Yummy Fur (1983–1994) was a comic book by Canadian cartoonist Chester Brown. It contained a number of different comics stories which dealt with a wide variety of subjects. Its often-controversial content led to one printer and one distributor refusing to handle it.

Some of Brown's best-known comics were first published in Yummy Fur, including the surreal, taboo-breaking Ed the Happy Clown and the comics from his autobiographical period, which included the graphic novels The Playboy and I Never Liked You. Also notable were the eccentric gospel adaptations that ran in most issues. The series and its collected volumes have won a number of awards, and have had a lasting influence on the world of alternative comics.

Yummy Fur started as a self-published minicomic which ran for seven issues, the contents of which were reprinted in the first three issues of the Vortex Comics series which started publication in December 1986. The series switched publishers to Drawn & Quarterly in 1991 until the end of its run in 1994, when Brown started on his Underwater series.

Overview
Yummy Fur came at a time when alternative comics was still young, and is considered one of its defining titles. It was one of the earliest examples of a comic that would have its first success as a self-published mini. It started in an era when comic books and their characters were generally considered to be ongoing, and finished when the self-contained stories of the graphic novel had begun to come into prominence. Brown's ambitions changed in step, Yummy Fur started with Ed the Happy Clown, which Brown originally did not intend to have an ending; towards the end, he serialized two works, The Playboy and I Never Liked You, which were conceived from the start as self-complete works. Brown would thereafter make the production of graphic novels the main focus of his output.

Yummy Fur quickly gained a reputation for taboo-breaking—Ed the Happy Clown plot revolved around a character who could not stop defecating, and whose anus was a gateway to another dimension; then-U.S. President Ronald Reagan's head attached to the end of the protagonist's penis; and a beautiful female vampire, who is out to get revenge on the boyfriend who murdered her, and who usually appears entirely naked. Later, in The Playboy, Brown would detail his adolescent obsession with the Playboy Playmates in Playboy magazine, including explicit scenes of his teenage self masturbating and ejaculating. In the short "Danny's Story", Brown had himself picking his nose, and finished with him biting his neighbour. The book was often wrapped in plastic with an "adults only" label on it, although it is not known if any issues of Yummy Fur were ever banned from any comic shop.

The edgy content of the book was contrasted with his straight adaptations of the Gospels which appeared in most issues of Yummy Fur—albeit, adaptations that took a "warts and all" approach, in which characters pick their noses and Jesus is going bald.

Yummy Fur had been a catch-all title for Brown's work, but since bringing the series to an end in 1994, he has published new stories, like Underwater and Louis Riel, under their own titles. Much of the work from the series has been republished in book form—the short work in The Little Man—but the Gospel stories and most of the later instalments of Ed the Happy Clown remain uncollected.

Stories

Ed the Happy Clown

The story that first drew attention for Brown's work—a surreal, scatological tale of dark humour. The story was improvised for the most part, and grew out of a number of completely unrelated short comics that appeared in the earliest issues of Yummy Fur. The story follows the large-headed, childlike Ed, a children's clown, who, after being submerged in the faeces of a man who can't stop defecating, finds the head of his penis has been replaced with the head of a miniature Ronald Reagan.

The story makes use of a wide variety of media and comic-book tropes and clichés, such as vampires, werewolves, Frankenstein's monster, aliens, alternative dimensions and cannibal pygmies, as well as a lot of dark religious imagery and potentially offensive imagery—nudity, sex, graphic violence and body horror.

Ed was intended to be a character Brown would use throughout his career, but after the first dozen issues, he grew dissatisfied with the direction the story had taken, and also wanted to change his drawing style. Inspired by the autobiographical comics of Julie Doucet and Joe Matt, Brown decided to bring the Ed story to an end in issue #18 of Yummy Fur and spent the next few years focusing on revealing autobiographical stories.

Gospels

Brown's straight-faced cartoon adaptations of the Gospel of Mark and the Gospel of Matthew, started as Brown, who had been raised in a strictly Baptist household, tried to find out for himself what Christ was all about, and what he really believed. The Gospel of Mark began in the fourth issue of the Vortex series, which was the first issue of new material. The Gospel of Matthew started in issue #15 of Yummy Fur and continued in most issues through the end of the series, and in all but the first issue of Underwater. Matthew is unfinished and has not continued since 1997.

Autobiographical comics

After completing Ed, Brown moved on to a series of personally revealing autobiographical stories, starting with "Helder" in Yummy Fur #19. The drawing style, done with a brush, became more and more sparse in an attempt to move away from the style of Ed the Happy Clown, which Brown had grown uncomfortable with. Most of the shorter stories, like "Helder", "Showing Helder" and "Danny's Story", took place not long before they were written, but the longer graphic novels took place mostly in Brown's adolescence in the 1970s.

Disgust/The Playboy

Narrated by a winged, not-so-angelic version of himself, the story details Brown's experiences as an adolescent obsessed with the Playmates in Playboy magazine, while wracked with guilt over his obsessive masturbation, and later his difficulty relating to women as an adult. The story is the source of some controversy, as it graphically depicted a minor masturbating and ejaculating and was also seen by some women to defend pornography.

The story appeared in issues #21–23 of Yummy Fur and was originally titled Disgust and later The Playboy Stories. The story was collected in 1992 under the title The Playboy.

Fuck (or I Never Liked You)

Another tale of Brown's adolescence. Brown has trouble relating with the opposite sex, even when they are the ones trying to connect with him. He is an awkward teenager who never swears, which is picked up by some of the other boys in his school, who constantly pick on him and try to get him to swear.

The story also depicts the final days of Brown's mother when he was 17. Brown is a difficult son, and has trouble expressing his affection for her. She has schizophrenia and dies in the hospital after falling down the stairs.

Originally titled Fuck, the story was retitled I Never Liked You when collected.

Publishing history

Minicomic (1983–1986)

In the early 1980s, Brown had been trying unsuccessfully to get his work published by publishers such as Raw, Fantagraphics Books and Last Gasp. He was convinced by his then-girlfriend, Kris Nakamura, to take the work he had piled up and publish them himself as photocopied minicomics, distributing them on the streets of Toronto. Sales got off to a slow start, but eventually picked up. "Sales were brisk", with some issues topping 1000 copies, as Brown sold the books on consignment in bookstores, local comic shops, and through mail order, while working a day job in a photography shop. Brown published the series under the "Tortured Canoe" imprint.

Vortex (1986–1991)

Brown had pitched his work to Vortex Comics publisher Bill Marks before 1986, but at the time, Marks was not prepared to publish an ongoing series. In 1986, at the urging of Mister X artist Seth, Marks finally contacted Brown with a contract to publish three issues, which would reprint the entire contents of the seven issue minicomic series. The contract would be renewed depending on sales. The December 1986 first issue received preorders of 12,000 copies, a considerable number for a small-press, black-and-white comic book. The large number of orders was due in part to the black-and-white comics explosion of the mid-1980s, spearheaded by Kevin Eastman and Peter Laird's breakout Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles. The boom soon imploded, however, and Yummy Fur sales dropped to a few thousand.

The book was dropped by a printer in the province of Ontario after the printer had used discarded pages of the fourth issue of Yummy Fur to pack boxes of a feminist publication. The issue included a nude scene from the Ed the Happy Clown serial in which the character, Chet, stabs his girlfriend, Josie, while they had sex. The feminist publisher lodged a complaint, and the printer informed Vortex that they would not handle Yummy Fur anymore. In 1989, the bindery Packaging Services & Supplies of Wisconisin refused to bind the first Yummy Fur collection and an Omaha the Cat Dancer collection, citing that employees found the content offensive; a spokesman for the company called them "worse than pornography".

Sales saw their lowest point with issue #9, at 1673 copies, largely due to the fact that Diamond Comic Distributors had dropped the book—purportedly for low sales, despite the fact that Yummy Fur had been getting more orders than many other Vortex titles that hadn't been dropped. It was suspected that the book had actually been dropped due to its potentially offensive content. The Comics Journal had begun to investigate the incident, but a few issues later, Diamond started including Yummy Fur in its catalogue again, and sales started to rise, eventually reaching 7000 copies per issue.

Drawn & Quarterly (1991–1994)

Drawn & Quarterly publisher Chris Oliveros had been courting Brown for his newly established Montréal-based company, but Brown was comfortable where he was, and felt loyalty to Bill Marks for giving him his big break. While Marks had a poor reputation for his treatment of other cartoonists, Brown felt that he had been treated well. In 1991, just as his contract with Vortex had come up, Oliveros offered Brown an enticing deal—a 25% royalty, as compared to 13% at Vortex. That, combined with the fact that Julie Doucet and Seth had jumped aboard Oliveros' ship, convinced Brown join Drawn & Quarterly, starting with the 25th issue of Yummy Fur.

Brown did not want to leave Marks up the creek, and so allowed Vortex to publish a second, "definitive" edition of Ed the Happy Clown in 1992, with a different ending from the one that had appeared in Yummy Fur. Drawn & Quarterly, however, published in the same year the collected version of The Playboy, which had appeared in the Vortex-published issues #21–23 of Yummy Fur, and they have continued to publish all of his work since.

Oliveros convinced Brown that the Yummy Fur title was no longer appropriate for the direction the book had taken, and Brown chose to publish his next major story, Underwater, under its own title. The last issue of Yummy Fur was #32, and was an issue-long instalment of his adaptation of the Gospel of Matthew, which would continue in the pages of Underwater.

Lists of issues

Minicomic

Most issues were eight pages long, and were photocopied on sheets of " x 11" paper, folded in half and stapled together. In February 1985, Brown put out a 48-page, digest-sized compilation of the first six issues, with an extra one-page strip called "Fire with Fire".

Brown filled up the first four issues with material that he had produced since 1980, putting out one issue per month. After the fourth issue, his backlog ran out. He had to start producing new material, and Yummy Fur frequency dropped.

