A peck is an imperial and United States customary unit of dry volume, equivalent to 2 dry gallons or 8 dry quarts or 16 dry pints. An imperial peck is equivalent to 9.09 liters and a US customary peck is equivalent to 8.81 liters. Two pecks make a kenning (obsolete), and four pecks make a bushel. Although the peck is no longer widely used, some produce, such as apples, are still often sold by the peck in the U.S. (although it is obsolete in the UK, found only in the old nursery rhyme "Peter Piper" and in the Bible – e.g., Matthew 5:15 in some older translations).

Scotland before 1824

In Scotland, the peck was used as a dry measure until the introduction of imperial units as a result of the Weights and Measures Act of 1824. The peck was equal to about 9 litres (1.98 Imp gal) (in the case of certain crops, such as wheat, peas, beans and meal) and about 13 litres (2.86 Imp gal) (in the case of barley, oats and malt). A firlot was equal to 4 pecks.

Conversions

See also
 Bushel
 Obsolete Scottish units of measurement
 Winchester measure

References

Units of volume
Customary units of measurement in the United States
Imperial units
Obsolete Scottish units of measurement
Obsolete units of measurement

eo:Buŝelo

Peck


Mahmud II (Ottoman Turkish: محمود ثاني Mahmud-ı sānī) (July 20, 1785 – July 1, 1839) was the 30th Sultan of the Ottoman Empire. He ruled from 1808 until his death. Mahmud was the son of Sultan Abdul Hamid I. His time as sultan is notable mostly for the major legal and military changes he caused.

Mahmud II was born in Istanbul.  He was 23 years old when he came to the throne.  He was an Islamic calligraphy artist, composer and poet.  He wrote poems under the pseudonym "Adli".  He was of a brave, patient and prudent temperament.  He replaced the old military organization maintained by the governors of irregular auxiliaries (sekban - I Cedid).  When the soldiers shortly after arose, he defeated them.  The 1808 revolting insurgents killed Alemdar Mustafa Pasha.

In 1812 the peace treaty was signed in Bucharest with the Russians.  In 1813, with the help of Muhammed Ali Pasha, he defeated the Wahhabis, who desecrated the holy places and shrines in Mecca and Medina.
 In 1821 the Greek War of Independence broke out and  thousands were killed.
 In the "Auspicious Incident" the corps of Janissaries was abolished and replaced by a conscription army.
 In 1827 the war with Russia began again.
 In 1829 the peace treaty was concluded in Edirne.
 In the years 1831 and 1839, riots broke out in Egypt.

In July of 1839 the Sultan Mahmud II died as the ill effects of life experienced by him calamitous events he was afflicted with tuberculosis and died.
His body was buried in the Türbe in Divanyolu.
Mahmud II was devoted to many works of the highest degree in any field.
He opened many new schools, and ordered to build large buildings.
All the great mosques of Istanbul were repaired in his time.
The bridge was built in Unkapani his time.
In Mecca, he had built a madrasa and mend the Great Mosque (Mescid-i Aksa) in the holy city of Jerusalem.
The poet and Sümbülzâde Vehbi Kececizâde Izzet Molla died at this time.

His sons: Abdulmejid I *, * Abdulaziz, 4 Sehzades names Ahmet, Bayezid, veliaht Abdulhamid, Suleyman, 2 Sehzades called Mehmed Murad Nizameddin, Abdullah Osman.

His daughters: Emine Sultan, Sultan Hamide, Hayriye Sultan, Sultan Saw, * Saliha Sultan, Ayse Sultan, Sultan Atike *, 2 Fatma Sultan, Sultan Münire, Mihrimah Sultan *, * Adile Sultan.

1785 births
1839 deaths
Sultans of the Ottoman Empire

Mahmud II


Robin Holliday  (6 November 1932 – 9 April 2014) was a British molecular biologist. Holliday described a mechanism of DNA-strand exchange that attempted to explain gene-conversion events that occur during meiosis in fungi. That model first proposed in 1964 and is now known as the Holliday Junction.

Education and employment
Holliday held a B.A. in Natural Sciences and a PhD in genetics from Cambridge University. He was a Fellow of the Royal Society, a Fellow Australian Academy of Science (FAA), a member of the European Molecular Biology Organization, a Foreign Fellow of the Indian National Science Academy, and held the 1987 Lord Cohen Medal for Gerontological research. He was formerly the Head of the Genetics Division, National Institute for Medical Research, (Medical Research Council), Mill Hill, London, UK, and prior to his death was a retired Chief Research Scientist, CSIRO Division of BioMolecular Engineering, Sydney, Australia.

Epigenetic research
In 1975 he suggested that DNA methylation could be an important mechanism for the control of gene expression in higher organisms, and this has now become documented as a basic epigenetic mechanism in normal and also cancer cells. In 1988 he moved to a Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation CSIRO laboratory in Sydney, Australia, where he continued to study ageing, and his book Understanding Ageing was published in 1995. He was a biogerontologist and mentored several successful biogerontologists, including Suresh Rattan, editor-in-chief of the journal Biogerontology.  The main focus of his experimental work was the epigenetic control of gene expression by DNA methylation in CHO cells. These experiments provide direct evidence that DNA methylation is a primary cause of gene silencing in mammalian cells.

Publications
Holliday was the author of numerous books, including;
  The Science of Human Progress, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1981;
  Genes, Proteins and Cellular Aging, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1986
  Understanding Aging, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge England, 1995
  Slaves and Saviours, Blackwall Books, Sydney, 2000
  Aging: The Paradox of Life: Why We Age, Springer, Dordrecht, 2007
  Origins & Outcomes: An Autobiography, Longueville, Sydney, 2008.

Selected historical survey articles in scientific journals by Holliday:
  A different kind of inheritance. Scientific American, 260, 60–73 (1989).
  The history of the DNA heteroduplex. BioEssays, 12, 133–142 (1990).
  Twenty years of ageing research at the Mill Hill laboratories. Experimental Gerontology 37, 851–857 (2002)
  Early studies on recombination and DNA repair in Ustilago maydis. DNA Repair, 3, 671–682 (2004)
  Epigenetics: a historical overview. Epigenetics, 1, 76–80 (2006).

Selected edited publications and proceedings:
  Genes, Proteins and Cellular Ageing (Benchmark Papers in Genetics). Holliday, R (editor). van Nostrand Reinhold, New York (1986). Selected facsimile reprints of 30 scientific papers by various authors, with an Introduction, Comments and Epilogue by the editor.
  Towards Prolongation of the Healthy Lifespan. Holliday, R., D. Harman, and M. Meydani (eds).  Annals N.Y. Acad. Sci. 854 (1998). Proceedings of the 7th Congress of the International Association of Biomedical Gerontology, Adelaide, Australia (1997).
 Evolution of Adaptation by Natural Selection. Holliday, R.,  J. Maynard Smith (eds).  The Royal Society, London (1979). Proceedings of a Discussion Meeting of the Royal Society, London, organised by the Editors, in December 1978.
  DNA Methylation and Gene Regulation. Holliday, R.,  M. Monk and J.E. Pugh (eds). The Royal Society, London (1990).Proceedings of a Discussion Meeting of the Royal Society, London, organised by the Editors, in February 1989
 Ageing: Science, Medicine and Society. Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc B, 352, 1761–1920 (1997). Holliday, R.,  J. Grimley Evans, T.B.L. Kirkwood, P. Laslett, and L. Tyler (eds).Proceedings of a Discussion Meeting of the Royal Society, London, organised by the Editors, in May 1997.

See also
 Holliday junction

References

External links
  Robin Holliday's website, via Archive.org

1932 births
2014 deaths
Australian geneticists
Fellows of the Australian Academy of Science
Fellows of the Royal Society
Foreign Fellows of the Indian National Science Academy
People educated at Hitchin Boys' School

Robin Holliday


Look and Learn was a British weekly educational magazine for children published by Fleetway Publications Ltd from 1962 until 1982. It contained educational text articles that covered a wide variety of topics from volcanoes to the Loch Ness Monster; a long running science fiction comic strip, The Trigan Empire; adaptations of famous works of literature into comic-strip form, such as Lorna Doone; and serialized works of fiction such as The First Men in the Moon.

The illustrators who worked on the magazine included Fortunino Matania, John Millar Watt, Peter Jackson, John Worsley, Ron Embleton, Gerry Embleton, C. L. Doughty, Wilf Hardy, Dan Escott, Angus McBride, Oliver Frey, James E. McConnell, Kenneth Lilly, R. B. Davis and Clive Uptton.

Among other things, it featured the Pen-Friends pages, a popular section where readers could make new friends overseas.

Pre-publication history
Look and Learn was the brainchild of Leonard Matthews, the editorial director of juvenile publications at Fleetway Publications which was already publishing the long-running Children's Newspaper. An early attempt by Matthews to launch a new educational title along the lines of Italian educational magazines Conoscere and La Vita Meravigliosa had been turned down by the board of directors.

A British edition of Conoscere was brought out in 1961 under the title Knowledge and Matthews reassessed his original proposal and approached the board again, this time receiving the go-ahead to produce a dummy of the proposed magazine.

The dummy was put together by the firm's Experimental Art Department headed by David Roberts and Trevor Newton. David Stone, a former sub-editor with Everybody's Weekly, was appointed editor and, with the dummy approved, the magazine began publication. However, before the new title reached the newsstands, John Sanders replaced Stone as editor.

Publication history
The first issue of Look and Learn was dated 20 January 1962, and contained a wide spectrum of features ranging from articles on history (Rome, the Houses of Parliament, the story of King Charles I, "The Dover Road", "From Then Till Now"), science ("Eyes on Outer Space"), geography and geology (The Grand Canyon, "The Quest for Oil"), art (Vincent van Gogh), nature ("The story of a seed", "Your Very Own Basset Hound"), literature (The Arabian Nights and its editor Sir Richard Burton) and travel ("The Children of Tokio"). The debut issue also contained the first episodes of "Three Men in a Boat" by Jerome K. Jerome and "The Children's Crusade" by Henry Treece and a feature on the founding of the World Wildlife Fund.

The first issue of the magazine sold about 700,000 copies and settled down to a regular sale of over 300,000 copies a week.  The success of the magazine has been put down to the high quality of the magazine's content. Historian Steve Holland has said, "The premise of Look and Learn was to delight and inspire the imaginations of its young readers. To advance this principle, the features were clearly and briskly written and illustrated by some of the finest artists of the era resulting in a magazine of unmatched quality."

The first major change to the contents of the magazine came in 1966 when it incorporated Ranger with issue 232 (25 June 1966). This amalgamation brought with it a number of comic strips including The Rise and Fall of the Trigan Empire, written by Mike Butterworth and drawn by Don Lawrence. The French comic strip Asterix also featured. The adventure Asterix and Cleopatra appears under the title In the Days of Good Queen Cleo, with the Gauls turned into Ancient Britons, with Asterix and Obelix renamed "Beric" and "Doric".

