Wang Chuzhi (王處直, Wade–Giles: Wang Chʻu-chih) (862–922), courtesy name Yunming (允明, Wade–Giles: Yün-ming), formally the Prince of Beiping (北平王, Wade–Giles: Prince of Pei-pʻing), was a warlord late in the Chinese Tang dynasty and early in the subsequent Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period, who ruled Yiwu Circuit (義武, headquartered in modern Baoding, Hebei) as its military governor (Jiedushi) from 900 (when his nephew Wang Gao, then military governor, fled under attack) and as its de jure sovereign from 910 (when he, along with his neighboring warlord Wang Rong the Prince of Zhao, broke away from Later Liang) to 921, when he was overthrown by his adoptive son Wang Du.

Background
Wang Chuzhi was born in 862, during the reign of Emperor Yizong of Tang. His family was from the Tang dynasty capital Chang'an, and his ancestors had served as officers in the imperial Shence Armies for generations. His father Wang Zong () was not only a highly ranked general in the Shence Armies but was also a skillful merchant. It was said that Wang Zong became so rich that he was able to be extravagant in his food and to have thousands of servants.  He presumably followed his older brother Wang Chucun to Yiwu Circuit when Wang Chucun was made Yiwu's military governor in 879 by Emperor Yizong's son and successor Emperor Xizong and became a military officer there.

It was said that Wang Chuzhi favored sorcery, and he became friendly with the sorcerer Li Yingzhi ().  Li Yingzhi himself had obtained a boy named Liu Yunlang from Xingyi (陘邑, in modern Shijiazhuang, Hebei) and adopted the boy as his own son, but seeing how Wang Chuzhi did not himself have son at that point, he gave the boy to Wang Chuzhi, stating, "this boy has a honored appearance."  Wang Chuzhi adopted the boy and changed his name to Wang Du.  While Wang Chuzhi later had a son named Wang Yu () by a concubine (not his wife), he did not favor Wang Yu, and instead favored Wang Du.

By 900, Wang Chuzhi was serving as an officer under Wang Chucun's son and successor Wang Gao, when Yiwu came under the attack of Zhang Cunjing (), a general under the major warlord Zhu Quanzhong the military governor of Xuanwu Circuit (宣武, headquartered in modern Kaifeng, Henan).  Wang Gao put Wang Chuzhi in command of the Yiwu army to resist Zhang's attack.  However, he did not listen to Wang Chuzhi's counsel of not engaging the Xuanwu forces immediately, but rather wearing out the Xuanwu forces before actually engaging them.  Rather, he listened to the secretary Liang Wen (), who advocated an immediate engagement against the Xuanwu troops, and therefore ordered Wang Chuzhi to carry out that plan.  Zhang defeated Wang Chuzhi and inflicted heavy casualties.  Wang Chuzhi barely escaped back to Yiwu's capital Ding Prefecture ().  Wang Gao panicked and fled to the territory of Yiwu's ally Li Keyong the military governor of Hedong Circuit (河東, headquartered in modern Taiyuan, Shanxi).  (Already upset over how his father did not love him, Wang Yu accompanied Wang Gong on this flight, and subsequently married Li Keyong's daughter.)  The Yiwu soldiers supported Wang Chuzhi to take over the circuit.  He subsequently negotiated a peace with Zhu, promising to submit to Zhu from this point on and no longer be allied with Li Keyong and also giving Zhu a tribute of silk.  Zhu thus withdrew, and at his request Wang Chuzhi was commissioned by then-reigning Emperor Zhaozong (Emperor Xizong's brother and successor) as the new military governor of Yiwu.

As military governor

During the Tang dynasty
In 901, Zhu Quanzhong launched a major five-pronged attack on Li Keyong, intending to finally capture Hedong's capital Taiyuan Municipality. As Zhu's ally, Wang Chuzhi commanded the Yiwu troops that served as one of the five prongs of the attack.  Zhu's and his allies's forces put Taiyuan under siege but were eventually forced to withdraw due to rains and illnesses. In 904, Emperor Zhaozong, who by that point was under Zhu's physical control, gave Wang the title of Taibao (太保, one of the Three Excellencies) and created him the Prince of Taiyuan.

After the Tang dynasty
In 907, Zhu Quanzhong had Emperor Zhaozong's son and successor Emperor Ai yield the throne to him, ending Tang dynasty and starting a new Later Liang with him as its Emperor Taizu. Emperor Taizu bestowed the honorary chancellor title of Shizhong () on Wang Chuzhi, and created him the Prince of Beiping.

After the establishment of the new dynasty, Wang Chuzhi's Yiwu Circuit and neighboring Wushun Circuit (武順, headquartered in modern Shijiazhuang, Hebei), which was governed by Wang Rong the Prince of Zhao, continued to, as they did during Tang dynasty, refuse to submit taxes to the imperial government, but was often offering tributes to Emperor Taizu.  Despite this, however, Emperor Taizu believed that they would eventually turn against him, and therefore considered to forcibly seize them under direct control. In 910, he had his attendants Du Tingyin () and Ding Yanhui () forcibly seize Wushun's Shen () and Ji (冀州, both in modern Hengshui, Hebei) by trick, and then prepared to have his general Wang Jingren attack Wushun's capital Zhen Prefecture ().  In response, Wang Rong broke away from Later Liang (effectively become the ruler of an independent Zhao state while changing the name of his circuit from Wushun back to its Tang name of Chengde) and sought emergency aid from Li Keyong's son and successor Li Cunxu the Prince of Jin, as well as Liu Shouguang the military governor of Lulong Circuit (盧龍, headquartered in modern Beijing), who carried the title of Prince of Yan. Knowing that Yiwu would be the next target if Zhao fell, Wang Chuzhi also sent an emissary to Taiyuan, offering to support Li Cunxu as the common leader. Liu refused to render help, but Li Cunxu responded, first sending a detachment under his general Zhou Dewei and then leading the main Jin army himself to aid Wang Rong. During the subsequent campaign between combined Jin/Zhao forces and Later Liang forces, Wang Chuzhi also contributed an army to fight on the Jin/Zhao side, and together, they crushed the Later Liang forces under Wang Jingren in spring 911. From this point, Chengde and Yiwu were Jin allies, and resumed the use of the Tang dynasty era name Tianyou (as Jin and its allies ostensibly sought the reestablishment of Tang). After Wang Jingren fled, Li Cunxu gave chase, going as far as briefly putting Wei Prefecture (魏州, in modern Handan, Hebei) under siege, but, concerned that Liu would attack him from the rear, withdrew and returned to Zhao.

Subsequently, Liu, hearing of Later Liang's defeat, was considering claiming imperial title himself.  He sent messengers to Wang Rong and Wang Chuzhi, suggesting that they should honor him as Shangfu (尚父, meaning "imperial father," a highly honorary title that was rarely bestowed and only on highly honored senior officials).  When Wang Rong informed this to Li Cunxu, Li Cunxu, pursuant to suggestions that his generals made that making Liu more arrogant would cause him to push himself into doom, signed a joint declaration with Wang Rong, Wang Chuzhi, as well as three other military governors under Li Cunxu (Li Cunxu's cousin Li Sizhao, Zhou, and Song Yao () honoring Liu as Shangfu.  Faced with this, the Later Liang emperor tried to keep Liu at least nominally a vassal by offering him the title of Caifangshi ().  Liu thereafter nevertheless declared himself the Emperor of Yan.

In winter 911, Liu attacked Yiwu Circuit. Wang Chuzhi sought aid from Jin.  Li Cunxu sent Zhou to rendezvous with the Zhao officer Wang Deming (Wang Rong's adoptive son) and the Yiwu officer Cheng Yan (), to attack Yan.  By late 912, with Li Cunxu himself also sieging Yan's capital You Prefecture (), the city fell.  Liu fled but was captured in spring 913, ending Yan.  Li Cunxu took Liu and his father Liu Rengong (whom Liu Shouguang had overthrown and replaced) captive, and was set to return to Taiyuan with them, when both Wang Chuzhi and Wang Rong requested that he took his victory march through Yiwu and Chengde.  Li Cunxu agreed, and when he visited Yiwu, Wang Chuzhi and he went to worship at the temple of Mount Heng together. (After the victory tour, Li Cunxu took Liu Shouguang and Liu Rengong back to Taiyuan and executed them.)  Thereafter, Wang Chuzhi and Wang Rong submitted a joint petition offering the title of Shangshu Ling ()—which no Tang official had dared to use since the early Tang emperor Emperor Taizong carried that title while he was still the Prince of Qin under his father Emperor Gaozu)—to Li Cunxu. Li Cunxu accepted, and thereafter began to organize a provisional government under Emperor Taizong's precedent.

In 918, Li Cunxu, who had taken Tianxiong Circuit (天雄, headquartered at Wei Prefecture) at that point, prepared a major operation intending to capture Later Liang's capital Daliang. Wang Chuzhi sent some 10,000 soldiers to contribute to Li Cunxu's campaign, which, however, ended with a mutually destructive battle at Huliu Slope (胡柳陂, in modern Heze, Shandong), with both Jin and Later Liang forces suffering two-thirds casualties and Jin forces forced to withdraw.

Overthrow and death

In 921, Wang Rong was killed in a mutiny, and the mutineers supported Wang Deming to take over Chengde.  Wang Deming accepted and changed his name back to his birth name of Zhang Wenli. Li Cunxu, after initially pretending to accept Zhang's offer of allegiance, declared a general campaign against Zhang to avenge Wang Rong. Wang Chuzhi, however, had misgivings, believing that if Li Cunxu took direct control of Chengde, Yiwu would be taken over as well, and therefore suggested to Li Cunxu that he accept Zhang's submission.  Li Cunxu refused.

Concerned, Wang Chuzhi contacted his son Wang Yu—who was then serving as the military prefect (團練使, Tuanlianshi) of Xin Prefecture (新州, in modern Zhangjiakou, Hebei) under Li Cunxu. He requested that Wang Yu secretly instigate an incursion by Khitan's Emperor Taizu.  Wang Yu agreed, and also requested to be made his heir, and Wang Chuzhi agreed.

