The Dell Remote Access Controller (DRAC) is an out-of-band management platform on certain Dell servers. The platform may be provided on a separate expansion card, or integrated into the main board; when integrated, the platform is referred to as iDRAC.

It mostly uses separate resources to the main server resources, and provides a browser-based and/or command-line interface (CLI) for managing and monitoring the server hardware.

Features
The controller has its own processor, memory, network connection, and access to the system bus. Key features include power management, virtual media access and remote console capabilities, all available through a supported web browser or command-line interface. This gives system administrators the ability to configure a machine as if they were sitting at the local console (terminal).

The DRAC interfaces with baseboard management controller (BMC) chips, and is based on the Intelligent Platform Management Interface (IPMI) 2.0 standard, which allows the use of IPMI out-of-band interfaces such as IPMI Over LAN.

Versions
The Dell Remote Access Controllers (DRAC) and the Integrated Dell Remote Access Controllers (iDRAC) come in different versions, where a new (i)DRAC version is often linked to a new generation of Poweredge servers.

The hardware is often integrated on the motherboard of the server, and the combined product is termed iDRAC, where the "i" is for integrated. When iDRAC Express is used, the software and hardware systems management functions are shared with one of the server's on-board network interfaces using a unique IP address. By contrast, iDRAC Enterprise version features a dedicated physical network interface.

iDRAC version 7 was introduced in conjunction with the release of Dell PowerEdge generation 12 servers in March 2012, and is only available on 12th generation models. Unlike previous versions the functionality of iDRAC 7 is the same for rack, tower and blade-servers.

An overview of the different versions:

Power management
With the DRAC enabled and using its own separate network connection, a user may login and reboot the system even if the core operating system has crashed. If the operating system has loaded the correct drivers, the DRAC will attempt to shut down the system gracefully. Without this feature and with the system running, administrators can use the remote console to access the operating system too.

Remote console
The remote console features of the DRAC allow an administrator to interface with the computer as if sitting in front of it, and one can share the local inputs from keyboard and mouse as well as video output (DRAC does not support remote sound). Remote-console capability relies on either an Active X or Java plug-in, or HTML5 in the later models, which displays a window showing the video output on the local terminal and which takes mouse and keyboard input. This behavior closely resembles that of other remote access solutions such as VNC or RDP but also works if the operating system of the server doesn't work any more (unlike VNC or RDP). It is used to take the server console remotely.

Virtual media
The DRAC enables a user to mount remotely shared disk-images as if they were connected to the system. In combination with the remote console, this gives administrators the ability to completely re-install an operating system, a task which traditionally required local console access to the physical machine. Administrators can control virtual media through the browser or through the OpenManage tools provided by Dell, though specific versions of browsers restrict some functionality.

Access
The main DRAC management takes place via a web interface. All generations of the DRAC use the default user name root and the default password calvin. Starting with the DRAC 3, Microsoft Active Directory can also provide authentication either with Dell AD Schema Extensions or Standard Schema.

Implementation
The DRAC5 and iDRAC6 and higher are embedded platforms running Linux and Busybox. The firmware source code is available on the Dell website, but it is not possible to compile the source into a replacement firmware as Dell does not include a build environment.

The DRAC provides remote access to the system console (keyboard and screen) allowing the system BIOS to be accessed over the Internet when the server is rebooted. This is done by configuring the system BIOS to send its output to a serial port (as a stream of text using VT100-compatible control codes). The chosen serial port is then redirected to the DRAC's serial port. Users can then log into the DRAC via SSH and run a command to connect the SSH session to the serial port, thus allowing the console to be accessed over the Internet.

Earlier versions of the DRAC used ActiveX in Internet Explorer to provide a remote-console interface in a web browser; however, this was unpopular with non-Windows users who did not have access to Internet Explorer. The latest revision of the DRAC6 uses a Java application instead (launched from within the browser), though both the DRAC5 and iDRAC6 also provided the aforementioned platform-independent SSH access.

iDRAC6
iDRAC6 is available in two levels: iDRAC6 Express and iDRAC6 Enterprise. iDRAC6 Express (which integrates features previously charged for in DRAC5) became a standard offering on Dell's servers. Certain features are not available for the Express version, including the remote console functionality and the vFlash SD card slot. As with iDRAC, iDRAC6 Enterprise is a standard offering on blade servers
 iDRAC6 offers three upgrades: iDRAC6 Express, iDRAC6 Enterprise, and VFlash Media
 iDRAC6 offers power budgeting
 iDRAC6 Enterprise's virtual console and virtual media features are now integrated into a single plug-in
 iDRAC6 Enterprise's virtual console now allows two users to collaborate on the same server
 iDRAC6 now allows customers to view what is on the server LCD without a server-side visit
 iDRAC6 supports IPv6

iDRAC7
On 6 March 2012, software version 1.00.00 for the iDRAC7 was released for generation 12 servers. iDRAC 7 does not work on earlier generation servers although some of the new functions introduced with iDRAC 7 might be offered in iDRAC 6 releases. As of May 2019, the current version was 220.127.116.11.

With the introduction of iDRAC 7, the licensing model has changed. iDRAC 7 now supports lifecycle controller. Some features of Lifecycle controller are licensed and to access those features via iDRAC the correct licenses for those functions need to be enabled.

Supported hardware platforms
iDRAC 7 runs on generation 12 PowerEdge servers. Per introduction in March 2012 the following servers use iDRAC7:
 PowerEdge T620 – tower model of 620, can be converted to 5U rack system
 PowerEdge R220 – native rack server, 1U
 PowerEdge R320 – native rack server, 1U
 PowerEdge R420 – native rack server, 1U
 PowerEdge R520 – native rack server, 2U
 PowerEdge R620 – native rack server, 1U
 PowerEdge M620 – blade server for M1000e enclosure, half-height (max 16 per chassis)
 PowerEdge R720 – rack-server, 2U
 PowerEdge R720xd – an R720 with additional 2.5" hard drive bays in the front and rear of the enclosure

Supported operating systems
iDRAC 7 is supported by the following operating systems
 Microsoft Windows Server 2016, x64
 Microsoft Windows Server 2012, x64
 Microsoft Windows Server 2008 SP2 (standard, enterprise and datacenter editions), x86 and x64
 Microsoft Windows Server 2008 R2 SP1 (standard, enterprise and datacenter editions), x64
 Microsoft Small Business Server 2011, x64
 SUSE Linux Enterprise Server (SLES) 10 and 11, x64
 Red Hat Enterprise Linux (RHEL), 5.8 (x86/x64), 6.1 (x64) and 6.3 (x64)
 Microsoft Hyper-V (with Windows server 2008) and Hyper-V R2 (Windows Server 2008 R2)
 VMware ESX/ESXi 4.1, Update 2
 VMWare ESXi 5 Patch 01
 Citrix Systems Xen Server 6

Supported web browsers
The GUI for iDRAC7 uses a Web browser and Java. Internet Explorer 7, 8 and 9, as well as  Firefox 6 + 7 were tested for different operating systems.

Limitations
To take advantage of storage greater than 256 MB on the iDRAC6 enterprise, Dell requires that a vFlash SD card be procured through Dell channels. As of December 2011, Dell vFlash SD cards differ from consumer SD cards by being over-provisioned by 100% for increased write endurance and performance.

While there are no other known functional differences between a Dell-branded vFlash SD card and a class 2 or greater SDHC card, the use of non-Dell media prevents the use of extended capacities and functions.

On a Linux client system the standard arrow and print screen keys cannot be used in the iDRAC6 Java virtual console application because of some incompatible key event IDs; however, the arrow keys on the numeric keypad can still be used.

Some combinations of DRAC firmware, web browser, and Java runtime do not support virtual media via the Java applet or the plugin in DRAC5 and iDRAC6.

References

External links
 Integrated Dell Remote Access Controller (iDRAC) on Dell's website
 Available manuals for iDRAC7
 Dell Remote Access Controller 6 (iDRAC 6)
 Dell Remote Access Controller 5 (DRAC 5) Version 1.20
 DRAC II/III product info from Dell
 Dell Remote Access Controller User Guides
 Managing out-of-band management in InfoWorld
 Dell DRAC 5 Remote SSH Console Redirection
 iDRAC7/iDRAC8 feature comparison

Out-of-band management
 Dell products

Dell DRAC


The Ryal Marines is the ampheebious infantry o the Unitit Kinrick an maks up, wi the Ryal Navy an Ryal Fleet Auxeeliar, the Naval Service. Thare's aboot 7,500 men in the Marines, an they are weel trained, gaun throu ane o the maist teuch an lang trainins in the warld.

History

The Ryal Marines cam intae bein on 28t October 1664, tae fecht in a weir agin the Dutch, they war cried the "Admiral's Regiment". Ane o the maist faur-kent vicotries o the Marines wis the fangin an fendin o Gibraltar.

