The University of  Melbourne is  in Melbourne, Victoria. Opened in 1853, it is the second oldest university in Australia, and the oldest in Victoria. The  main campus is in Parkville, just north of the Melbourne CBD. It has several other campuses across Victoria. It has one of the largest financial endowments of any Australian university, standing at $1.105bn as of 2008.

Public recognition
Melbourne is one of the top universities in Australia and the world. In Australia it has a leading position in business, education, engineering, arts, law and medicine. It is the second largest research organisation in Australia after the CSIRO. In 2008, it spent AU$653.7m on research.

Students and staff
The university has over 35,000 students, and nearly 7,200 staff members. In 2008 it changed the way it organized its courses. This to be like way American and European universities work. The idea was to link to the European Union's Bologna process and get international acceptance for its degrees. many people were unhappy with these changes. Professor Glyn Davis AC is Melbourne's current vice-chancellor.

History

Melbourne University was started by the Victorian Parliament in 1853. Classes began in 1855  with three professors and 16 students. The buildings were officially opened by the Lieutenant Governor of the Colony of Victoria, Sir Charles Hotham,  on 3 October 1855. The first chancellor, Redmond Barry (later Sir Redmond), held the position until his death in 1880.

At first all the buildings were built in the gothic revival style. In the 1950s a modernist style was started as the new "house style", resulting in the mix of university buildings seen today.

The opening of the university was made possible by the wealth coming from the Victorian gold rush. The university was to be a "civilising influence" at a time of rapid settlement and commercial growth (Selleck, 2003). It was not a religious university and was not allowed to offer in degrees in divinity. The churches could only build colleges on only the northern edge. The local population wanted 'useful' subjects like law, not 'useless' subjects like classics. The people of Melbourne won this argument, and law was introduced in 1857, and medicine and engineering in the 1860s. Women were let into courses in 1881.

In 1902 the university was bankrupt when it was found out that the man in charge of the university's money, Frederick Dickson, had stolen ₤24,000. The university's annual budget was £15,000. Dickson was jailed for seven years. This resulted in a royal commission that came up with new ways of funding, and new courses including agriculture and education.

After World War II, there were more students wanting to go to a university and Melbourne University became much larger and more inclusive.

The 150th anniversary was celebrated in 2003.

Related books
 Selleck, R.J.W. (2003). The Shop: The University of Melbourne,  1850–1939. Melbourne: University of Melbourne Press. 930pp
 Poynter, John & Rasmussen, Carolyn (1996). A Place Apart – The University of Melbourne: Decades of Challenge. Melbourne: Melbourne University Press. ISBN 0-522-84584-3.
 Macintyre, S. & Selleck, R.J.W. (2003). A short history of the University of Melbourne. Melbourne: Melbourne University Press. ISBN 0-522-85058-8.

References

1853 establishments in Oceania
1850s establishments in Australia
Buildings and structures in Melbourne
Colleges and universities in Australia

University of Melbourne


Carlotta Grisi (June 28, 1819 – May 20, 1899) was an Italian ballet dancer. She was famous for creating the role of Giselle.

Early life
Grisi was born in Visinada, Istria (now part of Croatia).  Her real name was Caronne Adele Josephine Marie Grisi.  She was trained at the ballet school of Teatro alla Scala in Milan.

Europe
At her 1836 debut in London, Grisi danced with Jules Perrot. She next appeared in Paris at the Théâtre de la Renaissance in 1840. A year later, she toured with Perrot to Paris, London, Vienna, Munich, and Milan. By dancing Perrot's choreography, she gained both public and critical acclaim.

Her greatest role was Giselle.  The world première of this two-act ballet was on June 28, 1841 at the Théâtre de l'Académie Royale de Musique, Paris. The ballet  caused a sensation. It inspired reviewers to proclaim Giselle to be the greatest ballet of its time. The ballet immediately established Grisi as a star in her very first full-length ballet in Paris. Her salary grew from 5,000 francs to 12,000 in 1842 and 20,000 by 1844, with additional performance fees on top. It also marked the beginning of a change in her relationship with Jules Perrot. Grisi's last performance in the west was in Paul Taglioni's Les Métamorphoses (aka Satanella, 1849).

Russia
In 1850, she joined Perrot in St. Petersburg, Russia. He had been appointed balletmaster to the Imperial Ballet. She danced Giselle at the Imperial Bolshoi Kamenny Theatre. The first Giselle in Russia had been danced by Fanny Elssler. The initial reaction to Grisi's interpretation of the role was not enthusiastic. Over time, the Russians came to appreciate her talents. She was Prima Ballerina of the St. Petersburg Imperial Theatres in St. Petersburg from 1850 to 1853. She worked with Perrot and also Joseph Mazilier.

Retirement and death

In 1854, she left Russia for Warsaw with her daughter. She intended to continue dancing. She became pregnant by Prince Léon Radziwill. He persuaded her to retire from ballet.  Grisi gave birth to her second daughter, Léontine Grisi. She settled in Saint-Jean, Geneva, to spend the next forty-six years of her life in peaceful retirement. She died in Saint Jean on May 20, 1899. Her tomb is located in Cimetière de Châtelaine. One of Giselle's creators, Théophile Gautier described her dancing as having a childlike artlessness, a happy and infectious gaiety.

References

Other websites

Andros on Ballet - Carlotta Grisi
Carlotta Grisi in Giselle
Prominent Istrians, Carlotta Grisi

1819 births
1899 deaths
Ballet dancers
Italian people

Carlotta Grisi


All Shall Perish was an American deathcore band from Oakland, California, formed in 2002. The band was signed to Nuclear Blast and have released four full-length albums through the label. Their final album, This Is Where It Ends, was released on July 26, 2011.

All Shall Perish are noted for being one of the earliest pioneering bands in the deathcore genre.

History

Formation and Nuclear Blast signing (2002–2008)
All Shall Perish was founded in 2002 from the former members of the San Francisco Bay Area bands Antagony, End of All, and Boof. The founding members were Matt Kuykendall, Ben Orum, Mike Tiner, Caysen Russo, and Craig Betit. The band released their demo in 2003 and caught the attention of Japanese label Amputated Vein Records. On August 19, 2003, they released their debut album Hate, Malice, Revenge, which was re-released by Nuclear Blast in 2005. In 2006, The Price of Existence was released, whose first single, "Eradication," was made into a video and played on MTV2's Headbangers Ball. A viral video of the song "There Is No Business to Be Done On a Dead Planet" set to the boy-band 'N Sync's video for "Bye Bye Bye" helped to garner a new fanbase for the band.

The group released their third studio album, Awaken the Dreamers, on September 16, 2008, through Nuclear Blast. It debuted at number 126 on the Billboard 200 and number 1 on the Top Heatseekers charts, with 5,500 copies sold in its first week. Guitarist Caysen Russo and vocalist Craig Betit only appear on the band's first studio album, and were replaced by Chris Storey and Hernan "Eddie" Hermida, respectively.

All Shall Perish completed several successful tours across America in 2006, and they were also on The Darkness Over Europe 2007 tour. Bray Almini (Suffokate) occasionally filled in for Mike Tiner on bass during tours. In September 2008, they toured parts of Russia and became the first all-American metal band to tour Siberia, playing shows in Irkutsk, Novosibirsk, Tomsk, and Omsk. The band was also part of the European leg of the Hell On Earth Tour 2008. On November 11, 2008, the band recorded the video to their single "Never... Again," directed by Gary Smithson, in downtown Los Angeles.

Line-up changes (2009–2010)
On February 5, 2009, All Shall Perish stated on their website that they were parting ways with guitarist Chris Storey and replacing him with Jason Richardson. The band issued the following statement: "We will be doing all upcoming tours and fests! We have an unbelievable replacement named Jason Richardson. Can't wait to see everyone on the road! We will be doing a small headliner, the Atticus Clothing tour and then a ton of major fests in Europe. We have some surprises in store as well!"

After finishing the Night of the Living Shred Tour, All Shall Perish returned to California where they began writing a new album. Mike Tiner stated that the process was "going slow, very slow." In early 2010, Richardson left All Shall Perish to join Born of Osiris. On June 5, 2010, the band announced a new line-up. Drummer Matt Kuykendall, one of the founding members, was replaced by Adam Pierce (formerly of Sea of Treachery) and Francesco Artusato (Hiss of Atrocities) became the new lead guitar player, the band's third. The only original member remaining is Mike Tiner.

This Is Where It Ends (2010–2015)
On November 8, 2010, the band announced they were starting work on a new album. Guitarist Ben Orum said on the band's official website, "After two very successful tours at home and abroad, we are now home writing the new All Shall Perish record! The writing process is flowing very naturally, and so far the material itself is very impressive. It is safe to say this will be one of the most aggressive, epic, groovy records we have ever written. I cannot wait to start playing this material live." On January 31, 2011, the band was announced to be billed on the fourth annual Mayhem Festival, playing on the Revolver Stage alongside other metal acts including Suicide Silence, Machine Head, Straight Line Stitch, and Testament.

Their fourth full-length album, titled This Is Where It Ends, was released on July 26, 2011, in United States and July 29, 2011, in Europe. A legal organization named World Digital filed suit on April 20, 2012, against 80 fans for $150,000 for allegedly using BitTorrent to download this album. This action by the company was done without the band's permission or knowledge, and as a result All Shall Perish sided with their fans against the lawsuit. The lawsuit was dropped by request of the band.

Hermida joined Suicide Silence on October 3, 2013, which was officially announced on the Suicide Silence Facebook page. On October 4, All Shall Perish released a statement about Hermida leaving, confirming that the band would continue. An interview with Mike Tiner on the Metal Injection website stated that Mike Tiner's position was that Hermida chose to leave by not being able to commit to the band.

Return of original lineup and disbandment (2015–2020)
On October 21, 2015, All Shall Perish announced the return of Hernan "Eddie" Hermida and guitarist Chris Storey, alongside founding members Matt Kuykendall, Ben Orum. The group's press release noted that original vocalist Craig Betit will participate in some fashion as well. The band stated that bassist Mike Tiner, the last original member in the lineup before the return of Orum, and Tiner declined a personal invitation to participate. Francesco Artusato and drummer Adam Pierce are no longer part of the band.

On April 20, 2019, the band revealed they were working on new music despite the inactivity since their last announcement. A year later on April 21, 2020, vocalist Hernan "Eddie" Hermida announced that the reunion was no longer happening.

Musical style, influences and lyrical themes

Much of the band is influenced by European metal, particularly Swedish death metal.  Their influences are by a large number of groups, including Opeth, Cannibal Corpse, At the Gates, Dying Fetus, Tenacious D, Blood Has Been Shed, Hatebreed, The Beatles, Journey, Michael Jackson, Queen, The Police, Harry Belafonte, Rusty Cooley, GWAR, Dissection, Dimmu Borgir, Carcass, Pantera and many others.

The band's lyrics consist of several different themes, including politics, such as government control, fascism, corporate control, and organised religion. For example, the song "Black Gold Reign" from Awaken the Dreamers references countries around the world adopting oil as the main source of currency. A majority of their songs are politically based. Although rare, the band wrote a few songs on personal subjects such as the song "In This Life of Pain" from the album This Is Where It Ends, and the song "Deconstruction," from the album Hate, Malice, Revenge, which was written about original vocalist Craig Betit's ex-girlfriend.

