Ayya Vaikundar () is a Manu (father, sovereign) avatar (the incarnation of a deity) of the Lord Narayana according to Akilattirattu Ammanai the holy book of the Ayyavazhi religion, officially a Tamil Hindu branch.

The physical human body of Ayya Vaikundar was born with the name Muthukutty. However, Muthukutty is referred to as Sampooranathevan, a deva (a deity), in the religious book Akilam. Ayya Vikundar is a combination of the spirit of Narayana, the soul of the Supreme God, Ekam (God beyond conciouseness) and the body of an ordinary human being (Muthukutty).

The Ekam as soul incarnated with the spirit of Narayana in the body of Muthukutty.

Ayyavazhi
1810 births
1851 deaths
Hindu saints

Ayya Vaikundar


Lend-Lease was a program of the United States government put into place right before World War II.  The United States was still trying to be neutral in the War, but wanted to give supplies to the Allied Powers (Great Britain, France and the Soviet Union).  The U.S. gave the Allies several billion dollars of weapons.  The Allies gave the United States rights to air and naval bases around the world, as well as billions in future monies.  This money was not fully given until 2006.

Government of the United States
World War II

Lend-Lease


is a role-playing video game made by Square Soft for the Super NES game console.

Plot
Chrono Trigger follows a young boy named Crono, who goes to see the Millennial Fair. He meets a girl named Marle at the fair and she follows him. Crono's friend, named Lucca, tests a teleporter at the fair. The machine goes wrong, and sends them back in time. They soon meet new friends and discover more time periods to go to. However, they find out an evil monster named Lavos is destroying the world. It is up to Crono and his friends to stop it.

Gameplay
Chrono Trigger is a role-playing game. It was one of the first games to let the player see the enemies on the world before they fight them, and when he or she goes into a battle, the enemies and characters fight without going into a separate battle screen like other RPGs like Final Fantasy and Dragon Quest did at the time.

Reception
Chrono Trigger is thought to be one of the best Super NES games, and one of the best role-playing games too. It got great reviews, praising it for its story, gameplay, and innovation.

Re-releases
Chrono Trigger was first re-released on the PlayStation with Final Fantasy IV on Final Fantasy Chronicles. It was given good reviews, but reviewers were unhappy with the long load times whenever going into a menu or battle. Chrono Trigger was re-released for the Nintendo DS as Chrono Trigger DS. It has the same graphics and extras from the PlayStation version along with other extras such as new dungeons.

References

Other websites
 Official Japanese website
 Official English website
 The Chrono Wiki
 Chrono Trigger Walkthrough

1995 video games
PlayStation games
Super Nintendo Entertainment System games
Video games with time travel

Chrono Trigger


A swimming pool is a tank or large basin that is filled with water and intended for recreational or competitive swimming or diving. Pools are also used for other bathing activities, such as playing, wading, water exercising, floating on inner tubes, or cooling off on hot days.

Various methods are used to keep algae, germs, and other bad things out of the pool.  The chemical chlorine kills germs and algae.  Sometimes sea water is also used for this.  The filtration system is also used for this.  Pump and Filter are two main components of a swimming pool filtration system.

Types of pools
Some pools are indoor so they can be used when weather is bad.  Most are outdoor.  There are different types of swimming pools.

The competition pool. Swimming competitions can be held there. Competition pools are usually very large, and usually either 25 or 50 m long and their deep end is 2 to 5 m deep. They have usually 4 to 8 lanes.

A play pool is made for children, and quite shallow, typically no deeper than five feet (1.5m).  Play pools can have a decorative shape.

A freeform pool is built generally to imitate a natural lagoon pool or small oasis.  It will have a natural uneven shape, and will often have features around it like rocks and waterfalls to compliment the naturalistic style.

A geometric pool has even lines and features. Usually built in a rectangular shape, this pool is considered the "traditional swimming pool" style.

Lap pools are built so that people can swim laps for health and fitness.  They tend to be long and narrow, usually over fifty feet (15m) long.

Diving pools are built deep; most are 3 to 6 m deep with a diving board or a platform, or a jump tower.  The Olympic diving tower has platforms at 1 m, 3 m, 5 m and 10 m height.

Infinity swimming pools (also referred to as infinity edge swimming pools, or negative edge pools) give the illusion that the edge of the pool extends to the horizon. This gives an optical illusion that the pool "has no edge", and looks as if the pool goes on to infinity.

The spool: The word "spool" is a combination of the two words spa and pool. The spool is a smaller pool, more commonly seen as a large spa. Spools are often around 12 to 14 feet squared.

The perimeter overflow pool: This pool is created by having the pool surface's water level at the same level as the surround of the pool. The water of the pool drains into a notched perimeter around the pool.

Water
Swimming

Swimming pool


The Elfstedentocht, Dutch for "Eleven cities tour" is a race for people on ice skates. The race takes place on canals in Friesland in the north of the Netherlands. The route of the race goes through eleven towns and is nearly 200 kilometers long. It can only be held in winters when it has been cold enough to freeze the canals to enough depth to make it safe for skating on.

The race starts and finishes in Leeuwarden, the capital city of Friesland. The route goes through all eleven places in Friesland which are officially called "towns". The race has been held 15 times. The first year it took place was 1909. The most recent race was on 4 January 1997. The ice on the canals has to be at least 15 cm thick for the race to take place. It is a very tough race, although some years the race has been tougher than others, depending on the weather conditions. 1963 was an extremely cold winter. That year only one in 100 people who took part managed to finish the race.

Medals are given to the first 11 men and the first 5 women.

Friesland
Skating
Sport in the Netherlands
1909 establishments in Europe
1900s establishments in the Netherlands
De Fryske Marren
Leeuwarden
Noardeast-Fryslân
Súdwest-Fryslân
Waadhoeke

Elfstedentocht


Blessed Pey Berland (or Peyberland, from Pierre Berland; c. 1380 – January 1458) was the Archbishop of Bordeaux from 1430 until his abdication, during a pivotal time in the history of the city and of Gascony. During his tenure, the city of Bordeaux remained staunchly faithful to the King of England in the last phase of the Hundred Years' War, but the French took the city in 1451.

Education and early career
Berland was born in the hamlet of Saint-Raphael in the parish of Avensan in central Medoc. Though a peasant, he was educated early on by a retired local notary before moving to Bordeaux to continue his studies and enter the Church. He eventually enrolled in the University of Toulouse and received a bachelor's certificate in canon law. He was ordained at that point, though still young by the standards of the time, when most boys who entered the church put off priesthood until it was required by their office. He then caught the attention of Francesco Uguccione, the old Archbishop of Bordeaux (1384–1412), who drafted him to serve as his personal secretary.

As a secretary of an influential diplomat and cardinal, Berland travelled extensively in the early 15th century. In Autumn 1408 he accompanied Uguccione to England, where the cardinal sought to persuade the English to send a delegation to the Council of Pisa - then struggling to put an end to the Western Schism. From England, Berland and Uguccione went to Italy, and in 1410 the archbishop rewarded Berland with one of the canonries of the Cathedral of Saint-André, which included Bouliac opposite Bordeaux on the Garonne and the associate parishes of Quinsac and Lormont. In 1412 the two were in Florence when Uguccione died. Berland supervised his burial and then went on a pilgrimage to the Holy Land, before returning once more to Bordeaux.

In 1413 Berland was rewarded post mortem by his old master when Antipope John XXIII, fulfilling a request by Uguccione that "his beloved servant" Berland not be forgotten, granted the canon a prebend. He subsequently rose rapidly in the ecclesiastical ranks of Gascony and, in 1423, he was appointed by the regents of the young Henry VI to the Court of Sovereignty, a sort of appellate court, of Gascony, which sat in Bordeaux. In 1430 the archbishop David de Montferrand died and the cathedral chapter readily elected Berland to replace him, which election was unhesitatingly confirmed by Pope Martin V.

Archiepiscopate

Patronage of building and learning
As archbishop, Berland pursued several building projects. He had a new hospital constructed, dedicated to Saint Peter (Saint-Pierre) near Saint-Seurin. The bell tower built at Saint-André in 1440 is still called the Tour Pey Berland today, after its founder; it had been ordered by the chapter in 1429 but it took Berland to get construction underway. Berland was also a patron of the education in his city.

In 1441, after years of urging in the Papal curia, Bordeaux was granted its own studium generale, a precursor to the University of Bordeaux. In 1442, he founded a college in his birth town of Saint-Raphael. This college was a prototype of the later diocesan seminary and in Berland's day it trained twelve young men for the priesthood. Berland bequeathed all his books to the college and he also created a fund to help purchase books for poor students at other institutions.

Hundred Years' War
Politically, Berland was resistant to French efforts to control Bordeaux and he strongly supported English sovereignty. While the French kings claimed ecclesiastical jurisdiction over Bordeaux by the Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges, Berland rejected it.

From 1434-51, his leadership was essential, as the mayor of the time, Gadifer Shorthose, was weak-willed and short-sighted. During that time Berland did not deem it wise to leave his diocese; rather he sent a delegation to the Council of Basel.

On 16 July 1442, Thomas Bekynton (Bishop of Bath and Wells), in the company of Robert Roos , arrived in Bordeaux as ambassadors of the English king. The next day they took letters from Henry VI promising aid, once they had had them translated, to Berland, who read them from the pulpit the next day.

The citizens were stirred to action to help defend their city while they awaited help from England. Berland travelled to England on 26 July with letters from the ambassadors. He sent his physician back to Bordeaux in October, but he  remained in England for the twofold purpose of assuring the king of the loyalty of his Gascon subjects and of keeping the plight of the Bordelais on his mind.

On 1 November 1450, a day remembered as La Male Journade ("the bad day") in Bordelais history, the citizens of Bordeaux, along with English men-at-arms and Gascon knights, sallied forth to defend the city from the encroaching armies of Amanieu of Orval, Poton de Xaintrailles, and Jean Bureau.

The Gascon defenders were routed and many citizens lost heir lives. Berland is said to have retreated into his chamber for two days to pray after seeing the mass of bodies being returned to the city.

Bordeaux was forced to come to terms before a long siege began. On 12 June 1451, the Estates of Bordeaux, represented by Pey Berland, signed a treaty with the French, represented by Xaintrailles.

On 30 June 1451, at a ceremony held in the cathedral, Pey Berland and the leading men of Bordeaux swore oaths of fealty to Charles VII of France and so the French, led by Jean de Dunois, in return recognised the privileges of Bordeaux.

Relationship with the French
It is likely that the French pressured Berland to renounce his bishopric in order that they could fill it with a more amenable Frenchman. On 7 December 1451, he made a public protest at the acts of the commission of the French seneschal of Guyenne. He ordered the commissary, Georges de Bassac, not to hold any further audiences under pain of excommunication or, probably worse, a fine.