Comic book
All issues had black-and-white contents printed on newsprint, with colour outer covers on heavier stock paper.

Collections
The Ed the Happy Clown storyline has been reprinted in a number of formats since: a 1989 book collecting material from the first 12 issues of Yummy Fur; a 1992 "Definitive Ed Book", which leaves out much of the later material and also provides a completely new ending; and a nine-issue Ed the Happy Clown series from Drawn & Quarterly with new covers, unpublished artwork and extensive commentary by Brown.

The autobiography work has been reprinted as The Playboy: A Comic Book in 1992 and I Never Liked You in 1994, with The Little Man: Short Strips 1980–1995 collecting the remainder, along with other miscellaneous short works from other sources.

Brown decided not to reprint the early Yummy Fur stories which had borrowed from other works. The Gospel adaptations also remain unfinished and uncollected.

Reception
The series was recognized by his peers early on, such as Seth, who recommended to Bill Marks to pick it up as a Vortex title; and got good reviews from publications like The Comics Journal as early as its minicomic days.

Critical views
Joseph Witek wrote of the difficulties Yummy Fur presented—in the context of the "high art/low art" split in alternative comics in the 1980s, best represented by division of visions in Art Spiegelman's Raw and Robert Crumb's Weirdo, the combination of Brown's grotesque adventures in Ed the Happy Clown and the straight renditions of the Gospels seem to straddle this line.

Chris Lanier, writing in The Comics Journal, placed Ed the Happy Clown in a tradition that included Dan Clowes' Like a Velvet Glove Cast in Iron, Max Andersson's Pixy and Eric Drooker's Flood!, works in which symbols appear with such frequency and importance to suggest significance, while remaining symbolically empty. He finds predecessors for these works in German Dada and the Theatre of the Absurd.

Awards
The following are awards or nominations for Yummy Fur or collections of work that first appeared in it:

See also

Autobiographical comics
Eightball (comics)

References

Works cited

 Brown, Chester. Ed the Happy Clown. Drawn & Quarterly. Nine issues (February 2005–September 2006). (notes pages unnumbered, counted from first page of notes)

External links

Dissecting Yummy Fur #19

1983 comics debuts
1986 comics debuts
Drawn & Quarterly titles
Black comedy books
Defunct comics
Horror comics
Comics by Chester Brown
Vortex Comics titles
Canadian comics titles

Yummy Fur (comics)


MeteoSwiss (, , ), officially the Federal Office of Meteorology and Climatology, is an office of the federal administration of Switzerland. It employs 290 people at locations in Zurich, Zurich Airport, Geneva, Locarno and Payerne.

History
Originally established as the Central Meteorological Institute (MZA), by 1863 it operated 88 weather stations. Its name was changed in 1979 to Swiss Meteorological Institute (SMA). Since 1996, it has been operating as MeteoSwiss. Since 2006, its official name is "Federal Office of Meteorology and Climatology MeteoSwiss".

Function
The office observes the weather around the clock, creating weather forecasts and alerting authorities and population, when strong winds, heavy rainfall, storms or heat waves are forecast. In addition, it provides weather services for the civil, military and private aviation.

The office also carries out a program of research and development to understand the weather and climate in the Alps. They also officially represent Switzerland at the World Meteorological Organization in Geneva.

See also
 Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research
 Swiss Seismological Service
 NinJo workstation used by MeteoSwiss

Notes and references

External links

Governmental meteorological agencies in Europe
Federal Department of Home Affairs
Federal offices of Switzerland

MeteoSwiss


Kankaanpää is a city in Satakunta, Finland. It had about 12,000 people living there in January 2014. The municipalities next to it are Honkajoki, Ikaalinen, Jämijärvi, Karvia, Parkano, Pomarkku, Sastamala and Siikainen.

The municipality of Lavia is today a part of Pori. Lavia is also near Kankaanpää.

Municipalities inside Kankaanpää are Kankaanpää, Niinisalo, Vihteljärvi, Lohikko, Venesjärvi and Veneskoski.

The town manager is Mika Hatanpää. Before him the town manager was Paavo Karttunen.

Sport
- Kankaanpään Suunnistajat (KanSu) orienteering

- Kankaanpään Maila (KaMa) baseball

- Kankaanpään Pallo (KaPa) football

- Kankaanpään Uimarit (KankU) swimming

- etc.

History
In Kankaanpää has been found lots of Stone Age artifacts. But not so many Copper or Iron Age artifacts.

First inhabitants were in Kankaanpää in 16th century with 10 houses.

In early 19th century population of Kankaanpää was about 2,000. In 1850s the population was about 4,000.

The church of Kankaanpää has been built in 1839. Architect of church was C. L. Engel. There is a military and old cemetery in the garden of church. Other cemeteries are in the downtown and near the church.

There were not big battles in Kankaanpää in the Civil war. Sampakoski battle was on 22. February 1918 in Sampakoski near Lavia. The whites won the reds there. There is novadays a memorial of the battle. Near the battlefield is the cemetery of the reds.

Kankaanpää has founded in 1865 and it became a market town in 1967 and at last a town in 1972.

The local magazine Kankaanpään Seutu has founded in 1968. Before it the local magazine was Kankaanpään aluesanomat. The chief reporter of Kankaanpään Seutu is Jarkko Ambrusin.

Other websites

 The official Kankaanpää page

Cities in Finland
Municipalities of Satakunta

Kankaanpää


Borzoi is a type of Russian dog. It used to be called a Russian Wolf Hound.

This breed of dog was brought to the United States in 1889. It was approved by the American Kennel Club one year later.  The breed is beautiful and has a gentle personality. It makes it a good pet.

The breed was approved and the descriptive standard was written in 1650. It has not changed much since then.  It is about  tall at the withers (its back near the shoulders). It weighs from .  Borzois have a long coat. They can be any color from solid white to brown and white, gray and white or brindle. They can also be all black. People who take care of Borzois have done a good job of stopping health problems. Borzois do not have many of the problems other breeds have with health.

In Russia, they were well liked by the royalty. It was illegal to sell them. They were given to those who did something special for the Tzars.  They feature in Russian novels e.g. in Tolstoy's "Anna Karenina".  During the Russian revolution, most of the breed were killed because they were a symbol of royalty.  A few were taken from the country.

They have been used in advertising for luxury cars and jewelry. This is because of their elegant looks.

Dog breeds originating in Russia
Rare dog breeds
FCI breeds

Borzoi


A disaster is something bad that happens.  Disasters can destroy homes and many kinds of work.  Disasters can be of different kinds, but most are caused by forces of nature.

Natural disasters

These may include avalanches (where snow comes down a mountain), cold (where animals and people freeze), diseases (sicknesses), droughts (when there is no water), earthquakes (where the ground moves), famine (where there is not enough food), fire (that burns things and people), flood (where rivers grow too big and invade land), hail (hard ice falls like rain), heat that lowers the water supply, hurricanes that break everything, the hyper nova of a star that kills life, an impact event where meteors hit the earth, a limnic eruption (where bad chemicals come from lakes and can kill people), landslides and mudslides (where the top of the ground moves because of extra water), sink holes (where a cave falls in), solar flares (where the sun reaches out at the earth and burns it), storm surge (where water piles up and then suddenly comes on land), thunderstorms (rain with lightning and thunder), tornadoes (currents of wind that break things), tsunami (where a wall of water comes on land), volcanoes (where lava from inside the earth comes out slowly or shoots into the air), a waterspout (like a tornado on water), or winter storms (where snow falls thick and you cannot see).

Human-caused disasters
Disasters caused by humans include aviation (flying) accidents, arson, CBRNs (where a country has a powerful weapon), civil disorder (where people riot or do crimes), power outages (where electricity is interrupted), public relations crises where a company must tell bad news, radiation accidents, disasters in space, a telecommunications outage (not being able to communicate), terrorism (where a group attacks civilians or says they will attack to gain something), and war (fighting with weapons between large groups).

Living through a disaster
To live through a disaster, it is important that your family and your city prepare in advance.  This may be making a pack of things you need in an emergency, it may be a government sending soldiers to help, or it may be something in between. It is recommended to keep a disaster survival kit with canned goods, in the advent of such a disaster.

Related pages
Car accident
Civil defence
Disaster recovery

Other websites

 Department of Homeland Security
 London Prepared
 Disaster Psychiatry Outreach
 Preparing an emergency survival kit
 EM-DAT: The International Disasters Database includes information on man-made and natural disasters, basic definitions and a database of disasters occurrence and impact from 1900 to today
 Disasters factsheet
 Assisting Children and Adolescents in Coping with Disasters

Disaster


The Tokaimura nuclear accident was a serious nuclear radiation accident in Japan. It took place at a uranium-reprocessing facility in Tokaimura, northeast of Tokyo, Japan, on 30 September 1999. The accident occurred in a very small fuel preparation plant operated by JCO.

The direct cause of the accident was workers putting uranyl nitrate solution containing about 16.6 kg of uranium, which exceeded the critical mass, into a precipitation tank. The tank was not designed to dissolve this type of solution and was not designed to prevent such accidents to happen. As a result, three workers were exposed to neutron radiation doses in excess of allowable limits. Two of these workers later died.

Many emergency workers and nearby residents were hospitalized and hundreds of thousands of others were forced to remain indoors for 24 hours.

After the accident
The three workers who worked at the uranium-reprocessing facility were Hisashi Ouchi, Masato Shinohara, and Yutaka Yokokawa. Two of them died of radiation poisoning.  Hisashi Ouchi, aged 35, died 12 weeks after the accident. He had lost most of his skin, and was kept alive for 83 days, according to his parents and wife will. Ouchi was closest to the tank when the accident occurred. He ended up as the first victim of this nuclear accident. Seven months after the accident, Masato Shinohara died, aged 40.

Ouchi was reported to have received 17 sieverts (sv) of radiation, Shinohara 10 sv and Yokokawa 3 sv; 8 sieverts is considered a fatal dose, and 50 milli sieverts is the maximum limit of annual dose allowed for Japanese nuclear workers.

