Timerider: The Adventure of Lyle Swann is a 1982 science fiction Western film directed by William Dear and starring Fred Ward as Lyle Swann, a cross country dirt bike racer in the 1980s who is mistakenly sent back in time to 1877. The film was scored, produced and co-written (with director William Dear) by Michael Nesmith.

Plot
Lyle Swann is a well-known dirt bike motorcycle racer who is in the desert competing in the Baja 1000, a multiclass vehicle cross-country race. Swann has a reputation for being a great rider but is plagued by technical problems from the high-tech gadgetry he incorporates into his C and J framed XT500 Yamaha. When Swann accidentally goes far off course, he stumbles across a time travel experiment that utilizes "maser velocity acceleration" to send objects (in this case, a simian subject by the name of Esther G.) back in time.

Swann rides through the field and gets sent back to November 5, 1877. The scientists in charge of the experiment soon realize what has happened, but Swann rides off, unaware of what has happened to him, before he can be returned to the present. While taking a swim break in a local pond, he runs into a gang of outlaws led by Porter Reese, who becomes obsessed with stealing Swann's motorcycle, and the outlaws pursue Swann into the small village of San Marcos, but his red suit and dirtbike scare the local Mexicans, who think he is 'El Diablo' (Spanish for 'The Devil').

There, he meets a beautiful woman, Claire Cygne, who gives him a safe place to hide, and who severely wounds one of Reese's men Carl Dorsett. The village priest compels them to withdraw, but Reese continues to plot the capture of Swann's dirtbike. In the village, Swann is seduced by Claire (at gun point) and sleeps with her, but she is later kidnapped by Reese's henchman Claude Dorsett as revenge for her shooting and wounding his brother Carl.

They also manage to capture the dirtbike, leading to a series of hijinks, while Swann gets help from a posse of two U.S. Marshals, Potter and Daniels, who are trying to capture or kill the gang. Potter has a personal vendetta against Reese, for Reese killed Potter's son two years previously. Swann manages to retrieve his dirtbike and rescue Claire. Potter is killed by Reese in an ambush, and Daniels is mortally wounded and dies later.

In a final showdown, Reese's band of outlaws faces Swann, the last survivor of the posse, and Claire atop a plateau. When a helicopter shows up (sent by the builders of the time travel experiment to take Swann home), Reese's men run away in fear, but Reese stays behind and fires at the helicopter, killing or wounding one of the pilots. The helicopter begins spinning wildly as the co-pilot tries to maintain control, knocking the dirtbike off the side of the plateau. Reese is killed by the helicopter's tail rotor. The helicopter manages to land on the plateau and extract Swann.

Just as the helicopter pulls away, Claire snatches a pendant from Swann's neck that was handed down from his great-great-grandmother, who had stolen it from his great-great grandfather as a reminder of "one incredible night they had together." Swann realizes that he is his own great-great-grandfather.

Main cast
Fred Ward as Lyle Swann
Belinda Bauer as Claire Cygne
Peter Coyote as Porter Reese
Richard Masur as Claude Dorsett
Tracey Walter as Carl Dorsett
Ed Lauter as Padre Quinn
L. Q. Jones as Ben Potter American marshal
Chris Mulkey as Daniels, 2nd American marshal
Macon McCalman as Dr. Sam
Michael Nesmith as Race Official

Production

Screenplay
The off-screen dialogue (narrated by Macon McCalman) heard over the opening credits explains the time travel experiment as having the goal of sending a rhesus monkey to the year 1862 (according to the inscription on the canister containing the monkey which Swann reads aloud, the experiment begins on November 4, 1982). After Swann stumbles into the experiment, the scientists in charge of the experiment determine that Swann and the monkey were sent to about "1875," then later pinpoint the date as being November 5, 1877.  The screenplay's "time travel arrival day" of November 5 had first appeared in 1979's Time After Time; and was also the "time travel arrival day" in a later film, 1985's Back to the Future. As another plot clue, Claire's last name, Cygne, is the vocative singular form of "cygnus," Latin for "swan."

In addition to the grandfather paradox and the predestination paradox presented in the film, the necklace that Claire takes from Lyle presents an ontological paradox (i.e., an object with no creation point and continually in the time-loop), similar to the pocket watch in the 1980 time-travel film Somewhere in Time. These paradoxes were highlighted in the 2004 South Park episode "Goobacks," where various time-traveling techniques in movies are compared.

The film's screenplay was written by Michael Nesmith, a member of the band The Monkees. The movie is produced by Zoomo Production, which is a subsidiary of Michael Nesmith's Pacific Arts Corporation. The movie was also released by Pacific Arts Video, another entity of Nesmith's, who appears briefly as one of the Baja 1000 officials in the beginning of the film.

DVD release with alternate version
Two brief scenes were cut from the above theatrical version for the 2001 Anchor Bay Entertainment DVD release:

The scene where the time experiment scientists pinpoint Swann's exact day in the past as being November 5, 1877, is missing.
The scene where Reese is struck by the rescue helicopter's tail rotor, leaving only his sheared off, bloody feet and boots is missing. Instead, the original sound effects remain, and a shot of Reese cowering on the ground is inserted.

Shout! Factory released the film on Blu-ray on March 19, 2013. It has since gone out-of-print.

Critical reception
Upon its theatrical release, Vincent Canby of The New York Times commented, "At the point at which I walked out, about 55 minutes into the story, there hadn't been a single characterization, situation, line of dialogue, camera angle or joke to indicate that anyone connected with Timerider had the remotest idea of what he was doing."

Contemporary critics reviewed the film upon its 2001 DVD release:

Patrick Naugle of DVD Verdict said, "Timerider starts off a bit slow. It seems as if the first twenty minutes are taken up watching Swann ride his bike all over the dry desert plains. After that sluggish beginning, Timerider kicks into a funny and enjoyable fish-out-of-water story."

Soundtrack
Nesmith also produced, wrote, and recorded the Timerider: The Adventure of Lyle Swann soundtrack. Eighteen years after the soundtrack was recorded, it was finally released by Videoranch (the official website and another subsidiary of Nesmith's Pacific Arts).

Track listing

References

External links

1982 films
1980s Western (genre) science fiction films
1982 independent films
American Western (genre) science fiction films
American independent films
Films directed by William Dear
Films set in 1877
Films set in New Mexico
Films shot in New Mexico
Films about time travel
Films with screenplays by Michael Nesmith
Films with screenplays by William Dear
1980s American films

Timerider: The Adventure of Lyle Swann


Cesare Emiliani (8 December 1922 – 20 July 1995) was an Italian-American scientist, geologist, micropaleontologist, and founder of paleoceanography. He developed the timescale of marine isotope stages which is still used today.

He established that the ice ages of the last half million years or so are a cyclic phenomenon. This supported the ideas of Milankovitch and revolutionized ideas about the history of the oceans and the glaciations. He was also the proponent of Project "LOCO" (for Long Cores) to the U.S. National Science Foundation. The project was a success. It gave evidence of the history of the oceans and tested the hypotheses of seafloor spreading and plate tectonics.

Cesare Emiliani was honored by having the genus Emiliania erected as home for the taxon huxlei. This had previously been called Coccolithus huxleii. He was awarded the Vega Medal of the Swedish Society for Anthropology and Geography (SSAG) in 1983, and the Alexander Agassiz Medal of the U.S. National Academy of Sciences in 1989 for his isotopic studies on Pleistocene and Holocene planktic foraminifera.

Selected works
Emiliani C. 1954. Depth habitats of some species of pelagic foraminifera as indicated by oxygen isotope ratios. American Journal of Science 252:149–158
Emiliani C. 1957. Temperature and age analysis of deepsea cores. Science 125:383–385
Emiliani C. 1968. The Pleistocene epoch and the evolution of man. Current Anthropology 9:27–47
Emiliani C. 1971. Depth habitats and growth stages of pelagic formanifera. Science 173:1122–1124
Emiliani, Cesare 1992. Planet Earth : cosmology, geology, & the evolution of life & the environment. Cambridge University Press. (paperback edition )

1922 births
1995 deaths
American geologists
American paleontologists
Italian scientists
People from Bologna

Cesare Emiliani


Pelops is a person from Greek mythology.  He was the son of Tantalus and Dione and the father of Pittheus, Plisthenes, Atreus, Thyestes, Chrysippus and Copreus.
According to the mythology, the Peloponesus was named after Pelops.

Tantaus cut Pelops into pieces and served him to the gods in a stew. He was later put back together.

People in Greek mythology

Pelops


Sky-Map.org (or WikiSky.org) is a wiki and interactive sky map that covers more than half a billion celestial objects. Users can view the whole star sky at once and zoom in to view areas in greater detail. WikiSky includes many stars, galaxies, constellations, and planets, but it is still in development. Users can also edit information about different stars by writing articles, adding Internet links, uploading images, or create a special interest group for a specific task. The website, although still available for users to visit, has not shown much activity since 2010.

Software
Users may browse the sky in several surveys, including GALEX, DSS, and SDSS. In either mode, the user can access the name and a brief description of visible objects. This can be used to access more detailed information, including articles and different photo images.

Sky-Map.org also has its own API so that code can be written to access maps, objects' information and SDSS data. The API that has more functionality than the interactive part of the website currently uses.

Wikisky image copyrights
Some images from Wikisky, such as Digitized Sky Survey (DSS2) are "non-commercial use". The DSS datarights are held by multiple institutions. Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) images are now public domain, although earlier data releases were for non-commercial use only. Images from the Hubble Space Telescope (HST), Spitzer Space Telescope (infrared) or GALEX space telescope (ultraviolet) are "PD-NASA-USgov".

Similar maps

References

External links

 SKY-MAP.ORG - API

Astronomical surveys
Observational astronomy
Astronomy websites
Wikis

Sky-Map.org


India, officially the Republic of India (Bhārata Gaṇarājya), is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by geographical area, the second most populous country, and the most populous liberal democracy in the world. India has a coastline of over seven thousand kilometres, bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the west, and the Bay of Bengal on the east. India borders Pakistan to the west;China, Nepal and Bhutan to the north-east; and Bangladesh and Myanmar to the east. In the Indian Ocean, India is in the vicinity of Sri Lanka, Maldives and Indonesia.

ʻInitia/en


Santiago Mariño Carige Fitzgerald (25 July 1788 in Valle Espíritu Santo, Margarita – 4 September 1854 in La Victoria, Aragua), was a nineteenth-century Venezuelan revolutionary leader and hero in the Venezuelan War of Independence (1811–1823). He became an important leader of eastern Venezuela and for a short while in 1835 seized power over the new state of Venezuela.

Family
His father was the captain of the "Santiago Mariño de Acuña" militias and "Lieutenant Greater Justice of the Gulf of Paria". His mother, Atanasia Carige Fitzgerald, of Creole and Irish descent, was from Chaguaramas in the island of Trinidad, where his parents resided while he was a boy. He had a sister, Concepción Mariño. Due to his parents' wealth he was well educated. After his father's death in 1808, he moved to the island of Margarita (about 250 km west of Trinidad, off the Venezuelan coast), to take possession of his inheritance.

Masonry
Mariño was also one of the greatest figures in the history of Freemasonry in Venezuela, although he was apparently initiated in Trinidad. He was awarded the title of "Serenismo Gran Maestro del Gran Oriente Nacional" ('The Most Serene Grand Master of the Great National East", a title equivalent to the modern Grand Master).

