Linda Chavez-Thompson (born August 3, 1944) is a second-generation Mexican-American and union leader. She was elected the executive vice-president of the AFL-CIO in 1995 and served until September 21, 2007. She was also a vice chair of the Democratic National Committee from 1997 to 2012 and served as a member of the board of trustees of United Way of America. She was the Democratic nominee for Lieutenant Governor of Texas in the 2010 election.

Early life
Chavez-Thompson's place of birth is unclear. Although she has been described by some sources as an "illegal immigrant", other references contend that she was born in Lorenzo in Crosby County in West Texas and reared in Lubbock. Her father was a sharecropper, and she was one of seven children. At the age of 10, she took a job hoeing cotton in the fields in Lorenzo for the summer. It was a job she worked at for the next nine years.  She also picked cotton for several years. She dropped out of high school at age 16 to help support her family, and married at the age of 20. She gave birth to a daughter in 1964 and a son in 1976. She divorced her first husband in 1984 and the next year married Robert Thompson, the long-time president of the Amalgamated Transit Local 694 in San Antonio. He died in 1993 of complications of lung cancer.

Early union activities
In 1967, Chavez-Thompson became a secretary on the staff of the Construction Laborer's Local 1253 in Lubbock, Texas Laborers' International Union of North America. When a tornado struck the Lubbock area that year, she volunteered to coordinate the Texas AFL-CIO's relief efforts. She enjoyed the job so much, she became a staff organizer for the North Texas Laborers District Council. Her first organizing campaign was to help city workers in Lubbock form a union. They were successful.

Realizing that public sector organizing was what she enjoyed most, Chavez-Thompson joined the staff of the American Federation of State, County and Municipal Employees as an International Representative in 1971. She then went  to work for (AFSCME Local #2399) in San Antonio in 1973 as an assistant business agent. She was promoted to business agent, then was appointed executive director of Local 2399, AFSCME's San Antonio affiliate. She became a fixture on local TV and in local newspapers.  In 1978, she opposed a wildcat strike by members of her local, knowing they would be fired for striking.

She was subsequently elected to the executive boards of the San Antonio Central Labor Council and the Texas AFL-CIO. She was elected a vice president of the Labor Council for Latin American Advancement in 1986. She was first elected an international vice president of AFSCME in 1988. In 1993, Chavez-Thompson became the first Hispanic woman elected to the Executive Council of the AFL-CIO. On March 1, 1995, she was elected executive director of AFSCME Texas Council 42, a statewide council of the union based in Austin with 12,000 members in 21 unions.

AFL-CIO career

Election
Chavez-Thompson was elected executive vice-president of the AFL-CIO after John Sweeney ran for the presidency of the labor federation in 1995. The Sweeney campaign initially recruited Chavez-Thompson in May 1995 to serve as the AFL-CIO's secretary-treasurer.  But a month later, Sweeney asked Richard Trumka to accept that position. Sweeney subsequently offered to create the post of executive vice-president and asked Chavez-Thompson to be his running mate for that position.

During the ensuing campaign, Sweeney complained that supporters of Thomas R. Donahue, unfairly criticized Chavez-Thompson's qualifications for office. Donahue admittedly opposed creation of the position, but Donahue's supporters went further and claimed that "Sweeney's proposal to create a new leadership office for council member Linda Chavez-Thompson smacks of tokenism."

In June 1995, AFL-CIO incumbent president Lane Kirkland resigned. Secretary-Treasurer Donahue was elected by the AFL-CIO Executive Council as his interim replacement at the regularly scheduled Executive Council meeting in early August. After his appointment, Donahue announced he would run for president of the labor federation in October 1995. In a gesture aimed at unionized women and clearly intended to defuse the excitement caused by Chavez-Thompson's candidacy, Donahue named Barbara Easterling, secretary-treasurer of the Communications Workers of America, as his choice for AFL-CIO secretary-treasurer.  On August 1, 1995, Easterling was appointed by the AFL-CIO Executive Council to the position vacated by Donahue—making her the first woman to serve as an AFL-CIO officer (albeit an appointed officer).

The creation of the office of executive vice-president at the AFL-CIO convention in October nearly did not happen. Donahue's supporters claimed that the office was created only to ensure Chavez-Thompson's election after Sweeney passed her over in favor of Trumka. They also opposed the new position because it would allegedly cost $500,000 a year to run and staff it. The charges proved effective with delegates at a time when the AFL-CIO could find few funds for organizing. A two-thirds vote of the delegates was needed to create the position, but the Sweeney camp's internal vote count showed that only about 57 percent of the delegates supported the proposal. In early October 1995, Sweeney began working to persuade delegates to delay a vote on the issue until after the AFL-CIO presidential election on October 24. His hope was that Donahue backers might support creating the position if Donahue had already been defeated. At the AFL-CIO Convention in Chicago, Sweeney's delegates submitted a motion on October 23 to postpone debate on the new position until after the presidential balloting. A voice vote was held, and Donahue (the convention chair) ruled that the motion was defeated. Sweeney's forces asked for a division of the house, which showed the motion passing.

On October 25, 1995, 34 unions representing roughly 7.2 million AFL-CIO members voted to create the office of executive vice-president. The measure passed by a mere 700,000 votes out of more than 13 million cast. Chavez-Thompson was elected to fill the position on a voice vote, and Sweeney (now chair of the convention) declared her elected by acclamation. Her election was a "first" in many ways: She became the first woman elected (rather than appointed) an AFL-CIO officer, the first person of color of either sex elected an AFL-CIO officer, and the first Hispanic elected an AFL-CIO officer.

Activities as executive vice-president
During her tenure as executive vice-president, Chavez-Thompson provided leadership in a number of areas. She spent most of 1996 on the road, acting as the public face of the AFL-CIO and the Sweeney administration's primary shock trooper. She helped with the AFL-CIO's electoral efforts in the 1996 federal elections, and helped with the federation's 1996 push to increase the minimum wage (a program called "America Needs a Raise").

Beginning in 1996, Chavez-Thompson headed up the AFL-CIO's policy-making group on immigration reform. She was instrumental in the federation's push for reform in 1996 and 1997, and helped forge a new majority on the AFL-CIO Executive Council which later adopted a radical change in the federation's immigrant policy in 2000.

In 2003, President Sweeney appointed her to an AFL-CIO task force on organizing. She also was active in the AFL-CIO's federal electoral efforts in 2004.

Political work
Chavez-Thompson has been a lifelong Democrat. In 1988, she was elected a delegate from San Antonio pledged to Dukakis. In 1992 and 1996, she was elected as a Democratic delegate pledged to Bill Clinton, and in 1996 was named an honorary co-chair of his re-election campaign.

In January 1997, she was elected a vice chair of the Democratic National Committee (DNC) and appointed a vice chair of the 52nd Presidential Inaugural Committee. The same year, she was also appointed a member of Advisory Board to President Clinton's One America Initiative. Chavez-Thompson was re-elected a vice chair of the DNC for four-year terms until she stepped down in 2012.

Retirement
On September 11, 2007, Chavez-Thompson announced she would retire from her post as AFL-CIO executive vice-president on September 21, 2007. President Sweeney nominated Arlene Holt Baker, an African American and Chavez-Thompson's long-time aide, to be the federation's next executive vice-president. On January 4, 2010, Chavez-Thompson announced she was running for the Democratic nomination for Lieutenant Governor of Texas, and on March 2 she won her party's nomination. She was defeated in the general election by the incumbent Republican David Dewhurst in November.

Notes

References
"AFL-CIO Executive Council Elects Two New Members." Press Release.  AFL-CIO.  August 3, 1993.
Breyer, R. Michelle. "San Antonio Woman Up for AFL-CIO Office." Austin American-Statesman. October 25, 1995.
Cleeland, Nancy. "AFL-CIO Calls for Amnesty for Illegal U.S. Workers." Los Angeles Times. February 17, 2000.
"Clinton Campaign Names Honorary Chairs." United Press International. September 15, 1996.
Crowe, Kenneth C. "AFL-CIO Parley Opens As Most Divided Ever." Newsday. October 24, 1995.
Davidson, Bruce. "Housing Secretary Henry Cisneros May Be the Texan." San Antonio Express-News. August 27, 1996.
Fletcher, Michael. "Clinton Names Advisory Panel to Address U.S. Racial Divide." Washington Post. June 13, 1997.
Franklin, Stephen. "Labor's Message Heard in Clear New Voice." Chicago Tribune. October 30, 1995.
Franklin, Stephen. "Sweeney Captures AFL-CIO's Top Job." Chicago Tribune. October 26, 1995.
Galvin, Kevin. "AFL-CIO Election Will Decide Leader, Future." Chicago Sun-Times. October 22, 1995.
Galvin, Kevin. "Donahue May Find New Post Is Both Blessing and Curse." Associated Press. August 5, 1995.
Galvin, Kevin. "Executive Council Begins Work on Donahue Plan." Associated Press. August 2, 1995.
Greenhouse, Steven. "A.F.L.-C.I.O. Official To Step Down." New York Times. September 12, 2007.
Greenhouse, Steven. "Singing Labor's Song to Immigrants, Legal or Not." New York Times. February 17, 2001.
Greenhouse, Steven. "Worried About Labor's Waning Strength, Union Presidents Form Advisory Committee." New York Times. March 9, 2003.
Greer, Richard. "AFL-CIO Dissidents Pick Candidates to Oppose Kirkland." Atlanta Journal-Constitution. June 8, 1995.
Hershey, William. "Woman Makes Union History." Dayton Daily News. August 6, 1995.
Jones, Brian C. "Closing the Gap." Providence Journal-Bulletin. June 21, 1996.
Karsko, Bernie. "Success of Unions, Middle Class Are Linked, Labor Advocate Says." Columbus Dispatch. July 22, 1995.
Kilborn, Peter T. "Delegates of Labor Gather, Battered but Now Buoyant." New York Times. October 22, 1995.
Komen, Leyla. "Bringing New Life Into Labor Group." Seattle Times. May 17, 1996.
Kornblut, Anne E. "Democrats Elect Dean As Committee Chairman." New York Times. February 13, 2005.
Kunde, Diana. "New Voices Trying to Revitalize Labor." Dallas Morning News. September 3, 1995.
"Labor Federation Convenes With a Sense of Renewal." Dallas Morning News. October 22, 1995.
Lewis, Diane. "Labor's Quiet Crusader." Boston Globe. September 3, 1995.
Martin, Gary. "AFL-CIO Leader to Leave Union to Come Home to S.A." San Antonio Express-Times. September 12, 2007.
Martin, Gary. "Chavez-Thompson Vows to Help Boot Republicans." San Antonio Express-News. May 6, 1996.
Martin, Gary. "Ex-S.A. Labor Leader Now Is Busy Hammering Away at Bush." San Antonio Express-News. July 28, 2004.
Martin, Gary. "Labor Set to Work on Behalf of Demos." San Antonio Express-News. August 24, 1996.
Martin, Gary. "S.A. Leader Tapped for Demo Post." San Antonio Express-News. January 23, 1997.
McKay, Jim. "AFL-CIO: No Longer Too Pale, Too Stale, Too Male."  Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. October 29, 1995.
McKay, Jim. "Labor Embraces Clinton for Stand on Workers." Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. October 24, 1995.
Minzesheimer, Bob. "New Union Chief Vows Turnaround." USA Today. October 26, 1995.
Pasternak, Judy. "Labor Plans New Focus As Kirkland Is Shown Door." Los Angeles Times. August 2, 1995.
Podgorski, Al. "Striker Replacement Bill Top Labor Issue." Chicago Sun-Times. August 4, 1993.
Porter, Eduardo. "What Unions Can Gain From Immigration." New York Times. March 28, 2004.
Puente, Teresa and Franklin, Stephen. "Labor Offers Support to Immigrant Amnesty." Chicago Tribune. June 5, 2000.
Shorrock, Tim. "For Sweeney, Unions, A New Call to Arms." Journal of Commerce. June 6, 1996.
Shorrock, Tim. "Sweeney Posed to Oust Donahue at AFL-CIO." Journal of Commerce. October 25, 1995.
Silverstein, Stuart. "Hopes, Stakes Are High as the AFL-CIO Convention Begins." Los Angeles Times. October 23, 1995.
Silverstein, Stuart. "Kirkland to Quit in August in Bid to Block Opposition." Los Angeles Times. June 13, 1995.
Silverstein, Stuart. "Working Within Two Cultures." Los Angeles Times. October 27, 1995.
Schmich, Mary T. "Eyes of These Texans Are All On Themselves." Chicago Tribune. July 21, 1988.
Stouffer, Rick. "Union Leader Calls Congress Workers' Enemy." Buffalo News. September 21, 1995.
"Sweeney, Trumka, Chavez-Thompson Win AFL-CIO Elections." Press Release. AFL-CIO. October 25, 1995.
Swoboda, Frank. "AFL-CIO Candidate Rejects Unity Ticket." Washington Post. June 29, 1995.
Swoboda, Frank. "AFL-CIO Elects New Leadership." Washington Post. October 26, 1995.
Swoboda, Frank. "Kirkland Will Leave AFL-CIO." Washington Post. June 13, 1995.
Taylor, T. Shawn. "Unions Set New Freedom Ride for Immigrant Workers." Chicago Tribune. February 27, 2003.
"Who's Running." The Oregonian. October 25, 1995.

