Jered David Weaver (born October 4, 1982) is an American former professional baseball starting pitcher. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Los Angeles Angels and San Diego Padres. Weaver was drafted in the first round (12th overall) in the 2004 Major League Baseball draft by the Angels out of Long Beach State. He was a three-time All Star, and twice led the American League in wins. He is the younger brother of former pitcher Jeff Weaver.

Early life
Weaver grew up in Simi Valley, California, and attended Simi Valley High School.

College career
Weaver attended college at California State University, Long Beach. Weaver went 37–9 during his baseball career at Long Beach State.  In his final season of 2004, he became the top pro pitching prospect in the country, going 15–1, with a 1.62 earned run average (ERA), 213 strikeouts and just 21 walks in 144 innings.  After the 2004 season, he won the Golden Spikes Award as the top amateur baseball player in America, the Dick Howser Trophy as the national collegiate baseball player of the year, the Roger Clemens Award as college baseball's top pitcher, and was named starting pitcher on the All-American first team by Baseball America.  A 2004 Los Angeles Times called him dominating, describing his pitching as overwhelming "batters with a fastball between 89 and 94 mph, a sharp slider and an improving curveball all thrown with the same three-quarter arm delivery. He also has a fiery streak that is revealed with a fist pump or yell after a strikeout that ends an inning or a long at-bat." The article compared him to 2001 college pitching sensation Mark Prior.

Professional career

2004 draft and minor leagues
Weaver was originally speculated to be one of the top three overall draft picks in 2004; however, the bonus demands of his agent, Scott Boras, turned off several teams. On draft day, Baseball America asked "Where In The World Is Jered Weaver Going? That is the $10.5 million question. No team is claiming him as a possible first-round pick, and there's no sense that a club is lying in the weeds on him. He and adviser Scott Boras don't seem to be backing down from a reported desire for Mark Prior money, and he could slide through the entire first round altogether." Weaver was drafted in the 1st round (12th pick overall) by the Angels in the 2004 Major League Baseball Draft. The Angels scouting director Eddie Bane said he did not know until two minutes before the draft that he'd definitely get the opportunity to choose Weaver. Bane told Baseball America about their scouting, "We did our homework. We started when Jered first got to Long Beach. I watched him in intrasquad games back in January. All our guys had seen him. We didn't back off because of reports in the paper. We do our stuff privately. We were prepared if he was there at 12 to take him." However, negotiations did not proceed smoothly. Talks broke down multiple times. Boras and client Weaver held out until the last minutes before the May 2005 deadline, becoming the longest holdout in draft history. Weaver received a $4 million signing bonus, less than the $10.5 million originally sought and also less than a $7–8 million range mentioned in the media just months before signing.

Weaver's ascent to the major leagues was quick. He made his MLB debut on May 27, 2006, a total of just 361 days after signing with the club. He spent just over one month in Single-A before being promoted to Double-A where he would finish 2005 3–3 with a 3.98 ERA. In 2006, Weaver moved up to Triple-A Salt Lake where he dominated hitters. MiLB wrote of Weaver's success, "It's fairly common for prospects to struggle in their first exposure to Triple-A ball, but the 23-year-old Weaver dominated the Pacific Coast League almost immediately, posting a 6–1 record with a 2.10 ERA in 12 games for the Bees." Angels management were impressed enough to call Weaver up when ace Bartolo Colón was on the disabled list.

Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim / Los Angeles Angels (2006–2016)

2006–2007
He made his MLB debut on May 27, 2006, starting against the Baltimore Orioles. He pitched seven shutout innings, striking out five, and earned the victory. This was followed with three more consecutive victories. Despite his success, when Bartolo Colón returned from the disabled list, Weaver was bumped out of the rotation and sent back down to the minors. He was recalled to the majors on June 30, 2006, when the Angels designated Weaver's brother Jeff for assignment.

Weaver continued his impressive performance, at one point lowering his ERA to 1.12 after six starts. He won his first nine decisions at the start of his major league career, tying the American League record set by Whitey Ford in 1950. Weaver recorded his first loss on August 24, 2006, when he lost to the Boston Red Sox, despite allowing only one earned run in seven innings pitched, a home run to David Ortiz. He finished the season with an 11–2 record and a 2.56 ERA and placed fifth in the American League Rookie of the Year Award voting.

2008
On June 28, 2008, he and José Arredondo combined to no-hit the Los Angeles Dodgers over eight innings, but still lost the game 1–0. This was only the fourth time in major league history that a no-hit bid was unable to go nine innings because of the home team winning the game, and the first as a combined effort. Because they did not pitch nine innings, it is not officially considered a no-hitter.

Weaver made his first career relief appearance against the Boston Red Sox at Fenway Park in Game 3 of the 2008 ALDS. He recorded the win in the bottom of the 12th inning in order to keep the Angels, who previously were down 2–0 in the series, hopes of winning the series alive.

2009
On June 14, 2009, Weaver had his first complete game shutout against the San Diego Padres.

On June 20, 2009, Weaver started for the Angels against the Los Angeles Dodgers. The opposing starter was his older brother Jeff Weaver. This was the first pitching matchup between brothers since 2002 when Andy and Alan Benes matched up and only the 15th such game since 1967. The Dodgers won 6–4, with Jeff getting the win and Jered taking the loss.

Weaver was awarded the inaugural Nick Adenhart Pitcher of the Year award, named after Jered's teammate, for best pitcher on the Angels roster.

2010
Weaver reached a deal with Angels management for a $4.265 million salary for the 2010 season to avoid going into arbitration. During Spring Training, he added a two-seam fastball to his repertoire after instruction from teammates Scot Shields and Joel Piñeiro. After the departure of John Lackey to the Boston Red Sox through free agency, there was some uncertainty over who would assume the role of the club's ace. Many expected that position to be filled by Weaver, who said, "Sure, I'd love to have that role. But I really don't like to think about it. I just try to improve every year, and this year is no exception." Weaver was the Angels' Opening Day starter, beating the Minnesota Twins at Angel Stadium on an ESPN national broadcast.

On July 6, despite not having been initially selected, Weaver was chosen to replace CC Sabathia on the American League roster for the 2010 All-Star Game due to the latter's ineligibility to pitch. He joined Torii Hunter as the only Halos representing the host club for Angel Stadium's third Mid-Summer Classic, though he did not pitch in the game. The All-Star selection was well-deserved, as Weaver posted the best season of his short big league tenure thus far. Weaver was the major league strikeout champion with 233, besting Mariners ace Félix Hernández by a single strikeout. He also posted career-bests in innings pitched (with 224.1), ERA (3.01), and WHIP (1.07). Weaver's success was not reflected in his win–loss record, however, as he went 13–12 due in part to poor run support. Despite the uncertainty over the role earlier in the season, Weaver embraced and ably fulfilled his new responsibility as the team's ace in 2010. He finished 5th in AL Cy Young award voting.

2011
Weaver picked up right where he left off the 2010 season, serving as the Angels' ace along with co-ace Dan Haren. Weaver posted a 6-0 record and a 0.99 ERA in his first six starts, setting a major league record for first pitcher to reach 6 wins by April 25. Weaver struck out a career-high 15 batters on April 10, 2011, in a game against the Toronto Blue Jays. Weaver became the second pitcher in major league history to win his sixth game in just his team's twenty-third game, which tied him with Randy Johnson in 2002.

Through the All-Star break on July 10, Weaver had an 11–4 record and 1.86 ERA in 140.1 innings, complemented by 120 strikeouts, just 31 walks, and a WHIP of 0.91. In July, Weaver's fellow players elected him to his second All-Star Game. On July 11, manager Ron Washington announced that Weaver would start the 2011 All-Star Game for the American League. In his one scoreless inning of work at the All-Star Game, Weaver had one strikeout (Carlos Beltrán), one walk (Matt Kemp) and no hits.

On July 31, in a game against the Detroit Tigers, Weaver gave up a solo home-run to Carlos Guillén who watched the home-run and then stared at Weaver as he flipped his bat, upsetting Weaver. Weaver exchanged words with Guillen as he made his trot around the bags, and the home plate umpire issued warnings to both dugouts. The first pitch to the next batter, Alex Avila, was thrown just over Avila's head. Avila ducked, and Weaver was immediately ejected from the game by home-plate umpire Hunter Wendelstedt, along with Angels Manager Mike Scioscia. Weaver was suspended for six games because of the incident.

In August 2011, Jered Weaver signed an $85 million contract with the Angels for 5 years. Weaver finished the 2011 season with an 18–8 record and a 2.41 earned run average, which was edged out by Justin Verlander's 2.40 for the American League lead and was the lowest ERA by an Angel since Chuck Finley's 2.40 in 1990. He finished 2nd in the AL Cy Young Voting.

2012
Starting off the 2012 season, Weaver pitched a four-hit shutout against Kansas City Royals on April 6. Shortly thereafter, he recorded his first official career no-hitter on May 2 against the Minnesota Twins. Weaver allowed only two baserunners – Chris Parmelee reached on a passed ball after a strikeout in the second inning, and Josh Willingham walked in the seventh, he struck out nine and walked only the one batter. On May 28, Weaver sustained a lower back injury after following through on a pitch and was subsequently placed on the 15-day disabled list. Nearing the end of the season and with the Angels still in contention for a postseason spot, Weaver for the first time in his career won his twentieth game, on September 28 against the Texas Rangers.

2013

On April 7, 2013, Weaver suffered a fractured left elbow following a base hit by Mitch Moreland of the Texas Rangers. Weaver dodged the line drive by Moreland and ended up injuring the elbow as he rolled on the mound. He was placed on the 15-day disabled list the next day after he left the game. He returned on May 29, 2013 against the Los Angeles Dodgers pitching 6 innings with 7 strikeouts.

