The Tamil people are an ethnic group from South Asia. Traditionally, they have been living in the southern parts of India, and the northeastern parts of Sri Lanka.

The Tamil people number around 74 million in the world. Of that, there are about 63,000,000 in India; about 3,600,000 live in Sri Lanka; about 2,900,000 live in Malaysia; and about 430,000 live in Singapore. The remaining Tamil people live in many other places. Other peoples are related to the Tamil people by language, culture, and ancestry. Some of them are Brahui people, Kannadigas, Malayalis, Telugu people and Tuluvas. Tamil people, are not closely related to people in the Middle East and Europe, except the Romani people.

Tamil people identify themselves with their language, Tamil and their rich culture and literature.  In recent times, they have broadened the definition of Tamil people.  They now also include descendants of Tamil speaking people even when they no longer speak Tamil language.

History
The history of Tamil people has three broad time periods as described below.

The pre-classical period
No one is sure about the exact origins of the Tamil people. Some connect them with the Elamite people of ancient Iran. Historians confirmed with the scripts and names of towns of Indus that the people of the Indus Valley Civilization were Tamil.

In Tamil Nadu, the earliest presence of Tamil people dates back to around 10000 BC on wards. Archaeologists have found many burial places of megalithic era. The style of burials is same as described in classical Tamil literature. Recent excavations at these sites have also provided samples of early Tamil writing, dating back to at least 5000 BC (The Hindu, 2005).

The classical period
Three royal families emerged in the lands of the Tamil people: the dynasties of the Cholas, Cheras, and the Pandyas.

At that time, agriculture and trading were two main economic activities of Tamil people. They even traded with many other countries, including places in Europe. In Karur (Tamil Nadu), archaeologists found a large number of coins of Ancient Rome and Egypt. The Pandyas sent at least two ambassadors to the Roman Emperor Augustus. Archaeologists have also found Tamil writings in broken pieces of pottery in the Red Sea, where Tamil Merchants settled there and became one of the Acestor the Romani people, as DNA studys shows.

An unnamed traveler from ancient Greece had described in Greek language ports of the Pandya as "The land of Punt" and Chera kings. He had detailed the items exported by the Tamil people. These items included black pepper, pearls, ivory, silk, diamonds, sapphires, and tortoiseshell.

The classical period ended at around 2nd century. People from northern parts of India invaded the lands of the Tamil people. For Tamil people, this was a dark period of their history called kalapiraras. They are the Jewish Invaders from Western coast of Karnataka and Kerala with help of the local Telugu tribal's who lived in the jungles of Western ghats and chambal. This dark phase ended with the rise of the Pandyas and Pallava dynasty again.

The imperial and post-imperial periods
Historical records of ancient Tamil rulers have been destroyed on purpose. Only later pallava period is mentioned during the 6th century, they became powerful after they drove the kalapirars. Later The Pallavas also encouraged the worship of Shiva and Vishnu; and built large temples.

In the 9th century, the Cholas and the Pandyas defeated Pallavas. By the 10th century, the Cholas had established a big empire, covering most of south India and Sri Lanka. They had a strong navy, That reached Thailand, Burma and Sumatra. They also had a strong trading links with China. By the 12th – 13th centuries, the power of the Cholas had declined. For some time, Pandyas became powerful. However, by that time Muslim rulers invaded Tamil lands. The Pandya dynasty came to an end by the 16th century.

Over a period of time, western parts of Tamil lands were developing in a separate manner. By the 13th century, the Cholas and the Pandyas had lost control over these areas. The people living there developed their own language and culture. By the 15th century they had a separate language, Malayalam language, now the language of the Indian state of Kerala.

After 16th century no major rulers emerged to rule Tamil lands. But, there were many smaller local rulers. For some time, rulers from the present day Maharashtra and Andhra Pradesh also ruled over the Tamil lands. By the 17th century, Europeans from the United Kingdom, France and Denmark started to establish their settlements in Tamil lands. They fought many battles. Finally, the British won, and by the end of the 18th century, most of the Tamil lands came under the British rule.