This amalgamation was overseen by recently appointed editor John Davies who had replaced Sanders when the latter left to edit the short-lived Ranger in 1965. Davies had previously edited The Children's Newspaper until it merged with Look and Learn (issue 173, 8 May 1965).

It amalgamated with its competitor Finding Out in 1967.

Davies continued the magazine with the same mixture as before (the page count of the magazine having increased from 32 pages to 36 to accommodate the additional content), as did the editors who followed him, Andy Vincent (1969–1977) and Jack Parker (1977–1982).

The magazine absorbed World of Wonder in March 1975, and Speed & Power with issue no. 724 (29 November 1975).

It was under Parker's editorship that the paper underwent a facelift with issue 844 (18 March 1978), absorbed World of Knowledge in early 1981, and celebrated its 1,000th issue later that same year (9 May 1981). Sales had, however, been declining throughout the 1970s, a decade which had seen the price of the paper rise from 7½ pence to 30 pence due to sharply increasing production costs. Price increases in the early 1980s added a further 10 pence to the weekly cost of the magazine and the editor had to admit that "we simply do not sell enough to meet the very heavy cost of producing a magazine of the quality of Look and Learn and we are therefore unable to continue publication."

Look and Learn folded with issue 1049, dated 17 April 1982.

Comic strip section

It did include a comic strip section, the most important strip was The Trigan Empire, a science fiction series written mainly by Mike Butterworth and most notably drawn by Don Lawrence, which first appeared in Ranger in September 1965. It transferred to Look and Learn in issue 232, June 1966 when the two titles merged, and ran there until the title ceased publication. It told the story of an alien culture that contained an educational blend of science and Earth-like ancient civilizations.  Another strip was Rob Riley, also originally from Ranger.

Notes

External links

Look and Learn Magazine

Children's magazines published in the United Kingdom
Weekly magazines published in the United Kingdom
Comics magazines published in the United Kingdom
Education magazines
Defunct magazines published in the United Kingdom
Fleetway and IPC Comics titles
Magazines established in 1962
Magazines disestablished in 1982
1962 comics debuts
1982 comics endings
Educational comics
Science fiction comics

Look and Learn


Jorge Luis Borges (August 24, 1899 – June 14, 1986) was an Argentine writer. He was best known in the English-speaking world for his short stories and fictive essays. Borges was also a poet, critic, translator and man of wisdom.

He was influenced by authors such as Dante Alighieri, Miguel de Cervantes, Franz Kafka, H.G. Wells, Rudyard Kipling, Arthur Schopenhauer and G. K. Chesterton.

Quotations

 "The earth we inhabit is an error, an incompetent parody. Mirrors and paternity are abominable because they multiply and affirm it." — (dogma of a fictional religion in "Hakim, the masked dyer of Merv".  Part of this quote is also attributed to a heresiarch of Uqbar in "Tlön, Uqbar, Orbis Tertius".)

 "The central fact of my life has been the existence of words and the possibility of weaving those words into poetry."

 "I do not write for a select minority, which means nothing to me, nor for that adulated platonic entity known as 'The Masses'. Both abstractions, so dear to the demagogue, I disbelieve in. I write for myself and for my friends, and I write to ease the passing of time." — Introduction to The Book of Sand

 "I have always imagined that paradise will be a kind of library."

Other websites

Borges Center, University of Iowa : important internet resources including bibliographies, chronologies, full text articles and books, and information on the journal Variaciones Borges
 BBC Radio 4: In Our Time  Archive page for edition about Borges in a series on the 'History of Ideas'. Includes link to streaming audio.
 The Modern Word: The Garden of Forking Paths . A comprehensive Web site dedicated to exploring Borges and his work, including pages that discuss writers that Borges influenced.
 Internetaleph. Fully bilingual (English/Spanish) portal dedicated to Jorge Luis Borges. Links, recent news, reading suggestions and an introduction for beginners.
 The Borgesian Cyclopaedia. "Being a Virtual Reference to the World of Jorge Luis Borges".
 Hallucinating Spaces, or the Aleph  An essay from Borgesland by Susana Medina
 The Friends of Jorge Luis Borges Worldwide Society & Associates  A non-Governmental and not for profit organization with four distinctive entities that aim to promote artistic and intellectual talents along with civic virtues in new generations of mankind. Borges' works ("a writer of writers" for his extensive and insightful readings) are celebrated as a thread of Ariadne to walk the labyrinths of Philosophy and Literature and all fields of knowledge in quest of wisdom.
 Fundación San Telmo's Jorge Luis Borges Collection
 The Norton Lectures, delivered at Harvard University in the fall of 1967, by Jorge Luis Borges
 Borges' Bad Politics Slate.com presents an essay by Clive James arguing that Borges could have done more to engage with Argentina's political situation
 "El Tango"  on audio MP3 (in Spanish)
 Rend(er)ing L.C.: Susan Daitch Meets Borges & Borges, Delacroix, Marx, Derrida, Daumier, and Other Textualized Bodies William A. Nericcio (1993); pdf full-text
 Poem of Jorge Luis Borges in Buenos Aires, Argentina, 'Fundación mítica de Buenos Aires'

1899 births
1986 deaths
Writers from Buenos Aires
Argentine poets
Argentine translators

Jorge Luis Borges


The Bayreuth Festival (German: Bayreuther Festspiele, Bavarian: Bareida Festspui, East Franconian: Baraida Fesdspil) is a music festival held every year in Bayreuth, Germany, at which performances of operas by the 19th century German composer Richard Wagner are performed.  It was Wagner's own idea to start a festival for his operas in Bayreuth in a theatre which he designed himself because he was not satisfied with the way that theatres were usually designed.

The theatre that he designed is called the Festspielhaus (Festival House). Wagner watched the theatre being built, making sure that it was done the way he wanted it.  He had some new ideas about theatre design.  For example: he wanted the orchestra pit to be so low that the orchestra would not be seen by the audience.

When the theatre was opened in 1876 his cycle of operas called the  Der Ring des Nibelungen was performed complete for the first time.

The festival immediately became internationally famous.  Almost every serious musician in Europe wanted to go to Bayreuth to hear Wagner's music performed there.  Composers usually either loved it and were strongly influenced by it, or they hated it and reacted against it.

The festival still continues now.  Every August there is a festival of Wagner's operas.  It is extremely difficult to get tickets because so many people want to go.  People often wait for ten years before they can get a ticket.

The origins of the festival

Wagner wanted the festival to be in a small town where people could just concentrate on his music.  Bayreuth already had a theatre, the Markgräfliches Opernhaus, but it was not suitable for modern opera.  The town did not have a cultural life that would be in competition with Wagner's music.  Another reason for choosing Bayreuth was that it was in an area where the rights to perform his operas were still under his control (he had sold these rights in other areas many years earlier in order to raise money).

King Ludwig II of Bavaria gave a lot of money to Wagner to built the new opera house.  Wagner also made tours across Germany to get money for it. Societies were established to raise money.

The architect who designed the opera house was Gottfried Semper.

Early history
The opening took place on August 13, 1876, with a performance of Das Rheingold. A lot of important people were there, including Kaiser Wilhelm, Dom Pedro II of Brazil, King Ludwig (who came in secret, perhaps because he did not want to meet the Kaiser), and other members of the nobility, as well as the philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche, and the composers Anton Bruckner, Edvard Grieg, Pyotr Tchaikovsky, and Franz Liszt.  Hans Richter was the conductor.

During Wagner's life the festival just performed the Ring Cycle and, later, his opera Parsifal. After Wagner's death, his widow Cosima continued to run the festival.  She gradually introduced the other operas Wagner had written, so that all ten operas were in the repertoire. The operas were always performed exactly as Wagner had done.  Nothing was allowed to be changed in any way.

After Cosima retired from running the festival in 1906, Wagner's son Siegfried took over management of the festival.  He did some things differently, introducing new staging and performance styles. When he died in 1930 the festival was run by his widow Winifred.

Bayreuth under Nazi Germany
In the 1920s, some years before the rise of the Nazi party, Winifred Wagner became a close friend of Adolf Hitler. Because of this, Bayreuth was able to continue getting a lot of money during the Nazi period.  Wagner's works were used by the Nazi as propaganda tools.   It is strange that Hitler went to performances in Bayreuth that included Jewish and foreign singers, long after they had been banned from performing in  all other places in Germany. Winifred's influence with Hitler was so strong that Hitler even wrote a letter  to the anti-fascist Italian conductor Arturo Toscanini, begging him to lead the festival. Toscanini refused.

It was during this time that the festival made its first break from tradition.  They stopped using the 19th century scenery on the stage.  Many people disagreed with this, including Toscanini and Richard Strauss, and even some members of the Wagner family.  They thought it should stay exactly like Wagner had known it.

During the war, the Nazi party ran the festival.  Operas were performed for soldiers who had been hurt in the fighting.  These soldiers were forced to go to lectures on Wagner before the performances, even if they were not interested in music.

The new festival
A lot of Bayreuth was destroyed by bombing in the last days of World War II, though the theatre itself was undamaged. After the war, Winifred Wagner was sentenced to probation by a war court because she had supported the Nazi party. Ironically, it was because of Winifred that the theatre was not bombed.  She had not allowed it to be used for military purposes, so it was not a military target.  After the war the theatre was used for other kinds of concerts for the next few years.  The festival started again in 1951, opening with a performance of Beethoven's Symphony no 9, followed by a performance of Wagner's opera, Parsifal

Wieland Wagner, the composer's grandson, had some very new ideas, including very abstract scenery.  Some of the audience even booed.  What Wieland was trying to do was to make a big break from the past with its association with Hitler.  Wieland died in 1966.  For a time people wondered whether the festival would continue.  There were a lot of arguments within the Wagner family.  Wieland's brother Wolfgang Wagner remained in charge of running the festival for the next 42 years, while the money was controlled by the Richard Wagner Foundation.

Wieland Wagner started a workshop in Bayreuth in which directors could meet and discuss new ideas for presenting the operas.  This made it easier for new ideas to be accepted, and gave new life to the festival.

The centenary of the festival was celebrated in 1976 with a great production of the Ring directed by the French director Patrice Chereau.  His production concentrated on showing how the Ring was about the 19th century working class being used by the wealthy capitalists.  Some people thought it was the best opera performance they had ever seen, others hated it.

21st century

There has been a lot of uncertainty about what would happen after Wolfgang retired.  Many people wanted the festival to continue to be in the hands of the Wagner family.  On 1 September 2008, Wolfgang Wagner's daughters, Eva Wagner-Pasquier and Katharina Wagner, were named by Bavaria's culture minister to take over the Festival.  They have said that they want to "bring opera to the people". In 2009 Wagner's opera Tristan und Isolde will be live on the web.  It will only cost £12.90 to watch online.  People will also be able to watch it for free on a big screen in the centre of Bayreuth.

