Allied Shipbuilders Ltd is a privately held shipbuilding and ship repairing company established in Canada in 1948.

Company profile

Founded in 1948 by Arthur McLaren (1919-1999), Allied Shipbuilders is one of the older continually operating commercial shipyards on the Pacific Coast of North America. Located at the mouth of the Seymour River in North Vancouver, the company provides shipbuilding, ship repair, and engineering services to ferries, fish boats, tugs and barges that operate on the Pacific Coast. It was fully owned by the McLaren family from 1948 to 2012. Majority ownership was purchased on February 1, 2012 by Chuck Ko, who was, until then, the company's vice-president of operations. Mr. Ko is now president.

Other organizations sharing Allied's property are Western Machine Works (providing hydraulic tow pin units for tug boats), and Coast Engineering Works, which builds and services marine propulsion shafts and rudders. Located on site, but not owned by Allied, is Osborne Propellers.

History

Allied Shipbuilders grew from the demise of a predecessor company, West Coast Shipbuilders Ltd. The demand for wartime cargo-ship orders provided the incentive for a group of Vancouver businessmen to set up a four-berth shipyard in False Creek, Vancouver, British Columbia, on a site where the J. Coughlan & Sons shipyard had operated during the First World War and where the Athlete's Village for the 2010 Winter Olympics was built between 2006 and 2010. W. D. McLaren was hired as general manager. His son, Arthur, joined West Coast after completing his engineering degree at the University of British Columbia. West Coast Shipbuilders was set up in 1941 and launched the first ship, the Fort Chilcotin, in March 1942. By war's end, West Coast Shipbuilders had launched 55 Fort and Park ships—the Canadian equivalent to the Liberty Ship.  After the war, West Coast built a number of fuel barges for Northern Transportation Co. Ltd. for service on the MacKenzie River to the Arctic and the M.V. Anscomb ferry for service on Kootenay Lake before closing in 1948. By that time, Arthur McLaren had become shipyard manager.

Arthur McLaren then set up his own small shipbuilding company, which he named Allied Builders Ltd., on a small, leased portion of the yard of the former West Coast Shipbuilders in November 1948. Allied Builders initially focused on constructing small steel tugs at a time in the region when most were built of wood. In 1961, the company changed its name to Allied Shipbuilders and expanded into ship repairs by acquiring Burrard Shipyard & Marine Ways, which operated a ship repair yard in Coal Harbour.  In 1967, Allied left False Creek, establishing a larger shipyard just east of the Ironworkers Memorial Second Narrows Crossing, where it continues to operate to this day. The company's Coal Harbour yard was closed in 1979 to make way for a series of waterfront high-rise towers that were subsequently built on the land, and its operations joined those of Allied on the north shore of Vancouver Harbour.

Now primarily a repair yard, Allied has constructed 259 hulls during its history, including fish boats, tugs, log barges, ferries, off-shore supply vessels, Arctic icebreakers and harbour-patrol ships.  The company operates two floating drydocks, which were designed and constructed in its own yards. As of 2012, it has become British Columbia's second-largest privately owned, commercial shipyard company, employing 120 people.

On February 1, 2012 and after 63 years of family ownership, brothers Jim and Malcolm McLaren, the firm's shipyard manager and president, respectively, sold their majority ownership in Allied Shipbuilders to Chuck Ko, who had been, until then, the company's vice-president of operations. Ko, a professional engineer (P.Eng.), subsequently became president of the company, after 30 years as an employee of the firm. The transaction occurred after the trio completed several years of transition preparation to ensure the stability of the firm. The two McLaren's signed the sale documents as one of their last acts before stepping away, each for different reasons. Jim retired, while Malcolm left his position for health reasons. There are still McLarens at Allied, however. A third brother, Douglas McLaren, continued as both a part owner and as the company's Electrical Superintendent. His sons, Jason and Marcus, as well as Jim McLaren's son, Ward, remained with the company as well.

Ko was hired by the firm's founder, Arthur McLaren (P.Eng), in 1980. A Registered Professional Engineer in Naval Architecture and Marine Engineering and a Member of the Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers, Ko progressed through the company, starting as a design draftsman, but later holding positions such as technical manager and later vice-president of operations. In the four years prior to his purchase of the firm, he managed projects valued in excess of $50 million on behalf of Allied Shipbuilders.

Ferries

 Hull 72 M/V North Island Princess - 1958
 Hull 108 M/V Quadra Queen - 1960, now the MV Spirit of Lax Kw'alaams
 Hull 117 M/V Garibaldi - 1961, now the MV RJ Breadner.
 Hull 164 M/V Tachek - 1969
 Hull 165 M/V Quadra Queen II - 1969

Between 1949 and 1992, Allied delivered 252 vessels. Since 1993, it has constructed seven.  Internally these are numbered hulls 253-259.

 Hull 253, designed by Robert Allan Ltd., is a 2,400-horsepower, z-peller berthing tug for C.H. Cates & Sons, which is now part of Seaspan Marine.
 Hulls 255 and 254 are the forward-hull sections of the two Spirit Class ferries, the Spirit of British Columbia and the Spirit of Vancouver Island. The ships are also part of the BC Ferries's fleet. Both sections measure .
 Hull 256 is an aluminum catamaran patrol vessel purpose-built for the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP), the Inkster. The Inkster allows the RCMP to service communities on the BC North Coast.
 Hull 257 was designed in-house and is the M/V Skeena Queen, a   Century class ferry capable of carrying 100 vehicles, and is part of the BC Ferries fleet.
 Hull 258 is a harbour-patrol vessel, the Takaya, built for the Vancouver Port Authority. It joined its sister ship the Kla-Wichen (hull 245) also built by Allied.
 Hull number 259, a former Utah State Ferry, the MV John Atlantic Burr, was redesigned for BC Ferries. The capacity of the ship was lengthened and widened with an addition to the middle of the hull. A new superstructure was fitted, along with new machinery, piping and equipment. It was rechristened as the MV Kuper.  The launching, the first at Allied since 1997, took place on November 3, 2006.
  and  - 1973

Ships of steel
Allied's founder, Thomas Arthur (T.A.) McLaren, a Professional Engineer and Fellow of the Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers, worked with Vancouver author Vickie Jensen and his son, Malcolm McLaren, to publish the book Ships of Steel, a British Columbia Shipbuilder's Story. The book provides an overview of steel shipbuilding in British Columbia from the view of a typical shipbuilding firm, and includes personal recollections contributed by T.A. from his years in the shipbuilding industry. The book was published after T.A.'s death in 1999.

References

External links
 Allied Shipbuilders Ltd.
 Ships of Steel, a British Columbia Shipbuilder's Story

Shipbuilding companies of Canada
Defence companies of Canada
Companies based in Vancouver
Vehicle manufacturing companies established in 1948
1948 establishments in British Columbia
Privately held companies of Canada
Canadian companies established in 1948

Allied Shipbuilders


Ronald Jack Nelson (born December 14, 1929) is an American composer of both classical and popular music and a retired music educator.

Biography
Ron Nelson was born December 14, 1929, in Joliet, Illinois. He studied composition at the Eastman School of Music at the University of Rochester, earning a bachelor's degree in 1952, a master's degree in 1953, and a doctorate in composition in 1957. His teachers at Eastman included Louis Mennini, Bernard Rogers and Howard Hanson. In 1954–1955 he studied with Tony Aubin in France at the Ecole Normale de Musique and at the Paris Conservatory under a Fulbright Grant. In 1956, Dr. Nelson joined the faculty of Brown University in Providence, Rhode Island, where he served as chairman of the music department from 1963 to 1973, retiring as Professor Emeritus in 1993.

In 1991, Dr. Nelson was awarded the Acuff Chair of Excellence in the Creative Arts, the first musician to hold the chair. His Passacaglia (Homage on B-A-C-H) was the first piece to win all three major wind band composition prizes during one period — the National Band Association Prize, the American Bandmasters Association Ostwald Award, and the Sudler International Prize. He was awarded the Medal of Honor by the John Philip Sousa Foundation in 1994. In 2006, he was awarded an honorary doctorate from Oklahoma City University.

Nelson has received numerous commissions, including those from the National Symphony Orchestra, the Rochester Philharmonic, the USAF Band and Chorus, Musashino Wind Ensemble, Aspen Music Festival and numerous colleges and universities. He has also received grants and awards from The Rockefeller Foundation, the Howard Foundation, ASCAP, and several from the National Endowment for the Arts.

Conductor Leonard Slatkin may have described Ron Nelson best: "Nelson is the quintessential American composer. He has the ability to move between conservative and newer styles with ease. The fact that he's a little hard to categorize is what makes him interesting." (Los Angeles Daily News, February 19, 1996)

Ron Nelson resides with his wife, Michele, in Scottsdale, Arizona.

Selected works

Orchestral works
 1952 Savannah River Holiday
 1958 Sarabande for Katharine in April
 1960 This Is The Orchestra
 1960 Jubilee
 1961 Toccata for Orchestra
 1969 Trilogy: JFK-MLK-RFK
 1969 Rocky Point Holiday
 1976 Five Pieces after Paintings by Andrew Wyeth
 1996 Panels (Epiphanies 11)
 1997 Resonances 11

Works for wind ensemble
 1958 Mayflower Overture
 1969 Rocky Point Holiday
 1973 Savannah River Holiday
 1982 Fanfare for a Celebration
 1982 Medieval Suite
 1983 Pebble Beach Sojourn for organ, brass and percussion
 1984 Aspen Jubilee
 1985 Danza Capriccio for solo alto saxophone and wind ensemble
 1988 Te Deum Laudamus for SATB chorus and wind ensemble
 1989 Morning Alleluias
 1989 Fanfare For The Hour of Sunrise
 1990 Resonances 1
 1991 Lauds (Praise High Day)
 1992 To The Airborne
 1992 Passacaglia (Homage on B-A-C-H)
 1994 Epiphanies – Fanfares and Chorales
 1994 Chaconne (In Memoriam...)
 1994 Sonoran Desert Holiday
 1995 Epiphanies (Fanfares and Chorales)
 1995 Nightsong (Homage Howard Hanson)
 1995 Fanfare For The Kennedy Center
 1995 Courtly Airs and Dances
 1999 Fanfare for the new Millennium for symphonic band and two antiphonal brass choirs
 2006 Pastorale: Autumn Rune
 2019 Homage to Landini

Stage works
 1954 Dance in Ruins Ballet
 1955–1956 The Birthday of the Infanta Opera for Chamber Orchestra
 1981 Hamaguchi Opera for Chamber Ensemble

Chamber music
 1982 Kristen's Song for Violin, Flute, and Organ
 1983 And the Moon Rose Golden for Cello and Piano

Choral music
 1958 Three Mountain Ballads for women's chorus or SATB
 1958 Choral Fanfare for Easter for mixed chorus and narrator
 1960 Fanfare for a Festival for mixed chorus, brass and timpani
 1961 Behold Man for men's chorus
 1962 Three Ancient Prayers for SATB and organ
 1963 Triumphal Te Deum for double chorus, brass, organ, and percussion
 1964 Oratorio: What is Man? in three movements, for narrator, soprano solo and baritone solo, mixed chorus, and orchestra]
1968 Autumn Night (women's chorus and piano; text by Alice Streatch)
 1969 Alleluia, July 20, 1969 for mixed chorus
 1972 Prayer of Emperor of China on the Altar of Heaven, December 21, 1539 for mixed chorus and ensemble
 1977 Four Pieces After The Seasons for mixed chorus
 1981 Mass of Saint LaSalle for mixed chorus, organ, mallet instruments, pianos, and percussion
 1982 Three Nocturnal Pieces for mixed chorus, solo viola, piano and percussion
 1983 Three Settings of the Moon for women's chorus (SA), piano, marimba, and glockenspiel
 1989 Three Pieces After Tennyson for mixed chorus or TTBB
 2002 Proclaim this Day for Music for mixed chorus, brass, and percussion
 2005 Let Us Find A Meadow

References

External links
 Official Website
 Interview with Ron Nelson, December 19, 1997

1929 births
20th-century classical composers
American male classical composers
American classical composers
Brown University faculty
Eastman School of Music alumni
Living people
Musicians from Joliet, Illinois
École Normale de Musique de Paris alumni
Writers from Joliet, Illinois
20th-century American composers
Classical musicians from Illinois
20th-century American male musicians

Ron Nelson (composer)


The ITS 90 is the international temperature scale, published in the year 1990. It mainly is a set of fixed temperatures and instructions how to realise a practical temperature scale, being as close to the thermodynamical temperature scale as current knowledge allows.