Tamils in Sri Lanka
Before the deluge at about 11600 yrs, Sri Lanka was a part of Tamil Nadu and Tamil rulers of the ancient pandyas ruled this place.After deluge Sri Lanka separated from Tamil Nadu. One north Indian king of Tamil origin exiled his son Vijayan out of country for his wrongdoing Vijayan with a small troop reached Sri Lanka. The Tamil Nagas, Yakkars and vedars were the original inhabitants of Sri Lanka before Vijanyan's arrival and the land was under Pandiyan control. Pandiyan of Madurai welcomed Vijayan with good heart and facilitated his troops.He sent Tamil girls from Pandiyan kingdom to marry Vijayan and for his troops.The Tamil people ruled parts of Sri Lanka from time to time, and played important role in the ruling of Sri Lanka. In the 10th century, the Chola kings made Sri Lanka a part of their kingdom. This continued until late 11th century.

After decline of the Chola power in Sri Lanka, different rulers ruled Sri Lanka, the Arya Chakaravarthi dynasty from 1215.Thou the name says Arya chakravarthi it is a debate that their surnames says SANGILI which is a pure Tamil origin name of Tamil root. The Arya Chakaravarthi dynasty ruled over large parts of northeast Sri Lanka until 1619. By this time the Portuguese and the Dutch won many areas of Sri Lanka. However, in 1796, the British won entire Sri Lanka, Sri Lanka became part of the British Empire..

The modern period
During the British Raj, the British combined all Tamil lands and gave them a new name, the Madras Presidency.  The Madras Presidency became a part of the British Raj.  Similarly, the British combined Tamil lands of Sri Lanka and other regions of Sri Lanka in 1802.  This became the Ceylon colony, also a part of the British Empire. When India became independent in 1947, Madras Presidency became a part of India.  Ceylon became independent in 1948, and the Tamil lands remained a part of independent Ceylon, now called Sri Lanka.

After India's independence in 1947, Madras Presidency became Madras State. It covered the areas of present-day Tamil Nadu, coastal parts of Indian states of Andhra Pradesh, northern Kerala, and the southwest of Karnataka. The Government of India rearranged (1956) the boundaries of many states of India based on language. Thus, the present day state of Tamil Nadu came into existence.

At the beginning, there was a demand for an independent country for the Tamil people. However, the constitution of India gave major rights to the states, and protected the speakers of regional languages from compulsory speaking and use of Hindi. This satisfied most of the Tamil people, and presently there is no demand for a separate country for Tamil people outside the federal system of India.

However, in Sri Lanka, the government did not give sufficient rights to people who spoke Tamil language. During 1970s, this led to a demand for independence of Tamil people and the Sri Lankan Civil War.

Geographic distribution
Tamil people live in many geographical regions. Sections below describe them.

In India
Most of the Tamil people of India live in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. Most of the people living in Pondicherry of India are also Tamil people.

Tamil people have been traditionally living in some other parts of India - for examples, Hebbar and Mandyam Tamils of southern Karnataka, the Tamils of Palakkad in Kerala, and the Tamils of Pune, Maharashtra. For last one hundred years or so, Tamil people went to many other parts of India for jobs or business. Some of them settled in these places.

In Sri Lanka
Presently, there are two groups of Tamils in Sri Lanka. The first group is Sri Lankan Tamils. They are descendants of the Tamil people who lived in the old Jaffna kingdom or who migrated to the East coast. The second group is Hill Country Tamils. They descended from the Tamil people who went to Sri Lanka from India as laborers in the 19th century-early 20th century. The first group mostly lives in the northern and eastern parts of Sri Lanka. The second group mostly live in the central highlands.

In 1949, some political developments in Sri Lanka were adverse for Tamil people of Sri Lanka. Many Tamils people lost their citizenship of being citizens of Sri Lanka. Under an agreement between the governments of India and Sri Lanka, about 40% of these Tamils could get back their citizenship. Many others had to shift to India. These developments brought the two groups of the Tamil people of Sri Lanka closer. By 1990s, most of the Tamil people had got back their citizenship.

