A landslide includes a wide range of ground movements, such as rock falls, deep failure of slopes and shallow debris flows.

The biggest reason for a landslide is that there is a slope and material goes down the slope because of gravity.

But other things also contribute to landslides:
 erosion by rivers, glaciers, or ocean waves makes slopes too steep
 rock and soil slopes made weak through saturation by snowmelt or heavy rains
 earthquakes that make weak slopes fail or crack the rocks that will eventually fall down
 volcanic eruptions produce loose ash deposits, heavy rain, and debris flows
 vibrations from machinery, traffic, blasting and even thunder may trigger failure of weak slopes
 weight from much rain or snow, stockpiling of rock or ore, from waste piles, or from buildings may stress weak slopes to failure and other structures
 groundwater pressure making the slope unstable
 in shallow soils, the removal of deep-rooted plants that bind the colluvium to bedrock

An underlying reason is the nature of the material. For example, a thixotropic material such as mud or sand and water, can change from a gel to a sol by adding water or pressure, or shaking. It goes from being stable one minute to fluid the next minute. The greatest disasters, like lahars or mudslides, happen suddenly. It is possible for much of a volcano to just slide down suddenly, as with Toba, Krakatoa and Mount St Helens.

Other websites

 United States Geological Survey site
 British Columbia government landslide information
 Slide! , a program on B.C.'s Knowledge Network, with video clips
 Geoscience Australia Fact Sheet

Geology
Landforms

Landslide


The Rammelsberg is a mountain,  high, on the northern edge of the Harz range, south of the historic town of Goslar in the North German state of Lower Saxony. The mountain is the location of an important silver, copper, and lead mine. When it closed in 1988, it had been the only mine still working continuously for over 1,000 years. Because of its long history of mining and testimony to the advancement and exchange of technology over many centuries, the visitor mine of Rammelsberg was inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1992.

Name
According to legend, the mountain was named after a knight called "Ramm", who was a henchman of Emperor Otto the Great. In 968, whilst out hunting, the knight tied his horse to a tree, in order to pursue some deer through almost impassable terrain. His charger impatiently pawed the ground with its hooves whilst waiting for his master to return and so exposed a vein of silver ore. According to another explanation, the name may be derived from the widespread ramsons () found on the slopes. It is most probably however, that "ram" is a very old word-explanation for "ore with copper". In Italian today "rame" means "copper".

Ore formation

Unlike the mineral deposits of the Upper Harz, the ore deposits at the Rammelsberg were caused by the escape of hot, metal-bearing, thermal springs on the sea floor in the Devonian period. This formation is referred to as a sedimentary exhalative deposit. At the bottom of the Devonian sea, two large massive sulfide lenses formed that were later caught up in the folding of rocks during the Carboniferous period and so lie overturned at an angle in the mountain.

Ore mining started in the "Old Bed" or "Old Orebody" (Altes Lager), exposed on the surface by erosion, during the Bronze Age. The "New Bed" (Neues Lager) was only discovered in the 19th century as a result of specific exploration. The mines were exhausted only in the 1980s, and were shut down in 1988. The ore contained an average of 14% of zinc, 6% lead, 2% copper, 1 g/t gold and 140 g/t silver.

Mining history
The mining history of the Rammelsberg occurred as a continuous process in different phases. Initially the main product was copper ore, then, (much) later lead, and with lead, silver.

The analysis of written sources and archaeological finds of unsmelted pieces of ore and slag found during archaeological excavations between 1981 and 1985 at Düna (near Osterode) in the South Harz indicates that the earliest mining activity at the Rammelsberg occurred in the late 7th century AD. Anglo-Saxon burial objects made of Harz ore were also excavated in England.

Middle Ages

Mining on the Rammelsberg was first mentioned in the records around 968 by the Saxon chronicler, Widukind of Corvey. According to his Res gestae saxonicae, Emperor Otto the Great had silver ore deposits () opened and extracted. The mining settlement of Goslar was not mentioned until 979. In 1005, attracted by the presence of silver, King Henry II of Germany had the Imperial Palace of Goslar (Kaiserpfalz Goslar) built at the foot of Mt. Rammelsberg, and held his first Imperial Assembly there in 1009. Extended by his Salian successors Conrad II and Henry III, the palace of Goslar gradually replaced the former Royal palace of Werla.

The profitable mines remained a Reichsgut directly belonging to the Holy Roman Emperor. When in 1175 Emperor Frederick Barbarossa called for support on his campaign against the Italian cities of the Lombard League, the Welf duke Henry the Lion demanded his enfeoffment with the Goslar mines in return, which Frederick denied. Duke Henry laid siege to the town and had the mining installations demolished. Restored after his deposition in 1180, the Rammelberg mines were again contested in 1198/99 during the Welf-Hohenstaufen throne quarrel between his son Otto IV and Frederick's son Philip of Swabia.

After Imperial influence waned, the mines were held in pledge by the council of the Imperial city of Goslar, who officially purchased the entitlement to the rights and royalties from mining (Bergregal) in 1359. A mining accident is documented in 1376, when more than 100 miners were buried and killed. The main ores mined at Rammelsberg were lead-zinc ore, copper ore, sulphur ore, mixed ore (Melierterz), brown spar (Braunerz), barite ore (Grauerz), banding ore (Banderz) and kniest along with the important minerals of galena, chalcopyrite, sphalerite, baryte and vitriols. The chief metals extracted from these ores included silver, lead, copper and zinc, on which the wealth of Goslar was based. Because of this wealth, Goslar and the Rammelsberg mines were influential in the Hanseatic League throughout the 1440s, but in 1552, control over the mine was transferred from Goslar to the Margraviate of Brandenburg

Modern era
The Goslar mines for centuries had been a thorn in the side of the Dukes of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel ruling over the adjacent Harz estates. In 1552 – after decades of legal proceedings, feuds and skirmishing – Duke Henry V took the occasion of the city's weakened position upon the Schmalkaldic War and seized ownership of the mines from the citizens. Mining operations were further promoted by Henry's son and successor Duke Julius of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel in 1568. During the Thirty Years' War the Goslar citizens once again tried to regain the Rammelsberg mines distinguishing themselves as loyal supporters of the Imperial forces against the Protestant commander Christian the Younger of Brunswick; however, to no avail as his nephew Duke Augustus the Younger reconciled with Emperor Ferdinand in 1642. Under the Welf dukes, gold was also won from the 18th century onwards.

With Goslar the Rammelsberg mines passed to the Kingdom of Hanover in 1814 and to the Kingdom of Prussia in 1866. Under the 1936/37 Rammelsbergprojekt, the mine was greatly expanded at the behest of the Nazi authorities as part of the Four-year plan. The Nazis saw the Rammelsberg with its metal ores as vital to their war efforts and the difficulty of mineral dressing the ore had been technically solved (using froth flotation). This led to the construction of the present-day surface installations including the hillside processing plant and Rammelsberg shaft. The architects were Fritz Schupp and Martin Kremmer, who designed other important industrial buildings (including the Zeche Zollverein in the Ruhr area, now also a UNESCO World Heritage Site).

After more than 1000 years during which almost 30 million tonnes of ore were extracted, the mine was finally closed by the Preussag company on 30 June 1988 as the mineral deposits had been largely exhausted. A citizens' association argued forcefully against plans to demolish the surface installations and fill in the historic underground mine workings. Consequently, the disused mine was developed into a museum to preserve its heritage and display the history of the mine and its industrial equipment.

Prospecting in 2009
In February 2009, the company, Scandinavian Highlands Holding A/S, published the results of geophysical investigations by its subsidiary, Harz Minerals GmbH, according to which hitherto unknown mineral deposits of the size of those at the Rammelsberg may be present, two kilometres west of the Rammelsberg ore deposits. In autumn 2009 several exploratory bores were sunk in the area of the Hessenkopf and Gosetal to a depth of 500–600 metres. At the end of January 2010, after a news blackout of several months, the company announced that they would soon be drilling to a depth of 800 metres, where they suspected there would be rich mineral deposits.

World Heritage Site

In 1992 the museum became a UNESCO World Heritage project together with Goslar's Old Town. In 2010 this World Heritage Site was expanded to include the Upper Harz Water Regale, Walkenried Abbey and the historic Samson Pit. The Rammelsberg Museum and Visitor Mine is an anchor point on the European Route of Industrial Heritage (ERIH).

The World Heritage Site protects many artifacts from the medieval era of mining operations at the mountain, including:
 old pithead dumps and slag heaps (the oldest dating from the 10th century)
 ore transportation tracks dating from the 12th century
 the Roeder Gallery (with a flatrod system and several water wheels that support the drainage of the pit and the hoisting of ore; there is a replica in the Deutsches Museum in Munich)
 the Feuergezäher Vault (the oldest "nogged" (ausgemauert) underground mining space in Central Europe)
 the Rathstiefste Gallery (medieval drainage adit; decorated with coloured vitriol encrustations)
 the headframe (18th century)
 the Master Malter's Tower (Maltermeisterturm) (oldest above-ground mining building in Germany)

Mine installations

Master Malter's Tower

The Master Malter's Tower (Maltermeisterturm) is the oldest surviving above-ground mine building on the Rammelsberg and, probably, in Germany as well. It was built around 1500 on a slagheap on the side of the Rammelsberg. Initially the tower was used to oversee the pits; from 1578 it was used as a bell tower (Anläuteturm).

Since the mid-18th century  the master malter (Maltermeister) lived in the tower. He managed the wood needed for the mine, which was measured in malters, hence the name.

Herzberg Pond

In order to have enough water to drive water wheels during times of drought the Herzberg Pond was created in 1561. Since 1926, this has been used as a woodland swimming pool. Until the closure of the mine, water was used for cooling and the warm water was pumped back into the pond where it heated the swimming basin of the woodland pool.

Low-grade ore dressing on the Bollrich
Due to the German Wirtschaftswunder ("economic miracle") after the Second World War and sharply rising lead and zinc prices in 1950, investigations were undertaken into the deposits of banding ore (Banderz). After successful trials into the processing of this low-grade ore (recoverable metal content of about 25%), the dressing of banding ore was begun in 1953 on the Bollrich above the village of Oker. Once again the mine architect, Fritz Schupp, was responsible for planning the facilities.

The site was linked to the Rammelsberg mine via the pit railway through the Gelenbeek Gallery. The removal of concentrates to the lead smelter at Oker and the Harlingerode zinc works was facilitated by a standard gauge railway line.

Commemorative coin
In 2008 Goslar's "Old Town" and the Rammelsberg Mine formed the motif for the annually issued 100 Euro gold coins from the series of UNESCO World Heritage Sites.

Harzer Wandernadel
The Rammelsberg Museum is No. 91 in the system of checkpoints forming the Harzer Wandernadel hiking network.