Durin the 19t century the Marines war inrowed in a lot o fechtin, includin the Crimean Weir. Forby, the Marines feucht at the laundin at Gallipoli an led the raid at Zeebrugge.

Warld Weir 2 wis whan the Ryal Marines first becam commandos. Thay war inrowed wi mony battles o WWII, sic as the Allied invasion o Sicily an D-Day in Normandy. Thomas Peck wis the anerly marine awairdit the Victoria Cross durin WWII, for his actions at Loch Comacchio, he is also the hindermaist marine to be awairdit the Victoria Cross.

Efter the weir, the Marines feucht in Korea, becomin the first furrin unit to be awairdit the American Preses Unit Citation. Mair action in the faur east cam in Malaya an in Borneo. Efter 1969, the Marines war aft in Northren Ireland, durin the Tribbles. The Marines war inrowed in the Falklands Weir an aw, famously "yompin" athort tae the caipital, Stanley, an helpin tae defeat the Argentineans.

The Marines, hiv been deployed tae baith Iraq an Afghanistan an are at praisent inrowed in fechtin the Taliban in Helmand Province, Afghanistan.

1664 establishments in Ingland
1755 establishments in Great Breetain
Breetish Airmed Forces
Breetish Commandos
Militar o the Unitit Kinrick
Militar units an formations established in 1664
Militar units an formations in Plymouth
Militar units an formations o Great Breetain in the American Revolutionary War
Meenistry o Defence (Unitit Kinrick)

United K

Ryal Marines


The Desert Trail is a 1935 American Monogram Western film starring John Wayne and directed by Lewis D. Collins (credited as Cullin Lewis). The movie also features Eddy Chandler, Mary Kornman, and Paul Fix.

Plot
Rodeo star John Scott and his gambler friend Kansas Charlie are wrongly accused of armed robbery at the Rattlesnake Gulch rodeo (with an admission price of $1) just after John Scott gets his rodeo prize money. The Rodeo Official is robbed and murdered by Pete and Jim a minute after Scott and Kansas Charlie leave. Pete tells authorities he just saw John and his friend Kansas Charlie leaving the office. Now fugitives, John and Charlie flee to another town where they assume new names. There they compete for the affections of a woman who runs a store, Jim's sister Anne Whitaker. Later, John and Charlie interrupt a stagecoach holdup by Pete and Jim. But after John brings the stagecoach and its passengers back to town, Pete shows up and fingers them for the crime. John and Charlie find themselves in jail. Jim, knowing they are innocent and feeling guilty for his part in the crimes, helps bust them out. John and Charlie head after Pete to try to get a confession, with a posse riding hard behind them.

Cast

 John Wayne as John Scott, aka John Jones
 Mary Kornman as Anne Whitaker
 Paul Fix as Jim Whitmonlee
 Eddy Chandler as Kansas Charlie, aka Rev. Harry Smith
 Carmen Laroux as Juanita LaRoux (as Carmen LaRoux)
 Lafe McKee as Poker City Sheriff Lee Brown
 Al Ferguson as Pete, the drifter
 Henry Hall as Farnsworth (Rodeo Promoter)

See also
 John Wayne filmography
 List of American films of 1935

References

External links

1935 films
American black-and-white films
Films directed by Lewis D. Collins
1930s English-language films
1935 Western (genre) films
Monogram Pictures films
American Western (genre) films
1930s American films

The Desert Trail


Raymond Boudon (27 January 1934 – 10 April 2013) was a sociologist, philosopher and Professor in the Paris-Sorbonne University.

Career
With Alain Touraine, Michel Crozier and Pierre Bourdieu, Raymond Boudon is one of the leading French sociologists of the last quarter of the 20th century. He is known for his research on social mobility and inequality of opportunities as well as for his defense of methodological individualism.

He was a member of many important institutions. Académie des Sciences morales et politiques, Academia Europaea, British Academy, American Academy of Arts and Sciences, International Academy of Human Sciences of St Petersburg, Central European Academy of Arts and Sciences. And a fellow at the Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences and an invited professor notably at Harvard, Oxford University, and the Universities of Geneva, Chicago, and Stockholm.

A biographical study of him by Jean-Michel Morin was published in 2006.

Selected publications
 The Uses of Structuralism (1971)
 Education, Opportunity and Social Inequality (1974)
 The Logic of Social Action (1981)
 Theories of Social Change (1986)
 The Analysis of Ideology (1989)
 The Art of Self-Persuasion (1994)
 The Origin of Values (2000)

Notes

References
E. Di Nuoscio, "Le ragioni degli individui. L'individualismo metodologico di Raymond Boudon", Rubbettino, Roma 1996

External links
 Raymond Boudon's profile at Paris-Sorbonne University (Paris IV)

École Normale Supérieure alumni
Fellows of Nuffield College, Oxford
Members of the Académie des sciences morales et politiques
Members of Academia Europaea
Academic staff of the University of Paris
Harvard University staff
1934 births
2013 deaths
French sociologists
Commanders of the Ordre national du Mérite
20th-century French male writers
20th-century French non-fiction writers
20th-century social scientists
French male non-fiction writers
Writers from Paris

Raymond Boudon


Proteins are long-chain molecules built from small units known as amino acids. They are joined with peptide bonds.

They are biochemical compounds of one or more polypeptides folded into a round or fibrous shape.

A polypeptide is a single linear polymer chain of amino acids. The sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide comes from the DNA sequence of a gene. The genetic code specifies 20 standard amino acids. Shortly after synthesis, some amino acids are chemically modified. This alters the folding, stability, activity, and function of the protein. Sometimes proteins have non-peptide groups attached, as cofactors.

Proteins are essential to all cells. Like other biological macromolecules (polysaccharides and nucleic acids), proteins take part in virtually every process in cells:
 Many proteins are enzymes that catalyze (help to happen) biochemical reactions and are vital to metabolism.
 Other proteins have structural or mechanical functions, such as in muscle and in cells. The cytoskeleton is a system of scaffolding that keeps cell shape.
 Other proteins are important in cell signalling, immune responses, and cell division

Formation
Proteins are formed by a process called "protein synthesis". The cell reads the genetic information of the DNA and translates it into a protein. In eukaryotes, this process begins in the cell nucleus and ends in the ribosome. In prokaryotes all of it is done in the cytoplasm.

Proteins have different functions depending on their shape and sequence. They can be found in meat or muscle. They are used for growth and repair, as well as for strengthening the bones. They help to make tissue and cells. They are in animals, plants, fungi, bacteria, and in the human body.

Muscles are mostly made of protein. When protein is digested, it is broken down into amino acids. These amino acids can then be used to build new protein. Proteins form an important part in foods like milk, eggs, meat, fish, beans, spinach, and nuts. There are four factors that determine what a protein will do. The first is the order of the amino acids. There are 20 different types of amino acids. The second is the little twists in the chain. The third is how the entire structure is folded up. The fourth is whether it is made up of different sub-units. Haemoglobin molecules, for example, are made of four sub-units.

Damaging mutations
Most proteins are enzymes, and mutations may slow them or stop them working. 50% of human cancers are caused by mutations in the tumour suppressor p53. p53 is a protein which regulates cell division.

Lifespan
Once formed, proteins only exist for a certain period. Then they are and recycled by the cell's machinery. A protein's lifespan is measured by its half-life. This covers a wide range. They can exist for minutes or years with an average lifespan of 1–2 days in mammalian cells.

Essential amino acids
Proteins are necessary in an animal's diet, since they cannot make all the amino acids they need (they can make most of them). They must get certain amino acids from food. These are called the essential amino acids. Through digestion, animals break down ingested protein into free amino acids. The amino acids are then used in metabolism to make the enzymes and structures the body needs.

There are nine essential amino acids for humans, which are obtained from food. The nine essential amino acids are: histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, and valine. Meat contains all the essential amino acids humans need; most plants do not. However, eating a mixture of plants, such as both wheat and peanut butter, or rice and beans, provides all the essential amino acids needed. Soy products like tofu provide all the essential amino acids—as does quinoa—but these are not the only way to get the protein humans need.

Proteins were first described by the Dutch chemist Gerardus Johannes Mulder. Jöns Jacob Berzelius gave proteins their name. Hundreds of other scientists have studied proteins since him.

Related pages
 Protein structure
 Protein folding
 Translation (genetics)

References

Other websites
 Protein from the Harvard School of Public Health

Protein


The northern hardwood forest is a general type of North American forest ecosystem found over much of southeastern and south-central Canada, Ontario, and Quebec, extending south into the United States in northern New England, New York, and Pennsylvania, and west along the Great Lakes to Minnesota and western Ontario. Some ecologists consider it a transitional forest because it contains species common to both the oak-hickory forest community to the south and the Boreal forest community to the north. The trees and shrub species of the Northern Hardwood Forest are known for their brilliant fall colors, making the regions that contain this forest type popular fall foliage tourist destinations.

