Thomas Simpson (30 November 1937 – 13 July 1967) was an English road racing cyclist who died of exhaustion on the slopes of Mont Ventoux riding the 13th stage of the Tour de France in 1967.

The post mortem found that he had taken amphetamines. Added to brandy, the hard climb up Mont Ventoux, the hot conditions, and a stomach complaint, the doping was fatal.

Early life
Simpson was the youngest of the six children. He was born in Easington, County Durham. After World War II, the Simpson family moved to Harworth in north Nottinghamshire, another mining village, where Simpson grew up and became interested in cycling. He attended the village school and later Worksop Technical College and in 1954 was an apprentice draughtsman at an engineering company in Retford.

As a cyclist he joined first Harworth and District Cycling Club and later Rotherham's Scala Wheelers, and by his late teens was winning local time trials. He was then advised to try track cycling, and he travelled regularly to Fallowfield Stadium in Manchester to compete.  He won medals in the national 4000m individual pursuit discipline.

When he was 19, Simpson was part of the Great Britain team pursuit squad which won a bronze medal at the 1956 Summer Olympics in Melbourne, Australia. Two years later, he won a silver medal in the individual pursuit at the 1958 British Empire and Commonwealth Games in Cardiff.

In April 1959, Simpson went to France to live in the Breton fishing port of Saint-Brieuc. He hoped to win enough local amateur races to get noticed by a professional cycling team. It was in Saint-Brieuc that he met Helen Sherburn. They married on 3 January 1960.

Professional cyclist
Within two months, Simpson had won five races and in July 1959 was offered terms by two professional teams; he decided to join the Rapha Geminiani team, which already had a British cyclist, Brian Robinson, in its squad. His first event as a professional was a small stage race, the Tour de l'Ouest (Tour of the West).  He won two stages and finished 18th overall - a major achievement for a new pro who would normally be expected to be a domestique to the team's leader.

He competed in the 1959 World Championships in the Netherlands in the individual pursuit and professional road race, finishing fourth in both events. Simpson turned down an invitation to ride in the 1959 Tour de France, because he thought he was not ready. He rode in the 1960 Tour, and finished 29th, and was third in stage 3.

In 1960 he also competed in his first Classic races: he had top ten finishes in La Flèche Wallonne and Paris-Roubaix - he led the Paris-Roubaix for around 40 km before running out of energy and being overtaken less than 10k from the finish, ending up 9th.

In April 1961, however, Simpson won his first Classic . He won the tough Ronde van Vlaanderen after a two-man sprint at the finish. That year he also finished 5th in the "Race to the Sun" - the Paris-Nice stage race, and 9th in the world championship, but he abandoned the Tour de France on stage 3, because of an earlier knee injury.

In 1962, he became the first Briton to wear the maillot jaune (the jersey of the leader of the Tour de France) and eventually finished 6th overall.  That was highest final placing by a Briton until Robert Millar was fourth in 1984).  Simpson had been third until a crash.

Earlier in the season, he again showed how much he likied for the tough Belgian Classic races.  Simpson finished 5th in the Ronde van Vlaanderen and 6th in the Gent-Wevelgem.

1963 and 1965 were probably Simpson's best years for Classic races.   He was riding for the  Peugeot BP team in 1963, when he won the gruelling motor-paced event Bordeaux-Paris, was second in Paris-Brussels and Paris-Tours, third in the Ronde van Vlaanderen, 8th in Paris-Roubaix, and 10th in both La Flèche Wallonne and Giro di Lombardia.

In 1965, Simpson became the first Briton to be world professional road racing champion.

In 1967 he won the early season Paris-Nice stage race (taking two second places and a third place on different days) and the Tour of Sardinia. He also rode in the Vuelta a España for the first time, collecting two stage victories en route to an eventual 33rd place overall.

Thursday 13 July 1967
At the start of the 1967 Tour de France, Simpson thought that he could do well in the event. After the first week he was sixth overall, but a stomach bug began to affect his form, and he lost vital time in a stage including the Col du Galibier. In Marseille, at the start of stage 13 on 13 July, he was still suffering the bad stomach as the race headed into Provence on a blisteringly hot day.

On the day's main climb, Mont Ventoux, Simpson broke away early, but was soon passed by the eventual stage winner, Julio Jiménez, and four others. About two kilometres from the summit, Simpson began to zig-zag across the road, eventually falling against an embankment. While his team car helpers wanted him to retire from the race, Simpson insisted on carrying on. He went another 500m or so before again beginning to fall; he toppled unconscious into the arms of his helpers. Despite mouth-to-mouth resuscitation and the administration of oxygen, plus a helicopter airlift to a nearby hospital, Simpson died. Two tubes of amphetamines and more empty tubes were found in the rear pocket of his racing jersey. He died of heart failure caused by dehydration and heat exhaustion, with drugs a contributing factor.

On the next day, the other riders did not want to race so soon after Simpson's death and asked the organisers for a postponement. In the end, they agreed to ride but with the condition that they would allow a British rider to win the stage. This honour went to Barry Hoban. Hoban later married Simpson's widow.

Memorials

British cyclists paid for a granite memorial to Simpson near the spot where he died.

Harry Hall, the team mechanic, said that Simpson's last words were "Go on, go on!".  The words "Put me back on my bike!" were invented by Sid Saltmarsh, a journalist writing about the Tour for "The Sun".  Saltmarsh was not present at Simpson's death.

Simpson is buried in Harworth cemetery. A small museum about him was opened in August 2001 by former Tour de France rider Lucien van Impe in the Harworth social club.  A small version of the Mont Ventoux Simpson Memorial was put outside that club in 1997, to commemorate the 30th anniversary of Simpson's death.

Achievements: a summary
Simpson's professional achievements include four Classic one-day victories:

1961 - Winner, Ronde van Vlaanderen
1962 - Maillot jaune for a short time in the Tour de France
1963 - Winner, Bordeaux-Paris
1964 - Winner, Milan-Sanremo
1965 - World road race champion
1965 - Winner, Giro di Lombardia
1967 - Winner, Paris-Nice
1967 - Winner of two stages of Vuelta a España

In addition to these victories, Simpson frequently finished in the top ten of Classics, and won numerous criteriums and other events.

As an amateur he also won an Olympic Games team pursuit bronze medal (1956), silver in the 1958 British Empire and Commonwealth Games individual pursuit, silver (1956) and gold (1958) medals in the British 4000m individual pursuit championship, and was British League of Racing Cyclists hill climb champion in 1957, picking up a silver medal in the same event the following year.

Sources

William Fotheringham (2002) Put Me Back on My Bike: In search of Tom Simpson (Yellow Jersey Press, London)

References

Other websites
Complete Palmarès
Video of Simpson's final climb (online on April 28, 2006)
Wheels Within Wheels documentary

British cyclists
British Olympic bronze medalists
Deaths from heart failure
Deaths in sport
Doping cases in cycling
Medalists at the 1956 Summer Olympics
Sportspeople from County Durham
Sportspeople from Nottinghamshire
World cycling champions
1937 births
1967 deaths
Deaths from exhaustion

Tom Simpson


A Cloister is a term in architecture. It describes a structure which is usually found in monasteries, churches and old colleges. It is a rectangular open space surrounded by covered walks or open galleries. It has open arcades on the inner side, running along the walls of buildings and forming a quadrangle.

Architectural elements
Gothic architecture

Cloister


Île aux Noix () is an island on the Richelieu River in Quebec, close to Lake Champlain. The island is the site of Fort Lennox National Historic Site of Canada. Politically, it is part of Saint-Paul-de-l'Île-aux-Noix.

Background
Île aux Noix is a  island in the Richelieu River.  The French and Indian War caused the French to build a fort in 1759, named fort de l'Isle aux Noix, to slow the British advance on Montreal, but were forced to surrender it in 1760. In 1775, the island was taken by American forces, and used as a base by the American generals Philip Schuyler and Richard Montgomery for attacks on Montreal and Quebec. The Americans used the island again in 1776 during their retreat from Canada. Their army spent 10 days on the island: more than 900 American soldiers died from small pox and were buried in two mass graves on Isle aux Noix. The British then built a new fort in 1778 and named it the fort of Isle aux Noix. During the War of 1812, the British used the island to supply their operations against the American fleet on Lake Champlain. The present Fort Lennox was built from 1819 to 1829, when the old fortifications were completely demolished. It remained a military post until 1870 and is now a popular tourist location .

The Île aux Noix Naval Shipyard was a Royal Navy yard from 1812 to 1834 in Quebec and served the RN's Lake Champlain fleet during the War of 1812. HMS Confiance was one of several warships built here.

French fortifications

The population of New France during the last years of the Seven Years' War lived through difficult times.  It faced an appreciable reduction in support from the home country, at a time when France's resources were being stripped by the situation on the European continent.  In the colony from year to year, civilians and soldiers saw their hopes crushed as they worked out strategies, which were constantly deprived of the necessary royal support.  The campaigns of 1759 and 1760 provide strong evidence of this situation and it is in this context that the strategists decided to build a fort on Île aux Noix.

From August 16 to 28, 1760, French soldiers commanded by Colonel Bougainville, were besieged by William Haviland during the British advance on Montreal. Bougainville realised that the fort of Île aux Noix could not resist a longer siege. On August 27, Bougainville had his troops silently leave the island in the middle of the night and headed to Montreal where he hoped his soldiers could help. The siege of Isle aux Noix ended on August 28, when a group of about forty French soldiers surrendered to the British forces.

The last French governor-general of New France, Pierre François de Rigaud, Marquis de Vaudreuil-Cavagnal, surrendered to British Major General Jeffrey Amherst on September 8, 1760. France finally ceded Canada to the British in the Treaty of Paris, signed on February 10, 1763.

The strategic importance of Île aux Noix decreased as soon as the conquest of Canada was complete in 1760.  Amherst had not thought it wise to preserve the French fortifications on Île aux Noix and therefore he ordered the razing of the entrenchments to salvage the construction materials, which might be reused at Crown Point.

First British fortifications
After New France became a British colony, there was not much use for Île aux Noix as a military post. The French fort was destroyed.

Yet after the American invasion of the province of Quebec in 1775-1776 by means of the Richelieu River, the British authorities decided to build a new fort on the island in 1778. It was used during the War of 1812. That fort was demolished to make place for Fort Lennox.

American occupation
In 1775, the island was taken by American forces and used as a base by the American generals Philip Schuyler and Richard Montgomery for attacks on Montreal and Quebec. After being defeated at Quebec and abandoning Montreal, the Continental Army regrouped at the island in 1776 in its retreat from the province of Quebec. The site returned to British hands as an important frontier fort, now its southernmost on the Richelieu. Blockhouses were constructed in 1779 to resist further attack. A much more impressive fortification was built from 1779 to 1782.

