Luigi Cherubini (pronounce: "ke-roo-BEE-nee"), (born Florence, 8 or 14 Sep 1760; died Paris, 15 March 1842) was an Italian-born composer who spent most of his working life in France.  He is famous for his operas as well as for his religious music.  Beethoven thought that Cherubini was the greatest composer who was living at that time.

Life

Early years
Cherubini was born in Florence.  The exact date of his birth is not known.  He was only six years old when his father taught him to play the harpsichord.  He was a child prodigy. By the time he was thirteen, he had composed several religious works. In 1780, he was given a scholarship by the Grand Duke of Tuscany to study music in Bologna and Milan.

At first, Cherubini composed operas about serious stories (opera seria).  He composed in the style of Italian composers of that time.  Soon he felt he wanted to travel to learn other ways of composing.  He went to London in 1785 and then to  Paris where he met many important people including  Marie Antoinette.  He spent the rest of his life in France.

Rising fame in Paris

His opera Démophon was performed at the Grand Opéra in 1788.  It helped to make him famous.  He soon became director of the Théâtre de Monsieur in the Tuileries, and three years later he went to the Théâtre Feydeau.   He started to try out many new ideas in his music.  His opera Lodoïska (1791) was very popular for the way he showed heroism. His best-known work is Médée (1797).  Les deux journées (1800)  was also highly successful for a while.

The  French Revolution affected Cherubini's life.  He tried not to show that he had been friendly with aristocrats before the revolution.  Hoping to get government jobs,  he wrote several patriotic works in order to please the revolutionary leaders. Later he was made Napoléon's director of music in Vienna (1805-1806), and he conducted some of his music there.

Later career

After he had written his opera Les deux journées, audiences in Paris started to tire of Cherubini's music.  They wanted to hear younger composers such as Adrien Boieldieu. Cherubini found it difficult to get his stage works performed.  Instead, he wrote church music.  When France became a monarchy again he was appointed surintendant de la musique du roi (director of the king's music).  He kept this title until 1830 when there was another revolution.

In 1815 he briefly went again to London. There he was asked to compose a symphony, an overture and a work for chorus and orchestra.  This helped to make him more famous outside France.

Cherubini's Requiem in C-minor (1816), which marked the anniversary of the execution of King Louis XVI of France, was a great success. Beethoven, Schumann and Brahms all liked it very much. In 1836, Cherubini wrote a Requiem in D Minor, which he meant to be performed at his own funeral. It uses a male choir only, because the religious authorities had criticised the fact that he had written for ladies' voices in his C-minor Requiem.

Cherubini produced some chamber music, including several string quartets and a quintet for two violins, viola and two cellos. He also wrote some piano sonatas.

In 1822, Cherubini became director of the Conservatoire.  In 1835 he wrote a book called Cours de contrepoint et de fugue.

His personality

There are several stories told by people who lived at that time, showing that Cherubini often became angry.   Hector Berlioz tells an amusing story in his autobiography about how Cherubini, in a bad temper, chased him round and round the library.
But he also had many friends, including Rossini, Chopin and, especially, the painter  Ingres. The two men had the same interests: Cherubini was a keen amateur painter and Ingres enjoyed practising the violin. In 1841, Ingres painted a well-known portrait of Cherubini.

During his life, Cherubini received the highest official honours, including Chevalier de la Légion d'honneur (1814) and Membre de l'Académie des Beaux-Arts (1815). In 1841, he was made Commandeur de la Légion d'honneur, the first time a musician had been given that title.

Cherubini died in Paris at age of 81 and is buried at Père Lachaise Cemetery, just four metres from his friend Chopin.

His music

During the first ten years of his life in Paris Cherubini concentrated on writing dramatic stage works.  After 1800 things became more difficult for him in this field.  Napoleon was ruling in France, and the two men did not like one another much.  The audiences expected an Italian composer to write beautiful melodies rather than anything dramatic. The Feydeau Theatre, where he had enjoyed several triumphs, did not exist any more. Cherubini concentrated on his teaching at the Paris Conservatoire.  Even after Napoleon had lost his power Cherubini left it to younger people, such as Rossini and Giacomo Meyerbeer, to compose operas.  He preferred to write religious pieces.

By the end of the 19th century Cherubini's music was almost forgotten, and he was only really remembered for his theoretical writing.  During the late 20th century people became interested in his music again, and his religious compositions are sometimes performed.  However, his operas do not belong to any popular tradition and are hardly ever staged now, although they contain much excellent music.

References
The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, ed. Stanley Sadie; 1980;

Other websites

Entry for Luigi Cherubini in The Catholic Encyclopedia
Luigi Cherubini String Quartet Nos.1 & 3,  and String Quintet--sound-bites and discussion of works

1760 births
1842 deaths
Classical era composers
18th-century Italian composers
Burials at Père Lachaise Cemetery
19th-century Italian composers

Luigi Cherubini


The emblem o Qatar () shaw twa crossed white bent swords in a yellae circle. Atween the swords thare is a sailin ship (dhow) sailin on blue an white waves aside an island wi twa palm trees. The circle is surroondit bi a roond doughnut-shaped object, which is dividit horizontally. In the white section the name o the state o Qatar is written in maroon Kufi writin an in the broun section, the Inglis translation (State O Qatar) is written in white writin. The coat o airms is whiles shawn athoot the Inglis translation, the middle circle is occasionally yellae an the bent swords are whiles broun (insteid o white).

The current version wis introduced in 1976 an replaced anither ane, which wis uised syne 1966, an consistit o twa bent swords, ane pearl shell an twa palm tree-branches wi the label "Qatar".

Several elements o the emblem are featurt in naitional emblems o several Middle Eastren kintras: the traditional Arab bent swuird is an aa present in the coats o airms o Saudi Arabie an Oman; the dhow is in the coat o airms o Kuwait an the umwhile coat o airms o the United Arab Emirates. The palm tree is an' a' a naitional seembol o Saudi Arabie. The colours an the separation o the ootside ring come frae the banner o Qatar.

See an aa
Banner o Qatar

Freemit airtins

Embassy of Qatar in Washington DC
FOTW - Qatar

Qatar
Naitional seembols o Qatar

Emblem o Qatar


John Dillard (August 12, 1760 – June 5, 1842) was an American soldier and pioneer settler, and a prominent figure in the establishment of Buncombe County, North Carolina and Dillard, Georgia.

Dillard was born in Culpeper County, Virginia and served in the American Revolution, achieving the rank of lieutenant. A later resident of Pittsylvania County, Virginia, he participated in the Battle of Guilford Court House. Dillard's ancestor George Dillard had arrived from England to Jamestown, Virginia, in 1650. John Dillard resided in Buncombe County, North Carolina, for some 33 years where he was active in the formation of the county and the selection of its county seat of Asheville.

In 1780, the General Assembly of North Carolina enacted a statute granting  of vacant land "not fit for cultivation" for iron works as a bounty from the State to any persons who "would build and carry on the same". At the October term of court in 1792, John Dillard and others were ordered by the court to be on a jury to view a piece of land "entered by Robert Love and William Trodway" to erect iron works and report thereon agreeably to the act of the Assembly.

At the April, 1792 term of court it was ordered that a jury consisting of John Dillard and others view and lay off a road from the Wagon Ford of Rims Creek to join the road from the Turkey Cove to Robert Hunters on Lindsay Creek of Cane River, the most advantageous and best according to law, "which jury is to meet the fourth Monday of May at John Dillard's; William Brittain (who was an adjoining property owner of John Dillard) to attend and qualify said jury who are to report to July court."

In December, 1792 and April 1793, John Dillard was a Commissioner in a local political dispute of determining where the county seat of Buncombe County should be located. It was provided in an act creating Buncombe County that a committee of five persons be appointed for the selection of the site. A dispute arose between two factions of Buncombe County residents on opposite sides of the Swannanoa River, one faction pressing for the county seat to be north of Swannanoa, which is now the center of Asheville, and the other faction demanding it to be at a place south of Swannanoa River which later became known as the "Steam Saw Mill Place" and which is now the southern part of the City of Asheville.

The state of Georgia acquired from the Cherokee Indians by treaty about 1819 what is now Rabun County, Georgia, and sold it by state lottery. John Dillard's youngest son, James Dillard, purchased  from Georgia state lottery holders and settled about 1823 in the northeast corner of Georgia in what would later become Rabun County, Georgia and the Town of Dillard. John Dillard accompanied his son in settling in the area, becoming one of the earliest settlers in that part of Georgia.  John Dillard died and is buried in Dillard, Georgia.

John Dillard's descendants became prominent in and today reside in the Rabun County town of Dillard, Georgia which is named for the family. Various branches of Dillard descendants have operated since the Civil War lodging facilities under the name of the "Dillard House."  One  branch of his descendants still operates the Dillard House, a well known southern family style restaurant and conference center.

References

1760 births
1842 deaths
People from Culpeper County, Virginia
People from Rabun County, Georgia
American militiamen in the American Revolution

John Dillard


A low-ionization nuclear emission-line region (LINER) is a type of galactic nucleus that is defined by its spectral line emission.  The spectra typically include line emission from weakly ionized or neutral atoms, such as O, O+, N+, and S+.  Conversely, the spectral line emission from strongly ionized atoms, such as O++, Ne++, and He+, is relatively weak.  The class of galactic nuclei was first identified by Timothy Heckman in the third of a series of papers on the spectra of galactic nuclei that were published in 1980.

Demographics of LINER galaxies

Galaxies that contain LINERs are often referred to as LINER galaxies.  LINER galaxies are very common; approximately one-third of all nearby galaxies (galaxies within approximately 20-40 Mpc) may be classified as LINER galaxies.  Approximately 75% of LINER galaxies are either elliptical galaxies, lenticular galaxies, or S0/a-Sab galaxies (spiral galaxies with large bulges and tightly wound spiral arms).  LINERs are found less frequently in Sb-Scd galaxies (spiral galaxies with small bulges and loosely wound spiral arms), and they are very rare in nearby irregular galaxies.  LINERs also may be commonly found in luminous infrared galaxies (LIRGs), a class of galaxies defined by their infrared luminosities that are frequently formed when two galaxies collide with each other. Approximately one-quarter of LIRGs may contain LINERs.

Scientific debates: energy sources and ionization mechanisms

LINERs have been at the center of two major debates.  First, astronomers have debated the source of
energy that excites the ionized gas in the centers of these galaxies.  Some astronomers have proposed that active galactic nuclei (AGN) with supermassive black holes are responsible for the LINER spectral emission.  Other astronomers have asserted that the emission is powered by star formation regions.  The other major issue is related to how the ions are excited.  Some astronomers have suggested that shock waves propagating through the gas may ionize the gas, while others have suggested that photoionization (ionization by ultraviolet light) may be responsible.

These debates are complicated by the fact that LINERs are found in a wide variety of objects with different brightnesses and morphologies.  Moreover, the debate over the energy sources for LINERs is entangled with a similar debate over whether the light from star formation regions or the light from AGN produce the high infrared luminosities seen in LIRGs.