Sugar maple, yellow birch, American beech, and white ash are the common key indicator tree and shrub species in the Northern Hardwood Forest. Other species include eastern hemlock and eastern white pine. Herb and heath species include wintergreen, wild sarsaparilla, and wood sorrel. Birds and animals common to the Northern Hardwood Forest include the black-capped chickadee, white-throated sparrow, cedar waxwing, porcupine, snowshoe hare, white-tailed deer, and American red squirrel.

Most of the Northern Hardwood Forest is not virgin forest, it is regrowth following centuries of commercial timber harvesting and the clearing of land for agricultural purposes. This is particularly true of New England, New York, and Eastern Canada, where the land was cleared to make room for farms in the 17th and 18th centuries and subsequently abandoned in the 19th century when farming interests migrated to the midwestern United States and central Canada.

The Northern Hardwood Forest is indigenous to several well-known parks and national forests, including the Boundary Waters region of Minnesota, New York's Adirondack Park, the White Mountain National Forest in New Hampshire, the Green Mountain National Forest in Vermont, Baxter State Park and Acadia National Park in Maine, and Fundy National Park in New Brunswick. The Berkshires region of western Massachusetts is very typical of a Northern Hardwood Forest ecosystem.  Northern hardwood stands are also found in the higher elevations of the southern Blue Ridge Mountains, typically between  and , where climatic conditions resemble those in northern states and southern Canada.

See also
 Hardwood forest plants
 Appalachian hemlock–northern hardwood forest
 Central U.S. hardwood forests
 New England/Acadian forests
 Temperate broadleaf and mixed forests

References

Further reading
 Cronon, William. Changes in the Land: Indians, Colonists, and the Ecology of New England. Hill and Wang, New York, 2003.
 Kircher, John. A Field Guide to Eastern Forests. Houghton-Mifflin, Boston, 1998.

Appalachian forests
 Temperate broadleaf and mixed forests in the United States
 Temperate broadleaf and mixed forests in Canada
 Ecoregions of the United States
 Ecoregions of Canada

 Forests of Canada
 Forests of the United States
Forest ecology

Northern hardwood forest


Maurice Duruflé  (born Louviers, 11 January 1902;  died Louveciennes,   16 June 1986) was a French composer and organist.  He was very self-critical and destroyed any of his compositions that he thought were not really good.  This is why we now only have a small number of his works.  He wrote choral music and music for the organ.  His most famous work is his Requiem.

Life
Duruflé was born in Louviers, Haute-Normandie.  In 1912, he joined the choir of Rouen Cathedral where he studied piano and organ.  When he was 17 he went to Paris and had private organ lessons with Charles Tournemire.  He became Tournemire's assistant at the Basilique Ste-Clotilde, Paris until 1927. In 1920 Duruflé went to study at the Conservatoire de Paris.  His organ teacher was Eugène Gigout. When he graduated he got first prizes in organ, harmony, piano accompaniment, and composition.

In 1929 Duruflé became organist at St. Étienne-du-Mont in Paris, a job he kept for the rest of his life.

In 1939, he gave the first performance of Francis Poulenc's Organ Concerto.  In 1943 he became professor of harmony at the Conservatoire de Paris, where he worked until 1970.  In 1947, Duruflé wrote his famous Requiem op. 9, for soloists, choir, organ and orchestra.  In the same year Marie-Madeleine Chevalier became his assistant organist at St-Étienne-du-Mont. They married in 1953 after Duruflé divorced his first wife.  The couple often travelled together to give organ recitals together.  They always spent many hours practising on the organs on which they had to perform, often practising a lot of the time without the sound so that their fingers were really used to the feel of the organ.

In 1975 Duruflé was badly hurt in a car accident and had to give up performing.  His wife, who was not so badly hurt in the accident, was still able to play and continued to play the organ at St-Étienne-du-Mont.

Duruflé died in Louveciennes (near Paris) in 1986, aged 84.

Duruflé only left a few of his works for publication.  His two important organ works are the Suite, op. 5  which has a famous Toccata as last movement, and his Prelude and Fugue sur le nom d'Alain.  His Requiem remains a favourite work for choirs.  Duruflé's music uses Gregorian plainchant, modal harmonies and polyphonic writing.  He was a great admirer of the music of Louis Vierne and Charles Tournemire and he made transcriptions of some of their improvisations.

Other websites
 Association de Maurice et Marie-Madeleine Duruflé
 http://www.requiemsurvey.org/composers.php?id=274

References

1902 births
1986 deaths
20th-century French composers
French organists

Maurice Duruflé


Real de Catorce (; meaning: Real [a unit of currency] of Fourteen), often shortened to Real, is a village in the Mexican state of San Luis Potosí and the seat of the municipality of Catorce. It is located  north of the city of San Luis Potosí, and currently has a full-time population of under 1,000 residents. This 'ghost-town' in the high and dry expanses of northern San Luis Potosí state was once a thriving silver mining settlement. Real de Catorce has long been a pilgrimage site for both local Catholics and Huichol shamanists, and is now being discovered by international tourists drawn by the desert ambience and reputed spiritual energy.

Geography

The village of Real de Catorce sits on the side of a mountain at more than 2,743 meters (9,000 ft). It is located in the Sierra de Catorce range, one of the highest plateaus in Mexico, where summits may extend over . These mountains lie in the arid Mexican plateau, cut off from trade winds of the Gulf of Mexico by the high peaks of the Sierra Madre Oriental.

The main road to Real de Catorce leaves Highway 62 between Matehuala and San Tiburcio. This is roughly to the east of Real, near the town of Cedral. From the main highway there is a  cobblestone road which rises into the sierra, then the  long Ogarrio Tunnel which only accepts vehicles one way (with travelers in and out having to wait their turn).

Mining
The Cerro Quemado mountain is an important site for the Huichol ceremonial migration, Peyote hunt, and deer dance.  On October 27, 2000  United Nations Education, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) claimed this site as a protected area for its importance as a cultural route and endemic flora and fauna species.  Later on June 9, 2001 it was declared as a National Sacred Site under the State of San Luis Potosí's Natural Protection act.  Canada's First Majestic Silver Corp purchased underground mineral rights on November 13, 2009 with 80% of the purchased mineral rights being within the protected zone. On September 12, 2013 Mining Plans have been suspended. This legal action, granted by the federal courts, halts all mining projects in the sacred Wirikuta territory, an area covering approximately 140,000 hectares, in the municipalities of Catorce, Charcas, Matehuala, Villa de Ramos, Villa de Guadalupe and Villa de la Paz in the Mexican state of San Luis Potosí.

Trash
Discussions regarding proper disposal of trash and possible recycling programs have been ongoing since at least 2005. However, as of August 2011, all trash is still being trucked several kilometers west of town where it is partially incinerated in an open pit.

Water and sewage
Despite an investment of over 5 million pesos in combined funds (2008) for water and sewage projects, there is no sewage treatment facility, nor are the "water system extensions" in complete service as of August 2011.

History
Real de Catorce ('Royal Fourteen') is named for 14 Spanish soldiers killed here in an ambush by Chichimeca warriors. Other sources tell that in the beginning the name was "Real de Álamos de la Purísima Concepción de los Catorce" (Real de Alamos of the Immaculate Conception of the Fourteen). Although a town had been there for many years, silver was discovered in the local mountains in 1772 and a few years later in 1779 the village was officially founded.  The parish church was built between 1790 and 1817. Real de Catorce's heyday was in the late 19th century, when it had a population of 15,000, with some of Mexico's richest silver mines and a mint, as well as a bullring and shops selling European luxury goods. It was almost completely abandoned when the price of silver plummeted after 1900; only a few people remained in this ghost town, eking out a living from mine tailings and an annual influx of pilgrims to a reputedly miraculous image of St. Francis in the parish church. Today, its main income comes from tourism.

Several major commercial motion pictures have been filmed in Real including Bandidas (featuring Salma Hayek and Penélope Cruz), The Mexican (featuring Brad Pitt and Julia Roberts), and some scenes of The Treasure of the Sierra Madre (featuring Humphrey Bogart), and of Puerto Escondido, directed by Gabriele Salvatores.

Attractions

Thousands of pilgrims visit the Parish of Immaculate Conception the week around the feast day of St. Francis of Assisi on October 4 to express their gratitude for favors granted. Inside the church are hundreds of Retablos attesting to the miracles that have been performed.

Wixárika (Huichol) indigenous peoples walk across miles of desert from Nayarit, Durango, Jalisco and Zacatecas to visit the valley of Catorce every spring to leave religious offerings at the "Cerro Quemado", a ceremonial center to the east of their mystical religious territory. Quemado is, according to their ancestral beliefs, the birthplace of their "Tatewari" or Grandfather Fire.

