint-Gilloise, Belgian professional football club
 Club Atlético Unión de Sunchales, lower league Argentine football club
 Unión Magdalena a Colombian professional football club
 The Union, a group of professional wrestlers in opposition to Vince McMahon in the World Wrestling Federation
 The supporters' club of the A-League football side Melbourne Victory
 Rugby Union
 Union (album), a 1991 album by the musical group Yes
 Union (band), an American heavy metal band
 Union (comic), set in the Star Wars universe
 Union (comics), a character published by Wildstorm
 "Union", a song by Avail from their 2000 album One Wrench
 "Union", a song by the Black Eyed Peas from their album Monkey Business

In education
The term student union can be used in either of two senses:
 Students' union, a student organization at many colleges and universities dedicated to student governance (not common in USA, see below)
 Student activity center, a building that typically hosts a "union" of student services (e.g., food service, health facilities, lounges) at such institutions (also known as a "student center" or "student commons")

In the United States, the phrase more commonly refers to the building. The phrase "student government" or "student senate" is usually used when referring to the subject of the "Students' union" article.
 Union College, a college for which the principal campus sits in Schenectady, New York
 Union College (Kentucky), a college in Kentucky
 Union Institute & University, a non-traditional educational institution
 Union Public Schools, a public school system in Tulsa, Oklahoma
 Union Theological College, a college in Northern Ireland
 Union Theological Seminary in the City of New York, an ecumenical Christian seminary in New York City, New York
 Union Theological Seminary & Presbyterian School of Christian Education, a Christian seminary in Richmond, Virginia
 Union University, a Baptist college in Tennessee

In transportation
 Union Railroad, any of several railroad companies
 Union (ship), a ship sunk in Fiji in 1804

In tradesmanship
 Union (electrical), a term sometimes used for a butt connector used to splice wires
 Union (hardware), a term sometimes used for a standoff that serves as an elongated nut
 Union (plumbing), a pipe fitting

In numismatics
 Union (coinage), a US gold coin that was worth $100 face value, it was never made because it would only be circulated among banks.

In mathematics and computer science
 Union (set theory)
 Union (SQL), an operator that combines the result of two SQL SELECT queries into a single result table
 Union (computer science), a data structure that stores several types of data in the same location.
 Union mount, a way to access separate file system directories as if they were but one.

As a surname
 Gabrielle Union, an American actress

Union


Akhil Fiji Krishak Maha Sangh Fiji ke ek gana ke kisan ke union rahaa, jiske 15 June 1941 ke A. D. Patel aur Swami Rudrananda suruu karis rahaa.  Ii union uu time suruu karaa gais rahaa jab ki ek aur union, Kisan Sangh, ganna ke kisan khatir Colonial Sugar Refining Company se ek contract khatir agreement sign kar liis rahaa.  Ii union ke member lag bhag sab Madrasi log rahin.

1943 ke harrtaal
Maha Sangh ii batais ki 1940 ke ganna ke contract kisan khatir achchhaa nai hai aur 1943 me uske member log harrtaal kar diin. Ii harrtaal me Kisan Sangh ke uu member jon ki Ayodhia Prasad ke leadership se khush nai rahaa, bhi join hoe gain. Ii harrtaal se kisan log ke kuch nai mila lekin A. D. Patel Fiji ke kisan log ke nawaa neta banaa aur 1944 me  Legislative Council election me North Western Indian Division ke seat jiit liis. Second World War ke biich me ii harrtaal ke se Kaiviti log khush nai rahin aur Hindustani aur Kaiviti log ke biich me relationship aur kharaab hoe gais.

Maha Sangh dui faction me split
1940s aur 1950s me Maha Sangh, Kisan Sangh se ganna ke kisan ke support khatir mukabla karis, lekin Maha Sangh me bhi bhitri fuut hoe gais.