Although both the energy sources and the excitation mechanisms for LINER emission are still being studied, many LINERs are frequently referred to as AGN.

Star formation in LINERs

A number of surveys have been performed to explore the connection between star formation and LINER activity.  If a connection can be found between star formation activity and LINER activity, then this strengthens the possibility that LINERs are powered by the hot gas found in star formation regions.  However, if star formation cannot be found in LINERs, then this definitively excludes star formation as powering LINER emission.

Star formation in LIRGs with LINERs

Recent observations with the Spitzer Space Telescope show a clear connection between LINER emission in luminous infrared galaxies (LIRGs) and star formation activity.  The mid-infrared spectra of LIRGs with LINERs have been shown to look similar to the mid-infrared spectra of starburst galaxies, which suggest that infrared-bright LINERs are powered by star formation activity.   However, some mid-infrared spectral line emission from AGN have also been detected in these galaxies, indicating that star formation may not be the only energy sources in these galaxies.

Star formation in normal galaxies with LINERs

Normal nearby galaxies with LINERs, however, appear to be different.  A few near-infrared spectroscopic surveys have identified some LINERs in normal galaxies that may be powered by star formation.  However, most LINERs in nearby galaxies have low levels of star formation activity.  Moreover, the stellar populations of many LINERs appear to be very old, and the mid-infrared spectra, as observed by the Spitzer Space Telescope, do not appear similar to the spectra expected from star formation.  These results demonstrate that most LINER in nearby normal galaxies may not be powered by star formation, although a few exceptions clearly exist.

Notable LINER galaxies

Messier 94
NGC 5005
NGC 5195
Sombrero Galaxy

See also

Seyfert galaxy - Another class of galaxies that contain AGN

References

Active galaxy types
-LINER
1980 in science

Low-ionization nuclear emission-line region


Marie Frederike of Hesse-Kassel (14 September 1768, Hanau – 17 April 1839, Hanau) was a German noblewoman and by marriage Princess and later Duchess of Anhalt-Bernburg.

She was a daughter of William I, Elector of Hesse, and his wife, Princess Wilhelmina Caroline of Denmark.

Life
On 29 November 1794 she married Alexius Frederick Christian, Duke of Anhalt-Bernburg. They had four children, of whom only two survived to adulthood:
Princess Katharine Wilhelmine (b. Kassel, 1 January 1796 – d. Kassel, 24 February 1796).
Princess Wilhelmine Louise (b. Ballenstedt, 30 October 1799 – d. Schloss Eller, 9 December 1882), married on 21 November 1817 to Prince Frederick William Louis of Prussia, grandson of King Frederick William II of Prussia and maternal half-brother of King George V of Hanover. She was the mother of Prince George of Prussia.
Frederick Amadeus, Hereditary Prince of Anhalt-Bernburg (b. Ballenstedt, 19 April 1801 – d. Ballenstedt, 24 May 1801).
Alexander Karl, Duke of Anhalt-Bernburg (b. Ballenstedt, 2 March 1805 – d. Hoym, 19 August 1863).

Shortly after her marriage, Marie Friederike showed signs of mental illness (a disease that eventually her two surviving children inherited), which led to inconsistencies in the Bernburg court. Finally, her husband obtained a divorce on 6 August 1817.

The former Duchess returned to her homeland, Hanau. On her death, she was buried on 22 April 1839 in the Marienkirche in Hanau (then a Reformed church).

Bibliography
 Sabine Köttelwesch: Geliebte, Gemahlinnen und Mätressen. Zehn Frauenschicksale aus dem Umfeld des Kasseler Fürstenhofes (Die Geschichte unserer Heimat 41), Hofgeismar 2004. S. 85-98.
 Detlev Schwennicke: Europäische Stammtafeln ("Stammtafeln zur Geschichte der europäischen Staaten/Neue Folge; 3). Klostermann, Frankfurt/M. 2000, Tafel 255ff.
 Reinhard Suchier: Die Grabmonumente und Särge der in Hanau bestatteten Personen aus den Häusern Hanau und Hessen. In: Programm des Königlichen Gymnasiums zu Hanau. Hanau 1879. S. 1 - 56.

References

1768 births
1839 deaths
House of Hesse-Kassel
Princesses of Anhalt-Bernburg
Burials at Schlosskirche St. Aegidien (Bernburg)
Daughters of monarchs
Mothers of monarchs

Marie Friederike of Hesse-Kassel


The Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa and Chippewa Indians () is a federally recognized Native American tribe located in northwest Michigan on the Leelanau Peninsula. Sam McClellan is the current tribal chairman, elected in June 2016 to a four-year term after succeeding Al Pedwaydon, who served from 2012 to 2016.

The tribal offices are in Peshawbestown, Michigan. As of June 2023, the current GTB Tribal Council consists of: Chairman David Arroyo, Vice-Chair Robert Kewaygoshkum, Treasurer Donna M. Swallows, Secretary Theresa M. Marshall, Councilor Tina A. Frankenberger, Councilor Brian S. Napon, and Councilor Jane Rohl. The tribe owns and operates the Leelanau Sands Casino, the Turtle Creek Casino and Hotel, and the Grand Traverse Resort & Spa.

It is one of three federally recognized tribes of Odawa peoples in Michigan. The others are the Little River Band of Ottawa Indians and the Little Traverse Bay Bands of Odawa Indians, both recognized in 1994.

Names
Referring to themselves as Anishinaabeg or Three Fires Confederacy, the Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa and Chippewa Indians includes members of the Odaawaa/Odawa (Ottawa), the Ojibwe (Ojibwa/Chippewa) and Boodewaadami/Bodéwadmi (Potawatomi) peoples. They were historically part of the confederacy.

Federal recognition
Under the Indian Reorganization Act, they applied for federal recognition in 1934 and 1943 and were denied. However, in 1978 Dodie Harris Chambers led an effort for recognition and on May 27, 1980, the tribe was formally recognized. The Grand Traverse Band is the first federally recognized tribe of Odawa in Michigan. They were one of the first tribes in the United States to own a casino, under new gaming laws passed in the 1980s.

History
Ottawa, Chippewa and Potawatomi Indians are Algonquian-speaking peoples who gradually migrated from the Atlantic coast, settling around the Great Lakes throughout Canada, and the Midwest of what became the United States: Ohio, Indiana, Michigan, Illinois, Wisconsin, and Minnesota. Today they have federally recognized reservations of communal land only in Canada, Michigan, Wisconsin, and Minnesota. During the 19th century, they were forced to cede most of their land to the governments of Canada and the United States under pressure from European-American and Canadian settlement.

Ottawa Tribe
The name Ottawa, or alternatively "Odawa" or "Odawu," is believed to derive from an Algonquian word for the term "trader." It was incorrectly recorded as meaning "people of the bulrush," for which there is a specific Odawa term referring to a particular band.

Historically, the members of this tribe are descendants of and political successors to nine Ottawa bands who were party to the treaties of 1836 and 1855, related to the total of 19 bands listed as Grand River Band Ottawa. After the 1855 Treaty, all of the Ottawa Bands located from the Manistee River south to Grand River, near or on the eastern shores of Lake Michigan, were relocated to reservation lands in Mason and Oceana counties.

The permanent villages of the Grand River bands of Ottawa, including those nine Bands whose descendants compose the Little River Band of Ottawa Indians, were located on the Grand, Thornapple, Flat, White, Père Marquette, and Big and Little Manistee rivers in Michigan's western Lower Peninsula.

The Ottawa and Chippewa Treaty of Detroit was signed in 1855 and created an Ottawa/Chippewa nation for the purposes of settling on a reservation.

Chippewa Tribe
The Chippewa (also "Ojibwe", "Ojibway", "Chippeway", "Anishinaabe") are the largest Native American people north of the Rio Grande. Their population is split between Canada (where they are known as the Ojibwe) and the United States. The Bay Mills Indian Community is located at the land base of the Sault Ste. Marie band of Chippewa, which originally occupied land on both sides of what became the US-Canada border. After passage of the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934, the Bay Mills Indian Community organized to recreate a form of government.

Today
Members are descended from the nine historic bands of Ottawa (Odawa) and bands of Chippewa (known as Ojibwe in Canada) peoples who occupied this territory in northern Michigan and signed treaties with the federal government. They were successors to the 19 bands that have been documented in this territory.

The tribe's government includes an elected governing body consisting of a tribal chair and six tribal council members; they are elected by the enrolled members of the Grand Traverse Band. The band has programming, fiscal and administrative authority. The council also appoints judicial officers who decide criminal, family and civil matters in conjunction with the state court.

The water resources within the 1855 reservation area include Grand Traverse Bay, the eastern shore of Michigan, Lake Leelanau, Elk Lake, and their watersheds. Other natural resources of importance include undeveloped forested parcels and areas of traditional and cultural hunting, fishing and plant gathering.

The Grand Traverse Band's Natural Resources Department is made up of a department manager, game wardens, Great Lakes fishery biologists and technician, fish and wildlife biologists and technician, environmental and water quality staff, and an office manager.

Reservation

The territory of the Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa and Chippewa Indians is the Grand Traverse Indian Reservation (), as established by United States Secretary of the Interior on 27 May 1980, and includes lands acquired by the Band. The Grand Traverse Band's Treaty Ceded Territories from the 1836 Treaty covers an area in a line from the Grand River to the Alpena area north and the eastern portion of the upper peninsula from the Chocolay River east. The majority (almost 55 percent) of the reservation's territory lies within several non-contiguous sections of land in eastern Suttons Bay Township in Leelanau County, Michigan.

There are also five smaller parcels of land in four other counties: one plot in southern Benzonia Township, Benzie County; two plots in southern Helena Township, Antrim County; one plot in eastern Acme Township, Grand Traverse County; and one plot in southwestern Eveline Township, Charlevoix County. The total land area of the reservation and off-reservation trust land is 2.539 km² (0.9804 sq mi, or . Its total 2000 census resident population was 545 persons, 80 percent of whom identified as fully Native American. The present-day main Reservation and six-county service area consists of Antrim, Benzie, Charlevoix, Grand Traverse, Leelanau, and Manistee counties. The Band's federal land base is approximately  dispersed throughout the service area, and it has a total of 3,985 members. Some 1,610 reside in the tribal areas.

Eyaawing Museum
The Eyaawing Museum and Cultural Center, located in Peshawbestown, Michigan, was opened in 2009 by the Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa and Chippewa Indians to serve as a heritage and cultural center. The museum includes a gift shop with works of tribal artists and craftspeople, as well as educational materials, maps and books.

Anthropological Study
There has been one major anthropological study of the Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa and Chippewa Indians. Jane Willetts Ettawageshik devoted approximately two years of study in the Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa and Chippewa Indians community.  Jane Willetts Ettawageshik  recorded Anishinaabe stories speak of how the Anishinaabe people related to their land, to their people, and various other means of communicating their values, outlooks and histories in and around Northern Michigan. These stories have been translated into a book "Ottawa Stories from the Springs, Anishinaabe dibaadjimowinan wodi gaa binjibaamigak wodi mookodjiwong e zhinikaadek" by Howard Webkamigad.