Revolutionary Wars

Napoleonic Wars: War of Spanish Independence (1808–1814)

The rise of the revolutionary movement in Venezuela was strongly influenced by the confusing and rapidly changing situation in Spain. Spain was initially against France in the Napoleonic Wars, but in 1795 France declared war on Spain which concluded an alliance with France and declared war on Great Britain. The British responded by blockading Spain, whose colonies were for the first time cut off from their colonial rulers, and began to trade independently with Britain.

British support for the Venezuelan revolutionaries from Trinidad
Thomas Picton, the first British Governor of Trinidad after the capitulation of the Spanish, who held office from 1797 to 1803, was a great support to the revolutionaries or "Patriots" in Venezuela. Soon after becoming governor, he issued a proclamation on 6 June 1797, based on suggestions from Britain, which stated:

"The object which at present I desire most particularly to bring to your attention, is the means which might best be adopted to liberate the people of the continent near to the Island of Trinidad from the oppressive and tyrannic system which supports with so much vigour the monopoly of commerce.... In order to fulfil this intention with the greater facility, it will be prudent for your Excellency to animate the inhabitants of Trinidad in keeping up the communication which they had with those of Tierra Firma previous to the reduction of that Island, under assurance that they will find there an entrepot or general magazines of every sort of every sort of goods whatsoever. To this end His Britannic Majesty has determined in Council to grant freedom to the ports of Trinidad, with a direct trade to Great Britain...."

Ironically, the 1807 devastating defeat of the British invasions of the River Plate in South America, largely by local militias, encouraged a more independent attitude in Spain's American colonies.

Spanish power weakens, paving the way to Independence

After the Battle of Trafalgar (21 October 1805), Spain changed sides again, only to realign itself with France after Napoleon defeated Prussia in 1807. However, Spain was had been severely weakened by all these wars, opening an opportunity for the revolutionaries in South America.

Following this, the Spanish king, Ferdinand VII, was deposed by Napoleon in 1808. He had been on the throne just 48 days after his father Charles IV abdicated in his favor. He was replaced by Joseph Bonaparte, the elder brother of Napoleon, who ruled as king of Spain from 6 June 1808 to 11 December 1813. A "Supreme Central Junta" was formed to govern in the name of Ferdinand, marking the beginning of Spain's War of Independence from French domination.

Joseph Bonaparte and his brother, Napoleon, led a long and bitter war against the British forces under the Duke of Wellington, culminating in Napoleon being forced to allow the reinstatement of Ferdinand VII on 11 December 1813, who ruled Spain until his death in 1833.

First Republic
On 19 April 1810 the city council or cabildo of Caracas reformed itself as a Junta, soon to be followed by the provincial centres such as Barcelona, Cumaná, Mérida, and Trujillo. They saw themselves as allied with the Junta of Seville which ruled in the name of the king. Simón Bolívar saw the setting up of the Junta as a step toward outright independence.

Ports were opened to international trade, particularly with Britain which received preferential treatment, paying 25% less tax than other nations. The young Bolívar  went to London and Mariño to Port of Spain (Trinidad) to seek support if Venezuela was attacked and to pressure the Spanish grants special privileged. This was difficult to do as Britain and Spain were allies, but he was given promises of future trade concessions. Spain viewed these developments with alarm and, in 1810, declared the popular party rebels, the province was treated as enemy territory and its ports were blockaded. Sir Thomas Hislop

The Royalists held Guyana and the Orinoco Delta, while the rebel Patriots held the coasts from Maturín to Cape la Peña.

In late 1812 Mariño joined Colonel Manuel Villapol, who marched to Guayana. Excelling in combat, he was promoted to lieutenant colonel. Some months later he was appointed Commander of Güiria, bravely defending that centre of the Royalists' assault, and was promoted to the rank of colonel.

The Venezuelan War of Independence occurred while the Spanish were preoccupied with that of New Granada and Spain. On 17 December 1819 the Congress of Angostura established Gran Colombia's independence from Spain.

After the Battle of San Mateo, the Republic collapsed, and Francisco de Miranda capitulated to Monteverde, signing an armistice on 25 July 1812. Mariño's Venezuelan Patriots who survived either fled or were imprisoned. Mariño himself retired to a property owned by his sister, in Trinidad.

Second Republic

Mariño's invasion of Venezuela
Mariño was informed of the ill-treatment that befell Miranda and the other patriotic men, by the Royalist leader General Monteverde, who violated the terms of the armistice by imprisoning many Venezuelans. Indignant at such abuse, Mariño assembled an expeditionary force of 45 Patriots on the small island of Chacachacare off the coast of Trinidad. Among this small group were the future Generals José Francisco Bermúdez, Francisco Azcue and Manuel Piar. With that handful of revolutionaries with a few muskets, they crossed the Gulf of Paria in canoes, and landed on the coast of Venezuela on 11 January 1813.

Just prior to Mariño's force leaving, the Governor of Trinidad, General Hector William Munro intent on proving Trinidad's neutrality, sent a detachment of the 1st West India Regiment to the tiny island of Chacachacare to investigate claims that a military force was gathering there and to disperse it peacefully, if possible. They returned to report they had discovered nothing, but Munro issued a Proclamation stating that the Government of Trinidad was strictly neutral, and officially banished Mariño from Trinidad (after he had left) and seized the property of all those involved with the affair.

The tiny invasion force captured Guiria, a small town on the gulf coast of Venezuela. Fortunately for them, the main body of 500 Royalist troops had recently moved inland, leaving only the local militia which was quickly overcome.

News of the victory spread quickly and Mariño was soon leading a force of 5,000 men armed and equipped with supplies captured at Guiria. They then marched against Maturín on the Rio Guarapiche. Apparently, Bolívar was pleased that the Royalists would now have to fight on two fronts but he wanted to liberate Caracas before Mariño was able to do so.

Tussles with Bolívar and other independence leaders
In 1813 Simón Bolívar joined the army of United Provinces of New Granada. After winning a series of battles, Bolívar received the approval of the "New Granadan Congress" to lead a liberating force into Venezuela in what became known as the Admirable Campaign. At the same time, Santiago Mariño invaded from the east in an independently organized campaign. Both forces quickly defeated the royalist troops in various battles, such as Alto de los Godos. Bolívar entered Caracas on 6 August 1813, proclaiming the restoration of the Venezuelan republic, which was not fully recognized by Mariño based in Cumaná, although the two leaders did cooperate militarily. There was a struggle between the two men for the leadership. Mariño named himself "Chief of the Independent Army," conquered eastern Venezuela, and set up a separate political entity in the east. But Bolívar insisted that it was essential to have one central government uniting Venezuela and New Granada to ensure its viability – his first proposal of a greater Colombia.

In February and March 1814, Mariño and his forces fought alongside Bolívar. They regrouped at Valencia and Bolívar handed over command to Mariño, "as a sure sign of his high opinion of his person and services, and also in this way to ensure the adhesion of the eastern officers to the common cause of Venezuela." However, due to their series of repeated reverses they both had to retreat from central Venezuela to the port of Carúpano. Bolívar and Mariño were arrested and removed from power by José Félix Ribas and Manuel Piar, each representing the two republican commands then in place in Venezuela. A few days later Ribas and Piar decided not to try them and instead released them into exile. On 8 September, after the fall of the second republic, Bolívar and Mariño set sail for Cartagena de Indias, leaving Piar and Ribas to lead the increasingly encircled republicans.  In 1815 Bolivar and Mariño left for Jamaica and Haiti. In 1816 participated in the first expedition of Les Cayes and arriving at Venezuela was named second of the Liberator. Defeated in Ocumare de la Costa Bolívar returned from Haiti to Barcelona calling on all to join together, but first Bermúdez and Valdéz rebelled against Mariño, and then Mariño against Bolívar. In 1816 Bolívar used the island of Margarita as his base of operations and, in 1817, the Spanish General Pablo Morillo was driven off the island. He inspired the Cariaco Congress with Jose Cortés de Madariaga, in which federalism was revived in Venezuela, that caused a clash with Bolivar that dissolved the Congress. As a deputy, Mariño represented the province of Cumaná in the second Congress of Venezuela, meeting in Angostura on 15 February 1819, from which he had the license to return to the army. That same year, it triumphed over the colonel Eugenio Arana in the combat of Cantaura and while Bolivar operated in the liberation of Viceroyalty of New Granada took part in the movement that displaced Francisco Antonio Zea of the vice-presidency of the Republic. In his place was named the general in chief Juan Bautista Arismendi, and Mariño was nominated commander in chief of the army of the east. Once Bolivar arrived in the city of Angostura, Mariño was promoted as the General Staff.

Rapprochement with Bolívar and other leaders finally leads to Independence
Gradually more and more of the caudillos (warlords or political bosses) began to join Bolívar, but then Piar rebelled against him and was finally put to death in October 1817. Conflict between Bolívar and Mariño escalated and in 1818 distracted the military campaign enough to allow the Royalists to dominate Cumaná. Finally Bolívar managed to win Mariño over by appointing him General-in-Chief of the Army of the East with control over the plains of Barcelona, while Bermúdez and Cedeño were given the rest of the eastern districts and Páez was yet to be pacified.

Mariño was a member of the Venezuelan Congress in 1819 and was Chief of Staff during the second Battle of Carabobo, which, on 24 June 1821, finally secured Venezuelan independence.

Later activities
In May 1831, a council of 150 residents of the city of Barcelona, General Santiago Mariño and José Tadeo Monagas were invested as the principal authorities of the "State of the East", until the installation of the first Congress to be convened later. After that, President José Antonio Páez stopped this separatist attempt, negotiating with the Monagas brothers, convincing them to submit to central authority.

On 8 July 1835, there was a violent and bloody military coup to overthrough president Jose Maria Vargas, known as the "Revolución de las Reformas", headed by Mariño, which had the objectives of establishing military control, the religion of the State, to vindicate the name of Simón Bolivar as Liberator, and to reconstruct Great Colombia. On 9 July 1835 President Vargas and Vice-president Andrés Narvarte were expelled to the Island of Saint Thomas, and Mariño briefly took the power of the country. However, José Antonio Páez and his forces entered Caracas on 28 July to find it abandoned by the Reformists, and reinstated Vargas, putting an early end to Mariño's military rule. Mariño was forced into exile in 1836, fleeing to Curaçao, Jamaica, Haiti, and finally Colombia.

Mariño returned to Venezuela in 1848 and became Army Chief under President José Tadeo Monagas to confront his former leader, General José Antonio Páez, also President of Venezuela.

Mariño unsuccessfully bid for the presidency of Venezuela several times in the 1830s and 40s. In 1848 he led the forces supporting President Monagas which overthrew Páez at the 'Batalla de Los Araguatos' on 10 March 1848. Páez was imprisoned, and eventually exiled.

Mariño died in the town of La Victoria on 4 September (or, according to one source, 20 November), 1854.

Notes

References

See also
Venezuela
History of Venezuela
Venezuelan War of Independence
Second Republic of Venezuela

1788 births
1854 deaths
People from Nueva Esparta
Venezuelan soldiers
History of Venezuela
Venezuelan Freemasons
People of the Venezuelan War of Independence
Burials at the National Pantheon of Venezuela
Candidates for President of Venezuela

Santiago Mariño


Diana, Princess of Wales (born Diana Frances Spencer; 1 July 1961 – 31 August 1997) was a member of the British Royal family. She was the first wife of King Charles III (then Prince of Wales) and mother of Prince William and Prince Harry. Her activism and glamour made her an international icon, and earned her enduring popularity.

Early life
Diana Frances Spencer was born on 1 July 1961 at Park House Hotel in Sandringham, Norfolk, England. Her father was the Earl Spencer. She left school when she was 16 years old and moved to London when she was 18 years old.