During this time, they also visit the Wirikuta or desert below Real de Catorce to gather a year's supply of sacred nourishment in the form of peyote or "hikuri", the magical cactus that they use to guide their path and consciousness. Though found throughout the region, the cacti in the Wirikuta purportedly produce the most desired crop.

At other times of the year, there is a continuous pilgrimage of people of all ages and nationalities. They travel thousands of miles to arrive at this sacred site and experience a mystical communion with the magical cactus. So much so, in fact, that the government has mounted a campaign to protect the cactus from these so-called "peyote tourists". It is illegal for anyone but Huichol Indians to gather, or possess, the peyote cactus.

Others come to Real de Catorce for health reasons. At almost  the city is an excellent training ground for bicyclists and runners.

Although in the southern range of the Chihuahuan desert, due to its elevation, Real can be very cool at night. Although days, particularly in summer, can be very hot, it is advised to always bring a jacket, even in summer.

Real de Catorce was named a "Pueblo Mágico" in 2001.

Gallery

References

External links

Everything Else About Real de Catorce
Viva Real de Catorce - The Premier for Real de Catorce Information

Populated places in San Luis Potosí
Ghost towns in Mexico
Pueblos Mágicos
Populated places established in 1772
1772 establishments in New Spain

Real de Catorce


Frederick Robert Spofforth (9 September 1853 – 4 June 1926), also known as "The Demon Bowler", was an Australian cricket team pace bowler of the nineteenth century. He was the first bowler to take 50 Test wickets, and the first to take a Test hat-trick, in 1879. He played in Test matches for Australia between 1877 and 1887, and then settled in England where he played for Derbyshire. In 2009, he was inducted into the ICC Hall of Fame.

Early life
Spofforth was born in the Sydney suburb of Balmain, the son of Yorkshire-born Edward Spofforth, a bank clerk, and his wife Anna, née McDonnell. Spofforth spent his early childhood in Hokianga, New Zealand and was later educated privately at the Reverend
John Pendrill's Eglinton House on Glebe Road and, for a short time, at Sydney Grammar School.

Spofforth was thereafter employed by the Bank of New South Wales as a clerk.

Cricket career in Australia

He began his life as a bowler with underarm "lobs" but changed his style when he saw the great England quick bowlers on their tour of the colonies in 1863/64. He decided that he would pursue the overarm action and spent many years mastering it. Spofforth came to notice as a member of the New South Wales eighteen in January 1874 when he took two wickets for sixteen in a match against W.G. Grace's English eleven. He was a regular representative of the New South Wales team in intercolonial fixtures and, in the December 1877 game, went in second wicket down to make 25, the highest score in either innings in a low-scoring match. Although he batted reasonably well during the 1878 and 1880 Australian tours in England, from then he concentrated almost solely on his bowling and established a tremendous reputation.

Spofforth played his first Test match in 1877 in Melbourne. It was the second match of the first-ever Test series, against an English team led by James Lillywhite, Jr. Spofforth took three wickets in the first innings and another in the second, but England went on to win the match by four wickets. He had boycotted the First Test because of Jack Blackham's selection as wicket-keeper ahead of Spofforth's close friend and fellow New South Welshman Billy Murdoch.

Spofforth truly announced himself to the cricketing world on 27 May 1878, when the touring Australians met the MCC at Lord's. In this, the second match of the tour, the might of the MCC was dismissed twice in one day at the fortress of English cricket for paltry scores of just 33 and nineteen. The colonists won by nine wickets, with Spofforth picking up ten for twenty after first clean-bowling Grace for a duck. Tom "Felix" Horan records that, when he did so, "he jumped about two feet in the air, and sang out: 'Bowled! Bowled! Bowled!' And at the finish in the dressing-room, he said: 'Ain't I a demon? Ain't I a demon?' gesticulating the while in his well-known demonaic style. Whether or not he christened himself the demon, he certainly was a demon bowler." Spofforth confirms this: "To myself, it will always be a noteworthy occasion, since it was then that I first earned my popular sobriquet – 'the Demon'."

As a consequence of this victory, writes Plum Warner, the "fame of Australian cricket was established for all time." Spofforth became known forever as "The Demon Bowler" (a title which first adorned John "Foghorn" Jackson in the 1850s). He was the bowler whom English batsmen most feared and is also regarded as the one who first brought into the game, as a scaring technique, eye-to-eye contact with the batsman. Spofforth would often stare straight into the batsman's eyes to scare and shake him.

During the 1878 tour Spofforth was credited with as many as 110 wickets at an average of under 10½ runs, besides having the respectable batting average of 13 for 28 innings.

This worked to particularly devastating effect in the match that gave birth to the legendary Ashes series, at The Oval on 29 August 1882. In their second innings, England required a mere 85 runs to clinch the match, but Spofforth refused to give up – "Boys," he said famously, "this thing can be done"—and led his team to a remarkable victory, one of the closest ever in the history of Test cricket. The Australians won by seven runs, Spofforth taking match figures of fourteen for ninety.

During the January Test match of the 1879 Lord Harris' England tour of Australia, played on the Melbourne Cricket Ground, Spofforth became the first man to get a hat-trick in Test cricket, dismissing Vernon Royle, Francis MacKinnon and Tom Emmett in three successive deliveries.  This was the highlight of a brilliant bowling performance which brought him 13 wickets for 110 runs. In February, Spofforth also played for New South Wales against Lord Harris' tourists in a game that, on the Saturday, descended into the Sydney riot of 1879.

Although not noted as a batsman, he once top-scored in a Test from the unlikely starting position of number eleven. He hit 50 against England at Melbourne in 1884–85; the next-highest score by an Australian in the match was 35.

Fred Spofforth played his last Test match in Sydney in January 1887 in which he bowled twelve overs, conceded seventeen runs and took one wicket. England won the match by 13 runs. He represented New South Wales from 1874 to 1885 and Victoria from 1885 to 1887.

Life in England

In 1888 Spofforth settled in England and got married, choosing to live in Derbyshire. The Derbyshire County Cricket Club tried unsuccessfully to persuade the County Cricket Council to allow him to play for Derbyshire without waiting for the usual two years' residential qualification. However, Yorkshire were willing to waive the point so that Spofforth could play against them in two matches in the 1889 season. In one of these games he took fifteen Yorkshire wickets for 81 runs. With the residential qualification met in the following year, Spofforth was able not only to play for Derbyshire but to captain the side in the 1890 season. In 1890 Derbyshire was found to be in deep financial crisis and Spofforth played a key part in identifying a fraud that had been committed. The cricket club's losses amounted to £1000 and the Derby County Football Club had also been raided. Samuel Richardson the club's first captain had become an administrator of the club in 1880, and in 1884 the remit had been extended to the associated Derby County Football Club. Richardson admitted his guilt and fled the country in disgrace and settled in Madrid.

In 1896, Spofforth, playing for MCC, although in his forty-third year, took eight wickets for 74 against Yorkshire. He played club cricket for Hampstead for some years after 1890 and secured a large number of wickets at a low cost.

In England he went into business as a tea-merchant and became the managing director of the Star Tea Company which belonged to his wife's father and was very successful. He revisited Australia on more than one occasion and retained his interest in the game to the end.

Spofforth died on the eve of the 1926 Ashes series (some of which he had wanted to see) from chronic colitis at Long Ditton, Surrey. He left a fortune of £164,000. He is buried in Brookwood Cemetery.

Critique
Spofforth was lean but very strong at 6' 3" tall (190.5 cm) and weighing in at 12½ stone (80 kg). He began as a fast bowler, although he did not have a very long run. After the 1878 tour, as he began to study medium-paced and slow bowling, his speed quietened down to fast medium-pace with an occasional extra-fast or -slow ball thrown in; "his objective", according to John Trumble, "being a completely disguised combination of the three paces; and those who saw him bowling at his best will remember to what perfection he attained in this direction. His action on delivery was exactly the same for all of the three paces, and it was in his magnificent concealment of change in the pace of his bowling that he stood out from all other bowlers of all time."

Also influencing the general slackening of pace was his discovery that, on the softer English wickets, his break from the off (known then as the "break back") was sharpened when he bowled slower, and only once on the 1882 tour did he resort to his full speed (in unsuccessful retaliation to Grace's perceived as unsporting run-out of Sammy Jones in the Test match). Using the break back, he was able to have a large proportion of his victims bowled; seven of his ten wickets in the 1878 match against the MCC were taken in that fashion. Of his 94 wickets in Test matches, 50 were bowled out.

Spofforth might also have been the original inventor of swing bowling (or "swerve", as it was then known). According to Grace, Spofforth first started implementing it during or after the 1878 tour. It is unknown whether or not he had an outswinger, but he could definitely shape the ball back in to the right-handers.