On 7 July 1452, Berland took an oath at the altar of his church that he would never abandon or renounce his archbishopric and wished to die an archbishop. Nevertheless, he refrained from any anti-French activities for the duration of his episcopate and honoured his oath of 1451.

In September 1456, Pey Berland finally did retire from his archdiocese. He moved to his hometown of Saint-Raphael, at the college he had founded there, and where he died in January 1458.

Sources
Labarge, Margaret Wade. Gascony, England's First Colony 1204–1453. London: Hamish Hamilton, 1980.
Vale, M. G. A. "The Last Years of English Gascony, 1451–1453: The Alexander Prize Essay." Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, 5th Ser., Vol. 19. (1969), pp. 119–138.

1380 births
1458 deaths
Gascons
Archbishops of Bordeaux
People of the Hundred Years' War
15th-century French Roman Catholic bishops
15th-century Christian saints
Medieval English saints
People from Gironde

Pey Berland


Nathaniel Buel Eldredge (March 28, 1813 – November 27, 1893) was a physician, infantry officer, lawyer, sheriff, and ultimately a two-term Democratic congressman from the State of Michigan.

Biography
Eldredge was born in Auburn, New York, and as he grew up, attended the common schools.  He attended Fairfield Medical College and engaged in the practice of medicine in Commerce, Michigan.

He served as clerk of the Michigan Senate in 1845 and was a member of the Michigan State House of Representatives from Lapeer County in 1848.  He served as probate judge from 1852 to 1856.  He studied law, was admitted to the bar and commenced practice in 1854.  Soon after the outbreak of the American Civil War, Eldredge enrolled on June 19, 1861 as captain of Company G of the 7th Michigan Volunteer Infantry Regiment.  He resigned his commission in December 1861, then re-entered the service with the 11th Michigan Volunteer Infantry Regiment.  Commissioned as a lieutenant colonel on April 1, 1862, he was honorably discharged on January 7, 1863.  He was elected sheriff of Lenawee County in 1874.

In 1882, Eldredge was elected as a Democrat to represent Michigan's 2nd congressional district in the 48th United States Congress, defeating Republican Edward P. Allen. Eldredge's victory was part of the first postwar Democratic landslide. Eldredge was reelected two years later, serving in the 49th United States Congress, where he was chairman of the Committee on Pensions.  In all, he served from March 4, 1883 to March 3, 1887.

Eldredge died in Adrian, Michigan and was interred there in Oakwood Cemetery.

References
 Retrieved on 2008-02-14
The Political Graveyard

1813 births
1893 deaths
Burials in Michigan
Union Army officers
Democratic Party members of the Michigan House of Representatives
Mayors of Adrian, Michigan
People of Michigan in the American Civil War
Michigan sheriffs
Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Michigan
19th-century American politicians
19th-century American lawyers
19th-century American judges
Politicians from Auburn, New York
People from Commerce, Michigan

Nathaniel B. Eldredge


Welfare is an idea from economics and Social Security. The idea is that everyone should have a minimal living standard. People who cannot reach this standard will be supported, usually by the state. Using welfare, everyone has their basic needs covered. This idea is different from the idea of charity.

Welfare can take different forms:
Certain goods are subsidized by the state. In that way, in many countries the price of goods people need daily, such as bread or rice may be fixed by the state.
A voucher is similar to a subsidy, except that it may only be used in a certain way. An example of this might be the cafeteria at the university; certain students get their meals cheaper, because they have a voucher. The cafeteria then exchanges the voucher, and will be paid the difference.
It is also possible to pay money directly: people will then get a monthly amount of money. They can spend this money on anything, without restriction.
Some countries need to have proof you applied for a job to receive welfare.

Welfare money is given by the government, charities, and other groups of people to help homeless, old, illness, poor, and disabled people (people who cannot help themselves), and also helps children (child support).

Welfare can also be called the well-being of someone or a group of people: their happiness, health, safety, and fortune.

In countries like Germany, Japan, United States, Sweden, and France, government welfare also is used to help the needy.

Related pages
Social worker
Right to an adequate standard of living
Economic, social and cultural rights
Welfare economics
Welfare state

Human rights
Welfare economics

Welfare


Questrecques is a French commune in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais, in the Pas-de-Calais department in north France.

Questrecques is 7 miles (11 km) southeast of Boulogne-sur-Mer. It is on the riverbanks of the River Liane.

The number of people living in Questrecques goes up most years.
In France, there is a big survey called a census. In the census, the government finds out how many people live in a place.
 In 1962, there were 171 people living in Questrecques.
 In 1968, there were 187 people living there.
 In 1975, there were 193 people living there.
 In 1982, there were 181 people living there.
 In 1990, there were 258 people living there.
 In 1999, there were 354 people living there.
 In 2006, there were 360 people living in Questrecques.

There is a church in Questrecques. It is called The Church of St. Martin. It is a 15th century church.

References

Communes in Pas-de-Calais

Questrecques


The hazel dormouse (Muscardinus avellanarius), also known as the common dormouse, is a small rodent. It is the only living species in its genus.
It is  long with a tail of . It weighs , increasing to  just before hibernation. The hazel dormouse hibernates from October to April/May. In British sources, it is normally called the dormouse rather than the hazel or common dormouse.

The hazel dormouse is native to northern Europe and Asia Minor. It is the only dormouse native to the British Isles, although the edible dormouse (Glis glis) was accidentally introduced to the British Isles and now has an established population).

The locations in the UK where the hazel dormouse can be found is shown on the National Biodivestity Network website.

Protection status
The hazel dormouse is a European Protected Species and is protected in the UK under the Wildlife and Countryside Act.

Natural history
The hazel dormouse is the only small mammal in Britain to have a completely furry tail. It has golden-brown fur and large black eyes. It is a nocturnal creature and spends most of its waking hours looking for food in trees. It will make long trips in tree branches instead of coming down to the ground. This is to avoid danger.

In winter (early October), the hazel dormouse will hibernate in nests beneath the leaf litter on the forest floor. When it wakes up in spring (late April or early May), it builds nests out of honeysuckle bark, fresh leaves and grasses. If the weather is cold and wet and there is not much food, it saves energy by going into torpor (a temporary hibernation). It curls up into a ball and goes to sleep. The hazel dormouse spend a large amount of its life sleeping, either hibernating in winter or in torpor in summer.

Identification signs

Examination of hazelnuts may show a neat round hole in the shell. This shows that it has been opened by  a small rodent like the dormouse, wood mouse, or bank vole. Other animals including squirrels or jays will either split the shell completely in half or make a jagged hole in it.

If you look closer at the hole, the inner rim of the hole will have toothmarks which are at an angle to the hole (if it has been made by a dormouse).  The toothmarks are parallel with rough marks on the nut surface if a wood mouse made the hole. The bank vole leaves parallel grooves with no rough marks.

Diet
It feeds on a different foods which it can find in trees:
nectar and pollen from flowers
berries and nuts
insects - especially aphids and caterpillars
buds of young leaves
Hazel is the main food that dormice eat to fatten up before hibernation. The tree is also an important provider of insects.
Hornbeam and blackthorn fruit (if there are not many hazel trees)

The hazel dormouse needs different food sources at different times of year to survive.

Habitat
Woodland
Hedgerows. These contain lots of different species and are connected to woodland.  The best ones are  high, and have not been cut for at least 7 years. This is because many shrubs do not begin to produce fruit for this long.
nestboxes
They usually only travel less than  from their nest.

Trees and shrubs which are important to dormice
Hazel. This is the dormouse's main food source. It has a lot of branches, which makes it easier for the dormouse to move around. The hazel dormouse's Latin name avellanarius means hazel.
Oak. The dormouse eat the flowers of theoOak, as well as the insects that live on the tree. The acorns are not often eaten by dormice.
Honeysuckle. This tree's flowers and fruit are food. The dormouse uses the bark for nesting material.
Bramble. The dormouse eats the flowers and fruits. The thorns give protection for the dormouse's nest.
Sycamore. The dormouse eats the pollen from this tree, as well as the insects that live on the tree.
Ash. Dormice eat the seed keys when they are still on the tree.
Viburnum lantana. The dormouse eats the fruits and flowers.
Yew. Dormice eat the fruits.
Hornbeam. Dormice eat the seeds.
Broom. Dormice eat the flowers in early Summer
Sallow. Dormice eat unripe seeds and the insects which live on this plant.
Birch. Dormice eat the seeds.
Sweet chestnut. Dormice eat the floers and the chestnuts.
Blackthorn. Dormice eat the fruit.
Hawthorn. Dormice eat the flowers in the spring. They sometimes eat the fruit

Predators
 Badger, fox, stoat and weasel eat dormice. As nocturnal animals, they are also prey to owls.
 Lack of food - for example, if hedges are trimmed too often, or if other species (like squirrels) eat the food dormice feed on.
 Destruction of forest and hedgerow habitats.

References

Other websites
Peoples Trust for Endangered Species  site describing the Hazel Dormouse and its conservation
Information and images  from the BBC
Extensive information and pictures
Pet care
A lot of facts, links and book reviews about the dormouse
Dormouse nest-box construction

Dormice
Mammals of Asia
Mammals of Europe
Mammals of Great Britain

Hazel dormouse


Crop protection is a branch of horticulture, aimed at protecting crops. This is done so that the yield of the crop does not diminish. Common approaches are:
Using pesticides, these are on a chemical basis
Using biological pest control, using the natural enemies of the pests to control them.
Using barriers, such as nets
Using psychology, for example to scare birds
Using biotechnology, selective breeding and genetic engineering

Related pages
Farming
Ecology

Agriculture

Crop protection


Franz Moritz Graf von Lacy (; ; , tr. ; 21 October 1725 – 24 November 1801) was a Baltic German-born Austrian military leader, he was the son of Count Peter von Lacy and was a famous Austrian field marshal. He served during the reign of Maria Theresa and was a close friend to Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor, becoming one of the latter's advisers. Lacy was made a count of the Holy Roman Empire.

Early life

He was born as the son of Count Peter von Lacy and his second wife, Margareta Filippina von Funcken-Lösern (1685–1759), widowed Countess Frölich. His father was a Russian Field Marshal who belonged to the Irish branch of the de Lacy family and had followed James II into exile. Franz Moritz was born in St Petersburg, and was educated in Germany for a military career, and entered the Austrian service. He served in Italy, Bohemia, Silesia and the Netherlands during the War of the Austrian Succession, was twice wounded, and by the end of the war was a lieutenant-colonel. At the age of twenty-five he became full colonel and chief of an infantry regiment.