External links

Biography of Linda Chavez-Thompson. AFL-CIO. No date.
Biography of Linda Chavez-Thompson. Democratic National Committee.  No date.
Linda Chavez Thompson for Texas Lt. Governor Campaign Website. Jan 4, 2010

C-SPAN Q&A interview with Chavez-Thompson, May 15, 2005

1944 births
21st-century American women
American Federation of State, County and Municipal Employees people
American trade union leaders
American trade unionists of Mexican descent
American women trade unionists
Living people
People from Lubbock, Texas
Texas Democrats
Trade unionists from Texas
Vice presidents of the AFL–CIO
Women civil rights activists

Linda Chavez-Thompson


The cello is an instrument used to play music. Its name comes from the Italian language, so it is pronounced "chello". The full word is violoncello, but when speaking, people normally call it the "cello". A person who plays the cello is called a "cellist". The cello is a very popular instrument.  It belongs to the string family. It has many uses: as a solo instrument, in chamber music and also in orchestras. It is also occasionally used by pop musicians, e.g. by The Beatles, Björk and Jamiroquai.

History

The cello came into use in the 16th century.  At that time there was a family of instruments called the viols.  The instruments of the violin family were also developing  and there were lots of experiments with instruments of different shapes and sizes.  The violone was popular as a bass instrument. It was similar to a modern double bass. The name violoncello,  means "little violone". The cello also has 4 strings. The cello developed as the bass instrument in string groups (the double bass was added later, "doubling the bass" i.e. playing the same as the cello an octave lower). It was used to accompany in basso continuo, playing the same as the left hand of the harpsichord player.  When composers started to write concerti grossi (pieces for orchestra and a small group of soloists), they started to give the cello small solos.  In this way the cello started to be used as a solo instrument as well.  Johann Sebastian Bach wrote six very famous suites for solo cello (unaccompanied).  They are among the most beautiful pieces written for the cello.

Other composers started to write works for solo cello.  Joseph Haydn wrote two solo concertos for the instrument.  King Friedrich Wilhelm II of Prussia loved the cello, and he inspired Haydn, Mozart and Beethoven to write music with interesting cello parts.  The cello was now an equal with the other string instruments, no longer just playing a simple bass line.

In the 19th century many famous composers wrote cello music.  A lot of them were cellists themselves e.g. Carl Davidov, David Popper and Julius Klengel.  Some very famous composers who wrote important cello music were: Mendelssohn, Chopin, Schumann, Brahms, Dvořák, Fauré, Saint-Saëns, Elgar, Sergei Rakhmaninov.  Two  famous pieces written more recently for cello and orchestra are the Cello Symphony by Benjamin Britten  and The Protecting Veil by John Tavener.

Playing the cello

The parts of the cello are similar to those of the violin. The strings are tuned to C-G-D-A, (low to high). The cello is played sitting down and holding the instrument between the knees. There is an end-pin which rests on the ground. This is adjustable in height so that the player can put it in a position to make himself/herself comfortable. The cello is normally played with a bow.

The cello has a deep, rich sound. It starts two octaves below middle C, but can go very high. For the highest notes the player can use "thumb position" (a violinist cannot do this). This means that the left thumb is pressing down on one or two strings high up over the fingerboard ("high" means "nearer the bridge" where the high notes are. In fact, it is nearer to the floor). Although cello music is most frequently written in the bass clef, cello music often goes quite high so that the tenor clef is used especially in the solo repertory.

Some famous cellists
The most famous cellist of the early part of the 1900s was the Spanish cellist Pablo Casals.  He made the cello popular as a solo instrument today. Casals also discovered the famous Suites for cello by J.S. Bach which had been lost.

Some other famous cellists of the last century include Emanuel Feuermann, Gregor Piatigorski,  Paul Tortelier, Jacqueline du Pré and Mstislav Rostropovich.

Cellists of today include Yo-Yo Ma, Julian Lloyd Webber, Octavia Philharmonic, Mischa Maisky, Kirill Rodin, Tim Hugh, Robert Cohen, Ruslan Biryukov, Pieter Wispelwey and Truls Mørk.

References
 Grove Dictionary of Music & Musicians ed. Stanley Sadie; 1980,

String instruments

Cello


Temperament is a term from psychology to describe the way in which an individual behaves. Examples for temperament are introversion and extroversion. Many psychologists believe that the traits called temperament are innate, and that they are not learned. Temperament also seems to be independent of the mood of the person or animal.

Galen of Pergamon was among the first people to describe different temperaments, or humors, as they were called at the time. Galen identified four types:
 Phlegmatic
 Choleric
 Sanguinic
 Melancholic
These correspond to the four classical elements fire, water, earth and air.

Psychology

Temperament


Station HYPO, also known as Fleet Radio Unit Pacific (FRUPAC), was the United States Navy signals monitoring and cryptographic intelligence unit in Hawaii during World War II. It was one of two major Allied signals intelligence units, called Fleet Radio Units in the Pacific theaters, along with FRUMEL in Melbourne, Australia. The station took its initial name from the phonetic code at the time for "H" for Heʻeia, Hawaii radio tower. The precise importance and role of HYPO in penetrating the Japanese naval codes has been the subject of considerable controversy, reflecting internal tensions amongst US Navy cryptographic stations.

HYPO was under the control of the OP-20-G Naval Intelligence section in Washington. Before the attack on Pearl Harbor of December 7, 1941, and for some time afterwards, HYPO was in the basement of the Old Administration Building at Pearl Harbor. Later on, a new building was constructed for the station, though it had been reorganized and renamed by then.

Background

Cryptanalytic problems facing the United States in the Pacific prior to World War II were largely those related to Japan. An early decision by OP-20-G in Washington divided responsibilities for them among CAST at Cavite and then Corregidor, in the Philippines, HYPO in Hawaii, and OP-20-G itself in Washington. Other Navy crypto stations, including Guam and Bainbridge Island on Puget Sound were tasked and staffed for signals interception and traffic analysis.

The US Army's SIS broke into the highest level Japanese diplomatic cypher (called PURPLE by the US) well before the attack on Pearl Harbor. PURPLE produced little of military value, as the Japanese Foreign Ministry was thought by the ultra-nationalists to be unreliable. Furthermore, decrypts from PURPLE, eventually called MAGIC, were poorly distributed and used in Washington. SIS was able to build several PURPLE machine equivalents. One was sent to CAST, but as HYPO's assigned responsibility did not include PURPLE traffic, no PURPLE machine was ever sent there. The absence of such a machine on site in Hawaii has long been seen by conspiracy theorists as a reason for US unpreparedness in Hawaii, and/or to be evidence of a conspiracy by high level officials to deprive Pearl Harbor of intelligence known to Washington. However, no hard evidence for any such conspiracy exists.

Japanese naval signals in 1941 and early 1942

HYPO was assigned responsibility for work on Japanese Navy systems, and after an agreement with Australia, the United Kingdom and Netherlands to share the effort, worked with crypto groups based at Melbourne, Hong Kong and Batavia. Prior to the attack on Pearl Harbor, the amount of available IJN traffic was low, and little progress had been made on the most important Japanese Navy system, called JN-25 by U.S. analysts. JN-25 was used by the IJN for high level operations: movement and planning commands, for instance. It was a state-of-the-art superencrypted code, eventually a two-book system. Cryptanalytic progress was slow. Most references cite about 10% of messages partially (or sometimes completely) decrypted prior to December 1, 1941, at which time a new version of the system went into effect, requiring the cryptanalysts to start again. Although most references did set the limit of the percent of the messages that were decrypted at 10%, they were not privy to the latest information. Wilford in his Decoding Pearl Harbor: USN Cryptanalysis and the Challenge of JN-25B in 1941, suggests that this view is now untenable and that the JN-25 codes were readable to a great extent and hence, lends "support to the revisionist theories of Toland and Stinnett."

After the attack on Pearl Harbor, there was considerably more JN-25 traffic as the Japanese Navy operational tempo increased and geographically expanded, which helped progress against it. Hong Kong's contribution stopped until the crypto station there could be relocated (to Ceylon and eventually Kenya), but HYPO and the Dutch at Batavia, in conjunction with CAST and OP-20-G made steady progress. HYPO in particular made significant contributions. Its people, including its commander, Joseph Rochefort, thought a forthcoming Japanese attack early in 1942 was intended for the central Pacific, while opinion at OP-20-G, backed by CAST, favored the North Pacific, perhaps in the Aleutians.

In early 1942, in response to the Japanese advances in the Philippines (which threatened CAST), the possibility of an invasion of Hawaii, and the increasing demand for intelligence, another signals intelligence center, known as NEGAT was formed in Washington, using elements of OP-20-G. In the words of NSA historian Frederick D. Parker:

By the middle of March 1942, two viable naval radio intelligence centers existed in the Pacific—one in Melbourne, Australia [FRUMEL], and one, HYPO, in Pearl Harbor, Hawaii ...  The center on Corregidor (CAST) was no longer affiliated with a fleet command, and its collection and processing capabilities were rapidly disintegrating as a result of evacuations of personnel to Australia and destruction of its facilities by bombing and gunfire.