Spofforth's bowling average was not very low for his era, but he always attacked, and he dismissed a great many batsmen. Lord Hawke, who played first-class cricket for a great many years, considered him to be the most difficult bowler he had ever played against. He was often called the best bowler in the game, and he was particularly effective bowling to W.G. Grace, the best batsman of the era.

In 1996 he was posthumously included in the Australian Cricket Hall of Fame as one of the ten inaugural inductees along with Jack Blackham, Victor Trumper, Clarrie Grimmett, Bill Ponsford, Don Bradman, Bill O'Reilly, Keith Miller, Ray Lindwall and Dennis Lillee. A sculpture of Spofforth by Cathy Weiszmann was unveiled at the Sydney Cricket Ground on 5 January 2008.

Bibliography
 Barker, Ralph: Ten Great Bowlers (Chatto & Windus, 1967).
 Cashman, Richard: The "Demon" Spofforth (New South Wales University Press, 1990, ; Walla Wall Press, 2014, ).
 Spofforth, Fred: The Demon Speaks: Recollections and Reminiscences (CreateSpace, 2015, ).

References

External links

MCG article on Spofforth

1853 births
1926 deaths
Australian Cricket Hall of Fame inductees
Australia Test cricketers
New South Wales cricketers
Cricketers from Sydney
Victoria cricketers
Test cricket hat-trick takers
Melbourne Cricket Club cricketers
Australian cricketers
People educated at Sydney Grammar School
People from the Hokianga
Gentlemen cricketers
Marylebone Cricket Club cricketers
Gentlemen of England cricketers
Sportspeople from the Colony of New South Wales
Derbyshire cricketers
Australian expatriate sportspeople in England
Australian people of English descent
Burials at Brookwood Cemetery
Wembley Park cricketers
North v South cricketers
Sport Australia Hall of Fame inductees

Fred Spofforth


The fire service in the United Kingdom operates under separate legislative and administrative arrangements in England, Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales.

Fire services
In England, there is a fire service for each county and large city, although some cover two counties. Wales is divided between three fire services. Scotland has had only one fire service since 2013. Northern Ireland has had only one fire service since 1973.

Fire services are known as fire and rescue services, or fire services for short, or by the older phrase fire brigades. Most of them now have the name "[Place] Fire and Rescue Service", e.g. Oxfordshire Fire and Rescue Service. There are a few that do not: London Fire Brigade, Cleveland Fire Brigade and West Midlands Fire Service.

How fire services work
There are two main types of firefighter:
Wholetime firefighter: Those who work full-time as firefighters. They usually work during some days and during some nights. When they are on duty, they wait at the fire station to be called to an emergency. Wholetime firefighters are found in towns and cities. In the largest cities, all firefighters work wholetime.
Retained firefighter: Those who are called out to do firefighting work a few times a week, or less. They do not work full-time in the fire service, and many have full-time jobs somewhere else. However, they are paid some money. They spend long periods of time on call. When called to an emergency, they drive to the fire station in their cars and bring out the fire engine. In villages, all firefighters are retained. Some fire stations (especially in medium-sized towns) have both wholetime firefighters and retained firefighters.
Some fire stations are day-crewed, meaning they are covered by wholetime firefighters during the day and by retained firefighters at night. A few places have volunteer firefighters, who are like retained firefighters but are not paid at all.

Wholetime firefighters work as part of a 'watch'. This is a group of 5-15 firefighters who work the same hours at the same fire station. A fire station's watches are usually named with a colour (e.g. red watch, white watch, blue watch, green watch,etc).

The fire service has ranks. In most fire services, these are, from lowest to highest:
Firefighter (FF)
Crew Manager (CM)
Watch Manager (WM)
Station Manager (SM)
Group/Area Manager (G/AM)
Assistant Chief Fire Officer (ACFO)
Deputy Chief Fire Officer (DCFO)
Chief Fire Officer (CFO)

Notes

Firefighting
Emergency services in the United Kingdom

Fire services in the United Kingdom


An enol is an alkene that has an OH group attached to one end of the double bond. It is called an enolate if the proton on the oxygen atom is taken away.

Enols are tautomers of ketones or aldehydes. Tautomers are molecules which are different only in the position of an hydrogen atom. Enols can be made very easily from ketones or aldehydes using a base. They are quite unstable, because the C=O bond is stronger than the C=C bond. However, they can do many interesting reactions. The best example is the aldol reaction.

Enols of ketones can be made on two different sides. It is important to be able to choose which side to react. The side with less substituents is the easiest one to react: it can be made at low temperature with a bulky base. This is called the kinetic enolate. The other side, with more substituents, is more difficult to react. Higher temperatures are needed. This is called the thermodynamic enolate.

Functional groups

Enol


A typographical error or typo is a word that has been spelt wrong by accident. There are a few ways to make a typo:
 Hitting the wrong key while typing. Example: "Tom amd Jane are friends."
 Pressing the keys in the wrong order. Example: "Tom nad Jane are friends."
 Forgetting to press a key. Example "Tom nd Jane are friends."
 Holding a key too long, causing a letting to be typed twice. Example "Tom andd Jane are friends."

Typography

Typographical error


Ironing means getting the creases out of clothes after they have been washed and dried.  Ironing is done with a tool called an "iron".  It is called an iron because in past centuries it was made of iron, a type of metal.  The iron is heated before it is used.  This used to be done by putting the iron on a fire. Nowadays electricity is used to warm the iron.  The user can put water inside, which becomes steam.

Ironing clothes is usually easiest when the clothes are still very slightly damp, but it depends on the material of the clothes.  There is normally a label on the clothes which shows whether it can be ironed, and at what temperature. Ironing is usually done with a padded ironing board. The clothes to be ironed are put on the ironing board and the iron is pushed carefully along the cloth to get all the wrinkles out.

Home

Ironing


Cuneiform law refers to any of the legal codes written in cuneiform script, that were developed and used throughout the ancient Middle East among the Sumerians, Babylonians, Assyrians, Elamites, Hurrians, Kassites, and Hittites. The Code of Hammurabi is the best-known of the cuneiform laws, but there were a number of precursor laws.

Features
Although they were written in several different cities and kingdoms, these early laws have a number of formulae in common. Most contain both an epilogue and a prologue, which usually explain the purpose of composing the laws, invoke divine authority, and command the reader to abide by them. They are always imposed or 'enacted' in the name of a ruler, be it a prince or king, and show no sign of being the result of legislative bodies.

While many of these codes are only partially known, they nevertheless paint a fairly clear picture that enables us to learn what issues pertaining to rules were considered significant by the societies they governed in the 3rd, 2nd, and 1st millennia BC.

Unlike modern codes, Cuneiform law provides no universal formula for general areas of law. Rather, laws typically consist of specific "if... then..." cases that are meant to act as an example or precedent. Punishments for crimes vary from code to code, but not all prescribe vengeance. Some call only for fines in certain instances, such as in the Code of Ur-Nammu, where one line reads: "If a man knocks out the eye of another man, he shall weigh out one-half a mina of silver."  These cases are sometimes arranged in a seemingly random order, though this may be the result of an inability to properly interpret them today as they would have been at the time they were in force.

Cuneiform law is generally classified separately from later Middle Eastern law, but has been viewed as a predecessor of Biblical and Jewish law. The communities of the Middle East that made use of cuneiform law were generally all in contact with one another, and developed similar cultures. Akkadian, a cuneiform language, was used throughout the entire area, and even as far as Egypt, for diplomatic communications during the Amarna Period.

Timeline
 c. 2350 BC – Reforms of Urukagina of Lagash – not extant, but referenced in other sources.
 c. 2060 BC – Code of Ur-Nammu (or Shulgi?) of Ur – Neo-Sumerian (Ur-III). Earliest code of which fragments have been discovered. The code speaks of witchcraft and the flight of slaves.
 c. 1934-1924 BC – Code of Lipit-Ishtar of Isin – With a typical epilogue and prologue, the law deals with penalties, the rights of ordinary people, right of kings, marriages, and more.
 c. 1800 BC – Laws of the city of Eshnunna (sometimes ascribed to king Bilalama)
 c. 1758 BC – Code of Hammurabi – The most famous and also most preserved of the ancient laws. Discovered in December 1901, it contains over 282 paragraphs of text, not including the prologue and epilogue.
 c. 1500-1300 BC – Assyrian law
 c. 1500-1400 BC – Hittite laws

Gallery

See also

Assyrian law
Babylonian law
List of ancient legal codes
Code of the Nesilim

References

Legal codes
Codes of conduct

Cuneiform law


Absolut Vodka is a brand of Vodka that was first made in 1879 and originally made in Sweden. It is owned by the French company Pernod Ricard Holding Company. It openly embraces the gay community and is official sponsor of the GLAAD Media Awards. It is the third largest alcoholic spirts company in the world.