History
The first international temperature scale was established in 1927. An improved version came in 1948. In 1968 the IPTS 68 was issued. Note the letter P, which stands for practical. In 1975 the very low side of the scale (below 1 Kelvin) was added. Since 1990 the ITS 90 is in use.

How it works
A list of fixed temperatures is given. This list has been produced by national laboratories from all over the world. It has been approved by the B.I.P.M. (Bureau Internationale des Poids et Mesure) in Paris. Temperatures between the fixed points can be measured, using a platinum resistance thermometer (up to 660 °C). This thermometer, however, has to be calibrated first. This is being done at a number of fixed temperatures, covering the desired range. Procedures and formulae for defining an interpolating thermometer are given as well.

An example
Say we need a calibrated thermometer in the range from room temperature to 400 °C. A triple point of water is to be realised for 0.01 °C. For 231.928 °C there is the freezing point of tin. At 419.527 °C it is the freezing point of zinc, which serves the goal.

After having measured the electrical resistance of this thermometer at the given temperatures, the data is being fed into a prescribed formula, giving the deviation coefficients for the range from 0 to 420 °C. So, from now on we have a thermometer with which we can perform accurate measurements according to the ITS 90.

This type of calibration is called primary calibration. With the thermometer we just calibrated we can perform a secondary calibration. Then another thermometer is to be calibrated against ours. This derived calibration, of course, is a little less accurate, but can take place at any suitable temperature within the range, since our thermometer interpolates between the fixed temperatures.

For more information see the official site of BIPM

Temperature

ITS 90


Osthryth (died 697), queen of the Mercians, was the wife of King Æthelred and daughter of King Oswiu of Northumbria and his second wife Eanflæd. She probably married Æthelred before 679 and was murdered by the nobles of Mercia.

Osthryth was not the first of her family to become a Mercian queen. Her sister Alhflæd had married Peada, King of South Mercia 654–656. After the death of Peada, who was allegedly murdered with Alhflæd's connivance, and possibly Osthryth's as well, she retreated to Fladbury in Worcestershire, to judge both from the place-name, which means "stronghold of Flæde", and from its subsequent history: sometime in the 690s Æthelred granted Fladbury to Oftfor, Bishop of Worcester, to re-establish monastic life there; however, this grant was later contested by Æthelheard, son of Oshere, who maintained that Æthelred had no right to give Fladbury away, as it had been the property of Osthryth. Æthelheard claimed it as her kinsman and heir.

Æthelred and Osthryth loved and favoured Bardney Abbey in Lincolnshire. Osthryth placed there the bones of her uncle Oswald of Northumbria, who was venerated as a saint. It is clear from this story that Osthryth played a part in promoting the cult of St Oswald. Many years later she persuaded Oswald's widow Cyneburh to take the veil.

Osthryth had to contend with major conflicts of loyalty. In 679 her brother Ecgfrith of Northumbria fought a battle against Æthelred, in which Ecgfrith's brother Ælfwine was killed. Bede  tells us that he was "a young man of about eighteen years of age and much beloved in both kingdoms, for King Æthelred had married his sister."

The murder of Osthryth in 697 by Mercian nobles is unexplained in the sources that mention it. Ann Williams attributes it to the hostility between the Mercians and the Northumbrians, while D. P. Kirby suggests that it may have been revenge for her sister's alleged involvement in Peada's murder. H. P. R. Finberg speculates that she and her kinsman Oshere were suspected of trying to detach the kingdom of the Hwicce from Mercian overlordship.

Osthryth was buried at Bardney Abbey.

Osthryth was probably the mother of Æthelred's son, Ceolred, king of Mercia from 709 to 716.

References

External links

Osthryth
Anglo-Saxon royal consorts
Osthryth
7th-century English people
Year of birth unknown
Royal House of Northumbria
7th-century English women
Violence against women in England

Osthryth


A lightbulb produces light from electricity. In addition to lighting a dark space, they can be used to show an electronic device is on, to direct traffic, for heat, and for many other purposes. Billions are in use, some even in outer space.

Early people used candles and oil lamps for light.  Humphry Davy invented the electric arclight in the early 1800s. Thomas Alva Edison, Joseph Swann, and several others in the 1880s invented the more efficient incandescent lightbulb.

Improved vacuum pumps and better materials made them shine longer and brighter late in the century.. This became the main kind for the 20th century. Electric power stations brought electricity to urban and later rural areas to power them.  Later gas discharge lights, including fluorescent lights, use less electricity to make more light.

Types of light bulbs
There are several kinds of light bulbs:
 incandescent light bulb - the most common light bulb in the house until about 2003-2010
 'halogen lamp' - a more efficient incandescent bulb
 gas discharge lamp - a type of light bulb that includes the fluorescent light.  Compact fluorescent lights (or CFLs) are now replacing incandescent light bulbs in the house
 light-emitting diode - previously only used for low-power places, they are now able to be used as light bulbs in the house
 electric arc lamp, the earliest kind, now rare except in big searchlights

Light bulbs convert electricity into light and heat. Except for heat lamps, the heat is considered waste. A light bulb that produces more light and less heat is more efficient.

Incandescent
The incandescent light bulb turns electricity into light by sending the electric current through a thin wire called a filament. Electrical filaments are made up mostly of tungsten metal. The resistance of the filament heats the bulb. Eventually the filament gets so hot that it glows, producing light.

The filament needs to be protected from the air, so it is inside the bulb, and the air in the bulb is either removed (a vacuum) or more often, replaced with a noble gas that doesn't affect anything, like neon or argon. Only about 3% of the energy that goes into an incandescent light bulb actually makes light, the rest makes heat. That's one of the reasons LED's are more efficient.

This type of light bulb worked poorly and was little used until Joseph Swan and Thomas Edison improved it in the 1870s. It was the first light bulb that could be used in houses - it did not cost too much, and it worked well. For the first time, people did not need a fire (candles, oil lamps, kerosene lamps, etc.) to make light. It was bright enough to let people read easily at night or do work. It was used to light stores and streets, and people could travel after dark. This started the common use of electricity in homes and businesses. They had carbon filaments until tungsten ones were developed in the 1900s. They last longer and make a brighter light.

Early vacuum tube devices were incandescent bulbs made to operate at lower temperatures, with added electronic parts.

Fluorescent light bulbs
Fluorescent lamps are efficient, and only give off  the amount of heat of an incandescent. They also last longer than incandescent but until the late 20th century were much bigger and did not fit into sockets for small overhead lights and lamps like an incandescent could.

A fluorescent bulb is a glass tube usually filled with argon gas and a little bit of mercury. When turned on, the cathode heats up and sends out electrons. These hit the argon gas and the mercury. The argon gas makes a plasma which lets the electrons move around better. When the electrons hit a mercury atom it puts the molecule into a state where it has a lot of energy (stores the energy). The energetic state doesn't last very long, and when the energy is released, it lets out a photon.  Photons from mercury are not visible like some other photons; they are ultraviolet. So there's a phosphor coating on the wall of the bulb. When the photon hits a phosphor molecule, it in turn puts that molecule into an excited state. When this phosphor releases energy, it lets out a photon that we can see, and light is made. Changing the type of phosphor can change the color we see, but usually fluorescent light bulbs are whiter than incandescent light bulbs, which are slightly yellow.

LED

An LED (also known as light-emitting diode) is made like electronics. It's a chip of semiconducting material. LED bulbs are more efficient and last much longer than either incandescent or fluorescent bulbs. Unlike fluorescent bulbs, LEDs do not use mercury, which is toxic. For several years LED bulbs were not as bright as the other kinds of lights, and cost more too.

Cautions
 Most light bulbs fit into a socket which provide a high voltage level of electricity. If the socket is turned on, even if the bulb is out, there is a real danger of an electric shock.
 Incandescent bulbs get very hot when they are turned on, and take some time to cool off. Touching the bulb when it is hot can cause burns.
 Most light bulbs are made of glass, which means that they can break easily. The broken glass has sharp edges which can cut through skin.
 If a fluorescent bulb breaks, the mercury inside will give off vapor which can cause mercury poisoning if breathed in.

Gallery

Related pages
 Fluorescent lamp
 Compact fluorescent lamp

References

Other websites

 The history of light bulbs
 Light bulb - Citizendium

Light sources
Home appliances
Electronics

Light bulb


According to the Bible, the Sermon on the Mount was a speech that Jesus of Nazareth gave to his followers and a large group of people around AD 30. Jesus gave the speech on the side of a mountain. The most popular part of the speech is the Beatitudes, which are at the beginning. The Sermon also contains the Lord's Prayer. Other popular lines from the Sermon on the Mount are "turn the other cheek," "salt of the Earth," "light of the world," and "judge not, that ye be not judged."

Many Christians believe the Sermon on the Mount is related to the Ten Commandments. They believe that both are very important in explaining how Christians should act towards others.  In choosing the mountain as the setting for this sermon, Jesus may have meant to show how His teachings were similar to those of Moses who brought the Ten Commandments down from Mount Sinai.

Beliefs about the Sermon's meaning

One of the most important debates over the sermon is how it should be applied to everyday life.  Almost all Christian groups have created their own ways to understand and use the Sermon in their lives. In a book called Understanding the Sermon on the Mount, Harvey McArthur lists twelve different views about the Sermon.

(1) The absolutist view
The absolutist view says that people should do exactly what Jesus said in the Sermon, all the time. If doing this puts a person in danger, then that is what the person needs to be saved.