Japanese traffic was intercepted regarding a new offensive operation being planned against a target only identified as AF. LCDR Wilfred J. Holmes at HYPO was responsible for the ruse which identified AF: a false report of a fresh water shortage on Midway was radioed in clear, evoking an encrypted Japanese response noting that AF was reporting water troubles; AF had to be Midway.

As mid-1942 approached, HYPO was under high pressure, and there are tales of 36-hour stints, of Rochefort working in his bathrobe and appearing for briefings late and disheveled besides. This effort climaxed in the last week of May with the decryption of enough JN-25 traffic to understand the Japanese attack plan at Midway in some, but not complete detail. This allowed Admiral Nimitz to gamble on the ambush that resulted in the Battle of Midway, the loss of four Japanese carriers and many naval aviators for much lower Allied losses, and what is generally agreed to have been the turning point of the Pacific War.

Post-Midway transfers and changes
In October 1942 after Midway, power struggles within the Navy resulted in the sidelining of Laurance Safford, with the support of Admirals Ernest King and Richmond K. Turner (and Joseph Redman). Control of naval intercept and codebreaking was centralizing in OP-20-G in Washington, where two new sections were headed by John R. Redman (Communications Combat Intelligence section) and Joseph Wenger (Communications Cryptanalytical section; to handle decryption and translation). Safford was shifted to an administrative support and cryptographic research role; so was sidelined for the remainder of the war (doing no further crypto work); as was Joseph Rochefort in Hawaii (he was assigned to command a dry-dock on the West Coast).

After Midway, Rochefort was recommended for the Distinguished Service Medal to Admiral Ernest King. However, personal enmity from his chief of staff due to a prior passing encounter, and non-support from his immediate supervisors, led King to deny the award. Nimitz, when he learned of Rochefort's treatment some years later, was quite displeased. Rochefort was posthumously awarded the medal after a campaign by his intelligence officers galvanized Admiral D. "Mac" Showers and eventually CIA head William Casey to rectify the oversight.

Having commandeered a girls' school in Washington (the Army took over one too), Naval Intelligence and  OP-20-G expanded greatly. HYPO became a smaller proportion of the total Navy signals intelligence effort in the Pacific.

References

Bibliography

External links

Cryptography organizations
Signals intelligence of World War II
Battle of Midway

Station HYPO


Cherry picking is when someone picks the case which supports his opinion.

For example, suppose twenty studies have been done on a new medicine and 19 say it works, but one says it does not work. To "cherry pick" is to use the one failed study  to "prove" that the medicine is useless. It is a type of confirmation bias, where a person sees evidence for what they want or expect to see, and ignores evidence which goes against their belief.

The term cherry picking comes from when people harvest cherries from a tree - the cherry picker only takes the reddest, ripest fruits. If someone looked at all the fruit the person had picked, they might think that all the cherries were red, until they went to the tree and saw lots of pale, unripe cherries still on it.

Cherry picking as a term is quite negative, as it implies that the person doing the cherry picking is trying to deceive the audience, or simply does not care about the facts.

When applied to subjects like medicine and science, cherry picking is considered "bad science". or a sign of pseudoscience.

Cherry picking can take several forms. The most obvious case of cherry picking is where only evidence that supports a given argument is used, and other evidence which does not support it or goes against it is ignored or covered up. Other examples can include giving a lot of emphasis to evidence which supports the idea but barely any to other evidence, and taking a quote out of context so that it seems to have a different meaning than it originally did.

Pseudoscience is when untrue claims are made to appear as though they have a scientific basis, even though they do not. Many pseudoscientists cherry pick real scientific evidence to support their claims. It is quite common in science for some studies to contradict others, for example in cases where different methods are used to measure an outcome, or where human error or chance may lead to unusual results. This means that there is often a study someone can use to support their claim, and they can cherry pick that one study even if many more contradict it.

References

Logical fallacies

Cherry picking


The Jagdgeschwader 1 was a German flying command of the First World War.

The first commander of this group was Manfred von Richthofen. After his death in April 1918, Wilhelm Reinhard became the second commander. The third and last commander of this group was Hermann Göring.

This flying command is also called "The Red Baron".

World War I

Jagdgeschwader 1 (World War I)


Playground slides are slides for children to play on in playgrounds.  The child climbs up a ladder or some stairs, then sits down at the top and slides all the way down.  Some children like to slide down on their backs or on their stomachs.  This can sometimes be dangerous on big slides.

Slides are made of metal, plastic or wood.  They must have a smooth surface so that the child does not hurt himself.  Sometimes, in amusement parks, there are giant slides called "helterskelters".

There are slides at swimming pools where people can slide down into the water with a splash.  These are called "water slides" or "shutes".

Playground equipment

Playground slide


Potassium chromate is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is K2CrO4. It has potassium and chromate ions.

Properties
It is a yellow crystalline solid. It is an oxidizing agent in an acidic condition. It is toxic though, because it contains chromium in its +6 oxidation state. It can be destroyed by reaction with reducing agents. It is very rarely found in the ground. It reacts with lead nitrate to make lead chromate, a yellow pigment.

Preparation
It is made by reacting chromium trioxide with potassium hydroxide. It can also be made by oxidation of potassium hydroxide and chromium(III) oxide.

Occurrence
Potassium chromate is found very rarely as a mineral. It dissolves easily in water. It is only found in very dry places.

Uses
It is used to test for chloride ions. It can also be used to make lead chromate for paint.

Safety
Potassium chromate is very toxic. It is a carcinogen. It reacts with reducing agents violently when in acid.

Related pages
Dichromate
Sodium chromate
Chromium(III) oxide

Potassium compounds
Chromium compounds

Potassium chromate


Zen Guerrilla was a rock band originally from Newark, Delaware and later based in San Francisco, California. Musically, the band evolved over their career. Their early sound was characterized by psychedelic elements, such as delayed guitars and noise washes. Their unique sound gained a growing local following (winning several Philly music awards), however, did not increase marketability. Later, Zen Guerrilla fused blues, rock and gospel to create a sound which could be likened to bands such as the Jon Spencer Blues Explosion.

History
Zen Guerrilla formed in Newark, Delaware, in the late 1980s. Band members Andy Duvall (drums), Marcus Durant (vocals/harmonica), Carl Horne (bass), Daniel McMullen (keyboard), and Rich Millman (guitar) came together from local bands Marcus Hook, the Gollywogs, Stone Groove, and No Comment.

Their early sound was characterized by psychedelic elements, such as delayed guitars and noise washes played by The Sloth (before leaving the band in 1991). This unique sound gained a growing local following (their first two color vinyl 45s winning several Philly music awards), while avoiding increased marketability.

Later, the band released their self-titled CD on Philadelphia-based Compulsiv Records in 1992 and recorded at the world-famous Third Story Recording Studio in Walnut Hill with producer/engineer, Scott Herzog. Soon after, Zen Guerrilla moved to Philadelphia and were regular performers around the city at clubs such as the Khyber Pass Pub. Around this time the band began a heavy touring schedule, which would have them cross the country multiple times through the end of the decade.

Zen Guerrilla relocated to San Francisco in 1994. Their constant touring increased their exposure, and, combined with their explosive live show, helped to release albums first with Alternative Tentacles and later Sub Pop, which is known for being the original record company of Nirvana.

The band's version of the song "Empty Heart" was featured in the 2000 PlayStation game Grind Session.

The band dissolved sometime around 2003.

Discography

Albums
Zen Guerrilla - Compulsiv 1992
Invisible "Liftee" Pad / Gap-Tooth Clown - Alternative Tentacles 1997
Positronic Raygun - Alternative Tentacles 1998
Trance States in Tongues - Sub Pop 1999
Shadows on the Sun - Sub Pop 2001
Heavy Mellow - Flapping Jet 2002 (LP picture disc)

EPs
Creature Double Feature - Dead Beat records 1995
Invisible "Liftee" Pad - Insect 1996
Gap-Tooth Clown - Insect 1997
Plasmic Tears and the Invisible City - Insect 2002

Singles
"Pull" b/w "Nile Song" - Union Hall 1993
"Crow" b/w "Unusual" - Union Hall 1994
"Trouble Shake" b/w "Change Gonna Come" - Alternative Tentacles 1997
"Ghetto City Version" b/w "Hungry Wolf" - Epitaph 1999
"Mama's Little Rocket" - Allied Recordings 2000
"Dirty Mile" b/w "Ham and Eggs" - Estrus 2000
"Pocketful of String" b/w "Wigglin' Room" - Fanboy 2000
"The Seeker" b/w "Half Step" - Sub Pop 2000
"Mob Rules" b/w "The Trooper" - Safety Pin 2001

References

External links
  Andy Duvall's new band 'Carlton Melton'
 The Carl Horne Experiment solo act of bassist.
 Browntown West 3/4 of band doing cover songs with Christa DiBiase on vocals.

Musical groups from San Francisco

Zen Guerrilla


A negative number is a number that indicates an opposite. For example:

 If a positive number is distance up, then a negative number is distance down.
 If a positive number is distance to the right, then a negative number is distance to the left.
 If a positive number is a deposit to a bank account, then a negative number is a withdrawal from that bank account.
 If a positive number is a quantity of minutes in the future, then a negative number is a quantity of minutes in the past.
 If a positive number means addition, then a negative number means subtraction.

The counting numbers (1, 2, 3, and so on) are all positive numbers. The positive numbers, negative numbers, and the number zero, taken together, are called "signed numbers" or integers.

The number zero is neither positive nor negative. Zero is its own opposite; so +0 = −0. That is, zero steps to the right is the same as zero steps to the left.

A negative number is always less than zero.

A negative number is written by putting a minus sign, "−", in front of a positive number. For example, 3 is a positive number, but −3 is a negative number. It is read "negative three" or "minus three"; it means the opposite of 3.

Negative numbers are left of zero on a number line. A number and its opposite are always the same distance from zero. The negative number −3 is just as far to the left of zero as 3 is to the right of zero:

Sometimes, for emphasis, we write the pair of opposite numbers as −3 and +3.

A number and its opposite always add to zero. So the sum of −3 and +3 is 0. We can write this either as −3 + 3 = 0 or as 3 + (− 3) = 0. In addition, a number and its opposite are said to "cancel each other out".

The set of negative real numbers is sometimes written as .

Arithmetic with negative numbers
 Adding a negative number to something is the same as subtracting a positive number from it. For example, to add the negative number "−1" to the number "9" is the same as subtracting one from nine. In symbols:
 9 + (−1) = 9 − 1 = 8
 Subtracting a negative number from something is the same as adding a positive number to it. For example, to subtract the negative number "−8" from the number "6" is the same as adding the number "6" and the number "8". In symbols:
 6 − (−8) = 6 + 8 = 14
 A negative number multiplied by another negative number produces a positive number. For example, to multiply the negative number "−3" by the negative number "−2" is the same as multiplying the number "3" by the number "2". In symbols:
 (−3) × (−2) = 3 × 2 = 6
 A negative number multiplied by a positive number produces a negative number. For example, to multiply the negative number "−4" by the positive number "5" is like multiplying the number "4" by the number "5", but the answer is negative. In symbols:
 (−4) × 5 = −(4 × 5) = −20

Uses of negative numbers
When a person got a debt, people sometimes say that they have a negative amount of money. Negative numbers are used in accounting and science.