Notable tribal members
 Yvonne Walker Keshick, beadwork artist
 Pun Plamondon, White Panther activist, storyteller
 Kathleen R. Johnson, Geologist, Paleoclimatologist

References

Grand Traverse Reservation and Off-Reservation Trust Land, Michigan United States Census Bureau

Further reading
Matthew L.M. Fletcher, The Eagle Returns: The Legal History of the Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa and Chippewa Indians Kindle Edition, Michigan State University, 2012

External links
 Grand Traverse Band Official tribal site
 Constitution of the Grand Traverse Band
 Turtle Creek Casino
 Grand Traverse Resort official website
 Eyaawing Museum
 "Native Americans In Michigan Databases", Mainly Michigan, includes Durant Rolls of 1908, which some tribes use in figuring descent for citizenship, and Mt. Pleasant Indian School Register (1893 to 1932)

American Indian reservations in Michigan
Antrim County, Michigan
Benzie County, Michigan
Charlevoix County, Michigan
Federally recognized tribes in the United States
Grand Traverse County, Michigan
Great Lakes tribes
Indigenous peoples in the United States
Leelanau County, Michigan
Native American tribes in Michigan
Odawa
Ojibwe governments


A fang is a sharp tooth used for catching prey found on many animals, such as wolves and spiders. Spiders, tarantulas, and venomous snakes have hollow fangs. Venom glands fill these hollow fangs with venom so that when these animals catch their prey with their fangs, they paralyze the prey to make it easier to eat. The fangs on a snake can be folded under the skin like a cat's claws. Spider and tarantula fangs are found outside of their mouth instead of inside it.

Teeth
Animal anatomy

Fang


Philadelphia Hospital is a hospital in Ambala, Haryana, India.

History
In 1887 Dr Jessica Carlton, an American missionary from Philadelphia, USA, came to Ambala and opened a two room dispensary in a small building in an ally of the city. Though a pioneer, her predecessors from Philadelphia had already arrived in Ludhiana almost fifty years earlier, dedicating themselves to missionary services in Punjab.

Within two years the dispensary was shifted to a larger building in the market place, and after a few more years, in 1894, with fees from royal patrons in the province, Dr. Carlton built a small hospital which would later be known as the "Old Hospital", and would become the forerunner to the "Philadelphia Hospital for Women".
Built with the money from silver offering of the 25th year of the Womans Foreign Missionary Society of the Philadelphia Board - Philadelphia Hospital for Women, as it was named at that time, was constructed in 1901.

The hospital established its Nursing School in 1924. By this time it had grown to a 45-bed hospital, had two missionary doctors, a nursing superintendent and 10 Indian staff members. The appreciation of all these years of selfless missionary work culminated in 1927. Dr Carlton was awarded the Kaser-i-Hind by the King for her services to health care in India.
In 1934 the hospital was opened to male patients.

Being a frontier city with an army cantonment and a busy railway junction, Ambala played a crucial role during the partition of India, and the hospital in those days of conflict and resettlement, served the nation by running refugee camps providing health care. For public services rendered Dr Ivanoel Gibbins too was awarded the Kaiser-i-Hind gold medal, by King George V.

By 1951, under the directorship of Dr. Gibbins, the current Philadelphia Hospital building got was constructed as a 150-bed hospital. It was inaugurated by the first Health Minister of independent India, Rajkumari Amrit Kaur.
By 1970s the complete management of Philadelphia Hospital was taken over by Indian Directors and management.

External links
• Official site

Marketing By: Er Kanika

Hospitals in Haryana
Hospitals established in 1894
1894 establishments in India

Philadelphia Hospital, Ambala


Marzette Watts (March 9, 1938, Montgomery, Alabama – March 2, 1998, Nashville) was an American jazz tenor and soprano saxophonist. He performed and recorded on bass clarinet as well. He had a brief career in music and is revered for his 1966 self-titled free jazz release. He was known also as a sound engineer.

Watts played piano early in his life; he did not play music regularly in his teens. He studied at Alabama State College, where he was a founding member of SNCC; this association led to his being forced to leave the state at the behest of the governor of Alabama.

He moved to New York, where he lived in a loft building on Cooper Square which also had as a tenant Leroi Jones (later Amiri Baraka), with whom he participated in the Organization of Young Men. Watts returned to college in New York, completing his studies in 1962; he then moved to Paris to study painting at the Sorbonne and began playing saxophone for extra money.

Returning to New York in 1963, Watts studied under Don Cherry and played in his loft and around the city with Jiunie Booth, Henry Grimes, J.C. Moses, and others. He also continued painting, producing work strongly influenced by Willem de Kooning.

Watts's loft attracted many established and up-and-coming musicians who would hang out there and play at parties, including Ornette Coleman, Cecil Taylor, Don Cherry, Archie Shepp, and Pharoah Sanders.

In 1965 he decided to devote himself to music more fully, and moved to Denmark for further study. When he returned to New York in 1966, he recorded an album for ESP-Disk with the assistance of composer Clifford Thornton, and recorded a second album for Savoy Records in 1968. He wrote film scores and did production work for his own films, eventually abandoning music to work in film and record production.

Watts moved back and forth between Europe and New York; he taught briefly at Wesleyan University, assisting Sam Rivers and Clifford Thornton. Late in his life he moved to Santa Cruz, California. He died of heart failure in 1998.

Discography
Marzette Watts and Company (ESP-Disk, 1966)
The Marzette Watts Ensemble (Savoy Records, 1968)

References

Gary W. Kennedy, "Marzette Watts". The New Grove Dictionary of Jazz online.

1938 births
1998 deaths
American jazz saxophonists
American male saxophonists
Alabama State University alumni
University of Paris alumni
Wesleyan University faculty
Savoy Records artists
ESP-Disk artists
20th-century American saxophonists
Jazz musicians from Alabama
20th-century American male musicians
American male jazz musicians

Marzette Watts


Dalmacio Vélez Sarsfield (February 18, 1800 – June 30, 1875) was an Argentine lawyer and politician who wrote the Civil Code of Argentina of 1869, which remained in force until 2015, when it was replaced by the new Código Civil y Comercial de la Nación.

Life and times
Vélez Sarsfield was born in Amboy, a small town in the Calamuchita Valley, in the province of Córdoba. His parents were Rosa Sarsfield Palacios (daughter of Jorge Sarsfield), whose ancestors were Irish, and Dalmacio Vélez Baigorri, who died before his son was born. He studied at the Jesuit college at the National University of Córdoba, and was particularly adept at mathematics and languages, fluently speaking English, French, Italian and Latin. He earned a juris doctor in 1822.

Upon finishing his studies, he married the former Paula Piñero, and became very active in politics. He was elected to the Chamber of Deputies, and was nominated as the Speaker of the House in 1825, a position that he took up the following year, becoming the position's youngest holder, as well as a vocal supporter of President Bernardino Rivadavia and the latter's policy in favor of centralized government. Vélez Sarsfield was awarded a professorship of Economics at the Law Faculty of the University of Buenos Aires in 1826. He represented the Buenos Aires Province Governor Juan Manuel de Rosas in a number of legal disputes with the Catholic Church, as well as with Santa Fe Province Governor Estanislao López, and was named President of the Academy of Jurisprudence in 1835.

Souring relations with Governor Rosas forced Vélez Sarsfield to leave in exile to Montevideo, Uruguay, in 1842. He befriended Unitarians José María Paz and Domingo Sarmiento (staunch opponents of Rosas), and worked with the latter in Europe before returning. He arrived to find his home destroyed by vandals and occupied by squatters; but despite their earlier dispute, Governor Rosas had the property returned to the respected lawyer.

Vélez Sarsfield allied himself with General Bartolomé Mitre, a staunch advocate of Buenos Aires interests, following Rosas' overthrow, and served as counsel to Mitre in his opposition to the San Nicolás Agreement of 1852 (which Buenos Aires rejected). Following the province's secession, Vélez Sarsfield drafted the State of Buenos Aires Constitution of 1854 for Governor Pastor Obligado. The province's defeat at the Battle of Cepeda resulted in its reunification with Argentina, towards which Vélez Sarsfield helped craft a series of requisite amendments to the Argentine Constitution.

Mitre's election to the presidency in 1862 made Vélez Sarsfield the nation's Finance Minister. He obtained congressional passage in 1863 of the Commercial Code he had earlier created for Buenos Aires, and in 1864 began work on his landmark Civil Code. He also advanced the modernization of the agrarian sector, then dominated by livestock ranching, by funding the nation's first institute of agronomy. Vélez Sarsfield was appointed Internal Affairs Minister by Mitre's successor, Domingo Sarmiento, in 1868. He encouraged immigration by having the numerous, private assistance leagues merged into the Central Immigration Commission, and on September 25, 1869, had Congress approve the Civil Code by acclamation; the document, since amended, was enacted on January 1, 1871.

The aging jurist retired afterwards, and founded El Nacional. The new periodical coincided with the launch of Mitre's La Nación, however, and El Nacional closed. Dr. Dalmacio Vélez Sarsfield died in Buenos Aires in 1875, at the age of 74; he was interred at La Recoleta Cemetery.

The barrio of Velez Sarsfield in Buenos Aires is named after him. The Vélez Sarsfield sports club, best known for its First Division football team, is indirectly named after him, having taken its name from a railway station bearing his name.

See also
 Law of Argentina
 Club Atlético Vélez Sarsfield
 Vélez Sársfield (barrio)

References

External links

1801 births
1875 deaths
People from Córdoba Province, Argentina
Argentine people of Irish descent
Argentine people of Spanish descent
National University of Córdoba alumni
19th-century Argentine lawyers
Academic staff of the University of Buenos Aires
Members of the Argentine Chamber of Deputies elected in San Luis
Argentine Ministers of Finance
Argentine newspaper founders
Burials at La Recoleta Cemetery
Ministers of Internal Affairs of Argentina

Dalmacio Vélez Sarsfield


Ashdown Engineering is a British manufacturer of instrument amplifiers, particularly for bass and acoustic guitars.

History
The company was founded in 1997 by Mark Gooday, a chief engineer and managing director at Trace Elliot. When Gooday was let go by Trace Elliot's then parent company, Kaman, and prior to Kaman closing the doors to the UK distribution and factory facilities, he had been planning to start his own company. The company was named 'Ashdown' after Gooday's wife's family name, and the logo was constructed from this, his passion for cars and the Austin-Healey motor badge.

Besides bass amplifiers and cabinets, the company makes effect pedals for bass players.

Initially focusing on bass guitarists, in 2001 the company introduced a line of guitar amplifiers (50W and 100W stacks and combos) called Peacemaker. Later, more affordable models in 20W and 40W were added, with cheaper PCB technology.