People who believed this included:
 St. Francis of Assisi
 Dietrich Bonhoeffer
 Leo Tolstoy (when he was older)
Churches which believe this view include:
 The Oriental Orthodox Churches
 The early Anabaptists
 Modern Anabaptist groups, like the Mennonites and Hutterites

(2) Modify the text
In ancient times, people would modify (change) the text of the Sermon to make it more popular. For example, in the Bible, Matthew 5:22 was changed from "[anyone who] is angry with his brother shall be in danger of the judgment" to "[anyone who] is angry with his brother without a cause shall be in danger of the judgment."

In recent centuries, it has been more common to change the words in the Sermon, to take out parts that people would have trouble accepting.

Almost every major Christian writer has made changes like this at some point.

This view is not supported by any specific Christian denomination.

(3) The hyperbole view
One of the most common views is the hyperbole view.  It says that Jesus used hyperbole (which means he exaggerated) in parts of the Sermon. People who believe this think Jesus's teachings need to be made more realistic if they are going to be used in the real world.

Most people agree that there is some hyperbole in the Sermon, but they argue about which parts are hyperbole.

(4) The general principles view
The general principles view says that Jesus was not giving instructions (telling people exactly how to act). Instead, he was giving examples of how a person should behave.

(5) The double standard view
The double standard view says that part of Jesus's teachings are general ideas about how to act, and some are instructions. To be saved, most people just have to follow the general ideas about how to act.  Only a small number of holy people, like the clergy and monks, have to follow the instructions.

People who believed this view included:
 St. Augustine (he created the double standard view)
 St. Thomas Aquinas (who changed the double standard view later)
 Geoffrey Chaucer (he used this view in his book, Canterbury Tales (Wife of Bath's Prologue, v. 117-118)
The Roman Catholic Church believes in the double standard view.

(6) The two realms view
Martin Luther did not believe the Catholic ideas about the Sermon. He created the two realms view. Luther divided the world into two realms, or sections: the religious realm, and the secular (non-religious) realm. He thought the Sermon only applied to the religious part of life. In the everyday world, people might have to do things the Sermon said they should not do. For example, in his secular job, a judge might have to punish a criminal instead of forgiving him. However, as a religious man, the judge should still feel sorry for what happens to the criminal.

(7) The analogy of scripture view
The analogy of scripture view says that when the New Testament was written, parts of the Sermon got changed.  For example, Jesus said that it was wrong to make an oath. However, in the New Testament, Paul uses oaths at least twice.

(8) The attitudes not acts view
The attitudes not acts view says that in the Sermon, Jesus was only telling people what he would do himself. He was not telling other people what they had to do to be good Christians.

Wilhelm Hermann created this view in the nineteenth century.

(9) The interim ethic view
The [wikt:interim interim] ethic view says that when Jesus gave the Sermon, he thought the world was going to end very soon. Because of this, his teachings were only meant for that short time.

Albert Schweitzer created this view.

(10) The unconditional divine will view
The unconditional divine will view says that Jesus meant for people to do exactly what he said and follow the ethics he talked about in the Sermon. However, with the way the world is now, people cannot do this. People try to follow the ethics from the Sermon, but they will always fail. This will change when the Kingdom of Heaven comes back to the world. At that time everyone will be able to live the way God wants.

Martin Sibelius, a German philosopher, created this view in the twentieth century.

(11) The repentance view
The repentance view says that Jesus knew people would not be able to follow his teachings. People would try to follow them, but fail. This would teach them to repent. In this way, people would come to have faith in the Gospel.

(12) Dispensationalism
Dispensationalism divides human history into separate groups. This view says that today, we live in a time where we cannot live up to the Sermon's teachings. However, sometime in the future, we will be able to. When that time comes, people will have to follow the Sermon's teachings to get salvation.

Other views
E. Earle Ellis, a professor of theology, says that in the Sermon, Jesus is asking believers to live in a way that will be normal in the future kingdom of God.  As Ellis says, we are to speak Jesus' words, think his thoughts, and do his deeds.  Since this will be the ethic of the future kingdom of God, people should live their lives in a way that will help them be ready to live in God's kingdom.

In a book called Hiram Key, Christopher Knight and Robert Lomas say the Sermon on the Mount never happened. Knight thinks that Matthew 'stuck all kinds of passages together as though they were spoken one after another to a crowd on a mountain top.' He believes that 'the teachings were drafted into this one 'occasion' to avoid interrupting the flow of the overall story.'

References
 McArthur, Harvey King. Understanding the Sermon on the Mount. Westport: Greenwood Press, 1978.

Speeches
Jesus
Gospels

Sermon on the Mount


Land windsurfing, also known as "Terrasailing", "street sailing", "land sailing" and "dirt windsurfing", is a sport similar to traditional windsurfing that is performed on land rather than water. A four wheeled deck, similar to a mountain board or skateboard deck, is commonly used in conjunction with a mast and sail in order to project the board across land.

Equipment
Several companies offer specially designed land boards which allow for easy coupling between the board and mast base of the sail. These boards are drilled with a special hole at the front of the deck that permits the application of the mast base to the board. Land boards equipped with all-terrain tires can be used on multiple ground types such as sand, grass, asphalt, and dirt. Most land boards require a minimum of a 5 mph wind speed in order to be propelled.  Wind speed requirements may vary depending on what ground type is being traversed.

Competitions
Land windsurfing is an all-season sport and is often used by traditional windsurfers for training during winter months when waters become frigid. Advanced land windsurfing riders are able to perform technical freestyle tricks similarly seen in other extreme sports such as windsurfing, skateboarding and snowboarding.
Land windsurfing marathons have been undertaken across the Sahara in 1979 by Arnaud de Rosnay and Nullarbor Plain in 1985 by Gavin Le Sueur.

See also
Land sailing

External links
Terrasail Industries
Blokartersuk.com
The Buhala Boards website
Turfdog UK website
Bluearthatb

Windsurfing
Boardsports

Land windsurfing


Pohjola is an evil country in Finnish and Karelian ancient stories. Pohjola is at north and it is very cold place. Ruler of Pohjola is Louhi, an evil witch woman. We think that Pohjola does not really exist, but long ago when people thought about Pohjola they thought about Lapland and a region of Pohjanmaa.

There was high wall around Pohjola and there were gates of Pohjola that could be seen from far away.

Many evil things, like diseases and cold are from Pohjola. In Pohjola lives people of Pohjola. They are great warriors and magicians. The ruler of Pohjola Louhi is ugly but powerful old woman who can do great magic. She had a husband and daughters. Daughters of Louhi were very beautiful. They were so white and bright that they were actually transparent; you could see flesh through their skin, bones through their flesh, and bone marrow through their bones. Daughters of Pohjola were sitting on the sky weaving gold and silver threads.

Many heroes went to Pohjola to ask daughters of Louhi them to be their wives. Louhi did not give her daughters easily. She made men to do almost impossible missions to have her daughters. One such mission was to make Sampo, a machine that would do money, crop and salt. One hero, Ilmarinen, did this machine, but still Louhi did not let her daughter to marry Ilmarinen. Ilmarinen and other heroes then stole Sampo from Louhi. Louhi attacked them. There was a big battle and Sampo was destroyed. Some pieces of Sampo drifted on sea and they came to shores of Finland. Since that they have made wealth to Finnish people.

Finnish mythology

Pohjola


The following is a list of people who have contributed to the Kurdish literature.

16th century - 20th century
Malaye Jaziri (Melayê Cizîrî),(1570–1640), Kurdish poet and sufi
Sherefxan Bidlisi (1543–1599), historian and poet, author of Sharafnama.
Faqi Tayran (Feqîyê Teyran), (1590–1660), poet, author of Sheik San'an and Battle of DimDim.
Ali Taramakhi (Elî Teremaxî), (16th century), linguist and writer.
Mustafa Besarani, (1642-1701),Kurdish poet

Ahmad Khani (Ehmedê Xanî), (1651–1707), Kurdish poet and a Muslim scholar, author of Mem û Zîn.
Khana Qubadi (Xana Qubadî), (1700–1759), Kurdish poet, author of  Şîrîn û Xesrew.
Mahmud Bayazidi (1797–1859), Kurdish writer, translator and historian.
Nali (1797–1869), Kurdish poet.
Mastoura Ardalan (1805–1848), Kurdish poet and historiographer.
Mawlawi Tawagozi (1806–1882), Kurdish poet and sufi.
Haji Qadir Koyi (1817–1897), Kurdish poet.
Mahwi (1830–1906), Kurdish poet and sufi.
Sheikh Rezza Talabani (1835–1910), Kurdish, Iraq.
Wafaei (1844–1902), Kurdish poet, Iran.

Edeb (1860–1918), Kurdish poet, Iran
Piramerd (1867–1950), Kurdish poet, writer, novelist and journalist, Iraqi Kurdistan.
Muhamed Amin Zaki (1880–1948), writer, historian and politician, Iraqi Kurdistan.
Taufiq Wahby (1891–1984), writer and linguist, Iraq.
Celadet Bedir Khan (Celadet Alî Bedirxan), (1893–1951), linguist, journalist and politician, founder of the Latin-based Kurdish alphabet.
Nuri Barzinji (1896–1958), poet, Iraqi Kurdistan.
Arab Shamilov (Erebê Şemo) (1897–1978), Kurdish writer and novelist, Armenia.
Rafiq Hilmi (1898–1960), Kurdish writer, literary analyst and politician, Iraq.
Cigerxwîn (Cegerxwîn), (1903–1984), Kurdish poet and writer, Turkey/Syria.
Abdulla Goran (1904–1962), Kurdish poet.

Osman Sabri (1905–1993), Kurdish poet, writer and journalist, Turkey/Syria.
Emînê Evdal (1906–1964), Kurdish writer and linguist, Armenia.
Alaaddin Sajadi (1907–1984), Kurdish writer, poet and academic, Iraqi Kurdistan.
Hecîyê Cindî (1908–1990), Kurdish writer, linguist and researcher, Armenia.
Qanate Kurdo (1909–1985), Kurdish writer, linguist and academic, Russia.
Qedrîcan (1911–1972), Kurdish poet and writer, Turkey/Syria.
Ibrahim Ahmad (1914–2000), Kurdish writer, novelist and translator, Iraqi Kurdistan/England.
Dildar, (Yonis Reuf), (1917–1948), Kurdish poet, Iraq
Hejar (Abdurrahman Sharafkandi), (1920–1990), Kurdish poet, writer, translator and linguist, Iran.
Hemin Mukriyani (Hêmin Mukriyanî), (1921–1986), Kurdish journalist and poet, Iran.
Ahmad Hardi (1922–2006), Kurdish poet, Iraqi Kurdistan/UK.
Karim Hisami (1926–2001), Kurdish writer, Iran/Iraq/Sweden.
Muhamad Salih Dilan (1927–1990), One of the founders of modern Kurdish poetry.
Shamil Asgarov (1928–2005), poet, researcher on the history and culture of the Kurds in Azerbaijan, translator.
Mahmud Baksi (1944–2001), Kurdish writer and journalist, Sweden.

Kurdish people
Lists of poets

List of Kurdish poets and authors


The Chrysler Cirrus wis a mid-size 4-door sedan, introduced for the 1995 model year as direct replacement for the agin Chrysler LeBaron sedan. Based on the new midsize JA platform, the Cirrus wis selt in the Unitit States, Canadae, Mexico, an Brazil for the 1995-2000 model years; but DaimlerChrysler (nou Chrysler) selt the Cirrus in Mexico till the 2010 model year.