References

Sources

External links

 UNESCO Official Website
 Gold Mining in Germany : History and Future Potential pdf, in German

Mining in the Harz
Mining museums in Germany
Museums in Lower Saxony
Underground mines in Germany
Copper mines in Germany
Lead mines in Germany
Zinc mines in Germany
Silver mines in Germany
Show mines
European Route of Industrial Heritage Anchor Points
Goslar
Landmarks in Germany
Upper Harz Water Regale
World Heritage Sites in Germany

Rammelsberg


William Laurence Bergsma (April 1, 1921 – March 18, 1994) was an American composer and teacher. He was long associated with Juilliard School, where he taught composition, until he moved to the University of Washington as head of their music school until 1971.

Life
Bergsma was born in Oakland, California. After studying piano (with his mother, a former opera singer) and then the viola, he moved on to study composition. Bergsma attended Stanford University for two years (1938–40) before moving to the Eastman School of Music, where he earned his bachelor's and master's degrees; his most significant teachers there were Howard Hanson and Bernard Rogers.

In 1946 he accepted a position at Juilliard, where he remained until 1963, eventually holding such positions as chair of composition and from 1961 to 1963, associate dean. In 1963 he moved on to the University of Washington, heading the music school until 1971, remaining a professor from then on after stepping down from the administrative post. In 1966 Bergsma founded the Contemporary Group at the University of Washington, an organization of composers and musicians who stage performances of new musical works and educate students and the public about contemporary music; the group remains active to this day.

Bergsma was the recipient of two Guggenheim Fellowships, a grant from the National Endowment for the Arts, and an award from the American Academy of Arts and Letters. Students of Bergsma include composers Jack Behrens, Philip Glass, Karl Korte, Robert Parris, and Steve Reich.

Bergsma's music is noted for its lyrical, contrapuntal qualities. Unlike many of his contemporaries, Bergsma rejected serialism in favor of a more conservative style, though one distinctly rooted in the 20th century. He eschewed the avant-garde—his obituary in the Seattle Post-Intelligencer describes him as having "never deserted tonality" and seeing "dozens of his former avant-garde colleagues returning to the fold"—though he did embrace aleatoric techniques later in his career.

He composed two operas, The Wife of Martin Guerre (1956) and The Murder of Comrade Sharik (1973), which are markedly different in style. The first is a somber tale of a 16th-century French peasant's disappearance and return upon which he is suspected to be an impostor; the music is marked by dissonance which emphasizes the tension in the story, particularly in the final courtroom scene. The second is more lighthearted and comic; Bergsma wrote his own libretto after the story Heart of a Dog by Mikhail Bulgakov, which involves a dog transforming into a citizen of 1920s Moscow as a result of a doctor's experiments. The partially aleatoric orchestral writing is intended to be the voice of Stalin, and uses quotes from Carmen, La traviata and Don Giovanni for comedic effect. He was also a skillful composer of smaller works, including many for chamber ensemble and solo piano as well as orchestral writings.

Bergsma died in Seattle of a heart attack, at the age of 72.

Selected works

Gold and the Señor Commandante (1940-41), ballet (also 9-movement suite)
The Fortunate Islands (1947), string orchestra
Tangents (1951), piano
A Carol on Twelfth Night (1954), orchestra
The Wife of Martin Guerre (1956), opera
A Desk for Billie (1956) (score for educational film)
March with Trumpets (1956), band
Concerto for wind quintet (1958)
Chameleon Variations (1960)  orchestra
Fantastic Variations on a Theme from Tristan and Isolde (1961), viola and piano
In Celebration, (1963), orchestra
Violin Concerto, (1965), violin and orchestra
The Sun, the Soaring Eagle, the Turquoise Prince, the God  (1968) Choir
The Murder of Comrade Sharik (1973), opera
Symphony no. 2, "Voyages" (1976), mezzo-soprano, chorus, and orchestra
Viola Concerto (1978)
The Voice of the Coelacanth (1981), horn, violin, and piano
Variations (1984), piano

References
James P. Cassaro and Kurt Stone: "William Bergsma". Grove Music Online, ed. L. Macy. Accessed 24 May 2005. (subscription access).
James P. Cassaro: "William Bergsma". Grove Music Online (OperaBase), ed. L. Macy. Accessed 24 May 2005. (subscription access).
Worldlinkpages.com: William Bergsma, accessed 24 May 2005
William Bergsma: UW Composer of International Renown, accessed 24 May 2005.
"Obituary: William Bergsma". (March 21, 1994). Associated Press.

External links
The Contemporary Group
Program for a Memorial Concert in Honor of William Bergsma
Official site
Two Interviews with William Bergsma, August 9, 1986 and August 8, 1987
Overview page for William Bergsma papers, 1941-1986
"William Bergsma Collection", Sibley Music Library, Eastman School of Music

1921 births
1994 deaths
20th-century classical composers
20th-century American composers
20th-century American male musicians
American classical composers
American male classical composers
American opera composers
Male opera composers
Eastman School of Music alumni
Juilliard School faculty
Stanford University alumni
University of Washington faculty
Pupils of Howard Hanson
Pupils of Bernard Rogers

William Bergsma


Thunderstorms are small, intense weather systems that make strong winds, heavy rain, lightning, and thunder. Thunderstorms can happen anywhere with two conditions: the air near the Earth's surface must be warm and moist (with lots of liquid), and the atmosphere must be unstable. 100 lightning bolts hit the earth every second, and at any one moment, about 1,800 thunderstorms happen around the earth.

Thunderstorms are rare in winter, mostly because of cold weather. When they happen, it is called thundersnow. Thundersnow is common in blizzards.

Cycle
Usually there are more clouds in the afternoon than in early morning.  This is because the ground has warmed up enough by the afternoon for winds (updrafts) to blow upward from the ground. When the air has gone high enough, the water vapor in it condenses into a cloud.  The height where this happens depends on the temperature and humidity of the air.  Sometimes the air can rise up as high as 5,000 to 10,000 feet (1,524 to 3,048 m) before a small cumulus cloud can condense from the invisible water vapor.

High, puffy little clouds do not change until a lot of moisture is added. This moisture helps the updraft. Moisture can add heat, which means the cloud will warm up inside and go up even faster. The moisture makes the cumulus cloud "mushroom" upwards  and turn into a tall cumulus cloud. The winds inside this cloud are very strong. Thunder and lightning begins when the top of the cloud is 25,000 feet (7,280 m) high. The inside of the cloud is, by this time, cold enough so that the water drops are turned into ice crystals. A cumulus cloud stops growing when it hits the warm stratosphere. Some thunderstorms grow twice as high as Mount Everest.

Strong upper winds in the stratosphere smooth and spread the top of the cloud. This makes the cloud look like the top of a mushroom or an anvil. The ice crystals in the anvil cloud give it a fuzzy look. As a thunderstorm grows, water drops or ice crystals inside the cloud hit and mix with each other, getting bigger. The bottom of the cloud grows dark, with water about to fall. When the drops become so heavy that the winds inside the cloud cannot keep them up any more, they fall from the cloud as rain or hail.  Even as they fall, the water drops grow by absorbing the smaller drops and make big raindrops.  Hail becomes bigger inside the cloud. One thunderstorm cloud usually runs out of energy in about 30 to 50 minutes. But supercell thunderstorms can last for hours until they dissipate by outflow.

Lightning

Thunderstorms are very active with electricity and so are also called electrical storms. Lightning is a large electrical discharge that happens between two opposite charged surfaces.

When lightning strikes, energy is let out. This energy moves to the air and makes air spread quickly and send out sound waves. Thunder is the sound that comes from the rapid spread of air along the lightning strike. Thunder is slower than lightning, because light is faster than sound.

Severe thunderstorms

Only about 10% of thunderstorms are thought to be severe. Severe thunderstorms cause high winds of more than , hail 1 inch in diameter (24 mm), flash floods, and tornadoes. Hailstorms damage crops,  damage the metal on cars, and break windows. Sudden flash floods that happen because of heavy rains is the biggest reason for weather-related deaths.

Lightning, which happens with all thunderstorms, starts thousands of forest fires each year in the United States. Lightning also kills or injures hundreds of people a year in the United States.

Regular thunderstorms begin when warm air near the ground mix with moist air, which makes an updraft (a wind that goes upward). A severe thunderstorm needs a strong updraft and a strong downdraft. A strong updraft is made when, firstly, the ground is very hot; secondly, when the air is very moist; and thirdly, the air above is very cold. When the updraft gets stronger, so does the thunderstorm.

Flash floods happen when slow-moving thunderstorms pour down much more water than usual in a small area. It rains so hard that the water can not soak into the ground fast enough, and the water rushes down the mountainsides or hills into streams and rivers. These streams and rivers cannot carry all the water, so it quickly floods. The most severe flash floods make the water level rise dangerously in streams, dry places, or canyons. Flash floods can make terrible mud slides and can move very quickly. They can roll big rocks, tear out trees, and destroy buildings and bridges.

Flash floods can also happen when two or more thunderstorms hit the same spot, one right after the other. They can happen when a dam bursts open or ice breaks up. Flash floods can also happen when it rains very hard on quickly melting snow.

Benefits

Thunderstorms do not do only damage; however, they can be a great help to man and all living creatures. We get lots of water for many continents during the summer. Plants receive lots of life-giving rain when they need it. Without the thunderstorms, many continents would become dry. Fish would die, crops would fail, and animals would die.

Thunderstorms are also our natural air conditioners. Hot air at the surface rises up into the high atmosphere where the heat is put out into space. Clouds give us shade, and rain can cool down a hot day. Without thunderstorms, the earth would be as much as  warmer. In the summer, dust, haze, and other pollutants come together in the lower atmosphere. When the air rises, either in cumulus clouds or in thunderstorms, it spreads the pollution higher up into the atmosphere. Rain from thunderstorms washes away many of these pollutants out of the air.

Lightning in thunderstorms also helps keep the electrical balance between the earth and the atmosphere. Lightning is also fertilizer. When it splits through the sky, it changes nitrogen gas in the air to nitrogen compounds. These fall to the ground and are added to the soil. Nitrogen is one of the main ingredients in fertilizer. Ten percent of the nitrogen fertilizer needed for farming is made by lightning.

So, even though thunderstorms are dangerous, they can be a great help. They give summer water, cool the earth, and clean the air. Lightning balances the earth's electricity and helps fertilize the soil. And after a thunderstorm, sometimes there is a rainbow.