2014
Weaver finished the 2014 season with a record of 18-9 while having a 3.59 ERA in 213.1 innings pitched.

2015
The 2015 season was a tough one for Weaver as he suffered his first losing season in his career (7-12 in 26 starts) while also registering a then career-high ERA  (4.64). Throughout the season, Weaver suffered continued decrease in velocity, clocking in under 86 mph. He led the major leagues in bunt hits allowed, with seven.

2016
In his final season before free agency, Weaver continued to struggle with velocity and command, ending with the highest ERA of his career (5.06).  He narrowly avoided another losing season, however, going 12-12. He had the lowest ground ball percentage among major league pitchers (28.8%).

San Diego Padres (2017)
On February 19, 2017, Weaver signed a one-year, $3 million contract with the San Diego Padres.

2017
Weaver made his debut with the Padres on April 6, giving up four runs in five innings and taking a loss against the Los Angeles Dodgers. He later went on the disabled list with a hip injury. On August 16, Weaver announced his retirement. Weaver made nine starts in his final season, and went 0–5 with a 7.44 ERA and 23 strikeouts in 42 innings.

Pitching style
Weaver began his windup standing on the extreme third base side of the pitcher's plate, and strode slightly toward the third base side. This, combined with his 6'7" height and long arms, created a pitch traveling at a sharp angle to home plate, making pitch detection more difficult, especially for right-handed batters.

Weaver's arsenal consisted of six pitches:
 Four-seam fastball  (84-88 mph)
 Two-seam fastball (83-87 mph)
 Slider (78-81 mph)
 Curveball (67-72 mph)
 Changeup (75-80 mph)
 Cutter (83-87 mph)

His two-seamer was his most-commonly thrown pitch, especially to left-handed hitters. He used the two-seamer, his curveball, and his changeup to get ahead against left-handers. Weaver typically only threw his slider and four-seamer to lefties when there was a 2-strike count. He also used the changeup with two strikes, but not the curveball. Against right-handers, Weaver used the four-seamer and slider most of the time, and rarely used his curveball. His slider was effective in two-strike counts because of its high tendency to get swings and misses (42% of swings through the first two months of the 2012 season).

Personal life
On February 9, 2007, Weaver and his brother had their jerseys retired by Simi Valley High School in a basketball game between Royal High School and Simi Valley.

Weaver was the cover athlete of MVP 07: NCAA Baseball, in his college uniform.

Weaver and his girlfriend of nine years, Kristin Travis, got married in November 2011. Both are active supporters of Special Olympics Southern California and Weaver serves as a Sports Ambassador for the organization.  On July 5, 2013, Kristin Weaver gave birth to their first child, a son named Aden David Weaver in honor of Jered's late friend and teammate Nick Adenhart. Weaver's wife also gave birth to a daughter in 2014.

While playing for the Angels, Weaver would write the letters "NA" on the back of the pitcher's mound in memoriam of Adenhart after his death in 2009.

References

External links

 Jered Weaver Interview at Baseball Digest Daily – 2005

1982 births
Living people
All-American college baseball players
American League All-Stars
American League strikeout champions
American League wins champions
Arkansas Travelers players
Baseball players at the 2003 Pan American Games
Baseball players from Ventura County, California
Golden Spikes Award winners
Long Beach State Dirtbags baseball players
Los Angeles Angels players
Major League Baseball pitchers
Pan American Games medalists in baseball
Pan American Games silver medalists for the United States
Sportspeople from Simi Valley, California
Rancho Cucamonga Quakes players
Salt Lake Bees players
San Diego Padres players
Simi Valley High School alumni
Surprise Scorpions players
United States national baseball team players
Medalists at the 2003 Pan American Games
Anchorage Bucs players

Jered Weaver


Allspice (also called Jamaica pepper, Kurundu, Myrtle pepper, pimento, allspice berries, or newspice) is a spice which is the dried unripe fruit of the Pimenta dioica plant, a tree native to the West Indies, southern Mexico and Central America. The tree Pimenta dioica is from the myrtle family (Myrtaceae), and it is very valued for its berries. The allspice was named because the flavor of the berry is like a mixture of cloves, cinnamon, and nutmeg. It is used very much in baking, mostly for making mincemeat and mixed pickling spice. It was discovered first by the early Spanish explorers, who mistook it for a type of pepper.

Allspice is the only spice grown in the Western Hemisphere. But after that, the wild trees were cut down to get the berries and only a few allspice are left. There are many plantations in Mexico and Central America, too. However, the best allspice comes from Jamaica where the weather and soil are best for the berries.

History
Allspice was used by the Mayans and by other South American Indians when making chocolate. The name Jamaica comes from Xamayca. This means 'land of wood and water' in the language of the Arawaks. The Arawaks used allspice to help keep the meat from rotting, or sometimes against their enemies.

The spice was imported to Europe after it was discovered. There were many tries to plant it in the East, but it did not work because the trees could not give a lot of fruit. Even though it had a rich smell and a tasty flavor, allspice never had the same caché in Europe as cinnamon or pepper. The English started taking the spice by ship to England in 1737, but by that time the want for spices had been taken over by other kinds of products such as sugar and coffee. It was still a little popular in England though, where it came to be known as the English Spice.
In the Napoleonic war of 1812, Russian soldiers put the spice in their boots to keep their feet warm. Because of this, today the pimento oil from the allspice is usually used for the men's dress.

Description

Dried allspice berries look like large brown peppercorns and their colors are cocoa brown. When the berries are not yet ripe, they are harvested and dried by the sun. They are different in size from between 4 and 7 mm (1/8 - 1/4 in) in diameter and are dark brown. Their skin is very wrinkled, and  the outer case has two seeds. Allspice can be eaten ground or whole.

Storage

Whole dried allspice can keep without a time limit if they are properly kept in airtight jars. They also must not face the light. It can be ground in a mill or an electric coffee grinder. After it is ground, the spice loses its flavor in a few days.

References

Spices
Myrtaceae

Allspice


is a series of video games created by Sega AM3 (Amusement Research and Development Department 3, later renamed Hitmaker). The series was created by Juro Watari. The original series was first published for arcades in January 1996. The game features fast, action-oriented gameplay requiring quick reflexes. It has seen five installments to date and has been ported to several video game consoles.

The mecha designs for all installments of the series were created by robot designer Hajime Katoki.

Related merchandise released for sale include plastic models, original soundtracks, trading figurines, light novels and audio drama CDs.

Games
The games in the series are as follows.
Virtual On: Cyber Troopers (Virtual-On: Operation Moongate)
Released between 1995 and 1996 for arcades, Sega Saturn, and PC. The Saturn version of the game is one of few games that supports the SEGA Net on the console. It also features the Sega Twin Stick Peripheral. The game features M.S.B.S. v3.3 (Arcade), v3.3s (Sega Saturn) and v.3.3w (Windows PC), among others.
Cyber Troopers Virtual-On Oratorio Tangram
Released between 1998 and 2000 for arcades and Sega Dreamcast, with special peripheral device, the Twin Sticks, and in 2009 for Microsoft Xbox 360's Xbox Live Arcade service. Very few VOOT arcade units made it outside Japan. The US release of VOOT on Dreamcast had many features locked for unknown reasons, such as Cable Versus and Custom Virtuaroid, and the game was not released in Europe. Later versions for the arcade incorporated a VMU slot for imported colours created on the Japanese version of VOOT on Sega Dreamcast. The game features M.S.B.S. v5.2 (Early Arcade), v5.4 (Arcade), v.5.45 (Sega Dreamcast), v5.6 (Rare Bonus disc addon) and 5.66 (Late Arcade and Xbox 360 XBLA).
Cyber Troopers Virtual-On Force
Released exclusively in Japanese arcades in 2001. It was the first game in the series to be released after AM3 was renamed to Hitmaker, and features a new system of gameplay where players are teamed up in pairs to oppose another pair, with a leader/subordinate ruleset. The machines use a card system found in other arcade machines to keep player data. The game features M.S.B.S. v7.5, v7.6 and v7.7. The game is later released on the Xbox 360 on December 22, 2010.
Cyber Troopers Virtual-On Marz
First released in Japan and the United States in 2003 for the PlayStation 2, and was rereleased on PlayStation 3 in Japan in 2013. It uses the VO: Force rules for gameplay and graphics, and is the first Virtual On game to have a single player story mode, which follows on with the Virtual-On universe. As the PlayStation 2 has no official Twin Sticks, the game's controls rely on the DualShock controllers (this was corrected in PS3 rerelease with twin-stick peripheral configuration). As inclusion of story mode, this game is regarded more as an action-adventure game than simply an action game. The game features M.S.B.S. v8.5.
A Certain Magical Virtual-On
First released in Japan for the PlayStation 4 and PlayStation Vita in 2018. The game is a collaboration between Sega and Dengeki Bunko, featuring characters from Kazuma Kamachi's light novel series A Certain Magical Index. The game features M.S.B.S. v55.55. It was released on February 15, 2018.

Overview
Virtual-On features mecha called Virtuaroids, or VRs, that are large robots the player controls in battles against enemy VRs, and its twin-stick control, in which two joysticks, complemented by an array of controls, are used by players. Additionally, in the plot of the first game, Virtual On: Cyber Troopers, the Virtual-On's arcade machine is actually a remote operation device sent from the future in search of "Virtual-On Positive" (VO+) pilots.

Plastic models
The first plastic model series based on Virtuaroid was released shortly before Japanese release of Oratorio Tangram, and were made by Wave Corporation. These Virtuaroid models are borrowed from Operation Moongate as well as Oratorio Tangram, One Man Rescue and Fragmentary Passage. These models were also made by Kotobukiya, which is well known for making plastic models of Medabots anime and manga series.

Hasegawa Corporation also manufactures the plastic model kits of Virtuaroids from Cyber Troopers Virtual-On Force and Marz video games. Some Virtuaroids, which were originally available only in a few version, were expanded to including spinoffs, such as Virtuaroid Guarayakha with special equipment, and more alternate-colored versions of some Virtuaroids.

As of 2014, plastic models of Virtual On franchise are still in production.