Seven Years' War
In 1756 with the opening of the Seven Years' War he was again on active service, and in the first battle (Lobositz) he distinguished himself so much that he was at once promoted major-general. He received his third wound on this occasion and his fourth at the battle of Prague in 1757. Later in 1757 Lacy bore a conspicuous part in the great victory of Breslau, and at Leuthen, where he received his fifth wound, he covered the retreat of the defeated army. Soon after this began his association with Field-Marshal Daun, the new generalissimo of the empress's forces, and these two commanders, powerfully assisted later by the genius of Laudon, made headway against Frederick the Great for the remainder of the war.

Lacy, a lieutenant field-marshal at thirty-two, was made chief of staff (quartermaster-general) to Daun in the newly created general staff. They were cautious to the point of timidity since Leuthen and many other bitter defeats had taught the Austrians to respect Frederick; but, having resolved to wear out the enemy by Fabian methods, they were strong enough to persist to the end. Thus for some years the life of Lacy, as of Daun and Laudon, is the story of the war against Prussia. After Hochkirch (October 15, 1758) Lacy received the Grand Cross of the Order of Maria Theresa. In 1759 both Daun and Lacy fell into disfavour for failing to win victories, and Lacy owed his promotion to Feldzeugmeister only to the fact that Laudon had just received this rank for the brilliant conduct of his detachment at Kunersdorf. He shadowed Frederick the Great's Prussian army during the failed Siege of Dresden in 1760. His responsibilities told heavily on Lacy in the ensuing campaigns, and his capacity for supreme command was doubted even by Daun, who refused to give him the command when he himself was wounded at the Battle of Torgau.

Later career

After the Treaty of Hubertusburg a new sphere of activity was opened, in which Lacy's special gifts had the greatest scope. Maria Theresa having placed her son, Emperor Joseph II, at the head of Austrian military affairs, Lacy was made a field marshal, and given the task of reforming and administering the army (1766). He framed new regulations for each arm, a new code of military law, a good supply system. As the result of his work the Austrian army was more numerous, far better equipped, and cheaper than it had ever been before. Joseph soon became very intimate with his military adviser, but this did not prevent his mother, after she became estranged from the young emperor, from giving Lacy her full confidence. His activities were not confined to the army. He was in sympathy with Joseph's innovations, and was regarded by Maria Theresa as a prime mover in the scheme for the partition of Poland. But his self-imposed work broke down Lacy's health, and in 1773, in spite of the remonstrances of Maria Theresa and of the emperor, he laid down all his offices and went to southern France. On returning he was still unable to resume office, though as an unofficial adviser in political and military matters he was far from idle.

In the brief and uneventful War of the Bavarian Succession, Lacy and Laudon were the chief Austrian commanders against the King of Prussia, and when Joseph II at Maria Theresa's death, became the sovereign of the Austrian dominions as well as emperor, Lacy remained his most trusted friend. More serious than the War of the Bavarian Succession was the Turkish war which presently broke out. Lacy was now old and worn out, and his tenure of command therein was not marked by any greater measure of success than in the case of the other Austrian generals. His active career was at an end, although he continued his effective interest in the affairs of the state and the army throughout the reign of Joseph's successor, Leopold II. His last years were spent in retirement at his Neuwaldegg Castle near Vienna. He is buried in a mausoleum in the castle grounds.

Ancestry
His father was the Irish-born Russian field marshal and general, commander of Saint Petersburg and Veliky Novgorod as well as governor of Riga, Count Pierce Edmond de Lacy (German: Peter Graf von Lacy) (1678–1751).

See also

 Irish military diaspora
 Irish regiments

References

Further reading
 "Franz Moritz von Lacy", Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (ADB) (in German), Volume 17, Leipzig: Duncker & Humblot, 1883,  pp. 487–499; (accessible online).
 .
 Edward de Lacy-Bellingari (1928), The roll of the house of Lacy: pedigrees, military memoirs and synoptical history of the ancient and illustrious family of De Lacy, from the earliest times, in all its branches, to the present day. Full notices on allied families and a memoir of the Brownes (Camas). Baltimore, MD: Waverly Press, viii & 409 pp. (accessible online).
 Stefan Michael Newerkla (2019), "Die irischen Reichsgrafen von Browne-Camus in russischen und österreichischen Diensten. Vom Vertrag von Limerick (1691) bis zum Tod ihres Hausfreunds Ludwig van Beethoven (1827)" [= The Irish counts of Browne-Camus in Russian and Austrian service. From the Treaty of Limerick (1691) to the death of their friend Ludwig van Beethoven (1827)]. In: Lazar Fleishman – Stefan Michael Newerkla – Michael Wachtel (eds.): Скрещения судеб. Literarische und kulturelle Beziehungen zwischen Russland und dem Westen. A Festschrift for Fedor B. Poljakov (= Stanford Slavic Studies, Volume 49). Berlin: Peter Lang, pp. 43–68.
 Stefan Michael Newerkla (2020), "Das irische Geschlecht O'Reilly und seine Verbindungen zu Österreich und Russland" [The Irish O'Reilly family and their connections to Austria and Russia]. In: Diachronie – Ethnos – Tradition: Studien zur slawischen Sprachgeschichte [Diachrony – Ethnos – Tradition: Studies in Slavic Language History]. Eds. Jasmina Grković-Major, Natalia B. Korina, Stefan M. Newerkla, Fedor B. Poljakov, Svetlana M. Tolstaja. Brno: Tribun EU, pp. 259–279 (accessible online), here pp. 259–261.

1725 births
1801 deaths
Military personnel from Saint Petersburg
People from Sankt-Peterburgsky Uyezd
Nobility from the Russian Empire
Emigrants from the Russian Empire to the Austrian Empire
Counts of Austria
Austrian people of Irish descent
Field marshals of Austria
Generals of the Holy Roman Empire
18th-century Austrian people
Austrian military personnel of the War of the Austrian Succession
Austrian military personnel of the Seven Years' War
Austrian military personnel of the War of the Bavarian Succession
Imperial military personnel of the War of Bavarian Succession
Recipients of the Order of St. George of the Third Degree
People of the Silesian Wars
Grand Crosses of the Military Order of Maria Theresa

Franz Moritz von Lacy


The Progressive Party () was a liberal party in South Africa which, during the era of apartheid, was considered the left wing of the all-white parliament. The party represented the legal opposition to apartheid within South Africa's white minority. It opposed the ruling National Party's racial policies, and championed the rule of law. For 13 years, its only member of parliament was Helen Suzman. It was later renamed the Progressive Reform Party in 1975, and then Progressive Federal Party in 1977. The modern Democratic Alliance considers the party to be its earliest predecessor.

The Progressive Party of South Africa is not to be confused with the much earlier Progressive Party of the Cape Colony, which was founded on very different, pro-imperialist policies and which became the "Union Party" in 1908.

Creation

The Progressive Party was formed by members who had left the United Party following the United Party Union Congress held in Bloemfontein starting on 11 August 1959. The delegates at the Party Congress passed policy resolutions limiting the political rights the party wished to give to Natives. The Progressives found these resolutions unacceptable.

Dissatisfied with the supine stance of the United Party to the apartheid policies of the Government, twelve liberal members of the United Party broke away to form the Progressive Party in 1959. The party rejected race discrimination and advocated equal opportunities for all with a qualified franchise with a common voter's roll.

A Progressive Group of MPs led by Dr Bernard Friedman, organized the new party. The first meeting of the Group took place at the home of Helen Suzman, MP for the Transvaal seat of Houghton. This meeting took place on 23–24 August 1959. The Progressive Party began its founding Congress on 13 November 1959, in Johannesburg.

Jan Steytler, a former Cape leader of the United Party, was elected the first leader of the new Party.

At the session of Parliament in 1960, the Progressive Party had twelve MPs. Eleven had been first elected for the United Party and one (a Native Representative Member) defected from the Liberal Party of South Africa. By the end of that Parliament in 1961, the group had been reduced to ten as a result of the abolition of the Native Representative seats at the end of 1960 and the resignation of one MP in January 1961.

Electoral history

At the General Election, held on 18 October 1961, the Progressive Party performed relatively well for a new party, putting up a credible performance against the United Party in many of the seats it contested, especially in the Transvaal and Natal. However, the electoral system worked to the party's disadvantage, and although it came very close in Parktown, Helen Suzman in Houghton was the only Progressive Party candidate to actually be elected. It would be thirteen years before she again had party colleagues in Parliament. In that time Suzman was re-elected in 1966 and 1970. In those years, she singlehandedly did the work of an entire opposition party and would become a well known figure both inside South Africa and abroad.

Following the disappointing result of the election, support for the party amongst white voters had dropped substantially by 1966, and focus instead shifted towards attracting coloured votes. The Progressive Party won two seats representing coloured voters on the Cape Provincial Council in 1965. The National Party responded by extending the term of the four national coloured representative members, and ultimately abolished coloured electoral representation by 1970, thus preventing the party from winning those seats. Despite gains in some white constituencies, Suzman once again became its only MP or MPC.

Jan Steytler continued as party leader until December 1970, but being outside Parliament he was far less visible than Suzman. Harry Lawrence, a former Minister and the most senior of the MPs who had left the United Party in 1959, became temporary leader. In February 1971 Colin Eglin from Cape Town was elected party leader.

At the next General Election, on 24 April 1974, the Progressive Party made a major advance. In addition to Suzman, re-elected for Houghton, five other members won seats including Colin Eglin. A seventh member of the caucus was elected at a by-election soon after. Three members also won seats on the Transvaal and Cape Provincial Councils. This brought the party out of the political wilderness and set it on the path towards becoming the official opposition.

Merger with Reform Party
A group of reformists broke away from the left wing of the United Party in February 1975. Four MPs led by Harry Schwarz, formed the Reform Party. The Reform Party merged with the Progressive Party to form the Progressive Reform Party, following Congresses held in Johannesburg on 25 and 26 July 1975.

Subsequently, the PRP merged with another breakaway group from the United Party, which was in sharp decline in the mid 1970s, to become the Progressive Federal Party in 1977.

References

Source of the information used to assist in the writing of this article is A Cricket in the Thorn Tree: Helen Suzman and the Progressive Party by Joanna Strangwayes-Booth (Hutchinson of London, 1976)

See also
Liberalism
Contributions to liberal theory
Liberalism worldwide
List of liberal parties
Liberal democracy
Liberalism in South Africa

South Africa 1970s
Liberal parties in South Africa
Defunct political parties in South Africa
Political parties established in 1959
Political parties disestablished in 1975
Anti-Apartheid organisations
1959 establishments in South Africa
1975 disestablishments

Progressive Party (South Africa)


Tarzan is a main fictional character. He appeared in many books by Edgar Rice Burroughs. Burroughs first wrote about Tarzan in 1914. The book was called Tarzan of the Apes. Tarzan's father was an English lord who died in the African jungle. The baby Tarzan was left alone in the jungle. Giant apes found the baby Tarzan and took care of him. Tarzan has also appeared in other media including movies, movie serials, comic books, and television programs.

