Magnetism is a force that attracts (pulls closer) or repels (pushes away) objects that have a magnetic material like iron inside them (magnetic objects). In simpler words, it is a property of substances which pull closer or repel other objects. It is a subject in physics.

Magnets
Magnetism can be made by a permanent magnet, or by electricity in a wire.  This is called an electromagnet.  When magnets are put near magnetic objects, the magnet and the object are pulled toward each other.  This is called magnetic attraction.  Magnets can also repel (push away) other magnets.  Most objects that are attracted to magnets have iron in them. This is ferromagnetism. Some metals, such as aluminium, are much more weakly attracted. This is paramagnetism. A few metals are weakly repelled. This is diamagnetism.

Magnetic fields
Magnets have an unseen area around them called a "magnetic field". Magnetic objects inside this unseen field are attracted to the magnet. Magnetic things outside the magnetic field are not attracted to the magnet. This is why a magnet must be close to an object to attract it.

The poles of two magnets repel or attract each other. Different poles attract each other. For example, if the south pole of one magnet is put near the south pole of another magnet, the magnets will repel each other. This will also happen with two north poles that are put near each other. If a north pole is put near a south pole, the magnets will attract each other until they stick to each other and can be hard to pull apart.

Magnetic domains
Magnetism is caused by electrons (the negative particles in atoms that are also electric charges) spinning. The more a group of electrons spin in the same direction, the stronger the magnetic force. In a magnet, many electrons are spinning in the same direction.

We can magnetize a small piece of iron by 'rubbing' it with a magnet. The electrons in the iron get 'spun' by the passing magnet just like a basketball player spinning a basketball.

Uses of magnets
Magnets have many uses. One of them was found long ago when explorers found that a magnet could be used as a compass to show the direction of north & south.

Electromagnets and electromagnetism
Electromagnets are another kind of magnet. They only work when electricity is running through them. An electric current makes a magnetic field. If you wrap the wire into a coil, the electrons spin around the coil and make a stronger magnetic domain.

Often, these magnets work by using a coil of wire that makes a magnetic field when there is a current in it. In addition to this coil of wire, a large piece of metal, usually iron, is placed inside the coil to increase the magnetic field made. Though most large electromagnets employ many solenoids to lift heavy objects, smaller solenoids are used in everyday electronics. For example, they are used to change voltage in a transformer.

Electromagnets are used to make many things work like computers, televisions, radios and doorbells.

Electromagnetic waves
Electromagnetic radiation including radio waves and light waves are used for communication including broadcasting and optical fiber, and for many other purposes.

Earth's magnetic poles

North magnetic pole
The North Magnetic Pole is the point on the surface of Earth's northern hemisphere where the planet's magnetic field points vertically downwards. There is only one place where this occurs, near to (but distinct from) the Geographic North Pole.

Its southern hemisphere counterpart is the South Magnetic Pole. Since the Earth's magnetic field is not exactly symmetrical, a line drawn from one to the other does not pass through the geometric centre of the Earth.

The North Magnetic Pole moves over time due to magnetic changes in the Earth's core. In 2001, it was near Ellesmere Island in northern Canada at .  As of 2015, the pole is thought to have moved east beyond the Canadian Arctic territorial claim to .

Reversals of Earth's magnetic field

Earth does change its magnetic poles every million years (plus or minus 200,000 years). Before a change of magnetic field, the Earth's magnetic field becomes weaker and moves around, like a spinning top would before it falls. The Earth has already had hundreds of changes (flip flops). Scientists know this as a result of studies of magnetism on the sea floor, near the mid-Atlantic ridge. The lava slowly moves out of this crevasse (gap in the sea floor) and then it cools with its iron oxide molecules all pointing in the new direction of the Earth's magnetic field. We can look at the history of this magnetic field today to look back at the many flips in the past.

Reversals occur at intervals from less than 0.1 million years to as much as 50 million years. The most recent geomagnetic reversal, called the Brunhes–Matuyama reversal, occurred about 780,000 years ago. Another global reversal of the Earth's field, called the Laschamp event, occurred during the last ice age (41,000 years ago). However, because of its brief duration it is called an "excursion".

References

Other websites
 Info on electromagnets at wondermagnet.com
 Magnetism, Citizendium

Magnetism


A mortar is an artillery weapon which fires explosive shells. The shells are known as (mortar) bombs. They are fired at targets which are close, as mortars do not have long range. It has a short barrel which fires the mortar bomb at a low speed high into the air to reach its target. They have been used since medieval times. Mortars are made in different sizes, from large and heavy mortars to infantry mortars which can be carried by just one soldier. They are called an indirect fire weapon because the bomb drops onto the target from above, rather than being aimed straight at it. Soldiers firing a mortar do not need to be able to see their target.

Use

A mortar is quite simple and easy to use. Most are muzzleloaders made up of a tube that a gunner drops a bomb into. The tube is usually set at between 45 and 90 degrees angle to the ground. The higher the angle, the shorter the range. When the bomb reaches the bottom of the tube it hits a firing pin. The mortar bomb's weight is enough to set off the firing pin which ignites the round and fires it. Some larger mortars have a firing pin that is set off by using a string instead of automatically.

From the 18th to the early 20th century, very heavy siege mortars were used. These were very difficult to move around. These had up to one metre calibre. They were often made of cast iron. Smaller designs that were easier to move around were brought in during the First World War. Mortars are still used today.

Light and medium mortars are easy to move around. They are usually used by infantry units. Mortars can fire from a trench or defilade.

Heavy mortars are usually between 120- and 300-mm calibre. These weapons are usually towed or put on to vehicles. They are sometimes loaded from the back (breech-loaded). They are usually used by infantry in battalions or divisions. Even mortars this large are simpler and cheaper than howitzers and field guns.

A mortar can be moved around by one or more people (bigger mortars can usually be broken down into parts) or moved around in a vehicle. An infantry mortar can usually be set up and fired from a mortar-carrier. A mortar-carrier is a modified armoured vehicle or one built especially to be a mortar-carrier. They have a big hatch on the roof. Mortars with two barrels—like the AMOS PT1—are the latest kinds of heavy mortar. They are put on carriers such as armoured personnel carriers, tank chassis and patrol boats.

Light versions of mortar are usually used by at least two men. Heavier mortars are fired by three to five men. Lighter mortars can be fired from anywhere that gives a good firing position. However, medium mortars are usually fired from prepared, well fortified positions.

Design

Most mortars used today are made up of a barrel, a plate for the barrel to stand on, and a bipod.

Mortars are mainly medium calibre weapons. However, mortars both bigger and smaller than this have been made. An example of a smaller mortar is the British 51 mm Light Mortar. The 51 mm is carried by just one soldier. It is made up of only a tube and a base plate. A bigger example is the Soviet 2S4 M1975 Tyulpan (tulip flower) 240 mm self-propelled mortar.

Mortars are not very stable if they are used on snow or soft ground. This is because the recoil pushes them into the ground. The Raschen Bag can be used to avoid this problem.

Ammunition
The ammunition fired by mortars are properly called "bombs". One possible reason for this is that the fins that stabilise the round when it is flying, and the shape of the round makes it look like a bomb dropped from aircraft.

Mortars can fire many different bombs. Some of these are:
 High explosive. This is a normal round which explodes when it hits the ground.
Smoke round. This creates thick smoke, it can be various colours. It is fired on enemy positions or in open areas to block visibility, so friendly forces can move without being visible.
 White phosphorus. This makes a thick smoke screen to blind and burn the enemy, causing second and third degree burns from the explosion.
 Illumination round. This is a flare which hangs underneath a parachute. It lights up the battlefield at night.

Special features of mortars

Mortars are usually smaller and lighter than howitzers and field guns. When the mortar bomb is launched, it descends at a very steep angle (almost straight down).

Mortars can be very helpful if they are used in hidden places. It can be even more helpful if there are people around the battlefield that help tell the mortar where to fire (forward observers).

History

Mortars have existed for hundreds of years. They were first used in sieges. A European description of the Siege of Belgrade (1456) by Giovanni da Tagliacozzo says that the Ottoman Turks used seven mortars that fired "stone shots one Italian mile high". The speed of these was said to be very slow. It was also said that men could be prevented from being injured by putting observers out who warned the troops of what angle the mortars were firing at.

Early mortars like the Pumhart von Steyr were big and heavy. They were also difficult to move around.  An early mortar that could be moved easily was invented by Baron Menno van Coehoorn  (Siege of Grave, 1673).  At the Siege of Vicksburg, General Ulysses S. Grant reported making mortars "by taking logs of the toughest wood that could be found, boring them out for six or twelve-pound shells and binding them with strong iron bands.  These answered as coehorns, and shells were successfully thrown from them into the trenches of the enemy."

Mortars were very useful in the muddy trenches of the Western Front. A mortar round could be aimed to fall straight into a trench because of the deep angle that the bombs fell at.

During the Battle of Iwo Jima, the Imperial Japanese Army used twelve 320 mm mortars against the American forces.

Biggest mortars
The biggest mortars ever made were the French "Monster Mortar" (36 French inches; 975 mm; developed by Henri-Joseph Paixhans in 1832), Mallet's Mortar (36 inches; 910 mm; designed by Robert Mallet and tested by the Woolwich Arsenal, London, in 1857) and the "Little David" (36 inches; 914.4 mm; developed in the United States for use in World War II). All three mortars had a caliber of 36 "inches". However, only the "Monster Mortar" was used (at the Battle of Antwerp in 1832).

"Home-made" mortars

"Home-made" mortars have been used by insurgent groups. They are usually used to attack well defended military bases or to scare civilians. An early example was the Davidka. This was used during the Israeli War of Independence in 1948. The Provisional Irish Republican Army used some of the best-known examples during the 1970s, 1980s and 1990s. The biggest types came to be known as "barracks busters". They were usually made of heavy steel piping put onto a steel frame.

Well-known events using "home-made" mortars include the 1985 Newry mortar attack. This was when nine members of the Royal Ulster Constabulary were killed. Another well-known event is the Downing Street mortar attack in 1991. In this, the IRA mortared 10 Downing Street during a meeting. Three bombs were launched but only one exploded. It landed in the back garden of the British Prime Minister's house. It only broke the windows at the back of the house. Prime Minister John Major had to move to Admiralty House while the windows were being fixed.