The Maha Sangh continued to compete with the Kisan Sangh for the support of farmers in the 1940s and 1950s but had its own share of internal divisions. When K.S. Reddy was nominated into the Legislative Council, the leader of the Maha Sangh, A.D. Patel, was for the first time faced with a possible challenge to his leadership, as Reddy was also based in Nadi, was a South Indian like most Maha Sangh supporters and held the powerful position of General Secretary of the union. Competition between the two reached a crisis on 31 March 1956, when at a meeting in Nadi, Reddy asked non-financial members to leave. Their refusal to leave led to police being called and tear gas used. K.S. Reddy later joined the Alliance Party while A.D. Patel had formed the Federation Party.

Negotiations for 1960 Contract
In 1959, the Maha Sangh and four other cane farmers' unions formed an umbrella organisation known as the Federation of Cane Growers to negotiate with the Colonial Sugar Refining Company for the new cane contract. While negotiations were still in progress, the Kisan Sangh withdrew from the Federation and signed the contract offered by the sugar company, leaving the Maha Sangh as the dominant group within the Federation of Cane Growers.

See also
 Kisan Sangh (Fiji)
 Vishal Sangh
 Federation of Cane Growers (Fiji)
 National Farmers Union (Fiji)

References
 A.P. Sharma, Farmers Struggle in Fiji: a History of Fiji Kisan Sangh, Kisan Sangh, Lautoka, 1962
 B. V. Lal, A vision for change: AD Patel and the politics of Fiji, Australian National University, ACT, 1997
Fiji Indian organisations
History of Fiji
Cane growers unions of Fiji
Fiji ke chini udhyog

Maha Sangh (Fiji)


Accounting or accountancy is the job of sharing financial information about a business to managers and shareholders (people who have invested in the business). Accounting is often called the "language of business". Accountants are people who do accounting, and also carry out the auditing or checking of a company's books and records. In Britain, this auditing is often carried out by a qualified person called a "chartered accountant". In the United States, the professional designation is Certified Public Accountant or "CPA".

When accountants do accounting work, they write in the books of account (ledgers) that belong to a company. Every time money is spent or earned, it is written in the ledger. The information in the ledger is used to prepare the company accounts monthly, quarterly (every three months) and annually (every year). These annual accounts show what money the company has taken in over time and what it has spent money on. It also shows if the company made a profit in the year (if it made more money than it spent), who owes the company money, who the company owes money to, and any big expensive items the company has bought which they expect to use for many years. Lenders, managers, investors, tax authorities (the people who collect taxes for the government) and other decision-makers look at these annual accounts. Managers and investors look at the ledger and make decisions about how to spend money in the future. Lenders like banks look at the accounts before they lend money to the company. Tax authorities look at them to check that the company is paying the correct amount of taxes.

Where the word comes from
The word accountant originally comes from the Latin word computare – "to reckon, count, number", via French.

"Accomptant" was the original spelling and pronunciation of the word "accountant". However, over time, people began to drop the "p" in the word "accomptant". Over time, the word changed both in the way it was said and spelled to how it is today.

Accounting theory
The basic accounting equation is assets=liabilities+equity.

History

Early history
Accountancy is very old. It started when humans first started to farm and form towns and cities. People who thought about economics (keeping track of money and valuable things) thought of a way to write down the sizes and values of crops.

Token accounting in ancient Mesopotamia

The earliest accounting records were found among the ruins of ancient Babylon, Assyria and Sumeria, which are more than 7,000 years old. The people of that time relied on primitive accounting methods to record the growth of crops and herds. Because there is a natural season for farming and herding, it is easy to count and determine if a surplus had been gained after the crops had been harvested or the young animals weaned.

The invention of a form of bookkeeping using clay tokens represented a huge cognitive leap for mankind.

In the twelfth-century A.D., the Arab writer, Ibn Taymiyyah, wrote a book called Hisba. This book has details about accounting systems that were used by Muslims before the mid-seventh century A.D. Muslim accounting was influenced (changed) by Romans and Persians. In his book, Ibn Taymiyyah gives details of a complex governmental accounting system.