Books with jungle settings
Fictional characters with immortality

Tarzan


Gold Mountain (, "Gam Saan" in Cantonese, often rendered in English as Gum Shan or Gumshan) is a commonly used nickname for San Francisco, California, and historically used broadly by Chinese to refer to western regions of North America, including British Columbia, Canada. After gold was found in the Sierra Nevada in 1848, thousands of Chinese from Toisan in Guangdong, began to travel to the West in search of gold and riches during the California Gold Rush.

Chinese people historically referred to California and British Columbia as Gold Mountain, as evidenced by maps and returned Overseas Chinese. However, as a gold rush subsequently occurred in Australia, Bendigo in the then-colony of Victoria was referred to as "New Gold Mountain" (新金山), and California became known as Old Gold Mountain (); although "Old Gold Mountain" now specifically refers to San Francisco.

History
The name "Gold Mountain" was initially applied to California.  Ships full of immigrants docked in San Francisco to disembark passengers, initially bound for the gold fields, but later to remain in the growing Chinese settlement in San Francisco.  In the latter part of the 19th century, however, British Columbia also came to be referred to as "Gold Mountain" following the discovery of gold in the Fraser Canyon in the 1857 and the subsequent group of Chinese from San Francisco arriving by boat in June 1858, and further Chinese settlers coming from California and directly from China later on to British Columbia (which they also referred to as "The Colonies of T'ang" i.e. China). The term thus broadened to mean "Western North America". The gold seekers in British Columbia first went to the Chinatown in Victoria, on the Colony of Vancouver Island, to obtain supplies. Victoria was the dominant political and economic centre before the economic ascendancy of Vancouver (which has its own Chinatown), and remains the official seat of political power in British Columbia today.

Following California Gold Rush, Australian gold rushes began in 1851, making Australia the 'New Gold Mountain' (), also refers to Melbourne; Sydney became 'Sydney Gold Mountain' ().

See also
Chinese-Americans in the California Gold Rush
Chinese migration
History of Chinese immigration to Canada
Altai Mountains (Jin Shan)

References

Hasley, Karen J.: "Gold Mountain" (Denver, CO: Outskirts Press, 2012) a work of fiction describing this time in history

External links
"Escape to Gold Mountain: A Graphic History of the Chinese in North America" by David H.T. Wong. 2012.
Overview of Chinese immigrants during California Gold Rush
"Gold Mountain" from The Concubine's Children by Denise Chong. Accessed: 2006-04-09.
"Chinese transformed 'Gold Mountain'" by Stephen Magagnini, San Francisco Chronicle, January 18, 1998.  Accessed: 2006-04-09.
Chinese and Westward Expansion from The Chinese in California, 1850-1925. University of California, Berkeley/Library of Congress.  Accessed: 2006-04-09.

Chinese diaspora
Chinese-American history
California Gold Rush
History of British Columbia

Gold Mountain (toponym)


Quantum teleportation is a way of transferring the quantum state of one quantum system to another using the quantum entanglement between two other systems.

For example, let's assume Alice and Bob share an entangled pair of particles A and B, and Alice wants to teleport the information of another "message" particle M to Bob.

What Alice does is interact her half of the entangled pair, A, she shares with Bob, so that now the message particle M is entangled with Alice's other particle A.

Next Alice measures both of her particles A and M and tells what the outcomes of these measurements are to Bob. Because the message particle M was entangled with Alice's other particle A, and Bob has the information of Alice's measurements, he can use this information to recreate the original message particle M out of the one he has B.

What makes quantum teleportation special is that we didn't need to physically move the message particle M from Alice to Bob.

Quantum mechanics
Theoretical computer science

Quantum teleportation


Territorialism, also known as Statism (but not to be confused with another belief also called statism), was a Jewish political movement related to Zionism. Jewish people wanted some land to live in together. It did not necessarily have to be the Jewish biblical homeland in the land where the state of Israel is today, and it did not necessarily have to be its own country.

Development of territorialism
Before 1905, some Zionist leaders were thinking about making places for Jews to call home other than Palestine. Theodor Herzl's Der Judenstaat argued for a Jewish state in either Palestine, "our ever-memorable historic home", or Argentina, "one of the most fertile countries in the world". ("Fertile" means land where it is easy to grow crops.) Many of the socialist Zionist groups were more territorialist than Zionist, such as Nachman Syrkin's Zionist Socialist Workers Party (the Z.S.).

The Jewish Colonization Association, started in 1891 by the Baron Maurice de Hirsch, was started to help move many Jews from Russia and other Eastern European countries. It wanted to move them to land where they could grow food and that it would buy. It had in mind land in North and South America (especially Argentina).

In 1903, British cabinet ministers suggested the British Uganda Programme, land for a Jewish state in "Uganda" (the land they were thinking about is actually in the modern country of Kenya). At first, Herzl said no to the idea, because he liked Palestine better. After the April 1903 Kishinev pogrom, in which many Jews were violently attacked in Russia, Herzl suggested to the Sixth Zionist Congress to look at the offer as a temporary way to keep Russian Jews safe. The plan was very controversial, and many Russian Jews were so upset that they walked out of the meeting. Few historians believe that such a settlement idea could have attracted immigrants, received much money in donations, or been supported by many other countries. Because some members of the Zionist leadership liked the idea, however, peace was kept in the movement because they voted to start a committee to look at the possibility. They did not officially say no to the idea until the Seventh Zionist Congress in 1905.

Because of this, the Jewish Territorialist Organization (ITO) led by Israel Zangwill split off from the Zionist movement. It tried to find land where Jews could settle in different parts of America (e.g. Galveston), Africa, Asia, and Australia, but with little success. The ITO broke up in 1925.

Apart from the (ITO), within the USSR there was also a Territorialist effort in Ukraine, the Crimea and then in a region around Birobidzhan, where a Jewish Autonomous Region was started in 1934.

As the Holocaust became close and as Nazis were discriminating against Jews in Germany, Isaac Nachman Steinberg started the Freeland League in the United States in 1935. This organization tried, but did not succeed, to start a new Jewish country by getting a large piece of land in places in Ecuador, Australia, or Suriname where not many people lived. One of the more well-known tries was the Kimberley Plan, to get land in Australia. After the State of Israel was created in 1948, Steinberg had criticized the exclusivist politics of the Zionist government and continued his attempts to create a non-nationalist Jewish settlement in some other part of the world. After Steinberg died in 1957, the Freeland League was led by Mordkhe Schaechter, who gradually changed the focus of the organization to more cultural, Yiddishist goals.

References

Other websites
 Israel Zangwill's Challenge to Zionism
 Ber Borochov and Socialist Zionism by Mitchell Cohen (1984)

Jewish history
Political movements
Zionism

Jewish territorialism


The Saint Petersburg Philharmonic Orchestra is an orchestra based in Saint Petersburg in Russia.  It is the oldest orchestra in Russia.  It has had several changes of name because of the way that Russia has often changed.

The orchestra started in 1882. It was then called the "Imperial Music Choir".  It was the orchestra that belonged to the emperor and it played privately for the court of Alexander III of Russia.

By the 1900s it had started to give public performances.  Richard Strauss conducted the orchestra in 1912.

After the  Russian Revolution the country no longer had a tsar.  The town of Saint Petersburg changed its name to Petrograd, so the orchestra's name changed to "State Philharmonic Orchestra of Petrograd".  In the 1920s the orchestra began to get money from the state.  It was an excellent orchestra and was famous abroad.   Guest conductors who conducted the orchestra included Bruno Walter, Ernest Ansermet and Hans Knappertsbusch at this time.  Around this time the orchestra changed its name to Leningrad Philharmonic Orchestra, because the city had changed its name again, this time to "Leningrad".

Evgeny Mravinsky conducted the orchestra for 50 years.  They were not allowed to travel abroad, so they were only known outside Russia (the USSR) by their gramophone recordings.  Symphony no 8 by Shostakovich was one famous work of which they gave the first performance.

By 1991 Leningrad had changed its name again to Saint Petersburg, so the orchestra was renamed Saint Petersburg Philharmonic Orchestra.  It is an internationally well-known orchestra.  Their conductor today is Yuri Temirkanov.

Chief conductors
Yuri Temirkanov (1988–)
Evgeny Mravinsky (1938–1988)
Fritz Stiedry (1934–1937)
Aleksandr Gauk (1930–1934)
Nikolai Malko (1926–1930)
Valery Berdyaev (1924–1926)
Emil Cooper (1920–1923)
Alexander Khessin (1920)
Serge Koussevitzky (1917–1920)
Hugo Varlikh (1907–1917)
Hermann Fliege (1882–1907)

Other websites
Home page of the Saint Petersburg Philharmonic Orchestra

Russian music
Saint Petersburg
Orchestras

Saint Petersburg Philharmonic Orchestra


A voice is used when a person speaks or sings. It describes human communication, rather than that of animals.

The sound of the voice is carried by the air, and can be heard. A vocal sound is made when air is passed over the vocal cords, so making a meaningful sound. If a person has no voice, the condition is called muteness.

The musical part of a song that is sung by a person using their voice is called vocals.

Many terrestrial animals make sounds, especially those that are vertebrates. By extension, this might be called their voice, but another term is "animal sounds". That includes a wider range of noises which animals may produce.

Basic English 850 words
Human communication
Sound

Voice


Alfred Concanen (1835 – 10 December 1886) was, for over twenty-five years, one of the leading lithographers of the Victorian era, best remembered for his illustrated sheet music covers for songs made popular by famous music hall performers of the time. These covers usually featured portraits of the performers or humorous scenes from their songs. Sacheverell Sitwell said of him, "The most painstaking of the Pre-Raphaelites must fail beside Concanen!"

Biography
His family originated from the borders of County Roscommon and County Galway, while one of his ancestors was a well-known artist in that area in the 1760s. His parents were Edward John Concanen (c. 1814–1868), a portrait painter in Ireland in the early decades of the 19th century, and Mary Ann Concanen (née Burgess) (1815–1884).

