Edward Cave, ( February 27 1691 – January 10 1754), was an English printer, editor and publisher. In The Gentleman's Magazine he made the first general-interest "magazine".

The son of a cobbler, Cave was born in Newton near Rugby, Warwickshire and attended the grammar school there. Cave was made to leave after it was said he stole from the headmaster. He worked at a number of different jobs, such as selling timber, writing and printing. He came up with the idea of a periodical that would cover every subject the educated public was interested in, from commerce to poetry. He tried to get some London printers and booksellers to take up the idea. When no one showed any interest, Cave took on the job by himself. The Gentleman's Magazine was started in 1731 and soon became the most important and most copied periodical of its time. It also made Cave very rich.

Cave was a smart businessman. He gave all his energy to the magazine, and hardly ever left its offices at St John's Gate, Clerkenwell. He made use of a lot of writers, the most famous was Samuel Johnson, who was always thankful to Cave for having given him his main job for many years. Cave himself often sent in items to the Magazine under the pen name of Sylvanus Urban.

He also got permission from Lewis Paul for 250 spindles for his patent roller-spinning machine, an early model of the water frame. In 1742 he bought Marvels Mill at Northampton and made this into a cotton mill. This was probably the first water-powered spinning mill in the world. This should have made a lot of money, but it did not. It closed about 1761.

Cave suffered from gout. He is buried at St. James Church, Clerkenwell.

Other websites
 Online page images of Gentlemen's Magazine the first twenty volumes, from v1 1731 through v20 1750
 Daily Life in Georgian England as Reported in the Gentleman's Magazine

Cave, Edward
Cave, Edward

Edward Cave


Zriba (الزريبة) or Zriba Hammam is a ceety locatit aboot 60 km sooth o Tunis at the fuit o Jebel Zaghouan.

Admeenistratively attached tae the Zaghouan Governorate, it is a municipality o 9,002 inhabitants.

There are steam rooms, which give it its name, an a auld mine.

The ruins o the ancient ceety Zriba 'Alia, are locatit atween twa sma muntains an owerleuk the Djebel Zaghouan, the seicont heichest summit in Tunisie efter the Djebel Chambi. Ahint the hammam is the remains o a saunt named Sidi Zekri.

The festival, which takes place ivery year in Julie tae discover the ceety through various cultural activities.

Zriba an aa includes an industrial aurie that benefits frae the skills o the local wirkforce.

See an aa
Leet o ceeties in Tunisie

References

Populatit places in Tunisie
Communes o Tunisie

Zriba


Salma Hayek Jiménez (born September 2, 1966) is an Academy Award-nominated Mexican actress, Emmy-winning director, movie producer and television producer.  She is the most successful Latin-American actress in Hollywood since Carmen Miranda. Hayek has appeared in more than thirty movies and worked as an actress outside of Hollywood in Mexico and Spain.

Hayek's charitable work includes increasing awareness on violence against women and discrimination against immigrants.

Early life
Salma Hayek was born in Coatzacoalcos, Mexico. Her father, Sami Hayek is Lebanese and was a politician. Her mother, Diana  Jiménez is a Mexican and was an opera singer. Salma left the town with 12 years and went to a catholic boarding school in Louisiana. She had a bad manners and had to leave the school. She moved to her aunt in Texas and stayed until she was 17 years old. After the graduation, she went back to her hometown and studied international relations and drama in Mexico City.

Career
Hayek longed to be an actress and ended the study. She had her first appearance in the Mexican telenovela Teresa. There, she played a main role. Using this role, she was known in Mexico. Later, she left the Show.

In 1991, she went to Los Angeles and started a career there, but she had little knowledge of English. There, she did drama and elocution lessons. In January 1993, she got a supporting role in Mi Vida Loca. In 1995, she played in Desperado with Antonio Banderas. She got an Academy Award and a Golden Globe Award nomination for her role in Frida as best actress in 2003.

Personal life
On 9 March 2007, she confirmed her engagement with the French businessman François-Henri Pinault and her pregnancy. In September 2007, she got a daughter, Valentina Paloma Pinault on the Cedars-Sinai Medical Center in Los Angeles, California. In July 2008, they separated. They reconciled and married in February 2009. They married for the second time in April 2009.

She speaks Spanish, Arabic, Portuguese and English.

References

Other websites

1966 births
Living people
Emmy Award winning actors
Mexican movie actors
Mexican television actors
Mexican movie directors
Mexican movie producers
Television producers
People from Veracruz
People with dyslexia

Salma Hayek


Hugh Michael Horace Dancy (born 19 June 1975) is an English actor who rose to prominence for his role as the title character in the television film adaptation of David Copperfield (2000) as well as for roles in feature films as Kurt Schmid in Black Hawk Down (2001) and Prince Charmont in Ella Enchanted (2004). Other film roles include Joe Conner in Shooting Dogs (2005), Grigg Harris in The Jane Austen Book Club (2007), Luke Brandon in Confessions of a Shopaholic (2009), Adam Raki in Adam (2009) and Ted in Martha Marcy May Marlene (2011). On television, he portrayed criminal profiler Will Graham in the NBC television series Hannibal (2013–2015), Cal Roberts in the Hulu original series The Path (2016–2018) and Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex, in the Channel 4 miniseries Elizabeth I (2005); the latter role earned him a Primetime Emmy Award nomination. Dancy currently portrays Senior Assistant District Attorney Nolan Price on NBC's revival of the original Law & Order (2022–present).

Early life
Dancy was born in Stoke-on-Trent, Staffordshire, and raised in Newcastle-under-Lyme. His mother, Sarah Ann Dancy (née Birley, born 1952), works in academic publishing. His father is philosophy professor Jonathan Dancy (born 1946), who teaches at the University of Reading and at the University of Texas at Austin.

Hugh is the oldest of three children, followed by brother Jack Dancy (born 1977), who is co-director of the travel company Trufflepig Travel, and sister Katharine Sarah Redman (née Dancy, born 1980). From the age of 5 to the age of 10, Dancy was educated at Edenhurst Preparatory School in Newcastle-under-Lyme. At age 10, Dancy attended boarding school at the Dragon School in Oxford, then, at 13 at Winchester College. At age 18, he acted in the Winchester College Players production of Twelfth Night, which was performed in both Winchester and at the Minack Theatre in Cornwall. He went on to study English at St Peter's College, Oxford.

Career
After graduation, Dancy moved to London, where a chance conversation in a cafe led to his meeting casting director Ros Hubbard and agent Dallas Smith, who signed him. In 1999, Dancy appeared in the second series of Cold Feet in the role of Danny, who had a fleeting romance with Rachel, one of the show's main characters. In 2002, Dancy played Daniel Deronda in the BBC's adaptation of George Eliot's novel Daniel Deronda.

Notable roles from film include Dancy's Prince Charmont from the 2004 Disney film Ella Enchanted alongside Anne Hathaway and, from the same year, Galahad in King Arthur alongside later Hannibal co-star Mads Mikkelsen. In 2005, he starred as Adam Raki in Adam, an independent film which premiered at the Sundance Film Festival in 2009 and follows the story of a young man with autism. He went on to appear in various other films.

In theatre, Dancy has appeared in MCC Theater's The Pride, written by Alexi Kaye Campbell, at the Lucille Lortel Theatre in New York City. The off-Broadway production was directed by Joe Mantello and co-starred Ben Whishaw and Andrea Riseborough. In 2007, Dancy had a starring role on Broadway as Captain Dennis Stanhope in Journey's End (Belasco Theatre). From 2010 until 2011, he starred in Manhattan Theatre Club's Broadway production of Venus in Fur alongside Nina Arianda. His performance was praised by The New York Times theatre critic Charles Isherwood. In August 2018, it was announced he would appear with Stockard Channing in Roundabout Theatre Company's off-Broadway premiere of Apologia, written by Alexi Kay Campbell, in the dual roles of Peter and Simon.

In March 2012, NBC announced that Dancy had been cast as Will Graham in Hannibal, the television adaptation based on the main character of Thomas Harris' 1981 novel Red Dragon. The show received critical acclaim and was nominated for numerous awards. It was cancelled after three seasons and concluded in 2015, though there are hopes for its revival. From 2016 to 2018, he appeared for three seasons as Cal Roberts, a lead character in Hulu's The Path, alongside Aaron Paul and Michelle Monaghan. In November 2021 Dancy was announced as one of the leads in NBC's 2022 revival of Law & Order, playing an assistant district attorney.

Personal life
In 2006, Dancy met American actress Claire Danes on the set of Evening. They announced their engagement in February 2009 and married in France later that year. They have three children: two sons born in 2012 and 2018, and a daughter born in 2023.

They live in the West Village neighbourhood of New York City.

Filmography

Film

Television

Theatre

Awards and nominations

References

External links

1975 births
Living people
Alumni of St Peter's College, Oxford
English male film actors
English male models
English male stage actors
English male television actors
People educated at The Dragon School
People educated at Winchester College
Actors from Stoke-on-Trent
Actors from Greenwich Village
20th-century English male actors
21st-century English male actors
British expatriate male actors in the United States

Hugh Dancy


Carsten Niebuhr or Karsten Niebuhr (March 17, 1733 – April 26, 1815) was a German mathematician, surveyor, cartographer, and explorer.

Niebuhr was the son of a Hanoverian farmer. He was self-educated. He travelled throughout the Middle East including Arabia, Persia (Iran), Syria and India. He was the only surviving member of a Danish/German team after the others died from illness and malaria. He wrote at least two books on his trips to the region which were later translated in to English and published in two volumes in the 1790s. Later editions were published around 1825.

Niebuhr's maps of the region including Sinus Persicus,  made about 1765 of the Persian Gulf is considered one of the most accurate of his time and was used for nearly 100 years.

Other websites
Travels in Arabia is an old book from 1892 that talks about Carsten Neibuhr's travels

1733 births
German mathematicians
1815 deaths

Carsten Niebuhr


Rögle BK is an ice hockey club in the town of Ängelholm in Sweden. The club was established in 1921 as a bandy club, even if no governing body was established until 18 December 1932. The club won the Scanian bandy district championship in 1948, before adopting the game of ice hockey in 1950.

In 1992, Rögle BK qualifyed for the Swedish top division for first time. They continued playing in the top division until 1996. Rögle qualifyed for the top division in 2008 and again in 2012 but after failing to requalify, the club will play in the second-tier Hockeyallsvenskan.

The most famous player ever played in Rögle is probably Kenny Jönsson.

Other websites

 Official website

Rogle BK
Rogle BK

Rögle BK


The Deer Park Community City School District is a school district located in Hamilton County, Ohio, United States, comprising the entire City of Deer Park, Ohio, a portion of Sycamore Township, and a small portion of the City of Silverton, Ohio.

The district's schools are the Deer Park Junior/Senior High School, Holmes Elementary School, and Amity Elementary School.  A fourth school building, the Howard Elementary School, is currently the home of the Deer Park Board of Education.

Beginning in 1826 in a one-room school house, current enrollment in the Deer Park City Schools is approximately 1,500 students.