Band members

Final lineup
Ben Orum – rhythm guitar
Matt Kuykendall – drums
Hernan "Eddie" Hermida – vocals
Chris Storey – lead guitar
Caysen Russo – bass  lead guitar

Former members
Mike Tiner – bass
Jason Richardson – lead guitar
Francesco Artusato – lead guitar
Adam Pierce – drums

Touring musicians
Luke Jaeger - rhythm guitar  (Sleep Terror)
Bray Almini – bass (Suffokate)
Joey Ellis - rhythm guitar
Jeremy Cohen - bass

 Timeline

Discography
Studio albums
 Hate, Malice, Revenge
 The Price of Existence
 Awaken the Dreamers
 This Is Where It Ends

Music videos

References

External links
 Official website

American deathcore musical groups
Musical groups from Oakland, California
Death metal musical groups from California
Musical groups established in 2002
Musical groups disestablished in 2020
American musical quintets
Nuclear Blast artists
2002 establishments in California

All Shall Perish


An example (Latin exemplum, the shorthand e.g. stands for exempli gratia, which means for example) is a short story, or an anecdote. This story is told to illustrate something else, like an idea or a concept.

In the Middle Ages, preachers and priests used examples in their sermons. They did this to explain things from the bible. They also did this to explain to all those people (that were incapable of reading) how they should lead their lives, as a good person.

Examples help illustrate a point.

The phrase "make an example" is sometimes used, when a person is harshly punished for others to see. This is done to keep other people (especially the person's peers) from doing the same thing that got that person into trouble.

Basic English 850 words

Example


The Battle of Brownstown was an early skirmish in the War of 1812. Although the United States military outnumbered the forces of Tecumseh's Confederacy 8 to 1, they lost the battle and suffered substantial losses while Tecumseh's forces were almost untouched.

The battle occurred near Brownstown, a Wyandot village south of Fort Detroit on Brownstown creek. Brownstown was also known as "Sindathon's Village". Carlson High School in Gibraltar, Michigan, is near the site of the battle.

Background
Assisted by the British, the Mingo, Wyandotte, Miami, Delaware, Shawnee, Kickapoo, Sauk, Ottawa, Ojibwe, Potawatomi, Mohawk and Chickamauga joined an alliance in 1783 against the United States of America. The alliance was originally formed at the Sandusky villages of the Wyandot, but after those villages were destroyed, the council fire was moved to Brownstown. Walk-in-the-Water and seven other Wyandot chiefs petitioned the U.S. on February 5, 1812, and obtained a 50-year possession of Brownstown and Monguagon; he lived at Brownstown and commanded the Wyandot warriors.

On August 5, 1812, Major Thomas Van Horne and the 200 U.S. soldiers were en route south to the River Raisin, where they were to pick up cattle and other needed supplies and escort them back to Fort Detroit for the use of Brigadier General William Hull.  Hull was, at the time, in the Canadian village of Sandwich, now known as Windsor, Ontario, although he would abandon his position there and return to Detroit on August 8.

Battle

As the U.S. Forces forded Brownstown creek, the 200 U.S. soldiers were set upon by two dozen Native Americans led by the Shawnee war chief Tecumseh, Chickamauga war chief Daimee, Wyandot chief Roundhead, as well as a detachment from the Essex Militia.  Faced with such opposition, Van Horne ordered a retreat, whereupon the untrained American militia scattered in a panic. Van Horne was able to save only half of his command; 18 men were killed, 12 were wounded, and 70 went missing. Most of those listed as "missing" were dispersed during the battle  and returned to Detroit during the ensuing days.

Aftermath
Josiah Snelling, known colloquially as the Prairie Chicken, was cited for gallantry for his actions during the Battle of Brownstown, and promoted to Major. Later, after Hull surrendered Fort Detroit to Tecumseh, Snelling's testimony was used at Hull's court-martial.

One minor chief, Blue Jacket, died in the battle.  This was not the famous Shawnee chief Blue Jacket, but most likely was one of his sons.

Two active battalions of the Regular Army (1-5 Inf and 2-5 Inf) perpetuate the lineage of the old 4th Infantry, elements of which were present at the Battle of Brownstown.

By an act of the United States Congress on June 1, 1813, the widows of those men killed in the battle were awarded half pay for five years. In at least one case, that of Jacob Pence, $953.43 was paid in October 1832 and $422.53 in April, 1839, for a
total of $1,375.96.

References

External links
 https://web.archive.org/web/20161007004451/http://www.michmarkers.com/startup.asp?startpage=S0100.htm

Brownstown
Brownstown
August 1812 events

Battle of Brownstown


The True Cross is the name given to parts which are believed to be from the actual cross upon which Jesus was crucified.

Empress Helena (c.250–c.330 AD) was the mother of Constantine, the first Christian Emperor of Rome. Christianity was legalised through the Roman Empire in 312. According to the early writers, like Socrates Scolaticus,  Helena travelled to the Holy Land, founding churches and establishing relief agencies for the poor. She is said to have discovered the resting place  of the three crosses used at the crucifixion of Jesus and the two thieves - Dismas and Gestas - who were executed with him. Through a miracle it was revealed which of the three was the True Cross.

Many churches have fragmentary remains which are by tradition alleged to be those of the True Cross. Their authenticity is not accepted  by all those of the Christian faith. Many Christians question the accuracy of the reports surrounding the discovery of the True Cross.  The acceptance and belief of that part of the tradition that pertains to the Early Christian Church is generally restricted to the Catholic and Orthodox Churches. The Medieval legends where it came from are not the same in Catholic and Orthodox tradition. These churches honour Helena as a saint, as does also the Anglican Communion.

Some Christians believe that wood from the true cross has miraculous healing powers. During the Middle Ages people made pilgrimages to churches and shrines where pieces of the cross were kept, and touched the wood in the hope of being cured of a sickness or infirmity.

References

Christian religious objects
Jesus

True Cross


Berlin 36 is a 2009 German film telling the fate of Jewish track and field athlete Gretel Bergmann in the 1936 Summer Olympics. In the movie she was replaced by the Nazi regime with a fellow athlete which she befriended. The film, based on a true story,  was released in Germany on 10 September 2009.

Reporters at Der Spiegel challenged the historical basis for many of the events in the film,  pointing to arrest records and medical examinations indicating German authorities did not determine Dora Ratjen as being male until 1938.

Plot
The athlete Gretel Bergmann wins the high jump championships in the United Kingdom. Since the Nazi racial laws prevented her continuing her training in Germany, being a Jew, her father had sent her to England, where she could live more safely and continue her sporting career.

At the Berlin Olympics in 1936, the Americans and the IOC (International Olympic Committee) demand that Jewish athletes are not to be excluded from the event, especially the high jumper Gretel Bergmann of international fame, thus putting the Nazi Olympic Committee in great difficulty. A victory by a Jewish athlete would seriously humiliate the Nazi party. When her family in Germany is threatened, Gretel returns to Germany. She is included in the German Olympic high jump team, seemingly with the same rights as the other athletes in the training camp.

Hans Waldmann, the coach of the team, is enthusiastic about the skills and discipline of Gretel and adopts a policy of impartiality based solely on sportsmanship. However, Waldmann is dismissed by Nazi party officials and replaced as coach by Sigfrid Kulmbach, loyal to the party. Kulmbach attempts, instead, by every means to discourage the young athlete and undermine her self-esteem.

Her roommate and sole competitor in talent is Marie Ketteler. Marie, however, is really a man, by whom the Nazis want to attain the gold medal in high jump. Between Marie and Gretel,  despite numerous threats from outside, a friendship forms.

Despite being the most promising athlete in high jump training, Gretel is suddenly excluded from competition under false pretences, only a few days before the Games. She is replaced by Marie, the second best athlete.

Marie, however, behaves in strange ways: she never takes a bath with her companions, shaves her legs several times a day and has a deep voice. Gretel, therefore, discovers her true identity. Meanwhile, Marie discovers that Gretel was excluded from the race under false pretenses. So Marie decides to deliberately lose the final and decisive leap. The dislodged bar spells the shattering of hope of victory in the German officials, who are dumbstruck. Marie gains only the fourth place. Marie and Gretel, the latter observing the contest as a spectator, exchange a secret happy smile, for their common opposition led to the defeat of the cruel Nazi ambitions and ideals.

Cast
 Karoline Herfurth as Gretel Bergmann
 Sebastian Urzendowsky as Marie Ketteler
 Axel Prahl as Hans Waldmann
 August Zirner as Edwin Bergmann
 Maria Happel as Paula Bergmann
 Franz Dinda as Rudolph Bergmann
 Leon Seidel as Walter Bergmann
 Thomas Thieme as Hans von Tschammer und Osten
 Johann von Bülow as Karl Ritter von Halt
 Julie Engelbrecht as Elisabeth 'Lilly' Vogt
 Klara Manzel as Thea Walden
 Robert Gallinowski as Sigfrid Kulmbach
 Elena Uhlig as Frau Vogel
 Tausig as Leo Löwenstein
 John Keogh as Avery Brundage

Premiere
Berlin 36 premiered on 22 August 2009 in the German capital, Berlin. The film received a critics generally positive. The film has been called "interesting" by the German magazine Der Spiegel and placed in the category "play" with the German weekly Die Zeit.

In January 2010, the film was presented in the Palm Springs International Film Festival. On the same date, the film was presented in the Atlanta Jewish Film Festival and the New York Jewish Film Festival, a film festival that engages with Jewish history.

During the presentation of the movie in the Atlanta Jewish Film Festival, the consular officer Lutz Görgens compared the theme of the movie to Jeremy Schaap's book Triumph, which tells the story of the American athlete Jesse Owens, who won the gold medal in the 1936 Olympic Games, despite the strong discrimination he suffered. Görgens said that "the book and the movie teaches us about the bad politics of sport. They remind us of the preciousness of political freedom, the excellence of athletic futility, and the true value of friendship".

In fact, unlike the film, Gretel Bergmann, as a young woman did not know her partner was later determined to be a man, but she learned it only in 1966, reading an article in Time. Bergmann told the magazine Der Spiegel, at the age of 95 years, "I never suspected anything. We all wondered why she never got naked in the shower. Being so shy at seventeen, it seemed absurd, but we thought, well, it is bizarre and weird".

See also
 List of films about the sport of athletics

References

External links

2009 films
2000s German-language films
Films about anti-fascism
Antisemitism in Germany
Antisemitism in the United States
Athletics films
Running films
Cross-dressing in film
Films about fascists
Films about rebels
Films set in 1934
Films set in 1935
Films set in 1936
Films set in Berlin
Films set in Germany
Films set in London
Films shot in Germany
Films shot in London
German drama films
German independent films
Jewish British history
Films about Jews and Judaism
Jewish Nazi German history
Jews and Judaism in Berlin
Films about Nazi Germany
Films about the 1936 Summer Olympics
Films about Olympic track and field
Olympic Games controversies
Sports films based on actual events
2000s political films
Cultural depictions of German women
Cultural depictions of track and field athletes
Cultural depictions of transgender people
Biographical films about sportspeople
2000s German films

Berlin 36


iCarly is an American teen sitcom with Miranda Cosgrove, Jennette McCurdy, Nathan Kress , Jerry Trainor and Noah Munck. A revivial was created on June 17, 2021. Jennette McCurdy is not in the revival.