Images

Second British fortifications

During the War of 1812, the race for naval superiority in the area re-established the military importance of the island, which became the main support point for the British navy on this border.  The flagship of the British squadron on Lake Champlain, , a 36 gun 5th rate frigate, became the largest vessel ever constructed at Île aux Noix.

See Battle of Lake Champlain

Postwar
The postwar period provided another opportunity to rethink the defensive system on the Upper Richelieu in the light of the experience acquired in the War of 1812. This time the endless debate between Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu, Quebec and Île aux Noix brought the engineer officers into direct opposition to the naval officers. The engineers favoured Saint-Jean because of the many possibilities of bypassing Île aux Noix, while the naval officers, convinced by the experiences of the recent war, preferred Île aux Noix because of its advantages against an operation over water. The latter were further favoured by the activities of the Americans a short distance from the border, since the construction of Fort Montgomery provided the competent British authorities with an argument for supporting Île aux Noix.

Troops

 French regulars
 British 1st Regiment of Foot (Royal Scots)

Internment camp
From 1940 the island was the home of an internment camp which held European Jewish refugees who had been forcibly removed from Britain.  The camp was initially called Camp I, later Camp No. 41.  Internees were treated as enemy aliens, and only after a year did the Canadian authorities begin to treat them as refugees.  They were still not free to leave the camp, however, in some cases until 1944.

References

Further reading
Charbonneau, A. (1994). The Fortifications of Île Aux Noix. Supply and Services Canada.

External links

Île aux Noix
Fort Lennox National Historic Site

Landforms of Montérégie
River islands of Quebec
War of 1812 forts
Seven Years' War
American Revolutionary War sites
Military forts in Quebec
Royal Navy bases in Canada
Jewish Canadian history
World War II internment camps in Canada

Île aux Noix


Nelson Faro DeCastro, known professionally as Nelson (born February 17, 1969), is an American comic book artist known for his airbrushed cover art, and his interior penciling, inking and coloring work. He is also a writer and teacher. Nelson's career began in the early 1990s, doing cover work and publishing his creator-owned work for Dark Horse Comics, before becoming a frequent artist for both Marvel Comics and DC Comics.

Early life
Nelson Faro DeCastro was born February 17, 1969. His earliest memory of reading comics is of a Spider-Man book featuring the Gibbon, illustrated by John Romita Sr., whom he cites as his primary artistic influence. Other influences he names include Caravaggio, Joe Jusko, Frank Frazetta, and Simon Bisley.

Nelson studied art at the School of Visual Arts in Manhattan.

Career

1990s
Before his comic book career began, DeCastro created artwork for the band Mucky Pup, with whom he was friends. He provided the interior art for their 1987 album Can't You Take a Joke?, and the cover art for their 1989 album, A Boy In A Man's World.

DeCastro broke into the American comic book industry in 1992 doing airbrushed cover work for various Dark Horse Comics series, including Insider vol. 2, #6, and the four-issue limited series RoboCop: Prime Suspect. In 1993 he wrote and illustrated his own creator-owned horror character, Eudaemon, in the anthology Dark Horse Presents #72-74, for which he provided the first issue's cover. He would later publish through Dark Horse a three-issue Eudaemon series, which he wrote, pencilled, and inked, and for which he provided airbrush-painted covers.

His first work for Marvel Comics was a six-page story he penciled and inked for the company's Custom Comic division. He would also provide the publisher with a painted cover for Ghost Rider #18 in 1993. His first work for DC Comics was interior art for Team Superman Secret Files and Origins #1, which was published in 1998. Other DC work during the 1990s includes Birds of Prey: The Ravens #1.

In 1999, DeCastro worked for Marvel Comics, beginning with a painted cover and the interior art for X-Men: The Magneto War #1. His other Marvel work that year included issues of Generation X, Black Panther and X-Force.

2000s

DeCastro continued to work for Marvel Comics in the early 2000s, on such titles as Iron Man, Ant-Man's Big Christmas, Generation X, Marvel Knights, Elektra, and Inhumans.

He also provided work for DC Comics, on Birds of Prey and 2004's The DC Comics Encyclopedia. His other mid-2000s work for DC included doing inks for Superman: The Journey and inking over John Byrne's pencils and providing his first interior color work on Action Comics #831.

DeCastro branched out into educational comics with 2005's The Home Depot: Safety Heroes, a giveaway from the Home Depot featuring several Marvel Comics characters, as well as into Marvel's mature readers imprint, MAX, with Doctor Spectrum, two issues of which he inked, and Marvel's Ultimate line, providing interior inks for three issues of the miniseries Ultimate Nightmare and Ultimate Galactus Trilogy.

Although he mostly worked for Marvel Comics in the late 2000s, in 2008 DeCastro provided the interior pencils and inks for DC's Green Lantern Corps #21-22.

2009 marked DeCastro's first foray into writing for Marvel with the story "The Strange Bonds of Strange People", which appeared in Astonishing Tales: The Thing #1 by Marvel Digital Comics. He also provided inks for War of Kings: Savage World of Skaar, for which he was credited on the cover as "DeCastro", and not "Nelson", as he is typically credited. That year he also inked issues of  Incredible Hercules, and penciled and inked Iron Man: Iron Protocols.

Other work
As of 2010, DeCastro teaches a Drawing for Cartoonists course at Manhattan's School of Visual Arts, where he himself once studied.

DeCastro has illustrated cards for the Magic: The Gathering collectible card game.

Personal life
DeCastro is an avid guitar player, and expressed a desire to try sculpture, though he laments that he has trouble finding the time.

Bibliography

Writer
Astonishing Tales: The Thing (2009)
Eudaemon #1-3 (1993)

Penciller
Astonishing Tales: The Thing
Birds of Prey: The Ravens
The DC Comics Encyclopedia (2004)
Generation X
Iron Man: Iron Protocols (2009)
Team Superman Secret Files and Origins #1 (1998)
X-Force #95
Eudaemon #1-3 (1993)

Inker
War of Kings: Savage World of Skaar (2009)
Ultimate Galactus Trilogy (2007)
Ant-Man's Big Christmas #1
Astonishing Tales: The Thing #1
Birds of Prey #44 & #46
Black Panther #11 & #12
Captain America & the Falcon
Doctor Spectrum
Elektra
Generation X #51
The Home Depot: Safety Heroes #1
Incredible Hercules #132, 134 & 136
Inhumans #3, 4, 7 & 9
Iron Man #1/2
Iron Man: Iron Protocols
Marvel Knights #7 - 9
Superman: The Journey
Team Superman Secret Files and Origins (1998)
The Tomb of Dracula #3
Ultimate Nightmare #2 - 5 (2004)
Wolverine #17
Eudaemon #1-3 (1993)

Colorist
Action Comics #831

Cover artist
Astonishing Tales: The Thing (2009)
X-Men: The Magneto War (1999)
Eudaemon #1-3 (1993)
RoboCop: Prime Suspect #1-4 (1992–93)
The Punisher: G-Force (1992)
Insider Vol. 2 (1991)

References

External links

DeCastro's original scores. SoundCloud

1969 births
American educators
Game artists
Living people
Place of birth missing (living people)
School of Visual Arts alumni

Nelson DeCastro


A cold front is a meteorological word that is used to describe the movement of a cooler air mass into an area of warmer air.  The air with greater density moves under the less dense warmer air, lifting it, which can cause a line of showers and thunderstorms, or a squall line to form when there is sufficient moisture. This upward motion causes lowered pressure along the cold front. On weather maps, the surface position of the cold front is marked with the symbol of a blue line of triangles/spikes pointing in the direction of its movement. Cold fronts can also move up to twice as fast as warm fronts.

Notes

Meteorology

Cold front


S/2004 S 7 is an unnamed moon of Saturn. Its discovery was announced by Scott S. Sheppard, David C. Jewitt, Jan Kleyna, and Brian G. Marsden on May 4, 2005, from observations taken between December 12, 2004, and March 8, 2005.

S/2004 S 7 is about 6 kilometres in diameter, and orbits Saturn at an average distance of 20,577,000 km in 1101.989 days, at an inclination of 166° to the ecliptic (166° to Saturn's equator), with an eccentricity of 0.554.

References
 Institute for Astronomy Saturn Satellite Data
 Jewitt's New Satellites of Saturn page
 IAUC 8523: New Satellites of Saturn 2005 May 4 (discovery)
 MPEC 2005-J13: Twelve New Satellites of Saturn 2005 May 3 (discovery and ephemeris)

Saturn's moons

S/2004 S 7


Slate is a metamorphic rock. It is formed from shale by being under pressure and moderate heat. Shale itself is formed from muddy clay, splits into thin plates. This characteristic splitting is carried over into slate. Schist is a rather similar type of metamorphic rock.

Uses
Roofing slates are used in many countries, though ceramic tiles have gradually taken over. Heavier slates can be used for flooring (inside and outside). Slates are used for the cladding (surface skin) of buildings, and sometimes in Wales there are whole buildings of slate. Gravestones and memorial plaques are another use. Thick slate is used for billiard tables and laboratory bench tops, where its resistance to temperature changes and chemicals is useful. Slate was used for blackboards and writing tablets in schools.

Metamorphic rocks

Slate


The District of Saanich is a region of Greater Victoria, British Columbia. It is north of the City of Victoria. Over 100,000 people live in Saanich. It is named after the Saanich First Nation.

Some communities within Saanich include Gordon Head, Royal Oak, Cordova Bay, Tillicum-Gorge, Cadboro Bay, Broadmead, Cedar Hill, and Ten-Mile Point.

Saanich Commonwealth Place, a recreation centre first used for swimming and diving at the 1994 Commonwealth Games, is located in Saanich.

Saanich celebrated its 100th anniversary in 2006.

The mayor of Saanich is Richard Atwell.

Cities in British Columbia

Saanich


Roza Eskenazi (mid-1890s – 2 December 1980, Greek: Ρόζα Εσκενάζυ) was a famous Jewish-Greek dancer and singer of rebetiko, Greek folk music, Kanto and Turkish folk music born in Istanbul, whose recording and stage career extended from the late 1920s into the 1970s.

Childhood
Eskenazi was born Sarah Skinazi to an impoverished Sephardic Jewish family in Istanbul, in the Constantinople Vilayet of the Ottoman Empire. Throughout her career she hid her real date of birth, and claimed to have been born in 1910. In fact, she was at least a decade older, and was likely born sometime between 1895 and 1897. Her father, Avram Skinazi, owned a storage facility. In addition to Roza, he and his wife Flora had another daughter and two sons, Nisim, the eldest, and Sami.