Appearances in other media
The Virtuaroids Temjin 747J, Ahparmd the HA-T and Fei-Yen the Knight from the Virtual-On series appeared in the Japanese, turn-based strategy game Super Robot Wars Alpha 3. This was the first occasion of characters from a video game series, owned neither by Banpresto nor their parent company Namco Bandai, appearing in a Super Robot Wars game. Of note about the game is that if the other pilots in the game remove their suits, approach the Virtuaroids and try to speak to their pilots, the Virtuaroids would say that they were being remote-piloted by pilots in another plane or dimension.

In the PSP rhythm-action game Hatsune Miku: Project DIVA Extend, the third game in the Project DIVA series, one of the available outfits for Miku to wear was based on Fei-Yen. The special outfit was later made into plastic model figure.

A reference to Virtual On can be found in 21st episode of Hyōka anime, where Hōtarō and Satoshi play the Operation Moongate with the Virtuaroids Raiden and Viper II respectively.

Temjin and Fei-Yen appeared in Senko No Ronde 2 as selectable characters via downloadable content.

An emulated version of the original Virtual On arcade game can be played at the in-game arcade in Yakuza Kiwami 2.

The visual novels Kimi ga Nozomu Eien and Muv-Luv features a nearly identical version instead called Cyber Legion Valgern On.

References

External links
Official

General resources
 Virtual-Century A fan-created database of Virtuaroids and general storyline information, taken from Sega's official guidebooks.

Video game franchises
Sega Games franchises
Video games about mecha
Fictional duos
Post-apocalyptic video games
Video games about robots
Science fantasy video games
Video games developed in Japan
Video game franchises introduced in 1995

Virtual On


Membership software (also known as an association management system) is a computer software which provides associations, clubs and other membership organizations with the functionality they require to provide their services to their members.

It normally includes at least the following:
 Storing and editing member information in a database.
 Creating, renewing, upgrading and downgrading memberships.
 Communicating with members by email, social media, telephone or post.

Membership organizations have diverse needs and structures, and this is reflected in the additional features membership software sometimes includes:
 Organizing and selling tickets to events or series' of events.
 Publishing and delivering textual or audio-visual content.
 Providing advertising opportunities via listings or targeted placements.
 Facilitating interaction and collaborative file sharing between members.
 Tracking members' interests and activities to provide relevant services.
 Raising supplementary income from donations.

Like many other modern software, membership software was initially delivered as desktop software, evolved into website-based software delivered from a web server, and is now increasingly delivered as a software as a service.

In the initial (desktop software) and intermediate (website based software) stages of its development, Membership software was often combined with a separate public-facing website, which members would use to interact with the association (subscribing, booking events, purchasing content and advertising, posting discussions, uploading files). This necessitated complex integrations between proprietary membership software databases and content management systems. Today, membership software often integrates the core features of a content management system, to provide a single coherent interface for members and administrators. These are available as standalones or as plugins for popular open source content management systems.

The smallest associations and clubs often create their own ecosystem of services to offer some of the same functionality as membership software. They do this by using generic database or spreadsheet software, and adding on external options as they need them (e.g. event registration, online payments, or email newsletters).

The membership software market spans the rest of the industry, from small and medium-sized organizations with limited resources, to very large and complex multi-chapter organizations of national and international renown, to association management organizations which manage multiple associations using a single product. There are many products available from a wide variety of different commercial providers and open source projects. Most are generic, but many are also targeted at very particular segments (e.g., church software).

Multi-chapter membership software tailors to organizations that are made up of chapters, clubs, regions, or segments that are part of the larger association. This particular type of membership software allows the apex or parent level of the organization to have more control over how each of their chapters are managed. Included in this might be a shared database, templated websites, shared event calendar and more.

Membership software covers a massive range of uses, but in many instances it requires different membership levels, or access control levels. Depending on the software, it can even allow you to specify time limited access which is useful for time sensitive content. The access levels can be structured in a pyramidal form, where each access levels has access to the previous levels, or it can be vertical, where each access level has a standalone section they can access.

References

Administrative software
Marketing software

Membership software


"Dalit" refers to socially, economically and historically marginalized communities predominantly in India . It also means "broken/scattered" in Sanskrit and Hindi . The term dalits was in use as a translation for the British Raj census classification of Depressed Classes prior to 1935. It was popularised by the economist and reformer B. R. Ambedkar (1891–1956), who included all depressed people irrespective of their caste into the definition of dalits. Hence the first group he made was called the "Labour Party" and included as its members all people of the society who were kept depressed, including women, small scale farmers and people from backward castes.

Dr. Ambedkar fought for a separate electorate for Dalits in Ramsay MacDonald's Communal Award during British Raj. This award would have ensured adequate representation of Dalit community enabling them to vote for their candidate.

In 1932, the British Raj recommended separate electorates to select leaders for Dalits in the Communal Award. This was favoured by Ambedkar but when Mahatma Gandhi opposed the proposal it resulted in the Poona Pact. That in turn influenced the Government of India Act, 1935, which introduced the reservation of seats for the Depressed Classes, now renamed as Scheduled Castes.

Dalit (from Sanskrit 'dal' which means to split, to crack, to break) is the name given to a group of people who have been historically considered outcasts in Hindu societies from South Asia (India, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Pakistan, Bangladesh) and Eastern Africa (Somalia). Today, the Dalits, formerly known as "Chandala" (Untouchables), have increasingly adopted the term "Dalit" as their way out of the social segregation imposed by the caste system.

New leaders like Kanhaiya Kumar subscribe to this definition of "dalits", thus a Brahmin marginal farmer trying to eke out a living, but unable to do so also falls in the "dalit" category. Ambedkar himself was a Mahar, and in the 1970s the use of the word "dalit" was invigorated when it was adopted by the Dalit Panthers activist group. Gradually, political parties used it to gain mileage.

What is untouchability?
Untouchability, is an ancient form of discrimination based upon caste. It is not merely the inability to touch a human being but also an attitude towards a minority group translated into various physical acts, norms and practices.

Social status
The Dalit status carried with it the stigma of "untouchability" because it is associated with menial, degrading tasks immediately connected with their traditional occupations which include skinning dead cows or buffaloes, unclogging sewers, disposing of dead bodies of livestock and cleaning latrines.

Types of discrimination
The discrimination against the Dalits takes various forms such as:
In rural areas, Dalits are often not allowed to engage in cultural and social activities with the rest of the community, including entering temples, sitting in the main spaces of villages, taking part in religious programs, and eating with the rest of the community during village ceremonies
Dalits are also not allowed to use the same items as non-Dalits in the communities; they are not allowed to rent or even enter homes of non-Dalits, use the same wells, eat and drink from the same dishes
In schools, Dalit children are often forced to sit separately from the rest of the students during the midday meal and are the only ones asked to clean latrines in the schools.
Being forced to wear caste markers (such as caste wristbands) to school
The prohibition of marrying with members of other castes
The prohibition of contesting in elections and exercising their right to vote
The prohibition of hoisting the national flag during Independence or Republic days
They are forced to vote or not to vote for certain candidates during the elections
Facing social boycotts by dominant castes for refusing to perform "duties".

Literacy and education
The rate of literacy among the Dalits, as per 1991 census, was 37.41% as compared to 57.69% for non-Dalits.
Untouchability in schools has contributed to drop-out and illiteracy levels for Dalit children. The 1991 census of India reported that Dalit communities were one of the least literate social groups in the country, with only 30% of Dalit children recognized to have basic reading and writing skills.

Poor health
Half of India's Dalit children are undernourished, 21% are 'severely underweight', and 12% die before their 5th birthday. Between 1998-1999 at least 50% of Dalit women suffered from anemia. High morbidity and child mortality are firmly linked to their low quality of life imposed by poverty, educational status and discrimination.

Social reform in India
There have been many attempts to neutralize the caste-based discrimination. In the 1930s, the teachings of B. R. Ambedkar  and Mahatma Gandhi began to change attitudes towards the Dalit minority. In 1949 'Untouchability' was outlawed by the Indian constitution and Indian law does not permit the practice of a caste system. Discrimination against the Dalit minority has become an important human rights and political issue. Even so, in rural areas the Dalits are still facing the consequences of the slow and steady decline of discrimination.

Social progress
Today, the Dalit movements (The Dalit Panther Movement, the Dalit Mahasabha and the Dalit Sangharsh Samithi) which have emerged during the 20th century continue to struggle for equality and implementation of Communal Award. The progress of the past few decades shows hope for an improved level of equality within Indian society. In 1997,  Kocheril Raman Narayanan became the
first Dalit to have been elected President of India Another important political figure was Mayawati Kumari, the leader of the Bahujan Samaj Party (BSP) which represents the Dalits. She has been elected four times as Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh, India's most populous state.

Non-governmental organizations
The National Campaign on Dalit Human Rights (NCDHR) established in 1998 by Dalit human rights activists, is one of many organizations committed to the elimination of caste discrimination. It's main objectives are "to hold the State accountable for all Human Rights violations committed against Dalits; to sensitize civil society by raising visibility of the Dalit problem; and to render justice to Dalit victims of discrimination and violence."
The International Dalit Solidarity Network, which was established in 2000, is another organization concerned about caste discrimination and similar forms of discrimination based on work and descent. It has emerged as a network of national solidarity groups from affected countries such as those in South Asia and even West Africa.

References

Other websites
Untouchability and Violence against Dalits
HCDHR Report on Dalits' Access to Rights
BBC Article "All human beings are free and equal in dignity and rights"
National Campaign on Dalit Human Rights (NCDHR) India, 2006

Discrimination
Indian people
Castes

Dalit


A mitre is a tall hat worn by leaders in some Christian churches. In the Roman Catholic church, it is worn by bishops, archbishops or cardinals (higher order). The front and back are the shape of a triangle. It is only worn when the bishop is dressed in his special religious clothes, but is used on a coat of arms to show that the owner is a bishop.

Mitres are also worn by some clergy in the Eastern Orthodox and Eastern Catholic churches.

