Pope Pius X (; born Giuseppe Melchiorre Sarto; 2 June 1835 – 20 August 1914) was head of the Catholic Church from 4 August 1903 to his death in August 1914. Pius X is known for vigorously opposing modernist interpretations of Catholic doctrine, and for promoting liturgical reforms and scholastic theology. He initiated the preparation of the 1917 Code of Canon Law, the first comprehensive and systemic work of its kind. He is venerated as a saint in the Catholic Church. The Society of Saint Pius X, a traditionalist Catholic fraternity, is named after him.

Pius X was devoted to the Blessed Virgin Mary under the title of Our Lady of Confidence; while his papal encyclical Ad diem illum took on a sense of renewal that was reflected in the motto of his pontificate. He advanced the Liturgical Movement by formulating the principle of participatio actuosa (active participation of the faithful) in his motu proprio, Tra le sollecitudini (1903). He encouraged the frequent reception of Holy Communion, and he lowered the age for First Communion, which became a lasting innovation of his papacy.

Like his predecessors, he promoted Thomism as the principal philosophical method to be taught in Catholic institutions. He vehemently opposed various 19th-century philosophies that he viewed as an intrusion of secular errors incompatible with Catholic dogma, especially modernism, which he critiqued as the synthesis of every heresy.

Pius X was known for his firm demeanour and sense of personal poverty, reflected by his membership of the Third Order of Saint Francis. He regularly gave sermons from the pulpit, a rare practice at the time. After the 1908 Messina earthquake he filled the Apostolic Palace with refugees, long before the Italian government acted. He rejected any kind of favours for his family, and his close relatives chose to remain in poverty, living near Rome. He also undertook a reform of the Roman Curia with the Apostolic Constitution Sapienti consilio in 1908.

After his death, a strong cult of devotion followed his reputation for piety and holiness. He was beatified in 1951 and canonized in 1954 by Pope Pius XII. A statue bearing his name stands within Saint Peter's Basilica, and his birth town was renamed Riese Pio X after his death.

Early life and ministry

Giuseppe Melchiorre Sarto was born in Riese, Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia, Austrian Empire (now in the province of Treviso, Veneto, Italy), in 1835. He was the second born of ten children of Giovanni Battista Sarto (1792–1852), the village postman, and Margherita Sanson (1813–1894). He was baptised 3 June 1835. Though poor, his parents valued education, and Giuseppe walked  to school each day.

Giuseppe had three brothers and six sisters: Giuseppe Sarto (born 1834; died after six days), Angelo Sarto (1837–1916), Teresa Parolin-Sarto (1839–1920), Rosa Sarto (1841–1913), Antonia Dei Bei-Sarto (1843–1917), Maria Sarto (1846–1930), Lucia Boschin-Sarto (1848–1924), Anna Sarto (1850–1926), Pietro Sarto (born 1852; died after six months). As Pope, he rejected any kind of favours for his family: his brother remained a postal clerk, his favourite nephew stayed on as village priest, and his three single sisters lived together close to poverty in Rome, in the same way as other people of humble background.

Giuseppe, often nicknamed as "Bepi" by his mother, possessed a sprightly disposition with his natural exuberance being so great that his teacher had to often control his lively impulses with a cane to the backside. Despite this, he was an excellent student who focused on his homework before engaging in any hobbies or recreations. In the evenings after sports or games with friends, he would spend ten minutes in prayer before returning home. Sarto also served as an altar boy. By the age of ten, he had completed the two elementary classes of his village school, as well as Latin study with a local priest; henceforth Sarto had to walk four miles to the gymnasium in Castelfranco Veneto for further classes. For the next four years, he would attend Mass before breakfast and his long walk to school. He often carried his shoes to make them last longer. As a poor boy, he was often teased for his meager lunches and shabby clothes, but never complained about this to his teachers.

In 1850 he received the tonsure from his parish priest, and was given a scholarship [from] the Cardinal of Venice (who his parish priest had written, asking for a scholarship for Bepi) to attend the Seminary of Padua, "where he finished his classical, philosophical, and theological studies with distinction".

On 18 September 1858, Sarto was ordained a priest by Giovanni Antonio Farina (later canonized), and became a chaplain at Tombolo. While there, Sarto expanded his knowledge of theology, studying both Thomas Aquinas and canon law, while carrying out most of the functions of the parish pastor Constantini, who was quite ill. Often, Sarto sought to improve his sermons by the advice of Constantini, who referred to one of his earliest as "rubbish". In Tombolo, Sarto's reputation for holiness grew so much amongst the people that some suggested the nickname "Don Santo".

In 1867, he was named archpriest of Salzano. Here he restored the church and expanded the hospital, the funds coming from his own begging, wealth and labour. He won the people's affection when he worked to assist the sick during the cholera plague of the early 1870s. He was named a canon of the cathedral and chancellor of the Diocese of Treviso, also holding offices such as spiritual director and rector of the Treviso seminary, and examiner of the clergy. As chancellor he made it possible for public school students to receive religious instruction. As a priest and later bishop, he often struggled over solving problems of bringing religious instruction to rural and urban youth who did not have the opportunity to attend Catholic schools. At one stage, a large stack of hay caught fire near a cottage, and when Sarto arrived he addressed the frantic people, "Don't be afraid, the fire will be put out and your house will be saved!" At that moment, the flames turned in the other direction, leaving the cottage alone. Despite his many duties, Sarto often made time for an evening walk with young children preparing their First Communion.

In 1879, Bishop Federico Maria Zinelli died, and Sarto was elected vicar-capitular to care for the diocese until the accession of a new bishop in June 1880.

After 1880, Sarto taught dogmatic theology and moral theology at the seminary in Treviso. On 10 November 1884, he was appointed bishop of Mantua by Pope Leo XIII. He was consecrated six days later in Rome in the church of Sant'Apollinare alle Terme Neroniane-Alessandrine, Rome, by Cardinal Lucido Parocchi, assisted by Pietro Rota, and by Giovanni Maria Berengo. He was appointed to the honorary position of assistant at the pontifical throne on 19 June 1891. Sarto required papal dispensation from Pope Leo XIII before episcopal consecration as he lacked a doctorate, making him the last pope without a doctorate until Pope Francis.

When Sarto travelled back to his hometown from Rome after his consecration, he immediately went to visit his mother. There, she repeatedly kissed his ring and said to him: "But you would not have this fine ring, son, if I did not have this", showing him her wedding ring.

Cardinalate and patriarchate

Pope Leo XIII made him a cardinal of the order of cardinal priests in a secret consistory on 12 June 1893. Three days later in a public consistory on 15 June, Pope Leo XIII gave him his cardinal's red galero, assigned him the titular church of San Bernardo alle Terme, and appointed him Patriarch of Venice. This caused difficulty, however, as the government of the reunified Italy claimed the right to nominate the Patriarch, since the previous sovereign, the Emperor of Austria, had exercised that power. The poor relations between the Roman Curia and the Italian civil government since the annexation of the Papal States in 1870 placed additional strain on the appointment. The number of vacant sees soon grew to 30. Sarto was finally permitted to assume the position of patriarch in 1894. In regard to being named as a cardinal, Sarto told a local newspaper that he felt "anxious, terrified and humiliated".

After being named cardinal and before leaving for Venice, he paid his mother a visit. Overwhelmed with emotion and in tears, she asked: "My son, give your mother a last blessing", sensing that it would be the last time that they would see each other. Arriving in Venice, he was formally enthroned on 24 November 1894.

As cardinal-patriarch, Sarto avoided politics, allocating his time to social works and strengthening parochial credit unions. However, in his first pastoral letter to the Venetians, Sarto argued that in matters pertaining to the pope, "There should be no questions, no subtleties, no opposing of personal rights to his rights, but only obedience."

In April 1903, Pope Leo XIII reportedly said to Lorenzo Perosi: "Hold him very dear, Perosi, as in the future he will be able to do much for you. We firmly believe he will be our successor". As a cardinal, he was considered by the time of his papal election as one of the most prominent preachers in the Church despite his lesser fame globally. In his role as a cardinal, Sarto held membership in the congregations for Bishops and Regulars, Rites, and Indulgences and Sacred Relics.

Papal election of 1903

Leo XIII died 20 July 1903, and at the end of that month the conclave convened to elect his successor. Before the conclave, Sarto had reportedly said, "rather dead than pope", when people discussed his chances for election. In one of the meetings held just before the conclave, Cardinal Victor-Lucien-Sulpice Lécot spoke with Sarto in French, however, Sarto replied in Latin, "I'm afraid I do not speak French". Lécot replied, "But if Your Eminence does not speak French you have no chance of being elected because the pope must speak French", to which Sarto said, "Deo Gratias! I have no desire to be pope".

According to historians, the favorite was the late pope's secretary of state, Cardinal Mariano Rampolla. On the first ballot, Rampolla received 24 votes, Gotti had 17 votes, and Sarto 5 votes. On the second ballot, Rampolla had gained five votes, as did Sarto. The next day, it seemed that Rampolla would be elected. However, the Polish Cardinal Jan Puzyna de Kosielsko from Kraków, in the name of Emperor Franz Joseph (1848–1916) of Austria-Hungary, proclaimed a veto (jus exclusivae) against Rampolla's election. Many in the conclave protested, and it was even suggested to disregard the veto.

However, the third vote had already begun, resulting in no clear winner but increasing support for Sarto, with 21 votes. The fourth vote showed Rampolla with 30 votes and Sarto with 24. It seemed clear that the cardinals were moving toward Sarto.

The following morning, the fifth vote gave Rampolla 10 votes, Gotti 2, and Sarto 50. Thus, on 4 August 1903, Sarto was elected to the pontificate. This marked the last known exercise of a papal veto by a Catholic monarch.

At first, it is reported, Sarto declined the nomination, feeling unworthy. He had been deeply saddened by the Austro-Hungarian veto and vowed to rescind these powers and excommunicate anyone who communicated such a veto during a conclave. With the cardinals asking him to reconsider, he went into solitude in the Pauline chapel, and after deep prayer he accepted the position. Cardinal Luigi Macchi announced Sarto's election at around 12:10pm.

Sarto took as his papal name Pius X, out of respect for his recent predecessors of the same name, particularly Pope Pius IX (1846–1878), who had fought against theological liberals and for papal supremacy. He explained: "As I shall suffer, I shall take the name of those Popes who also suffered". Pius X's traditional coronation took place the following Sunday, 9 August 1903. As pope, he became ex officio Grand Master of the Equestrian Order of the Holy Sepulchre of Jerusalem, prefect of the Supreme Sacred Congregation of the Holy Office, and prefect of the Sacred Consistorial Congregation.