Shortly after the turn of the century, the Skinazi family relocated to Thessaloniki, then still under Ottoman rule. The city was undergoing rapid economic expansion at the time, with its population growing by 70 percent between 1870 and 1917. Avram Skinazi found work in a cotton processing mill and took various odd jobs to improve his family's financial standing. At the time, he entrusted young Sarah to a neighboring girl, who tutored several local children in basic reading and writing. She didn't attend school.

For some time, Sarah, her brother, and her mother lived in nearby Komotini. Roza's mother found employment there as the live-in maid for a wealthy family, and Roza assisted her with the housework. One day, Sarah was overheard singing by the Turkish owners of a local tavern. They were enthralled by her voice, and immediately came to the door to express their wish to hire the girl to perform in their club. Sarah's mother was incensed at the suggestion that her daughter, or any other member of her family, would become an artiste. Years later, in an interview, Roza admitted that her time in Komotini was a turning point in her life. It was there, she said, that she decided to become a singer and dancer.

Early career

She was not to realize her dream until her return to Thessaloniki. At the time, the family was renting an apartment near the city's Grand Hotel Theater, and several of the neighbors performed there. Every day, Sarah would help two of the dancers carry their costumes to the theater, hoping that she would one day appear on the stage alongside them. It was there that she finally began her career as a dancer. While still a teenager, she fell in love with Yiannis Zardinidis, a wealthy man from one of Cappadocia's most prominent families. Zardinidis' family disapproved of the match, considering her to be of loose moral character. Nevertheless, the two of them eloped around 1913, and Sarah changed her name to Roza, the name by which she was known throughout her career.

Zardinidis died of unknown causes around the year 1917, leaving Sarah/Roza with a little child, Paraschos. Realizing that she could not maintain her career as a performer while raising an infant, she brought him to the St. Taksiarchis nursery in the city of Xanthi. His father's family agreed to support him there, and Paraschos Zardinidis eventually grew up to be a high-ranking officer in the Greek Air Force. It was only years later that he finally reunited with his mother, after finding her in Athens in 1935.

Athens

Roza had moved to Athens shortly after Zardinidis's death to pursue her musical career. She quickly teamed up with two Armenian cabaret artists, Seramous and Zabel, who reportedly liked her because she could speak Turkish, and because she showed talent as a singer. Though she continued to perform as a dancer, she began to sing for patrons of the club in Greek, Turkish, and Armenian. It was there that she was first "discovered" by well-known composer and impresario Panagiotis Toundas in the late 1920s. Toundas immediately recognized her talent and introduced her to Vassilis Toumbakaris of Columbia Records.

In 1929 Roza cut four sides for Columbia, three of which were amanedes (Tzivaeri, Minore, and Matzore) and one demotic (Emorfi Pou Ein I Leivadia). By the mid-1930s, she had recorded over 300 songs for Columbia and HMV, and had become one of their most popular stars. Some were folk songs, especially from Greece and Smyrna (İzmir) in Turkey. Her most important contribution to the local music scene, however, was her recordings of rebetiko and especially the Smyrna school of rebetiko. She was credited with being largely responsible for the breakthrough of this style into popular culture.

Soon after she began recording, Roza began performing nightly at the Taygetos nightclub in Athens as well. Appearing with her on stage were Toundas, the violinist Dimitrios Semsis and oud player Agapios Tomboulis. Eskenazi, however was the star of the show, earning an unprecedented 200 drachmas per night. She later confided to her biographer Kostas Hatzidoulis that she should have been much wealthier, just on the income from the show, but that she had a weakness for expensive jewelry and spent too much of her income on it.

International career
Before long, her career extended beyond the political boundaries of Greece to the Greek Diaspora. Together with Tomboulis, she traveled to Egypt, Albania, and Serbia, receiving a warm reception not only from the local Greek communities, but from the Turkish communities as well. Her music had a certain edginess to it, and one of her songs, Πρέζα όταν Πιείς ("When You Take Heroin"), was even censored by Greek dictator Ioannis Metaxas. As a result of his decisions, many other traditional Rebetiko artists were marginalized, though a new trend in the genre, led by Vassilis Tsitsanis, was gaining ground.

World War II

Within a short time, however, Greece's own independence would be challenged. By 1940, Italy invaded, and in 1941 the German army occupied the country. Despite the repressive regime, she continued performing, and in 1942, she even opened up her own nightclub, Krystal, together with her son Paraschos, with whom she had since been reunited. Although she was a Jew, she had managed to obtain a fake baptismal certificate, though her safety was also ensured by an affair she had with a German officer.

Eskenazi was hardly a traitor or even a collaborator. She used her privileged position to support the local resistance, and hid resistance fighters and even English agents in her home. She was also able to rescue Jews in both Athens and Thessaloniki. Among those she saved from deportation to Auschwitz was her own family. By 1943, her cover finally crumbled, and Eskenazi was arrested. She spent three months in jail before a concerted effort by her German lover and her son succeeded in getting her released. She spent the rest of the war in hiding, fearful that she might be arrested again.

The post-war years

Throughout her long career, Roza developed good relations with Columbia Records Vassilis Toumbakaris and Minos Matsas, who had recently founded Odeon/Parlophone. This enabled her to promote the careers of many other well-known artists, including Marika Ninou. She introduced them to the Allilovoithia musicians union, and within a short time, they were recording with Vassilis Tsitsanis.

In 1949, Roza returned to Patras to obtain a new ID card. She gave a few concerts as well, but the real turning point in her life came when she met Christos Philipakopoulos, a young police officer almost thirty years her junior. Despite the age gap, the two of them fell in love. It was a relationship that would last, in some form or other, for the rest of Roza's life.

Although Roza had toured extensively throughout the Balkans, it was only in 1952 that she made her first tour of the United States to perform for the Greek and Turkish Diasporas there. The trip was sponsored by the Parthenon Restaurant and Bar in New York City and lasted several months. This was the first of several musical tours overseas. In 1955, Albanian impresario Ayden Leskoviku of the Balkan Record Company invited her to perform and record in Istanbul, where she was born. She eventually recorded about forty songs for Leskoviku and received about $5,000 for them. Although this was a relatively paltry sum, she later claimed that her performance fees and tips were ten times that amount.

Soon after Istanbul she embarked on two more tours of the United States, and performed in New York, Detroit, and Chicago. On 5 July 1958, she married Frank Alexander during her second trip to the U.S. The wedding seemed to have been in name only. This was necessary for her to get a work permit in the U.S. Nevertheless, Eskenazi loved America and would have emigrated there were it not for her other love, Christos Philipakopoulos. She returned to Athens in 1959 so that she could be with him. She bought the two of them a large house in Kipoupoli with the money that she earned in the States, as well as two trucks and some horses. She and Philipakopoulos would live in that home for the rest of her life.

Decline and rediscovery

Eskenazi was now in her sixties, and the music scene in Greece had changed considerably since she launched her career over four decades earlier. Smyrneiko (the music of İzmir) and Rebetiko had declined in popularity, and she, as well as other masters of the genre, were relegated to occasional appearances at village festivals and other small events. Though she did record a few songs over the coming years, these were mainly covers of her older, well-known hits, made for minor recording companies in Athens.

It was only in the late 1960s that there was some renewed interest in her earlier work. RCA recorded two 45s containing four of her songs (including "Sabah Amanes") with violinist Dimitris Manisalis, but the release was limited. All this changed, however, in the final days of the military dictatorship in the early 1970. Suddenly, the youth of the country developed a renewed interest in the urban songs of the past, and several important compilations were released. One of the best known was Rebetiki Istoria, a six-record collection of Rebetiko music, which sold hundreds of thousands of copies.

What set this decade apart from her earlier career was the widespread appearance of television. Roza quickly adapted to the new medium and appeared on a number of shows. In 1973, she was documented in the short film To Bouzouki (directed by Vassilis Maros) and in 1976 she did a TV special with Haris Alexiou, which included interviews and songs, as well as a couple more appearances. Throughout that time, however, Roza never abandoned her roots in the country's nightclubs, and she did a weekly live show in Themelio, a nightclub in Plaka.

As one of the few surviving Rebetiko singers who remained active at the time, artists and musicologists began studying her style, which was deemed "authentic". This had a lasting impact on a new generation of performers including Haris Alexiou (with whom she appeared on television) and Glykeria. While musicians and academics were intrigued by her abilities, as well as by her insights into a lost musical world, the general public was less enthusiastic, and considered her more of a curiosity. Nevertheless, she continued to perform, giving her last show in September 1977, when she was at least 80 years old, in Patras.

Last days
Eskenazi spent her twilight years in quiet, at her home in Kipoupoli, together with Christos Philipakopoulos. Although she was a Jew from birth, she converted to the Greek Orthodox faith in 1976, and was renamed Rozalia Eskenazi. Within two years, she began to show symptoms of Alzheimer's disease and would occasionally get lost as she made her way home. In the summer of 1980, she slipped at home and broke her hip. This led to three months in the hospital, with Christos constantly by her side, tending to her every need. She returned home briefly, but was soon back in a private clinic due to an infection. She died there on December 2, 1980. Roza Eskenazi was buried in an unmarked grave in the village of Stomio in Korinthia. In 2008, the village's cultural committee raised enough money to erect a simple tombstone, with the inscription, "Roza Eskenazi, Artist".

Biographies

In 1982, two years after her death, Kostas Hatzidoulis published a brief memoir entitled Αυτά που Θυμάμαι ("The Things I Remember"), based on interviews Eskenazi gave later in life. Included in the book was a vast collection of photographs, especially of Roza early in her career.

In 2008, filmmaker Roy Sher of Sher Productions began work on a musical documentary named My Sweet Canary, based on the life and career of Roza Eskenazi. The film, an international coproduction, follows three young musicians from Greece, Turkey, and Israel, who embark on a journey in search of Greece's best-known and best-loved Rebetiko artist. The film was scheduled to be released in 2011.

References

External links
 My Sweet Canary, The official web site of the musical documentary film My Sweet Canary: A journey through the life and music of Roza Eskenazi.
 My Sweet canary au Festival international de Salonique on Anne Brunswic's personal website (in French).

Discography
Eskenazi may be heard on many of the anthology CDs listed in the rebetiko discography. CDs of her own which may be available in English language countries include:
Rosa Eskenazi Rembetissa 1933-1936 Rounder Select, 1996.