Christian clothing
Headgear

Mitre


Scanner may refer to:

Technology
 Scanner (radio), for searching for and receiving radio broadcasts
 Image scanner, which digitizes a two-dimensional image
 3D scanner, which digitizes the three-dimensional shape of a real object
 Neutron scanner, a scanner which utilizes neutrons to penetrate objects for analysis
 Port scanner, in computer networking
 Virus scanner (Antivirus)
 Vulnerability scanner, a computer program that probes for weaknesses
 Barcode reader, which reads the data encoded in a barcode
 Lexical analyzer, a computer program
 Stepper, a part of the photolithography process
 A rotating radar antenna
 An outside broadcasting control vehicle
 An automotive electronic control unit diagnostic tool
 An automated spotlight
 A biometric scanner, an electronic device with a sensor to read patterns or images from faces, irises and finger pads to create a biological template or profile
 WikiScanner, a tool that provides a searchable database of anonymous Wikipedia edits

Popular culture
 Scanner (comics), a mutant appearing primarily in X-Men comics.
 Scanner (band), a German speed metal band
 Scanners (band), an alternative band from London
 Scanner, the stage name of British electronic musician Robin Rimbaud
 Scanner (Code Lyoko), a fictional teleportation device
 Scanner (Half-Life), a floating enemy in the Half-Life video game series
 Scanners Live in Vain, a science fiction short story by Cordwainer Smith
 A Scanner Darkly, a science fiction novel by Philip K. Dick
 Scanners, a 1981 science fiction horror film
 In much science fiction, especially older science fiction, the term scanner is used to refer to what is usually now termed a computer monitor.

Other
 A personality type described by self-help author Barbara Sher

Scanner


The Daihatsu Esse is a Japanese kei caur launched in December 2005, that at launch wis the cheapest new caur in Japan. Its current price range is ¥682,500 - ¥1,123,500. It haes fower seats an a 658 cc (40 cubic inch) ingine.

Accordin tae Daihatsu, Esse means "Eco, Smart, Simple & Easy".

It is available as a 5-door hatchback in twa distinct styles - Esse or Esse Custom.

Esse is available as Eco, D, L, an X in FWD an 4WD.

Esse Custom wis addit in November 2006 an is available as Custom an Custom 4WD.

Its main rivals ar the Suzuki Alto, Subaru R1, Mitsubishi eK an Subaru Pleo.

Notes

References
Carview catalogue

Esse
Kei caurs

Daihatsu Esse


Michel Arnaud (17 November 1915 – 1 August 1990) was a French Army general who distinguished himself in World War II, and for this was decorated with the Ordre de la Libération and made Grand Officier de la Légion d'honneur.

Biography
Son of a pharmacist, Arnaud was born on November 17, 1915 in Bourg-en-Bresse. After studying in Dijon in the Lyceum Carnot, he opted for the military career and went in 1935 to the École Spéciale Militaire de Saint-Cyr, the foremost French military academy.

Arnaud had chosen to enter in the colonial infantry, and when Charles de Gaulle issued the Appeal of June 18 in 1940 for resistance against the Axis, he was a lieutenant stationed at Faya-Largeau in Chad and attached to the Régiment de Tirailleurs Sénégalais du Tchad (RTST), and on 26 August sided with de Gaulle, like all soldiers of the RTST.

He participated to Philippe Leclerc's offensive against Italian positions in Libya, but was badly wounded near Kufra on 8 February 1941, and sent to hospital first at Yaoundé and then at Beirut. In January 1942 he entered in the staff of General Georges Catroux, head of the Free French Forces in the Middle East, and was promoted Captain in June.

In 1943 he was again put under the orders of Leclerc, and under his command was to remain till the end of the war. For his old wound till 1 December 1944; having after asked to return to field duty, he was assigned to the Régiment du March de Tchad (RMT), the new name of the RTST.

After 1945, Arnaud took part to the First Indochina War, and in the 1960s was promoted first Colonel and then Brigade General. In 1969 Arnaud returned to Chad as commander of Opération Bison, a military operation that had to contain the menace represented to the Chadian government by the FROLINAT rebels; but tensions with the Chadian President brought to his replacement just a few months after his arrival.

After that, Arnaud held several other positions, until he was made Corps General in 1974. He died on 1 August 1990 at Frejus, and is buried at Grenoble.

Decorations
Grand Officer of the Légion d'honneur
Companion of the Liberation (7 July 1945)
Croix de guerre 1939-1945 (3 citations)
Croix de guerre des Théatres d'Opérations Exterieures (2 citations)
Croix de la Valeur Militaire
Médaille coloniale with "Koufra" clasp
Insigne des blessés militaires
Officer of the Order of the Black Star (Benin)

External links
 Biography

1915 births
1990 deaths
Military personnel from Bourg-en-Bresse
Companions of the Liberation
Grand Officers of the Legion of Honour
Recipients of the Croix de Guerre 1939–1945 (France)
Recipients of the Croix de guerre des théâtres d'opérations extérieures
Recipients of the Cross for Military Valour
French military personnel of World War II
French military personnel of the First Indochina War
École Spéciale Militaire de Saint-Cyr alumni

Michel Arnaud


Miami Beach is a city of Florida in the United States.
Miami Beach is as its name tells, a resort city with many beaches, hotels and restaurants. Many celebrities maintain homes in the city, especially in the South beach area. They go to night clubs at night and enjoy the great weather during the day. The city is also home to many Hispanics who come through neighboring Miami on their way to America. Also, a very large part of the population is Jewish and many of them are observant. They have built up their own infrastructure with schools, shuls and kosher restaurants. This has made the city draw many observant tourists.

Cities in Florida

Miami Beach, Florida


Oliver Hazard Perry La Farge II (December 19, 1901 – August 2, 1963) was an American writer and anthropologist. In 1925 he explored early Olmec sites in Mexico, and later studied additional sites in Central America and the American Southwest. In addition to more than 15 scholarly works, mostly about Native Americans, he wrote several novels, including the Pulitzer Prize-winning Laughing Boy (1929). La Farge also wrote and published short stories, in magazines such as The New Yorker and Esquire.

His more notable works, both fiction and non-fiction, emphasize Native American culture. He was most familiar with the Navajo people, had a speaking knowledge of their language, and was nicknamed by them 'Anast'harzi Nez', i.e. "Tall Cliff-Dweller".

Early life and education
Oliver La Farge was born in New York City but grew up in Newport, Rhode Island. He was the son of Christopher Grant La Farge, a noted Beaux-Arts architect, and Florence Bayard Lockwood. His older brother Christopher La Farge became a writer and was a novelist. La Farge and his paternal uncle, architect Oliver H.P. La Farge, were both named for their great-great-grandfather Oliver Hazard Perry.

La Farge received both his Bachelor of Arts degree (1924) and his master's degree (1929) from Harvard University.

Career
La Farge worked as a writer and an anthropologist. In 1925, he traveled with the Danish archeologist Frans Blom, who taught at Tulane University, to what is now known as the Olmec heartland. He (re)discovered San Martin Pajapan Monument 1 and more importantly the ruins of La Venta, one of the major Olmec centers.

La Farge devoted considerable study to Native American peoples and issues, especially after moving to Santa Fe, New Mexico in 1933. He became a champion for American Indian rights and was president of the Association on American Indian Affairs for several years..

During World War II, La Farge served with the U.S. Air Transport Command, ending service with the rank of major. He participated with the Battle for Greenland, commanded by Colonel Bernt Balchen. Balchen, together with Corey Ford and La Farge, wrote War Below Zero: The Battle for Greenland (1944) about the actions to defend Greenland.

Marriage and family
La Farge married heiress Wanden Matthews and had two children with her: a son, Oliver Albee La Farge (b. 1931, later known as Peter La Farge and a daughter, Povy.  They moved to Santa Fe in 1933, but Wanden disliked the area, and they eventually divorced in 1937.

Their first son, Oliver Albee, became estranged from his father and changed his name to Peter La Farge. His son moved to New York City, where he became a well-known folksinger and songwriter in Greenwich Village, performing during the 1950s and 1960s. Some of his more successful songs have Native American themes, including "As Long as the Grass Shall Grow", which takes its name from the title of one of his father's books.

La Farge married a second time to Consuelo Otile Baca with whom he had a son, John Pendaries "Pen" La Farge. La Farge's non-fiction book Behind the Mountains (1956) is based on his memories of Consuelo's family, the Baca family of New Mexico, who were ranchers in northern New Mexico.  He wrote a regular column for The New Mexican, a Santa Fe newspaper. Some of his columns were collected and published as The Man with the Calabash Pipe (1966).

La Farge died of heart failure in Santa Fe in 1963 at age 61.