Pontificate

The pontificate of Pius X was noted for conservative theology and reforms in liturgy and Church law. In what became his motto, the Pope in 1903 devoted his papacy to Instaurare Omnia in Christo, "to restore all things in Christ." In his first encyclical (E supremi apostolatus, 4 October 1903), he stated his overriding policy: "We champion the authority of God. His authority and Commandments should be recognized, deferred to, and respected."

Continuing his simple origins, he wore a pectoral cross of gilded metal on the day of his coronation; and when his entourage was horrified, the new pope declared he always wore it and had brought no other with him. He was well known for reducing papal ceremonies. He also abolished the custom of the pope dining alone, since the time of Pope Urban VIII, and invited his friends to eat with him.

When chided by Rome's social leaders for refusing to make his peasant sisters papal countesses, he responded: "I have made them sisters of the Pope; what more can I do for them?"

He developed a reputation as being very friendly with children. He carried candy in his pockets for the street urchins in Mantua and Venice, and taught them catechism. During papal audiences, he would gather children around him and talk about things that interested them. His weekly catechism lessons in the courtyard of San Damaso in the Vatican always included a special place for children, and his decision to require the Confraternity of Christian Doctrine in every parish was partly motivated by a desire to save children from religious ignorance.

Noted for his humility and simplicity, he declared that he had not changed personally save for his white cassock. Aides consistently needed to remind him not to wipe his pen on the white cassock, as he had previously done on his black cassock which hid stains. The new pope's schedule was quite similar each day. He rose at 4:00am before celebrating Mass at 6:00am. He was at his desk at 8:00am to receive private audiences. On his desk stood statues of John Vianney and Joan of Arc, both of whom he beatified in his papacy. At noon, he conducted a general audience with pilgrims, then had lunch at 1:00pm with his two secretaries or whomever else he invited to dine with him. Resting for a short while after lunch, Pius X would then return to work before dining at 9:00pm and a final stint of work before sleep.

Church reforms and theology

Restoration in Christ and Mariology
In his 1904 encyclical Ad diem illum, he views Mary in the context of "restoring everything in Christ".

He wrote:
During Pius X's pontificate, many famed Marian images were granted a canonical coronation: Our Lady of Aparecida, Our Lady of the Pillar, Our Lady of the Cape, Our Lady of Chiquinquira of Colombia, Our Lady of San Juan de los Lagos, Our Lady of La Naval de Manila, Virgin of Help of Venezuela, Our Lady of Carmel of New York, the Marian icon of Santuario della Consolata and the Immaculate Conception within the Chapel of the Choir inside Saint Peter's Basilica were granted this prestigious honor.

Tra le sollecitudini and Gregorian chant
Within three months of his coronation, Pius X published his motu proprio Tra le sollecitudini. Classical and Baroque compositions had long been favoured over Gregorian chant in ecclesiastical music. The Pope announced a return to earlier musical styles, championed by Lorenzo Perosi. Since 1898, Perosi had been Director of the Sistine Chapel Choir, a title which Pius X upgraded to "Perpetual Director". The Pope's choice of Joseph Pothier to supervise the new editions of chant led to the official adoption of the Solesmes edition of Gregorian chant.

Liturgical reforms and communion
Pius X worked to increase devotion among both clergy and laity, particularly in the Breviary, which he reformed considerably, and the Mass.

Besides restoring to prominence Gregorian Chant, he placed a renewed liturgical emphasis on the Eucharist, saying, "Holy Communion is the shortest and safest way to Heaven." To this end, he encouraged frequent reception of Holy Communion. This also extended to children who had reached the "age of discretion", though he did not permit the ancient Eastern practice of infant communion. He also emphasized frequent recourse to the Sacrament of Penance so that Holy Communion would be received worthily. Pius X's devotion to the Eucharist would eventually earn him the honorific of "Pope of the Blessed Sacrament", by which he is still known among his devotees.

In 1910, he issued the decree Quam singulari, which changed the age at which Communion could be received from 12 to 7 years old, the age of discretion. The pope lowered the age because he wished to impress the event on the minds of children and stimulate their parents to new religious observance; this decree was found unwelcome in some places due to the belief that parents would withdraw their children early from Catholic schools, now that First Communion was carried out earlier. Pius X even personally distributed First Communion to a four-year-old boy the day after the child was presented to him and demonstrated an exceptional understanding of the meaning of the sacrament. When people would criticize Pius X for lowering the age of reception, he simply quoted the words of Jesus, "let the little children come to me".

Pius X said in his 1903 motu proprio Tra le sollecitudini, "The primary and indispensable source of the true Christian spirit is participation in the most holy mysteries and in the public, official prayer of the Church."

He also sought to modify papal ceremonies to underscore their religious significance by eliminating occasions for applause. For example, when entering his first public consistory for the creation of cardinals in November 1903, he was not carried above the crowds on the sedia gestatoria as was traditional. He arrived on foot wearing a cope and mitre at the end of the procession of prelates "almost hidden behind the double line of Palatine Guards through which he passed".

Anti-modernism

Pope Leo XIII had sought to revive the inheritance of Thomas Aquinas, 'the marriage of reason and revelation', as a response to secular 'enlightenment'. Under Pius X, neo-Thomism became the blueprint for theology.

Most controversially, Pius X vigorously condemned the theological movement he termed 'Modernism', which he regarded as a heresy endangering the Catholic faith. The movement was linked especially to certain Catholic French scholars such as Louis Duchesne, who questioned the belief that God acts in a direct way in the affairs of humanity, and Alfred Loisy, who denied that some parts of Scripture were literally rather than perhaps metaphorically true. In contradiction to Thomas Aquinas they argued that there was an unbridgeable gap between natural and supernatural knowledge. Its unwanted effects, from the traditional viewpoint, were relativism and scepticism. Modernism and relativism, in terms of their presence in the Church, were theological trends that tried to assimilate modern philosophers like Immanuel Kant as well as rationalism into Catholic theology. Modernists argued that beliefs of the Church have evolved throughout its history and continue to evolve.

Anti-Modernists viewed these notions as contrary to the dogmas and traditions of the Catholic Church. In the decree entitled Lamentabili sane exitu ("A Lamentable Departure Indeed") of 3 July 1907, Pius X formally condemned 65 propositions, mainly drawn from the works of Alfred Loisy and concerning the nature of the Church, revelation, biblical exegesis, the sacraments, and the divinity of Christ. That was followed by the encyclical Pascendi dominici gregis (or "Feeding the Lord's Flock"), which characterized Modernism as the "synthesis of all heresies." Following these, Pius X ordered that all clerics take the Anti-Modernist oath, Sacrorum antistitum.  Pius X's aggressive stance against Modernism caused some disruption within the Church. Although only about 40 clerics refused to take the oath, Catholic scholarship with Modernistic tendencies was substantially discouraged. Theologians who wished to pursue lines of inquiry in line with Secularism, Modernism, or Relativism had to stop or face conflict with the papacy, and possibly even excommunication.

Pius X's attitude toward the Modernists was uncompromising. Speaking of those who counseled compassion, he said: "They want them to be treated with oil, soap and caresses. But they should be beaten with fists. In a duel, you don't count or measure the blows, you strike as you can." He also instituted the Sodalitium Pianum (or League of Pius V), an anti-Modernist network of informants, which was much criticized due to its accusations of heresy on the flimsiest evidence. This campaign was run by Umberto Benigni in the Department of Extraordinary Affairs in the Secretariat of State, which distributed anti-Modernist propaganda and gathered information on "culprits". In Benigni's secret code, Pius X was known as Mama.

Catechism of Saint Pius X

In 1905, Pius X in his letter Acerbo nimis mandated the establishment of the Confraternity of Christian Doctrine (catechism class) in every parish in the world.

The Catechism of Pius X is his realisation of a simple, plain, brief, popular catechism for uniform use throughout the whole world; it was used in the ecclesiastical province of Rome and for some years in other parts of Italy; it was not, however, prescribed for use throughout the universal Church. The characteristics of Pius X were "simplicity of exposition and depth of content. Also because of this, Pius X's catechism might have friends in the future." The catechism was extolled as a method of religious teaching in his encyclical Acerbo nimis of April 1905.

The Catechism of Saint Pius X was issued in 1908 in Italian, as Catechismo della dottrina Cristiana, Pubblicato per Ordine del Sommo Pontifice San Pio X. An English translation runs to more than 115 pages.

Asked in 2003 whether the almost 100-year-old Catechism of Saint Pius X was still valid, Cardinal Joseph Ratzinger said: "The faith as such is always the same. Hence the Catechism of Saint Pius X always preserves its value. Whereas ways of transmitting the contents of the faith can change instead. And hence one may wonder whether the Catechism of Saint Pius X can in that sense still be considered valid today."

Reform of canon law

Canon law in the Catholic Church varied from region to region with no overall prescriptions. On 19 March 1904, Pope Pius X named a commission of cardinals to draft a universal set of laws. Two of his successors worked in the commission: Giacomo della Chiesa, who became Pope Benedict XV, and Eugenio Pacelli, who became Pope Pius XII. This first Code of Canon Law was promulgated by Benedict XV on 27 May 1917, with an effective date of 19 May 1918, and remained in effect until Advent 1983.

Reform of Church administration
Pius X reformed the Roman Curia with the constitution Sapienti Consilio (29 June 1908) and specified new rules enforcing a bishop's oversight of seminaries in the encyclical Pieni l'animo. He established regional seminaries (closing some smaller ones), and promulgated a new plan of seminary study. He also barred clergy from administering social organizations.

Church policies towards secular governments
Pius X reversed the accommodating approach of Leo XIII towards secular governments, appointing Rafael Merry del Val as Cardinal Secretary of State (Merry del Val would later have his own cause opened for canonization in 1953, but still has not been beatified). When the French president Émile Loubet visited the Italian monarch Victor Emmanuel III (1900–1946), Pius X, still refusing to accept the annexation of the papal territories by Italy, reproached the French president for the visit and refused to meet him. This led to a diplomatic break with France and to the 1905 Law of Separation between church and state, by which the Church lost government funding in France. The pope denounced this law in his encyclicals Vehementer Nos and Gravissimo officii munere, and removed two French bishops for recognising the Third Republic. Eventually, France expelled the Jesuits and broke off diplomatic relations with the Vatican.