However, most of Wang Chuzhi's staff members were apprehensive about inducing a Khitan incursion. Further, Wang Du, who was then Wang Chuzhi's deputy military governor and who was considered his heir, was fearful of being displaced by Wang Yu.  Wang Du and the secretary He Zhaoxun () therefore plotted to arrest Wang Chuzhi. They acted after a feast that Wang Chuzhi held for Zhang's emissary to Yiwu, seizing Wang Chuzhi and put him and his wife and concubines under house arrest.  Wang Du thereafter slaughtered all of Wang Chuzhi's male biological descendants at Ding Prefecture, as well as Wang Chuzhi's close associates.  He claimed the title of acting military governor and reported what occurred to Li Cunxu.  Li Cunxu thereafter approved of his takeover from Wang Chuzhi.  (Wang Chuzhi's younger son Wang Wei () did escape and flee to Khitan territory, and Wang Wei would subsequently serve under Khitan's Emperor Taizu and his son Emperor Taizong.)

In spring 922, Wang Du visited Wang Chuzhi at his mansion, apparently trying to maintain a pretense of father-son relationship. Wang Chuzhi, though unarmed, hit his chest with a fist and tried to bite off his nose, stating, "Rebellious bandit! When did I ever mistreat you?"  Wang Du barely escaped from Wang Chuzhi's grasp. Shortly after, Wang Chuzhi either died in anger or was killed by Wang Du.

Personal information
 Father
 Wang Zong ()
 Children
 Wang Yu ()
 Wang Wei ()
 Adoptive Child
 Wang Du (), né Liu Yunlang ()

See also
 Tomb of Wang Chuzhi

Notes and references

 Old Book of Tang, vol. 182.
 New History of the Five Dynasties, vol. 39.
 Zizhi Tongjian, vols. 262, 266, 267, 268, 269, 270, 271.

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862 births
922 deaths
Politicians from Xi'an
Tang dynasty jiedushi of Yiwu Circuit
Tang dynasty nonimperial princes
Later Liang (Five Dynasties) jiedushi
Jin (Later Tang precursor) jiedushi
Yiwu jiedushi
Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms rulers
Tang dynasty generals from Shaanxi

Wang Chuzhi


Fresh Meadows is a neighborhood in northeastern part of the borough of Queens in New York City, which is bordered to the east by Francis Lewis Boulevard, to the south by Union Turnpike, to the north by Kissena Park, and to the west by Utopia Parkway and Fresh Meadows Lane.

Fresh Meadows is also the name of a housing development (housing estate) in the neighborhood, along 188th Street. The Fresh Meadows buildings were built in the late 1940s and were for lower middle & middle-class people. It is one of three housing areas built by the Metropolitan Life Insurance Company after World War II, the others are Stuyvesant Town in Manhattan and Parkchester in the Bronx.

The Long Island Expressway runs through the neighborhood. Main streets are 188th Street, Horace Harding Expressway, 73rd Avenue, Utopia Parkway, and Fresh Meadows Lane.

The 107th Precinct of the New York City Police Department (NYPD) covers this neighborhood.

Kissena Park and Cunningham Park are both located next to Fresh Meadows.

Fresh Meadows is also home to St. Francis Preparatory School, the largest Catholic high school in the United States. Francis Lewis High School, P.S. 26 (Rufus King school), M.S. 216 (George J. Ryan Middle School), and P.S. 173 (The Fresh Meadows School) are other schools in the neighborhood.

Queens (New York City)
1940s establishments in New York (state)
Neighborhoods of New York City

Fresh Meadows, Queens


Herbert Jackson Drane (June 20, 1863 – August 11, 1947) was a U.S. Representative from Florida.

Born in Franklin, Kentucky, Drane attended the public schools of Louisville, Kentucky, and Brevards Academy at Franklin, Kentucky.
He moved to Macon, Georgia, in 1881, and to Lakeland (of which he was one of the founders), Polk County, Florida, in November 1883.
He became editor of the local newspaper and also engaged in the real-estate and insurance business, railway construction, and in the growing of citrus fruits.
He served as mayor of Lakeland 1888–1892.
County commissioner of Polk County 1896–1899.
Chief engrossing clerk of the State house of representatives 1889–1901.
He served as member of the State house of representatives 1903–1905.
He served in the State senate 1913–1917, being its president from 1913 to 1915.

Drane was elected as a Democrat to the Sixty-fifth and to the seven succeeding Congresses (March 4, 1917 – March 3, 1933).
He was an unsuccessful candidate for renomination in 1932, losing the Democratic primary to J. Hardin Peterson.
He served as member of the Federal Power Commission 1933–1937.
He resumed the real estate and insurance businesses, property management, and the growing of citrus fruits.
He died in Lakeland, Florida, on August 11, 1947.
He was interred in Roselawn Cemetery.

References

External links

1863 births
1947 deaths
County commissioners in Florida
Democratic Party Florida state senators
Democratic Party members of the Florida House of Representatives
Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Florida
Presidents of the Florida Senate
Franklin D. Roosevelt administration personnel

Herbert J. Drane


Milan Hnilička (born June 25, 1973) is a Czech retired professional ice hockey goaltender. He played a career total of 121 regular season games in the National Hockey League (NHL). He played for the New York Rangers, Atlanta Thrashers, and Los Angeles Kings. He has also played in the Czech Extraliga for the HC Kladno, HC Sparta Praha, HC Bílí Tygři Liberec, and HC Slavia Praha and in the Russian Superleague with Salavat Yulaev Ufa.

Career
Before playing professional hockey, Hnilička played 1 season with the Swift Current Broncos of the Western Hockey League (WHL), 9 games with the Salt Lake Golden Eagles of the International Hockey League (IHL), 43 games with the Richmond Renegades of the ECHL, and 15 games with the Denver Grizzlies of the IHL.

He was drafted 70th overall by the New York Islanders in the 1991 NHL Entry Draft. He didn't play a game with them and he signed with the New York Rangers as a free agent on July 15, 1999. He played 2 games with them before he was sent down to play with their AHL-affiliate, the Hartford Wolf Pack. During his time with the Wolf Pack, he won the Calder Cup and also won the Harry "Hap" Holmes Memorial Award for having the lowest goals against average. He shared to award with Jean-François Labbé.

After he became a free agent, he signed a contract with the Atlanta Thrashers. He played 3 seasons with the Thrashers and 15 games with the AHL-affiliate, the Chicago Wolves. On September 15, 2003, the Thrashers traded him to the Los Angeles Kings for future considerations. He played 20 games with the Kings' AHL-affiliate, the Manchester Monarchs and was called to play Kings. He missed most of the 2003-04 season because of a finger injury that he suffered in a game against the Phoenix Coyotes on December 31, 2003. He then left North America and signed a contract to play for HC Bílí Tygři Liberec of the Czech Extraliga on May 18, 2004. He played 3 seasons with them and played 9 games for Salavat Yulaev Ufa of the Russian Superleague (RSL) before returning to HC Bílí Tygři Liberec.

He played 3 games with HC Slavia Praha before he announced that he was retiring from playing professional ice hockey in August 2010.

References

Other websites

1973 births
American Hockey League players
Atlanta Thrashers players
Chicago Wolves players
Czech ice hockey goaltenders
Hartford Wolf Pack players
Living people
Los Angeles Kings players
Manchester Monarchs (AHL) players
New York Rangers players
Czech Olympic bronze medalists
Czech Olympic gold medalists
ECHL players
International Hockey League (1945–2001) players

Milan Hnilička


A smoothbore weapon is one that has a barrel without rifling.  Smoothbores range from handheld firearms to powerful tank guns and large artillery mortars.

History

Early firearms had smoothly bored barrels that fired projectiles without significant spin. To minimize inaccuracy-inducing tumbling during flight, their projectiles required an aerodynamically uniform shape, such as a sphere.  However, surface imperfections on the projectile and/or the barrel will cause even a sphere to rotate randomly during flight, and the Magnus effect will curve it off the intended trajectory when spinning on any axis not parallel to the direction of travel.

Rifling the bore surface with spiral grooves or polygonal valleys imparts a stabilizing  gyroscopic spin to a projectile that prevents tumbling in flight. Not only does this more than counter Magnus-induced drift, but it allows a longer, more streamlined round with greater sectional density to be fired from the same caliber barrel, improving the accuracy, effective range and hitting power.

In the eighteenth century, the standard infantry arm was the smoothbore musket; although rifled muskets were introduced in the early 18th century and had more power and range, they did not become the norm until the middle of the 19th century, when the Minié ball increased their rate of fire to match that of smoothbores.

Artillery weapons were smoothbore until the mid-19th century, and smoothbores continued in limited use until the late 19th century. Early rifled artillery pieces were patented by Joseph Whitworth and William Armstrong in the United Kingdom in 1855. In the United States, rifled small arms and artillery were gradually adopted during the American Civil War. However, heavy coast defense Rodman smoothbores persisted in the US until 1900 due to the tendency of the Civil War's heavy Parrott rifles to burst and lack of funding for replacement weapons.

Current use
Some smoothbore firearms are still used.

Small arms
A shotgun fires multiple, round shot; firing out of a rifled barrel would impart centrifugal forces that result a doughnut-shaped pattern of shot (with a high projectile density on the periphery, and a low projectile density in the interior).  While this may be acceptable at close ranges (some spreader chokes are rifled to produce wide patterns at close range) this is not desirable at longer ranges, where a tight, consistent pattern is required to improve accuracy.

Another smoothbore weapon in use today is the 37-mm riot gun, which fires less-lethal munitions like rubber bullets and teargas at short range at crowds, where a high degree of accuracy is not required.

The Steyr IWS 2000 anti-tank rifle is smoothbore. This can help accelerate projectiles and increase ballistic effectiveness. The projectile is a 15.2 mm fin-stabilized discarding-sabot type with armor-piercing capability which the IWS 2000 was specifically designed to fire. It contains a dart-shaped penetrator of either tungsten carbide or depleted uranium, capable of piercing 40 mm of rolled homogeneous armor at a range of 1,000 m, and causing secondary fragmentation.

Artillery and tanks
The cannon made the transition from smoothbore firing cannonballs to rifled firing shells in the mid-19th century.  However, to reliably penetrate the thick armor of modern armored vehicles many modern tank guns have moved back to smoothbore. These fire a very long, thin kinetic-energy projectile, too long in relation to its diameter to develop the necessary spin rate through rifling. Instead, kinetic energy rounds are produced as fin-stabilized darts. Not only does this reduce the time and expense of producing rifled barrels, it also reduces the need for replacement due to barrel wear.

The armour-piercing gun evolution has also shown up in small arms, particularly the now abandoned U.S. Advanced Combat Rifle (ACR) program.  The ACR "rifles" used smoothbore barrels to fire single or multiple flechettes (tiny darts), rather than bullets, per pull of the trigger, to provide long range, flat trajectory, and armor-piercing abilities.  Just like kinetic-energy tank rounds, flechettes are too long and thin to be stabilized by rifling and perform best from a smoothbore barrel.  The ACR program was abandoned due to reliability problems and poor terminal ballistics.