Keeping safe in a storm

Some tips to keep safe in a thunderstorm are:
 If lightning comes near, try to find shelter in a house, car, or low place under some small trees, but not in a shed. Inside a house, do not use the telephone or any electrical things. Do not take a bath or a shower.
 Stay away from water because water conducts electricity.
 Do not stand on a hilltop. Try not to be the tallest object.
 Do not look for shelter under a tree by itself.
 Stay away from metal (like pipes, fences, and wire clotheslines).
 If your hair stands on end while outside, immediately drop to the ground and curl up in a ball-like shape.
 If there is a flash flood, stay out of low places. Cars should not be driven through water that is flowing over a road or bridge. It might look shallow (not deep), but quickly flowing water can wash a car right off a road or a bridge. It only takes two feet of water to float most cars. Also, the road under the water might already have been washed out, leaving a deep hole. A flash flood can easily turn over a car and trap everyone inside. So, if your car stops in flood waters, get out as fast as possible and run to higher ground. Nearly half the people who die in flash floods in the United States die inside cars.

References

Other websites

 Anatomy of a thunderstorm
 Electronic Journal of Severe Storms Meteorology
 Social & Economic Costs of Thunderstorms & High Winds  NOAA Economics
 Thunderstorm photography in Germany

Severe weather
Precipitation

Thunderstorm


A transposing instrument is a musical instrument that does not play the notes you might think it will play. But all the notes differ from the real notes by the same musical interval. So a song played on the transposing instrument will sound familiar, but played in a different key. That is because the transposing instrument is tuned above or below what the usual notes would be, and always above or below by the same number of notes on a scale. The usual notes are called "concert pitch". Most non-transposing instruments, like pianos, are tuned to play in the key of C.

When writing music for a transposing instrument, or teaching how to play the notes, the entire series of notes is written and described as notes moved up or down a number of semitones. For example: playing the note that is called "C" on a B flat clarinet, produces the note that is called "B♭" when played on a piano. All transposing instruments such as "horn in F" or "alto saxophone in E♭" mean F and E♭ in normal notes ("concert pitch"). The note "C" as written and played on the horn in F will sound like an "F" , and the same "C" written for the alto saxophone in E♭ will sound like "E♭".

Woodwinds, especially the recorder and clarinets, are transposing instruments. Saxophones and most brass instruments are transposing instruments.

Historical notation

The use of transposed notation (writing notes higher or lower than they really are) probably started with the slow changes in how to make instruments. There was a "clarinet in C" when Mozart was alive, but was later replaced by the larger, richer sounding "clarinet in B♭". There was no change to how clarinet players had to move their fingers. That helped players change from the older instrument to the newer instrument. Maybe learners of the modern day instrument in B♭ could re-learn how to use their fingers, so they could play with normal notes. But all written music would have to be transposed back to "concert pitch".

Natural harmonic series and timbre

Instruments such as horns and woodwinds have a natural harmonic series, so it is easier and louder to play in certain keys. So that needs to be remembered when writing music for these instruments. Also, these instruments can only be played in tune in certain keys, because of a problem with something called "equal temperament". Which keys will work depends on which key the instrument was tuned for.

Having transposing instruments makes it possible for pipes to play in several different keys.  The fingering can remain the same. Only the key the music is written in, the notes that harmonize with that key, and timbre (what the note sounds like, not just which key it is) change as the different sizes of instrument are used.  A cor anglais is like an oboe but a fifth lower (Five notes of a scale. A written C sounds like an F).  Any oboe player can play the cor anglais, reading the music and playing with normal oboe fingering.  It will automatically sound a fifth lower.  Compare this to recorders which are not transposing instruments.  On a descant recorder, the note played with three fingers of the left hand (1-2-3-0-0-0) is a G.  To play a G on a treble (alto) recorder the fingering is 1-2-3-1-2-3.  This can be confusing at first, but with practice players can get used to changing between the different sizes of recorder.

Professional clarinet players will need two clarinets: a B flat and an A clarinet.  Some clarinet cases are made to hold both instruments.  Some clarinet players also play the bass clarinet.  This is also in B flat, but sounds an octave lower than the ordinary B flat clarinet.  There is also an E flat clarinet which sounds a minor third higher than written.

Saxophones transpose into different keys according to their sizes.  Brass instruments come in several different keys.  It is always important for a player to come to a rehearsal or concert with the correct instrument.  Often brass players become skilled at transposing. That means, if their music is written in the wrong key for the instrument on which they are playing, they can still play it in the right key.

Musical instruments

Transposing instrument


Arjumand Banu Begum, also called Mumtaz Mahal (29 October 1593 – 17 June 1631) was the second wife of Shah Jahan, the Mughal emperor. Mumtaz Mahal (meaning Jewel of the palace in Persian) was the nickname her husband gave to her.

Life
Mumtaz Mahal was born in April 1593 in Agra, India. Her father was the Persian noble Abdul Hasan Asaf Khan, the brother of Nur Jahan, the Mughal Empress wife of Jahangir.

Mumtaz betrothed (nikah) with shah jahan at the age of 14 in 1607 when Shah Jahan was 15, Shah Jahan, later married two other women.May 10, 1612 at the age of 19 the official marriage ceremony was held.

Marriage

Shah Jahan and Mumtaz Mahal were married for 19 years. They had thirteen children together. 7 of the children died at birth or at a very young age. Mumtaz travelled with Shah Jahan and his army as he carried out military campaigns. Mumtaz Mahal supported Shah Jahan and they respected each other very much. Mumtaz Mahal died on June 17, 1631 in Burhanpur in the Deccan (now in Madhya Pradesh) during the birth of their fourteenth child, a daughter named Gauhara Begum.

.

Death
She had been with her husband as he was fighting a campaign in the Deccan Plateau. Her body was kept at Burhanpur in a walled pleasure garden known as Zainabad. A popular story says that on her deathbed, her last wish to the emperor was for a symbol or a monument to their love. She also asked her husband not to marry anyone else. The emperor promised immediately. Her body was buried in the Taj Mahal in Agra. It is also belived that Mumtaz Mahal died, aged 38, while giving birth to Gauhara Begum in Burhanpur, the cause of death being Postpartum hemorrhage, which caused considerable blood-loss after a painful labour of thirty hours. Contemporary historians note that Princess Jahanara, aged 17, was so distressed by her mother's pain that she started distributing gems to the poor, hoping for divine intervention and Shah Jahan, himself, was noted as being "paralysed by grief" and weeping fits.

Effects
After she died, Shah Jahan went into mourning for 2 years. When he appeared again, his hair had turned white, his back was bent, and his face worn. Jahan's eldest daughter, Jahanara Begum, slowly brought him out of mourning and took the place of Mumtaz at court.

References

Indian people
1593 births
1631 deaths
Mughal Empire

Mumtaz Mahal


Madame Bovary is a novel by Gustave Flaubert. It was published in 1856. It is the story of an unhappy middle class French housewife. She longs for the kind of romance and glamor that life in the country does not provide. After a few unfulfilling adulteries, she kills herself.

The story was first published in parts (serialization) in a magazine. It was thought obscene. Flaubert and his publisher were charged with immorality, but were acquitted.

The story was a great success when published in book form in 1857. It is thought one of the greatest novels ever written. It has been adapted to different media. An American movie starring Jennifer Jones is perhaps the best known adaptation to Americans.

1850s books
1856
Adultery in fiction
Books first published in serial form
French novels
Suicide in fiction

Madame Bovary


The small intestine is between the stomach and the large intestine, and is where most of the digestion and absorption happen. In humans over five years old, the small intestine is about 7.5 meters long.

The small intestine has three regions: the duodenum, the jejunum and the ileum.

The duodenum: receives bile and juice from the pancreas, and is where most digestion in the small intestine takes place. Secretions limit, or neutralise, the stomach acidity, and enzymes help to digest the food.

The jejenum: the products of digestion (sugars, amino acids, and fatty acids) are absorbed into the bloodstream here.

The ileum: absorbs vitamin B12, bile salts, and any other products of digestion that were not absorbed by the jejunum.

References

Anatomy of the digestive system

Small intestine


A laurel wreath is a circular wreath made of interlocking branches and leaves of the bay laurel (Laurus nobilis). This is an evergreen whose leaves give off a pleasant scent.

The wreath is traditionally worn on the head. In Greek mythology, the god Apollo is shown wearing a laurel wreath because of the story of Apollo and Daphne. In Ancient Greece, it was given to special people, such as winners in competitions in poetry or sports, such as the Ancient Olympic Games.

It was also used in Ancient Rome, and Roman Emperors are often shown wearing laurel wreaths. In the Summer Olympics 2004 in Athens, Greece gave laurel wreaths to the winners. The saying "resting on one's laurels" comes from this and means that someone relaxes now because he or she did something good in the past.

In some countries, the laurel wreath is used as a symbol of the master's degree. The wreath is given to young masters in the graduation ceremony of the university. The word "Laureate" in 'poet laureate' refers to the laurel wreath.

In modern times, wreaths are used for their decorative quality rather than ceremonial use. Wreaths may be made with flowers such as roses to make them more appealing.

Ancient Greece

Headgear

Laurel wreath


In Bruges is a 2008 British-American crime drama black comedy movie. It was written and directed by Martin McDonagh. The movie stars Colin Farrell and Brendan Gleeson as two Irish hit men in hiding. Ralph Fiennes plays their gangster boss.

2008 comedy-drama movies
2000s black comedy movies
2000s buddy movies
2008 crime drama movies
2000s criminal comedy movies
American crime drama movies
American criminal comedy movies
BAFTA Award winning movies
British black comedy movies
British comedy-drama movies
British crime drama movies
British criminal comedy movies
Bruges
2000s English-language movies
French-language movies
Golden Globe Award winning movies
Universal Pictures
Movies directed by Martin McDonagh

In Bruges


Christa Bauch (born December 19, 1947) is a former professional female bodybuilder from Germany.

Background
Born in Bad Schandau, East Germany, Bauch enjoyed music, riding and sprinting at school, before training as a masseuse and swimming pool medic. At 27 she left East Germany to settle in the West; this was done legally, as she married a West German citizen and waited the required five years for an exit permit. Her oldest son, Daniel, was five years old, and she was pregnant with her second child, Patricia. Shortly after she relocated to West Germany, her husband, employed by the German engineering company AEG, was transferred to Baghdad. Further spells followed in Guatemala and Algeria, before Bauch returned to Germany on her own with the children, to ensure they got a proper education. Her third child, Rene, was born a few years later.

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Looking for a challenge, Bauch took up rifle shooting for several years before taking up bodybuilding. Bauch won several local and regional shows before her first big competitive year in 1987. After only two years training she took second places in the NABBA German, European and World championships (in the last of these losing out to American Connie McCloskey). In 1988 she switched to the WABBA organization, taking the overall European title as well as the couples title. The following year she move to the IFBB. After a disappointing second place in the German Nationals, Bauch won the World Games heavyweight title in Karlsruhe (only 20 miles from her home), beating out a strong field including countrywoman Jutta Tippelt and American Kim King. With the World Games victory she earned her pro card.