Gallery

Related pages
 List of heavy mortars

References

Notes

More reading
 FM 3-22.90 Mortars - 7 Dec 2007(US Army)
 FM 3-22.91 Mortar Fire Direction Procedures - 17 July 2008 (US Army)

Other websites

 Mallet's Mortar, the biggest British mortar ever made.
 Mortars during World War I

Artillery

Mortar (weapon)


Milton Edward Gantenbein (May 31, 1910 – December 18, 1988) was an American football player who played on three championship teams, as an end and as a defensive end for the Green Bay Packers from 1931 to 1940.

The former University of Wisconsin–Madison standout was a member of three National Football League (NFL) championship teams under head coach Curly Lambeau. In 1931, his rookie year, the sure-handed Gantenbein was the perfect complement to deep-threat Laverne Dilweg in Lambeau's pass-oriented offense and was a solid addition at defensive end. Green Bay's defense limited opponents to 87 points and had five shutouts, while the Packer offense compiled 291 points in fashioning a 12-2 record and winning a third league championship title in the 1931 NFL season.  Gantenbein continued as a two-way starter for the next three seasons, playing in the shadow of Dilweg and John McNally.

In the 1936 NFL season, Don Hutson and Gantenbein were the main targets in the Packers' record-setting passing attack, with 34 and 15 catches respectively. The duo was also instrumental in Green Bay's 21-6 victory over the Boston Redskins in the 1936 NFL Championship Game . Gantenbein iced the game with an 8-yard touchdown reception from Arnie Herber in the third quarter.

Gantenbein was named a team captain for the 1937 squad, and he again was a stalwart in the defensive line and the team's second leading receiver with 12 catches for 237 yards (19.8 yard average) and two touchdowns. In the 1937 NFL season, Green Bay slipped to 7–4. In the 1938 NFL season, the team had an 8-3 record and made it to the 1938 NFL Championship Game, where the Packers lost 23–17 to the Giants in New York.

In the 1939 NFL season, the  Green Bay Packers  struggled at times but posted a 9–2 record to gain a rematch with the New York Giants for the league title in the 1939 NFL Championship Game. This time the game was played on Wisconsin soil, and Gantenbein opened the scoring with a 7-yard touchdown reception from Arnie Herber. It would be all the points the Packers needed on a cold and windy afternoon at Wisconsin State Fair Park in Milwaukee, as they crushed the Giants, 27–0.

He was inducted into the Packers Hall of Fame in 1972 and finished his career with three NFL championships, 77 receptions, 1,299 yards and eight touchdowns. Milt played in 103 regular-season games as a Packer.

With his playing days behind him, Gantenbein went on to coach football at Manhattan College in New York for several years.

References

1910 births
1988 deaths
American football ends
American football defensive ends
Green Bay Packers players
Manhattan Jaspers football coaches
Wisconsin Badgers football players
People from Allamakee County, Iowa
Sportspeople from La Crosse, Wisconsin
Players of American football from Wisconsin
Sportspeople from Carmichael, California
La Crosse Central High School alumni
Players of American football from Sacramento County, California
Green Bay Packers Hall of Fame

Milt Gantenbein


Master of Puppets is the third studio album bi the American hivy metal baund Metallica. It was released on Mairch 3, 1986 through Elektra Records. The album reached #29 on the U.S. Billboard 200 album chairt an wis the baund's first gold record for sales o ower 500,000 copies. This wis done athoot ony radio airplay or the release o a muisic video. The album eventually sauld ower sax million copies in the Unitit States an wis certified 6x platinum bi the RIAA.

Master of Puppets marks the last Metallica album wi bassist Cliff Burton, who dee'd in a bus crash. Master of Puppets met wi critical acclaim at the time o its release. The album is considered a classic thrash metal album bi fans, critics, an the baund members themselves alike, an is an aa considered ane o the greatest thrash metal albums o aw time.

Trackleet
 "Battery" (Hetfield, Ulrich) – 5:12
 "Master of Puppets" (Burton, Hammett, Hetfield, Ulrich) – 8:36
 "The Thing That Should Not Be" (Hammett, Hetfield, Ulrich) – 6:37
 "Welcome Home (Sanitarium)" (Hammett, Hetfield, Ulrich) – 6:27
 "Disposable Heroes" (Hammett, Hetfield, Ulrich) – 8:16
 "Leper Messiah" (Hetfield, Ulrich) – 5:40
 "Orion" (Burton, Hetfield, Ulrich) – 8:28
 "Damage, Inc." (Burton, Hammett, Hetfield, Ulrich) – 5:29

Credits
 Don Brautigam - Illustrations
 Cliff Burton - Bass, Vocals (backgrund), Lead Bass on "Orion"
 Rob Ellis - Photography
 Ross Halfin - Photography
 Kirk Hammett - Lead Guitar
 James Hetfield - Guitars, Arranger, Vocals
 George Marino - Remasterin
 Metallica - Producer, Cover Airt Concept
 Flemming Rasmussen - Producer, Ingineer
 Lars Ulrich - Arranger, Drums
 Michael Wagener - Mixin

Notes

Metallica albums
1986 albums

Master of Puppets


A Requiem (or Requiem Mass) is a Eucharist service in the Roman Catholic Church to pray for the repose of the soul of someone who has died. There are special words for a Requiem Mass. They are in Latin. The best-known part of the Requiem Mass starts with the words "Requiem aeternam dona eis, Domine" ("Give them eternal rest, O Lord"). This is why it is called a "Requiem".

Many composers throughout the centuries have composed music to these words. The word "Requiem" can mean a piece of music which sets the words of the Requiem Mass.

Celebration of the Eucharist to pray for people who have died goes back at least as far as the 2nd century.

In the Middle Ages the words of the Requiem Mass were sung to Gregorian chant.

In the Renaissance church music was generally polyphonic. This sort of music, which has several voices weaving in and out of one another, is the kind of music used at the time for requiems. The composer Johannes Ockeghem is an example of a composer who wrote such music.

Polyphonic settings of the Requiem Mass continued during the Baroque period (17th and early 18th centuries), even although other musical forms (e.g. opera) had developed a much more modern style.

The most famous Requiem from the 18th century is the one by Mozart. Many musicians think it was one of the greatest pieces of music ever written. It was left unfinished when Mozart died.

In the 19th century many composers wrote Requiems. Most of these were written for performance at concerts, not for church services, but they still used the Latin words of the Roman Catholic Requiem Mass.

Luigi Cherubini wrote a Requiem in C minor for the annual remembering of the execution of Louis XVI. He wrote another Requiem in D minor, which he wrote for himself. It was performed at his own funeral.

Giuseppe Verdi wrote a very exciting Messa da Requiem (1874) which sounds very operatic. Verdi rearranged some of the text (words) of the traditional Requiem Mass.

Bruckner, Saint-Saëns and Dvořák all wrote requiems.

Brahms wrote a work which he called Ein Deutsches Requiem (A German Requiem). It is unusual because, instead of setting the traditional Latin words, he took some words from the German translation of the Bible.

In 1888 Gabriel Fauré wrote a Requiem which uses an orchestra without violins except for a solo violin in the movement called "Sanctus". In 1900 he made some changes and added an important baritone solo.

In the 20th century many composers continued to write Requiems. The most famous one is Britten's War Requiem (1961). Secular Anglican non Roman The message of this work is that war is cruel and pointless. Britten uses the Latin words of the Requiem Mass, but also some English poems by Wilfred Owen who was killed in the First World War. The baritone and tenor soloists who sing these English words represent the German and the English soldiers. The work was written for Coventry Cathedral which had been rebuilt after the old cathedral had been totally destroyed in World War II.

Different parts of a Requiem

Older Requiems
 Introitus: Requiem aeternam dona eis, domine
 Kyrie
 Dies irae: Dies irae, dies illa solvet saeclum in favilla
 Offertorium: Domine Jesu Christe
 Sanctus
 Benedictus
 Agnus Dei
 Lux aeterna
For example, Mozart's Requiem follows this. In his requiem, the Lux aeterna (written by someone else) is the same as the Introitus, with different words.

Some musical examples:
 Mozart's "Requiem" with the completion of its unfinished musical score of musicologist Robert Levin. Spanish Radio and Television Symphony Orchestra and Chorus. Carlos Kalmar, conductor.
 Dvořák's "Requiem". Spanish Radio and Television Symphony Orchestra and Chorus. Carlos Kalmar, conductor.
 Fauré's "Requiem". (together with works of Nielsen and Sibelius). Spanish Radio and Television Symphony Orchestra and Chorus. Petri Sakari, conductor.

Newer Requiems
 Introitus
 Kyrie
 Graduale (same text as Introitus)
 Tractus: Absolve domine
 Offertorium: Domine Jesu Christe
 Sanctus
 Benedictus
 Agnus Dei
This sequence was fixed by the Council of Trent in the 16th century. It was slightly modified in the Second Vatican Council.

Other websites
 New completion of the original uncompleted musical score of Mozart's Requiem by the musicologist Robert Levin. Live concert.
 Fauré's Requiem. Spanish Radio and Television Symphony Orchestra and Chorus. Petri Sakari, conductor. Live concert.

Christian music
Musical forms

Requiem


Sindhi food refers to the food of the Sindhi people who live in Pakistan. The daily food in most Sindhi households consists of wheat-based flat-bread (phulka) and rice accompanied by two dishes, one gravy and one dry.

Snacks

Kutti (Mashed Roti [Bread] with sugar and butter)
Lolo or Mithi Loli (Sweeter version of koki (see below) - also made if you get chicken pox (Hindu))
Ku-ini Kich-anee (Sindhi comfort food. A porridge like dish made with rice and served with yogurt)
Chhola Dhabal (baked bread with chick peas in thick gravy)
Ka-raw-o (religious offering made with flour, ghee and sugar)
Bhat - (porridge, usually given to a sick child, but popular at all times)
Sindhi Curry - (chick pea flour and vegetables like lady finger, potato and eggplant.