Ashdown have gone on to produce hand-wired amplifiers, and set up a separate company for this, called Hayden.

References

External links

Mark Gooday Interview at NAMM Oral History Collection (2017)

Guitar amplifier manufacturers
Audio equipment manufacturers of the United Kingdom
Companies established in 1997
Companies based in Essex

Ashdown Engineering


The Coat of arms of Azerbaijan mixes traditional and modern symbols. The focal point of the emblem is the fire symbol. This symbol comes from the fact that Azerbaijan has many everlasting fires which also gives the name "land of eternal fire".
The colors used in composing the emblem are taken from the national flag. These colors are found in the background behind the eight pointed star (۞ Rub El Hizb) upon which the flame is shown. The star itself stands for the eight branches of the Turkic peoples, and between each point of the star, there is a smaller eight pointed star found.

Like other post-Soviet republics whose arms do not predate the October Revolution, the current arms retains some components of the Soviet one. At the bottom of the emblem is a stalk of wheat, representing the main agricultural product of the nation, which was also part of the earlier arms. The other plant represented at the bottom is oak.

References

Azerbaijan
National symbols of Azerbaijan

Coat of arms of Azerbaijan


The Lost is an unreleased third-person shooter survival horror game developed by Irrational Games. Set to be released in 2002 for the PlayStation 2 and Xbox game consoles, The Lost went through a rocky development period until it was completed, and cancelled.

Story
The Lost is heavily inspired by Dante Alighieri's Divine Comedy, particularly Inferno. The setting is present day, and the main character is a waitress and medical student named Amanda Wright. Amanda is a single mother who has lost her only daughter, Beatrice, in a tragic car accident. Desperate and suicidal, Amanda makes a deal with the devil. Selling her soul, she is given the chance to plunge into the bowels of a concentration camp-esque hell in an attempt to rescue her daughter's soul. The only aids she has in the bowels of hell are Virgil, a strange reptilian creature who Amanda must free from an enchanted sword, and four hellish beings called the Entities. While in hell, Amanda meets several Entities.  She is able to trade identities with these beings, and each Entity is playable, with their own special abilities.

Shadow:  A thief-like character, Shadow specializes in stealth and deception.
Light:  Adept in defensive spell-casting, Light can also provide healing spells.
Corruption:  An emaciated mage who performs powerful, offensive spells.
Instinct:  A sword-wielding character that is best used in close combat.

Development
The Losts development period had always been relatively rocky. Playable models of the game had been described as unstable, with a jittery framerate. The developer chose to switch to a different graphics engine partway through the project, moving from the LithTech engine to Epic Games' Unreal Engine. Also, Crave Entertainment changed The Losts traditional publishing model to a budget game model. Eventually, legal problems amassed, and the completed game was cancelled.

In March 2008 it was reported that all development and rights to The Lost was acquired by FXLabs, who later released the game for Microsoft Windows in India under the title Agni: Queen of Darkness. Agni is thought to feature redone art but keeps basic plot and gameplay elements intact. It was also released in Poland and Russia as Inferno: Where Death Is Your Only Ally and in United States as Netherworld: Beyond Time I Stand.

References

External links
The Lost at IGN.com

Cancelled PlayStation 2 games
Cancelled Xbox games
Horror video games
Irrational Games
Third-person shooters
Video games developed in the United States
Video games featuring female protagonists
Unreal Engine games
Works based on Inferno (Dante)

The Lost (video game)


Boudica  (born about 25 AD, died 60/61 AD) was the queen of the Celtic Iceni people in Norfolk in the eastern part of Roman Britain. Her husband Prasutagus ruled an independent client state of Rome. He died in 60 AD and left his kingdom jointly to his daughters and the Roman emperor.

A statue of Boudica has stood in the Westminster area of London since 1902. She was the Boss of the celts.

Death of Prasutagus and its aftermath
In this era it was normal Roman practice to allow allied kingdoms independence  for the lifetime of their client king. For example, the provinces of Bithynia and Galatia, were part of the Empire in just this way. Also, Roman law allowed inheritance only through the male line.

When Prasutagus died, his will was ignored by the Governor, Gaius Suetonius Paulinus. His kingdom was then annexed just as if it had been conquered. To make matters worse, Roman money-lenders called in the debts which Prasutagus owed during his lifetime. To collect the debts the Romans confiscated the lands and property of the Iceni and treated their nobles like slaves.

When Boudica protested, Paulinus had her flogged, and her two daughters raped in public. Tacitus reports:
"Prasutagus, the late king of the Icenians... by his will he left the whole to his two daughters and the emperor in equal shares, conceiving, by that stroke of policy, that he should provide at once for the tranquillity of his kingdom and his family.

"The event was otherwise. His dominions were ravaged by the centurions; the slaves pillaged his house, and his effects were seized as lawful plunder. His wife, Boudicca, was disgraced with cruel stripes; her daughters were ravished, and the most illustrious of the Icenians were, by force, deprived of the positions which had been transmitted to them by their ancestors. The whole country was considered as a legacy bequeathed to the plunderers. The relations of the deceased king were reduced to slavery".

Revenge of the Iceni
Choosing a good moment, when the Governor was attacking Anglesey and another legion was in Bristol, Boudica led the Iceni and their associates, the Trinovantes, to war. They destroyed Camulodunum (modern Colchester), and moved towards Londinium. There was only the 9th legion (Legio IX Hispana) to defend it. The tribes burnt and destroyed both Verulamium (St Albans) and Londinium and massacred all they could lay their hands on. An estimated 70,000–80,000 Romans and British were killed in the three cities by those led by Boudica.

Battle of Watling Street
The final battle took place near Watling Street in the English Midlands. Watling Street was an old trackway between Canterbury and St Albans. The Romans rebuilt it their way, and took it through the Midlands into Wales.

While Boudica's army assaulted in Verulamium, Suetonius put together a force with his own Legio XIV Gemina, some detachments of the Legio XX Valeria Victrix, and any available auxiliaries. Down near Exeter, The Prefect of Legio II Augusta, Poenius Postumus, ignored the Governor's call to arms. Nonetheless, the Governor was able to call on almost ten thousand men.

The Romans were heavily outnumbered. However, the tribes lacked manoeuvrability. They had no way to direct these numbers, which put them at a disadvantage to the Romans. The Romans were skilled at open combat, and had better equipment and discipline. Also, the narrowness of the field meant that Boudica could put forth only as many troops as the Romans at any given time.

First, the Romans stood their ground and used volleys of pila (heavy javelins) to kill thousands of Britons who rushed toward the Roman lines. The Roman soldiers engaged Boudica's second wave in the open. As the Romans advanced in a wedge formation, the Britons attempted to flee, but were impeded by the presence of their own families. They had put their people in wagons at the edge of the battlefield, and were slaughtered.

Tacitus reports that "according to one report almost eighty thousand Britons fell" compared with only four hundred Romans. Boudica fled, and her time and place of death is not known.

The Prefect Postumus, on hearing of the Roman victory, fell on his sword. Fearing Suetonius' actions would provoke further rebellion, Nero replaced the governor with the more conciliatory Publius Petronius Turpilianus. The historian  Gaius Suetonius Tranquillus tells us the crisis had almost persuaded Nero to abandon Britain.

References

Other websites
 Boudica -Citizendium

History of the British Isles
Kings and queens
People from Norfolk
20s births
60s deaths
Rebellions in Europe

Boudica


Kurt Masur (18 July 1927 – 19 December 2015) was a German conductor. He conducted many of the world's leading orchestras. He especially likes conducting German Romantic music.

Early life
Masur was born in Brieg, which was then part of Germany but is now called Brzeg and lies in Poland. He studied piano, composition and conducting in Leipzig.

Career
His first important conducting job was with the Dresden Philharmonic Orchestra, with whom he worked from 1955 to 1958 and again from 1967 to 1972. He also worked with the Komische Oper of East Berlin. From 1970 to 1996 he was the Kapellmeister (musical director) of the famous Gewandhausorchester Leipzig.

Dresden and Leipzig both lie in what used to be the German Democratic Republic (East Germany). For years Masur worked faithfully for the communist leaders of that country. When the political situation started to change in 1989, he helped to keep the demonstrations peaceful by talking to the politicians and the people and stopping them from fighting.

In 1991, Masur became music director of the New York Philharmonic. He stayed there for over a decade, helping to make them one of the world's finest orchestras.

From 2000 to 2007, Masur was principal conductor of the London Philharmonic Orchestra,. From 2002 to 2008, Masur was music director of the Orchestre National de France.

On his 80th birthday (18 July 2007), Masur conducted musicians from both these orchestras at a Proms concert in London, conducting music by Tchaikovsky and Bruckner.

Masur enjoyed working with young musicians, conducting youth orchestras and giving masterclasses. He has given lessons on the art of conducting Beethoven's music.

Personal life
Masur has been married three times. His first wife, with whom he had a daughter, died in 1972 in a car accident. Masur himself was badly injured in that accident. Until his death, he lived with his third wife, Tomoko. They have a son, Ken-David, who has also become a conductor.

On 26 April 2012 Masur fell off the podium while he was conducting the National Orchestra of France at a concert in Paris. He was taken to hospital to recover from his injuries.

Masur died of Parkinson's disease at his home in Greenwich, Connecticut on December 19, 2015 at the age of 88.

References

Other websites
 Kurt Masur official website

1927 births
2015 deaths
Deaths from Parkinson's disease
Disease-related deaths in Connecticut
German conductors

Kurt Masur


The Pirc defence is one of the asymmetrical hypermodern defences, usually to 1.e4. It is similar to the Modern defence, but reserves the decision as to whether to fianchetto the g8 bishop.

Because it is so flexible it lends itself to transpositions. This is one of the main lines:

1.e4 d6
2.d4 Nf6
3.Nc3 g6
4.f4 Bg7
5.Nf3 0-0
6.Bd3 Na6
7.0-0 c5

A completely different idea is:
1.e4 d6
2.d4 Nf6
3.Nc3 Nbd7
4.Nf3 e5
which is a transposition into Philidor's defence. Another idea is:
1.d4 d6
2.Nf3 Bg4
which is called Wade's defence.

Chess openings

Pirc defence


Matthew Simpson (June 21, 1811 – June 18, 1884) was an American bishop of the Methodist Episcopal Church, elected in 1852 and based mainly in Philadelphia. During the Reconstruction Era after the Civil War, most evangelical denominations in the North, especially the Methodists, were initially strong supporters of radical policies that favored the Freedmen (former slaves) and distrusted the Southern whites. However, by the late 1860s in border state conferences, the MEC North moved well away from their work with the Freedmen's Bureau and often sided with the grievances of Southern white members. Bishop Simpson played a leading role in mobilizing the Northern Methodists for the cause.  His biographer calls him the "High Priest of the Radical Republicans."