Marriage, family and divorce
In 1981, Diana married Prince Charles at St. Paul's Cathedral. They had two sons, Prince William and Prince Harry.

Charles and Diana separated in 1992, and divorced in 1996. Diana said Camilla Parker-Bowles was responsible for the problems with her marriage. Diana was the first Englishwoman to marry an heir to the British throne in 300 years.  Charles' brothers married commoners: Andrew, Duke of York, married Sarah Ferguson in 1986, and his youngest brother, Edward, Earl of Wessex, married Sophie Rhys-Jones in 1999.

Children
The couple had residences at Kensington Palace and Highgrove House, near Tetbury. On 5 November 1981, Diana's pregnancy was announced. In January 1982—12 weeks into the pregnancy—Diana fell down a staircase at Sandringham, suffering some bruising, and the royal gynaecologist Sir George Pinker was summoned from London; the foetus was uninjured. Diana later confessed that she had intentionally thrown herself down the stairs because she was feeling "so inadequate". On 21 June 1982, Diana gave birth to the couple's first son, Prince William. She subsequently suffered from postpartum depression after her first pregnancy. Amidst some media criticism, she decided to take William—who was still a baby—on her first major tours of Australia and New Zealand, and the decision was popularly applauded. By her own admission, Diana had not initially intended to take William until Malcolm Fraser, the Australian prime minister, made the suggestion.

A second son, Prince Harry, was born on 15 September 1984. The Princess said she and Charles were closest during her pregnancy with Harry. She was aware their second child was a boy, but did not share the knowledge with anyone else, including Charles.

Diana gave her sons wider experiences than was usual for royal children. She rarely deferred to Charles or to the royal family, and was often intransigent when it came to the children. She chose their first given names, dismissed a royal family nanny (and engaged one of her own choosing), selected their schools and clothing, planned their outings, and took them to school herself as often as her schedule permitted. She also organised her public duties around their timetables.

Charity
Throughout her life, Diana was something of a rebel. Her work with victims of AIDS could, in some ways, be seen in this regard. She was one of the first very high profile people to be pictured touching those afflicted with AIDS, and this had a significant impact in changing people's opinions and attitudes to the disease.  It was certainly a charity not following the protocol and tradition of the Royal family. As Princess Diana said:

"HIV does not make people dangerous to know. You can shake their hands and give them hug heaven knows they need it"

Diana had a very personable touch. She was very at ease in meeting people from any background and even if they were ill or in hospices. The patients would react very favourably to her meetings, they warmed to her life energy and heartfelt sympathy. Part of her appeal was her sympathy and natural compassion. She could empathise with people's suffering, having suffered much herself.

To the media, Diana often portrayed a very stoic and positive energy, but an aide suggested that at the same time these engagements often drained Diana emotionally at the end of some engagements she felt depleted.

As well as working on charities such as AIDS she lent her name to the campaign to ban landmines. Her personal support is said to have been a significant factor in encouraging Britain and then other countries to support the Ottawa Treaty which sought to introduce a ban on the use of anti-personnel landmines. When Robin Cook brought the second reading of the landmines bill to the house in 1998 he made a point of paying tribute to the contribution of Princess Diana.

Car accident and death

Diana and her boyfriend, Dodi Al-Fayed, were killed in a car accident in Paris, France, in the early morning of 31 August, 1997. She was 36 years old. Many mourners left flowers, candles, cards and personal messages for her in public places. She was buried in London on 6 September, 1997.

Concerts for Diana took place shortly after her death. The concerts involved Elton John and numerous others. Elton John released a remake of his song, "Candle in the Wind" in memory of Diana.

Titles
 1961–1975: The Honourable Diana Frances Spencer
 1975–1981: Lady Diana Frances Spencer
 1981–1996: Her Royal Highness The Princess of Wales
 in Scotland: 1981–1996: Her Royal Highness The Duchess of Rothesay
 1996–1997: Diana, Princess of Wales

Diana's full title, once married, was Her Royal Highness The Princess of Wales and Countess of Chester, Duchess of Cornwall, Duchess of Rothesay, Countess of Carrick, Baroness of Renfrew, Lady of the Isles, Princess of Scotland. Legally, she was still entitled to use her previous royal courtesy titles after her divorce as long as she remained unmarried.

References

Other websites

 Last Will and Testament of Diana, Princess of Wales
 Lord Stevens' Operation Paget Report Into The Death of Diana, Princess of Wales - published 14 December 2006
 H.M. Coroner of Surrey: The Official Inquest Into The Deaths of Diana, Princess of Wales & Dodi Al Fayed

1961 births
1997 deaths
Accidental deaths in France
English Anglicans
House of Windsor
People from Norfolk
Princes and Princesses of Wales
Road accident deaths
Charles III

Diana, Princess of Wales


Grace Patricia Kelly (an haife ta a ranar 12 ga wartan Nuwamba, shekarar alif 1929, ta mutu a ranar 14 ga watan Satumba shekara ta alif 1982) yar fim din Amurka ce, wanda bayan fitowarta ta haskaka a wasu manyan fina-finai a farkon-zuwa tsakiyar shekarun 1950, ta zama Gimbiya ta Monaco ta auranta da Yarima Rainier III a watan Afrilun na shekarar alif 1956.

Bayan kammala karatunta daga Kwalejin wasan kwaikwayo ta Amurka a cikin shekara ta alif 1949, Kelly ya fara fitowa a cikin abubuwan wasan kwaikwayo na New York City da kuma abubuwan wasan kwaikwayo na rayuwa sama da 40 da aka watsa a farkon 1950s Golden Age of Television . Ta kuma sami tauraro daga wasan da ta yi a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na John Ford na kasada- romancin Mogambo (1953), wanda a dalilinsa ne aka zabe ta don lambar yabo ta Academy don Mafi kyawun Jaruma Mai Tallafawa . Ta ci lambar yabo ta Academy don Mafi kyawun Jaruma saboda rawar da ta yi a wasan kwaikwayo The Country Girl (1954).  Sauran sananne ayyukansu sun hada da yammacin High noon (1952), da romance-comedy High Society (1956), da kuma uku a jere Alfred Hitchcock jinkirtar thrillers: Dial M for Kisa (1954), Rear Window (1954), da kuma a kama barawo ( 1955). Kelly ya yi aiki tare da wasu fitattun manyan mutane na zamanin, ciki har da Gary Cooper, Clark Gable, Ray Millan, James Stewart, Bing Crosby, William Holden, Cary Grant, Alec Guinness, da Frank Sinatra .

Kelly ta yi ritaya daga aiki tun tana da shekara 26 ta auri Rainier, kuma ta fara aikinta a matsayin Gimbiya na Monaco . Sanannen abu ne cewa Hitchcock yana fatan za ta fito a cikin wasu finafinan sa wadanda ke buƙatar fitacciyar 'yar wasan kwaikwayo, amma bai sami damar hana ta janye ba. Kelly da Rainier sunada yara uku: Princess Caroline, Prince Albert, da Princess Stéphanie . Kelly ta ci gaba da kasancewa ta hanyar haɗin gwiwa da Amurka ta zama ɗan asalin Amurka da Monégasque. Princess Grace ta mutu a Asibiti na Monaco a ranar 14 ga watan Satumba, shekarar alif 1982, sakamakon rauni da ta samu a hatsarin jirgin sama a ranar da ta gabata. A lokacin rasuwarta tana da shekara 52.

Tana cikin jerin 13th a cikin Cibiyar Fina-Finan Amurka 25 mafi girma na taurari Hollywood .

Bayan fage da rayuwa

An haifi Kelly ne a ranar 12 ga watan Nuwamba, shekarar 1929, a Asibitin Jami'ar Hahnemann da ke Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, ga dangi mai wadata da kuma manyan mutane.  Mahaifinta, Ailan-American John B. Kelly Sr., ya lashe uku Olympic zinare ga sculling da kuma mallakar wani cin nasara brickwork kwangilar kamfanin da aka kyau da aka sani a kan Gabas Coast. A matsayin dan takarar Demokradiyya a zaben shekarar 1935 na magajin garin Philadelphia, mafi kusa ya ragu a tarihin garin. A shekarun baya ya yi aiki a Hukumar ta Fairmount Park kuma, yayin yakin duniya na biyu, Shugaba Roosevelt ya nada shi a matsayin Daraktan Kula da Lafiya na Kasa. Brotheran uwanta Walter C. Kelly ɗan wasan tauraruwar vaudeville ne, wanda kuma ya yi fina-finai na Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer da Paramount Pictures, wani kuma mai suna George shi ne Pulitzer Prize –winwin dramatist, marubucin allo, kuma darekta.

Mahaifiyar Kelly, Margaret Katherine Majer, iyayenta yan Janus ne. Margaret ta koyar da physical education a University of Pennsylvania and had been the first woman to coach women's athletics at the institution. She also modeled for a time in her youth. After marrying John B. Kelly in 1924, Margaret focused on being a housewife until all her children were of school age, following which she began actively participating in various civic organizations.

Kelly tana da wasu 'yan uwanta biyu, Margaret da John Jr., da wata' yar uwa, Elizabeth. 'Ya'yan sun girma a cikin bangaskiyar Katolika.

Kelly ya girma ne a cikin karamar ƙaramar cocin Katolika. Saint Bridget shine Ikklesiya ta East Falls inda aka yi mata baftisma kuma ta sami ilimin farko. Saint John Neumann, Bishop na huɗu na Philadelphia, an kafa shi a cikin 1853, a lokacin Saint Bridget shine ɗan Ikklesiya na matasa, inda iyalai ke da kusanci da juna. Yayinda ta halarci makarantar Ravenhill Academy, makarantar 'yan mata' yan darikar Katolika, Kelly tayi kwalliyar fati a wajen taron sadaqa tare da mahaifiyarta da 'yan uwanta mata. A shekara ta 1942, lokacin tana 'yar shekara 12, ta jagoranci gaba a cikin Kada Ku ciyar da Dabbobin, wasan da kungiyar' Yan wasa ta Gabas ta Gabas suka gabatar.  Kafin kammala karatun digiri a watan Mayu 1947 daga Stevens School, wata babbar jami'a mai zaman kanta a cikin Chestnut Hill da ke kusa, ta yi rawa da rawa. Littafin karatun ta na shekara-shekara ya jera 'yar wasan da ta fi so a matsayin Ingrid Bergman da kuma dan wasan da ta fi so a matsayin Joseph Cotten .  Rubuta a sashin "Annabcin Stevens" shine: "Miss Grace P. Kelly   - sanannen tauraruwa ne na mataki da allo ". Sakamakon maki mai karancin lissafi, Kwalejin Bennington ta ki karbarta a watan Yuli na shekarar 1947.