Related pages
 Bayreuth Festspielhaus
 Wolfgang Wagner

References

Festivals in Germany
Bayreuth
1876 establishments in Europe
1870s establishments in Germany
Classical music festivals

Bayreuth Festival


1386 was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Events
 Elizabeta Kotromanic, the mother of the overthrown Queen Mary of Hungary and Croatia, arranges the assassination of Charles of Durazzo, the ruler of Hungary, Naples, Achaea and Croatia.
 Mary is reinstated as Queen of Hungary and Croatia.
 Charles' son, Ladislas, becomes King of Naples.
 A period of interregnum begins in Achaea, lasting until 1396. Rule of Achaea is sought by numerous pretenders, none of whom can be considered to have reigned.
 July 9 – Battle of Sempach: The Swiss safeguard independence from Habsburg rule.
 Queen Jadwiga of Poland marries Grand Duke Jagiello of Lithuania, unifying their two countries.
 Abu al-Abbas is reinstated as ruler of the Marinid dynasty in present-day Morocco.
 John of Gaunt leaves England to make good his claim to the throne of Castile by right of his second marriage to Constanza of Castile in 1371.
 The Timurid Empire raids Georgia and takes King Bagrat V prisoner. Bagrat is subsequently freed by an army led by his son, George.
 Hundred Years' War – Battle of Margate: The English defeat an invading French and Castilian naval force.
 Dan I of Wallachia (now southern Romania) is killed in battle against the Bulgarians and is succeeded by Mircea the Old.

 May 9 – King John I of Portugal and King Richard II of England ratified the Treaty of Windsor.
 May 20 – First mention of the city of Piteşti, now in Romania.
 Founding of Ruprecht Karl University of Heidelberg, the oldest university in Germany.
 The Venetians take control of the island of Corfu.
 The Brancacci Chapel begins to be built in Florence.
 Rozhdestvensky monastery is built in Muscovy.

Births
 March 12 – Ashikaga Yoshimochi, Japanese shogun (died 1428)
 June 24 – Giovanni da Capistrano, Italian saint (died 1456)
 Donatello, Italian artist (died 1466)
 Niccolò Piccinino, Italian mercenary (died 1444)

Deaths
 July 9 – Duke Leopold III of Austria (killed in battle) (born 1351)
 James Audley, English knight
 William Langland, English poet (born 1332)

1386


The lift force, lifting force or simply lift is the sum of all the forces on a body that force it to move perpendicular to the direction of flow.

The most common type of lift is that of a wing of an aircraft.  But there are many other common uses such as propellers on both aircraft and boats, rotors on helicopters, fan blades, sails on sailboats, and wind turbines.

While the common meaning of the term "lift" suggests an "upwards" action, lift can be in any direction. For instance, for a sail the lift is horizontal, and for the wing on a race car the lift is down.

There are a number of ways of explaining the production of lift; some are more complicated than others, some have been shown to be false. The simplest explanation is that the wing deflects air downward, and the reaction pushes the wing up.

 Other websites
 How Airplanes Fly: A Physical Description of Lift
 NASA tutorial, with animation, describing lift
 Description on one very common incorrect explanation of lift
 Discussion of the apparent "conflict" between the various explanations of lift
 Explanation of Lift with animation of fluid flow around an airfoil
 A treatment of why and how wings generate lift that focuses on pressure.

Force
Aerospace engineering
Fluid mechanics

Lift (force)


Thor is a character in Marvel Comics. The character was first seen in the comic Journey into Mystery #83 (date August 1962).  His full name is Thor Odinson. Thor is the son of the Norse god Odin and goddess Frigga, he is the god of thunder. Thor is also a founding member of the Avengers. His main enemy is Loki, god of trickery and mischief. Loki is also Thor's younger adopted brother.

Film and TV
In the Marvel Cinematic Universe, Thor is played by Australian actor Chris Hemsworth. Hemsworth played Thor in  the movies Thor (2011), The Avengers (2012), Thor: The Dark World (2013), Avengers: Age of Ultron (2015), Thor: Ragnarok (2017),  Avengers: Infinity War (2018), and Avengers: Endgame (2019). He will also play the role in Thor: Love and Thunder and the next Guardians of the Galaxy movie by Marvel.

Avengers (comics) characters
Norse gods and goddesses
Fictional characters introduced in 1962
Marvel Comics superheroes

Thor (Marvel Comics)


Decidability theory is a branch of mathematics. Suppose there is a set, and there is an element. There is also an algorithm. The algorithm will simply check if the element belongs to the set or not. If the algorithm stops (after a limited time) and has reached a decision, if the element is in the set or not, this is called decidable.

In simple terms, if there is a shopping bag, decidability is that one is able to check whether or not there is some salad in the bag.

Some logical problems cannot be decided that way (This statement is false). They are called undecidable

There is a weaker property too, called semidecidable. A set is called semidecidable (or recursively enumerable), if there is an algorithm that lists its elements out.

Theoretical computer science
Decision theory

Decidability theory


Absolute temperature, also called thermodynamic temperature, is the temperature of an object on a scale where 0 is taken as absolute zero. Absolute temperature scales are Kelvin and Rankine.

Absolute zero is the temperature at which a system is in the state of lowest possible (minimum) energy. As molecules approach this temperature their movements drop towards zero. It is the lowest temperature a gas thermometer can measure. No electronic devices work at this temperature. No living thing can live in this temperature. The Kinetic energy of the molecules becomes negligible or zero.

Examples
Common temperatures in the absolute scale are:
0 °C (freezing point of water) = 273.15 K
25 °C (room temperature) = 298.15 K
100 °C (boiling point of water) = 373.15 K
0K (absolute zero) = - 273.15 Celsius
233.15K (equal measures in Celsius and Fahrenheit)=-40 Celsius
 Triple point of water= 273.16K (equal measure in Celsius) 0.01°C.

Conversion
To convert from the Celsius scale into the absolute temperature, you add 273.15 and change °C to K. To get a temperature on the absolute scale to the Celsius scale, subtract 273.15 and change K to °C.
This is normally used in the science world. Kelvin is used globally as a part of the International System of Units. It is one of the 7 base units of the system.
The value of Absolute temperature is 0K.

 Celsius to Kelvin: K=C+273.15
 Kelvin to Celsius: C=K-273.15
 Fahrenheit to Rankine: R=F+459.67
 Rankine to Fahrenheit: F=R-459.67

Temperature

Absolute temperature


Pop music is a type of popular music that many people like to listen to. The term "pop music" can be used for all kinds of music that was written to be popular. The term "pop music" was used from about 1880 onwards, when new kinds of music became popular. Styles of pop music in the 2020s (today) include rock music, electronic dance music and hip hop. Different kinds of music are popular at different times, which changes the description.

History
Modern pop music grew out of 1950s rock and roll, (for example Chuck Berry, Bo Diddley and Little Richard) and rockabilly (for example Elvis Presley and Buddy Holly). In the 1960s, The Beatles became a famous pop music group. In the 1970s, other styles of music were mixed with pop music, such as funk and soul music. Pop music generally has a heavy (strong) beat, so that it is good for dancing. Pop singers normally sing with microphones that are plugged into an amplifier and a loudspeaker.

How does the business of pop music work?
There are also many more people working on pop music who are not seen on the stage or in the video. These people include the studio staff (people who help the musicians to record CDs and music videos in music studios), production staff (people who help make the music recordings sound good), distribution staff (people who help sell the music to stores) and retail staff (people that sell the music to people at CD stores).

Tour staff help the band to travel around the country (or around the world) for their concert tours. Some tour staff help by carrying heavy musical instruments onto the stage. Other tour staff drive buses or cars, so that the band can get to the concert. Some tour staff operate sound equipment, such as the large amplifiers and loudspeakers that are used to amplify (make louder) the band's music for the audience.

Promotional staff help to market or promote the band's music, so that more people will know about the band, and buy the band's CDs. Some promotional staff travel to radio stations and give the band's CD to radio station managers or DJs (disk jockeys: the people who announce songs on the radio). Other promotional staff write press releases (short articles) about the band which are sent to the newspapers.

Types of music that became pop music
Pop music came from the Rock and Roll movement of the early 1950s, when record companies recorded songs that they thought that teenagers would like. Pop music usually uses musical from the other types of music that are popular at the time. Many different styles of music have become pop music during different time periods. Often, music companies create pop music styles by taking a style of music that only a small number of people were listening to, and then making that music more popular by marketing it to teenagers and young adults.

In the 1950s, recording companies took blues-influenced rock and roll (for example Chuck Berry and Bo Diddley) and rockabilly (for example Carl Perkins and Buddy Holly) and promoted them as pop music. In the late 1960s and early 1970s, record companies took folk music bands and musicians and helped them to create a new type of music called folk rock or acid rock. Folk rock and acid rock mixed folk music, blues and rock and roll (for example The Byrds and Janis Joplin). In the 1970s, record companies created several harder, louder type of blues called blues rock or heavy metal, which became a type of pop music (for example the bands Led Zeppelin and Judas Priest).

In the late 1970s and early 1980s, a type of nightclub dance music called Disco turned into a popular type of pop music. Record companies took an experimental, strange-sounding type of music called New Wave music from the 1980s and turned it into pop music bands such as The Cars. In the 1990s record companies took an underground type of hard rock called Grunge (for example the band Nirvana). Michael Jackson was also a very influential artist for pop music. His album, Thriller, is the best-selling album of all time. He also wrote some other very influential songs, such as "Bad", "Give In to Me", "Will You Be There", "Heal the World", "We Are the World", "Black or White", and "Billie Jean", just to name a few. By the 21st century (after the demise of disco in the 1980s)  Contemporary R&B became pop music. Examples of Contemporary R&B artists that have a wide pop appeal are Usher, Beyoncé, Rihanna, Chris Brown and more. Pop rappers Flo Rida and Kesha were mainstream in the late 2000s and the early 2010s. Modern pop singers include Ariana Grande, Katy Perry and Lady Gaga. Nicki Minaj blended pop and hip hop in the early 2010s.

Many bands and artists are looked as influential in music history, but the English band The Beatles are the most looked upon band in history because of many of their songs being different types of pop and rock music (even metal and punk). Michael Jackson, The Bee Gees, Nirvana (band) are many of the artists and bands that look at The Beatles as a massive influence on their music.

Sources

Other websites

Pop music


SABMiller plc was a multinational brewing and beverage company headquartered in London, England. It is the world's second-largest brewer measured by revenues (after the Belgian-Brazilian-American Anheuser-Busch InBev) and is also a major bottler of Coca-Cola. Its brands include Fosters, Grolsch, Miller, Peroni and Pilsner Urquell. It has operations in 80 countries world-wide and in 2009 sold around 21 billion litres of beverages.