Related pages
 Sign (mathematics)

References

Other websites
Discussion of negative numbers (Math League)
Negative numbers (Purple Math)

Numbers
Arithmetics

Negative number


The emergency department (ED) is a part of a hospital for treating people who have just come to the hospital, need to be treated quickly even without an appointment. These people may have been hurt, or they may have suddenly become very ill.

Patients come to an emergency department with little warning. Many come in an ambulance. Emergency departments often have staff working all day and all night, on every day of the week. This is because patients can arrive at any time. To work in those places, doctors and nurses must be trained in emergency medicine.

There are many different names for an emergency department. They are often called an emergency room (ER), even if they are bigger than one room. They may also be called an emergency ward (EW) or emergency unit. In the United Kingdom and Ireland, they are usually called accident & emergency department (A&E) and less often as a casualty department.

USA
A 2005 patient study found an average emergency room wait time from 2 hours in Iowa to more than 5 hours in Arizona. The Midwest had the highest number of emergency room visits (460 per 1,000 people). The West had the lowest number.

References

Emergency medicine

Emergency department


Positron Emission Tomography (often called PET) is a medical imaging technique. A specially constructed device can show the path and distribution of a weakly radioactive substance. This substance is called tracer. The tracer  dissolves in the blood, which will carry it the brain. There, it concentrates around brain structures that are particularly active. A PET scan detects the radioactivity and converts it into a digital image of the brain, highlighting the active areas. PET scans are often used to detect tumors. Different tracers are used for different kinds of scans. Very often, the tracers are similar to sugar, or are sugars which have been specially modified for the purpose.

The machinery which can detect these substances is expensive. The tracers have a half-life of around 30-60 minutes, Producing the tracer is difficult, and expensive. Because of different factors, the tracers need to be prepared for the event, they cannot be mass-produced.
Medical imaging

Positron emission tomography


Stud poker is a variation of poker where players are typically dealt a total of five or seven cards, with the best five card poker hand winning (in situations where more than one player has the same poker hand, like a flush or straight, the winning hand is determined by whichever players has the highest one).

Stud poker has neither community cards nor blinds. Instead, each player at the table must ante first, and then is dealt two cards face down (hole cards) and one card face up. In typical stud games, the player with the lowest card showing must pay the 'bring in,' an amount relative to the limits, which starts off the action.

The bring in is typically a fraction of the limits, (for example, the bring in for a $1/2 stud game may be $.25), with play then continuing clockwise around the table, where players have the choice of folding, calling the bring in, or making the bet 'complete' (in our example, completing the bet to $1).  Once a bring in has been completed, it can be raised by a subsequent player, doubling the amount to twice the completed bet.

Each player remaining in the hand is then dealt another card face up, with the betting beginning with the player showing the highest two cards and proceeding clockwise around the table.  Again, players can fold, call, or raise the bet.  In a five card stud game, players are dealt two hole cards facedown, then two cards face up, with the fifth card being dealt facedown.  In a seven card stud game, players are dealt two hole cards facedown, then four cards face up, with the seventh card being dealt facedown.

Betting takes place between each dealt card and generally becomes a higher amount after the fourth card dealt.
Each round of betting is typically referred to by the number of cards a player has in front of them.  After the initial deal, players are considered to be betting on 'third street', represented by having three cards in front of them.  After the fourth card is dealt, players would then be on 'fourth street', and so on.  Stud poker is generally played as a limit game.

General variations

 Five Card stud
 Seven card stud

References
 Stud Poker Variations
 Seven Card Stud Rules

Poker

Stud poker


Bill Potts (Played by Pearl Mackie) is a fictional character on the British television franchise 'Doctor Who'.
She was first shown as the new companion during a football game in 2016. Her first full episode was in Series 10 Episode 1: The Pilot.
The Character was last seen in the 2017 Christmas Special 'Twice Upon a Time' featuring alongside Peter Capaldi, David Bradley and Mark Gatiss with cameos from Jenna Coleman as Clara Oswald and Matt Lucas as Nardole. Some fans refer to 'The Doctor Falls' as the Character's last episode due to some wibbily wobbly timey wimey stuff.

Doctor Who characters
Lesbians

Bill Potts


The Wampanoag were a Native American tribe. They lived in what is now the American region of New England. This is part of the Northeastern Woodlands. They are part of the Northeast Woodlands. The Wampanoag tribe helped the English settlers to survive after they arrived in the Mayflower.

They caught a bacterial infection called leptospirosis or Weil's syndrome in the early 17th century. It caused many deaths and damaged their society greatly, though their descendants still survive today.

Native Americans

Wampanoag


William Willard Preble Hall (May 9, 1820November 2, 1882) was an American lawyer and politician. He served as the 17th Governor of Missouri from 1864 to 1865 during the last years of the American Civil War.

Early years
Hall was born in Harpers Ferry, then in Virginia. He attended a private school in Baltimore, Maryland, and graduated from Yale University in 1839.

He accompanied his father, John H. Hall, to Randolph County, Missouri, in 1840. He studied law and was admitted to the bar at Huntsville in 1841, commencing his law practice in Sparta in 1842. He was appointed circuit attorney in 1843 and served for several years. He was a presidential elector on the Democratic ticket in 1844.

During the Mexican–American War, Hall enlisted as a private in the First Missouri Cavalry Regiment and later was promoted to lieutenant. He was appointed by General Kearny, together with Col. Alexander Doniphan, to construct the code of civil laws known as the Kearny code in both English and Spanish for the territory annexed from Mexico. In October he accompanied the famous Mormon Battalion on its march to California, thereafter he returned to Missouri and assumed his seat in Congress.

Hall was elected as a Democrat to the Thirtieth, Thirty-first, and Thirty-second Congresses, serving from March 4, 1847, to March 3, 1853. During his Congressional service he was the chairman of the Committee on Private Land Claims (Thirty-first Congress), and of the Committee on Public Lands (Thirty-second Congress).

He moved to St. Joseph, Missouri in 1854 and continued practicing law. He was an unsuccessful candidate for the United States Senate in 1856.

Civil War
In 1861 Hall was a member of the constitutional convention, which affirmed the policy of armed neutrality put forth by outgoing governor Robert Marcellus Stewart: that Missouri would remain in the Union but would not send troops or supplies to either side.

Governor Claiborne Jackson and lieutenant governor Thomas C. Reynolds refused the call from President Abraham Lincoln for troops to put down secession, and conspired with the Confederacy. Union General Nathaniel Lyon seized the state capital and deposed Jackson. The constitutional convention reconvened, minus pro-Southern delegates, and declared the office of governor and lieutenant governor vacant.

Hamilton Rowan Gamble was named provisional governor and Hall made lieutenant governor.

Hall also became a brigadier general in the Missouri Militia, as formed under Union control. He commanded the northwestern Missouri district until 1863.

Hall succeeded Gamble as governor when Gamble died in 1864.

Later years
After leaving his unelected office at the war's end, Hall resumed his law practice in St. Joseph. He died there in 1882 and was buried in Mount Mora Cemetery.

References

External links

1820 births
1882 deaths
People from Harpers Ferry, West Virginia
Lieutenant Governors of Missouri
Yale College alumni
People of Missouri in the American Civil War
Union (American Civil War) state governors
Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Missouri
Missouri Republicans
Republican Party governors of Missouri
19th-century American politicians
Politicians from St. Joseph, Missouri

Willard Preble Hall


Jean Hélion (April 21, 1904October 27, 1987) was a French painter whose abstract work of the 1930s established him as a leading modernist. His midcareer rejection of abstraction was followed by nearly five decades as a figurative painter.  He was also the author of several books and an extensive body of critical writing.

Early life and training
He was born at Couterne, Orne, the son of a taxi driver and a dressmaker. After spending his first eight years with his grandmother, he rejoined his parents in Amiens, where he went to school. Although he experimented with painting pictures on cardboard as a schoolboy, his greater love was poetry. Interested in  chemistry as well, Hélion began working as an assistant to a pharmacist in 1918, and set up a laboratory in his bedroom. He later wrote, "...I dreamed and was attracted by shapes and colors which proceeded from the reality of things and were their very essence. My passion for inorganic chemistry arose from my fondness for these shapes, these crystals, these colours, this analysis of a revealed truth." In 1920 he enrolled in the study of chemistry at l'Institut Industriel du Nord in Lille (École centrale de Lille), but left for Paris in 1921 without finishing the course.

In Paris he wrote poetry and worked as an architectural apprentice. He experienced what he called the great turning point of his life while on a research project at the Louvre, where he discovered the works of Nicolas Poussin and Philippe de Champaigne, and decided to become a painter. His first paintings date from 1922–23.  In 1925 he abandoned his architectural studies and began attending figure drawing classes at the Académie Adler.

Career
Hélion's early works are similar to manner to Soutine. He met Otto Freundlich in 1925 and later described him as the first abstract painter he had ever met, saying, "At that time I had no idea there was such a thing as abstract art." The next year he was introduced to cubism by the Uruguayan painter Joaquín Torres-García, and in 1928 he exhibited for the first time, showing two paintings at the Salon des Indépendants. His work of this period, mostly still lifes, is close in style to that of Torres-García, with simplified color and bold outlines. In 1930, he joined the group Art Concret and adopted a vocabulary of abstract rectilinear form that derived from the Neoplasticists Piet Mondrian and Theo van Doesburg. During the following years Hélion's art evolved to include curved lines and volumetric forms. He became recognized as a leading abstract painter, as well as an eloquent critic and theoretician whose writings were frequently published in Cahiers d'Art and elsewhere during the 1930s.

Hélion moved to the United States in July 1936, staying in New York and later Rockbridge Baths, Virginia where he built a studio. While he continued painting abstractly, he increasingly felt that his work was tending toward representation, and he began drawing from life. His reading of Baudelaire directed him toward a concept of modernity in which the most ephemeral aspects of contemporary life are reconciled with the timeless and the geometric. He believed that Seurat, who he called "the last great master, and Léger, the greatest after him", especially exemplified this Baudelairian modernism. Hélion's work underwent a radical change—one that would confound his admirers—when he abandoned abstraction decisively in 1939. His first large-scale figurative canvas, With Cyclist (Au cycliste), revealed a simplified and streamlined treatment of form that is related to Léger's style of the 1930s.

In a 1939 letter to Pierre-Georges Bruguière, Hélion revealed his long-range plan:For ten  years I think I shall look, admire and love the life around us—passers-by, houses, gardens, shops, trades and everyday movement. Then, when I have mastered the means and acquired the baggage of characters and attitudes to give me the ease I now have in non-figurative art, I shall begin on a new period, which I have glimpsed in the last few days: I shall give painting back its moral and didactic power. I shall attack great scenes that will no longer be simply descriptive, administrative, but also 'significant', like the great works of Poussin.