Aiki

Duk da rashin amincewar iyayenta da farko, Kelly ta yanke shawarar bin burinta na zama 'yar wasan kwaikwayo. John bai ji daɗi sosai da shawarar da ta yanke ba; ya kalli yin hakan a matsayin "wani siriri a saman bakin titi". [12] Don fara aikinta, ta nemi izinin Kwalejin Ilimin Addinin gargajiya ta Amurka a New York, ta amfani da abin kallo daga kawunta George Kelly na The Torch-Bearers a shekarar (1923). Kodayake makarantar ta riga ta cika tanadin tsarin karatun ta, amma ta samu tattaunawa da jami'in shigar da karar, Emile Diestel, kuma an karbe shi ta hannun George. [12]

Kelly ta yi aiki da himma, kuma ta yi amfani da maganarta ta amfani da rakodin tef. Ayyukanta na farko sun sa ta kai ga matakin, kuma ta yi ta farko a karon farko a Strindberg 's Uba, tare da Raymond Massey . A 19, wasan karatun ta ya kasance kamar yadda Tracy Lord a cikin Labari na Filadelfia . [12]

Shiri a talebelijin Delbert Mann cast Kelly as Bethel Merriday in an adaptation of the Sinclair Lewis novel of the same name; this was her first of nearly 60 live television programs. As a theater personality, she was mentioned in Theatre World magazine as: "[a] most promising personality of the Broadway stage of 1950." Some of her well-known works as a theater actress were: The Father, The Rockingham Tea Set, The Apple Tree, The Mirror of Delusion, Episode (for Somerset Maugham's tele-serial), among others.

Success on television eventually brought her a role in a major motion picture. Impressed by her work in The Father, the director of the Twentieth Century-Fox film Fourteen Hours (1951), Henry Hathaway, offered her a small role in the film. Kelly had a minor role, opposite Paul Douglas, Richard Basehart, and Barbara Bel Geddes, as a young woman contemplating divorce. Kelly's co-artist Paul Douglas commented of her acting in this film: "In two senses, she did not have a bad side – you could film her from any angle, and she was one of the most un-temperamental cooperative people in the business." Following the release of this film, the "Grace Kelly Fan Club" was established. It became popular all over the United States, with local chapters springing up and attracting many members. Kelly referred to her fan club as "terrifically amusing"..

Gary Cooper ta lura da Kelly yayin ziyarar zuwa sa'o'in hudun na Sa'a, wanda daga baya ta kasance tare da ita a High Noon (1952). Kyautatawar da ya yi mata, ya ce ita ta bambanta da waɗannan ire-iren waɗannan haɓakar da muka gani da yawa ". Koyaya, abin da Kelly ta yi a cikin Shekaru Goma sha huɗu ba su da masu sukar ba, kuma ba su kai ta ga karɓar sauran rawar da ta taka ba. Ta ci gaba da ayyukanta a cikin wasan kwaikwayo da talabijin, duk da cewa ba ta da "ƙarfin dawakai", kuma da alama ba za ta sami dogon lokacin aiki ba. [12]
.
Kelly tana yin wasan ne a cikin gidan Elitch Gardens na Colorado lokacin da mai gabatar da kara Stanley Kramer ya ba ta rawar gani a gaban Gary Cooper a cikin Fred Zinnemann 's High Noon, Yammacin Yankin Yammacin Turai a wani tsohon gari da ke hakar ma'adinai a Columbia, California. Ta yarda da rawar, kuma an harbe fim din a ƙarshen bazara / farkon faɗuwar 1951 a kan jadawalin harbe-harben kwana 28 a cikin yanayi mai zafi. An jefa ta a matsayin 'yar budurwa Quaker zuwa ga Gary Cooper's stoic Marshall ", kuma ta sanya" rigar da ta dace da rigar mutuncin Victoria ", tare da Gary Cooper, wacce ke da shekaru 28. [16] The movie aka saki a lokacin rani na shekarar 1952. [18] High noon janyo hudu Academy Awards, kuma ya tun da aka ranked a cikin mafi kyau fina-finan da duk lokaci.  Koyaya, High Noon ba fim din da ya sa Kelly ta zama tauraron fim ba, duk da cewa a yanzu tana ɗaya daga cikin sanannun fina-finai.  Kamar yadda mawallafin tarihin H. Haughland ke faɗi: "Aikin Miss Kelly bai farantawa masu sukar lamirin ba, ko kuma sun yi rayuwa da nata." [16] Wasu masu sukar lamuni sun yi ba'a a ƙarshen fim ɗin wanda Kelly ya ceci halin Cooper. David Bishop ya bayar da hujjar cewa halayensa na rashin gaskiya, wanda ya kashe wani mutumin da ke shirin harbi mijinta, ya kasance mai sanyi. Alfred Hitchcock ya bayyana abin da ta yi a matsayin "makusantan mousy", kuma ya ce ba ta da tashin hankali. Ya ce a fina-fincinta na baya ne kawai "ta yi rawar jiki" kuma ta nuna ingancin tauraronsa na gaske.

Kawun Grace Kelly George Kelly, 'yar fim din Pulitzer ne - mai wasan kwaikwayo na mata, ta ba da shawara da ba da kulawa ga Kelly yayin fim din Hollywood.  Aikin fim din ta ya kasance ne tun daga watan Satumbar shekarar 1951 zuwa watan Maris shekara ta 1956. [24]

Yin aiki a MGM

Bayan yin fim ɗin High Noon, Kelly ya koma New York City kuma ya ɗauki darussan koyar da zaman kansu, masu sha'awar ɗauka da muhimmanci a matsayin 'yar wasan kwaikwayo. [16] Ta yi a cikin 'yan wasan kwaikwayo a cikin wasan kwaikwayo, da kuma a shirye-shiryen talabijin. [25] Ta bayyana a cikin wasu wasannin kwaikwayo na talabijin da dama (wanda aka buga a sama da shirye-shiryen talabijin sama da sittin),  da aka gwada allo domin fim din Taxi a cikin bazara na shekarar 1952. Darakta John Ford ya lura da Kelly a cikin gwajin allo na 1950, kuma injinsa ya tashi ta fito zuwa Los Angeles don dubawa a watan Satumbar shekarar 1952. Ford ya ce Kelly ya nuna "kiwo, inganci, da aji". An ba ta rawar, tare da kwangilar shekaru bakwai a ƙarancin albashi na $850 a mako. [26] Kelly ta sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar a karkashin sharuɗɗa biyu: na farko, cewa ɗayan daga cikin shekaru biyu, tana da lokacin hutu don aiki a gidan wasan kwaikwayo; na biyu kuma, cewa ta sami damar zama a New York City a gidanta na Manhattan House, a 200 E. 66th Street, yanzu alamar ƙasa ce. [12]
.
Bayan watanni biyu, a cikin watan Nuwamba shekarar 1952, Kelly da ɗan wasan sun isa Nairobi don fara fim din Mogambo . Gene Tierney da farko an jefa shi cikin rawar, amma dole ne ta sauka a cikin minti na ƙarshe saboda batutuwan sirri. Daga baya Kelly ya fadawa mawakin fina-finan Hollywood Hedda Hopper, " Mogambo yana da abubuwa uku da suka ba ni sha'awa: John Ford, Clark Gable, da tafiya zuwa Afirka, tare da biyan kuɗi. Idan an yi Mogambo a Arizona, da ba zan t sun aikata shi. "  Kelly tana wasa da Linda Nordley, matar aure ce ta Turanci mai ban sha'awa tare da sha'awar soyayya a Clark Gable. Kayan riguna, wadanda Helen Rose suka tsara, sun kasance "salon safari". Sama da tsawan watanni uku, babu kayan neman mata da aka yi amfani da su. Wani hutu a cikin shirin fim din ya baiwa mata tare da Mogambo abokin Ava Gardner ziyarar zuwa Rome.  An saki fim ɗin a cikin shekarar 1953, kuma yana da nasara gudu a ofishin akwatin. [26] An zaba Kelly ta lambar yabo ta Golden Globe Award don Mafi kyawun Actungiyar Tallafawa, kuma ta sami lambar yabo ta farko ta Academy Award don Mafi Kyawun ressaddamarwa na Supportwarewa saboda ayyukanta. [32].

Bayan nasarar Mogambo, Kelly ya buga fim a hanyar 'TV' The Way of Eagle tare da Jean-Pierre Aumont, kafin a jefa shi a cikin fim din da Frederick Knott 's Broadway ya buga Dial M don Murder, gaban Ray Milland da Robert Cummings . A cikin wannan fim, Kelly tana wasa da matar attajiri mai wasan ƙwallon tennis mai ritaya. [26]  Darakta Alfred Hitchcock, wanda kuma ya ga gwajin allo na shekarar 1950, zai zama ɗayan masu jagoranci na ƙarshe. Matar studio ɗinta MGM ta ba da ranta (tare da wanda ta sanya hannu kan kwangilar shekaru bakwai don yin Mogambo), don yin aiki a kan fina-finai da yawa na Hitchcock, daga baya ta bayyana a cikin Rear Window da Don Kama Wani ɓarayi . [26]

Kelly ba tare da nuna wata damuwa ba, ya yi watsi da damar da ya yi wa tauraruwa tare da Marlon Brando a cikin Ruwa na Buga shekarar (1954).  Eva Marie Saint, wacce ta maye gurbin ta, ta sami lambar yabo ta Academy domin wannan rawar. Madadin haka, sai ta himmatu ga rawar Lisa Fremont a cikin Wutar Window . Kelly ya ce, "Duk ta hanyar yin Dial M don Murder, shi (Hitchcock) ya zauna ya yi min magana game da Window Window koyaushe, tun ma kafin mu tattauna kasancewar ta".

Kelly's new co-star, James Stewart, was highly enthusiastic about working with her. The role of Lisa Fremont, a wealthy Manhattan socialite and model – a fashion model who "never wore the same dress twice"  – was unlike any of the previous women she had played. For the first time, she was playing an independent career woman. Just as he had done earlier, Hitchcock provided the camera with a slow-sequenced silhouette of Kelly, along with a close-up of the two stars kissing, finally lingering closely on her profile. Hitchcock brought her elegance to the foreground by changing her dresses many times, including: "glamorous evening short dresses, a sheer negligee over a sleek nightgown, a full-skirted floral dress, and a casual pair of jeans". On the film's opening in October 1954, Kelly was again praised. Varietys film critic remarked on the casting, commenting on the "earthy quality to the relationship between Stewart and Miss Kelly", as "both do a fine job of the picture's acting demands".

Kelly ta taka rawar da matar ta yi na tsawon lokaci na Bing Crosby, Georgie Elgin, a cikin Yarinyar Kasar, bayan da wata mai ciki Jennifer Jones ta sunkuyar da kai. Lallai ya saba da wasan, Kelly ya kasance mai sha'awar sashin. Don yin shi, MGM dole ne ya bada rancen Kelly zuwa Paramount . Kelly ta nuna halin ko in kula, kuma ta yi barazanar cewa ta bar fim din, in da suka ce idan ba su ba ta damar yin fim ba, to, za ta kwashe jakarta ta tafi New York da kyau. MGM ya juya baya, kuma sashin na ya koma. Har ila yau, Kelly ta sasanta da kwangilar da za ta fi samun riba, sakamakon nasarar da ta samu. [39] A cikin fim, Kelly tana wasa da matar mai wanki, mawaƙa, wacce Crosby ta buga. Halinta ya rikice cikin damuwa tsakanin masoyanta biyu, wanda Bing Crosby da William Holden suka buga. Edith Head ta sake yin ado da ita don dacewa da rawar da ta taka a fim. Da farko an saka ta da suttattun suttura, amma wannan rigar ta canza zuwa tsoffin 'yan kaduna da kuma "rigunan gida" zuwa ƙarshen fim. [39]

As a result of her performance in The Country Girl, Kelly was nominated for and ultimately won an Academy Award for Best Actress. Her main competitor was Judy Garland for her performance in A Star Is Born. After receiving the Oscar nomination, Kelly won the New York Film Critics Circle Award for best actress for her performances in her three big movie roles of 1954: Rear Window, Dial M For Murder, and The Country Girl. At the Golden Globe Awards in 1955, Garland and Kelly both won awards for their respective performances. Garland won the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress in a Motion Picture – Comedy or Musical, and Kelly won the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress in a Motion Picture – Drama.

