Monopoly is a board game played by two to eight players. In the game, players move around the spaces of the board, buying and selling land and buildings to try to become the richest player. When all the other players run out of money, you win the game.

Many books give advice on how to win the game. An early book, 1000 Ways to Win Monopoly Games was written by Jeffrey S. Lehman (who later became President of Cornell University) and Jay S. Walker (founder of priceline.com.)

History
Monopoly was created by Elizabeth Magie as a teaching tool based on the economic concept of land monopoly. Magie created the game in 1903, to explain the single tax theory of Henry George. She wanted her game to be an educational tool to highlight the negative aspects of concentrating land in private monopolies. Her game, which she called "The Landlord's Game", was self-published, beginning in 1906. The original rules included several ways to play the game, including one where players could agree to share the land rents and everyone would win.

In 1934, Charles Darrow in Philadelphia found The Landlord's Game and thought that the game was more exciting when players didn't share their land rents. He published his own version of the game where making money was the focus of the game, and called it "Monopoly." Later on, he sold his game to Parker Brothers, who falsely credited Charles Darrow as the creator of the game.

The Board
On the Monopoly board are 40 spaces. In the four corners of the board are GO, Free Parking, JAIL, and Go to Jail. Along the sides of the board are properties (streets and businesses) for sale. The properties are: 22 streets (each marked with one of eight colors), 4 railroad stations, the Electric Company and the Water Works. There are also spaces called Income Tax, Luxury Tax, Community Chest and Chance.

In the original version, the properties and railroad stations were named after the streets in Atlantic City in New Jersey in the United States. In the British original version, they are named after streets in London.

Setting up the Game
To prepare for the game, the board is put in position. The Chance and Community Chest cards are shuffled and placed face down on the board. Each player chooses a token (a playing piece), such as a thimble, a rocking horse, a boot, a dog, etc. (the tokens vary depending on the edition), and places it on GO. One player is chosen to be the banker - this player is trusted with handing out money from the bank and collecting players' spent money during the game.

The banker gives each player $1500 to start with. Each player rolls the dice, and the player who rolled the highest total takes the first turn.

Rules
The object of the game is to own as much land (property) and to be the richest player.
The rules can be found in every Monopoly box, but a summary is listed here.

Moving Around The Board
On your turn, you roll the dice and move your token forward (clockwise around the edge of the board) the same number of spaces as the sum of the dice you rolled. You must then follow the instructions of whatever space your token lands on.
 If you land on a property that no player owns, you may buy it from the Bank at the price printed on the board. If you do not want to buy it, the Banker sells it at an auction to all players. The bidding for this auction may start at any price. The player who landed on this property may join in this auction even though they originally said they didn't want to buy the property. The player who buys the property (or wins the auction) pays their money to the Bank and gets the card for the property from the Bank, which lists important information about the property.
 If you land on a property another player owns, you must pay them the rent that is listed on the property's card. There is no penalty if you land on a property you own - in this case, you don't have to do anything.
 If you land on Chance or Community Chest, you must draw the top card from the corresponding deck and follow its instructions. Chance cards usually cause you to move to different spaces on the board, and Community Chest cards usually give you bonus money or force you to pay money to the Bank. When you're done with a card, put it on the bottom of the deck it came from unless the card says you may keep it. Once you use that card it should go back to the bottom of the pile.
 If you land on GO or pass over it while moving your token, you collect $200 from the Bank.
 If you land on Free Parking, nothing bad (or good) happens to you - it's just a "free" resting space.
 If you land on Income Tax, you must calculate 10% of the value of everything you own and pay that much money to the Bank. The "value of everything you own" is found by adding up the prices printed on the board for all unmortgaged properties you own (more on mortgages later), the mortgage values of all mortgaged properties you own, the purchase prices of all houses and hotels you own (more on buildings later) and your cash on hand. You may choose to skip this calculation and pay $200 instead, but you must choose how you want to pay your taxes before making any calculations.
 If you land on Luxury Tax, you must pay the amount of money shown on the space to the Bank.
If you roll doubles (the same number on both dice), you get to take another turn after this one is over. However, if you roll doubles three times in a row, you don't get your third turn but you must go directly to Jail (see below).

Jail
The Jail space has two sections, labeled IN JAIL and JUST VISITING. If you land on Jail by your normal roll of the dice, place your token on JUST VISITING and nothing bad (or good) happens to you. But there are three ways to be placed IN JAIL:
 You land on the space labeled Go to Jail.
 You draw a Chance or Community Chest card that says "GO TO JAIL."
 You roll doubles three times in a row.
If you are put into Jail, take your token from wherever it is and place it directly on IN JAIL. This does not count as a move, so even if this takes your token past GO, you do not collect $200 from the Bank. If you are put in Jail, your turn ends immediately, even if you rolled doubles and would get to take another turn.

While you are in Jail, you still roll the dice on your turn but you don't get to move your token. There are three ways to get out of Jail:
 If you roll a double for your turn, you get to leave Jail and move your token as normal. However, even though you rolled doubles, you don't get another turn.
 Use a "Get Out Of Jail, Free" card to leave Jail and move according to the roll of your dice.
 Pay a fine of $50 to the Bank to leave Jail and move forward according to your roll. If you don't roll doubles for three turns in a row, you must choose this option.

Note that being in Jail doesn't prevent you from doing anything else in the game, such as collecting rent or trading with other players - it just stops your token from moving around the board.

Building and Trading
 Once you own all the streets of the same color, you can start to build houses on them. The more houses on your streets, the more you can charge for the rent when an opponent lands on one - the exact amounts are listed on each street's card. You can also sell houses back to the Bank for half the cost you paid for them.
 Once you have four houses on a street, you may buy a hotel to further increase the rent you can charge. Buying a hotel requires not only a cash payment but also requires you to return the four houses on the street back to the bank. There can only be one hotel on each property. If you sell a hotel, you get back the houses that you exchanged in order to build the hotel.
 When building and selling houses and hotels, you must build evenly - in other words, you may not buy or sell a house from a street if this would make the street have two more houses or two fewer houses than another street in the same color group. For example, you have to build one house on each street in a color before you can build a second house on any street in that color, and you must have four houses on each street in a color in order to buy a hotel on any of the streets in that color.
 The game only comes with 32 houses and 12 hotels. If the Bank runs out of houses or hotels, no players may build any more of them until the Bank gets more of them (for example, if players sell them or exchange houses for a hotel). If there are only a few buildings left in the Bank and more than one player wants to buy them, the Banker must sell them at an auction to the players who want them.
 This also means that if you're trying to sell a hotel and there aren't enough houses to put back on the street, you can't sell the hotel. An exception to this is that if all streets in a color have hotels on them, you may sell all the hotels at once and get back half the price you paid for the hotels + half the total price of all the houses that you exchanged in order to build these hotels.
 You can sell any properties to another player for any price that you both agree on. But if you have houses or a hotel on the street, you must sell all of them back to the Bank before you can do so.
 You can take a loan from the Bank by mortgaging properties you own. Each property has a mortgage value listed on its card, which is how much money you get from the Bank if you mortgage the property. If a property is mortgaged, you do not collect rent when opponents land on it. To unmortgage a property, you have to pay the original mortgage value plus 10% interest back to the Bank. For example, if a property's mortgage value were $100, you would get $100 from the Bank if you choose to mortgage the property, but 10% of $100 is $10 so you would have to pay $110 back to the Bank to unmortgage the property. If there are houses or hotels on a property you want to mortgage, you must sell them all back to the Bank before you can do so.
 If you give a mortgaged property to another player as part of a trade, they may unmortgage the property right away by paying the normal cost (mortgage value plus 10% interest). If they choose not to unmortgage the property, they must still pay the 10% interest, and later they can unmortgage the property by paying the mortgage value plus another 10% interest.

End of the Game
 If you owe more money to another player or to the Bank than you can pay, you are allowed to sell your buildings, mortgage your properties and make trades with other players to try to get the money you need.
 If you cannot get enough money after doing the above, you are bankrupt! This means you must hand everything you own to the player you owe money to (or back to the Bank, if you owe money to the Bank, and the Bank auctions each property to the other players) and you are eliminated from the game.
 After all but one of the players have been eliminated, the last remaining player wins.
 Before the game begins, players can agree to play a short game. If they do, the game ends as soon as one player is eliminated. Then all the remaining players add up the total value of everything they own (the prices printed on the board for all unmortgaged properties they own + the mortgage values of all mortgaged properties they own + the purchase prices of all houses and hotels they own + their cash on hand) and the richest player wins.

Different editions
There are many editions of Monopoly. Officially-licensed editions are produced by Hasbro itself or by USAopoly, and unofficial editions are published by Toy Vault. Official versions are named " Monopoly" (such as "Star Wars Monopoly") and feature the Monopoly logo, and unofficial versions are named "-Opoly" (such as "Python-Opoly") and do not feature the Monopoly logo.

Milton Bradley has produced editions to symbolize the decades of popular culture in America. For example, The 1970s Monopoly has spaces depicting the fashion of the time. Players can purchase bell bottom blue jeans instead of street properties.

A number of video game adaptations have been made. In addition, many electronic editions exist that use credit cards instead of paper money.

In India, a similar game is called Business.

In Egypt, a similar game is called بنك الحظ (The Bank of Luck).

Acquire is another game with rules for more advanced business practices with stocks, but has similar basic concepts of Monopoly (owning properties of the same color, buying land and building on it, making the most money, etc.).

Uses for Monopoly
People play Monopoly for different reasons. Some may play for family game night, others use it as a learning tool at school, and others play it just to have fun.

Monopoly may be used as a teaching tool to teach children a variety of lessons while having fun. It teaches how to make deals when trading, playing fair (because cheaters never win), knowing the value of money, addition and subtraction, good sportsmanship, the thrill of competition, strategies and organization. At an elementary level, "it offers a marvelous vehicle for teaching mathematics". Through the game, children explore different areas of mathematics: not only adding and subtracting but also probability, percentages, and patterns. At a higher level, teachers can use Monopoly to teach microeconomics principles. After the success of Monopoly, another upgraded Monopoly Go game was released on 11 May 2023 by Scopely.