Meals

Seyal Mani (Cooked Chappati in green sauce with tomato, coriander and spices).
Seyal Dab-roti (variation of above, but instead of Chappati, use bread)
Koki or Loli (a thick chappati with ghee, onion and coriander).
Loli Du-dh (as above, but served with yogurt. Some Sindhis will eat Loli with pickles, but many Sindhis do not consider it good form to mix yogurt and pickles). This is a popular dish served at breakfast or brunch.
Pappad (a crisp and thin snack. Sindhi will generally eat this after a meal to digest food and in particular after an oily meal).
Dhodo Chutney (A thick roti with garlic paste and served with mint chutney)
Sai Bhaji (a spinach based gravy, sai means green - the colour of spinach)
Bugha Chawar (a browned rice)
Bhugal Bheeha (lotus root in thick curry)
Dhangi Fulko (moong beans with roti)
Curry Chawal (a tomato curry eaten with white rice - served with aloo took, a potato cutlet)
Besan ji Bhaji (vegetable made of gram flour)
Bhugal Teewarn (a mutton dish)
Jera & Bhukiyoo (Fried liver, Kidney of goat)
Dal Tikkhar (daal yellow pulses) cooked in gravy eaten with crisp fried very thin matthi)
Bhugge Chawal (rice cooked in flavoured spices beige/ golden brown in colour with vegetable assortments)
Pava (goats legs)
Pakkwan Dal (lentil and solid crunchy puri)
Curry Chawal (It's Kathi Curry eaten with Rice)
Fote waro Tivan (Lamb meat in cardamom)
Keemo (ground lamb meet)
Seyal Pallo (pomfret fish in garlic sauce)

Desserts or Sweets or Drink

Thadal
Varo (Indian sweet made with pistachio, almonds or other nuts)
Moomthal (Indian sweet)
Khi-r-ni (hot drink made with milk with flavours of cardamom and saffron)
Sherbert
Mal-pooro
Bhangg ( for have fun and relaxtion , specially drunk on Holi,Eid or marriages)

Pickles

carrot pickle
mango pickle
mix fruit pickle
green chilli pickle
Murbo (sweet grated mango in sugar syrup)

Food for Special Occasions

There are food that are served during special occasions, such as during Diwali a Bahji with seven vegetables is made. If someone gets chicken pox and after it is gone, it is common to make an offering and make 'mitho lolo'.

Vermicelli is served on both Eids. On special religious occasions, mitho lolo, accompanied with milk is given to the poor.

Yogurt

This section provides the translations between Hindi, Sindhi and English (British and American) cooking terms. There occasional even in Sindhi for instance Hyderabadi Sindhi will refer to an egg as 'bedo' however Sindhis from other parts will refer to it as 'ando'.

Indian food
Pakistani food

Sindhi cuisine


James Cook ( – 14 Februar 1779) wis a Breetish explorer an a navigator. He was a cairt maker forbye. He made three voyages tae the Paceefic Ocean, chairtin its main shorelines.

Innin

James Cook was born in Marton in North Yorkshire on , naur whit is the day recognized as the town of Middlesbrough. Cook was ane o five bairns born tae Grace an James, Sr., wha wrocht as a day labourer on a ferm. As a bairn, Cook flittit wi his familie tae Great Ayton.
Whan Cook wis saxteen, he wis prenticed tae a shopkeeper in the fishin clachan o Staithes. Gaun bi tradeetion, it wis durin his time thare that Cook first felt the tice o the sea whan govin oot the shop windae. Efter aboot a year an a hauf in Staithes, the shop fiar brocht Cook tae the naurby port toun o Whitby an introduced him tae the shipwricht John Walker, that gied him employ as a prentice on a collier that distributit coal alang the Inglis coast. Whan wirkin tae Walker, Cook begoud tae study algebra, trigonometry, navigation, an astronomy, skeels he wad need ae day for tae commaund his ain gailey. Cook rose in the ranks o the merchand fleet but tint the commaund o his ain collier in 1755 on the e'en o the navigation Years War for tae stairt ower at the neathmaist  level in the Breetish Ryal Navy.

1728 births
1779 daiths

Ryal Navy afficers
Breetish militar personnel o the French an Indian War
Circumnavigators o the globe
Inglis explorers
Inglis sailors
Inglis cartografers
Inglis fowk o Scots strynd
Explorers o Australie
Explorers o Breetish Columbie
Explorers o the Paceefic
Fellaes o the Ryal Society
Fowk frae North Yorkshire
Fowk frae Middlesbrough
Recipients o the Copley Medal
18t-century Inglis fowk
18t-century explorers
Explorers o Oregon
Fowk murthert in Hawaii
Daiths bi stobbin
Breetish fowk murthert abroad
Persons o Naitional Historic Signeeficance (Canadae)
Explorers o New Zealand
Explorers o Washington (state)

James Cook


Blairmount is a suburb of Sydney, in the state of New South Wales, Australia 58 kilometres south-west of the Sydney central business district, in the local government area of the City of Campbelltown. It is part of the Macarthur region. Its main road is Clydesdale Drive and its other streets are named after horse breeds.

History
The history of the region begins over 40,000 years ago and is contained in the continuing culture of the Tharawal people. The land still contains reminders of their past lives in rock engravings, cave paintings, axe grinding grooves and shell middens.

British settlers began moving into the area in the early 19th century, establishing farms and orchards on the fertile soil. In 1928, a Frank Young brought the property which was now known as Blairmount and turned it into a horse stud specialising in Clydesdale horses. The suburb began to be redeveloped into housing in the 1980s and a school was opened in 1983.

Demographics
According to the 2016 census, there were 482 residents in Blairmount. In Blairmount, 62.8% of people were born in Australia. The most common other countries of birth were England 3.7%, Samoa 2.7%, New Zealand 2.5%, Fiji 2.3% and Lebanon 2.3%. 64.5% of people only spoke English at home. Other languages spoken at home included Samoan 5.0%, Arabic 4.4%, Hindi 2.9%, Spanish 2.3% and Italian 1.7%. The most common responses for religion in Blairmount were Catholic 39.5%, Anglican 16.0%, No Religion 6.9%, Islam 5.6% and Presbyterian and Reformed 3.7%.

Schools

 Blairmount Public School

References

Towns in the Macarthur (New South Wales)
Suburbs of Sydney
Hume Highway
City of Campbelltown (New South Wales)

Blairmount, New South Wales


The Red Army Faction or RAF (German Rote Armee Fraktion), was one of postwar West Germany's most active and prominent militant left-wing groups.
It described itself as a communist "urban guerrilla" group engaged in armed resistance, while it was described by the West German government as a terrorist group.
The RAF was formally founded in 1970 by Andreas Baader, Gudrun Ensslin, Horst Mahler, Ulrike Meinhof, Irmgard Möller and others.
The Red Army Faction operated from the 1970s to 1993, committing numerous crimes, especially in the autumn of 1977, which led to a national crisis that became known as "German Autumn".
It was responsible for 34 deaths including many secondary targets such as chauffeurs and bodyguards—and many injuries in its almost 30 years of existence. It ceased activities in 1993 and disbanded in 1998.

1970 establishments in Germany
1998 disestablishments in Europe
1990s disestablishments in Germany
Communism
Crime in Germany
West Germany

Red Army Faction


The Great Britain Olympic football team (also known as Team GB) represents the United Kingdom in international football competitions at the Olympic Games. The selection is currently limited to players under the age of 23.

In 1974 the difference between amateur and professional players was found therefore the Team GB Football team was disbanded.

The Olympic football team has been reformed, again run by the FA, for the 2012 Olympic Games, which are to be hosted in London. The team's coach is Stuart Pearce who will be allowed to select players from across the UK.The SFA are worried that if Team GB field a team in the Olympics Great Britain will field a team in other international competitions.
GB have won the Olympic Football competition s times in 1900 1908 and 1912

Sports teams in the United Kingdom
European national football teams

Great Britain Olympic football team


Karl Edvin Öhrström (August 22, 1906 in Burlöv – December 2, 1994) was a Swedish sculptor and glass artist.

Öhrström grew up in Halmstad, where his father worked at the railroad. He started to work as a railroad worker, he trained to become an art teacher at Tekniska skolan (current Konstfack) in Stockholm 1925–1928, and at the sculptural department at the Royal University College of Fine Arts 1928–1931, with Carl Milles and Nils Sjögren as teachers. In 1932, in Paris, France. From 1932 to 1957, he worked two months per year at Orrefors Glasbruk in Småland. He often used the ariel technique, which he had invented together with the master Gustaf Bergkvist and the artist Vicke Lindstrand. Later, he worked at Lindshammars Glasbruk, where he developed his sculptures to prisms of gemstone colors that played with light reflections and refractions in the glass.

Edvin Öhrstrom won a contest for the decoration of Sergels torg in Stockholm, with a 37.5 metres high steel construction with 80 000 glass prisms, lit from within. This 130 tonnes heavy glass pillar, Kristallvertikalaccent, is made from steel and covered with glass from Lindshammars Glasbruk and was inaugurated in 1974. The light source is four lamps inside the pillar.

He was awarded the Prince Eugen Medal for sculpture in 1979.

References

Notes

1906 births
1994 deaths
People from Burlöv Municipality
Swedish male sculptors
20th-century sculptors
Recipients of the Prince Eugen Medal

Edvin Öhrström


A camera obscura (plural camerae obscurae or camera obscuras, from Latin , "dark chamber") is a darkened room with a small hole or lens at one side through which an image is projected onto a wall or table opposite the hole. Camera obscura is Latin for "dark chamber."

At its most basic, the camera obscura is a simple box (which may be room-sized) with a small hole in one side, (see pinhole camera for details on how to build one). Light from only one part of a scene will pass through the hole and strike a specific part of the back wall. (The projection can be made on paper on which an artist can copy the image.) As the pinhole is made smaller, the image gets sharper, but the light-sensitivity decreases. With this simple apparatus, the image is always upside-down. By using mirrors, as in the 18th century overhead version, it is also possible to project a "right-side-up" image.

Discovery and origins
The first mention and discovery of the principles behind the pinhole camera, a precursor to the camera obscura, belong to Mozi (470 BC to 390 BC), a Chinese philosopher and founder of Mohism. Later, Aristotle (384 to 322 BC) understood the optical principle of the pinhole camera. He viewed the crescent shape of a partially eclipsed sun projected on the ground through the holes in a sieve, and the gaps between leaves of a plane tree.

The first camera obscura was later built by an Iraqi scientist named Abu Ali Al-Hasan Ibn al-Haytham, born in Basra (965-1039 AD), known in the West as Alhacen or Alhazen, who carried out practical experiments on optics in his Book of Optics.