In April 1954, Kelly flew to Colombia for a 10-day shoot on her next project, Green Fire, with Stewart Granger. She played Catherine Knowland, a coffee plantation owner. Granger wrote in his autobiography of his distaste for the film's script, while Kelly later confided to Hedda Hopper, "It wasn't pleasant. We worked at a pathetic village – miserable huts and dirty. Part of the crew got shipwrecked ... It was awful."

Bayan fim ɗin da aka yi a jere na Rear Window, Toko-Ri, Yarinyar Countryasa, da Green wuta, Kelly ta tashi zuwa Riviera ta Faransa don fara aikinta na uku, kuma na ƙarshe, fim na Alfred Hitchcock, Don Kamawa aarawo . An ba da shi ta hanyar MGM zuwa Paramount Films a karo na biyar, Kelly yana wasa da mai riƙon da ya ɗauka "suttura mai kyan gani", yayin da Cary Grant ya taka rawar tsohon barawo cat yanzu yana neman kama "ɓarawo wanda ke kwaikwayon shi" . [41] Kelly da Grant sun inganta juna. Su biyun sun fi son lokacinsu tare har tsawon rayuwarsu. Shekaru daga baya, lokacin da aka nemi ya ba da sunan ɗan wasan da ya fi so, Grant ya amsa ba tare da wani bata lokaci ba: "Da kyau, tare da girmamawa ga masoyi Ingrid Bergman, na fi ƙaunar Alherin. Tana da nutsuwa . "

A cikin 1956, Kelly ya ba da hoton Princess Alexandra a cikin fim ɗin Burtaniya wanda Swan, wanda Charles Vidor ya jagoranta, akasin Alec Guinness da Louis Jourdan . Matsayinta na ƙarshe ya kasance a fim ɗin fim na Charles Walters High Society, sake fasalin Bikin 19400 na MGM Labari ne na Philadelphia . A cikin wannan fim ɗin, tauraruwar ta taurari a gaban Bing Crosby, Frank Sinatra, da Celeste Holm .

Princess ta Monaco
Kelly headed the U.S. delegation at the Cannes Film Festival in April 1955. While there, she was invited to participate in a photo session with Prince Rainier III, the sovereign of the Principality of Monaco, at the Prince's Palace, about 55 kilometers away from Cannes. After a series of delays and complications, she met him at the Prince's Palace of Monaco on May 6, 1955. At the time of her initial meeting with him, she was dating the French actor Jean-Pierre Aumont.

After a year-long courtship described as containing "a good deal of rational appraisal on both sides", Prince Rainier married Kelly in 1956. The Napoleonic Code of Monaco and the laws of the Catholic Church necessitated two ceremonies – both a civil ceremony and a religious wedding. The 16-minute civil ceremony took place in the Palace Throne Room of Monaco on April 18, 1956, and a reception later in the day was attended by 3,000 Monégasque citizens. To cap the ceremony, the 142 official titles that she acquired in the union (counterparts of her husband's) were formally recited. The following day the church ceremony took place at Monaco's Saint Nicholas Cathedral, before Bishop Gilles Barthe. The wedding was estimated to have been watched by over 30 million viewers on live television and was described by biographer Robert Lacey as "the first modern event to generate media overkill". Her wedding dress, designed by MGM's Academy Award-winning Helen Rose, was worked on for six weeks by three dozen seamstresses. The bridesmaids' gowns were designed by Joe Allen Hong at Neiman Marcus. The 700 guests included several famous people, including Aristotle Onassis, Cary Grant, David Niven and his wife Hjördis, Gloria Swanson, Ava Gardner, Aga Khan III, Gloria Guinness, and many others. Frank Sinatra was invited but did not attend. Kelly and Rainier left that night for their seven-week Mediterranean honeymoon cruise on his yacht, Deo Juvante II.

Ma'auratan nada ya'ya uku:

 Princess Caroline, an haufe ta a Janairun 23, 1957
 Prince Albert, an haife shi a Maris 14, 1958, shine Prince na Monaco
 Princess Stéphanie, an haife ta February 1, 1965

Shekaru masu zuwa

Hitchcock ya bai wa Princess Grace jagora a fim din Marnie a shekarar 1962. Tana da sha'awar, amma kukan jama'a a cikin Monaco game da kasancewarta a cikin fim inda za ta yi kleptomaniac ya sa ta sake tunani kuma a ƙarshe ta ƙi aikin. Darakta Herbert Ross yayi ƙoƙarin nuna mata sha'awar a wani bangare a fim ɗin shi na Turning Point (1977), amma Rainier ya soke ra'ayin.  Daga baya a waccan shekarar, ta dawo cikin fasahar zane-zane a jerin karatuttukan wakoki da ke wakoki a kan labari da labari na shirin 'Theater of The Street Street . Ta kuma ba da labarin fim din ABC wanda aka yi da talabijin mai suna The Poppy Is shima Flower (1966).

Grace da Rainier sun yi aiki tare a cikin wani fim mai 'yanci na mintuna 33 da ake kira Rearranged a 1979, wanda ya samu karbuwa daga masu zartarwar ABC TV a 1982 bayan firaminista a Monaco, kan sharadin cewa ya kara zuwa awa daya. Kafin a kara daukar hotuna, Grace ta mutu kuma ba za a sake fitar da fim din ba ko kuma a nuna shi a bainar jama'a.

 Mutuwa

A ranar 13 ga Satumabar, 1982, Kelly ta dawo da ita gida daga Monaco ta gida a Roc Agel lokacin da ta sami bugun jini. Sakamakon haka, ta rasa ikonta na 1971 Rover P6 3500.  kuma ta kori babbar hanya, iska mai  da saukar da    tsaunin dutse. 'Yarta Stéphanie, wacce ke cikin wurin fasinja, ta yi ƙoƙari amma ta gaza wajen sake mallakar motar. An kai Kelly zuwa Asibitin Monaco (daga baya aka sanya wa suna Princess Grace Hospital Center ) tare da raunin da ya samu a kwakwalwa da thorax da kuma rauni na fyade. Likitocin sun yi imanin cewa ta samu rauni a lokacin da take tuki. Ta mutu washegari a 10:55   Da dare bayan Rainier ta yanke shawarar cire mata tallafi.

An gudanar da jana'izar Kelly a Cathedral of Our Lady Immaculate,  ranar 18 ga Satumabar, 1982. Bayan Massiem Mass, an binne ta a cikin gidan iyayen Grimaldi. Fiye da mutane 400 suka halarci, ciki har da Cary Grant, Nancy Reagan, Danielle Mitterrand, Diana, Princess of Wales, da Empress Farah na Iran . A wani taron tunawa da wani daga baya a Beverly Hills, James Stewart ya gabatar da wannan karar:

Rainier, who did not remarry, was buried alongside her in 2005.

 Ayyuka Zababbun fina-finai'''
{| class="wikitable"
|Shekara|Suna|Mataki|Darekta|Bayanai|-
|1951
|Fourteen Hours
|Louise Ann Fuller
|Henry Hathaway
|
|-
|1952
|High Noon
|Amy Fowler Kane
|Fred Zinnemann
|
|-
|1953
|Mogambo
|Linda Nordley
|John Ford
|
|-
| rowspan="5" |1954
|Dial M for Murder
|Margot Mary Wendice
| rowspan="2" |Alfred Hitchcock
|
|-
|Rear Window
|Lisa Carol Fremont
|
|-
|The Country Girl
|Georgie Elgin
|George Seaton
|
|-
|Green Fire
|Catherine Knowland
|Andrew Marton
|
|-
|The Bridges at Toko-Ri
|Nancy Brubaker
|Mark Robson
|
|-
|1955
|To Catch a Thief
|Frances Stevens
|Alfred Hitchcock
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |1956
|The Swan
|Princess Alexandra
|Charles Vidor
|
|-
|High Society
|Tracy Samantha Lord
|Charles Walters
|
|}

 Gidan wasan kwaikwayo

 "True Love", a duet with Bing Crosby from High Society (1956)
 L'Oiseau du Nord et L'Oiseau du Soleil, in French and in English (1978)
 Birds, Beasts & Flowers: A Programme of Poetry, Prose and Music (1980)

 Legacy

 Acting
Kelly left a lasting legacy as a model, theater artist, television actress (her most prolific work, acting in around 100 TV plays), and an iconic Hollywood film star. Kelly has been cited as one of the "classic Hitchcock blondes", and as one of the most elegant women in cinematic and world history. One author describes her as the "elegant glamour girl of the screen".

Grace Kelly appeared on the cover of the 31 January 1955 issue of the weekly magazine Time. The magazine hailed her as the top movie star who brought about "a startling change from the run of smoky film sirens and bumptious cuties". She was described as the "Girl in White Gloves" because she wore "prim and noticeable white gloves", and journalists often called her the "lady" or "Miss Kelly" for this reason as well. In 1954, she appeared on the Best Dressed list, and in 1955, the Custom Tailored Guild of America listed her as the "Best-Tailored Woman".

In appreciation of her work with Hitchcock in three of his films, Kelly later wrote a foreword to the book The Art of Alfred Hitchcock by Donald Spoto. Spoto also had written High Society: The Life of Grace Kelly.

 Philanthropy

During her marriage, Kelly was unable to continue her acting career. Instead, she performed her daily duties as princess and became involved in philanthropic work.

She founded AMADE Mondiale, a Monaco-based non-profit organization that was eventually recognized by the UN as a Non-governmental organization. According to UNESCO's website, AMADE promotes and protects the "moral and physical integrity" and "spiritual well-being of children throughout the world, without distinction of race, nationality or religion and in a spirit of complete political independence." Her daughter, Princess Caroline, carries the torch for AMADE today in her role as President.

Kelly was also active in improving the arts institutions of Monaco, forming the Princess Grace Foundation in 1964 to support local artisans. In 1983, following her death, Princess Caroline assumed the duties of President of the Board of Trustees of the Foundation; Prince Albert is Vice-President.

Following Kelly's death, the Princess Grace Foundation-USA (PGF-USA) was established to continue the work she had done anonymously during her lifetime, assisting emerging theater, dance and film artists in America. Incorporated in 1982, PGF-USA is headquartered in New York and is a tax-exempt, not-for-profit, publicly supported organization. The Princess Grace Awards, a program of the Princess Grace Foundation-USA, has awarded nearly 800 artists at more than 100 institutions in the U.S. with more than $15 million to date. The foundation also says it "holds the exclusive rights and facilitates the licensing of her name and likeness throughout the world."

In 1965, Princess Grace accepted with pleasure the invitation to be an honorary member of  La Leche League (a worldwide mother to mother support group that focuses on mothering through breastfeeding) and in 1971 was a speaker at their conference in Chicago, addressing 1400 mothers, 800 fathers and 800 babies. Princess Grace was a known advocate of breastfeeding, and successfully fed her 3 children.

 Fashion

While pregnant with her daughter Caroline in 1956, Kelly was frequently photographed clutching a distinctive leather handbag manufactured by Hermès. The purse, or Sac à dépêches, was likely a shield to prevent her pregnant abdomen from being exposed to the prying eyes of the paparazzi. The photographs, however, popularized the purse and became so closely associated with the fashion icon that it would thereafter be known as the Kelly bag.

Kelly was inaugurated into the International Best Dressed List Hall of Fame in 1960.