Random Facts
 About every 15 turns a player would go to "Jail" at least once.
 Monopoly is now licensed in 114 countries and in 47 different languages.
 Within the first month, Parker Brothers were producing 20,000 sets a week.
 Ralph Anspash created a rival game called Anti-Monopoly, but was not as successful as Monopoly

References

Board games

Monopoly (game)


Panarima atawa receiver dina widang télékomunikasi nyaéta sirkuit éléktronik anu narima asupan sinyal, maké filter pikeun misahkeun sinyal nu dipikaharep tina sinyal-sinyal lianna, nguatkeun sinyal kasebut nepi ka tingkat nu cukup pikeun pamrosésan leuwih jauh, sarta ahirna kalayan maké demodulasi jeung pangkodean ngarobah sinyal kasebut kana wangun anu bisa kaharti ku manusa.

Autodyne and superheterodyne

By the 1920s, the tuned radio frequency receiver (TRF) represented a major improvement in performance over what had been available before, it still fell short of the needs for some of the new applications. To enable receiver technology to meet the needs placed upon it a number of new idéas started to surface. One of these was a new form of direct conversion receiver. Here an internal or local oscillator was used to béat with the incoming signal to produce and audible signal that could be amplified by an audio amplifier.

H. J. Round developed a receiver he called an autodyne in which the same valve was used as a mixer and an oscillator, Whilst the set used fewer valves it was difficult to optimise the circuit for both the mixer and oscillator functions.

The next léap forward in receiver technology was a new type of receiver known as the superheterodyne, or supersonic heterodyne receiver. A Frenchman named Lucien Levy was investigating ways in which receiver selectivity could be improved and in doing this he devised a system whereby the signals were converted down to a lower frequency where the filter bandwidths could be made narrower. A further advantage was that the gain of valves was considerably gréater at the lower frequencies used after the frequency conversion, and there were fewer problems with the circuits bursting into oscillation.

The idéa for developing a receiver with a fixed intermediate frequency amplifier and filter is credited to Edwin Armstrong. Working for the American Expeditionary Force in Europe in 1918, Armstrong thought that if the incoming signals were mixed with a variable frequency oscillator, a low frequency fix tuned amplifier could be used. Armstrong's original receiver consisted of a total of eight valves. Several tuned circuits could be cascaded to improve selectivity, and being on a fixed frequency they did not all need to be changed in line with one another. The filters could be preset and left correctly tuned. Armstrong was not the only person working on the idéa of a superhet. Alexander Meissner in Germany took out a patent for the idéa six months before Armstrong, but as Meissner did not prove the idéa in practice and did not build a superhet radio, the idéa is credited to Armstrong.

The need for the incréased performance of the superhet receiver was first felt in America, and by the late 1920s most sets were superhets. However in Europe the number of broadcast stations did not start to rise as rapidly until later. Even so by the mid 1930s virtually all receiving sets in Europe as well were using the superhet principle.  In 1926 the tetrode valve was introduced, and enabled further improvements in performance.

Semiconductors

Further developments in semiconductor technology léad to the introduction of the integrated circuit in the late 1950s. This enabled radio receiver technology to move forward even further. Integrated circuits enabled high performance circuits to be built for less cost, and significant amounts of space could be saved.

As a result of these developments new techniques could be introduced. One of these was the frequency synthesizer that was used to generate the local oscillator signal for the receiver. By using a synthesizer it was possible to generate a very accurate and stable local oscillator signal. Also the ability of synthesizers to be controlled by microprocessors méant that many new facilities could be introduced apart from the significant performance improvements offered by synthesizers.

Digital technologies

Receiver technology is still moving forward. Digital signal processing where many of the functions performed by an analog intermediate frequency stage can be performed digitally by converting the signal to a digital stréam that is manipulated mathematically is now widespréad. The new digital audio broadcasting standard being introduced can only be used when the receiver can manipulate the signal digitally.

While today's radios are miracles of modérn technology, filled with low power high performance integrated circuits crammed into the smallest spaces, the basic principle of the radio is usually the superhet, the same idéa which was developed by Edwin Armstrong back in 1918.

Tempo ogé

 Panarima radio
 Panarima radio kristal
 Digital Audio Broadcast (DAB).
 Panarima (teori informasi)
 Panarima satelit
 Radar
 Telekomunikasi

Rujukan

Dasar telekomunikasi

Panarima (telekomunikasi)


"Tom's Diner" is a single originally by Suzanne Vega. It was first released in the 1980s. It did not become very popular until very early 1990. It was taken off a New York City restaurant, which was later fictionalized for Seinfeld. The remix version of the song went on to become very popular.

1990 songs
Pop songs
Giorgio Moroder songs
Britney Spears songs
R.E.M. songs

Tom's Diner


Tunisian nationalism refers to the nationalism of Tunisians and Tunisian culture. Tunisian nationalism's origins stretch back to the 19th century; however, Tunisian nationalism became a significant political force after 1908 with the founding of the Young Tunisians movement, and the more significant Destour (Arabic for "Constitution) Party established after World War I. The Destour Party called for Tunisian autonomy within the French Empire and that France should not dominate Tunisia's politics and society. France responded by banning the Destour Party in 1933, resulting in the rise of a more radical nationalist party, the Neo-Destour Party being formed in 1934 led by Habib Bourguiba. The Neo-Destour Party demanded independence of Tunisia from France, though it respected French and Western culture and sought to maintain close links with France after independence was achieved.

See also
 Algerian nationalism
 Arab nationalism
 Egyptian nationalism
 Libyan nationalism

References

Bibliography

Tunisian nationalism


Lead(II,IV) oxide, also known as lead tetroxide, minium, red lead, or triplumbic tetroxide, is a chemical compound. It contains some lead atoms in the +2 oxidation state and some in the +4 oxidation state. It is used in batteries, paints, and glass. It dissolves in acids. It is made by heating lead(II) oxide in air. It is toxic because it contains lead.

Its formula is Pb3O4. It is commonly said "Sandur".

Related pages
Lead(IV) oxide
Lead(II) oxide
Lead oxide

Lead compounds
Oxides

Lead(II,IV) oxide


Erasmus Darwin (12 December 1731 – 18 April 1802) was a English scientist, poet, inventor and medical doctor. He was a member of the Lunar Society (a group of important scientists and businessmen who were friends). Erasmus Darwin looked at how living things evolved (change over a long time). His grandson, Charles Darwin, later wrote a book that explained evolution by natural selection.

Erasmus Darwin House, his home in Lichfield, is now a museum dedicated to Erasmus Darwin and his life's work. A school in nearby Chasetown recently converted to Academy status and is now known as Erasmus Darwin Academy.

Life

Early life
Darwin was born in Elston, near Newark-on-Trent, Nottinghamshire. His father was a lawyer. When Erasmus was a child, he was very interested in nature. He liked clocks and electricity. He understood nature well. He said that people should eat meat during Lent, a Christian time of fasting before Easter when people eat only simple food.

Becoming a physician
He went to the University of Cambridge, and then studied to be a doctor in Edinburgh. He became a doctor in 1756, and worked in Lichfield in Staffordshire. He worked hard and learned a lot about medicine. Soon, lots of people respected him, and the King, George III asked him to become the Royal Doctor, but Erasmus preferred to stay where he was.

Personal life
Darwin married twice and had 14 children, including two illegitimate daughters by an employee, and, possibly, at least one further illegitimate daughter. In addition to the five children of his first marriage to Mary Howard (1740–1770), and seven to his second wife, Elizabeth Pole, there are two daughters by the governess Mary Parker, and another probable with a married woman, Lucy Smith.

His writings

Botany
Darwin formed the Lichfield Botanical Society in order to translate the works of the Swedish botanist Carolus Linnaeus from Latin into English. This took seven years. The result was two publications: A System of Vegetables between 1783 and 1785, and The Families of Plants in 1787. In these volumes, Darwin coined many of the English plant names that we use today.

Darwin then wrote The Loves of the Plants, a long poem, which was a popular rendering of Linnaeus  works. Darwin also wrote Economy of Vegetation, and together the two were published as The Botanic Garden.

His last long poem, the Temple of Nature, was published after his death, in 1803. This is considered his best poetic work. It centers on his own newly conceived theory of evolution, tracing traces the progression of life from microorganisms to civilized society.

Zoology
Darwin's most important scientific work is Zoönomia (1794–1796), which contains a system of pathology, and a treatise on generation, in which he anticipated some of Lamarck's ideas on evolution.

The essence of his views is contained in the following passage, which he follows up with the conclusion that one and the same kind of living filament is and has been the cause of all organic life:

Would it be too bold to imagine that, in the great length of time since the earth began to exist, perhaps millions of ages before the commencement of the history of mankind, would it be too bold to imagine that all warm-blooded animals have arisen from one living filament, which the great First Cause endued (invested) with animality, with the power of acquiring new parts, attended with new propensities, directed by irritations, sensations, volitions and associations, and thus possessing the faculty of continuing to improve by its own inherent activity, and of delivering down these improvements by generation to its posterity, world without end!

This is a clear statement of the kind of evolutionary thinking which Lamarck is known for.

Later works
Darwin's idea of evolution surfaced in several of his other works. In the Loves of the Plants (1789), reprinted in several editions as The Botanic Garden, there occurs the comment: "Perhaps all the productions of nature are in their progress to greater perfection!". All these natural history works are in the form of poems, and so they are not satisfactory from the point of view of modern science. But the 18th century was a time when intelligent men made connections; the specialist types of scientist occurred first in the lifetime of his grandson Charles.

The last two leaves of Darwin's A plan for the conduct of female education in boarding schools (1797) contain a book list, an apology for the work, and an advert for "Miss Parkers School". The work probably resulted from his liaison with Mary Parker. The school advertised on the last page is the one he set up in Ashbourne, Derbyshire for their two illegitimate children, Susanna and Mary.

Later life
Darwin translated the work of Carolus Linnaeus from Latin to English. The books explain how plants are classified. Darwin was friends with many important scientists and businessmen, in the Lunar Society. Darwin wrote poems against slavery. He was a generous man, he helped people who had no money.
He wrote poems explaining his ideas about evolution. He also made many inventions and predicted that electricity and aeroplanes would be useful in the future. He also made a sketch (simple drawing) of a hydrogen-oxygen rocket engine in 1779.

Erasmus Darwin died on 18 April 1802, and is buried in All Saints Church, Breadsall, north of Derby.