Other websites
 Absolut Vodka's Official website

Alcoholic spirits

Absolut Vodka


College Scholastic Ability Test, known as Su-Neung, is a national standardized university entrance test in South Korea. The test is held on second Thursday of November of every year. The Korea Institute for Curriculum and Evaluation (KICE) conducts and supervises the test. A person who wants to go to university must take the test. Its result is accepted by most of universities in Korea. It is a typical criterion to judge whether the person is allowed to go to a university.

Sections of the test

The test has five sections - Korean language, Math, English language, Social Studies/Sciences/Vocational Education and Foreign language/Chinese Character. The applicants can choose the number of the domain which they would take, after considering of applicant's ability, aptitude, demand of the university which they apply to.

The Korean and English section are common to all applicants. However, if the applicant decides to take Math, Society/Science/Vocation test and Foreign language/Chinese Character, he or she must choose the subtype of the test.

For Math section, there are two subtypes to choose - "A" or "B". The type "A" consists of two parts - Math 1, Basic Calculus and Statistics. Type "B" consists of four parts - Math 1, Math 2, Geometry and Vector, Integral calculus and Statistics.

For Social Studies/Sciences/Vocational Education section, applicants have to choose one category from the three and each has several subtypes.
In Social Studies section, applicants have to choose at most two subjects from ten subjects (Ethics & Thought, Ethics for Daily Life, Korean History, World History, East Asian History, Korean Geography, World Geography, Law and Politics, Economics, Society and Culture).
In Sciences section, it is necessary to choose at most two subjects from eight subjects (Physics Ⅰ, Chemistry Ⅰ, Biology Ⅰ, Earth Science Ⅰ,  Physics Ⅱ, Chemistry Ⅱ, Biology Ⅱ, Earth Science Ⅱ).
In Vocational Education section, it is allowed to choose one subject from ten subjects (Understanding of Agriculture, Techniques in Basic Agriculture, Introduction to Industry, Basic Drafting, Commercial Economy, Principles of Accounting, General Oceanography, Fishery and Shipping Information Processing, Human Development, General Computers).

Finally, the applicants who take the Foreign language/Chinese Character test have to decide one subject out of nine (German I, French I, Spanish I, Chinese I, Japanese I, Russian I, Arabic I, Basic Vietnamese, Chinese Characters and Classics).

Timetable

The first test, Korean, starts at 8:40 A.M. The last test, Foreign language/Chinese Character test, ends at 5:00 P.M.. For disabled people, there is some extra time. Blind people are given 1.5 time prolonged time than normal applicants in every section, weak-eyed applicants and applicants who suffer from cerebral palsy are given 20 extra minutes in every sections.

Examinations
Education in South Korea

College Scholastic Ability Test


Truviso (pronounced true-VEE-so) is a continuous analytics, venture-backed, startup headquartered in Foster City, California developing and supporting its solution leveraging PostgreSQL, to deliver a proprietary analytics solutions for net-centric customers.  Truviso was acquired by Cisco Systems, Inc. on May 4, 2012.

History
Truviso was founded in 2006 by UC Berkeley professor Michael J. Franklin and his Ph.D. student Sailesh Krishnamurthy, advancing on the research of Berkeley's Telegraph project.

Truviso's TruCQ product leverages and extends the open source PostgreSQL database to enable analysis of streaming data, including queries that combine those streams with other streaming data or with historical/staged data.   One public example of Truviso's customers using continuous analytics is the dynamic tag cloud visualization of blog indexer Technorati.

Truviso is one of the pioneers in the continuous analytics space which seeks to alter how business intelligence is done—rather than accumulating data first and then running queries on the data set stored in a relational database or a data warehouse, Truviso has always-on queries which process streaming data as it arrives, continuously.  For many queries this approach yields results hundreds or thousands of times faster and more efficiently.

Truviso has received funding from ONSET Ventures, Diamondhead Ventures, and the UPS Strategic Enterprise Fund.

Truviso was acquired by Cisco on May 4, 2012

Technology
Truviso's analytics approach is to have always-on queries analyzing streaming data. This strategy for handling continuously flowing data is different from traditional business intelligence approaches of first accumulating data and then running batch queries for reporting and analysis.

Truviso has developed a continuous analytics solution to solve the challenges of high-volume, always-on data analysis. Truviso's solution is based on a scalable PostgreSQL platform capable of concurrent query execution, utilizing standard SQL against live streams of data. Truviso's approach enables analysis of heterogeneous data regardless of whether the data is flowing, staged, or some combination of the two.

 Queries are continuous and always running so new results are delivered when the downstream application or use require them
 Data does not need to be stored or modified, so the system can keep up with enormous data volumes
 Thousands of concurrent queries can be run continuously and simultaneously on a single server
 Queries can be run over both real-time and historical data
 Incoming data can be optionally persisted for replay, backtesting, drill-down, or benchmarking

On May 4, 2010, Truviso announced that the company developed a specific application for web analytics called Visitor Insight & Analytics.

See also
 Streaming Media List of streaming media companies
 Event Stream Processing (ESP) is technology that focuses on processing streams of related data.
 Event Driven Architecture (EDA)  software architecture pattern promoting the production, detection, consumption of, and reaction to events.
 Real-time business intelligence Application of business intelligence to dynamic, real-time business processes
 Real-time computing CEP systems are typically real-time systems
 Operational Intelligence Both CEP and ESP are technologies that underpin operational intelligence.

References

External links

 James Taylor's "First Look" on Truviso
 Continuous Analytics white paper

Business intelligence software
Business intelligence companies
Analytics companies
Data analysis software
PostgreSQL
Software companies based in the San Francisco Bay Area
Software companies established in 2006
Companies based in Foster City, California
Cisco Systems acquisitions
2012 mergers and acquisitions
Defunct software companies of the United States

Truviso


The University of Wisconsin System is the main public higher education system of the U.S. state of Wisconsin. It consists of 13 four-year campuses, a unit that operates 13 two-year colleges and an online campus. It also has an extension unit that offers courses in every county in the state.

Member campuses
Two of the campuses are "research universities" that award doctoral degrees:
 University of Wisconsin–Madison (Madison) – The main campus of the system; often called "Wisconsin", especially in a college sports context.
 University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee (Milwaukee) – Often called "Milwaukee" in a college sports context.

Eleven other campuses are "comprehensive universities" that award bachelor's and Master's degrees:
 University of Wisconsin–Eau Claire (Eau Claire)
 University of Wisconsin–Green Bay (Green Bay) – Often called "Green Bay" in a college sports context.
 University of Wisconsin–La Crosse (La Crosse)
 University of Wisconsin–Oshkosh (Oshkosh)
 University of Wisconsin–Parkside (Kenosha and Somers)
 University of Wisconsin–Platteville (Plattevillle)
 University of Wisconsin–River Falls (River Falls)
 University of Wisconsin–Stevens Point (Stevens Point)
 University of Wisconsin–Stout (Menomonie)
 University of Wisconsin–Superior (Superior)
 University of Wisconsin–Whitewater (Whitewater)

The two-year campus system is known as the University of Wisconsin Colleges. Students who earn associate's degrees from any campus in this system are guaranteed a place at a four-year campus if they meet certain requirements. This system includes:
University of Wisconsin–Baraboo/Sauk County
University of Wisconsin–Barron County
University of Wisconsin–Fond du Lac
University of Wisconsin–Fox Valley
University of Wisconsin–Manitowoc
University of Wisconsin–Marathon County
University of Wisconsin–Marinette
University of Wisconsin–Marshfield/Wood County
University of Wisconsin–Richland
University of Wisconsin–Rock County
University of Wisconsin–Sheboygan
University of Wisconsin–Washington County
University of Wisconsin–Waukesha
University of Wisconsin Colleges Online – an online campus

Note that this system is separate from the Wisconsin Technical College System. That is another public two-year college system in Wisconsin.

Finally, the University of Wisconsin–Extension provides college courses, plus farming and business help, in at least one place in every one of the state's 72 counties. It also runs the state's public radio and television networks.

Other websites
University of Wisconsin System official website

University of Wisconsin System


Bugatti is an automobile brand that wis foondit in Molsheim, Fraunce (Germany at that time) in 1909 as a manufacturer o hie performance automobiles bi Ettore Bugatti, an Italian-born ingineer, that wis describit as an eccentric genius.

The company is kenspeckle for biggin mony o the maist exclusive an swith caurs in the warld. Warld War II, and the daith o Ettore Bugatti's son, Jean, pit the company in financial bother. The last caur wis pit out in the 1950s and syne, the Bugatti company wis bocht for its airplane pairts business in the 1960s. The day the Bugatti name is awned bi Volkswagen Group, that  revived it as a bigger o limitit production exclusive sports caurs.