In his various experiments, Ibn Al-Haitham used the term "al-Bayt al-Muẓlim"(), translated in English as dark room. In the experiment he undertook, in order to establish that light travels in time and with speed, he says: "If the hole was covered with a curtain and the curtain was taken off, the light traveling from the hole to the opposite wall will consume time." He reiterated the same experience when he established that light travels in straight lines. The most revealing experiment which indeed introduced the camera obscura was in his studies of the half-moon shape of the sun's image during eclipses which he observed on the wall opposite a small hole made in the window shutters. In his famous essay "On the form of the Eclipse" (Maqālah fī Sura al-Kosūf) () he commented on his observation "The image of the sun at the time of the eclipse, unless it is total, demonstrates that when its light passes through a narrow, round hole and is cast on a plane opposite to the hole it takes on the form of a moon-sickle".

In his experiment of the sun light he extended his observation of the penetration of light through the pinhole to conclude that when the sun light reaches and penetrates the hole it makes a conic shape at the points meeting at the pinhole, forming later another conic shape reverse to the first one on the opposite wall in the dark room.  This happens when sun light diverges from point "ﺍ" until it reaches an aperture "ﺏﺤ" and is projected through it onto a screen at the luminous spot "ﺩﻫ".  Since the distance between the aperture and the screen is insignificant in comparison to the distance between the aperture and the sun, the divergence of sunlight after going through the aperture should be insignificant.  In other words, "ﺏﺤ" should be about equal to "ﺩﻫ".  However, it is observed to be much greater "ﻙﻁ" when the paths of the rays which form the extremities of "ﻙﻁ" are retraced in the reverse direction, it is found that they meet at a point outside the aperture and then diverge again toward the sun as illustrated in figure 1.   This was indeed the first accurate description of the Camera Obscura phenomenon.

In camera terms, the light converges into the room through the hole transmitting with it the object(s) facing it.   The object will appear in full colour but upside down on the projecting screen/wall opposite the hole inside the dark room.  The explanation is that light travels in a straight line and when some of the rays reflected from a bright subject pass through the small hole in thin material they do not scatter but cross and reform as an upside down image on a flat white surface held parallel to the hole. Ib Al-Haitham established that the smaller the hole is, the clearer the picture is.

Although both the pinhole camera and camera obscura is credited to Ibn al-Haytham, the camera obscura was first described by Aristotle, who was the first to describe how an image is formed on the eye, using the camera obscura as an analogy. Alhazen states (in the Latin translation), and with respect to the camera obscura, "Et nos non inventimus ita", we did not invent this.

Tourist attractions
Some camera obscura have been built as tourist attractions, often taking the form of a large chamber within a high building that can be darkened so that a 'live' panorama of the world outside is projected onto a horizontal surface through a rotating lens. Although few now survive, examples can be found at the following locations:
 Edinburgh in Scotland - See the Camera Obscura site
 Johannesburg in South Africa
 Pretoria in South Africa
 Cape Town in South Africa
 Lisbon and Tavira in Portugal
 Santa Monica in California
 Los Angeles at the Griffith Observatory
 San Francisco at the Cliff House
 North Carolina's "Cloud Chamber for the Trees and Sky"
 Havana in Cuba
 Royal Observatory, Greenwich, London
 Marburg, Germany
 Kentwell Hall, Suffolk

There is also a portable example which Willett & Patteson tour around England and the world.

Related pages
 Optics
 Cameras

Notes

References
 Hill, D.R. (1993), 'Islamic and Jewish Science and Engineering', Edinburgh University Press, page 70.

Other websites
 An Appreciation of the Camera Obscura
 The Camera Obscura in San Francisco — The Giant Camera of San Francisco at Ocean Beach, added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2001
 Camera Obscura and World of Illusions, Edinburgh
 Dumfries Museum & Camera Obscura, Dumfries, Scotland
 Vermeer and the Camera Obscura by Philip Steadman
 Paleo-camera  - The camera obscura and the origins of art
 Burns, Paul. The History of the Discovery of Cinematography  An Illustrated Chronology
 Sinden Optical Company  — Camera Obscura manufacturer.
 List of all known Camera Obscura
 Re-opened camera obscura on Eastbourne Pier, UK
 Willett & Patteson Camera Obscura hire and Creation.
 Camera Obscura and Outlook Tower, Edinburgh, Scotland
 Cameraobscuras.com George T Keene builds custom camera obscuras like the Griffith Observatory CO in Los Angeles.
 Camera obscura in Trondheim, Norway  Built by students of architecture and engineering from NTNU (The Norwegian University of Science and Technology)
 Photo gallery and audio interview with Abelardo Morell, who creates room-size camera obscura images
 The Magic Mirror of Life - An Appreciation of the Camera Obscura
 Abelardo Morell Photographs displaying room size Camera Obscura images, by Abelardo Morell
 Making a Camera Obscura - BBC video clip from The Genius of Photography series 2007
 camera obscura - Research group at the University of Barcelona.
 www.estenopeica.es - Gabriel Lacomba: pinhole photography.
 kinor.net - Roland Buehlmann's abstract pinhole photography.

Optics
Photography

Camera obscura


USS Alexandria was a side-wheel steamer captured by the Union Navy during the American Civil War. She was used by the Union Navy as a dispatch boat in support of the Union Navy blockade of Confederate waterways.

Steamer captured and by Union Navy forces

St. Mary—a small, wooden-hulled, side-wheel steamer built at Plaquemine, Louisiana—was presented to the Confederate government upon completion early in 1862. Protected by bales of cotton, the vessel operated on the Yazoo and Tallahatchie Rivers for the remainder of that year and into the summer of 1863. On 13 July, a Union joint Army-Navy expedition of four warships and 5,000 troops captured St. Mary at Yazoo City, Mississippi.

Steamer placed into Union Navy service

Although apparently never condemned by a prize court because she was appraised at less than $8,000, St. Mary was taken into the Union Navy. On 18 September 1863, Rear Admiral David Dixon Porter wrote to the Secretary of the Navy, Gideon Welles, requesting permission to retain the prize for naval service and asking that the ship be renamed Yazoo. However, this suggestion was never approved.

Service with the Mississippi squadron

Although surviving records are not conclusive, it seems that after the prize had been repaired, Admiral Porter may have used the steamer in the autumn as a non-commissioned dispatch boat. However, the side-wheeler was placed in commission as Alexandria at Cairo, Illinois, on 12 December 1863.

She served in the 1st District of the Mississippi Squadron and operated between Donaldsonville, Louisiana, and Cairo, Illinois.

Post-war decommissioning, sale, and subsequent career
After the collapse of the Confederacy, the ship was decommissioned at Cairo, Illinois, on 7 August 1865 and sold at auction at Mound City, Illinois, on 17 August 1865 to W. Markham of Baton Rouge, Louisiana. Documented as Alexandria on 4 October 1865, the ship served on the Mississippi River and her tributaries until lost sometime in 1867. No documents containing specific information on her destruction seem to have survived.

References

Ships of the Union Navy
Ships built in Louisiana
Steamships of the United States Navy
Gunboats of the United States Navy
Dispatch boats of the United States Navy
American Civil War patrol vessels of the United States
1862 ships

USS Alexandria (1862)


Parvati River is a river in the Parvati Valley in Himachal Pradesh, northern India that flows into the Beas River at Bhuntar, some 10 km south of Kullu. It rises from the Man Talai Glacier below the Pin Parbati Pass and flows in a gradual curve from north-northwest to west-southwest past the important temple town of Manikaran.

The river valley has been a route to various places: Lahul across the Sara Umga La pass, Spiti across the famous Pin Parbati Pass, and the recently discovered (1995) Debsa Pass. The river has fine first-growth forests in its upper reaches which are being degraded as a consequence of development of its vast hydro-electric potential.  There are geothermal springs on the banks of the river at Manikaran and Kheerganga.

Gallery

External links

References

Rivers of Himachal Pradesh
Geography of Kullu district
Indus basin

Parvati River (Himachal Pradesh)


"Jesu, Joy of Man's Desiring" is a popular piece of choral music. It was composed by Johann Sebastian Bach. It is the 10th movement of the cantata Herz und Mund und Tat und Leben. It was written during Bach's first year in Leipzig, Germany. Bach did not compose the melody. That was written by Johann Schop. Bach only harmonized and orchestrated Schop's melody. A transcription of "Jesu" was made by the English pianist Myra Hess (1890–1965), It was published in 1926 for piano solo. In 1934 the Hess version was adapted for piano duet. British organist Peter Hurford made a transcription of "Jesu" for organ. Today, Bach's piece is often performed at weddings and funerals. Bach wrote the piece for voices with trumpet, oboes, strings, and continuo.  "Jesu, Joy of Man's Desiring" is one of Bach's most enduring pieces of music.

Compositions by Johann Sebastian Bach
Choral compositions

Jesu, Joy of Man's Desiring


Conan the Barbarian is a 1982 American fantasy-adventure movie directed by John Milius. Based on the stories of Robert E. Howard, the movie tells the story of a warrior prince (Arnold Schwarzenegger) who must battle and defeat Thulsa Doom (James Earl Jones), an evil sorcerer who murdered his parents. Although initial reception for the film was poor, it was a box-office hit and launched Schwarzenegger's career, and in the years since, it has become a cult movie. A sequel, Conan the Destroyer, was released in 1984, and a remake was also released in 2011.

Plot
In the fictional country of Cimmeria, a sword is forged by a blacksmith (William Smith), who shows it to his young son Conan as he tells him "the Riddle of Steel", which is an aphorism of the importance of metal to their people. One day, the Cimmerians are massacred by the warriors of the sorcerer Thulsa Doom (James Earl Jones), who is the leader of a snake cult. Dogs kill Conan's father and his mother is killed when Doom decapitates her with his sword. The children, Conan among them, are taken into slavery and chained to a mill called The Wheel of Pain. Conan grows into a young man (Arnold Schwarzenegger), whose muscles have built from years of pushing the heavy grindstone. His master eventually trains him into a gladiator; he is eventually freed after winning several pit fights and receiving training in the East. Conan travels to a warrior's tomb and retrieves a sword. He later on encounters a prophetic witch (Cassandra Gava) and befriends the thief Subotai (Gerry Lopez).

On the advice of the witch Conan and Subotai travel to the city of Zamora to find Doom. There, they encounter the female warrior Valeria (Sandahl Bergman). They steal treasure from the Tower of Serpents-killing a giant snake in the process-and after escaping, the thieves celebrate and Conan and Valeria fall in love. The city guards capture the trio and bring them to the court of King Osric (Max von Sydow), who requests that they rescue his daughter-who has become a follower of Doom-for a reward. Subotai and Valeria refuse, but Conan-driven by his hatred of Doom-sets off alone to the Temple of Set, where the sorcerer resides.