Another 83 workers were subjected to higher radiation than normal.

References

Nuclear accidents
1999 in Asia
1990s in Japan

Tokaimura nuclear accident


Baldr (also Balder, Baldur or Baldor) is the god of light and radiance, peace and forgiveness in Norse mythology. A member of the Æsir, he is the son of Odin and Frigg, and twin brother to the blind god of darkness, Höðr. His wife is called Nanna, with whom he had a son named Forseti, god of justice. Prior to his death, Baldr possessed a ship called Hringhorni, said to be the largest ship ever built. His hall is called Breidablik.
Based on the Merseburg charms, his Germanic name may have been Phol.

Baldr once had a nightmare that he would be killed. His mother, Frigg, made all the things across the Nine Realms vow not to hurt him. The mistletoe did not vow, however, as Frigg considered it to be so unimportant that she thought nothing of it. Loki found out that the mistletoe had not vowed, and thus made a spear out of the dreaded plant, and tricked Höðr into throwing it at Baldr. Beings from all across the Nine Realms will come to attend his funeral, and Baldr's wife Nanna soon dies of grief. Loki is soon caught and sentenced to punishment; he is bound by the entrails of one of his sons, to face torture as the venom of a massive serpent drips from its fangs onto Loki's eyes. This causes him unimaginable pain, writhing in agony. (The goddess Skaði is responsible for placing the serpent above him). His wife Sigyn is stationed nearby, collecting the drips of venom into a bowl. When the bowl is full, she leaves to empty it, and when she does, the venom drips onto the trickster and gradually eats away at his flesh. Loki's escape from this predicament is the catalyst of Ragnarök, as upon his being freed, he will lead the forces of Jötunheimr and Svartálfheimr in a final assault against the gods.

During Ragnarök, the veils/barriers between the realms will be broken, so Baldr will be able to escape from Helheimr. After the death of Odin at the fangs of the monstrous wolf Fenrir, Baldr and Höðr came back to life, meeting with the other survivors in the fields of Iðavöllr (Old Norse: Iðavǫllr - "splendour-plain"), where Asgard once lay. There, they shall rule in place of their father.

Other websites

Norse gods and goddesses

Baldur


Hatirla Sevgili is a Turkish television series.  It aired from October 27, 2006 to June 6, 2008. Hatirla Sevgili broadcast on the television channel ATV.

It tells the story of the love between Yasemin and Ahmet, two young people from opposing families.  It also tells the relationship between their relatives and friends in the political era starting at the end of the 1950s in Turkey.  Real historical events are shown, beginning with Prime Minister Adnan Menderes' 1959 plane crash survival.  This is followed by the 1960 military coup, the trial on Yassıada and the executions.  These important events divided Turkish society afterwards.

Hatırla Sevgili became one of the most popular and most controversial TV series in Turkey. Some people did not like it because of the superficial coverage of some historical events. Books about the historical periods portrayed and people mentioned in the series became bestsellers for at least two weeks after the episodes about them were aired.

Cast

Family of Yasemin
Beren Saat - Yasemin Ünsal, female lead
Engin Şenkan - Rıza Ünsal, father to Yasemin, former barber, Democratic Party politician
Lâle Mansur - Nezahat Ünsal, mother to Yasemin
Ayfer Dönmez  - Işık Ünsal, sister to Yasemin, marries  Yaşar
Turgay Aydın - Mehmet Karayel, brother to Nezahat and uncle to Yasemin and Işık, former Turkish Army officer during the 1960 Turkish coup d'état and journalist, married to Sevim Gürsoy
Berk Hakman - Deniz Karayel, Mehmet's son

Family of Ahmet
Cansel Elçin - Ahmet Gürsoy, lover of Yasemin
Avni Yalçın - Şevket Gürsoy, father to Ahmet and Defne, public prosecutor, deceased.
Ayda Aksel - Dr. Selma Gürsoy, mother to Ahmet and Defne, physician
Belçim Erdoğan - Defne Gürsoy, sister of Ahmet
Laçin Ceylan - Sevim Gürsoy,  sister to Şevket and aunt to Ahmet and Defne, journalist, married to Mehmet Karayel
Asena Taşkın - Rüya Gürsoy, daughter to Ahmet and Yasemin

Family of Necdet
Okan Yalabık - Necdet Aygün, first husband of Yasemin, patisserie owner
Meltem Parlak - Lâle Aygün, sister to Necdet
Erdoğan Sıcak - Hasan Aygün, father to Necdet and Lâle, patisserie owner
Nurhayat Boz Yarpuz - Dilşad Aygün - Mother to Necdet and Lâle

Historical figures
Hüseyin Avni Danyal - Adnan Menderes, executed former Turkish prime minister
Serap Aksoy - Berin Menderes, wife of Adnan Menderes
Oğuz Okul - Albay Tarık Güryay, colonel, commandant of Yassıada
Barış Koçak - Deniz Gezmiş,leftist militant,executed
Saygın Soysal - Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, Current Turkish prime minister
İhsan Duduoğlu - Necip Fazıl, poet
Oğuz Turgut Genç - Hüseyin İnan, leftist militant,executed
Murat Zubi - Yusuf Aslan, leftist militant, executed
Erol Alpsoykan - Emin Kalafat - Former Democratic Party politician.
Kanbolat Görkem Aslan - Mahir Çayan - Leader of "THKC - Turkish People's Independence Front" (Turkish: Türkiye Halk Kurtuluş Cephesi), killed in Kızıldere
Emre Korkmaz - Cihan Alptekin - Leftist militant, one of the leaders of "THKO - Turkish People's Independence Army" (Turkish: Türkiye Halk Kurtuluş Ordusu), killed in Kızıldere
Engin Gürman - Celal Bayar - Former prime minister of Turkey and Third President of The Republic of Turkey
? - Salim Başol, Headjudge of Yassıada
Savaş Dinçel - İsmet İnönü - Former prime minister and Second President of The Republic of Turkey, former leader of CHP
? - Harun Karadeniz - leftist militant
İlhami Adsal - Kemal Kurdaş - Former president of METU
Çetin Demir - Sinan Cemgil - Leftist militant, one of the leaders of "THKO - Turkish People's Intependence Army" (Turkish: Türkiye Halk Kurtuluş Ordusu), killed in Nurhak
Orhan Ayça - Halit Çelenk - Lawyer of Gezmiş, Aslan and İnan
Levent Akkök - Mustafa Yalçıner - Leftist militant, one of the leaders of "THKO - Turkish People's Intependence Army" (Turkish: Türkiye Halk Kurtuluş Ordusu), wounded and arrested in Nurhak
Murat Eken - Yusuf Küpeli - Leftist militant
Ercan Tulunay - Mustafa Pehlivanoğlu - rightist militant, executed after 12th September coup d'état
Tolga Güleç - Necdet Adalı - Leftist militant, executed after 12th September coup d'état
? - Avni Yalçın - Actor, also playing character "Şevket Gürsoy" in same TV serial

Other websites

2006 television series debuts
Turkish television series
2008 television series endings
2000s establishments in Turkey
2008 disestablishments in Asia

Hatirla Sevgili


Daniele Capezzone (born 8 September 1972) is an Italian journalist and former politician.

From 14 July 2001 to 4 November 2006, he was secretary of the Italian Radicals, a liberal, pro-market economy, libertarian movement associated with the Transnational Radical Party. He has been one of the youngest party-secretaries in Italy so far.

In 2006-2008, he was the President of the 10th Permanent Commission (Productive Affairs, Trade and Tourism) of the Italian Chamber of Deputies.

Biography

Graduated at "Lucio Manara" Secondary School in Classical Studies in Rome, he attended Law Faculty at LUISS "Guido Carli" University until 1997. On 1 January 1998, he attended a Radical Party demonstration, where he first met the radical leader Marco Pannella. He then dropped the studies and became a political activist. On 14 July 2001, he was elected Secretary of the newly-born party of the Italian Radicals.

In 2003, he published his first book, A radical shock for 21st Century, a synthesis of the Radicals' proposals for the constitution of a "World Democracy Organization". The contents of the book were presented at the Washington D.C. American Enterprise Institute in March 2004.

In 2004 Capezzone published his second book, Euroghost - Un fantasma si aggira per l'Europa: l'Europa (English translation: Euroghost - A Ghost wanders through Europe: Europe itself); he undertook a 54-day-long hunger strike (with the Italian Radicals Treasurer, Rita Bernardini, and the death-penalty abolitionist organization Hands Off Cain President, Sergio D'Elia), asking the Italian Parliament to pass a general pardon-law; he wrote some op-ed articles for the Italian right-wing newspaper Libero and for The Washington Times.

Capezzone became a well-known politician also for his appearances in the satirical TV show Markette (on private TV-channel La7) and for his caricature-imitation made by Italian comedian Neri Marcorè in another satirical TV show, Superciro (on private TV-channel Italia 1).

During Spring 2005, he undertook another hunger strike (once more with Rita Bernardini) asking to the Italian public service broadcaster RAI to give more space to the debates on the Radical referendum proposals for partially abrogate the law on artificial insemination, particularly strict in Italy. The four proposals, held on 12 and 13 June 2005, were however invalidated due to high abstentionism.

In November 2005, Capezzone was re-confirmed as Italian Radicals' Secretary for the fourth time in a row and he conducted the birth of the Rose in the Fist, a libertarian-socialist federation with the Italian Democratic Socialists (SDI). He was elected in the general election of 2006 as a member of the Chamber of Deputies and, on 6 June 2006, as President of the 10th Permanent Commission, becoming the first radical politician to be elected as a President of a Permanent Commission in the Italian Parliament.