In response to the emergency of World War II, Hélion returned to France in 1940 and joined the armed forces. Taken prisoner on June 19, 1940, he was held on a prison ship at Stettin an der Oder (now Szczecin, Poland) until February 13, 1942, when he escaped. Four days later he made his way to Paris; by October he was in America, where he spoke on radio and in lecture halls in support of Free France. His book about his experiences, They Shall Not Have Me, became a best-seller in the United States.

Hélion resumed work in 1943 with a series of depersonalized images of men in hats. Deliberative as always, he painted many close variations on favorite themes, including women at open windows and men reading newspapers. In the following years he developed the cartoon-like aspect of the style he had embraced. A major work of 1947, À rebours (Wrong Way Up), is one of several compositions in which a female nude is represented upside down. In 1949 and 1950 he painted a series of severely awkward, bony female nudes in bare interiors.

In 1951 came another of the abrupt changes that mark his career, as Hélion adapted a naturalistic style. For the next several years he concentrated mostly on figures and still lifes, depicted in a studio setting. His friend Balthus, who had hoped Hélion would "forget Léger", expressed approval of the new works, saying, "For the first time in one of your paintings, one can feel happiness and wonder."

In the 1960s his manner reverted to something closer to his style of the 1940s, but with a new breadth. A chemical sensitivity forced him to abandon oils for acrylics, which he used for the rest of his career. During the next two decades he would paint several large triptychs. His subject matter revealed, as it always had, a preoccupation with sometimes idiosyncratic themes: artists and models, sliced-open squashes, umbrellas, accidental falls, street scenes and street repair.

His eyesight deteriorated in the 1970s. In October 1983 he stopped painting when he became blind as the result of a brain tumor. By dictation, he wrote three final books on art. In one of them, Mémoire de la chambre jaune (published posthumously in 1994), he attested to having "sought out the voice of painting wherever it sings loudest. No doubt, in complete abstraction one has the feeling of a great shock, if not an explosion, and in approaching the real, one feels health and truth restored. The whole import of the successive periods of my work was to combine the two."

Jean Hélion died in Paris on October 27, 1987.

Personal
Hélion  was married four times; his third wife was Pegeen Vail Guggenheim, the daughter of Peggy Guggenheim.
Helion's marriage to Jean Blair Helion produced a son, Louis Helion Blair, who was a distinguished public official, professor, and longtime Executive Secretary of the Harry S. Truman Scholarship Foundation. Helion left Jean Blair Helion and his young son to return to France,  apparently in response to the French declaration of war against Nazi Germany.

Legacy
While Hélion's abstract paintings of the 1930s have always been well regarded, his subsequent stylistic changes took him far from the modern mainstream, and were regarded in some quarters as apostasy, although in recent years there has been a reevaluation. Artists who have acknowledged the influence of Hélion include Roy Lichtenstein, Nell Blaine, and Leland Bell.

Hélion's work is in many French museums, as well as the Museum of Modern Art in New York, the Art Institute of Chicago, the Albright-Knox Art Gallery in Buffalo, New York, the North Carolina Museum of Art, the Kunsthalle Hamburg, and the Tate Gallery, London.

Most of the artist's notebooks are preserved in the Bibliothèque Nationale in Paris.

Notes

References
Cousseau, Henry-Claude (1992). Helion. Paris: Editions du Regard.  (French language)
Hélion, Jean (2004). Jean Hélion. London: Paul Holberton Pub.
Hélion, Jean (September 2005). "Hindsight". Modern Painters, pp. 100–103.
Licht, Fred, edited by (1986). Homage to Jean Hélion: Recent Works. Venice: The Solomon R. Guggenheim Foundation.
Perl, Jed (April 29, 1996). "An Unknown Masterpiece". New Republic, 214: 27–32.
Radford, Robert, "Helion, Jean", Oxford Art Online

1904 births
1987 deaths
People from Orne
20th-century French painters
20th-century French male artists
French male painters
Modern painters
École centrale de Lille alumni
Lille University of Science and Technology alumni

Jean Hélion


The Screwtape Letters is a book written by author and Christian scholar C. S. Lewis. It appeared in installments in The Guardian newspaper and was later published as a book in 1942. It is a series of letters written by a devil named Screwtape to his apprentice and nephew Wormwood. The letters are filled with advice for the young demon on how to tempt men. Screwtape tells Wormwood how to undo the work of God and work against Him.

The Screwtape Letters were greatly popular. It was published in 1941, and after that, it has sold very well around the world. Because it is funny and easy to read and understand, many people read it easily and have been influenced by it.

Main Characters

The two main characters that are inside the letters are Wormwood, a demon that has the job of leading his "patient" away from Christianity (or at least making him a useless Christian). Screwtape is Wormwood's uncle and a "high" demon.

Screwtape

Screwtape, a devil and the uncle of Wormwood, helps Satan and everything he stands for. He calls the devil our Father. He also fights against everything God stands for, calling God The Enemy. Wrong to him is right and right to him is wrong. Through these backhanded references, we see temptation from a different light. Because Screwtape sees the world in reverse, we ought always to ask ourselves the questions which Wormwood must never let the patient ask, or to carefully consider the things which the patient must never think.

Lewis writes, in the Preface, that he did not perceive Hell and the "Lowerarchy" as an exact antithesis to God, who is Good for His own sake, but rather to a "thoroughly nasty business concern" in which each individual is out for his own ends. We see an example of this in letter 23, when Screwtape reveals his true nature to Wormwood.

Ironically, even though many of the things he says are Biblically wrong, some of the things he says are, according to the Bible, true. He talks about the glory of heaven when the patient is taken up there, though he does not understand why God gives them to men. He admits to Wormwood that he does not know about his Enemy well enough. Screwtape cannot understand love and says in Letter 18 that he believes that God must have another, hidden reason to save men, since everybody is selfish and cannot love.

Screwtape is always afraid that God will step in and stop Wormwood's temptations. Screwtape says that when the patient prays to God for help, God always comes, so Screwtape is fearful.

At first, Screwtape thinks the patient's soul will go to hell. However, he is angry when Wormwood makes more and more mistakes. He feels that God is "winning the battle".

Quotes from the book
Several noteworthy phrases arise in the course of the patient's temptation:

"Indeed the safest road to Hell is the gradual one—the gentle slope, soft underfoot, without sudden turnings, without milestones, without signposts."

"It is funny how mortals always picture us as putting things into their minds: in reality our best work is done by keeping things out."

"Our cause is never more in danger than when a human, no longer desiring, but still intending, to do our Enemy's will, looks round upon a universe from which every trace of Him seems to have vanished, and asks why he has been forsaken, and still obeys."

Setting

The book is set during the early years of World War II. This was the time when it was actually written. Lewis was living in England during the war. He went through many of the things that the patient goes through in The Screwtape Letters. Many of his first readers did, too. The book, however, focuses more on the spiritual battle between demons and their patient.

Books by C. S. Lewis
1942 books

The Screwtape Letters


The Council of Europe Convention on the Prevention of Terrorism 2005 (CECPT) is a regional multilateral treaty negotiated under the auspices of the Council of Europe. It was concluded in Warsaw on 16 May 2005. Most notable amongst its provisions are the three new offences which it defines: Public Provocation to Commit a "Terrorist Offence"; Solicitation of Persons to Commit "Terrorist Offences"; and Provision of Training For "Terrorist Offences". Parties are required to establish these offences in their national legal systems. However the obligation only applies in respect of behaviour where there is an international nexus of some sort.  A "terrorist offence" is defined as any of the offences defined under the 12 existing international conventions on terrorism presently in force.

The Incitement Offence
The most controversial part of the CECPT is its definition of Public Provocation to Commit a Terrorist Offence. Article 5 of the CECPT defines this as intentionally distributing "a message to the public, with the intent to incite the commission of a 'terrorist offence', where such conduct, whether or not directly advocating terrorist offences, causes a danger that one or more terrorist offences may be committed."

This is the first attempt in an international law context to define "incitement" to terrorism. It is controversial most notably because of the inclusion of "indirect" incitement. The limits of this concept are not defined in the CECPT. Article 12 of the CECPT requires parties to implement, and apply the offence in a way which is compatible with the Right to freedom of Expression as recognised in International  Law [See Article 10 of the European Convention of Human Rights, and Article 19 of the UN's International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights ]. There is some evidence that in a purported fulfilment of their obligations under the CECPT, States are going further than the CECPT and the relevant Human Rights principles would require or permit. See for example the British Terrorism Act 2006, section 1.

Signatures and ratifications
The CECPT is open for signature by the member states of the Council of Europe, the European Community, and by non-member states which have participated in its elaboration. It came into force on 1 June 2007 in Albania, Bulgaria, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, and Ukraine; as of July 2016 it has been ratified by 35 states. A further 10 states and the European Union have signed but not ratified the convention.

References

External links
Text of the CECPT pdf
Explanatory Report to the Convention
Chart of Signatures, Ratifications etc
UK Parliament's Human Rights Committee's analysis of Human Rights problems with UK implementation of incitement offence
counter-terrorism-law.org

2005 in Poland
Treaties concluded in 2005
Treaties entered into force in 2007
Terrorism treaties
Council of Europe treaties
Treaties of Albania
Treaties of Andorra
Treaties of Austria
Treaties of Azerbaijan
Treaties of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Treaties of Bulgaria
Treaties of Croatia
Treaties of Cyprus
Treaties of Denmark
Treaties of Estonia
Treaties of Finland
Treaties of France
Treaties of Germany
Treaties of Hungary
Treaties of Latvia
Treaties of Lithuania
Treaties of Luxembourg
Treaties of Malta
Treaties of Moldova
Treaties of Monaco
Treaties of Montenegro
Treaties of the Netherlands
Treaties of Norway
Treaties of Poland
Treaties of Portugal
Treaties of Romania
Treaties of Russia
Treaties of Serbia
Treaties of Slovakia
Treaties of Slovenia
Treaties of Spain
Treaties of Sweden
Treaties of North Macedonia
Treaties of Turkey
Treaties of Ukraine


Superclusters are large collections of smaller galaxy groups and galaxy clusters. They are one of the largest known structures in the cosmos.

Superclusters show that the galaxies in the universe are not evenly distributed. Most, perhaps all, are in groups and clusters. Groups have  some dozens of galaxies, and clusters up to several thousand galaxies. Those groups and clusters plus more isolated galaxies form even larger collections called superclusters.

Superclusters themselves form even larger structures, called "filaments", "complexes", "walls" or "sheets", like the Great Wall. These may span between several hundred million light-years to 10 billion light-years, and cover more than 5% of the observable universe. Superclusters suggest something about the initial condition of the universe when these superclusters were formed. The directions of the rotational axes of galaxies within superclusters may also tell us about the formation of galaxies early in the history of the Universe.

Inside superclusters are large voids of space in which few galaxies exist. Superclusters are often subdivided into groups of clusters called "galaxy clouds".