References

External links

Educational institutions established in 1826
Education in Hamilton County, Ohio
School districts in Ohio
1826 establishments in Ohio


Hu (), in ancient Egypt, was the deification of the first word, the word of creation, that Atum was said to have exclaimed upon ejaculating or, alternatively, his circumcision, in his masturbatory act of creating the Ennead.

Hu is mentioned already in the Old Kingdom Pyramid texts (PT 251, PT 697) as companion of the deceased pharaoh. Together with Sia, he was depicted in the retinue of Thoth, with whom he was also occasionally identified.

In the Middle Kingdom, all gods participated in Hu and Sia, and were associated with Ptah who created the universe by uttering the word of creation. Hu was depicted in human shape, as a falcon, or as a man with a ram's head.

In the New Kingdom, both Hu and Sia together with Heka, Irer and Sedjem were members of the fourteen creative powers of Amun-Ra. By the time of Ptolemaic Egypt, Hu had merged with Shu (air).

References
 Wilkinson, R. H., Die Welt der Götter im Alten Ägypten. Glaube - Macht - Mythologie , Stuttgart 2003

External links
 http://www.touregypt.net/featurestories/hu.htm

Egyptian gods
Language and mysticism
Masturbation
Creation myths
Ptah
Epithets of Ptah
Epithets of Amun-Ra
Falcon deities

ca:Llista de personatges de la mitologia egípcia#H

Hu (mythology)


Euryale is one of the gorgons in Greek myth. Her sisters are Stheno and the infamous Medusa. All three were once ravishing young women, particularly Medusa, who also happened to  a priestess in the temple of Athena and took a vow of chastity, until she was raped by Poseidon. This was much to the ire of Athena and to punish Medusa, she had her and her sisters, who had been watching, turned into monsters with snakes for hair and a killer gaze, which turned onlookers into stone. The trio of sisters were later banished to a remote island.

A side effect of the transformation was that while Medusa's sisters were immortal, she herself wasn't, which would lead to Perseus killing her. Euryale is well known for her loud cries, particularly after her younger sister's death.

Greek legendary creatures

Euryale


An exothermic reaction is a chemical reaction where the substances reacting release energy as heat. An example of this is combustion. Exothermic reactions transfer energy to the surroundings. The reaction that does the opposite (it absorbs heat) is an endothermic reaction.

The energy is usually transferred as heat energy, causing the reaction mixture and its surroundings to become hotter. The temperature increase can be detected using a thermometer, and the thermal energy by a calorimeter. Some examples of exothermic reactions are:
burning
respiration
neutralisation reactions between acids and alkalis
the reaction between water and calcium oxide

Related pages

 Heat of combustion

Thermodynamics
Chemical reactions

Exothermic reaction


Riley A. Thomson Jr. (October 5, 1912 – January 26, 1960) was an American animator and comics artist who spent most of his career working with Walt Disney films and characters. He directed six Disney short films including The Nifty Nineties and Symphony Hour.

Career
Thomson began his career in 1930 at the ill-fated studio of Romer Grey. In 1935, he joined Leon Schlesinger Productions (Warner Bros.) as an animator. While there he worked on Merrie Melodies cartoons and focused on the character Porky Pig. The following year Thomson went to work at Walt Disney Productions. He was first an animator and worked on Mickey Mouse, Silly Symphonies, and Donald Duck short films. He also worked on the feature-length film Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937) and "The Sorcerer's Apprentice" segment of Fantasia (1940).

After working on Fantasia Thomson moved to the story department where he became a writer and director. He directed the short films Put-Put Troubles (1940), The Little Whirlwind (1941), The Nifty Nineties (1941), the 1941 remake of Orphans' Benefit, Mickey's Birthday Party (1942), and Symphony Hour (1942). He also received story credits for They're Off (1948) and Dude Duck (1951). (The latter misspells his surname as "Thompson.")

In 1950, Thomson moved into the field of comics. He worked for Western Publishing
from 1950 to 1953 drawing for several different comic books. His work mainly included Disney comics featuring  Mickey Mouse, Donald Duck, Pluto, Chip 'n' Dale, Grandma Duck, and Jaq & Gus. He also drew Woody Woodpecker comics.

Throughout the 1950s, Thomson drew comic strips for the Disney Studios including Uncle Remus and His Tales of Br'er Rabbit (based on the 1946 film Song of the South) and the Mickey Mouse daily newspaper strip.

Thomson returned to animation in 1957 and worked for Walter Lantz Productions until 1959.

Sources

References

Riley Thomson at INDUCKS

1912 births
1960 deaths
20th-century American artists
American animators
American comics artists
American animated film directors
Walt Disney Animation Studios people
People from Alhambra, California
Film directors from California
Warner Bros. Cartoons people
Disney comics artists

Riley Thomson


Thinis or This (Egyptian: Tjenu) was the capital city of the first dynasties of ancient Egypt. The actual site of Thinis has not yet been discovered. Ancient writers, such as Manetho, said it was the centre of the Thinite Confederacy. Their leader Menes (or Narmer), united Egypt and was its first pharaoh. In the Third Dynasty the capital was moved to Memphis. This meant that Thinis was no longer important. It still played a role in administration  becauset was close to border of the competing Heracleopolitan and Theban dynasties of the First Intermediate Period. It was also near oases of  military importance, during the Old and New Kingdoms. Thinis lost its position as a regional administrative centre by the Roman period.

Due to its ancient heritage, Thinis remained a significant religious centre. It was the home to the tomb and mummy of the local god.  In ancient Egyptian religious cosmology, as seen (for example) in the Book of the Dead, Thinis played a role as a mythical place in heaven.

The exact site of Thinis is unknown. Historians believe its was near ancient Abydos and modern Girga.

References

 Gardiner, Sir Alan Henderson. Egypt of the pharaohs: An introduction, Oxford University Press, 1964, Oxford. , isbn 978-0-19-500267-6
 Massey, Gerald. Ancient Egypt: The light of the world, T. Fisher Unwin, Vol 2, 1907, London,
 Ryholt, K. S. B., The political situation in Egypt during the Second Intermediate Period, c. 1800 – 1550 BC, Museum Tusculanum Press, 1997, Copenhagen,  isbn 87-7289-421-0
 Strudwick, Nigel C., Texts from the pyramid age, Society of Biblical Literature, 2005, Atlanta,  isbn 978-1-58983-138-4
Ancient Egyptian cities

Thinis


The Tyndall effect is when light is scattered by particles of matter in its path. It makes a beam of light visible by lighting the particles.

Under the Tyndall effect, the longer-wavelength light is more transmitted while the shorter-wavelength light is more reflected by scattering. In effect, blue light is scattered much more strongly than red light.

The blue of a clear sky, and the blue of blue eyes is caused by the Tyndall effect, not by a pigment. Its named after John Tyndall.
Tyndall effect can also be observed when sunlight passes through the canopy of a dense forest.
It happens due to the scattering of light by the particles of smoke and dust.

Light

Tyndall effect


Solomon Kullback (April 3, 1907August 5, 1994) was an American cryptanalyst and mathematician, who was one of the first three employees hired by William F. Friedman at the US Army's Signal Intelligence Service (SIS) in the 1930s, along with Frank Rowlett and Abraham Sinkov. He went on to a long and distinguished career at SIS and its eventual successor, the National Security Agency (NSA). Kullback was the Chief Scientist at the NSA until his retirement in 1962, whereupon he took a position at the George Washington University.

The Kullback–Leibler divergence is named after Kullback and Richard Leibler.

Life and career
Kullback was born to Jewish parents in Brooklyn, New York. His father Nathan had been born in Vilna, Russian Empire, (now Vilnius, Lithuania) and had immigrated to the US as a young man circa 1905, and became a naturalized American in 1911. Kullback attended Boys High School in Brooklyn. He then went to City College of New York, graduating with a BA in 1927 and an MA in math in 1929. He completed a doctorate in math from George Washington University in 1934. His intention had been to teach, and he returned to Boy's High School to do so, but found it not to his taste; he discovered his real interest was using mathematics, not teaching it.

At the suggestion of Abraham Sinkov, who showed him a Civil Service flyer for "junior mathematicians" at US$2,000 per year, he took the examination. Both passed, and were assigned to Washington, D.C. as junior cryptanalysts.

Upon arrival in Washington, Kullback was assigned to William F. Friedman. Friedman had begun an intensive program of training in cryptology for his new civilian employees. For several summers running, the SIS cryptanalysts attended training camps at Fort Meade until they received commissions as reserve officers in the Army. Kullback and Sinkov took Friedman's admonitions on education seriously and spent the next several years attending night classes; both received their doctorates in mathematics. Afterward, Kullback rediscovered a love of teaching; he began offering evening classes in mathematics at George Washington University from 1939.

Once they had completed the training, the three were put to the work for which they had actually been hired, compilations of cipher or code material for the U.S. Army. Another task was to test commercial cipher devices which vendors wished to sell to the U.S. government.

Kullback worked in partnership with Frank Rowlett against RED cipher machine messages. Almost overnight, they unravelled the keying system and then the machine pattern – with nothing but the intercepted messages in hand. Using the talents of linguist John Hurt to translate text, SIS started issuing current intelligence to military decision-makers.

In May 1942, five months after attack on Pearl Harbor, Kullback, by then a Major, was sent to Britain. He learned at Bletchley Park that the British were producing intelligence of high quality by exploiting the Enigma machine. He also cooperated with the British in the solution of more conventional German codebook-based systems. Shortly after his return to the States, Kullback moved into the Japanese section as its chief.

When the National Security Agency (NSA) was formed in 1952, Rowlett became chief of cryptanalysis. The primary problem facing research and development in the post-war period was development of high-speed processing equipment. Kullback supervised a team of about 60 people, including such innovative thinkers in automated data processing development as Leo Rosen and Sam Snyder. His staff pioneered new forms of input and memory, such as magnetic tape and drum memory, and compilers to make machines truly "multi-purpose". Kullback gave priority to using computers to generate communications security (COMSEC) materials.

Kullback's book Information Theory and Statistics was published by John Wiley & Sons in 1959. The book was republished, with additions and corrections, by Dover Publications in 1968.

Retirement
Solomon Kullback retired from NSA in 1962, and focused on his teaching at George Washington University and publishing new papers. In 1963 he was elected as a Fellow of the American Statistical Association. He reached the rank of colonel, and was inducted into the Military Intelligence Hall of Fame.

Kullback is remembered by his colleagues at NSA as straightforward; one described him as "totally guileless, you always knew where you stood with him." One former NSA senior recalled him as a man of unlimited energy and enthusiasm and a man whose judgment was usually "sound and right."

References

External links

 Solomon Kullback at the NSA Hall of Fame

1907 births
1994 deaths
American people of Lithuanian-Jewish descent
American cryptographers
National Security Agency cryptographers
Signals Intelligence Service cryptographers
City College of New York alumni
Columbian College of Arts and Sciences alumni
George Washington University faculty
American statisticians
20th-century American mathematicians
Fellows of the American Statistical Association
United States Army colonels
United States Army personnel of World War II
Boys High School (Brooklyn) alumni
Military personnel from New York City
Mathematicians from New York (state)
Information theorists

Solomon Kullback


Otto, Duke of Brunswick-Grubenhagen (1320 – 1 December 1398) was the fourth and last husband of Joanna I of Naples. He also held the title of Prince of Taranto. His nickname was Otto the Tarantine.