During the 5th Congress of the Italian Radicals (held in Padova, 2–5 November 2006), Capezzone has been harshly challenged by many Radical leaders, because of his criticism to the Prodi II Cabinet (mostly stigmatized from Minister of European Politics and International Trade, Emma Bonino) and for an alleged personalistic management of the movement, which allegedly caused a worsening of the economical condition of the party.

In the previous days, newspapers reported rumours about the likelihood of his substitution at the party Secretariat, in favour of the Treasurer Rita Bernardini. The Radicals historical leader Marco Pannella justified that substitution not as "an act of disconfidence" on Capezzone, but as the prosecution of a historical custom of no overlapping of party- and parliamentarian-appointments.

Newspapers however insisted on a break-up between Pannella and Capezzone (shown respectively as "the past" and "the future" of the Radical movement), re-publishing an audio/video recording (already published by Radio Radicale's website) of a very lively discussion between the two politicians, during the Italian Radicals' National Direction meeting held on 26 October 2006. Also in October, Capezzone came out as bisexual He will later in other interview insist his sexual life is private.

After an even more lively Italian Radicals' National Direction meeting held on the night of 4 November 2006, during the 5th Congress of the movement, Capezzone accepted not to offer himself for the fifth time in a row for the Secretariat and to support instead the candidature of the Treasurer Rita Bernardini. The 5th Congress accepted anyway his proposal of General Motion (co-signed with Bernardini), that committed the Italian Radicals to relaunch the Rose in the Fist alliance and to press the Prodi II Cabinet for embark new libertarian proposals on economy and civil rights.

From that time, anyway, Capezzone started to distance himself from his party and to be very critical with Prodi II Cabinet, which he says not to support anymore. In June 2007, despite not having left the Radicals yet, he launched his own political association, Decide!, mounting rumors that he was heading towards the centre-right House of Freedoms coalition. On 7 November Capezzone finally left the Italian Radicals and the Rose in the Fist.

He has been the spokesman of Forza Italia and then of The People of Freedom.

References

1972 births
Living people
Politicians from Rome
Italian Radicals politicians
Forza Italia politicians
The People of Freedom politicians
Forza Italia (2013) politicians
Conservatives and Reformists (Italy) politicians
Direction Italy politicians
Deputies of Legislature XV of Italy
Deputies of Legislature XVII of Italy
Italian libertarians
Bisexual male politicians
Bisexual male writers
Bisexual journalists
Italian bisexual people
Italian LGBT journalists
Italian LGBT rights activists
Libera Università Internazionale degli Studi Sociali Guido Carli alumni
LGBT legislators in Italy
21st-century Italian LGBT people

Daniele Capezzone


Sidecar-Cross racing, also known as Sidecar Motocross, is a race that uses a different motorcycle chassis than regular motocross. It also uses a team of two people riding together, a "driver" and a "passenger".

Handling

Sidecarcross is done on the same race track as normal motocross, but the driver has to ride differently then when riding solo. The driver cannot lean over in the turns. To make sure the sidecar does not flip over, the passenger leans out of the sidecar when they are in the corners. The passenger does much more work than the driver because he moves his whole body around all the time.
One of the most important things in sidecar racing is teamwork; the best teams race together for many years.

Other websites
 The Sidecar-Cross Racing Homepage
 The Australian Sidecar-Cross Association Inc
 The British sidecar enduro association

Auto racing

Sidecarcross


Forest, Ontario is a town in Lambton County, Ontario, Canada. About 3,000 people live in the town. It the biggest town in Lambton Shores. The town was an important lumber town. It even had its own train stop. Forest is now a tourist attraction. It has trails and camp facilities.

History
Forest is located on land that was once dense forest. When the Grand Trunk Railway was built, the station for the town was named for the dense forest. In 1859, the first post office was then named Forest.

Industry
The industry of the town was first based on the large amount of fruit growing in the area. There was once a canning factory and a basket factory in Forest. In more recent years, the town has become a dormitory community for the city of Sarnia and, to a lesser extent, London, Ontario. The large tourism area along the shores of nearby Lake Huron also helps local businesses. Several small manufacturing plants supporting the automobile industry have also opened in the past few years.

Population
In 2001, the last year that Forest was a national census unit, the town had a population of 2,857. The average age of the people who live in Forest was about 42. This is five years older than the average for the entire province. The average earnings of the people living in Forest was $27,902 (CAD) in the year 2000. In 2006, the local census unit was changed to the town of Lambton Shores. Information for Forest itself is not available.

Education
Forest has a high school, North Lambton Secondary School. The school has a large gymnasium and cafeteria. It also has access to washroom and meal preparation facilities. Forest has two separate school systems. It has a public school system, Kinnwood Central Public School, and a private school system, St. John Fisher. Both systems have elementary schools.

Recreation and tourism
There are many recreational facilities in the town. These include an enclosed arena/community center with baseball and soccer fields, a lawn bowling club and public tennis courts. There is also an agricultural society with grounds used for a fall fair and campsites. A privately owned golf course is located in the town, Forest Golf and Country Hotel. There are also more than a dozen other golf courses within a  drive.

Forest has a natural amphitheatre in the conservation area in the south part of the town. Each year the people of the town act in a religious play called The Promise in this amphitheatre. They have done the play since 1995. The stage of the amphitheatre is on a small island. The audience sits on the surrounding hillsides.

Towns in Ontario

Forest, Ontario


is a real-time strategy war game by Nihon Falcom. The game is considered to be part of the Dragon Slayer series. It was originally released in 1991 for the NEC PC-9801, ported 1992 to the Super Famicom and 1994 to the Mega Drive. In 1997, it was remade for Windows as Lord Monarch Online and released for free in both Japanese, and for the first time, English. Lord Monarch is one of the 42 titles included in the Japanese version of the Mega Drive Mini.

Gameplay

Super Famicom version
The Super Famicom version is similar to the Sega Mega Drive version, except there are more themes in addition to the medieval Europe theme. There is a futuristic theme with robots, a fast food theme with French fries and soft drinks attacking health food, a Three Kingdoms era theme, and a fairy-tale theme. The game is automatically paused until someone presses the Start button, so there is unlimited time for making alliances in the Super Famicom version—until the start button is pressed. This mode gives the player the advantage unlike the Sega Mega Drive version because the player may take time to choose a strategically advantageous ally.

The Super Famicom version of Lord Monarch was one of the few games to support the Super Famicom mouse.

A later version of the game was broadcast exclusively for Japanese markets via the Super Famicom's Satellaview subunit under the name BS Lord Monarch.

Mega Drive version
The object is to destroy all the camps and peasants of all the player's rival kingdoms under a strict time limit. Alliances can be formed near the beginning of the game to help the player. However, the alliance is only effective until the enemy alliance is defeated. Then the former allies declare war on each other. Victory through a cunning alliance is impossible because game rules dictate that there can only be one winner at the end of the game; that is why the two former allies need to go to war in order to claim the victory. Peasants have to do engineering tasks as well as military tasks. For example, bridges, monster-filled caves, and fences can be created or destroyed for the purposes of strategy. Peasants may also merge their units to become soldiers and eventually knights when there are enough units in that army.

Players can play in either campaign (which consists of helping a king eradicate a rebel force) or battle mode (where players take on three rival kingdoms simultaneously while expanding their own nations). In battle mode the player can choose from a large array of different art styles, such as playing as a foreign Japanese army, animals trying to take over a forest, monsters in hell or even as a fast food business. These modes do not effect the gameplay in any way however each mode has its own unique levels. The simplistic diplomacy system can never be used in a match after five minutes in the game, making it useful only for delaying war with a neighboring kingdom. Human units as well as orcs and demons are used for peasants, soldiers, and knights. Also, a leader can be a warrior, a magician, or a shaman.

The player has a leader avatar that must liberate hanged men from the gallows to be his assistant, collect treasure chests from the countryside in order to gain a mass influx of gold, and force nearby cities to pay taxes. This turns the city's banners into the player's colors and at a random time, a taxman appears and brings gold pieces to the player's castle to help with the war effort. Taxes must be controlled or else the player will go bankrupt and lose the game. Even the three computer controlled opponents must control their tax rates. There is a medieval environment to the game in all levels of the game.

References

External links
Official website

1991 video games
Dragon Slayer (series)
Epoch Co. games
Fantasy video games
FM Towns games
Fortyfive games
Japan-exclusive video games
NEC PC-9801 games
PlayStation (console) games
PlayStation Network games
Satellaview games
Sega Genesis games
Super Nintendo Entertainment System games
Video games developed in Japan
Virtual Console games
Multiplayer and single-player video games
Nihon Falcom games

Lord Monarch


Dilworth is a neighborhood of Charlotte, Mecklenburg County, North Carolina, United States. The neighborhood was Charlotte's first streetcar suburb and was established by Edward Dilworth Latta in the 1890s on 250 acres (1 km²) southwest of the original city limits. It included the Joseph Forsyth Johnson designed Latta Park. Planned largely with a grid pattern similar to the city's original four wards, Dilworth was initially designated the Eighth Ward.

Dilworth was born out of the powerful impact that the newly minted streetcar had on Charlotte's original four ward neighborhood. The first streetcars were horse-drawn and later mule-drawn. These precursor streetcars and walking were Charlotteans' primary mode of transportation which kept development close to Trade and Tryon Streets, Charlotte's urban core.  The first electric streetcar, Latta's Charlotte Street Railway Company, began operation May 18, 1891, just two days before Dilworth was opened. The original streetcar was replaced just five short years later by Charlotte Electric Railway.

Streetcars or trolleys were a popular mode of transportation and made adjacent real estate extremely desirable. The Charlotte Electric Railway trolley became a billboard for the Dilworth community as it prominently displayed "Buy a home in Dilworth for rent money". Trolleys remained critical to Charlotte's development until car No. 85, the last to run, ceased operations in March 1938. This car was used for many purposes over the years and was about to be scrapped when it was located by the Charlotte-Mecklenburg Historic Landmarks Commission and meticulously restored as part of a project to bring Trolleys back to Charlotte.  Since 1996, Car No. 85 once again proudly shuttles passengers from Southend, a neighborhood to adjacent to Dilworth,  to Charlotte's urban center.