Unner Ettore Bugatti

Foonder Ettore Bugatti wis born in Milan, Italy, an the automobile company that bears his name wis foundit in 1909 in the toun o Molsheim in the Alsace. The company wis kent baith for the level o detail o its ingineerin in its automobiles, an for their airtistic designs, gart frae the airtistic naitur o Ettore's faimily. Carlo Bugatti (1856–1940), Ettore's faither wis an important Art Nouveau furniture an jewelry designer. The company haed great success in early Grand Prix motor racin, forbye, winnin the first iver Monaco Grand Prix. The company's success culminatit wi driver Jean-Pierre Wimille winnin the 24 hours o Le Mans twice (in 1937 wi Robert Benoist an 1939 wi Pierre Veyron).

Design
Bugatti's caurs war thocht baith as warks o airt an mechanical creations. Ingine blocks war haund scartit that the surfaces haedna mister for gaskets for sealin, mony o the exposed surfaces o the ingine compartment featurt Guilloché (ingine turnt) finishes on them, an safety wires threidit throu naurhaund ilka fastener in intricate-lacit pattrens. Raither nor bolt the springs tae the axles sic as maist manufacturers duin, Bugatti's axles war forged sic that the spring passed thru a carefully sized openin in the axle, a guid wheen mair elegant solution that needit fewer pairts. He famously describit his arch competitor Bentley's caurs as "the world's fastest lorries" for focusin on durability. Accordin tae Bugatti, "weight was the enemy".

Models
Anerlie a few examples o each o Ettore Bugatti's vehicles wur iver produced, the maist famous bein the Type 35 Grand Prix caurs, the "Royale", the Type 57 "Atlantic" an the Type 55 sports caur.

On 2 Januar 2009, it wis revealed dick that a rare 1937 Bugatti Type 57S Atlantic haed been foond in the garage o a deceased surgeon in England. Anly 17 o this model war made, aw bi haund.

On 10 Julie 2009, a 1925 Bugatti Brescia Type 22 which haed lain at the bottom o Lake Maggiore on the mairch o Swisserland an Italy for 75 years haes been liftit oot o the watter. The Mullin Museum in Oxnard, CA bought it at auction for $351,343 at Bonham's Retromobile sale in Paris in 2010.

Throughoot the production run o approximately 7,900 caurs (o which aboot 2,000 still exist), each Bugatti model wis designatit wi the prefix T for Type, which referred tae the chassis an drive train.

Durin the war Bugatti wirked at Levallois in northwastren suburbs o Paris, on several new projects, includin the Type 73 road caur, Type 73C single seater racin caur (5 biggit), an the Type 75. Efter Warld War II, a 375 cc superchairged caur wis canceled when Ettore dee'd.

Racin success
Bugatti caurs wur extremely successfu in racin, wi mony thoosans o victories in juist a few decades. The little Bugatti Type 10 swept the tap fower poseetions at its first race. The 1924 Bugatti Type 35 is probably the maist successfu racin caur o aw time, wi ower 2,000 wins. Bugattis swept tae victory in the Targa Florio for five years straight frae 1925 throu 1929. Louis Chiron held the maist podiums in Bugatti caurs, an the 21st century Bugatti company remembered him wi a concept caur named in his honour. But it wis the final racin success at Le Mans that is maist remembered—Jean-Pierre Wimille an Pierre Veyron wan the 1939 race wi juist ane caur an meagre resoorces.

Bugatti in Formula Ane
(key)

* The Warld Constructors' Championship wis no awardit afore 1958.

Aviation

The Bugatti 100P
In the 1930s, Ettore Bugatti got involved in the creation o a racer airplane, hopin tae beat the Germans in the Deutsch de la Meurthe prize. This wad be the Bugatti 100P, which never flew. It wis designed bi Belgian ingineer Louis de Monge who haed awready applee'd Bugatti Brescia ingines in his "Type 7.5" liftin body.

The end
Ettore Bugatti an aa designed a successfu motorised railcaur, the Autorail. His son, Jean Bugatti, wis killed on 11 August 1939 at the age o 30, while testin a Type 57 tank-bodied race caur near the Molsheim factory. Subsequently the company's fortunes began tae decline. Warld War II ruined the factory in Molsheim, an the company lost control o the property. Durin the war, Bugatti planned a new factory at Levallois in Paris an designed a series o new caurs. Ettore Bugatti dee'd on 21 August 1947.

The company attemptit a comeback unner Roland Bugatti in the mid-1950s wi the mid-engined Type 251 race caur. Designed wi help frae famed Alfa Romeo, Ferrari, an Maserati designer Gioacchino Colombo, the caur failed tae perform tae expectations, an the company's attempts at automobile production wur haltit.

In the 1960s, Virgil Exner designed a Bugatti as pairt o his "Revival Cars" project. A show version o this caur wis actually biggit bi Ghia uisin the last Bugatti Type 101 chassis, an wis shawn at the 1965 Turin Motor Show. Finance wis no fortcomin, an Exner then turned his attention tae a revival o Stutz.

Bugatti continued manufacturin airplane pairts an wis sauld tae Hispano-Suiza (anither auto maker turned aircraft supplier) in 1963. Snecma teuk ower in 1968, later acquirin Messier. The twa wur merged intae Messier-Bugatti in 1977. i no how tae spell

Bugatti brand uised efterwards

Bugatti Automobili SpA

Italian entrepreneur Romano Artioli acquired the famous Bugatti name in 1987, an establisht Bugatti Automobili SpA. The new company biggit a factory designed bi the architect Giampaolo Benedini in Campogalliano, Italy, a toun near Modena, hame tae ither performance-caur manufacturers De Tomaso, Ferrari, Pagani an Maserati.

Bi 1989 the plans for the new Bugatti revival wur presentit bi Paolo Stanzani an Marcello Gandini, famous designers o the Lamborghini Miura an Countach. The first completit cur wis labelled the Bugatti EB110 GT, advertised as the maist technically advanced sports caur iver produced.

Frae 1992 throu 1994 famed racin caur designer Mauro Forghieri wis technical director.

On 27 August 1993, throu his hauldin company, ACBN Holdings S.A. o Luxembourg, Romano Artioli purchased the Lotus caur company frae General Motors. The acquisition brocht thegither twa o the greatest historical names in automotive racin, an plans wur made for leetin the company's shares on internaitional stock exchynges. Bugatti an aa presentit in 1993 the prototype o a lairge saloon cried the EB112.

Bi the time the EB110 came tae mercat the North American an European economies wur in recession, an operations ceased in September 1995. A model specific tae the Unitit States mercat cried the "Bugatti America" wis in the preparatory stages when the company closed. Bugatti's liquidators sauld Lotus tae Proton o Malaysie.

In 1997 German manufacturer Dauer Racing bought the EB110 license an remainin pairts stock tae Bugatti in order tae produce five mair EB110 SS units, awtho thay wur greatly refined bi Dauer. The factory wis later sauld tae a furniture-makin company, which an aa collapsed afore thay wur able tae muive in, leavin the biggin unoccupied.

Aiblins the maist famous Bugatti EB110 awner wis the German racin driver Michael Schumacher, seiven-time Formula Ane Warld Champion, who bought the EB110 in 1994 while racin for the Benetton team. In 2003 Schumacher sauld the caur—which haed been repaired efter a severe crash the year he bought it—tae Modena Motorsport, a Ferrari service an race preparation garage in Germany.

Bugatti Automobiles SAS

Volkswagen AG purchased the richts tae produce caurs unner the Bugatti marque in 1998. Thay commissioned ItalDesign tae produce the Bugatti EB118 concept, a tourin saloon (sedan), which featurt a (555 PS; 547 bhp), an the first W-configuration 16-cylinder ingine in ony passenger vehicle, at the Paris Auto Show.

In 1999, the Bugatti EB 218 concept wis introduced at the Geneva Auto Show; later that year the Bugatti 18/3 Chiron wis introduced at the Frankfurt Motor Show (IAA). At the Tokyo Motor Show, the EB 218 reappeared, an the Bugatti EB 16.4 Veyron wis presentit as the first incarnation o wha wis tae be a production road caur.

See an aw
 Musée National de l'Automobile de Mulhouse, hame o the Schlumpf Collection o Bugatti caurs
 Bugatti Type 8

References

Freemit airtins

Bugatti Automobiles S.A.S.
Bugatti bibliography
The Bugatti Trust
Bugatti at LeMans

Caur manufacturers o Fraunce
Motor vehicle manufacturers o Fraunce
Luxury motor vehicle manufacturers
Sports caur manufacturers
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French auto racin teams
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Bugatti


Witchcraft is the use of magical powers. This might be for healing, seeing into the future, causing harm, or for religion. A person practicing witchcraft is called a witch, although a man practicing witchcraft is often mistakenly called a wizard (a word from Northern Europe), a warlock (in general witchcraft warlock means traitor) (a word from 14th century England), a sorcerer, or shaman (a term for people who practice magic in parts of Asia). Such people are said to have a knowledge of the chemical (or pharmaceutical) effects of certain herbs or shrubs. Witches can use this knowledge to help people who are sick or to hurt them.