Biography
Otto was the eldest son of Henry II, Duke of Brunswick-Grubenhagen (c. 1289 – 1351) and Jutta of Brandenburg.

In 1353, he married Violante of Vilaragut, a daughter of Berengar de Vilaragut and widow of James III of Majorca. There were no children from this marriage. By 1372, Otto was a widower. On 25 September 1376, Otto married his second wife, the three times widowed Queen Joanna I of Naples. The groom was fifty-six years old and the bride about forty-eight. The marriage was childless.

The so-called Western Schism started in 1378 with the election of two rival popes, Urban VI of Rome and Clement VII of Avignon. Joanna supported Clement VII and allied herself with his main supporter Charles V of France. With no hope of having further children of her own, Joanna chose to strengthen her alliance with France by adopting Louis of Anjou, younger brother of Charles V, as her heir.

Urban VI proclaimed Joanna deposed in 1381. He named her second cousin Charles of Durazzo as his candidate for the supposedly vacant throne. Charles spent the following months gathering his army within the Kingdom of Hungary and then marched against the Kingdom of Naples. Otto led the Neapolitan army in battle but was defeated. Otto was exiled from Naples by the new king and never returned. Joanna was strangled in prison in the Castle of San Fele on 12 May 1382.

Otto survived Joanna by at least sixteen years but never remarried. He died childless at Foggia and was succeeded by his first cousin, once removed Eric I, Duke of Brunswick-Grubenhagen, previously Duke of Einbeck.

External links

His profile in Peerage.com

1320 births
1398 deaths
Kings consort
Princes of Grubenhagen
Royal consorts of Naples
Old House of Brunswick
Husbands of Joanna I of Naples

Otto, Duke of Brunswick-Grubenhagen


Itri is a small city and comune the province of Latina, Lazio, central Italy.

Itri is an agricultural centre divided in two parts by a small river, the Pontone. It lies in a valley between the Monti Aurunci and the sea, not far from the Gulf of Gaeta. The more ancient part, with the Castle, was partly destroyed during World War II.

The Itrani speak a particular variant of the Neapolitan language called Itrano.

History

The first direct documentary record of Itri dates to 914, but settlements in the neighbourhood existed from prehistoric times, as proved by findings from the Neolithic and the Bronze Ages.

According to legend, Itri's origins appear to coincide with the destruction of Amyclae, a maritime city founded by the twin sons of Zeus, Castor and Pollux, whose Spartan followers clashed with Aeneas. The Greek colony was most likely on the coast at about  north of Fondi. Amyclae was founded between Lake Fondi and the Terracina coast, on the edge of the murky waters of the swamps present at the time. The quiet Amyclaeans were plagued by the cursed and numerous evil forces of the swamp, unstoppable beings such as the monstrous serpent with nine heads, the Lernaean Hydra, which attacked with poisonous venom, and whose heads would re-grow as quickly as Hercules could slice them off with his sword. The city of Amyclae was soon annihilated. The few survivors abandoned the city and relocated a few kilometers south to the area now known as Itri. These first inhabitants of Itri supposedly adopted the emblems of the "Signum Salutis", a serpent, as their symbol of power, and "Amycleus", the dog's head,  as their symbol of fidelity.

More likely, Itri was probably a town or outpost of the Aurunci, later conquered and assimilated by the Romans.

The name Itri derives from the Latin word iter, meaning "route" or "way", appropriate since the city lies where the old Roman Via Appia, built in 312 BC, crosses the Monti Aurunci by way of a narrow pass, the Gola di Sant'Andrea, called by Charles Dickens a "noble mountain pass". An alternative hypothesis on the origin of the town's name suggest it derived from the cult of the Eastern God Mithra, as there is a large subterranean temple dedicated to him a few hundred meters south of the town. Still another suggestion is that it derives from the Greek for snake "hydra", pronounced in some dialects as "itra".  In Roman times Itri would have been no more than a post station, a role it continued in until well into the nineteenth century; in Bourbon times Itri was the 12th of 18 posting stations going south from Rome to Naples.

In the Middle Ages the population grew, and three lines of walls were built to protect the people living around the castle. Itri was part of the duchy of Gaeta and was a possession of the Dell'Aquila family, dukes of Fondi. In modern times Itri was part of the Kingdom of Naples.

Due to its location on the Gola di Sant'Andrea, Itri has historically been the scene of much military activity and a number of important battles.  Perhaps the most famous occurred in 1503 when Consalvo of Cordova defeated the French army under the command of the Duke of Nemours, an action known as the Battle of the Garigliano.

During World War II, Allied bombing destroyed 75 percent of the city edifices.

Main sights

 The Castle, which commands all the neighbouring valley. It has a square tower merloned wall, attributed to Duke Docibilis I of Gaeta (882), to which his grandson Marinus II added a polygonal tower. A third tower, nicknamed del Coccodrillo ("Crocodile") is site in a lower position, directly over Via Appia. A third line of wall is from the mid-13th century.
 The church of San Michele Arcangelo (11th century), in Arabic-Norman style.
The 12th-century bell tower of the destroyed church of St. Maria Maggiore, with Byzantine art-style decorations.
The Sanctuary of the Madonna della Civita is located  from the city on a mountain once devoted to the Roman God Mercury with a splendid panorama. It houses a holy image of the Virgin, which, according to the legend, was painted by St. Luke. It was crowned here by Pope Pius VI, and again by Pius IX in 1877. King  Ferdinand II of Naples visited the place in 1849.
The Fortress of Sant'Andrea was built in the first century BC on the remains of an ancient Roman villa, located along the Old Via Appia in the direction of Fondi. This fortress was used by Fra Diavolo during the defensive operations against the French in 1798.
The Church of Santa Maria di Loreto is located on a hill northeast from the center of the town. It is connected to the convent of the Cappuccini order. The painting of the Madonna of Loreto, created by 18th century Neapolitan artist Sarnelli, hangs above the church's altar.

Patron saint
The Madonna della Civita is the patron saint of the town; her feast is celebrated on July 21.

Popular tradition narrates that the sacred painting representing the image of the Madonna was found in the 8th century by a deaf and mute shepherd, who was looking for a missing cow on Mount Civita. Upon discovering the painting, the mute shepherd fell to his knees, prayed, and miraculously was able to hear and speak for the first time in his life. He went back to the town to share his discovery with the Itrani, who were shocked and amazed to witness that the shepherd could now hear and speak.

The origin of the painting appears to be dated back to the 8th century, when the Byzantine Emperor Leo III ordered religious persecutions and banned the cult of sacred images.

People

Michele Pezza (Fra Diavolo)
Pope Urban VI
Paolo Burali d'Arezzo

Culture

 On March 19 of each year, the people of Itri celebrate the feast of Saint Joseph (Festa di San Giuseppe), patron of the carpenters. The festivity is tied to a secular tradition, and on that night very large bonfires are ignited, around which people dance around, sing and prepare the traditional "zeppole di San Giuseppe", a traditional fried dough made with sugar, eggs and coated with honey.
 The day of Corpus Domini (60 days after Easter), Itri celebrates L'Infiorata. An entire main street of the town, the via della Repubblica, is covered with a variety of different colored flower petals, used to reproduce sacred images and images of the town itself, such as the castle and its churches. At the end of the day, the religious procession passes over the floral masterpieces.
 The Feast of the Madonna della Civita is Itri's main attraction, celebrated typically on three consecutive days, July 20, 21 and 22. This is often an occasion for Itri's emigrants to return to their hometown. The 3-day feast is celebrated with religious processions, people walking up and down via Civita Farnese among amusement rides and hundreds of stands selling just about anything. Each night culminates with the performance of singers (with the most famous one performing on the last night of the celebrations) and spectacular fireworks.
 The neighborhood of Knightsville, Cranston, Rhode Island in the United States also celebrates this holiday because many immigrants from Itri moved there.
 On the first Sunday of August, Itri celebrates the most important product of its economy, the olive. The feast known as the Sagra dell'Ulivo is celebrated with oil (on bruschetta) and olive tastings. Folkloristic groups also sing and dance in the main piazza. Itri exports much of its olive oil and olives, under the denomination of "Gaeta Olives". The product adopted the name of the more known nearby city because they were shipped from the seaport of Gaeta.
 Among the traditional dishes prepared in Itri are the Pasta e Fagioli (pasta with beans), Polenta with Sausage Ragu, Risotto with Porcini Mushrooms, Linguine with Asparagus, grilled, roasted or sauteed wild game (such as wild boar, jackrabbit, pheasant, quails, and other local wild birds), and the delicious Marzolino cheese (a sheep's-milk cheese) made locally. Many of the dishes prepared with porcini, asparagus, truffles and wild game come from the remote woods of Itri's own Campello location.

Sister cities
 Cranston, United States

Cultural references

The movie Two Women ("La Ciociara") with Sofia Loren was filmed in Itri.
The legendary Itrano combatant Michele Pezza was the inspiration for Daniel Auber's 3-act opera Fra Diavolo, and the 1933 Laurel and Hardy film, The Devil's Brother.

References

External links

Official website
Italian information on Italian cities and towns

Cities and towns in Lazio
Castles in Italy

Itri


Microsoft TechNet is a website owned by Microsoft, as source for information, news and events for IT professionals. There is also a paid magazine called TechNet Magazine.

TechNet used to be restricted to paying customers. Now the website is free, with extra possibilities for paying customers.

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Microsoft TechNet


Barbadian British people are people in the United Kingdom who were either born in Barbados or have ancestors who were born there. In 2001 over 20,000 British people were born in Barbados, and as stated above there were also many British born people of Barbadian descent. They are a subgroup of the larger Black British community. There are many famous Barbadian British people including footballer Ashley Cole.