Conan infiltrates the temple disguised as a priest, but ends up being discovered, captured and tortured. Doom lectures him on the power of flesh, which he demonstrates by forcing one of his followers to commit suicide by jumping off a cliff, before ordering the barbarian to be crucified on the Tree of Woe. Subotai discovers the dying Conan and brings him to the Wizard of the Mounds (Mako), who lives on a burial site for warriors and kings. The wizard summons spirits to heal the barbarian, warning that they will "exact a heavy toll", which Valeria is willing to pay. These spirits try to capture Conan but he fully recovers from his wounds when Subotai and Valeria fight them off.

Subotai and Valeria agree to help Conan complete the quest and infiltrate the temple of Set. As the cult indulges in a cannibalistic orgy, the thieves attack and flee with the princess. Doom shoots Valeria with a stiffened snake and is mortally injured. She dies of her wounds and Conan has her cremated at the Mounds, where he later prepares with Subotai and the wizard to fight Doom. With the use of booby traps and exploiting the terrain, the two manage to slay Doom's soldiers when they arrive. Valeria reappears briefly as a Valkyrie to protect Conan from a mortal blow. After the death of his men, Doom tries to shoot the princess with a stiffened snake, but Subotai blocks the shot with his shield and the sorcerer flees to his temple.

Conan sneaks back to the temple where Doom addresses the cult members. He confronts Doom, who attempts to mesmerize him. Conan, however, resists and decapitates the sorcerer. After the disillusioned cultists disperse, Conan razes the temple to the ground and returns the princess.

1980s epic movies
1982 adventure movies
1980s fantasy movies
American adventure movies
American fantasy movies
Mexican adventure movies
Mexican fantasy movies
Movies about cannibalism
Movies about slavery
Movies about religion
Movies about witchcraft
Movies set in a fictional country
Movies directed by John Milius
20th Century Fox movies
Universal Pictures movies

Conan the Barbarian (1982 movie)


An Early Frost is a 1985 American made-for-television drama film. It was the first major film with major motion picture stars, Aidan Quinn, Gena Rowlands, Ben Gazzara, and Sylvia Sidney, broadcast on a major television network, NBC, to deal with the topic of AIDS. It was viewed by 34 million households in its initial airing, the highest rated show of the night, even beating Monday Night Football, received 14 Emmy nominations, winning three including Best Original Teleplay, a Peabody Award, as well as multiple Golden Globe nominations, including one for Sylvia Sidney who won for Best Supporting Actress. It was a major breakthrough into mass culture, as it was the first time an American audience of that size saw a film about a gay man who had AIDS, which up until then was considered a gay disease.

It was first broadcast on the NBC television network on November 11, 1985. It was directed by John Erman, from the Emmy Award-winning teleplay written by Ron Cowen and Daniel Lipman (story by Sherman Yellen). Aidan Quinn stars as Michael Pierson, a Chicago attorney who goes home to break the news that he is gay and has AIDS to his parents, played by Ben Gazzara and Gena Rowlands.

Storyline

Michael Pierson, a successful lawyer, suffers a bad coughing jag at work and is rushed to the hospital. There he learns from a doctor that he has been exposed to HIV.  At home, he receives another piece of disturbing news: his lover, Peter (D. W. Moffett), confesses that he had sex outside the relationship because Michael is a workaholic and is living in the closet. Michael, in a rage, throws Peter out of the house.  He then travels to his parents' home to inform them that he is gay and has AIDS.

Michael's father, Nick (Ben Gazzara), is a lumber company owner, and his wife, Kate (Gena Rowlands), is a former concert pianist, housewife, and grandmother. The couple's daughter, Susan (Sydney Walsh) is married and has a child. Nick reacts angrily to the news, while Kate attempts to adapt to the situation. Nick initially refuses to speak to Michael for a day before breaking silence by saying, "I never thought the day would come when you'd be in front of me and I wouldn't know who you are." Susan, who is pregnant, refuses to see Michael, saying that she "can't take that chance," and Nick explodes when Michael tries to kiss Kate. Kate remembers reading in a magazine article that HIV is not transmitted through casual contact and tries to get the rest of the family to accept Michael (Gena Rowlands also taped a public service announcement about HIV transmission). Michael eventually winds up in the hospital (after paramedics who are called to his parents' house refuse to transport him to the hospital) and meets a fellow patient named Victor (John Glover), a flamboyant homosexual with AIDS. The film depicts Victor's death and shows a nurse throwing Victor's few possessions into a garbage bag because she fears that the items could be contaminated.

Afterwards, Michael returns home and discovers Peter came to visit, and the two quickly reconcile. Peter asks Michael to go back home with him, but Michael insists that he cannot. As he continues to struggle coping with his diagnosis, Michael attempts suicide by carbon monoxide poisoning, but is stopped by Nick. The two argue and Nick insists that Michael keep fighting. The film ends with Michael taking a taxi cab back to Chicago, telling his parents he loves them before he goes.

Cast
 Aidan Quinn as Michael Pierson
 Sylvia Sidney as Beatrice McKenna
 Ben Gazzara as Nick Pierson
 Gena Rowlands as Katherine Pierson
 Sydney Walsh as Susan Maracek
 Terry O'Quinn as Dr. Redding
 John Glover as Victor Mitado
 Bill Paxton as Bob Maracek
 D. W. Moffett as Peter Hilton
 Cheryl Anderson as Christine
 Christopher Bradley as Todd
 Sue Ann Gilfillan as Nurse Lincoln
 Don Hood as Dr. Gilbert
 Barbara Hey as Meredith
 Scott Jaeck as Phil

Development

The teleplay for the film by Ron Cowen and Daniel Lipman spent two years in development and underwent at least thirteen rewrites before the Standards and Practices division at the network accepted it for airing.

Reviews, awards, and aftermath
Tom Shales of The Washington Post called An Early Frost "the most important TV movie of the year."

The film was number one in the Nielsen ratings during the night it aired, garnering a 23.3 share and watched by 34 million people (the film outperformed a San Francisco 49ers-Denver Broncos game broadcast on ABC and a Cagney & Lacey episode on CBS). The film was nominated for 14 Emmy Awards and won three, including Outstanding Writing For a Movie or Miniseries for Cowen and Lipman for their teleplay. Gena Rowlands, Ben Gazzara, Aidan Quinn, Sylvia Sidney and John Glover were all nominated for their performances, as was John Erman for his direction. The film was nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Best Television movie and won Sylvia Sidney the Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress in a Series, Miniseries or a TV Movie. It also won the Peabody Award. The network, however, lost $500,000 in revenue because advertisers were leery about sponsoring the film. The film conveyed the prejudices surrounding HIV/AIDS at the time and the then common limited understanding by the general public of the methods of transmission and likelihood of infection.

References

External links

1985 television films
1985 films
1985 drama films
1985 LGBT-related films
American LGBT-related television films
Gay-related films
HIV/AIDS in American films
Films directed by John Erman
Peabody Award-winning broadcasts
NBC network original films
NBC Productions films
HIV/AIDS in television
American drama television films
1980s American films

An Early Frost


Trieste (/triˈɛst/ tree-EST, Italian: [triˈɛste]; Slovene: Trst [tə́ɾst]; German: Triest, German pronunciation: [tʁiˈɛst]) is a city in the north-east of Italy in the region of Friuli-Venezia Giulia.

Characteristics

Trieste was a Roman city that in the Middle Ages was under the control of the Republic of Venice. Later the city was under Austrian domination until the first years of the 20th century, when Italian irredentism was very strong in Trieste.

Indeed, together with Trento, Trieste was the main focus of the Italian irredentist movement, which aimed for the annexation to Italy of all the lands they claimed were inhabited by an Italian speaking population. Many local Italians enrolled voluntarily in the Royal Italian Army during WWI (a notable example is the writer Scipio Slataper).

The population of Trieste, practically nearly all Italian, promoted this union of the city to Italy in 1918, and since the end of WWI the city has been the capital of the Italian region called Venezia Giulia.

The population is 207.069 ab. (2004). It was nearly 300,000 after WWII because many Italian refugees flooded the city as a consequence of the Istrian-Dalmatian exodus.

These days, Trieste is important because of its shipbuilding industry, science parks, universities and "history on the border of western Europe". Trieste will be connected to the Italian "TAV railway" (High Speed) network: a 300 km/hour (186 mph) fast train route is going to connect Trieste with Venice in the next few years.

Economy

During the Austro-Hungarian Empire, Trieste became a leading European city in economy, trade and commerce, and was the fourth largest and most important center in the Empire, after Vienna, Budapest and Prague. However the economy of Trieste fell into a small decline after the city's annexation to Italy following World War I, because it was cut off from the "Mittleurope".

But Fascist Italy promoted a huge development of Trieste in the 1930s, with new manufacturing activities related even to naval and armament industries (like the famous "Cantieri Aeronautici Navali Triestini (CANT)"). Allied bombings during WWII destroyed the industrial section of the city (mainly the shipyards).

As a consequence Trieste was a mainly peripheral city during the Cold War. However, since the 1970s, Trieste has had a huge economic boom, thanks to a significant commercial shipping business to the container terminal, steel works and an oil terminal.

Trieste is also Italy's and Mediterranean's (and one of Europe's) greatest coffee ports, as the city supplies more than 40% of Italy's coffee. Coffee brands, such as Illy, were founded and are headquartered in the city. Currently, Trieste is one of Europe's most important ports and centres for trade and transport, with Trieste being part of the "Corridor 5" plan, to create a bigger transport connection between Western and Eastern European countries.

Gallery

Related pages
 Italy
 Italian irredentism in Istria

Bibliography

 Angelo Ara, Claudio Magris. Trieste. Un'identità di frontiera. Einaudi Editore. Torino, 2000
 Fabio Cusin. Appunti alla storia di Trieste. Del Bianco Editore. Udine, 1983.

References

Other websites
 Trieste's English traveller's guide
 Trieste - Photo Guide -  - (pdf)

Trieste


Aqaba Archaeological Museum () is the official archaeological museum of the city of Aqaba in Jordan.

Location
The museum is located in the historical part of Aqaba, adjacent to the historic fort of Aqaba and near the Aqaba Flagpole.

History
The building that hosts the museum was the palace of Sharif Hussein Bin Ali, the founder of the Hashemite dynasty, and was built shortly after World War I in 1917. The museum was established in 1989 and was officially opened on January 1, 1990.