Numerous exhibitions have been held of Kelly's life and clothing. The Philadelphia Museum of Art presented her wedding dress in a 2006 exhibition to mark the 50th anniversary of her marriage, and a retrospective of her wardrobe was held at London's Victoria and Albert Museum in 2010. The V&A exhibition continued in Australia at the Bendigo Art Gallery in 2012. This famous dress, seen around the world, took thirty five tailors six weeks to complete. An exhibition of her life as Princess of Monaco was held at the Ekaterina Cultural Foundation in Moscow in 2008 in conjunction with Monaco's Grimaldi Forum. In 2009, a plaque was placed on the "Rodeo Drive Walk of Style" in recognition of her contributions to style and fashion.

After her death, Kelly's legacy as a fashion icon lived on. Modern designers, such as Tommy Hilfiger and Zac Posen, have cited her as a fashion inspiration. During her lifetime, she was known for introducing the "fresh faced" look, one that involved bright skin and natural beauty with little makeup. Her fashion legacy was even commemorated at the Victoria and Albert Museum of London, where an exhibit titled, "Grace Kelly: Style Icon" paid tribute to her impact on the world of fashion. The exhibit included 50 of her legendary ensembles. She is remembered for her "college-girl" everyday fashion, defined by her pulled-together yet simple look.

In 2016, Forbes included her on the list 10 Fashion Icons and the Trends They Made Famous..

 Rashin lafiyar Kelly

In 1955, Kelly was photographed by Howell Conant in Jamaica. He photographed her without makeup in a naturalistic setting, a departure from the traditional portrayal of actresses. The resulting photographs were published in Collier's, with a celebrated photo of her rising from the water with wet hair making the cover. Following her marriage, Conant was the unofficial photographer to the House of Grimaldi and extensively photographed her, Rainier, and their three children. In 1992, Conant published Grace, a book of photographs that he took during her 26-year tenure as Princess of Monaco.

Kelly has been depicted by many pop artists including Andy Warhol and James Gill. Warhol made a portrait of her for the Institute of Contemporary Art, Philadelphia as a limited edition silkscreen in 1984.

 Wani wurin

A rose garden in Monaco's Fontvieille district is dedicated to the memory of Kelly. It was opened in 1984 by Rainier. She is commemorated in a statue by Kees Verkade in the garden, which features about 4,000 roses.

In 2003, the Henley Royal Regatta renamed the Women's Quadruple Sculls the "Princess Grace Challenge Cup." The Henley Stewards invited her to present the prizes at the 1981 regatta, expiating the ill will from her father's falling foul of its amateurism rules in 1920. Prince Albert presented the prizes at the 2004 regatta.

 Gidan Iyayen Kelley
A 2012, Kelly's childhood home was made a Pennsylvania historic landmark, and a historical marker was placed on the site. The home, located at 3901 Henry Avenue in the East Falls section of Philadelphia, was built by her father John B. Kelly Sr. in 1929. Grace lived in the home until 1950, and Prince Rainier III proposed to her there in 1955. The Kelly family sold the property in 1974.
Prince Albert of Monaco purchased the property, speculating that the home would be used either as museum space or as offices for the Princess Grace Foundation.

 Kyautuka da gabatarwa Other Honors' Star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame (1960)
 American Film Institute's 13th Top Female Stars of American Cinema (1999)

 Girmamawa

 Girmamawa na ƙasa

 : Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Saint-Charles

 Girmamawa na ƙasashen waje

 : Recipient of the Red Cross Medal
  Egyptian Royal Family: Dame Grand Cross of the Royal Order of the Virtues, Special Class
 : Recipient of the Red Cross Medal
  Greek Royal Family: Dame Grand Cross of the Royal Order of Beneficence
 Iran Iranian Imperial Family: Recipient of the Commemorative Medal of the 2,500 year Celebration of the Persian Empire
 : Grand Officer of the Order of the Star of Solidarity
 : Dame Grand Cross of the Order of the Holy Sepulchre
 : Dame of the Order of Pope Pius IX
 : Dame Grand Cross of the Order of Merit, Special Class
 : Grand Cross of the Order of Rubén Darío

 Manazarta daga sanannun al'adu

 Coins da stamps

 In 1993, Kelly appeared on a U.S. postage stamp, released in conjunction with a Monaco postage stamp featuring her image on the same day.
 To commemorate the 25th anniversary of Kelly's death, €2 commemorative coins were issued on July 1, 2007 with the "national" side bearing the image of her.

 Fina-finai

 A 1983, a wani shirin American television film da aka kira da Grace Kelly focused on Kelly's early life was presented featuring Cheryl Ladd as Kelly and Ian McShane as Rainier.
 Nicole Kidman portrayed Kelly in Grace of Monaco (2014), directed by Olivier Dahan. Reaction to the film was largely negative; many people, including the princely family of Monaco, felt it was overly dramatic, had historical errors, and lacked depth.
 A season 6, na episode 20 of Once Upon a Time, Emma Swan wears a wedding dress that is highly similar to Grace Kelly's.

 Waƙoƙi

 Kelly an ambace ta acikin lyrics na "Vogue" daga Madonna (1990).
 Kelly's name is mentioned in the lyrics and title of "Grace Kelly" by MIKA (2007).
 Kelly was also honored in the Piebald anthem, "Grace Kelly With Wings".
 Kelly is mentioned as Princess Grace in Billy Joel's "We Didn't Start the Fire".
 Kelly is mentioned in Grace Kelly Blues by the band, eels.

 In the video game Tom Clancy's Rainbow Six Siege, operator Grace "Dokkaebi" Nam is said to be named after Grace Kelly.

 Duba kuma

 Manazarta

 Haɗin waje

 Grace Kelly
 Grace Kelly
 Grace Kelly
 Gidauniyar Princess Grace   - Amurka
 FBI Records: The Vault   - Grace Kelly a fbi.gov
 Tarihin Grace Kelly a britannica.com
 Fati alfarma Grace Kelly
 "High Society  - The Life of Grace Kelly " . Washington Post . Nuwamba 15, 2009.
 Ganawar Princess Grace Of Monaco akan Rediyon BBC 4 Desert Island Discs'', Afrilu 24, 1981
 Gimbiya Grace na Monaco ta yi hira da Vera Maxwell da John Touhey a ranar 19 ga Disamba, 1978 ga Cibiyar Fasaha ta Musanya

Pages with unreviewed translations

Grace Kelly


The Vacationland region of Ohio—billed as such for being known primarily as a major summertime tourist destination—is the area that is generally considered to be in the north central part of the state, and along the western half of the Lake Erie shoreline around Sandusky Bay, specifically the counties of Erie, Huron, Ottawa, and Sandusky.

History

In the early part of the 20th century, cities along the Lake Erie shoreline, such as Sandusky, Ohio, began to become popular vacation destinations for more affluent Ohioans. Families bought either summer cottages or vacation homes in the area, and people with access to boats sailed or fished in Lake Erie from this area.   During the 20th century, the area became more popular also with more blue-collar families, who began to see the region as an inexpensive and nearby place to spend their leisure time. The Sandusky River is designated as a "state scenic river", and some tourists travel it in canoes to see the best scenery, including covered bridges.

Attractions
The Cedar Point amusement park in Sandusky attracts millions of people to the area every year.  The Lake Erie Islands are also considered an important part of this region, as they have become noted for their dining, nightlife, and overall tourist appeal through the latter half of the 1900s and into the 2000s.  Other cities such as Marblehead and Port Clinton are popular with visitors for their numerous historical attractions, wineries, and various other points of interest.

Recognition
The area has been officially recognized as "Vacationland" since 1962 by the Miss Ohio beauty pageant, which allows it to elect a "Miss Vacationland" to compete in higher level contests. Jacquelyn Mayer, who won the title of the first "Miss Vacationland" in 1962, would go on to win Miss Ohio and ultimately Miss America that year.

See also
 Firelands

References

Regions of Ohio
Lake Erie
Tourism in Ohio

Vacationland (Ohio)


The bean machine, also known as the quincunx or Galton box, is a machine invented by Sir Francis Galton to demonstrate the law of error and the normal distribution.

The machine consists of a vertical board with interleaved rows of pins. Balls are dropped from the top, and bounce left and right as they hit the pins. Eventually, they are collected into one-ball-wide bins at the bottom. The height of ball columns in the bins approximates a bell curve.

Overlaying Pascal's triangle onto the pins shows the number of different paths that can be taken to get to each pin.

A large-scale working model of this device can be seen at the Museum of Science, Boston.

Engineering

Bean machine


Total quality management (TQM) consists of organization-wide efforts to "install and make permanent
climate where employees continuously improve their ability to provide on demand products and services that customers will find of particular value."  "Total" emphasizes that departments in addition to production (for example sales and marketing, accounting and finance, engineering and design) are obligated to improve their operations; "management" emphasizes that executives are obligated to actively manage quality through funding, training, staffing, and goal setting.  While there is no widely agreed-upon approach, TQM efforts typically draw heavily on the previously developed tools and techniques of quality control. TQM enjoyed widespread attention during the late 1980s and early 1990s before being overshadowed by ISO 9000, Lean manufacturing, and Six Sigma.

History
In the late 1970s and early 1980s, the developed countries of North America and Western Europe suffered economically in the face of stiff competition from Japan's ability to produce high-quality goods at competitive cost. For the first time since the start of the Industrial Revolution, the United Kingdom became a net importer of finished goods.  The United States undertook its own soul-searching, expressed most pointedly in the television broadcast of If Japan Can... Why Can't We?.  Firms began reexamining the techniques of quality control invented over the past 50 years and how those techniques had been so successfully employed by the Japanese. It was in the midst of this economic turmoil that TQM took root.

The exact origin of the term "total quality management" is uncertain.  It is almost certainly inspired by Armand V. Feigenbaum's multi-edition book Total Quality Control () and Kaoru Ishikawa's What Is Total Quality Control? The Japanese Way ().  It may have been first coined in the United Kingdom by the Department of Trade and Industry during its 1983 "National Quality Campaign".  Or it may have been first coined in the United States by the Naval Air Systems Command to describe its quality-improvement efforts in 1985.

Development in the United States
In the spring of 1984, an arm of the United States Navy asked some of its civilian researchers to assess statistical process control and the work of several prominent quality consultants and to make recommendations as to how to apply their approaches to improve the Navy's operational effectiveness.  The recommendation was to adopt the teachings of W. Edwards Deming.  The Navy branded the effort "Total Quality Management" in 1985.

From the Navy, TQM spread throughout the US Federal Government, resulting in the following:
The creation of the Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award in August 1987
The creation of the Federal Quality Institute in June 1988
The adoption of TQM by many elements of government and the armed forces, including the United States Department of Defense, United States Army, and United States Coast Guard

The US Environmental Protection Agency's Underground Storage Tanks program, which was established in 1985, also employed Total Quality Management to develop its management style. The private sector followed suit, flocking to TQM principles not only as a means to recapture market share from the Japanese, but also to remain competitive when bidding for contracts from the Federal Government since "total quality" requires involving suppliers, not just employees, in process improvement efforts.

Features
There is no widespread agreement as to what TQM is and what actions it requires of organizations, however a review of the original United States Navy effort gives a rough understanding of what is involved in TQM.

The key concepts in the TQM effort undertaken by the Navy in the 1980s include:
"Quality is defined by customers' requirements."
"Top management has direct responsibility for quality improvement."
"Increased quality comes from systematic analysis and improvement of work processes."
"Quality improvement is a continuous effort and conducted throughout the organization."