Ethnic groups in the United Kingdom
Barbados

Barbadian British


{{Dalalka
|native_name                   = Jaamcada(Wddmd)Carabta.•جامعة الدول العربية
|conventional_long_name        = Arab League States'
|common_name                   = Arab League States'Midowga Carabta
|qaaradda                      = Afrika.Aasiya
|sawir_calan                   = Flag of the League of Arab States.svg
|sawir_qaran                   = Emblem of the Arab League.svg
|image_map                     =
|astaan_calan                  = Arab League (orthographic projection).svg
|image_map                     = League of Arab States.png
File:Map of League of Arab States countries.png
|caasimadda                    = Qaahiro: Baqdaad: &Dooxa.:!!`?'!!'
|luuqadaha                     = Af-Carabi.:(Af-Kurdish).:Af-Ingiriis.: Af-Faarsi.:&Af-Turki.: & .:•
|-
|caasimada                     = Qaahiro: Madiina: Baqdaad: & Dooxa.:•!!
|-
|GDP_PPP= $50.5' Trillions'
(€47.95' Trillions)
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|GDP_PPP_year = 2019*
|GDP_PPP_per_capita = $29,947.00
|GDP_nominal = $28.357.00.!!'
|GDP_nominal_year = 2019
|GDP_nominal_per_capita = $24,239.00
|Gini_year =
|Gini_change =
|Gini =
|Gini_ref =
|Dawladda                      = Dalalka jaamcada carabta
|-
|darajo_hogaamiye1             =
Madaxweynaha:(Sacuudi Carabiya):
|magac_hogaamiye1          =
|-
|darajo_hogaamiye2             =
Xoghayaha Guud:Masar:
Imaaraadka Carabta:
|magac_hogaamiye2            =
Dr.Syd. Ahmed Aboul Gheit _*
|Mr. Syd. M. H. Mubaarak _*
|-
|darajo_hogaamiye3         =  Gudoomiye:
Ciraaq:-)
|magac_hogaamiye3             =
(fm.)Mr.Saddam (H.A.M.A.)Al-Tikriti._*
Mr.Zine El Abidine Ben. Alie._*
|-
|darajo_hogaamiye4             =  Guddoomiye Kuxigeen:
Aljeeriya:-)
|magac_hogaamiye4             =
Mr.Prof. Abdelaziz Bouteflika_*
Mr.Syd. Ali Abdullah S.(Al'A'Fmly)_*
|-
|sovereignty_type             =
Ka xoroobey:
|sovereignty_note            =
|Boqortooyada Ingiriiska:
 Dawlada Cosmaniya &Faransiiska: .:`~`
|-
|established_event1            =
|established_date1             =
|area                          = 13,953,041`*
|areami²                       = 5,382,910`*
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|population_estimate           =369,029,9363
|population_estimate_year      = 2018*
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|furaha_debedda		           =
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|furaha telefonka              = +
}}Jaamacada Carabta ama Dowladda Jaamacadda Carabta''' waa urur kulmiya wadamada carabta.Waa urur kulmiya wadamo kuyaala Afrika iyo  Aasiya  xubnaha kujira waxaa looyaqaana dawldo caraba.waa dawlado wadaaga arimo dhaqaale iyo arimo siyaasadeed. waxaana ka dhexeeya xidhiidho aad iyo aad ubadan
Wadamada xubnaha ka ah Jaamacadda Carabta waxay daboolayaan in ka badan 13,000,000 km2 (5,000,000 sq m) iyo waliba laba qaaradood oo kala duwan: Afrika iyo Aasiya.

Goobtaasi waxay ka kooban tahay lamadegalka duurka, sida Sahara. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxaa sidoo kale ku jira dhulal badan oo aad u sarreeya sida Dooxada Nile, Dooxada Jubba iyo Dooxada Shebelle ee Geeska Afrika, Buuraleyda Atlas ee Maghreb, iyo Bariiska Fertile ee sii fidiya Mesopotamia iyo Levant. Aagga ayaa ka kooban kaymo qoto dheer oo ku yaal koonfurta Carabta iyo qaybo ka mid ah webiga ugu dheer dunida, Niil.

Qowmiyad-kala-duwan, diini ah, iyo luuqado badan. Diin-badan, Luuqado badan, & Qowmiyado kala duwan.Luuqadaha badan, Qowmiyadaha kala duwan, & Diimaha badan; oo macneheedu yahay Dhaqamada kala duwan ee wayn.

Jaartarka Jaamacadda Carabta, oo sidoo kale loo yaqaano Heshiiska Jaamacadda Carabta, ayaa ah heshiiskii aasaasay ee Jaamacadda Carabta. 1945-kii la aqbalay, waxa uu dhigayaa in "Ururka Jaamacadda Carabtu uu ka kooban yahay Dawladaha Carbeed ee madaxbannaan oo saxiixay Heshiiskan.".
Markii hore, 1945, waxaa jiray lix xubnood oo keliya. Maanta, Jaamacadda Carabta waxay leedahay 22 xubnood, oo ay ka mid yihiin saddex dal oo Afrikaan ah oo ka kala yimi qaybaha ugu waaweyn (Sudan, Algeria iyo Liibiya) iyo waddanka ugu weyn ee Bariga Dhexe (Sacuudi Carabiya).
Shan waddan waxay leeyihiin xaalad kormeeree oo xaq u siinaya inay muujiyaan ra'yigooda oo ay bixiyaan talo laakiin waxay diidaan xuquuqda codbixinta.
Jaamacadda Carab tu waxay u qaybsantaa shan qaybood marka ay timaado gaadiidka, jasiiradda Carabta iyo Bariga dhow ayaa si buuxda ugu xiran hawada, badda, waddooyinka iyo tareenada. Qeyb kale oo ka mid ah League waa dooxada Niil, oo ka kooban Masar iyo Suudaan. Labadan dawladood waxay bilaabeen inay hagaajiyaan nidaamka Nile Nile ee habka safarka si loo wanaajiyo helitaanka iyo sida ganacsi loo korsado. Nidaamka tareenada cusub ayaa sidoo kale lagu wadaa inuu ku xiro magaalada koonfurta Masar ee Abu Simbel iyo waqooyiga Suudaan ee Wadi Halfa iyo ka dibna Khartoum iyo Port Sudan. Qaybta saddexaad ee horyaalka waa Maghreb, halkaas oo 3,000 km oo gawaarida gawaarida ah ay ka socdaan magaalooyinka koonfurta ee Morocco ilaa Tripoli oo ku yaala galbeedka Libya. Qaybta afaraad ee horyaalka waa Geeska Afrika, oo wadamada xubnaha ka ah ay ka mid yihiin Jabuuti iyo Soomaaliya. Labadan dawladood ee Carabta ayaa kala qaybiyay kaliya toban mayl u jirta jasiiradda Carabta ee Bab el Mandeb, taasina si dhakhso ah ayay isu bedeshaa, sida Tarik bin Laden, oo ah walaalkii Osama bin Laden, oo bilaabay dhisidda mashruuc ballaadhan ee mashruuca Horn Horns , kaas oo ugu dambeyntii ujeedkiisu yahay inuu ku xiro Geeska Afrika oo leh Jasiiradda Carabta adoo adeegsanaya buundo weyn. Mashruucan waxaa loogu talagalay in lagu fududeeyo oo la dedejiyo ganacsiga iyo ganacsiga qarniyadii hore ee u dhexeeyay labada gobol. Qaybta ugu dambeysa ee horyaalka waa jasiiradda go'doomin ee Comoros, taas oo aan ku xirnayn dawlad kale oo Carbeed ah, laakiin wali waxay la shaqaysaa xubnaha kale ee Arabic Languages.

Jaamacadda Carabtu waxay hodan ku tahay khayraadka, sida saliid weyn iyo kheyraadka dabiiciga ah ee dalalka xubnaha ka ah. Warshad kale oo si joogta ah u sii kordhaysa ee Jaamacadda Carabtu waa isgaarsiin.

Muddo ka yar 10 sano, shirkadaha maxaliga ah sida Orascom iyo Etisalat waxay ku guuleysteen inay tartan caalami ah sameeyaan.
Horumarka dhaqaale ee ay bilowday Ururka Iskaashatada Wadamada xubnaha ka ah ayaa ka qosol badan kuwii ka soo baxay ururada yar yar ee Carabta sida Golaha Iskaashiga Khaliijka (GCC).

Waxaa ka mid ah Pipeline Arab Pipeline, kaas oo gaas Masar iyo Ciraaq geyn doona Jordan, Syria, Lubnaan, iyo Palestine; Laga soo bilaabo 2013.:• isbeddel muuqda oo ka dhexeeya xaaladaha dhaqaale ayaa ka dhexeeya dalalka saliida ee saliida ee Algeria, Qatar, Kuwait iyo United Arab Emirates, iyo dalalka soo koraya sida Comoros, Jabuuti, Mauritania, Somaliland iyo Eratareya dda.

Ururka Jaamacadda Carabtu waa urur siyaasadeed oo isku daya in uu gacan ka geysto sidii loo xoojin lahaa xubnaheeda dhaqaale ahaan, iyo xallinta khilaafaadka ku lug leh dalalka xubnaha ka ah adoon weydiisan kaalmo shisheeye. Waxay leedahay lahjado xubin baarlamaan ah oo wakiil ka ah arrimaha arrimaha dibedda sida badan waxaa lagu maareyn doonaa kormeerka QM.

Jaangooyada Jaamacadda Carabta [5] waxay taageertay mabda'a dhulkii Carabta iyada oo la ixtiraamayo xushmadnimada dawladaha xubnaha ka ah. Xeerarka gudaha ee Golaha Jaamacadda [20] iyo guddiyada [21] waxay ku heshiiyeen Oktoobar 1951. Xoghaynta Guud waxaa lagu heshiiyay May 1953.

Tan iyo markaas, maamulka Jaamacadda Carabtu waxay ku saleysnaayeen labadii hay'adood ee heer qaran iyo madax-bannaanida wadamada xubnaha ka ah. Ilaalinta dawladnimada shakhsi ahaaneed waxay ka heshay awoodeeda ka soo jeeda dabiiciga dabiiciga ah ee awooda xukunka ah si ay u ilaaliyaan awooddooda iyo madax-bannaanida go'aaminta. Intaa waxaa dheer, cabsida hodanka ah ee saboolka ah ee saboolka ah inuu la wadaagi karo hantidiisa magaca Ummadda Carabta, khilaafyada ka dhexeeya madaxda Carabta, iyo saamaynta awoodaha dibadda ee laga yaabo inay ka soo horjeedaan midnimada Carabta ayaa loo arki karaa caqabado dhinaca isdhexgalka qoto dheer ee horyaal .

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Disambiguate RTL.svg The term "Arab" redirects here. For the entry dealing with the island in the Persian Gulf, see Arab (island) .
Arab Muslims
Arabs & Muslims
Al-Khansaa, Al-Khandi, Yohanan of Damascus, Philip the Arab, May Ziada, Asmahan, Gamal Abdel Nasser, Faisal the First
Al-Khansaa , Al-Khandi , Yohanan of Damascus , Philip the Arab , May Ziada , Asmahan , Gamal Abdel Nasser , Faisal the First
population
425 million
Main population concentrations
Arab countries
some of the African
countries see also: Israeli Arabs
Languages:
Arabic:
religion:
Islam:
Christianity:
Druze religion:
related ethnic groups:
Celestial peoples:
Maltese , Jews , Samaritans and Assyrians.!!'.!!'

Distribution of the Arabic language :
  A single official language.
  official shared language with the majority of Arab natives.
  Official shared language due to significant minorities, history, or cultural reasons.
Arabs are a people of Semitic origin and an ethnic group from the Arabian Peninsula . After the emergence of Islam in the 7th century , the Arab population spread in the Middle East and North Africa in a series of waves of migration, conquest and cultural influence. Countries where the Arabs constitute a clear majority of the population are called " Arab countries ". Today, the name is used as a nickname for the natives of these countries, whose mother tongue is Arabic and the vast majority of them are Muslim (most of them Sunni ).