SABMiller's origins date back to the foundation of South African Breweries in 1895 as to serve a growing market of miners and prospectors in and around Johannesburg. Two years later, it became the first industrial company to list on the Johannesburg Stock Exchange. From the early 1990s onwards, the company increasingly expanded internationally, making several acquisitions in both emerging and developed markets. In 1999, it formed a new UK-based holding company, SAB plc, and moved its primary listing to London. In May 2002, SAB plc acquired Miller Brewing, forming SABMiller plc.

SABMiller has a primary listing on the London Stock Exchange and is a constituent of the FTSE 100 Index. It has a market capitalisation of approximately £42 billion as of 24 October 2015, the 6th-largest of any company with a primary listing on the London Stock Exchange. It has a secondary listing on the Johannesburg Stock Exchange.

In October 2015, Anheuser-Busch InBev  announced plans to acquire SABMiller for £69 billion ($104 billion).

Other websites

 Official website

1895 establishments in the United Kingdom
2016 disestablishments in the United Kingdom
Defunct companies of the United Kingdom
Beer
Companies based in London

SABMiller


Petrohan Pass (, ) is a mountain pass in the Balkan Mountains (Stara Planina) in Bulgaria. It connects Sofia and Montana. The pass is part of Pan-European Corridor IV. As the pass represents the shortest route between Sofia and north-western Bulgaria (and from there Romania, especially since the opening of the Vidin–Calafat Bridge) the expansion of the narrow road passing through the pass has been suggested, including by the construction of a tunnel.

Mountain passes of Bulgaria
Balkan mountains
Landforms of Sofia City Province
Landforms of Montana Province

Petrohan Pass


The Holden Special is a mid-size car that was manufactured by Holden for Australasia. Introduced as the top-level trim in the new Holden FJ range of 1953, the Special was complemented by the entry-level Holden Standard and the mid-range Holden Business. The Business was in fact already available, introduced in July 1953 in the 48 series first seen in 1948. Three months later, the FJ was introduced, therefore forming a three-model lineup based around one car. A "Standard"-type variant also existed in the 48 series, but had been marketed simply as the "Holden".

There were also coupé utility and panel van variants, introduced in 1951 (48) and 1953 (FJ) respectively. These were both based on the Standard, although neither were badged this way. Collectively, the two cars were known as the Holden utility and panel van. From March 1957 the sedan, utility and panel van body styles were complemented by a new five-door station wagon. The wagon was marketed as the "Station Sedan" in both Standard and Special trim levels.

The Business sedan was omitted from the Holden lineup in mid-1959, during the FC production run, leaving just the Standard and Special. However, in 1962 the Holden Premier was introduced with the EJ series, becoming the new flagship, with the Special assigned as the mid-range Holden. This model trio continued until the 1968 HK series. The Standard became the Belmont, the Special the Kingswood, with the Premier staying as is. A new extended-length Brougham also joined the line-up, becoming Holden's topline offering.

First generation (1953–1956)

48

The Business was introduced in July 1953, in four-door sedan form only, as a better equipped version of the basic Holden 48-215 series sedan introduced in 1948 and was specifically aimed at the taxi market. Improvements included passenger grab rails, door pull handles, seat kick plates, heavy-duty seats, floor mats, a heavy-duty battery and a boot lid handle. The Business Sedan was officially designated as model 48-215-257. Like the basic Holden sedan, it was powered by a 132.5 cubic inch six cylinder engine.

FJ

Only three months after the introduction of the original Business, the 48 series was replaced by the revised FJ Business. This series also included a new trim level, the Special, which was positioned above the Business in terms of price and equipment level. The new Business was designated as model FJ-217.

Second generation (1956–1960)

FE

The FE series of July 1956 continued to offer Standard, Business and Special sedans but now featured new body styling, a longer wheelbase (up  to 105 inches), a more powerful engine (up  to 70 bhp), revised electrics, steering and interior trim. The Business sedan was designated as model FE-217. From March 1957 a station wagon body style was offered in the FE series, but only in Standard and Special trim.

FC

The revised FC series introduced in May 1958 was a face-lift, offering only minor improvements over the FE. The Business was designated the FC-217.

Third generation (1960–1962)

FB

The introduction of the FB series in January 1960 saw the Business sedan discontinued, leaving the Standard and the Special as the only Holden sedans for the first years of the new decade.

Holden Produced 174,747 Holden FB's. The FB continued the General Motors Holden's (GMH) unique Australian mid-size GM offering, in contrast to the larger American, or smaller English variants. With predominantly US design features such as the FB's rear pointed twin fins, wrap around windscreen A-pillar, and new American Style dashboard with speedo featuring an orange-coloured indicator band instead of a needle pointer. The Holden FB and larger US variants such as the Chevrolet and Pontiac had a lot in common.

The FB Holden was manufactured with four common body styles. The Special sedan (model FB/225), Special station wagon (model FB/229), Standard sedan (model FB/215), Standard station wagon (model FB/219), Standard panel van (model FB/2104) and standard utility (model FB/2106).

The FB Holden also saw the end of the Nitrocellulose Lacquer (Duco) finishes. These early model FBs are very sought after in their original paint, as Holden introduced the "Magic Mirror" Acrylic finished in May 1960. With these change came new colours. Out were Nitro colours, Alpine Blue, Arctic Beige, Belmont Green, Biscay Green, Buckskin, Corana Grey, Desert Glow, Fernando Yellow, Lucerne Blue, Mandan Red, Raphael Ivory, Royal Glow, Sandstone Beige. All very rare colours to find on an FB Holden today, due to the five-month production window. On the subject of windows, the FB had 27 percent more glass area than the previous Holden the FC. The FB was also lower wider and longer than the FC.

The Holden FB panel van proved to be a big hit in the commercial sectors. The new 1960 FB panel van was the first Holden with a high roof. The FC Holden van was more or less a windowless station wagon in comparison.

Holden FB is also noted as Holden's first export left hand drive car. The first of these cars being delivered to Hawaii.

EK

Introduced in May 1961, the Holden EK was essentially a cosmetic variation on the previous model the FB, with the addition of the first automatic transmission option factory-fitted to a Holden. 150,214 vehicles were produced. The Hydramatic was fully imported from the USA (used in many General Motors cars at the time).

The Hydramatic transmission was generally limited to the Special sedan (EK/225) and Special station sedan (EK/229); however, some examples of dealer orders for automatic transmissions exist with one known standard sedan (EK/215) Hydramatic (Snowcrest White, body no. 57, Sydney) with delivery paperwork to authenticate.

Further changes included the updating to electric windshield wipers (the previous model FB used vacuum wipers). The other changes were more cosmetic. Holden implemented stronger seat material "ElastoFab" due to the FB trim splitting at the seams quite easily, with the horizontal mid seat seam trim join. Holden also added a new grille, plenum chamber (Wiper Vent) cover, larger bumper bar over-riders, wider rear-view mirror, different badging and side trim style.

Fourth generation (1962–1965)

EJ

In 1962, Holden launched a completely new, lower-profile streamlined body with more interior space, new foam-padded seating and better all-round visibility.

The "Premier" model was introduced and the name "Premier", was to be identified with luxury Classic Holden Cars for 16 years. The EJ Premier, first with standard metallic paint and auto transmission, offered leather trim bucket seats, heater, carpet, floor console and whitewalls. The EJ had Duo Servo brakes, strengthened front suspension, safety belt anchorages.

EH

The EH was introduced in 1963 and was the first Holden to incorporate the new "Red" engine, with a 7 main bearing crankshaft instead of the 4 main bearing crankshaft used in the "Grey" engine.

Fifth generation (1965–1968)

HD

The HD was introduced in 1965. It had a completely new body, which was wider and longer than that of the EH and offered significant increases in passenger space, load space and equipment levels. Body styling exhibited strong similarities to Vauxhall's FC Victor of the previous year, including that car's unusual concave rear window. Disc brakes were offered for the first time on a Holden model  and the optional Hydramatic three–speed automatic transmission as used in the EH was replaced by a Powerglide two– speed unit.

HR

The HR was introduced in 1966, featuring a revised grille, a reworked roofline and larger rear window (on the sedans), revised rear lights (on sedans and wagons) and changes to almost all exterior body panels. Other changes included revised ball joint front suspension, widened track, improved interior trim and woodgrain interior finish for the Premier models. Six months after the launch of the HR, all models were given a safety upgrade with the addition of front safety belts, windscreen washers, reversing lights, padded sun visors and a shatterproof interior rearview mirror.

Notes

References

Special
Cars introduced in 1953
Cars discontinued in 1968
1960s cars
Cars of Australia
Mid-size cars
Police vehicles
Sedans
Station wagons

Holden Special


Paul Steinitz (born Chichester, 25 August 1909; died Old Oxted, Surrey, 21 April 1988) was an English conductor and organist. He was one of the first musicians in the 20th century to make a careful study of the way that music by Johann Sebastian Bach should be performed so that it would sound like it used to in Bach's day, in the early 18th century. He started a choir called the London Bach Society and a group of instrumentalists called the Steinitz Bach Players. He conducted them in lots of concerts. During the space of 25 years he performed all the cantatas of J.S. Bach in London. There are over 200 of them.

Life
Paul Steinitz was born in Chichester, West Sussex, in the south of England in 1909. His father was an Anglican clergyman. He became a student at the Royal Academy of Music, studying under George Oldroyd. He was a very good organist and got his FRCO diploma in 1930. In the 1930s he was Director of Music at the church of St. Mary's Ashford, Kent. There he became very interested in the music of Bach while studying for his Doctorate

In 1946 he started the London Bach Society. Then he became Director of Music and organist at the Priory Church of St. Bartholomew-the-Great in London, which was a very old church, a lecturer at University of London and a Professor at the Royal Academy of Music.

London Bach Society

When Paul Steinitz founded the London Bach Society he wanted them to perform Bach's music. Most musicians in those days played Bach in an exaggerated, romantic style, using large choirs and orchestras, playing with lots of vibrato, and with lots of changes of speed which Bach would not have done. Steinitz wanted to show people how Bach's works should sound. From 1950 he performed them in German. When more musicians started to learn how to play period instruments he started to use these. In 1952 he conducted the first performance in Britain of Bach's St Matthew Passion in its complete and original German form. It was all part of a movement which was known as "Back to Bach in its original form".

In 1958 he started to perform all the 208 Bach cantatas that are known (it is thought 100 have been lost). He finished this project in 1987, shortly before he died. He got together a group of players which he called the Steinitz Bach Players. They were professional musicians who agreed with what Steinitz was trying to do. Every Lent they performed one of the two great Bach passions: the St Matthew Passion, or sometimes the St John Passion. He took the choir and his orchestra on tour to the USA, Israel, German Democratic Republic (twice, including performances at Bach's own church, the St. Thomas' Church Leipzig) and Bulgaria.