Plot
The show is about a teenager, Carly Shay (M. Cosgrove), who lives with her brother Spencer (J. Trainor). Her friends Samantha 'Sam' Puckett (J. McCurdy) and her neighbor Fredward 'Freddie' Benson (N. Kress) play a large part in her life too. Being teenagers, Carly, Sam, and Freddie find they've also become online celebrities with their show, that shows contests, recipes, problem-solving, and random dancing.

Characters

Main Characters

 Carly Shay (Miranda Cosgrove) is a 13-year-old student and she has an own webshow called: "iCarly". She lives with her older brother Spencer in an Apartment in Seattle. Her best friends are Sam and Freddie. Her father works at the US Navy and she doesn't see him very much. She performs well at school.
 Samantha "Sam" Puckett (Jennette McCurdy) is Carly's best friend and the female partner of the web show. She is rebellious and often mocks Freddie. She must frequently get detention at Mrs. Briggs. She loves to eat, and her favorite foods are ham, butter cake and hendl.
 Fredward "Freddie" Benson (Nathan Kress) is the best friend of Carly and Sam. He is the technical producer of iCarly. He lives with his mother Marissa Benson in an Apartment next to Carly and Spencer's Apartment. He loves the technology and he is a member of the technology club at the school. He's loved Carly, since the 4th grade. He once saved Carly's life and he had a relationship with her. He also had a relationship with Sam, it changed his life.
 Spencer Shay (Jerry Trainor) is a 26-year old adult and the brother of Carly. He is single and loves the socks of Socko. He was a law student for 3 days. He interrupted his studies, because he would want an artist. As an artist, he builds different sculptures. In the episode "iRue the Day" he saved the singer of the Plain White Ts' life. Also, he has two world records. He loves to make spaghetti tacos.
 Orenthal "Gibby" Cornelius Gibson (Noah Munck) is a boy, who goes to school with Carly. He has a girlfriend named Tasha. He pulls his shirt off in front of other people, but after season 4 he doesn't take off his shirt. Also, he has a little brother with the nickname Guppy.

Supporting roles
 Marissa Benson is Freddie's overprotective mother. She is sensitive and has often worry, that something might happen to him. She observes always her neighbor Spencer, because she has worry for his sister.
 Lewbert is the bad doorman of Carly's and Freddie's Bushwell Plaza apartment home. He has a big wart on his left cheek. He shouts at people, who enter his lobby. Also, he is in love with Marissa. Lewbert fought with Fredrick "Freddie/Fredward" Benson (Carly's boyfriend) on the episode April Fools' Day.
 T-Bo is a seller by "Groovy Smoothie". He tries to sell his bagels, muffins, pickled gherkins etc. on his stick. You see him in season 2 and 3 and in the 4th season he is particularly to be seen.
 Ms. Briggs and Mr. Howard are teachers in Carly's School. Carly and her friends do jokes about them. Ms. Briggs plays bagpipes. Mr. Howard hates children.
 Guppy is Gibby's younger brother. He looks just like Gibby.
 Nevel Amadeus Papperman is a web-critic. He has a website called nevelocity.com. About millions of people surf on his site. He makes plans for revenge about Carly, because he wanted to kiss Carly, but she didn't want it.
 Chuck Chambers is a boy, who lives in Carly's apartment. He hates Spencer, because he had forbidden to him to play ball in the apartmenthouse. He has an older sister named Gia and younger brother named chip who individually appear in the show and he gets tutoring at Carly.
 Principal Ted Franklin is the principal at the Ridgeway Secondary School, the school where Carly, Sam and Freddie attend. He is a big fan of iCarly.
 Jeremy is a sick boy at Carly's school. He was seen in season 1.
 Socko is the best friend of Spencer. You don't see him in any episodes.

Guest Cast

 Austin Butler as Jake Crandall in iLike Jake
 Tom Higgenson and the Plain White Ts as himself in iRue the Day
 James Maslow as Shane in iSaw Him First
 David Archuleta as himself in iRocked the Vote
 Lucas Cruikshank (Fred) as himself in iMeet Fred
 Haley Ramm as Missy in iReunite With Missy
 Christopher Michael as Officer Carl in I Want More Viewers and iMove Out
 Betsy Rue as Ginger Fox in iFix A Popstar
 Drake Bell as Drake Parker in iBloop
 Drew Roy as Griffin in iDate A Bad Boy and iBeat The Heat
 Jane Lynch as Pam Puckett in iSam's Mom
 Ethan Munck as Guppy Gibson in iPsycho, iSell Penny Tees, I Do, iStart A Fan War and iBust a Thief
 Jack Black as Aspartamay in iStart A Fan War
 Alec Medlock and Scott Halberstadt as Craig and Eric in iStart a Fan War
 Jake Farrow as Gavin in iStart a Fan War
 Abby Wilde as Stacey Dillsen in iMove Out, iQuit ICarly, iSaved Your Life, iStart A Fan War and iHire An Idiot
 Jorge Enrique Abello as the TVS Director in iCarly Saves TV
 Leon Thomas III as Harper in iCarly Saves TV and as André Harris in iParty with Victorious
 Victoria Justice as Shelby Marx in iFight Shelby Marx and as Tori Vega in iParty with Victorious
 Daniella Monet as Popular Girl in iPsycho and as Trina Vega in iParty with Victorious
 Matt Bennett as Robbie Shapiro in iParty with Victorious and as Gibby Gibson in iApril Fools
 Elizabeth Gillies as Jade West in iParty with Victorious
 Ariana Grande as Cat Valentine in iParty with Victorious
 Avan Jogia as Beck Oliver in iParty with Victorious
 Kenan Thompson as himself in iParty with Victorious
 Jim Parsons als Caleb in iLost My Mind
 Michelle Obama as herself in iMeet the First Lady
 One Direction as themselves in iGo One Direction
 Jimmy Fallon as himself in iShock America
 Emma Stone as Heather in iFind Spencer Friends
 Dan Schneider as Meekalito in iGoodbye

Episode List

Crossovers

Gibby
A crossover of iCarly was announced that a new show called called Gibby was being worked on. The Pilot was worked on but never aired officially. Gibby does not make an appearance in the revival as well.

Sam & Cat
On August 29th, 2010 had Dan Schneider, the author of the TV-series iCarly and Victorious about Facebook and Twitter to confirmed, that the script was completed for the crossover. It was to aired on June 11th, 2011 in the USA. On October 1st, 2011 it was to seen in Germany.

References

2010s television series
2010s teen television series
Nickelodeon television series
2010s American sitcoms
English-language television programs

ICarly


was a Japanese novelist and essayist.

Naka was born in Tokyo. He lived in Hiratsuka from 1926 to 1932, and he was evacuated to Shizuoka Prefecture during World War II, but otherwise he spent most of his life in Tokyo.  He married Kazuko Shimada in 1942.

Naka was one of the students taught by Natsume Sōseki at the University of Tokyo before Sōseki gave up teaching to write for the newspaper Asahi Shimbun. It was Sōseki who arranged the serial publication  in that paper  of Naka's first novel, a nostalgic depiction of his childhood and teens to which he gave the title Gin no saji ("The Silver Spoon", 1911–13, tr. 1976 by Etsuko Terasaki). The novel is popular in Japan and is an account of life in Tokyo at the beginning of the 20th century during the Meiji era, replete with historical details as well as a contemporary sense of isolation; it follows Naka's psychological journey from childhood to adulthood. Naka also wrote Inu ("The Dog", 1922) and Rōkan (a collection of poems, 1935).

Naka was praised by Tetsurō Watsuji, a leading critic, and also by Zhou Zuoren, for his rare willingness to criticize Japanese nationalists.

Notes

Bibliography
Kansuke Naka, The Silver Spoon, translated by Etsuko Terasaki, Chicago Review Press, distributed by Swallow Press, 1976.
Louis Frédéric, entry on Naka in the Japan Encyclopedia, translated by Käthe Roth, Harvard University Press, 2005, page 689.
Kansuke Naka, The Silver Spoon, translated by Hiroaki Sato, Stone Bridge Press, 2015.

Japanese writers
1885 births
1965 deaths

Kansuke Naka


Jon Thompson (1936 – February 2016) was an artist, curator and academic known for his involvement in the development of the YBA artist generation.

As the Head of Goldsmiths Department of Art in the 1980s, Thompson opened up specialisms and allowed students to move freely between the different modes of practice, such as painting, sculpture, photography and printing, etc. His own art moved from painting to a conceptual photography and sculpture, but after his retirement from teaching Thompson concentrated on a kind of abstract painting. This separated Goldsmiths from the dominance of art schools like St Martins. In 1988 he was involved in the curation of the now legendary Freeze warehouse exhibition along with various art students and Damien Hirst whom Thompson had accepted on to the course and tutored since that time. Jon Thompson was head of the MA Fine Art course at Middlesex University's School of Art (previously Hornsey College of Art) and lectured on artists such as Marcel Duchamp and Piero Manzoni. He has also curated shows at the Hayward Gallery in London including Gravity and Grace and Falls the Shadow with Barry Barker.

2011 saw the publication of The Collected Writings of Jon Thompson by Ridinghouse, which brought together the collected writings of the British artist, writer and professor.

In late 2018 there was a solo exhibition of Thompson's work at Sotheby's S|2 gallery, accompanied by a catalogue with an essay by Michael Bracewell.

References

External links
Jon Thompson - Anthony Reynolds Gallery
"Letter from London: Jon Thompson, Paintings from The Toronto Cycle" by Sherman Sam

1936 births
2016 deaths
British curators
Academics of Goldsmiths, University of London
Academics of Middlesex University

Jon Thompson (artist)


A medical assistant (sometimes called an MA) is a medical professional who works in medical settings along with doctors and nurses. They do things to help doctors and nurses with their jobs, and may perform many different tasks.

Some medical assistants are similar in some ways to a nurse. They take care of patients in hospitals and other medical facilities, and they perform other tasks to help run the office. They are different from a nurse mainly in that medical assistants cannot plan out what a patient's care will be like. They can only do what a nurse or a doctor instruct them to do.

Other types of medical assistants work in the reception area of a doctor's office, similar to a secretary. These medical assistants may file paperwork, update medical records, and greet patients.

Education

Medical assistants usually go to school for between one and two years. They may hold an associate's degree, or in some cases a certificate if they already have an associate's degree in something else.

Pay range
Medical assistants tend to earn between $20,000 and $40,000 a year in salary. Factors that influence a Medical Assistant's salary can be their location, the amount of training they have, the amount of time they've been working as a medical assistant, and the skills they've learned while working.

References

Healthcare occupations

Medical assistant


La Goulue was Louise Weber (13 July 1866, Clichy, Paris  30 January 1929), a French can-can dancer. She was always known by her nickname. La Goulue is French slang for 'greedy guts'. It came from her habit of picking up a customer's glass and drinking it while dancing past the table.