Mortar barrels are typically muzzle-loading smoothbores. Since mortars fire bombs that are dropped down the barrel and must not be a tight fit, a smooth barrel is essential. The bombs are fin-stabilized.

Gallery

See also
Rifling
Buck and ball
Cap gun
Caplock mechanism
Internal ballistics
Tubes and primers for ammunition
Minié ball
Gunpowder
Cannon
Muzzleloader
Muzzle (firearms)
Gun barrel
Projectile

References

Artillery by type
Firearm terminology
Artillery components

Smoothbore


The East African mangroves are a mangrove ecoregion consisting of  swamps along the Indian Ocean coast of East Africa in Mozambique, Tanzania, Kenya and southern Somalia.

Location and description
The ecoregion consists of two large areas of mangrove in the deltas of the Zambezi in Mozambique and the Rufiji River in Tanzania, which can extend as far as 50 km inland, as well as smaller areas along the coast. This coast experiences two monsoon seasons each year, strong ocean currents and rising seas up to 5.6m in Mozambique. Rainfall is high especially in southern Kenya and northern Tanzania.

Flora
The mangroves include tall trees, up to 30m. Compared to Central African mangroves of West Africa, mangroves of East Africa have a greater variety of vegetation with two distinctive types: the mangroves on the coast itself such as the birdwatching site Mida Creek near the Arabuko Sokoke National Park and the town of Watamu, and the Lamu Archipelago both in Kenya, which are fed by constant streams of fresh water; and the mangroves in river inlets where more salt accumulates in the water. East African mangrove species are similar to those found on other coasts around the Indian Ocean. The Bazaruto Archipelago is an example of offshore mangroves sheltered by coral and intermingled with a mixture of shoreline habitats such as grassy sand dunes and rockpools.

Fauna
The mangroves are an important habitat for a variety of wildlife from fish, crustaceans, and molluscs in the waters to snakes and monkeys, such as Sykes' monkey in the trees and animals including antelopes, elephants, and African buffalo who come to graze on the fringes of the swamps. Larger animals that feed in the swamp waters include hippopotamus, green turtle (Chelonia mydas), hawksbill turtle (Eretmochelys imbricata), and olive ridley (Lepidochelys olivacea) turtles,  porpoises and important populations of the endangered dugong. Located alongside coral reefs, these mangroves are sheltered by the coral from ocean tides and storms, and the swamps provide food for the many fish, shrimps and other marine fauna that shelter in the coral. The swamps are also important feeding grounds for large numbers of migratory birds such as curlew sandpiper (Calidris ferruginea), little stint (Calidris minuta) and Caspian tern (Hydroprogne caspia), waterbirds such as crab-plover (Dromas ardeola), yellow-billed stork and malachite kingfisher, and seabirds such as roseate tern (Sterna dougallii).

Threats and preservation
The mangroves have been harvested for timber for centuries by traders from the nearby Arabian Peninsula. All along the coast mangrove swamps have been cleared, not only for timber but for urban areas, salt panning and agriculture including rice growing and shrimp cultivation. The habitat is further diminished by pollution of rivers from urban and industrial waste and agrochemicals. Urban areas near the mangroves include: the Swahili town of Lamu, the beach town of Malindi and the large port city of Mombasa in Kenya; the port of Tanga in Tanzania; and Quelimane, the large city of Beira (famous for its prawns), Inhassoro and Vilankulo (the ports for Bazaruto), and Maxixe in Mozambique.

A 2017 assessment found that 843 km², or 45%, of the East African mangroves are in protected areas.
Protected areas include Watamu Marine National Park and Ras Tenewi Marine National Park in Kenya; Mafia Island Marine Park, Jozani Chwaka Bay National Park and Saadani National Park in Tanzania; and the Bazaruto Archipelago, Inhaca and Portuguese Island, Marromeu Game Reserve, and Pomene Reserve in Mozambique. Some areas of mangrove in Kenya and Tanzania are managed as forest reserves.

References

External links

Afrotropical ecoregions
Mangrove ecoregions
Ecoregions of Kenya
Ecoregions of Mozambique
Ecoregions of Somalia
Ecoregions of Tanzania
Western Indo-Pacific

East African mangroves


Area code 242 is the local telephone area code of the Bahamas.

When in the Bahamas, a person needs only the seven-digit number to make a call. To call from anywhere within North America (the United States, Canada, etc.), simply dial 1-242 followed by the phone number.

To make calls between different Islands in the Bahamas, the caller must also use 1-242.

Area codes
The Bahamas

Area code 242


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Nathan Hiken (June 23, 1914 – December 7, 1968) was an American radio and television writer, producer, and songwriter who rose to prominence in the 1950s.

Early years
Hiken was born on June 23, 1914, in Chicago, Illinois, the son of Jewish parents. At some point, the family moved to Milwaukee, Wisconsin; a 1939 article in a Milwaukee newspaper referred to him as "a well known Milwaukee boy." He worked on the student newspapers at both Washington High School and the University of Wisconsin. After finishing college, he had a brief stint as a writer for United Press International.

Hiken worked for Warner Bros. as a screenwriter beginning in 1940 for the studio's short-subject films. During World War II, Hiken joined the Army Air Force, and although he had a private pilot's license and wanted to be an aviator, the military asked him to produce morale boosting fund-raisers on Broadway. At the end of the war, Hiken left the military to return to being a scriptwriter for Fred Allen, but just as quickly, he was ready to try new things in the new media format of television. He began in television writing scripts for comedian Milton Berle.

Radio
Hiken created and wrote for The Grouch Club and wrote for Fred Allen's hit radio show.  Hiken also created, wrote, and directed the NBC radio program "The Magnificent Montague" which aired Friday nights from November 1950 through November 1951.

Television

Hiken moved from radio to become head writer of the early television variety show Four Star Revue. However, in 1950, he was named as a Communist sympathizer in the publication Red Channels, probably because of his mother's outspoken political views. Historian Marc Saul writes that "Hiken had to take out an advertisement in Variety denouncing any communist beliefs. Fortunately, it did the trick."

Hiken is best known for a number of popular TV series during the 1950s and 1960s, including Car 54, Where Are You? and The Phil Silvers Show, a situation comedy set on a US Army post in which Silvers played Sergeant Ernest G. "Ernie" Bilko; the show was also often referred to as Sgt. Bilko (Hiken had originally titled it You'll Never Get Rich).

Hiken was one of TV's first writer-producers and was the head writer for NBC's Four Star Revue. He moved from radio to TV as a writer for Milton Berle's radio show, which preceded his legendary TV variety show Texaco Star Theater. As a writer for Car 54, Where Are You? and The Phil Silvers Show, he exhibited a comic flair, and his capacity for spoofing such entities as the United States Army, the U.S. government, and police forces was exceptional. TV historians attest to Hiken's talent to create zany but lovable characters and also to his ability to draw strong comedic performances from such unlikely celebrities as boxer Rocky Graziano on NBC's sitcom The Martha Raye Show.

As a producer, Hiken also had an eye for spotting new talent. He is credited with discovering, and advancing the TV careers of, such future stars as Fred Gwynne (1955), Alan Alda (1958)—both made their TV debuts on The Phil Silvers Show—, George Kennedy and Dick Van Dyke (1958). A television pioneer, Hiken worked with Mel Brooks and Woody Allen throughout the 1950s and early 1960s. Hiken won eight Emmy Awards and wrote material for Milton Berle, Bette Davis, Carol Burnett, and Lucille Ball. Larry David, in DVD extras to season 1 of Curb Your Enthusiasm, has spoken about his love of the Bilko series.

Hiken also displayed his musical talent by working with composers George Bassman and Gordon Jenkins on music and theme songs for TV series, and among the songs Hiken himself wrote and composed are "Close to Me", "Irving", and "Fugitive from Fifth Avenue". He also wrote and composed the theme song and music for the TV series, Car 54, Where Are You?   Hiken wrote sketches for the Broadway revue, Along Fifth Avenue, for which Gordon Jenkins wrote the music.

Hiken's career, talents, and contributions to the early years of commercial radio and TV are documented in the book King of the Half Hour: Nat Hiken and the Golden Age of TV Comedy, written by David Everitt and published by Syracuse University Press in 2001.

Death
Throughout Hiken's career, he was known for relentless hard work and perfectionism on his shows and his unwillingness to cede control.  He handled most aspects of Bilko and Car 54 himself.  The stress of his schedule, writing, production and dealing with the foibles of certain actors on each show, combined with a poor diet and heavy smoking, ultimately undermined his physical health.  Hiken died of a heart attack on December 7, 1968, in Brentwood, California, at the age of 54. His last project was the Don Knotts comedy The Love God?, released the year following Hiken's death.

Family
Nat Hiken was the cousin of film and stage actor Gerald Hiken.

References

External links

 Nat Hiken Papers at the Wisconsin Center for Film and Theater Research

1914 births
1968 deaths
20th-century American businesspeople
20th-century American Jews
20th-century American male writers
20th-century American musicians
20th-century American screenwriters
American film directors
American male screenwriters
American male television writers
American television producers
American television writers
Burials at Mount Sinai Memorial Park Cemetery
Emmy Award winners
English-language film directors
Jewish American military personnel
Jewish American screenwriters
Jewish American songwriters
Military personnel from Chicago
Screenwriters from Illinois
Songwriters from Illinois
United States Army Air Forces personnel of World War II
Writers Guild of America Award winners

Nat Hiken


Dwelling Narrowness (), also known literally as Snail House, is a 2009 television series broadcast in Mainland China, based on a 2007 novel of the same name by Liu Liu. It depicts two sisters struggling with life in Jiangzhou, a fictional city that strongly resembles present-day Shanghai. The Chinese name is a figure of speech meaning "humble abode".

Because a prominent storyline portrays the difficulties of buying an affordable home in the city, the show has become a symbol of the perceived ongoing real estate bubble in China, generating controversy in the Chinese press and attracting attention from foreign media sources.

Although 35 episodes of the series were produced, only 33 episodes were aired due to censors. The show was also criticized by some officials for its "sex, dirty jokes, and corruption stories", saying that the show had a "serious negative influence" on Chinese society. The series is seen as a running commentary on contemporary social issues in urban China, including the widening wealth gap, real estate prices, political corruption, the breakdown of traditional Chinese family values, foreigners' views of China and Chinese views of foreigners.