Sedgefield Park serves as a pedestrian connection to bordering Sedgefield.

The streets of Dilworth feature stately, mature oak trees, sidewalks, and houses with front porches. The homes are primarily bungalows — with the occasional Queen Anne — and some larger, two-story Colonial Revivals lining Dilworth Road East and West. East Boulevard serves as the main thoroughfare through the neighborhood. East Boulevard is lined with restaurants, offices and shops, many located in renovated homes. Charlotte's largest hospital, Carolinas Medical Center, is in Dilworth. This 861-bed teaching hospital is the region's only Level 1 trauma center.

Much of the neighborhood is listed on the National Register of Historic Places as the Dilworth Historic District.  The district encompasses 1,389 contributing buildings and 1 contributing structure.  The district was listed in 1987, with a boundary increase in 2000.

References

External links

Dilworth Charlotte - neighborhood association website
Dilworth - Neighborhood Specialist
Charlotte-Mecklenburg Historic Landmark Commission
Dilworth Neighborhood Facebook Group
Dilworth Community Association (DCA) Facebook Group
Book - Images of America - Charlotte Its Historic Neighborhoods.  By John R Rogers and Amy T Rogers Copyright 1996, 1998,2000

Streetcar suburbs
Neighborhoods in Charlotte, North Carolina
Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in North Carolina
Populated places established in the 1890s
National Register of Historic Places in Mecklenburg County, North Carolina

Dilworth (Charlotte neighborhood)


The Host is a 2008 science-fiction/romance book by Stephenie Meyer. A movie based on the book is currently in development.

Story
Melanie Stryder refuses to fade away. The earth has been invaded by a species that takes over the minds of their human hosts while leaving their bodies intact, and most of humanity has succumbed.

Wanderer, the invading 'soul' who has been given Melanie's body, knew about the challenges of living inside a human: the overwhelming emotions, the too-vivid memories. But there was one difficulty Wanderer didn't expect: the former tenant of her body refusing to relinquish possession of her mind.

Melanie fills Wanderer's thoughts with visions of the man Melanie loves – Jared, a human who still lives in hiding. Unable to separate herself from her body's desires, Wanderer yearns for a man she's never met. As outside forces make Wanderer and Melanie unwilling allies, they set off to search for the man they both love.

Characters
The characters in the book include:
 Wanderer (Wanda) - An alien "soul" who is placed in the body of Melanie Stryder.
 Melanie Stryder - Wanderer's strong-minded host.
 Jared Howe - Melanie's true love.
 Ian O'Shea - A surviving human who falls in love with Wanderer.
 Jeb - Melanie's uncle, who owns the caverns that hide the human rebels. He is generally good-natured and relaxed, but is really a very perceptive man.
 Jamie - Melanie's younger brother who also develops a friendly relationship with Wanda.
 Kyle O'Shea - Ian O'Shea's brother who tries to murder Wanda several times during the novel
 Doc - the doctor who is among the rebel humans who is very compassionate and caring. His real name is Eustace

References

2008 books
American science fiction books
Books by Stephenie Meyer

The Host (novel)


In painting, staffage () are the human and animal figures depicted in a scene, especially a landscape, that are not the primary subject matter of the work.  Typically they are small, and there to add an indication of scale and add interest.

Before the adoption of the word into the visual arts in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, Staffage in German could mean "accessories" or "decoration".  The word can be used in two senses: as a general term for any figures in a work, even when they are, at least ostensibly, the main subject, and as a descriptive term for figures to whom no specific identity or story is attached, included merely for compositional or decorative reasons.  In the latter sense, staffage are accessories to the scene, yet add life to the work; they provide depth to the painting and reinforce the main subject, as well as giving a clear scale to the rest of the composition.

During the Baroque, painters such as Nicolas Poussin and Claude Lorrain commonly used staffage. Some landscape specialists had other painters who were more adept at painting the human form add staffage to their canvasses. Staffage figures in the second sense defined above are always unnamed and should be distinguished from equally small figures with an identity, who were also used in landscapes in what is technically a very similar way.  However, when named biblical or mythological figures are used, instead of unnamed "shepherds", "soldiers" and so on, this had the effect, according to the contemporary theory of the hierarchy of genres, in turning a landscape painting into a more prestigious, and often more valuable, history painting, even when the figures are small and inconspicuous amid a large landscape.  Such works are often given modern titles in the form "Landscape with ...".

Staffage should also be distinguished from the figures in genre paintings, who are also anonymous and typically from the common people, but who are the main subject of the painting.

By the 19th century, books with patterns for hundreds of different staffage figures were published for painters to "cut and paste" into their compositions.  Earlier artists had often kept drawings of such pattern figures, and the same figures often recur in several of the works of an artist, and can sometimes be traced passing to other artists.

Notes

Painting
Composition in visual art

Staffage


The Flag of the State of Maine has the state coat of arms on a blue field. In the center of the shield a moose rests under a tall pine tree. A farmer and seaman represent the normal reliance on agriculture and the sea by the state. The "North Star" represents the state motto: Dirigo ("I Lead").

Maine
Maine

Flag of Maine


Tsar Bomba, the nickname for the AN602 H-bomb, was the largest, most powerful nuclear weapon ever used. It was originally tested by the Soviet Union on October 30, 1961. It was a three stage H-bomb.

This bomb is also called the Father of Bombs.

The explosion had a power of 56,000,000 tonns of TNT (56 Megatons). The Tsar Bomb was actually designed as a 100 Megatonn-Bomb. But as there were problems to detonate a bomb as strong as 100,000,000 tonns of TNT, the Soviet Union technicians reduced its power to 56 Megatonns.

The testing site of the nuclear bomb was Novaya Zemlya. There was not much fallout because the bomb was detonated at  height.

The bomb was dropped by a Soviet bomber, the Tupolev Tu-95. This was the only plane in the world which could carry the bomb. When the bomb exploded, the bomber fell one Kilometer in height from the huge blast wave.

Nuclear weapons

Tsar Bomba


Cardisoma guanhumi, also known as the blue land crab, is a species of land crab found in tropical and subtopical estuaries and other maritime areas of land along the Atlantic coast of the Americas from Brazil and Colombia, through the Caribbean and Gulf of Mexico, to the Bahamas, and north to Ponce Inlet, Florida Princess Place Preserve on the Palm Coast, and Bermuda.  The species varies in colour from dark blue to brown or pale grey, and may grow to  in carapace width and weigh over .

Description
The carapace of C. guanhumi can reach a width up to . As with many crab species, males possess dimorphic claws: the larger claw can grow up to around  in length, eventually becoming larger than the carapace itself. The eyes are stalked and their colour ranges from a deep blue to a pale grey. Juveniles generally have a brown carapace with orange coloured legs. Females usually appear light gray or white. Adult colours are usually present between  and . Individuals of the species can weigh over .

Distribution
Cardisoma guanhumi is found throughout estuarine and other coastal regions of the Caribbean, and along the Atlantic coast of Central and South America (south to Brazil). In the United States it can be found in coastal areas of the Gulf of Mexico and Florida north to Vero Beach. Relatively cold water in the winter, less than , affects larval survival and restricts the species' possibility of spreading further north.

Diet

Cardisoma guanhumi is omnivorous, collecting and eating leaves and fruits close to its burrow whilst also eating insects and carrion. Like many crabs, this species is cannibalistic. They move in the shade during the day and will eschew moving in prolonged direct sunlight to feed at night instead. According to a fisherman who's been catching them for 50 years, once captured, the smaller ones take two weeks to filter (clean) before they are consumable and the larger ones take a month.

Senses
Cardisoma guanhumi finds its food using light and sound detectors. Experiments show that crabs can be drawn out of their burrows to investigate the sound of falling fruit, once out they initiate a search for food. Predatory behavior is released in these crabs by detection of small moving objects. Crabs in the genus Cardisoma are able to detect small vibrations on the ground within the range of 10–1500 Hz and 70 dB. Visual acuity increases with body size due to an increase in both the number and diameter of ommatidia.

Life cycle

The reproductive cycle is closely linked to seasonal weather patterns and lunar phase. Heavy rains in the spring initiate migrations. When this occurs, C. guanhumi begins to gain weight, as more food is consumed and gathered for the first few weeks of the migratory period. Males mate with mature females during this time. Fertilization is internal, and throughout July and August most females carry the eggs externally. After approximately 2 weeks the eggs will hatch and must be released into saltwater for the larvae to survive. Several spawns per year may occur with spawning season varying with location within the range. In Florida, spawning season lasts from June to December and reaches its peak in October and November. In the Bahamas the season extends from July to September, while in Venezuela spawning lasts from July to November. Eggs hatch into free swimming larvae with 5 zoeal stages and 1 postlarval or megalopa stage. Typical development time from hatching to the first crabs stage is 42 days under laboratory conditions; however, this time may be much shorter in wild specimens.

C. guanhumi is a slow-growing species compared to most other crabs. It requires more than 60 molts – roughly three times more than other species of crab – to reach its full size. The crab will generally seal the exit to its burrow using mud, 6–10 days before it molts, in order to protect itself from predators. (After molting, crabs are more vulnerable to attack as their shell has not yet hardened.)

References

External links

Grapsoidea
Terrestrial crustaceans
Crustaceans of the Atlantic Ocean
Arthropods of the Dominican Republic
Crustaceans described in 1828
Taxa named by Pierre André Latreille
Articles containing video clips

Cardisoma guanhumi


An inverter is an electric apparatus that changes direct current (DC) to alternating current (AC). It is not the same thing as an alternator, which converts mechanical energy (e.g. movement) into alternating current.