Early life and family
Matthew was born in Cadiz, Ohio.  His grandfather, Thomas Simpson, was a British soldier who emigrated to Ireland.  Matthew's father came to America in 1793.  Matthew's grandfather Tingley was a Revolutionary soldier.  Matthew's uncle also was Matthew Simpson, who also emigrated from Ireland to America in 1793.  This Matthew Simpson represented Harrison County, Ohio, in the Ohio State Senate for ten years, and served as judge of the county court for seven years.  In later life, he lived with his nephew, reaching the advanced age of ninety-eight.  Matthew, the nephew, married Ellen H. Verner of Pittsburgh.

Matthew was consecrated at birth for the ministry by both of his parents.  He was baptized as an infant by Bishop Francis Asbury. He was converted to Christ in 1829. Matthew received an academic education in his hometown.  He then attended Madison College in Pennsylvania.  Madison subsequently merged into Allegheny College in 1833.  Matthew was elected to the office of Tutor in his eighteenth year, then engaging in teaching.  Having also studied medicine in 1830–1833, he began medical practice.

Ministry
Shortly thereafter, feeling it his duty to enter the ministry, Matthew was licensed to preach in the M.E. Church, and was received on-trial in the Pittsburgh Annual Conference in 1833.  He was ordained by Bishop Robert Richford Roberts.  Matthew was appointed pastor of the Liberty Street Methodist Church in Pittsburgh in 1835, and of a church at Monongahela, Pennsylvania, in 1836.  He was ordained elder in 1837.

The Rev. Simpson was appointed Professor of Natural Science and elected vice-president of Allegheny College, Meadville, Pennsylvania.  In 1838 he was elected professor, and in 1839 president of the newly established Indiana Asbury University (now DePauw University) in Greencastle, Indiana, remaining until 1848.  The Rev. Simpson was then elected editor of the Western Christian Advocate, which he made a strong temperance and anti-slavery organ, from 1848 to 1852.

The Rev. Dr. Matthew Simpson was elected to the episcopacy of his denomination by the M.E. General Conference, May 1852.  In discharging his duties, Bishop Simpson visited and presided over conferences in all of the states encompassing the M.E. Church as well as most of the related U.S. Territories.  He was sent by the General Conference as a delegate to the Irish and British Wesleyan (i.e., Methodist) Conferences in 1857, as well as to the Evangelical Alliance in Berlin the same year.  He traveled with John McClintock.  From Berlin, Bishop Simpson extended his travels through Turkey, the Holy Land, Egypt, and Greece, returning to the United States in 1858.

In 1859, Bishop Simpson changed his residence from Pittsburgh to Evanston, Illinois, where he accepted the position of president of the Garrett Biblical Institute (now, Garrett–Evangelical Theological Seminary). In 1868 he became a Trustee of Drew Theological Seminary (today Drew University), the new Methodist seminary in Madison, NJ, and served as president of its board from 1877 to 1880.

American Civil War
Before the Civil War, debates over slavery were highly contentious among Northern Methodists, but Simpson did not take sides, playing instead a moderate and cautious role. With the outbreak of the Civil War in April 1861, he became a staunch champion of the Union and helped his denomination take a leading role in providing chaplains, volunteers and civilian support for the war effort.

Simpson became a trusted friend of President Abraham Lincoln, who considered his advice of great value.  He attended the family at Lincoln's death and gave the sermon at his funeral in Springfield.  During the War, Bishop Simpson delivered a number of speeches in behalf of the Union.  He was urged by the Secretary of War to undertake the organization of the freedmen at the establishment of the Freedman's Bureau.  After the war, Bishop Simpson was invited by President Grant to go as a commissioner to San Domingo but he declined both offers.

More foreign travel
In 1870, at the death of Bishop Kingsley, Bishop Simpson again visited Europe to complete the work which had been assigned to him on the continent.  He also went as a delegate again to the English Wesleyan Conference.  In 1874, Bishop Simpson visited Mexico.  He returned to Europe in 1875, presiding over the Annual Conference of Germany and Switzerland.  He also met with the M.E. missionaries in different parts of Europe.  He then addressed the Garfield Memorial Meeting at Exeter Hall, London, on September 24, 1881.
Bishop Simpson was also a gifted orator and throughout the war he gave his much forgotten "Great War Speech" which was so powerful and stirring it could move entire audiences to tears and cheering pride. He delivered this speech over 60 times throughout the war, and it easily motivated and inspired cities wary of the long war.

Death and burial
Bishop Matthew Simpson was taken ill at San Francisco in 1880, but recovered to preach the opening sermon at the First Ecumenical Methodist Conference in London (1881).  He was present at the M.E. General Conference in 1884, but took little part.  He died June 18, 1884, in Philadelphia and was buried in West Laurel Hill Cemetery, Bala Cynwyd, Pennsylvania.

Selected writings
 Sermon:  Influence on the Human Mind of the Manifestation of God's Glory - The Methodist Pulpit, in Clark, D.W., Sermons for the College, Akers, 1851.
Sermon in Sermons for the Home Circle, T.P. Akers, Ed., 1859.
 A Hundred Years of Methodism, 1876.
 Lectures on Preaching (1879), delivered before the Theological Department of Yale College.
 A volume of his Sermons (1885) was edited by George R. Crooks.
 Cyclopedia of Methodism, 1858 (and subsequent editions).

Biographies
 Carwardine, Richard. "Methodists, politics, and the coming of the American Civil War". Church history 69.03 (2000): 578–609.
 Clark, Robert D.  The Life of Matthew Simpson (1956)
 Stowell, Daniel W. "Simpson, Matthew"; American National Biography Online February 2000. Access July 24, 2014

See also
List of bishops of the United Methodist Church
Simpson College

References

Biographical sources
 Cyclopaedia of Methodism, Matthew Simpson, D.D., LL.D., Ed., (Revised Edition)  Philadelphia, Louis H. Everts, 1880.
 Leete, Frederick DeLand, Methodist Bishops.  Nashville, The Methodist Publishing House, 1948.

External links

Biography at West Laurel Hill Cemetery website

1811 births
1884 deaths
American Methodist Episcopal bishops
American theologians
Physicians from Ohio
American religion academics
American religious writers
American sermon writers
American newspaper editors
American encyclopedists
Presidents of DePauw University
Bishops of the Methodist Episcopal Church
Methodist theologians
People from Cadiz, Ohio
Methodist writers
American historians of religion
Editors of Christian publications
Presidency of Abraham Lincoln
Burials in Pennsylvania
19th-century Methodist bishops
19th-century American bishops
Religious leaders from Cincinnati
Burials at West Laurel Hill Cemetery
19th-century American journalists
American male journalists
Historians from Ohio

Matthew Simpson


Lunar phase (or Moon phase) refers to the appearance of the illuminated portion of the Moon as seen by an observer, usually on Earth.  The lunar phases vary cyclically as the Moon orbits the Earth, according to the changing relative positions of the Earth, Moon, and Sun. One half of the lunar surface is always illuminated by the Sun (except during lunar eclipses), and is hence bright, but the portion of the illuminated hemisphere that is visible to an observer can vary from 100% (full moon) to 0% (new moon). The boundary between the illuminated and unilluminated hemispheres is called the terminator.

Overview

Lunar phases are the result of looking at the illuminated half of the Moon from different viewing geometries; they are not caused by shadows of the Earth on the Moon that occur during a lunar eclipse. The Moon exhibits different phases as the relative geometry of the Sun, Earth, and Moon change, appearing as a full moon when the Sun and Moon are on opposite sides of the Earth, and as a new moon (also named dark moon, as it is not visible at night) when they are on the same side. The phases of full moon and new moon are examples of syzygies, which occur when the Earth, Moon, and Sun lie (approximately) in a straight line.  The time between two full moons (and between successive occurrences of the same phase) is about 29.53 days (29 days, 12 hours, 44 minutes) on average (hence, the concept of a timeframe of a period of time of an approximated month was derived).  This synodic month is longer than the time it takes the Moon to make one orbit about the Earth with respect to the fixed stars (the sidereal month), which is about 27.32 days. This difference is caused by the fact that the Earth-Moon system is orbiting about the Sun at the same time the Moon is orbiting about the Earth.  The actual time between two syzygies is variable because the orbit of the Moon is elliptic and subject to various periodic perturbations, which change the velocity of the Moon.

It might be expected that once every month when the Moon passes between Earth and the Sun during a new moon, its shadow would fall on Earth causing a solar eclipse.  Likewise, during every full moon, we might expect the Earth's shadow to fall on the Moon, causing a lunar eclipse. We do not observe a solar and lunar eclipse every month because the plane of the Moon's orbit around the Earth is tilted by about 5 degrees with respect to the plane of Earth's orbit around the Sun. Thus, when new and full moons occur, the Moon usually lies to the north or south of a direct line through the Earth and Sun.  Although an eclipse can only occur when the Moon is either new or full, it must also be positioned very near the intersection of Earth's orbit plane about the Sun and the Moon's orbit plane about the Earth (that is, at one of its nodes).  This happens about twice per year, and so there are between 4 and 7 eclipses in a calendar year.  Most of these are quite insignificant; major eclipses of the Moon or Sun are relatively rare.

චන්ද්‍ර කලා නාමකරණය

කාලයත් සමග වෙනස්වන සඳෙහි කලාවන් වල නම් :

When the Sun and Moon are aligned on the same side of the Earth, the Moon is "new", and the side of the Moon visible from Earth is not illuminated by the Sun. As the Moon waxes (the amount of illuminated surface as seen from Earth is increasing), the lunar phases progress from new moon, crescent moon, first-quarter moon, gibbous moon and full moon phases, before returning through the gibbous moon, third-quarter moon, crescent moon and new moon phases. The terms old moon and new moon are interchangeable, although new moon is more common. Half moon is often used to mean the first- and third-quarter moons.

When a sphere is illuminated on one hemisphere and viewed from a different angle, the portion of the illuminated area that is visible will have a two-dimensional shape defined by the intersection of an ellipse and circle (where the major axis of the ellipse coincides with a diameter of the circle). If the half-ellipse is convex with respect to the half-circle, then the shape will be gibbous (bulging outwards), whereas if the half-ellipse is concave with respect to the half-circle, then the shape will be a crescent.

In the northern hemisphere, if the left side of the Moon is dark then the light part is growing, and the Moon is referred to as waxing (moving towards a full moon). If the right side of the Moon is dark then the light part is shrinking, and the Moon is referred to as waning (moving towards a new moon). Assuming that one is in the northern hemisphere, the right portion of the Moon is the part that is always growing.

දින දසුන
The average calendrical month, which is 1/12 of a year, is about 30.4 days, while the Moon's phase (synodic) cycle repeats every 29.53 days. Therefore the timing of the Moon's phases shifts by an average of about one day for each successive month. If you photographed the Moon's phase every day for a month, starting in the evening after sunset, and repeating approximately 25 minutes later each successive day, ending in the morning before sunrise, you could create a composite image like the example calendar below from May 8, 2005 to June 6, 2005. Note that there is no picture on May 20 since a picture would be taken before midnight on May 19, and after midnight on May 21. For a similar reason, if you look at a calendar listing moon
rise or set times, there will be days where the moon neither rises nor sets.