Synopsis
Guo Haiping (Hai Qing) is the elder of two sisters, who moves to the fictional city of Jiangzhou to attend a prestigious college there.  She and her husband Su Chun (Hao Ping) remain in the city after graduation, living in a very shabby shikumen in order to save money to buy a house.  Haiping then convinces her mother (Cao Cuifen) to let Guo Haizao (Li Nian), her younger sister, to come to Jiangzhou for college as well.

Four years pass and the couple still cannot afford the down payment on a house, since property prices have been skyrocketing.  After Haizao graduates from college and cannot find a job, Haiping lets her sister live with her and Su Chun in their already very cramped room.  Haizao eventually finds a job and meets Xiao Bei (Wen Zhang), a warm-hearted white collar office worker whom she starts dating.

Haizao's boss, a real estate developer, asks her to attend a business dinner where she entertains Song Si Ming (Zhang Jiayi), an influential government official who has business dealings with her boss.  Song is middle-aged and attracted to Haizao's youth and beauty.  He later makes several attempts to win her heart, despite the fact that he is married with a daughter and Haizao already has a boyfriend.

Song takes Haizao out on trips and gives money to her so that she can help her sister, Haiping, pay for the down payment on her house.  With Song's help, Haiping finally buys a house that she likes.  In return for helping her sister, Haizao begins an affair with Song and tries to hide this from her boyfriend.  However, he eventually discovers the affair, and, although he initially forgives Haizao, they eventually break up.

Out of desperation, Haizao returns to Song.  Meanwhile, Song and his superior (Ma Guanying), the mayor of Jiangzhou, have been involved in brokering real estate deals with local businessmen and taking large bribes.  When he finds out he is under investigation and may be arrested and jailed, Song gives Haizao (who is now pregnant with his child) a large amount of money and leaves.

Song's wife (Vivian Wu) later finds out about the missing money and goes to Haizao's place to demand it back.  Haizao refuses and Song's wife becomes outraged, beating Haizao and causing her to have a miscarriage.  Haizao is then hospitalized and loses both the child and her uterus, which prevents her from ever bearing a child again.

Song hears about Haizao's condition on the eve of being arrested for corruption and rushes to the hospital. However, he is chased by the police who think he is making an attempt to flee.  On the way to the hospital, Song dies in a car accident.  Haizao learns about Song's death and does not talk for three months due to depression, leaving for the U.S. at the end. Her sister, Haiping, starts a Chinese language school and lives with her husband and daughter at their new house.

References

2009 Chinese television series debuts
Housing in China
Television shows based on Chinese novels
Chinese drama television series
Television series by Huayi Brothers
Television series by SMG Pictures

Dwelling Narrowness


In biology, mimicry is when a species evolves features similar to another. Either one or both are protected when a third species cannot tell them apart. Often, these features are visual; one species looks like another; but similarities of sound, smell and behaviour may also make the fraud seem more real.

Mimicry is related to camouflage, and to warning signals, in which species manipulate or deceive other species which might do them harm. Although mimicry is mainly a defence against predators, sometimes predators also use mimicry, and fool their prey into feeling safe.

Mimicry happens in both animal and plant species. The mimic is the species which looks like the model. The model may be living, or not. Whole groups of animals go in for mimicry as a life style, such as mantids, leaf insects or stick insects. Camouflage, in which a species looks similar to its surroundings, is a form of visual mimicry.

There are far more insect mimics than any other class of animal, but then there are far more insects than other types of animals. Indeed, 75% of all animals which have been described and named, are insects. Many other kinds of animal mimics are known, including fish, plants and even fungi, though less research has been done on these.

Mimicry evolves because the species that are better at mimicking survive to produce more offspring than the species that are worse at mimicking. The genes of the better mimics become more common in the species. Over time, mimic species get closer to their models. This is the process of evolution by natural selection.

Avoiding detection

Since most higher animals have relatively good eyesight, they use it to find what they want. Both herbivores (animals which eat plants), and predators (animals which hunt and eat other animals), use sight to find their food. Prey need to avoid being eaten by predators. Their best chance is to avoid being seen. Usually, they need camouflage. With camouflage, an animal looks like its background, and so is more difficult to see. This is achieved in various ways:
1. Background matching, by color and shape.
2. Disruptive coloration, which breaks up the body outline.
3. Countershading, which flattens the appearance. Most animals have a dark back, and a light underside: this is countershading. It counters the normal effect of light from above, and makes the body shape less visible.
4. Transparency and silvering, found mostly in animals living in water.

Behaviour
Both camouflage and mimicry work best when a predator is searching from a distance. When the predator gets close to the prey, and they are sure to be found, some prey switch methods, and flee (run away) or fight back. This behaviour is almost always instinctive. In any event, whether cryptic (hidden) or not, the prey's behaviour must match its mimicry. If it looks like a leaf twisting in the wind, then it has to twist in the wind. Almost all forms of mimicry involve appropriate behaviour to reinforce the visual impression.

Signalling

Not all animals use camouflage because there are situations where it is good to show themselves off. One case is the need to find and keep a mate. Many male animals have some bright colors during the mating season, or change their behaviour and come out into the open. Without this, they might not succeed in mating. Their females, on the other hand, are usually dowdy and camouflaged. This pattern occurs in almost all animals where the male displays and the female chooses. There is at least one good reason the female stays camouflaged. The moment she is fertilized she carries the precious cargo: the eggs that will form part of the next generation.

Warning coloration

Animals that are dangerous, or foul to eat, usually advertise the fact. This is called warning or aposematic coloration. It is the exact opposite of camouflage. Warning colors are vivid, often some of black, white, red, yellow.

Tests show that warning colors definitely do deter predators.

Some individual animals will die or receive damage while birds or mammals on the attack learn about the connection between color and taste. However, if warning costs less than hiding, the animal benefits. And the advertising traits such as colors may serve other functions as well. The patterns may help mate identification within the species, for instance.

The fact that some animals are genuinely dangerous or noxious (disgusting) to eat gives the opportunity for mimicry based on warning coloration: Müllerian and Batesian mimicry.

Müllerian mimicry

In Müllerian mimicry, some species with warning coloration come to look like each other. English naturalist Henry Walter Bates first noticed that some distasteful butterflies resembled one another, which he wrote about in 1862. However, he did not give a good explanation; that was left to German naturalist Fritz Müller in 1878. Müller's explanation was simple: Both species benefit from a common pattern. They share the cost of predators learning of their foul taste. Only one learning experience per predator might well be enough to deter it from eating both species.

The butterflies Bates, Wallace and Müller watched and collected were brightly colored and slow-moving. They often flew in groups which were highly visible. Despite this, they were avoided by birds. This is typical of aposematic (warning) coloration. The coloring of some species from the same area was so perfect that even experienced naturalists could not tell them apart on the wing.

Once they were collected, and set out on a board so the details could be seen, it became clear they were not all of the same species, and often not from the same biological families. The similar warning colors of hornets, wasps and some bees is Müllerian if they live in the same geographical region, so that a predator might, before learning, choose any of them.

Tests show that birds do learn what to eat by sampling when they are young. All aspects of this situation have been the subject of research. Field and experimental work on these ideas continues to this day.

Batesian mimicry

In Batesian mimicry, the mimic is a sheep in wolf's clothing: it looks like something dangerous or which tastes disgusting, but in reality it is good to eat. As he was exploring the Amazon valley in the 1850s, Bates collected butterflies. He saw how some harmless butterflies looked like other species which were toxic. Birds avoided them, so the mimics survived even though they were good food. This was the first scientific account of mimicry.

Hoverflies often visit flowers to feed on nectar. They are harmless insects which often mimic wasps and bees. They also fly in a slow, erratic fashion, rather like wasps and bees. Often their mimicry is not perfect, and you can easily tell them apart once they have settled. However, even an imperfect mimic might cause a bird to hesitate, and that may save their life.

Biologists still do research on Batesian and Müllerian mimicry. They study how the models differ in their foul taste; and what happens when the ratio of mimics to models varies. Quite often, it is only the female which is a mimic; the male carries the normal appearance of its genus. The females need more protection, while the males need to mate. A more subtle reason is that it halves the number of mimics, and so bolsters the effectiveness of the mimicry. Batesian mimicry might damage the warning effect if the frequency of mimics became high, because more young birds would taste them and be encouraged to try again. The benefit of warning declines if there are more mimics.

This may explain cases such as Papilio dardanus, an African swallowtail, whose females mimic a number of unpalatable species from the Danaidae: survival is higher when each mimetic form is rare relative to its model. The advantage is probably greater for the females, because males do not show the mimetic patterns; sexual selection probably helps to maintain this difference. These, and other issues, have been researched for many years.

With this type of insect the life is split into stages (see complete metamorphosis). The larva is the growth stage, the adult is the reproductive stage. The larvae, too, show camouflage, aposematic color and mimicry. It is the larvae that pick up the offensive chemicals from the plants they feed on. However, larvae do not show differences between male and female, because reproduction is not their function.

Mimicry rings
In tropical countries, field research has shown that there are large numbers of species involved in mimicry. 54 species of Heliconius are recognised, with over 700 named color forms. There are four (or perhaps five) assemblages of butterflies, which include the heliconiines and their mimics. These 'mimicry rings' are called tiger, red, blue and orange for short. Members of each ring tend to roost together at night, fly to similar habitats and at the same time of year. Mimicry rings include both Müllerian and Batesian mimicry.

Vavilovian mimicry

Vavilovian mimicry occurs in plants where a weed comes to look like a crop plant. It is named after Nikolai Vavilov, a Russian plant breeder who discovered the idea. Before herbicides, weeds were plucked by hand. This has been done for thousands of years. The weeds come to look like the crop because the weeders pick those weeds which look most different. Vavilovian mimicry is caused by unintentional selection by humans. The weeds that survive pass on their genes. Gradually, all the weeds look more like the crop plant.

An example is rye, a common Mediterranean species. Rye was originally just a weed growing with wheat and barley. Weeding made it like the crop. Like wheat, it came to have larger seeds and more rigid spindles to which the seeds are attached. Rye is a tougher plant than wheat: it survives in harsher conditions. Having become a crop like the wheat, rye was able to become a crop plant in harsh areas, such as hills and mountains.