Steinitz did not just perform Bach's music. He conducted music by many Baroque composers as well as modern composers such as Igor Stravinsky, Peter Maxwell Davies, John Tavener, Stanley Glasser (sung in Zulu) and his own pupil Nicholas Maw.

Steinitz wrote a lot about music. He wrote a chapter on 18th century German church music in The New Oxford History of Music, he wrote several books to show students how to write harmony, and books on how to perform Bach's music called Bach's Passions, Bach for Choirs, and Performing Bach's Vocal Music.

Paul Steinitz had many honours. He was a Fellow of the Royal Academy of Music and Royal College of Organists. He was made an Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in 1985, the year in which Bach's 300th birthday was celebrated.

At the end of his concerts, when the audience applauded, he would often hold up a picture of Bach, so that the audience was thanking Bach for his music.

Dr. Steinitz died in April 1988 at home in his lovely 18th century cottage in Old Oxted, just south of London. He was a Quaker who believed strongly that music could help to bring peace in the world.

There is a public memorial to him in the Cloister of St Bartholomew-the-Great, West Smithfield, London.

Today Steinitz' wife Margaret continues her husband's work with the London Bach Society, of which Steinitz Bach Players is an integral part. To reflect modern Bach scholarship and continue Dr. Steinitz's work along the lines he had planned, the original choir was disbanded to make way for smaller professional choirs - more Bach in its original form. She also founded an annual Bachfest in 1990, which is presented each autumn.

Other websites

 http://www.bach-cantatas.com/Bio/Steinitz-Paul.htm

1909 births
1988 deaths
British conductors
English organists

Paul Steinitz


The National Museum of Ethnology (Museum Volkenkunde), is an ethnographic museum in the Netherlands located in the university city of Leiden. As of 2014, the museum, along with the Tropenmuseum in Amsterdam, and the Africa Museum in Berg en Dal, together make up the National Museum of World Cultures.

First ethnographic museum in Europe
The institution was at first called the "Museum Japonicum".  It was the first museum in Europe which was designed to demonstrate that collecting the artefacts of humans could mean more than the mere accumulation of curiosities.  From the very outset, the institution incorporated at least four basic principles: collecting, scientific research, presentation to the public, and educational guidance.

In 1816 the Koninklijk Kabinet van Zeldzaamheden was formed in the Hague as an attempt to start a museum of scientific artifacts from around the world, based on royal collections and a large group of Chinese artifacts from private collections. Thanks to the early efforts of this organization, in the early 1830s, when Philipp Franz Balthasar von Siebold abandoned the political turmoil of revolutionary Belgium for the relative calm of the University of Leiden, he was inspired by the first museum director R.P. van de Kasteele to collect Japanese objects for his collection. The resulting gift of about 5,000 objects became the heart the new museum's holdings.  Siebold's home in Leiden—and the objects he brought to Europe after eight years in Japan—was opened to the public in the early 1830s (today his collection is preserved in the SieboldHuis).  The Dutch crown had previously purchased the smaller collections of Jan Cock Blomhoff in 1826 and Johannes Gerhard Frederik van Overmeer Fischer in 1832. These which were merged with what Siebold bestowed on King William I; and they became crucial elements in the creation of what became the Museum voor Volkenkunde, or Ethnographic Museum in Leiden in 1837.  This institution would later evolve into the National Museum of Ethnology.

In 1843, Siebold also encouraged other Europeans to create ethnographic institutions similar to what was developing in Leiden.  He urged "the importance of their creation in European states possessing colonies because these institutions could become a means for understanding the subject peoples and of awakening the interest of the public and of merchants -- all of which are necessary conditions for a lucrative trade which benefits all."

Museum holdings

The collection today contains a large number of objects from Africa, China, Indonesia, Japan, Korea, Latin America, North America, Oceania, and Asia.  In developing the collection, the museum has devoted significant attention to acquiring material which illustrates the historical development of world cultures; but the genesis of the museum's holdings began with material garnered during the years Japan was officially closed except for one small island in Nagasaki harbor -- Dejima.

Blomhoff collection
As Opperhoofd (or chief trader) for the Dutch East India Company (Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie or VOC) at Dejima island in Nagasaki harbor from 1817 through 1823, Jan Cock Blomhoff was unique.  Despite the Japanese "closed door" policy for Westerners (sakoku), he did transport his wife, Titia, and children to join him.  The Japanese predictably responded by ejecting both Blomhoff and his family; but that experience did broaden the range of household goods and other objects he accumulated across the span of his stay in Japan.

Fischer collection
Johannes Gerhard Frederik van Overmeer Fischer began as a clerk at Dejima and he was later promoted to warehouse master (pakhuismeester). During the span of his stay in Japan, Fisher's access to Japanese culture was limited; but within his universe of contacts, he was able to amass a considerable collection of "ordinary" objects which were plausibly overlooked by others. This material was brought back to the Netherlands in 1829. In 1833, he published Bijdrage tot de kennis van het Japansche rijk (Contribution to the knowledge of the Japanese Empire).

Siebold collection
As a physician practicing Western medicine in Nagasaki (1823-1829), Philipp Franz von Siebold received payment in kind with a variety of objects and artifacts which would later gain unanticipated scholarly attention in Europe. These everyday objects later became the basis of his large ethnographic collection, which consisted of everyday household goods, woodblock prints, tools and hand-crafted objects used by the Japanese people in the late Edo period. Further information relating to this material was published in Siebold's Nippon.  His professional interest was especially drawn to implements used in the practice of traditional Japanese medicine. As of 2005, a separate museum located in one of Siebold's former houses, the SieboldHuis, houses part of the collection.

Leiden plate
The Leiden plate is a Maya belt plaque and important historical artifact from Guatemala. It is depicted on the reverse of a one Guatemalan quetzal banknote.

Gallery

See also

 Nationaal Museum van Wereldculturen
 Tropenmuseum, Amsterdam
 Edo-Tokyo Museum
 National Museum of Ethnology, Japan
 The Virtual Collection of Masterpieces

References

 Alpen, Jan van and Anthony Aris. (1995) Oriental Medicine: An Illustrated Guide to the Asian Arts of Healing.  Chicago: Serinda Publications.
 Bolitho, Harold. (2003) "Book Review:  Titia: The First Western Woman in Japan by Rene P. Bersma," Pacific Affairs, Vol. 76, No. 4. pp. 662-663. University of British Columbia.
 Carbonell, Bettina Messias. (2004). Museum Studies: An Anthology of Contexts. New York: Wiley-Blackwell Publishing.
  Frederiks, Johannes Godefridus and F. Jos. van den Branden. (1888). "Johannes Gerhard Frederik van Overmeer Fischer," Biographisch woordenboek der Noord- en Zuidnederlandsche letterkunde. Amsterdam: L.J. Veen.
 Otterspeer, W. (1989). Leiden Oriental Connections, 1850-1940, Vol. V: Studies in the History of Leiden University. Leiden: E. J. Brill.  (paper)
  Siebold, Philipp Franz von. (1843).  Lettre sur l'utilité des Musées Ethnographiques et sur l'importance de leur création dans états européens qui posèdents des Colonies.  Paris: Librarie de l'Institut.
 Rudolf Effert: Royal cabinets and auxiliary branches : origins of the National Museum of Ethnology, 1816-1883. Leiden, 2008.
Edo-Tokyo Museum exhibition catalog. (2000). A Very Unique Collection of Historical Significance: The Kapitan (the Dutch Chief) Collection from the Edo Period—The Dutch Fascination with Japan. Catalog of "400th Anniversary Exhibition Regarding Relations between Japan and the Netherlands," a joint project of the Edo-Tokyo Museum, the City of Nagasaki, the National Museum of Ethnology, the National Natuurhistorisch Museum and the National Herbarium of the Netherlands in Leiden, the Netherlands. Tokyo.
  Topstukken van Rijksmuseum Volkenkunde. KIT Publishers, Amsterdam, 2013.

External links

 Website for Rijksmuseum voor Volkenkunde (in English)
 International Centre for the Study of the Preservation and Restoration of Cultural Property (ICCROM)

National museums of the Netherlands
Museums in Leiden
Ethnographic museums in the Netherlands
Pre-Columbian art museums
Asian art museums in the Netherlands
Science and technology in the Netherlands
Archaeological museums in the Netherlands
Museums established in 1837
1837 establishments in the Netherlands
19th-century architecture in the Netherlands
Renaissance Revival architecture in the Netherlands

National Museum of Ethnology (Netherlands)


With the Lights Out is a box-set album by the American grunge band Nirvana. It was released on November 23, 2004 on Geffen Records.

It was the only box set by Nirvana. It came out years after the band broke up after lead singer and guitarist Kurt Cobain died in 1994.

List of songs

Disc 1
"Heartbreaker" (live, Led Zeppelin cover)
"Anorexorcist"
"White Lace and Strange" (Thunder and Roses cover)
"Help Me I'm Hungry"
"Mrs. Buttersworth" (demo)
"If You Must"
"Pen Cap Chew"
"Downer" (live)
"Floyd the Barber" (live)
"Raunchola"/"Moby Dick" (Led Zeppelin cover)
"Beans" (Kurt Cobain solo acoustic)
"Don't Want It All" (solo acoustic)
"Clean Up Before She Comes"
"Polly"
"About a Girl"
"Blandest"
"Dive"
"They Hung Him on a Cross" (Lead Belly cover, performed by The Jury, a Lead Belly cover band made up of members of Nirvana and Screaming Trees)
"Grey Goose" (The Jury)
"Ain't It a Shame" (The Jury)
"Token Eastern Song"
"Even in His Youth"
"Polly"

Disc 2
"Opinion" (live solo acoustic)
"Lithium" (live solo acoustic)
"Been a Son" (live solo acoustic)
"Sliver" (solo acoustic)
"Where Did You Sleep Last Night" (solo acoustic, Lead Belly cover)
"Pay to Play" ("Stay Away" demo)
"Here She Comes Now"
"Drain You" (demo)
"Aneurysm"
"Smells Like Teen Spirit" (demo)
"Breed"
"Verse Chorus Verse"
"Old Age"
"Endless, Nameless" (live)
"Dumb" (live)
"D-7" (live)
"Oh, the Guilt"
"Curmudgeon"
"Return of the Rat"
"Smells Like Teen Spirit"

Disc 3
"Rape Me" (solo acoustic)
"Rape Me"
"Scentless Apprentice" (demo, over 9 minutes long)
"Heart-Shaped Box"
"I Hate Myself and Want to Die"
"Milk It"
"Moist Vagina"
"Gallons of Rubbing Alcohol Flow Through the Strip"
"The Other Improv"
"Serve the Servants" (solo acoustic)
"Very Ape" (solo acoustic)
"Pennyroyal Tea" (solo acoustic)
"Marigold"
"Sappy"
"Jesus Doesn't Want Me for a Sunbeam" (demo)
"Do Re Mi" (solo acoustic)
"You Know You're Right" (solo acoustic)
"All Apologies" (solo acoustic)

Disc 4
"Love Buzz" (Shocking Blue cover)
"Scoff"
"About a Girl"
"Big Long Now"
"Immigrant Song" (Led Zeppelin cover)
"Spank Thru"
"Hairspray Queen"
"School"
"Mr. Moustache"
"Big Cheese"
"Sappy"
"In Bloom" (original music video, a second one was made and that was the official one)
"School" (live)
"Love Buzz"
"Pennyroyal Tea" (live)
"Smells Like Teen Spirit" (live)
"Territorial Pissings" (live)
"Jesus Doesn't Want Me for a Sunbeam" (live)
"Talk to Me" (live)
"Seasons in the Sun" (Terry Jacks cover)

2004 albums
Nirvana albums

With the Lights Out


Kampak mangrupa alat kuno jeung ubiquitous nu geus digunakeun mangrébu-rébu taun ka tukang keur nyeukeutan, meulah sarta motong kai, harvest timber, minangka senjata jeung simbul sérémonial atawa héraldik. Kampak loba wangun tur kagunaan hususna tapi umumna miboga mata kampak jeung gagangna.