The most common definitions for the name Arabs in thought and literature, in academic research and in the media, are:

Politically : People who are citizens of countries that are members of the Arab League (or in a broader generalization, the Arab world), but not all Arab countries are members of the Arab League and these countries also have non-Arab citizens. This definition includes over 300 million people. The Arab Leagues includes several African countries, such as Djibouti , Comoros and Somalia , whose Arabic is one of their official languages but whose inhabitants are not Arabs at all. And there are Arabs who are not citizens of these countries (for example, in the United States , Israel and European countries).
Linguistic: people whose mother tongue is Arabic , or who at least speak Arabic in their daily and personal lives, even if they did not grow up using it.

This definition includes over 200 million people who speak different dialects of the Arabic language.
Ethnic - Genealogical - Racial : Humans who live, or whose ancestors lived in the Arabian Peninsula and whose genetic and physical characteristics are originally characterized mainly by the original inhabitants of the Arabian Peninsula .

Cultural: people who see themselves as Arabs (regardless of ethnic and genealogical origins), whose culture and way of life are Arabs and are recognized as Arabs by others.

The majority of Arabs are Muslims (mostly Sunnis and a minority of Shias' and members of other minority classes), and a minority of them are Christians , Druze and others.[1]

etymology:
The word "Arab" in this meaning is mentioned in the Bible several times. Thus, for example, the book of Nehemiah mentions the " Arab rain " that some scholars identify with King Kedar .[2]Also in the Book of Kings, "the kings of the evening" are mentioned[3]And it seems that this phrase refers to the rulers of the Arabian Peninsula, with whom King Solomon had trade relations.[4]The word "Arab" also appears in the Bible in the meaning of the inhabitant of the steppe .

In Semitic languages, as a rule, the root A.R.B carries the meanings of: west, sunset (evening), desert (Arab), mix, trade, crow and clear. All or some of them can have a connection to the origin of the name. [ source needed ] It is also possible that the name can have consonants and the origin of the name is actually in the root A.B.R. in connection with their nomadic way of life. [ source required ]

In the Qur'an the word "Arab" does not appear as a noun but only as an adjective, for example, the Qur'an refers to itself as "Arab and clear" when the two attributes are related to each other.

history:
This chapter is lacking. Please contribute to Wikipedia and complete it . You may find details on the conversation page .
BC

The soldiers of the Assyrian Empire defeat "Gindibu, King of Arabia" riding a camel and his soldiers
The first mention of the Arabs in writing is from an Assyrian inscription from 853 BC ( the Necessary Monolith ), in which King Shalmenser III named " Gindibu , King of Arabia" among the rulers he defeated in the Battle of Karkar . Starting from the Assyrian period and following the domestication of the camel, Arab traders played a central role In the trade between the ancient Near East and the Horn of Africa and ancient Yemen .

There is evidence of trade relations of the peoples of the ancient Near East with the kingdoms of the inhabitants of the Arabian Peninsula, the main commercial relation between them was regarding myrrh and frankincense which were used in the perfume industry and were common in the Arabian Peninsula. An ancient Arabic inscription was found in a building from the days of the First Temple in the City of David , which indicates that a Jewish official who knew the language and had relations with one of the Arab kingdoms of the time lived there.

The Nabataeans migrated in a massive migration at the end of the Persian period from the north of the Arabian Peninsula towards the south of Jordan and the Negev , they conquered and assimilated the remains of the Moabites and the Ammonites and pushed the Adomites north to the south of Mount Hebron in the territories of Judea.:•

After counting:
As a general rule, the great empires of the ancient world did not conquer the Arabian Peninsula, unlike the rest of the Middle East, even the Sasanian Empire , which ruled the eastern and southern coasts of the peninsula, did not reach the interior of the country or the western coastal region where the cities of Mecca and Medina are located - apparently for lack of interest economic in this desert region that cannot sustain fertile agriculture .

Before Muhammad's time , the inhabitants of the Arabian Peninsula were idolaters , Christians or Jews (descendants of Jewish exiles from the Land of Israel and also Arabs who converted under their influence, such as the Kingdom of Hamir ).!!'

The period before Muhammad is called in Islamic literature: "The Age of Ignorance", or the Jahiliyyah . During this period the inhabitants of the Arabian Peninsula were divided into the northern tribes and the southern tribes. The tribal tradition claimed that the people of the north are the descendants of Adnan and Ishmael , while the people of the south are the descendants of a legendary figure named Qahtan .

When there are those who suggest that Kakhatan is Yakattan son of the biblical past.[6]In the Arabian Peninsula , nomadic tribes ( Bedouins ) and permanent tribes lived. The permanent tribes lived in cities or deserts and engaged in agriculture or trade . Unlike them, the nomadic tribes were engaged in escorting caravans that passed through the peninsula. Later there were also Arab groups who became Christians (see: Christian Arabs).

After the rise of Islam and its consolidation in the Arab kingdoms, Muhammad and his army went north towards the territories of the Byzantine Empire and the Sasanian Empire , which were in a period of depression and enjoyed a lasting peace between them. Muhammad's ambition to conquer the world known until then was blocked in the territories of the Gulf of Eilat , and although he sent a letter to the Jews of Eilat (the Byzantine "doe") in which he ordered them to accept his new religion or prepare for their death, it was precisely Muhammad who met his death three years after declaring Islam as The "religion of truth" to control the other nations.

The Arab conquest of the Land of Israel brought the Arabs to the Land of Israel , but they could not defeat the Byzantine Empire and were helped by Jewish collaborators who were tired of life as an oppressed and persecuted religious and cultural minority in their country and fought alongside the Arabs against the continuation of Byzantine rule.

The Arabs treated the Jews and Christians in the Land of Israel as dhimmis , while the Samaritans , whom Muhammad did not know and therefore did not mention in the Koran as monotheists , were forced to convert to Islam by the force of the sword or die, and when they refused, they almost led to their destruction.

After the Arab conquest of the Middle East , Arabs who migrated from the Arabian Peninsula spread to the occupied space: the Levant , Egypt and the Maghreb Greater countries .

Later in the course of history, on the one hand, the majority of the conquered peoples began to see themselves as "Arabs" as well, even if it was only a cultural issue due to the Islamization of their country and people without blood ties to the Arab conquerors, and on the other hand, the immigration of Muslim pilgrims of non-Arab origin began The lands that were conquered towards the Arabian Peninsula for religious reasons etc. were assimilated into the local Arab population. The Arab-Muslim conquest also expanded into Europe , with the conquest of Spain by the Moors .!!'?'!

see also
Islam:
Judaism-Islam relations;
Israeli Arabs:
for further reading:
Bernard Lewis , The Arabs in History , Tel Aviv: Dvir Publishing , 1995.
Albert Hourani , History of the Arab Nations , Tel Aviv: Dvir Publishing, 1996.
Pierre Vidal-Naka (ed.), From the Arab Conquest to Imperial Islam, in: The History of the World from the Dawn of Mankind to the Present , Tel Aviv: Yediot Ahronoth Publishing; 993,pp. 7-10. aurchive
Forigh Ministry of Saudi Arabia.
Prince Saud Al-Fasiel. House of Al Saud Family.!!'

 https://stepfeed.com/amp/7-facts-you-probably-don-t-know-about-the-arab-league-4490.:•

https://www.worlddata.info/iq-by-country.php.:•

https://www.defensenews.com/home/2015/04/01/arab-league-sets-new-defense-force-at-40000/.:

https://interbrand.com/best-global-brands/?filter-brand/-sector=&filter-brand-region=asia-pacific&filter-brand-country=.:•

https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/arab-league.:•

https://www.worlddata.info/alliances/arab-league.php.:•

https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/arab-countries.:•

https://www.wikihow.com/Survive-an-Earthquake.:•

https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/most-hated-country .:•

https://wisevoter.com/country-rankings/average-iq-by-country/.:•

https://www.quora.com/How-many-vowels-consonants-letters-does-Arabic-have-Does-Arabic-have-lowercase-capital-Are-there-many-punctuation-marks-Does-it-have-t-p-d-e-end-g-o-open-v-w-x-sounds.:•

https://www.holidify.com/pages/facts-about-indonesia-2438.html.:•

https://authentic-indonesia.com/blog/8-unique-facts-of-the-bajau-indonesia-sea-gypsies-tribe/.:•

https://industryarabic.com/arabic-facts-statistics/.:•

https://www.simpd.org/iran-turkish-afghan-pornstars/.:•

https://www.globotreks.com/destinations/indonesia/fun-facts-indonesia/.:•

Waddamada "Jaamacadda Carabta."

https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2023/05/18/5-facts-about-arabic-speakers-in-the-us/.:•

.  [].
https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-48703377
|-
[https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/arabic-speaking-countries].

https://ar.wikihow.com/النجاة-من-زلزال-أرضي.:•
|-
https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/literacy-rate-by-country#.:•
|-
[https://www.visualcapitalist.com/mapped-corruption-in-countries-around-the-world/]
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9b/Map_of_League_of_Arab_States_countries.png
|}

https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/countries-with-death-penalty.:•

https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/water-quality-by-country.:•

https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-highest-literacy-rates-in-the-world.html.:•

https://teliahelp.com/en/top-20-iranian-turkish-and-afghan-porn-stars-2021.html.:•

Bassborka Jaamacada Carabta

[].!!`~`

,`~`
https://theculturetrip.com/middle-east/iran/articles/why-iran-is-not-an-arab-country/#.

From Britannica  and Wikipedia and  Libraries.!!`

Arabs are the people of an ethnic group who come from the Arabian Peninsula and speak the Arabic language .

According to Jewish and Arab tradition, they are the grandchildren of Ishmael , the son of Avraham Abino .

Content
1	The Arab world
2	Religion
2.1	Ancient times
3	The Arabic language
4	History and civilization
5	Arab events
6	Ottoman decline:
7	The question of Palestine
8	Arab relations with Jews:

The Arab world:

The Arab world covers most of the countries in the Middle East and North Africa except Iran , Turkey and Bakistaan , and the Land of Israaiil .

The Arab countries are:  Algeria , Baxrayn , Egypt , Iraq , Jordan ,Kuwait , Lubnaan , Libya , Marooko , Cumaan ,Komoros, Qatar , Sacuudi Carabiya , Suudaan , Suuriya , Tunisia , the United Arab Emirates , Mauritania, Jad, and Yemen; Eratareya, Plus The Whole* Somaliland are also included even if the Somalis they don't speak Arabic Languages; Politically Economically; and Gegraphically.• .!!`?'!

In addition, approximately two million Arabs also live in the occupied areas of the West Bank and Gaza in the State of Israel . Almost one million Arabs also live in Israel itself. Arabs also moved to many places in the world especially Europe and Americas.

Arabs are a diverse people, but there are some elements that unite them. The most important of them are the Islamic beliefs and the Arabic language, and the culture and history associated with them.

Religion.!!'?
The largest part of Arabs are Muslims . There are also many Christian Arabs, especially in Lebanon , Syria , Egypt , and the Palestinian territories .