Alfred Concanen was born in the High Street in Nottingham. Described as "slight of build with a fair full moustache, something of a dandy, good natured, generous, a play copy of the lions comiques whom he immortalised in his lithographs", for a period he was a staff illustrator for the Illustrated Sporting and Dramatic News where he sometimes used photographs (which could not be reproduced in the newspapers or magazines of the time) as a basis for his illustrations. At other times he might be seen in a theatre sketching a scene from a new comic opera or in a music hall drawing a performer such as Jenny Hill or Nellie Farren for a sheet music cover.

Concanen made his sheet music debut in 1860, succeeding John Brandard as master of that art form, a position he held until his own death twenty-six years later. The 1860s were the peak of British music hall tradition and gave rise to the lion comique – such song and 'patter' performers as George Leybourne ('Champagne Charlie'), Alfred Vance – billed as 'The Great Vance', and G. H. MacDermott were hugely popular, and Concanen captured both their acts and their personalities in his beautifully executed lithographs.

During his career Concanen probably created thousands of designs for sheet music covers, usually charging between two and twenty guineas each, depending on the work involved and the amount of detail desired by the publishers. In addition, in 1869 he illustrated Carols of Lockayne by H. S. Leigh; in 1874 The Wilds of London and, in 1876 Low Life Depths, both by James Greenwood. He also designed a number of theatre posters. He was a member of the London Irish Rifles.

The theatrical designer Edward Gordon Craig, the son of the noted actress Ellen Terry, recalled meeting Concanen in a tavern in the Strand near to the Lyceum Theatre, where the sixteen-year-old Craig was working for Henry Irving. Craig may have been the last person to see Concanen alive, because he died that evening, 10 December 1886, in Marylebone.

Comprehensive collections of his sheet music covers are held by the Victoria & Albert Museum and the British Library, among others.

Family life
On 8 September 1858 Concanen married the 18-year-old Mary Anne Tholen (born April 1840) at a registry office in London. They lived at 43 Bloomsbury Street in London, while his studio was at 12 Frith Street in Soho. According to the 1861 census, by that year Concanen was living in 66 Greek Street in Soho with his wife and two children, Eleanor Maud Concanen (born 1859), and Hugh Tholen Transton Concanen (1861–1917); his occupation was listed as a 'Lithographic Artist'.

Later, at their home in St. Mary Square in Lambeth, more children were born: Georgina Susane Concanen (1863–1869), George William Concanen (1864), Kate A. Concanen (c.1864 ), Barry Percy Concanen (1865), and Violet Eileen Concanen (1874). According to the 1881 census, by that time Concanen was married to Ellen (1856–1916).

He had two grandsons from his daughter Violet Eileen, the actors Derrick De Marney and Terence De Marney.

Gallery

References

External links

Concanen prints in the Victoria & Albert Museum Collection
Alfred Concanen Gallery on Irish Sheet Music Archives Digital Collection at the Ward Irish Music Archives

1835 births
1886 deaths
London Irish Rifles officers
British lithographers
Anglo-Irish artists
Artists from Nottingham

Alfred Concanen


Gum karaya or gum sterculia, also known as Indian gum tragacanth, is a vegetable gum produced as an exudate by trees of the genus Sterculia. Chemically, gum karaya is an acid polysaccharide composed of the sugars galactose, rhamnose and galacturonic acid.  It is used as a thickener and emulsifier in foods, as a laxative, and as a denture adhesive. It is also used to adulterate  Gum tragacanth due to their similar physical characteristics. As a food additive it has E number E416.

Gum karaya can be obtained from the tree Sterculia urens. It is a valuable substance and is traditionally tapped by cutting or peeling back the bark, or by making deep gashes at the base of the trunk with an axe. These crude methods of extraction often resulted in the death of the tree, but it has been found that application of the plant growth regulator ethephon stimulates the production of gum, and when used in carefully controlled amounts, increases gum yield and enhances healing of the wounds and survival of the tree.

References

External links
 Sterculia Gum

Natural gums
Edible thickening agents
Medicinal plants
E-number additives

Gum karaya


The notochord is a flexible, rod-shaped body found in embryos of all chordates. It forms the axis of the embryo. In some chordates, it persists throughout life as the main support down the length of the body. In most vertebrates it is replaced by the vertebral column. The notochord is found ventral (underneath) the neural tube (future spinal cord).

Notochords were the first "backbones" in chordates. Notochords were advantageous to primitive fish-ancestors: they were a rigid structure for muscle attachment, but flexible enough to allow movement. Embryos of vertebrates have notochords, and develop the vertebral column later.

Chordates
Animal anatomy
Developmental biology

Notochord


The Treaty of Ghent was the peace treaty that ended the War of 1812 between the United States of America and the United Kingdom. It was signed on 24 December 1814 in the Flemish city of Ghent. The treaty restored the borders of the two countries to the line before the beginning of the war.

The treaty was ratified by Parliament on 30 December 1814. It was signed into law by the Prince Regent (the future King George IV).  An American army under Andrew Jackson scored a major victory at the Battle of New Orleans in early January 1815. The Treaty was not in effect until it was ratified by the U.S. Senate (unanimously) in February 1815.

References

Ghent
1810s in the United Kingdom
1810s in the United States
1814
Ghent
War of 1812

Treaty of Ghent


Countries, which are members of the Council of Europe agreed on certain points written in a document to ensure human rights written in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. These points became the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms. In its shorter form it is European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR). The convention also established the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR), and the sentence of this Court has a force legal power by its Article 46.

The ECHR was written on 4 November 1950.

The ECHR has made many protocols, for example: protocol 2nd for right to education, 12th against all discrimination also by public authority and 13th for complete abolition of the death penalty. Protocols are set of rules. All member countries must follow these rules.

The ECtHR can give decisions on complaints or cases which come to it. If a person thinks that a European country has abused his or her human rights, that person may take the matter to the judges of ECtHR. The judges will listen to the complaint and give their decisions. These decisions must be followed by the governments of the countries.

Related pages
 Council of Europe
 Universal Declaration of Human Rights
 International human rights law
 Human rights

Human rights
Human Rights
Treaties and Conventions

European Convention on Human Rights


The Darwin–Wedgwood family is actually two inter-related English families, descended from the prominent 18th century doctor, Erasmus Darwin, and Josiah Wedgwood, founder of the pottery firm, Josiah Wedgwood and Sons, the most notable member of which was Charles Darwin. There were a number of first and second cousin marriages between the two families: Charles Darwin married his cousin Emma Wedgwood.

The family contained at least ten Fellows of the Royal Society and several artists and poets (including the composer Ralph Vaughan Williams). The Wedgwoods were extremely important in British industry in the west Midlands. As Quakers, they were all anti-slavery, and so were the Darwins. The families were also closely related to the banking family of Francis Galton. Galton was one of Charles Darwin's cousins.

Darwin family
Wedgwood family

Darwin–Wedgwood family


Boxer is a character from the book Animal Farm by George Orwell.  He is a horse, and is nearly eighteen hands high. In the book he is as strong as two horses put together. He has a white stripe down his nose, and that gives him a strange appearance. But still he was respected for his great power in work and his good character. He works as a cart-horse, as does Clover. Benjamin likes him in secret.

In the book Boxer falls into the quarry when he was pulling a cart full of rock and is sent to a veterinarian on another farm by Napoleon. Squealer, Napoleon's spokesman, then claims he died peacefully, but Benjamin realises he has actually gone to the knacker's (slang for slaughterhouse, where animals are killed). Boxer was the most hard-working animal in the farm and was respected by all. When Boxer tried to support Snowball against Squealer, Napoleon tries to attack Boxer with his dogs but Boxer easily crushes the dog. Boxer is an ideal character showing loyalty along with his great hard work.

His slogans are:
"I will always work harder."
"Napoleon's always right."

He is a very loyal, caring character, but he is flawed in his lack of intelligence and does not see the real truth behind situations.

Boxer represents the loyal communist working class.
Him being slaughtered represents Stalin getting rid of the workers that are too old or too ill to participate in labour.
The windmill represents them building the Industries and Boxer getting up early represents the working class working extremely hard.
His gullibility represents the working class being gullible and doing what they are told for promises in the future.
His slogan "I will work harder" represents the working class's belief in Communism. "Napoleon is always right" represents their trust in the political system.

Animal Farm characters
Fictional animals

Boxer (Animal Farm)


Pentene is the name of alkenes with the formula C5H10. They are hydrocarbons. In total, there are five different pentenes. Pentens occur in cracking processes and in natural gas. Pentenes are used for polymerization, and for the synthesis of isoprene, amyl alcohols and Alkylphenols. Amyl alcohols are used as stabilizers in the production of Chloroform and Dichloromethane to stop phosgene from being made.

5

Pentene


The Type 97 81 mm infantry mortar was a Japanese mortar used primary by Imperial Japanese Army during World War II. The Type 97 designation was given to this gun as it was accepted in the year 2597 of the Japanese calendar (1937). It entered service in 1937. Japanese infantry units often are equipped with 81-mm mortars. The Type 97 81 mm mortar is very commonly used and is referred to by the Japanese as an "Infantry Gun", which breaks down into 3 sections for transport. The markings which appear on the base of the barrel read "97 model small trench mortar."

The modified version used by Imperial Japanese Navy with designation Type 3 mortar was used by naval land forces and as anti-submarine weapon on escort ships beginning in 1943.

Design

The Type 97 is a smooth bore, muzzle-loading weapon. It has a fixed firing pin in the breech assembly, and the percussion of the propelling cartridge of the mortar shell against the firing pin propels the shell from the mortar. As many as six propellant increments can be attached to the fins of the mortar shell for the purpose of increasing the range. The mortar and its calibre had its origin as almost all 81.4 mm, 82 mm or "8 cm" mortars in the French Brandt mle 27 81.4 mm mortar. The improved version Brandt Mle 27/31 had become the basis for copies, near-copies and license-built mortars all over the world. The Brandt mortars themselves were evolved from the British Stokes Mortar of different calibre.

A captured Type 97 mortar, which has been studied in detail, was marked "Type 97 High-Angle Infantry Gun". The weapon was manufactured in 1942 in the Osaka Army Arsenal. Although the Japanese weapon closely resembles the US 81-mm mortar, M1, there are several identifying features by which the two can be distinguished. The adjusting nut of the Japanese mortar is on the right bipod leg, while the sight is on the left. Other differences are the buttress-type threads on the traversing and elevating screws of the Japanese weapon, as well as the use of welding to fasten bipod legs to the clevis joint and grease fittings dissimilar to those used by the US model.

The collimator sight for the Type 97 Japanese mortar is heavier and more complicated than that utilized on the US 81-mm mortar Ml. The Japanese sight examined was made entirely of steel, except for the brass bushings used for the elevating and cross-leveling screws. A US M4 sight may be fitted to the Japanese weapon by shimming the sight bracket slightly.