References

Galaxy clusters

Supercluster


Amicus Plato, sed magis amica veritas is a Latin phrase, translating to "Plato is my friend, but truth is a better friend (literally: Plato is friend, but truth is more friend (to me than he is))."  The maxim is often attributed to Aristotle, as a paraphrase of the Nicomachean Ethics 1096a11–15.

Classical forms
The closest Platonic reference is the words of Socrates in Phaedo 91b–c:παρεσκευασμένος δή, ἔφη, ὦ Σιμμία τε καὶ Κέβης, οὑτωσὶ ἔρχομαι ἐπὶ τὸν λόγον· ὑμεῖς μέντοι, ἂν ἐμοὶ πείθησθε, σμικρὸν φροντίσαντες Σωκράτους, τῆς δὲ ἀληθείας πολὺ μᾶλλον, ἐὰν μέν τι ὑμῖν δοκῶ ἀληθὲς λέγειν, συνομολογήσατε, εἰ δὲ μή, παντὶ λόγῳ ἀντιτείνετε, εὐλαβούμενοι ὅπως μὴ ἐγὼ ὑπὸ προθυμίας ἅμα ἐμαυτόν τε καὶ ὑμᾶς ἐξαπατήσας, ὥσπερ μέλιττα τὸ κέντρον ἐγκαταλιπὼν οἰχήσομαι.

"So," he said, "Simmias and Cebes, I approach the argument with my mind thus prepared. But you, if you do as I ask, will give little thought to Socrates and much more to the truth; and if you think what I say is true, agree to it, and if not, oppose me with every argument you can muster, that I may not in my eagerness deceive myself and you alike and go away, like a bee, leaving my sting sticking in you." (translated by Harold North Fowler)

The maxim Amicus Plato, sed magis amica veritas is often attributed to Aristotle, as a paraphrase of the Nicomachean Ethics 1096a11–15:
But perhaps it is desirable that we should examine the notion of a Universal Good, and review the difficulties that it involves, although such an inquiry goes against the grain because of our friendship for the authors of the Theory of Ideas. Still perhaps it would appear desirable, and indeed it would seem to be obligatory, especially for a philosopher, to sacrifice even one's closest personal ties in defense of the truth. Both are dear to us, yet 'tis our duty to prefer the truth.

Apparently contradicting Aristotle, Cicero states in Tusculanae Disputationes, I, xvii in reference to the Pythagoreans, that: "by Hercules, he would much rather err in company with Plato, than behold true things (vera sentire) with men of those opinions [Errare mehercule malo cum Platone...quam cum istis vera sentire.]" However, here, Cicero's suggestion is that Plato's philosophical investigation (of philosophy sempliciter) is preferable to any opinion, even if the opinion one beholds be "true." In this respect, Cicero's passage would be confirming, rather than contradicting, the message of Plato's Phaedo.

Medieval forms
Berengar of Poitiers in a letter to the bishop of Mende around 1150, defended his earlier writings against Bernard of Clairvaux by reference to the saying, with Socrates replacing Plato:

The closest Latin prototype is found in Roger Bacon, Opus Majus, Pars I, cap. v.Nam Plato dicit: "Amicus est Socrates, magister meus, sed magis est amica veritas." Et Aristotelis dicit se magis velle consentire veritati, quam amicitiae Platonis, doctoris nostri. Haec ex Vita Aristotelis et primo Ethicorum, et libro Secretorum manifesta sunt.For Plato says, "Socrates, my master, is my friend but a greater friend is truth." And Aristotle says that he prefers to be in accord with the truth, than with the friendship of our master, Plato. These things are clear from the Life of Aristotle and from the first book of Ethics and from the book of secrets.Bacon's reference to the Nicomachean Ethics and a book of secrets is the pseudo-Aristotelian compilation, the Secretum Secretorum, translated into Latin from the Arabic in the twelfth or early thirteenth century. Henry Guerlac points out that the proverb appears in differing forms in a Life of Aristotle found in three distinct mediaeval manuscripts, two Greek and one Latin. Thomas Aquinas relies on the same source while proving the point in Sententia libri Ethicorum, Liber 1, Lectio 6, n. 4–5:Quod autem oporteat veritatem praeferre amicis, ostendit hac ratione. Quia ei qui est magis amicus, magis est deferendum. Cum autem amicitiam habeamus ad ambo, scilicet ad veritatem et ad hominem, magis debemus veritatem amare quam hominem, quia hominem praecipue debemus amare propter veritatem et propter virtutem ut in VIII huius dicetur.  Veritas autem est amicus superexcellens cui debetur reverentia honoris; est etiam veritas quiddam divinum, in Deo enim primo et principaliter invenitur. Et ideo concludit, quod sanctum est praehonorare veritatem hominibus amicis.
Dicit enim Andronicus Peripateticus, quod sanctitas est quae facit fideles et servantes ea quae ad Deum iusta. Haec etiam fuit sententia Platonis, qui reprobans opinionem Socratis magistri sui dixit quod oportet de veritate magis curare quam de aliquo alio; et alibi dicit: amicus quidem Socrates sed magis amica veritas; et in alio loco: de Socrate quidem parum est curandum, de veritate autem multum.

That truth should be preferred to friends he proves in this way. He is the greater friend for whom we ought to have the greater consideration. Although we should have friendship for both truth and our fellow man, we ought rather to love truth because we should love our fellow man especially on account of truth and virtue, as will be shown in the eighth book (1575-1577). Now truth is a most excellent friend of the sort to whom the homage of honor is due. Besides truth is a divine thing, for it is found first and  chiefly in God. He concludes, therefore, that it is virtuous to honor truth above friends.
Andronicus, the peripatetic, says that piety makes men faithful to and observant of the things of God. Along the same line is the judgment of Plato who, in rejecting the opinion of his teacher Socrates, says a man ought to care more for truth than anything; and elsewhere says: "though Socrates is a friend, truth is a greater friend"; and in another place: "with Socrates concern yourself but little, but with truth much".

Modern versions
Isaac Newton opened his 1661 Cambridge student notebook with the slogan reading: "Amicus Plato amicus Aristoteles magis amica veritas." Miguel de Cervantes popularized the redirection to Plato in Don Quixote, Part II, Chapter 51. Leonardo Tarán has traced the antecedents of Cervantes' adage in an eponymous 1984 paper. Logician Alfred Tarski excused his Platonism by amending the formula to Inimicus Plato sed magis inimica falsitas ("Plato is an enemy, but falsehood is a greater enemy"). In his novella Le Bal de Sceaux, Honoré de Balzac has the King of France Louis XVIII adapt the phrase as: Amicus Plato, sed magis amica Natio ("Plato is my friend, but the French Nation is a closer friend").

Notes

References
Henry Guerlac, "Amicus Plato and Other Friends", Journal of the History of Ideas, Vol. 39, No. 4 (Oct.-Dec., 1978), pp. 627–633.
Leonardo Tarán, "Amicus Plato, sed magis amica veritas: From Plato and Aristotle to Cervantes", Antike und Abendland 30, 1984, pp. 93–124; reprinted in his Collected Papers (1962-1999), Brill Academic Publishers, 2001, pp. 1–46.
James Otis, "A Vindication of the Conduct of the House of Representatives" 1762, The Preface, "Amicus Socrates, amicus Plato, sed magis Amica veritas."

Latin quotations
Latin philosophical phrases
Cultural depictions of Plato
Philosophy of Aristotle

Amicus Plato, sed magis amica veritas


Street furniture is the equipment on streets and roads mostly for the safety of people and their information. The term is most used in the UK, Canada and Australia.

It includes benches, bollards, post boxes, phone boxes,  street lighting, traffic lights,  traffic signs,  bus stops, grit bins, tram stops, taxi stands, public lavatories, public bookcases, fountains and memorials, and waste receptacles.

An important consideration in the design of street furniture is how it affects road safety.

Related pages
 Roads
 Pedestrian crossing

Urban design

Street furniture


Österreichischer Rundfunk (shortened to ORF, literally, Austrian Broadcasting Corporation) is the name for the state-controlled media agency producing radio and tv programmes. In 2015, it produced four nationwide tv channels, 9 regional tv stations in Austria, plus one in Bozen. There are also three nationwide radio channels, plus a number of regional ones. It also takes part in 3sat, a  cultural programme and ARTE.

Mass media

ORF (broadcaster)


This article is about the Formula One racing team. For other uses of the term arrow, see Arrow.

Arrows Grand Prix International was a Formula One team active from 1978 to 2002. The team was also known as Footwork.

Origins
The Arrows Grand Prix International team was founded in 1977, by Italian financier (someone who handles lots of money) Franco Ambrosio, Alan Rees, Jackie Oliver, Dave Wass and Tony Southgate when Rees, Oliver, Wass and Southgate left the Shadow team. They named the team after the first letter of each person's last name in order, spelling out AROWS. The name was then changed to the correct spelling of Arrows.

History

Arrows Grand Prix International
The team earned their first podium at the 1978 Swedish Grand Prix, with future Williams driver Riccardo Patrese earning second. The rest of the season consisted of him earning points occasionally. Arrows fielded Patrese until 1981. In 1984 the team used BMW M12 turbo engines, and later Megatron turbos, and results improved as the turbo era moved along, going at its peak in 1988 when the team finished fifth in the constructors' championship. In between 1984 and 1988 the team had gotten two podium positions. Eventually when turbo engines were banned from the regulations, making them illegal to run in a race, Arrows' performance dropped, despite a third place podium finish at the 1989 USA Grand Prix in Phoenix.

Footwork Arrows
The team was renamed Footwork in 1991 until being changed back to Arrows after the 1996 season. Arrows' performance dropped with the usage of the Porsche engines. Footwork eventually changed to Mugen Honda engines. The team also ran Ford and Hart engines as well.

Tom Walkenshaw's Arrows
In 1997, Tom Walkenshaw bought a part of Arrows, and hired 1996 Drivers' Champion Damon Hill and Pedro Diniz. Diniz was very rich and helped pay for Hill's salary, placing Diniz as the role of a pay driver. Hill nearly won the Hungarian Grand Prix but a component failure meant that Hill had slowed down and fell to second place, where Hill would finish. In the next few years Walkenshaw would buy out what Jackie Oliver had owned.

As the seasons went on Arrows started to go in debt. In 2002 at times the two drivers, Heinz-Harald Frentzen and Enrique Bernoldi deliberately failed to qualify for a couple of races in an attempt to save some money. The team could not finish the season and went into liquidation and folded at the end of the season. However, Phoenix Finance purchased the team's assets and tried to enter in the 2003 season but was not allowed.

Formula One

Arrows


Ozámiz is a city in the Philippines, in the province of Misamis Occidental. There were 141,828  people living there according to the 2015 census.

Ozámiz is named after Senator José F. Ozámiz, a hero of the Philippine resistance against the Japanese during World War 2.

Other websites
 Official website of the city

Cities in the Philippines

Ozámiz


Crepitus is an alleged Roman god of flatulence actually created by Christians and used in their literature frequently as a fascinating subject to them.  It is unlikely that Crepitus was ever actually worshipped. The only ancient source for the claim that such a god was ever worshipped comes from Christian satire. The name Crepitus standing alone would be an inadequate and unlikely name for such a god in Latin. The god appears, however, in a number of important works of French literature.