Accounting in the Roman Empire

The Res Gestae Divi Augusti (Latin: "The Deeds of the Divine Augustus") is a remarkable account to the Roman people of the Emperor Augustus' stewardship. It listed and quantified his public expenditure, which encompassed distributions to the people, grants of land or money to army veterans, subsidies to the aerarium (treasury), building of temples, religious offerings, and expenditures on theatrical shows and gladiatorial games. It was not an account of state revenue and expenditure, but was designed to demonstrate Augustus' munificence. The significance of the Res Gestae Divi Augusti from an accounting perspective lies in the fact that it illustrates that the executive authority had access to detailed financial information, covering a period of some forty years, which was still retrievable after the event. The scope of the accounting information at the emperor's disposal suggests that its purpose encompassed planning and decision-making.

The Roman historians Suetonius and Cassius Dio record that in 23 BC, Augustus prepared a rationarium (account) which listed public revenues, the amounts of cash in the aerarium (treasury), in the provincial fisci (tax officials), and in the hands of the publicani (public contractors); and that it included the names of the freedmen and slaves from whom a detailed account could be obtained. The closeness of this information to the executive authority of the emperor is attested by Tacitus' statement that it was written out by Augustus himself.

Records of cash, commodities, and transactions were kept scrupulously by military personnel of the Roman army. An account of small cash sums received over a few days at the fort of Vindolanda circa 110 CE shows that the fort could compute revenues in cash on a daily basis, perhaps from sales of surplus supplies or goods manufactured in the camp, items dispensed to slaves such as cervesa (beer) and clavi caligares (nails for boots), as well as commodities bought by individual soldiers. The basic needs of the fort were met by a mixture of direct production, purchase and requisition; in one letter, a request for money to buy 5,000 modii (measures) of braces (a cereal used in brewing) shows that the fort bought provisions for a considerable number of people.

The Heroninos Archive is the name given to a huge collection of papyrus documents, mostly letters, but also including a fair number of accounts, which come from Roman Egypt in 3rd century CE. The bulk of the documents relate to the running of a large, private estate is named after Heroninos because he was phrontistes (Koine Greek: manager) of the estate which had a complex and standardised system of accounting which was followed by all its local farm managers. Each administrator on each sub-division of the estate drew up his own little accounts, for the day-to-day running of the estate, payment of the workforce, production of crops, the sale of produce, the use of animals, and general expenditure on the staff. This information was then summarized as pieces of papyrus scroll into one big yearly account for each particular sub—division of the estate. Entries were arranged by sector, with cash expenses and gains extrapolated from all the different sectors. Accounts of this kind gave the owner the opportunity to take better economic decisions because the information was purposefully selected and arranged.

Luca Pacioli and modern accountancy

Luca Pacioli (1445–1517), also known as Friar Luca dal Borgo, is said to be the "Father" of accountancy. He wrote a textbook in Latin called Summa de arithmetica, geometrica, proportioni et proportionalita (Summa on arithmetic, geometry, proportions and proportionality, Venice 1494). This textbook was used in the abbaco schools in northern Italy. Sons of merchants and craftsmen were taught in these schools. This textbook was written about math. It has the first printed description of how merchants from Venice kept their accounts. Merchants from Venice used a system called the double-entry bookkeeping system.

Double-entry bookkeeping is where there is a debit and credit entry for every transaction.

Pacioli wrote down this system but he did not invent it, but he is still called the "Father of Accounting". The system he wrote had most of the accounting cycle as it is known today. He wrote about using journals and ledgers, and warned that a person should not go to sleep at night until the debits were the same as the credits. His ledger had accounts for assets (things that have value), liabilities (debts and loans that are to be paid to someone else), capital (money), income and expenses. He showed how to write year-end closing entries and suggested that a trial balance be used to prove that a ledger is balanced. His treatise (long essay) in the book also has info about other topics, such as accounting ethics and cost accounting.

Post-Pacioli
The first book written in the English language on accounting was published in London, England by John Gouge in 1543.

In 1588 John Mellis from Southwark, England wrote a short book of instructions for keeping accounts.