Growing up, Weber was a poor Jewish girl who loved to dance.  She would dressed up and pretended to be a glamorous star on a great stage. At 16, she was working with her mother in the laundry. Without her mother knowing, she began sneaking off to a dance hall wearing a dress she would "borrow" from one of their customers.

Weber quickly became popular because of her dancing at small clubs in Paris. She was liked for her dancing skills and her behaviour. In her routine, she teased the male audience by swirling her raised dress to reveal the heart embroidered on her panties. Another trick of hers was to kick off a man's hat with her toe.

Later, she met the Montmartre painter Pierre-Auguste Renoir. He introduced her to a group of models who earned money posing for artists and photographers.

Images

References

1866 births
1929 deaths
French models
French dancers
French Jews
Burials at Montmartre Cemetery, Paris

La Goulue


Glue is a sticky material (usually a liquid) that can stick two or more things together. Glue can be made from plant or animal parts, or it can be made from oil-based chemicals.

The first glues may have been natural liquids that come out of trees when they are cut. Later, people learned to make glue by boiling animal feet, cartilage or bones. Some very strong glues were first made from fish bones, rubber or milk.

A simple glue can be made at home by mixing wheat, flour and water. This glue will stick pieces of paper together.
Many kinds of art can be made using glue. A collage is a work of art made by using glue to stick coloured things onto paper.

Some glues can be used to keep water out of boats, buildings or vehicles. In this case, the glue may be called caulk. Some man-made materials, including wood-like materials, are made using glues to bind together small pieces of material or powders.

While many glues are safe, certain kinds of glue contain strong-smelling chemicals. Some people sniff these glues to get high. Sometimes people breathe in the vapors by mistake. This is a very bad idea because these chemicals are often poisons and may cause brain damage or illness.

Glue can also be made from rice or rice flour.
Adhesives

Glue


Tipu Sultan (1 December 1751 – 4 May 1799),  is also known as the mysoor, was the ruler of the Mysore from 1782 to 1799. He was also a scholar, soldier and poet. Tipu was the eldest son of Sultan Hyder Ali and his wife Fathima Fakhr-un-Nisar. Tipu Sultan was born in Devanahalli in 1751. The birthplace of Tipu Sultan, located very close to the Devanahalli Fort is just a small pillared closed place with a stone tablet which declares the place to be the birthplace of Tipu Sultan. The area around the place  is known as Khas Bagh.

Tipu sultan introduced several new laws, including new coinage, a new lunisolar calendar and a new land revenue system. He(Tipu sultan) started the growth of the silk industry in Mysore.  At the request of the French, he built a church, the first in Mysore. With French help, Tipu Sultan fought against the British to keep Mysore's independence.His ancestors were Jutt (Chikkara Gotra) from Jaunti Village in Delhi

History of Tipu Sultan
Tipu sultan was born in the Bangalore area of devanto Hyder Ali, a military officer and practical ruler of the kingdom of Mysore in the year 1751.  His Father & Mother  named their baby Fateh Ali but after called him Tipu  after the local saint Tipu Mastan Aulia.Soon, Hyder Ali's career progressed and in 1761 he became the ruler of Mysore. Hyder Ali had a political alliance with the French, and Tipu studied military tactics and strategies from the French.

He had some of the best tutors to teach him various subjects like shooting, riding and swordsmanship and joined his father in the 1766 invasion of Malabar. Tipu at age 15 with a force of only two to three thousand men captured the family of the Malabar chief. The Malabar ruler surrendered to Hyder Ali because of Tipu's successful invasion.

Ghazi Khan, a high officer in the military of Hyder Ali and a great warrior himself, tutored Tipu Sultan. This military education made Tipu a great soldier and a general.Tipu sultan died in 4th Anglo Mysore war

Ruler of Mysore
After Hyder Ali died in the year 1782, Tipu became the new ruler of Mysore. He had already fought in two victorious wars – the First Anglo Mysore and the Second Anglo Mysore War, under the leadership of his father. He knew that British forces were a great threat to his kingdom. He therefore focused more on military advances especially Mysorean rockets which were successfully used by his father in the Second Anglo Mysore War against the British.

Mysore Rockets
Mysorean missiles were iron cased rockets fitted with swords in them. These rockets used to travel long, covering various kilometres up in the air before launching down – attacking the enemies with swords. Although there were missiles in the Europe, Mysorean Missiles became famous due to their coverage and destructive capacity. Hyder Ali's Mysore rockets, undoubtedly, were very advanced missiles than what the British had seen. Tipu Sultan had written a Military Manual Fathul Mujahidin in which he explained the operation of these Mysore Rockets. This was mainly due to the strong iron tubes which were used for holding the rocket propellant. They enabled greater thrust and extended distance up to 2 km.

In the year 1801, several of the Mysore rockets were sent to England in the Royal Arsenal lab for R&D by Col. (Later Sir) William Congreve. Roughly, 4 years later in the year 1805, Royal Arsenal came up with their first Congreve rocket only due to the Technology devised by Haider Ali and his son Tipu Sultan. These Congreve Rockets helped the British troops in the Napoleonic Wars and also in the War of 1812. Not to forget, the Battle of Baltimore in the year 1814 was won mainly due to these rockets.

Palaces of Tipu Sultan across Bangalore
Bangalore Fort though built by Kempe Gowda of Vijaynagar Empire in the 16th century, was renovated and made into a stone fort by Hyder Ali in 1761. At one point in time when the British bombed the fort, Tipu Sultan repaired it completely. However, the fort was captured by the British after the third Anglo Mysore War. Currently, Delhi Gate and remnants of bastions are the only two parts remaining of this once so powerful fort.

Within the Bangalore fort, there is a palace made of wood famously known as Tipu Sultan's Summer Palace. Though started during the period of Hyder Ali, its building ended during the reign of Tipu Sultan. An example of Indo-Islamic architecture, the walls of the palace are embellished by pretty flower motifs. Currently, the fort is a tourist place in Bangalore near the Kalasipalyam Bus Stand.

Tipu Sultan in his tenure also finished the construction of Lal Bagh Botanical Garden in the Bangalore area which was started by his father Haider Ali. The garden has a large collection of tropical plants as well as a lake and an aquarium. Located in South Bangalore, it is one of the major hot spot of Bangalore. The garden is made in the Mughal style and comprises several plants and trees from various nations.

Anglo Mysore Wars and death of Tipu Sultan
Srirangapatnam, the island fortress was the capital of Mysore during the 19th century. It was so well organized with good trade routes that British feared terrible consequences. In addition, the ruler of Mysore had an army as effective as that of British. This led to four consecutive wars. Although the first two were won by the Ruler of Mysore, the third had dire consequences – Tipu's two sons aged 8 and 10 were detained by the British forces. Finally, in the fourth, the British first besieged the fortress and then took it by storm. Tipu Sultan, the ruler of Mysore, was killed in the battle for Srirangapatnam.

References

1750 births
1799 deaths
Indian monarchs
18th century in India
Indian Muslims

Tipu Sultan


ウィリアム・ウォルフォース(William Curti Wohlforth, 1959年 - )は、アメリカ合衆国の政治学者。専攻は、国際関係論、冷戦史、ロシア外交。

イェール大学より博士号取得。現在、ダートマス大学教授。

著作

単著
 The Elusive Balance: Power and Perceptions during the Cold War, (Cornell University Press, 1993).

共著
 World Out of Balance: International Relations and the Challenge of American Primacy, with Stephen G. Brooks, (Princeton University Press, 2008).

編著
 Witnesses to the End of the Cold War, (Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996).
 Cold War Endgame: Oral History, Analysis, Debates, (Pennsylvania State University Press, 2003).

共編著
 The Balance of Power in World History, co-edited with Stuart Kaufman and Richard Little, (Palgrave, 2007).

論文

単著
 "The Perception of Power: Russia in the Pre-1914 Balance," World Poitics, vol. 39, no. 3, 1987.
 "Realism and the End of the Cold War ," International Security, vol. 19, no. 3, 1994.
 "New Evidence on Moscow's Cold War: Ambiguity in Search of Theory," Diplomatic History, vol. 21, no. 2, 1997.
 "Reality Check: Revising Theories of International Politics in Response to the End of the Cold War," World Politics, vol. 50, no. 4, 1998.
 "The Stability of a Unipolar World," International Security, vol. 24, no. 1, 1999.
 "A Certain Idea of Science: How International Relations Theory Avoids the New Cold War History," Journal of Cold War Studies, vol. 1, no. 2, 1999.
 "The Russian-Soviet Empire: A Test of Neorealism," Review of International Studies, vol. 27, no. 5, 2001.
 "The End of the Cold War as a Hard Case for Ideas," Journal of Cold War Studies, vol. 7, no. 2, 2005.

共著
 "Power Test: Updating Realism in Response to the End of the Cold War," Security Studies, vol. 9, no. 3, 2000. (with Randall L. Schweller)
 "Power, Globalization, and the End of the Cold War: Reevaluating a Landmark Case for Ideas," International Security, vol. 25, no. 3, 2000. (with Stephen G. Brooks)
 "From Old Thinking to New Thinking in Qualitative Research," International Security, vol. 26, no. 4, 2002. (with Stephen G. Brooks)
 "American Primacy in Perspective," Foreign Affairs, vol. 81, no. 4, 2002. (with Stephen G. Brooks)
 「アメリカの覇権という現実を直視せよ――単極構造時代の機会と危機」『論座』2002年9月号)
 "Hard Times for Soft Balancing," International Security, vol. 30, no. 1, 2005.(with Stephen G. Brooks)
 "International Relations Theory and the Case against Unilateralism," Perspectives on Politics, vol. 3, no. 3, 2005.(with Stephen G. Brooks)
 "Testing Balance-of-Power Theory in World History", European Journal of International Relations, vol. 13, no. 2, 2007. (with Richard Little, Stuart J. Kaufman, David Kang, Charles A. Jones, Tin-Bor Hui, Arthur Victoria-Eckstein, Daniel Deudney, William L. Brenner)

国際関係研究者
政治的リアリスト
アメリカ合衆国の政治学者
ダートマス大学の教員
1959年生
存命人物

ウィリアム・ウォルフォース


A family is defined by the United States Census Bureau for statistical purposes as "a group of two people or more (one of whom is the householder) related by birth, marriage, or adoption and residing together; all such people (including related subfamily members) are considered as members of one family."

A family household is more inclusive, consisting of "a household maintained by a householder who is in a family (as defined above), and includes any unrelated people (unrelated subfamily members and/or secondary individuals) who may be residing there."

In 2014 the US Census Bureau began including same-sex marriages in their counts of families and family households. Prior to this, they were counted as cohabiting partners and thus not considered to form a family.

Notes

References

Family in the United States
United States Census Bureau

Family (US Census)


Hornworts are a type of bryophytes. They are non-vascular plants which do not have tissue that moves water. The name "hornwort" come from the horn-like structure that grows on these plants. This structure is the sporophyte. The flattened, green part of a hornwort is the gametophyte.