Bauch's first pro show was the 1990 Ms. International, at age 43. After turning in an impressive fourth-place finish, she was disqualified as a result of a positive drug test (WPW, 1993; ). More problems followed as Bauch had to have an operation later that year to remove a vein in her leg. A few months later she bounced back with a fourth-place finish in the Italian Grand Prix in Rimini, missing a Ms. Olympia qualification by one slot.

Bauch's highest placing as a professional was second at the 1994 Canada Cup.  She retired from competition after the 1995 Jan Tana Classic.  Although she no longer competes, she continues to train.  At a height of 5'3", Bauch's normal contest weight ranged from 132 to 145 pounds.

She was a renowned world class arm wrestler, defeating many male bodybuilders.

Contest history
1987 German Championship - 2nd
1987 Europa Championship (NABBA) - 2nd
1987 World Championship (NABBA) - 2nd
1988 Europa Championship (WABBA) - 1st
1989 German Championship (IFBB) - 2nd
1989 World Games (IFBB) - 1st (Pro qualifier)
1990 Ms. International - 4th (later disqualified)
1991 Grand Prix of Italy - 4th
1992 Jan Tana Classic - 11th
1993 Jan Tana Classic - 7th
1993 IFBB Ms. Olympia - 18th
1994 Canada Cup - 2nd
1994 IFBB Ms. Olympia - 12th
1995 Jan Tana Classic - 5th

References

"Germany's Mighty Mite - .44 Magnum Muscle", Women's Physique World, January, 1993

External links

1947 births
German female bodybuilders
Living people
Professional bodybuilders

Christa Bauch


Piave is an Italian cow's milk cheese that is named after the Piave river. As Piave has a Protected Designation of Origin (Denominazione di Origine Protetta or DOP), the only "official" Piave is produced in the Dolomites area, province of Belluno, in the northernmost tip of the Veneto region.

Piave is a hard, cooked curd cheese, offered at five different ages:

 Piave Fresco (20 to 60 days aging - blue label)
 Piave Mezzano (61 to 180 days aging - blue label)
 Piave Vecchio (more than 6 months aging - blue label)
 Piave Vecchio Selezione Oro (more than 12 months aging - red label)
 Piave Vecchio Riserva (more than 18 months aging - black label)

Piave cheese has a dense texture, without holes, and is straw-yellow in hue. It has a slightly sweet flavor. Once fully aged, it becomes hard enough for grating, and it develops an intense, full-bodied flavor. Piave's rind is impressed repeatedly in vertical direction with the name of the cheese.

Piave is sold throughout Europe and in the US as a hard cheese, at which point its taste resembles that of a young Parmigiano Reggiano. The red label is aged at least one year and is called Vecchio (Piave Vecchio Selezione Oro), while the blue label is softer. Both are available all over Europe and can also be found in the US, primarily at specialty shops.

References

External links
 Official website of Piave Cheese - the Italian producers' consortium

Cheeses of Veneto
Italian cheeses
Cow's-milk cheeses
Italian products with protected designation of origin
Cheeses with designation of origin protected in the European Union

Piave cheese


Arc flash is an accidental electrical explosion usually caused by a short circuit. It usually happens at higher-voltages (around 300 volts and above). It can cause the electrical conductors to melt creating an explosion of molten or even vaporized metal. Temperatures can be as high as 20000 degrees Celsius. Arc flash is one of the reasons it is so important to turn the power off before working on any high-voltage equipment.

Electricity

Arc flash


A Linkwitz–Riley (L-R) filter is an infinite impulse response filter used in Linkwitz–Riley audio crossovers, named after its inventors Siegfried Linkwitz and Russ Riley. This filter type was originally described in Active Crossover Networks for Noncoincident Drivers in the Journal of the Audio Engineering Society. It is also known as a Butterworth squared filter. A Linkwitz–Riley "L-R" crossover consists of a parallel combination of a low-pass and a high-pass L-R filter. The filters are usually designed by cascading two Butterworth filters, each of which has −3 dB gain at the cut-off frequency. The resulting Linkwitz–Riley filter has −6 dB gain at the cut-off frequency. This means that, upon summing the low-pass and high-pass outputs, the gain at the crossover frequency will be 0 dB, so the crossover behaves like an all-pass filter, having a flat amplitude response with a smoothly changing phase response. This is the biggest advantage of L-R crossovers compared to even-order Butterworth crossovers, whose summed output has a +3 dB peak around the crossover frequency. Since cascading two nth-order Butterworth filters will give a (2n)th-order Linkwitz–Riley filter, theoretically any (2n)th-order Linkwitz–Riley crossover can be designed. However, crossovers of order higher than 4 may have less usability due to their complexity and the increasing size of the peak in group delay around the crossover frequency.

Common types

Second-order Linkwitz–Riley crossover (LR2, LR-2)

Second-order Linkwitz–Riley crossovers (LR2) have a 12 dB/octave (40 dB/decade) slope. They can be realized by cascading two one-pole filters, or using a Sallen Key filter topology with a Q0 value of 0.5. There is a 180° phase difference between the low-pass and high-pass output of the filter, which can be corrected by inverting one signal. In loudspeakers this is usually done by reversing the polarity of one driver if the crossover is passive. For active crossovers inversion is usually done using a unity gain inverting op-amp.

Fourth-order Linkwitz–Riley crossover (LR4, LR-4)

Fourth-order Linkwitz–Riley crossovers (LR4) are probably today's most commonly used type of audio crossover. They are constructed by cascading two 2nd-order Butterworth filters. Their slope is 24 dB/octave (80 dB/decade).  The phase difference amounts to 360°, i.e. the two drives appear in phase, albeit with a full period time delay for the low-pass section.

Eighth-order Linkwitz–Riley crossover (LR8, LR-8)

Eighth-order Linkwitz–Riley crossovers (LR8) have a very steep, 48 dB/octave (160 dB/decade) slope. They can be constructed by cascading two 4th-order Butterworth filters.

See also

Audio crossover
Butterworth filter
Partition of unity
Siegfried Linkwitz

References

Linkwitz Lab: Crossovers
Linkwitz Lab: Active Filters
Linkwitz–Riley Crossovers: A Primer
Glossary: Linkwitz–Riley

Linear filters
Network synthesis filters
Audio engineering
Filter theory

Linkwitz–Riley filter


A multi-party system is a system where multiple political parties take part in national elections. Each party has its own views. A lot of countries that use this system have a coalition government, meaning many parties are in control, and they all work together to make laws. Good examples of countries that have this system include Brazil, Denmark, Finland,  Germany, Iceland, India, Indonesia,  Ireland, Israel, Italy, Mexico, The Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Pakistan, Portugal, Romania, Serbia, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sweden, Taiwan, Philippines, and South Korea. There is no limit to the number of parties that can take part in a British election, but the government must command a majority in the House of Commons, and is usually formed from one party.

References

Democracy

Multi-party system


Yonge Street (pronounced "young") is a main street in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, and its northern suburbs. It was once listed in the Guinness Book of Records as the longest street in the world and is listed as a national historic site. It was the site of Canada's first subway line.

Yonge Street is the home of or close to many places of interest in Toronto, including street and theatre acts, the Eaton Centre, the Hockey Hall of Fame and–at the very start of the road–'One Yonge Street', the offices of the Toronto Star newspaper. The Yonge Line of the Toronto subway under or along it from south of King Street to Finch Avenue. The Viva Blue BRT line goes along Yonge from Finch to Newmarket Bus Terminal.

Cultural significance
Yonge Street is thought to be Toronto's main street, because of it splits the city into east and west, and the has the Yonge subway line running under it. It is also the main place people come to celebrate events.

Parts of the street are often closed for events, such as an yearly street party. Toronto's annual Gay Pride, Orange Order, and Santa Claus parades also use Yonge Street for a large part of their routes. Canadian singer-songwriter Gordon Lightfoot has a song about Yonge Street, titled "On Yonge Street", on his album A Painter Passing Through.

2018 van incident

On April 23, 2018 a white van collided with numerous pedestrians killing nine and injuring sixteen others at Yonge Street.

Places of interest

 Hockey Hall of Fame
 Eaton Centre
 Toronto Star Building at One Yonge Street
 Toronto Reference Library

Related pages
 Steeles Avenue
 2018 Toronto van incident

References

 The Yonge Street Story (1793-1860), by F. R. Berchem, Natural Heritage Books, Toronto, 1977

Other websites

 Globe and Mail article on Yonge Street
 A page which argues against Yonge Street's claim as the world's longest street
 Portrait of Sir George Yonge
 A Yahoo! page that explains why Yonge Street is the longest street in the world
 Yonge Street 1796 Plaque
 Blog series on the southern section of Yonge Street
Google Maps of Yonge Street

Toronto

Yonge Street


Ragged Dick; or, Street Life in New York with the Boot Blacks is a Bildungsroman by Horatio Alger Jr., which was serialized in The Student and Schoolmate in 1867 and expanded for publication as a full-length novel in May 1868 by the publisher A. K. Loring. It was the first volume in the six-volume Ragged Dick Series and became Alger's best-selling work. The tale follows a poor bootblack's rise to middle-class respectability in 19th-century New York City. It had a favorable reception. Student and Schoolmate reported their readers were delighted with the first installment, and Putnam's Magazine thought boys would love the novel. The plot and theme were repeated in Alger's subsequent novels and became the subject of parodies and satires.

Ragged Dick and Alger's Silas Snobden's Office Boy inspired the musical comedy Shine! in 1982.

Plot
The text of Ragged Dick is based on the 1868 first book edition, annotated for student readers. "Contexts" begins by looking at Ragged Dick through the lenses of 1860s New York and Alger's own life there. Ragged Dick is a fourteen-year-old bootblack – he smokes, drinks occasionally, and sleeps on the streets – but he is anxious "to turn over a new leaf, and try to grow up 'spectable". He won't steal under any circumstances, and many gentlemen who are impressed with this virtue (and his determination to succeed) offer their aid. Mr. Greyson, for example, invites him to church and Mr. Whitney gives him five dollars for performing a service. Dick uses the money to open a bank account and to rent his first apartment. He fattens his bank account by practicing frugality and is tutored by his roommate Fosdick in the three R's. When Dick rescues a drowning child, the grateful father rewards him with a new suit and a job in his mercantile firm. With this final event, Richard is "cut off from the old vagabond life which he hoped never to resume" and henceforth will call himself Richard Hunter, Esq.