There was another book written in 1635 that was described as The Merchants Mirrour, or directions for the perfect ordering and keeping of his accounts formed by way of Debitor and Creditor. This book was written by Richard Dafforne, who was an accountant. This book has many references to books about accountancy that were written much earlier. One chapter of this book is titled "Opinion of Book-keeping's Antiquity". In this chapter the author says that, according to another author, the bookkeeping he wrote about was used two-hundred years earlier in Venice.

There were several editions of Richard Dafforne's book. The second edition was published in 1636. The third edition was published in 1656. Another edition was published in 1684. The book is very complete in how it describes scientific accountancy. It contains a lot of detail and explanation. The science that supports accountancy was liked by many people in the seventeenth century. This is supported by the fact that there were so many editions. Starting at this point in history, there have been many books written about accountancy. Many authors claim to be professional accountants and teachers of accountancy. Because of this, it shows that there were professional accountants who were employed in the seventeenth century.

Types of accounting
 Financial accounting is "a major branch of accounting involving the collection, recording and extraction of financial information, and the summary of it in the form of a periodic profit and loss account, a balance sheet and a cash flow statement in accordance with legal, professional, and capital market requirements".
 Management accounting is a type of accounting involving partners helping each other in management decision making, creating management systems for planning and performance, and using financial reporting to help design a company's accounting strategy for the future.
 Open-book accounting is an accounting principle. This principle requires the parties in an economic relationship to show their accounting books to each other.
 Tax accounting is a type of accounting that makes sure tax laws are followed.
 Accounting scholarship studies the theory of accountancy.

A financial audit is where an internal audit and an external audit are done. For an external audit, an independent (unrelated) auditor takes a look at financial statements and accounting records. By looking at these records, the auditor can find out if these records are true, fair and follow Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP), or International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS). Internal audit tries to get info for management usage, and is done by employees.

Research
Accounting research is research in the effects of economic events on the process of accounting, the effects of reported information on economic events, and the roles of accounting in organizations and society. It encompasses a broad range of research areas including financial accounting, management accounting, auditing and taxation.

Notes and references

Other websites
 Financial Accounting Standards Board Website (FASB)
 Government Accounting Standards Board Website (GASB)
 National Association of State Boards of Accountancy - CPA Exam (NASBA)
 SEC Accounting Bulletins
 SEC Division of Corporate Finance
 CPA Australia
 Institute of Chartered Accountants - Australia
 IFRS or formerly IAS information
 Association Of Chartered Certified Accountants (ACCA)
 Hong Kong Institute of Certified Public Accountants (formerly Hong Kong Society of Accountants)
 Institute of Chartered Accountants in England and Wales (ICAEW)
 Institute of Chartered Accountants of Scotland (ICAS)
 Malaysian Institute of Accountants(MIA)
 Institute of Chartered Accountants of India (ICAI)
 U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission Proposal for First-Time Application of International Financial Reporting Standards by Foreign private issuers registered with the SEC
 Accounting Standards
 International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) - Deloitte  - Further details on new standards and interpretations

Further reading

 Original texts of IAS/IFRS, SIC and IFRIC adopted by the Commission of the European Communities and published in Official Journal of the European Union http://ec.europa.eu/internal_market/accounting/ias_en.htm#adopted-commission
 International Accounting Standards Board (2007): International Financial Reporting Standards 2007 (including International Accounting Standards (IAS(tm)) and Interpretations as at 1 January 2007), LexisNexis,

Accounting

Accounting


Kannada (ಕನ್ನಡ) is the language spoken in Karnataka (ಕರ್ನಾಟಕ, ಕರುನಾಡು). Karnataka has eight Jnanapeeth (ಜ್ಞಾನ ಪೀಠ ಪುರಸ್ಕೃತ) award winners, the highest honor bestowed for Indian literature. From the period of Adikavi Pampa(ಆದಿಕವಿ ಪಂಪ) who proclaimed his wish to be reborn as a little bee in the land of Kannada, Kannada poetry has come a long way to Kuvempu (ಕುವೆಂಪು) and Dattatreya Ramachandra Bendre (ದರಾ ಬೇಂದ್ರೆ)

Pre-history
Kannada poetry has been traced back to around 5th century A.D, though none of those early works have been found. The earliest extant poetry in tripadi meter are the Kappe Arabhatta records of 700 C.E. The first well known Kannada poet was Adikavi Pampa who wrote in an archaic style of Kannada called Halegannada (figuratively "Old Kannada"). His Vikramarjuna Vijaya is hailed as a classic even to this day. With this and his other important work Adipurana he set a trend of poetic excellence for the Kannada poets of the future.