1890s births
1980 deaths

Year of birth uncertain
Converts to Eastern Orthodoxy from Judaism
Singers from Istanbul
People from Constantinople vilayet
Sephardi Jews from the Ottoman Empire
20th-century Greek women singers
Greek Sephardi Jews
Greek rebetiko singers
Turkish Sephardi Jews
Jewish women singers
Jewish dancers
Singers from Thessaloniki

Roza Eskenazi


The Henry II style was the chief artistic movement of the sixteenth century in France, part of Northern Mannerism. It came immediately after the High Renaissance and was largely the product of Italian influences. Francis I and his daughter-in-law, Catherine de' Medici, had imported to France a number of Italian artists from Raphael's workshop or former assistants of Michelangelo, known as the School of Fontainebleau, where many were based.  Frenchmen were trained in the Mannerist idiom. Besides the work of Italians in France, many Frenchman picked up Italianisms while studying art in Italy during the middle of the century. The Henry II style, though named after Henry II of France, in fact lasted from about 1530 until 1590 under five French monarchs, their queens, and their mistresses.

The most lasting products of the Henry II style were architectural. First Rosso Fiorentino and then Francesco Primaticcio and Sebastiano Serlio served Henry II as court artisans, constructing his gallery and the Aile de la Belle Cheminée (1568) at the Palace of Fontainebleau. The French architect Pierre Lescot and the sculptor Jean Goujon rebuilt the Palais du Louvre around the now famous Cour Carrée. The Château d'Anet, commissioned by Diane de Poitiers, mistress of Henry II, was designed by Philibert Delorme, who studied in Rome. The very Mannerist château housed a statue of Diana by Benvenuto Cellini, who was working in France. In 1564 Delorme began work on the Tuileries, the most outstanding Parisian palais of the Henry II style. It too exhibited a Mannerist treatment of classical themes, for which Delorme had developed his own "French order" of columns.

Jean Bullant, another architect who studied in Rome, also produced designs that combined classical "themes" in a Mannerist structure. The Château d'Écouen and the Château de Chantilly, both for Anne de Montmorency, exemplify the Henry II-style château, which was proliferating among the nobility. A very thorough catalogue of engravings of sixteenth-century French architecture was produced by Jacques Androuet du Cerceau the Elder under the title Les plus excellents bâtiments de France (between 1576 and 1579, in two volumes). Much of the buildings so engraved have been destroyed (like the Tuileries) or significantly altered (like Écouen), so that Cerceau's reproductions are the best guide to the Henry II style.

In painting, like in architecture, the French were influenced by Italian Mannerism and many Italian painters and sculptors were active members of the First School of Fontainebleau, which in turn produced an active and talented crop of native painters and sculptors, such as Germain Pilon and Juste de Juste. By the end of the century the Henry II style, a Gallicised form of Italian Mannerism, had been replaced by a more consistent classicism, with hints of the coming Baroque.

Its immediately successor in French art historiography is the Henry IV style, sometimes called the Second School of Fontainebleau.

Notes

References
Architecture, Western. (2008). In Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 1 May 2008, from Encyclopædia Britannica Online: http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-47347

16th century in France
Renaissance architecture in France
Architectural styles
French architectural styles
Mannerism

Henry II style


In computer programming, source code is (generally speaking) a text file version of a computer program or software that contains instructions that the computer follows to do something. Source code is written in a programming language which a human can read and change.  A large program may contain many different source code files that all work together. Source code is in many cases compiled before running it. That means translating the code into assembly language or machine language which is much faster and easier for the computer to read, but hard for a human to read. Another very common way is to interpret the code, without needing a compilation step, while that's generally slower.

A computer program may be open source, which means the source code is shared with anyone who wants to look at it and change it. Many programs are however closed source, which means only the executable code is distributed and people are not allowed to look at and change the code. Many open source programs are also compiled to such code, that may or may not be allowed to be inspected, while to change it is most convenient to change the source code that came with it, or possibly can be downloaded.

Example of C source code
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
      printf("Hello world!\n");
      return(0);
}

When compiled by a C compiler and executed, this will print "Hello world!" on the computer screen and then finish.

Software

Source code


Carey Harrison (born 19 February 1944) is an English novelist and dramatist.

Early years and education
Harrison was born in London to actor Rex Harrison and actress Lilli Palmer, and raised in Los Angeles and New York, where he attended the Lycée Français. Subsequently, in Britain, he attended Sunningdale School, Harrow School, and Jesus College, Cambridge.

Career
His first play, Dante Kaputt, was staged at the Phoenix Theatre, Leicester, in 1966. Subsequent plays were premiered at the Traverse Theatre in Edinburgh and the Stables Theatre Club in Manchester, where Harrison was Resident Playwright from 1969 to 1970. His drama output for radio and television includes numerous award-winning plays, among them are Hitler in Therapy and A Cook's Tour of Communism. His recent work, A Cook's Tour of Communism, was broadcast by the BBC World Service in 2008. His most recent radio drama, Breakfast With Stalin, was premiered in 2010 by Westdeutscher Rundfunk Koeln in Germany, where 16 of Harrison's plays have been broadcast in translation.

In 2009, a new stage play, Scenes From a Misunderstanding, a comedy about the relationship between Sigmund Freud and Carl Jung, was premiered at the Jewish Theatre Festival in Manhattan, and subsequently re-mounted at the Byrdcliffe Theater in Woodstock, New York, along with Bad Boy, a companion piece written for the New York cast. A subsequent play, Magus, was staged by The Woodstock Players in June 2010, and another, Midget in a Catsuit Reciting Spinoza, in June 2011. His next play, Hedgerow Specimen, was staged by The Woodstock Players in June 2012. Three new plays for the Woodstock Players, I Won't Bite You: an Interview with the Notorious Monster, Dorothea Farber, and Rex & Rex, were premiered in repertoire in June and July 2013. 17 hours of Harrison's work have been seen on Masterpiece Theatre, including the miniseries Freud.

He is the author of 40 stage plays and 16 novels, most notably Richard's Feet, published by Henry Holt and Company in the US and by Heinemann in Britain, winner of the Encore Award from the UK Society of Authors. Harrison's most recent novels, Justice, and Who Was That Lady? have been acclaimed by readers, and both reached no.1 on the Amazon Contemporary Fiction downloads list.

His latest, Dog's Mercury, was published on September 18, 2015. Harrison has received numerous grants from the UK Arts Council, and his prizes include Sony Radio Academy Awards, the Giles Cooper Award, the Prix Marulic, the Writers' Guild of Great Britain Award for Best Play, the Prix Italia Silver Award and the Best Play award from the Berlin Akademie der Kuenste, as well as two nominations (2005 and 2007) for the Pushcart Prize for Journalism. His work has been translated into thirteen languages. His output includes published translations from French, Italian, German and Spanish authors, and performed translations from the works of Pirandello, Goldoni, Feydeau, and Gert Hofmann.

From 2005-11 he contributed a monthly essay on linguistic trends in The Vocabula Review, and since November 2011, a column on fiction-writing in Roll Magazine Online. His essays have appeared in magazines as diverse as New Politics: a journal of socialist thought, and Chronicles: a paleoconservative magazine of American culture. He has also been a book reviewer for numerous newspapers and journals including The San Francisco Chronicle, the Chicago Tribune, and The London Review of Books.

Activism

Harrison was one of the London Recruits, a group of young people recruited by the African National Congress (ANC) in the 1960s and 1970s to smuggle ANC and SACP literature into South Africa after the ANC had been decimated by the Rivonia trials which ran from October 9, 1963 to June 12, 1964.

Personal life

Harrison is the half-brother of actor and singer Noel Harrison. His first wife was Mary Chamberlain.  Harrison now lives in upstate New York with his wife, the artist Claire Lamb; he has four children, Rosie (Laurence), Chiara, Faith, and Sam, and one stepdaughter, Zoe Lambe. He is a Professor of English at Brooklyn College of the City University of New York.

Notable works

Novels
Freud (1984)
Richard's Feet (1990)
Cley (1991)
Egon (1993)
Dog's Mercury (2005)
Who Was That Lady? (2005)
Justice (2005)
Personal Assistant (2006)
Clear To Kill (2006)
As An Unperfect Actor on the Stage (2006)

Plays
Dante Kaputt (1966)
Twenty-Six Efforts at Pornography (1968)
Servant of Two Masters (from Goldoni) (1978)
In a Cottage Hospital (1969)
Wedding Night (from Gert Hoffmann) (1969)
Lovers (1970)
Shakespeare Farewell (1970)
The Bequest (1971)
Manoeuvres (with Jeremy Paul) (1974)
Madcap (from Pirandello) (1976)
I Never Killed My German (1979)
A Short Walk to the Stars (with Jeremy Paul) (1979)
Visitors (with Jeremy Paul) (1980)
A Night on the Tor (1980)
A Suffolk Trilogy: 3 Plays for Radio (1982)
Who's Playing God? (1983)
I Killed Jacques Brel (1984)
From the Lion Rock & the Sea Voyage Trilogy: Plays for Radio (1989)
Mr Pope's Toilet (1990)
The Water-Cure (1991)
Newton In Love (1992)
Last Thoughts Upon St. Paules (1993)
Self-Portrait With Dog (1993)
A Walk in the Bois (1993)
The Empress Wu, The Concubine Wang (1994)
St. Agnes' Eve (1995)
For A Son (1995)
A Call From The Dead (1995)
The Psychiatrist's Tale (1996)
East of the Sun (2000)
Richard's Feet (2003)
Hitler in Therapy (2005)
A Cook's Tour of Communism (2008)
Breakfast With Stalin (2008)
Scenes From a Misunderstanding (2009)
Bad Boy (2009)
Magus (2010)
Midget In A Catsuit Reciting Spinoza (2011)
Hedgerow Specimen (2012)
Rex & Rex (2012)
I Won't Bite You: an Interview with the Notorious Monster, Dorothea Farber (2012)

Screenplays
The Sea Change (1965)
Sabbatical (1968)
The Jensen Code (1973)
The Godson (1981)
Imaginary Friends (1981)
Freud (1984)
Jumping The Queue (1984)
I Never Killed My German (1986)
French Cricket (with Jeremy Paul) (1986)
William (1987)
Cley (1988)
Borgia (1990)
Egon (1995)
Breaking Up (Is Hard To Do) (2007)
The Stand-In (with John M. Keller) (2008)

References

External links

1944 births
Alumni of Jesus College, Cambridge
Brooklyn College faculty
20th-century English novelists
21st-century English novelists
English dramatists and playwrights
Living people
People educated at Harrow School
People educated at Sunningdale School
Writers from London
English opera librettists
English male novelists
British male dramatists and playwrights
English people of German-Jewish descent
20th-century English male writers
21st-century English male writers

Carey Harrison


Brahmin is one of the part of four varnas in Hinduism. Brahmins are the highest and most respected among people. In ancient India people who read the complete Upanishad Brahmanak were called Brahmins

Caste system
The caste system classified people by jobs.  The people in this caste were mostly priests and dramatists in the Aryan society.  The Brahmins arranged prayers and rituals.  Parashurama was one of the well known Brahmin by birth, but throughout his life, he was a warrior whose job was to protect Dharma.  Parshurama is also Creator Father of Bhumihar Brahman and Bhumihar Thakur, Bhumihar's are also known as Parashurama Brahman & Bramhkshatriya.  Most Brahmins practice vegetarianism. An old tradition is that Brahmin Men pulled there foreskin back since childhood, with an Glansring, because of became clean in this part

There are many subgroups in Brahmins based on demography. Rishiswar, Sanadhya, Kanyakubj, Telang, Saryupareen, Bhumihar, Goswami, Tyagi, and Saraswati are the main streams of Brahmin. Across the subcontinent, other Brahmins are also believed to have switched from the traditional duties of Brahmins in favor of military and administrative ones. In other parts of the subcontinent, outside of Punjab and the Gandhara region, they have been known as the Tyagi Brahman and "brahma-kshatriya" groups. These groups also claim to have descended from the Parshuram Tyagi Brahmans of Haryana and West Uttar Pradesh; traditionally, they have a close relationship and brotherhood with Mohyals.