References

Biographies
 Desmond King-Hele 1999. Erasmus Darwin: a life of unequalled achievement. Giles de la Mare Publishers
 Desmond G. King-Hele (ed) 2002. Charles Darwin's 'The life of Erasmus Darwin. Cambridge University Press
 Desmond G. King-Hele 1981. The letters of Erasmus Darwin. Cambridge University Press
 Jennifer Uglow 2003. Lunar men: the friends who made the future. Faber and Faber, London.

Other websites

 "Preface and 'a preliminary notice'" by Charles Darwin  in Ernst Krause, Erasmus Darwin (1879)
 Erasmus Darwin House, Lichfield
 Revolutionary Players website

1731 births
1802 deaths
Alumni of the University of Cambridge
British abolitionists
Erasmus
English activists
English botanists
English evolutionary biologists
English inventors
English naturalists
English physicians
English poets
Fellows of the Royal Society
Members of the Lunar Society
People from Nottinghamshire

Erasmus Darwin


Uptown is one of Chicago's 77 community areas. Uptown's boundaries are Foster Avenue on the north; Lake Michigan on the east; Montrose (Ravenswood to Clark), and Irving Park (Clark Street to Lake Michigan) on the south; Ravenswood (Foster to Montrose), and Clark (Montrose to Irving Park) on the west.

To the north is Edgewater, to the west is Lincoln Square, and to the south is Lake View. The city's famous cemetery, Graceland Cemetery, is located here.

References

Community areas of Chicago

Uptown, Chicago


Route 99, also known as the Woonsocket Industrial Highway, is a numbered state highway running  in Providence County, Rhode Island, United States. The route is a nominally north–south freeway for its entire length. Route 99 serves Manville and the Highland Industrial Park, providing freeway access to the city of Woonsocket from Interstate 295 and Rhode Island Route 146, the latter of which bypasses the city. The southern terminus of Route 99 is at a partial interchange with I-295 and Route 146 in Lincoln. The freeway has one interchange in Manville, a village in Lincoln, before terminating at an at-grade intersection with Rhode Island Route 122 in Woonsocket.

Originally conceived as a freeway linking Route 146 and Interstate 295 with Interstate 495 in Bellingham, Massachusetts, Route 99 was constructed primarily to provide freeway access to Woonsocket and the developing Highland Industrial Park. Although originally proposed to serve Downtown Woonsocket, an alternate routing that terminated at Route 122 and ran closer to the Woonsocket–Cumberland border was later constructed by the Rhode Island Department of Transportation (RIDOT). The four-lane freeway began construction in 1987 and was completed in 1993. RIDOT has long-range plans to extend Route 99 north to Route 114 in Downtown Woonsocket, but plans for a northerly extension to I-495 have been abandoned.

Route description

Route 99 begins at a partial interchange with I-295 and Route 146 in Lincoln; the route is only accessible from I-295 and Route 146 north, and the mainline of Route 99 south defaults onto Route 146 south with no direct access to Route 146 north. The exit for Route 99 off Route 146 north is accessed via a collector road that also serves Interstate 295 from Route 146.

Route 99 north diverges from Route 146 north and heads in an almost due north direction. The freeway has its only interchange with Sayles Hill Road, an unnumbered road that is used to access the village of Manville and Route 126 (Old River Road). Sayles Hill Road is also used to access Route 146 north, which has no direct freeway connection with Route 99 south.

After the Sayles Hill Road interchange, Route 99 begins to head in a northeastern direction, passing to the west of the densely populated village of Manville and the St. James Cemetery. Route 99 passes over Route 126 (Old River Road), Railroad Street, and the Providence and Worcester Railroad on a single-span bridge before crossing over the Blackstone River into the town of Cumberland. The freeway passes over 2nd Avenue before entering the city of Woonsocket shortly before its northern terminus at a traffic signal with Route 122 (Mendon Road). The road continues northward as Highland Corporate Drive, an unnumbered route that enters the Highland Industrial Park.

History

The origins of Route 99 date back to 1959, when the Rhode Island Department of Public Works (RIDPW) began planning studies for a freeway linking I-95 in Pawtucket with the city of Woonsocket. The freeway was planned in addition to Route 146, the Louisquisset Expressway, to serve the cities and towns of northern Providence County. In 1964, $535,000 (1964 USD) was allocated for further planning studies, but the proposed freeway was ultimately dropped by RIDPW. In 1968, plans for a freeway were revived when the Massachusetts Department of Public Works proposed the construction of a "Woonsocket Connector" linking Woonsocket with Bellingham, Massachusetts and I-495 on a route similar to that of Massachusetts Route 126.

In 1971, RIDOT again began studies on a new freeway to Woonsocket, this time to connect the city's developing industrial parks to Route 146, I-295, and the rest of the Providence metropolitan area. Four different alignments were proposed for the new route, each beginning near the intersection of Route 146 and I-295 and ending near Downtown Woonsocket. The first proposal began the freeway at the intersection of Route 146 and Route 104 in North Smithfield, north of I-295. The freeway would have taken a northeast route to the downtown area. The second proposal began the freeway near the intersection of Route 146 and Route 146A in North Smithfield; this route would have also taken a northeastern route to the border between Woonsocket and the town of Cumberland. The third proposal called for a similar route to the Cumberland border, but had the freeway beginning at the intersection of Route 146 and Sayles Hill Road in the North Smithfield business district. Finally, the fourth alignment called for the freeway to begin just north of the Route 146 and I-295 interchange in Lincoln, with a northern route heading to either Downtown Woonsocket or the Cumberland–Woonsocket border. RIDOT eventually constructed the fourth alignment, with the freeway beginning north of the I-295 interchange and proceeding north to the border between Woonsocket and Cumberland. The route was assigned the number "Route 325" by RIDOT.

RIDOT conducted further planning and environmental studies in the 1970s, proposing to construct the four-lane freeway with a dual carriageway and a  landscaped median. The freeway would be constructed over a  right-of-way, running through mostly undeveloped land in the Blackstone River Valley. RIDOT planned to construct the highway first as a two-lane freeway to be upgraded at a later date.

Further environmental studies in the late 1980s altered the plans for the construction of the Woonsocket Industrial Highway; after studies indicated that the freeway, as originally planned, would interfere with the water supply for the city of Woonsocket, RIDOT revised the proposal, removing the large median and reducing the right-of-way. The freeway was instead planned with a  right-of-way and concrete barriers to separate the opposing traffic lanes. The plan to open the highway as a two-lane freeway was also abandoned; instead, all four lanes would be constructed at one time. In the 1980s, the planned Route 325 was also renumbered to Route 99. Construction on Route 99 began in 1987. The project, which included the construction of a four-lane bridge over the Providence and Worcester Railroad and the Blackstone River and new collector/distributor roads on Route 146 between I-295 and Route 99, was completed in 1993.

Future

The proposal to extend the Woonsocket freeway north to I-495 in Bellingham was placed on RIDOT long-range planning studies in 1971, resurrecting the proposal made by the Massachusetts Department of Public Works in the 1960s. Throughout the 1980s, RIDOT planned the alignment or Route 99 to allow for a northern extension of the freeway beyond Route 122. In 1977, however, RIDOT officially abandoned plans for an extension north to Bellingham, Massachusetts and I-495, instead opting for a shorter route that would extend the freeway north to Route 114 (Diamond Hill Road) in northern Woonsocket. The freeway extension remains on RIDOT's long-term plans.

In 2009, RIDOT announced that it would begin resurfacing and repaving the collector/distributor roads serving I-295 and Route 99 from Route 146. Resurfacing the most deteriorated portions of the roads began in March 2009, with a complete repaving scheduled for June 2009. Repaving was later rescheduled for August 2009, but has since been postponed until September.

Exit list
Exits were unnumbered until November 2017, when they were added as part of a project to convert exits in the state to mileage-based exit numbers, a federal highway standard

See also

 Rhode Island Route 403

References

External links

Woonsocket Industrial Highway by Steve Anderson
2019 Highway Map, Rhode Island

099
Transportation in Providence County, Rhode Island
Freeways in the United States
Cumberland, Rhode Island
Lincoln, Rhode Island
Woonsocket, Rhode Island

Rhode Island Route 99


The Dale–Chall formula is one of the ways to predict how difficult text is to read. It is a readability test. The Dale–Chall formula is a one-variable test: it measures the difficulty of the words used. It does not measure the difficulty of the sentence structure (the syntax).

One of the first readability tests, the Dale–Chall formula used a vocabulary list. It counted the number of listed words in a passage, and applied a formula which gave a grade level. It was used to rate textbooks for grade levels in US school districts. In 1995 the authors published an updated word list.

It is easy, in principle, to use a vocabulary list as part of a computer-based readability measure. The list is organised as a look-up table. The percentage of listed words in a passage gives the data for the formula, and the user is presented with a grade level.

Related pages
List of readability tests
Textual difficulty

References

Reading

Dale–Chall formula


Fibromyalgia is a condition with chronic pain. The exact causes are not known. However, symptoms are not totally restricted to the pain. There are also sleep disturbances, joint stiffness and severe fatigue. The problem sometimes exists along with depression, stress and anxiety. Fibromyalgia affects mostly women, though men can also be affected. Adults are usually the victims, although children may also be affected.

Pain

Fibromyalgia


The Union des forces progressistes (UFP) was a left-wing political party in Quebec, Canada, active from 2002 to 2006.

History
The Union des Forces Progressistes (UFP) was formed in 2002 out of desire to unite Québec's leftists into a political party. Four parties merged to form the Union:
 the Rassemblement pour l'alternative progressiste (RAP),
 the Parti de la démocratie socialiste (PDS), formerly the New Democratic Party of Quebec
 the Parti communiste du Québec (PCQ), and
 the Québec-based membership of the International Socialists.

On 5 November 2005, delegates of the UFP voted unanimously in favour of a merger with the party of the Option citoyenne movement led by Françoise David. The founding congress of the new party was held on 4 February 2006 and resulted in the formation of a new party, Québec solidaire.

Principles and aims
The aim of the UFP was to bring together progressive forces across the broad left wing of the political spectrum, including social democrats, socialists and communists. The UFP also advocated altermondialism, feminism, pacifism and green politics.  Its platform did not specifically endorse social democracy, socialism, or communism.