Design backgrund
The production Chrysler Cirrus wis based on the 1992 concept caur o the same name which debuted at the 1992 North American Internaitional Auto Show. Development o the Cirrus startit in 1991, wi the goal tae creaut a caur that wis expressive lookin an fun tae drive, yet safe enough tae transport an iveryday faimily.

The oreeginal concept featurt rear suicide doors an a 400 hp turbocharged 3.0-liter twa stroke ingine. Baith the concept an eventual production model uised the Chrysler Corporation's new cab-forward design, which wis launched on the lairger LH sedans in 1993. Cab-forrit design wis characterized bi the lang, dramatically slantit windshield, an short owerhangs. The wheels wur pusht further tae the corners o the vehicle, which creatit a much lairger passenger cabin than maist ither similarly sized vehicles o that time.

The Cirrus wis designed wi flowin lines wi nae distinct beginnin or end. This wis done tae eliminate the common three-box design, which wis characterized bi distinct breaks atween the ingine, passenger, an trunk compairtments.

1995–2000
The production Chrysler Cirrus wis introduced alangside the seemilar Dodge Stratus for the 1995 model year. A third JA variant, the Plymouth Breeze arrived the follaein year. The JA sedans wur kent collectively as the "Cloud Caurs" acause thair names which referenced meteorological terms (cirrus, breeze, stratus).

The Cirrus wis oreeginally available in twa trim levels: the well-equipped base LX an the luxury LXi. Baith models featurt sporty, black twin-post side mirrors, fog lichts, the same body-side moldins, chrome bumper accents, an a law extendin waterfall grille that wis either chrome or body coloured dependin on colour o the vehicle. The Cirrus wis ane o the first Chryslers tae featur the rose medallion logo, which haed no been uised in 41 years.

Trim levels

Frae 1995 tae 1997, the Cirrus wis affered in twa trim levels: the entry-level LX an the luxury LXi. The LX model wis dropt for the 1998 model year, but returned in 2000 tae compensate for the Plymouth Breeze which wis discontinued early in the 2000 model year.

LX • 1995–1997; 2000
LXi • 1995–2000

Ingines
2.4 L I4
2.5 L V6

Model year changes
1995: The aw-new Chrysler Cirrus sedan is launched in the Unitit States an Canadae.
1996: This year, a new DOHC 4-cylinder ingine wis available for 1996. The Chrysler-biggit 2.4 L 4-cylinder which produced 150 hp (112 kW)
 wis standard in the LX, an wis ae available wi a 4-speed automatic transmission as wi the V6-pouered Cirrus. The V6 wis optional on LX models. Rear headrests war added this year.
1997: The 4-cylinder ingine wis made standard in baith models, wi the V6 as an option. The interior gained a new centre console wi a storage compairtment an integratit armrest.
1998: The 4-cylinder ingine an the LX trim level wur eliminatit, leavin ae V6 LXi models.
1999: For its fift model year, the Cirrus received a redesigned open grille wi Chrysler's new winged grille badge. Chrysler's Sentry Key seestem wis a new option. Sentry Key disabled the ignition unless the proper key wis insertit. Standard 15-inch (380 mm) wheel covers coud be upgradit tae new 15-inch (380 mm) alloy wheels. Cirrus wis the ae ane o the JA "cloud caurs" tae receive ony form o facelift ower the course o its production.
2000: For its final model year, the 4-cylinder LX model returned tae join the V6-pouered LXi sedan. Previously optional rear bairn seat anchorages, aluminum wheels, an an 8-speaker AM/FM cassette stereo wur nou leetit as standard features. Last year o production; aw mid-size Chryslers (redesigned for 2001) wad cairy the Sebring name beginnin in 2001.

Accolades
The Cirrus wis Motor Trend magazine's Caur o the Year for 1995 an on Car and Driver magazine's Ten Best leet for 1996 an 1997.

Replacement
The replacement for the Cirrus wis the 2001 Chrysler Sebring sedan, biggit on an updatit version o the JA platform kent as the JR. The base model for new Sebring sedan an aa served as replacement for the Plymouth Breeze. It is interestin tae note that the 2001 Sebring sedan, Chrysler's midsize sedan an coupe/convertible shared the same name. This wis an aa true for the Cirrus' predecessor, the LeBaron, which wis selt in a sedan version an a coupe/convertible version.

Cirrus in Mexico
The first generation Cirrus wis selt in Mexico wi a turbocharged version o the 2.4 L DOHC I4 ingine an a 4-speed automatic transmission wi AutoStick. The Cirrus' ingine wis ratit at 168 hp (125 kW) at 5200 rpm an 216 lb·ft (293 N·m) torque at 2200 rpm.

When the Cloud Caurs wur redesigned, the Cirrus name wis dropt in the U.S., (the Chrysler Sebring sedan wis its replacement) but in Mexico the name continued (Sebring wis awready registered for a product name thare, an Chrysler's uisage wad constitute trademark infringement.)

Trim levels on the 2001 versions wur LX an LXi for the sedan, the convertible wis available in ane trim level ae. Aw versions wur equipt wi automatic transmissions.

The seicont generation Mexican Cirrus comes in twa versions: a sedan wi Chrysler's turbocharged 2.4 L DOHC ingine, an a convertible wi the Mitsubishi 2.5 L V6.
The turbocharged 2.4 L ingine received a pouer upgrade tae 215 hp (160 kW) in 2001.

In Mairch 2004, pouer wis increased tae 225 hp (168 kW) at 5200 rpm an 235 lb·ft (319 N·m) o torque at 4200 rpm. Cirrus models wi this ingine are identified wi a "High Output" badge on the back o the vehicle.

In Mexico the current Chrysler Sebring sedan wis still selt as the Cirrus till the 2010 model year, whan the Chrysler 200 replaces baith the Sebring/Cirrus nameplates for the 2011 model year.

The third generation Cirrus sedan wis released in 2007. Thare are three ingines available: a 2.4 L DOHC I4 ingine producin 172 hp (128 kW)
  at 6000 rpm, a 2.7L V-6 wi 189 hp (141 kW) or a 3.5 L V6 ingine producin 232 hp (173 kW)
 at 6400 rpm. It is available in base, Touring, an Limited trims (the same as the 2007 U.S. an Canadian-specification versions).
The convertible continues, wi same trim levels as the sedan version.

See an aa
 Chrysler Sebring
 Dodge Stratus
 Plymouth Breeze

References

 http://auto.consumerguide.com/auto/used/reviews/full/index.cfm/id/2128/

External links

 AllPar.com
 ChryslerMexico.com - The 2007 Cirrus's hamepage at Chrysler Mexico

Cirrus
Front-wheel-drive vehicles
Mid-size caurs
Sedans
1990s automobiles
2000s automobiles
Vehicles introduced in 1995

Chrysler Cirrus


The Mulde is a river in Central Germany. It is formed when the Zwickauer Mulde and the Freiberger Mulde coming from the Erzgebirge meet near Colditz. It runs on through the Saxon towns Grimma, Wurzen and Eilenburg to Dessau in Saxony-Anhalt. The river flows three kilometers north of Dessau into the Elbe River.

The Mulde has a length of 124 kilometers and is one of the fastest rivers in Central Europe. It is not navigable.

Geography of Saxony
Geography of Saxony-Anhalt
Rivers of Germany

Mulde


The Thomas and Ruckle Road, also known as Ruckles Road or Ruckels Road, was a wagon road over the Blue Mountains.

George Thomas was a stagecoach driver who came west to California in 1849, before moving to Walla Walla. Colonel J. S. Ruckle arrived in Oregon in 1855 as a steam boat pilot for the Oregon Steam Navigation Company (OSN) along the Columbia River. Eventually Ruckle left the OSN and ran his own boat along the river. The two men planned and built the road in 1864 and 1865, as well as a stage line from Walla Walla to the Idaho Mines. The road ran from the northwest to the southeast, offering a more direct connection to Walla Walla, despite being longer than the Meacham Road.

The Ruckle Road, as well as others over the Blues, charged $3 to $5 per wagon. Several towns were platted along the road: Summerville in 1873, and Cove sometime in the 1870s. Mail was delivered over the road, causing it to bypass La Grande in favor of Union and Summerville, helping Union become elected as the county seat in 1872.

The road washed out in 1886 and was never rebuilt.

References

Roads in Oregon
Historic trails and roads in Oregon
1865 establishments in Oregon

Thomas and Ruckle Road


The Western Desert cultural bloc or just Western Desert is a cultural region in Australia covering about 600 000 square kilometres, including the Gibson Desert, the Great Victoria Desert, the Great Sandy Desert and Little Sandy Deserts in the Northern Territory, South Australia and Western Australia. The Western Desert can be said to stretch from the Nullarbor in the south to the Kimberley region of Western Australia in the north, and from the Percival Lakes in the west through to the Pintupi lands in the Northern Territory.

This term is often used by anthropologists and linguists when discussing the 40 or so Aboriginal groups that live there, who speak dialects of one language, often called the Western Desert language.

Indigenous Australian culture
Regions of Australia

Western Desert cultural bloc


The October Horse is the sixth novel in Colleen McCullough's Masters of Rome series.

Plot introduction
The book begins with Gaius Julius Caesar's Egyptian campaign in Alexandria, his final battles with the Republicans led by Metellus Scipio, Cato the Younger, Titus Labienus and the brothers Pompeius in Africa and Spain, and ultimately Caesar's assassination on the Ides of March by Marcus Brutus, Gaius Cassius and the Liberators. The latter stages of The October Horse chronicle the death of Cicero, the emergence of Octavian and his battles with Mark Antony, and conclude with the Battle of Philippi.

Explanation of the novel's title

The title of the book comes from a peculiar chariot race in Rome on the Ides of October, after which the right-hand horse of the winning team was sacrificed to the Roman gods.  Then two teams, one from the Subura and the other from the Via Sacra, competed for the Horse's head. Julius Caesar, figuratively the best war horse in Rome, represents the October Horse in this novel.

Characters in The October Horse

Gaius Julius Caesar,
Cleopatra,
Mark Antony,
Marcus Tullius Cicero,
Gaius Octavius. Later Augustus,
Marcus Aemilius Lepidus,
Marcus Junius Brutus,
Gaius Cassius Longinus,
Marcus Porcius Cato the Younger,
Caesarion, son of Julius Caesar,
Servilia, mistress of Caesar,
Publius Cornelius Dollabella,
Titus Labienus,
Porcia Catonis, wife of Marcus Brutus
Pharnaces II,
Lucius Julius Caesar,
Atia, mother of Octavius
Lucius Marcius Philippus, stepfather of Octavius
Marcus Calpurnius Bibulus

Release details
2002, UK, Century Press (), Pub date 7 November 2002, hardback (First edition)
2003, UK, Arrow Books (), Pub date ? ? 2003, paperback
2003, USA, Pocket Books (), Pub date ? November 2003, paperback
2003, UK, Arrow Books (), Pub date 7 August 2003, paperback

Reception
Kirkus Reviews says the book is "a rousing and richly satisfying take on some of history's real beings."