In other places
Beginning from the 18th century, many poor Tamil people went as laborers to many countries of the British Empire. Some of these countries were Malaya, South Africa, Fiji, Mauritius and the Caribbean. At the same time, many Tamil businessmen also went to places in Burma and East Africa. Many Tamils still live in these countries.

Special mention may be made of Singapore. The government has made Tamil language as one of the national languages although only 4.2% of the people speak Tamil language in Singapore.

By 1980s many Tamil people of Sri Lanka were facing ethnic conflicts. Many of them fled to Australia, Europe, North America and Southeast Asia. Today, the largest concentration of Tamils outside southern Asia is in Toronto, Canada.

In recent years, many young Tamil professionals from India (particularly computer programmers) have gone to Europe and the United States.

Culture

Language and literature
Tamil people call their language as "the Tamil mother." They identify themselves based on their language.

Tamil language, like other languages of south India, is one of the Dravidian languages. It is not related to the Indo-European languages of the north India. Although modern speakers of Tamil language use a number of words of Sanskrit and English, Tamil language has maintained its original classical character. The Government of India has recently recognized Tamil language as one of the classical languages of India.

Classical Tamil literature is varied. For example, they cover poetry and lyrics; works of ethics and philosophy; and many other types of literary works. Notable works in classical Tamil literature include the Tirukkural by Thiruvalluvar, The Five Great Epics of Tamil Literature and the works of Auvaiyar. Over many centuries, the written Tamil has changed very little. Thus, even modern Tamil people are able to read and enjoy these classical literary works.

Modern Tamil literature is also varied. It has many aspects: for example, Indian nationalism, historical romanticism, and social realism. In recent years, many works of Tamil language in Sri Lanka describe the tragedy of ethnic conflict and civil war. Tamil people living in many other places have also produced literary works.

Some of the note-worthy poets are Bharathiyar, Barathidasen, etc... of end of 19th century who depicts the originality of Tamil culture and India, penned several notarary poems on Tamil and National interest.

Visual arts
Tamil visual arts have three main forms: architecture, sculpture and painting. The theme is generally religious, showing aspects of Hinduism.

Tanjore painting is the most important form of painting of Tamil people. The painting originated in a place named Tanjore (modern name: Thanjavur). This style of painting originated in the 9th century. In this style of painting, the painter paints on a piece of cloth. Sometimes, the painter also decorates the painting with threads of gold and silver, and precious gems. There is one other type of important painting style. Painters make paintings on the walls of temples. Tamil paintings use rich colors and show minute details.

In their sculpture, artists use bronze. Several pieces of sculptures are found throughout Tamil Nadu, particularly in temples. Most of them are very old, dating from the 7th century onwards. The sculptures show very minute details, including details of ornaments and dress. Many sculptures also show movement with fine details. Two important examples of such sculptures are: the cave sculptures at Mamallapuram and Nataraja statue at Chidambaram.

There are many temples in the lands of Tamil people. The gates of these temples, called Gopuram, are higher than other parts. Earlier Gopurams were simple in construction. From 13th century onwards, they became bigger and have engravings and paintings. The engravings and paintings show scenes and characters from Hindu mythology. Temples at Thanjavur. Chidambaram and Srirangam are very big and fine examples of temples of Tamil people.

Tamil art is an important tradition of Indian art.

Performing arts
The Tamil people have many performing arts. The classical Tamil literature has many details of these performing arts.

Classical music of Tamil people is carnatic music. The classical Tamil literature records details about the carnatic music. This is a vocal music with use of musical instruments. Carnatic music is completely religious.

Tamil folk music is very different from the carnatic music. The folk music shows a lot of excitement. The songs may convey folklore and other popular tales.