Aggressive mimicry

This type of mimicry is quite common. It is the bible metaphor of the wolf in sheep's clothing. The mimicry works to entice a victim, who is then eaten, or otherwise taken advantage of. Angler fish, insectivorous plants and the cuckoo are all examples. All these groups are widespread, and there is no doubt that the aggressive mimicry is a successful life-style.

The next two examples introduce another metaphor, that of the siren. The Australian katydid Chlorobalius leucoviridis can attract male cicadas by imitating the species-specific reply clicks of sexually receptive female cicadas. Playback experiments show that C. leucoviridis is able to attract males of many cicada species, even though cicada mating signals are species-specific.

Female fireflies of the genus Photuris emit the same light signals that females of other genera use as a mating signal. Further research showed male fireflies from several different genera are attracted to these mimics, and are subsequently captured and eaten. Female signals are based on that received from the male, each female having a repertoire of signals matching the delay and duration of the female of the corresponding species.

Luring is not a necessary condition however, as the predator may have a significant advantage by not being identified as such. They may resemble a mutualistic symbiont or a species of little relevance to the prey.

Aggressive mimicry may be used by some parasites as a means of getting to their next host. A parasitic trematode (flatworm) lives in the gut of songbirds. Their eggs pass out, and are then eaten by a snail which lives in moist environments. The eggs develop into larvae inside this second host. Unlike related species, these larvae are brightly colored and able to pulsate. A sac full of spores forces its way into the snail's eye stalks, and pulsates at high speed. This causes the tentacle to enlarge. It also affects the host's behaviour: the snail moves towards light, which it usually avoids. These factors make the sporocysts highly conspicuous, and they are soon eaten by a hungry songbird. The snail then regenerates its eye stalks, and carries on with its life cycle.p134

Cleaner fish are the allies of many other species, which allow them to eat their parasites and dead skin. Some allow the cleaner to go inside their mouth to hunt these parasites. One species of cleaner, the bluestreak cleaner wrasse (Labroides dimidiatus), shown to the right cleaning a grouper, lives in coral reefs in the Indian and Pacific Oceans. It is recognized by other fish who allow it to clean them.

Its imposter, the mimetic sabre-toothed blenny (Aspidontus taeniatus), also lives in the Indian Ocean. It not only looks like the wrasse in terms of size and color, but even mimics the cleaner's 'dance'. After fooling its prey into letting its guard down, the blenny then bites it, tearing off a piece of its fin before fleeing the scene. Fish attacked in this manner soon learn to distinguish mimic from model, but because the similarity is close they become much more cautious of the model as well. Due to victim's ability to discriminate between foe and helper, the blennies have evolved close similarity, right down to the regional level.

Inside a species

A phenomenon sometimes called auto-mimicry is when the model belongs to the same species as the mimic. An example is the monarch butterfly Danaus plexippus, which feeds on milkweed plants. The butterflies store toxins from the plant, which they maintain even in their adult forms. As the levels of toxin vary depending on diet during the larval stage, some monarchs will be more toxic than others.

Less palatable individuals can be thought of as mimics of the more dangerous individuals. They carry exactly the same warning colors as the more toxic individuals, but their punishment for predators is weaker. In species where one sex may be more of a threat than the other, if the two sexes look alike one can protect the other. Evidence came from a monkey from Gabon, which regularly ate male moths of the genus Anaphe, but promptly stopped after it tasted a noxious female.

False parts
It is common for small prey animals to make their head less visible. Some also make the least vital part of their body look like a head. This, like the eye-spots on some butterflies, is a deflection technique. A peck or bite on the false head will just be an inconvenience, whereas a peck on the head would be fatal.

Combined tactics

Many animals use more than one type of mimicry. This is seen in butterflies, who usually rest with wings folded upwards. They usually have different patterns on the underside of wings. The underside may be cryptic, while the upper side has some warning pattern. Moths, which rest with wings horizontal, may have different patterns on the rear wings. The rear wings are normally covered by the front wings at rest, but can be revealed if the moth is disturbed. This tactic occurs in moths which are active in daytime or twilight. The scarlet tiger moth uses both camouflage and warning color according to its situation. It is a fine example of how behaviour and mimicry work together.

Fossil history
The earliest known example of leaf mimicry among insects has been found in the Middle Jurassic of 165 million years ago. The insects are lacewings (Neuroptera), and the leaves are from cycads or related gymnosperms. This is interesting because it shows this type of mimicry evolved long before flowering plants arose.

Examples

Related pages
Defence against predators
Defence against herbivory
Startle defence
Co-evolution

References

Further reading
Forbes, Peter 2009. Dazzled and deceived: mimicry and camouflage. Yale, New Haven & London. ISBN 978-0-300-12539-9.

Other websites
 Warning colour [sic and mimicry] Lecture outline from James Mallet, Professor of Biological Diversity at University College London.

Mimicry


Southeast Minnesota comprises the corner of the U.S. state of Minnesota south of the Twin Cities metropolitan area extending east, and part of the multi-state area known as the Driftless Area. Rochester is the largest city in the area; other major cities include Winona, Owatonna, Faribault, Northfield, Austin, and Red Wing.

Southeast Minnesota is part of the state's first and second congressional districts. Culturally, it is distinct from the Twin Cities in being generally more conservative and staid, with several more diverse areas, such as the college towns of Northfield and Winona. However, the area has become more diverse and more politically competitive. Until 2006, the state's only Independence Party legislator was from Southeast Minnesota, Sheila Kiscaden (IP-Rochester, now DFL-Rochester). Formerly a Republican, Kiscaden is now officially a member of the Minnesota Democratic-Farmer-Labor Party. The area is one of several distinct regions of Minnesota.

Many places in Southeast Minnesota, like Lanesboro, have become popular tourist destinations. The scenic Mississippi Valley to the Whitewater River and Root River in the Driftless Area (one of the few parts of the state not eroded by glaciers in the last ice age) are among the most visited locations.

Regions of Minnesota

Southeast Minnesota


"The Playbook" is the eighth episode of the fifth season of the CBS situation comedy How I Met Your Mother and 96th episode overall. It originally aired November 16, 2009. A book based on the episode was published in 2010.

Plot
Future Ted explains the key to dating is self-confidence, which Barney had in spades, but usually that confidence was in one of his characters. One night, Barney appears in full scuba suit while drinking scotch. Lily pulls aside Claire (Sarah Wright), a blonde woman at the bar, warning her of Barney's villainy, and she sits down with the rest of the gang as they explain the events that lead up to that night.

Barney and Robin are coping with the end of their relationship in their own different ways. Robin says she wants to focus on her career, but Marshall and Ted are convinced she will find the love of her life, citing several friends who gave up on dating to focus on their work, only to be married months later. Barney, on the other hand, decides to re-enter the dating scene, using his sacred "Playbook". The book describes a set of con artist scenarios designed by Barney to manipulate girls into bed.

Meanwhile, Lily tries to set up Ted with Shelly, a fellow teacher. When she had originally tried to get them to meet, Lily found Ted and Marshall in the middle of a chicken-finger mouth-stuffing attempt, so she convinced her coworker that Ted was not there. However, Ted is stood up by Shelly; when Lily confronts her, she discovers that Shelly was seduced by an exotic man at MacLaren's. Lily realizes it was Barney and angrily confronts him. Barney describes the play he used, the "Lorenzo von Matterhorn", using fake websites, a smartphone, and an exotic name.

Barney's next move is a play called "he's not coming", where he seduces vulnerable girls at the top of the Empire State Building. One of the girls Barney picks up, however, is an actress friend of Lily's, and she steals the playbook when in Barney's apartment. Lily reveals the ploy to Barney and threatens to post the playbook on the Internet if he does not stop using it. Barney shows up at the apartment in a scuba suit, saying he has one last play, "The Scuba Diver". While preparing to post the playbook, Marshall is bamboozled as "The Scuba Diver" is not in the playbook, having been torn away by Barney. They go down to the bar, where Barney sits in a booth, planning to seduce Claire, the blonde by the bar.

As they conclude the story there with Claire, they ask Barney what "The Scuba Diver" is, and he breaks down, saying his breakup with Robin was hurting him more than he thought, and this was how he coped. Touched, the gang convinces Claire to go out with Barney for a cup of coffee. After they leave, the gang gets a text message from Barney and finds the description of the "Scuba Diver" under their table at MacLaren's. It was actually an elaborate con; involving Lily's disgust at the playbook, revealing Barney's tricks to Claire, Barney's fake breakdown over his breakup, and his friends encouraging the prey to go with Barney.

Finally, a new co-host, Don, arrives at Robin's pre-morning show, and Robin suddenly realizes that Ted and Marshall may have been right.

Music
Non-original music used in this episode includes Mozart's Rondo Alla Turca and a piano version of Nino Rota's "A Time for Us" from Franco Zeffirelli's 1968 film Romeo and Juliet.

Critical response
Donna Bowman of The A.V. Club graded the episode an A− in her review; she cheered the return of the "unredeemed essence" of Barney in the wake of his breakup with Robin. Brian Zoromski of IGN gave the episode 9.6 out of 10.

Cindy McLennan of Television Without Pity gave it an A because "it was supremely funny", even as a stand-alone.

References

External links

How I Met Your Mother (season 5) episodes
2009 American television episodes

The Playbook (How I Met Your Mother)


Galmudug is a secular state in the central region of Somalia. The administrative capital is South Galcayo. It is in the southern half of the city and district of Gaalkacyo. To the north is Puntland, to the west is Ethiopia and to the south and east is the rest of Somalia, presently under the control of the Transitional Federal Government  (TFG). The name is a combination of Galguduud and Mudug. Unlike the Somaliland  region in northwestern Somalia, Galmudug is not trying to be accepted as a separate country. It believes itself to be a federal division within the larger federal republic of Somalia, such as defined by the 2004 Transitional Federal Charter (TFG).

States of Somalia

Galmudug


Robert Marcel Casadesus (; 7 April 1899 – 19 September 1972) was a renowned 20th-century French pianist and composer.  He was the most prominent member of a distinguished musical family, being the nephew of Henri Casadesus and Marius Casadesus, husband of Gaby Casadesus, and father of Jean Casadesus.

Biography
Casadesus was born in Paris, and studied there at the Conservatoire with Louis Diémer, taking a Premier Prix (First Prize) in 1913 and the Prix Diémer in 1920.
Robert then entered the class of Lucien Capet, who had exceptional influence.  Capet had founded a famous quartet that bore his name (Capet Quartet) and in which two of Robert's uncles played: Henri and Marcel.
The Quartet often rehearsed in the Casadesus home, and so it was that Robert was exposed to chamber music. The Beethoven Quartets held no secret for him—he knew them backwards and forwards.