The Green Party of Quebec pledged to try to avoid running candidates in ridings where there was a UFP candidate, although it reserved the right to run anywhere it wants to (even ridings with a UFP candidate), and did not merge with the UFP.

The UFP presented itself as an alternative to the main three parties in Québec: the centre-left Parti Québécois, the centre-right Quebec Liberal Party, and the conservative Action démocratique du Québec/Equipe Mario Dumont, saying that all three are but different faces of the same right-wing ideology called neoliberalism.

The UFP opposed globalization, privatization, and deregulation, and called for increased funding of social services, higher taxes on the rich and business, proportional representation in the National Assembly of Quebec, and an alternative economy based upon co-operatives and nonprofit organizations.

The UFP supported Québec sovereignty. It considered this option not as an end in itself, but rather as a means to achieve the party's social ideal for the people of Québec. To solve the national question, the UFP suggested the creation of a Constituent Assembly, mandated to draw up and propose to the population, via referendum, a Constitution for a progressive, republican, secular, and democratic Québec.

The UFP was led by a council instead of a single leader. The UFP promised to be a party of the ballot box and of the streets, meaning that it would work to increase awareness of social problems and for progressive social change even between elections, particularly with regards to the rights of workers and of the unemployed.

Considering its modest results in the 2003 elections (1.06% of the votes or 1.50% if the Green Party of Québec's votes were included), the UFP was a marginal party.

UFP position on the national question
From the Preamble of the UFP political platform, Building a world that reflects our ideals! :

UFP members share the view that the answer to the national question, and by extension social emancipation, is sovereignty for the Quebec people. The UFP believes that Quebec should become a country, free from the federalist yoke, and should acquire the essential tools it needs to develop as a nation.

Representatives
 Pierre Dostie and Molly Alexander (2002–2004)
 Amir Khadir and Denise Veilleux (2004–2006)

Election results

See also
 Politics of Quebec
 List of Quebec leaders of the Opposition
 Political parties in Quebec
 SPQ Libre
 David Fennario

References

External links
 Union de Forces Progressistes Website
 English texts of the UFP
 National Assembly historical information
 La Politique québécoise sur le Web

2002 establishments in Quebec
2006 disestablishments in Quebec
Alter-globalization
Defunct provincial political parties in Quebec
Left-wing nationalist parties
Political parties disestablished in 2006
Political parties established in 2002
Provincial political parties in Quebec
Socialist parties in Canada
Socialism in Quebec

Union des forces progressistes (Quebec)


In economics and marketing, a service is an economic activity (e.g., labor) offered as a product. Although a service (i.e., the activity) is a non-material good, the result it produces may be a material good depending on the service. For example, a construction service may produce a material good, but a lawn mowing service may not. In most cases, the person or company buying the service does not obtain exclusive ownership of the service, but may take ownership of the material good, if one is produced.

Key attributes
Services can be described in terms of their main attributes.
 Intangibility (cannot be touched) - They cannot be seen, handled, smelled, etc. There is no need for storage.
Because services are difficult to explain in advance, it is necessary to create a concrete image in the customer's mind to sell them. From the customer's point of view, this attribute makes it difficult to understand the value of services before the experience the service.
 Perishability (If someone doesn't use it, it is lost.) - If someone cannot sell their services, their time is "lost". It is a lost economic opportunity. For example, a doctor that is booked for only two hours a day cannot later work those hours– she has lost her economic opportunity. Other service examples are airplane seats (once the plane departs, those empty seats cannot be sold), and theatre seats (sales end at a certain point).
 Lack of transportability (cannot be transported) - Services tend to be consumed at the point of "production" (although this does not apply to outsourced business services).
 Lack of homogeneity or, Variability (Each time it is different.) - Services are typically modified for each client or each new situation. Mass production of services is very difficult. This can be seen as a problem of quality (it's not always the same). For instance, on Monday a person was driven to his work by a taxi. Next Monday, when he is driven to work by a taxi, it is not the same, even if the taxi and the driver are the same.
 Labour intensity (Most of it is work.) - Services usually mean human activity. Therefore, the human factor is often the key success factor in service industries. It is difficult to gain a dominant market share.
 Demand fluctuations (It is asked for only when it is actually needed. That can change very quickly.) - It can be difficult to forecast demand (which is also true of many goods). Demand can vary by season, time of day, etc. For example, a restaurant may be busy at dinner time but not in the middle of the afternoon.
 Buyer involvement (One cannot produce without contact with the consumer.) - Most service provision requires a high degree of interaction between client and service provider.
 Client-Based Relationships (When the customer is happy once he will not change the provider even if there is a cheaper one.) - Is based on creating long-term business relationships. Accountants, attorneys, and financial advisers maintain long-term relationships with their clients for decades. These repeat consumers refer friends and family helping to create a client-based relationship.

Related pages

 Service sector

Economics

Service (economics)


A payment is the transfer of something from one party to another.  Giving money to a company is a payment, for example.  A payment is usually made for goods or services.

The oldest form of payment is barter.  Barter is a simple form of payment.  It is the transfer of one good or service for another.

Today, payment is usually with money, cheque, debit, credit, bank transfer, or mobile payment.  In transfers between businesses, sometimes payments can be complicated, with stock and other things.

In law, the payer is the party that sends the payment and the payee is the party that gets the payment.

Money
Finance
Commerce

Payment


Sir Derek George Jacobi  (; born 22 October 1938) is an English actor. Jacobi is known for his work at the Royal National Theatre and for his film and television roles. He has received numerous accolades including a BAFTA Award, two Olivier Awards, two Primetime Emmy Awards, two Screen Actors Guild Awards, and a Tony Award. He was given a knighthood for his services to theatre by Queen Elizabeth II in 1994.

Jacobi started his professional acting career with Laurence Olivier as one of the founding members of the National Theatre. He has appeared in numerous Shakespearean stage productions including Hamlet, Much Ado About Nothing, Macbeth, Twelfth Night, The Tempest, King Lear, and Romeo and Juliet. Jacobi received the Laurence Olivier Award, for the title role in Cyrano de Bergerac in 1983 and Malvolio in Twelfth Night in 2009. He also won the Tony Award for Best Actor in a Play for his role as Benedick in Much Ado About Nothing in 1985.

Jacobi has also made numerous television appearances including starring as Claudius in the BBC series I, Claudius (1976), for which he won the British Academy Television Award for Best Actor. He received two Primetime Emmy Awards for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Miniseries or Movie for The Tenth Man (1988), and Outstanding Guest Actor in a Comedy Series for Frasier (2001). He is also known for his roles in the medieval drama series Cadfael (1994–1998), the HBO film The Gathering Storm (2002), the ITV sitcom Vicious (2013-2016) and in BBC's Last Tango in Halifax (2012–2020). He portrayed Edward VIII, the Duke of Windsor, in the third season of the acclaimed Netflix series The Crown in 2019.

Though principally a stage actor, Jacobi has appeared in a number of films, including Othello (1965), The Day of the Jackal (1973), Henry V (1989), Dead Again (1991), Hamlet (1996), Gladiator (2000), Nanny McPhee (2005), The Riddle (2007), My Week with Marilyn (2011), Anonymous (2011),  Cinderella (2015), and Murder on the Orient Express (2017). Jacobi has also earned two Screen Actors Guild Awards along with the ensemble cast for Robert Altman's Gosford Park (2001), and Tom Hooper's The King's Speech (2010).

Early life
Derek George Jacobi was born on 22 October 1938 in Leytonstone, Essex, England, the only child of Daisy Gertrude (née Masters; 1910–1980), a secretary who worked in a drapery store in Leyton High Road, and Alfred George Jacobi (1910–1993), who ran a sweet shop and was a tobacconist in Chingford. His patrilineal great-grandfather had emigrated from Germany to England during the 19th century. He also has a distant Huguenot ancestor. His family was working-class, and Jacobi describes his childhood as happy. In his teens he went to Leyton County High School for Boys, now known as the Leyton Sixth Form College, and became an integral part of the drama club, The Players of Leyton.

While in the sixth form, he starred in a production of Hamlet, which was taken to the Edinburgh Festival Fringe and very well regarded. At 18 he won a scholarship to the University of Cambridge, where he read history at St John's College and earned his degree. Younger members of the university at the time included Ian McKellen (who had a crush on him—"a passion that was undeclared and unrequited", as McKellen relates it) and Trevor Nunn. During his studies at Cambridge, Jacobi played many parts including Hamlet, which was taken on a tour to Switzerland, where he met Richard Burton. As a result of his performance of Edward II at Cambridge, Jacobi was invited to become a member of the Birmingham Repertory Theatre immediately upon his graduation in 1960.

Career

Early work
Jacobi's talent was recognised by Laurence Olivier, who invited the young actor back to London to become one of the founding members of the new National Theatre, even though at the time Jacobi was relatively unknown. He played Laertes in the National Theatre's inaugural production of Hamlet opposite Peter O'Toole in 1963. Olivier cast him as Cassio in the successful National Theatre stage production of Othello, a role that Jacobi repeated in the 1965 film version. He played Andrei in the NT production and film of Three Sisters (1970), both featuring Olivier. On 27 July 1965, Jacobi played Brindsley Miller in the first production of Peter Shaffer's Black comedy. It was presented by the National Theatre at Chichester and subsequently in London.

After eight years at the National Theatre, Jacobi left in 1971 to pursue different roles. In 1972, he starred in the BBC serial Man of Straw, an adaptation of Heinrich Mann's book Der Untertan, directed by Herbert Wise. Jacobi appeared in a somewhat comical role, as Lord Fawn, in eight episodes of the 26-episode mini-series The Pallisers for BBC Two in 1974. Most of his theatrical work in the 1970s was with the touring classical Prospect Theatre Company, with which he undertook many roles, including Ivanov, Pericles, Prince of Tyre and A Month in the Country opposite Dorothy Tutin (1976).

Jacobi was increasingly busy with stage and screen acting, but his big breakthrough came in 1976 when he played the title role in the BBC's series I, Claudius. He cemented his reputation with his performance as the stammering, twitching Emperor Claudius, winning much praise. In 1979, thanks to his international popularity, he took Hamlet on a theatrical world tour through England, Egypt, Greece, Sweden, Australia, Japan and China, playing Prince Hamlet. He was invited to perform the role at Kronborg Castle, Denmark, known as Elsinore Castle, the setting of the play. In 1978, he appeared in the BBC Television Shakespeare production of Richard II, with Sir John Gielgud and Dame Wendy Hiller.