Direct current is created by devices such as batteries and solar panels. When connected, an inverter allows these devices to provide electric power for small household devices. The inverter does this through a complex process of electrical adjustment. From this process, AC electric power is produced. This form of electricity can be used to power an electric light, a microwave oven, or some other electric machine.

An inverter usually also increases the voltage. In order to increase the voltage, the current must be decreased. So, an inverter will use a lot of current on the DC side when only a small amount is being used on the AC side.

Inverters are made in many different sizes. They can be as small as 150 watts, or as large as 1 megawatt (1 million watts). Smaller inverters often plug into a car's cigarette lighter socket and provide 120 or 240 volt AC power from the car's 12 volt supply.

The earliest inverters consisted of a Motor–generator, a DC motor connected mechanically to an AC generator. A later design often used with vacuum tube car radios used a rapidly switching relay. Modern inverters are based on MOSFET or IGBT transistors.

Types
 Sine wave inverters produce good-quality AC power. They use pulse-width modulation (PWM) to produce a true sine wave, which makes them expensive.
 A modified sine wave inverter produces a lower quality of AC power, with strong power system harmonics but is cheaper. The output of a typical modified sine wave inverter is a square wave with a pause between the change in direction. Various modulation strategies are used in cascaded multilevel inverters to reduce the harmonic contents. Modified sine inverters reduce the performance of some appliances, such as microwave ovens and appliances containing electric motors, and are known to damage some equipment including smoke detectors and some battery chargers.

Electricity
Machines

Inverter


The American Specialty Toy Retailing Association, or ASTRA, is an organization  of manufacturers, manufacturers representatives, distributors and retailers of specialty toys (as compared to mass market product).

The American Specialty Toy Retailing Association is a non-profit association that provides leadership and resources to grow the specialty toy industry.  It is the largest association serving the specialty toy industry. ASTRA members build their businesses around specialty toys, which generally are designed with a focus on what the child can do, rather than what the toy can do.

Neighborhood Toy Store Day
In 2010, ASTRA established Neighborhood Toy Store Day, to be observed on the second Saturday of each November.

References

External links

Game manufacturers
Toy industry


A thesis (plural: 'theses') is a document written in support of an idea that is presented for discussion or disputation. In modern usage it usually refers to a document presented as a requirement for an academic degree or professional qualification. It presents the author's research and findings. In the academic context it means the same as dissertation. The term dissertation can be used to describe an argument without relation to academic degrees. The term thesis may also be used for  the central claim of an essay or other work.

Thesis types
There are different types of thesis for different fields, for example, if you are an English major then for your thesis you may be asked to write a short story, a media student can be asked to submit a short film.

A graduate thesis is also known as graduate dissertation. A student may work with a member of the faculty who has specialized in the relevant field.

A thesis may be much longer. In the French system, a thesis (PhD), also called "Doctorat" is generally far longer and is up to 500 pages long.

History
Originally, the words "dissertation" and "thesis" had separate meanings.  When, at ancient universities, the professor had completed his lecture, there would be a disputation. During this, students could take up certain points and argue them.  The position that one took during a disputation was the thesis, while the dissertation was the line of reasoning with which one supported it.

Etymology
The word "thesis" comes from the Greek , meaning "position", and refers to an intellectual proposition. "Dissertation" comes from the Latin dissertātiō, meaning "discourse".

References

Other websites
 en.wikibooks.org/wiki/ETD_Guide Guide to electronic theses and dissertations on Wikibooks
 Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations  (NDLTD)
 How to write a PhD thesis  Thesis Writing
 Free thesis indexing service
 EThOS Database Database of Theses available through the British Library

Academia
Genres

fi:Tieteellisten yliopistotutkintojen opinnäytetyöt#Väitöskirja

Thesis


Laugh USA is a Sirius XM Radio channel featuring family comedy and broadcasts on channel 98. The channel's slogan is "Comedy for Everyone."  The comedy aired sometimes contains mild profanities and slightly risqué material, and is only very rarely considered offensive.

Artists
Although  much variety exists in the format, comedian segments commonly include Bill Cosby, Bill Engvall, Brian Regan, Carl Hurley, Chonda Pierce, Father Guido Sarducci, Gabriel Iglesias, Jeanne Robertson, and others.  Vintage routines can also be heard, including classics from Abbott and Costello, Bob Newhart, Bob and Ray, Henny Youngman, Mel Brooks, and Rodney Dangerfield, among others.

Features
Before the merger in 2008, this channel featured a weekly mix known as the Comedy Piñata hosted by Joel Haas, where comedy was often delivered on a single topic, often seasonal, from various of its comedians' routines. Comedy Piñata was also known to highlight a single artist, whether by simply presenting a comedy concert, or in a format where standup comedy segments are woven into a sit-down interview presentation.

External links
Laugh USA

XM Satellite Radio channels
Sirius XM Radio channels
Sirius Satellite Radio channels
Comedy radio stations in the United States
Radio stations established in 2001

Laugh USA


Operetta is a term which started to be used in the 19th century to describe an opera that was not too serious and often full of fun.  It is often described as "light opera" ("light" meaning "not serious").  In an opera everything is usually sung.  In an operetta there is a lot of spoken dialogue, and songs and dances are added to this.  Similar traditions already existed in other countries, e.g. in Germany where the Singspiel tradition was popular (e.g. Mozart's The Magic Flute).

The operetta tradition started in France and soon spread to Austria and other countries.  It remained popular until the mid-20th century, when it gradually turned into musical comedy.

The composer Jacques Offenbach can be thought of as the creator of the operetta tradition. It grew out of the opéra comique which had become quite long and serious.  There was a need for shorter, more humorous musical entertainments.  Offenbach was composing operettas in the 1850s in Paris.   In England such works were often called "comic operas" or "opera comedies".   Then Johann Strauss became very popular in Vienna.  He was already very well known in the ballroom, but when he started to write for the theatre he soon became a rival to Offenbach, whose operettas had become very popular in Vienna.  Strauss's operetta Die Fledermaus ("The Bat") has been performed more than any other operetta.  In Spain the Zarzuela was a kind of operetta.

Many people were involved in the creating and performing of operettas.  The performers often had to both sing and act very well.  Bizet, Chabrier and Delibes all wrote operettas as well as operas and other types of music.  In England the operas of Gilbert and Sullivan were a kind of English form of operetta.

One of the most popular of all operettas was Die Lustige Witwe (The Merry Widow) by Franz Léhar.  It was produced in 1905 in Vienna.  Léhar wrote many other operettas as well.  Franz von Suppé is another composer who wrote operettas in the Austrian tradition. The most known Romanian operetta is Crai nou (New moon) by Ciprian Porumbescu.

In the early 20th century the French operetta became less popular as there was more interest in the Viennese operetta.  After World War I Berlin was the centre of German operetta.  By the middle of the 20th century many composers were writing light operas which were based on American dance band music.  These were no longer called "operettas".  The word "operetta" continued to be used for light operas which were more in the style of traditional central European music.

Musical forms
Opera genres

Operetta


William Harvey was an English medical doctor. He was born in Folkestone, Kent, England on 1 April 1573. He was the first to explain how blood was moved through the body by the heart. He died on 3 June 1657 in Roehampton.

A hospital in Ashford, Kent is named after Harvey. He went to The King's School, Canterbury, then Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge. He then went to University of Padua where he graduated in 1602.

When Harvey returned to England he married Elizabeth Browne, the daughter of Elizabeth I's royal physician. He became a doctor at St. Bartholomew's Hospital in London from 1609 until 1643.

Circulatory system
William Harvey is famous for his idea on blood being pumped around the body by the heart. He was the first to describe correctly and in detail the circulation and its properties. A few men knew about the lesser circulation of the blood through the lungs, but their work was lost. One 16th century work on theology, entitled Cristianismi restitutio, was written by Miguel Serveto. After he had been burnt at the stake for heresy (by Calvin), his book was destroyed. Three copies survived. A century and a half later, long after Harvey, someone noticed he had said something about the blood circulating.

Harvey announced his discoveries about the circulatory system in 1616 during a series of lectures (his lecture notes still exist). He wrote a book (Exercitatio Anatomica de Motu Cordis et sanguinis in Animalibus) about it in 1628. He said that blood was pumped around the body in a closed system. Blood was pumped by the heart through the body before coming back to the heart to repeat the process. This went against what was believed at the time to be true.

The Roman doctor, Galen believed that there were two systems in the body dealing with blood. It was thought at the time that the dark red blood in veins came from the liver and the bright red blood in arteries came from the heart. It was believed that the liver and heart made the blood and it was used up by the body parts it was pumped to.

Harvey's ideas came from dissecting human bodies. Harvey found that the liver would have to make 540 pounds of blood every hour for Galen to be right. This showed him that the blood was not being used up. It was being reused by the body. He said blood flowed through the heart in two loops. One loop went to the lungs and got oxygen. The other loop went to the organs and body tissue giving them the oxygen. He said the heart was just a pump that pumped blood around the body.

"Ex ovo omne vivum"
Harvey made another great discovery. He said (in Latin) "Every living thing comes from an egg". At that time it was not known that mammals came from eggs. It was not known until Karl Ernst von Baer discovered the eggs of mammals in 1827. The fusion of sperm with egg was first seen by Oskar Hertwig in 1876.

References

Other websites

 William Harvey info
 William Harvey info from the (US) National Health Museum

1573 births
1657 deaths
Alumni of the University of Cambridge
British anatomists
English physicians
People from Folkestone

William Harvey


Anthony John Purnell (born 23 May 1958 in Carshalton, Surrey) is an English engineering entrepreneur, and former principal of the Jaguar and Red Bull Formula One teams.

Pre-motorsport career
Before entering motorsports, Purnell had a lengthy academic career in England and the United States.  A pupil of The John Fisher School, he gained a scholarship to study mechanical engineering at Manchester University in the 1970s: then won the Kennedy Scholarship at the MIT School of Engineering where he completed his master's degree.  His dissertation was on the subject of Formula One aerodynamics.