Collection
The museum houses Bronze Age artifacts that were recently discovered in the Tall Hujayrat Al-Ghuzlan archaeological site near Aqaba, dating back to 4000 BC. The discovery of the Tall Hujayrat al-Ghuzlan settlement provides an important proof that Aqaba is one of the oldest continuous settlements in the region that had a vibrant copper production. The museum also houses a collection of artifacts from the 7th to the early 12th century AD.
Some of the most known pieces of the museum's collections include a large inscription of a Quranic verse that was hanging on top of the eastern gate of the city in the 9th century, as well as golden coins that date back to the Fatimides and other coins from the kingdom of Segelmasa in Morocco.

References

Aqaba Governorate
Aqaba
Archaeological museums in Jordan
Museums of Ancient Near East in Jordan

Aqaba Archaeological Museum


Atahuallpa or Atawallpa (c. 1502 – 1533) was the 13th and last sovereign emperor of the Tahuantinsuyo, or Inca empire. He became emperor after defeating his younger half-brother Huáscar in a civil war that followed the death of their father, Inca Huayna Capac, from an infectious disease (maybe malaria or smallpox). During the civil war, the Spaniard Francisco Pizarro arrived and captured Atahuallpa, and used him to control the Inca empire. Eventually, the Spanish executed Atahuallpa. So ended the Inca Empire (although several weak puppet successors followed him.)

Civil war
On the death of their father, the Emperor Huayna Capac, and their older brother, Ninan Cuyochi, who had been the heir, the empire was divided between the two surviving brothers, Huáscar and Atahualpa. Huascar got the major part of it with the capital Cusco, and Atahualpa the northern parts, including Quito (now the capital of Ecuador). For a couple of years, the two brothers reigned without problems. But Huascar demanded that Atahuallpa swear an oath to him. Atahuallpa refused, and the civil war began.

The final battle took place at Quipaipan, where Huascar was captured. Atahuallpa was resting in the city of Cajamarca in the Andes with his army of 80,000 troops on his way to the south and Cusco to claim his throne.

By this time the Spanish conquistador Francisco Pizarro had established the city of Piura, the first Spanish settlement in Peru on July 1532. After two months on the march, Pizarro had arrived at Cajamarca with just 168 men under his command and sent Hernando de Soto, friar Vicente de Valverde and native interpreter Felipillo to speak with Atahuallpa about the Spanish presence.

The Spanish envoys returned to Pizarro, who prepared a surprise attack against Atahuallpa's army in what became the Battle of Cajamarca on November 16, 1532.

According to Spanish law the Spanish officially declared war on the Inca people. When Atahuallpa coldly asked the priest Valverde by what authority he and his people could say such things, Valverde offered him a Bible, saying that the authority came from the words in it. He examined it and then asked why did it not speak to him. He then threw it to the ground. That gave the Spaniards the excuse they needed to wage war on the Incas. They opened fire, and over the course of 2 hours more than two thousand Inca soldiers were killed. The Spanish then imprisoned Atahuallpa in the Temple of the Sun.

Atahuallpa still could not believe the Spanish intended to take control of his kingdom. He thought that if he gave them the gold and silver they sought they would leave. In exchange for his release, he agreed to fill a large room with gold and promised the Spanish twice that amount in silver. Although he was stunned by the offer, Pizarro had no intention of releasing the Inca because he needed the ruler's influence over the native people to maintain order in the surrounding country.

But then Pizarro decided to have him executed because he feared he could be freed by an Inca General. Pizarro staged a mock trial and found Atahuallpa guilty of revolting against the Spanish and murdering Huáscar, his own brother. Atahuallpa was sentenced to execution by burning. He was horrified, since the Inca believed that the soul would not be able to go on to the afterlife if the body were burned. Friar Vicente de Valverde, who had earlier offered the Bible to Atahuallpa, intervened again, telling Atahuallpa that if he agreed to convert to Christianity he would convince the rest to commute the sentence. Atahualpa agreed to be baptized into the Christian faith. He was given the name Juan Santos Atahualpa and then was strangled with a garrote instead of being burned. Atahuallpa died on August 29, 1533.
Atahuallpa was succeeded by his brother, the puppet Inca Tupac Huallpa, and later by another brother Manco Inca Yupanqui.

References
 The Discovery and Conquest of Peru by William H. Prescott
 Conquest of the Incas, John Hemming, 1973.
 The Royal Hunt of the Sun, by Peter Shaffer, 1964.

Other websites

 Capture of an Inca King

1500s births
1533 deaths
South American people
Inca rulers

Atahualpa


CP Violation is the way that nature breaks the laws that say that when you change a system by C symmetry or P symmetry then some descriptions of the system should stay the same before and after the change. The 'violation' is that they don't stay the same and the amounts are not conserved.  CP symmetry says that the laws of physics should act the same on a particle and on its antiparticle (Charge conjugation symmetry) and if it was also turned around like in a mirror (P symmetry.)
The 1964 nobel prize was given to James Cronin and Val Fitch for finding CP violation in the way neutral kaons decay.

Symmetry

CP violation


Parks and Recreation is a television sitcom. It was on TV from April 9, 2009 to February 24, 2015, with a special reunion episode airing on April 30, 2020. During this time, it showed 126 episodes over seven seasons. It ran on the channel NBC. It was created by Greg Daniels and Michael Schur. The show is about a group of people who live in a fictional town called Pawnee in the state of Indiana. They work in the government of Pawnee, in the Department of Parks and Recreation. The main character of the show is Leslie Knope. She is an optimistic person who loves her job and the city of Pawnee. The actress who plays her is Amy Poehler. There are many other characters in the show. They are: Ann Perkins (Rashida Jones), Mark Brendanawicz (Paul Schneider), Tom Haverford (Aziz Ansari), Ron Swanson (Nick Offerman), April Ludgate (Aubrey Plaza), Andy Dwyer (Chris Pratt), Ben Wyatt (Adam Scott), Chris Traeger (Rob Lowe), Jerry Gergich (Jim O'Heir), Donna Meagle (Retta), and Craig Middlebrooks (Billy Eichner).

The series changed as time went on. The writers wanted to make the show like real life. To do this, they learned about how governments of cities really worked. They also talked about current political issues in episodes of the show. For example, one episode has the government of Pawnee shut down. This means that there is not enough money for the government to work correctly, so it stops doing everything that is not very important. The writers put this in the show because of a real government shutdown. The real shutdown happened because of a financial crisis in 2007-2008, and this was the same time that the episode was being written. Sometimes, real politicians also acted on the show. Joe Biden, John McCain, and Michelle Obama were some of the politicians who did this. The characters in the show also changed. Some people watched the first season and thought that Leslie Knope was too ditzy—that is, unintelligent and unable to do her job correctly. So the writers changed the way they showed Leslie. They wanted viewers to know she really was smart. During the show, many of the characters have changing romantic relationships and get different jobs. They changed just like people change in real life.

The first season only had six episodes. It got mixed reviews. People thought some things about it were good, and some things about it were bad. Many people thought it was too much like The Office. Like Parks and Recreation, The Office was another sitcom that Daniels created. But after the first season, it got positive reviews. Many people thought it was good, and it won many awards. It was nominated for an Emmy Award 14 times. It was also nominated for a Golden Globe Award for Best Television Series—Musical or Comedy. It won a Golden Globe Award for the good job Poehler
did playing Leslie Knope.

Characters
Leslie Knope, played by Amy Poehler, is Pro-Government and seems Centre-left in politics, is the main character and the heart of the show who dreams of becoming president.
Ron Swanson, played by Nick Offerman, is an Anti-Government Libertarian, who is a bit lazy and strange at times but also has a big heart and is at times very friendly on the show.
April Ludgate, played by Aubrey Plaza, is a negative and dark character on the show who rarely loves anything, but she is at times hard working and friendly, but wants to be lazy and rude.
Ann Perkins, played by Rashida Jones, is the best friend of Leslie Knope and works on and off for the parks department. She is a regular, normal, and friendly person, besides choosing bad boyfriends at times.
Andy Dwyer, played by Chris Pratt, is ridiculous and is dumb at times. He is married to April, and has a reputation for making bad choices.
Ben Wyatt, played by Adam Scott, is the spouse of Leslie and is a coworker in Pawnee's Parks and Recreation Department. Wyatt is friendly and smart, but can be a little negative at times.
Tom Haverford, played by Aziz Ansari, is an annoying but funny on-and-of coworker, who chooses the wrong choices at times and might care a little too much on the attractiveness of women.
Mark Brendanawicz, played by Paul Schneider, is at times ill-mannered and at times affectionate, and left the show after the second season.
Jerry Gergich, played by Jim O'Heir, is clumsy and at times embarrassing, but also smart and is a good painter. He is laughed at and mildly hated by his coworkers, even though he might be the nicest person there.
Chris Traeger, played by Rob Lowe, is an always-positive, healthy (part of his health consciousness), and known for how many times he says literally.
Craig Middlebrooks, played by Billy Eichner, is the character who came in in the 6th season, from Eagleton, to Pawnee, to work for the parks department. He is a sommelier.
Donna Meagle, played by Retta, is related to Ginuwine and a smart character from the parks department who is in almost every episode.

Related pages
The Good Place

English-language television programs

Parks and Recreation


Tree frogs are frogs that spend most of their life in trees.

There are several lines of Neobatrachia which have evolved into tree frogs. These groups are only distantly related, but they have evolved for a long time in similar conditions. The result is that now there are species from different groups which look very much like each other. This is convergent evolution. It goes so far that in almost all cases, where one group occurs, another does not. Their current distribution shows that the last common ancestor of the groups lived before the dinosaurs disappeared.

The frogs do not normally come down to the ground, except to mate and spawn. Some build foam nests on leaves and rarely leave the trees as adults. In some species the eggs develop directly into adults; in others the tadpole stage is spent in the water pool of a large tropical tree leaf.

Many tree frogs can change their colour for better camouflage. Others are poisonous (poison dart frog), and display warning colouration.

Tree frogs are usually tiny, as their weight has to be carried by the branches and twigs of their habitat. While some reach 10 cm (4 in) or more, they are typically smaller and more slender than terrestrial frogs.

Typical for "tree frogs" are well-developed discs on the finger and toe tips. The fingers and toes and the limbs tend to be rather long. This gives better grasping ability. The genus Chiromantis is most extreme in this respect: it can oppose two fingers to the other two, resulting in a vice-like grip.