The pope adopted a similar position toward secular governments in Portugal, Ireland, Poland, Ethiopia, and in other states with large Catholic populations. His opposition to international relations with Italy angered the secular powers of these countries, as well as a few others like the UK and Russia. In Ireland, Protestants increasingly worried that a proposed Home Rule by an Irish parliament representing the Catholic majority (rather than the status quo of rule by Westminster since the 1800 Union of Ireland and Great Britain) would result in Rome Rule due to Pius X's uncompromising stance being followed by Irish Catholics (Ultramontanism).

In 1908, the papal decree Ne Temere came into effect which complicated mixed marriages. Marriages not performed by a Catholic priest were declared legal but sacramentally invalid, worrying some Protestants that the Church would counsel separation for couples married in a Protestant church or by civil service. Priests were given discretion to refuse mixed marriages or to lay conditions upon them, commonly including a requirement that the children be raised Catholic. The decree proved particularly divisive in Ireland, which its large Protestant minority, contributing indirectly to the subsequent political conflict there and provoking debates in the British House of Commons. The long term effect of Ne Temere in Ireland was that Irish Unionism which had had strongholds in Dublin as well as Ulster, but existed to some extent on the entire island of Ireland, declined overall and became virtually exclusively a phenomenon of what is today Northern Ireland. Furthermore, while historically both Protestant Irish nationalists and Catholic Unionists existed, the split over who should rule Northern Ireland eventually came to almost exactly match the confessional divide.

As secular authority challenged the papacy, Pius X became more aggressive. He suspended the Opera dei Congressi, which coordinated the work of Catholic associations in Italy, as well as condemning Le Sillon, a French social movement that tried to reconcile the Church with liberal political views. He also opposed trade unions that were not exclusively Catholic.

Pius X partially lifted decrees prohibiting Italian Catholics from voting, but he never recognised the Italian government.

Relations with the Kingdom of Italy
Initially, Pius maintained his prisoner in the Vatican stance, but with the rise of socialism he began to allow the Non Expedit, which prohibited Catholics from voting, to be relaxed. In 1905, he authorized bishops in his encyclical  to offer a dispensation allowing their parishioners to exercise their legislative rights when "the supreme good of society" was at stake.

Relations with Poland and Russia

Under Pius X, the traditionally difficult situation of Polish Catholics in Russia did not improve. Although Nicholas II of Russia issued a decree 22 February 1903, promising religious freedom for the Catholic Church, and in 1905 promulgated a constitution which included religious freedom, the Russian Orthodox Church felt threatened and insisted on stiff interpretations. Papal decrees were not permitted and contacts with the Vatican remained outlawed.

Activities for the United States
In 1908, Pius X lifted the United States out of its missionary status, in recognition of the growth of the American Church. Fifteen new dioceses were created in the US during his pontificate, and he named two American cardinals. He was very popular among American Catholics, often depicted as an ordinary man from a poor family, raised by God to the papal throne.

In 1910, the pope refused an audience with former Vice-President Charles W. Fairbanks, who had addressed the Methodist association in Rome, as well as with former President Theodore Roosevelt, who intended to address the same association.

On 8 July 1914, Pope Pius X approved the request of Cardinal James Gibbons to invoke the patronage of the Immaculate Conception for the construction site of the National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception in Washington, DC.

Miracles during the pope's lifetime
Other than the stories of miracles performed through the pope's intercession after his death, there are also stories of miracles performed by the pope during his lifetime.
On one occasion, during a papal audience, Pius X was holding a paralyzed child who wriggled free from his arms and then ran around the room. On another occasion, a couple (who had made confession to him while he was bishop of Mantua) with a two-year-old child with meningitis wrote to the pope and Pius X then wrote back to them to hope and pray. Two days later, the child was cured.

Cardinal Ernesto Ruffini (later the Archbishop of Palermo) had visited the pope after Ruffini was diagnosed with tuberculosis, and the pope had told him to go back to the seminary and that he would be fine. Ruffini gave this story to the investigators of the pontiff's cause for canonization.

Once, a man who suffered from a paralyzed arm begged Pius X for his help. Taking his arm in his hand, the pope simply said, "have confidence in the Lord ... only have faith and the Lord will heal you". At that moment, the man could actually move his arm, calling out to the pope joyfully who simply put a finger to his lips so as not to draw any attention to what had happened, indicating that the man simply hold his peace. Another case saw an Irish girl covered in sores taken to see the pope by her mother. When Pius X saw her, he placed his hand on her head, and the sores completely disappeared. Another case saw a Roman schoolgirl contract a serious foot disease that rendered her crippled since she was only a year old. Through a friend she managed to acquire one of the pope's socks and was told that she would be healed if she wore it, which she did. At the moment she placed the sock on, the diseased foot was instantly healed. When Pius X heard about this, he laughed and said, "What a joke! I wear my own socks every day and still I suffer from constant pain in my feet!"

Other activities

In addition to the political defense of the Church, liturgical reforms, anti-modernism, and the beginning of the codification of canon law, the papacy of Pius X saw the reorganisation of the Roman Curia. He also sought to update the education of priests, seminaries and their curricula were reformed. In 1904 Pope Pius X granted permission for diocesan seminarians to attend the College of St. Thomas. He raised the college to the status of Pontificium on 2 May 1906, thus making its degrees equivalent to those of the world's other pontifical universities. By Apostolic Letter of 8 November 1908, signed by the Supreme Pontiff on 17 November, the college was transformed into the Collegium Pontificium Internationale Angelicum. It would become the Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas, Angelicum in 1963.

Pius X published 16 encyclicals; among them was Vehementer nos on 11 February 1906, which condemned the 1905 French law on the separation of the State and the Church. Pius X also confirmed, though not infallibly, the existence of Limbo in Catholic theology in his 1905 Catechism, saying that the unbaptized "do not have the joy of God but neither do they suffer... they do not deserve Paradise, but neither do they deserve Hell or Purgatory." On 23 November 1903, Pius X issued a papal directive, a motu proprio, that banned women from singing in church choirs (i.e. the architectural choir).

In the Prophecy of St. Malachy, the collection of 112 prophecies about the popes, Pius X appears as Ignis Ardens or "Ardent Fire".

Declaring the tango "off-limits"
In November 1913, Pope Pius X declared tango dancing as immoral and off-limits to Catholics.

Canonizations and beatifications

Pius X beatified a total of 131 individuals (including groups of martyrs and those by recognition of "cultus") and canonized four. Those beatified during his pontificate included Marie-Geneviève Meunier (1906), Rose-Chrétien de la Neuville (1906), Valentin de Berriochoa (1906), Clair of Nantes (1907), Zdislava Berka (1907), John Bosco (1907), John of Ruysbroeck (1908), Andrew Nam Thung (1909), Agatha Lin (1909), Agnes De (1909), Joan of Arc (1909), and John Eudes (1909). Those canonized by him were Alexander Sauli (1904), Gerard Majella (1904), Clement Mary Hofbauer (1909), and Joseph Oriol (1909).

In 1908 Pope Pius X named John Chrysostom a patron saint of preachers.

Consistories

Pius X created 50 cardinals in seven consistories held during his pontificate which included noted figures of the Church during that time such as Désiré-Joseph Mercier (1907) and Pietro Gasparri (1907). In 1911, he increased American representation in the cardinalate based on the fact that the United States was expanding; the pope also named one cardinal in pectore (António Mendes Belo, whom the media accurately speculated on) in 1911 whose name he later revealed in 1914. Pius X also named as a cardinal Giacomo della Chiesa, his immediate successor, Pope Benedict XV.

Among the cardinals whom he nominated came the first Brazilian-born (and the first Latin American-born; Arcoverde) and the first from the Netherlands (van Rossum) since 1523. The consistory of 1911 was the largest number of cardinals elevated at a single consistory in roughly a century.

In 1911, the pope reportedly wished to elevate Diomede Panici to the cardinalate; however, Panici died before the promotion ever took place. Furthermore, this came after Panici was originally considered but passed for the elevation by Pope Leo XIII who even had considered elevating Panici's brother. In the 1914 consistory, Pius X considered naming the Capuchin friar Armando Pietro Sabadel to the cardinalate; however, Sabadel declined the pope's invitation.

Death and burial

In 1913, Pope Pius X suffered a heart attack, and subsequently lived in the shadow of poor health. In 1914, the pope fell ill on the Feast of the Assumption of Mary (15 August 1914), an illness from which he would not recover, and it was reported that he suffered from a fever and lung complications. His condition was worsened by the events leading to the outbreak of World War I (1914–1918), which reportedly sent the 79-year-old into a state of melancholy. He died on Thursday, 20 August 1914, only a few hours after the death of Jesuit leader Franz Xavier Wernz, and on the very day when German forces marched into Brussels.

While the pope's condition was classified as serious, alarming symptoms did not develop until 19 August. While Pius X spent most of that day in and out of consciousness, he said at one stage, "In ancient times, the pope by a word might have stayed the slaughter, but now he is impotent". The pope shortly after received the Last Rites and eventually, an old bronchial infection that the pope had previously had in years past returned, further hastening his decline.

Pius X died at 1:20am on 20 August 1914 and in a moment of lucidity just moments before he died, Pius X is reported to have said: "Now I begin to think the end is approaching. The Almighty in His inexhaustible goodness wishes to spare me the horrors which Europe is undergoing". His sister, Anna, was praying at his bedside when Pius X died. The pope's last act of life was to kiss the little crucifix that he had clasped in his hands at around 1:15am.

Pius X was buried in a simple and unadorned tomb in the crypt below Saint Peter's Basilica. His body was laid in state on 21 August in red pontifical vestments and then interred following the Requiem Mass following his coffin lying in state on a large catafalque in the Sistine Chapel. His original tombstone bore the inscription: "Pope Pius X, poor and yet rich, gentle and humble of heart, unconquerable champion of the Catholic Faith, whose constant endeavor it was to renew all things in Christ". Papal physicians had been in the habit of removing organs to aid the embalming process. Pius X expressly prohibited this in his burial and successive popes have continued this tradition. Pius X's tomb is located near the tombs of both Pope John XXIII and Pope John Paul II under the altar of the Presentation.

Exhumation
On 19 May 1944, the body of Pius X was exhumed for inspection as part of the beatification process, during which the remains were found to be miraculously incorrupt. In 1959, the remains of the late pope were sent, with the permission of Pope John XXIII (himself a former Patriarch of Venice), to Venice in 1959. Before the remains were taken to Venice via a train on 11 April, Pope John XXIII led a small prayer service alongside some other cardinals. The body was exposed for the veneration of the faithful at the Basilica of Saint Mark for one month (12 April–10 May) before it was returned to the late pope's original resting place, with Cardinal Giovanni Urbani acting as the papal legate for the month-long event.