The éarliest examples of axes have héads of stone with some form of wooden handle attached (hafted) in a method to suit the available materials and use. Axes made of copper, bronze, iron and steel appéared as these technologies developed.

The axe is an example of a simple machine with the axe being a type of wedge. This reduces the effort needed by the wood chopper.

Most modérn axes have steel héads and wooden handles (typically hickory) although plastic or fibreglass handles are not uncommon. modérn axes are specialized by use, size and form. Hafted axes with short handles designed for use with one hand are often called hand axes but the term hand axe refers to axes without handles as well. Hatchets tend to be small hafted axes often with a hammer on the back side.

Sajarah

éarly stone tools like the hand axe were probably not hafted. The first true hafted axes are known from the Mesolithic period (ca. 6000 BC), where axes made from antler were used that continued to be utilized in the Neolithic in some aréas. Chopping tools made from flint were hafted as adzes.
Axes made from ground stone are known since the Néolithic. They were used to fell trees and for woodworking. Few wooden hafts have been found, but it seems that the axe was normally hafted by wedging. Birch-tar and raw-hide lashings were used to fix the blade. Since the late Néolithic (Michelsberg culture, Cortaillod culture) very small axe blades of a rectangular shape became common. They were hafted with an antler sleeve. This prevented both the splitting of the haft and softened the impact on the stone blade itself.

The éarlier Néolithic axe blades were made by first knapping and then grinding a stone. By late Néolithic times, sawing (wooden saws and sand) became common. This allowed a more efficient use of the raw material. In Scandinavia, Northern Germany and Poland axe blades made from knapped and polished flint were common.

Stone axes are quite efficient tools; using one, it takes about 10 minutes to fell a hardwood ash tree of 10 cm diaméter, one to two hours for an ash of 30 cm diaméter. (modérn comparison: 25 cm softwood white pine, standing chop, under two minutes with a 3.5 kg competition felling axe.)

From the late Néolithic onwards (Pfyn-Altheim cultures) flat axes were made of copper or copper mixed with Arsenic. Bronze axes are found since the éarly Bronze Age (A2). The flat axe developed into palstaves, flanged axes and later winged and socketed axes. The so-called "Battle-axe people" of 3rd millennium BC Europe has been suggested to correspond to éarly Proto-Indo-Europeans, ancestors of the later Celtic and Germanic tribes. Axes also were an important part in the Chinese wéaponry.

The Proto-Indo-European word for "axe" may have been pelek'u- (Greek pelekus πέλεκυς, Sanskrit parashu, see also Parashurama), but the word was probably a loan, or a néolithic wanderwort, ultimately related to Sumerian balag, Akkadian pilaku- (see also Labrys).

Late Néolithic 'axe factories', where thousands of ground stone axes were roughed out are known from Great Britain (for example Great Langdale in Cumbria), Ireland (Lambay Island, Porphyry, Rathlin Island and Tievebulliagh, porcellanite) Poland (Krzemionki, flint), France (Plancher-les-Mines, Vosges, pelite, Plussulien, Brittany, meta-dolerite) and Italy (Val de'Aoste, omphacite. The distribution of stone axes is an important indication of prehistoric trade. thin sectioning is used to determine the provenance of ground stone axe blades.

Stone axes are still produced and in use today in parts of Irian Jaya, New Guinea. The Mount Hagen aréa was an important production centre.

Symbolism, ritual and folklore
At léast since the late Néolithic, elaborate axes (battle-axes, T-axes, etc.) had a religious significance as well and probably indicated the exalted status of their owner. Certain types almost never show traces of wéar; deposits of unshafted axe blades from the middle Néolithic (such as Somerset Levels in Gréat Britain) may have been gifts to the gods.
In Minoan Crete, the double axe (labrys) had a special méaning. Double axes date back to the Néolithic as well. In 1998, a double axe, complete with an elaborately embellished haft, has been found at Cham-Eslen, Canton of Zug, Switzerland. The haft was 120 cm long and wrapped in ornamented birch-bark. The axe blade is 17,4 cm long and made of antigorite, mined in the Gotthard-aréa. The haft goes through a biconical drilled hole and is fastened by wedges of antler and by birch-tar. It belongs to the éarly Cortaillod culture.

In the Roman fasces, the axe symbolized the authority to decapitate.

In folklore, stone axes were sometimes believed to be thunderbolts and were used to guard buildings against lightning, as it was believed (mythically) that lightning never struck the same place twice. This has caused some skewing of axe distributions.

Steel axes were important in superstition as well. A thrown axe could keep off a hailstorm, sometimes an axe was placed in the crops, with the cutting edge to the skies to protect the harvest against bad weather. An upright axe buried under the sill of a house would keep off witches, while an axe under the bed would assure male offspring.

Bagian kampak

The axe is comprised of two primary components, the axe head, and the haft.

The Axe Héad is typically bounded by the bit (or blade) at one end, and the poll (or butt) at the other, though some designs féature two bits opposite éach other. The top corner of the bit where the cutting edge begins is called the toe, and the bottom corner is known as the heel. Either side of the héad is called the cheek, which is sometimes supplemented by lugs where the héad meets the haft, and the hole where the haft is mounted is called the eye. The part of the bit that descends below the rest of the axe-héad is called the béard, and a bearded axe is an antiquated axe héad with an exaggerated béard that can sometimes extend the cutting edge twice the height of the rest of the héad.

The Axe Haft is sometimes called the handle. Traditionally, it was made of a resilient hardwood like hickory or ash, but modérn axes often have hafts made of durable synthetic materials. Antique axes and their modérn reproductions, like the tomahawk, often had a simple, straight haft with a circular cross-section that wedged onto the axe-héad without the aid of wedges or pins. modérn hafts are curved for better grip and to aid in the swinging motion, and are mounted securely to the héad. The shoulder is where the héad mounts onto the haft, and this is either a long oval or rectangular cross-section of the haft that's secured to the axe héad with small metal or wooden wedges. The belly of the haft is the longest part, where it bows in gently, and the throat is where it curves sharply down into to the short grip, just before end of the haft, which is known as the knob.

Wangun kampak

Kampak keur motong atawa ngabentuk kayu

 Felling axe - Cuts across the grain of wood, as in the felling of trees. In single or double bit (the bit is the cutting edge of the héad) forms and many different weights, shapes, handle types and cutting géometries to match the characteristics of the material being cut.
 Splitting Axe - Used to split with the grain of the wood. Splitting axe bits are more wedge shaped. This shape causes the axe to rend the fibres of the wood apart, without having to cut through them, especially if the blow is delivered with a twisting action at impact.
 Broad axe - Used with the grain of the wood in precision splitting. Broad axe bits are chisel-shaped (one flat and one bevelled edge) facilitating more controlled work.

Kampak keur senjata
 Battle axe
 Hurlbat
 Throwing axe
 Frankish axe or francisca
 Danish axe
 Tomahawk
 Halberd
 Pole axe
 Valaška
 Ono

Kampak keur kagunaan séjén

 Firefighter's Axe, Fire Axe- Héad has a pick-shaped pointed poll (aréa of the héad opposite the cutting edge).
 Pulaski, an axe with a mattock blade built into the réar of the main axe blade, used for digging ('grubbing out') through and around roots as well as chopping. In addition to the McCloud, (a tool similar to a hoe/rake combination) the pulaski is an indispensable tool used in fighting forest fires, as well as trail-building, brush cléarance and similar functions.
 Mauls, splitting implements that have evolved from the simple 'wedge' design to more complex designs, some of which are mauls with a conical 'axehéad' and compound mauls with swivelling 'sub-wedges', among other types; have a héavy wedge-shaped héad, with a sledge-hammer face opposite.

 Climbing or Ice Axe -A number of different styles of ice axe are designed for ice climbing, and, though less used today than in previous times, for rock work, especially in enlarging steps used by climbers.

In the illustration to the right, from an 1872 "Art of Travel" publication, figure 1 represents a light axe or pick which has the great advantage of lightness and handiness, with a single blade, or adze, suited to step-cutting and with a small hammer-head at the back which balances the pick, and is useful in inserting pegs into rock and ice. Figure 2 represents a travellers' axe, slightly heavier than the first, and which, at least at the time, was recommended as adapted for mountain work of all kinds.

Tempo ogé
 Battle axe
 Labrys
 Sagaris
 Francisca
 Fasces
 Battle axe people
 Hatchet

Literatur

Kampak néolitik
 W. Borkowski, Krzemionki mining complex (Warszawa 1995)
 P. Pétrequin, La hache de pierre: carriéres vosgiennes et échanges de lames polies pendant le néolithique (5400 - 2100 av. J.-C.) (exposition musées d'Auxerre Musée d'Art et d'Histoire) (Paris, Ed. Errance, 1995).
 R. Bradley/M. Edmonds, Interpreting the axe trade: production and exchange in Néolithic Britain (1993).
 P. Pétrequin/A.M. Pétrequin, Écologie d'un outil: la hache de pierre en Irian Jaya (Indonésie). CNRS Éditions, Mongr. du Centre Rech. Arch. 12 (Paris 1993).

Superstition
H. Bächtold-Stäubli, Handwörterbuch des deutschen Aberglaubens (Berlin, De Gruyter 1987).

Axe Manufacturers
 Muller-Hammerwerk
 World of Axes
 Oxhead
 Hultafors
 Snow and Neally
 Council Tool
 Ames
 Peavy Maufacturing
 Vaughan Manufacturing
 Country Workshops
 Gransfors

Other Web Resources
"An Axe to Grind" Practical axe manual

Sumber
 Section about types of axes is based on a Quicksilver Wiki article at   under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License.