Islam was found in the Arabian Peninsula in the 6th century. It spread quickly over a large part of Asia and Africa , and that is why today there are many Muslims who are not in the Arab world.

Islam, Arab and non-Arab, has two parts: Sunni and Shua . Sunni Islam is the greater part, and most Arabs are Sunni, but in some countries the majority are Shua, mainly Iraq and Bahrain .

Ancient times.!!'
Until Islam came, most Arabs were polytheists . Some tribes of Arabs under the Hamid kingdom converted to Judaism, or accepted the Christian religion.

The Arabic languages.!!'
Postscript-viewer-shaded.png See the main article - Arabic
Arabic belongs to the family of Semitic languages, together with the holy Hebrew (22 & 23) , and Aramaic. Although Arabic is the giant Semitic out there, The Language 28-31* …letters, and they are written from right to left…...!!'?'!!'?

"…. Arabic is another language with a non-Latin alphabet. Though it consists of 28* characters, the complex Arabic script is still often said to be quite hard to learn. Arabic grammar is very different from English grammar, and Arabic is a highly gendered language……"

There are three main versions of the Arabic language: 1st. Quranic or Classical, 2nd. Modern Standard, and  3rd. Colloquial or Daily.!!'
Roughly 25* Dialects fall under these three versions, with some mutually unintelligible and others barely different. As a language learner, deciding to learn Arabic's is the first step.!!'

"….Arabic developed hundred thousand years ago among the Bedouins in the deserts of Arabian Peninsula.."!!'

Its growth was aided by the tradition of poetry which was very advanced in its oral form before it was written down. With the advent of Islam , the Koran became the model of the Arabic language.:•

History and Civilization.!!'
The name Arab to refer to the nomads and camel leaders of northern Arabia is already found in writings from almost three thousand years ago. Later, the term was used for all the inhabitants of the Arabian Peninsula and Surrounding Arae .

Arabs were then a society of tribes. They were grouped according to their family and genealogy, and referred to a single lineage. The Arab society, however, was fragmented thanks to the very difficult conditions of living in the deserts, and therefore there were often fights between tribes and families. It did not appear any Arab country until the arrival of Islam.!!'?'

Arabic performances.!!'
Islamic civilization, Arab and non-Arab, flourished during the era of the Abbasid caliphs, who ruled over the entire Islamic world from their capital in Baghdad in the years 750 to 1258. The rise of Islamic civilization includes Advances in literature , philosophy , and medicine . Greek philosophy such as the works of Plato and Aristotle were translated into Arabic. Islamic medical writings were used in Europe until the 1600s.

Arab sages also made great advances in mathematics. The numbers we use today are called "Arabic numbers" because they were developed by the Arabs and Muslims. Also the division of mathematics "algebra" is an Arab invention, and comes from the Arabic word "Al-Dzabr".

Ottoman "Turks" decline and "Arab World Rise".!!'
At its peak, the Arab world was the most advanced civilization in the world. They possessed incredible wealth, and they led the entire trade between Asia and Europe. Its later rulers became the Ottoman Turks and with the decline of the Ottoman Empire in the 1800s, the flourishing of Arab and Islamic culture began to decline with them.

Many Arab countries then came under the rule of European powers. At the end of the First World War , the Ottoman Empire collapsed, and Most of the Arab countries were under European rule.

The question of Palestin.!!'?

Throughout the First World War , the British promised Arab leaders that Palestine would be included in the territories that would go to the Arabs for independence. The British then promised Palestine to the leaders of the Zionist movement. The history of the Arab-Israeli conflict lies in the mutual promises, as well as the Arab opposition to a Jewish state in the region.

Arab Muslims relations with Arab Jews.!!'?

After the mid-1940s, the situation changed drastically, almost all Arab countries were literally emptied of Jews one after the other, the Polish Arabs have a bitter hatred towards the Jews, almost no Jews are seen before their eyes. The Neturi Karta say that this is a direct result of the movement of Zionism, and later the creation of the Jewish land.

Categories :

Islamic nations.!!'?
At its peak, the Arab world was the most advanced civilization in the world. They possessed incredible wealth, and they led the entire trade between Asia and Europe. Its later rulers became the Ottoman Turks and with the decline of the Ottoman Empire in the 1900s, the flourishing of Arab and Islamic culture began to decline with them.

Many Arab countries then came under the rule of European powers. At the end of the First World War , the Ottoman Empire collapsed, and many Arab countries were under European rule.!!`

.

Warka
 https://en.idi.org.il/articles/38540

 https://www.japantimes.co.jp/tag/libya/
 https://www.japantimes.co.jp/tag/saudi-arabia/
 https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afro-Araplar
 https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pueblo_%C3%A1rabe
 https://www.japantimes.co.jp/tag/syrian-civil-war/
 https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8
 https://www.arabnews.com/node/1823401/saudi-arabia
 https://www.quora.com/When-did-Persia-become-Islamic.!!`

 https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/what-know-about-arab-citizens-israel

 https://www.cs.mcgill.ca/~rwest/wikispeedia/wpcd/wp/e/European_Union.htm

 https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/iran-iraq-power-centres-creating-havoc
 https://www.cs.mcgill.ca/~rwest/wikispeedia/wpcd/wp/u/United_Nations.htm
 https://www.cs.mcgill.ca/~rwest/wikispeedia/wpcd/wp/a/Arabic_language.htm
 https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/most-educated-countries
 https://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/world-university-rankings/2020
 https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/10-countries-with-the-best-education-systems.html
 https://www.gfmag.com/global-data/economic-data/richest-countries-in-the-world
 https://theculturetrip.com/middle-east/iran/articles/how-did-iran-get-its-name/
 https://www.newsweek.com/china-joins-russia-blasting-illegal-strategy-us-syria-1576578
 https://www.cs.mcgill.ca/~rwest/wikispeedia/wpcd/wp/p/People%2527s_Republic_of_China.htm

 https://theculturetrip.com/asia/brunei-darussalam/articles/11-things-that-are-illegal-in-brunei/
 https://inews.co.uk/sport/football/qatar-world-cup-2022-fifa-lgbt-rights-homosexuality-illegal-888155
 https://www.cnbc.com/2020/01/03/who-was-iranian-general-qasem-soleimani-and-why-his-killing-matters.html

 https://www.euronews.com/2021/03/16/the-briefing-why-syria-s-war-has-always-been-europe-s-problem
 https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-03-17/why-the-fight-over-western-sahara-is-heating-up-again-quicktake
 https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2021/02/335958/morocco-exposes-polisario-algerias-propaganda-in-letter-to-un/
 https://www.dailysabah.com/business/tech/turkey-to-build-spaceport-in-somalia-as-part-of-1b-space-program
 https://almashareq.com/en_GB/articles/cnmi_am/features/2022/02/04/feature-02
 https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-9366841/At-five-rockets-slam-base-housing-troops-Iraq-latest-rocket-attack.html
 https://www.goodcountry.org/index/your-questions/countries-included/youve-left-out-a-number-of-territories-nations-why-is-this/

 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_tree_of_Muhammad#:~:text=This%20family%20tree%20is%20about,Ishmael%20through%20the%20Hashim%20tribe.

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 Waddnamha Mashriq Jaamacada Carabta

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 Waddanamaha Geeska Afrika Jaamacada Carabta

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https://www.xe.com/popularity.php.:•

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Jaamacada Carabta


Mikhail Iosifovich Veller (also sometimes Weller; , ) (born May 20, 1948) is a Russian writer of Ukrainian Jewish extraction. He holds a dual citizenship of Russia and Estonia.

Biography
Veller was born in Kamianets-Podilskyi, Ukrainian SSR, Soviet Union (modern day Ukraine)  in 1948. In 1972 he graduated with a degree in linguistics from Leningrad University. He worked as a children's summer camp counselor, a hunter in Taimyr, a shepherd in the Altai mountains, a logger, a journalist, a teacher, and more - around 30 professions in all.

Veller's first book, a collection of short stories titled I Want To Be A Yard-Sweeper, was published in Estonia in 1983, followed by Heart Breaker (1988), Technology of a Short Story (1989), and Rendezvous with a Celebrity (1990). A Novel of Upbringing and Adventures of Major Zvyagin (1991) became bestsellers, along with "The Legends of Nevsky Prospect" (1993). His book Everything about Life is a book about how the world works, why a no one ever has what they need, and why happiness is not achievable but should be sought (his later book Cassandra updates this philosophy). His mini-novel The Knife of Seryozha Dovlatov created a literary scandal. Hist latest bestseller, Courier from Pisa (2000), has had 11 editions.

In Everything about Life Veller repeated Ernest Hemingway's words: "There are people who want to know everything and those who are sick of what they already know. The latter say nothing to prevent things from turning for the worse, while the former interfere in all, hoping to make things better" (paraphrased). Veller proclaims himself to be with the former kind.

Veller nurtures his world-view to the point that he publishes volumes with philosophical inclination. He invented energoevolutionism. According to this theory the primordial energy released in the Big Bang is attached to material structures of ever increasing complexity, which in their turn decompose and release energy. These cycles continue at ever increasing speed. The human existence is entangled in this process and also increases the speed of revolution. Humankind thus is at the cutting edge of the evolution of the universe. The end of history is to arrive when post-humanity will assist the release of all energy in the matter, thereby causing a new cycle by the next BIg Bang event. Within the concept of energoevolution Veller addresses also aesthetics, sociology and psychology. Veller's philosophical essays achieved some attention in Russia and abroad, but also met with severe criticism from professional philosophers.

Veller has lectured on modern Russian prose in the universities of Milan, Jerusalem and Copenhagen.

In his free time, Veller lives in Moscow but continues to work in Tallinn. His hobbies include target shooting.

English translations
 The Guru

References
 Veller's biography

Notes

1948 births
Living people
People from Kamianets-Podilskyi
Russian male novelists
Russian philosophers
Russian Jews
Jewish Russian writers
Russians in Estonia
Recipients of the Order of the White Star, 4th Class

Mikhail Veller


In Egyptian mythology, Set' (also spelled Sutekh, Setesh, Seteh, Seth) was a god of the desert (including desert storms), thunder, evil, pain and suffering.

The word 'Seth' was first said as 'Set'. Because of changes in the Egyptian language over the 3,000 years that Seth was worshiped, the 't' in Set was pronounced so similarly from 'th' that the Greeks wrote it as Seth during the Ptolemaic period. Set was originally responsible for protecting Ra during his journey in the afterlife, personally slaying the great serpent Apep. Late period Set killed his brother Osiris, who had succeeded Ra as pharaoh, out of jealousy. Horus (Osiris and Isis' son) eventually defeated Set and claimed the throne.

Set had three siblings: his brother Osiris and his sisters Isis and Nephthys (who was also his wife).  He also had a nephew Horus.  Nephthys married Set and Isis married Osiris.  Set and Nephthys had a son named Anubis. His father and mother were Geb and Nut respectively.

His color is red which represented evil in Egypt. He also possessed people when he wanted to. Set's consort was Nephthys. Set also had foreign wives Anat and Astarte. Set was unified with the key of trouble and death towards Ancient Egypt which made him deadly.