Bharatanatyam is the main dance of the Tamil people. Generally one dancer performs this dance. The dance tells a story through movements of parts of body, particularly hands. Until 1930s, girls known as devadasis performed this dance in temples. Now, it has become common, and there are many famous dancers who perform this dance. Tamil people also have many types of folk dances performed in villages. Sometimes they perform such a dance before the village goddess called Mariamma.

Tamil people also have a long tradition of theatrical performance. In villages, performers perform in the open. They dance and sing, and some times tell stories. These stories may be religious stories or on any other topic.

Tamil Nadu has a well-developed tradition of stage theatre tradition. Presently, both classical and folk performing arts survive in modern Tamil society.

Tamil people like to watch movies. Tamil movies are famous for technical details, artistic presentation, and entertainment. Most of the Tamil movies will have some songs and dances. Kollywood is the popular term for the Tamil film industry

Religion
Most of the Tamil people are Hindus. However, many are Muslims and Christians. At one time, Jainism was one of the major religions of Tamil people. However, presently there are only few thousand Tamil Jains.

In Tamil Hinduism, the most popular deity is god named Murugan. He is a form of Karthikeya, the son of Shiva. The Tamil people also worship mother goddess Amman or Mariamman. Many Tamil people also worship Kannagi, a folk heroine. Throughout Tamil lands, there are many temples of Shiva, Vishnu, and Ganesha (Ganpathi). In rural areas of Tamil Nadu, people worship many local gods and goddesses. They call them aiyyanar.

There were many saints known as Alvars and Nayanars. In the 10th century, Ramanuja propagated his philosophy about worship and also accepted lower caste-Hindus as his disciples. There were many other notable Tamil saints. The Ramayana has many parts based in Tamil regions and according to legends, many of Rama's soldiers were Tamil people.

The most important Tamil festivals are Pongal and the Tamil New Year. Pongal is a harvest festival and people celebrate this in mid-January. Tamil people also celebrate Diwali. Two other important Hindu festivals of Tamil people are Thaipusam, and Adipperukku.

The most important Tamil Muslims festivals are Eid al-Fitr and Eid al-Adha.

Martial arts
A Tamil legend states that the Cholas, Chera and Pandyan kings fought many wars in the 1st century. The war lasted for about one hundred years. During this period, the Tamil people perfected many martial arts. All these styles of martial arts still exist. They also developed many weapons.

There are many types of martial arts. For example, in a special type of martial art called Silambam, a person would use a stick of about 1.6 meters long. By moving the stick he would try to defend against attack by several persons. In another type of martial art, persons get training to defend themselves without using any weapons, by using their hands and legs.

Varma Kalai (Tamil: வர்மக்கலை) is a martial art and esoteric healing art originating from ancient Tamil Nadu in South India. The name literally translate as "The Art of Vital Points". It is an element of the Tamil martial art Kuttu varisai.[1]

In some parts of Tamil Nadu, notably Alanganallur (near Madurai), some Tamil people hold annual event around Pongal festival: called " Manju virattu " in Tamil (bullfighting}).

Movements
Periyar E. V. Ramasamy, a social leader of Tamil people started a movement named Self-respect Movement. It was to promote self-respect and remove social evils like casteism. Many people call this movement as the Dravidian movement. All political parties of Tamil Nadu draw their principles from this movement.

Scholars of India and Sri Lanka have developed a vocabulary in Tamil language for words of science and technology.

In the 1960s, the government of Tamil Nadu held a World Tamil Conference. The Conference has been meeting regularly.

In 1999, many Tamil people organized a World Tamil Confederation. Its purpose is to protect and promote Tamil culture and bring a sense of togetherness amongst Tamils in different countries. The Confederation has since adopted a Tamil flag and Tamil song  to act as symbols for the Tamil people living in different countries. The words on the flag quote the opening line of a poem by the classical poet Kaniyan Pungundranar. These words mean: "All lands are our home; all people are our kin."

In Sri Lanka, the Federal Party (later the Tamil United Liberation Front) took the lead in Tamil politics. However, by 1980s, political movements took a back seat in Tamil politics of Sri Lanka. Many military groups had started conflicts, and a civil war broke out. The Tamil Tigers emerged as the most important force amongst these military groups. The Tamil Tigers are fighting to establish its own government in areas where Tamil people are in majority. Presently they control many areas, and are negotiating for peace.