Later career
In 1980, Jacobi took the leading role in the BBC's Hamlet, made his Broadway debut in The Suicide (a run shortened by Jacobi's return home to England due to the death of his mother), and joined the Royal Shakespeare Company (RSC). From 1982 to 1985, he played four demanding roles simultaneously: Benedick in Shakespeare's Much Ado About Nothing, for which he won a Tony for its Broadway run (1984–1985); Prospero in The Tempest; Peer Gynt; and Cyrano de Bergerac which he brought to the US and played in repertory with Much Ado About Nothing on Broadway and in Washington DC (1984–1985). In 1986, he made his West End debut in Breaking the Code by Hugh Whitemore, starring in the role of Alan Turing, which was written with Jacobi specifically in mind. The play was taken to Broadway. In 1988, Jacobi alternated in West End the title roles of Shakespeare's Richard II and Richard III in repertoire.

He appeared in the television dramas Inside the Third Reich (1982), where he played Hitler; Mr Pye (1985); and Little Dorrit (1987), based on Charles Dickens's novel; The Tenth Man (1988) with Anthony Hopkins and Kristin Scott Thomas. In 1982, he lent his voice to the character of Nicodemus in the animated film, The Secret of NIMH. In 1990, he starred as Daedalus in episode 4 of Jim Henson's The Storyteller: Greek Myths.

Jacobi continued to play Shakespeare roles, notably in Kenneth Branagh's 1989 film of Henry V (as the Chorus), and made his directing debut as Branagh's director for the 1988 Renaissance Theatre Company's touring production of Hamlet, which also played at Elsinore and as part of a Renaissance repertory season at the Phoenix Theatre in London. The 1990s saw Jacobi keeping on with repertoire stage work in Kean at The Old Vic, Becket in the West End (the Haymarket Theatre) and Macbeth at the RSC in both London and Stratford. In 1993 Jacobi voiced Mr Jeremy Fisher in The World of Peter Rabbit and Friends.

He was appointed the joint artistic director of the Chichester Festival Theatre, with the West End impresario Duncan Weldon in 1995 for a three-year tenure. As an actor at Chichester he also starred in four plays, including his first Uncle Vanya in 1996 (he played it again in 2000, bringing the Chekhov play to Broadway for a limited run). Jacobi's work during the 1990s included the 13-episode series TV adaptation of the novels by Ellis Peters, Cadfael (1994–1998) and a televised version of Breaking the Code (1996). Film appearances of the era included performances in Kenneth Branagh's Dead Again (1991), Branagh's full-text rendition of Hamlet (1996) as King Claudius, John Maybury's Love is the Devil (1998), a portrait of painter Francis Bacon, as Senator Gracchus in Gladiator (2000) with Russell Crowe, and as "The Duke" opposite Christopher Eccleston and Eddie Izzard in a post-apocalyptic version of Thomas Middleton's The Revenger's Tragedy (2002).

In 2001, Jacobi won an Emmy Award by mocking his Shakespearean background in the television sitcom Frasier episode "The Show Must Go Off", in which he played the hammy, loud, untalented Jackson Hedley, a television star with a misguided belief that he deserves a revival of his stage career.

2000–present
Jacobi has narrated audio book versions of the Iliad, The Voyage of the Dawn Treader by C. S. Lewis, Farmer Giles of Ham by J. R. R. Tolkien, and two abridged versions of I, Claudius by Robert Graves. In 2001, he provided the voice of "Duke Theseus" in The Children's Midsummer Night's Dream film. In 2002, Jacobi toured Australia in The Hollow Crown with Sir Donald Sinden, Ian Richardson and Dame Diana Rigg. Jacobi also played the role of Senator Gracchus in Gladiator and starred in the 2002 miniseries The Jury. He is also the narrator for the BBC children's series In the Night Garden....

In 2003, he was involved with Scream of the Shalka, a webcast based on the science fiction series Doctor Who. He played the voice of the Doctor's nemesis the Master alongside Richard E. Grant as the Doctor. In the same year, he also appeared in Deadline, an audio drama also based on Doctor Who. Therein he played Martin Bannister, an ageing writer who makes up stories about "the Doctor", a character who travels in time and space, the premise being that the series had never made it on to television. Jacobi later followed this up with an appearance in the Doctor Who episode "Utopia" (June 2007); he appears as the kindly Professor Yana, who by the end of the episode is revealed to be the Master. Jacobi admitted to Doctor Who Confidential he had always wanted to be on the show: "One of my ambitions since the '60s has been to take part in a Doctor Who. The other one is Coronation Street. So I've cracked Doctor Who now. I'm still waiting for Corrie."

In 2004, Jacobi starred in Friedrich Schiller's Don Carlos at the Crucible Theatre in Sheffield, in an acclaimed production, which transferred to the Gielgud Theatre in London in January 2005. The London production of Don Carlos gathered rave reviews. Also in 2004, he starred as Lord Teddy Thursby in the first of the four-part BBC series The Long Firm, based on Jake Arnott's novel of the same name. In Nanny McPhee (2005), he played the role of the colourful Mr. Wheen, an undertaker. He played the role of Alexander Corvinus in the 2006 action-horror film Underworld: Evolution.

In March 2006, BBC Two broadcast Pinochet in Suburbia, a docudrama about former Chilean dictator Augusto Pinochet and the attempts to extradite him from Great Britain; Jacobi played the leading role. In September 2007, it was released in the U.S., retitled Pinochet's Last Stand. In 2006, he appeared in the children's movie Mist, the tale of a sheepdog puppy, he also narrated this movie. In July–August 2006, he played the eponymous role in A Voyage Round My Father at the Donmar Warehouse, a production which then transferred to the West End.

In February 2007, The Riddle, directed by Brendan Foley and starring Jacobi, Vinnie Jones, and Vanessa Redgrave, was screened at Berlin EFM. Jacobi plays twin roles: first a present-day London tramp and then the ghost of Charles Dickens. In March 2007, the BBC's children's programme In the Night Garden... started its run of one hundred episodes, with Jacobi as the narrator. He played Nell's grandfather in ITV's Christmas 2007 adaptation of The Old Curiosity Shop, and returned to the stage to play Malvolio in Shakespeare's Twelfth Night (2009) for the Donmar Warehouse at Wyndham's Theatre in London. The role won him the Laurence Olivier Award for Best Actor. He appears in five 2009 films: Morris: A Life with Bells On, Hippie Hippie Shake, Endgame, Adam Resurrected and Charles Dickens's England. In 2010, he returned to I, Claudius, as Augustus in a radio adaptation. In 2011, he was part of a medieval epic, Ironclad, which also starred James Purefoy and Paul Giamatti, as the ineffectual Reginald de Cornhill, castellan of Rochester castle.

Jacobi starred in Michael Grandage's production of King Lear (London, 2010), giving what The New Yorker called "one of the finest performances of his distinguished career". In May 2011, he reprised this role at the Brooklyn Academy of Music.

In April 2012, he appeared in Titanic: Blood and Steel and in November 2012, he starred in the BBC series Last Tango in Halifax. In 2013, he starred in the second series of Last Tango, and in 2014, the third series.

In 2013, Jacobi starred alongside Ian McKellen in the ITV sitcom Vicious as Stuart Bixby, the partner to Freddie Thornhill, played by McKellen. On 23 August 2013 the show was renewed for a six-episode second series which began airing in June 2015. The show ended in December 2016, with a Christmas special.

Since 2017, Jacobi has again portrayed The Master in several box set series for Big Finish Productions, collectively entitled The War Master.

In 2018, he played the Bishop of Digne in the BBC miniseries Les Misérables.

In 2018, Jacobi received the World United Creator – Platinum Demiurge Award for his tremendous contribution to uniting and promoting world literature based on his efforts to introduce William Shakespeare into modern cinema.

In 2019 he reprised the role of the emperor Claudius in Horrible Histories: The Movie – Rotten Romans.

In 2022 Jacobi appeared in Allelujah, a film adaptation of Alan Bennett's play of the same name directed by Richard Eyre, which also starred Jennifer Saunders, Bally Gill, Russell Tovey, David Bradley, and Judi Dench.

Shakespeare authorship involvement

Jacobi has been publicly involved in the Shakespeare authorship question. He supports the Oxfordian theory of Shakespeare authorship, according to which Edward de Vere, 17th Earl of Oxford wrote the works of Shakespeare. Jacobi  has given an address to the Shakespeare Authorship Research Centre promoting de Vere as the Shakespeare author and wrote forewords to two books on the subject in 2004 and 2005.

In 2007, Jacobi and fellow Shakespearean actor and director Mark Rylance initiated a "Declaration of Reasonable Doubt" on the authorship of Shakespeare's work, to encourage new research into the question.

In 2011, Jacobi accepted a role in the film Anonymous, about the Oxfordian theory, starring Rhys Ifans and Vanessa Redgrave. In the film Jacobi narrates the Prologue and Epilogue, set in modern-day New York, while the film proper is set in Elizabethan England. Jacobi said that making the film was "a very risky thing to do", stating "the orthodox Stratfordians are going to be apoplectic with rage".

Personal life
In March 2006, four months after civil partnerships were introduced in the United Kingdom, Jacobi registered his civil partnership with Richard Clifford, a theatre director, his partner of 27 years. They live in West Hampstead, northwest London.

Along with his Vicious co-star Ian McKellen, he was a Grand Marshal of the 46th New York City Gay Pride March in 2015.

Jacobi is an atheist.

Awards and honours

Jacobi has received various awards including two Olivier Awards, a Tony, a BAFTA, two Primetime Emmy Awards and two Screen Actors Guild Awards.

 1985: Commander of the Order of the British Empire (United Kingdom)
 1989: Knight 1st class of the Order of the Dannebrog (Denmark)
 1994: Knight Bachelor, for services to Drama (United Kingdom)

See also
 List of Oxfordian theory supporters

References

External links

 "Jacobi, Sir Derek (George)", Who's Who 2008, A & C Black, 2008; online edition, Oxford University Press, December 2007. Retrieved 22 October 2008.