Family
Tree frogs are members of these families or genera:

 Hylidae, or "true" tree frogs, are in the temperate to tropical parts of Eurasia north of the Himalayas, Australia and the Americas.
Rhacophoridae, or shrub frogs, are the tree frogs of tropical regions around the Indian Ocean: Africa, South Asia and Southeast Asia east to Lydekker's line. A few are in East Asia.
Centrolenidae, or glass frogs, are potentially closely related to hylids; these translucent frogs are native to Central and South America.
Hyperoliidae, or reed frogs, are closely related to the burrowing Microhylidae; these small frogs are native to sub-Saharan Africa.
Boophis is a genus of highly arboreal frogs which evolved from the toxic terrestrial Mantellidae of Madagascar.
Pedostibes, or tree toad, is a genus of highly arboreal members of the typically terrestrial Bufonidae.

References

Frogs

Tree frog


The 104th Training Aviation Regiment (Serbo-Croatian: 104. vazduhoplovni školski puk / 104. ваздухопловни школски пук) was an aviation regiment established in 1945 as 1st Training Aviation Regiment (Serbo-Croatian: 1. vazduhoplovni školski puk / 1. ваздухопловни школски пук) as part of the SFR Yugoslav Air Force.

History

1st Training Aviation Regiment
The 1st Training Aviation Regiment was formed on November 1, 1945, by order from August of same year. It was created at Pančevo from training squadron, as part of Military Aviation College. It was equipped with Soviet-made Po-2 and UT-2 and Yugoslav Aero-2 training aircraft. By the May 1946 the regiment had composed from four squadrons, and by November same year number of squadrons was reduced.

By the 1948 year this regiment was renamed like all other units of Yugoslav Army, so it has become 104th Training Aviation Regiment.

The commanders of regiment in this period were Predrag Ilić and Svetislav Nešović. Commissars was Milan Jovanović.

104th Training Aviation Regiment
The 104th Training Aviation Regiment was based at Pančevo airfield for short period. By year 1949 it was dislocated to Mostar airport, where it has remain until it was disbanded. It was equipped with Soviet Yakovlev trainer-fighters and domestic made trainers.

In year 1956 regiment was reformed in to 1st Pilot School, which existed until 1959/1960.

The commanders of regiment in this period were Svetislav Nešović, Mido Rakočević, Edo Banfić and Luka Popov.

Assignments
Military Aviation College (1945–1949)
Active Aviation Officers School of Military Aviation Academy (1949–1952)
Flight training center (1953–1960)

Previous designations
1st Training Aviation Regiment (1945–1948)
104th Training Aviation Regiment (1948–1956)
1st Pilot School (1956–1960)

Bases stationed
Pančevo (1945–1949)
Kovin, Omoljica and Kačarevo (1946–1948)
Mostar (1949–1960)

Commanding officers

Equipment
Yakovlev UT-2 (1945–1956)
Po-2 (1945–1948)
Ikarus Aero 2B/C (1945–1948)
Yakovlev Yak-1 (1948–1950)
Yakovlev Yak-9U (1948–1950)
Yugoslav-made trainer aircraft (1948–1960)

References

Regiments of Yugoslav Air Force
Military units and formations established in 1945
Military units and formations disestablished in 1959

104th Training Aviation Regiment


Drainage basin is a geographic term about rivers.  It is also called  catchment, catchment area, catchment basin, drainage area, river basin, and water basin.

It is an area of land.  All water that falls on that land flows into one river. It can flow directly into the river or go through tributaries (smaller rivers that flow into the bigger river) first.

One river can drain a large area. For example, more than half of the United States is drained by the Mississippi and its tributaries. The Amazon basin is similarly large.

River basins are an open system with inputs and, outputs. Water comes in as precipitation and goes out as discharge.

Watershed
This term watershed can have two main meanings:
 Meaning drainage divide, the line that separates neighbouring drainage basins
 Meaning drainage basin in North American usage. (an area of land where surface water converges)
There are also a number of figurative meanings as a metaphor.

Related pages
Basin (geology)
Endorheic basin
River system

References

Drainage basin


A privateer was a privately-owned ship that was given an official government letter of marque to raid enemy shipping during wartime. The term also applies to sailors on such ships.

Well-known privateers included Francis Drake and Martin Frobisher, both from England.

United States
During the American Revolution, privateers were used by the United States to raid British shipping.

During the War of 1812, privateers were again used to raid British shipping.

During the American Civil War, the Confederate States issued privateers letters of marque.

References

Piracy

Privateer


A balloon is a kind of aircraft that stays in the sky by floating. People fly in balloons mostly for fun.

A balloon is different from an airship. An airship is a floating aircraft that has an engine and can change its direction of movement. A balloon has no engine and has no way to change its direction of movement (except up and down). A balloon travels by moving with the wind.

The bottom of the balloon is called the "basket" where people can sit or stand.

The top of a balloon is a big cloth bag called the "envelope".

Kinds of balloon aircraft
There are three  kinds of balloon aircraft:
Hot air balloons stay in the sky by making the air inside the envelope hot. Making the air hot makes the air spread out (have lower density).  Hot air balloons are the most common kind of balloon aircraft.  People sometimes say "hot air balloon" to mean any kind of balloon aircraft.  But this is not exactly correct.
Gas balloons are not hot.  Gas balloons have gas of low density in their envelopes.  Examples of the gas used in gas balloons are helium and hydrogen.
Rozière balloons are like both hot air balloons and gas balloons.  Part of the envelope has hot air in it.  Part of the envelope has a gas that's not hot in it. Rozière balloons can fly very far. Rozière balloons have flown around the world without stopping.

Other websites
Videos for Balloon
The Columbia Scientific Balloon Facility (CSBF)

Aerospace engineering

cy:Balŵn
ml:ബലൂണ് (ആകാശനൗക)

Balloon (aircraft)


Ica List of cities in Oregon inkluzas ne-enkorpigita urbeti, ed esas arangita alfabetale.

A
Adair Village - Adams - Adel - Adrian - Agness - Albany - Algoma - Alicel - Allegany - Aloha - Alpine - Alsea - Amity - Andrews - Antelope - Arlington - Arock - Ashland - Ashwood - Astoria - Athena - Aumsville - Aurora - Austin - Azalea

B
Baker City - Bandon - Banks - Barlow - Bay City - Beatty - Beaver - Beaver Creek - Beaverton - Belknap Springs - Bend - Biggs - Bingham Springs - Birkenfeld - Blachly - Black Rock - Blalock - Blodgett - Blue River - Bly - Boardman - Bonanza - Bonneville - Boring - Bridal Veil - Bridge - Bridgeport - Brighton - Brightwood - Broadbent - Brogan - Brookings - Brooks - Brownsville - Burns - Burnt Woods - Butte Falls - Buxton

C
Camas Valley - Camp Sherman - Canby - Cannon Beach - Canyon City - Canyonville - Carlton - Cascade Locks - Cascadia - Cave Junction - Cayuse - Cecil - Central Point - Champoeg - Charleston - Chemult - Cherry Grove - Cherryville - Cheshire - Chiloquin - Christmas Valley - Clackamas - Clatskanie - Cloverdale - Coburg - Colton - Columbia City - Condon - Coos Bay - Copperfield - Corbett - Coquille - Cornelius - Corvallis - Cottage Grove - Cove - Crabtree - Crane - Crawfordsville - Crescent - Creswell - Culp Creek - Culver - Curtin - Cushman

D
Dairy - Dallas - The Dalles - Days Creek - Dayton - Dayville - Dee - Deer Island - Denmark - Depoe Bay - Detroit - Dexter - Diamond Lake - Dillard - Dilley - Disston - Donald - Dorena - Drain - Drew - Drewsey - Dufur - Dundee - Dunes City - Durham - Durkee

E
Eagle Creek - Eagle Point - Echo - Eddyville - Elgin - Elk City - Elkton - Elmira - Elsie - Enterprise - Estacada - Eugene

F
Fairview - Fall Creek - Falls City - Fields - Flora - Florence - Forest Grove - Fort Klamath - Fort Rock - Fossil - Foster - Fox - Frenchglen - Friend

G
Gales Creek - Gardiner - Garibaldi - Gaston - Gates - Gearhart - Gervais - Gibbon - Gilchrist - Gladstone - Glenada - Glendale - Gleneden Beach - Glenwood - Glide - Goble - Gold Beach - Gold Hill - Goshen - Government Camp - Grand Ronde - Granite - Grants Pass - Grass Valley - Gravelford - Greenhorn - Gresham

H
Haines - Halfway - Halsey - Hamilton - Hamlet - Hampton - Happy Valley - Harbor - Hardman - Harlan - Harper - Harrisburg - Hebo - Helix - Heppner - Hereford - Hermiston - Hillsboro - Hines - Holland - Holley - Homestead - Hood River - Horton - Hoskins - Hot Lake - Hubbard - Huntington

I
Idanha - Idleyld Park - Imbler - Imnaha - Independence - Ione - Ironside - Irrigon - Island City

J
Jacksonville - Jamieson - Jasper - Jefferson - Jewell - John Day - Johnson City - Jordan Valley - Joseph - Junction City - Juntura

K
Kamela - Keasey - Keizer - Keno - Kent - Kerby - Kernville - Kimberly - King City - Kings Valley - Klamath Agency - Klamath Falls - Knappa

L
Lacomb - Lafayette - La Grande - Lakecreek - Lake Oswego - Lakeside - Lakeview - Langlois - LaPine - Lawen - Leaburg - Lebanon - Lexington - Lincoln Beach - Lincoln City - Lime - Lonerock - Long Creek - Lookingglass - Lorane - Lostine - Lowell - Lyons

M
Mabel - Madras - Malin - Manning - Manzanita - Mapleton - Marcola - Marion - Marquam - Maupin - Mayger - Mayville - Maywood Park - McCredie Springs - McDermitt - McKenzie Bridge - McMinnville - McNary - Meacham - Medford - Medical Springs - Mehama - Merlin - Merrill - Metolius - Midland - Mikkalo - Mill City - Millersburg - Millican - Milo - Milton-Freewater - Milwaukie - Minam - Mission - Mist - Mitchell - Modoc Point - Mohawk - Mohler - Molalla - Monitor - Monmouth - Monroe - Monument - Moro - Mosier - Mount Angel - Mount Hood - Mount Vernon - Mulino - Multnomah Falls - Murphy - Myrtle Creek - Myrtle Point

N
Necanicum - Nehalem - Nesika Beach - Neskowin - Netarts - Newberg - New Bridge - New Pine Creek - New Princeton - Newport - North Bend - North Plains - North Powder - Norway - Noti - Nyssa