Related pages

 Tamil language
 Tamil Nadu
 Sri Lankan Tamils

References

Further reading
 Sastri, K.S. Ramaswamy (2002). The Tamils: The People, Their History and Culture, Vol. 1: An Introduction to Tamil History and Society. New Delhi: Cosmo Publications. .

Other websites
 Tamils - An Ancient People
 Information about Tamil people and culture
 A video gallery of Tamil arts and culture
 Tamil library - learn Tamil
 Tamil news

Tamil people


The Santanoni Preserve was once a private estate of approximately 13,000 acres (53 km²) in the Adirondack Mountains, and now is the property of the State of New York, at Newcomb, New York.

History
Santanoni Preserve was established by Robert C. Pruyn (1847–1934), a prominent Albany banker and businessman.  Acquiring about 12,900 acres (52.2 km²) in the Town of Newcomb, just south of the Adirondack High Peaks, Pruyn employed the distinguished architect Robert H. Robertson (1849–1914) to design a summer residential complex. Robert C. Pruyn's heirs in 1953 sold the Santanoni Preserve to the Melvin family, leaders in the business and professional community of Syracuse, New York.

The Melvin family continued to enjoy the camp for almost twenty more years, although maintaining it on a simpler scale.  In 1971, one of the Melvins' grandchildren, eight-year-old Douglas Legg, disappeared in the forest at Santanoni and was never seen again.  The family, not caring to return to the scene of this tragedy, quickly contracted with the newly formed Adirondack Conservancy Committee of The Nature Conservancy to purchase the entire Santanoni Preserve.  The furnishings were removed, and the Conservancy then resold the property to the state of New York for incorporation into the State Forest Preserve.

For two decades Camp Santanoni buildings were inadequately maintained by the state, since the intent, as required by the Article Fourteen of the New York State Constitution (providing for retention of Adirondack wilderness) was to remove improvements in order to return the Santanoni Preserve to a "forever wild' condition.

Camp Santanoni
A residential complex of about forty-five buildings within the Santanoni Preserve, Camp Santanoni was one of the earliest examples of the "Great Camps of the Adirondacks". The complex now is known as the Camp Santanoni Historic Area and is a National Historic Landmark. At the time of completion, Camp Santanoni was regarded as the grandest of all such Adirondack camps.

Camp Santanoni has three main groupings of buildings:The Gate Lodge complex; the farm complex; and the Main Camp.  The  Robert H. Robertson buildings for the Main Camp were built in 1892–93.  The farm buildings were designed around 1902 by Edward Burnett, the leading farm designer of the time.  The Gate Lodge was designed in 1905 by William Adams Delano of the New York City architectural firm of Delano and Aldrich.

The Gate Lodge complex is situated at the edge of the hamlet of Newcomb, included an impressive gate Lodge with a monumental, stone, gateway arch and six staff bedrooms, a caretakers home, and assorted barns, wagon sheds and other buildings.

The farm complex, a mile farther into the estate, included a massive set of barns, three farmhouses and workers' cottages, a stone creamery, workshop, chicken house, kennels, smoke house, root cellar and other service buildings.  With imported and domestic breeds of cattle, sheep, goats, pigs and poultry, Santanoni had probably the largest farm operation ever associated with a family estate in the Adirondacks.  It supplied the camp with its meat and produce, while surplus dairy products were sold in Newcomb and sent to Albany for the Pruyns and their friends.  Many Newcomb residents today still own milk bottles with "Santanoni" embossed on them in raised letters.