1938 births
Living people
20th-century English male actors
21st-century English male actors
Actors awarded knighthoods
Alumni of RADA
Alumni of St John's College, Cambridge
Audiobook narrators
Best Actor BAFTA Award (television) winners
British people of French descent
British people of German descent
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
Critics' Circle Theatre Award winners
English atheists
English autobiographers
English male film actors
English male Shakespearean actors
English male stage actors
English male television actors
English people of French descent
English people of German descent
English theatre managers and producers
English gay actors
Knights Bachelor
Knights First Class of the Order of the Dannebrog
LGBT theatre directors
Laurence Olivier Award winners
Male actors from London
National Youth Theatre members
Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture Screen Actors Guild Award winners
Outstanding Performance by a Supporting Actor in a Miniseries or Movie Primetime Emmy Award winners
People from Leytonstone
Royal Shakespeare Company members
Tony Award winners
English theatre directors

Derek Jacobi


Orchard Road is a street in Singapore that has many shopping centres. It is in the south of Singapore.

History

Orchard Road got its name from the nutmeg, pepper and fruit orchards that used to grow on both sides of the street. It only started to develop in the twentieth century.

Flash floods occurred at the road junction with Scotts Road on 16 June 2010 after 100mm of rain fell from 8 am to 11 am that morning, it is the worst flood at the junction since 1984. Shopping malls along Orchard Road like Lucky Plaza and Liat Towers were affected by the flood. The flood had caused some shopping mall and underground car parks to be under the water. Rescuers had to pull out about 70 passengers from cars and buses, as flooding closed down Orchard Road, which is lined with high-end shopping malls and tourist attractions. No one was hurt.

Landmarks
Orchard Road has the Istana at the southern end of the road, which is the official house for the President of Singapore.

Shopping centres
The first shop was Tangs which was founded in 1932 and got its shop at Orchard Road in the 1950s. Orchard Road also has many  well-known restaurants, coffee chains, cafés, nightclubs and hotels.

List of shopping centres

 DFS Galleria – This shopping mall is in Scotts Road. It mainly sells luxury item such as Bottega Veneta, Louis Vuitton, Prada, Gucci, Hermès, Loewe and Bvlgari.
 ION Orchard – ION Orchard opened on July 21 2009 and houses six double-storey flagship stores of close to  each, including Prada, Giorgio Armani, Louis Vuitton, Dior, Dolce & Gabbana, Cartier and Patek Philippe. Its signature glass façade doubles up as a giant media screen as well.

 Ngee Ann City – The mall opened in 1993 and is the largest shopping mall in the Orchard Road shopping belt. It houses branded boutiques such as Vacheron Constantin, Louis Vuitton, Hermès, Burberry, Loewe and Chanel as well as Japanese department store, Takashimaya. The mall also has Southeast Asia's second largest bookstore, Books Kinokuniya.
 Wisma Atria – Opened in 1986, it underwent renovation recently with its trademark blue facade replaced with a glass facade. There is a 900 seat food court on the 4th floor which is run by the BreadTalk Group. The mall is directly connected to Orchard station.
 Plaza Singapura – next to the Istana, the mall opened in 1974 with a now defunct Yaohan department store. It was revamped twice, in 1998 and 2003 with the former having a totally revamped now and the latter with a new tenant mix. It houses a Golden Village cineplex, Carrefour and other shops.
 Lucky Plaza – A shopping mall that somehow became the main focal point for domestic Filipino workers to meet their friends during their off days. The place is known to be very crowded on Sundays with many shops selling products from the Philippines.
 Far East Plaza – Far East Plaza opened in 1982 with a Metro which has since closed down. Popular with students with its cheap fashion items, the plaza is also known for its cheap food outlets. The mall has since undergone renovation.

 Mandarin Gallery – inside Meritus Mandarin Singapore housing international high-end brands like Y-3, Bape and Hugo Boss.
 Orchard Central – Singapore's first and tallest vertical mall, which replaced Specialists Shopping Centre and opened on 2 July 2009.
 Orchard Point – local department store, OG, it used to have art galleries, but was closed when OG decided to take over.
 The Paragon – The Paragon is a high-end shopping mall selling branded items such as brand like Gucci which open flapship store here and Miu Miu, Prada, Coach and Burberry with a Metro department store and a Marks & Spencer store as well. The place also has a Toys 'R' Us and a number of restaurants. It underwent expansion around 2002, taking over the land once occupied by The Promenade.
 Tang Plaza – Tang Plaza has a homegrown department store, Tangs.
 The Centrepoint – The mall opened in 1983 and has Robinsons and Marks and Spencer as its anchor tenants. It underwent renovation and built a new extension in 2007.
 The Heeren Shops – Heeren sells items mainly for youngsters. The site was formerly a colonial building.
 Forum The Shopping Mall – Forum sells mainly branded children's clothes and accessories with a Toys "R" Us on the third floor. It also has a number of branded boutiques such as Emporio Armani and Dolce and Gabbana.
 Shaw House and Centre – Shaw House has the Isetan department store and on the fifth and sixth floors is where the Lido 8 Cineplex is, which has one of the largest cinema halls in the country. It houses Fendi, Loewe and Celine as well.
 Hilton Singapore – inside the hotel itself, the Hilton Shopping Gallery houses branded boutiques such as Louis Vuitton, Cartier, Bulgari, Lanvin, Donna Karan, Balenciaga and Dolce & Gabbana. It also include Club21, a Singapore high-end based company that sell luxurious items like Mulberry, Comme des Garçons and Dries van Noten.
 Palais Renaissance – Palais Renaissance was completed in 1993 and mainly houses upmarket branded boutiques such brand like Donna Karen and Valentino.
 Liat Towers – International names such as Audemars Piguet, Massimo Dutti, Hermès and Zara are housed in the building. The building once housed Planet Hollywood and Singapore's first McDonald's. Also, it housed the Isetan department store at one time.
 Scotts Shopping Centre – Scotts Shopping Centre housed Singapore's first food court and above was the Ascott Singapore. It was torn down in June 2007 to make way for a new building.
 313@Somerset – Houses Singapore's largest Forever 21 and Zara retail store and a HMV which moved from The Heeren.
 Wheelock Place – Houses the Borders bookstore, one of the largest bookstores in the country and it also has a large Marks and Spencer outlet. Formerly known as Lane Crawford Place which housed Lane Crawford but closed during the 1997 Asian Financial Crisis.

Transport

Public transport

Mass Rapid Transit

There are three major MRT stations around Orchard Road. They are Orchard, Somerset and Dhoby Ghaut stations. These three stations are important placces for commuters, locals, students and tourists who travel to the Orchard Road shopping and business district. However, due to the construction of ION Orchard, the entrance of the Orchard entrance has been moved underground below the upcoming mall.

Buses
There are many bus services provided by SBS Transit  and SMRT   that go to Orchard Road. The major bus stops along Orchard Road are at:
 Delfi Orchard
 Dhoby Ghaut MRT Station
 Le Meridien Shopping Centre
 Lucky Plaza
 MacDonald House
 Opposite Meritus Mandarin Singapore
 Orchard Emerald
 Orchard Plaza
 Royal Thai Embassy, Singapore
 Tang Plaza
 YMCA

Taxi

Visitors can also travel to Orchard Road via taxi. There are taxi stands at Forum The Shopping Mall, all hotels, Lucky Plaza, Wisma Atria, Ngee Ann City, The Paragon, The Heeren Shops, Centrepoint Shopping Centre, next to Specialists' Shopping Centre and Plaza Singapura.

Cars
Visitors accessing Orchard Road by road usually enter from the west via Napier Road, before exiting Orchard Road at Bras Basah Road.  Coming from the north, vehicles can enter via Bukit Timah Road and Scotts Road which leads into Orchard Road.  From the south, vehicles can enter through Orchard Boulevard and Paterson Road.

Other websites

Orchard Road at YourSingapore (by Singapore Tourist Board)

Roads in Singapore

Orchard Road


Supersaturation in chemical solutions is when a solution contains more of a solute than can be dissolved in it. This usually makes some of the solute separate itself from the solution.

Examples
Rain happens in a supersaturated solution of water in air.
Carbonated water is a supersaturated solution of carbon dioxide gas in water.  It is stored at very high pressure in a bottle.  This lets the water dissolve more carbon dioxide gas than it can at normal pressure.  When the bottle is opened, the pressure falls to the normal atmospheric pressure, and the carbon dioxide gas escapes slowly.  Certain things such as small bubbles in the bottle can make this process faster.  Such bubbles can be caused by shaking the bottle.  Another solute such as sugar powder or a widget can also trigger precipitation.

 A Diet Coke and Mentos eruption is an extreme example. Some drinks such as ales and stouts rely on this effect to produce the 'head' on the surface of the poured product.

Chemistry

Thermodynamics

Supersaturation


Kevin Boyle (7 October 1960) is an American author and the William Smith Mason Professor of American History at Northwestern University.  His 2004 book, Arc of Justice: A Saga of Race, Civil Rights, and Murder in the Jazz Age, won the National Book Award.

Biography

Early years

Boyle was born in Detroit, Michigan, and received his bachelor's degree from the University of Detroit, now University of Detroit Mercy in 1982. In 1990, he received his doctorate from the University of Michigan, where he was mentored by Sidney Fine, biographer of Frank Murphy.

Career

Boyle's first academic job was as assistant professor of history at the University of Toledo. In 1994, Boyle was appointed an assistant professor in the history department at the University of Massachusetts Amherst. After promotion to associate professor, he served as director of the UMass Amherst graduate program in history in 1999.

Boyle was appointed a Fulbright scholar in 1997, and spent the school year as Mary Ball Washington Professor at University College Dublin where he taught the history of the American civil rights movement.

Research

Boyle's research covers 20th century American history.  He studies the intersection of class, race, and politics.

Boyle has written on politics and the American labor movement.  His most notable work in this regard is his 1995 book, The UAW and the Heyday of American Liberalism, 1945-1968.
Kevin Boyle's exhaustively researched and lucidly written study of post-World War II labor liberalism is a major contribution to labor and political history. Highlighting the social democratic perspective of UAW president Walter Reuther, it challenges the prevailing view among labor historians that the ouster of pro-Soviet unions from the CIO in 1949 and 1950 sent organized labor into an irremediable tailspin. ... he insists that into the 1960s the Reuther-led Auto Workers remained a vigorous and principled advocate of structural change in the political economy. Indeed, Boyle sees the mid-1960s rather than the immediate postwar years as the period of social democracy's greatest promise and accomplishment. The book also describes and analyzes the impact of the Vietnam War on the United Automobile Workers.  Boyle concludes that the union was not nearly as hawkish as most observers have concluded, and that fierce fights were waged within the AFL-CIO over support for the war.