External links

 Virtual Reality Moon Phase
 US Naval Service on Moon Phase
 Full Moon Names
 Telescopic moon photos through the phases  by Michael Myers
 The Moon Below the Equator
 Current Moon Phase
 The Length of the Lunar Cycle (numerical integration analysis)

Educational aids
 Starchild: Moonlight Madness Lunar Phases Game
 Quia 3rd Grade SOL 3.8 - Put the Moon's Phases in the Correct Order Game
 Astrophysics Science Project Integrating Research & Education: Lunar Phases  Quiz

චන්ද්‍ර කලා


A reef is a rock, sandbar, or other feature below the water surface (less than 80 meters  below low water).

The best-known reefs are the coral reefs in tropical waters. They are built by corals and calcareous algae. Artificial reefs such as shipwrecks are sometimes created to attract fish and other organisms.

Reef


The magnetic moment of a magnet is a quantity that determines the force that the magnet can exert on electric currents and the torque that a magnetic field will exert on it. A loop of electric current, a bar magnet, an electron, a molecule, and a planet all have magnetic moments.

Both the magnetic moment and magnetic field may be considered to be vectors having a magnitude and direction. The direction of the magnetic moment points from the south to north pole of a magnet.  The magnetic field produced by a magnet is proportional to its magnetic moment as well.  More precisely, the term magnetic moment normally refers to a system's  magnetic dipole moment, which produces the first term in the multipole expansion of a general magnetic field. The dipole component of an object's magnetic field is symmetric about the direction of its magnetic dipole moment, and decreases as the inverse cube of the distance from the object.

Two definitions of moment

In text books, two complementary approaches are used to define magnetic moments. In pre-1930's textbooks, they were defined using magnetic poles. Most recent textbooks define it in terms of Ampèrian currents.

Magnetic pole definition

Physicists represent sources of magnetic moments in materials as poles. The North and South poles are an analogy to the positive and negative charges in electrostatics. Consider a bar magnet which has magnetic poles of equal magnitude but opposite polarity. Each pole is the source of magnetic force which weakens with distance. Since magnetic poles always come in pairs, their forces partially cancel each other because while one pole pulls, the other repels.  This cancellation is greatest when the poles are close to each other i.e. when the bar magnet is short. The magnetic force produced by a bar magnet, at a given point in space, therefore depends on two factors:  on both the strength  of its poles, and on the vector  separating them. The moment is defined as

It points in the direction from South to North pole. The analogy with electric dipoles should not be taken too far because magnetic dipoles are associated with angular momentum (see Magnetic moment and angular momentum). Nevertheless, magnetic poles are very useful for magnetostatic calculations, particularly in applications to ferromagnets. Practitioners using the magnetic pole approach generally represent the magnetic field by the irrotational field , in analogy to the electric field .

Current loop definition

Suppose a planar closed loop carries an electric current  and has vector area  (, , and  coordinates of this vector are the areas of projections of the loop onto the , , and  planes). Its magnetic moment , vector, is defined as:

By convention, the direction of the vector area is given by the right hand grip rule (curling the fingers of one's right hand in the direction of the current around the loop, when the palm of the hand is "touching" the loop's outer edge, and the straight thumb indicates the direction of the vector area and thus of the magnetic moment).

If the loop is not planar, the moment is given as

In the most general case of an arbitrary current distribution in space, the magnetic moment of such a distribution can be found from the following equation:

where  is the position vector pointing from the origin to the location of the volume element, and  is the current density vector at that location.

The above equation can be used for calculating a magnetic moment of any assembly of moving charges, such as a spinning charged solid, by substituting

where  is the electric charge density at a given point and  is the instantaneous linear velocity of that point.

For example, the magnetic moment produced by an electric charge  moving  along a circular path is

 ,

where  is the position of the charge  relative to the center of the circle and  is the instantaneous velocity of the charge.

Practitioners using the current loop model generally represent the magnetic field by the solenoidal field , analogous to the electrostatic field .

Magnetic moment of a solenoid

A generalization of the above current loop is a multi-turn coil, or solenoid. Its moment is the vector sum of the moments of individual turns. If the solenoid has  identical turns (single-layer winding),

Units

The unit for magnetic moment is not a base unit in the International System of Units (SI) and it can be represented in more than one way. For example, in the current loop definition, the area is measured in square meters and  is measured in amperes, so the magnetic moment is measured in ampere–square meters (). In the equation for torque on a moment, the torque is measured in Newton.meters and the magnetic field in tesla, so the moment is measured in N.m per Tesla (). These two representations are equivalent:

In the CGS system, there are several different sets of electromagnetism units, of which the main ones are ESU, Gaussian, and EMU. Among these, there are two alternative (non-equivalent) units of magnetic dipole moment in CGS:

 (ESU CGS) 1 statA·cm² = 3.33564095×10-14 (m2·A or N.m/T)

and (more frequently used)

 (EMU CGS and Gaussian-CGS) 1 erg/G = 1 abA·cm² = 10-3 (m2·A or N.m/T).

The ratio of these two non-equivalent CGS units (EMU/ESU) is equal exactly to the speed of light in free space, expressed in cm/s.

All formulas in this article are correct in SI units, but in other unit systems, the formulas may need to be changed. For example, in SI units, a loop of current with current I and area A has magnetic moment I×A (see below), but in Gaussian units the magnetic moment is I×A/c.

For relation between the notions of magnetic moment and magnetization see magnetization.

References and notes

Magnetism

Magnetic moment


Throw Momma from the Train is a 1987 American black comedy movie. It was inspired by Strangers on a Train, which also plays a role in the movie. The movie's title comes from "Mama From the Train," written by Irving Gordon and sung by Patti Page.

It stars Danny DeVito (who also directed), Billy Crystal Anne Ramsey, Kim Greist, Rob Reiner, Branford Marsalis, and Kate Mulgrew, with a cameo appearance from Oprah Winfrey. The movie received mixed to positive reviews, but it was a commercial success. Anne Ramsey was singled out for praise for her portrayal of Mrs. Lift; she got an Academy Award nomination for Best Supporting Actress.

Cast
 Danny DeVito as Owen Lift, the main character. He is a student at Larry's college, as well as also being his friend. Throughout the movie, he tries to kill his mother in many different ways, but in the end, he decides not to kill her after all.
 Tom Hanks as Larry Donner. He is Owen's best friend.
 Anne Ramsey as Mrs. Lift, also known as Momma. She is the antagonist of the movie.
 Kim Greist as Beth, Larry's new girlfriend.
 Kate Mulgrew as Margaret Donner, Larry's ex-wife. Larry hates her with a passion and wishes her dead, and Owen tries to kill her by pushing her overboard, but it is later revealed that she was rescued is marrying someone else.
 Branford Marsalis as Lester
 Rob Reiner as Joel, Larry's agent
 Bruce Kirby as Detective DeBenedetto
 Oprah Winfrey as Herself
 Farley Granger as Guy Haines (archive footage)
 Robert Walker as Bruno Anthony (archive footage)

Other websites

1987 comedy movies
1987 crime movies
1980s black comedy movies
1980s criminal comedy movies
American black comedy movies
American criminal comedy movies
English-language movies
Movies about dysfunctional families
Movies about educators
Movies set on trains
Movies about writers
Movies set in Hawaii
American independent movies
Movies directed by Danny DeVito

Throw Momma from the Train


George Harold Harrison MBE (24 or 25 February 1943 – ) was an English musician. He is best known as the lead guitarist of the Beatles. After the group broke up in 1970, he had a solo career. He made many albums and worked with other musicians including Eric Clapton, Bob Dylan, Phil Spector, Roy Orbison, Tom Petty, and Ravi Shankar. He was also interested in Eastern mysticism and charitable causes.

Early life
Harrison was born on 24 or 25 February 1943, at 12 Arnold Grove in Wavertree, Liverpool, He was youngest of four children of Harold Hargreaves (or Hargrove) Harrison and Louise Harrison, He had one sister and two brothers.

Solo music
George's best-known album was All Things Must Pass, which he made just after the Beatles broke up. Harrison owned a mansion in England called Friar Park, where he lived from 1970 until he died. He built his own recording studio inside the mansion, which for a time was better than Abbey Road Studios, where the Beatles had made their records. Having a private studio meant Harrison could work on songs and recordings anytime he wanted.

Ravi Shankar came to Harrison during 1971 with news about a war in Bangladesh, where thousands of people had died and millions more were refugees and starving. Shankar asked for Harrison's help to give a benefit show to buy food for them. Harrison called on many of his musician friends, who put together a charity concert with famous people to help the refugees. The Concert for Bangla Desh, a live recording, became a best-selling album, raised money for the refugees, and brought worldwide attention to the problems in their country. It also inspired later benefits, including Live Aid in the 1980s.

Harrison found a new musical partner in the 1980s, when Jeff Lynne of Electric Light Orchestra began to write and record songs with him. The two men worked well together and became close friends. Harrison and Lynne formed another band, the Traveling Wilburys, with fellow musicians Bob Dylan, Tom Petty, and Roy Orbison. The Traveling Wilburys recorded two albums, which became hits.

Personal life
In 1966, Harrison married a model, Pattie Boyd, but they were divorced in 1971, and had no children. Boyd left Harrison to be with his friend, guitarist Eric Clapton, but all three were never friends. Harrison married again in 1978, to American-born Olivia Trinidad Arias, who had worked for his record company. Arias became the mother of Harrison's son Dhani, whose name is comprised of the names of two notes in the Indian music scale. Dhani grew up to be a musician like his father, fronting the band thenewno2.  He went to Brown University in the United States.

In the late 1970s Harrison formed a movie production company, Handmade Films, which produced movies including Monty Python's Life of Brian and Terry Gilliam's Time Bandits.

The grounds of Harrison's home, Friar Park, had been more or less open to the public, until the murder of his former bandmate John Lennon late in 1980. Harrison was very hurt and shocked by Lennon's death, and was afraid someone might try to harm him or his family. Afterwards, the gates were locked, and no-entry notices were posted. In December, 1999, an intruder broke into his home, stabbing him with a knife. Harrison and his wife Olivia stopped the intruder and called the police. Harrison recovered. The man who attacked him is schizophrenic and was acquitted of attempted murder by reason of insanity in November 2000 at Oxford Crown Court. He was sent to a mental hospital and released in 2002.

Death
In the 1990s, decades of smoking cigarettes caused Harrison to develop throat cancer. He later developed lung cancer, which caused his death in 2001. His family issued a last statement from him: "Everything else can wait, but the search for God cannot wait, and love one another." Even music was not as important to Harrison as his wanting people to learn to get along with each other, and to make the world a better place.

A year after Harrison's death, Jeff Lynne, Dhani Harrison, the two remaining Beatles (Paul McCartney and Ringo Starr), and other musicians held the Concert for George, which remembered Harrison's music, his life, and his gifts to humanity. All the profits from the concert were given to charity.