Legacy and honors
 Pulitzer Prize for fiction for Laughing Boy (1929)
 Building dedicated as the "Oliver La Farge" branch of the Santa Fe Public Library system

Works

Non-fiction
 Tribes and Temples (with Frans Blom), 1926-1927
 The Year Bearer's People (with Douglas Byers), 1931
 Introduction to American Indian Art (with John Sloan), 1931
 An Alphabet for Writing the Navajo Language, 1940
 As Long As The Grass Can Grow - Indians Today, with photographs by Helen M. Post, 1940
 The Changing Indian (editor), 1942
 War Below Zero: The Battle for Greenland (Colonel Bernt Balchen, with Major Corey Ford), 1944
 Santa Eulalia: The Religion of a Cuchumatan Indian Town, 1947
 The Eagle in the Egg, 1949
 Cochise of Arizona, 1953
 The Mother Ditch, 1954
 A Pictorial History of the American Indian, 1956
 Behind the Mountains, 1956
 Santa Fe: The Autobiography of a Southwestern Town (with Arthur N. Morgan), 1959

Fiction and personal
 Laughing Boy (1929), novel, adapted for the 1934 motion picture of the same name
 Sparks Fly Upward (1931), novel
Long Pennant (1933), novel
 All the Young Men (1935), collection of short stories
 The Enemy Gods (1937), novel
The Copper Pot (1942), novel
 Raw Material (1945), a memoir
 A Pause in the Desert (1957), collection of short stories
The Door in the Wall (1965), collection of short stories
 The Man With the Calabash Pipe (1966), collected columns, edited by Winfield Townley Scott

Translation

A Man's Place (1940), translation of El lugar de un hombre, by Ramón J. Sender

References

External links

An Inventory of the Oliver La Farge Collection, Harry Ransom Humanities Research Center, University of Texas
excerpts from Tribes and Temples at Mesoweb

1901 births
1963 deaths
20th-century Mesoamericanists
20th-century American novelists
American columnists
American Mesoamericanists
American short story writers
Harvard University alumni
Mesoamerican anthropologists
Olmec scholars
Writers from Newport, Rhode Island
Perry family
Pulitzer Prize for the Novel winners
Novelists from New York City
American male novelists
American male short story writers
American male non-fiction writers
20th-century American anthropologists
20th-century American male writers
La Farge family
Burials at Santa Fe National Cemetery
Members of the American Academy of Arts and Letters

Oliver La Farge


The olfactory bulb is a part of the vertebrate forebrain. It works in olfaction, or the sense of smell.

The olfactory bulb has one source of sensory input (axons from olfactory receptor neurons, and one output (mitral cell axons). It is thought that it functions as a filter. However, the olfactory bulb also gets "top-down" information from brain areas like the amygdala, neocortex, hippocampus, locus coeruleus, and substantia nigra.

Its range of functions probably include:

discriminating between odors
enhancing sensitivity of odor detection
filtering out background odors
permitting higher brain areas involved in arousal and attention to modify the detection or discrimination of odors.

References

Anatomy of the brain
Sensory system

Olfactory bulb


Arise Oh Compatriots, Nigeria's Call Obey iku lagu kabangsané Nigeria.

Tèks
"Arise, O Compatriots" (1978-saiki)

Arise, O compatriots,
Nigeria's call obey
To serve our Fatherland
With love and strength and faith.
The labour of our heroes past
Shall never be in vain,
To serve with heart and might
One nation bound in freedom, peace and unity.

O God of creation,
Direct our noble cause;
Guide our Leaders right:
Help our Youth the truth to know,
In love and honesty to grow,
And living just and true,
Great lofty heights attain,
To build a nation where peace and justice reign.

"Nigeria We Hail Thee" (1960-1978)

Nigeria we hail thee,
Our own dear native land,
Though tribe and tongue may differ,
In brotherhood we stand,
Nigerians all, and proud to serve
Our sovereign Motherland.

Our flag shall be a symbol
That truth and justice reign,
In peace or battle honour'd,
And this we count as gain,
To hand on to our children
A banner without stain.

O God of all creation,
Grant this our one request,
Help us to build a nation
Where no man is oppressed,
And so with peace and plenty
Nigeria may be blessed.

"Land of the Rising Sun" (Biafra's anthem 1967-1970)

Land of the rising sun, we love and cherish,
Beloved homeland of our brave heroes;
We must defend our lives or we shall perish,
We shall protect our hearts from all our foes;
But if the price is death for all we hold dear,
Then let us die without a shred of fear.

Hail to Biafra, consecrated nation,
Oh fatherland, this be our solemn pledge:
Defending thee shall be a dedication,
Spilling our blood we'll count a privilege;
The waving standard which emboldens the free
Shall always be our flag of liberty.

We shall emerge triumphant from this ordeal,
And through the crucible unscathed we'll pass;
When we are poised the wounds of battle to heal,
We shall remember those who died in mass;
Then shall our trumpets peal the glorious song
Of victory we scored o'er might and wrong.

Oh God, protect us from the hidden pitfall,
Guide all our movements lest we go astray;
Give us the strength to heed the humanist call:
'To give and not to count the cost" each day;
Bless those who rule to serve with resoluteness,
To make this clime a land of righteousness

Alihbasa

Pranala njaba
 lagu kabangsan Nigeria

Lagu kabangsan

Arise Oh Compatriots Nigerias Call Obey


D-AMPS, singketan tina kecap-kecap basa Inggris Digital Advanced Mobile Phone System, nyaéta wangun digital tina téknologi AMPS. D-AMPS mangrupa téknologi telepon mobil generasi kadua (2G). Conto téknologi ieu nyaéta IS-54 jeung IS-136nu dipaké di sakuliah buana Amérika, hususna di Amérika Sarikat jeung Kanada. D-AMPS kasilih ku téknologi GSM/GPRS jeung CDMA2000. D-AMPS mindeng disebut sabagé TDMA, singketan tina time division multiple access, nyaéta téknik multi aksés anu umum dipaké ku réa protokol kaasup GSM, ogé IS-54 jeung IS-136. Sanajan kitu, D-AMPS bersaing jeung GSM sarta sistem-sistem nu dumasar kana code division multiple access (CDMA), sanajan ahirna éléh ku téknologi GSM/GPRS jeung CDMA2000.

D-AMPS maké kanal-kanal AMPS nu aya sahingga ieu téknologi bisa jadi jambatan (cukang) antara téknologi-téknologi analog jeung digital di wilayah-wilayah anu masih ngagunakeun ieu dua téknologi sahingga nawarkeun transisi anu lemes ti sistem analog ka digital. D-AMPS leuwih unggul manan AMPS dina hal kapasitas ku cara ngabagi unggal kanal nu rubakna 30 kHz kana tilu waktu (time slot) sarta mangpetkeun data sora sacara digital, nu ningkatkeun kapasitasna tilu kali lipet dina unggal sélna. D-AMPS ogé leuwih aman lantara scanner analog henteu bisa nyadap sinyal digital. Dina ieu téknologi, sora diénkripsi (disandikeun), sanajan algoritma nu digunakeunana (CMEA) ka dieukeun katohyan henteu pati kuat.

IS-136 nambahkeun sajumlah fitur kana spesifikasi IS-54, kaasup SMS, circuit switched data (CSD), jeung protokol komprési nu geus dihadéan.  SMS jeung CSD duanana sadia sabagé bagian tina protokol GSM; IS-136 ngagunakeunna dina cara nu ampir sarua.

Jaringan IS-136 nu gedé kaasup di antarana AT&T jeung U.S. Cellular di Amérika Sarikat, jeung Rogers Wireless di Kanada.  AT&T jeung Rogers Wireless geus ngahadéan jaringan IS-136 bogana supaya jadi GSM/GPRS, samentara US Cellular migrasi kana téknologi anu panglobana digunakeun ku manéhna nyaéta CDMA2000.  Rogers Wireless mindahkeun sakabéh frékuénsi IS-136 dina wilayah 1900 MHz dina taun 2003, ogé dina wilayah 800 MHz. Rogers ngaeureunkeun jaringan IS-136 bogana (babarengan jeung AMPS) dina tanggal 31 Méi 2007.

IS-54 mangrupa sistem komunikasi mobil munggaran nu boga standar pikeun kaamanan sarta nu munggaran maké téknologi TDMA.

Panganteur

IS-54 stands for Interim Standard-54, which is a mobile communication standard employing digital technology.  It was standardized by Electronic Industries Alliance (EIA) and Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA) together. It later became an American National Standard when it got approved by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI). When an interim standard becomes an American National Standard, the IS designator is dropped. The ANSI designation of IS-54 is ANSI/TIA/EIA-627, but this standard is still popularly referred to as IS-54.

IS-54 maintains compatibility with Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS) in many ways. It is a digital extension of AMPS and so it is also quite widely known as Digital AMPS (D-AMPS). Another name for IS-54 is United States Digital Cellular (USDC). But sometimes D-AMPS and USDC also refers to the other prominent interim standard IS-136.

Sajarah

The evolution of mobile communication has been almost wholly in 3 different géographic regions. The standards that were born in these regions were quite independent. The 3 regions are North America, Europe and Japan. The éarlier mobile or wireless technologies were wholly analog and are collectively known as 1st Generation (1G) technologies. In Japan, the 1G standards were Nippon Telegraph and Telephone (NTT) and the high capacity version of it (Hicap). The Européan systems were not common and the 'European Union' viewpoint that is visible in the later technologies was absent. Various 1G standards that were in use in Europe include C-Netz (in Germany and Austria), Comviq (in Sweden), Nordic Mobile Telephones/450 (NMT450) and NMT900 (both in Nordic countries), NMT-F (French version of NMT900), Radiocom 2000 (RC2000) (in France), and Total Access Communication System(TACS) (in the United Kingdom). North American standards were Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS) and Narrow-band AMPS (N-AMPS).

Out of the 1G standards, the most successful was the AMPS system. Despite the Nordic countries' cooperation, Européan engineering efforts were divided among the various standards, and the Japanese standards didn't get much attention. Developed by Bell Labs in the 1970s and first used commercially in the United States in 1983, AMPS operates in the 800 MHz band in the United States and is the most widely distributed analog cellular standard. (The 1900 MHz PCS band, established in 1994, is for digital operation only.) The success of AMPS kick-started the mobile age in the North America.

The market showed an incréasing demand because it had higher capacity and mobility than the then existing mobile communication standards. For instance, the Bell Labs system in the 1970s could carry only 12 calls at a time throughout all of New York City. AMPS used Frequency Division Multiple Access FDMA which méant éach cell site would transmit on different frequencies, allowing many cell sites to be built néar éach other.

However, AMPS had many disadvantages too. Primarily, it didn't have the potential to support the incréasing demand for mobile communication usage. éach cell site did not have much capacity for carrying higher numbers of calls. It also had a poor security system which allowed péople to stéal a phone's serial code to use for making illegal calls. All of these triggered  the séarch for a more capable system.