References

2002 Australian novels
Masters of Rome series
Novels set in ancient Egypt
Novels set in the 1st century BC
Fictional depictions of Julius Caesar in literature
Fictional depictions of Cleopatra in literature
Cultural depictions of Marcus Junius Brutus
Cultural depictions of Mark Antony
Fictional depictions of Augustus in literature
Cultural depictions of Cicero
Cultural depictions of Servilia (mother of Brutus)
Century (imprint) books

The October Horse


Derby Carriage and Wagon Works was built by the Midland Railway. They built it in Derby, England

The building began at Derby Works in 1840. This was when the North Midland Railway, the Midland Counties Railway and the Birmingham and Derby Railway made engine sheds for their Tri Junct Station. These three merged in 1844 to form the Midland Railway. Then, its first Locomotive and Carriage Superintendent  Matthew Kirtley decided to organise their works and persuaded that the railway should build their own rolling stock instead of than buying it.

Rail transport in England

Derby Carriage and Wagon Works


Norfolk House, at 31 St James's Square, London, was built in 1722 for the Duke of Norfolk. It was a royal residence for a short time only, when Frederick, Prince of Wales, father of King George III of the United Kingdom, lived there 1737-1741, after his marriage in 1736 to Princess Augusta of Saxe-Gotha, daughter of Frederick II, Duke of Saxe-Gotha. King George III was born in the house, which was offered to the royal couple by the 9th Duke of Norfolk.

Royal residences in the United Kingdom

Norfolk House


Al Ahmadi () is ane o the sax govrenorates o Kuwait. It is locatit in the soothren pairt o the kintra an is famous in Kuwait for its greenery an Breetish airchitectur. Al Ahmadi forms an important pairt o Kuwaiti economy as several o Kuwait's ile refineries are locatit here. Main residential auries include Abu Halifa, Riqqah an Mangaf. Al Ahmadi is the hame o several sportin clubs an complexes in Kuwait. The heidquarters o Kuwait National Petroleum Company is locatit in Al Ahmadi.

Ahmadi, as it is popularly kent wis the hame o the then KOC (Kuwait Oil Company).

It wis an aa hame tae several thoosan maistly Breetish Ex-pats an thair families frae 1947 throu tae 1970, an possibly ayont. The oreeginal toun layoot wis frae an American pattern. Streets laid oot at richt angles tae ilk ither -  1st Street, 2nt Street an sae on. At richt angles wur the avenues. The toun wis biggit on a slope facin the sea, which wis aboot 7 mile (11 km) away. The street that ran athort the tap o the hill wis cried "main street". It hoosed the upper eschelons o the KOC. It ran doun the hill in order o KOC rank. Athin the toun wis the Hubara Club - a complex o biggins wi a soummin puil, meetin rooms, restaurants, squash courts, tennis courts, etc. Employees o the KOC wad uise this club ivery day tae meet an chat. Thair childer spent maist o thair time here. Towards the bottom o the 'hill' wis the 'souk' or shoppin aurie; banks a cinema, which is nou been closed doun an a few shops.

Al Ahmadi consists o the follaein destricts :

Abu Hleifa
Al Ahmadi Destrict
Daher
Fahaheel
Fintas
Hadyia
Jaber Al Ali
Mahboula
Mangaf
Reqqa
Subahiya

References

Govrenorates o Kuwait

Al Ahmadi Govrenorate


The Normal Heart is a 2014 American television drama film directed by Ryan Murphy and written by Larry Kramer, based on his 1985 play of the same name. The film stars Mark Ruffalo, Matt Bomer, Taylor Kitsch, Jim Parsons, Alfred Molina, Joe Mantello, Jonathan Groff, and Julia Roberts.

The film depicts the rise of the HIV-AIDS crisis in New York City between 1981 and 1984, as seen through the eyes of writer/activist Ned Weeks (Ruffalo), the founder of a prominent HIV advocacy group. Weeks prefers public confrontations to the calmer, more private strategies favored by his associates, friends, and closeted lover Felix Turner (Bomer). Their differences of opinion lead to arguments that threaten to undermine their shared goals.

It was released on DVD and Blu-ray on August 26, 2014.

Plot
In the summer of 1981, Alexander "Ned" Weeks, an openly gay writer from New York City, travels to Fire Island via Long Island to celebrate the birthday of his friend Craig Donner at a beach house. Other friends in attendance include Mickey Marcus and the charismatic Bruce Niles, who has recently begun dating Craig, who is young and appears to be in good health. While walking on the beach, however, Craig feels dizzy and collapses. Later, when blowing out the candles on his birthday cake, Craig begins to cough repeatedly.

While traveling back to New York City, Ned reads an article in the New York Times titled "Rare Cancer Diagnosed in 41 Homosexuals". Back in the city, he visits the offices of Dr. Emma Brookner, a physician who has seen many patients afflicted with symptoms of rare diseases that normally would be harmless unless their immune systems had been compromised. All of these cases seem to be appearing in gay men. In the waiting room, Ned meets Sanford, a patient whose face and hands are marked with skin lesions caused by Kaposi's sarcoma, a rare cancer. Brookner examines Ned, but finds that he does not have the symptoms of this disease. She asks Ned to help her raise awareness of this disease within the gay community.

Craig suddenly suffers violent convulsions and is rushed to the hospital with Ned, Mickey, and Bruce where he is later pronounced dead. Brookner recognizes Bruce, noting that he is the former boyfriend of another one of her patients who recently died. Ned organizes a gathering at his home where many local gay men are invited to hear Brookner share information about the disease. Though she lacks conclusive evidence, she states her belief that the illness is sexually transmissible and that they should all avoid having sex for the time being to prevent new transmissions. Most attendees question her belief. She notes that few medical journals appear interested in publishing anything on this disease which is mostly affecting homosexual men. Ned announces that he wants to start an organization to spread information about the disease and provide services to those who have been infected.

Brookner and Ned visit a local hospital where several of her sick patients are in critical condition with an illness that is now being referred to as gay-related immune deficiency (GRID). They stay in rooms that many hospital staff are afraid to enter for fear of contracting the disease. Ned, Bruce, Mickey, and several other friends including Tommy Boatwright establish a community organization called Gay Men's Health Crisis (GMHC). The organization sponsors fundraisers for research on the disease now called AIDS and establishes a telephone hotline, counseling, and other services. Over Ned's objections, they elect Bruce their president. Ned arranges for his older brother, lawyer Ben Weeks, to provide free legal advice to the GMHC. The two brothers are close, but there remains an underlying tension over Ben's lack of understanding of Ned's sexuality. Ned contacts gay New York Times reporter Felix Turner, hoping that he can use his media connections to publish more stories about the unfolding health crisis. Felix laments that it is difficult getting any mainstream newspapers to report much information on AIDS. After Felix recalls that he and Ned had a sexual tryst at a gay bathhouse, the two begin a romantic relationship.

The disease continues to spread and claim lives. Bruce attempts to travel to Phoenix with his boyfriend Albert, who is dying, so that Albert can see his mother one more time. The airline refuses at first to fly the plane with sick Albert on board. When they do eventually get to Phoenix, Albert dies following a period of dementia. The hospital doctors refuse to examine him and issue a death certificate, and instead throw his body out with the garbage. Bruce bribes a funeral home to cremate his body without a death certificate.

Brookner attempts to obtain grant money to continue researching AIDS, but her efforts are rejected by government officials who do not see AIDS as a priority. Ned, meanwhile, is kicked out of GMHC for his combative and aggressive tactics to promote awareness of AIDS, which is causing tension within the group.

Felix comes down with symptoms and his body wastes away as the disease claims his life. Felix arranges for a will with the help of Ben, and leaves everything he has to Ned. The two state their love for one another at the hospital before Felix dies. A few days later, Ned visits his alma mater, Yale University, where a Gay Week is being hosted by the students. He admires how young men and women are able to dance with one another openly, without fear of discrimination.

Information is displayed about the growing number of people developing AIDS, as Tommy's Rolodex pile (the contact info of his friends who have died from AIDS) grows bigger, eventually including Bruce.

Cast

 Mark Ruffalo as Alexander "Ned" Weeks (alter ego for Larry Kramer)
 Ruffalo, who had a childhood friend who struggled with his homosexuality, first watched The Normal Heart play in 1986. When Ruffalo was initially offered the part of Ned in the film, he argued that a gay actor should have the role, but accepted it when Murphy insisted.
 Matt Bomer as Felix Turner (based on John Duka)
 Taylor Kitsch as Bruce Niles (based on Paul Popham)
 Jim Parsons as Tommy Boatwright (based on Rodger McFarlane)
 Alfred Molina as Ben Weeks (based on Arthur Kramer)
 Julia Roberts as Dr. Emma Brookner (based on Dr. Linda Laubenstein)
 Joe Mantello as Michael R. "Mickey" Marcus
 BD Wong as Buzzy
 Jonathan Groff as Craig Donner
 Stephen Spinella as Sanford
 Finn Wittrock as Albert
 Denis O'Hare as Hiram Keebler
 Corey Stoll as John Bruno
 Danielle Ferland as Estelle
 Frank De Julio as Nick
 Adam B. Shapiro as Bella

Production
In August 2011, Ryan Murphy said in an interview with Deadline Hollywood that he had optioned The Normal Heart and intended to produce the film version, starring Mark Ruffalo "and maybe Julia Roberts". The Hollywood Reporter confirmed the film news in January 2012, adding Alec Baldwin, Matt Bomer, and Jim Parsons to the previously announced cast. In March 2013, Taylor Kitsch joined the cast. In April 2013, the casting of actors Jonathan Groff and Joe Mantello was announced. In May 2013, it was announced that Alfred Molina would be replacing Alec Baldwin. Both Parsons and Mantello had starred in the 2011 Broadway revival, although Parsons was the only actor to reprise his role.

Murphy stated that he created this film, despite the play from which it derives being written in the 1980s, due to fears that people born after the 1980s AIDS crisis would not remember its lessons. The main producers were HBO & Plan B (the Brad Pitt company).

Filming
Principal photography began on June 8, 2013, in New York City, New York. On July 12, the crew was spotted shooting the film in Little Italy. During the course of filming, production was temporarily suspended to allow some of the actors to change their physical appearances; Bomer lost 40 pounds to show the ravages of AIDS on his character.

Release
The Normal Heart debuted on HBO on May 25, 2014, after an earlier theatrical screening at the Inside Out Film and Video Festival in Toronto, Ontario, Canada on May 23, 2014.

Home media
The Normal Heart was released on DVD and Blu-ray on August 26, 2014.

Reception

Critical response
The film received widespread critical acclaim, with praise for Kramer's screenplay, its drama, moral messages, production values, and the performances of the cast.  Review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes gives the film a score of 94% based on 50 reviews, with an average score of 7.72/10. The site's critics consensus reads: "Thanks to Emmy-worthy performances from a reputable cast, The Normal Heart is not only a powerful, heartbreaking drama, but also a vital document of events leading up to and through the early AIDS crisis." Metacritic, which assigns a weighted average score to reviews from mainstream critics, gives the film a score of 85 out of 100, based on 33 reviews, indicating "universal acclaim".