Appearance
Set is often shown as a mysterious and unknown creature called the Set Animal. The Set Animal had a curved snout, square ears, dog-like body, forked tail, red eyes and red hair. Set could control this animal and would use it to destroy his enemies.

Egyptian gods and goddesses
Gods and goddesses of thunder

Set (deity)


The Bradbury Science Museum is the chief public facility of Los Alamos National Laboratory, located at 1350 Central Avenue in Los Alamos, New Mexico, in the United States. It was founded in 1953, and was named for the Laboratory's second director (1945–1970), Norris E. Bradbury. Among the museum's early exhibits, artifacts and documents from World War II Manhattan Project were displayed upon declassification.  Other exhibits include full-size models of the Little Boy and Fat Man atomic bombs. Admission is free.

Early years
Robert Krohn, who oversaw early nuclear testing at what was then known as Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory, thought the facility required a museum to house historical relics related to weapons research in 1953. Krohn convinced Norris Bradbury (Laboratory director, 1945–1970) a museum could preserve the Laboratory's history and provide a place for official visitors to learn about the Laboratory's weapon programs.

An old ice house on the bank of Ashley Pond across from Fuller Lodge became the first Laboratory museum. Already fitted with a vault door, the ice house satisfied security standards for housing the classified exhibits Krohn wanted to preserve. The ice house Museum opened to official visitors in 1954.

In 1963, Robert Porton, director of community relations at the Laboratory, expressed an interest in adding unclassified exhibits to the Museum.

Bradbury approved the transfer of unclassified exhibits to an area open to the public, and soon World War II-era documents and photographs, tracing the development of the town and the Laboratory, were displayed with scientific memorabilia and working models of unclassified research projects. In its first year, 14,000 visitors from 50 states and 40 countries visited the Museum.

In 1965, the Museum was moved to larger quarters. The range and number of exhibits grew rapidly and included many hands-on models contributed by scientific groups and divisions within the Laboratory.

Named after Norris E. Bradbury
In 1970, the museum was renamed the Norris E. Bradbury Science Museum, honoring the laboratory's second director. Eventually, the museum's official name was shortened to the Bradbury Science Museum. Major renovations to the Museum took place in 1981. Informal, donated exhibits gave way to professionally designed exhibits in a formal museum atmosphere. Videotapes, videodisks, and interactive computer programs were introduced. New artifacts included a Mark 12A warhead, models of Vela and Navistar verification and communication satellites, and an air-launched cruise missile.

Moved to downtown Los Alamos
By 1987, annual attendance had reached 80,000, and parking space for visitors was disappearing. Laboratory officials began exploring options for relocating the Museum site. In April 1993, the Museum moved into its new and present location in the heart of downtown Los Alamos. The building was designed by William Agnew and Associates and is leased by the Laboratory from a private owner.

Today

Approximately 40 interactive exhibits trace the history of the World War II Manhattan Project, highlight the Laboratory's current and historic research projects related to defense and technology, and focus on Laboratory research related to national security, nuclear weapons stockpile stewardship, and other fields. Recent additions to the museum's collections are exhibits about the history of supercomputers, the Los Alamos Neutron Science Center, Los Alamos' contributions to the Mars Science Laboratory (Curiosity rover), nanotechnology, algae biofuels, and high explosives.

See also
 American Museum of Science and Energy
 National Atomic Testing Museum
 National Museum of Nuclear Science & History

References

External links

Museums established in 1963
Science museums in New Mexico
Military and war museums in New Mexico
Museums in Los Alamos County, New Mexico
Buildings and structures in Los Alamos County, New Mexico
World War II museums in the United States

Bradbury Science Museum


is list of wakas written by 100 famous waka poets.  They are cards that have writing on them. There are 200 cards divided into two groups – 100 Yomifuda cards and 100 Torifuda cards.

Hyakunin Isshu as a game
Hyakunin isshu is a popular game in Japan. It is played often during the New Year season. A few games are possible using these cards.

Karuta is the most popular game. A reader reads Kaminoku (the upper words) and Shimonoku (the lower words), and the players compete to see how fast they can pick the matching card. The Kaminoku is not written on the cards, so the players who memorize the Kaminoku have an advantage. The player who can get the most cards wins.

The beginning words are 5,7,5 (about 17 characters), called Kaminoku. The second part are 7,7, called Shimonoku.

Card games

Hyakunin Isshu


Events
 March – The Yorkist King Edward IV returns to England to reclaim his throne.
 April 14 – Battle of Barnet – Edward defeats the Lancastrian army under Warwick, who is killed.
 May 4 – Battle of Tewkesbury – King Edward defeats a Lancastrian army under Queen Margaret and her son, Edward of Westminster the Prince of Wales, who is killed. This practically destroys the Lancastrian cause.
 May 20 – Henry VI of England is murdered in the Tower of London and Edward IV becomes sole King of England.
 October 10 – Battle of Brunkeberg in Stockholm. The forces of Regent of Sweden Sten Sture the Elder with help of farmers and miners repel an attack by Christian I, King of Denmark.
 First Inca Pachacuti Inca Yupanqui of the Inca Empire dies and is succeeded by his son Tupac Inca Yupanqui.
 Pedro Escobar and João Gomes first visit São Tomé and Principe.

1471


The Banner o North Korea wis adoptit on September 8, 1948, as the naitional banner an ensign. The reid starn o Communism can be seen on this banner on a white disc. North Korea haed oreeginally adoptit a "taegeukgi" follaein unthrildom frae Japan wi a taoist yin-yang seembol seemilar tae that in the Sooth Korean banner but later revised its banner tae mair closely reflect that o the USSR.
The banner wis adoptit in 1948, when North Korea became an independent Communist state. The traditional Korean banner wis reid, white, an blue. The kintra retained these colors (wi mair prominence gien tae the reid) an addit a reid starn on a white disk. The disk recalls the taegeuk foond on the banner o Sooth Korea, an represents the opposin principles o naitur. The reid stripe expresses revolutionary tradeetions; the reid starn is for Communism. The twa blue stripes staund for sovereignty, peace an friendship. The white stripe seembolizes purity.

A 600-lb (270 kg) North Korean naitional banner flies frae the warld's lairgest flagpole, which is locatit at Kijŏng-dong, on the North Korean side o the Military Demarcation Line athin the Korean Demilitarized Zone. The banner-pole is 160m taw.

The banner o North Korea slichtly resembles the banners o Thailand an Costa Rica.

Thare ar few ither kent banners in uise. Thare is a banner for the Korean People's Army, as well as its twa subdeevisions the Korean Fowks' Air Force an Korean Fowks' Navy, which follae a common design but wi different colors (blue an white for the Navy an Air Force blue an white for the Air Force). Thare is an' a' a bannner o the rulin Wirker's Pairty o Korea, modeled efter seemilar communist pairty banners, an a banner for the Supreme Commander o the KPA uised bi Kim Jong-il, an haes the Supreme Commander's Airms on a reid field.

North Korea
Naitional seembols o North Korea

Banner o North Korea


Sergius III (or IV) (died November 1073) was the duke of Amalfi from 1069, when he succeeded his father John II, until his death. He was first appointed co-regent by his father in 1031. He and his father were expelled from Amalfi by his grandmother and uncle, Maria and Manso II, in April or May 1034.

In 1038, he returned with his father from exile in Naples, but they were forced out again the next year by Guaimar IV of Salerno. In 1052, they returned from an exile in Greece after Guaimar's assassination. The remaining years of John II's rule were peaceful except in regards to his relations with Gisulf II of Salerno, Guaimar's successor. Gisulf eventually made peace with John, but war broke out between Amalfi and Salerno on John's death. In 1071, Sergius (now sole ruler) was at Montecassino for the reconsecration of that great abbey. Gisulf was also present and Pope Alexander II worked out a peace between the two rulers. It lasted until Sergius' death in late 1073. He was succeeded by his infant son John III, who was soon deposed. Sergius is thus the last independent duke of Amalfi.

References
Chronicon Amalfitanum c. 1300.
Caravale, Mario (ed). Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani: LV Ginammi – Giovanni da Crema. Rome, 2000.
Chalandon, Ferdinand. Histoire de la domination normande en Italie et en Sicilie. Paris, 1907.

1073 deaths
11th-century dukes of Amalfi
Year of birth unknown

Sergius III of Amalfi


Edwin Ellis (1842–1895) was an English artist born in Nottingham, England. He started working life as a lace draughtsman. As an artist he was known for his dramatic paintings of the British coastline, particularly around Yorkshire, Wales and Cornwall. He painted mainly in oils in a broad, impressionistic style. He also painted in watercolour. He exhibited extensively at the Royal Society of British Artists (elected member in 1875), the Royal Academy and many other galleries in London and other UK cities. A major retrospective exhibition of his work was held at the Nottingham Museum and Art Gallery in 1893. He declared himself bankrupt, was involved in two divorce proceedings and died in London of alcohol related problems. At one time he was married to the former wife of American painter George Henry Yewell.

Forty-seven of his oil paintings are held in UK public art collections.

References

1842 births
1895 deaths
19th-century English painters
English male painters
Artists from Nottingham
19th-century English male artists

Edwin Ellis (artist)


Hannah Montana is a 2006 Disney Channel television series. The series stars Miley Cyrus as Miley Stewart. Miley is a normal girl who is also a pop star named Hannah Montana. No one except her family and two closest friends know Miley and Hannah Montana are the same person. Her father, Robby Ray Stewart, it is played by Miley Cyrus' real father, Billy Ray Cyrus. The series also stars Emily Osment as her best friend, Lilly Truscott, Mitchel Musso as Oliver Oken and Jason Earles as Miley's older brother, Jackson Stewart. In 2007 it was nominated for an Emmy award.

Cast

Main
Miley Cyrus as Miley Stewart/Hannah Montana
Emily Osment as Lilly Truscott/Lola
Mitchel Musso as Oliver Oken/Mike Standley III (Seasons 1-3)
Jason Earles as Jackson Stewart
Billy Ray Cyrus as Robby Stewart
Moises Arias as Rico Suave (Season 2-4)

Recurring
Moises Arias: Rico (Season 1)
Shanica Knowles: Amber Addison
Anna Maria Perez de Tagle: Ashley Dewitt
Romi Dames:Traci Van Horn
Dolly Parton: Aunt Dolly
Vicki Lawrence: Mamaw Ruthie
Frances Callier: Roxy
Cody Linley: Jake Ryan
Selena Gomez: Mikayla
Morgan York: Sarah

Episodes

Movies

Hannah Montana & Miley Cyrus: Best of Both Worlds Concert
Hannah Montana & Miley Cyrus: Best of Both Worlds Concert is a musical movie from Walt Disney Pictures shown in Disney Digital 3D using 3D glasses. The movie was planned to only be in cinemas for one week, February 1-7, 2008 in the US and Canada, but the showings were extended. On its first weekend, February 1-3, 2008, the movie made $29 million. Ticket prices were as high as $15, at least 50% higher than most movie tickets in 2008.