Beginning in 1922, Casadesus collaborated with the composer Maurice Ravel on a project to create piano rolls of a number of his works. Casadesus and Ravel also shared the concert platform in France, Spain and England. Casadesus toured widely as a piano soloist and often performed with his wife, the pianist Gaby (L'Hôte) Casadesus, whom he married in 1921.

From 1935 Casadesus taught at the American Conservatory at Fontainebleau. He and his family spent the Second World War years in the United States and had a home in Princeton, New Jersey. (Among his Princeton neighbors was Albert Einstein, an amateur violinist; the two played Mozart together privately on occasion.)

After the Fall of France in 1940, Robert and Gaby established the Fontainebleau School at Newport, Rhode Island. In 1942 the Fontainebleau School was moved to Great Barrington, Massachusetts, in the Berkshires. In 1943, he performed as part of  a series of New York concerts meant to raise money for the Coordinating Council of the French Relief Societies.

After the war, in 1946, Robert Casadesus, now Director of the American Conservatory, oversaw its return to Fontainebleau. His pupils included Claude Helffer, Grant Johannesen, Olive Nelson Russell, Monique Haas, Mary Louise Boehm, Carol Lems-Dworkin, and William Eves, who appeared in the Casadesus-based Bell Telephone Hour fine arts documentary TV series "The First Family of the Piano" (1967) and was a longtime piano instructor at Bowdoin College. He continued recording and composing; his last composition, the Symphony No. 7, "Israel," was a tribute to the people of Israel and was dedicated to his frequent collaborator George Szell; Szell died in the year the work was completed, 1970, and it was not premiered until shortly after Casadesus's 1972 death, by an ensemble led by conductor Frederic Waldmann at Alice Tully Hall in New York City,.

Robert and Gaby Casadesus had three children, Jean, Guy and Therese. Casadesus died in Paris, 19 September 1972, after a brief illness and only a few months after the death of his son Jean in an automobile accident. Gaby Casadesus died in Paris on 12 November 1999. In her later years she edited the works of Ravel for G. Schirmer, Inc.

Legacy
A product of the school of French pianism, his style of playing was classical and restrained with a very delicate approach to melody and line. He is especially noted as an interpreter of Mozart. Among his other recordings are those of the complete piano music of Ravel (for which he was awarded the Grand Prix de l'Academie Charles Cros and the Grand Prix de l'Academie du Disque), and the Beethoven Violin Sonatas with Zino Francescatti (of which the Kreutzer Sonata was filmed and has been released on DVD). The Bell Telephone Hour (a fine arts-related television series broadcast on NBC for many years) produced a one-hour television film, in 1967, on Robert, Gaby and their son Jean, titled "The First Family of the Piano."

Recordings

Casadesus was particularly known for his recordings of Mozart concertos. He recorded Mozart's Piano Concerto No. 27 in B-flat with John Barbirolli and the New York Philharmonic in 1941. Later, Casadesus made LP recordings of a number of Mozart's piano concertos with George Szell and the Cleveland Orchestra (sometimes billed as the Columbia Symphony for contractual reasons), including nos. 12, 15, 17, 18, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 26, and 27, often featuring his own cadenzas. Casadesus was joined by his wife Gaby and their son Jean in recordings of Mozart's concertos for two and three pianos, accompanied by the Philadelphia Orchestra conducted by Eugene Ormandy. These recordings have been reissued on CD several times by Sony Classical.

He also made recordings of four of Bach's concertos for two and three keyboards, issued by Columbia, under the batons of Eugene Ormandy, Pierre Dervaux, and Edmond de Stoutz. Of Beethoven's five concertos, Casadesus recorded the First, Fourth, and Fifth, the last two multiple times and the Fourth with his own cadenzas. He also recorded several Beethoven sonatas, for both solo piano and for violin and piano, with his frequent recording partner Zino Francescatti.

Casadesus was also particularly known for his recordings of French repertoire by composers such as Rameau, Chabrier, Fauré, Debussy, and Ravel. In 1951, Casadesus made the first integral recording of the complete solo piano works by Ravel on three LPs for Columbia. He also recorded French works for four hands and two pianos with his wife Gaby.

In addition, Casadesus' recorded output includes works by Scarlatti, Schubert, Schumann, and Chopin, as well as Manuel de Falla's Nights in the Gardens of Spain. Casadesus also recorded a number of his own compositions.

Critical assessment
In The Art of the Piano, David Dubal writes of Casadesus: "he became the absolute French pianist, his country's finest. Casadesus embodied the qualities of Gallic balance, unforced sound, style, and precision of technique. His sound was crisp, dry, and sparkling, like a vintage champagne. Casadesus was a sophisticated musician, whose pianism was phenomenally supple. His range was wide and his use of the pedals was simply astonishing."

Works

Orchestral
 Suite No. 1, Op. 11 (1927)
 Symphony No. 1 in D major, Op. 19 (1934)
 Suite No. 2, Op. 26 (1937)
 Symphony No. 2, Op. 32 (1941)
 Suite No. 3, Op. 33 (1942)
 Symphony No. 3, Op. 41 (1947)
 Symphony No. 4, Op. 50 (1954)
 Trois danses (3 Dances), Op. 54b (1956)
 Symphony No. 5 "sur le nom de Haydn" (On the Name of Haydn), Op. 60 (1959)
 Septet for string orchestra, Op. 64 (1961); original for 2 violins, 2 violas, 2 cellos and double bass
 Symphony No. 6, Op. 66 (1965)
 Symphony No. 7 for chorus and orchestra, "Israel," Op. 68 (1967–70)

Concertante
 Concerto No. 1 for piano and orchestra, Op. 7 (1926)
 Concerto for violin and orchestra, Op. 15 (1931)
 Concerto for 2 pianos and orchestra, Op. 17 (1933)
 Concertstück (Concert Piece) for piano and chamber orchestra, Op. 27 (1937)
 Concerto  for flute and chamber orchestra, Op. 35 (1942)
 Concerto No. 2 "for Dimitri Mitropoulos" for piano and orchestra, Op. 37 (1944)
 Concerto for cello and orchestra, Op. 43 (1947)
 Capriccio for piano and string orchestra, Op. 49 (1952)
 Concerto No. 3 for piano and orchestra, Op. 63 (1961)
 Concerto for 3 pianos and string orchestra, Op. 65 (1964)

Chamber music
 Introduction et polonaise for cello and piano, Op. 4 (1924)
 Piano Trio No. 1, Op. 6 (1924)
 Sonata No. 1 for violin and piano, Op. 9 (1927)
 Quintet for flute, violin, viola, cello and harp, Op. 10 (1927)
 Sonata for viola and piano, Op. 12 (1928)
 String Quartet No. 1, Op. 13 (1929)
 Piano Quintet in D minor, Op. 16 (1932)
 Sonata for flute and piano, Op. 18 (1934)
 Deux pièces (2 Pieces) for harp, Op. 20 (1935)
 Sonata for cello and piano, Op. 22 (1935)
 Sonata for oboe (or clarinet) and piano, Op. 23 (1936)
 Trois intermezzi (3 Intermezzi) for woodwind quintet, Op. 24 (1936)
 String Trio, Op. 25 (1937)
 String Quartet No. 2, Op. 29 (1940)
 Piano Quartet, Op. 30 (1940)
 Sonata No. 2 for violin and piano, Op. 34 (1942)
 Suite for 2 solo violins, Op. 39 (1944)
 Trio for oboe, clarinet and bassoon, Op. 42 (1947)
 Nonetto for string quartet, wind quartet and piano, Op. 45 (1949)
 String Quartet No. 3, Op. 46 (1950)
 Hommage à Chausson (Homage to Chausson) for violin and piano, Op. 51 (1954)
 Piano Trio No. 2, Op. 53 (1956)
 String Quartet No. 4, Op. 55 (1957)
 Sextet for woodwinds and piano, Op. 58 (1958)
 Fantaisie for flute and piano, Op. 59 (1959)
 Deux pièces (2 Pieces) for bassoon and piano, Op. 61 (1960)
 Septet for 2 violins, 2 violas, 2 cellos and double bass (or string orchestra), Op. 64 (1961)

Piano
 Le voyage imaginaire (The Imaginary Trip), Op. 1 (1916)
 Six pièces (6 Pieces) for 2 pianos, Op. 2 (1920)
 Vingt-quatre préludes (24 Préludes), Op. 5 (1924)
 Trois berceuses (3 Lullabies), Op. 8 (1926)
 Sonata No. 1, Op. 14 (1930)
 Huit études (8 Études), Op. 28 (1939)
 Sonata No. 2, Op. 31 (1941)
 Trois danses méditerranéennes (3 Mediterranean Dances) for 2 pianos, Op. 36 (1943)
 Chant pour la libération de Paris (Song for the Liberation of Paris) for 2 pianos, Op. 38 (1944)
 Toccata, Op. 40 (1946)
 Sonata No. 3, Op. 44 (1948)
 Six enfantines, Op. 48 (1950)
 Variations d'après l'hommage à Debussy de M. de Falla (Variations on Manuel de Falla's "Hommage à Debussy"), Op. 47 (1951)
 Suite en La (Suite in A), Op. 52 (1956)
 Trois danses (3 Dances), Op. 54a (1956)
 Sonata No. 4, Op. 56 (1957)
 Sonata for 2 pianos, Op. 62 (1960)
 Trois berceuses (3 Lullabies), Op. 67 (1966)
 Impromptu, Op. 67 No. 4 (1967)

Vocal
 Spleen for voice and orchestra, Op.3 (1923)
 Trois rondels pour après for voice and piano, Op. 21 (1935)
 Sept épigrammes sur des tombeaux grecs for voice and orchestra, Op. 57 (1958)

References

External links

Robert Casadesus site with a number of valuable features, including:
[https://www.robertcasadesus.com/en/short-biography/ Short biography of Robert Casadesus
[https://www.robertcasadesus.com/en/long-biography/ Long biography of Robert Casadesus, by Jacqueline Muller
[https://www.robertcasadesus.com/en/timeline/ Chronology of events in life of Robert Casedesus
Complete discography
Brief biography, Recordings and discography including various LP issues *Youngrok Lee's Classical Music page
Brief biography, at Eroica Records
Discography, at SonyBMG Masterworks
Piano Rolls by The Reproducing Piano Roll Foundation
 by Greco Casadesus

1899 births
1972 deaths
20th-century French male classical pianists
French male composers
Musicians from Paris
Robert
20th-century French composers
Academic staff of the American Conservatory

Robert Casadesus


In physics, spin is the constant rotation of an object.