Peter Travers of Rolling Stone awarded the film with a 3.5/4 and praised the film, "Written, directed and acted with a passion that radiates off the screen, The Normal Heart is drama at its most incendiary, a blunt instrument that is also poetic and profound. As gay men in crisis, Taylor Kitsch, Jim Parsons and Joe Mantello (who played Ned onstage) all excel. But it's Kramer, still raging over what's not being done, who tears at your heart." Ellen Gray of the Philadelphia Daily News commended "And though the supporting cast members are all good (Parsons particularly so), it's Kramer's fury, channeled through Ruffalo's manic energy as the writer's alter-ego Ned Weeks, that keeps The Normal Heart beating and preserves a horrific bit of all too recent history not in amber, but in anger."

Murphy's direction received mixed reviews from critics. Brian Lowry of Variety criticized Murphy's direction and the story's transition from stage to screen: "Murphy being Murphy, he can't resist throwing in moments that drift toward an American Horror Story vibe, such as a subway sequence where dramatic lighting flashes in and out on a lesion-pocked face. The translation from stage to screen also yields speeches that probably played better live, although the director has for the most part opened up the Tony-winning material into movie form," although he particularly hailed The Normal Heart as "a character-oriented drama with theatrical talent and values that would face challenges finding much purchase at the modern-day multiplex. The result is a movie, for mostly better and sometimes worse, that wears its heart on its sleeve." Maureen Ryan of The Huffington Post also criticized Murphy's direction, writing: "But if you do watch the film, just be aware that every few minutes you may wish that someone — anyone — other than Murphy had directed it. Murphy is a self-indulgent director and not particularly rigorous or disciplined. He serves his own muse, not necessarily the needs of the material, and though it's a classic, Kramer's play is also unwieldy and outright clumsy at time."

TVLine named Bomer the "Performer of the Week" for his performance.

Accolades

See also

 2014 in American television
 And the Band Played On (1993) — An HBO film also regarding the early years of the HIV/AIDS crisis in the United States

References

External links

2014 in American television
2014 drama films
2014 LGBT-related films
2014 television films
2014 films
2010s English-language films
American films based on plays
American LGBT-related television films
Blumhouse Productions films
American drama television films
Films directed by Ryan Murphy (filmmaker)
Films scored by Cliff Martinez
Films set in the 1980s
Films set in New York City
Films shot in New York City
Films with screenplays by Larry Kramer
Gay-related films
HBO Films films
HIV/AIDS in television
LGBT-related drama films
Plan B Entertainment films
Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Made for Television Movie winners
Television shows based on plays
Television Academy Honors winners
HIV/AIDS in American films
2010s American films

The Normal Heart (film)


The Simón Bolívar Metropolitan Park, best known as the Simón Bolívar Park, is a greenspace and entertainment and sports complex located in the middle of the city of Bogotá, Colombia. It is one of the largest urban parks in the World with over 1000 acres of green spaces, bicycle paths, parks, sports complexes, a public library and the Bogota Botanical Gardens.

The park is named after the Latin American Liberator Simón Bolívar. The park is located in the locality of Teusaquillo and is managed by the District Institute of Recreation and Sport (Instituto Distrital de Recreacion y Deporte - IDRD). The park is one of the most popular urban parks in the city of Bogotá.

The park features a lake in which people can rent paddle boats and a large space for concerts and events capable of holding 140.000 people.

History

The construction of Simón Bolívar Park started in 1966. In 1968 the city of Bogotá built a temple to commemorate the 39th International Eucharistic Congress to which the pope Paul VI was a part of. This temple was named Eucharistic Temple. At the time the lake already existed as a natural feature. In 1986 a second temple was built for the reception of Pope John Paul II. The park was officially named under the Law 31 of 1979 in commemoration of the bicentennial of the birth of Latin American leader Simón Bolívar.

Colombian architect Arturo Robledo Ocampo designed in 1982 the details of new improvements to the park which at the time was far from an actual recreational space. Ocampo developed the plans for tree growing areas, the central plaza and also designed the water supply and structures such as channels and walls. In 1983 the Events Plaza was finally built. 3300 trees were planted and a pedestrian bridge that linked the park with the Children's Museum was inaugurated. In 1995 the pedestrian pathways were made bigger from 5 meters to 10 meters wide. The stage area of the Events Plaza was closed in the perimeters and the illumination was improved. Three new access points were added.

Since 1996 new social programs have been created in order to make the park an events center. This include as of now the Summer Festival, and the Rock to the park festival making it the axis of recreational activities for the city.

Parks System

The Simón Bolívar Park is in fact a system of adjacent greenspaces. Its extension is over , bigger than the Central Park extension in New York. At the present time it is considered the "lung of the city" due to its central location and because of its size and its vegetation. The park is conformed among others by the following parks:

Simón Bolívar Central Park (PCSB)

It's the main greenspace, it has an area of about . A lake with an area of over .  It features over  of pedestrian pathways and an acoustic shell-shaped area for concerts. Major concerts and festivals mainly take place in this area.

The Salitre Park

Commonly and formerly known as The Salitre Park and officially named Magic Salitre (Salitre Magico) is a recreational area and amusement park that includes amusement rides. The park is best known for its Ferris wheel from where there is a nice view of the city. The park features three rollercoasters as well. Additionally the park features a roof covered waterpark with pools and water slides. The Salitre is currently administered by a Mexican private company which has improved and remodeled the park that used to be managed by the government of Bogotá.

Park SportsRecreation El Salitre (Parque RecreoDeportivo El Salitre)

Is a sports complex located adjacent to the Magic Salitre Park. It has courts for the practicing of different sports especially soccer and basketball. It also features a small coliseum for small events.

Children's Museum

Park of the Lake (Los Novios Park)

Los Novios Park (boyfriends-girlfriends park) with an area of over , this park features soccer fields and a motocross and BMX dirt tracks. This park has 19 kiosks for barbecue and picnic activities. This park is accessible through the Transmilenio system. One of the main attractions of this park is its lakes where people can rent pedal boats.

Sports Palace (Palacio de los Deportes)

Is a dedicated roof covered coliseum for concerts and events for an audience not bigger than 5.000 spectators. The Sports Palace is one of the most used spaces in the complex for the organization of local events and theatrical functions due to its versatility and the advantage of being a covered space. (See concerts section for information about artist that have performed at the arena).

Simón Bolívar Aquatic Complex

Is a space that features three pools. A training pool, an Olympic pool and a diving pool whose technical specifications have been endorsed by the International Federation of Swimming. The complex has stands for an audience of 1.500 people, parking lots for 300 vehicles, sauna, dressing rooms, gym and a cafeteria.
The water is kept at 27 degrees Celsius through a boiling system located in a basement of 2.000 square meters.

El Salitre Sports Unit

Is a sports center with facilities for the practicing of a variety of sports from indoors to outdoors. El Salitre Coliseum (second in importance to the El Campin Coliseum) and the velodrome Luis Carlos Galan are located in this unit. The latter especially built for the 1995 UCI Track Cycling World Championships. It is also the headquarters of the city sports leagues with their respective training fields. It counts with a public bowling center and connections to pedestrian bridges above the 68th Avenue to the Central Park Simón Bolívar.

Concerts

The park's Events Plaza is the venue of most of the concerts of international singers when they perform in Bogota, since 2005 concerts were banned in El Campin Stadium so the only place to hold big concerts was the park. Since 2012, the Stadium can be used again for concerts one a month. The Events Plaza have a maximum capacity for 100,000 people.

On May 2, 1999, Metallica performed for the first time in Colombia with a sold-out show, holding the record for the highest attendance concert with 100,000 people attending for one only show.

During her The Sweet Escape Tour, Gwen Stefani performed the only show in South America for the tour, in front of 30,000 spectators.

Iron Maiden performed for the first time in the country in front of more than 38,788 people. The show was recorded for the Iron Maiden: Flight 666 DVD.

Depeche Mode performed at the park on October 10, 2009, during their Tour of the Universe. The band will perform again on March 16, 2018, during their Global Spirit Tour.

On March 10, 2010, Metallica performed for the second time in the venue in front of 28,291 people. All platinum and VIP tickets were sold.

On May 19, 2010, Aerosmith performed a sold-out show. The band holds the record for fastest sell out concert at the park for their first show, with 3 hours and 40,000 tickets sold.

American rock band Red Hot Chili Peppers performed for the first time in the country in the events plaza on September 11, 2011, in front of 19,654 people. The show was the kick-off presentation for their "I'm with You Tour".

Britney Spears performed for the first time in Colombia in front of 20,000 spectators on November 26, 2011, during her Femme Fatale Tour. Tickets for a Meet & Greet with Spears sold out in within 1 minute, Platino tickets were sold out.

The Cure performed for the first time in Colombia in 2013.

Metallica performed for the third time in the park on March 6, 2014. Sold-out concert, more than 40,000 people attended making the band to break the record for artist with the highest attendance in the history of the venue. The total attendance for their three shows at the park is more than 140,000 people.

Pearl Jam performed for the first time in Colombia on November 25, 2015, during their Pearl Jam 2015 Latin America Tour.

Gallery

See also

93 Park
Coliseo El Pueblo
Coliseo Cubierto El Campín
Metropolitan Area of Bogotá
Corferias

References

External links

 History of the Metropolitanean Simón Bolivar Park
  Places To Go in Bogotá: Simón Bolivar Park information

Parks in Bogotá
Urban public parks
2010 Central American and Caribbean Games venues

Simón Bolívar Park


North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD) is a joint organization of Canada and the United States that provides aerospace warning and defense for North America. It was founded on May 12, 1958, as the North American Air Defense Command. Its main technical facility has been the Cheyenne Mountain Operations Center in Colorado, and for this reason NORAD is sometimes unofficially referred to as Cheyenne Mountain.

References

Military organizations


A treadmill is a device for walking or running, while staying in the same place. Before there was steam power, such treadmills were used to power machines. That way,  the work of animals or people could be used in the machines. Such treadmills were also used as a form of punishment in prisons.

Sports equipment
Punishments

Treadmill


Léonard Sylvain Julien (Jules) Sandeau (; 19 February 1811 – 24 April 1883) was a French novelist.

Early life
Sandeau was born at Aubusson (Creuse), and was sent to Paris to study law, but spent much of his time in unruly behaviour with other students. He met George Sand, then Madame Dudevant, at Le Coudray in the house of a friend, and when she came to Paris in 1831 they had a relationship. The intimacy did not last long, but it produced Rose et Blanche (1831), a novel written together under the pseudonym J. Sand, from which George Sand took her famous pseudonym.

Major works
Sandeau continued to produce novels and plays for nearly fifty years. His major works are:
Marianna (1839), in which he draws a portrait of George Sand
Le Docteur Herbeau (1841)
Catherine (1845)
Mademoiselle de la Seiglière (1848), a successful picture of society under Louis Philippe, dramatized in 1851
Madeleine (1848)
La Chasse au roman (1849)
Sacs et parchemins (1851)
La Maison de Penarvan (1858)
La Roche aux mouettes (1871)

The famous play, Le Gendre de M. Poirier, is one of several which he wrote in collaboration with Émile Augier—the novelist usually contributing the story and the dramatist the theatrical form. Sandeau's novels were less popular than his plays.