The Type 97 mortar examined had an extension fitted to the sight, raising the latter to the level of the muzzle of the mortar. This extension probably was added to permit sighting of the weapon when it was deeply dug in or slightly in defilade. Elevation scale of the sight is graduated in 50-mil intervals from 700 to 1,600 mils, and a micrometer drum enables elevation readings to be made to the nearest mil. The collimator can be traversed in a full circle, and the azimuth scale is calibrated in 100-mil graduations in two sections of 3,200 mils each. As in the case of elevation, a micrometer drum permits azimuth readings to be made to the nearest mil. There is a throw-out lever for rapid traverse of the collimator, which may be placed at an angle of elevation and locked in position by a series of meshing notches. There are no open sights for rough laying of the piece.

Ammunition
Ammunition recovered for the Type 97 thus far is usually the Type 00 (1940) HE shell. This shell is  long and weighs ,  of which is the weight of the TNT filler. The fuze is of the instantaneous type, which can be set for delay action, however, by the insertion of a delay pellet in the fuze nose prior to firing. The shell could be fired in the US 81-mm mortar M1, but the range was about 10 per cent shorter than achieved with the US M43 and M43A shells. The 81mm mortar was also used to launch an unusual AA Mine Discharger shell.

Specifications
Specifications of the weapon are as follows:

References

Notes

Bibliography
 War Department Special Series No 30 Japanese Mortars and Grenade Dischargers 1945
 War Department Handbook on Japanese Military Forces 1 October 1944

External links

 War Department TM-E 30-480 Handbook on Japanese Military Forces at hyperwar.org
 A Type 100 81mm mortar round at inert-ord.net

World War II infantry weapons of Japan
Infantry mortars of Japan
9
81mm mortars
Military equipment introduced in the 1930s

Type 97 81 mm infantry mortar


Bairiki is a village and an island now part of South Tarawa, and one time is the center of government of Kiribati. One of three post offices on Tarawa is located at Bairiki. Bairiki Island is the most southern island on the atoll of Tarawa. About nine islands are larger than Bairiki.

Bairiki includes the main administrative center of Kiribati, but the Parliament has since moved to Ambo, halfway between Bairiki and Bonriki. In the village there is a small port and near Bairiki is a center of the University of the South Pacific.

Villages
Settlements in Kiribati

Bairiki


Watling Street is the name of an ancient route in England.  It was first used by the Ancient Britons between Canterbury and St Albans.

Later the Romans made it one of the main Roman roads in Britain.  The Romans paved the route from London to the port of Dover, and from London to St Albans.  'Street' comes from the old word for paving.  Eventually, the road stretched to Caerwent in Wales on the Severn estuary, just west of Chepstow.

Its route is now covered by the A2 road from Dover to London, and the A5 road from London to Wroxeter (Roman Viriconium, in modern Shropshire).  These are major roads in England, which still exist alongside the modern motorways.

Mancetter on Watling Street is thought to be  the site of Boudica's defeat by the Romans. Later, the A5 was part of the southwestern border of the Danelaw. In the early 19th century, the course between London and the Channel was paved and became known as the Great Dover Road. At various points along the historic route, the name Watling Street is still used. JAMES STYLES

Roman roads in Britain

Watling Street


Turing machine is a term from computer science. A Turing machine is a system of rules, states and transitions rather than a real machine. It was first described in 1936 by English mathematician and computer scientist Alan Turing. There are two purposes for a Turing machine: deciding formal languages and solving mathematical functions. Turing machines are one of the most important formal models in the study of computer science.

Common basics
A Turing machine consists of the following components (simplified):
 A limited set of states (with one state marked as start state; while running, a Turing machine always has a current state)
 An infinite tape with storage cells and a read/write-device that can move on the tape
 A definition of a so-called transition function

Also, a working-alphabet (set of characters) has to be defined.

When a Turing machine is started, a word (out of the working-alphabet) must be present on the infinite tape of the machine. The read/write-device on the first character now reads the first character and depending on the current state of Turing machine the read/write-device overwrites the character with a new one or moves one cell to the left or to the right. Furthermore, the current state of the machine can be switched.

Turing machines that decide languages
For decidability theory a Turing machine is said to decide a language if it is always able to determine whether a given word is contained in a certain language or not. Therefore, the machine usually has two special states marked as Accept and Reject. After a while one of the two states will be reached (depending on the input word) and the machine is halted. If only one of the two states will ever be reached, the Turing machine is said to semi-decide a language.

Turing machines that compute functions
If a Turing machine is used for the computation of functions it only has one end state. When the machine comes to that state it is halted and the result of the function (depending on the input) can be found on the tape.

Impact of Turing machines
Turing machines were not invented to be built in reality, but they are very important for theoretical computer science as they are one of the simplest models for computers. The Church-Turing thesis states that all computers are only as powerful as Turing machines. This can be used to prove if a problem is solvable by a computer or not.

Variations
 A Turing machine can consist of multiple infinite tapes (and multiple read/write-devices). However it is proven that such machines are only as powerful as single-tape machines. Multi-tape machines are useful when dealing with more complex problems.
 If a Turing machine has a nondeterministic transition function there can be multiple transitions from one state to many others when reading a character. Again this does not enhance the power of Turing machines. However nondeterministic Turing machines (as they are called then) may possibly decrease the computation time by a strong amount. This question is covered in the P versus NP-discussion and is not solved yet. Most scientists assume however that nondeterministic machines can work much faster on certain problems.
 A Universal Turing Machine is a variation which can simulate a Turing Machine with an input.

Other websites

 Turing Machine -Citizendium

Computer science

Turing machine


The Darqawiyya or Darqawi Sufi order is a revivalist branch of the Shadhiliyah brotherhood which originated in Morocco. The Darqawa comprised the followers of Sheikh Muhammad al-Arabi al-Darqawi (1760–1823) of Morocco. The movement, which became one of the leading Sufi orders (tariqa) in Morocco, exalted poverty and asceticism. It gained widespread support among the rural inhabitants and the urban lower classes. Its popularity was increased by its use of musical instruments in its rituals. In both Morocco and Algeria the Darqawiyya were involved in political activities and protest movements.

It has received little attention from Orientalists compared to other Sufi orders, despite its closeness to Europe and relatively recent history.  The few authors who did write about the Darqawiyya were largely guided by administrative concerns. In their book, Confreries (1897), Depont and Coppolani call them "ferocious sectarians," and "puritans of Islam" (p. 504-5). These judgements can be completed by E. Doutte in L'Islam algerien en 1900, "The Darqawa are thus mendicant derviches. It is a dangerous order, one found in almost all the insurrections that have taken place against governments". In Morocco the vitality of the Darqawa has remained so strong during the past century that it has been said that "the 19th century was the Darqawi century, just as the 18th century had been the Nasiri century." During the same period, the order burgeoned in Sri Lanka, Libya, Egypt, Palestine, Syria and Lebanon.

A branch of the Darqawiyya called the Murabitun exists in the Chiapas, Mexico.

See also
Mohammed al-Harraq al-Alami
Ahmad al-Alawi
Ahmad ibn 'Ajiba
Muhammad ibn al-Habib
Abdalqadir as-Sufi

References

External links
Editions La Caravane

Sunni Sufi orders
Darqawi
Shadhili order
Islam in Morocco
19th century in Morocco

Darqawiyya


A Horn clause is a logic disjunction of literals, where at most one of the literals is positive, and all the others are negative. It is named after Alfred Horn who described them in an article in 1951.

A Horn clause with exactly one positive literal is a definite clause; a definite clause with no negative literals is sometimes called a "fact"; and a Horn clause without a positive literal is sometimes called a goal clause. These three kinds of Horn clauses are illustrated in the following propositional example:

definite clause:

fact:

goal clause:

In the non-propositional case, all variables in a clause are implicitly universally quantified with scope the entire clause. Thus, for example:

stands for:

which is logically equivalent to:

Horn clauses play a basic role in constructive logic and computational logic. They are important in automated theorem proving by first-order resolution, because the resolvent of two Horn clauses is itself a Horn clause, and the resolvent of a goal clause and a definite clause is a goal clause. These properties of Horn clauses can lead to greater efficiencies in proving a theorem (represented as the negation of a goal clause).

Horn clauses are also the basis of logic programming, where it is common to write definite clauses in the form of an implication:

In fact, the resolution of a goal clause with a definite clause to produce a new goal clause is the basis of the SLD resolution inference rule, used to implement logic programming and the programming language Prolog.

In logic programming a definite clause behaves as a goal-reduction procedure. For example, the Horn clause written above behaves as the procedure:

to show , show  and show  and  and show .

To emphasize this backwards use of the clause, it is often written in the backward form:

In Prolog this is written as:

 u :- p, q, ..., t.

The Prolog notation is actually ambiguous, and the term "goal clause" is sometimes also used ambiguously.  The variables in a goal clause can be read as universally or existentially quantified, and deriving "false" can be interpreted either as deriving a contradiction or as deriving a successful solution of the problem to be solved.

Van Emden and Kowalski (1976) investigated the model theoretic properties of Horn clauses in the context of logic programming, showing that every set of definite clauses D has a unique minimal model M. An atomic formula A is logically implied by D if and only if A is true in M. It follows that a problem P represented by an existentially quantified conjunction of positive literals is logically implied by D if and only if P is true in M. The minimal model semantics of Horn clauses is the basis for the stable model semantics of logic programs.

Propositional Horn clauses are also of interest in computational complexity, where the problem of finding truth value assignments to make a conjunction of propositional Horn clauses true is a P-complete problem (in fact solvable in linear time), sometimes called HORNSAT. (The unrestricted Boolean satisfiability problem is an NP-complete problem however.) Satisfiability of first-order Horn clauses is undecidable.

Bibliography

Alfred Horn (1951), "On sentences which are true of direct unions of algebras", Journal of Symbolic Logic, 16, 14–21.
 Dowling, W. and Gallier, J. (1984), "Linear-time algorithms for testing the satisfiability of propositional Horn formulae". Journal of Logic Programming, 3, 267–284.
 M. van Emden and R. Kowalski [1976] The semantics of predicate logic as a programming language. Journal of ACM, Vol. 23, 733–742.

Logic
Computer science

Horn clause


The LA84 Foundation (known until June 2007 as the Amateur Athletic Foundation of Los Angeles) is a private, nonprofit institution created by the Los Angeles Olympic Organizing Committee to manage Southern California's endowment from the 1984 Olympic Games. Under an agreement made in 1979, 40 percent of any surplus was to stay in Southern California, with the other 60 percent going to the United States Olympic Committee. The total surplus was $232.5 million. Southern California's share was approximately $93 million.