The quest resulted in IS-54, the first American 2G standard. In March 1990, the North American cellular network incorporated the IS-54B standard, the first North American dual mode digital cellular standard. This standard won over Motorola's Narrowband AMPS or N-AMPS, an analog scheme that incréased capacity by cutting down voice channels from 30 kHz to 10 kHz. IS-54, on the other hand, incréased capacity by digital méans using TDMA protocols. This method separates calls by time, placing parts of individual conversations on the same frequency, one after the next. TDMA tripled call capacity.

Using IS-54, a cellular carrier could convert any of its system's analog voice channels to digital. A dual mode phone uses digital channels where available and defaults to regular AMPS where they are not. IS-54 was, in fact, backward compatible with analog cellular and indeed co-exists on the same radio channels as AMPS. No analog customers were left behind; they simply couldn't access IS-54's new féatures. IS-54 also supported authentication, a help in preventing fraud.

Panerapan téknologi

IS-54 employs the same 30 kHz channel spacing and frequency bands (824-849 and 869-894 MHz) as AMPS. Capacity was incréased over the preceding analog design by dividing éach 30 kHz channel pair into three time slots and digitally compressing the voice data, yielding three times the call capacity in a single cell. A digital system also made calls more secure because analog scanners could not access digital signals.

The IS-54 standard specifies 84 control channels, 42 of which are shared with AMPS. To maintain compatibility with the existing AMPS cellular telephone system, the primary forward and reverse control channels in IS-54 cellular systems use the same signaling techniques and modulation scheme (binary FSK) as AMPS. An AMPS/IS-54 infrastructure can support use of either analog AMPS phones or D-AMPS phones.

The access method used for IS-54 is Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA), which was the first U.S. digital standard to be developed. It was adopted by the TIA in 1992. TDMA subdivides éach of the 30 kHz AMPS channels into 3 full-rate TDMA channels, éach of which is capable of supporting a single voice call. Later, éach of these full-rate channels was further sub-divided into two half-rate channels, éach of which, with the necessary coding and compression, could also support a voice call. Thus, TDMA could provide 3 to 6 times the capacity of AMPS traffic channels. Time Division Multiple Access or TDMA was initially defined by the IS-54 standard and is now specified in the IS-13x series of specifications of the EIA/TIA.

The channel transmission bit rate for digitally modulating the carrier is 48.6 kbit/s. éach frame has six time slots of 6.67-ms duration. éach time slot carries 324 bits of information, of which 260 bits are for the 13-kbit/s full-rate traffic data. The other 64 bits are overhéad; 28 of these are for synchronization, and they contain a specific bit sequence known by all receivers to establish frame alignment. Also, as with GSM, the known sequence acts as a training pattern to initialize an adaptive equalizer.

The IS-54 system has different synchronization sequences for éach of the six time slots making up the frame, thereby allowing éach receiver to synchronize to its own préassigned time slots. An additional 12 bits in every time slot are for the SACCH (i.e., system control information). The digital verification color code (DVCC) is the equivalent of the supervisory audio tone used in the AMPS system. There are 256 different 8-bit color codes, which are protected by a (12, 8, 3) Hamming code. éach base station has its own préassigned color code, so any incoming interfering signals from distant cells can be ignored.

The modulation scheme for IS-54 is 7C/4 differential quaternary phase shift keying (DQPSK), otherwise known as differential 7t/4 4-PSK or π/4 DQPSK. This technique allows a bit rate of 48.6 kbit/s with 30 kHz channel spacing, to give a bandwidth efficiency of 1.62 bit/s/Hz. This value is 20% better than GSM. The major disadvantage with this type of linéar modulation method is the power inefficiency, which translates into a héavier hand-held portable and, even more inconvenient, a shorter time between battery recharges.

IS-54 security féatures is also a matter of interest as it was the first standard to specify some security méasures. IS-54 uses the CAVE (Cellular Authentication, Voice Privacy and Encryption) algorithm for authentication and the CMéa (Cellular Message Encryption Algorithm) for encryption.

The technical specifications can be summarized as below:

Call processing
A conversation's data bits makes up the DATA field. Six slots maké up a complete IS-54 frame. DATA in slots 1 and 4, 2 and 5, and 3 and 6 maké up a voice circuit. DVCC stands for digital verification color code, arcane terminology for a unique 8-bit code value assigned to éach cell. G méans guard time, the period between éach time slot. RSVD stands for reserved. SYNC represents synchronization, a critical TDMA data field. éach slot in every frame must be synchronized against all others and a master clock for everything to work.

Time slots for the mobile-to-base direction are constructed differently from the base-to-mobile direction. They essentially carry the same information but are arranged differently. Notice that the mobile-to-base direction has a 6-bit ramp time to enable its transmitter time to get up to full power, and a 6-bit guard band during which nothing is transmitted. These 12 extra bits in the base-to-mobile direction are reserved for future use.

Once a call comes in the mobile switches to a different pair of frequencies; a voice radio channel which the system carrier has made analog or digital. This pair carries the call. If an IS-54 signal is detected it gets assigned a digital traffic channel if one is available. The fast associated channel or FACCH performs handoffs during the call, with no need for the mobile to go back to the control channel. In case of high noise FACCH, embedded within the digital traffic channel overrides the voice payload, degrading speech quality to convey control information. The purpose is to maintain connectivity. The slow associated control channel or SACCH does not perform handoffs but conveys things like signal strength information to the base station.

The IS-54 speech coder uses the technique called vector sum excited linear prediction (VSELP) coding. This is a special type of speech coder within a large class known as code-excited linear prediction (CELP) coders. The speech coding rate of 7.95 kbit/s achieves a reconstructed speech quality similar to that of the analog AMPS system using frequency modulation. The 7.95-kbit/s signal is then passed through a channel coder that loads the bit rate up to 13 kbit/s. The new half-rate coding standard reduces the overall bit rate for éach call to 6.5 kbit/s, and should provide comparable quality to the 13-kbit/s rate. This half-rate gives a channel capacity six times that of analog AMPS.

System example

The discussion of a communication system won't be complete without the explanation of a system example. A dual-mode cellular phone as specified by the IS-54 standard is explained. A dual-mode phone is capable of operating in an analog-only cell or a dual-mode cell. Both the transmitter and the receiver support both analog FM and digital time division multiple access (TDMA) schemes. Digital transmission is preferred, so when a cellular system has digital capability, the mobile unit is assigned a digital channel first. If no digital channels are available, the cellular system will assign an analog channel. The transmitter converts the audio signal to a radio frequency (RF), and the receiver converts an RF signal to an audio signal. The antenna focuses and converts RF energy for reception and transmission into free space. The control panel serves as an input/output mechanism for the end user; it supports a keypad, a display, a microphone, and a spéaker. The coordinator synchronizes the transmission and receives functions of the mobile unit.
A dual-mode cellular phone consists of the following:
Transmitter
Antenna assembly
Receiver
Control panel
Coordinator

Successor technologies
By 1993 American cellular was again running out of capacity, despite a wide movement to IS-54. The American cellular business continued booming. Subscribers grew from one and a half million customers in 1988 to more than thirteen million subscribers in 1993. Room existed for other technologies to cater to the growing market. The technologies that followed IS-54 stuck to the digital backbone laid down by it.

IS-136
A pragmatic effort was launched to improve IS-54 that eventually added an extra channel to the IS-54 hybrid design. Unlike IS-54, IS-136 utilizes time division multiplexing for both voice and control channel transmissions. Digital control channel allows residential and in-building coverage, dramatically incréased battery standby time, several messaging applications, over the air activation and expanded data applications. IS-136 systems needed to support millions of AMPS phones, most of which were designed and manufactured before IS-54 and IS-136 were considered. IS-136 added a number of féatures to the original IS-54 specification, including text messaging, circuit switched data (CSD), and an improved compression protocol. IS-136 TDMA traffic channels use π/4-DQPSK modulation at a 24.3-kbaud channel rate and gives an effective 48.6 kbit/s data rate across the six time slots comprising one frame in the 30 kHz channel.

Sunset for D-AMPS in the US and Canada
AT&T, the largest US carrier to support D-AMPS (which it refers to as "TDMA"), had turned down its existing network in order to reléase the spectrum to its GSM and UMTS platforms in 19 wireless markets, which started on May 30, 2007, with other aréas that followed in June and July.  The TDMA network in these markets operated on the 1900 MHz frequency and did not coexist with an AMPS network.   Service on the remaining 850 MHz TDMA markets was discontinued along with AMPS service on February 18, 2008, except for in aréas where service was provided by Dobson Communications.  The Dobson TDMA and AMPS network is expected to be shut down by March of 2008.

On May 31, 2007 Rogers Wireless decommissioned its D-AMPS and AMPS networks and moved the remaining customers on these older networks onto its GSM network.

Rujukan
 History of mobile communication:1990's
 Paper on CMEA
 Cingular Wireless: "TDMA Service Sunset"
 Edge Wireless: "TDMA Network Changing to GSM/GPRS"

Tumbu kaluar
 Timeslot structure for IS-136 and IS-54

Telekomunikasi

D-AMPS


Generation Kill is a book written by Evan Wright in 2004. In 2003, American reporter Evan Wright joined members of the reconnaissance battalion of United States Marine Corps. As a war reporter with them he spent forty days in the first line of the invasion in Iraq. He described the way to Baghdad, first in articles for Rolling Stone magazine, and later in the book which became model for same-named seven-part miniseries. At the beginning of the book we can find a list of the main characters and a dictionary of abbreviations. The book has a prologue, 35 chapters and an epilogue. At the end of the book is thanks to members of the United States Marine Corps. In the text we can see photos taken by Evan Wright.

The story begins when Reporter (a nickname for Wright) first met the soldiers with whom he spent the whole time. Evan is assigned to a team whose team leader is sergeant Brad Colbert, nicknamed Iceman. Brad sits on the passenger seat. The driver is corporal Ray Person, The rear driver is James Trombley, the youngest member of the team, who is nineteen years old. Next to him is the main shooter, Corporal Walt Hassher. On the rear passenger seat is Reporter.