For large visible objects like the Earth, spin is the angular momentum of the turning of the Earth around its axis. This tells the amount of rotation that it has. Angular momentum changes with the mass and shape of the object, and with how fast it is turning.

Spin in quantum theory
Experiments such as the Stern-Gerlach experiment have shown that sub-atomic particles, such as electrons, seem to have a north pole and a south pole much like magnets do. Scientists once thought that this was caused by the particle spinning on its axis like a planet.

Later, it was shown that the electron would have to be spinning faster than the speed of light to do this. This is why scientists no longer believe that the electron is actually spinning like a planet. Scientists do, however, continue to refer to the magnetic properties of particles as "spin".

Spin, whatever it is, seems to follow some of the laws of angular momentum, but not all of them. A "spinning" electron (or any other sub-atomic particle with spin) can only have certain values of angular momentum. Electrons can also align themselves against a magnetic field in ways that would be impossible in the everyday world.

Spin is considered a fundamental property of any particle.

Related pages
Dirac equation

Basic physics ideas
Nuclear physics

Spin (physics)


Spy movies are a genre of thriller and action movies. These movies deal with fictional espionage, either in fantasy way (James Bond) or in a realistic way. Many spy fiction novels have been made into movies.

Movies in this genre range from the 1940s Nazi thriller movies to the thriller movies of the 2010s. They have been popular worldwide with audiences.

The genre began with the silent era, beginning in 1914. The spy movies in the 2000s and 2010s are more realistic than fantasy movies. Examples of this are the James Bond movies Casino Royale (2006) and Skyfall.

Spy movie


The Bell Helicopter Eagle Eye, Model 918, was an American tiltrotor unmanned aerial vehicle that was offered as one of the competitors in the United States Navy's VT-UAV (Vertical Takeoff - Unmanned Aerial Vehicle) program.

Development
The Eagle Eye program began in 1993 with the TR911X 7/8th scale prototype.  The composite airframe was originally designed and built for Bell by the California research company Scaled Composites.  The two demonstrator aircraft were powered by an Allison 250-C20 turboshaft engine mounted in the center fuselage, with a transmission system driving a tilting rotor at the end of each wing.

The aircraft had its maiden flight on March 6, 1998, and then entered a flight test program. Phase 1 (land-based operations testing) was completed in April 1998. Phase 2 (sea-based testing) started shortly after that. The first prototype was destroyed in an accident, but the second successfully completed the test program.

These successes led to the entry into the Deepwater program in 2002 and construction of the full size vehicle, called the TR918, powered by a Pratt & Whitney Canada PW207D turboshaft engine.

Bell had promoted the Eagle Eye for a decade without finding a buyer, but in the summer of 2002, the United States Coast Guard ordered the UAV as part of the service's broad Deepwater re-equipment effort. The Coast Guard machine was slightly scaled up from the company demonstrator and was designated as  Bell HV-911.  It had a maximum speed of 200 kts (370 km/h) and an endurance of 5.5 hours with a 200-pound (90 kilogram) payload. The USCG then put funds marked for development and procurement of the vehicle on hold.

The US Navy and Marine Corps also expressed some interest, and there were inquiries from various foreign governments. In the summer of 2004, Bell established a relationship with Sagem in France and Rheinmetall Defense Electronics in Germany to sell variants of the Eagle Eye to European governments. Bell proposed to provide raw airframes, the European partners would provide payloads and other gear as specified by customers, and Bell would perform system integration.

The Eagle Eye prototype crashed in 2006, and Bell could not get enough interest or money to keep the program going.  However, in January 2016, the U.S. Army said it was searching for a mid-sized "runway independent" UAV, years after losing interest in the Northrop Grumman MQ-8 Fire Scout.  Although the Army has not specified whether it wants a rotorcraft, VTOL, tiltrotor, launch and recover, or other runway independent design, Bell sees potential for the Eagle Eye to meet Army requirements.

Specifications

See also

References

 This article contains material that originally came from the web article Unmanned Aerial Vehicles by Greg Goebel, which exists in the Public Domain.

External links

Bell Helicopter's Pocket Guide to Eagle Eye
 Coast Guard Deepwater info
 Federation of American Scientists entry.

Scaled Composites
Eagle Eye
1990s United States military reconnaissance aircraft
Unmanned military aircraft of the United States
Tiltrotor aircraft
Single-engined twin-prop tractor aircraft
Mid-engined aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1998

Bell Eagle Eye


The District No. 2 School is a historic school building at 2442 Polly Hubbard Road in Georgia, Vermont.  Built in 1843 and enlarged in 1931, it is a good local example of mid-19th century vernacular Greek Revival school architecture.  It was restored in the 1990s after being abandoned for some years, and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2000.

Description and history
The former District No. 2 School stands in a rural of western Georgia, on the north side of Polly Hubbard Road, with a wooded area around its small clearing to the north, and open fields to the south.  It is a single-story building, with a stone main block and wood-frame ell.  The stone block is fashioned out of random coursed local limestone with ashlar finish, and is covered by a front facing gabled roof.  The main facade is symmetrical, with a center entrance flanked by sash windows and sheltered by a simple gabled hood.  The ell is finished in wooden clapboards, and is covered by cross-gabled roof.  It has a bank of sash windows on its east-facing facade.  The interior is largely a reproduction of its 1931 appearance, the result of a major restoration in 1997–98.

The stone portion of the school was built in 1843, after many years of the district students being educated in informal spaces.  It was built by three local residents, using stone from a quarry a few miles away.  It was enlarged in 1931, after improvements in school building standards were mandated by the state.  This resulted in the construction of the wood-frame ell, which provided suitable lighting and improved sanitation.  The school was closed in 1959, when the town's district schools were consolidated into a single graded elementary school.  It was thereafter used for a number of years as a seasonal residence, and was then abandoned.  It was restored in the 1990s by private owners, and now serves as a nature center.

See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Franklin County, Vermont

References

School buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in Vermont
National Register of Historic Places in Franklin County, Vermont
Greek Revival architecture in Vermont
Buildings and structures completed in 1843
Buildings and structures in Georgia, Vermont

District No. 2 School (Georgia, Vermont)


A whitelist is a list of acceptable, recognised or privileged people, websites or images. On the computer, a whitelist shows a list of websites that you can go to; any website not on the whitelist is not accepted. The opposite is a blacklist, which shows a list of websites that you cannot go to.

Computer terminology

Whitelist


Fort Bard, also known as Bard Fort (; ), is a fortified complex built in the 19th century by the House of Savoy on a rocky prominence above Bard, a town and comune in the Aosta Valley region of northwestern Italy. Fort Bard has been completely restored after many years of neglect. In 2006 it reopened to tourists as the Museum of the Alps, it has additional art exhibitions and galleries. In the summer, the main courtyard is used to host musical and theatrical performances.

History
The fort, which is at the entrance to the Aosta Valley, is located in a narrow gorge above the Dora Baltea river. It has been used for millennia to control the historic route between Italy and France. The current fortifications were built by Charles Albert of Savoy between 1830 and 1838. It replaced a 10th-century castle that had, itself, been built on an earlier structure founded by Theodoric I in the 5th century. The castle was under the control of the powerful local lords of Bard until the middle of the 13th century when ownership passed to the House of Savoy. Under their control, the defences were strengthened and improved. On May 14, 1800, a 40,000-strong French army was stopped by 400 Austro-Piedmontese soldiers at Fort Bard. They held the pass for two weeks, completely ruining Napoleon Bonaparte's plan of making a surprise attack on the Po Valley and Turin. When he heard the news, he named the fort . Bonaparte then ordered the fort to be razed to the ground. It was not until 1830 that Charles Albert of Savoy, fearing new attacks from the French, ordered that the fort be rebuilt. The task was entrusted to the famed Italian military engineer, Francesco Antonio Olivero.
The work, which took eight years to complete, created a fort with two distinct levels. The upper part had conventional battlements whereas the lower part had 50 gun ports in autonomous casemates that were designed to offer mutual protection if attacked. A total of 416 soldiers could now be billeted in the 283-room fort. The upper level had a courtyard which contained the arsenals and barracks. The fort had enough ammunition and food supplies for three months. By the end of the 19th century, the fort had lost its military value and fell into disuse. However, the Italian Army did continue to use the fort as a powder magazine. When it closed in 1975, ownership passed to the government of the Autonomous Region of Valle d'Aosta. In the 1980s the fort opened as a tourist attraction despite many buildings needing urgent repair.

Present day
In the late 1990s the fort was closed. It then underwent major restoration work. In 2006 Fort Bard reopened as the Museum of the Alps. Fort Bard and its town were used as the fictional Eastern European country of Sokovia in the 2015 film Avengers: Age of Ultron directed by Joss Whedon.

Gallery

References

Bibliography
 James R. Arnold, Marengo and Hohenlinden: Napoleon's Rise to Power (Pen and Sword, 1999)
 David G. Chandler, The Campaigns of Napoleon (London, 1966)
 International Napoleonic Congress, L'Europa scopre Napoleone, 1793-1804: Atti del Congresso internazionale napoleonico, Cittadella di Alessandria, 21-26 giugno (Edizioni dell'Orso, 1999)

External links

Official website

1838 establishments in the Kingdom of Sardinia
Bard, Aosta Valley
Castles in Aosta Valley
Forts in Italy
Infrastructure completed in 1838
Local museums in Italy
Museums in Aosta Valley

Fort Bard


Kolkhoz (, a contraction of коллективное хозяйство, "collective ownership", kollektivnoye khozaystvo) is the name given to large farms that existed in the Soviet Union, and that were organised as a cooperative.  A group of people would run these farms; they also owned the means of production (like the machines they needed), but not the land, which was owned by the state.

The state also ran farms during that time, which were known as Sovkhoz. These farms existed from about 1917, the date of the October Revolution, to 1991, when the Soviet Union was disbanded. In a Sovkhoz, people were employed, and did not own any means of production.

As a collective farm, a kolkhoz was legally organized as a production cooperative. The Standard Charter of a kolkhoz is a model of cooperative principles in print. It speaks of the kolkhoz as a "form of agricultural production cooperative of peasants that voluntarily unite for the purpose of joint agricultural production based on [...] collective labor". It asserts that "the kolkhoz is managed according to the principles of socialist self-management, democracy, and openness, with active participation of the members in decisions concerning all aspects of internal life".