Kannada poetry called vachanas, were pithy comments on that period's social, religious and economic conditions. More importantly, they hold a mirror to the seed of a social revolution, which caused a radical re-examination of the ideas of caste, creed and religion. One of the important ideas coming out of this revolution was the view that Work is worship and a path to spirituality.

Bhakti
Kannada poets have the unique distinction of sowing the seeds of one of the richest forms of classical music: South Indian Carnatic music. The Dasas or saints, around 15th century, sang the glory of God through poems. These poems called Padas were usually of 10 to 20 lines. They expressed the desire of the Bhakta or devotee to be one with God. This form of poetry was highly amenable to musical composition and exposition. This music evolved into the highly sophisticated and codified Carnatic music.

The Haridasas spread the message of peace, love and bhakti in their Dasa Sahitya, which are also popularly known as Devaranamas.

Navodaya (New birth)
Navodaya figuratively means a new birth. The early 20th Century saw a reincarnation of Kannada poetry which had been dormant for a few centuries in the face of British occupation of India. This period saw great poets  like Srikanthaiah, Kuvempu, Bendre, Shivaram Karanth writing poetry. This genre was highly influenced by Romantic English poetry. It was B. M. Srikanthaiah who started this movement of sorts with his translation of a few critically acclaimed English poems of the Romantic period. B. M. Shri advocated a movement away from reliance on Sanskrit, as traditional Kannada poetry had done, and borrow from more modern English poets and genres. Many educated Kannadigas, especially those were in the teaching profession, realised that they need to express themselves in their mother tongue and started writing poetry in Kannada. Kuvempu is a case in point who was convinced by his professor (of British origin) that he should write in his mother tongue. Kuvempu went on to become a "Rashtrakavi" (national poet). His love of nature, realisation of the greatness of man's spirit and the vision to see the blend of nature and God made him more than Kannada's Wordsworth. Another interesting case is that of Shivaram Karanth who was a man of great intellect, rock-solid convictions and a profound social sense. He was known as the Leonardo da Vinci of Karnataka.

Navya (New)

Indian Independence in 1947 brought with it the promises of freedom and a new genre sprouted in Kannada poetry. The torch-bearer of this tradition was Gopalakrishna Adiga. The Navya poets wrote for and liked disillusioned intellectuals. The sophistication in the use of language and the importance of technique to poetry reached new heights in this genre.

Other genres
Kannada poetry in the last 50 years has been closely related to social aspects. The caste system gave rise to the Bandaya and Dalita genres of poetry. The atrocities against women and the general ill-treatment meted out to them in Indian society gave rise to the Stri (Woman) genre of poetry.

Awards
Kannada poetry has won eight Jnanapeeth awards, the second highest for any other Indian language after Hindi.

Reaching people
The popularity of poetry is gauged in terms of the response that the educated and interested elite give. But the real popularity of poetry is when common people sing it. Popular appeal is not very easy to achieve for any form of poetry; especially when audiences are not kept in mind. Kannada poetry has a few instances of such mass popularity. Kumaravyasa's retelling of the Mahabharata is recited in homes even today. Bhavageete (figuratively "emotion poetry") has popularized many Kannada poems and has people humming them.