The LA84 Foundation's mission is to promote and expand youth sports opportunities in Southern California and to increase knowledge of sport and its impact on people's lives. Since inception, the Foundation has invested more than $225 million in Southern California by awarding grants to youth sports organizations, initiating sports and coaching education programs, and operating the world's premier sports library.

Grants are awarded to organizations that provide on-going, structured youth sports programs combining the essential elements of teaching, learning and competition. The Foundation makes grants in the eight southernmost counties of California (Imperial, Los Angeles, Orange, Riverside, San Bernardino, San Diego, Santa Barbara and Ventura). Youth organizations in the Los Angeles area receive priority. The LA84 Foundation has made grants to more than 1,100 Southern California organizations since 1985.

The LA84 Foundation has initiated programs to meet the youth sports needs of Southern California and to create models that can be applied elsewhere. These include the LA84 Foundation Coaching Education Program as well as large-scale sports programs such as Summer Swim and Run 4 Fun, which serve nearly 20,000 children and teenagers each year.

The Foundation's headquarters is the historic Eugene W. Britt House, a Registered Historic Place located at 2141 West Adams Boulevard in Los Angeles' Jefferson Park neighborhood. It was formerly a sports museum that featured the Helms Athletic Foundation's collection of sports books, film, photographs and memorabilia. First Interstate Bank and the Peter and Ginny Ueberroth Foundation donated the Helms Collection, house and grounds to the LA84 Foundation in the summer of 1985.

The Paul Ziffren Sports Resource Center houses the world's premier sports library. The library maintains an extensive collection of books, periodicals, photograph and moving footage, with a special emphasis on the Olympic Games. The traditional library has been supplemented by the development of an extensive electronic collection of 100,000 PDFs including scholarly publications, popular magazine and primary historical documents available at no cost on the LA84 Foundation website.

The LA84 Foundation also hosts conferences and sponsors research on a variety of sport topics. The LA84 Foundations practical knowledge, acquired through years of direct involvement in youth sports, combined with its wide range of education services enables the Foundation to serve as a leading forum for the exchange of ideas and exploration of issues in sport.

In June 2007, the Foundation adopted the name LA84 Foundation to establish a unique identity and honor the spirit of the 1984 Olympic Games, which created the Foundation's endowment.

The swimming stadium used for the 1932 Olympic Games has been renamed the LA84 Foundation/John C. Argue Swim Stadium.  Argue was instrumental in bringing the 1984 Olympic Games to Los Angeles.  He later served as chair of the LA84 Foundation.

References

Bibliography
 Amateur Athletic Foundation of Los Angeles (2004). Serving youth through sport. . Los Angeles : Amateur Athletic Foundation of Los Angeles.
 Los Angeles Olympic Organizing Committee (1985). Official Report of the Games of the XXIIIrd Olympiad, Los Angeles, 1984. Los Angeles: Los Angeles Olympic Organizing Committee. .

External links

Sports foundations based in the United States
International Sports Heritage Association
1984 Summer Olympics
Southern California
Non-profit organizations based in Los Angeles

LA84 Foundation


Weißwurst , literally white-sausage; ) is a traditional Bavarian sausage made from minced veal and pork back bacon. It is usually flavored with parsley, lemon, mace, onions, ginger and cardamom, although there are some variations. Then the mixture is stuffed into pork casings and separated into individual sausages measuring about ten to twelve centimeters in length and three to four centimeters in thickness.

As they are not smoked or otherwise preserved they are very perishable. Weißwürste were traditionally manufactured early in the morning and prepared and eaten as a snack between breakfast and lunch. There is a saying that the sausages should not be allowed to hear the noon chime of the church bells. Even today, most Bavarians never eat Weißwürste after lunchtime (though it is perfectly acceptable to have a lunch consisting of Weißwürste at, say, half past one).

The sausages are heated in water—well short of boiling—for about ten minutes, which will turn them greyish-white because no color-preserving nitrite is used in Weißwurst preparation.

Weißwürste are brought to the table in a big bowl together with the hot water used for preparation (so they do not cool down too much), then eaten without their skins. Ways of eating Weißwurst include the traditional way, called zuzeln (Bavarian for sucking), in which each end of the sausage is cut or bitten open, after which the meat is sucked out from the skin. Alternatively, the more popular and more discreet ways of consuming it are by cutting the sausage lengthwise and then "rolling out" the meat from the skin with a fork, or also to open it on one end and consume it very much like a banana, ever opening the peel further and dipping the sausage into the mustard.

Weißwurst is commonly served with a Bavarian sweet mustard (Süßer Senf) and accompanied by Brezn (Bavarian Pretzel—often spelled Brezeln outside Bavaria) and Weißbier.

Weißwurst, whose consumption traditionally is associated with Bavaria, helped in the coining of a humorous term, Weißwurstäquator (literally, white-sausage-equator), that delineates a cultural boundary separating other linguistic and cultural areas from Southern Germany.

See also

 Bockwurst
 Brühwurst
 List of veal dishes
 White hot

References

External links

 Food from Bavaria published by the Bavarian Dept. for agriculture and forests
 The correct treatment of a Weißwurst - essay about preparing and eating Weißwurst properly (PDF file)

German sausages
Veal dishes
Bavarian cuisine
Culture in Munich
1853 introductions
Cooked sausages

Weisswurst


Royal Mail 4 State Customer Code (commoly abbreviated to RM4SCC) is a two-dimensional barcode that was develooped by Royal Mail in England. It is used for marking the postcodes of letters and parcels in the UK. The system, or one of its variants is also used in other countries.  The printed code is optimized for being read at a high speed.

The barcode consists of a number of vertical bars. Each bar has one of four possible states. Four bars are necessary to code one of 36 possible characters. Two of the four bars point upwards, the other two point downwards. RM4SCC uses start and stop symbols. The RM4SCC barcode includes a checksum, which is also encoded as a character.

There are other barcode systems, which are similar. PostNL, (formerly known as TNT Post), uses a system called KIX which stands for Klant index (Customer index). This system does not use the start and stop characters, and does not include a checksum.

Universal Postal Union has defined a standard how the system should be used.

Note that the code is read and printed at high speed, at which it is usually not possible to print straight lines; for this reason, the lines being "bent" is a normal state.

References

Barcodes

RM4SCC


A submarine chaser or subchaser is a small naval vessel that is specifically intended for anti-submarine warfare. Many of the American submarine chasers used in World War I found their way to Allied nations by way of Lend-Lease in World War II.

Submarine chaser variants
U.S. Navy submarine chasers were designed specifically to destroy German submarines in World War I, and Japanese and German submarines in World War II. The small  SC-1-class submarine chasers of the design used in World War I carried the hull designator SC (for Submarine Chaser).  Their main weapon was the depth charge. They also carried machine guns and anti-aircraft guns. The similar-sized SC-497-class was built for World War II. Also in World War II, larger  PC-461-class submarine chasers used the PC hull classification symbol (for Patrol, Coastal).

Class relationships:

 438  (98t, wooden hull)
 343  (450t, steel hull)
 68  (850t, steel hull)
 used in similar role as the submarine chasers
 123
 design basis for the PCE-842 class
equipped with substantial anti-submarine capabilities and used as escorts
95  (890t, steel hull)
predecessor design to the Admirable class
481  (270t, wooden hull)

In early 1915, the British Admiralty selected the US Electric Launch Company (Elco) for the production of 50 Motor Launches for anti-submarine work, British industry being at maximum capacity. This order was eventually increased by a further 530. The whole order was completed by November 1916, and the vessels entered Royal Navy service. The vessels were  in length and capable of . They were armed with a 3-pounder gun, towed paravanes to attack submarines and, later, depth charges. Additional Motor Launches of the Fairmile A, Fairmile B and other classes were built for World War II.

War service
The British sub chasers were operated around the coast in defence. However, they were uncomfortable, wet and not suited to British sea conditions. Although used during the First World War, they were sold when the war ended.

Submarine chasers were used mostly by the United States Coast Guard in World War II for destroying German U-boats that were stationed off the coast of the United States that were trying to sink merchant convoys as they departed American ports.  In the Pacific Theatre, submarine chasers were used for amphibious landings, courier and escort duty.

Eight British Fairmile B Motor Launches were transferred from Canada to the US in World War II, and included the SC-1466 class of sub-chasers.

The Imperial Japanese Navy had around 250 submarine chasers in World War II, principally about 200 of the No.1-class auxiliary submarine chasers. Some of these survived to serve in the Japan Maritime Self Defense Force (JMSDF) after the war.

During Project Hula, the United States secretly transferred 32 U.S. Navy submarine chasers to the Soviet Union between 26 May and 2 September 1945, and some of these saw action in the Soviet Navy during Soviet military operations against the Japanese between 9 August and 2 September 1945. The transfer of 24 more was canceled when transfers halted on 5 September 1945, three days after the Japanese surrender. Between 1954 and 1960 all 32 transferred submarine chasers were scrapped by the Soviet Union or destroyed off its coast by mutual agreement between the two countries.

Post-war
In the decade immediately after World War II, the Soviet Union built 227 Kronshtadt-class submarine chasers, some of which remained in active service until the 1990s. Rapid developments in submarine technologies since World War II mean that submarine chasers are now obsolete, having been replaced by corvettes, frigates, and destroyers.

Survivors
The only remaining submarine chaser with intact World War II armament is the Royal Norwegian Navy's HNoMS Hitra, which is a touring museum today. A World War II type submarine chaser built in 1953, originally PC1610, is being restored in the Netherlands as Le Fougueux.

See also
 Harbour Defence Motor Launch
 List of Escorteurs of the French Navy
 List of patrol vessels of the United States Navy
 Wooden boats of World War II

Citations

General bibliography
 Gardiner, Robert, Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1906–1921 Conway Maritime Press, 1985. .
 Gardiner, Robert and Chesneau, Roger, Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1922–1946, Conway Maritime Press, 1980. .
 Watts, Anthony J., Japanese Warships of World War II, Doubleday, 1966. .