Major themes

The Alger canon is described by Carl Bode of the University of Maryland as "bouncy little books for boys" that promote "the merits of honesty, hard work, and cheerfulness in adversity." Alger "emblematized those qualities" in his heroes, he writes, and his tales are not so much about rags to riches "but, more sensibly, rags to respectability". With a moral thrust entrenched in the Protestant ethic, Alger novels emphasized that honesty, especially of the fiscal sort, was not only the best policy but the morally right policy, and alcohol and smoking were to be abjured. Alger knew he wasn't writing great literature, Bode explains, but he was providing boys with the sort of material they enjoyed reading: formulaic novels "whose aim was to teach young boys how to succeed by being good" and which featured "active and enterprising" boy heroes sustained by "an endearing sense of humor" even in the most trying of situations. Dialogue was "brisk" in the Alger novel and "when good disputed with evil, good always won."  Generally, a "malicious young snob" and a "middle-aged rascal" schemed to hurt the hero's rise, and a "mysterious stranger" and a "worldly but warmhearted patron" were at hand to ensure his success. Violence was kept at arm's length in the Alger novel, the tone remained "optimistic and positive", suspense was never "of the nail-biting sort", and the Alger universe was "basically benign". Bode points out that the problems of upward mobility in the Alger novel were never "insoluble", and, although luck was a major element in the Alger plot, it was never luck alone that brought the hero success but luck combined with "pluck".

Gary Scharnhorst finds six major themes in Alger's 100-plus boys' books and considers that the major theme of Ragged Dick is a rise to respectability. Scharnhorst points out that Dick states he intends to change his way of life and "become 'spec-table". Early in the book, Mr. Whitney "replaces Dick's suit with a neat one, signaling the beginning of the transformation from Ragged Dick into Richard Hunter, Esq." Scharnhorst follows Dick's progress through the tale to the moment when Dick is rewarded with a clerical position and notes that "The status of respectability, not a high salary, completes his transition from Ragged Dick to Richard Hunter." Scharnhorst writes, "The recurrence in Alger's fiction of the theme of the Rise to Respectability underscores the inaccuracy of the widespread opinion that his heroes rise from rags to riches. Indeed, insofar as Alger's heroes prosper at all, they do so because they deserve prosperity, because they happily earn it with their virtue ... Alger's heroes always merit their good fortune—an idea which, like respectability, is associated only tangentially to wealth."

Development of the theme of the story
Alger had served as a Unitarian minister in Brewster, Massachusetts for about a year and a half when a church committee charged him with pederasty. He denied nothing, said that he had been imprudent, and resigned from the ministry, vowing never to accept another ministerial post. Church officials were satisfied, and no further action was taken. Alger relocated to New York City, where he cultivated a humanitarian's interest in the city's many vagrant children. A prolific author, he published to great success in Student and Schoolmate, a children's monthly magazine, and when its publisher asked him to develop a serial about street boys he wrote Ragged Dick, a tale about bootblacks.

New York City's bootblacks at the time Alger wrote Ragged Dick were boys, usually between the ages of ten and sixteen, "with any number of bad habits, and little or no principle". They gambled, smoked cigar butts retrieved from the gutter, patronized Bowery theaters and concert halls, slept on the streets or in shelters supported by the charitable, and were "more proficient in profanity than the Water Street roughs". Alger told the Ladies Home Journal in 1890, "I had conversations with many street boys while writing 'Ragged Dick' ... and derived from many of them sketches of character and incidents".

Alger adapted the conventions of the moral, sentimental, and adventure literature of the period to fashion the formula he would employ in writing Ragged Dick and the dozens of boys' books that followed it. "Alger did not invent his formula out of whole cloth," Alan Trachtenberg wrote, "but boiled down the conventions to make a more refined brew: a style accessible both to young and adult readers; clever dialogue and vivid descriptions; a cast of characters who presented a range of moral positions; a physical setting itself a part of the action."

Trachtenberg points out that Alger almost certainly consulted New York City guidebooks and incorporated their advice on crooks, cheats, and conmen into his manuscript, and explains that Alger's series books and characters bear similarities to the anecdotal nature of myths, legends, and folktales: "Stories of gods and of larger-than-life persons like Paul Bunyan have an anecdotal quality similar to the sequence of encounters, adventures, confrontations, and coincidences that comprise the narratives of Ragged Dick and Tattered Tom and their kin among Alger's legion of boy heroes."

Ragged Dick has been described as a "puerile fantasy of the assimilation of the so-called dangerous classes to the bourgeois social order", but Sacvan Bercovitch believes Alger created "a relatively realistic hero" in Dick—one who smokes, swears, plays pranks, and spends what money he has with abandon, yet one who displays an emotional depth foreign to Alger's subsequent heroes, who increasingly exhibited "the slow accretion of civilized instincts and habits, including proper speech, cleanliness, and courtesy" and who lacked Dick's "sense of humor, sadness, and critical intelligence".

Possible homoeroticism
Trachtenberg points out that Alger had tremendous sympathy for boys and discovered a calling for himself in the composition of boys' books: "He learned to consult the boy in himself," Trachtenberg writes, "to transmute and recast himself—his genteel culture, his liberal patrician sympathy for underdogs, his shaky economic status as an author, and not least, his dangerous erotic attraction to boy—into his juvenile fiction." He believes it impossible to know whether Alger lived the life of a secret homosexual, "[b]ut there are hints that the male companionship he describes as a refuge from the streets—the cozy domestic arrangements between Dick and Fosdick, for example—may also be an erotic relationship."

Trachtenberg observes that nothing prurient occurs in Ragged Dick but posits that "the few instances of boys touching each other tenderly or older men laying a light hand on the shoulder of boys, might arouse erotic wishes in readers prepared to entertain such fantasies." Such images, Trachtenberg believes, may imply "a positive view of homoeroticism as an alternative way of life, of living by sympathy rather than aggression." Trachtenberg concludes, "in Ragged Dick we see Alger plotting domestic romance, complete with a surrogate marriage of two homeless boys, as the setting for his formulaic metamorphosis of an outcast street boy into a self-respecting citizen."

Publication history
Ragged Dick was first published as a 12-part serial in Student and Schoolmate, beginning with January 1867 issue. Alger expanded the tale into a novel, which was published by A. K. Loring of Boston on May 5, 1868. Thousands of copies sold out within weeks, and the novel was republished in August 1868. It was the first in a six-volume Ragged Dick series (1: Ragged Dick 2: Fame and Fortune 3: Mark, the Match Boy 4: Rough and Ready 5: Ben, the Luggage Boy 6: Rufus and Rose). The book was Alger's best-selling work and remained in print for forty years.

Literary significance and reception

Student and Schoolmate reported in its February 1867 issue that the first installment of Ragged Dick "has created no little excitement among our numerous readers, as we supposed it would. Everybody is delighted." Scharnhorst observes that the Providence Evening Press, the Boston Transcript, The Christian Register, and the Monthly Religious Magazine praised the story, describing it as "simply charming", "excellent", and "spirited and inspiring". According to Scharnhorst, Booth Tarkington acknowledged the book as one of ten that made the "greatest impression on his life", and in 1947 "the Grolier Club of New York selected it as one of the hundred most influential American books published before 1900."

Putnam's Magazine, in its issue of July 7, 1868, wrote that "Ragged Dick is a well-told story of street-life in New York, that will, we should judge, be well received by the boy-readers, for whom it is intended. The hero is a boot-black, who, by sharpness, industry, and honesty, makes his way in the world, and is, perhaps, somewhat more immaculate in character and manners that could naturally have been expected from his origin and training. We find in this, as in many books for boys, a certain monotony in the inculcation of the principle that honesty is the best policy, a proposition that, as far as mere temporal success is concerned, we believe to be only partially true. However, the book is very readable, and we should consider it a much more valuable addition to the Sunday-school library than the tales of Inebriates, and treatises on the nature of sin, that so often find place there."

Edwin P. Hoyt writes that "Ragged Dick ... caught the American fancy ... [It] represented something virtually unknown to boys in the American countryside and totally unsung until [its publication]: the street waif who made his living in the jungles of brick and stone". Hoyt points out the Alger refined the many "stylistic tricks" he had been polishing for several years. The action displayed an authorial confidence, and the language captured the "coarse and ungrammatical" style of the metropolitan street boys. The book was a virtual guide to Manhattan in 1866, and "for that reason if for no other it approached the realm of literature". Hoyt points out that "[T]here had never been such a book ... one swindle after another is exposed to readers who had never heard of such things."

Scharnhorst indicates Alger's legacy resides not only in the several parodies and satires by William Dean Howells, Stephen Crane, F. Scott Fitzgerald, Nathanael West, John Seelye, Glendon Swarthout, and William Gaddis, but also in the Horatio Alger Awards and in the many young readers who embraced his moral and humanitarian philosophy and were disinclined to embrace robber baron capitalism. Scharnhorst writes "It would seem that Alger was either over-rated as an economic and political propangandist or – more probably – his books were simply not designed thematically to spread the gospel of orthodox capitalism and convert the readership of The Masses.

In the HBO series Boardwalk Empire, the character Nucky Thompson gives the book to his nephew, saying that "he could learn a lot from it".

Adaptations
Ragged Dick and Alger's Silas Snobden's Office Boy inspired the 1982 musical comedy Shine! The show's librettist, Richard Seff, writes that the musical is an original based on Ragged Dick and Silas Snobden's Office Boy: "We've borrowed characters from both novels, youthened some, aged others, re-invented a few, created a few of our own. We stuck with Alger's pervasive theme: That in America one could begin with nothing, and with the right attitude, hard work, application and a little bit of luck, dream a dream and chart a course on which to achieve it."

Eugene Paul reviewed a production mounted by the New York Musical Theatre Festival in 2010 and wrote that "Virtue ... is the message and the thrust of the show." In his plot summary, Paul wrote that Ragged Dick is working his way slowly up the ladder of respectability when an opportunity to improve his prospects is offered him in Snobden's haberdashery. He faces a setback when his wicked stepfather, Luke, arrives on the scene. Dick avoids him and pursues his goals. "But everything comes crashing down when the darling son of a noble banker who has befriended Dick is kidnapped by none other than his stepfather, Luke. Suspicion and hatred, none of which Dick deserves, force him out of his job ... If you want to know how Dick overcomes these tribulations—but then, you already know, don't you. There is always a happy ending in Horatio Alger's stories."

Notes

References

External links

Works by Horatio Alger Jr.
1868 American novels
Works originally published in Student and Schoolmate
Novels first published in serial form
American bildungsromans
Fiction set in 1866
1860s children's books
Children's books set in New York City
Children's books set in the 1860s

Ragged Dick


was a Japanese industrialist and shipbuilder. He was the founder of Kawasaki Heavy Industries.