Some Mohyal Brahmins migrated eastward and became as some sub-divisions of Bhumihar Brahmins, some of whom are also descendants of Hussaini Brahmins and mourn the death of Imam Hussain.[7] Bhumihar Brahmins and Tyagi/ Mohyal Brahmins have an affinity and brotherhood for each other. The  Bhumihar Brahmins, of whom many, though not all, belong to the Saryupareen Brahmin division of Kanyakubja Brahmins.In Kerala Ezhavathy is also a Mohyal community.[8]

The Brahmins of Vedic Period

The Brahmanas of the Vedic period were regarded as the most knowledgeable people and the best of best in all arts. Therefore, not all Hindus worship other Gods.

The sub-groups

In Tamil Nadu, The Iyers and Iyengars are well known Brahmin communities. Iyers are mostly worshippers of Shiva and the Iyengars are Vaishnavites.

References

Castes

Brahmin


Planaria is a small aquatic genus of flatworm. The term is also used for other similar flatworms. They are fresh water animals which move in a smooth wave-like manner. Planaria are free-living. They can live in fresh water or very damp soil, depending on the type.

Planaria are hermaphrodite: they produce both eggs and sperm. To reproduce, a planarian releases eggs and sperm into the water, where the eggs get fertilized. Planaria can repair damage by regenerating any part of their body.

Planaria are the one of most simple creatures to develop a nervous system. Their nervous system consists of  ganglia under the eyespots and a cord of nerves that run down the body, under the gut (ventral nerve cord). The three pairs of ganglia under the eyespots make a inverted U shape that have nerves sticking out to the outside of the head so that the head of the planarian is more sensitive than the rest of the body. If the light hits the animal near the eyespots, they usually move away into darker water.

The digestive system of Planaria consist of a mouth a pharynx and a gut cavity. Its mouth is on the underside of the body. Digestive enzymes are released from the mouth onto the food to soften it, Then the half digested food is sucked up the pharynx and into the stomach. From there the nutrients diffuse into the rest of the body.

There are no circulatory or respiratory systems. Oxygen enters and carbon dioxide leaves the planarian's body by diffusing through the body wall. Planaria do not have a skeleton. They have an extendable crumpled muscle that allows them to move.  Also, planarians have three layers of body-wall muscles that are constructed of circular muscle fibers as well as longer muscle threads.

Planarians have both ovaries and testes. To reproduce, they can have sex with another planarian; this is called sexual reproduction. Another way planarians reproduce is called asexual reproduction. This is when a planarian splits and regenerates the parts that are missing. However, asexual reproduction is uncommon.

References

Flatworms

Planaria


A linebacker is a defensive position in the game of American football. There are two kinds of linebackers. One is the outside linebacker (OLB), whose job is to tackle players, rush the passer, and sometimes drop back in coverage to prevent catches. The middle linebacker (MLB) is often called the "quarterback of the defense," as they direct many formations and are often looked up to as leaders and very good players, mostly handling the job of tackling as well.

Linebackers can appear in different formations, or looks. In a 4-3 defense, there are three linebackers; usually two OLBs and a MLB in the middle.

A 4-4 defense relies more heavily on linebackers. That system includes four linebackers.

Linebackers are often called the original name.
On 4-3 defense
Strong-side OLB: Sam (S)  MLB: Mike (M)  Weak-side OLB: Willy (W)

On 4-4 defense
Strong-side OLB: Sam (S)  Strong-side MLB: Mike (M)  Weak-side MLB: Kenny (K)  Weak-side OLB: Willy (W)

American football positions

Linebacker


Halifax is a large town in West Yorkshire in England.  The town has about 88,000 people living in it.

Halifax is close to Huddersfield and Bradford.  It is near the "spine" of England, the Pennines. It is easy to get to Liverpool and Manchester on the west coast, and Leeds and Wakefield to the East. There is a motorway-standard road which goes over the Pennines. Halifax is on the M1 motorway and the M60 motorways.

The economic booms in Leeds and Manchester, particularly in the financial sector, have led to Halifax becoming a commuter town for these two cities.

Halifax has a historic town centre. There is a lot of Victorian architecture in the town centre. Landmarks include the Town Hall, Piece Hall, the Wainwright monument, the Square Chapel and Halifax Minister. Halifax Station is on the main-line to London, King's Cross Station.

What Halifax was known for is making cloth. Its  Dean Clough was one of the largest textile factories in the world. It was more than 1⁄2 mile (800 m) long. Today it is converted to hotel, office and retail use.

References

Towns in West Yorkshire

Halifax, West Yorkshire


Hypothyroidism is a medical condition. If a person has hypothyroidism, their thyroid gland does not make enough hormones. It can be caused by many factors, but it is more common when a person has insufficient iodine. Severe hypothyroidism in infants can result in cretinism.
Symptoms of hypothyroidism include the following: tiredness, headaches, weight gain, dry skin, constipation, and poor concentration.

References

Endocrine diseases

Hypothyroidism


If something is necessary, it is very important, otherwise something will be impossible, or it will not work as it should do.  The opposite is unnecessary.

To travel from Europe to America it is necessary to cross the ocean.
A car is necessary for my work.  I can not do my work without a car.
There is no need to do that.  It is quite unnecessary.

Something that is necessary is a necessity.
The "bare necessities of life" are things like food, clothes and shelter (things you need to keep alive).

Basic English 850 words

Necessary


Pattern matching is a family of tools for finding similar objects in different sources.  In image processing, the pattern matching is used for locating a small image (called model) in a bigger one (called target image).  For searching text, regular expressions are commonly used.

The simple way is to move the model in the target image and measure a similarity in each position.  The position with highest value of the similarity will be accepted as result.  The normalized correlation is used as a common metric for similarity.

The common way to reduce an amount of calculations is using the image pyramid.  When using the image pyramid, the search is started on the reduced target image, and results are improved in the next, more detailed one.  This process is similar to the human vision.

Tools

Pattern matching


A pyramid scheme is a way of making money that cannot continue very long. It involves promising people payment, services or ideals, primarily for enrolling other people into the scheme or training them to take part. It does not supply any real investment or sale of  products or services to the public. Pyramid schemes are a form of fraud. For this reason, pyramid schemes are illegal in many countries.

This type of scheme has existed for at least a century (100 years). The way the scheme is described is sometimes changed to hide what it is doing. Many people believe that multilevel marketing (MLM) is also a pyramid scheme.

Concept and basic models
A successful pyramid scheme combines a business that seems real with a simple-to-understand money-making description which is used for profit. The idea is that the first person, Mr. X, makes a payment. To get money, Mr. X has to recruit others like him who will also make a payment. Mr. X gets paid out of money received from those new people (recruits). The recruits go on to involve others. As each new recruit makes a payment, Mr. X gets a part. He is promised always increasing benefits as the "business" expands.
Such "businesses" do not have real products or services. To make them more believable, most such scams have fake letters from successful members and information. Only the first person (sometimes called the "pharaoh") and a very few at the top levels of the pyramid make a lot of money. The amounts get much smaller further down the pyramid. Someone at the bottom of the pyramid loses money. They paid to enter, but cannot get anyone else to join.

The "Eight-Ball" model

Recruiting a large number of others into a scheme can be difficult so a system is used that seems more simple. In this model each person must recruit only two others. However, a larger number of levels is needed before the person gets paid any money. The scheme requires a person to recruit two others, who must each recruit two others, who must each recruit two others.

The "eight-ball" model contains a total of fifteen members. This scheme has been called the "Airplane Game" and the four tiers labelled as "captain," "co-pilot," "crew," and "passenger" to denote a person's level.

Such schemes may hide their pyramid nature by calling themselves as "gifting circles" with money being "gifted." The eight passengers must each pay (or "gift") a sum (e.g. $1,000) to join the scheme. This total of $8,000 goes to the captain who leaves the scheme. Everyone remaining moves up one level. There are now two new captains so the group splits in two with each group requiring eight new passengers. A person who joins the scheme as a passenger will not get any money until they advance through the crew and co-pilot levels to captain. Therefore, the participants in the bottom 3 tiers of the pyramid lose their money if the scheme collapses. Popular schemes such as the "Women Empowering Women" do this.

Related pages
 Ponzi scheme: it is similar but not the same as pyramid scheme
Marketing
Financial crimes

Pyramid scheme


William Wetmore Story and His Friends is a biography of sculptor William Wetmore Story by Henry James, published in 1903. James concentrated on the "friends" of the title, who included Robert Browning, Elizabeth Barrett Browning, James Russell Lowell, and other figures more prominent than Story himself.

Summary and themes
James had met William Wetmore Story in Rome in the 1870s and often enjoyed his hospitality. James didn't take Story very seriously as an artist, though, but regarded him as more of a wealthy dilettante. After Story's death in 1895 his family approached James about writing a biography. James found the project a difficult one because he didn't think there was much to say about Story's own artistic efforts. So he made the book into more of a reminiscence on Italy and the many notable people Story had known. James did discuss Story's most significant works, the statues Cleopatra and the Libyan Sybil.

James quoted from fine letters written to Story by the Brownings and other noteworthy friends. He also worked the Italian background for all it was worth. As James put it in a letter to William Dean Howells: "There is nothing for me but to do a tour de force, or try—leave poor W.W.S. out, practically, and make a little volume on the old Roman, Americo-Roman, Hawthornesque and other bygone days."