See also

 List of Kannada language poets
 Kannada Poets
 Kannada literature
Kannada meter (poetry)
 Kannada language
 Karnataka
 Manteswami Kavya

References
Dr. Suryanath U. Kamat, Concise History of Karnataka, 2001, MCC, Bangalore, Reprinted 2002

External links
 Some Vachans by Basavanna, Akkamahadevi, Allamaprabhu, Sarvajna, and selected poems by Dr. Siddalingaiah.
 Kavanas from Upcoming Poets Some Kannada Poems by Upcoming Poets. Encourage people to write more kavanas.
Kannada Poems at Chilume.com
 Kannada kavanagalu : Kannada kavanagalu facebook | Read | Kannada kavanagalu friendship | Kannada kavanagalu lyrics

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Kannada poetry


The Last Outpost is a 1935 American adventure film  directed by Charles Barton and Louis J. Gasnier and written by Charles Brackett, Frank Partos and Philip MacDonald. It is based on F. Britten Austin's novel The Drum. The film stars Cary Grant, Claude Rains, Gertrude Michael, Kathleen Burke, Colin Tapley, Margaret Swope and Billy Bevan. The film was released on October 11, 1935, by Paramount Pictures.

Plot
In Kurdistan during World War I, Captain Michael Andrews is a British officer captured by Kurds, imprisoned, and awaiting execution. The local Turkish commander helps Andrews escape and confides that he is a British intelligence officer (initially "Smith," later named as John Stevenson) in disguise. The two set out to warn friendly villagers of a pending Kurdish attack. After a difficult river crossing, and after Andrews flirts with a married tribal woman, Stevenson returns to espionage. Andrews, who has hurt his leg, goes to Cairo for medical treatment. There, Andrews falls in love with his nurse, Rosemary Haydon, who ultimately refuses Andrews by saying that she is secretly married to a man who she had known briefly a few years before.

Andrews transfers to the Sudan, where his patrol takes over a fort after finding that its troops had been massacred. Meanwhile Stevenson goes back to Haydon—revealed as his wife—who confesses her love for Andrews. Stevenson requests a transfer to the Sudan to confront Andrews. Shortly after Stevenson reaches the fort, thousands of African tribesman attack it. Realizing that a handful of men can't hold the fort, Andrews, Stevenson, and their troops set out over sand dunes and eventually enter the jungle with the tribesmen in hot pursuit. British troops appear out of nowhere, deus ex machina, defeat the tribesmen, and rescue Andrews. Stevenson, mortally wounded in the battle, dies a hero's death, presumably leaving Andrews free to marry widow Haydon.

Cast
 Cary Grant as Captain Michael Andrews
 Claude Rains as John Stevenson
 Gertrude Michael as Rosemary Haydon
 Kathleen Burke as Ilya
 Colin Tapley as Lt. Prescott
 Billy Bevan as Cpl. Foster
 Georges Renavent as Turkish major
 Robert Adair as Sergeant in general's office
 Claude King as General
 Olaf Hytten as Doctor
 Frank Elliott as Colonel
 Nick Shaid as Haidar

Production

Nomadic footage
The Last Outpost borrows stock footage from earlier productions, notably Merian C. Cooper's 1925 silent ethnographic documentary Grass—A Nation's Battle for Life. The spectacular river-crossing and mountain-climbing scenes are a genuine record, filmed by Cooper, of traditional Bakhtiari migrations in Iran.

Critical response
Writing for The Spectator in 1935, Graham Greene gave a mixed review, describing the first half-hour of the film as "remarkably good" and the remaining 40 minutes as "quite abysmally bad". Greene praised the direction and camerawork of the first part as employing a "fine vigour to present a subject which could not have been presented on the stage", and he praised the acting of both Rains and Grant. The second part of the film (after Grant's character descends the mountain pass to Cairo and Rain's character returns to fight the Kurds) Greene described as "padded out [...] by the addition of a more than usually stupid triangular melodrama of jealousy and last-minute rescue".

References

External links

1935 films
1935 adventure films
American historical adventure films
American World War I films
Films based on British novels
Films directed by Charles Barton
Films directed by Louis J. Gasnier
1930s historical adventure films
Films with screenplays by Charles Brackett
Paramount Pictures films
World War I films set in the Middle East
American black-and-white films
Films set in the Ottoman Empire
Films set in Kurdistan
Films set in Cairo
Films set in Sudan
1930s American films
Films scored by Heinz Roemheld
Films scored by Bernhard Kaun

The Last Outpost (1935 film)


Johann Gottlieb Naumann (17 April 1741 – 23 October 1801) was a German composer, conductor, and Kapellmeister.