Canonization

Although Pius X's canonization took place in 1954, the events leading up to it began immediately with his death. A letter of 24 September 1916 by Monsignor Leo, Bishop of Nicotera and Tropea, referred to Pius X as "a great Saint and a great Pope." To accommodate the large number of pilgrims seeking access to his tomb, more than the crypt would hold, "a small metal cross was set into the floor of the basilica," which read Pius Papa X, "so that the faithful might kneel down directly above the tomb". Masses were held near his tomb until 1930.

Devotion to Pius X between the two world wars remained high. On 14 February 1923, in honor of the 20th anniversary of his accession to the papacy, the first moves toward his canonization began with the formal appointment of those who would carry out his cause. The event was marked by the erecting of a monument in his memory in St. Peter's Basilica. On 19 August 1939, Pope Pius XII (1939–58) delivered a tribute to Pius X at Castel Gandolfo. On 12 February 1943, a further development of Pius X's cause was achieved, when he was declared to have displayed heroic virtues, gaining therefore the title "Venerable".

On 19 May 1944, Pius X's coffin was exhumed and was taken to the Chapel of the Holy Crucifix in St. Peter's Basilica for the canonical examination.
Upon opening the coffin, the examiners found the body of Pius X remarkably well preserved, despite the fact that he had died 30 years before and had made wishes not to be embalmed. According to Jerome Dai-Gal, "all of the body" of Pius X "was in an excellent state of conservation". At the canonical recognition of his mortal body were present the Italian cardinals Alfredo Ottaviani and Nicola Canali.

After the examination and the end of the apostolic process towards Pius X's cause, Pius XII bestowed the title of Venerable Servant of God upon Pius X. His body was exposed for 45 days (Rome was liberated by the Allies during this time), before being placed back in his tomb.

Following this, the process towards beatification began, and investigations by the Sacred Congregation of Rites (SCR) into miracles performed by intercessory work of Pius X took place. The SCR would eventually recognize two miracles. The first involved Marie-Françoise Deperras, a nun who had bone cancer and was cured on 7 December 1928 during a novena in which a relic of Pius X was placed on her chest. The second involved the nun Benedetta De Maria, who had cancer, and in a novena started in 1938, she eventually touched a relic statue of Pius X and was cured.

Pope Pius XII officially approved the two miracles on 11 February 1951; and on 4 March, Pius XII, in his De Tuto, declared that the Church could continue in the beatification of Pius X. His beatification took place on 3 June 1951 at St. Peter's before 23 cardinals, hundreds of bishops and archbishops, and a crowd of 100,000 faithful. During his beatification decree, Pius XII referred to Pius X as "Pope of the Eucharist", in honor of Pius X's expansion of the rite to children.

The cause for Pius X's canonization was opened on 24 November 1951. On 17 February 1952, Pius X's body was transferred from its tomb to the Vatican basilica and placed under the altar of the chapel of the Presentation. The pontiff's body lies within a glass and bronze-work sarcophagus for the faithful to see.

On 29 May 1954, less than three years after his beatification, Pius X was canonized, following the SCR's recognition of two more miracles. The first involved Francesco Belsami, an attorney from Naples who had a pulmonary abscess, who was cured upon placing a picture of Pope Pius X upon his chest. The second miracle involved Sr. Maria Ludovica Scorcia, a nun who was afflicted with a serious neurotropic virus, and who, upon several novenas, was entirely cured. The canonization Mass was presided over by Pius XII at Saint Peter's Basilica before a crowd of about 800,000 of the faithful and Church officials at St. Peter's Basilica. Pius X became the first pope to be canonized since Pius V in 1712.

His canonization ceremony was taped and recorded by early television news broadcasters, including NBC.

Prayer cards often depict the sanctified pontiff with instruments of Holy Communion. In addition to being celebrated as the "Pope of the Blessed Sacrament", Pius X is also the patron saint of emigrants from Treviso. He is honored in numerous parishes in Italy, Germany, Belgium, Canada, and the United States.

The number of parishes, schools, seminaries and retreat houses named after him in Western countries is very large, partly because he was very well known, and his beatification and canonization in the early 1950s was during a period of time following World War II when there was a great deal of new construction in cities and population growth in the era of the baby boom, thus leading to Catholic institutional expansion that correlated with the growing society.

Pius X's feast day was assigned in 1955 to 3 September, to be celebrated as a Double. It remained thus for 15 years. In the 1960 calendar, the rank was changed to Third-Class Feast. The rank in the General Roman Calendar since 1969 is that of Memorial and the feast day is obligatorily celebrated on 21 August, closer to the day of his death (20 August, impeded by the feast day of St Bernard).

The Confraternity of Christian Doctrine was a big supporter of his canonization, partly because he had ordained the need for its existence in every diocese and because it had received a great deal of episcopal criticism, and it was thought that by canonizing the pope who gave them their mandate, this would help inoculate against this criticism. They initiated a prayer crusade for his canonization that achieved the participation of over two million names.

After the Pope's canonization, another miracle is said to have taken place when a Christian family activist named Clem Lane suffered a major heart attack and was placed in an oxygen tent, where he was given extreme unction. A relic of the Pope was placed over his tent, and he recovered to the great surprise of his doctors. A sister of Loretto at Webster College in St Louis, Missouri, claimed that her priest brother had been cured through the Pope's intercession as well.

Papal coat of arms

The personal papal arms of Pius X are composed of the traditional elements of all papal heraldry before Pope Benedict XVI: the shield, the papal tiara, and the keys. The tiara and keys are typical symbols used in the coats of arms of pontiffs, which symbolize their authority.

The shield of Pius X's coat of arms is charged in two basic parts, as it is per fess. In chief (the top part of the shield) shows the arms of the Patriarch of Venice, which Pius X was from 1893 to 1903. It consists of the Lion of Saint Mark proper and haloed in silver upon a silver-white background, displaying a book with the inscription of PAX TIBI MARCE on the left page and EVANGELISTA MEUS on the right page.

"Pax tibi Marce Evangelista Meus" (English: Peace to you, Mark, my evangelist) is the motto of Venice referring to the final resting place of Mark the Evangelist. This differed from the arms of the Republic of Venice by changing the background color from red to silver even though that did not conform to heraldic rules. Previous Patriarchs of Venice had combined their personal arms with these arms of the Patriarchate. The same chief can be seen in the arms of the later popes who were Patriarchs of Venice upon election to the See of Rome, John XXIII and John Paul I. Renditions of this part of Pius X's arms depict the lion either with or without a sword, and sometimes only one side of the book is written on.

The shield displays the arms Pius X took as Bishop of Mantua: an anchor proper cast into a stormy sea (the blue and silver wavy lines), lit up by a single six-pointed star of gold. These were inspired by Hebrews Chapter 6, Versicle 19, (English: "The hope we have is the sure and steadfast anchor of the soul") As Bishop Sarto, he stated that "hope is the sole companion of my life, the greatest support in uncertainty, the strongest power in situations of weakness."

Although not present upon his arms, the only motto attributed to Pope Pius X is the one for which he is best remembered: Instaurare omnia in Christo (English: "To restore all things in Christ"), allegedly his last words before his death.

In fiction
The life of Pope Pius X is depicted in the 1951 movie Gli uomini non-guardano il cielo by Umberto Scarpelli. The movie is centered on the year 1914, as the Pope grieves over the threat that is incumbent and is consoled by his nephew.

A satirical depiction of Pope Pius X is presented in Flann O'Brien's novel The Hard Life, as the Irish characters travel from Dublin to Rome and gain a personal interview with the Pope, which ends very badly.

In poetry
In the poem "Zone" by Guillaume Apollinaire, Pope Pius X is referred to as "L'Européen le plus moderne," translated into English as "the most modern European."

See also

Cardinals created by Pius X
List of Catholic saints
List of encyclicals of Pope Pius X
List of popes
Mario Sarto, the sculptor (grandnephew)
Reform of the Roman Breviary by Pope Pius X
St. Pius X Seminary, Philippines
 Pope Pius X, patron saint archive
Pius X High School, Nebraska, United States
Pius X High School, a high school in Bangor, Pennsylvania, United States that operated from 1951 to 2015
St. Pius X Church, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
San Pio X alla Balduina, titular church in Rome

Notes

References

Bibliography

 Browne-Olf, Lillian. Their Name Is Pius (1941) pp 235–304  online
 Chadwick, Owen. A History of the Popes 1830-1914 (2003). online  pp 332–405.

In his lifetime

 (this was an apologetic work intended for American audiences, where criticism of 'popery' was very common in society, and it contained a preface by James Cardinal Gibbons).

After his death
 Merry del Val (above) considered this work to be the most authoritative written on him.

 This priest was the editor for Burton's book.

External links

Giuseppe Sarto – Pius X Foundation, web site of the birthplace and the Museum of St. Pius X. In the museum, which hosts Pius X's personal belongings, an exhibition describes the life of the pope.

1835 births
1914 deaths
19th-century Italian people
19th-century Italian Roman Catholic archbishops
20th-century Christian saints
20th-century popes
Beatifications by Pope Pius XII
Bishops of Mantua
Burials at St. Peter's Basilica
Canonizations by Pope Pius XII
Cardinals created by Pope Leo XIII
Franciscan popes
Grand Masters of the Order of the Holy Sepulchre
Italian anti-communists
Italian popes
Italian Roman Catholic saints
Modernism in the Catholic Church
Papal saints
Patriarchs of Venice
People from the Province of Treviso
Popes
Pope Benedict XV
Thomists

Pope Pius X


The Battle of Chaeronea was a battle in Ancient Greece. It was fought in 338 BC near the city of Chaeronea in Boeotia. It was fought between the armies of Philip II of Macedon and an alliance of some of the Greek city-states including Athens and Thebes. The battle was the end of Philip's campaign in Greece (339–338 BC). It was a strong victory for the Macedonians.

330s BC
Battles of ancient Greece

Battle of Chaeronea


John David Ruari McLean CBE, DSC (10 June 1917 – 27 March 2006) was a leading British typographic designer.

Early life and apprenticeship
Ruari McLean was born in Scotland on 10 June 1917, in Newton Stewart, Galloway. He was educated at the Dragon School and Eastbourne College.

He was apprenticed in the printing trade at the Shakespeare Head Press, Oxford, where he worked on limited edition fine books. He went on to train in Germany and at the Edinburgh School of Printing, and worked at Waterlow and Sons Printing in Dunstable, Bedfordshire and at The Studio magazine. In 1938 he joined the J. Walter Thompson advertising agency, later moving to Lund Humphries printing in Bradford, Yorkshire.