Like all bryophytes, hornworts have alternation of generations. In this cycle, the plant has two forms: the haploid gametophyte and diploid sporophyte. The gametophyte is the green plant body that you most often see. The sporophyte is the "horn" that sheds spores.

Hornworts grow all over the world. They grow well where it is damp or humid. Some species grow in large numbers as tiny weeds in the soil of gardens and cultivated fields. Some tropical species may be found growing on tree bark.

The taxonomy of bryophytes is being debated. Some think the hornworts should be placed in a separate division, the Anthocerotophyta.

Related pages
 Horneophyton is a fossil plant similar to hornworts.

Bryophytes

Hornwort


The Fens, or , are a naturally marshy region in eastern England. Most of the fens were drained several centuries ago. They are now mostly a flat, damp, low-lying agricultural region.

A fen is an individual area of marshland or former marshland. The marsh is (or was) neutral or alkaline water with relatively large quantities of dissolved minerals, but few other plant nutrients.

The Fenland is mostly around the coast of the Wash. It includes parts of four counties: Lincolnshire, Cambridgeshire, Norfolk and a small area of Suffolk. The whole occupies an area of nearly .

Most of the Fenland lies within a few metres of sea level. As with similar areas in the Netherlands, much of the Fenland originally consisted of fresh- or salt-water wetlands, which have been artificially drained and continue to be protected from floods by drainage banks and pumps. With the support of this drainage system, the Fenland has become a major arable agricultural region in Britain for grains and vegetables. The Fens are particularly fertile, containing around half of the grade 1 agricultural land in England.

The Fens include the churches and cathedrals of Ely, Ramsey, Crowland, Thorney and Peterborough.
Other significant settlements in the Fens include Cambridge, Boston, Spalding, Wisbech and King's Lynn.

The Fens are very low-lying compared with the chalk and limestone uplands that surround them – in most places no more than 10 m above sea level. Indeed, as a result of drainage and the subsequent shrinkage of the peat fens, many parts of the Fens now lie below the average sea level. Although one writer in the seventeenth century described the Fenland as all lying above sea level (in contrast to the Netherlands),<ref>H. C. A discourse concerning the drayning of fennes and surrounded grounds in the sixe counteys of Norfolk, Suffolke, Cambridge, with the Isle of Ely, Huntington, Northampton and Lincolne. London: 1629.
Reprinted in 1647 under title: "The Drayner confirmed, and the obstinate Fenman confuted.</ref> the area is now home to the lowest land point in the United Kingdom, Holme Fen in Cambridgeshire, at around 2.75 metres below sea level.  Within the Fens there are a few hills, which have historically been called "islands" as they remained dry when the low-lying fens around them were flooded. The largest of the fen-islands is the Isle of Ely, on which the cathedral city of Ely was built; its highest point is 39 m above mean sea-level.

Without artificial drainage and flood protection, the Fens would be liable to periodic flooding, particularly in winter due to the heavy load of water flowing down from the uplands and overflowing the rivers. Some areas of the Fens were once permanently flooded, creating small lakes or meres'', while others were only flooded during periods of high water. In the pre-modern period arable farming was limited to the higher areas of the surrounding uplands, the fen islands and the so-called "Townlands", an arch of silt ground around the Wash where the towns had their arable fields. Though these lands were lower than the peat fens before the peat shrinkage began, the more stable silt soils were reclaimed by medieval farmers and embanked against any floods coming down from the peat areas or from the sea. The rest of the Fenland was dedicated to pastoral farming, fishing, fowling and the harvesting of reeds or sedge, for example for thatch. In this way, the medieval and early modern Fens stood in contrast to the rest of southern England, which was primarily an arable agricultural region.

Since the advent of modern drainage in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, the Fens have been radically transformed, so that today arable farming has almost entirely replaced pastoral and the economy of the Fens is heavily invested in the production of crops such as grains, vegetables and some cash crops such as rapeseed or canola.

References

East of England
Wetlands

The Fens


True Blue is a 1986 studio album by Madonna. The album had several songs released from it. The songs included "La Isla Bonita", the title song and several others.

"Papa Don't Preach" was also on the album.

True Blue reached #1 in many countries worldwide, including Australia, United States and United Kingdom.

1986 albums
Madonna albums

True Blue (album)


The Historic Caddo Lake Drawbridge, also known as the Mooringsport Bridge, is a vertical-lift bridge that is listed on the U.S. National Register of Historic Places.  It was built in 1914, to replace a ferry, by the Midland Bridge Company of Kansas City, Missouri, under authority of the Caddo Parish Police Jury. The lift span has been inoperable since the 1940s.

This vehicular bridge illustrates the "Vertical-Lift" design of John Alexander Low Waddell of the firm of Waddell & Harrington. This design allowed the entire center span to lift in a vertical direction to allow tall oil equipment to pass through, especially Gulf Oil Company's pile driver. This design was invented in 1893 and was successfully introduced in Chicago with the South Halsted Street Bridge. The Caddo Lake Drawbridge is a direct descendant of this structure.

In the summer of 1941, just prior to World War II, the United States Army held maneuvers in and around Mooringsport as a means of preparing the soldiers for war. During the maneuvers, Generals Dwight D. Eisenhower and George S. Patton came to Mooringsport and led the Red and Blue armies in the "capture" of the bridge. They also bombed the bridge with sacks of flour.

In the mid-1940s, ownership of the bridge was transferred away from Caddo Parish to the Louisiana Department of Highways (LA Department of Transportation & Development, abbreviated as DOTD). Shortly after the transfer, the Department of Highways realized that there was no longer a need for the bridge to open. Consequently, the concrete counterweights were removed from the bridge's tower and dropped in the lake.

In the late 1970s, due to the narrow width of the bridge, the flow of vehicular traffic was changed to one alternating lane. At this time, the DOTD determined that the useful life of the bridge had been exhausted and it was time to consider its replacement. In 1989, the DOTD received funds from the Federal Highway Administration for a bridge replacement project. The project called for the construction of a new two lane bridge approximately fifty feet to the east of the old bridge. The construction proposal also called for the old bridge to be destroyed when the new one was completed. A citizen's campaign was launched with involvement of Local, State and Federal officials and political leaders. The objective was to save the Historic Caddo Lake Drawbridge and convert its use into a pedestrian walkway, landmark, and tourist attraction. After two years of negotiations, the DOTD and the Federal Highway Administration agreed to use the funds appropriated for removing the structure to refurbish the bridge instead. This agreement was made with the stipulation that Caddo Parish agrees to assume ownership and liability. On June 26, 1991, the Caddo Parish Commissioners voted to accept the bridge into the Caddo Parish Department of Parks and Recreation.

On July 24, 1991, The Historic American Engineering Record (U.S. Dept. of the Interior/National Park Service) rendered their evaluation of the bridge. The evaluation indicated that the bridge is nationally significant due to its designer, its unique design, and the fact that it is the sole surviving example of this bridge type in the State of Louisiana. With this determination, the bridge was eligible to be presented for listing on the National Register of Historic Places. Due to a unique state law that forbade the application process, this was delayed until ownership changed.

After the bridge was cleaned, painted and barricaded to vehicular traffic, ownership of the bridge was transferred back to the Parish of Caddo on October 3, 1995. A rededication ceremony was held in Mooringsport later that month to mark the saving of the town's chief landmark and to honor those who had contributed to the endeavor. On June 4, 1996, a public hearing was held in Baton Rouge by the State's Review Committee regarding nomination of the bridge to the National Register of Historic Places. On October 18, 1996, the Historic Caddo Lake Drawbridge was officially entered into the National Register of Historic Places under the provisions of the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966.

See also
Caddo Lake
Caddo Lake State Park
National Register of Historic Places listings in Caddo Parish, Louisiana
List of bridges on the National Register of Historic Places in Louisiana

References

 http://www.caddolakedrawbridge.com/

Buildings and structures in Caddo Parish, Louisiana
Bridges completed in 1914
Vertical lift bridges in Louisiana
Road bridges on the National Register of Historic Places in Louisiana
Pedestrian bridges in the United States
Former road bridges in the United States
Transportation in Caddo Parish, Louisiana
Drawbridges on the National Register of Historic Places
National Register of Historic Places in Caddo Parish, Louisiana

Caddo Lake Drawbridge


Explosives that explode when they are hit are also called mine; Two common types are Land mines and Naval mines.

Mining is the process of digging things out of the ground.  Any material that cannot be grown must be mined.  Mining things from the ground is called extraction.  Mining can include extraction of metals and minerals, like coal, diamond, gold, silver, platinum, copper, tin and iron.  Mining can also include other things like oil and natural gas.

Some mining is done by scraping away the soil (dirt) from the top of the ground.  This is called surface mining.  Some mining is done by going deep underground into a mine shaft. This is called underground mining.  Some mining, such as gold mining, is done in other ways.  Gold can be mined by searching in the bed of a river or other stream of water to remove the flakes of gold.  This is called panning or placer mining.

A worker in a mine is called a miner. Underground mining is a dangerous job.  Many mines have accidents. Hundreds of miners die every year from accidents, mostly in poor countries. Safety rules and special safety equipment is used to try and protect miners from accidents.  Underground coal mining is especially dangerous because coal can give off poisonous and explosive gases.

Some towns are mining towns.  People live there because they can make money as miners or by doing things for miners.  When mining stops the town may become a ghost town.

Mining operations often make the environment worse, both during the mining activity and after the mine has closed. Hence, most countries have passed regulations to decrease the effect of mining. Work safety has long been a concern, and has been improved in mines.

Mining


The Westerne were an Anglo-Saxon tribe, probably in western England. The name is a genitive plural and probably means "the westerners". They occur only in the Tribal Hidage, an early eighth-century catalogue of kingdoms and principalities produced in Mercia for the purposes of tax or tribute. Little is known about them, not even precisely where they were. Their position in the Tribal Hidage list suggests a location on the western fringe of the Mercian heartland and it is possible that they were associated with the Magonsaetan, who occupied the lands around Leominster and Hereford. There are very few Anglo-Saxon cemeteries from the area, which may indicate that Mercian rulers took over an existing British political region, possibly that of the Romano-British civitas of the Cornovii. The Tribal Hidage assessment for the Westerne (7,000 hides) ranks them alongside other minor kingdoms such as Lindsey, the Hwicce, the East Saxons and the South Saxons. It is likely that the area was ruled by an ealdorman, a senior noble representing the interest of the kings of Mercia.

The tribe became part of the Kingdom of Mercia, but the region continued as a significant political division as late as 1016 when ealdorman Eadric led the Magonsaetan against Cnut.

See also
Magonsæte

References
 Peter Featherstone The Tribal Hidage and the Ealdorman of Mercia in Mercia: an Anglo-Saxon kingdom in Europe (2001)

External links
The Origins of Mercia essay

Peoples of Anglo-Saxon Mercia
History of Cheshire
Petty kingdoms of England

Westerne


The New South is a bluegrass band formed in 1971 by banjo player J. D. Crowe. Their first two albums, Bluegrass Evolution and the eponymous record known by the album number, "Rounder 0044," established them as a dominant force in bluegrass, though the two albums are wildly different.