Life
Johann Gottlieb Naumann was born in Blasewitz and received his musical training from the teachers at his town school, where he was instructed in piano and organ. Later, he studied at the Kreuzschule in Dresden and was a member of the Dresdner Kreuzchor. In Dresden he was taught by the organist and cantor of the Kreuzschule, Gottfried August Homilius, a student of Bach. In May 1757, he traveled to Italy with the Swedish violinist Anders Wesström. The composer Giuseppe Tartini encountered Naumann in 1762 and took an interest in his work. Later that year, he made his debut as an opera composer in Venice with Il tesoro insidiato. Following his successful 1764 production of Li creduti spiriti, he was engaged as the second church composer at the Dresden court, on the composer Johann Adolf Hasse's recommendation.

The chord sequence which became known as the Dresden amen was composed by Naumann for use in the Court Church in Dresden. Such was its popularity that it spread to other churches in Saxony, both Catholic and Lutheran. It was also used by later composers, including Felix Mendelssohn (in his Reformation Symphony) and Richard Wagner (in his opera Parsifal).

In 1777, as a result of negotiations by Swedish diplomat Count Löwenhjelm, Naumann was appointed to reform the Stockholm Hovkapell and assist King Gustavus III in his opera plans. His work in Sweden led to the 1782 production of his opera Cora och Alonzo at the inauguration of the new opera house in Stockholm and the 1786 production of Gustaf Wasa, based on an idea of the king for a Royal Swedish Opera. After a brief period as a guest composer in Copenhagen (1785–86), he returned to Dresden where he became Oberkapellmeister. In 1792 he married Catarina von Grodtschilling, daughter of a Danish vice-admiral. His grandson was composer Ernst Naumann (1832–1910).

Naumann also wrote music for masonic rituals.

Naumann died in Dresden, aged 60.

Works (selected)
Operas:
Il tesoro insidiato (1762)
Li creduti spiriti (1764, in collaboration with two other composers)
L'Achille in Sciro (1767)
Alessandro nelle Indie (1768)
La clemenza di Tito (1769)
Il villano geloso (1770)
L'isola disabitata (1773)
La villanella inconstante (aka Le nozze disturbate, 1774)
Ipermestra (1774)
L'ipocondriaco (1776)
Amphion (opéra-ballet 1778)
Armida (1773, in German as Armide 1780)
Elisa (1781)
Osiride (1781)
Cora och Alonzo (1782)
Tutto per amore (1785)
Gustaf Wasa (1786)
Orpheus og Eurydike (1786, Danish; 1787, German)
La reggia d'Imeneo (1787)
Medea (1788)
Protesilao (1789)
La dama soldato (1791)
Amore giustificato (1792)
Aci e Galatea (1801)

Sacred Works:
Missa solenne in A-flat Major (1804)
Twenty other smaller masses
Twelve oratorios, including:
La Passione di Gesù Cristo (1767)
La morte d'Abel (1790)
I pellegrini al sepolcro (1798)
Betulia liberata (1805)
Psalms 69, 103 & 149
Masonic music incl. 2 marches for organ

Instrumental Works:
Twelve symphonies (1766–77)
Six quartets for harpsichord, flute, violin and bass (1786)
Twelve sonatas for piano or glass harmonica (1786–92)
Six sonatas for piano or glass harmonica, Op. 4

Notes

External links

 Autograph of Orfeus in the digital collections of the Danish Royal Library

 Bicentennial exhibit in Dresden
 Dieter Härtwig and Laurie Ongley: "Johann Gottlieb Naumann," Grove Music Online ed. L. Macy (Accessed 12 December 2006) (subscription access)

1741 births
1801 deaths
Musicians from Dresden
German opera composers
Male opera composers
People from the Electorate of Saxony
People educated at the Kreuzschule
Pupils of Giovanni Battista Martini
Pupils of Giuseppe Tartini
German male classical composers
Composers of masonic music

Johann Gottlieb Naumann


Mohammed Jihad Ahmed Jibril (March 3, 1961 in Damascus - May 20, 2002 in Beirut) was the son of Ahmed Jibril, founder of the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine-General Command (PFLP-GC). He was killed by a car bomb. He was assassinated on May 20, 2002.