Critical evaluation
Critics have generally been kind to this book, perhaps because they realize how difficult it is to write a biography on an insignificant subject. The Encyclopædia Britannica, for instance, calls the book "an entertaining account of Story's life in Rome." James' evocation of old Rome and the Italian countryside has been praised as charming and lovely, much like his essays in Italian Hours.

References
A Henry James Encyclopedia by Robert Gale (New York: Greenwood Press, 1989)

External links
Artcyclopedia page for William Wetmore Story

1903 non-fiction books
American biographies
Books by Henry James
Houghton Mifflin books
William Blackwood books

William Wetmore Story and His Friends


Down with Love is a 2003 American romantic comedy movie set in New York City in the early 1960s. It stars Ewan McGregor and Renée Zellweger. It was inspired by Pillow Talk (1959) and Lover Come Back (1961).

Plot
Catcher Block (McGregor) is a very proud man. He has sex a lot of women and does not respect them very much. When author Barbara Novak (Zellweger) gets an interview with Block about her newest book, he keeps being busy and never actually interviews with her. Novak has written a feminist novel in which she says that women should take more power and have a bigger voice in things and to eat chocolate to reduce their need to be with men. However, when Novak's book becomes very popular, Block wants to know more about Novak.

Block invents a name for himself and begins to go out with her. She falls for him despite what she wrote in her book. She is about to take things further with Block when a woman rushes in to tell her that she loved Novak's book. It is then that Novak realizes that she has created a movement and that she needs to be the leader of that movement, so she no longer wants to see Block.

Block tries to reinvent himself as a new person. He writes an exposé on himself and wants to have it published, but all the women that used to work at his No magazine have all quit to try to get jobs at Novak's new Now magazine. Block applies for a job there and tells her that he loves her. After a short conversation, they leave in a helicopter to go to Las Vegas, Nevada to marry.

Other websites

2000s parody movies
2003 romantic comedy movies
20th Century Fox movies
American parody movies
American romantic comedy movies
2000s English-language movies
Movies set in New York City
Movies set in the 1960s

Down with Love


In meteorology, a cyclone refers to any low pressure area with winds spiraling inwards. Cyclones rotate clockwise in the Southern Hemisphere and anti-clockwise in the Northern Hemisphere. Cyclone is the general term for a variety of low pressure system types, such as tropical cyclones, extra tropical cyclones and tornadoes.

The largest of the low-pressure systems are the extratropical cyclones and the cold-core polar cyclones which lie on the synoptic scale which in meteorology is a horizontal length of 1000 km or more. The Warm-core cyclones are the tropical cyclones, mesocyclones, and the polar lows that lie within the smaller mesoscale. The Subtropical cyclones are intermediate in size. Cyclones have also been on other planets outside of the Earth, such as Mars and Neptune. For example the Great Red Spot of Jupiter and the Great Black Spot of Neptune.

Cyclones are also referred to as hurricanes and typhoons. They consist of the eye, eyewall and rainbands.

The process of cyclone formation and intensification is described as Cyclogenesis. The formation of Extratropical cyclones comes as waves in large regions of enhanced midlatitude temperature contrasts which are called baroclinic zones. These zones contract to form weather fronts as the circulation of the cyclone closes and gets more intense. Later in their life cycle, cyclones form what is called an occluded front. The cyclone's track is then guided over the course of an 2 to 6 day life cycle by its steering flow of the polar or subtropical jetstream. Cyclones destroy many things when they come into contact with land such as crops, buildings, trees, etc.

Other websites

Natural events
Severe weather

Cyclone


William James Roche,  (30 November 1859 – 30 September 1937) was a Canadian politician and Conservative Member of Parliament for the Manitoba riding of Marquette in the House of Commons of Canada from 1896 to 1917.

Born in Clandeboye, Canada West, the son of W. F. Roche, he was educated in Lucan and London, Ontario, at Trinity Medical College in Toronto and at the University of Western Ontario. Roche practised medicine in Minnedosa, Manitoba. In 1883, he married Annie E. Cook.

In 1892, Roche ran unsuccessfully for a seat in the Manitoba assembly. He was Secretary of State for External Affairs from 1911 to 1912. He also served as Minister of the Interior (1912–1917), Minister of Mines (1912–1913), and Superintendent-General of Indian Affairs (1912–1917). In 1934, he was made a Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George.

He died in Ottawa at the age of 77.

References

1859 births
1937 deaths
Physicians from Manitoba
Canadian Secretaries of State for External Affairs
Canadian Companions of the Order of St Michael and St George
Conservative Party of Canada (1867–1942) MPs
Members of the House of Commons of Canada from Manitoba
Members of the King's Privy Council for Canada
People from Minnedosa, Manitoba
Trinity College (Canada) alumni
University of Western Ontario alumni

William James Roche


A task is a set of program instructions that are loaded in memory, then the address registers is loaded with the initial address to start running the task. It is defined as "an execution path through address space where part of a plan will be accomplished after executing the task'".

Processes are often called tasks in embedded operating systems so "task" gives a meaning of a real-time (also small) application, which differs from a process. A process is an instance of a computer program. The kernel creates a process by allocating some memory (in kernel address space and user address space), loading program code from a disk or another part of memory into the newly allocated space, building the process tables and other operating systems structures, calculating the initial address then executes the process as one or more tasks.

Both "task" and "process" should be distinguished from event, which takes place at a specific time and place, and which can be planned for in a computer program. In a computer graphical user interface (GUI), an event can be as simple as a mouse click or keystroke.

Notes
Today, "tasks" and "processes" refer essentially to the same entity. although they have somewhat different terminological histories, now they are used by most peoples as synonyms.
Today, the term "process" is generally preferred over "task", except when referring to "multitasking", since the alternative term, "multiprocessing", is too easy to confuse with "multiprocessor" (which is a computer with two or more CPUs), so if "multiprocessing" is used, it is always refers to "multiprocessor".

Related pages
 Thread (computer science)
 Process (computing)
 Multitasking

Computer science

Task (computers)


Linda Medley (born May 17, 1964 in Stockton, California) is an American comic book author and illustrator, known for her Castle Waiting series of comic books and graphic novels.

Biography and early career
Born in Stockton, California, Medley now lives in Seattle, Washington.

Before embarking on Castle Waiting, Medley worked in the comics industry as a penciller, inker, painter, colorist, and sculptor. Her pencilling work includes stints on DC Comics' Justice League America (1991) and Doom Patrol (1993), as well as the Galactic Girl Guides for Tundra Press.

As a colorist, Medley worked for Image Comics in 1994–1995, most consistently on Deathblow. She colored DC's Batman and Robin Adventures for two years spanning 1995–1997.

A freelance illustrator since 1985, Medley has illustrated children's books for Putnam, Grosset & Dunlap, Houghton-Mifflin, and Western Publishing. Her paintings have appeared on the covers of Paradox Press's Family Man, Howard Cruse's Stuck Rubber Baby, and TSR, Inc.'s Dragon magazine.

Castle Waiting
Castle Waiting tells the story of an isolated, abandoned castle and its eccentric inhabitants. Medley illustrates Castle Waiting in a style reminiscent of the work of Arthur Rackham and William Heath Robinson.

Medley conceived of Castle Waiting in 1984, when she was studying folklore and children's book illustration in college. Intending to do her own take on some of Grimm's fairy tales, Medley found herself most interested in the unexplained pasts — and their often unresolved fates — of the tales' background characters.

The first Castle Waiting publication was Castle Waiting: The Curse of Brambly Hedge, which was self-published by Medley with a 1996 grant from the Xeric Foundation. Medley self-published seven issues of an ongoing Castle Waiting series in 1997-98. In 1999, Medley self-published a Castle Waiting hiatus issue. Jeff Smith's Cartoon Books started publishing Castle Waiting (volume two; 4 issues) in 2000. In 2001, Medley went back to self-publishing and put out five more issues of the title. In 2006, Fantagraphics Books began publishing Castle Waiting, and as of April 2009, fifteen new issues have been published by them.

Medley is currently working on a series of nine graphic novels based on L. Frank Baum's Wizard of Oz books.

Awards
Medley was a 1996 Xeric Award recipient. In 1996, she was an Ignatz Award nominee for Outstanding Anthology or Collection. In 1996, she was an Eisner Award nominee for Best Writer/Artist; and in 1998, she won two Eisner Awards, for Best Ongoing Story (Castle Waiting) and for Talent Deserving of Wider Recognition. Also in 1998, Medley was a Lulu Award nominee for Lulu of the Year.

Notes

References

External links
 Medley bio and art samples at Lambiek.net's Comiclopedia
 Fan site with an extensive bibliography

1964 births
Living people
American female comics artists
American women cartoonists
Comics colorists
Writers from Stockton, California
Writers from Seattle
Eisner Award winners for Talent Deserving of Wider Recognition
American cartoonists
21st-century American women

Linda Medley


Stock in cooking (cuisine) is a liquid flavoring base for soups and sauces. It is a flavoured liquid preparation, and is the basis of many dishes.

The ideas go back to Carême, and were simplified by Escoffier.

A stock is made by simmering  animal bones and/or meat, fish, or vegetables in water and/or wine. mirepoix or other aromatics are added for more flavour. Mirepoix is a mixture of onions, carrots, celery, and sometimes other vegetables. Many use ready-made ingredients like Oxo cubes or bouillon cubes. It is possible to make stock more quickly with a pressure cooker.

Fish stock, however, is cooked for only twenty minutes or so.

Stock lasts for three or four days in the fridge, but can be boiled again, and stored again.

Notes

Cooking methods

Stock (food)


Paul Alfred Rubens (29 April 1875 – 5 February 1917) was an English songwriter and librettist who wrote some of the most popular Edwardian musical comedies of the early twentieth century. He contributed to the success of dozens of musicals.

Born in Kensington, London, he attended Winchester College before studying law at University College, Oxford. He began writing songs for shows at the age of 10 and had his first major success with "The Little Chinchilla" for the hit musical The Shop Girl when he was 19 years old. This was soon followed by songs for, among others, the hit musical San Toy. In 1899, he wrote songs for the international hit Florodora, which brought him wider fame.  Producer George Edwardes hired him as an "additional material" writer for, among others, The Messenger Boy (1900), The Toreador  (1901), A Country Girl (1902), The Girl from Kays (1902), The School Girl (1903), The Cingalee (1904) and The Blue Moon (1905), writing some of the most successful songs in these shows.  He composed the hit musical Miss Hook of Holland (1907).