Band members
The New South have recorded and toured with a variety of different lineups. One of the most notable lineup changes came in 2002 when the entire band quit out of desire for a more active performing schedule, forming the band Wildfire. Crowe quickly found replacements (rehiring mandolinist/vocalist Dwight McCall and guitarist/ vocalist Rickey Wasson who had both been members previously) and the New South has continued a moderate performance schedule.

Current and past members include: J.D. Crowe, Doyle Lawson, Tony Rice, Larry Rice, Bobby Slone, Ricky Skaggs, Jerry Douglas, Keith Whitley, Jimmy Gaudreau, Mike Gregory, Steve Bryant, Paul Adkins, Tony King, Phil Leadbetter, Richard Bennett, Robert Hale, Darrell Webb, Curt Chapman, Dwight McCall, Rickey Wasson, Wayne Fields, Harold Nixon, Randy Hayes, and Ron Stewart.

Key recordings

The Kentucky Mountain Boys

J.D. Crowe formed the prototype for the New South, the Kentucky Mountain Boys, around 1964. Members of the line-up included Red Allen, Larry Rice, Bobby Slone, and Doyle Lawson. The group recorded three albums on Lemco Records: Bluegrass Holiday, Ramblin' Boy, and a gospel album, The Model Church.  Lawson left the group in 1971 to join the Country Gentlemen, and was replaced by Larry Rice's younger brother, Tony Rice, a guitar prodigy and student of Clarence White.

Bluegrass Evolution

The first album recorded as the "New South" was Bluegrass Evolution. This album seems to have been influenced by the Osborne Brothers and by more mainstream country music; it incorporates drums, pedal steel and electric instruments to a far greater degree than most bluegrass bands of the period.

J.D. Crowe & The New South ("Rounder 0044")

After Bluegrass Evolution, Larry Rice left the band. A young Ricky Skaggs replaced him, and Jerry Douglas also joined the group for this 1975 eponymously titled album, more commonly known by its Rounder Records catalogue number ("Rounder 0044"). Stylistically this album marked a sharp turn from Bluegrass Evolution, while still experimenting with pedal steel, percussion and a piano on the tracks "You Are What I Am" and "Cryin' Holy", the majority of the album featured songs played with traditional bluegrass instrumentation (although on the slower numbers, Skaggs doubled his fiddle with a viola) by up-and-coming singer songwriters such as Gordon Lightfoot, Utah Phillips and Rodney Crowell,  as well as incorporating more traditional songs such as "Old Home Place," "Some Old Day," and "Sally Goodin."  This one album changed the nature and direction of bluegrass music to an extent that everything after it has to be viewed in light of this album, and today this album is considered a landmark in bluegrass music without which no collection is complete.

The Keith Whitley Years

Not long after Rounder 0044's release, Tony Rice departed the band to join David Grisman's band. Skaggs and Douglas soon followed suit, forming their own band, Boone Creek.  After experimenting with a few lineups, Crowe hired bassist Steve Bryant, mandolinist Jimmy Gadreau, as well as former Ralph Stanley guitarist Keith Whitley. This band produced three albums: My Home Ain't In the Hall of Fame, Live in Japan, and Somewhere Between. All three of these albums saw the band returning toward the sound of the Bluegrass Evolution album, incorporating more country elements, with Crowe even playing electric guitar more than banjo on "Somewhere Between".

Discography
Bluegrass Evolution (Starday SLP 489, recorded 1973, released 1977)
J.D. Crowe & the New South (Rounder 0044, 1975)
You Can Share My Blanket (Rounder 0096, 1977)
My Home Ain't In The Hall of Fame (Rounder, 1978)
Somewhere Between (Rounder, 1981)
Live In Japan (Rounder, 1982)
Straight Ahead (Rounder, 1986)
Flashback (Rounder, 1994)
Come On Down To My World (Rounder, 1999)
At Bean Blossom: Uncle Pen Days (2000)
Lefty's Old Guitar (Rounder, 2006)

References

External links
Official Website

  as J.D. Crowe & The New South
  as The Kentucky Mountain Boys

1973 establishments in Kentucky
American bluegrass music groups
Grammy Award winners
Musical groups established in 1973

New South (band)


A pantograph is a machine. It is  used in drawing or planning. It makes it easy to copy diagrams.

The device that an electric train uses to get its electricity is also called a pantograph, because it looks a bit like the drawing instrument.

tools

Pantograph


James R. Kirk is the President and Chief Creative Officer of Corporate Magic, a production company based in Dallas, Texas.

Career
Early in his career, Kirk distinguished himself by creating and producing music for American Top 40 and American Country Countdown, in addition to jingles and promotional scores for Coca-Cola, the Boy Scouts of America, and other radio and television stations around the globe. He soon caught the attention of Roy Disney, who hired him in 1975 as creative director for TM Productions, where he created and produced more than 6,500 commercials and station IDs.

Kirk, along with Fred Hardy, had started a jingle company in 1974.  One jingle package they created, "The MOR Overture" would be remade in 1978 by JAM Creative Productions as "I'd Rather Be in Denver," which was created for KIMN in Denver, Colorado and incorporated several cuts from the original package.
In 1980, Jim Kirk and the TM Singers spent three weeks on the Billboard Hot 100 with "Voice of Freedom". The single, with "The Star Spangled Banner" as a B-side, was released by Capitol Records. It peaked at number 71 in February 1980. All proceeds benefited the American Red Cross. The group also performed the theme song for the 1980 NBC television series Speak Up America.
In 1984, Kirk created for WFAA-TV in Dallas, Texas an image campaign series entitled "The Spirit of Texas."  The success of that campaign led TM Communications and its successor, TM Century, to distribute the campaign series, first to the other Belo stations and then to other television stations well into the 1990s.
In 1986, Kirk left TM Productions with partner Buddy Scott to start Corporate Magic, a production company specializing in corporate events.
In 1997, Kirk created and produced the widely acclaimed syndicated program American Moments, starring Charles Kuralt and James Earl Jones.
In 2000, Gaylord Entertainment purchased Corporate Magic from Kirk, who continues to lead as its president and chief creative officer.

Corporate Magic
Corporate Magic is a communications and event production firm, producing shows for companies including Aflac, Boeing, Chevrolet, Coca-Cola, Ford Motor, IBM, Kraft, the National Football League, Nortel, Procter & Gamble, Prudential, Rite Aid and Sherwin-Williams.

Corporate Magic has also staged productions for musical acts Garth Brooks, Keith Urban, Faith Hill, Sting, Toby Keith, Sheryl Crow, The Jonas Brothers, Kelly Clarkson and Carrie Underwood.

On June 6, 2010, Jim Kirk reached an agreement to reacquire Corporate Magic from Gaylord Entertainment.  Terms of the transaction were not released.

References

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Jingle writers
American businesspeople
Songwriters from Texas
Businesspeople from Dallas
Ryman Hospitality Properties

James R. Kirk


Aperture masking interferometry is a form of speckle interferometry, that allows diffraction limited imaging from ground-based telescopes, and is a high contrast imaging mode on the James Webb Space Telescope. This technique allows ground-based telescopes to reach the maximum possible resolution, allowing ground-based telescopes with large diameters to produce far greater resolution than does the Hubble Space Telescope. The principal limitation of the technique is that it is applicable only to relatively bright astronomical objects. A mask is placed over the telescope which only allows light through a small number of holes. This array of holes acts as a miniature astronomical interferometer. The method was developed by John E. Baldwin and collaborators in the Cavendish Astrophysics Group.

Description
In the aperture masking technique, the bispectral analysis (speckle masking) method is typically applied to image data taken through masked apertures, where most of the aperture is blocked off and light can only pass through a series of small holes (subapertures). The aperture mask removes atmospheric noise from these measurements through the use of closure quantities, allowing the bispectrum to be measured more quickly than for an un-masked aperture.

For simplicity the aperture masks are usually either placed in front of the secondary mirror (e.g. Tuthill et al.  (2000)) or placed in a re-imaged aperture plane as shown in Figure 1.a) (e.g. Haniff et al.  (1987); Young et al.  (2000); Baldwin et al.  (1986)). The masks are usually categorised either as non-redundant or partially redundant. Non-redundant masks consist of arrays of small holes where no two pairs of holes have the same separation vector (the same baseline – see aperture synthesis).

Each pair of holes provides a set of fringes at a unique spatial frequency in the image plane. Partially redundant masks are usually designed to provide a compromise between minimizing the redundancy of spacings and maximizing both the throughput and the range of spatial frequencies investigated (Haniff & Buscher, 1992; Haniff et al., 1989). Figures 1.b)  and 1.c) show examples of aperture masks used in front of the secondary at the Keck telescope by Peter Tuthill and collaborators; Figure 1.b) is a non-redundant mask while Figure 1.c) is partially redundant.

Although the signal-to-noise of speckle masking observations at high light level can be improved with aperture masks, the faintest limiting magnitude cannot be significantly improved for photon-noise limited detectors (see Buscher & Haniff (1993)).

See also

 List of astronomical interferometers at visible and infrared wavelengths

References
 Peter Tuthill's PhD thesis on aperture masking (PostScript) (PDF)
 Baldwin et al. (1986)
 Buscher & Haniff (1993)
 Haniff et al. (1987)
 Haniff et al., 1989
 Buscher et al. 1990
 Haniff & Buscher, 1992
 Tuthill et al. (2000)
 Young et al. (2000)

Further reading
 NIRISS Aperture Masking Interferometry

External links
Old method brings life to new stars – ABC Science Online
Examples of high-resolution time-lapse movies produced with aperture masking
Peter Tuthill awarded Eureka award for aperture masking work

Astronomical interferometers
Astronomical imaging
Speckle imaging

Aperture masking interferometry


Gangue is the worthless substance that is left behind when minerals are processed.

When minerals are collected, the ore that is wanted is found only in small amounts. Flotation is used to concentrate the ore. The ore floats while the gangue sinks to the bottom. Sometimes minerals thought of as gangue are later recovered and used.

Minerals

Gangue


Fozzie Bear is a character from The Muppet Show. He is a brownish-orange colored bear.  He wears a hat, and a pink and white tie.  Fozzie is a comedian, so his job is to tell jokes. He is famous for not telling very good jokes. He is often heckled and insulted by two old men, Statler and Waldorf.  A phrase that Fozzie is known to say is "wakka wakka wakka."  The phrase has no meaning, but is usually used after a joke to make the joke seem funnier. Fozzie is a fairly good friend to Kermit the Frog, although he does annoy Kermit at times.  He seems to annoy Miss Piggy much more often.

Fozzie Bear was first played by Frank Oz.  He is now played by Eric Jacobson.

Fictional bears
Anthromophic characters
Muppets

Fozzie Bear


Activism is an action to make a change, or stop a change, in society. It can be trying to make a government change its laws, or trying to make people change what they do. There are many forms of activism. Activism is most associated with protests.

Activist demonstrative forms of activism includes rallies, street marches, strikes, sit-ins, or hunger strikes. When activism is linked to art, the action, in street art is called artivism.

Related page
Lobbying
Social movement

Activism

Activism


The Haly Week is the week o the Christian calender that stairts wi Paum Sunday an ends wi Easter Sunday. Gaun by the Gospels o The New Testament, it wis the hintmaist week o Jesus's life on the yird.