Best-known songs

In the Beatles
 "I Need You" (appeared in the movie Help!)
 "If I Needed Someone"
 "Taxman"
 "Within You, Without You" (a raga from Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band)
 "While My Guitar Gently Weeps"
 "Something"
 "Here Comes the Sun"
 "I Me Mine" (featured in the movie Let It Be)

Solo
 "What is Life"
 "My Sweet Lord"
 "Give Me Love (Give Me Peace On Earth)"
 "Ding Dong: Ding Dong" (a New Year's Eve perennial)
 "Crackerbox Palace" (named for Lord Buckley's former home in California)
 "Blow Away"
 "All Those Years Ago" (a tribute to John Lennon; the recording featured Ringo Starr, Paul McCartney and Linda McCartney)
 "Got My Mind Set on You"

Notes

1943 births
2001 deaths
Cancer deaths in Los Angeles
Deaths from throat cancer
Deaths from lung cancer
English guitarists
The Beatles members
Former Roman Catholics

George Harrison


King Naresuan The Great. (also known as Phra-Ong-Dam or Naret). He was born in the year of the Rabbit (Refer to Chinese Zodiac Year), B.E. 2098 (A.D 1555) at Jan Palace, Phitsanulok. His father was King Mahathammaracha and his mother was Queen Wisutkhasat. King Narasuan had one older sister named Princess Suphan Thewi (Supankanlaya) and one brother named King Ekathotsarot (Phra-Ong-Khao).

The Burmese King Bayinnong moved his troops to attack Ayutthaya, and he conquered it. So, he asked for King Naresuan as his adopted child while Naresuan was 9 years old. When Naresuan was 16, King Mahathammaracha wanted Naresuan to come back to be a viceroy of Phitsanulok and gave Princess Suphan Kanla Ya instead as the captive from Phitsanulok.

Major events in the life of King Naresuan

B.E. 2113 He fought with Khmer's troop and he won.

B.E. 2114 He was established (set up) to be a governor of Phitsanulok when he was 16.

B.E. 2117 He fought at Viengjan, and he has a smallpox. So he came back to Phitsanulok.

B.E. 2121 He fought for driving out Phaya Jeen Jan Tu from Ayutthaya.

B.E. 2127 He proclaimed peace at Krang province.

B.E. 2127-2130  Burman sent armies to attack Thai but Burman lost.

B.E. 2133 He reigned Ayutthaya when he was 35 years old.

B.E. 2135 Made war with Mang Ka Yoe Cha Wa.

B.E. 2138 and 2141 He fought with Hong Sa Wa Dee.

B.E. 2148  He died at Tung Keaw, Hang luang when he was 50 years old.

References

1555 births
1605 deaths
Kings and queens
Thai nobility

Naresuan


Kavir National Park is a protected ecological zone in northern Iran. It has an area of 4,000 square kilometers (1,500 mile²). The park is located 120 kilometers south of Tehran and 100 kilometers east of Qom, and it sits on the western end of one of Iran's two major deserts, the Dasht-e Kavir (Great Salt Desert). Siahkuh (Black Mountain), a large, semi-circular rock outcropping sits in roughly the park's center.

The park encompasses landscapes of desert and steppes, and is sometimes known as "Little Africa" for its safari-like wildlife, including native goats (Capra aegagrus), sheep (Ovis orientalis), striped hyenas, Indian wolves, gazelles, the rare Asiatic cheetahs, and the Persian leopards. Typically, the area receives around 150 millimeters (6 inches) of rain a year, most of which falls between November and May. The vegetation in the region is adapted to drought and salty soils. To retain water and combat grazing by animals, some plants grow leaves with thorns, much like thorn trees and bushes found in Africa desert landscapes.

Namak Lake (Salt Lake) sits immediately outside the park boundaries. This is actually a salt marsh, and water flows into the lake from the north via the Qom River, which also flows through the northern part of Kavir National Park. The Qom is one of the very few permanent rivers through the entire desert expanse in Iran.
The Kavir National Park lies in the central province of Semnan and spans an area of 440,000 hectares.

Environment

Local authorities consider insufficient labor force, excessive use of land to graze cattle and illegal hunting as the main problems the park is faced with. Despite the vastness of the park, only 30 rangers work there under the most difficult conditions and for minimum wage. A more detailed look, however, reveals that there are graver problems than those mentioned by the authorities:

The major oil projects currently being implemented in the park are believed will eventually turn the area into a salt land. The area is frequently used for military maneuvers.

The park is sometimes host to car racing competitions, which, together with the military maneuvers, have led many unique animal species, such as the Persian zebras and the Asian cheetahs to flee the area as they do not feel secure anymore.

References

External links

National parks of Iran
Biosphere reserves of Iran
Deserts of Iran
Geography of Semnan Province

Kavir National Park


Geshe Langri Thangpa (གླང་རི་ཐང་པ། ; wylie: glang ri thang pa) (1054–1123) is an important figure in the lineage of the Kadampa and Gelug schools of Tibetan Buddhism. He was born in Phenpo, as Dorje Senge (རྡོ་རྗེ་ སེང་གེ ; wylie: rdo rje seng ge). His name derives from Langtang, the area in which he is said to have lived. He was a Kadampa master, and disciple of Potowa Rinchen Sel.

In the 2nd water bird year he founded Langtang Monastery (གླང་ཐང་  ; wylie: glang thang), as a Kadampa monastery. It later became a Sakya monastery.

He was the author of Eight Verses of Training the Mind (བློ་སྦྱོང་ཚིགས་བརྒྱད་མ། ; wylie: blo sbyong tshigs brgyad ma), considered a succinct summary of the Lojong (བློ་སྦྱོང་ ; wylie: blo sbyong) teachings of Mahayana Buddhism. He is said to be an emanation of Buddha Amitābha.

See also
 Geshe Chekhawa, author of Training the Mind in Seven Points, an explanation of Lojong
 His Holiness the Dalai Lama, Transforming the Mind: Eight Verses on Generating Compassion and Transforming your Life, Thorsons (2000)
Lojong (Mind training)

References

Sources
 Langri Tangpa's Eight Verses for Training the Mind
 Tibetan Himalayan Digital Library Online Dictionary

1054 births
1123 deaths
Gelug Buddhists
Kadampa Buddhists

Langri Tangpa


James Kahn (born December 30, 1947) is an American medical specialist and writer, best known for his novelization of Return of the Jedi. Born in Chicago, Kahn received a degree in medical studies from the University of Chicago. His post-graduate training, specializing in Emergency Medicine, was completed at USC–LA County Hospital and UCLA. His original work includes three novels in the New World series: World Enough, and Time (1980), Time's Dark Laughter (1982), and Timefall (1987). As well as Return of the Jedi, he wrote the novelizations of the films Poltergeist and Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom. He has also written for well-known television series such as Melrose Place and Star Trek: The Next Generation. He was the producer of Melrose Place from 1996 to 1998.

Early life
Kahn was born in Chicago in 1947, and began playing the guitar at age 12. He graduated from Maine Township High School West in 1965; then attended the University of Chicago, where he majored in Biology, drew a draft lottery number of 3, became involved in the anti-Vietnam War movement, participated in the 1968 Democratic Convention riots, and studied with the Byronic scholar Jerome McGann. When, during his fifth year in the college, his short story, "The Box", won second place in a U. of C. contest, one of the judges, Daryl Hine, sent Kahn's story to Playboy magazine, which bought it and published it in March 1971 – marking Kahn's debut as a professional writer.

Career
Kahn went to medical school at the University of Chicago, as well, graduating in 1974. In 1973 he had another short story, "Mobius Trip," published in the short-lived, Chicago-based magazine Gallery. He did a medical internship at the University of Wisconsin at Madison, then took a year-long hiatus during which he wrote his first novel, Diagnosis: Murder, which was later published by Carlyle Press, now defunct. He proceeded to do the first year of a Residency in Emergency Medicine at L.A.County Hospital/USC then took off another year in his training program to work various emergency departments around Los Angeles. He finished his Residency training at UCLA, where he helped create the residency program in Emergency Medicine, and subsequently became part of the group of specialists who created and then ran the emergency department at St. John's Hospital in Santa Monica, California.

It was during this period that he wrote his science fiction trilogy – World Enough, and Time; Time's Dark Laughter; and Timefall – the first two published by Del Rey Publishing, the third by St. Martin's Press, which later published his medical thriller, The Echo Vector.

While working at St. John's Hospital, he and others in the emergency department there were contacted by Kathleen Kennedy and Melissa Matheson soliciting technical assistance in the resuscitation of an alien. Kahn and others were invited to join the cast and crew in the production of the Steven Spielberg film E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial (at that time tentatively titled A Boy's Life). In the film, Kahn plays the doctor who confirms E.T.'s death. While on the set, Kahn gave a copy of his novel, World Enough, and Time, to Spielberg – which resulted in Kahn getting the assignment to novelize the movie Poltergeist, then in post-production.

Kahn did several more novelizations after that – Return of the Jedi, Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom, The Goonies and Poltergeist II. During this period he also began to get television work, writing first for St. Elsewhere, and later, E/R – a sitcom about an emergency department starring Elliott Gould and Mary MacDonald, in which Kahn created the character of a teen orderly named Ace, played by a young George Clooney.

Kahn wrote primarily for television for the next 20 years. Among the series he worked on were Family Medical Center, Star Trek: The Next Generation, Beyond Reality, TekWar (created by William Shatner), Medicine Ball, Xena: Warrior Princess, Melrose Place (which he also co-executive produced in its last years), Star Trek: Voyager (also Supervising Producer) and All My Children (for which he and the writing staff were Emmy-nominated).

Later, under the tutelage of singer-songwriter Kate Wallace, and music producer/multi-instrumentalist David West, he focused more on writing music, releasing the Americana/folk CD Waterline in 2011, followed by the music video/short film Dolores Quits Dancing, the first song from his second album, Roadhouse Full of Blues (set for release in 2012).

Discography

Studio albums
 Waterline (self-released, 2011)
 Roadhouse Full of Blues (2012)

Selected bibliography

 Diagnosis: Murder
 The Echo Vector  (1987)

New World series

 World Enough, and Time (1980)
 Time's Dark Laughter (1982)
 Timefall (1987)

Novelizations

Star Wars
 Star Wars Episode VI: Return of the Jedi (1983)

Indiana Jones
 Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom (1984)

Poltergeist
 Poltergeist (1982)
 Poltergeist II: The Other Side (1986)

The Goonies
 The Goonies (1985)

Short stories
 The Box (Playboy, March, 1971)
 Mobius Trip (Gallery, 1973)

See also
 List of horror fiction authors

References

External links

1947 births
20th-century American novelists
American television writers
American male television writers
Date of birth missing (living people)
David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA alumni
Living people
University of Chicago alumni
Writers from Chicago
American male novelists
American male screenwriters
20th-century American male writers
Novelists from Illinois
Screenwriters from Illinois

James Kahn


Josefa Idem married Guerrini (born 23 September 1964) is an Italian sprint canoer turned politician. Competing in eight Summer Olympics, she has five medals. Winning 35 international medals during her career, Idem was the first Italian woman to win World Championships (22 total, five gold) and Olympic medals in canoe sprint. At the 2009 world championships, she became the oldest medalist in the history of the world championships.