McLean was profoundly influenced by the work of Jan Tschichold, the German typographer, and he visited him at his home in Switzerland shortly before the outbreak of the Second World War.

Wartime service
During the war, he served in the Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve, acting as the British Liaison Officer in the Free French mine-laying submarine, Rubis, where he was in charge of the code books and, after each patrol, had to secretly report to the Admiralty on the morale of the French crew. From 1943 he was attached to Combined Operations Pilotage Parties, involved in daring explorations on enemy beaches in small craft in northern France. He served for more than a year in the Far East, his role being to reconnoitre Japanese beaches in Burma and other potential targets in Sumatra. In 1943 he was awarded the Distinguished Service Cross, having been a recipient of the Croix de Guerre in 1942, and was three times mentioned in dispatches.

Ruari McLean married Antonia Maxwell Carlisle in January 1945.

Early career
McLean joined Penguin Books in 1946, with special responsibility for design of the Puffin range, bringing Tschichold to advise on design. From 1949 he taught at the Royal College of Art, and at the same time became involved with Rev. Marcus Morris in the planning the layout of the new boys' comic, the Eagle.

In 1951 he entered into partnership with George Rainbird to found the publishing company Rainbird, McLean, designing and contributing to high-quality reproductions of bird and flower books, as well as the About Britain guides. By 1958 McLean was ready to move to a smaller concern, going into partnership with Fianach Jardine and resuming general design work. He also edited 13 issues of Motif, a quarterly magazine that incorporated painting and sculpture to its typographical content.

Writing on design and typography
He was a prolific collector of Victorian books and became an expert and well-known author of works on the subject. His Victorian Book Design and Colour Printing was published in 1963, with a second edition in 1972. This was followed by books on Victorian Bookbindings in Cloth and Leather (1973) and on those in paper (1983). He translated some of Tschichold's books and wrote about him in Jan Tschichold: Typographer (1975) and Jan Tschichold: A Life in Typography (1997). He later wrote his "typographical autobiography", True to Type (2000), and Half Seas Under, a record of his naval career (2003).

His best-known work is Magazine Design, published in 1969. McLean was of the opinion that the design and layout of magazines was of crucial importance and significance in the pre-television era, and this work became known as a practitioner's manual for those in the profession. He wrote the Thames & Hudson Manual of Typography, published in 1980, which drew on his unusually wide experience of the subject, as did his historical survey How Typography Happens, published by the British Library in 2000.

McLean was author of numerous other works, including Modern Book Design (1958), and many of these have become standard reference works.

Later work
McLean continued as a practising typographer, and was called upon by well-known British journals and magazines, such as The Observer's weekend review, The Economist, New Scientist and The Twentieth Century.

In 1973 he moved with his wife and family and his business partner, Fianach Jardine, to the relative seclusion of Dollar, Clackmannanshire, Scotland.

After moving to Scotland, he continued to be involved in major national projects, including the design of the Concise Scots Dictionary and the New Testament in Scots, with which he collaborated with Jardine.

Ruari McLean was Typographic Adviser to HMSO 1966–90, and much involved in assessing graphic design courses at art colleges all over Britain. From 1981 he also became a trustee of the National Library of Scotland. He gave the Sanders Lectures in Bibliography at Cambridge in 1983.

He was appointed CBE in 1973.

Further reading
 John Randle, 'Ruari McLean 1917 – 2006', in Parenthesis; 12 (2006 November), p. 44
 "Ruari McLean", Massey College in the University of Toronto.

References

1917 births
2006 deaths
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
Recipients of the Distinguished Service Cross (United Kingdom)
People educated at The Dragon School
People educated at Eastbourne College
Academics of the Royal College of Art
People from Newton Stewart
Royal Navy officers of World War II
British typographers and type designers
Scottish publishers (people)
Scottish writers
20th-century Scottish businesspeople

Ruari McLean


In Idaho folklore, Sharlie (Slimy Slim, The Twilight Dragon of Payette Lake) is the name given to a sea serpent much like the Loch Ness Monster that is believed by some to live in the deep alpine waters of Payette Lake near McCall, Idaho.

The first reference to the sea serpent may be the belief of Native Americans, predating western settlement of the area, that an evil spirit dwelled in the lake.

Modern history

The first documented sighting by western settlers occurred in 1920 when workers cutting ties at the upper end of the lake thought they saw a log in the lake.  The "log" began to move.

In August 1944 the serpent was reportedly seen by several groups of people who described it as 30 to 35 feet in length, with a dinosaur-type head and pronounced jaws, humps like a camel, and shell-like skin.

In September 1946 the serpent was reportedly sighted by a group of twenty people.  Dr. G.A. Taylor of Nampa, Idaho explained that "it appeared to be between 30 and 40 feet long and seemed to keep diving into the water.  It left a wake about like a small motor boat would make."

In 1954 A. Boone McCallum, Editor of The Star News  held a contest to name the serpent of Payette Lake.  The winning name, "Sharlie", was submitted by Le Isle Hennefer Tury of Springfield, Virginia.  In her letter to Mr. McCallum she said, "Why don't you call the thing Sharlie?  You know – 'Vas you der, Sharlie?"  This was a reference to the popular catch phrase often spoken by Jack Pearl during his old time radio show.

Sharlie was reportedly sighted dozens of times between 1956 and the last documented sighting in 1997.

Notes

Idaho folklore
American legendary creatures
Water monsters
Sea serpents

Sharlie


The Land Before Time is a 1988 movie produced by Steven Spielberg and directed by Don Bluth. It was released on November 18, 1988, along with Oliver & Company. The movie's success led to thirteen direct-to-video sequels and a TV show. The Little Mermaid was later released on November 17, 1989. It is the second of three animated features to have been nominated for the Academy Award for Best Picture. The Black Cauldron and Rock-a-Doodle were also nominated for Best Picture in their respective years. The film won the Academy Award for Best Animated Feature, beating two Disney films, The Rescuers Down Under and The Great Mouse Detective, as well as Best Sound Editing at the 77th Academy Awards.

Story
An orphaned long-neck dinosaur named Littlefoot goes off in search of the legendary Great Valley, a place with many plants where dinosaurs live in peace. Along the way, he meets four other young dinosaurs, each one a different species. They encounter several problems as they learn to work together and survive.

Characters
There are five main characters known as the "Gang of Five:"

Littlefoot: The leader of the gang, Littlefoot is a "long-neck," the in-universe name for Brontosaurus. He is brave, and good at making decisions. He lives with his grandparents in the Great Valley.

Cera: A "three-horn," also known as a Triceratops. She is stubborn and does not trust easily. She is the most aggressive of the group. She lives with her father for most of the movies, but gains a new mother in the 11th movie and a younger sister in the 12th movie.

Ducky: Ducky has been called a "Swimmer," "Big Mouth," and "Duckfoot" on screen, so it is not known for sure what kind of dinosaur Ducky is. She looks most like a Saurolophus, but she is called a Parasaurolophus on the Land Before Time Website . She is the nicest of the group, and trusts others easily. She lives with her mother (though her father does not appear) and says in the sixth film that she is one of thirteen twins, although the original series tht she is one of four. She also has her adopted brother Spike.

Petrie: A "flyer," or a Pteranodon. He gets scared very easily and is too trusting, but he is loyal and can be brave at important times. He lives with his mother and brothers.

Spike: The youngest of the group. He is a "Spiketail," which is a Stegosaurus. Spike does not talk, though it was shown in the 4th movie that he can when he wants to. He enjoys eating and lets Ducky sit on his back if she needs to. Ducky is his older sister, since she adopted him during the first movie. He lives with Ducky's family.

Also of note is a "Sharptooth" named Chomper, who was born in the 2nd movie and was so popular with fans that he returned in the 5th movie and the TV series. He is friends with all the main characters, despite his natural instincts telling him to eat them.

Sequels
 The Land Before Time II: The Great Valley Adventure, directed by Roy Allen Smith
 The Land Before Time III: The Time of the Great Giving, directed by Roy Allen Smith
 The Land Before Time IV: Journey Through the Mists, directed by Roy Allen Smith
 The Land Before Time V: The Mysterious Island, directed by Charles Grosvenor
 The Land Before Time VI: The Secret of Saurus Rock, directed by Charles Grosvenor
 The Land Before Time VII: The Stone of Cold Fire, directed by Charles Grosvenor
 The Land Before Time VIII: The Big Freeze, directed by Charles Grosvenor
 The Land Before Time IX: Journey to Big Water, directed by Charles Grosvenor
 The Land Before Time X: The Great Longneck Migration, directed by Charles Grosvenor
 The Land Before Time XI: Invasion of the Tinysauruses, directed by Charles Grosvenor
 The Land Before Time XII: The Great Day of the Flyers, directed by Charles Grosvenor
 The Land Before Time XIII:  The Wisdom of Friends, directed by Jamie Mitchell
 The Land Before Time: Journey of the Brave, directed by Davis Doi

In addition to the movies, there is The Land Before Time: Sing-Along Songs (1997) and
The Land Before Time: More Sing-Along Songs (1999)

TV Series
After the success of the original movie and its sequels, a television series based on the movies began airing on YTV in Canada as a test on January 5, 2007. It aired in Canada, Britain, and the United States of America, and had 26 episodes. It then aired on Cartoon Network in the United States on March 5, 2007 where it was animated after the DVD release of The Land Before Time XII: The Great Day of the Flyers. In the UK, it was once shown just on Boomerang, showing every day at 4pm, but it is now programmed on its sister preschool channel Cartoonito. It brought back Chomper as a main character, and introduced a new friend, an Oviraptor named Ruby, who helps the other dinosaurs learn lessons and solve problems. This was the second Bluth film not to include any songs, the first one being All Dogs Go to Heaven.

References

Other websites

The Official Land Before Time Site

 Detailed Info on The Land Before Time (including plot detail)
 The Land Before Time at RetroJunk.com
 The Gang of Five
 Download The Land Before Time TV Episodes From The TV Series!

1988 movies
1980s animated movies
1980s family movies
1980s musical movies
American animated movies
English-language movies
American family movies
American musical movies
Movies about dinosaurs
Movies set in prehistory
Movies about water scarcity
Universal Pictures movies
Movies directed by Don Bluth
Movies composed by James Horner

The Land Before Time


Realgar is a mineral. Its chemical formula is As4S4. It is a soft (Mohs hardness 1.5 to 2) red mineral. It is an ore of arsenic. It changes into a yellow powder when exposed to light. This yellow powder is called pararealgar. It melts at 320°C and burns with a blue flame, making arsenic and sulfur fumes. It was used to make a white color in fireworks before powdered metals were used. It is still used in some crackling firecrackers. It was used as a red pigment and an item of trade. It is used as a medicine in China. Its uses are similar to orpiment, a similar mineral.