After MIT, Purnell returned to the United Kingdom as a researcher at Cambridge University working on whole field continuous velocity determination in fluid flow. He did not complete his PhD, but began work on wind tunnel hardware and analysis software for the Lola organisation and consulted for the short-lived FORCE F1 team.

Purnell went on to found Pi Research (and its later spin-off Pi Technology) and by the late 1990s had built the company into a highly successful global electronics business.  In 1999 this company was purchased by the Ford Motor Company making Purnell a multi-millionaire.  Still under Purnell's management, Pi Research was made part of Ford's Premiere Performance Division alongside Cosworth and the Jaguar Formula One team.

Motorsport career
By 2002 the Jaguar team had failed to live up to its early promise under the direction of Neil Ressler, Bobby Rahal and finally Niki Lauda.  In late 2002 the Austrian was unceremoniously dumped by Ford who now required a new principal for their flagship motor sport brand.  Purnell was given the job, and alongside fellow countryman David Pitchforth, immediately set about restoring the team's fortunes.

The next two seasons saw a gradual improvement in results as Australian Mark Webber was signed to replace Eddie Irvine, and management stability began to pay dividends, but with parent company Ford needing to make financial savings the team's future was uncertain.  By late 2004, after a series of budget cuts, Ford announced their withdrawal from Formula One placing Jaguar Racing, Pi Research and Cosworth up for sale.

With Jaguar's future now in serious doubt Purnell set about trying to locate a new owner, and on 15 November 2004 Red Bull announced that they had purchased the team.  Red Bull Racing was born and new team owner Dietrich Mateschitz appeared to give his backing for Purnell to continue in his role of team principal.

The period of stability which Purnell had striven to achieve at Jaguar was short-lived however.  By 7 January 2005 it had been announced that F3000 team owner Christian Horner would succeed him as principal and he left the team.

Numerous rumors surfaced linking Purnell to other Formula One teams, but in December 2006 it was announced that Purnell would return to the sport as a technical consultant to the governing body, the FIA.  In addition to his FIA role he held the position of Royal Academy of Engineering Visiting Professor at the Engineering Department of Cambridge University and became a Fellow Commoner of Trinity Hall College.

In 2010, Purnell left the FIA and became part of the IndyCar Series' ICONIC committee which chose new engine and chassis specifications for the 2012 season.

Cycling career
In May 2013 Purnell joined British Cycling as head of its much-vaunted "Secret Squirrel Club" responsible for technical development, succeeding Chris Boardman. At the time he was a keen racing cyclist competing in UK events.

The 2016 Rio Olympic Games was a notable success for the GB cycling team with six gold, four silver and two bronze medals. Perhaps more significantly (from a technical point of view) was the tally of World and Olympic records for all velodrome events against the clock.

In September 2017 The Royal Academy of Engineering announced that Purnell had been awarded a Fellowship.

Personal life
Purnell is married to Alison and has two children, Lucy and Oliver.

References

1958 births
Living people
MIT School of Engineering alumni
MIT Sloan School of Management alumni
Fellows of Trinity Hall, Cambridge
English businesspeople
Formula One team principals
Jaguar in Formula One
People educated at The John Fisher School

Tony Purnell


Information theory is a branch of applied mathematics and electrical engineering.  Information theory measures the amount of information in data that could have more than one value.  In its most common use, information theory finds physical and mathematical limits on the amounts of data in data compression and data communication.  Data compression and data communication are statistical, because they guess unknown values.  The amount of information in data measures how easily it is guessed by a person who does not know its value.

A key measure in information theory is "entropy". Entropy quantifies the amount of uncertainty involved in the value of a random variable or the outcome of a random process. For example, identifying the outcome of a fair coin flip (with two equally likely outcomes) provides less information (lower entropy) than specifying the outcome from a roll of a dice (with six equally likely outcomes). Some other important measures in information theory are mutual information, channel capacity, error exponents, and relative entropy.

Computer science

Information theory


Sensorineural hearing loss is the most common and one of the main types of hearing loss. It is also known as "nerve deafness". Unlike the other main type of hearing loss - conductive hearing loss - sensorineural hearing loss is permanent.

Not only does sensorineural hearing loss cause noise to sound quieter but also makes sound less clear. This makes listening when there is a lot of noise harder and also makes hearing other people talk harder.

Causes
There are two parts of the ear that can be damaged to cause sensorineural hearing loss, either the cochlea or the hearing nerve. They do not both have to be damaged to cause hearing loss and can be caused by a number of different things.

Age related - the cochlea and hearing nerve of older people is more likely to be damaged than younger people, causing hearing loss
Noise related - listening to loud music or being in a place with very loud noise for a long time can damage your hearing
Disease - there are a few diseases and medications that can also cause hearing loss as a side-effect

Treatment
Unlike conductive hearing loss, sensorineural hearing loss is permanent. There may be ways to cure it but these are very limited. There are however ways to treat it and make it better.

Using hearing aids is the most popular way to treat this hearing loss. Hearing aids are not just able to make sound louder, which does not always help (because louder sound does not mean clearer sound) but can also reduce sounds that are not needed to hear other people talk while making speech louder. This is very helpful in making speech easier to understand.

References

Other websites
 National Hearing Care Find an audiologist in Australia and get more information on hearing loss and treatment.
 Bay Audiology Find an audiologist in New Zealand and get more information on hearing loss and treatment.

Hearing problems

Sensorineural hearing loss


Andranik Toros Ozanian, or Zoravar Andranik, (February 25, 1865 – August 31, 1927) was an Armenian military general and freedom fighter. He was seen by Armenian people as a national hero.

Biography
He was born in Şebinkarahisar, Ottoman Armenia (present-day Giresun Province, Turkey). After losing his wife and son at an early age, he joined the Armenian freedom movement in the Ottoman Empire, and participated in various political parties.
Andranik participated in the Balkan Wars of 1912-1913, within the Bulgarian army, alongside general Garegin Njdeh as a commander of Armenian auxiliary troops of 1912-1913. After his arrest and jailed; he spent some time in Istanbul. During World War I, he participated in the Caucasus Campaign and was appointed as general of the Armenian volunteer units of the Russian army. He participated in 20 different offensives where he gained fame due to his courage and the tactics he came up with to defeat the opposing forces.
He was the commanding officer of the Armenian volunteer units, which helped the Van Resistance take control of the Van on May 6, 1915. He helped re-capture the city from Ottoman forces during the Battle of Van. He was also the commander of the battalion that took the city of Bitlis (see: Battle of Bitlis) from the Ottoman forces that was under control of Mustafa Kemal.
After declaration of Democratic Republic of Armenia (DRA), he organized volunteer units against the Ottoman army, and fought alongside those units. Declaration of Treaty of Batum was in diffuse as Andranik, was fighting against the Ottoman Empire with his army. He refused to accept the borders stated by the treaty. His activities were concentrated at the link between Ottoman Empire to Azerbaijan Democratic Republic at Karabakh, Zanghezur and Nakhichevan. Ozanian struck back at the Ottoman Fronts, Army of Islam.
Andranik, tried several times to seize Shusha. Just before the Armistice of Mudros was signed, Andranik was on the way from Zangezur to Shusha, to control the main city of Nagorno-Karabakh. In January 1919 Armenian troops advancing, the British forces (Lionel Dunsterville) ordered Andranik back to Zangezur, and gave him the assurances that this conflict can be solved with the Paris Peace Conference, of 1919.
In 1919 he left Armenia in order not to take part in the political struggles for power in the recent Republic of still those its opinions contradicting policy to carry Armenia for the last time and went oneself into exile to Fresno, California, United States.

He immigrated to Fresno, California. Andranik Ozanian lived in Fresno for 18 years until his death on August 31, 1927. His remains were moved to Paris in 1928, and returned to Armenia in 1999, where he was buried at the Yerablur military cemetery.

Further reading
 The Armenian People from Ancient to Modern Times: Foreign Dominion to Statehood: edited by Richard G Hovannisian
 Zoravar Andranik - Armenfilm 35mm 1989, Director: Levon Mkrtchyan,narration Khoren Abrahamyan

1865 births
1927 deaths
Armenian generals

Andranik Ozanian


A memoir (from the French word mémoire or the Latin memoria, meaning "memory") is a literary genre and a kind of autobiography. A person who writes memoirs can be called a memoirist. An autobiography tells the story of a life, while a memoir tells a story from a life, such as touchstone events and turning points from the author's life.

Autobiographies

Memoir


Lucretia Coffin Mott (January 3, 1793 – November 11, 1880) was an advocate for women's rights in the United States. She was one of the first people in the U.S. to do so. She also spoke on ending slavery in the United States. She was one of the leaders of the anti-slavery movement in Philadelphia. She was a Quaker, and was a minister for several years. She was born in Nantucket, Massachusetts. She helped with women's involvement and the Seneca falls convention.

1793 births
1880 deaths
People from Massachusetts
Quakers

Lucretia Mott


Neapolitan means "from the city of Naples in Italy".  It is an adjective.
Neapolitan can mean:

 Someone who lives in Naples or comes from Naples
 Neapolitan language, the language spoken in the former territory of Kingdom of two siclies"
 Neapolitan ice cream, a mixture of chocolate, vanilla, and strawberry ice cream side-by-side in the same container
 Neapolitan chord, in music, is a special chord in music.  An example would be (from bottom note upwards): D flat-F-B if followed by C-E-(G)-C
 Neapolitan Mastiff, a big breed of dog
 Neapolitan piastra, an old currency (money) which used to be used in south Italy
 Neapolitan sauce, a kind of tomato-based sauce used in Italian cooking.

es:Napolitano

Neapolitan


Hill Top is a 17th-century Lakeland farm once in the possession of children's author Beatrix Potter. She bought the farm house as a retreat from London in 1896 at a time when she was making a significant amount of money from her stories. She used the farm as a place to develop her stories. Many of these stories (such as Jemima Puddleduck and Tom Kitten) were set on the farm. Farm furniture, the ponds, and other elements were used as props in her books.