After her retirement, she was elected in 2013 as member of the Italian Parliament for the Democratic Party, and successively named Minister for Equal Opportunities, Sport and Youth Policies as part of the cabinet of Enrico Letta. On 24 June 2013, she resigned from the charge because of judicial investigation on allegedly unpaid taxes.

Biography
Josefa Idem was born in Goch, West Germany, and began paddling at the age of eleven. In 1977, aged thirteen, she competed at the European Championships in Plovdiv and won gold medals over 200, 500 and 1000 metres as well as a bronze medal in doubles kayaking ("K-2") with Ravetta Rosette. In the following years she focused mainly on her language school education but competed for West Germany at the 1984 Olympics in Los Angeles, winning a bronze medal in the K-2 500 m with Barbara Schüttpelz. The next year, Idem switched to the K-1 events.

At the 1988 Olympics in Seoul, she finished ninth in the K-1 500 m and fifth with the West German quartet in the K-4 500 m. In November the same year Idem moved to Italy where she eventually met Gugliemo Guerrini, her present husband and coach. The cooperation paid off as she won two bronze medals at the 1989 World Championships in Plovdiv, the city where she won her first international medals.

Idem married Guerrini in 1990 and hence became an Italian citizen in 1992. She competed for Italy at the Olympic Games the same year, placing fourth. Four years later, however, at the 1996 Olympics in Atlanta, she won the bronze medal in the K-1 500 m event.

This was the beginning of her most successful period: from 1997 to 2002 she won three World Championships titles (as well as 10 silver and bronze medals), five European titles and finally the Olympic gold medal in Sydney 2000. In 2003, she gave birth to her second child, but she returned to compete in the K-1 500 m at the Games in Athens in 2004, winning the silver medal.

In her seventh Olympic appearance, at the 2008 Olympic Games in Beijing, at the age of 43, she won her fifth medal, the silver in K-1 500 m; after leading for much of the latter part of the race, she was overtaken at the very end by the Ukrainian kayaker, losing to her in a photo finish by only four thousandths of a second, 1:50.677 to 1:50.673. After the race she said that she wanted to continue until the 2012 Olympics in London. Idem qualified for the 2012 Olympics and ultimately achieved a 5th place in the finals.

Today Idem lives in Santerno (in the province of Ravenna), with Guglielmo Guerrini and their two children.

Political involvement
From 2001 to 2007 she served as Ravenna city councillor delegate for sports (assessore in Italian), as member of the centre-left Olive Tree. She then became a member of the Democratic Party, being then named a parliamentary candidate for the Senate after winning the party's 2012 primary elections. She was elected into Parliament as a result of the 2013 general election.

On 28 April 2013, she was named a minister without portfolio for equal opportunities and sports as part of a grand coalition cabinet headed by Democratic Party member Enrico Letta. However, she resigned two months later on 24  June due to legal charges over allegedly unpaid taxes.

Idem has also been involved in social work, most prominently as a spokesperson for Emergency as well as Associazione Italiana Sclerosi Multipla, an organization for multiple sclerosis patients.

Olympic medals
For Germany:
 1984 Los Angeles: Bronze K2 500 m

For Italy:
 1996 Atlanta: Bronze K1 500 m
 2000 Sydney: Gold K1 500 m
 2004 Athens: Silver K1 500 m
 2008 Beijing: Silver K1 500 m

See also
List of athletes with the most appearances at Olympic Games
Italian sportswomen multiple medalists at Olympics and World Championships

References

External links

1964 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Düsseldorf (region)
Canoeists at the 1984 Summer Olympics
Canoeists at the 1988 Summer Olympics
Canoeists at the 1992 Summer Olympics
Canoeists at the 1996 Summer Olympics
Canoeists at the 2000 Summer Olympics
Canoeists at the 2004 Summer Olympics
Canoeists at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Canoeists at the 2012 Summer Olympics
Italian female canoeists
Olympic canoeists for Italy
Olympic gold medalists for Italy
Olympic silver medalists for Italy
Olympic bronze medalists for Italy
Olympic medalists in canoeing
ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships medalists in kayak
Medalists at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Women government ministers of Italy
Letta Cabinet
Democratic Party (Italy) politicians
21st-century Italian politicians
Italian city councillors
Members of the Senate of the Republic (Italy)
Medalists at the 2004 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 2000 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 1996 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 1984 Summer Olympics
21st-century Italian women politicians
Women members of the Senate of the Republic (Italy)

Josefa Idem


Karl Anton Hickel (1745 – 30 October 1798) was an 18th-century Austrian painter.

Life
Hickel was born in Česká Lípa, Bohemia, and enrolled in the Academy of Fine Arts Vienna in Vienna, Austria in 1758. After graduation, he worked as a painter under his brother, Joseph Hickel, who was also a painter. Beginning in 1779, he served as a traveling portrait painter. He spent considerable time in Munich where he painted Charles Theodore, Elector of Bavaria, among others. He then traveled in southern Germany, Switzerland, then to Mannheim and Mainz. He moved to Switzerland in 1785, and then became the official court painter of Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor. In 1786, he travelled to France where he painted under the patronage of Marie Antoinette and Marie-Louise, princesse de Lamballe. He died in Hamburg.

Gallery

References
 Article at Answers.com
 Constantin von Wurzbach: Hickel, Anton. In: Biographical Dictionary of the Empire of Austria. Volume 9, published by L. C. Zamarski, Vienna, 1863, pp. 2 f
 Liselotte Popelka: Hickel, Anton. In: New German Biography (NDB). Volume 9, Duncker & Humblot, Berlin 1972, , p.105 (digitized).
 Hamburg artist lexicon, The Visual Artists Vol 1, Edit. of a Committees of the Society of Hamburg History, Hoffmann und Campe, Hamburg, 1854, p 113, (online Hamburg State and University Library).
 Friedrich Johann Lorenz Meyer, sketches for a painting of Hamburg, Verlag Friedrich Hermann Nestler, Hamburg, 1801, Volume 1, Issue 3, SS 275 et seq, (online State and University Library Hamburg)

1745 births
1798 deaths
People from Český Krumlov
German Bohemian people
18th-century Austrian painters
18th-century Austrian male artists
Austrian male painters
Austrian portrait painters
Austrian people of German Bohemian descent
Court painters
Academy of Fine Arts Vienna alumni

Anton Hickel


Claudio Ciborra (1951 – 13 February 2005) was an Italian organizational theorist, and Professor of Information Systems and PWC Chair in Risk Management in the London School of Economics. Prior to the LSE, he was professor at the Theseus International Management Institute.

Work
Ciborra was an original thinker in his field: the Social Study of Information Systems. His contribution ranks among that of the top names in this and related fields such as Shoshana Zuboff, Wanda Orlikowski, Steve Barley, M. Lynne Markus, Lucas Introna, Jannis Kallinikos, Geoff Walsham, Rob Kling, Daniel Robey, Chrisanthi Avgerou and Richard Boland. He collaborated widely, including with such scholars as Ole Hanseth (University of Oslo) and Giovan Francesco Lanzara (University of Bologna).

Ciborra contributed to the following areas.
The relationship between technology and organizations
Transaction cost theory and IS
Organizational learning, bricolage and improvisation
IS infrastructures.

Improvisation
Ciborra goes beyond the typical characterisation of improvisation as situated, pragmatic and contingent action by referring to the existential condition of the actor (his "moods feelings, affectations and fundamental attunement with the situation"). By eschewing the notion of the actor as a "robot" adapting to changing circumstances he reintroduces the personal human aspects that shape our encounters with the world and shows how our affectations define the situation at hand and so shape action.

Bricolage

As expounded by Ciborra, bricolage can be seen as the constant re-ordering of people and resources, the constant "trying out" and experimentation that is the true hallmark of organisational change. But bricolage is not a random trying out: Ciborra emphasises that it is a trying out based on leveraging the world "as defined by the situation".

Hospitality (xenia)
Hospitality is Claudio's attempt to present an alternative conception of how IT/IS is implemented. He rejects the scientific explanations of IS implementation (planning, design, goals, targets, methods, procedures) and instead views technology as an alien embodying and exemplifying its alien culture and affordances. Successful implementation is achieved when the "host" organisation (i.e. that implementing the technology) is able to extend courtesy and to absorb and appropriate/assimilate the alien culture where it offers advantages such as new ways of working. Claudio also warns that the host must beware that the guest can quickly become hostile.

Crisis
Ciborra claims that much of the IS and IT world (particularly their strategic management, marketing, academia and training organisations) are in crisis. He teaches that this is because IS and IT are treated as scientific disciplines when in fact they are social disciplines and hence thinking about them is based in an inappropriate paradigm which we might call "Positivism" (although Ciborra does not use this term).

Formative context
Ciborra drew on the work of Roberto Unger and showed how IS can embody and so be enacted as Formative Context.
Drift
Caring
The Platform Organisation

Gestell
Ciborra analyses Information System infrastructure using Heidegger's concept of Gestell.

For further information see Labyrinths of Information, OUP, 2002.

References

External links
 A review of Labyrinths of Information
 Memorial to Claudio
 List of selected publications

1951 births
2005 deaths
Polytechnic University of Milan alumni
Italian business theorists
Academics of the London School of Economics
Philosophers of technology
Organizational theorists
Information systems researchers

Claudio Ciborra


Hermodr (Old Norse: Hermóðr - "Spirit of War") is the messenger of the gods in Norse mythology, and is the fastest among the Æsir. When Baldr died, Hermóðr volunteered to go to Niflheimr to ask Hel to release Odin's beloved son. Hermóðr was said to have galloped on the horse Sleipnir for nine days and nine nights.

Journey to Hel
Upon reaching the dreaded world of ice and mist, Hermóðr encountered the female jötunn Móðguðr (Old Norse: "Furious Battler"), guardian of Gjallarbrú, the bridge which spans the river Gjöll (Old Norse: Gjǫll - "Noisy"), which separates the realm of the living and the dead. When Hermóðr stated his business as to why he wished to enter Hel, Móðguðr let him pass. He finally met with Hel, and begged her to release Baldr. Hel eventually agreed to his request, on the condition that all of creation weep for Baldr.

Norse gods and goddesses

Hermóðr


In baseball and softball, a relief pitcher or reliever is a pitcher who enters the game after the starting pitcher is removed. There are different kinds of relief pitchers such as closers, set-up relief pitchers, middle relief pitchers, left/right-handed specialists, and long relievers. Relief pitchers are expected to pitch many games but in fewer innings than starters.

Baseball positions

Relief pitcher