Sources of the legend
The origin of the myth is somewhat obscure, as it is possible that the existence of this god is an invention by a satirist. No ancient polytheistic source appears for this deity.

The earliest mention of a god of flatulence is as an Egyptian, not a Roman deity.  This comes from the hostile pen of the author of the Recognitions dubiously attributed to Pope Clement I, in which it is reported that:

alii ... crepitus ventris pro numinibus habendos esse docuerunt.
"others (among the Egyptians) teach that intestinal noise (Latin: crepitus ventris) ought to be regarded as a god."

It is unlikely that Clement I was the author of the extant Recognitiones; these are extant chiefly in a Latin translation, presumably out of the original Greek, made by Tyrannius Rufinus in the late fourth or early fifth century.  The passage of Pseudo-Clement stands within a Western Christian tradition of satire against the variety of minor deities worshipped by classical pagans; similar passages exist in The City of God by Saint Augustine of Hippo, and Tertullian's Ad Nationes.

Robert Burton, in The Anatomy of Melancholy, mentions a god Crepitus Ventris among a variety of other deities allegedly worshipped in classical antiquity:

Lilius Giraldus repeats many of her ceremonies: all affections of the mind were heretofore accounted gods, love, and sorrow, virtue, honour, liberty, contumely, impudency, had their temples, tempests, seasons, Crepitus Ventris, dea Vacuna, dea Cloacina, there was a goddess of idleness, a goddess of the draught, or jakes, Prema, Premunda, Priapus, bawdy gods, and gods for all offices.

Burton cites a work called Syntagma de Diis ("A Compendium of the Gods") by Lilius Giraldus as his source for the existence of such a god; by this reference, Burton probably meant Giraldus' Historia de diis gentium ("History of the Pagan Gods"); but because Burton wrote in what he called an "extemporean" style, quicquid in buccam venit ("whatever came into his head"), Burton's quotations and references are not always reliable.  Because of Burton's mixed Latin and English style, this passage may not say that there was a god named "Crepitus Ventris", (Latin for "intestinal noise"), but only that there was a god of intestinal noise.  The Latin word crepitus, moreover, did not exclusively mean the sound generated by intestinal gas; it referred to squeaks, groans, knocks, and any nondescript noise in general.  In The City of God, Augustine elsewhere refers to crepitus cymbalorum, the clang of cymbals.  Medical jargon gives the name crepitus to the creaking or popping noises made by the joints.  The Latin word for "to fart" is pēdere.

Voltaire, in a passage of his Philosophical Dictionary devoted to changing conceptions of deity, alludes to a number of real or alleged Roman deities of a less exalted status:

La déesse des tétons, dea Rumilia; la déesse de l'action du mariage, dea Pertunda; le dieu de la chaise percée, deus Stercutius; le dieu Pet, deus Crepitus, ne sont pas assurément bien vénérables. . .  Il est sûr que deus Crepitus, le dieu Pet, ne donnait pas la même idée que deus divum et hominum sator, la source des dieux et des hommes.
"The goddess of breasts, dea Rumilia; the goddess of the marital act, dea Pertunda; the god of the toilet, deus Stercutius; the god Fart, deus Crepitus, were surely not quite objects of reverence. . . It is certain that deus Crepitus, the god Fart, did not give the same sort of idea as deus divum et hominum sator, the creator of gods and men."
 — "Polytheism", entry in the Philosophical Dictionary of Voltaire.

Through these passages, the noun Crepitus moves from a common noun to a proper noun.  Previous authorities had only claimed that the ancient polytheists, whether Egyptian or Roman, worshipped a god of intestinal noises.  Perhaps in Burton's mention, and certainly in Voltaire, Crepitus is the name of a god of flatulence.

In Baudelaire
Baudelaire criticised both the need of religion and the mediocrity of neopagan artists in the essay "The Pagan School" ("L'École païenne"):
Pastiche ! pastiche ! Vous avez sans doute perdu votre âme quelque part, dans quelque mauvais endroit, pour que vous couriez ainsi à travers le passé comme des corps vides pour en ramasser une de rencontre dans les détritus anciens ? Qu'attendez-vous du ciel ou de la sottise du public ? Une fortune suffisante pour élever dans vos mansardes des autels à Priape et à Bacchus ? Les plus logiques d'entre vous seront les plus cyniques. Ils en élèveront au dieu Crepitus.
"Pastiche! pastiche! You must have all surely lost your soul somewhere, in some bad place, to be thus running now through the past as emptied carcasses, trying to pick one up from the ancient detritus on stumbling on it by haphazard. Have you not? What are you expecting of the heavens or the folly of the public? Could it be a fortune swollen enough to raise altars to Priapus and Bacchus upon your mansard roofs? The most sane amongst you shall be those most cynical: they shall raise it in honour of the god Crepitus."

In Flaubert
Relying on Voltaire's account, Gustave Flaubert put a memorable speech into the mouth of the alleged deity Crepitus in The Temptation of Saint Anthony:
CREPITUS: Moi aussi l'on m'honora jadis. On me faisait des libations. Je fus un Dieu!
L'Athénien me saluait comme un présage de fortune, tandis que le Romain dévot me maudissait les poings levés et que le pontife d'Égypte, s'abstenant de fèves, tremblait à ma voix et pâlissait à mon odeur.
Quand le vinaigre militaire coulait sur les barbes non rasées, qu'on se régalait de glands, de pois et d'oignons crus et que le bouc en morceaux cuisait dans le beurre rance des pasteurs, sans souci du voisin, personne alors ne se gênait. Les nourritures solides faisaient les digestions retentissantes. Au soleil de la campagne, les hommes se soulageaient avec lenteur.
J'ai eu mes jours d'orgueil. Le bon Aristophane me promena sur la scène, et l'empereur Claudius Drusus me fit asseoir à sa table. Dans les laticlaves des patriciens j'ai circulé majestueusement! Les vases d'or, comme des tympanons, résonnaient sous moi;--et quand plein de murènes, de truffes et de pâtés, l'intestin du maître se dégageait avec fracas, l'univers attentif apprenait que César avait dîné!

"I once was honoured.  Libations were made to me.  I was a God!
"The Athenian once hailed me as a favourable omen, while the pious Roman cursed me with raised fists, and the pontiff of Egypt, abstinent from beans, trembled at my voice and paled at my odour. . .
"When the army vinegar ran down unshaven beards, when men helped themselves to acorns, peas, and raw onions, and cooked chopped up goat meat in shepherds' rank butter — never mind your neighbour — no one was embarrassed by me.  Solid foods made for sound digestions.  In the sun of the countryside, men took their ease at their leisure. . .
"I had my glory days.  Jolly Aristophanes placed me on the stage, and the emperor Claudius Drusus had me sitting at his table.  I made the rounds majestically in the laticlaves of patricians!  The golden vessels resounded under me like kettledrums — and when stuffed with lamprey, truffles, and pâtés, the intestine of the Master noisily emptied itself, an attentive universe learned that Caesar had dined!"

A modern invention
While Flaubert learned from his friend Fréderic Baudry, who in turn had consulted Alfred Maury, that "poor little Deus Crepitus does not exist; it's a modern invention," he liked his text so much that he left him in.  While it is unlikely that the god Crepitus ever existed, the scene from Aristophanes is genuine; in The Clouds Athenians compare thunder to the sound of celestial flatulence.

References

Roman gods
Fictional gods
Toilet gods
Flatulence

Crepitus (mythology)


Albert Weisbord (1900–1977) was an American political activist and union organizer. He is best remembered, along his wife Vera Buch, as one of the primary union organizers of the seminal 1926 Passaic Textile Strike and as the founder of a small Trotskyist political organization of the 1930s called the Communist League of Struggle.

Biography

Early years

Albert Weisbord was born December 9, 1900, to a Russian-Jewish family in New York City. His father was a manufacturer.

Weisbord attended primary, grammar, and high school in Brooklyn, New York. He worked variously as a newsboy, a clerk in a grocery store, as a worker in a clothing factory, and in a soda shop during his earlier years.

Weisbord entered the City College of New York in 1917, joining the Brooklyn Branch of the Socialist Party of America at that same time. He began teaching classes in the English language to immigrants to America at the Rand School of Social Science, an adult-educational offshoot of the Socialist Party, while he was still himself attending school.

Weisbord graduated with a bachelor's degree from City College Phi Beta Kappa in 1921. He was then accepted into Harvard Law School, graduating with honors in 1924.

Political career

Weisbord was initially a member of the syndicalist Industrial Workers of the World (IWW), but he soon moved to the ranks of the Socialist Party of America (SPA), an organization which believed in the efficacy of electoral politics to implement change.

In the summer of 1921, the party's National Executive Committee asked him to conduct a speaking tour to help reorganize the Young People's Socialist League, the bulk of which had exited the SPA to join forces with the Communists. After going on tour to reorganize the locals, a national convention was held to relaunch a new YPSL (loyal to the Socialist Party) at Fitchburg, Massachusetts. The convention named Weisbord its National Director, a position which entitled him to a seat on the party's governing NEC. Weisbord remained as National Director of the Socialist Party's youth section until the middle of 1924.

In June 1924, Weisbord was named assistant organizer of the Socialist Party's New England district. Later that year, he attended the meeting of the Conference for Progressive Political Action at which the Socialist Party joined with a number of unions to nominate Robert La Follette as an independent for President of the United States. This experience was disillusioning for Weisbord, as he had wanted the Socialists to form a labor party to guide the workers toward socialist as had been done in England. Instead, he felt that the party was a petty bourgeois organization moving toward liberalism. Weisbord resigned from the SPA joined the Communist (Workers) Party in November 1924.

While in the Party he gained fame for leading the textile strike in Passaic, New Jersey, in 1926, an event of particular significance as the first attempt by Communists to lead a strike action by American factory workers. The radical Weisbord was seen as an inflammatory figure by the mill owners, and in August 1926 he was removed from leadership of the strikers.

His participation as a leader of the Passaic strike as a leader of the United Textile Workers "made" Weisbord as a public face of the Workers (Communist) Party  and upon termination of the strike in the fall of 1926 he was sent on a speaking tour on behalf of the party, telling of his strike experiences to a general audience.

In December 1926, Weisbord was dispatched to Mexico City on behalf of the Red International of Labor Unions (Profintern).  He carried with him $1,000 in gold coin as seed money for the Mexican union movement.

Weisbord was sent to Moscow in the spring of 1928 as a delegate of the Communist Party's Trade Union Educational League (TUEL) to the World Congress of the Profintern that opened on March 10, 1928. His selection no doubt was intended in part as a faction-balancing measure, owing to Weisbord's status as one of the top Lovestone loyalists in the Communist Party's labor arm, TUEL being the main center for the opposition faction of William Z. Foster.

In the fall of 1928, Weisbord was the candidate of the Workers (Communist) Party for U.S. Senate from New Jersey. Weisbord also served as the secretary-treasurer of the National Textile Workers' Union, the Communist Party-sponsored dual union affiliated with the Trade Union Unity League.