The book describes the passion for fighting, army humor and an aggressive way of war. The author gives a true view of the American army, their broken supply and some poor leadership skills. The book became very popular in America and got many awards.

2004 books
War

Generation kill


In Greek mythology, Odysseus was the great-grandson of the Greek god Hermes. He was the king of the island Ithaca. He was married to Penelope. Odysseus and Penelope had a son called Telemachos. Odysseus is a major character in Homer's Iliad and Odyssey.

Odysseus fought in the Trojan War. He invented the Trojan Horse, which helped the Greeks win the war. After the war, his adventurous journey home took 10 years. The story of that journey is told in the Odyssey. Odysseus angered Poseidon, the god of seas, when he half blinded his cyclops son Polyphemos. In anger, Poseidon stopped him from leaving the island. The Latin name for Odysseus is "Ulysses".

There have been many movies about Odysseus, because of his heroic and intelligent battle strategies.

Other websites

Odysseus

Odysseus


James Abram Garfield (November 19, 1831 – September 19, 1881) was the 20th president of the United States from March 1881 until his assassination in September 1881. Before he became president, he was a member of the U.S. House of Representatives from 1863 to 1881.

He was the second president to be assassinated (killed while in office). Four months into his presidency, on July 2, he was shot by Charles J. Guiteau. The wound was not immediately fatal, but the infections became worse and he died on September 19, 1881. For almost half that time he was bedridden as a result of that shot.

Early life
Garfield was born in Orange Township, now Moreland Hills, Ohio. His father died in 1833, when James Abram was 18 months old. He grew up cared for by his mother and an uncle.

Education
In Orange Township, Garfield attended school, a predecessor of the Orange City Schools. From 1851 to 1854, he attended the Western Reserve Eclectic Institute (later named Hiram College] in Hiram, Ohio. He then transferred to Williams College in Williamstown, Massachusetts, where he was a brother of Delta Upsilon.  He graduated in 1856 as an outstanding student who enjoyed all subjects except chemistry. He then taught at the Eclectic Institute. He was an instructor in classical languages for the 1856-1857 academic year, and was made principal of the institute from 1857 to 1860.

Personal life
On November 11, 1858, he married Lucretia Rudolph. They had seven children (five sons and two daughters): Eliza A. Garfield (1860-63); Harry A. Garfield (1863-1942); James R. Garfield (1865-1950); Mary Garfield (1867-1947); Irvin M. Garfield (1870-1951); Abram Garfield (1872-1958); and Edward Garfield (1874-76). One son, James Rudolph Garfield, followed him into politics and became Secretary of the Interior under President Theodore Roosevelt. Garfield could write in Greek with his left hand and Latin with his right hand at the same time.

Career
Garfield decided that the academic life was not for him and studied law privately. He was admitted to the Ohio bar in 1860. Even before admission to the bar, he entered politics. He was elected an Ohio state senator in 1859, serving until 1861. He was a Republican all his political life. He was a general in the American Civil War, and fought in the Battle of Shiloh and the Chattanooga Campaign.

Assassination
Garfield became president on March 4, 1881 and was shot in Washington, D.C. on July 2. Garfield was shot in the back by Charles J. Guiteau at about 9:30 am. Guiteau helped Garfield's campaign for president, and then asked for a job when he won, but the president told him no. He was less than four months in term as the 20th President of the United States. Garfield died eleven weeks later on September 19, 1881, aged 49. The 31st Speaker of the United States House of Representatives James G. Blaine was at Garfield's side when he was shot down. At this time, it was not common for the president of the United States to have bodyguards, although Lincoln had protection during the civil war.

Vice President Chester A. Arthur became president when Garfield died. Guiteau was tried for murder, and many thought he would be found not guilty because he was insane. He was actually found guilty and hanged for the murder, reading a poem before he walked up the gallows. It is now believed Garfield was in fact killed because of his doctors, who stuck their fingers inside his wounds while treating him and causing a bad infection. Alexander Graham Bell, inventor of the telephone, tried to locate the bullet with a primitive metal detector, but failed because the bed was lined with steel wire (which he did not know). While Garfield was still alive, news of his condition was broadcasted across the country by telegraph, which was something new.

In a 2013 medical journal article, the historical record in regards to Garfield's assassination and death has been questioned, with the new argument being that the deterioration in President Garfield's condition from late July 1881 was actually caused by his doctors accidentally injuring and making a hole in his bladder, thus resulting in President Garfield getting cholecystitis.

References

Other websites

 Garfield's White House biography

1831 births
1881 deaths
19th-century American politicians
Assassinated presidents of the United States
Deaths by firearm in the United States
Republican Party (United States) politicians
United States representatives from Ohio

James A. Garfield


The year 2009 was named The International Year of Astronomy by the International Astronomical Union (IAU) and UNESCO. It was a celebration of astronomy around the world with 141 countries taking part. "The Universe, Yours to Discover" was the official slogan. The idea was to promote astronomy worldwide and get young people interested in it. The year 2009 is special to astronomers, as it is the 400th anniversary since the first astronomical telescope by Galileo Galilei was used.

Activities run during the year included observatory tours, shows, and photograph displays. People could get involved in many of these activities online with a computer.

Astronomy

International Year of Astronomy


Tights are a tight fitting clothing. In American English, the term includes pantyhose. They usually fit from the waist down and are often worn in dancing. Tights in the past were made of elasticized silk or other material. Modern tights are often made of spandex.

Tights were invented in 1598, by a man called William Lee. He was a reverend and made a machine that knitted together silk.

Tights come in thin and thick options. Thinner tights are called sheer and thicker ones are called opaque. People measure this thickness uses something called "denier". They are five categories that show what denier a pair of tights is: Ultra sheer, sheer, semi-opaque, opaque and thick-opaque.

Tights are intended to maintain a wearer's legs warm, and they arrive in a vast collection of colors, lengths, and materials. Tights come in a diverse selection of colors and patterns. 1 rule of thumb to consider is that coated leggings like the shiny metallic leggings will usually have less stretch than faux leather leggings or even our basic nylon leggings which are the absolute most easy to fit due to their unhindered stretch.

Related pages
Pantyhose

References

Bottoms (clothing)

Tights


In computer science, a data structure is the organization and implementation of values and information. In simple words, it is the way of organizing information in a computer so that it can be more easily understood and worked with. Data structures are different from abstract data types in the way they are used. Data structures are the implementations of abstract data types in a concrete and physical setting. They do this by using algorithms. This can be seen in the relationship between the list (abstract data type) and the linked list (data structure). A list contains a sequence of values or bits of information. A linked list also has a "pointer" or "reference" between each node of information that points to the next item and the previous one. This allows one to go forwards or backwards in the list. Furthermore, data structures are often optimized for certain operations. Finding the best data structure when solving a problem is an important part of programming. Data structure is a systematic way to store data

Basic data structures

Array
The simplest type of data structure is a linear array. Also known as a one-dimensional array. An array holds several values of the same type (Integer, Floats, String, etc.). Accessing elements within the array is very fast. An array is normally of fixed size. After the size of the array is defined at the start, it may not be possible to increase the size of the array without creating a new larger array and copying all values into the new array. In computer science, an array data structure or simply an array is a data structure consisting of a collection of elements (values or variables), each identified by at least one array index or key. An array is stored so that the position of each element can be computed from its index tuple by a mathematical formula.

For example, an array of 10 integer variables, with indices 0 through 9, may be stored as 10 words at memory addresses 2000, 2004, 2008, 2036, so that the element with index i has the address 2000 + 4 × i.

As the mathematical concept of a matrix can be represented as a two-dimensional grid, two-dimensional arrays are also sometimes called matrices. In some cases the term "vector" is used in computing to refer to an array, although tuples rather than vectors are the more correct mathematical equivalent. Arrays are often used to implement tables, especially look up tables; the word table is sometimes used as a synonym of array.

Arrays are among the oldest and most important data structures, and are used by almost every program. They can also be used to implement many other data structures, such as lists and strings. They effectively exploit the addressing logic of computers. In most modern computers and many external storage devices, the memory is a one-dimensional array of words, whose indices are their addresses. Processors, especially vector processors, are often optimized for array operations.

Arrays are useful because the element indices can be computed at run time. Among other things, this feature allows a single iterative statement to process arbitrarily many elements of an array. For that reason, the elements of an array data structure are required to have the same size and should use the same data representation. The set of valid index tuples and the addresses of the elements (and hence the element addressing formula) are usually, but not always, fixed while the array is in use.

The term array is often used to mean array data type, a kind of data type provided by most high-level programming languages that consists of a collection of values or variables that can be selected by one or more indices computed at run-time. Array types are often implemented by array structures; however, in some languages they may be implemented by hash tables, linked lists, search trees, or other data structures.

Linked list
A linked data structure is a set of information/data linked together by references. The data are often called nodes. The references are often called links or pointers. From here on, the words node and pointer will be used for these concepts.

In linked data structures, pointers are only dereferenced or compared for equality. Thus, linked data structures are different than arrays, which require adding and subtracting pointers.

Linked lists, search trees, and expression trees are all linked data structures. They are also important in algorithms such as topological sort and set union-find.

Stack

A stack is a basic data structure that can be logically thought as linear structure represented by a real physical stack or pile, a structure where insertion and deletion of items takes place at one end called top of the stack. The basic concept can be illustrated by thinking of your data set as a stack of plates or books where you can only take the top item off the stack in order to remove things from it. This structure is used all throughout programming.

The basic implementation of a stack is also called a "Last In First Out" structure; however there are different variations of stack implementations.

There are basically three operations that can be performed on stacks. They are:
 inserting ("pushing") an item into a stack
 deleting ("popping") an item from the stack
 displaying the contents of the top item of the stack ("peeking")

Queue
A queue is an abstract data type or a linear data structure, in which the first element is inserted from one end (the "tail"), and the deletion of existing element takes place from the other end (the "head"). A queue is a "First In First Out" structure. "First In First Out" means that elements put in the queue first will come out first, and elements put in the queue last will come out last. An example of a queue are lines of people waiting. The first person in the line goes first, and the last person in the line goes last.