The Navy used the following tools and techniques:
The PDCA cycle to drive issues to resolution
Ad hoc cross-functional teams (similar to quality circles) responsible for addressing immediate process issues
Standing cross-functional teams responsible for the improvement of processes over the long term
Active management participation through steering committees
Use of the Seven Basic Tools of Quality to analyze quality-related issues

Notable definitions
While there is no generally accepted definition of TQM, several notable organizations have attempted to define it.  These include:

United States Department of Defense (1988)
"Total Quality Management (TQM) in the Department of Defense is a strategy for continuously improving performance at every level, and in all areas of responsibility. It combines fundamental management techniques, existing improvement efforts, and specialized technical tools under a disciplined structure focused on continuously improving all processes. Improved performance is directed at satisfying such broad goals as cost, quality, schedule, and mission need and suitability. Increasing user satisfaction is the overriding objective. The TQM effort builds on the pioneering work of Dr. W. E. Deming, Dr. J. M. Juran, and others, and benefits from both private and public sector experience with continuous process improvement."

British Standards Institution standard BS 7850-1:1992
"A management philosophy and company practices that aim to harness the human and material resources of an organization in the most effective way to achieve the objectives of the organization."

International Organization for Standardization standard ISO 8402:1994
"A management approach of an organisation centred on quality, based on the participation of all its members and aiming at long term success through customer satisfaction and benefits to all members of the organisation and society."

The American Society for Quality
"A term first used to describe a management approach to quality improvement. Since then, TQM has taken on many meanings. Simply put, it is a management approach to long-term success through customer satisfaction. TQM is based on all members of an organization participating in improving processes, products, services and the culture in which they work. The methods for implementing this approach are found in the teachings of such quality leaders as Philip B. Crosby, W. Edwards Deming, Armand V. Feigenbaum, Kaoru Ishikawa and Joseph M. Juran."

The Chartered Quality Institute
"TQM is a philosophy for managing an organization in a way which enables it to meet stakeholder needs and expectations efficiently and effectively, without compromising ethical values."

Baldrige Excellence Framework
In the United States, the Baldrige Award, created by Public Law 100–107, annually recognizes American businesses, education institutions, health care organizations, and government or nonprofit organizations that are role models for organizational performance excellence.  Organizations are judged on criteria from seven categories:
Leadership
Strategy
Customers
Measurement, analysis, and knowledge management
Workforce
Operations
Results

Example criteria are:
How do you obtain information on your customers' satisfaction relative to their satisfaction with your competitors?
How do you select, collect, align, and integrate data and information for tracking daily operations?
How do you manage your workforce, its needs, and your needs to ensure continuity, prevent workforce reductions, and minimize the impact of workforce reductions, if they do become necessary?

Joseph M. Juran believed the Baldrige Award judging criteria to be the most widely accepted description of what TQM entails.

Standards
During the 1990s, standards bodies in Belgium, France, Germany, Turkey, and the United Kingdom attempted to standardize TQM.  While many of these standards have since been explicitly withdrawn, they all are effectively superseded by ISO 9000:

Legacy
Interest in TQM as an academic subject peaked around 1993.

The Federal Quality Institute was shuttered in September 1995 as part of the Clinton administration's efforts to streamline government.  The European Centre for Total Quality Management closed in August 2009.

TQM, as a vaguely defined quality management approach, was largely supplanted by the ISO 9000 collection of standards and their formal certification processes in the 1990s.  Business interest in quality improvement under the TQM name also faded as Jack Welch's success attracted attention to Six Sigma and Toyota's success attracted attention to lean manufacturing, though the three share many of the same tools, techniques, and significant portions of the same philosophy.

TQM lives on in various national quality awards around the globe.

See also
Capability Maturity Model Integration CMMI
Lean manufacturing
List of national quality awards
Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award
Outline of management
People Capability Maturity Model
Zero Defects

Explanatory footnotes

References

Further reading
  (Originally published in 1982 as Quality, Productivity, and Competitive Position, )

External links

 Example Baldrige Award criteria
 The American Society for Quality resource page on TQM
 The Chartered Quality Institute resource page on TQM
 The Economist resource page on TQM

Business terms
Quality management

Total quality management


The Committee on International Trade (INTA) is a committee of the European Parliament. Its current chair, elected on 10 July 2019, is Bernd Lange. INTA is responsible for matters relating to the establishment, implementation and monitoring of the EU's common commercial policy and its external economic relations, including trade and investment legislation, bilateral, plurilateral and multilateral agreements and relations with the World Trade Organisation (WTO). With the Treaty of Lisbon, the Parliament has become a co-legislator in the Union's Common Commercial Policy and has the final say on entry into force of all trade agreements. Moreover, the Union competencies were expanded to include foreign investment.

The main legislative achievements guided through the Parliament by INTA during the 7th parliamentary term (2009-2014) include regulations on 'Grandfathering', 'Financial Responsibility', macro-financial assistance to third countries, 'Enforcement', 'Dual Use', 'Omnibus I and II' packages, the review of the Generalised System of Preferences (GSP) and the Market Access Regulation (MAR). Legislation on the Public procurement and Modernisation of the Trade Defence Instruments (TDI) would only be adopted if an agreement with the Council is reached.

During its last term the European Parliament gave consent to free trade agreements with South Korea and Peru/Colombia, rejected Anti-Counterfeiting Trade
Agreement (ACTA), scrutinised trade talks with Canada, Singapore and African, Caribbean and Pacific (ACP) countries and started examining ongoing negotiations with Japan and the US.

Chairpersons

References

External links
Official Homepage
Powers and responsibilities

International
Foreign trade of the European Union
Parliamentary committees on international trade

European Parliament Committee on International Trade


The World Tag Team Championship is a professional wrestling tag team championship in World Wrestling Entertainment. It is the original world tag team title of WWE. Currently, it is exclusive to the Raw brand and is unified with the WWE Tag Team Championship to make up the Unified WWE Tag Team Championship.

History
The championship was first introduced into the then World Wide Wrestling Federation (WWWF) in 1971. Following its introduction into the WWF Luke Graham and Tarzan Tyler became the first WWWF Tag Team Champions on June 3. In 1979 the title became known as the World Wrestling Federation (WWF) Tag Team Championship when the promotion renamed itself World Wrestling Federation

In 2001 at the Survivor Series Pay-per-view during the Invasion Storyline The Hardy Boyz, Matt Hardy and Jeff Hardy who were the current World Tag Team Champions and were competing for the World Wrestling Federation took on The Dudley Boys, Bubba Ray Dudley and D-Von Dudley who were the current WCW World Tag Team Champions and were competing for The Alliance in a title unification match inside a Steel Cage, The Dudley Boys defeated The Hardy Boyz and were named the last WCW Tag Team Champions while also becoming the WWF Tag Team Champions

After the WWF/WWE name change in 2002, the championship was referred to as the World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE) Tag Team Championship. After a period where the championship was to be freely defended on either WWE Monday Night Raw or WWE Thursday Night Smackdown the championship became exclusive to the Raw Brand. The current General Manager at this time Stephanie McMahon created new WWE Tag Team Titles which were to be exclusive to the Smackdown Brand.

Related pages
 World Wrestling Entertainment

WWE Raw

World Tag Team Championship (WWE)


Monte Kenton Solberg,  (born September 17, 1958) is a Canadian businessman and politician. Solberg is a former Member of Parliament, representing the riding of Medicine Hat in the House of Commons of Canada as a member of the Conservative Party of Canada. He was the Minister of Citizenship and Immigration and later served as the Minister of Human Resources and Social Development. He has also served as Critic for Foreign Affairs, National Revenue, and Human Resources Development.

In addition to his high-profile Cabinet positions, Solberg was consistently voted high in the Hill Times annual staffer survey for "Funniest MP" and "Best Jokes in Question Period". Solberg is now a Principal at New West Public Affairs, a Canadian national public affairs firm based in western Canada, and headquartered in Calgary, Alberta.

Solberg is also the owner of the right-wing news aggregate website, News Hub Nation, from which he frequently blogs about current events and features exclusive content from conservative personalities.

Early life
Solberg was born in Calgary, Alberta. A former broadcaster and businessman, Solberg is of Norwegian ancestry.

Political career
He was elected as a Reform Party Member of Parliament (MP) in 1993 and 1997, and as a Canadian Alliance MP in 2000. In 2001, Solberg was one of 13 MPs who were suspended from the Canadian Alliance caucus for criticizing the leadership of Stockwell Day. He sat as an Independent Alliance MP for the summer, joining the Democratic Representative Caucus in September before returning to the Alliance in April 2002. He was also one of four Alliance MPs who agreed to sit with the Progressive Conservative caucus (to preserve their official party status) after the December 9, 2003, creation of the merged Conservative Party, as the Progressive Conservative and Canadian Alliance parliamentary caucuses were not officially merged until a few weeks later. He was re-elected as a Conservative MP in the 2004 election.

Solberg kept a high-profile blog, and in 2005, is thought to have made history when, using his BlackBerry, he blogged from the floor of the House of Commons immediately upon the passage of Bill C-38, which provided legal recognition of same-sex marriage. Solberg was opposed to the bill. In 2006, Solberg again won his Medicine Hat riding, with 79.7% of the vote, the second highest winning percentage in the country for the 2006 federal election. He suspended updating his blog after being appointed Minister of Citizenship and Immigration.

In the January 4, 2007, cabinet shuffle, Solberg was appointed the new minister of Human Resources and Social Development, replacing Diane Finley.

Retirement and present status
Thought by some to seek a leadership bid of the Conservative party, Solberg surprised many when he announced on September 4, 2008, that he was retiring from politics and would not be a candidate in the 40th Canadian federal election.

Solberg is a columnist with the Calgary Sun, a contributor to Sun News Network, special lecturer, formerly a full-time consultant for Fleishman-Hillard Canada, and now Principal at New West Public Affairs, a public affairs firm based in Calgary. He also serves as a Governor with the International Development Research Centre, a crown corporation dedicated to generating and applying new knowledge to meet the challenges facing the world's poorest countries.

References

External links
 Solberg's official Blog

Monte Solberg

1958 births
Businesspeople from Calgary
Canadian Alliance MPs
Canadian evangelicals
Canadian people of Norwegian descent
Conservative Party of Canada MPs
Living people
Canadian male bloggers
Members of the 28th Canadian Ministry
Members of the House of Commons of Canada from Alberta
Members of the King's Privy Council for Canada
People from Brooks, Alberta
Politicians from Calgary
Reform Party of Canada MPs
Writers from Calgary
Politicians affected by a party expulsion process

Monte Solberg


People's Songs was an organization founded by Pete Seeger, Alan Lomax, Lee Hays, and others on December 31, 1945, in New York City, to "create, promote, and distribute songs of labor and the American people." The organization published a quarterly Bulletin from 1946 through 1950, featuring stories, songs and writings of People's singers members. People's Songs Bulletin served as a template for folk music magazines to come like Sing Out! and Broadside.

History
Seeger's work with the Almanac Singers and trips around the country playing banjo for Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO) benefits and other progressive organizations in the 1940s cemented his beliefs that folk music could be an effective force for social change. He conceived creating an organization to better disseminate songs for political action to Labor and other progressive organizations around the country. These plans were put on hold as Seeger was drafted into the army during World War II. Upon his discharge from the Army in 1946, Seeger finally got a chance to realize his plans, and convened a group of interested people for a meeting in the basement of his in-laws' apartment in Greenwich Village. People's Songs' founding committee included several former members of the Almanac Singers and other notable members of the folk community in New York and included Woody Guthrie, Lee Hays, Horace Grenell, Anges "Sis" Cunningham, Burl Ives, Millard Lampell, Alan Lomax, Bess Lomax Hawes, Josh White. and Tom Glazer. Also attending the first meeting were, Jackie Gibson, Ronnie Gilbert, Irwin Silber and David Sear.  They elected Pete Seeger president and Lee Hays executive secretary and collected money to rent a small office located at 130 West 42nd Street, New York, NY, which also housed shared a radical drama group Stage for Action. Corporate counsel was Joseph R. Brodsky.