The Week

Paum Sunday
Paum Sunday is the first day o the Haly Week, an merks the day that Jesus cam tae Jerusalem, tae the great walcome o the thrang o fowk. This day seems tae hae been the pyke o Jesus' popularity wi the thrang durin his life. For ordinar it is a blythe day in modren kirk sevices, tho the mair mirksome aspects tae come on Guid Friday is aften mynt at.

Monday tae Wadnesday
Thir days haes nae speceefic events attached tae thaim in the Gospels. They dae tell us that durin the last week o his life Jesus wis teachin in the Temple an colloguin wi the Jewish authorities, but no on whit days, sae there's nae speicial events or teachins frae the Gospels that's attached tae thir days in modren kirk wirship.

Maunday Fuirdsay
The name o this day comes frae the Laitin wird mandatum (Sco: comaund) for it is the first wird o the Laitin phrase Mandatum novum do vobis ut diligatis invicem sicut dilexi vos (Sco: "A gíe ye a new commaundment - luve ilk ithir; een as A hae luved ye"). Maunday Fuirsday wis the nicht o Jesus' betrayal an reestin Eucharist or the Laird's Supper. In modren kirks, emphasis is aften pitten on the "new commaundment" an the act o Jesus' washin his disciples' feet - as weel as on the Eucharist.

Guid Friday
Guid Friday is the day that Jesus wes kilt on the ruid, gaun by Christian belief as the saicrifeece for the sins o aw fowk. The Gospels aw gies acoonts o his daith an the sair pyne that gaed wi it. Modren Christian practice tends tae see Guid Friday as a day for thinkin on the saicrifeece o Christ, an on penitence for sins.

Easter Seturday
Syne Jesus wis deid on the Seturday, there disna tend tae be muckle wirship (there's nae Catholic Mass, for ensample) - tho mony kirks haes a veegil ower-nicht tae the Sunday mornin.

Easter Sunday
The maist important day in the Christian calender, Easter Sunday merks the resurrection o Jesus frae the deid, an gaun by Christians, his victory ower sin an daith. This is the maist blythe day o the Christian year. Some haunts associate wi Easter haes passed intae secular society an aw, sic as rowin Easter eggs doun braes.

History
The first mention o the haunt o merkin this week oot as a hail wi speicial observances can be fund in the Apostolical Constitustions, that wis written in the seicont hauf o the third century. It maunds absteenin frae wine o meat for aw the days, an fastin on the Friday an Seturday. An o the Kirk Faithers, Dionysius Alexandrinus referred tae the sax days o fastin in an epistle o his frae AD 260, impleein that the haunt wis weel estaiblished by thon time.

There is a bit dout aboot the provenance o a maundment attritbutit tae Constantine that maundit haudin frae public haundlin for the sieven days afore an efter Easter Sunday. Ither auncient scrievins mentions the observances o the Haly Week an aw, amang thaim The Pilgramage o Etheria an the Codex Thedosianus.

Fremmit Airtins
 The Days o the Haly Week  at The Christian Resource Institute

Eastren Orthodox leeturgical days
Haly Week
Weeks
Pace liturgy

Haly Week


A cotyledon, or seed leaf, is a leaf that is stored in a seed. When the seed sprouts, the cotyledons are the first leaves that the plant has. Monocot plants have only one cotyledon, and other plants have two. Cotyledons often look very different from the other leaves, so they are not called true leaves.

Plants use cotyledons to make sugars through photosynthesis. They use the sugars to keep true leaves growing. After a while, the cotyledons often die because the plant does not need them anymore.

Plant anatomy

Cotyledon


St. Michael's Church, also known as the Michaelskirche (Church of St Michael), is a church in Bamberg. It was built in the 12th century. It stands on the top of a very high hill overlooking the town of Bamberg. It can be seen from nearly all directions. Bamberg is built on seven hills, each with a building at the top. The hill on which the St Michael's Church stands is the highest one. An old, cobbled road with some ancient houses leads from the cathedral up to the church. Not far beyond the church are fields and woods.

The church is built in the Romanesque style. It used to be the church of a Benedictine monastery. The monastery was secularized in 1803. There is now an almshouse there as well as a museum and municipal art collections.

History

Emperor Heinrich II (Henry II) was the founder of the Bishopric of Bamberg. The first bishop of Bamberg was Eberhard, who founded the abbey of St Michael. It belonged to the bishop. The abbot had to obey the bishop. The monks who came to live there came from the towns of Amorbach and Fulda.

In the 12th century the abbey flourished. This was the time of Bishop Otto of Bamberg. The abbey started to become more independent of the bishop.

The abbey went through hard times during the wars around 1525. In the 17th and 18th centuries it went through better times again. When the bishops lost their political power in 1803 the abbey started to belong to the town. The people asked for the almshouses in the town to be moved to the St Michael abbey. There is still a home for old people there today.

Inside the church

Behind the altar is the tomb of Bishop Otto of Bamberg which dates from 1443. There is a hole in the middle of the tomb which is just big enough for a person to crawl through. Visitors to the church like to crawl through the hole, because it is said that it helps people who have backache.

The roof of the nave has paintings of 580 different kinds of plants. These include plants from faraway countries, e.g. pineapple, cotton, pomegranate and tobacco as well as plants that are found locally. The paintings date from the 17th century. Many of the plants were grown in the herb gardens around the church.

In the side isles of the church the ceiling has more paintings. These include paintings of birds.

Buildings and structures in Bamberg
Churches in Germany
Religious buildings and structures in Bavaria
12th-century buildings and structures

St Michael's Church, Bamberg


Funk rock (also typed as funk-rock) is a music genre that fuses funk and rock elements.
Its earliest incarnation was heard in the late 1960s through the mid-1970s by acts such as the Jimi Hendrix Experience (last two albums), Eric Burdon and War, Trapeze, Parliament-Funkadelic, Betty Davis and Mother's Finest. In the 1990s acts such as Prince, Red Hot Chili Peppers, Rage Against the Machine and Faith No More revived the genre.

Characteristics
Funk rock is a fusion of funk and rock. Many instruments may be incorporated into the music, but the overall sound is defined by a definitive bass or drum beat and electric guitars. The bass and drum rhythms are influenced by funk music but with more intensity, while the guitar can be funk-or-rock-influenced, usually with distortion, which is similar to overdrive or fuzz.

Fusion music genres

Funk rock


Fauna means animal life. It is a group term; it means the animal life typical of the time or place. It is a similar term to flora in Botany.

So one might speak of the Eocene fauna as being different from the Miocene fauna. Or say, the fauna of a particular habitat. The flora and fauna of a savannah differ from those of a rain forest.

Another use of the word is for published lists of animals, such as:
Linnaeus, Carolus. Fauna Suecica, 1746, the first book to use this term.

Related pages
Flora
Megafauna

References

Zoology

Fauna


Nana Visitor (born July 26, 1957) is an American actress. Visitor was born in New York City. She is most famous for playing Kira Nerys in the television series Star Trek: Deep Space Nine.

Visitor married fellow Star Trek actor Alexander Siddig in 1997. They had a son in 1996. Visitor and Siddig divorced in 2001.

Visitor is the niece of American actress Cyd Charisse.

American television actors
Actors from New York City
1957 births
Living people

Nana Visitor


Rudolf von Bitter Rucker (born March 22, 1946 in Louisville, Kentucky) is an American mathematician, computer scientist, science fiction author, and philosopher. He is one of the founders of the cyberpunk literary movement. He writes both fiction and non-fiction books and articles. He is best known for the novels in the Ware Tetralogy (series of four books). The first two books (Software and Wetware) both won Philip K. Dick Awards. Now he edits the science fiction webzine called Flurb.

Early life
Rucker is the great-great-great-grandson of the philosopher Georg Hegel.

Rucker attended St. Xavier High School. Then he completed a B.A. in mathematics from Swarthmore College. Next, he earned Master's and Ph.D. degrees in mathematics from Rutgers University.

Career
He taught at the State University of New York at Geneseo from 1972 to 1978. He got a grant (money to support scholarship) from the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation, so he went to teach math at the Ruprecht Karl University of Heidelberg from 1978 to 1980. He then taught at Randolph-Macon Women's College in Lynchburg, Virginia from 1980 to 1982. Next, he tried being as a full-time author for four years. Inspired by an interview with Stephen Wolfram, Rucker became a computer science professor at San José State University in 1986. He retired from SJSU in 2004. He is a mathematician who is also interested in philosophy. He has written books connecting these two areas, for example: The Fourth Dimension; Geometry, Relativity and the Fourth Dimension; and Infinity and the Mind. Princeton University Press published new editions of Infinity and the Mind in 1995 and in 2005, both with new prefaces; the first edition is cited with fair frequency in academic literature.

As his "own alternative to cyberpunk," Rucker developed a writing style he calls Transrealism. He gave a brief explanation of Transrealism in his 1983 essay, The Transrealist Manifesto. It is science fiction based on the author's own life and immediate perceptions, mixed with fantastic elements that symbolize psychological change. Many of Rucker's novels and short stories apply these ideas. One example of Rucker's Transrealist works is Saucer Wisdom, a novel in which the main character is abducted by aliens. Rucker and his publisher marketed the book as non-fiction as a kind of joke.

Rucker wrote his first Transrealist novel, White Light, while he was at Heidelberg. This Transrealist novel is based on his experiences at SUNY Geneseo.

Rucker often uses his novels to explore scientific or mathematical ideas. For example, White Light examines the concept of infinity. Parts of the Ware Tetralogy (written from 1982 through 2000) are an explanation of using natural selection to develop computer software (a subject also developed in his The Hacker and the Ants, written in 1994). His novels also show a mystical philosophy. Rucker explained this philosophy in an essay called The Central Teachings of Mysticism. There may be some irony in this tiitle (The essay is included in Seek!, 1999).

He recently published a book called The Lifebox, the Seashell, and the Soul: What Gnarly Computation Taught Me About Ultimate Reality, the Meaning Of Life, and How To Be Happy. This book summarizes the various philosophies he's believed over the years. It ends with the tentative conclusion that people might get some benefit by thinking about the world as made of computations. His final remark in the book is, "perhaps this universe is perfect."

Works

Fiction
 The Ware Tetralogy
 Software (1982)
 Wetware (1988)
 Freeware (1997)
 Realware (2000)
 Transrealist novels
 White Light (1980)
 Spacetime Donuts (1981)
 The Sex Sphere (1983)
 The Secret of Life (1985)
 The Hacker and the Ants (1994) (Revised 'Version 2.0' 2003)
 Saucer Wisdom (1999) novel marketed as non-fiction
 Other Novels
 Master of Space and Time (1984)
 The Hollow Earth (1990)
 Spaceland (2002)
 As Above, So Below: A Novel of Peter Bruegel (2002)
 Frek and the Elixir (2004)
 Mathematicians in Love (2006)
 Postsingular (Fall 2007)
 Hylozoic  (sequel to Postsingular, May 2009)
 Story collections
 The Fifty-Seventh Franz Kafka (1983)
 Transreal!, also includes some non-fiction essays (1991)
 Gnarl! (2000), complete short stories
 Mad Professor (2006)

Non-fiction
 Geometry, Relativity and the Fourth Dimension (1977)
 (editor), Speculations on the Fourth Dimension: Selected Writings of Charles H. Hinton, Dover (1980),
 Infinity and the Mind (1982)
 The Fourth Dimension (1984)
 Mind Tools (1987)
 All the Visions (1991), memoir
 Seek! (1999), collected essays
 Software Engineering and Computer Games (2002), textbook
 The Lifebox, the Seashell, and the Soul (2005)

List  on Rucker's SJSU web page. With links to each book's web page.