Later life
Sandeau had been made conservateur of the Mazarin library in 1853, elected to the Académie française in 1858, and appointed librarian of St Cloud in 1859. At the suppression of this latter office, after the fall of the Second French Empire, he was pensioned.

Death
Jules Sandeau died in Paris in 1883 and was buried in the Cimetière du Montparnasse.

References

External links

 La Chasse au roman

1811 births
1883 deaths
People from Creuse
Members of the Académie Française
Burials at Montparnasse Cemetery
19th-century French novelists
French male novelists
19th-century French male writers

Jules Sandeau


Corinne Ann Hollingworth (born 25 May 1952) is a British television producer and executive, best known for her contributions to British soap operas, including BBC's EastEnders and five's Family Affairs. Hollingworth has gained a reputation for winning huge drama audiences by concentrating on human interest storylines.

Early life
She attended the Sherwood Hall School for Girls in Mansfield, a grammar-technical school (now the Samworth Church Academy).

Career
In 1980 Hollingworth worked as an assistant floor manager on the BBC's televised adaptation of Pride and Prejudice.  She gradually worked her way up the BBC ladder, she was Production Manager or 1st Assistant Director on a number of Doctor Who series produced by John Nathan-Turner. She began producing for the BBC in the latter part of 1989, contributing to the BBC soap opera EastEnders initially as a production associate and later as an associate producer, under then producer Mike Gibbon. She later became co-producer, with Richard Bramall, under new executive producer, Michael Ferguson in 1990. Following Ferguson's departure, she became co-producer with Pat Sandys, formerly of ITV's The Bill.

After leaving EastEnders at the end of 1991 she began working on the BBC's ill-fated soap Eldorado (1992–1993) — for which she was the series producer following Julia Smith. Hollingworth was brought in to turn the soap around following declining ratings and heavy media criticism, but despite adding a million viewers the soap was eventually axed by the BBC controller, Alan Yentob, in 1993.

She went on to produce for the popular medical drama Casualty (1994–1996), pushing up viewing figures to almost 18 million by switching the focus to the love lives of the characters. The changes she implemented were popular with viewers. However, they were less popular with some of the cast members, in particular Derek Thompson, who plays the long-running character Charlie Fairhead. Thompson believed the show had become "like a mindless soap opera" and was in danger of losing the edge that had made it one of the most controversial programmes on television. He revealed that he nearly quit the role in protest, but decided to remain when he discovered that Hollingworth was leaving the show in 1996.

In addition to producing for Casualty, Hollingworth returned to EastEnders from 1995 to 1996 as the programme's executive producer, taking over from Barbara Emile and eventually replaced by Jane Harris. At EastEnders she was responsible for storylines such as Michelle Fowler falling pregnant to her nemesis Grant Mitchell; and Ricky Butcher's love triangle with his wife Sam and girlfriend Bianca Jackson. Hollingworth's contributions to the soap were awarded in 1997 when EastEnders won the BAFTA for "Best Drama Series." Hollingworth shared the award with producer, Jane Harris.

She left the BBC in 1996 to become the controller of drama for Britain's fifth terrestrial channel, five. Her defection was one of several high-level "poachings" from the BBC by Dawn Airey, Channel 5's director of programmes. Hollingworth, along with Mal Young, were the co-creators of the channel's flagship soap opera, Family Affairs, for which she was also the executive producer.

She left five in 2003 and in 2004 she moved to ITV to become the Head of Continuing Series, taking over from Antony Wood. Her remit covered a wide range of shows including soaps and returning series such as Bad Girls, Footballers Wives, Taggart, Where the Heart Is, Fat Friends, The Bill, Heartbeat and The Royal. She left this position in March 2008.

References

External links

English television producers
British women television producers
British television producers
Living people
1952 births
People from Mansfield
Soap opera producers

Corinne Hollingworth


The Bible is a collection of texts. The original of these texts were written in different languages. Today, the  collection of texts that is called The Bible is written in one language only. For this reason, at least some texts need to be translated. Versions of the Bible are also different in the texts they include, some texts are not part of some Bible versions. One of the first such translations is the Septuagint, which is Ancient Greek. Another well-known translation is the Vulgate, which is Latin. From about the 14th century, the Bible was also translated into other languages.

Types of translation
Translating a text is also always linked to looking at its meaning, and to interpreting it. A word in one language cannot be translated into a word in a different language, with exactly the same meaning.

Formal equivalence
One such method of translation is called literal translation or formal equivalence. Literal translation tries to be as close as possible to what is written in the original language. Often this means translating each word separately. There are a number of problems with literal translations: First, words must be added, to get a valid grammar in the target language. These words are not in the source text. The second problem is that the reader must be familiar with the subject, to understand some of the translation.

Dynamic equivalence
Another way is to look at the thoughts and ideas of the source text and to get these into the target language. This is called dynamic equivalence. A translation that uses dynamic equivalence may use other words and phrases, but tries to keep the meaning intact.

Paraphrasing
A third way is called paraphrasing. It tries to explain the concepts that are found in the text, and does not even use dynamic equivalence. That way, paraphrasing may leave out sections of text, or add other sections that explain these concepts. A paraphrased text may be very easy to understand, but is not suited for in-depth study.

Unknown words
Another problem that can occur with translation is that the meaning of some words may not be known. This is often the case with words that only occur once in a text. Such words are known as Hapax legomena. Their meaning must be guessed from the context.

Selecting the source
Before the invention of the printing press, texts had to be copied by hand. This introduced errors. After a certain time there were different versions of the same text. Comparing such versions is known as textual criticism. The translation of two different versions of the same text may result in two different texts.

Translating names
Some translators also translate the names, others simply write the name as it occurs in the original.

Related pages
 Modern English Bible translations

Bible versions

Bible version debate


USS Hake (SS/AGSS-256) was a  of the United States Navy that served during World War II.

Construction and commissioning
Hake′s keel was laid down by the Electric Boat Company at Groton, Connecticut. She was launched 17 July 1942, sponsored by Mrs. Martha Richards Fletcher, wife of Rear Admiral Frank Jack Fletcher, and commissioned 30 October 1942.

Operational history

Atlantic war patrols, April – July 1943
Hake departed for shakedown off New London soon after commissioning and after bringing crew and equipment up to fighting efficiency began her first war patrol from New London 8 April 1943. Her mission on this patrol was to search out and destroy German submarines in the North Atlantic, but no contacts were gained and she arrived Helensburgh, Scotland, to terminate the patrol 29 April. She departed for her second patrol, off the Azores and again on antisubmarine patrol, 27 May 1943 and after encountering few submarines returned to New London 17 July.

Third and fourth war patrols, December 1943 – April 1944
Newly assigned to the Pacific, Hake departed New London 25 August 1943 for San Diego, via the Panama Canal. After a training period off the California coast, she sailed for the western Pacific 6 December. Hake armed at Pearl Harbor and departed for her third war patrol 27 December 1943. She sighted the  transport Nigitsu Maru en route to Japan 11 January 1944 and after a day-long chase to gain position sank her the next day. The submarine then continued to her cruising grounds off the Philippine Islands, patrolling off Luzon and later moving south to Mindanao.

The night of 26 January she attacked a tanker, damaged her, and in turn suffered considerable damage from depth charge attacks before making her escape. Hake next encountered three ships with two escorts 1 February. With the three targets in a line of bearing after a perfect approach, the submarine launched a spread of six torpedoes, sinking two of the three, Tacoma Maru, and Nanka Maru. The attack achieved complete surprise and Hake was not attacked by the screening vessels. She then departed for Fremantle, Australia, terminating the patrol there 20 February 1944.

Hakes fourth war patrol was spent in the South China Sea near Singapore, following departure from Fremantle 18 March 1944. She encountered her first target 27 March off southwest Borneo, and it was a submariner's dream: an unescorted tanker. Two torpedoes sent the ship, Yamamizu Maru, to the bottom. After an attack on convoy Hi-55 during the night of 1 April in which Hake damaged several ships, she battled escorts and searched for more transports until 30 April, when she arrived at Fremantle.

 Fifth and sixth war patrols, May – September 1944
For her fifth war patrol, commencing 23 May, Hake was assigned the area southwest of Mindanao. Her duty was to attack shipping and to act as a picket to alert American forces to the approach of the Japanese fleet, which was expected to sortie from Tawi Tawi to the Mariana Islands. Sighting destroyer Kazagumo 8 June, the sub closed for the attack and succeeded in sinking her adversary, but fierce attacks prevented her from sinking any of the accompanying destroyers. Hake also succeeded in sinking two transports during this patrol. Cargo ship Kinshu Maru was sunk 17 June after four hits, and a heavily laden troop transport was sunk 3 days later at the entrance to Davao Gulf. She returned to Fremantle 11 July 1944. During this patrol, Hake was the witness to the loss of .

Hake returned to her patrol area off the Philippines, departing 5 August. During this, her sixth war patrol, she attacked another destroyer, damaging it, but made few additional contacts because of extremely heavy air and surface patrolling by Japanese forces. She arrived at Fremantle Harbor 24 September 1944.

 Seventh, eighth, and ninth war patrols, October 1944 – August 1945
Departing 20 October for her seventh war patrol, Hake encountered few contacts in her patrol area. Operating with  and the ill-fated , which was lost on the patrol, Hake spent a harrowing 16 hours 7 – 8 November, counting nearly 150 depth charges and sustaining considerable damage.

On 19 November Hake torpedoed Japanese light cruiser Isuzu west of Corregidor, damaging her rudder.

Hake was subsequently sent on a special mission off Panay Island, where she rendezvoused with Filipino guerrillas to bring on board 29 U.S. aviators shot down in recent air attacks. Her valuable cargo safe, Hake returned to Australia, arriving Fremantle 16 December.

Hake departed Fremantle for her eighth war patrol 12 January 1945. After searching the South China Sea (now almost denuded of targets) for almost a month, she headed for San Francisco, arriving 13 March. After overhaul she departed San Francisco some 2 months later and began her ninth war patrol in the Pacific 20 July 1945. Hake acted as lifeguard ship for the air strikes against Japan, and after the surrender had the distinction of being 1 of 12 submarines to witness the historic ceremonies on board the battleship  in Tokyo Bay.

 Post-war service
Following the signing, Hake started on the long trek back to New London, via the Panama Canal. She decommissioned at New London 13 July 1946, entered the reserve fleet, and was taken out of reserve 15 October 1956 to serve as a Reserve Training Ship for 4th Naval District at Philadelphia, Pa. Her classification was changed to AGSS-256''', auxiliary submarine, 6 November 1962. She continued to serve out of commission as a training ship for reservists at Philadelphia until she was struck from the Navy List 1 March 1967 to be sold.Hake'' received seven battle stars for her service in World War II.

References

Bibliography

External links
hazegray.org: USS Hake

Gato-class submarines
World War II submarines of the United States
Ships built in Groton, Connecticut
1942 ships

USS Hake


The Dreyfus Affair was one of the biggest scandals in the history of France. It happened at the end of the 19th century. It was about Alfred Dreyfus, a Jewish officer in the French army.