Hannah Montana: The Movie

Hannah Montana: The Movie is a 2009 Walt Disney Pictures musical comedy movie based on the Disney Channel show Hannah Montana which was released on April 10, 2009, by Walt Disney Pictures, it was the second Disney Channel series to have a movie for Walt Disney Pictures. The movie was directed by Peter Chelsom. Filming began in April 2008. Most of the filming was in Columbia, Tennessee and Los Angeles, California and was completed in July 2008. The movie stars Miley Cyrus, Emily Osment, Mitchel Musso, Jason Earles, Moises Arias, Lucas Till, and Billy Ray Cyrus. There are also some musical guests including Rascall Flatts and Grammy Winner Taylor Swift.
The movie goes for 98 minutes (including credits).

Songs

Soundtracks and albums
2006: Hannah Montana (soundtrack)
2006: Hannah Montana (Holiday Edition)
2007: Hannah Montana: Special Edition
2007: Hannah Montana 2: Meet Miley Cyrus
2007: Hannah Montana: Disney's Karaoke Series
2007: Hannah Montana 2: Rockstar Edition
2008: Hannah Montana 2: Non-Stop Dance Party
2008: Hannah Montana: Hits Remixed
2008: Hannah Montana & Miley Cyrus: Best of Both Worlds Concert
2009: Hannah Montana: The Movie
2009: Hannah Montana 3
2009: Hannah Montana: The Collection
2010: Hannah Montana Forever
2011: Best Of Hannah Montana

DVD releases

Volume 1: Living the Rock Star Life
(released October 24, 2006)
 "Money for Nothing, Guilt for Free" (at the time when the DVD was released, this episode had not aired on television.)
 "Lilly, Do You Want to Know a Secret?" (first episode)
 "Miley Get Your Gum"
 "I Can't Make You Love Hannah If You Don't"

Special Features:
 An interview with Miley Cyrus about following you dreams
 Miley's Audition Tapes
 "The Best of Both Worlds" music video

That's So Suite Life of Hannah Montana
(released January 16, 2007)
 On the Road Again (Hannah Montana episode)
Special Features:
 "Who Said" Music Video
(This DVD also included another episode from That's So Raven and another from The Suite Life of Zack and Cody. All three episodes were related and had crossovers amongst each other)

Volume 2: Pop Star Profile
(released June 26, 2007)

This DVD includes the first four episodes with Jake Ryan.
 "New Kid in School"
 "More Than a Zombie to Me"
 "Good Golly Miss Dolly"
 "People Who Use People"
Special features:
 "Nobody's Perfect" music video
 A Day with Miley Cyrus and Her Family

Volume 3: Life's What You Make It
(released October 9, 2007)
 "Achy Jakey Heart, Part 1
 "Achy Jakey Heart, Part 2
 "I Want You to Want Me ... To Go to Florida
 "I Am Hannah, Hear Me Croak
Special Features:
 Hannah Montana Backstage Pass
 "Ready, Set, Don't Go" music video by Billy Ray Cyrus

Wish Gone Amiss
(released November 27, 2007)
 "When You Wish You Were the Star"
Special Features:
 "I Wish I May, I Wish I Might: A Guide to Making Wishes" hosted by Jason Earles from Hannah Montana. (Hannah Montana Bonus)
(*This DVD also included episodes from The Suite Life of Zack and Cody and Cory in the House which also had the theme of "Wishing Upon a Star")

Volume 4: One in a Million
(released January 29, 2008)
 "Lilly's Mom Has Got It Goin' On"
 "Me and Mr. Jonas and Mr. Jonas and Mr. Jonas"
 "I Will Always Loathe You"
 "That's What Friends Are For?"
Special Features:
 That's So Raven episode "Run Raven Run"
 "Come Feud with Me" - The top 10 Disney Channel feuds
 "One in a Million" music video
 "True Friend" music video

References

2006 American television series debuts
2011 American television series endings
2000s American television series
2010s American television series
American teen television series
Television series by Disney
English-language television programs

Hannah Montana


The Bombay Chronicle was an English-language newspaper, published from Mumbai (then Bombay), started in 1910 by Sir Pherozeshah Mehta (1845-1915), a prominent lawyer, who later became the president of the Indian National Congress in 1890, and a member of the Bombay Legislative Council in 1893. J. B. Petit had assisted Mehta in launching the newspaper and later went on to control the Indian Daily Mail. From 1913 to 1919 it was edited by B. G. Horniman.

It was an important Nationalist newspaper of its time, and an important chronicler of the political upheavals of a volatile pre-independent India.

The newspaper closed down in 1959.

References

Newspapers established in 1910
English-language newspapers published in India
Defunct newspapers published in India
Newspapers published in Mumbai
Publications disestablished in 1959
1910 establishments in India
1950 disestablishments in India

The Bombay Chronicle


Derbyhaven () ("King's Harbour" or "King's Cove") is a hamlet near Castletown in the southern parish of Malew, Isle of Man. It is located on the isthmus connecting Langness Peninsula to the rest of the island, on the bay of the same name, and also on Castletown Bay on the other side of the isthmus.

In the 17th century it was a significant port. The then Lord of Mann, James, 7th Earl of Derby, had the fort on nearby St Michael's Isle (Fort Island) rebuilt in 1645 (Henry VIII built the original fort in 1540) to protect Derbyhaven from the parliamentarians in the English Civil War. Later, in the 18th century, the fort served as a lighthouse.

Derbyhaven has a plaque commemorating the Battle of Ronaldsway, in which a Manx revolt led by Guðrøðr Magnússon was utterly crushed by Scottish forces in 1275.

External links
 Photographs by Jon Wornham
 The Lords of Man in the Middle Ages
 Where the Battle of Ronaldsway is given as 1270.
 Manx National Heritage - Eiraght Ashoonagh Vannin
 The Friends of Manx National Heritage

Villages in the Isle of Man

Derbyhaven


The Pamunkey River is a tributary of the York River, about  long, in eastern Virginia in the United States. Via the York River it is part of the watershed of Chesapeake Bay.

Course
The Pamunkey River is formed by the confluence of the North Anna and South Anna rivers on the boundary of Hanover and Caroline counties, about  northeast of the town of Ashland. It flows generally southeastwardly past the Pamunkey Indian Reservation to the town of West Point, where it meets the Mattaponi River to form the York River. The river's course is used to define all or portions of the southern boundaries of Caroline and King William counties and the northern boundaries of Hanover and New Kent counties.

Variant names
The U.S. Board on Geographic Names settled on "Pamunkey River" as the river's official name in 1892. According to the Geographic Names Information System, it has also been known as:
Pamauncke River
Pamoeoncock River
Pamunky River
Pemaeoncock
Yough-ta-mund
Youghtanund

See also
List of Virginia rivers

References

Columbia Gazetteer of North America entry
DeLorme (2005). Virginia Atlas & Gazetteer. Yarmouth, Maine: DeLorme. .

Rivers of Virginia
Tributaries of the York River (Virginia)
Rivers of Caroline County, Virginia
Rivers of Hanover County, Virginia
Rivers of King William County, Virginia
Rivers of New Kent County, Virginia
Greater Richmond Region

Pamunkey River


Norman Harold Lever, Baron Lever of Manchester, PC (15 January 19146 August 1995) was a British barrister and Labour Party politician.

Early life
He was born in Manchester, the son of a Jewish textile merchant from Lithuania, and was educated at Manchester Grammar School and Manchester University.  He was called to the Bar of the Middle Temple in 1935. During World War II he served in the Royal Air Force. His brother was Leslie Lever, Baron Lever.

Career
Lever was elected Member of Parliament for Manchester Exchange at the 1945 general election, then Manchester, Cheetham from 1950 to 1974. His brother, Leslie Lever, was elected MP for the neighbouring Manchester Ardwick seat. He promoted the Private Member's Bill that became the Defamation Act 1952.

He was Joint Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Economic Affairs in 1967; Financial Secretary to the Treasury, September 1967–69; Paymaster General, 1969–70, a Member of the Shadow Cabinet from 1970 to 1974 and Chairman of the Public Accounts Committee, 1970–73. His seat changed again, becoming Manchester Central from 1974 to 1979.  On Labour's return to power after the February 1974 general election, he was Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster from 1974 to 1979.

Lever held a number of business appointments in the banking and journalism sectors. He was Governor of the London School of Economics from 1971, and of the English Speaking Union 1973–86. He was a Trustee of the Royal Opera House from 1974 to 1982, and a Member of the Court of Manchester University from 1975 to 1987. He was an Honorary Fellow, and Chairman of the Trustees of the Royal Academy from 1981 to 1987. He held Honorary doctorates in Law, Science, Literature and Technology and was awarded the Grand Cross, Order of Merit, Germany, 1979.

He was appointed a Privy Counsellor in 1969 and created a life peer as Baron Lever of Manchester, of Cheetham in the City of Manchester on 3 July 1979. As a Peer and elder statesman he successfully arbitrated the 1980 Steel Strike, one of the UK's longest industrial disputes. In 1983 he served on the Franks Committee, a committee of inquiry by six Privy Counsellors into the Falklands War. In 1984 he was Chairman of the Commonwealth Prime Ministers' commission into the Developing World Debt Crisis. The following year, 1985 he co-wrote "Debt and Danger" which advocated excusing the Developing World a debt burden which was crippling their fragile economies.

Personal life
His first marriage was in 1939, to a medical student, Ethel Sebrinski (née Samuel), which ended in "a friendly divorce".

In 1945, he married Betty "Billie" Featherman (née Wolfe), and they had one daughter, but Betty died of leukemia shortly after the birth.

His third wife was Mrs Diane Zilkha (née Bashi), the ex-wife of Selim Zilkha, and they married at the Westminster Synagogue on 15 March 1962. They had three daughters. They were married for over 30 years until his death on 6 August 1995, and lived in a 22-roomed apartment in Eaton Square, which Diane "converted ... into a palace".

He was a strong bridge player, who represented both the House of Commons and the House of Lords in their annual match. The side he played for usually won.

Death and legacy
He died in August 1995, aged 81.

His policy was adopted by the G7 in 2005, a decade after his death.

References

External links

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1914 births
1995 deaths
Alumni of the University of Manchester
British Secretaries of State
Chancellors of the Duchy of Lancaster
English Jews
Grand Crosses 1st class of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
Jewish British politicians
Labour Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies
Labour Party (UK) life peers
Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom
Ministers in the Wilson governments, 1964–1970
People associated with the London School of Economics
People educated at Manchester Grammar School
Politicians from Manchester
Royal Air Force personnel of World War II
UK MPs 1945–1950
UK MPs 1950–1951
UK MPs 1951–1955
UK MPs 1955–1959
UK MPs 1959–1964
UK MPs 1964–1966
UK MPs 1966–1970
UK MPs 1970–1974
UK MPs 1974
UK MPs 1974–1979
UK MPs 1979–1983
United Kingdom Paymasters General
Life peers created by Elizabeth II

Harold Lever, Baron Lever of Manchester