Biography
Born in Kagoshima to a kimono merchant, Kawasaki Shōzō became a tradesman at the age of 17 in Nagasaki, the only place in Japan then open to the West. He started a shipping business in Osaka at 27, which failed when his cargo ship sank during a storm. In 1869, he joined a company handling sugar from the Ryukyu Islands, established by a Kagoshima samurai, and in 1893, researched Ryukyu sugar and sea routes to the Ryukyus at the request of the Ministry of Finance. In 1894, he was appointed executive vice president of Japan Mail Steam-Powered Shipping Company,  and succeeded in opening a sea route to the Ryukyu and transporting sugar to mainland Japan.

Having experienced many sea accidents in his life, Kawasaki deepened his trust in Western ships because they were more spacious, stable and faster than typical Japanese ships. At the same time, he became very interested in the modern shipbuilding industry. In April 1876, supported by Matsukata Masayoshi, the Vice Minister of Finance, who was from the same province as Kawasaki, he established Kawasaki Tsukiji Shipyard on borrowed land from the government alongside the Sumida-gawa River, Tsukiji Minami-Iizaka-chō (currently Tsukiji 7-chome, Chūō, Tokyo, a major step forward as a shipbuilder.

Kawasaki Heavy Industries, Ltd. traces its origins to 1878, when Kawasaki Shōzō (川崎 正蔵) established Kawasaki Tsukiji Shipyard in Tokyo, Japan. Eighteen years later, in 1896, it was incorporated as Kawasaki Dockyard Co., Ltd.

References

1837 births
1912 deaths
Japanese shipbuilders
Members of the House of Peers (Japan)
Kazoku
Japanese art collectors
Kawasaki Heavy Industries
People from Kagoshima
Japanese businesspeople

Kawasaki Shōzō


Anatoly Vladimirovich Lebedko ( ; ; born 27 June 1961) is a Belarusian politician and pro-democracy activist who is currently the head of the United Civic Party, an opposition party.

Life
Born in the village of , then part of the Stoŭbtsy Raion within the Minsk Region of the Soviet Union's Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic, Lebedko emerged in the 1990s as one of the leading critics of Belarusian President Alexander Lukashenko, whom Lebedko, along with other opposition leaders and many western governments, considers a dictator.

Lebedko's strident opposition to Lukashenka led to increasingly bitter confrontations with the Belarusian authorities through the late 1990s and into the 2000s. He was arrested numerous times for participating in unsanctioned protests and marches, including the 1999 Freedom March; was charged with libel against Lukashenko several times; and was beaten outside his home by masked men he alleges were connected to Lukashenko. Lebedko appears to have drawn particular ire for his relatively high visibility and frequent contact with groups outside Belarus, who Lukashenko accuses of meddling in Belarus's internal affairs. In particular, one of Lebedko's arrests came shortly after he had spoken on the floor of the United States Senate and at a meeting of the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) in October 1999, prompting letters of protest from both bodies.

Following an October 2004 election, which combined a referendum on permitting Lukashenko a third term with parliamentary elections, Lebedko led slightly over a thousand opposition protestors into the streets of Minsk on 18-19 October. Lebedko and other opposition leaders charged that the elections were rigged, an accusation echoed by OSCE election monitors.  During the second day of protests on October 19, Lebedko was arrested along with two other opposition leaders, Mikola Statkevich and Paval Sieviaryniets, as well as an Associated Press photographer who had been covering the protest. Lebedko's supporters claim he was severely beaten by riot police following his arrest; he ended up in the hospital, reportedly with fractured skull, broken ribs and internal injuries.

At the Congress of Democratic Forces in October 2005, he lost by just a few votes to Alaksandar Milinkievič, who became (with Lebedko's subsequent support) the opposition's primary candidate in the 2006 Belarusian presidential election.

Currently, Lebedko functions as Representative for the Constitutional Reform and Parliamentary Cooperation in the office of Sviatlana Tsikhanouskaya.

External links
Biography on United Civil Party of Belarus site
US Senate speech on Lebedko's arrest (Senator Ben Nighthorse Campbell, October 22, 1999)
"'Little Stalin' tightens grip on Belarus" (The Daily Telegraph, October 16, 2004)
"Dozens arrested at Belarus rally" (BBC News, October 19, 2004)
"In Belarus, Police Arrest Opponent of President" (The New York Times, October 20, 2004)

References

1961 births
Living people
People from Stowbtsy District
Belarusian democracy activists
Belarusian dissidents
United Civic Party of Belarus politicians
Members of the Supreme Council of Belarus

Anatoly Lebedko


David Matthew Murphy (born October 18, 1981) is an American former professional baseball outfielder. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Boston Red Sox, Texas Rangers, Cleveland Indians and Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim.

Murphy was drafted in the 2003 MLB Draft by the Red Sox. He made his MLB debut with the Red Sox, and was traded to the Rangers in 2007. He signed with the Indians as a free agent before the 2014 season, and was traded to the Angels during the 2015 season.

Amateur career
Born in Houston, Texas and raised in Spring, Texas, Murphy played high school baseball with fellow MLB players Chris George and Josh Barfield at Klein High School. At Klein, Murphy led the team to a state title in 1998 as a pitcher and outfielder, earned All-State honors, and was also a USA Today High School All-America Honorable Mention. As a senior, Murphy hit .500 with 12 home runs and 46 RBIs and was also a member of the National Honor Society. Murphy went on to Baylor University, turning down offers from the University of Texas, Rice University, and Texas A&M University. As a freshman, Murphy was the starting right fielder for the Bears, and hit .271 with five home runs. As a sophomore, Murphy hit .318 with six home runs, and hit .413 with 11 home runs in his junior and final season at Baylor. In 2001 and 2002, Murphy played collegiate summer baseball for the Wareham Gatemen of the Cape Cod Baseball League, and was named a league all-star in 2002.

Professional career

Minor leagues
Murphy played for the Single-A Lowell Spinners, Single-A Sarasota Red Sox, rookie-level Gulf Coast Red Sox, Double-A Portland Sea Dogs, AFL Peoria Saguaros, and Triple-A Pawtucket Red Sox in the Red Sox organization.

In 2006 Murphy played 42 games for the Sea Dogs before being promoted to Pawtucket on May 26. While at Portland, Murphy had 47 hits in 172 at-bats (.273 batting average), with 17 doubles, 1 triple, 3 home runs, 25 RBI, and 11 walks. Murphy appeared in 84 games, going 85-for-318 (.267), with 23 doubles, 5 triples, 8 home runs, 44 RBI, and 45 walks.

Boston Red Sox (2006-2007)

2006
Murphy made his MLB debut on September 2, 2006. He hit a 1–2 pitch into center field at Fenway Park in his first major league at-bat for his first major league hit (a single) on September 2, 2006. He hit his first MLB home run against New York Yankees pitcher, Jaret Wright, on September 17, 2006, at Yankee Stadium. In 2006, he appeared in 20 games for the Boston Red Sox batting .227 with a home run and 2 RBI.

2007
Murphy began the 2007 season in the minor leagues. During his time in the major leagues with the Red Sox, he played 3 games with a triple in 2 plate appearances (.500 average).

Texas Rangers (2007–2013)

2007
On July 31, 2007, Murphy was traded to the Texas Rangers in a package that sent relief pitcher Éric Gagné to Boston. For the rest of the 2007 season, Murphy played 43 games with the Rangers batting .340 with 2 home runs and 14 RBI. Overall in 2007 combined with two teams, Murphy played 46 total games batting .343 with 2 home runs and 14 RBI.

2008
On April 25, 2008, the Rangers beat the Minnesota Twins 6–5 on Murphy's walk-off RBI single in the bottom of the 10th. It was Murphy's first career walk-off hit. On August 1, 2008, Murphy capped a 3-run rally in the bottom of the 9th, hitting a walk-off 2-RBI single off B. J. Ryan as the Rangers beat the Toronto Blue Jays 9–8. In 2009 Murphy hit a walk-off single against Houston Astros closer, José Valverde. On August 7, 2008, Murphy was placed on the 15-day DL after suffering a knee injury in a collision at home plate with Iván Rodríguez of the New York Yankees. Murphy did not play another game in the 2008 season, when swelling to his knee cut his attempts at rehab short. For the 2008 season, Murphy played in 108 games batting .275 with 15 home runs and 74 RBI.

2009
In 2009, Murphy played in 128 games batting .269 with 17 home runs and 57 RBI.

2010
In 2010, Murphy played in 138 games batting .291 with 12 home runs and 65 RBI. His efforts led to the Rangers entering the World Series for the first time in franchise history but the team would eventually lose the series to the San Francisco Giants.

2011

On opening day against the Boston Red Sox, Murphy hit a go-ahead, pinch-hit two-run double in the eighth inning that put the Rangers up, 7–5. Texas went on to win that game, 9–5. Two days later, in his first start of the season, he hit a home run against Clay Buchholz.

During the 120 games Murphy played in during the 2011 season, he batted .275 and finished with 11 home runs and 46 RBI. In Game 7 of the 2011 World Series against the St. Louis Cardinals, Murphy was the final out of the series, flying out to Allen Craig in left field. Murphy's out resulted in the Rangers losing their second straight World Series appearance.

2012
Murphy finished the 2012 season with a .304 batting average while slugging 15 home runs and 61 RBI in 147 games. His 4.0 WAR was the highest mark of his career.

2013
Murphy began the season as the starting left fielder. Jeff Baker was his backup throughout most of the season. In September, Craig Gentry and Jim Adduci took most of the starts in left with Gentry starting all of the final 10 games, while Murphy saw a lot of time pinch-hitting. In 142 games (114 starts), Murphy hit .220/.282/.374 with 13 HR and 45 RBI in a down year from 2012.

Murphy made his major league pitching debut on June 4, 2013, against the Boston Red Sox when he took the mound in the eighth inning of a 17–5 rout of the Rangers in an effort to save the bullpen. Murphy notched his first major league strikeout and was the only Rangers pitcher to record a scoreless inning that evening.

Cleveland Indians

On November 20, 2013, Murphy signed a 2-year, $12 million contract with the Cleveland Indians.  The news was first broken by his youngest daughter, Faith. He was involved in the second known occurrence in MLB history of two balls in play simultaneously when he was confused by a ball accidentally thrown from the Cincinnati Reds' bullpen and tagged out before sliding back to third base in the seventh inning of a 9–2 Indians loss at Progressive Field on August 5, 2014.

Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim

On July 28, 2015, the Indians traded Murphy to the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim in exchange for minor league shortstop Eric Stamets. He played in 48 games for the Angels and recorded a batting average of .265, with five home runs, 16 runs scored, and 23 RBIs.

Return to the Red Sox

On February 29, 2016, the Boston Red Sox signed Murphy to a minor league deal. He was released on March 28, 2016.