There are various operations that can be performed on a queue:
 Enqueue: This operation is used to adds an element in the queue.
 Dequeue: This operation removes an element from the queue.
 Front: This operation retrieves the element at the front of the queue.
 Rear: This operation retrieves the element at the rear of the queue.

The process of adding an element to a queue is called "enqueuing" and the process of removing an element from a queue is called "dequeuing".

Graph
A graph is an abstract data type that is meant to implement the graph and hypergraph concepts from mathematics.

A graph data structure consists of a finite (and possibly mutable) set of ordered pairs, called edges or arcs, of certain entities called nodes or vertices. As in mathematics, an edge (x,y) is said to point or go from x to y. The nodes may be part of the graph structure, or may be external entities represented by integer indices or references. A graph data structure may also associate to each edge some edge value, such as a symbolic label or a numeric attribute.

Tree
The tree is one of the most powerful advanced data structures. It often appears in advanced subjects such as Artificial Intelligence (AI) and design. Surprisingly, the tree is important in a much more basic application - the keeping of an efficient index.

When a tree is used there is a high chance that an index is used. The simplest type of index is a sorted list of key fields. A tree normally has a defined structure. In the case of a binary tree, you can use a binary search to locate any item without having to look at every item.

The tree data type is a type of graph meaning that many algorithms made to traverse a graph also work with a tree however, the algorithms can be much similar and must have a dedicated start node, that is the node with no other nodes linking to it.

The problem with a simple ordered list occurs when you start adding new items and have to keep the list sorted - it can be done reasonably efficiently but requires some modifications. Additionally, a linear index is not easy to share because the whole index needs to be "locked" when one user edits it, whereas one "branch" of a tree can be locked, leaving the other branches editable by other users (as they cannot be affected).

Hash Table
A hash table is an array where each index points to a linked list based on a hash value. A hash value is a value determined by a hash function. A hash function determines a unique value based on the data it is storing. This allows for access of data in constant time because the computer always knows where to look.

References

Related pages
 Data type

Other websites
 Data structure -Citizendium
 Stacks and Queue  -Warmcoder

Data structure


Rose Elizabeth Cleveland (June 13, 1846 − November 22, 1918), was the acting First Lady of the United States from 1885 to 1886, during the first of her brother U.S. President Grover Cleveland's two administrations.

Early life
Rose Elizabeth Cleveland was born in Fayetteville, New York, on June 14, 1846. Known to her family as "Libby", Rose was the youngest of nine children born to Reverend Richard Falley Cleveland and Ann Neal Cleveland. In 1853 the family moved to Holland Patent, New York, where her father was settled as pastor of the Presbyterian church, and where he died that same year. Rose  was 7 at the time of her father's death. She stayed in Holland Patent to care for her widowed mother. Grover Cleveland, Rose's elder brother, was 16 years old at the time.

White House years
When her elder brother, Grover Cleveland, won the election to the twenty-second presidency of the United States, Rose became First Lady and lived in the White House for two years, she stood by her brother as First Lady during his inauguration, and his two initial bachelor years in the White House.

During her early tenure as First Lady, Rose received front-page treatment from the New York Times about her appearance during her second reception at the White House.  The Times reported that Miss Cleveland, Wore a dress of black satin, with entire overdress of Spanish lace. The satin bodice was cut low and sleeveless, and the transparent lace revealed the shoulders and arms. Rose Cleveland did not completely fit into Washington high society during her tenure as first lady. It is said that," Rose Cleveland was a bluestocking, more interested in pursuing scholarly endeavors than in entertaining cabinet wives and foreign dignitaries."  Rose was an intellectual, and she preferred to lecture rather than entertain, but she made sure to perform her duties as First Lady as a favor to her brother.

Later on President Cleveland married Frances Cleveland. Rose resigned as the First Lady, and started her career in the field of education.

Death
She died on November 22, 1918 in Bagni di Lucca, Italy, from the Spanish flu. She is buried in Bagni di Lucca.

References

First Ladies of the United States
Deaths from influenza
1846 births
1918 deaths

Rose Cleveland


Maserati is an Italian luxury car making company. It began working with the company known as Ferrari, but recently changed to a group that includes Alfa Romeo. The Maserati brothers were named Alfieri, Bindo, Carlo, Ettore, and Ernesto. Alfieri initially raced with cars from a company called Diatto, but in 1926 when they stopped being produced, Alfieri and his brothers created a company called Maserati. One of the first cars that they made (driven by Alfieri) won the 1926 Targa Florio. Alfieri died in 1932, but the three other brothers continued making the cars. Their trident logo was probably created by an artist named Mario.

Maserati also ran a Formula One racing team between 1950 and 1957, employing numerous drivers, including the five-time drivers' champion Juan Manuel Fangio.

Other websites

 Maserati Specialist

Italian automobile companies
1926 establishments in Italy

Maserati


In Māori tradition, Te Paepae-ki-Rarotonga was one of the great ocean-going, voyaging canoes that was used in the migrations that settled New Zealand. Te Paepae-ki-Rarotonga was captained by Waitaha-ariki-kore and is said to have landed near Matatā.

Traditions
Waitaha-Ariki-Kore pulled down his house in Rarotonga and used it to build his waka Te Paepae-o-Rarotonga.

He was guided to Aotearoa by two taniwha and made first landfall at the Rurima Islands. He approached the islands at speed and on striking them caused them to break apart. At Rurima he sought water at the spring which bears his name.

From Rurima he then crossed to the mainland landing at Te Awa o te Atua, near Matata, before proceeding past Otaramuturangi to Te Kohika. From here he travelled to the inland of the Bay of Plenty.

Ngatiawa expressly state that Te Paepae-o-Rarotonga arrived before the coming of Mātaatua, and it is said to have been a very tapu craft; hence the place where it lay (The canoe is said to be lying, buried, at Tara-o-muturangi) was used as a burial-place.

Waiataha-ariki-kore married Hineteariki of Hapuoneone who had her pā at Otamarakau and inland to Waitahanui. Their daughter was Hahuru the mother of Tuwharetoa i te Aupouri.

According to Colonel Gudgeon, the Rarotongan natives have a tradition concerning a canoe called Te Paepae-o-Rarotonga.

See also
List of Māori waka

References

Māori waka
Māori mythology

Te Paepae-ki-Rarotonga


Cabaret is a form of entertainment having comedy, song, dance, and theatre. Cabarets are mostly performed in a restaurant or nightclub with a stage for performances and the audience sitting at tables (often dining or drinking) watching the performance. The venue itself can also be called a "cabaret". Sometimes it is called a "Reviue".

The term is a French word for the taprooms or cafés where this form of entertainment was born, as a more artistic form of café-chantant. It comes from Middle Dutch cabret, through Old North French camberette, from Late Latin camera. It essentially means "small room."

Cabaret also refers to a Mediterranean-style brothel – a bar with tables and women who talk, arouse, and entertain the clients. Traditionally these can also have some form of stage entertainment: often singers & dancers – the bawdiness of which varies with the quality of the place. It is the classier, more sophisticated cabaret that eventually engendered the form of place and art form that is the subject of the remainder of this article.

Performing arts

Cabaret


Bart van der Leck (26 November 1876, Utrecht – 13 November 1958, Blaricum) was a Dutch painter, designer, and ceramicist. With Theo van Doesburg and Piet Mondrian he founded the De Stijl art movement.

Son of a house painter, he started his career learning how to make stained glass in a shop in Utrecht. An example of his later stained glass work is in the Kröller-Müller Museum in Hoge Veluwe, Netherlands.

After having met Mondrian and van Doesburg and having founded the Stijl movement with them, his style became completely abstract, as did Mondrian's.  But after disagreements with Mondrian his abstract style became based on representational images. His painting Triptych is an example, in which he transformed sketches of a mine in Spain into seemingly abstract shapes.

In 1919-1920 he created the interior design for St Hubertus Hunting Lodge, in the Hoge Veluwe estate.  The hunting lodge was designed by Hendrik Petrus Berlage. In 1930, he was commissioned by Jo de Leeuw, owner of the prestigious Dutch department store Metz & Co. to design interiors, window packaging, branding and advertising. For these print materials van der Leck developed a rectilinear, geometrically constructed alphabet. In 1941, he designed a typeface based on this alphabet for the avant garde magazine Flax. Architype van der Leck, a digital revival of that face by David Quary and Freda Sack of The Foundry, was released in 1994.

Bart van der Leck claimed to be the father of the avant-garde movement.  In his own words he said: "Mondrian came to my place one day with Doesburg, whom I had never seen before. When Doesburg noticed an abstract painting right on the easel, he exclaimed: 'If that is to be the painting of the future, may I be hanged right now!' Well, a few months later, he was painting in precisely that manner. That's the sort of person Doesburg was. No ideas of his own. And a cheat in bargain..."

Public collections
Among the public collections holding works by the artist are:
 Museum de Fundatie, Zwolle, The Netherlands
 Kröller-Müller Museum

References

Haley, Allen. Type: Hot Designers Make Cool Fonts. Rockport Publishers Inc, Gloucester; 1998.
Hoek, Els, Marleen Blokhuis, Ingrid Goovaerts, Natalie Kamphuys, et al. Theo van Doesburg: Oeuvre Catalogus. Centraal Museum: 2000. .
Toos van Kooten (ed.). Bart van der Leck. Rijksmuseum Kröller-Müller, Otterlo, 1994 (in Dutch).

External links

Short biography at Codart
 Longer biography at Instituut voor Nederlandse Geschiedenis
Works in the Kroller-Muller Museum, Otterlo.

Abstract painters
Modern painters
1876 births
1958 deaths
De Stijl
Dutch male painters
Artists from Utrecht
20th-century Dutch artists
20th-century Dutch painters
20th-century Dutch male artists

Bart van der Leck