Definition
Witchcraft is different throughout the world and can be seen as good or bad depending on where you are. Today, many people practice a peaceful kind of witchcraft, called Wicca.  However, there are still many other people who are scared of witchcraft and think that it is bad. Throughout history, there have been stories about good and bad witches. In European history, witches were accused of physically making and performing spells to harm people. They could also harm people by using their mind. However, this belief was not real and was often used to explain why bad things happened sometimes. In Africa, witches don't use physical tools or actions to curse. They can cause harm by just thinking about it. In fact, one may be unaware of being a witch, or may have been convinced of their witch nature by the suggestion of others. This understanding was described by anthropologist E.E. Evans-Pritchard, who studied African magical beliefs.

Accusations of Witchcraft
Éva Pócs (a scholar and folklorist) states that there are four reasons a person is accused of witchcraft:

 A person was caught in the act of positive or negative witchcraft (performing a spell)
 A well-meaning healer lost the trust of their clients' or the authorities'
 A person seemed dangerous and made their neighbors scared
 A person was rumored to be a witch and surrounded with an aura of witch-beliefs or Occultism

She identifies three kinds of witches in popular belief:

 The "neighborhood witch" or "social witch": a witch who curses a neighbor following some conflict.
 The "magical" or "sorcerer" witch: either a professional healer, sorcerer, seer or midwife, or a person who has, through magic, increased their fortune but caused harm to someone in doing so; due to community rivalries and the hard to recognize nature between good and bad magic, such individuals can become labelled as witches.
 The "supernatural" or "night" witch: portrayed in court narratives as a demon appearing in visions and dreams.

"Neighbourhood witches" are the product of neighbourhood arguments, and are found only in rural village communities where the inhabitants largely rely on each other. Such accusations follow the breaking of some social norm, such as the failure to return a borrowed item, and any person part of the normal exchange could potentially be accused. Claims of "sorcerer" witches and "supernatural" witches could arise out of social tensions, but not exclusively; the supernatural witch in particular often had nothing to do with community conflict, but expressed tensions between the human and supernatural worlds; and in Eastern and Southeastern Europe such supernatural witches became an ideology explaining calamities that befell entire communities.

Practices
It is believed that witches can perform magic by using plants, casting spells, or using their mind. The use of plants is often called herbalism and this involves collecting or growing herbs to use in potions or medicines to help or hurt people, animals, or things.

In popular artwork, witches can be seen using big metal cooking bowls called cauldrons to mix their spell ingredients. Witches also use wands, brooms, sticks, candles, swords, and fire to perform spells.

In some cultures, witches can harm people just by using their mind and thinking bad thoughts about a person. In these cultures, witches do not need any items and can potentially be anyone in the community.

By Region

Africa
In Southern African traditions, there are three classifications of somebody who uses magic.

 The tagati is often poorly translated into English as "witch", and is a spiteful person who works in secret to harm others.
 The sangoma is a diviner, similar to a fortune teller, and is hired to detect illness, predict a person's future (or advising them on which path to take), or identifying the guilty party in a crime. She also practices some degree of medicine.
 The inyanga is often translated as "witch doctor" (though many Southern Africans do not like this description as it implies that a "witch doctor" is in some sense a practitioner of evil magic). The inyanga's job is to heal illness and injury and provide customers with magical items for everyday use.

Of these three categories the tagati is almost exclusively female, the sangoma is usually female, and the inyanga is almost exclusively male. Much of what witchcraft represents in Africa has been misunderstood and mistaken for European witchcraft. African scholar Uchenna Okeja argues that witchcraft in Africa today plays a very different social role than in Europe of the past—or present—and should be understood through an African, rather than Western view.

America
When the first Europeans came to the New World, they brought with them the Christian religion and their fear of supernatural witches. Native Americans had their own religion and beliefs. Since the Christian European settlers were living with these Native Americans and also African slaves (who had their own non-Christian religions and beliefs), this scared them. The Europeans were already scared, far away from their home in the New World with different plants and animals. This fear lead to violent crimes such as accusing and murdering people who they thought were witches and were hurting them with supernatural powers.

The most famous witch accusations were the 1692-1693 Salem Witch trials. During these trials, 150 people were accused of being witches, and 19 people were killed by hanging. Every Halloween season, Salem, Massachusetts hosts a Halloween festival in which they highlight their towns notorious history with the 1692 Salem Witch trials. This festival often involves live music, parties, and vendors selling witch-themed items.

Throughout the world there are many people who claim to have supernatural powers such as; psychics, mediums, palm readers and New Age healers. These people are sometimes members of witchcraft religions like Wicca. These people perform tricks to entertain and heal people such as tarot card reading, astrology, crystal healing, Reiki healing, talking to dead family members, or seeing the future.

Asia

Middle east
The belief in witchcraft and its practice seem to have been widespread in the Ancient Near East and Nile Valley. It played a clear role in the cultures of ancient Egypt and in Babylonia. Later tradition included an Akkadian anti-witchcraft ritual, the Maqlû. A section from the Code of Hammurabi (about 2000 B.C.) prescribes:If a man has put a spell upon another man and it is not justified, he upon whom the spell is laid shall go to the holy river; into the holy river shall he plunge. If the holy river overcome him and he is drowned, the man who put the spell upon him shall take possession of his house. If the holy river declares him innocent and he remains unharmed the man who laid the spell shall be put to death. He that plunged into the river shall take possession of the house of him who laid the spell upon him.

Europe

Ancient Greece
There are many examples of witches in Greek mythology, such as Circe, who was a sorcerer in Homers' Odyssey. Circe used potions to put spells on visitors to her house, and she could turn people into pigs.

Ancient Ireland
Druids were members of the high-ranking professional class in ancient Celtic cultures. They were religious leaders, legal authorities, adjudicators, lorekeepers, medical professionals, and political advisors

The earliest record of the druids comes from two Greek texts from circa 300 BCE: one, a history of philosophy written by Sotion of Alexandria, and the other a study of magic widely attributed to Aristotle. Both texts are now lost, but were quoted in the 2nd century CE work Vitae by Diogenes Laërtius.Some say that the study of philosophy originated with the barbarians. In that among the Persians there existed the Magi, and among the Babylonians or Assyrians the Chaldaei, among the Indians the Gymnosophistae, and among the Celts and Gauls men who were called druids and semnothei, as Aristotle relates in his book on magic, and Sotion in the twenty-third book of his Succession of Philosophers.

- Diogenes Laërtius,  Vitae, Introduction, Section 1Later Greek and Roman texts from the third century BCE refer to "barbarian philosophers", possibly in reference to the Gaulish druids.

Middle Ages
In Medieval times, witchcraft gradually became an enemy of Christianity. Christians thought that witchcraft was the work of the devil, and the Bible was used as evidence against witchcraft. Verses such as Deuteronomy 18:11–12 and Exodus 22:18 ("Thou shalt not suffer a witch to live") were very influential.

In Europe in the Late Medieval/Early Modern period, Catholics, Protestants, and state leaders became very afraid of the power of witches. There were large witch-hunts in many places. People believed that the devil was using witches to try to overthrow Christianity, so tens or hundreds of thousands of people were killed, and others were put in prison, tortured, and had lands and possessions taken away from them. Most of these witches were women, because people believed women were more likely to be witches.

Witch-trials looked for evidence to prove that a person was a witch. Evidence included such things as signs of plant medicine, or images of non-Christian gods. One way to physically test if a person was a witch was to 'swim a witch'. This meant they would throw them in a river with their hands tied. If they sank, they were innocent. If they floated, they were guilty of witchcraft and were hanged. This violent practice was not based on any actual evidence. Instead, it allowed the witch-hunter to look right and powerful for the scared people who were watching.

South America
In South America, people continue to practice a form of witchcraft which started before the arrival of European Christianity. Throughout the Andes, there are many places called witch markets, such as the Mercado de las Brujas in La Paz, Bolivia. These markets sell items such as plant medicines

Popular culture
Witches are often seen in art and cinema.  Many movies have focused on witches and witchcraft such as; Bewitched, Harry Potter, the Wizard of Oz, Hocus Pocus, and Rosemary's Baby.  Many television shows also have witches and witchcraft.  Some examples are: Charmed (1998 and 2018), American Horror Story: Coven, and Sabrina the Teenage Witch.

References

Witchcraft