Later compositions include The Balkan Princess (1910), The Sunshine Girl (1912), The Girl from Utah (1913), Tonight's the Night (1914), Betty (1915) and The Happy Day (1916).  Rubens began a relationship with the actress Phyllis Dare during this period, but they soon parted due to Rubens' severe consumptive illness, from which he suffered for the rest of his life. As a result, he retired to Cornwall and died of tuberculosis, aged 41.

Life and career
Rubens was born in Kensington, London, the eldest son of a successful German-born Jewish stockbroker, Victor Rubens, and Jenny Rubens, née Wallach.  Rubens attended Winchester College and then studied law at University College, Oxford, from 1895 to 1897.  Rubens had begun writing songs for shows as early as age 10, and he continued in music and dramatic societies throughout school. He intended, at first, to practise law, but he soon gave it up to write songs for the stage, including for a production of Alice in Wonderland, while still at Oxford, in which Lewis Carroll collaborated.

Early career

Rubens supplied lyrics and melodies for a number of successful musicals in the 1890s, beginning with "The Little Chinchilla" in the hit musical The Shop Girl (1894), sung by Ellaline Terriss at the Gaiety Theatre, London.  Rubens was a talented melodist, but as he lacked musical training others had to supply the accompaniment for his songs. In the years that followed, he wrote songs for Arthur Roberts for Dandy Dan the Lifeguardsman (1898, "There's Just a Something Missing"); for Milord Sir Smith; for Little Miss Nobody ("Trixie of Upper Tooting", "A Wee Little Bit of a Thing Like That", "We'll Just Sit Out", and "The People All Come to See Us"); and for the hit musical San Toy (1899, "Me Gettee Outee Velly Quick") for producer George Edwardes.  During the same year, he wrote the play Young Mr Yarde (1898, with Harold Ellis) and co-wrote a burlesque, Great Caesar (1899, with George Grossmith, Jr.), which was produced on the West End, but both were failures.

In 1899, he wrote songs for L'amour mouillé and the international hit, Florodora (1899: "Inkling", "Tact", "When I Leave Town", "I Want to Marry a Man", "When an Interfering Person", "Queen of the Philippine Islands", and "When We're on the Stage"), which brought him wider fame. Edwardes quickly hired Rubens as an "additional material" writer, and Rubens supplied some of the most successful numbers in The Messenger Boy in 1900 ("Tell Me Pretty Maiden", "How I Saw the CIV", and "A Perfectly Peaceful Person"); The Toreador in 1901 ("Everybody's Awfully Good to Me"); A Country Girl in 1902 ("Two Little Chicks" and "Coo"); The Girl from Kays in 1902 ("I Don't Care"); The School Girl in 1903; The Cingalee in 1904 ("Sloe Eyes", "Make a Fuss of Me", "She's All Right", '"You and I and I and You", "Golly-wogs", and "Somethings Devilish Wrong"); The Blue Moon in 1905; and The Dairymaids (1906), with a book by Alexander M. Thompson and Robert Courtneidge.

During this period, Rubens also wrote incidental music for the 1901 production of Twelfth Night at His Majesty's Theatre.  He also wrote songs for The Medal and the Maid (1902, 'Consequences') and The School Girl (1903). Edwardes gave Rubens the opportunity to write the book, lyrics and some of the music for Three Little Maids (1902), which had London and international success; Lady Madcap (1904, for which he wrote all of the music), which also had a long run; and Mr. Popple of Ippleton (1905), a more sophisticated piece than many of Rubens' earlier musical comedies, which was later produced in America as Nobody Home, with songs by Jerome Kern.

Later years

Frank Curzon then hired Rubens to write both the words and songs for musicals starring his wife, Isabel Jay (who had already starred in two of Rubens' shows), at the Prince of Wales Theatre, with exotic sets, elaborate costumes and a host of beautiful chorus girls.  The first was Miss Hook of Holland in 1907, which turned out to be Rubens' most enduring success.  Because of the progression of the consumptive illness from which he suffered most of his life, he needed the assistance of the director, Austen Hurgon, to finish the libretto.  Rubens and Hurgon next wrote the disappointing My Mimosa Maid (1908) and the somewhat more successful Dear Little Denmark (1909).

After writing songs that made their way into several Broadway shows, Rubens supplied songs for a number of mostly successful later shows, beginning with Curzon's The Balkan Princess in 1910 (an international hit, also starring Jay).  He then returned to Edwardes' theatres, where the departure of Ivan Caryll gave him the chance to write the songs for The Sunshine Girl in 1912, The Girl from Utah in 1913, After the Girl in 1914, Tina and Betty, both in 1915, and The Happy Day in 1916. His best and most popular work from these years, however, is heard in his melodies and lyrics for Tonight's the Night (1914).  After the outbreak of the First World War, Rubens wrote a successful recruiting song called "Your King and Country Want You".  Vesta Tilley often performed the song. Rubens' songs continued to be used at least into the 1920s.  "The Gondola and the Girl" was part of the score of Irene Bordoni's 1924 production, Little Miss Bluebeard.

Rubens met actress Phyllis Dare when she was cast in The Sunshine Girl, and he wrote a number of songs for her.  They began a relationship and ultimately became engaged, but Rubens who had suffered severe ill-health through virtually his whole career, became too sick to marry, and so the couple separated.

He retired to Cornwall and died in Falmouth, of tuberculosis, at the age of 41.

Notes

References

Gänzl, Kurt.  The encyclopaedia of the musical theatre, 2 vols. (1994)
Gänzl, Kurt.  The British musical theatre, 2 vols. (1986)

Parker, J. ed.  Who's who in the theatre, 6th ed. (1930)
Robertson, W. Graham.  Time was: the reminiscences of W. Graham Robertson (1931)
Obituary: Paul Rubens, Musical Times, Vol. 58, No. 889, 1 March 1917, p. 117.
The Era, 29 November 1902

External links

Links to Midi files, lyrics and cast lists from 16 of Rubens' shows, among others

1875 births
1917 deaths
English musical theatre lyricists
British musical theatre composers
English composers
People educated at Winchester College
Alumni of University College, Oxford
English people of German-Jewish descent
19th-century English musicians
20th-century deaths from tuberculosis
Tuberculosis deaths in England

Paul Rubens (composer)


Zoology is the science  of studying animal life. It is part of biology. Animal life is classified into groups called phyla, of which there are at least thirty.

Zoologists are scientists who study animals. They may work in laboratories, or do field research. The methods are many and various. At the heart, they cover the structure, function, ecology and evolution of animals. The structure is investigated by dissection, and microscopic examination. The function is investigated by observation and experiment. Palaeontology supplies information about extinct animals. Zoologists may be employed by universities, museums, non-profit organisations, universities, or by zoos.

Short-list of zoologists
Some zoologists:

 Louis Agassiz (malacology, ichthyology)
 Aristotle
 Henry Walter Bates
 Buffon
 Jennifer Clack
 Charles Darwin
 Theodosius Dobzhansky
 Dian Fossey (primatology)
 Conrad Gessner
 Geoffroy
 Jane Goodall (primatology)
 John Gould, ornithology
 Stephen Jay Gould
 Ernst Haeckel
 Julian Huxley
 Thomas Henry Huxley
 Libbie Hyman (invertebrate zoology)
 William Kirby (father of entomology)
 Lamarck
 Louis Leakey (palaeoanthropology)
 Linnaeus (father of systematics)
 Konrad Lorenz (ethology)
 John Maynard Smith
 Fritz Müller
 Richard Owen (Natural History Museum)
 John Ray
 E.O. Wilson, (entomology, founder of sociobiology)
 Jakob van Uexküll (animal behavior, invertebrate zoology)
 Alfred Russel Wallace
 James Watson
 August Weismann
 Gilbert White

Animal phylum
List of animal phylum

Related pages
Ecology

Other websites

References

Zoology


Phaedra is the daughter of Minos and Pasiphaë in Greek mythology. She is also the wife of Theseus, the sister of Ariadne and the mother of Demophon of Athens and of Acamas. Phaedra's name comes from a Greek word, which means "bright".

There are many versions of the story of Phaedra. One is about murder and revenge.

People in Greek mythology

Phaedra (mythology)


Lost Horizon is a 1933 novel by English writer James Hilton.  In this book, Hilton imagined a special place high in the mountains of Tibet. It was a utopian city where people could live to be hundreds of years old. This perfect place was called Shangri-La.

Plot summary

Overview
Hugh Conway is a member of the British diplomatic service. He finds inner peace, love, and a sense of purpose in Shangri-La. People there live a very long time. One theme of the book is the possibility of another world war and war preparations. This was actually happening at the time. The story is similar to travel stories in the Tibetan borderlands by Joseph Rock in the National Geographic magazine. The remote communities he visited, such as Muli are similar to Hilton's fictional Shangri-La. The Muli town of Zhongdian has its name to Shangri La (Chinese: Xianggelila).

The book describes how war on the ground would move into the air. Life and all special things could be lost, even history. Maybe Shangri-la would protect these important things for later when the world was tired of war. That was the real purpose of the city.

Conway survived the trench warfare of WWI. This strongly affected his emotions. He was exhausted and felt older than he really was. He is strongly attracted to life at Shangri-La because the monks understood him.

Story

The origin of the eleven numbered chapters of the novel is explained in two opening and closing sections. The narrator is a neurologist.

This neurologist friend named Rutherford were eating dinner at Tempelhof, Berlin with their old school-friend Wyland. The topic of Hugh Conway comes up in conversation. He was a British consul in Afghanistan, who disappeared mysteriously. Rutherford tells the narrator later that evening that he met Conway in a French mission hospital in Chung-Kiang (probably Chongqing), China. Conway had amnesia, but recovered his memory. He told Rutherford his story, then disappeared again.

Rutherford wrote down Conway's story and gave it to the neurologist. That story became the main part of the novel.

In May, 1931, during the British Raj in India, 80 white residents were evacuated to Peshawar because of a  revolution. Conway, the British consul, age 37; Mallinson, his young vice-consul; an American, Barnard; and a British missionary, Miss Brinklow are in an airplane. The plane is hijacked and flown over the mountains to Tibet. After a crash landing, the pilot dies. But, he told the four to get help at the nearby lamasery of Shangri-La. They do not know where they are, but Conway thinks they passed the Himalayas and are near the Kuen-Lun (i.e. Kunlun).

Chang lives at Shangri-La and speaks English. He takes the four to the lamasery. It has modern conveniences, like central heating; bathtubs from Akron, Ohio; a large library; a grand piano; a harpsichord; and food from the valley below. Above is Karakal, a mountain more than  high. Karakal mean "Blue Moon".

Mallinson wants to hire help and leave, but Chang stops him politely. The others eventually decide they are happy to stay. Miss Brinklow will teach the people a sense of sin. Barnard wants to hide form the police and look for gold. Conway likes the quiet life of study.