References

Other websites
 The Rudy Rucker website
 Rudy Rucker's SJSU Home Page
 Rudy Rucker's Twitter page

 Rudy Rucker's autobiography, written for Contemporary Authors in 2004
 A story in a San Jose newspaper regarding Rucker
 The Transrealist Manifesto
 Flurb, a Webzine of Astonishing Tales (Rudy Rucker, editor)
 Rudy Rucker: Everything is Computation - 3/1/2007
 Radio interview  on Philosophy Talk

1946 births
American science fiction writers
Living people
American computer scientists
Writers from Louisville, Kentucky
Scientists from Kentucky

Rudy Rucker


Food poisoning is when someone gets sick from eating food or drink that has gone bad or is contaminated.
There are two kinds of food poisoning: poisoning by toxic agent or by infectious agent. Food infection is when the food contains bacteria or other microbes which infect the body after it is eaten. Food intoxication is when the food contains toxins, including bacterially produced exotoxins, which can  happen even when the microbe that produced the toxin is no longer present or able to cause infection. Even though it is commonly called "food poisoning", most cases are caused by a variety of pathogenic bacteria, viruses, prions or parasites that contaminate food, rather than chemical or natural toxins which are what we usually call poison. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, about 76 million people in the United States become ill from the food they eat, and about 5,000 of them die every year.

Signs and symptoms

Symptoms start within hours to many days after eating. Depending on what the cause of the poisoning was, they can include one or more of the following: nausea, abdominal pain, vomiting, diarrhea, gastroenteritis, fever, pain in the head or fatigue.

In most cases the body is able to permanently get better after a short period of acute discomfort and illness.  Food borne illnesses can result in permanent health problems or even death, especially for people at high risk, including babies, young children, pregnant women (and their fetuses), elderly people, sick people and others with weak immune systems.

Food borne illness due to Campylobacter, Yersinia, Salmonella or Shigella infection is a major cause of reactive arthritis, which typically occurs 1–3 weeks after diarrheal illness. Similarly, people with liver disease are especially susceptible to infections from Vibrio vulnificus, which can be found in oysters or crabs.

Tetrodotoxin poisoning from reef fish and other animals shows up very quickly in symptoms such as numbness and shortness of breath, and is often fatal.

References

Other websites
Descriptions of the main microbes that make food unsafe
How long does food poisoning last?

Nutrition problems
Food and drink

Food poisoning


Shore crabs (Carcinus maenas) are a common crustacean. They are often found around the sea shore.

They come in a variety of colours. They are often green or brown. They have eight legs and two large pincers. The width across the shell is up to . The usual width is about .

They are normally found in the North Atlantic or the Baltic Sea but are beginning to live in many other areas of the world. Shore crabs live on beaches and rocky shores.

Shore crabs are a nocturnal predator which means it hunts at night. They eat small crustaceans, molluscs, worms and some fish.

A female shore crab can lay up to nearly 200 thousand eggs at once. They carry the eggs with them until they hatch. Like most crabs, when a shore crab gets too big for its shell, it sheds its shell. After that, it has a new soft shell which soon hardens.

Other websites

Portunidae

Shore crabs


The source of a river or stream is the original point from which the river flows. It may be a lake, a marsh, a spring or a glacier.  This is where the stream starts.

The source is the farthest point of the river stream from its estuary or its confluence with another river or stream.  Rivers are usually fed by many tributaries.  The farthest stream is called the head-stream or head water. There is sometimes disagreement on which source is the head water, hence on which is the true source.

A lake fed by many rivers is sometimes called the source of the bigger river flowing out of it. For example, Lake Victoria is often called the source of the Nile, as the rivers that flow into it have names of their own.

Headwaters are usually in mountains. Glacial headwaters are made by melting of glaciers.

The source is where a river begins, and the river mouth is where it joins the sea.  The mouth may be in the form of a river delta.  The joining of a streams is called a confluence.

Related pages
Fountain

Rivers

River source


Fishing for walleye is a popular sport with anglers. The current IGFA all tackle record is 11.34 kilograms (25 lb 0 oz), caught on August 2, 1960 in Old Hickory Lake, Tennessee.

The sport is regulated by most natural resource agencies. Management may include the use of quotas and length limits to ensure that populations are not over-exploited.  As one example, in the state of Michigan, walleye of under 15" may not be legally kept, except from Lake St. Clair, Saginaw Bay and the St. Clair River, where walleye of 13" are legal to take. Many states also issue slot regulations on walleye.  This is where you can keep fish below a certain size and others above.  The slot limit protects the medium-sized fish, which can be considered to be at prime sexual maturity.

Characteristics
Since walleyes have excellent visual acuity under low illumination levels, they tend to feed more extensively at dawn and dusk, on cloudy or overcast days and under choppy conditions when light penetration into the water column is disrupted. Although anglers interpret this as light avoidance, it is merely an expression of the walleye's competitive advantage over its prey under those conditions. Similarly, in darkly stained or turbid waters, walleye tend to feed throughout the day.

"Walleye chop" is a term used by walleye anglers for rough water typically with winds of 5 to 15 mph (7 to 24 km/h), and is one of the indicators for good walleye fishing due to the walleye's increased feeding activity during such conditions. In sunny conditions walleye move in schools to deeper shady areas, so when one walleye is caught there are usually other walleye feeding in the same location.  These schools usually contain walleye of similar age and size.

Bait
Casting or trolling with spinners or minnow-imitating plugs is a good bet. Special worm harness rigs of spinners and beads are often trolled. Jigs, either traditional bucktails, or tipped with any of the modern plastics, a piece of worm or minnow are walleye angling favorites. Spoons are also good.

Live baits are often still-fished, drifted or trolled on slip-sinker or "bottom-bouncing" rigs.  Excellent live bait choices are nightcrawlers, minnows, or leeches, all of which can be used on a jig.

In springtime walleye will take almost any bait or lure, but may be more challenging to catch through the summer months because forage like mayflies or minnows are abundant. Fall often brings another peak of walleye feeding activity.

Walleye are readily caught through the ice in winter, usually on jigs, jigging spoons or minnows. When ice fishing, walleye are caught jigging or on tip-ups.  Tip-ups are generally set up with a dacron backing and a clear synthetic leader.  For bait, the most common minnows are fatheads and shiners. Size for bait is anywhere from 1 to 7 inches.

Walleye are not known for their fight in fish below about 24" in size.  They fight well if over that size, however.  Their wide appeal is partially the challenge in catching them, and partially their great popularity as a food fish.

References

Notes
 Sternberg, Dick (1999) Successful Walleye Fishing Creative Publishing international.
 Walleye: Patterns & Presentations Creative Publishing International (2000).

Recreational fishing

Walleye fishing


Marie Antoine (Antonin) Carême (8 June 1784 – 12 January 1833), was a French chef and author.

He is well known for greatly simplifying and writing about the style of cooking known as haute cuisine, the high art of French cooking. He was known as "chef of kings and king of chefs", because he cooked for royalty, and is often thought of as the first celebrity chef.

Biography
Carême was born Paris, but was abandoned in 1792 because his parents were very poor. He worked as a kitchen boy at a cheap Paris cafe in exchange for a room and food. In 1798, he was apprenticed to Sylvain Bailly, a famous pâtissier (cake baker) with a shop near the Palais-Royal.

Carême gained fame in Paris for his cake centrepieces, which Bailly put in the pâtisserie window. The centerpieces were sometimes several feet high, and were only made out of foodstuffs such as sugar, marzipan, and pastry. He modelled them on temples, pyramids, and ancient ruins which he read about in the books he studied at the French national library (Bibliothéque Nationale). Some of his sugar works were so strong that court jesters could dance on them to entertain the king.

Carême also worked for other people, for example the French diplomat and gourmand Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord, and other members of Parisian high society, including Napoleon. When he worked in the private kitchens he quickly learned about main courses.

Napoleon was not interested in having fancy food, but he knew of social contacts that were important for diplomats. In 1804, he gave Talleyrand money to buy Château de Valençay. When Talleyrand moved there, he took Carême with him.

Carême was set a test by Talleyrand: he had to create a whole year's worth of menus, without repeating them, and use only food that was in season. Carême passed the test and finished his training in Talleyrand's kitchens. When Napoléon was defeated Carême went to London for a time and served as chef de cuisine to the Prince Regent, later George IV. He returned to Europe to work for Czar Alexander I in St. Petersburg, before returning to Paris, where he was chef to banker James Mayer Rothschild.

He died in Paris at the age of 48, and is buried in the Cimetière de Montmartre in Montmartre.

Influence
Talleyrand encouraged Carême to start a new refined style of eating.

Carême's is said to have started service à la russe (serving each course in the order printed on the menu) instead of service à la française (serving all dishes at once)

Major works

References
 Carême's career.

 Paul Metzner, Crescendo of the Virtuoso (UC Press,1998.)

Notes

Other websites
 NPR: Antonin Careme: The First Celebrity Chef - All Things Considered, May 25, 2004 - Biography Highlights Career of a 19th-Century Culinary Star

1784 births
1833 deaths
Burials at Montmartre Cemetery, Paris
French chefs
Writers from Paris

Marie-Antoine Carême


Pollensa is a village in the Balearic Islands, Spain. It is on the island of Mallorca, which is in the north. Pollensa is a popular tourist area.

It highlights the Calvary or the Puente Romano, 19th century and is on the Torrente de Sant Jordi, the Municipal Museum, the Music Festival and numerous art exhibitions.

The Port of Pollensa has a long promenade and wide beaches. La Cala de San Vicente has a set of coves with crystalline waters and a set of prehistoric caves.

Municipalities in the Balearic Islands

Pollensa


Uladzimir Karatkievich or Vladimir Korotkevich (26 November 1930 – 25 July 1984) was a Belarusian romantic writer.

Karatkievich was born in 1930 in Orsha, Viciebsk region. In 1954 he graduated from Kiev University. Later, he completed advanced literature courses (1960), and then cinematography (1962), both in Moscow. Literature then became his main job. His first published work was a poem that appeared in 1951.  He published a large number of short stories, in collections entitled Chazenia, The Eye of the Typhoon, From Past Ages, and others. He also wrote the novels Unforgettable and The Dark Castle Olshansky. Karatkievich's most popular work is the novel The Wild Hunt of King Stakh  Karatkievič also wrote a number of plays, essays, articles, screenplays for short and feature movies.  He also wrote some very interesting detective and adventure stories.

1930 births
1984 deaths
Belarusian writers

Uladzimir Karatkievich