Minerals

Realgar


David Popper (born Prague, 16 June 1843; died Baden, Austria, 7 August 1913) was a Bohemian cellist and composer.  He composed many works for the cello which today are performed by cellists all over the world.

Life
Popper was born in the old Jewish part of  Prague.  His father was a Cantor in two synagogues.   When he was three years old he was imitating his father's singing.  He learned the violin when he was six and, at the age of twelve, he got a place to study music at the Prague Conservatory, but he had to learn the cello.   His cello teacher was Julius Goltermann.  His first job was as cellist to the Prince of Hohenzollern who soon gave him the title "Kammervirtuoso".   He was only 21 when he played a difficult concerto by Robert Volkmann.  The conductor, Hans von Bülow, was very impressed and so were the critics.  He gave many concerts in Vienna and became very famous.  He started to travel around Europe, visiting England and Russia.  He had a lot of energy and was able to compose a lot while travelling.  He composed many short cello pieces.   His Elfentanz (Dance of the Elves) and Spinning Song were especially popular with the audiences.

Budapest

In 1886 Popper married for the second time.  In the same year he took up a job at the Royal Hungarian Academy of Music in Budapest.  He was a famous teacher and charged a high fee for lessons.  He formed a string quartet with three other musicians including the violinist Jenő Hubay.  Hubay and Popper often played piano trios with Johannes Brahms.

Popper made a long visit to England and Scotland where he was described as the world's greatest cellist by many people including George Bernard Shaw.  When he returned to Prague he played with Béla Bartók who was only 19 years old and not yet famous.  He was also impressed when he heard the young Pablo Casals, although he did not agree with his technique.

Popper had one son who died of tuberculosis in 1911.  Two years later Popper slipped on an icy pavement.  He was never able to use his right arm again.  He died the next summer of a heart attack.

His music
Popper composed a very large number of cello pieces, many of which are short pieces suitable for encores at a recital.  One of the most popular (and not too difficult) is the Gavotte in D major.  He composed a Requiem for three cellos and orchestra, and he wrote four cello concertos.  However, his most important work for cellists is a collection of studies called Hochschule des Violoncellspiels (High School of Cello Playing).  This book contains 40 etudes, or musical exercises to develop technique, and is widely used today by cello students to improve their playing.

References
"The Great Cellists" by Margaret Campbell, London 2004,
"The New Grove Dictionary of Music & Musicians" ed. Stanley Sadie; London 1980,

1843 births
1913 deaths
Cellists
Czech composers
Musicians from Prague
Romantic composers

David Popper


Even though economics is all about choice on the basis of what is available rather than what should be available, the big question relates to who decides how resources should be distributed and how economics can embrace a trade-off between different groups which each seek to make the most of their allocation of resources. If "what should be" cannot be incorporated, the subject of economics will be as dry as desert as described by Ayn Rand. The challenge therefore is to construct a model combining "what is" to "what should be" and make the same acceptable to common man as well as politicians. Not being able to sell the idea as such is a defeat to the discipline. The issue is that of influence and not of theory, as Adam Smith perceived that no group of business men ever met other than to exploit the consumer.

Economic theories

Human development theory


The muon is an elementary particle. It has a negative electric charge and half spin. Its symbol is "μ-". It is a type of lepton.

The muon has an average life time of 2.2 micro-seconds or 0.0000022 seconds.
A muon is like an electron, but it is 200 times heavier. Unlike an electron, it decays into other particles. The superparticle of a muon is called a "smuon."

How are muons made?
Muons can be made in particle accelerators with energy levels above 105.7 MeV. Cosmic rays from the Sun also make muons:
 The photons in the cosmic rays crash into air molecules.
 Pions are made in the crash
 The pions undergo atomic decay into neutrinos and muons.

Muon decay

Muons are unstable elementary particles. They are heavier than electrons and neutrinos but lighter than all other particles. They decay via the weak interaction. Because the total of the lepton numbers of the starting and ending particles must be the same, one of the product neutrinos of muon decay must be a muon-type neutrino and the other an electron-type antineutrino. Because charge must be kept the same, one of the products of muon decay is always an electron of the same charge as the muon. So, all muons decay to at least an electron, and two neutrinos. Sometimes, besides these necessary products, additional other particles that have a net charge and spin of zero (e.g., a pair of photons, or an electron-positron pair), are produced.

The dominant muon decay mode (sometimes called the Michel decay after Louis Michel) is the simplest possible: the muon decays to an electron, an electron-antineutrino, and a muon-neutrino. Antimuons, in mirror fashion, most often decay to the corresponding antiparticles: a positron, an electron-neutrino, and a muon-antineutrino.

Other websites
 Muon anomalous magnetic moment and supersymmetry
 g-2 (muon anomalous magnetic moment) experiment
 muLan (Measurement of the Positive Muon Lifetime) experiment
 The Review of Particle Physics
 The TRIUMF Weak Interaction Symmetry Test
 The MEG Experiment (Search for the decay Muon → Positron + Gamma)

Elementary particles

Muon


This is a list of characters for Rumiko Takahashi's manga and anime series, InuYasha.

Main characters

Inuyasha
The eponymous and main character of the series. He is a half-demon ("han'yō" in Japanese). His father was a great demon general and the ruler of the western lands, and his mother was a human princess who opposed social standards. His father died the day he was born and his mother died when he was a child. He wields a sword Tessaiga, made from the fang. On a full moon for some nights, he reverts into a human. Inuyasha meets and spends time with Kikyo, while keeping the legendary jewel. Naraku drives Kikyo and Inuyasha into fighting for the jewel and hating each other. Kikyo pins Inuyasha on a scared tree with an arrow. Fifty years later, Inuyasha awakens on the tree and meets Kagome. Together, they search for the jewel shards, after Kagome shatters it. As Inuyasha and Kagome begin their relationship, Naraku collects all pieces of the jewel. After Naraku's defeat, Inuyasha marries Kagome.

Kagome Higurashi
The heroine of the series. A high school student living in Tokyo and the reincarnation of Kikyo. On her fifteenth birthday, she is dragged by one of the demons in a well and ends up traveling to the past. She finds the jewel extracted from her body and frees Inuyasha from the spell. Kagome says the word, "sit", causing the magical necklace to make Inuyasha falling to the ground. As the series progresses, they begin their relationship. Kagome is an archer wielding arrows and a bow. After defeating Naraku, Inuyasha sends Kagome back to her own time. Three years later, Kagome graduates from high school, travels back to the past and marries Inuyasha.

Naraku
The enemy demon lord responsible for making Kikyo hate Inuyasha. Fifty years before the series, Onigumo was a thief who is rescued by Kikyo. When Inuyasha makes a relationship for Kikyo, Onigumo fuses with an army of demons and becomes the lord of demons, naming himself Naraku. His spider mark appears on his back. Naraku tricks Inuyasha and Kikyo into hating each other while keeping the jewel, until they are defeated. It is also revealed that Naraku placed the Wind Tunnel curse on Miroku's grandfather, before the latter attempts to resist it. Naraku later possesses Kohaku and had the group of demon slayers killed in battle. When Naraku uses the pieces for the jewel to summon the army of incarnations, he gathers them back after Inuyasha and friends defeat them. At the end of the series, he is sent to the afterlife by Inuyasha.

Kikyo
A wise priestess and Kaede's sister. Fifty years ago, Kikyo meets InuYasha, before Naraku manipulates them into fighting each other and Kikyo dies from her injury. When a clay doll-maker named Urasue split the soul in half, one remains within Kagome and the other returns for Kikyo to recover her body. After Kikyo kills Urasue, she continues to reunite with Inuyasha, despite jealousy. After Naraku defeats Kikyo, he takes the remaining jewel shards. Inuyasha reconciles with Kikyo, before she dies once again, being vanished from existence.

Supporting characters

Shippo
A shape shifting fox demon. Although his age is not mentioned, he is five years old. After helping Inuyasha defeat the Thunder Brothers, Shippo plans to train and succeed for the exam.

Miroku
A monk having habits against women. His hand is cursed by the power of Wind Tunnel like his father used it. Though Miroku cannot resist the poison, his hand is cured after Naraku's defeat. Three years later, he marries Sango and have three children.

Sango
A demon slayer and Kohaku's older sister. Her grandfather, father and brother lived in a village. Naraku, disguised as the Castle's Lord, drives the army into killing each other, leaving Sango and Kohaku. When Naraku uses the jewel shard to possess Kohaku, Sango resolves to save her brother. Three years after Naraku's defeat, Sango marries Miroku and have three children.

Kirara
A pet cat demon often caring for Inuyasha and friends. She transforms into a flying lion during battle. She was originally owned by Midoriko.

Kaede
Kikyo's sister and the leader of villagers. She identifies Kagome as Kikyo's reincarnation. She tells both of them that Kagome can see the jewel unlike other people, and because Inuyasha cannot see the jewel but is strong enough to fight for it, they can work together. She loves her sister more than anything. She wishes that Kikyo's soul would rest in peace, even Urasue resurrected her.

Kohaku
Sango's younger brother and a demon slayer. After losing his family, he is possessed by Naraku, while the jewel shard is located on his neck. After Naraku removes the shard, Kohaku realizes his mistake.

Koga
The leader of a wolf demon tribe whose goal is to avenge his comrades.

Sesshōmaru
Inuyasha's older brother. He wields Tenseiga and Bakusaiga.

Jaken
A wise imp whom Sesshōmaru recruited on his journey.

Rin
A orphaned girl whose family were killed by thieves. She later joins Sesshōmaru.

Other characters

Midoriko
A priestess and a samurai. She had four souls, which could make anyone powerful. When she created the jewel and the demons begin to abuse it, she dies and is sent to the netherworld. Her statue appeared in a cave in Sango's village, where Shako found the jewel. Midoriko is last seen fighting countless demons, while Inuyasha rescues Kagome from the dimension.

Shako
Sango's grandfather and the owner of Kirara and Hiraikotsu. He finds the jewel in the cave and give it to Kikyo.

Thunder Brothers
A duo of brothers who killed Shippo's parents. They include Hiten and Manten. They are defeated by Inuyasha.

Characters
Anime characters
Lists of fictional characters

List of InuYasha characters


Rain and snow mixed is known as sleet outside of North America and some parts of Canada. It happens when some of snow that is falling melts into water, causing precipitation that is not quite snow but not quite rain. The name may be shortened to RASN.