Following the political demise of Jay Lovestone and his associates in 1929, Weisbord grew increasingly disenchanted with the leadership of the Communist Party. He left the organization and briefly joined the Trotskyist Communist League of America in 1930.

On March 15, 1931, Weisbord and his wife launched an independent Marxist group, the Communist League of Struggle, which existed until 1937.

This was the first split in the US Trotskyist movement. For the first three years the group asserted agreement with the policies of the Trotskyist International Left Opposition and regularly carried Trotskys articles, but in November 1934 Weisbord and the CLS openly broke with Trotsky. By the time the CLS dissolved in 1937 it had almost no membership left, and Weisbord concentrated on publishing his book, The Conquest of Power: Liberalism, Anarchism, Syndicalism, Socialism, Fascism, and Communism which was published by Covici-Friede that year.

When World War II broke out, Weisbord supported the U.S. entry into the war, albeit in the interest of defeating imperialism.

Death and legacy

Albert Weisbord died in April 1977.

See also

 Communist League of Struggle
 1926 Passaic Textile Strike

Footnotes

Works

Books and pamphlets
Passaic: The Story of a Struggle against Starvation Wages and for the Right to Organize. Chicago: Daily World Publishing Co., November 1926.
For a New Communist International. New York: Communist League of Struggle, 1933.
Communism and the Social Order. New York : Communist League of Struggle, 1934.
The Conquest of Power: Liberalism, Anarchism, Syndicalism, Socialism, Fascism, and Communism. New York: Covici-Friede, 1937.
Latin American actuality New York: Citadel Press, 1964.
Critique of the New Draft Program of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. Chicago: E. Clemente & Sons, 1962.

Articles

 "Support the Central Executive Committee; Criticize Its Too Many Right Errors," The Daily Worker, vol. 5, no. 331 (January 24, 1929), pg. 3.

Further reading

 "Albert Weisbord, 76, A Radical Who Led Passaic Strike in '26," New York Times, April 28, 1977, pg. 38. —Obituary.

External links
 The Albert and Vera Weisbord Archive, Weisbord.org. Retrieved February 25, 2010.
 The Albert & Vera Weisbord Archives on the Marxists Internet Archive. Retrieved December 2, 2020.

1900 births
1977 deaths
American people of Russian-Jewish descent
Members of the Socialist Party of America
Industrial Workers of the World members
American Marxists
American communists
Members of the Communist Party USA
Jewish socialists
American trade union leaders
Harvard Law School alumni
Historians of anarchism
City College of New York alumni
20th-century  American historians
Activists from Brooklyn

Albert Weisbord


A SIM card is a smart card that is used in mobile phones, to identify the client. SIM stands for subscriber identity module. A SIM card has a microchip, and its use is protected by a PIN. When the phone is powered on, an international mobile subscriber identity number (IMSI) is broadcast. The microchip is also needed for some encryption and decryption. The SIM card and the device that it is used in (the mobile phone) are often referred to as the Mobile station.

SIM cards come in different sizes. Full-size SIM cards, which are about the same size as a credit card, are not used in phones anymore. Most smartphones use either micro SIM or nano SIM cards, but older ones use mini SIM.

Mobile phones

SIM card


Europa may refer to:

People and characters
 Europa (mythology), a Phoenician princess in Greek mythology, from whom the name of the continent Europe is taken
 Europa of Macedon, the daughter of Philip II by his last wife, Cleopatra
 Madama Europa, the nickname, or perhaps the real name, of Europa Rossi (fl. 1600), sister of the Jewish violinist and composer Salamone Rossi, who was one of the first opera singers

Geography
 Europa Island, a small island in the Indian Ocean which is a possession of France
 Europa (Roman province), a province within the Diocese of Thrace
 Europe, a continent called Europa in many languages (like Latin)

Astronomy
 Europa (moon), one of Jupiter's moons
 52 Europa, the seventh-largest known asteroid

In entertainment

In movies
 Europa (movie), a movie by Lars von Trier, released as Zentropa in North America
 Europa Europa, a 1990 movie about a young Jewish man who survived World War II by pretending to be a German war hero

In gaming
 Europa (wargame), a series of board wargames launched in 1973
 Europa (Valkyria Chronicles), a fictional place in the video game Valkyria Chronicles
 Europa 1400, a 2002 video game
 Europa Barbarorum, a modification of the PC game Rome: Total War
 Sega Europa-R, an arcade game system board by Sega
 Europa Universalis, a 2000 strategy computer game

In literature
 Europa (novel), by Tim Parks
 Europa, a novel by Romain Gary

In music
 Europa (record label), a German record label
 Europa (album), by Covenant
 "Europa (Earth's Cry Heaven's Smile)", an instrumental from Carlos Santana's 1976 album Amigos
 "Europa" (Blondie song), the lead track on Blondie's 1980 album Autoamerican
 "Europa" (Globus song), a song from the album Epicon by Globus
 "Europa" (Mónica Naranjo song), a song from Mónica Naranjo's 2008 album Tarantula
 "Europa" (Rosetta song)", a song appearing on The Galilean Satellites by post-metal band Rosetta
 "Europa and the Pirate Twins", a song appearing on Thomas Dolby's 1982 album The Golden Age of Wireless

In sports
 NFL Europa (formerly NFL Europe), an American football competition from 1991–2007
 UEFA Europa League, the second most important European competition for UEFA-eligible football clubs

In transportation
 Europa rocket, an early expendable launch system project of the European Launcher Development Organisation
 Europa Aircraft, a light-aircraft kitplane company based in the UK
 Bizzarrini Europa, a small GT car produced by Bizzarrini between 1966 and 1969
 Lotus Europa, a sports car manufactured by Lotus Cars

Ships
 , one of a number of ships and shore establishments of the Royal Navy
 Europa (ship), a traditionally rigged tall ship from the Netherlands, built in 1911
 SS Europa (1922), an immigrant ship on the Europe to North America route in 1950–51 (originally the SS Mongolia)
 SS Europa (1930), an ocean liner operated by the North German Lloyd in 1930–45
 MS Europa (1953), a combined ocean liner / cruise ship operated by the North German Lloyd in 1965–70 and Hapag-Lloyd in 1970–81
 MS Europa (1981), a cruise ship operated by Hapag-Lloyd in 1981–99
 MS Europa (1999), a cruise ship operated by Hapag-Lloyd since 1999
 MS Silja Europa, a cruise ferry operated by Silja Line since 1993
 Costa Europa, a cruise ship operated by Costa Cruises since 2002

Other uses
Europa (oil company), an oil company that operated in New Zealand until its purchase by BP in 1989
 Europa (web portal), the official web portal of the European Union
 Europa, the name of the 3.3 release of the open-source integrated development environment Eclipse (software)
 Europa Coins, coins with a common theme issued by European countries
 Europa Hotel, a hotel in Belfast, Northern Ireland
 Europa postage stamp, issued annually since 1956, representing the founding six members of the European Coal and Steel Community
 EuropaCorp, a French film studio

Related pages
 Europe (disambiguation)
 Eupora, Mississippi

Europa


The Mandovi (IPA: ), also known as the Mhadei, is a river described as the lifeline of the Indian state of Goa. The Mandovi and the Zuari are the two principal rivers in the state of Goa. Mandovi joins with the Zuari at a common creek at Cabo Aguada, forming the Mormugao harbour. Panaji, the state capital and Old Goa, the former capital of Goa, are both situated on the left bank of the Mandovi.

River course

The river has a total length of — in Maharashtra,  in Karnataka, and  in Goa. It originates from a cluster of 30 springs at Bhimgad in the Western Ghats of Belgaum district in Karnataka state. The river has total 2,032 km2 catchment area of which 1,580 km2, 375 km2 and 77 km2  catchment area are in Goa, Karnataka and Maharashtra respectively. With its cerulean waters, Dudhsagar Falls and Varapoha Falls, it is also known as the Gomati in a few places.

The Mandovi enters Goa from the north via the Sattari Taluka and from Uttara Kannada District of Karnataka near the Castle Rock Rly. Stn. The Mandovi flows through Belagavi, Uttara Kannada in Karnataka and Cumbarjua, Divar and Chorão in Goa, eventually pouring into the Arabian Sea. The tributaries of Mandovi or Mhadei include Nerul River, St Inez Creek, Rio de Ourém, Mapusa River, Valvanti River, Udnai River, Dudhsagar River, Ragada River and Kotrachi Nadi.

The Cumbarjua Canal, which links both rivers, has made the interiors of the Mandovi accessible to ships carrying iron ore. Iron ore is Goa's prime mineral and it is mined in the eastern hills. Three large freshwater isles — Divar, Chorão and Vanxim are present in the Mandovi near the town of Old Goa. The island of Chorão is home to the Salim Ali Bird Sanctuary, named after the renowned ornithologist Salim Ali. A regular ferry transports the inhabitants between the isles and the mainland.

Bridges
Spanning across the Mandovi River near Panjim are three parallel Mandovi Bridges. The older bridge collapsed in the 1980s before a new bridge was constructed to accommodate heavy transport vehicles. The Mandovi Bridge links the towns of Panjim to Porvorim. On 14 June 2014, the foundation stone for the third bridge, which is the largest bridge in Goa, was laid by Prime Minister Narendra Modi. It will span  and will be  higher than the existing bridges and will be spaced in between the two. The 3rd Mandovi bridge is named Atal Setu after former Prime Minister of India Atal Bihari Vajpayee. The bridge was inaugurated on 27 January 2019 at the hands of Union Roads Minister Nitin Gadkari, Goa CM Manohar Parrikar.

During the winter months, the peak tourist season, special dusk cruises on the Mandovi - complete with serenading bands - add to the charm of the river.

Interstate water sharing
The sharing of the waters of this river is a cause of dispute between the governments of Karnataka and Goa. The Karnataka government proposes to divert some water from the Mahadayi river to the Malaprabha River basin as part of the Kalasa-Banduri Nala project, as approximately 188 tmcft of water at 75% dependability is available in the river. Mahadayi Water Disputes Tribunal under Interstate River Water Disputes Act has been constituted to decide the sharing of the river waters by the riparian states. In August 2018, Mahadayi Water Tribunal verdict permitted Goa to use 24 tmcft (excluding the 9.395 tmcft prevailing uses), Karnataka to use 13.42 tmcft of which 5.5 tmcft is meant for use within the river basin and for diversion to the Malaprabha reservoir, and around 8 tmcft for power generation (including 3.9 tmcft for export outside the basin) and Maharashtra to use 1.33 tmcft for consumptive purposes. The tribunal assessed the water generated in the river catchment area of Karnataka and Maharashtra as 32.11 tmcft and 7.21 tmcft respectively at 75% dependability. The tribunal has apportioned only 40.125 tmcft of Mandovi river water for consumptive uses among the three riparian states. Karnataka approached the Supreme Court alleging injustice is done in allocation of water to the state.

See also
 Krishna Water Disputes Tribunal

References

Rivers of Goa
Inter-state disputes in India
Rivers of Karnataka
Geography of North Goa district
Geography of South Goa district
Geography of Belagavi district
Geography of Uttara Kannada district

Mandovi River