External links
 Subchaser Archives a site dedicated to US World War I subchasers.
 Subchasers at Ships of the U.S. Navy, 1940–1945

Military boats
 Submarine chaser

Submarine chaser


Don can stand for different concepts:
It is one of the main rivers in Russia, see Don River (Russia)
It is a name, see Donald (given name) for people with this name
Don (honorific), an honorific used in Spanish, Portuguese, Italian and Filipino
2,5-Dimethoxy-4-nitroamphetamine is abbreviated DON; it is a hallucinogen
Vomitoxin, also known as DON, is a toxin produced by different fungi
6-Diazo-5-oxo-L-norleucin, is an amino acid, that is tested as a chemotherapy against cancer. It is known as DON.
Nitrogen is sometimes referred to as DON

Don


A Diophantine equation is an equation that only takes integer coefficients, and that can be written as , where f is a polynomial. Diophantine analysis is a branch of mathematical analysis, concerned with such equations. Typical questions include:
Are there any solutions?
Are there any solutions beyond some that are easily found by inspection?
Are there finitely or infinitely many solutions?
Can all solutions be found in theory?
Can one in practice compute a full list of solutions?
Very often such problems were unresolved for centuries. With time, mathematicians  came to understand their depth (in some cases), rather than treat them as puzzles. The equation is named after Diophantus of Alexandria, a mathematician, who described them first. The restriction on integer coefficients makes sense, when one is concerned about finding Divisors, or in the case of modular arithmetic. In everyday life, many equations solve problems where only whole numbers make sense: A product is composed of many parts, but only whole pieces can be produced.

Some diophantine equations are very famous. These include the Pythagorean triple, Fermat's Last Theorem and Pell's equation. Hilbert's tenth problem was to find an algorithm to decide, whether a given Diophantine equation has an integer solution.

Equations
Mathematical analysis
Number theory
Algebraic geometry

Diophantine equation


Team9 is the work of the English-Australian producer Neil Mason. Most of his work is unauthorized mashups.

Team9 formed in 1997 as a five piece band and released two albums, Gas and Air in 1999 and My Tape Machine in 2002. Originally playing guitar based pop, by 2002 Team9 were incorporating samples, loops and synths into their production. Having slowly evolved over three years into a one-man outfit, Team9 played in the web based bootleg scene for a number of years before getting more involved in late 2004.

Throughout 2005, Team9 featured on Live 105 and Indie 103 in the US, Qui FM and NRJ in France, BBC Radio 1 and the Remix and Rinse shows on XFM in the UK. They have also had tracks featured in magazines such as Blender, Spin, NME, Zoo and GQ.

2005 finished with Team9 collaborating on a Green Day mash up album titled 'American Edit by Dean Gray', with San Francisco's Party Ben. Within ten days Warner Music sent Party Ben and Team9 a cease and desist order, whereupon the album was removed from the American Edit site. The resulting media coverage from MTV, NME, NBC and the blogosphere spawned a protest day dubbed 'Dean Gray Tuesday'.

In 2006, Team9 collaborated with the Stereogum blog to create an album of mash ups. Dubbed Mysplice 06, the album used selected high-profile tracks from the year hand-picked by Stereogum. Team9 and Stereogum have made it an annual tradition, and have so far released three more albums: Mysplice 2.0, Mysplice III and Mysplice 4. In 2007, under the name 'The Found Sound Orchestra', Team9 collaborated with comedian David Cross on a cover version of "Fitter Happier" by Radiohead. The track was featured on Stereogum's OKX tribute album. Team9 followed this up by making a Found Sound Orchestra EP available to download from their site.

In November 2007, Team9 were selected as one of the acts to feature on Triple J's Next Crop. The feature track "As We Travel" was also included on a compilation album called Beach Suite, available in Australia on the Suite Musique label. At the same time Team9 also made a 7 track EP available on the Team9 site for free download.

From 2008 onwards Team9 focused on creating music for television and had tracks featured on shows such as Underbelly, Offspring and Bondi Beach Rescue.

References
Mysplice 2007 - Stereogum
Triple J Next Crop interview - Triple J
Legal action to stop Green Day remix - NME
Bloggers Unite Behind Green Day Mash-up - Spin Magazine
Green Day Mash-Up Leads To Cease-And-Desist Order, Grey Tuesday-Style Protest - MTV News

External links
 Team9 site

Australian electronic musicians
British electronic music groups

Team9


Urap (sometimes spelled urab or in its plural form urap-urap) is a salad dish of steamed vegetables mixed with seasoned and spiced grated coconut for dressing. It is commonly found in Indonesian cuisine, more precisely Javanese cuisine. Urap can be consumed on its own as a salad for vegetarian meals or as a side dish. Urap is usually found as a prerequisite side dish of Javanese tumpeng, a cone shaped rice mound surrounded with assorted dishes, as well as part of a nasi kuning dish. In Balinese cuisine it is known as Urab sayur.

Ingredients
The vegetables which are usually used in urap are spinach, water spinach, young cassava leaf, papaya leaf, Chinese longbeans, bean sprouts and cabbage. To acquire a rich taste, most recipes insist on using freshly shredded old coconut flesh or serundeng, instead of leftover. The shredded coconut is seasoned with ground shallot, garlic, red chilli pepper, tamarind juice, galangal, salt and coconut sugar.

See also

 Lawar, a Balinese version of urap
 Gado-gado
 Karedok
 Pecel
 Plecing kangkung
 Kuluban
 List of steamed foods

References

External links
 Urap recipe from Asian food recipe
 Urap recipe from petit chef
 Urap recipe from Original Indonesian recipe
 Resep Urap Urap - Indonesian spicy salad in Youtube

Salads
Indonesian salads
Vegetable dishes of Indonesia
Vegetarian dishes of Indonesia
Foods containing coconut
Steamed foods

Urap


Kart racing or karting is a type of open-wheel motor sport. It uses small, open, four-wheeled vehicles called karts, go-karts, or gearbox/shifter karts depending on the design. They are usually raced on scaled-down kart circuits. Karting is commonly seen as the stepping stone to the higher and more expensive ranks of motorsports.

Karts vary widely in speed. Some known as Superkarts can reach speeds exceeding . Go-karts for the general public used for fun may be limited to speeds of .

History

Art Ingels is generally accepted to be the father of karting. He was a long time hot rodder and a race car builder at Kurtis Kraft. He built the first kart in Southern California in 1956.

Components

Chassis

The chassis are made of steel tube. There is no suspension. The chassis must flex enough to work as the suspension.

Open karts have no roll cage.
Caged karts have a roll cage surrounding the driver.
In Straight chassis the driver sits in the center. Straight chassis are used for sprint racing.
In Offset chassis the driver sits on the left side. Offset chassis are used for left-turn-only oval track racing.

Braking is achieved by a disc brake mounted on the rear axle. Front disc brakes are becoming popular. Some classes do not allow them.

Engines
Amusement park go-karts can be powered by 4-stroke engines or electric motors. Racing karts use small 2-stroke or 4-stroke engines.

Transmission
Karts do not have a differential. Both rear wheels turn at the same speed. Because of this, one rear tire must slide while cornering.

Power is transmitted from the engine to the rear axle by way of a chain.

Tires
Wheels and tires are much smaller than those used on a normal car.

Like other motorsports, karts use different tires for the track conditions. Slicks are used for dry weather. Rain tires or "wets" are used for wet weather. Slicks with grooves cut into them are used for dirt tracks. Spiked tires are used for ice.

Racing

Kart racing is generally accepted as the most economic form of motorsport available. As a fun pastime, it can be performed by almost anybody. As a motorsport, it is regulated by FIA (under the name of Commission Internationale de Karting (CIK).

In the USA, many organizations regulate racing, such as the International Kart Federation (IKF), World Karting Association (WKA), Karters of America Racing Triad (KART), and Stars of Karting presented by the Indy Racing League. In the UK, the  Motor Sports Association (MSA) regulate Karting. In Australia, kart racing is administered by the Australian Karting Association on the behalf of FIA and Confederation of Australian Motor Sport (CAMS).

Karting as a learning tool
Kart racing is usually used as a low-cost and relatively safe way to introduce drivers to motor racing. Many people think it is for young drivers, but adults are also very active in karting. Karting is considered a first step in a racer's career. It can help develop quick reflexes, precision car control, and decision-making skills.

Recreational, concession and indoor karts
Besides traditional kart racing, many commercial enterprises offer karts for rent, often called "recreational" or "concession" karts. The tracks can be indoor or outdoor. Karts are rented by sessions (10 to 15 minutes usually), they use sturdy chassis completed with bodywork for driver safety.

Outdoor tracks can offer low speed karts strictly for amusement, or faster, more powerful karts similar to a racing kart. Typically, these outdoor tracks may also be used for traditional kart races.

Related pages

References

Other websites

Governing Bodies:
 CIK-FIA web site
 MSA - Motor Sports Association  - Governing body for motor sports in Great Britain
 IKF - International Kart Federation - Governing body for the sport of kart racing in the US, mainly West Coast
 WKA - World Karting Association - Governing body for karting in the US, mainly East Coast
 AKRA - American Kart Racing Association  - Governing body for speedway oval karting in the US
 AKA - Australian Karting Association - Governing body for karting in Australia
 ASN Canada  - Governing body for kart racing in Canada
 NatSKA - National Association of Schools and Youth Group Karting - UK
 VKA - Vintage Karting Association - Association for support of karts from karting's 1956 inception to 1975

Auto racing

Kart racing


The halberd is a two handed pole weapon  that has a axe blade topped with a spike mounted on a long shaft and a hook or thorn on the back side of the axe blade. The Halberd was popular during the 14th and 15th centuries. The Halberd is still the ceremonial weapon of the Swiss Guard in the Vatican.

Blades
History of England

Halberd


A complex instruction set computer (acronym CISC pronounced sisk), represents a CPU design method in which each instruction can execute several low-level operations, such as a load from memory, an arithmetic operation, and a memory store, all in a single instruction. The term is used in contrast to reduced instruction set computer (RISC).

The terms RISC and CISC have become less meaningful with the continued improvements of both CISC and RISC designs and implementations. The first highly pipelined "CISC" implementations, such as Intel 80486 series, supports every instruction that their predecessors did, but achieved high efficiency only on a few simple x86 subset (similar to a RISC instruction set, but without the load-store limitations of RISC). Modern x86 processors also decode and split more complex instructions into a series of smaller internal "Micro-operations" which can thereby be executed in a pipelined (parallel) fashion, thus achieving high performance on a much larger subset of instructions.

Examples of CISC processors are the System/360 (excluding the 'scientific' Model 44), VAX, PDP-11, Motorola 68000 family, and Intel x86 architecture based processors.

Related pages
 CPU
 RISC
 ZISC
 VLIW
 microprocessor
 CPU design

References

Computer architecture

Complex instruction set computer


A supply line is a large line of military supply vehicles, usually in convoy format. The line is useful for transporting needed supplies (food, medical supplies, ammo) to the front line. Without the supply line, a deployed army far from home would not be able to fight for long, as supplies would soon run out.
The enemy is most likely to target the supply line if not heavily defended, since once the supplies are cut off, the army will soon be unable to fight, and unable to reinforce, and so they will be forced to surrender or die.

Military terminology

Supply line