Potter married William Heelis when she was 47. She moved across the road to Castle Cottage. She kept Hill Top though to house her collections of china, the "Two Bad Mice" doll house furniture, and other things. She continued to use the house as a retreat. She willed the houses and a large acreage to the National Trust in 1944. Hill Top is located near Sawrey in Cumbria. It is between Esthwaite Water and Windermere, 2 miles south-east of Hawksmoor.

References
 Robin Fedden and Rosemary Joekes. 1973. The National Trust Guide to England, Wales, and Northern Ireland. Norton. 3rd edition. pages 138-139.
Buildings and structures in Cumbria

Hill Top


A context switch is the computing process of saving and restoring the state (context) of a CPU such that multiple processes can share a single CPU resource. The context switch is an essential feature of a multitasking operating system.

Context switches are usually time consuming and much of the design of operating systems is to minimize the time of context switches.

A context switch can mean a register context switch, a task context switch, a thread context switch, or a process context switch. What will be switched is determined by the processor and the operating system.

The scheduler is the part of the operating systems that manage context switching, it perform context switching in one of the following conditions:

Multitasking: One process needs to be switched out of (termed "yield" which means "give up") the CPU so another process can run. Within a preemptive multitasking operating system, the scheduler allows every task (according to its priority level) to run for some certain amount of time, called its time slice where a timer interrupt triggers the operating system to schedule another process for execution instead.If a process will wait for one of the computer resources or will perform an I/O operation, the operating system schedules another process for execution instead.
Interrupt handling: Some CPU architectures (like the Intel x86 architecture) are interrupt driven. When an interrupt occurs, the scheduler calls its interrupt handler in order to serve the interrupt after switching contexts; the scheduler suspended the currently running process till executing the interrupt handler.
User and kernel mode switching: When a transition between user mode and kernel mode is required in an operating system, a context switch is not necessary; a mode transition is not by itself a context switch.  However, depending on the operating system, a context switch may also take place at this time.

Context switching can be performed primarily by software or hardware. Some CPUs have hardware support for context switches, else if not, it is performed totally by the operating system software. In a context switch, the state of a process must be saved somehow before running another process, so that, the scheduler resume the execution of the process from the point it was suspended; after restoring its complete state before running it again.

Other websites
  Context Switch Definition - by The Linux Information Project (LINFO)

Computer science

Context switch


An Encyclical originally was a letter sent by a bishop to all churches of a particular area.

In the Roman Catholic Church, the term is only used for letters sent by popes.

The Eastern Orthodox Church and the Anglican Communion still use the word in its original meaning.

Letters

Encyclical


Lake Karachay is a small lake in the Ural Mountains. It lies in Chelyabinsk Oblast, near the town of Ozyorsk. Ozyork was a closed city; the people who worked there built Russia's first nuclear power plant, at Mayak. The lake was used to dump radioactive waste that resulted from operating the Mayak site, from about 1951. This waste had been dumped into the Techa River beforehand. From about 1956, it was also stored in tanks.

The lake is near Mayak, which is the name of a number of nuclear facilities, about 150 kilometres (93 miles) from Ekaterinburg in Russia.

Lakes of Russia
Chelyabinsk Oblast

Lake Karachay


Wāli or vali is a title used during the Arab Empire and Ottoman Empire.  It means governor. It is still used in some countries with Arabic culture.

In Algeria, a wāli is the "governor" of each of the 48 provinces.  They are chosen by the president.

In Iran the governors are called Vāli.

In Turkey the head of the 81 provinces is called a wāli.

Titles

Wāli


Paul Émile de Puydt (6 March 1810 – 20 May 1891), a writer whose contributions included work in botany and economics, was born and died in Mons, Belgium. His father was Jean Ambroise de Puydt (1758–1836), who was governor of the province Hainaut in the early days of Belgium from 1830 till 1834. In the first marriage of his father there were 6 children. The famous Remi de Puydt came from this first marriage. He is a half brother of Paul Émile de Puydt. Remi de Puydt was a civil engineer and a politician (representative), and he served in the Belgian army as a colonel.

Biography
Paul-Émile was the second child of four children from the second marriage of his father, who married in 1799 Marie Adélaïde Jeanne Michot (c. 1777 – 1858). As a botanist, Paul Émile de Puydt notably wrote on orchids. The standard botanical author abbreviation De Puydt is applied to species he described.

After his studies, he turned to journalism and worked as an editor of "L'Observateur du Hainaut".
Together with Henri-Florent Delmotte and Hippolyte Rousselle, he wrote in 1831, the year when the current Belgium became separated from the northern Netherlands, the theatre piece "Le candidat à la royauté: esquisse en trois tableaux mêlés de couplets". This play was performed in Mons in 1831.
He then participated in the government, and he was also director of the Mont-de-piété of Mons.

In his free time he was interested in botany, and he developed a pronounced interest in orchids.
Since 1831 he was secretary of the founded societé d'horticulture de Mons. In 1833 he worked on the foundation of the Societé des arts et des lettres du Hainaut, where he was vice-president and, from 1865 onwards, president.

Paul-Émile de Puydt married in 1841 Fanie Catherine Cousin (1819–1905). They had two children: Julien-Vincent-Émile de Puydt (1842–1921) and Philippine-Therese-Marie de Puydt (1843–1892).

As a political economist, he is known as inventor of the concept of people having the freedom to choose which government to join, and governments having to compete for citizens. He has given the name panarchy to this concept. His paper "Panarchie" was first published in French in the Revue Trimestrielle, in Brussels, July 1860.  Panarchie and its author Paul Emile de Puydt was only recently rediscovered.
The notion of competitive government, but then limited to defence, can also be found in the writings of the Belgian economist Gustave de Molinari from 1849, eleven years before de Puydt.
David Hart of the Department of History of Stanford University suggests that Paul-Émile de Puydt might have been influenced by the works of his fellow countryman Gustave de Molinari.

Panarchy
In an 1860 article, de Puydt first proposed the idea of panarchy: a political philosophy that emphasizes each individual's right to freely choose (join and leave) the jurisdiction of any governments they choose, without being forced to move from their current locale. A proponent of laissez-faire economics, he wrote that "governmental competition" would let "as many regularly competing governments as have ever been conceived and will ever be invented" exist simultaneously and detailed how such a system would be implemented. As David M. Hart writes: "Governments would become political churches, only having jurisdiction over their congregations who had elected to become members." Three similar ideas are "Functional Overlapping Competing Jurisdictions" (FOCJ) advocated by Swiss economists Bruno Frey and Reiner Eichenberger, "multigovernment" advocated by Le Grand E. Day and others, and "meta-utopia" from Robert Nozick's Anarchy, State, and Utopia.

Works

Botany
 Traité théorique et pratique de la culture des plantes de serre froide, orangerie et serre tempérées des jardiniers, précédé de notions pratiques de physiologie végétale et de physique horticole, et de conseils pour la construction des différentes serres. 1860
 Les Poires de Mons. 1860

 Les Plantes de serre, traité théorique et pratique de la culture de toutes les plantes qui demandent un abri sous le climat de la Belgique. 2 vols, 1866
 Les Orchidées, histoire iconographique, organographie, classification, géographie, collections, commerce, emploi, culture, avec une revue descriptive des espèces cultivées en Europe. Ouvrage orné de 244 vignettes et de 50 chromo-lithographies, dessinées d'après nature sous la direction de M. Leroy, dans les serres de M. Guibert,1880

Social sciences
  Panarchy, first published in French in the Revue Trimestrielle, Bruxelles, July 1860, page 222 to 245
 https://books.google.com/books?id=8SIWAAAAYAAJ
 La Charité et les institutions de bienfaisance. 1867
 Marche et progrès de la civilisation dans les temps modernes. 1870
 La Grève. 1876
 La Littérature et les Arts, dans leurs rapports avec la morale. SOCIÉTÉ DES SCIENCES, DES ARTS ET DES LETTRES DU HAINAUT. TROISIÈME SÉRIE. TOME SEPTIÈME. ANNÉE 1871–1872.

Novels
 Chevreuse, roman. 1859
 Maudit métier, histoire du Borinage. 1883
 Cent mille francs de dot. 1890

Other publications
 Biography of his father:
Biographie de M. Jean-Ambroise De Puydt. 60 p.SOCIÉTÉ DES SCIENCES, DES ARTS ET DES LETTRES DU HAINAUT. TROISIÈME SÉRIE. TOME HUITIÈME. ANNÉE 1872.
 Theatre piece:
"Le candidat à la royauté: esquisse en trois tableaux mêlés de couplets" par Henri-Florent Delmotte, Paul Émile de Puydt, Hippolyte Rousselle, 1831

Literature
 Léopold Devillers: Puydt (Paul-Émile de). In: Académie Royale des Sciences, des Lettres et des Beaux-Arts de Belgique: Biographie nationale. Bd. 18, Brüssel 1905.
 C. Rousselle: Puydt (de) Paul-Émile. In: Ernest A. Matthieu: Biographie du Hainaut. Bd. 2, Enghien 1903.
 J-F. de Montigny, Tijdschrift van de Antwerpse kring voor familiekunde, Jaargang IX, 1954, p100-115

References

External links

1810 births
1891 deaths
19th-century Belgian botanists
Belgian economists
Belgian writers in French
Botanists with author abbreviations
People from Mons
Walloon people

Paul Émile de Puydt


Electroplating is the coating of an object with a metal. It is done by immersing the object and a bar of the metal in a solution containing the metal ions. Electric current is then applied; the positive goes to the metal and the negative goes to the object. The metal bar dissolves in the solution and plates out on the object, forming a thin but durable coating of metal. It is often used to gold-plate objects for decoration or to stop corrosion. Normally the metal becomes fragile, and is only used for display.

Technology
Physical chemistry

Electroplating