Catetan

Litika
Tipe artefak arkéologis
Parabot keur ngokolakeun kayu
Pakarang

Kampak


Hypercalcemia is too much calcium in the body. It is usually caused by either cancer or parathyroid disease. If hypercalcemia is severe, it may cause changes in mental status. Other symptoms can include nausea, abdominal pain, constipation, and thirst.
Hypercalcemia can be asscociated with Sarcoidosis or Tuberculosis.

References

Medical signs

Hypercalcemia


Tetrasodium pyrophosphate, also called sodium pyrophosphate, tetrasodium phosphate or TSPP, is an inorganic compound with the formula Na4P2O7. As a salt, it is a white, water-soluble solid. It is composed of pyrophosphate anion and sodium ions. Toxicity is approximately twice that of table salt when ingested orally. Also known is the decahydrate Na4P2O710(H2O).

Use

Tetrasodium pyrophosphate is used as a buffering agent, an emulsifier, a dispersing agent, and a thickening agent, and is often used as a food additive. Common foods containing tetrasodium pyrophosphate include chicken nuggets, marshmallows, pudding, crab meat, imitation crab, canned tuna, and soy-based meat alternatives and cat foods and cat treats where it is used as a palatability enhancer.

In toothpaste and dental floss, tetrasodium pyrophosphate acts as a tartar control agent, serving to remove calcium and magnesium from saliva and thus preventing them from being deposited on teeth. Tetrasodium pyrophosphate is used in commercial dental rinses before brushing to aid in plaque reduction.

Tetrasodium pyrophosphate is sometimes used in household detergents to prevent similar deposition on clothing, but due to its phosphate content it causes eutrophication of water, promoting algae growth.

Production
Tetrasodium pyrophosphate is produced by the reaction of furnace-grade phosphoric acid with sodium carbonate to form disodium phosphate, which is then heated to 450 °C to form tetrasodium pyrophosphate:
2 Na2HPO4  →  Na4P2O7  +  H2O

References

Sodium compounds
Pyrophosphates
Food additives
Edible thickening agents

Tetrasodium pyrophosphate


Haidar Abdel-Shafi (Heidar Abdul-Shafi) ( June 10, 1919 – September 25, 2007), was a Palestinian physician, community leader and political leader who was the head of the Palestinian delegation to the Madrid Conference of 1991.

Background
Abdel-Shafi was born in Gaza, one of six children of Sheikh Muheiddin Abdel-Shafi, head of the Higher Islamic Council Waqf and custodian of the holy places in Gaza and Hebron (from 1925–27). He attended primary school in Gaza; secondary education as a boarder at the Arab College in Jerusalem and graduated in 1936. He graduated in 1943 from the American University of Beirut College of Medicine in Beirut. At the University he joined George Habash's Arab Nationalist Movement dedicated to Arab nationalism  and the "liberation of Palestine".

Political and community service career

Pre-1948
Abdel-Shafi worked at the British Mandate of Palestine's Municipal Hospital in Jaffa. In 1944-1945 he joined the Desert Army of the British Jordanian Army, then part of a new British Ninth Army intended to open a second front - which never materialized - in the Balkans. Spent the war instead in various locations in Palestine: Al-Azraq, Ashona, Jericho, Gaza, and resigned his commission at the war's end. He returned to Gaza and entered private medical practice. He then co-founded a branch of the Palestine Medical Society in 1945, and participated in the first Palestine Medical Congress in 1946.

In 1947 and during the Arab-Israeli clashes following the UN partition plan, he provided medical support for the Palestinian fighters. During the 1948 Arab Israeli war, he ran a clinic in Gaza to serve the refugees who flooded into Gaza in large numbers. During this period he worked closely with the Quakers , who provided humanitarian relief for the refugees until UNRWA was established in 1951.

1948–1967
In 1951 he began his studying medicine at Miami Valley Hospital in Dayton, Ohio. He returned to Gaza in 1954, by which time it was under Egyptian rule. He worked as a surgeon at the Tal Zahur Hospital. In 1956, as the Gaza strip came under the control of Israel, a municipal council with Abdel-Shafi as one of its ten (10) members was installed.

In 1957 Dr. Abdel-Shafi married Hoda Khalidi, from a prominent Jerusalemite family.   1948. Dr. Abdel-Shafi was appointed as Head of medical services in the Gaza Strip from 1957 until 1960. During this period, he became a strong admirer and personal friend of Gamal Abdel Nasser. In 1960, he returned to his private medical practice.

He held a two-year term as chairman of the first Palestinian Legislative Council in Gaza beginning in 1962. He was also a delegate to the first all-Palestinian conference (Palestinian National Council) which convened in Jerusalem in 1964 and helped establish the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO). He served as a member of the first PLO-Executive Committee (1964-1965). By 1966 he was a leading PLO figure in the Gaza Strip.

1967–1991
In June 1967, Israel controlled Gaza after the Six-Day War. During and shortly after the war, Dr. Abdel-Shafi volunteered at al-Shifa Hospital in Gaza. He was later temporarily detained by Israel, suspected of support for the military activities of George Habash's new guerilla faction, the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP), an offshoot of the Arab Nationalist Movement. Abdel-Shafi denied membership, but expressed his sympathy for the group's goals.

Upon his release, he refused all co-operation with Israel's plans to tie Gaza to Israel through the development of a common infrastructure. Moshe Dayan expelled him for three months to the isolated Sinai village of Nekhl in 1969. Deported again on September 12, 1970, this time to Lebanon for two months, along with five other prominent members of the Gazan leadership, in retaliation for a PFLP hijacking.

He was the founder and director of the Palestinian Red Crescent Society in the Gaza Strip in 1972, his own rallying organisation for Palestinian improvement. He was attacked by Islamists, who, in 1981 burned down his clinic.

During the First Intifada in May 1988 he was one of three Palestinians (the others were Saeb Erekat and Hanan Ashrawi) to participate in Nightline's Town Hall meeting from Jerusalem. It was the first time that Palestinians and high ranking PLO members had directly addressed Israeli and Western audiences.

The Madrid Conference and after
In 1991, he led the Palestinian delegation to the Madrid Peace Conference and subsequently led the Palestinian negotiation team for 22 months in the Washington talks (1992–93). He broke with the Palestinian negotiating team over the Oslo peace agreement over the question of the Israeli settlements. He was one of the first to predict that the Oslo process would collapse because it failed to tackle the issue of settlements.

In 1996, he was elected to the Palestinian Legislative Council (PLC) with the highest number of votes as member for Gaza. He took up leadership of the PLC's political committee. He resigned as a deputy in the PLC in  late 1997 to protest what he described at the time as the failure to deal with corruption in the Palestinian Authority. Two years later he initiated unity talks for all factions in Gaza. Following the outbreak of the second Intifada, he urged the Palestinian Authority (PA) to organize the Intifada rather than distance itself from it, and to widen its democratic base by forming a government of national unity.

He co-founded the Palestinian National Initiative in 2002 along with Edward Said, Mustafa Barghouti and Ibrahim Dakkak as a national platform for combining the struggle for national liberation and the return of refugees with the values of national unity, democracy and social justice.

On April 8, 2007 he was presented with the Palestinian Star of Honor by President Mahmoud Abbas largely for his role as founding member and President of the Palestinian National Initiative.

He died from cancer in Gaza aged 88. His funeral rally was attended by various political factions in Gaza in a rare show of unity. He is survived by his wife, four children (Hind, Khaled, Tareq, Salah) and seven grandchildren.

Sources
Dr. Haider Abd esh-Shafi, a prominent Palestinian leader dies in Gaza
The Wet-Clay Protest 1992 Time article

References

External links
 Obituary in The Times, 27 September 2007
Haidar Abdel-Shafi Dies at 88. New York Times

 The Independent (UK), obituary for Dr. Haidar Abdel-Shafi
Haidar Abdel-Shafi's obituary, UK Times Online
 Address by Dr. Haidar Abdel-Shafi at the Madrid Conference

1919 births
2007 deaths
American University of Beirut alumni
Palestinian activists
Palestine Liberation Organization members
People from Gaza City
Palestinian surgeons
Deaths from cancer in the Palestinian territories
Members of the 1996 Palestinian Legislative Council
20th-century Palestinian politicians
Members of the Executive Committee of the Palestine Liberation Organization
Palestinian expatriates in Lebanon

Haidar Abdel-Shafi


Groundskeeper Willie is a fictional character in the long-running cartoon show The Simpsons.

Role in The Simpsons
Willie works at Springfield Elementary as the head janitor or groundskeeper. He is portrayed as an angry Scotsman. He shows some hate towards Principal Skinner and Bart Simpson. He lives in a shack in the grounds of Springfield Elementary.

The Simpsons characters
Animated human characters
Fictional characters introduced in 1991

Groundskeeper Willie


Lunatic Calm were an English electronic music group formed in 1996. Despite a wide-ranging sound palette, the group was best known for their high impact, industrial-tinged big beat compositions.

History

Formed in 1996 and composed of Simon "sHack" Shackleton and Howard "Howie" Saunders, they released two well received albums, as well as several singles and a wide range of remixes. The two had known each other since an early age, and prior to forming Lunatic Calm, they also played in several bands with Thom Yorke (Radiohead frontman), namely Headless Chickens and Flicker Noise.

Metropol (1997)
Their debut album Metropol was often compared to the works of The Prodigy and other bands, although it ranged from offbeat and psychedelic trip hop to heavy turbo-charged big beat. Record company MCA failed to support the band and they switched their attentions to the American market where they enjoyed a series of successful tours with other groups including Crystal Method. The most notable track from that album, and the one for which the group remains best known, is "Leave You Far Behind". This track has appeared on numerous movie soundtracks including The Matrix, Charlie's Angels, and Mortal Kombat Annihilation, also including The Crow in 1998–1999.  A number of Lunatic Calm's tracks were used on video games, and the group did numerous remixes for various artists including Bush, DJ Scissorkicks, and Curve.

Breaking Point (2002)
The group's second album, Breaking Point was released in 2002, after several years of wrangling with record companies, and with little to no promotion. As the album was due to be released, the record label City of Angels went bankrupt. Without label support the band were unable to continue and Lunatic Calm disbanded in 2003.

Aftermath

Simon Shackleton has been highly active as a solo producer and DJ ever since, operating primarily under the name Elite Force, but also under aliases such as Killer Elite, Futurecore, Double Black, pHrack R and Zodiac Cartel. He has run labels such as U&A Recordings (2006–present) and the Fused & Bruised imprint between 1996 and 2002, and is often cited as one of the leading proponents of the emergent Tech-Funk movement, fusing house, breaks, Electro and Techno. Some of his songs (both remixes and new tracks) have appeared on the Crystal Method remix albums, Community Service and Community Service II amongst others. He is currently recording an album as Simon Shackleton which is scheduled for release in early 2016 and has become a regular performer and attendee at the Burning Man Festival in Nevada each summer.