Lo-Tsen is a Manchu woman at the lamasery. She seems very young. She does not speak English but plays the harpsichord. Mallinson falls in love with her. Conway does too.

Conway meets the High Lama. He learns that the lamasery was built by a Catholic monk named Perrault from Luxembourg in the early eighteenth century. The lamasery has since then been joined by others who have found their way into the valley. Once they enter the valley, they age slowly. If they leave the valley, they age quickly and die. Conway guesses that the High Lama is Perrault, now 300 years old. He is correct.

Later, the High Lama says that he is finally dying. He wants Conway to lead the lamasery. Meanwhile, Mallinson has arranged to leave the valley with Lo-Tsen  and workers to carry their food and belongings. They are waiting for him  outside the valley, but Mallinson cannot cross the dangerous route by himself. He convinces Conway to go along. This ends Rutherford's story.

The last time Rutherford saw Conway, it seemed he was preparing to return to Shangri-La. Rutherford tells the neurologist that he tried to follow Conway and check his stories of Shangri-La. He found the Chung-Kiang doctor who had treated Conway. The doctor said Conway had been brought in by a Chinese woman who was ill. She soon died. The doctor told Rutherford the woman was very old. Rutherford thought the old woman was Lo-Tsen. She had aged quickly after leaving Shangri-La.

Cultural importance
The book was published in 1933. It only became popular after Hilton's next book, Goodbye, Mr. Chips, was published in 1934. Lost Horizon then became a huge success. In 1939, it was published in paperback, as Pocket Book #1. Because of its number-one position in what became a very long list of pocket editions, Lost Horizon is often called the first American paperback book. This is not correct. The first pocket-sized, paperback book sold in many stores in America was Pearl Buck's The Good Earth by Pocket Books in 1938 as an experiment.

U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt named the Presidential hideaway in Maryland after Shangri-La. Now it is called Camp David. Roosevelt also lied to the public and said that the Doolittle Raid came from Shangri-La. This became the idea to name an aircraft carrier USS Shangri-La.

The book has been made into two movies:
 Lost Horizon (1937), directed by Frank Capra
 Lost Horizon (1973), directed by Charles Jarrott (musical version)

The book was also made into the unsuccessful 1956 Broadway musical Shangri-La.

Hilton's novel was adapted for BBC Radio 4 in three hour-long episodes under its Classic Serial banner. It was broadcast 20 September to 4 October 1981. Barry Campbell directed. Derek Jacobi played Hugh Conway.

The novel is important in the book Deadeye Dick by Kurt Vonnegut.

Other websites
 Lost Horizon at Project Gutenburg Australia
 Lost Horizon in book format is available from Summersdale Publishers
 Review by Steven Silver
 Clues to real Shangri-La point to China

1930s books
Books by James Hilton

Lost Horizon (novel)


Paronychodon (meaning "beside claw tooth") was a theropod dinosaur genus. It is a tooth taxon, often considered dubious because of the fragmentary nature of the fossils, which include "buckets" of teeth from many disparate times and places but no other remains, and should be considered a form taxon.

The type species, named by Edward Drinker Cope in 1876, is Paronychodon lacustris, from the Judith River Formation of Montana, dating to 75 million years ago, during the Campanian stage. The holotype is specimen AMNH 3018. It is a tooth about one centimetre long, elongated, recurved, lacking serrations, possessing low vertical ridges and with a D-shaped cross-section, the inner side being flattened. Cope at first thought the tooth belonged to a plesiosaur, but in the same year realised it represented a carnivorous dinosaur.

A second species, Paronychodon caperatus, is known from the Hell Creek Formation of North Dakota, Montana, and South Dakota and Lance Formation of Wyoming (latest Maastrichtian stage,  million years ago) and was originally referred to the mammal genus Tripriodon by Othniel Charles Marsh in 1889, but placed in Paronychodon by George Olshevsky in 1991. It is based on holotype YPM 10624, a tooth close in form to the holotype of P. lacustris but somewhat larger. In 1995 Olshevsky renamed Laelaps explanatus Cope 1876 into a Paronychodon explanatus; today the taxon is seen as based on Saurornitholestes teeth.

A very large number of other specimens matching these teeth in some or all aspects of their anatomy have been referred to Paronychodon. Some of these included serrated teeth, low teeth and teeth without a flattened side. These teeth of the general "Paronychodon" type have been reported from a wide variety of times and places, including the Early Cretaceous Una Formation of Spain, dating to the late Barremian age 125 million years ago.

Paronychodon has been considered a coelurid, an ornithomimosaur, a dromaeosaurid, an archaeopterygid, and a troodontid, though it could also be another kind of coelurosaurian theropod. While most researchers have therefore considered it simply represents indeterminate theropod teeth, a small consensus has found them to be Deinonychosauria. The teeth assigned to Paronychodon are all small, and may have come from various juvenile deinonychosaurs. Jaws from adult individuals bearing identical teeth have never been found. Marsh already suggested such teeth were pathological, having formed when the first teeth of the lower jaws by accident grew back-to-back to each other on the mandible suture. Philip J. Currie in 1990 also concluded to a malformation, thinking the flattened side resulted from the tooth remaining attached too long to the inner wall of the tooth-socket. Serrated specimens of the type would thus simply be deviant dromaeosaurid teeth; however, unserrated teeth might represent a separate taxon or taxa. One study, by Sunny Hwang, showed that the tooth enamel is identical to that found in Byronosaurus, a troodontid known from juveniles with serration-less teeth.

Several taxa have on occasion been considered synonyms of Paronychodon, though there is little consensus. Paronychodon was in 1876 by Cope described as being similar to Zapsalis, another tooth taxon, itself often considered synonymous with Richardoestesia, a possible dromaeosaurid. Richardoestesia isosceles would, according to a study by Julia Sankey e.a., be synonymous with the elongated, so-called "Type A", teeth of Paronychodon, to which also the Paronychodon holotype belongs. The Eurasian Euronychodon tooth genus is also sometimes considered a (junior) synonym of Paronychodon.

See also
 Timeline of troodontid research

References

Troodontids
Late Cretaceous dinosaurs of North America
Campanian genus first appearances
Maastrichtian genus extinctions
Maastrichtian life
Lance fauna
Paleontology in Montana
Laramie Formation
Early Cretaceous dinosaurs of Europe
Cretaceous Spain
Fossils of Spain
La Huérguina Formation
Fossil taxa described in 1876
Taxa named by Edward Drinker Cope

Paronychodon


The Durant was a make of automobile assembled by Durant Motors Corporation of New York City, New York from 1921 to 1926 and again from 1928 to 1932.  Durant Motors was founded by William "Billy" Durant after he was terminated, for the second and final time, as the head of General Motors.  Billy Durant's intent was to build an automotive empire that could one day challenge General Motors.

The Durant automobile is considered to be an example of an "assembled" automobile because so many of its components were obtained from outside suppliers. From 1921 to 1926 the vehicle was powered by a four cylinder or 6 cyl overhead valve Continental engine. The vehicle was directed at the Oakland automobile price point.

Production of the vehicle was suspended for 1927. When the Durant was reintroduced April 1928, the car was redesigned and powered by a six cylinder Continental engine; some of the early vehicles were marketed as the "Durant-Star".  Bodies for the vehicle were supplied by Budd Company. In 1930, some Durants were built with all steel bodies, also supplied by Budd.

Durant Motors was found insolvent and automobile production ended early in 1932.

Production model specifications
 Durant Touring Car

External links
Durant Motors Automobile Club

Motor vehicle manufacturers based in New York (state)
Vintage vehicles
Defunct motor vehicle manufacturers of the United States
Defunct manufacturing companies based in New York City
1921 establishments in New York (state)
1932 disestablishments in New York (state)
Vehicle manufacturing companies established in 1921
Vehicle manufacturing companies disestablished in 1932
Budd Company

1920s cars
1930s cars

Durant (automobile)


Blue Gemini was a United States Air Force (USAF) project first proposed in August 1962 for a series of seven flights of Gemini spacecraft to enable the Air Force to gain crewed spaceflight experience prior to the launch of the Manned Orbital Development System, or MODS. The plan was to use off-the-shelf Gemini spacecraft.

History

Blue Gemini would consist of two National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) missions which would include a USAF co-pilot and would accomplish NASA objectives. These would be followed by two more NASA missions that would have USAF crews. Those missions would be devoted to NASA goals, but would include USAF experiments if possible. The final phase of Blue Gemini would consist of three dedicated USAF missions. One of these would be an Agena Target Vehicle rendezvous mission. It was possible that some of these later missions would carry only a single crew member, the other seat being occupied by experimental equipment. Possible payloads included a Manned Maneuvering Unit that would allow an astronaut to maneuver around the spacecraft, an advanced navigation system, an erectable structure, and a large ground mapping radar. The plan was to end Blue Gemini missions approximately four months before the debut of the MODS space station.

Blue Gemini was canceled in January 1963 by Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara after he decided that military experiments could be carried aboard some NASA missions, i.e., Project Gemini. McNamara also canceled MODS at the same time.

In December 1963 McNamara approved the development of a Manned Orbital Laboratory (MOL) which was essentially a revived MODS. Blue Gemini should not be confused with the Gemini B spacecraft that was developed for MOL. Gemini B included a tunnel through its heat shield to enable the astronauts to reach the MOL spacecraft.

Because Blue Gemini was a paper project that was canceled before NASA started any Gemini flights, no Blue Gemini hardware was constructed.  A test article on display at the National Museum of the United States Air Force at Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio is the Gemini B spacecraft, recognized by its distinctive "US Air Force" written on the side, and the circular hatch cut through the heat shield.

In fiction
The Blue Gemini trilogy of novels (Blue Gemini, Blue Darker Than Black, and Pale Blue) by Mike Jenne describe a fictional "Aerospace Support Project" which used a modified version of the Gemini spacecraft to execute military IIK (Intercept-Inspect-Kill) missions against Soviet satellites suspected of carrying nuclear weapons.

See also
 Manned Orbital Development System
 Manned Orbiting Laboratory
 Project Gemini
 United States Air Force

References

Project Gemini
Crewed spacecraft
Cancelled space missions
Abandoned military projects of the United States
Military space program of the United States

Blue Gemini


The history of Uruguay has four different periods. They were the pre-Columbian time, the colonial period, building up the country, and as an independent country.

Humans have lived in Uruguay for over 10 000 years. When the Europeans came, the native people began dying because of the diseases brought over by the Europeans. They also fought with the Europeans a lot, so many of them died during that time.

History of Uruguay

History of Uruguay