In 1894, Dreyfus was accused of being a spy, and accused of crimes against France. People thought he wrote letters to the Germans telling them about secrets of the French army.

His punishment was to be sent to a prison island in South America for the rest of his life.

When he was in prison, people (mostly his brother Mathieu and a high-ranking officer called Picquart) thought he was innocent. They proved that another soldier, Major Esterhazy, was guilty. But the army did not want to admit that it had been wrong.  They refused to free him.  Finally, the evidence that Dreyfus was innocent became so strong that the government had to demand a new trial.  At the new trial, the army again found him guilty.  The President of France, who did not want an innocent man to suffer any more, pardoned Dreyfus in 1899.

Dreyfus was released.  Seven years later, he was officially declared innocent, and allowed back into the army.

The affair divided France into people who thought Dreyfus really was a spy and people who thought he was innocent.  Many of those who thought Dreyfus was a spy hated Jews and believed that he was a criminal because he was a Jew, and that a Jew could not be a good Frenchman; this belief is called anti-Semitism.  Others thought that the army could not be questioned. The other side believed that an innocent man should not be imprisoned, and feared that Dreyfus's enemies were also enemies of France.

19th century in France
Judaism in France
French military people
Espionage

Dreyfus Affair


East-Central Kansas is a region of Kansas. It is between the Kansas City metropolitan area and Southeast Kansas, and it is on the border with Missouri. The region goes west to the Flint Hills to Lyon County. East-Central Kansas geographically has rolling hills and deep forested river valleys. The main crop of this very agricultural region is corn. The area is more forested and more moist compared to the rest of the state. East-Central Kansas has a lot of history. This is because many places in this region saw battles in Bleeding Kansas. It is also because the abolitionist John Brown and his men fought in Osawatomie. Much of the area is powered by Wolf Creek Nuclear Generating Station. It is near Burlington. The most populous cities of the region include Emporia, Ottawa, Paola, Osawatomie, Garnett, Osage City, Burlington, and Louisburg.

The region includes the following seven counties:
Anderson
Coffey
Franklin
Linn
Lyon
Miami
Osage

References

Regions of Kansas

East-Central Kansas


A gauntlet is a protective covering that is used in some gloves and mittens. A gauntlet protects the wrists and the lower part of the forearm. Gloves or mittens for motorcycle drivers, snowmobile drivers, construction workers, forestry workers, and mountain climbers often have gauntlets. The gauntlet helps to protect the wrist and forearm from cold, and from being scraped or cut if there is an accident.

How they are made
The gauntlet of a glove or mitten is usually made from a material that is similar to the protective fabric or material used elsewhere on the glove or mitten. A pair of leather motorcycle gloves with gauntlets will usually have leather gauntlets. A pair of insulated nylon snowmobilers' mittens with gauntlets will usually have gauntlets made from insulated nylon fabric.

Other meanings
The word "gauntlet" is sometimes used in the following figure of speech: "to throw down the gauntlet." If a person says that "Fred threw down the gauntlet at the committee meeting last night", they mean that Fred issued a public challenge at the committee meeting.

Another figure of speech is the phrase "run the gauntlet." This means to "face a trial or test." For example, if a sailor commits an offense, his comrades may form a line, and each comrade will hit the sailor as he passes by the line. This is called "running the gauntlet."

Protective clothing
Sports equipment

Gauntlet


Hector Alastair Hetherington (31 October 1919 – 3 October 1999) was a British journalist, newspaper editor and academic. For nearly twenty years he was the editor of The Guardian, and is regarded as one of the leading editors of the second half of the twentieth century.

Early life and career

Hetherington was the son of Sir Hector Hetherington, professor of logic and philosophy at University College, Cardiff and later Principal of the University of Glasgow. His mother was Mary Ethel Alison Reid (1886-1966). He was educated at Gresham's School in Holt, Norfolk, from 1933 to 1937 and then at Corpus Christi College, Oxford, from 1938 to 1940, but his time at Oxford was interrupted by the Second World War. Though his myopia initially kept him from duty in a combat regiment, eventually he joined the Royal Armoured Corps and subsequently transferred to the Northamptonshire Yeomanry. Shortly after the Normandy landings he was a tank captain advancing towards Vire when his tank was destroyed. He later took part in the relief of Antwerp and ended his army career as a major in the Intelligence Corps, during which time he wrote a Military Geography of Schleswig-Holstein.

Based on three months as a trainee sub-editor for the Glasgow Herald, Hetherington was offered a posting after his demobilisation as managing editor of Die Welt, the first German national newspaper to be produced in the British zone after the war. The experience confirmed his decision to pursue a career in journalism rather than academia, and he rejoined the Glasgow Herald a year later as a sub-editor and writer of articles on defence matters.

Editor of The Guardian
In 1950, Hetherington moved to Manchester Guardian. There he caught the eye of the paper's editor, A. P. Wadsworth, who helped him win a Commonwealth Fund Fellowship and named him as foreign editor in 1953. When Wadsworth fell terminally ill three years later, the chairman of the paper, Laurence Scott, named Hetherington as Wadsworth's successor. Though there were three more senior journalists on staff, Scott wanted to transform The Guardian into a national newspaper, and wanted a younger man capable of overseeing the effort.

Within weeks of taking over as editor, Hetherington faced the question of how to respond to the Suez Crisis. His denunciation of Britain's involvement as an "act of folly, without justification in any terms but brief expediency" precipitated enormous criticism from thousands of readers, but an increase in circulation and Britain's subsequent withdrawal vindicated the young editor. Suez soon proved to be only the first of many causes Hetherington took up, as he used as his position to campaign for social justice, alleviating the poverty gap between northern and southern England, and nuclear disarmament. He was present at the founding of the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament, attending preliminary meetings at the house of Lord Simon of Wythenshawe, with Sir Bernard Lovell and Bertrand Russell, but he did not join or support CND. He also gave evidence for the defence at the Lady Chatterley trial and became the first British editor to allow the word "fuck" to be used in his newspaper.

Becoming a national newspaper
During this time, Hetherington also was busy overseeing the evolution of the Manchester Guardian into a national newspaper.  After dropping the word "Manchester" from the masthead in 1959, the paper opened a London headquarters two years later. The transition proved difficult, however, as sales dropped and advertising revenue failed to fill the gap. Hetherington himself was commuting by train between London and Manchester twice or three times weekly. Twice Scott sought to alleviate the problem by selling the paper to The Times, but was rebuffed the first time and stopped by Hetherington's unyielding opposition to the proposal in the second. Ultimately, thanks to the profits from The Guardian'''s sister publication, the Manchester Evening News, the paper weathered the move.

As The Guardian's immediate prospects slowly improved, Hetherington focused on the task on turning the paper into one capable of competing on a national level. He pushed for expanded features, including special supplements and the first op-ed page in a British daily. Such was his success by this point that Hetherington won Journalist of the Year at the National Press Awards in 1971. Politically the paper benefited from careful cultivation by Harold Wilson, though Hetherington's closest political friend was Jo Grimond. For more than twenty years Hetherington wrote leading articles which sought to promote Liberal-Labour co-operation to defeat the Conservatives. Though initially against America's involvement in Vietnam, after meeting with American military commanders on a trip to Saigon he changed the paper's stance opposing the conflict, a move that generated much internal staff dissent.

Departure
By the early 1970s The Guardian enjoyed a healthy circulation approaching 350,000; nevertheless the paper continued to face financial challenges that exhausted Hetherington. As he approached the end of his second decade as editor, he considered the possibility of moving on to a less-demanding field such as academia. In 1975, however, he accepted an offer from his friend Michael Swann, the chairman of the BBC, to assume the vacant position of Controller of BBC Scotland.

Later career
Hetherington's time as Controller of BBC Scotland was not a happy one. He did much to invigorate programme output and appointed a number of specialist News correspondents including Helen Liddell and Chris Baur to try to increase Scotland's presence on the BBC networks  . He also sought increased financial freedom from the BBC in London.  Encountering a more bureaucratic organisation than the one he knew at The Guardian, he clashed with the director general of the BBC, Charles Curran. In 1978 he was sacked from the position by Curran's successor, Ian Trethowan and named as Manager of BBC Radio Highland. In 1982 he became research professor in media studies at Stirling University and in 1984 he succeeded Richard Scott as chairman of the Scott Trust. He brought a new style to that office as a hands-on and interventionist chairman, giving critical support to his successor as editor, Peter Preston. He also played a substantial part in the appointment of his successor as chairman, Hugo Young. In 1989 he retired to the Isle of Arran, where he wrote and worked on projects before he was forced to give up such activities due to the onset of Alzheimer's disease in the mid-1990s.

Personal life
Hetherington was married twice. His first marriage was in 1957 to Miranda Oliver, a librarian who worked in the cuttings library at the Manchester Guardian. Together they had four children. After their divorce in 1978, Hetherington met Sheila Janet Cameron, a political consultant, in 1979 and married her later that year.

Death and memorials

Hetherington died on 3 October 1999 and is buried next to his parents in the cemetery in Tillicoultry, just south-east of the war memorial.

The Institute of Contemporary Scotland's Academy of Merit makes an annual Alastair Hetherington Award for Humanitarian Service. In 1999, Stirling University instituted an annual Hetherington Memorial Lecture in his memory.

Publications

 Guardian Years (London: Chatto & Windus, 1981)
 News, Newspapers and Television (Macmillan, London, 1985)
 News in the Regions: Plymouth Sound to Moray Firth (Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire : Macmillan Press, 1989)
 Highlands and Islands: A Generation of Progress (Aberdeen University Press, 1990)
 Inside BBC Scotland 1975–80 A Personal View(Whitewater, Edinburgh 1992)
 A Walker's Guide to Arran (1995)

Honours

 Honorary Fellow, Corpus Christi College, Oxford, 1971
 Named Journalist of the Year'' in the National Press Awards, 1971.

References

Further reading

External links
 Alastair Hetherington obituary at The Guardian alternate link
 The Hetherington Memorial Lecture
 Papers, 1958–75  edited by Dr Thomas Nossiter
 Catalogue of the papers of Alastair Hetherington held at LSE Archives
 Alastair Hetheringtion collection at the University of Stirling Archives

1919 births
1999 deaths
People educated at Gresham's School
Alumni of Corpus Christi College, Oxford
British Army personnel of World War II
Royal Armoured Corps officers
British male journalists
British newspaper editors
The Guardian journalists
Harkness Fellows
Northamptonshire Yeomanry officers
Intelligence Corps officers

Alastair Hetherington


ARP Spoofing is a method someone (such as a hacker) could use to redirect traffic from a computer through the hacker's computer and then to the internet.  This allows the hacker to then read all traffic sent from or to the first computer.  This will reveal passwords, credit card numbers, and other private information.

A symptom of this sort of attack is a window when browsing to a secure site that says something along the lines of "This website's authentication check has failed".  This means that the hacker has forged a secure connection that cannot be verified. So, the warning is presented.

Internet
Internet security
Internet protocols

ARP spoofing