Precipitation

Rain and snow mixed


Rhythmanalysis: Space, Time and Everyday Life is a collection of essays by Marxist sociologist and urbanist philosopher Henri Lefebvre. The book outlines a method for analyzing the rhythms of urban spaces and the effects of those rhythms on the inhabitants of those spaces. It builds on his past work, with which he argued space is a production of social practices. Two concluding essays are co-authored by Catherine Régulier and had been previously published in the 1980's.

The book is considered to be the fourth volume in his Critique of Everyday Life. Published after his death in 1992, Rhythmanalysis is Lefebvre's last book. It was first translated into English by Stuart Elden and Gerald Moore in 2004.

Origins of rhythmanalysis
The term "rhythmanalysis" was coined by Portuguese philosopher Lúcio Alberto Pinheiro dos Santos in a lost 1931 manuscript which focused on the physiological dimensions of rhythms. His ideas on rhythmanalysis are explicated in and further developed by Gaston Bachelard in his 1936 book La dialectique de la durée (The Dialectic of Duration). Lefebvre had previously considered rhythms in the second and third volume of Critique de la vie quotidienne (1961, 1981) and Le production de l'espace (1974).

Other thinkers to consider rhythms before Lefebvre include sociologists/philosophers Emile Durkheim, Roger Caillois, Marcel Mauss, Friedrich Neitzsche, Simone Weil, Gabriel Tarde, dancer Rudolf Laban, as well as architects Alexander Klein and Le Corbusier. The writer Georges Perec and semiologist Roland Barthes were considering rhythms contemporaneously to Lefebvre, though less dichotomously.

General concept of rhythm
Lefebvre's concept of rhythm concerns the repetition of a measure at a frequency. He identifies two kinds of rhythms: cyclical rhythms, which involve simple intervals of repetition, and alternating (or linear) rhythms. An example of a cyclical rhythm would be day fading into night, and night brightening into day; a linear rhythm might be the flow of information from a television set. Additionally, rhythms may be nested within each other; for example, the broadcast of the local news at set intervals throughout the day, throughout the week, is an example of a nested rhythm. In a less abstract fashion (or perhaps only abstract in a different fashion), Lefebvre asserts that rhythms exist at the intersection of place, time and the expenditure of energy.

Lefebvre posits that the human body is composed of several rhythms; in order to observe rhythms outside of the body, the rhythmanalyst must use her or his own rhythms as a reference to unify the rhythms under analysis. Properly put, the rhythm is the conjunction of the rhythmanalyst and the object of the analysis.

The act of rhythmanalysis
Rhythms are only perceptible through the traditional five senses; accordingly, it is possible to conceptualize rhythms as being composed of sense triggers (smells, sights, sounds, etc.). Lefebvre cautions against this conceptualization however; he specifically notes that rhythm is not meant to refer always to its more traditional referents, musical and dance rhythm (although it could, so long as the rhythmanalysis concerned either music or dancing). He also cautions against taking the mere repetition of a movement to indicate a rhythm.

The object of rhythmanalysis is to access the obscure property of the rhythm called 'presence.' The sensory events through which the rhythmanalyst perceives the rhythm are called 'simulacra,' or simply 'the present.' The need for rhythmanalysis arises out of the propensity of the present to simulate presence.

Presence
Lefebvre describes presence as the "facts of both nature and culture, at the same time sensible, affective and moral rather than imaginary" (author's emphasis, trans. Elden and Moore). Rhythmanalysis stresses that presence is of an innately temporal character and can never be represented by any simulacrum of the present (people walking down a street, the sun going down), but can only be grasped through the analysis of rhythms (people walking down a street through time, the sun's movement through time).

Present
The present consists of one's sensory perceptions. Lefebvre frequently warns of "the trap of the present" wherein the present is always trying to pass itself off as presence, the rhythmanalytical truth of a situation. "The trap of the present" relies on false representation. Lefebvre argues that the present engages in a commodification of reality when it successfully passes itself off as presence.

Characteristics of rhythms
Lefebvre describes four alignments of rhythms. They are:

 Arrhythmia, conflict or dissonance between or among two or more rhythms, such as might occur (biologically) in an ill person;
 Polyrhythmia, co-existence of two or more rhythms without the conflict or dissonance that suggests arrhythmia;
 Eurhythmia, constructive interaction between or among two or more rhythms, such as occurs in healthy creatures;
 Isorhythmia, the rarest association between rhythms, implies equivalence of repetition, measure and frequency.

Editions
 originally published in French as: Éléments de rythmanalyse. Paris: Éditions Syllepse, 1992.
 English translation published as: Rhythmanalysis: Space, Time and Everyday Life. London: Continuum, 2004. .

References

1992 non-fiction books
French essay collections
Philosophy books

Rhythmanalysis


Julian J. Aberbach (8 February 1909 – 17 May 2004) was an Austrian-born music publisher, who lived and worked in both the United States and France. He was responsible, with his younger brother Jean Aberbach, for establishing the Hill and Range music publishing house, and was instrumental in the careers of many leading country and popular music performers of the mid and late twentieth century, including Elvis Presley, Johnny Cash, Ray Charles, Edith Piaf and Jacques Brel.

Life and career
Julius "Julian" Aberbach was born in Vienna, Austria-Hungary, the son of Aron Adolf Aberbach (1878–1959, of Bolechow, then Austria-Hungary) and Anna Aberbach (née Schmetterling, 1883–1964, of Chorostków, then Austria-Hungary). They were Ukrainian Jews. He had a brother, Joachim "Jean" Aberbach (1910–1992). Their father ran a jewelry business.

Julian left school at the age of 17 and went to the Tyrol with his brother, selling upholstery, before returning to Vienna. His brother Jean then began working in Berlin for a music publisher, Will Meisel, before moving to Paris to work for another publisher there. Julian joined him in Paris in 1932, and soon established his own publishing business, which concentrated on securing royalties for movie screenwriters. After the brothers sold the business in 1936, Jean began working in the US as an agent for French music publisher Francis Salabert, while Julian remained in Paris. In 1939 he secured an exit visa to travel to New York City. He was drafted in 1941, and after working with Free French troops in Fort Benning, Georgia, became an instructor at a military intelligence school in Maryland, from where he was discharged in 1944.

By this time he had developed an interest in country music, which he saw as a potentially profitable component of American popular music. After leaving the Army he set up a publishing business, Hill and Range, in Los Angeles with business partners Milton Blink and Gerald King. There, he heard the Western swing bandleader Spade Cooley who was performing at the Venice Pier. He signed Cooley to a songwriting contract, and had immediate success with Cooley's hit song "Shame on You". Soon afterwards, he began working with Bob Wills, setting up a publishing company in Wills' name in which Aberbach had a 50% share. He developed contacts in the music industry in Nashville, and organised the songwriting agreements for such stars as Red Foley, Ernest Tubb, Eddy Arnold, Hank Snow, and, later, Johnny Cash. At one point, about three quarters of all the music produced in Nashville was represented by Hill and Range. When Max Dreyfus of rival publishers Chappell Music sought to buy the company, Aberbach refused, and his brother Jean, who had been working for Dreyfus, joined the company. From then on the two brothers shared the management of Hill and Range, gradually expanding the business, with Julian notionally based in Los Angeles and Jean in New York, although the two frequently swapped roles and met regularly in Chicago to discuss business.

In 1955 Hank Snow suggested that Aberbach check out a new singer, Elvis Presley. Aberbach was impressed by Presley, helped his own friend, Colonel Tom Parker, become his manager, and helped negotiate his move from Sun Records to RCA. He also set up an unprecedented arrangement in which the publishing rights to songs that Presley recorded were split 50:50 between Hill and Range and Presley. Aberbach established his cousin, Freddy Bienstock, as head of Elvis Presley Music, and organised writers to provide songs for Presley's films and albums. In effect, this precluded Presley from recording material not licensed to Hill and Range.

Aberbach also developed his interests in France, contracting Johnny Hallyday to cover songs recorded by Presley. He also worked closely with Edith Piaf, and with Jacques Brel and Mort Shuman, who provided English language versions of many of Brel's songs. By the early 1970s, after Hill and Range had become the biggest independent music publishing business in the world, Aberbach and his family moved their main residence to Paris. Shortly afterwards, while on a business trip to New York, Aberbach suffered a major heart attack and was hospitalised for several months. His brother then sold 75% of the Hill and Range publishing rights to the Warner Chappell company.

He effectively retired from the music business in the early 1970s, but expanded his collection of paintings and sculpture, and later opened the Aberbach Gallery in New York. He received the Abe Olman Award for music publishers at the Songwriters Hall of Fame in 2000, and received the National Order of the Legion of Honour in 2003, in recognition of his unique contribution to French culture.

Personal life and death
Aberbach married Anne Marie in 1953. They had two sons, Dolfi who died aged 23 in 1983 and Ronny who died in an accident the same year, and a daughter, Belinda. His brother Jean Aberbach died in 1992.

Julian Aberbach died of heart failure in New York in 2004 at the age of 95.

References

Further reading
 Bar Biszick-Lockwood, Restless Giant: The Life and Times of Jean Aberbach and Hill and Range Songs, University of Illinois Press, 2010
 Joyce Short, Carnal Abuse by Deceit: How a Predator's Lies Became Rape, Chapter 12, Living Off Elvis, Pandargos Press, 2013

1909 births
2004 deaths
Businesspeople from Vienna
American music publishers (people)
Austrian emigrants to the United States
20th-century Austrian Jews
21st-century Austrian Jews
Austrian expatriates in France

Julian Aberbach


The Walt Disney Company, commonly nicknamed Disney, is one of the largest entertainment and media companies in the world. Disney is known for Mickey Mouse, Winnie the Pooh, Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs, Cinderella, The Little Mermaid, The Lion King, Mary Poppins, Frozen, Aladdin, Lilo and Stitch, Toy Story and Cars. The studio is famous for cartoons, movies, television programs and shorts. It was started in 1923 by Walt Disney and his brother, Roy Oliver Disney, as the Disney Brothers Cartoon Studio. It had the name of Laugh-O-Gram Studio from 1921 to 1923, Disney Brothers Cartoon Studio from 1923 to 1926, Walt Disney Studio from 1926 to 1929, and Walt Disney Productions from 1929 to 1985.

Some of Disney best-known franchises include Mickey Mouse, Winnie the Pooh, Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs, Cinderella, The Little Mermaid, The Lion King, Aladdin, Mary Poppins, Frozen, Lilo and Stitch, Pinocchio, Dumbo, Bambi, Pirates of the Caribbean, Toy Story, Cars and other Disney and Pixar characters.