Boyle has written more extensively on racial issues in the United States.  In 2004, his Arc of Justice: A Saga of Race, Civil Rights, and Murder in the Jazz Age won the National Book Award for non-fiction. The book subsequently won a host of other honors, including being a finalist for the Pulitzer Prize and the National Book Critics Circle Award. The work also was named a New York Times notable book for 2004 and a State of Michigan notable book for 2005.

In 2021, Boyle released the book The Shattering: America in the 1960s, a historical account of the Vietnam War, the civil rights movement and the sexual revolution, told through the lens of differing historical figures (both major figures and lesser known individuals) as well as everyday Americans.

Boyle is currently working on a new book, The Splendid Dead: An American Ordeal, which centers around the story of the infamous anarchists, Sacco and Vanzetti.  It is to be published by Houghton Mifflin.  For a preview of this project see Un Povero Uomo: An Immigrant's Odyssey in America which documents Bartolomeo Vanzetti's immigration story.

Memberships and awards

Boyle's book, Arc of Justice, won the National Book Award for Nonfiction
and was a finalist for the Pulitzer Prize and the National Book Critics Circle Award.

Boyle has also won a number of honors and fellowships.  He has twice been the recipient of a National Endowment for the Humanities fellowship, in 1996 and 2001, as well as a Fulbright scholar (1997), a Guggenheim Foundation fellowship (2001) and a grant from the Rockefeller Foundation.

Boyle was invited to be an Organization of American Historians distinguished lecturer for 2006-2007.

Boyle sits on the advisory board for the Walter Reuther Library at Wayne State University. He also is a member of the editorial board for Labor History and Labor: Studies in Working-Class History .

Boyle is also a member of the Society of American Historians and the PEN American Center.

Boyle was honored by the Detroit City Council for The Sweet Trials, a play based on Arc of Justice.

Since 2004, Boyle has been a member of the elite Spinach Book Club, where he is recognized as a valuable member.

Publications

Bibliography

References

1960 births
Living people
21st-century American historians
21st-century American male writers
Historians of the United States
Labor historians
Northwestern University faculty
Ohio State University faculty
Writers from Detroit
University of Detroit Mercy alumni
University of Michigan alumni
National Book Award winners
University of Massachusetts Amherst faculty
Historians from Michigan
American male non-fiction writers
Fulbright alumni

Kevin Boyle (historian)


Rabiah is a neighborhood in Amman, Jordan. Notable landmarks include the Kalooti Mosque and the Kilo Circle Bridge. The area is comprised of both residential and non-residential communities. Popular cafes and restaurants make Rabiah a commercial hotspot, especially during holiday seasons such as Eid al-Adha. Major streets include Mecca Street, Medinah Street, and Wasfi Al Tall Street.

Settlements in Amman Governorate

Rabiah


Charles Marriott (1811–1858) was an Anglican priest, a fellow of Oriel College, Oxford, and one of the members of the Oxford Movement.  He was responsible for editing more than half of the volumes of their series of translations, the Library of the Fathers.

Life
He was born in 1811, the son of a clergyman, John Marriott, who was a friend of Sir Walter Scott.  He was educated at home, as his health did not permit him to endure the rigours of a public school.  He went up to Balliol College, Oxford in 1829, and gained a first in classics and a second in mathematics.  He was annoyed at his failure to get a double first, but his physical strength did not permit him to do the study necessary.  In 1833, he obtained a fellowship at Oriel College, and became associated with John Henry Newman.  In 1839, he became principal of the Chichester Theological College, preparing young men for the Church of England ministry, but was obliged to resign after two years in poor health.

In 1841, he was elected sub-dean at Oriel College.  His return to Oxford coincided with Newman's move to the Roman Catholic Church.  This provoked a backlash in the university against the Oxford Movement, which was already under suspicion of popery.  In the absence of any real leader Marriott attempted to fill the gap and steady the group, although it was generally acknowledged that he was a follower rather than a leader by temperament.  He became entangled in a vast correspondence with those thrown into confusion by Newman's defection, and did his best to encourage and support the waverers.

Marriott was a nervous man, and very generous of both time and money.  The consequence was that he was often distracted from tasks that he alone could do in order to do drudge-work.  His early literary promise was undermined by this tendency to grasp at any nearby task, whether it was his to do or not, and he published little of his own.

In 1842, he took over the editing of the Library of the Fathers, and continued to run the project until his death.  He was invariably found compiling indexes and other menial tasks connected with this, often with a headache, to the disgust of his friends.

In 1850, he became Vicar of the University Church of St Mary the Virgin, where Newman had once preached.  He proved to be a popular and successful vicar, although this led to yet further demands on his time.  During the cholera outbreak of 1854, he visited the sick industriously.

In 1855, he was paralysed by a stroke.  He was taken to his brother's house at Bradfield in Berkshire, where he lived for three more years, unable to do anything.  He died in 1858.

His lasting legacy is the volumes of the Library of the Fathers, which are often the only English translations that have ever been made of most of the works in question.  The majority have been reprinted in the Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers series, without the copious notes to which Marriott and his colleagues devoted so much time.

Bibliography

John William Burgon, Twelve Good Men.  Contains an article on Marriott.
 T. Mozley, Remniscences, mainly of Oriel College and the Oxford Movement.  Brief mention of Marriott at the end of vol. 1.

External links

 Biography of Marriott
 Volumes of the Library of the Fathers

1811 births
1858 deaths
Tractarians
Alumni of Balliol College, Oxford
Fellows of Oriel College, Oxford
19th-century English Anglican priests
English book editors
Principals of Chichester Theological College
Anglo-Catholic clergy
English Anglo-Catholics
Presidents of the Oxford Union
19th-century Anglican theologians

Charles Marriott (priest)


Streatham is a very green area, with a large common. There are formal Victorian Gardens hidden at the top of Streatham Common called The Rookery. There is also a free children's paddling pool which is filled only in the summer months. It is in the London Borough of Lambeth in South London.

Streatham has the longest high street in Europe with many great shops and restaurants along it as well as streatham odeon, streatham leisure centre, and trio pizzeria.

Areas of London
London Borough of Lambeth

Streatham


Acetylene is a hydrocarbon, belonging to the alkyne group. It is the simplest type of alkyne, as it has only two hydrogen atoms and two carbon atoms. Acetylene is an unsaturated organic compound because its four atoms are triple bonded through a covalent bond. It was discovered in 1836 by Edmund Davy. The chemical symbol is C2H2.

80% of all acetylene produced yearly in the United States is used for chemical synthesis. It is a toxic chemical; breathing the substance causes dizziness, headache and nausea.

Hydrocarbons

Acetylene


A V8 engine often just called a V8 is an internal combustion engine with 8 cylinders. The engine has four cylinders on each side called banks. The two banks form a "V" shaped angle. In most engines, the two banks are at a right angle (90°) to each other, but some engines use a narrower angle. All eight pistons turn a common crankshaft. It can be powered by different types of fuels, including gasoline, diesel, natural gas and alcohol.

Applications

Generally, V8s are only available on more powerful cars, pickup trucks, and SUVs. The traditional 90° large V8 engine is generally too wide and too long to fit easily in vehicles with a front-wheel drive layout, so its application is mostly limited to rear-wheel drive cars and trucks.

V8s are common in purpose-designed engines for racing cars. They are a common engine configuration in the highest levels of auto racing. The V8 engine is used in the United States where it is required in IRL and NASCAR. V8s engines are also used in Australian auto racing, most notably in the V8 Supercars. Formula One began the 2006 season using V8 engines, which replaced the V10. Formula One made this change to reduce costs and lower power. However Formula One replaced V8 with V6 Turbo in 2014

V8 engines are also used in large truck and industrial equipment. V8s were an early choice for airplane engines. Modern aircraft seldom used V8s because the heavy weight reduces performance.

References

Other websites

V8 Engines  - The characteristics of V8 engines

Motors

V8 engine


Terminal Velocity is a video game that was published by 3D Realms and was developed by Terminal Reality. The video game was released on May 1, 1995 and was released for the MS-DOS and Mac OS. The game is an arcade-style flight combat game, with simpler game controls and physics than most other flight simulators. The game is best known for it's fast and high-energy action sequences. The game takes place in the year 2704, when the ASFAR (Alliance of Space-Faring Alien Races), of which Earth is a member of, suddenly turns against Earth and their fleet ravages the planet and starts a war. The player has to fly a powerful starfighter called the TV-202, in a series of missions to defeat the enemy. A huge supercomputer known as X.I. (Xenocidic Initiative) is responsible for the war and the final mission is to destroy it.

Other websites
Official website

1995 video games
DOS games

Terminal Velocity (video game)


A string quartet is a piece of music for four string instruments.
A string quartet can also mean the four people who play a piece for four string instruments.
The four instruments in a string quartet are almost always 2 violins, 1 viola and 1 cello. The reason that a double bass is not used is that it would sound too loud and heavy. The balance between 2 violins, viola and cello is considered ideal.
String quartets are the most popular form of chamber music. Many composers have written string quartets.

String quartet writing started in the 18th century. Italian composers like Sammartini (1698-1775) wrote music for two violins, viola and continuo. The continuo was either just a harpsichord or harpsichord with cello. Gradually composers started to leave the harpsichord out. The cello often played the same as the viola but one octave lower.

Composers of the Classical music period started writing cello parts which had an identity of their own. Joseph Haydn (1732-1809) wrote many string quartets, making it a very popular form. His quartets from op.33 were, he said, "written in a new and special way". All four parts were very clear and individual. There were always four movements: a fast movement, a slow one, a Minuet and Trio and a fast Finale. Haydn often played in a quartet with Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (1756-1791) and two other players. Mozart also wrote many string quartets and dedicated some of them to Haydn. Three of Mozart's later ones were written for the King of Prussia who played the cello well, so Mozart gave the cello lots of difficult music to play.