Minnesota Twins

On April 14, 2016, the Minnesota Twins signed Murphy to a minor league deal, but on the 25th, Murphy announced his retirement from baseball.

Broadcasting career
Since retiring from baseball, Murphy has worked as a broadcaster for Fox Sports Southwest. He has appeared as an analyst on Rangers LIVE pre and post game shows.  He has also worked as a color commentator on Frisco RoughRiders broadcasts.

References

External links

Baseball Prospectus card PECOTA

1981 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Spring, Texas
Baseball players from Houston
Major League Baseball outfielders
Boston Red Sox players
Texas Rangers players
Cleveland Indians players
Los Angeles Angels players
Baylor Bears baseball players
All-American college baseball players
Wareham Gatemen players
Gulf Coast Red Sox players
Lowell Spinners players
Sarasota Red Sox players
Portland Sea Dogs players
Pawtucket Red Sox players
Peoria Saguaros players
Oklahoma RedHawks players
Rochester Red Wings players
Klein High School alumni
Major League Baseball broadcasters
Texas Rangers (baseball) announcers
Minor League Baseball broadcasters

David Murphy (baseball)


The Common Industrial Protocol (CIP) is an industrial protocol for industrial automation applications. It is supported by ODVA.

Previously known as Control and Information Protocol, CIP encompasses a comprehensive suite of messages and services for the collection of manufacturing automation applications – control, safety, synchronization, motion, configuration and information. It allows users to integrate these manufacturing applications with enterprise-level Ethernet networks and the Internet. It is supported by hundreds of vendors around the world, and is media-independent. CIP provides a unified communication architecture throughout the manufacturing enterprise. It is used in EtherNet/IP, DeviceNet, CompoNet and ControlNet.

ODVA is the organization that supports network technologies built on the Common Industrial Protocol (CIP). These also currently include application extensions to CIP: CIP Safety, CIP Motion and CIP Sync.

References

External links
 ODVA website
 EtherNet/IP: Industrial Protocol White Paper

Serial buses
Network protocols
Industrial automation

Common Industrial Protocol


Enrique Bermúdez Varela (December 11, 1932 – February 16, 1991), known as Comandante 380, was a Nicaraguan soldier and rebel who founded and commanded the Nicaraguan Contras. In this capacity, he became a central global figure in one of the most prominent conflicts of the Cold War.

Bermúdez founded the largest Contra army in the war against Nicaragua's Marxist Sandinista government, which was supported by the Soviet Union and Cuba. From 1979 until the end of the military conflict in 1990, Bermudez was the Contras' top military commander. In addition to being responsible for all of the Contras' military operations, Bermúdez ultimately helped manage the Contras' transition to an opposition political party in the early 1990s after the second election in post-Somoza Nicaragua ended in defeat for the Sandinistas. The first election, held in 1984 with severe irregularities,  resulted in a victory for the Daniel Ortega and the Sandinistas; it was the rejection of this questionable outcome that led the Contras to continue their insurgency until Ortega and the Sandinistas were ultimately ejected from office.

On February 16, 1991, Bermudez was assassinated in Managua.

Early life
Bermúdez was born on December 11, 1932, in León, Nicaragua, the son of a mechanical engineer and a domestic servant.

Nicaraguan National Guard
After graduating from the military academy in 1952, he took a commission in the engineer corps of the Nicaraguan Guardia Nacional. He rose to the rank of Lieutenant Colonel under former Nicaraguan President Anastasio Somoza Debayle, and was serving as military attaché to the United States at the time of the 1979 Nicaraguan Revolution by the Sandinistas.

Contra war
Bermúdez moved almost immediately into armed opposition against the new government, ultimately becoming one of the most influential leaders in the armed opposition to the Sandinista government. Together with Ricardo Lau, he  created the 15th of September Legion, the first armed opposition movement against the Sandinistas. In 1981, Bermúdez returned to Tegucigalpa, Honduras, from exile in Miami. He later became commander of the Nicaraguan Democratic Force (FDN), the primary Contra movement.

During the Contra war, Bermúdez held the nom de guerre Comandante 380.

The Contras' guerrilla war against the Sandinista government became one of the most contentious and prominent Cold War conflicts, with the United States supporting the Contras through overt and covert military assistance, and the Soviet Union, Cuba, East Germany and other Eastern Bloc nations supporting the Sandinistas. Under the Reagan Doctrine, through which the U.S. believed it could drive the Soviet Union out of Central America and other regions around the world, the U.S. began supplying Bermúdez' Contras with arms and other support.

Criticisms
Assessments of Bermúdez's military and political leadership varied. His supporters believed that he provided stability among the fractious rebels, holding the FDN together while other Contra factions splintered. Critics, however, charged that he failed to provide strategic direction for the FDN's campaigns, and that he hampered the Contras' effectiveness by rewarding loyal cronies and ex-Guardsmen instead of the most able commanders. Discontent finally led to a council of field commanders ousting Bermúdez, as well as the purging of the Contras' predominantly Miami-based political leadership. Many of the members of the so-called Council were then suspects in his death, along with the Sandinista government.

Critics of the Contras also alleged that Bermúdez was one of several figures who had been engaged in cocaine and other drug-running as a Contra commander.

Relations with U.S.
Bermúdez, however, was the key military leader behind the Contras' war.  He also was a key contact for the Reagan administration, who saw him, along with Adolfo Calero, as their primary contacts within the Contra leadership.  Votes on U.S. aid to the Contras were some of the most contentious and close votes in the United States Congress during the 1980s, but the predominant sentiment in Congress was that continued aid to the Contras was critical both to establishing a non-communist government in Nicaragua and driving the Soviet Union from the American hemisphere during the height of the Cold War.

Autobiography: The Contras' Valley Forge
In the Summer 1988 issue of Policy Review magazine, Bermúdez told the most comprehensive account of his life, a lengthy autobiographical essay titled "The Contras' Valley Forge: How I View the Nicaraguan Crisis", in which the Contra leader chronicled his life from his early career as a military attaché to Somoza through the height of the conflict between the Contras and Sandinista government.

In the article, Bermúdez staunchly criticized the Sandinistas for their alliances with the Soviet Union and Cuba and for betraying promises they made to establish a representative democracy. However, Bermúdez also issued some criticism at U.S. policy, writing that some Democrats, such as Jim Wright, then the Speaker of the United States House of Representatives, were appeasing the Sandinista regime in ways that were inhibiting the Contras' in their effort to overthrow the Sandinista government. The article was authored by conservative author and writer (and then Policy Review editor) Michael Johns, who interviewed Bermúdez over a series of days in Tegucigalpa, Honduras in May and June 1988.

Assassinated in Managua
Following the Sandinista defeat in the 1990 elections, Bermúdez returned to Managua, only to be gunned down on February 16, 1991, after being lured to a meeting at Managua's InterContinental Hotel. He was shot in the hotel's parking lot as he departed the hotel after those with whom he was meeting failed to show. In 1994, Bermúdez' daughter, Claudia Bermúdez, told The Miami Herald: "There were a lot of people who would have benefited from having my dad put away--the Sandinistas, the Chamorro government, the United States. My dad died with a lot of information."

Personal
In the last years of the Contra War, Bermúdez had taken up reading the works of noted libertarian author Ayn Rand. While serving as commander of the semi-secret Contra headquarters on the Nicaragua-Honduras border code named "Aguacate" - Spanish for Avocado - he was known for taking solitary walks in the nearby jungle, taking photographs of intricate spiderwebs. Bermúdez is survived by family members, most of whom live in Miami. He was buried in Miami, following a funeral mass that was attended by many of his U.S. and Nicaraguan supporters.

In 2002 and 2004, his daughter, Claudia Bermúdez, now a resident of the San Francisco area, ran unsuccessfully against incumbent Democrat Barbara Lee for California's 9th congressional district seat. She remains heavily engaged in public policy-related initiatives in the district.

See also
 List of unsolved murders
 National Guard (Nicaragua)
 Nicaraguan Revolution
 Sandinista Popular Army

Notes

References
Enrique Bermúdez (with Michael Johns), "The Contras' Valley Forge: How I View the Nicaraguan Crisis," Policy Review, Heritage Foundation, Summer 1988..
Shirley Christian, Nicaragua: Revolution in the Family, Vintage, 1986, .
Glenn Garvin, Everybody Had His Own Gringo: The CIA and the Contras, Brassey's (US), 1992, .
Roy Gutman, Banana Diplomacy: The Making of American Policy in Nicaragua, 1981-1987, Simon & Schuster, 1988, .
"Shultz to Visit Central America on Faltering Talks" The New York Times, June 19, 1988 (covering Bermúdez' Summer 1988 autobiography in Policy Review).
United States Department of State, Special Report No. 174, Nicaraguan Biographies: A Resource Book, Bureau of Public Affairs, 1988.

External links
"Bermudez Elected a Contra Director", Associated Press, The New York Times, July 19, 1988
"Sandinista Says Colonel's Election Shows Contras' 'True Character'", The New York Times, July 22, 1988
"Quick Solution is Sought in Ex-Contra Chief's Death", Reuters, The New York Times, February 18, 1991
"Leader's Slaying Incites Ex-Contras," The New York Times, February 20, 1991.
"Nicaragua Holds Suspect in Killing of Contra Chief" The New York Times, March 6, 1991
"Nicaraguan Aide Says Killer of Ex-Contra Might Be Dead", Reuters, The New York Times, March 7, 1991].
"Assassins in Managua", The New York Times, April 16, 1991

1932 births
1990s murders in Nicaragua
1991 crimes in Nicaragua
1991 deaths
1991 murders in North America
Assassinated military personnel
Assassinated Nicaraguan politicians
Contras
Deaths by firearm in Nicaragua
Male murder victims
Military attachés
Nicaraguan anti-communists
Nicaraguan expatriates in the United States
Nicaraguan military personnel
Nicaraguan revolutionaries
People from León, Nicaragua
People from Managua
People from Miami
People murdered in Nicaragua
People of the Cold War
People of the Nicaraguan Revolution
Unsolved murders in Nicaragua
1990s assassinated politicians

Enrique Bermúdez


Saint Patrick's Day is the feast day of Saint Patrick, the patron saint of Ireland, and a day of celebration for Irish people. Saint Patrick's Day is also known as Paddy's day.

Celebrations
St. Patrick's Day is celebrated on March 17 all over Ireland and everywhere in the world where Irish people or their descendants live. New York City has one of the biggest parades. It is a very Irish festival, and it involves a lot of feasting and celebration, including traditional Irish music, drinking beer, and eating bacon and cabbage. Another tradition of Saint Patrick's day is that one has to wear green clothing or they will be pinched. Green is the color of Saint Patrick's day as it is the national color of Ireland. People often wear green on that day or have some type of shamrock on their clothing. It is very common that they wear a Shamrock, a three leaved plant which is also a symbol for Ireland.