Mickey Mouse has been the mascot of Disney since 1928.

The current chairman and CEO is Bob Iger since 2022.

Divisions
The company's main units are Studio Entertainment, Parks and Resorts, Media Networks and Consumer Products.

Studio Entertainment
This unit, also called the Walt Disney Studios, is headed by Chairman Dick Cook. It consists of:
 The Walt Disney Studios – movie studios Walt Disney Pictures, Touchstone Pictures, Lucasfilm, 20th Century Studios, and Hollywood Pictures.
 The Disney Music Group – Walt Disney Records, Mammoth Records, Lyric Street Records and Hollywood Records.
 Distribution companies: Buena Vista International and Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment.

One of the Studios' largest assets lies in Walt Disney Animation Studios, which has made a successful string of animated movies for almost seven decades. Because of failures with most of their recent additions, it has changed its focus from traditional hand-drawn to CGI movies. Pixar, also owned by Disney, is one of the first studios to create CGI movies. Since 2009, Disney has bought three movie studios: Marvel Comics, Lucasfilm and 20th Century Studios.

On March 20, 2019, The Walt Disney Company bought 21st Century Fox for $52.4 billion USD.

Parks and Resorts
Worldwide, Disney has eleven theme parks (as of  ):
 Disneyland Resort in Anaheim, California
 Disneyland Park in California
 Disney's California Adventure in California
 Walt Disney World in Orlando, Florida
 Magic Kingdom in Florida
 Epcot in Florida
 Disney's Hollywood Studios in Florida
 Disney's Animal Kingdom in Florida
 Disneyland Paris in France
 Walt Disney Studios in France
 Tokyo Disneyland in Japan
 Tokyo DisneySea in Japan
 Hong Kong Disneyland Resort
 Shanghai Disneyland Park in China

Disney once owned the sports teams, the Angels (baseball) and the Mighty Ducks (ice hockey), both based in Anaheim, California. These teams were later sold to other people.

Disney Enterprises Inc.

Disney Enterprises Inc. is a subsidiary of the company; the name is found in many of its franchises.

Media Networks
The ABC television network, which Disney bought in 1995, serves as the center of this unit. Cable television channels within it include Disney Channel, Disney XD, Freeform, ESPN and SOAPnet. It also partly owns Lifetime, A&E and E!.

Buena Vista Television, responsible for the syndication of many Disney series, produces some of its own as well: Who Wants to Be a Millionaire, Live with Regis and Kelly, and Ebert & Roeper.

Consumer Products
Merchandising and licensing within the company are overseen in this division. Disney Publishing Worldwide, part of this unit, has Disney Press, Disney Editions and Hyperion Books as its brands.

It once owned the Disney Store shopping chain until 2004, when it sold all the stores to The Children's Place.

History
 1923: The Disney Company is founded
 1925: First appearance of Pegleg Pete cartoons, Alice Solves the Puzzle
 1928: First Mickey Mouse cartoons, Plane Crazy
 1928: First appearance of Minnie Mouse cartoons, Plane Crazy
 1928: First official Mickey Mouse episode, Steamboat Willie
 1929: Start of the Silly Symphonies: The Skeleton Dance
 1929: First Silly Symphony episode, The Skeleton Dance
 1930: First appearance of Pluto cartoon, The Chain Gang
 1932: First appearance of Goofy cartoon, Mickey's Revue (Columbia Pictures Studios)
 1932: First full-colour cartoon, Flowers and Trees
 1933: First appearance of Fifi the Peke cartoons, Puppy Love
 1933: First Donald Duck Theme Music #1, The Steeplechase
 1933: First Pluto's Devil cartoons, Mickey's Pal Pluto
 1933: First Pluto's Angel cartoons, Mickey's Pal Pluto
 1934: First Walt Disney segment, The Hot Choco-Late Soldiers
 1934: First Donald Duck cartoon, The Wise Little Hen
 1937: First Daisy Duck cartoons, Don Donald
 1937: First Donald Duck episode, Don Donald
 1937: First Pluto, Jr. cartoons. Pluto's Quin-Puplets
 1937: First full-length animated movie, Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs
 1938: First Huey, Dewey and Louie cartoons, Donald's Nephews
 1939: First Goofy episode, Goofy and Wilbur
 1939: First Mickey Mouse Theme #1, The Standard Parade
 1940: First Disney movie failed at the box office, Pinocchio
 1940: First Pluto episode, Bone Trouble
 1940: First Donald Duck Theme #2, Window Cleaners
 1940: First Goofy Theme #1, Goofy's Glider
 1940: First Pluto #1, Private Parate
 1940: Studio moves to Burbank, California
 1940: Fantasia's debut
 1941: Dumbo's debut
 1942: Bambi's debut
 1942: First P.J. cartoons, Bellboy Donald
 1943: First Scrooge McDuck cartoons, The Spirit of '43
 1943: First Chip 'n' Dale cartoons, Private Pluto
 1944: First Pluto Theme #2, Springtime for Pluto
 1945: First Dutch cartoons, Canine Casanova
 1946: Song of the Souths debut
 1947: First Pluto Theme #3, Pluto's Housewarming
 1947: First Donald Duck Theme #3, Donald's Dilemma
 1947: First Mickey Mouse #2, Mickey's Delayed Date
 1950: Cinderella's debut
 1950: First Goofy Theme #2, Motor Mania
 1954: Walt Disney anthology series starts
 1955: Disneyland opens in Anaheim, California
 1955: First widescreen cartoon, Lady and the Tramp
 1964: Mary Poppins becomes the first Disney movie to be nominated for Best Picture
 1966: Walt Disney dies; his brother Roy takes over the studio
 1967: Last animated movie from producer Walt Disney, The Jungle Book
 1971: Walt Disney World opens in Orlando, Florida
 1979: Don Bluth and friends leave the studio
 1979: The Black Hole, Disney's first PG movie, is a failure with critics.
 1981: Disney's last movie that has any of the Nine Old Men as the animators: The Fox and the Hound
 1983: Disney Channel is launched
 1984: Touchstone Pictures starts with Splash
 1984: Michael Eisner became the CEO of Disney
 1985: Disney's first animated movie that was rated PG: The Black Cauldron
 1987: Disney animated television series DuckTales
 1988: Who framed Roger Rabbit's debut
 1988: DisneyToons Studios opens
 1989: The Little Mermaid brings new life in the animation division as well as the genre; studio gets its first Oscar in eighteen years for this movie
 1990: Hollywood Pictures starts with Arachnophobia
 1991: Beauty and the Beast becomes the first animated movie to be nominated for Best Picture
 1992: Disney releases Aladdin
 1993: The Nightmare Before Christmas's debut
 1993: Disney buys the Miramax movie studio.
 1994: Studio president Frank Wells was killed in a helicopter crash
 1994: The Lion King is released. It becomes the highest grossing hand drawn animated movie of all time.
 1994: Jeffrey Katzenberg resigns from Disney.
 1995: Disney acquires American Broadcasting Company (ABC) and ESPN
 1995: First Pixar movie, Toy Story
 2001: Disney Channel television series Lizzie McGuire
 2001: First Pixar movie that was nominated for Best Animated Feature, Monsters Inc.
 2003: First Pixar movie that won an Oscar for Best Animated Feature, Finding Nemo
 2003: Pirates of the Caribbean becomes studio's first family movie with a rating of PG-13
 2004: Home on the Range is Disney's last traditionally animated movie to use CAPS
 2004: First Pixar movie that is rated PG, The Incredibles
 2005: Disneyland celebrates fiftieth birthday
 2005: Michael Eisner resigns from Disney. He was replaced by Bob Iger.
 2005:The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe's debut
 2005: First self-made CGI movie, Chicken Little
 2009: Up becomes the first Pixar animated feature to be nominated for Best Picture
 2009: Disney buys comic book publisher Marvel Comics for 4 billion US dollars - including Hulk, Spider-Man, X-Men, Fantastic Four and the Avengers.
 2010: Disney sells one of its movie studios, Miramax Films, to Filmyard Holdings.
 2012: Disney buys movie studio Lucasfilm for 4 billion US dollars - including Star Wars and Indiana Jones - the removed ending of Lucasfilm at the studios from 20th Century Fox and Paramount Pictures.
 2013: Disney releases Frozen, which becomes the studio's first non-Pixar movie to win an Oscar for Best Animated Feature.
 2017: Disney agrees to buy most of Fox's assets for 52 billion US dollars.
 2018: DisneyToon Studios was closed down
 2018: John Lasseter left Disney
 2018: Touchstone Pictures was closed down
 2019: Disney completes its purchase of 21st Century Fox and its assets.
 2019: Ed Catmull retires
 2019: Disney creates their own streaming service, Disney+ (including Pixar, Marvel Comics and Star Wars) in November 2019.
 2020: Disney renames 20th Century Fox to "20th Century Studios", to avoid confusion with Fox Corporation.
 2020: Bob Iger resigns as the CEO of Disney. He was replaced by Bob Chapek as CEO.
 2021: Disney closes its radio station, Radio Disney.
 2021: Disney+ creates the Star hub outside of the US, which has movies and television programs for adults.
 2021: The Walt Disney Company Latin America rebrands all the channels with the Fox name in Latin America, to Star.
 2022: The Walt Disney Company Latin America closes Star Premium in January 31st, 2022.
 2022: Bob Chapek got fired, and Bob Iger returned as a CEO of Disney.

Disney+

 On November 12, 2019, Disney launched their own streaming service, Disney+. The platform features almost all of their cartoons, short movies, movies and TV shows along with those made by properties bought by Disney, such as Disney, The Muppets, Pixar, Lucasfilm, and Marvel. It also features original content, such as several Marvel and Star Wars programs. R rated movies and shows appear on Hulu and the international Star hub, and movies, cartoons, and TV shows that feature smoking, swear words, violence, and stereotypical depictions of African Americans, Native Americans, Asians, and other minorities come with a warning.

Related pages
 Walt Disney Pictures
 List of Disney animated movies
 List of Disney characters

References

Other websites

 The Official Site
 Corporate Site

Companies based in Los Angeles

The Walt Disney Company


The ascending node (Ω) is one element of the orbital that must be specified to define the orientation of an elliptical orbit. The other orbital elements are inclination, and the argument of periapsis (ω).

The ascending node is usually quoted as the angular position at which a celestial body passes from the southern side of a reference plane to the northern side, hence 'ascending'. For objects orbiting the Sun, the most convenient reference plane is the orbital plane of the Earth. In other systems, such as orbits of satellites around a planet, a more appropriate reference plane must be used.

References

Orbits

Ascending node