Jihad Ahmed Jibril was the leader of the military wing of the PFLP-GC and was the heir apparent of the organization before he was killed in a car bombing in Beirut in 2002. The assassination was blamed on Israel, although Jibril had many other enemies, including the Lebanese Christian militia and other Palestinian nationalist organizations.

Ahmed Jibril was co-leader of the militant Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine-General Command. Israeli radio reports said that the son, Jihad Ahmed Jibril, was involved in smuggling arms and explosives to Palestinian militants in the West Bank and Gaza Strip but there was no evidence to directly link him with terrorist attacks.

Ahmed Jibril accused the Israeli intelligence agency, Mossad, of responsibility for the killing, but a spokesman for Defense Minister Benjamin Ben-Eliezer said Israel was not involved.

In mid-June 2006, Lebanon authorities arrested a group of alleged spies who reportedly confessed to working for Israel and carrying out the attacks.

1961 births
2002 deaths
Assassinated Palestinian people
Palestinian Muslims
Palestinian nationalists
Palestinian terrorists
People from Damascus

Jihad Ahmed Jibril


Denison is a city in Grayson County, Texas, United States. The amount of people living there was 22,773 at the 2000 census, but had increased to an estimated amount of 24,103 in July 2007. It is one of two principal cities in the Sherman-Denison Metropolitan Statistical Area.

The city of Denison was founded in 1872 in conjunction with the MKT or "Katy" depot It was named after the rich Katy vice President George DenisonBecause the town was made at the intersection of the MKT and the Red River (both important conduits of transportation in the industrial era), it came to be an important commercial center in the 19th century American West.

History
The name of Denison was given by French people because during the 19th century a horticulturalist from this place saved the grapes of France. During the same century a famous president of the USA, Dwight David Eisenhower was born there. The next century has contributed to Denison history because there was a conflict about some artworks that showed up in Denison in the 1980s.

Demographics
Denison contains a population of around 24,000. For females we have 12,704 (52.9%) and for males 11,297 (47.1%). Median resident age is estimated at 38.5 years. In 2000, median house value was estimated at $52,100 and in 2008 median house hold income was estimated at $38,843.

Politics
Denison is a city of Texas. It has its own mayor named Robert Brady. Denison and all the state of Texas have two representative senators: John Coryn and Key Bailey Hutchison.

Culture

The diversity of religions and the government laws create the spread of different cultures and arts. Therefore, Denison was designated by the Texas Commission on the Arts as one of seven pilot cities for the Texas Arts and Cultural District in September 2009.

Cities in Texas
1872 establishments in the United States
1870s establishments in Texas

Denison, Texas


Peter Pan is a fictional character created by Scottish novelist and playwright J. M. Barrie (1860–1937). He is a magical boy who can fly and who refuses to grow up. Peter Pan spends his never-ending childhood playing on the small island of Neverland as the leader of his gang, the Lost Boys. He and Tinker Bell, who is a fairy, are always together. His mortal enemy is called Captain Hook and he sails on a pirate ship called the Jolly Roger crewed by the evilest band of pirates imaginable. By thinking of happy thoughts, Peter Pan can fly!

Characters in written fiction
1911 works
1910s books

Peter Pan


Glenwood Park is a mixed-use neighborhood on the east side of Atlanta, Georgia, United States, located just west of North Ormewood Park. The neighborhood is an example of New Urbanism, promoting a sense of community with walkable streets and closely spaced residential units that are mixed in with office, retail, and green space. Glenwood Park is on the BeltLine, a former rail line converted to a trail.

References

External links
 GlenwoodPark.com

New Urbanism communities
Mixed-use developments in Georgia (U.S. state)

Glenwood Park