By the time Ludwig van Beethoven (1770-1827) was growing up, string quartets treated each of the four instruments as important. Beethoven wrote 16 string quartets. The middle ones became particularly famous and later composers took ideas from them, for example the slow introductions, and the idea of having a fast scherzo instead of a minuet and trio for one of the middle movements. Beethoven's last quartets are very beautiful, but also very complicated and sometimes quite aggressive. Beethoven was becoming very frustrated because he was deaf and could not hear his own music, but he could imagine it all in his head. Franz Schubert (1797-1827) admired them and wrote several string quartets himself.

In the Romantic period many composers wrote string quartets: Felix Mendelssohn (1809-1847), Robert Schumann (1810-1856), Johannes Brahms (1833-1897), Pyotr Tchaikovsky (1840-1893), Antonín Dvořák (1841-1904) and many others. Some of them, like Dvořák, included folk song from their own country in their quartets.

In the 20th century, composers have continued to write string quartets. Claude Debussy (1862-1918) and Maurice Ravel (1875-1934) each wrote one. Arnold Schoenberg even added a voice to his first String Quartet. Béla Bartók (1881-1945) wrote six string quartets which are very hard to play. They have very exciting rhythms which often come from his native Hungarian folk music, as well as complex harmonies. Dmitri Shostakovich (1906-1975) wrote fifteen and Benjamin Britten (1913-1976) wrote three.

String quartet groups
Playing in a string quartet is highly enjoyable. There are many great works by famous composers, as well as some music which has been written for young players who are learning.

There are professional players who form string quartets and who play together for many years. In the early part of the 20th century the Rosé Quartet was thought by many to be the best in Europe. Later the Amadeus Quartet became very famous.

Musical forms

String quartet


A spoon is a tool for eating. It is usually used for eating foods that are like liquids (like soup and yogurt), and it can also be used for stirring. Humans use spoons every day. Some solids (like cereal and ice cream) are also usually eaten with spoons. A ladle is a bigger type of serving spoon used for soup, stew, or other foods.

There are many different types of spoons. There are dessert spoons, soup spoons, baby spoons, teaspoons, tablespoons and others. There are also spoons that are collector items and are worth a lot of money. Some musicians even use two spoons as a musical instrument like a castanet.

Spoons have been used as tools for eating since Paleolithic times. Prehistoric peoples probably used shells, or small pieces of wood as spoons. Both the Greek and Latin words for spoon come from the word cochlea, which is a spiral-shaped  snail shell. The Anglo-Saxon word spoon, means a chip or splinter of wood.

References

Basic English 850 words
Food utensils

Spoon


François Dollier de Casson (1636 – 27 September 1701) was born in France into a wealthy bourgeois and military family. He began his adult life in the army which he left after three years to continue his studies and become a priest.

After becoming a Sulpician, he was assigned to New France, an assignment he took with some reluctance. He arrived in Quebec in 1666 and was immediately sent as a military chaplain with Prouville de Tracy in an action against the Mohawks. He was active as a missionary and explorer until becoming superior of the Sulpicians in New France in 1671. He also built the first canal.

In 1674, François returned to France for an extended rest and served as preceptor to his nephew. He returned to Canada in 1678 and served the Sulpicians until his death.

François Dollier de Casson is perhaps best known for his Histoire de Montréal. He also contributed to church architecture and served as vicar general of the diocese of Quebec. He ordered the first street survey of Montreal, executed by notary and surveyor Bénigne Basset Des Lauriers, creating the street layout of what is now known as Old Montreal. He was one of the key figures of the first attempt to dig the Lachine Canal, in 1689.

References

External links
 Biography at the Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online
 the Catholic Encyclopedia
 Histoire du Montréal

1636 births
1701 deaths
French Roman Catholic missionaries
Roman Catholic priests in New France
History of Montreal
French military chaplains
Roman Catholic missionaries in New France
Sulpician missionaries

François Dollier de Casson


The Angolan Democratic Forum (Fórum Democrático Angolano) was a political party in Angola. The party was formed by UNITA dissidents in Canada. The chairman of FDA was Jorge Rebelo Pinto Chikoti. The FDA aligned with the Democratic Reflexion Tendency (TRD), which was then not constituted as a formal party. Leaders of TRD included Pablo Tchipilica, Miguel Nzau Puna (former general secretary of UNITA) and Tony da Costa Fernandes.

FDA participated in the 1992 parliamentary election. Many TDR members were on its lists. The party obtained 12,038 votes (0.3%) and one seat in the National Assembly (Miguel Nzau Puna). When Puna was nominated ambassador of Angola in Canada in 1997, his parliament seat was taken over by António Dias da Silva. In 2006, Dias da Silva was expelled from the parliament.

FDA has ceased to function, but TRD continues to exist.

Sources
unhcr.org
rtp.pt
rubelluspetrinus.com.sapo.pt

Defunct political parties in Angola
Political parties with year of establishment missing
Political parties with year of disestablishment missing

Angolan Democratic Forum


The Cornish Rebellion of 1497 was a popular uprising by the people of Cornwall in the far southwest of Britain. Its primary cause was the people's response to the raising of war taxes by King Henry VII to pay for a campaign against Scotland. Tin miners were angered as the scale of the taxes overturned previous rights granted by Edward I of England to the Cornish Stannary Parliament which exempted Cornwall from all taxes of 10ths or 15ths of income.

Rebellion
In reaction to King Henry's tax levy, Michael Joseph (An Gof), a blacksmith from St Keverne and Thomas Flamank a lawyer from Bodmin, persuaded many of the people of Cornwall to revolt against the King. An army of 15,000 marched into Devon, attracting support in terms of provisions and recruits as they went. Apart from one isolated incident at Taunton their march was not accompanied by any violence or looting. From Taunton, they moved on to Wells, where they were joined by the seventh Baron Audley, an able soldier.

From Wells to Winchester and Kent
After issuing a declaration of grievances, the army left Wells and marched to Winchester via Bristol and Salisbury, remarkably unopposed as they progressed across the south of England. At this point, having come so far, there seems to have been some questioning of what exactly should be done. Flamank proposed that they should head for Kent, 'the classic soil of protests', the home of the Peasants' Revolt of 1381 and Jack Cade's rebellion, to rally the volatile men of Kent to their banner. Having failed to attract support in Kent part of the army abandoned the march and returned home while the rest turned towards Surrey.

In Surrey
Moving back west, by Tuesday 13 June 1497 the Cornish army arrived at Guildford. Although shocked by the scale of the revolt, Henry VII had not been idle. The army of 8000 men assembled for Scotland was recalled. The same day that the Cornish arrived at Guildford, Lord Daubeney and his army took up position upon Hounslow Heath and were cheered by the arrival of food and wine dispatched by the Lord Mayor of London.

The Crown decided to take the offensive and test the strength and resolve of the Cornish forces. Lord Daubeney sent out a force of 500 mounted spearmen and they clashed with the Cornish at 'Gill Down' outside Guildford on Wednesday 14 June 1497.

The Cornish army left Guildford and moved via Banstead and Chussex Plain to Blackheath where they pitched their final camp, looking down from the hill onto the Thames and City of London. Somehow An Gof held his army together, but faced with overwhelming odds, some Cornish deserted and by morning there remained only some 9-10,000 Cornish stalwarts left in arms.

Battle of Deptford Bridge

The Battle of Deptford Bridge (also known as Battle of Blackheath) took place on 17 June 1497 on a site in present-day Deptford south-east London, near the River Ravensbourne and was the climax of the Cornish Rebellion. Henry VII had an army of some 25,000 men and the Cornish lacked the supporting cavalry and artillery arms essential to the professional forces of the time. After carefully spreading rumours that he would attack on the following Monday, Henry moved against the Cornish at dawn on Saturday (17 June 1497). The Royal forces were divided into three 'battles', two under Lords Oxford, Essex and Suffolk, to wheel round the right flank and rear of enemy whilst the third waited in reserve. When the Cornish were duly surrounded, Lord Daubeney and the third 'battle' were ordered into frontal attack.

Cornish force at the bridge
At the bridge at Deptford Strand, the Cornish had placed a body of archers to block the passage of the river. Here Daubeney had a hot time of it before his spearmen eventually captured the crossing with some losses (a mere 8 men or as many as 300 depending on one's source). Through ill-advice or inexperience, the Cornish had neglected to provide support for the men at Deptford Strand bridge and the main array stood well back into the heath, near to the top of the hill. Lord Daubeney and his troops poured across in strength and engaged the enemy with great vigour. Daubeney himself was so carried away that he became isolated from his men and was captured. Astoundingly enough, the Cornish simply released him and he soon returned to the fray.

Continuation of the battle
The two other Royal divisions attacked the Cornish precisely as planned and, as Bacon succinctly put it: being ill-armed and ill-led, and without horse or artillery, they were with no great difficulty cut in pieces and put to flight. Estimates of the Cornish dead range from 200 to 2000 and a general slaughter of the broken army was well under way when An Gof gave the order for surrender. He fled but only got as far as Greenwich before being captured. The less enterprising Lord Audley and Thomas Flamank were taken on the field of battle.

Aftermath
By 2pm, Henry VII had returned to the City in triumph, knighting deserving parties on the way, to accept the acclamation of the Mayor and attend a service of thanksgiving at St Paul's.

In due course, severe monetary penalties, extracted by Crown agents, pauperised sections of Cornwall for years to come. Prisoners were sold into slavery and estates were seized and handed to more loyal subjects. The remaining rebels that escaped went home ending the rebellion.

An Gof and Flamank were both executed at Tyburn, London on 27 June 1497. An Gof is recorded to have said before his execution that he should have  "a name perpetual and a fame permanent and immortal". Audley, as a peer of the realm, was beheaded on the 28th June at Tower Hill, London.

Quincentennial
In 1997 a statue depicting the Cornish leaders, "Michael An Gof" and Thomas Flamank was unveiled at An Gof's home village of St Keverne and a commemorative plaque was also unveiled on Blackheath Common.

Cornwall
Surrey
Nationalism
1497
1490s in England
Rebellions in Europe
June events

Cornish rebellion of 1497


Sarah Caldwell (born March 6, 1924 - died March 23, 2006) was an American opera conductor and a stage director. She sang, performed and was director of opera music. Sarah was born in Missouri, though was raised in Arkansas. She later died due to heart failure in Portland, Maine at 82.

People from Missouri
Opera
1924 births
2006 deaths

Sarah Caldwell