The first St. Patrick's Day parade in Ireland was held in Waterford in 1903. In the beginning, it was a 3 day long celebration, but now it is a 5-day celebration.

Celebration in Ireland

Christian holidays
March events
National symbols of the Republic of Ireland
Irish culture

Saint Patrick's Day


Port Tobacco Historic District is a national historic district in Port Tobacco, Charles County, Maryland. It is located along both sides of Chapel Point Road immediately south of Maryland Route 6.  It includes five surviving 18th- and 19th-century buildings; four have been privately restored as single-family residences. The fifth was renovated for use as a children's museum. Two of these buildings, Chimney House and Stagg Hall (listed separately), are immediately adjacent to one another at one corner of the town square.

In 1972, the 1821–1892 courthouse was reconstructed on its original site for use as a museum of local history. Other buildings include several private residences built after 1940.  A brick wellhouse was erected in 1958 to commemorate the county's tercentenary. Approximately 90 percent of the historic features of the community constitute archeological sites, nearly all of which have remained undisturbed by later development.

It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1989.

Gallery

References

External links
, including photo dated 1988, at Maryland Historical Trust
Boundary Map of the Port Tobacco Historic District, Charles County, at Maryland Historical Trust

Historic districts in Charles County, Maryland
Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Maryland
National Register of Historic Places in Charles County, Maryland

Port Tobacco Historic District


Conan is a late-night talk show on TBS. It is hosted by Conan O'Brien, who used to host The Tonight Show and Late Night with Conan O'Brien. His sidekick and announcer is Andy Richter, and his band is Jimmy Vivino and the Basic Cable Band. The show started in November 2010, and ended in 2021. A show has two celebrity guests and a monologue. In addition, there is either a musical guest or a stand-up comedian. Rounding out the show are comedy bits, which include spoofs of local newscasts, recurring characters, and ridiculous things happening to trombone player LaBamba Rosenberg.

American television talk shows
English-language television programs

Conan (TV series)


Standartenführer was a Nazi Party rank that was used in both the S.A. and the S.S..  First started as a rank in 1925, in 1928 the rank became one of the first commissioned Nazi ranks and was given to S.A. and S.S. officers who commanded units known as Standarten which were between three hundred and five hundred men.

In 1929 the rank of Standartenführer was split into two ranks known as Standartenführer (I) and Standartenführer (II).  This idea was given up in 1930 when both the S.A. and S.S. grew their rank systems to allow for more ranks.

By the start of World War II, Standartenführer was widely used as both an SS rank and a rank of the S.A..  In the Waffen-SS, the rank was considered the equivalent of an Oberst (colonel).

The insignia for Standartenführer was of a single oak leaf worn on both collars and was the first of the S.S. and S.A. ranks to be worn on both collars. From 1938, newer SS uniforms featured the shoulder boards of a German Oberst as well as the oak leaf collar patches.

Related pages
Standartenführer Stirlitz, alias Colonel Isayev - a hero of a popular Russian book series and one of the most famous characters of Russian jokes

Sturmabteilung
SS

Standartenführer


Ni John Ronald Reuel Tolkien (Enero 3, 1892 – Septiembre 2, 973) ket maysa a mannurat ken nobelista nga Ingles, nalatak nga autor ti Ti Hobbit ken ti nagsasaganad a serye a Ti Amo Dagiti Singsing. Maysa pay ni Tolkien a propesor ti lingguista, literatura iti Ingles ken Daan nga Ingles iti Leeds (1920–1925) ken iti Oxford (1925–1959). Debosionado isuna a Katoliko ken gayyem ni mannurat a C. S. Lewis. Kamengda ken Lewis iti Inklings, maysa a grupo dagiti mannurat nga agisalsalaysay iti literatura.

Dagiti obra

Kangrunaan nga obra
 Ti Hobbit, Wenno Napan ken Nagsubli Manen (1937) (The Hobbit, or There and Back Again)
 Ti Amo Dagiti Singsing (The Lord of the Rings)
 Ti Timpuyog ti Singsing (1954) (The Fellowship of the Ring): umuna a paset
 Ti Dua a Torre (1954) (The Two Towers): maikadua a paset
 Ti Pinagsubli ti Ari (1955) (The Return of the King): maikatlo a paset
 Ti Silmarilion (1977) (The Silmarillion) (naipablaak kalpasan a natay ni Tolkien)

Istoria ken daniw
 1936 Songs for the Philologists, kadua ni E.V. Gordon et al.
 1945 Leaf by Niggle (short story)
 1945 The Lay of Aotrou and Itroun, published in Welsh Review
 1949 Farmer Giles of Ham (medieval fable)
 1953 The Homecoming of Beorhtnoth, Beorhthelm's Son published with the essay Ofermod
 1962 The Adventures of Tom Bombadil and Other Verses from the Red Book
 1967 The Road Goes Ever On, with Donald Swann
 1964 Tree and Leaf (On Fairy-Stories and Leaf by Niggle in book form)
 1966 The Tolkien Reader (The Homecoming of Beorhtnoth Beorthelm's Son, On Fairy Stories, Leaf by Niggle, Farmer Giles of Ham and The Adventures of Tom Bombadil)
 1966 Tolkien on Tolkien (autobiographical)
 1967 Smith of Wootton Major

Obra nga akademia
 1922 A Middle English Vocabulary
 1924 Sir Gawain and the Green Knight (with E. V. Gordon)
 1925 Some Contributions to Middle-English Lexicography
 1925 The Devil's Coach Horses
 1929 Ancrene Wisse and Hali Meiohad
 1932 The Name 'Nodens'  (in: Report on the Excavation of the Prehistoric, Roman, and Post-Roman Site in Lydney Park, Gloucestershire.)
 1932/1935 Sigelwara Land parts I and II
 1934 The Reeve's Tale (rediscovery of dialect humour, introducing the Hengwrt manuscript into textual criticism of Chaucer's The Canterbury Tales)
 1936 Beowulf: The Monsters and the Critics (lecture on Beowulf criticism)
 1939 On Fairy-Stories (Tolkien's philosophy on fantasy, given as the 1939 Andrew Lang lecture)
 1944 Sir Orfeo (an edition of the medieval poem)
 1947 On Fairy-Stories (essay, very central for understanding Tolkien's views on fastasy)
 1953 Ofermod, published with the poem The Homecoming of Beorhtnoth, Beorhthelm's Son
 1953 Middle English "Losenger"
 1962 Ancrene Wisse: The English Text of the Ancrene Riwle
 1963 English and Welsh
 1966 Jerusalem Bible (contributing translator and lexicographer)

Naipablaak kalpasan a natay
 1975 Translations of Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, Pearl (poem) and Sir Orfeo
 1976 The Father Christmas Letters
 1979 Pictures by J. R. R. Tolkien
 1980 Unfinished Tales of Númenor and Middle-earth  (HM).
 1980 Poems and Stories (a compilation of The Adventures of Tom Bombadil, The Homecoming of Beorhtnoth Beorhthelm's Son, On Fairy-Stories, Leaf by Niggle, Farmer Giles of Ham and Smith of Wootton Major)
 1981 The Letters of J. R. R. Tolkien (eds. Christopher Tolkien and Humphrey Carpenter)
 1981 The Old English Exodus Text
 1982 Finn and Hengest: The Fragment and the Episode
 1982 Mr. Bliss
 1983 The Monsters and the Critics (an essay collection)
 Beowulf: the Monsters and the Critics (1936)
 On Translating Beowulf (1940)
 On Fairy-Stories (1947)
 A Secret Vice (1930)
 Sir Gawain and the Green Knight
 English and Welsh (1955)
 1983–1996 The History of Middle-Earth:The Book of Lost Tales 1 (1983)The Book of Lost Tales 2 (1984)The Lays of Beleriand (1985)The Shaping of Middle-earth (1986)The Lost Road and Other Writings (1987)The Return of the Shadow (The History of The Lord of the Rings vol. 1) (1988)The Treason of Isengard (The History of The Lord of the Rings vol. 2) (1989)The War of the Ring (The History of The Lord of the Rings vol. 3) (1990)Sauron Defeated (The History of The Lord of the Rings vol. 4, including an edition of The Notion Club Papers) (1992)Morgoth's Ring (The Later Silmarillion vol. 1) (1993)The War of the Jewels (The Later Silmarillion vol. 2) (1994)The Peoples of Middle-earth (1996)
 Index (2002)
 1995 J. R. R. Tolkien: Artist and Illustrator (a compilation of Tolkien's art)
 1998 Roverandom
 2002 Beowulf and the Critics ed. Michael D.C. Drout (Beowulf: the monsters and the critics together with editions of two drafts of the longer essay from which it was condensed.

Nairekod nga audio
 1967 Poems and Songs of Middle-Earth, Caedmon TC 1231
 1975 JRR Tolkien Reads and Sings his The Hobbit & The Lord of the Rings, Caedmon TC 1477, TC 1478 (based on an August, 1952 recording by George Sayer)

Tolkien
Tolkien

J. R. R. Tolkien


A period 5 element is an element in the fifth period (row) of the periodic table.  It contains 18 elements, beginning at Rubidium and ending at Xenon.

Period 5 elements have electrons in the first five electron shells. All period 5 elements have one or more electrons in the fifth electron shell (valence electrons). When atomic number increases by one, another electron is added. Two electrons join the 5s orbital, ten electrons join the 4d orbital, and six electrons join the 5p orbitals.

Periodic table

Period 5 element


Europa is a figure from Greek mythology. She is the daughter of Phoenician king Agenor and of Telephassa. Zeus falls in love with her. Because of his wife Hera, he has to take the shape of a bull. Hermes makes the herd of cattle with the bull Zeus graze near the beach near Sidon, where Europa is playing. That way, Zeus is able to abduct Europa on his back. He swims to Matala on Crete where he shows himself. The children of Europa and Zeus are Minos, Rhadamanthys and Sarpedon. Because of a prophecy of Aphrodite, the new continent Europe is named after Europa.

The oldest telling of the story can be found in the Illiad by Homer. There, she is the daughter of Phoinix. Other ancient tellings include "Europa" by Moschos, and the Metamorphoses by Ovid.

Agenor sent his sons to search for Europa, but they could not find her. Cadmus asks the Oracle at Delphi and is told to give up the search, and found Thebes in Boetia instead.

According to other sources, Europa remained on Crete, were she married Asterion, and became queen. Asterion did not have any children, so he adopted her sons.

The oldest known paintings which clearly show Europa date from the 7th century BC.

References

People in Greek mythology
National personifications
National symbols of Greece

Europa (mythology)