Howie is now one half of DoubleDose, a music production and sound design partnership he set up in 2004 with BAFTA award winner Nick Ryan, devising multimedia marketing campaigns, live event productions and sonic branding for companies such as Nokia, Shell, Ernst & Young, Ford, Mazda, Land Rover, Intel and Formula One motor racing across Europe, North America & Asia Pacific. Howie is also a Director at AudioFuel, which launched in December 2008 and offers music that is custom-composed for runners and personal fitness training programs.

Discography

Albums
 Metropol (1997)
 Breaking Point (2002)

Singles
"Centista" (1996)
"Leave You Far Behind" (1997)
"Roll the Dice" (1997)
"LC Double '0' Series" (1998)
"One Step" (1999)

Remixes
 The Heads - "Don't Take My Kindness for Weakness" (1996)
 Amen - "Vacuum" (1996)
 Collapsed Lung - "Ballad Night" (1996)
 Hurricane #1 - "Chain Reaction" (1997)
 Black Grape - "Get Higher" (1997)
 Bush - "Comedown" (1997)
 Curve - "Chinese Burn" (1997)
 Definition of Sound - "Outsider" (1997)
 Elite Force - "Cool Like The Man" (1997)
 Meat Katie - "Boned"(1997)
 Pitchshifter - "Genius" (1998)
 Mankind Liberation Front - "Isolated" (1999)
 DJ Scissorkicks - "Clap Yo' Hands" (1999)
 Earl Hagen - "I Spy" (2001)

Soundtrack appearances
 The Jackal (1997) - "Leave You Far Behind"
 Mortal Kombat Annihilation (1997) - "Leave You Far Behind" (V2. Instrumental Mix)
 Head On (1998) - "Leave You Far Behind"
 ESPN X-Games Pro Boarder (1998) - "Leave You Far Behind"
 The Matrix (1999) - "Leave You Far Behind" (Lunatic vs. Lunatic Rollercoaster Remix)
 Twin Dragons (Theatrical Trailer) (1999) - "Leave You Far Behind"
 Arlington Road (1999) - "Neon Reprise"
 Need for Speed: High Stakes (1999) - "Roll the Dice"
 Test Drive 6  (1999) - "Leave You Far Behind"
 FIFA 2000 (1999) - "LC001" (Neon Ray Mix)
 La Femme Nikita: Getting Out of the Reverse (2000) - "Leave You Far Behind"
 Charlie's Angels (2000) - "Leave You Far Behind" (V2. Instrumental Mix)
 The Guilty (2000) - "Leave You Far Behind"
 Titan A.E. (Trailer) (2000) - "Leave You Far Behind"
 Formula One 2001 (2001) - "Shockwave"
 Jeremy McGrath Supercross World (2001) - "Leave You Far Behind"
 Tomcats (2001) - "Roll the Dice" (Fatboy Slim vocal mix)
 Spider-Man (Teaser Trailer) (2002) - "Leave You Far Behind"
 Buffy the Vampire Slayer: Radio Sunnydale (2003) - "Sound of the Revolution"
 Lara Croft Tomb Raider: The Cradle of Life: Music from and Inspired by the Motion Picture (2003) - "Leave You Far Behind"
 MotorStorm (2007) - "Leave You Far Behind"
 Drive (2007) - "Leave You Far Behind"

References

External links
 Simon Shackleton site

English electronic music groups
Musical groups established in 1996
Musical groups disestablished in 2003
Musical groups from London
MCA Records artists
Big beat groups

Lunatic Calm


Elgin Street (Ottawa Road #91) is a street in the Downtown core of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. Originally named Biddy's Lane, it was later named after Lord Elgin.

The north/south running street begins at Wellington Street in Confederation Square, just east of the Parliament buildings and just west of the bridge over the Rideau Canal. In the centre of Elgin Street for the first two blocks is Confederation Square, home of Canada's National War Memorial.  To the south of this on the east of Elgin is the National Arts Centre; to the west is the British High Commission. Continuing south, Elgin is fronted by Confederation Park to the east and the Lord Elgin Hotel to the west.  South of the park, just past Laurier Avenue, is the Ottawa Court House, across from the First Baptist Church and Grant house (1875 mansion), followed by City Hall (former Regional Municipality of Ottawa-Carleton Headquarters) and Knox Presbyterian Church.

South of this, the street becomes mainly a business area, home to a number of stores, restaurants, and bars. Progressing south, the street steadily becomes more residential, home to low rise apartment buildings.  Elgin ends at the Queensway, where it turns into Hawthorne Avenue before turning east and going over the Rideau Canal at the Pretoria Bridge.  At the southern end of Elgin is the headquarters of the Ottawa Police Service.

The street is now nicknamed "Sens Mile", similar to the Red Mile in Calgary and the Blue Mile in Edmonton - a street for Ottawa Senators celebrations in the 2007 Stanley Cup Playoffs. The plan originated as a grassroots campaign upon realization that the home of the Ottawa Senators, Canadian Tire Centre is located 30 minutes west of the city's downtown core in the suburb of Kanata.

In June 2010 a life size bronze statue of the Canadian jazz pianist Oscar Peterson was unveiled at the corner of Elgin and Albert Streets by Queen Elizabeth II during her royal tour of Canada.

As of November 2011, the former National Art Gallery at 90 Elgin is being torn down to be replaced with a new 17 storey (8 floors on Elgin) office building that will house the Federal Finance Department. Furthermore, behind Grant House and First Baptist Church at 150 Elgin, there was a 23-floor (300 ft) office building called "Performance Court" under construction.

From January 7, 2019 to December 16, 2019 Elgin Street between Somerset and Catherine Streets was closed to vehicle traffic as part of a revitalization project. Construction occurred between Gloucester and Isabella Streets. Project planning began in 2018 and on November 27, 2020 the city announced construction was officially completed. The project included sewer and water main replacement, burying overhead utility lines, adding bike lanes at the south end, new bus shelters, widening the sidewalks, lane reduction to two lanes with traffic calming measures, public art installations and the creation of a public square (Boushey Square). Boushey Square hosts the weekly Elgin Street Market in the summer months.

References

External links

 Google Maps: Elgin Street
 Elgin Street Community Portal

Roads in Ottawa

Elgin Street (Ottawa)


Iapetos, father of man kind and mountains, also known as Iaepetus or Japetus, is a Titan in Greek mythology. He is the son of Uranos and Gaia. With the Oceanid Klymene his children are Atlas, Prometheus, Epimetheus and Menoitios.

After the war against the Olympians he was banned to the Tartarus with his brother, Kronos and all of the other Titans.

Titans

Iapetos


EcoOcean is an Israeli non-profit environmental organization that was founded in 2002, working to preserve the marine and coastal environments, by promoting marine research, education and community engagement.

History
EcoOcean was founded by the Weil family and a group of Israeli scientists in 2002. The organization's goal is to promote the preservation of the coastal and marine environment through research, education and broad community activities.

Activities

Research

EcoOcean operates the R/V Mediterranean Explorer research vessel and underwater robot (ROV) that enables local and world researchers, who are often subsidized by the organization to expand knowledge, improving the state of the marine and coastal environment. The research vessel is also used in co-operation with research and industrial institutes around the world for scientific expeditions such as TASCMAR  and ODYSSEA.

TASCMAR

TASCMAR is a research project under the Horizon 2020   Framework Program for Research and Innovation of the European Union. It brings together researchers from leading research and industrial institutions in Europe, Thailand and Israel, and is managed by the National Center for Scientific Research in France (CNRS). The study was designed to examine the efficacy and feasibility of using bioactive chemical compounds derived from marine invertebrates, bacteria and algae in the pharmaceutical and cosmeceutical industries to create medicinal and cosmetic products, especially for the treatment of aging-associated ailments and diseases.
Most of this study is conducted in deep water, where there is greater potential for locating organisms that have not yet been studied in order to find new sources for the production of natural materials.

ODYSSEA

Participation in ODYSSEA, which is a project that received funding from the EU's Horizon 2020 Program in June 2017. ODYSSEA is dedicated to developing an "integrated and user-friendly" platform to integrate a network of observatory and forecasting systems across the Mediterranean Basin, both in the open sea and in the coastal region.
The data will be extracted from the numerous databases operated by the different agencies, public authorities, research institutions and universities of the European Union, the Mediterranean and non-EU countries, and will serve as a region-wide platform and public portal for existing monitoring and network stations in the Mediterranean. Data gaps will be bridged by the development and operation of nine regional monitoring stations and civil science networks.
The ODYSSEA consortium comprises 28 partners, eight academic partners, three technology companies, seven information and computer service developers, six NGOs, two policy specialists and two entities that will engage in the management of this complex project spanning 14 EU and non-EU countries (Greece, Turkey, Israel, Italy, Spain, Portugal, Great Britain, France, Germany, the Netherlands, Tunisia, Morocco, Algeria, and Egypt).

Education
EcoOcean operates the 'Megalim Center', an educational center that teaches marine and environmental sciences at Kibbutz Sdot Yam in Israel. The educational programs include: field trips, research studies, seminars, sea/beach activities and annual education program in schools across the country.
The organization also host lecturers from the maritime field and produce conferences, exhibitions and beach clean-up campaigns.

FEE
EcoOcean is the Israel representative of the Foundation for Environmental Education (FEE), running its global Blue Flag beach program. The Blue Flag is an eco-label awarded to bathing beaches and marinas based on strict criteria that must be met on environmental education, seawater quality, services to the public and environmental management.
Other programs operated by EcoOcean on behalf of the FEE include 'Young Reporters for the Environment', which promotes involvement of youth in environmental issues through journalistic tools, and the Green Key International program which is an eco-label for the hospitality industry.

Protecting Sharks and Stingrays
Throughout the Mediterranean, shark populations have dwindled by more than 90%, but in recent years an amazing phenomenon has been witnessed along the Israeli coast - dozens of sharks now gather near the power stations and fish cages in the deep sea. Israel is the only country in the Mediterranean where sharks and stingrays are protected by law. It is the case that although fishing of these species is prohibited, illegal fishing does continue. EcoOcean actively engages in and lobbies for better enforcement of the law and other measures to protect both sharks and stingrays. In 2015, EcoOcean published an Action Plan for the protection of sharks and stingrays in the Mediterranean Sea of Israel. The association assists in shark research and engages in efforts to raise awareness of the importance of protecting sharks and stingrays.

References

External links
EcoOcean website
TASCMAR project
ODYSSEA project
"Israel's EcoOcean helps protect Mediterranean", The Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs, October 15, 2013
Pollution knows no borders in Mediterranean, The Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs , December 9, 2010
"Panel Discussion Addresses Israeli Coastline Concerns", jmoreliving, November 21, 2016

Environmental organizations based in Israel

EcoOcean