The organization was loosely modeled as an American version Great Britain's Workers Music Association, founded 10 years earlier than People's Songs. It  published out a weekly newsletter with songs, articles, and announcements of Hootenannies and folk dances. It served as a clearing house for progressive entertainers. There were also occasional special issues with relevant songs on an as needed basis geared for specific rallies, strike, and court cases. Soon the booking agency became an offshoot: People's Artists.

People's Songs branched out into several satellite locations in addition to the New York offices. A yearly convention was held as a place to exchange ideas and play songs. The first People's Songs convention was held in 1947 in Chicago, and there was a branch in California headed by Mario Casetta, an army friend of Seeger's from Saipan, who became a key figure in the West Coast folk and world music scene.

In its first year People's Songs met with success, but this was a trying time for the labor movements in the United States, which had a significant Communist presence since its inception. After World War II, the Communist Party of the United States became much more dogmatic than formerly, and was indifferent to the use of folk music. There was also not much call for new organizing or singing in the streets, as established unions tried to consolidate their gains. In addition, there was a conservative majority in Congress, which opposed the labor movement altogether and was adamantly committed to maintaining racial segregation in the South. Eager to reverse the social legislation of President Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal, it passed the Taft-Hartley act (over Harry S. Truman's veto). Some scholars believe that President Truman himself instituted loyalty oaths and mass firings, in order to preempt conservative criticism, control public opinion, and forestall any opposition to his Marshall Plan and to a military build-up from the left wing of his party. As the Red Scare gathered momentum, the House Un-American Activities Committee held hearings into supposed subversive activity in the entertainment industry. People's Songs began to falter financially. In 1948 it put all its resources into the presidential campaign of Henry A. Wallace, and when that failed everywhere but in New York City, People's Songs went bankrupt, although its booking agency, People's Artists, continued for a while. After the financial failure of People's Songs in 1948, Seeger and Silber put out an interim People's Songs newsletter and then went on to form the more durable Sing Out! magazine with a similar format.

The Newsletter

The People's Songs  was a small mimeographed magazine published quarterly from February 1946 to 1950.
The first issue of the People's Songs  was published February 1946 to a circulation of 3000 countrywide. Its musical editor was Waldemar Hille. The first issue featured a selection of seven Union songs widely ranging from traditional songs like Casey Jones, to standards by Joe Hill, to international songs from Spanish soldiers and new songs by contemporary folk musicians like Lee Hays and Woody Guthrie. This was a format the magazine would follow throughout its years of publication. The songs were numbered to maintain sequence from the first issue continuing through each issue, for example the first issue contained seven songs, and the first song in the second issue was numbered 8. People's Songs served as a template for folk music magazines to come like Sing Out and Broadside.

Contributors to People's Songs Newsletter
People's Songs contained a lot of written out sheet music, lyrics and tablature. It was an eclectic mix of traditional folk and union songs along with newly written pieces by contemporary folk musicians of the time. Some contributors include the following:

Moe Asch
Anges "Sis" Cunningham,
Tom Glazer
Woody Guthrie
Lee Hays
Waldemar Hille
Zilphia Horton
Burl Ives
Millard Lampell
Pete Seeger
Irwin Silber
Sonny Terry
Josh White

The entire backfile of People's Songs was microfilmed in the 1980s by Clearwater Publishing Inc. from Pete Seeger's personal copy, including his personal commentaries.  Clearwater Publishing (not related to the Sloop Clearwater) was acquired by Congressional Information Service in 1987, which was a subsidiary of Reed-Elsevier, an international publishing conglomerate.  In 2010 Reed-Elsevier sold all its microfilm titles, including People's Songs, Broadside magazine, and New City Songstore, a British folkmusic newsletter published by Peggy Seeger, to ProQuest/CSA.

References

Further reading
 Lieberman, Robbie. "My Song is My Weapon": People's Songs, American Communism, and the Politics of Culture, 1930 - 1950 Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1989.
 The People's Song Library Collection, located at the Walter P. Reuther Library in Detroit. 1940–70, bulk 1940-55
The People's Song Library archival collection consists of songs collected by the Almanac Singers (1941–43); People's Songs, Inc. (1946–49); People's Artists, Inc. (1950–57); and Sing Out, Inc. (1958–70). Scores, songbooks, and lyrics by Aaron Copland, Woody Guthrie,  Joe Hill, Huddie ("Lead Belly") Ledbetter, Alan Lomax, Phil Ochs, Tom Paxton, Malvina Reynolds, Peggy and Pete Seeger, Josh White, and lesser-known and some anonymous authors dealing with civil rights, the Cuban Revolution, election songs of the 1940s, labor, pacifism, and war. Included are traditional folksongs and some of more recent vintage.

Music magazines published in the United States
Quarterly magazines published in the United States
Folk music magazines
Magazines established in 1946
Magazines disestablished in 1950
Music organizations based in the United States
Non-profit organizations based in New York City
Musical groups established in 1945
Woody Guthrie
Defunct magazines published in the United States
Magazines published in New York City

People's Songs


Mill City Museum is an American Minnesota Historical Society museum in Minneapolis. It opened in 2003 built in the ruins of the Washburn "A" Mill next to Mill Ruins Park on the banks of the Mississippi River. The museum focuses on the founding and growth of Minneapolis, especially flour milling and the other industries that used hydropower from Saint Anthony Falls.

The mill complex, dating from the 1870s, is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It is part of the St. Anthony Falls Historic District and within the National Park Service's Mississippi National River and Recreation Area.

Exhibits
The museum features exhibits about the history of Minneapolis, flour milling machinery, a water lab and a baking lab. The centerpiece of the exhibit is the multistory Flour Tower, where visitors sit in the cab of a freight elevator and are taken to different floors of the building, each designed to look like a floor in a working flour mill. Voices of people who worked in the Washburn A Mill are heard throughout the show. Visitors exit on the 8th floor, where extant equipment is interpreted by staff, and are then led to the ninth-floor observation deck to view St. Anthony Falls.

The Gold Medal Flour sign still shines at night atop the adjoining grain elevator. Across the river, the Washburn A Mill's former competitor, the Pillsbury A Mill, is topped with a sign reading "Pillsbury's Best Flour."

Local artists
The work of local artists is featured throughout the building. Pieces by JoAnn Verburg, Tom Maakestad, Kim Lawler, Kathleen Richert, Paul Wrench and Becky Schurmann include murals, an art glass collage, a  Bisquick box, and sculpture.

Mill City Live
Mill City Museum began an outdoor concert series named "Mill City Live" in the summer of 2004. The concerts are held in the museum's Ruin courtyard and feature Twin Cities bands of various genres. "Mill City Live" was originally held on the first and third Thursdays of June, July, August, and September, but in 2009 and 2010 concerts were held every Thursday in July and August. As of 2016, the concerts are held every Wednesday night in August.

Washburn A Mill

The first Washburn A Mill, built by Cadwallader C. Washburn in 1874, was declared the largest flour mill in the world upon its completion, and contributed to the development of Minneapolis. On May 2, 1878, a spark ignited airborne flour dust within the mill, creating an explosion that demolished the Washburn A and killed 18 workers instantly. The ensuing fire resulted in the deaths of four more people, destroyed five other mills, and reduced Minneapolis's milling capacity by one third. Known as the Great Mill Disaster, the explosion made national news and served as a focal point that led to reforms in the milling industry. In order to prevent the buildup of combustible flour dust, ventilation systems and other precautionary devices were installed in mills throughout the country.

By 1880 a new Washburn A Mill, designed by Austrian engineer William de la Barre, opened as the largest flour mill in the world, a designation it retained until the Pillsbury A Mill opened across the river in 1881. At the peak of the Washburn A Mill's production, it could grind over 100 boxcars of wheat into almost two million pounds of flour per day. An ad from the 1870s advertised, "Forty-one Runs of Stone. Capacity, 1,200 Barrels per Day. This is the largest and most complete Mill in the United States, and has not its equal in quantity and quality of machinery for making high and uniform grades of Family Flour in this country." Advertising hyperbole aside, the mill, along with the Pillsbury A Mill and other flour mills powered by St. Anthony Falls, contributed greatly to Minneapolis's development. The mill was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1983 for its technological innovations and its importance in the history of General Mills.

Washburn later teamed up with John Crosby to form the Washburn-Crosby Company, which later became General Mills.

After World War I, flour production in Minneapolis began to decline as flour milling technology no longer depended on water power. Other cities, such as Buffalo, New York, became more prominent in the milling industry. Later on in the mill's lifetime, General Mills started putting more emphasis on producing cereals and baking mixes and shifted away from flour milling. The mill was shut down in 1965, along with eight other of the oldest mills operated by General Mills.

The Mills were mothballed for several years until the Washburn Crosby Mill was leased to the visionary architect Peter Nelson Hall. Based on the fifth floor of the Washburn Crosby Mill while living on the sixth floor, Peter Nelson Hall Architects and his team put together preliminary plans in 1976 that would set in motion the long term vision of the Washburn Crosby Mills as a Minnesota landmark.

In 1991 a fire nearly destroyed the old mill. Fires (and explosions) were a well known hazards for flour mills. The A-Mill had a serious fire in 1928. The mill had a good sprinkler system that very likely would have rapidly ended the fire.  But the mill was vacant, thus not heated (expensive), and the sprinklers were not functioning.
 During the late 1990s, the city of Minneapolis, through the Minneapolis Community Development Agency, worked to stabilize the mill ruins. After the city had cleared the rubble and reinforced the mill's damaged walls, the Minnesota Historical Society announced plans to construct a milling museum and education center within the ruins. Construction on the museum began in March 2001. Designed by Tom Meyer, principal for the architectural firm Meyer, Scherer & Rockcastle, the museum is a new building built with the ruin walls of the 1880 Washburn A Mill. Efforts were made to retain as much of the historic fabric of the building as was possible. Many features of the Washburn A Mill were left intact, including turbine pits, railroad tracks, a train shed and two engine houses.

Gallery

References

External links

Mill City History Portal
Washburn A Mill Explosion in MNopedia, the Minnesota Encyclopedia

Historic American Buildings Survey and Historic American Engineering Record

Washburn-Crosby A Mill Complex - now part of the Mill City Museum
identifies buildings in the complex - use TIFF version

 Includes a brief history of New Process and roller mills at Washburn-Crosby, plus addition of auxiliary steam and then electric power at Washburn-Crosby and other mills.

Washburn-Crosby A Mill Complex - other

Washburn-Crosby  A Mill Complex - after the 1991 fire

2003 establishments in Minnesota
Flour mills in the United States
General Mills
Historic American Engineering Record in Minnesota
History of Minneapolis
Individually listed contributing properties to historic districts on the National Register in Minnesota
Grinding mills on the National Register of Historic Places in Minnesota
Industrial buildings completed in 1879
Mill museums in Minnesota
Minnesota Historical Society
Minnesota state historic sites
National Register of Historic Places in Mississippi National River and Recreation Area
Museums established in 2003
Museums in Minneapolis
National Historic Landmarks in Minnesota
National Register of Historic Places in Minneapolis
Grinding mills in Minnesota

Mill City Museum