They imposed detailed work programs and nominated their preferred managerial candidates.  Since the mid-1930s, the kolkhozes had been in effect  an offshoot of the state sector (although notionally they continued to be owned by their members). Nevertheless, in locations with particularly good land or if it happened to have capable management, some kolkhozes accumulated substantial sums of money in their bank accounts. As a result, many kolkhozes were formally nationalized by changing their status to sovkhozes. The faint dividing lines between collective and state farms were obliterated almost totally in the late 1960s, when Khrushchev's administration authorized a guaranteed wage to kolkhoz members, similarly to sovkhoz employees.  Essentially, his administration recognized their status as hired hands rather than authentic cooperative members. The guaranteed wage provision was incorporated in the 1969 version of the Standard Charter.

References

Economics
Soviet Union
Agriculture

Kolkhoz


A tornado watch is a warning that means that weather conditions are right for tornadoes to form. So people should be careful.

A tornado watch must not be confused with a tornado warning. It does not mean that a tornado has been seen; it just means that you should be careful because the weather is perfect for a tornado.

Tornadoes

Tornado watch


Whitmell Pugh Tunstall (April 15, 1810 – February 19, 1854) was a lawyer and state legislator in Chatham, Virginia. He was the long-time advocate most responsible for the creation of the Richmond and Danville Railroad which was completed in 1856.

Biography
Whitmell Pugh Tunstall was born in Pittsylvania County, Virginia. He was educated at Danville Academy and the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.

A railroad was a revolutionary idea in the 1830s, which had the confidence of very few people at the time. However, the greatest opposition in the southern portion of Virginia came from those along the Roanoke River who ran the Roanoke Navigation Company and its system of canals. They feared a rival in the transportation business.

A lawyer by profession, Tunstall was admitted to the Virginia State Bar in 1832. He was a member of the Railroad Convention that met at Danville, October 5, 1835, and at Richmond June 11, 1836.

Tunstall served in the Virginia General Assembly in both houses. He was a delegate in the House of Delegates from 1836 to 1841, a senator in the State Senate in 1841 and 1842, and a delegate again from 1845 to 1848.

On April 13, 1838, he introduced a bill to charter the Richmond and Danville Railroad (R&D) with an impassioned speech. No action was taken at that time, and he was to fight tirelessly for creation of the R&D in the Virginia legislature for almost a decade. It was not until 1845 that petitions were again introduced. Finally, after a struggle of nine years, the charter was granted on March 9, 1847. Records reveal Tunstall's dedication to the cause in this statement made to a friend, "Tis the proudest day of my life, and I think I may now say that I have not lived in vain."

Whitmell Pugh Tunstall died on February 19, 1854, of typhoid fever, 2 years before the railroad he had long sought was completed.

Posthumous honors
Pittsylvania County has had several schools named in his honor. Founded in 1878 as a two-room school, in 1918 the Whitmell Farm-Life School became the first rural consolidated school in Pittsylvania County.

In 1964, Whitmell High School and Brosville High School were merged to form Tunstall High School, which is located in Dry Fork, Virginia, in the center of the Tunstall magisterial district on Tunstall High Road.

Two Virginia Historical Markers were established relating to Whitmell P. Tunstall:
Whitmell P. Tunstall (L-48) marker is located about one mile south of Chatham in Pittsylvania County. It is on the east side of U.S. Highway 29 at Tightsqueeze just south of the Fairview Road intersection. The marker text reads "One mile east stands Belle Grove, the home of Whitmell Pugh Tunstall (1810-1854). Educated at Danville Academy and the University of North Carolina, Tunstall was admitted to the bar in 1832. He served in the House of Delegates (1836-1841; 1845-1848) and the Senate of Virginia (1841-1842). As a delegate representing Pittsylvania County, he fought for a decade to charter the Richmond and Danville Railroad (part of the present-day Norfolk Southern Railway). He served as the company's first president from 1847 until his death. Tunstall is buried at Belle Grove. Department of Historic Resources, 1993"
Whitmell School (U-38) marker reads "Founded in 1878 as a two-room school and named for state senator Whitmell P. Tunstall, in 1918 the Whitmell Farm-Life School became the first rural consolidated school in Pittsylvania County. Sarah Archie Swanson Beverly, who between 1916 and 1951 taught there and served as principal, believed that "the country school must be the center of community life." Under her leadership, Whitmell School attained that goal as a model progressive school. In 1920, the National Conference on Rural Education and Country Life was held here, followed in 1923 by the Virginia Rural Life Conference, which Gov. E. Lee Trinkle and U.S. Sen. Carter Glass addressed."

See also
Richmond and Danville Railroad
Algernon S. Buford

References
 Victorian Villa Whitmell P. Tunstall: Railroad Creator Retrieved on June 28, 2007
 Victorian Villa Virginia Highway Marker: Whitmell P. Tunstall Retrieved on June 28, 2007

External links
Tunstall High School
Whitmell School
The Richmond and Danville Rail Trail

1810 births
1854 deaths
People from Pittsylvania County, Virginia
19th-century American railroad executives
Virginia state senators
Virginia lawyers
19th-century American politicians
19th-century American lawyers

Whitmell P. Tunstall


An eyeline match is a film editing technique associated with the continuity editing system. It is based on the premise that an audience will want to see what the character on-screen is seeing. An eyeline match begins with a character looking at something off-screen, followed by a cut of another object or person: for example, a shot showing a man looking off-screen is followed by a shot of a television. Given the audience's initial interest in the man's gaze, it is generally implied on the basis of the second shot that the man in the first was looking at the television, even though the man is never seen looking at the television within the same shot.

Alfred Hitchcock's Rear Window, for example, makes frequent use of eyeline matches. The main character, played by James Stewart, is confined to his apartment and often looks out its rear window at events in the buildings across from him. Hitchcock frequently cuts from Stewart looking off-screen to various people and events that are assumed to be the focus of his gaze.

Eyeline match also refers to the practice of setting off-camera eyelines for single shots of characters within a scene such that, when these shots are cut together, each of the characters appear to be looking at the correct character, without any confusion. Factors influencing the position of the off-camera eyeline (usually by placing the other actors off camera but sometimes by giving the on-camera actor a mark to look at) include the 180 degree rule, camera lens/height/distance to subject and geography of the set. For instance, matching close-ups of two actors in a scene would be shot on the same lens with the camera placed at a matching height (either the same height, or at the off-camera actor's height or the on-camera actor's height) and distance, with the off-camera actor positioned equidistant from the lens and on opposite sides so that Actor A looks off camera right and Actor B looks off camera left.

References

Cinematography
Television terminology
Film editing
Cinematic techniques

Eyeline match


Marzipan is a confection often used in sweets and cakes.

It is made of sugar or honey and crushed almonds ('almond meal'). Sometimes  almond oil or extract is added. It is made into sweets, and rolled into thin sheets for putting round cakes. The sweets are marzipan-filled chocolate and small marzipan imitations of fruits and vegetables. Used as a covering for cakes, it is glazed. Glazing is a cooking technique which make it harder, and avoid unsightly damage.

Desserts

Marzipan


A chancellor is a leader of a university or a college. This title is mainly used in the Commonwealth nations. In other countries, such as the United States, it is more common to call him/her the university president.

The chancellor is often just a ceremonial figure. This means he or she does not make many decisions inside the University. He/She is just a person who is chosen to represent the University at official events and with other organizations. In this case, the Chancellor might not even live close to the University or take part in meetings there. For example, at the University of Cambridge the chancellor is a person who has done something important in his life, and is in some way connected to the University. Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh was the Chancellor at Cambridge for 36 years.

Vice-chancellor
The vice-chancellor of a university is instead the chief executive. He/She is the one that makes all the decisions, goes at regular meetings and has the day-to-day duties to do. The vice-chancellor is often very closely linked to the University: for example, he/she might be a fellow there, who decides to take on additional responsibilities. The vice-chancellor might also represent the university at important events if the chancellor is not available.

References

Titles
Colleges and universities

Chancellor (education)


The American Stamp Dealers Association (ASDA) is an international philatelic organization of stamp dealers.

History
ASDA was founded in 1914 as an association "dedicated to promoting integrity, honesty and reliability, and we are the hobby builders of philately." The ASDA is structured similarly to other philatelic organizations, with a president, vice president, treasurer, secretary, board of directors, general counsel, and various committees and regional chapters. It is located at 217-14 Northern Blvd., Suite 205, Bayside, New York 11361.

Membership
Membership is open to all dealers and sellers of postage stamps and revenue stamps who agree to abide by the rules and regulations of ASDA. Several benefits of membership are: use of the ASDA logo, attending ASDA stamp shows which are held several times a year, receiving a membership directory and a subscription to the ASDA magazine.

Society publication
The ASDA publishes a magazine entitled The American Stamp Dealer & Collector.

Code of conduct
Members are required to abide by a Code of Conduct which requires, among other things, to abide by the ASDA constitution, to abide by all federal and local laws, to not buy or sell material which might be stolen, to correctly identify condition and grade of material, to clearly display terms of sale, to honor buying prices, to not produce or sell counterfeit material, and to submit disputes to arbitration.

Miscellaneous benefits
In addition to providing membership to a valuable logo and reputation, the ASDA also provides members with an auction calendars, show calendars, and other information useful to the dealer of stamps.

See also
Philatelic Traders Society

References

External links
American Stamp Dealers Association
Australasian Philatelic Traders' Association
New Zealand Stamp Dealers Association

Philatelic organizations based in the United States
American stamp dealers
1914 establishments in the United States
Organizations established in 1914

American Stamp Dealers Association


Ioannina  is a Greek town in the northwest of Greece, in Ipiros district. Ioannina is the capital of Ioannina prefecture and Ipiros periphery. 67,384 people live there. Ioannina is built on the bank of Pamvotida lake. Around Ioannina there are many tall mountains. Beside the town is Mitsikeli mountain. In the east of Ioannina is the Pindos range.

Ioannina's lake
Ioannina is built next to the lake which is named Pamvotida or Ioannina's lake. Ioannina has a small port on the lake which connects Ioannina with the island of the lake. The island of the lake is a small island with very importants monuments and buildings. These buildings have been built during Ottoman period and Byzantine period.

Sites of interest
Ioannina has many places of interest. The most interesting place is the castle beside the lake. Many old churches are also very interesting places. There are many interesting sites on the lake's island about which we mentioned above.

Cities in Greece

Ioannina