O
Oakland - Oakridge - O'Brien - Oceanside - Odell - Olene - Olney - Ontario - Ophir - Oregon City - Orenco - Otis - Otter Rock - Oxbow Dam - Owyhee Dam

P
Pacific City - Paisley - Parkdale - Paulina - Payette Junction - Pendleton - Perrydale - Philomath - Phoenix - Pilot Rock - Pine - Pinehurst - Pistol River - Pleasant Hill - Pleasant Valley - Plush - Pondosa - Portland - Port Orford - Post - Powell Butte - Powers - Prairie City - Prescott - Prineville - Prospect - Provolt

R
Rainier - Redland - Redmond - Reedsport - Reedville - Remote - Rhododendron - Rice Hill - Richland - Rickreall - Riddle - Riley - Ritter - Rivergrove - Riverton - Rockaway Beach - Rogue River - Rome - Roseburg - Roy - Rufus

S
Saint Benedict - Saint Helens - Saint Paul - Salem, the state capital - Saginaw - Sandy - Scappoose - Scholls - Scio - Scottsburg - Scotts Mills - Seal Rock - Seaside - Selma - Seneca - Shady - Shady Cove - Shaniko - Shedd - Sheridan - Sherwood - Siletz - Siltcoos - Silver Lake - Silverton - Sisters - Sitkum - Sixes - Skipanon - Sodaville - South Beach - Sprague River - Spray - Springfield - Stanfield - Stayton - Sublimity - Sulphur Springs - Summer Lake - Summerville - Sumner - Sumpter - Sunriver - Sutherlin - Svensen - Sweet Home - Swiss Home

T
Talent - Tangent - Telocaset - Tenmile - Terrebonne - Tidewater - Tiernan - Tigard - Tillamook - Tiller - Timber - Toledo - Trail - Triangle Lake - Troutdale - Troy - Tualatin - Turner - Tygh Valley

U
Ukiah - Umapine - Umatilla - Umpqua - Union - Unity

V
Vale - Valley Falls - Valley Junction - Valsetz - Vanport - Ventea - Vernonia - Vida

W
Waldport - Walker - Wallowa - Walterville - Walton - Wamic - Wankers Corner - Warm Springs - Warren - Warrenton - Wasco - Waterloo - Wedderburn - Wemme - Wendling - Westfall - West Linn - Westfir - Weston - Westport - West Stayton - Wheeler - White City - Whiteson - Whitney - Wilbur - Wilderville - Willamina - Willamette - Williams - Willow Creek - Wilsonville - Winchester - Winchester Bay - Winston - Wolf Creek - Wonder - Woodburn - Wood Village - Worden

Y
Yachats - Yamhill - Yoncalla

Z
Zigzag

Videz anke
Oregon
Listo di urbi en Usa

Extera ligili
 Maxim uzata nomi di urbi
 Oregon Department of Transportation stato-mapo

Oregon

Listo di urbi en Oregon


Metroid Prime Hunters is a first-person action-adventure video game for the Nintendo DS console. It was developed by Nintendo Software Technology and published by Nintendo. It was released in North America on March 20, 2006, in Europe on May 5, 2006, and in Japan on June 1, 2006. When the Nintendo DS launched in 2004, it included an early demo of Metroid Prime Hunters, which at that point was titled Metroid Prime Hunters: First Hunt.

Like the other titles in the Metroid Prime series, Metroid Prime Hunters is a first-person adventure game where the focus is on exploration and discovery. However, it differs from other titles in that there is no assisted aiming, a bigger focus on gameplay, and online multiplayer. Samus Aran, the main character that the player plays as, can access her gunship from anywhere. The game uses both screens of the Nintendo DS: the top screen is used to show Samus' health and the amount of a weapon remaining, while the bottom screen shows the radar. The player moves Samus with the D-pad, and aiming is done with the use of the touch screen on the Nintendo DS' bottom screen.

Online multiplayer can be played with up to four players. Players can play as Samus or one of six bounty hunters. Each bounty hunter has different forms and weapons. The game's host is able to set options for points and time limits, as well as determine whether or not players can use the radar. If less than four players join a game, computer-controlled characters are placed into the game. In multiplayer, the bottom screen shows the number of kills a player has made and the time remaining in the round.

2006 video games
Nintendo DS games
Virtual Console games
Shooter video games
Metroid Prime

Metroid Prime Hunters


Glarus is a canton in east Switzerland. The capital is Glarus. In 2010, the 25 communes were merged to only three: Glarus, Glarus Nord, and Glarus Süd. Officially, Glarus is a German-speaking canton; of the roughly 40.000 people, 83.6 percent are German-speaking, and 6.8 percent speak Italian. According to a statistical survey done in 2000, 44% of the population are Protestant (including Jehovas Witnesses, and  the New Apostolic Church), 37.3% are Roman Catholic, 6.5% are Muslims, 6.5% are non-believers, 2.3% are either Eastern orthodox or Oriental orthodox and 3.7% belonged to other communities or did not say.

Geography
The canton of Glarus is dominated by the deep valley of the Linth River. Most of the area is mountainous. The total area of the canton of Glarus is 685 km².

History

The history of this canton is dominated by religion. The people who lived in the Linth Valley were converted to Christianity in the 6th century by the Irish monk Saint Fridolin. He is still in the coat of arms of the canton today. He started Säckingen Abbey near Basel. The area around Glarus was owned by the abbey starting in the 9th century. By 1288, the Habsburgs slowly took over all the abbey's rights. Then the people of Glarus joined the Swiss Confederation in 1352.

Between 1506 and 1516, the reformer Huldrych Zwingli was a priest in Glarus. By 1564, all of Zwingli's followers were eliminated, but the Protestants and Catholics there still fought with each other. To make peace it was decided that each side should have its own assembly (Landsgemeinde) in 1623. In 1683, each side was granted the right to have its own tribunals.

Between 1798 and 1803, Glarus was part of the Canton of Linth made by Napoleon. In 1836 the constitution was changed to unite the assemblies and establish only one Landsgemeinde.

About two thirds of Glarus (593 buildings) were destroyed after a big fire in 1861. After the fire, Glarus was rebuilt in block fashion according to construction plans by Bernhard Simon and Johann Caspar Wolff.

On May 6, 2007 Glarus became the first Swiss canton to lower the voting age to 16.

Industry
The land of the canton helped to make slate works in the 1600s.

Municipalities
The 25 municipalities (gemeinden) were:
 Betschwanden
 Bilten
 Braunwald
 Elm
 Engi
 Ennenda
 Filzbach
 Glarus
 Haslen (united former municipalities Leuggelbach, Nidfurn and Haslen)
 Linthal
 Luchsingen (united former municipalities Diesbach, Hätzingen and Luchsingen)
 Matt
 Mitlödi
 Mollis
 Mühlehorn
 Näfels
 Netstal
 Niederurnen
 Oberurnen
 Obstalden
 Riedern
 Rüti
 Schwanden
 Schwändi
 Sool

References

Other websites

 Official Statistics
 Official Site (German)
 the Linth valley on Google Maps

Canton of Glarus


La Croix d'Honneur (French for the cross of honor) is the solitaire card game which is played using a deck of playing cards. It is a pairing game, and was first described in the French book Nouveau Recueil de Patiences, which was printed in Paris in 1885 by the publishing company Watilliaux.

Rules
The cross in this game is an eight-rayed cross, composed of an inner circle and an outer circle, each having eight cards. The object of this game is discard all cards in pairs. A pair in this game refers to two cards having the same rank.

In the first stage, only the top card of the waste pile and of the cards in the inner circle can make a pair. Once a card leaves the inner circle, it is immediately replaced only by the corresponding card from the outer circle. Cards in the outer circle are not replaced.

After the stock runs out, the second stage begins, wherein the cards from the waste pile are used to fill empty spaces in the inner circle (not all however). The rule in which the top card of the waste pile should only be paired up with a card from the inner circle still applies.

The third stage begins once all the cards from the waste pile are either discarded or end up in the inner circle. At this stage, cards at the inner circle can now be paired with each other. There is no redeal.

The game is won when all cards are discarded.

See also
 List of solitaire games
 Glossary of solitaire terms

References
Nouveau Recueil de Patiences.  Paris: Watilliaux (1885).

Single-deck patience card games

La Croix d'Honneur


A flash (also known as a tattoo flash) is a design or picture that is used in order to create a tattoo. They often come in sets like a poster (called flash sheets), and can be seen in most tattoo shops.

Tattoo flashes are often drawn for general use, rather than being a custom made piece like some personal tattoos. However, some flashes have space for personalisation, for example space for the person to include a name in their tattoo.

Tattoo flashes come in a variety of different designs, and are divided into categories such as celtic, heart, arm band tattoos e.t.c. A person wanting a tattoo made from a flash chooses which design they like best. Then the tattooist uses a stencil to draw the basic design onto the skin of the person being tattooed, and afterwards starts to make the tattoo.

Related pages
Tattoo

Body art

Flash (tattoo)


Pareto interpolation is a method of estimating the median and other properties of a population that follows a Pareto distribution.  It is used in economics when analysing the distribution of incomes in a population, when one must base estimates on a relatively small random sample taken from the population.

The family of Pareto distributions is parameterized by

 a positive number κ that is the smallest value that a random variable with a Pareto distribution can take.  As applied to distribution of incomes, κ is the lowest income of any person in the population; and
 a positive number θ the "Pareto index"; as this increases, the tail of the distribution gets thinner.  As applied to distribution of incomes, this means that the larger the value of the Pareto index θ the smaller the proportion of incomes many times as big as the smallest incomes.

Pareto interpolation can be used when the available information includes the proportion of the sample that falls below each of two specified numbers a < b.  For example, it may be observed that 45% of individuals in the sample have incomes below a = $35,000 per year, and 55% have incomes below b = $40,000 per year.

Let

Pa = proportion of the sample that lies below a;

Pb = proportion of the sample that lies below b.

Then the estimates of κ and θ are

and

The estimate of the median would then be

since the actual population median is

References
 U.S. Census Bureau, Memorandum on statistical techniques used in 2001 income survey (PDF). See Equation 10 on p. 24.
 Stults, Brian J, Deriving median household income. Gives a derivation of the equations for Pareto interpolation.

Estimation methods
Income inequality metrics
Theory of probability distributions
Parametric statistics
Vilfredo Pareto

Pareto interpolation