The Main Camp was situated  from the Gate Lodge complex, farther into the estate on the shore of Newcomb Lake, with an excellent view toward the Adirondack High Peaks.  The central lodge was actually a grouping of six separate buildings—the main living and dining lodge with two bedrooms upstairs; four sleeping cabins with a total of seven bedrooms; and a kitchen and service building with seven staff bedrooms— all connected by a common roof and porch system.  1500 spruce trees were used in the log construction.  With its log grill work on the eaves, birch-bark wall covering and hand-hewn beams in the two-story high ceiling of the main living area, half-log decorative patterns on many walls and doors, impressive fieldstone fireplaces, and other structural and decorative features, Santanoni is an outstanding example of rustic Adirondack Architecture and the craft of log construction.

Flanking the central lodge on the lake shore were a boathouse and an artist's studio, built for Pruyn's artistic son, Edward Lansing Pruyn.  In the woods behind the main lodge were another caretaker's home, workshop, ice house, and assorted service buildings.  A little farther away, on the road from the farm, were two more staff domiciles and another horse and carriage barn.

Design
Authors of a book (below) about the Santanoni Preserve have noted an influence of Japanese architecture evident in Robertson's design. Most apparent of these is a single roof and continuous porch that connects five of the six buildings.  The dominant roof is stepped in the Japanese fashion and resembles a bird-in-flight, the symbolic phoenix, when seen from the air.  The authors observe that owner Robert C. Pruyn had served as secretary to his father, Robert H. Pruyn, when the latter was appointed by President Lincoln in 1861 as minister to Japan.  He was the second such ambassador since Commodore Perry's voyage had opened trade with this hitherto unknown realm.  The Pruyns were well-connected in the business, political, and social life of the Empire State.  Among many other involvements, Robert C. Pruyn was aide to Governor Dix, President of National Commercial Bank (now Key Bank), and a Regent of the University of the State of New York.  Theodore Roosevelt and James Fenimore Cooper, Jr. were among the many distinguished visitors who regularly visited the Pruyns at their Adirondack camp.

Preservation
After two years' efforts of a regional preservation organization, Adirondack Architectural Heritage, the state agreed in principle to retain most of the historic buildings of the Santanoni Preserve.  Since 1993, the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation, Adirondack Architectural Heritage and the Town of Newcomb have restored structures, assisted by grants for conservation and restoration from the federal Save America's Treasures program, grants from the New York State Environmental Protection Fund, and other allocations from New York State.  Funds from the Getty Foundation Grant Program assisted development of the Conservation Plan, which has guided all recent work.

Santanoni Preserve was included in a multiple property submission for listing on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986 and was listed there in 1987.  It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 2000.

Access
Santanoni Preserve is open year-round. In summer, visitors can walk, bike, horseback ride, or ride a horse-drawn wagon down the historic road; in winter, they can cross-country ski or snowshoe. Many of the building interiors, especially at the main camp, are open seasonally. From July 4 through Labor Day, interpretive staff provide free tours at camp at 11 am, 1 pm and 3 pm daily.

The Santanoni Preserve is located on Newcomb Lake, north of the hamlet of Newcomb.

Gallery

References

Further reading
 Robert Engel, Howard Kirschenbaum, Paul Malo.  Santanoni:  From Japanese Temple to Life at an Adirondack Great Camp.  Keesville, NY:  Adirondack Architectural Heritage, 2000.
 Gilborn, Craig A.  Adirondack Camps: Homes Away from Home, 1850–1950. Syracuse University Press, 2000.

External links

 Camp Santanoni
 Santanoni Preserve-Town of Newcomb
  Haynes, Wesley.  Adirondack Great Camp Theme Study
 National Historic Landmark, significance statement.
 New York Times, "Preserving Adirondacks Great Camps," June 11, 1992
 NYS DEC Camp Santanoni Historic Area - Unit Management Plan
New York Times, "In the Adirondacks, a Winter Trek Into the Gilded Age," February 1, 2006.

Adirondack Great Camps
National Historic Landmarks in New York (state)
State parks of New York (state)
1892 establishments in New York (state)
Museums in Essex County, New York
History museums in New York (state)
Open-air museums in New York (state)
Parks in Essex County, New York
Adirondack Park
National Register of Historic Places in Essex County, New York
Residential buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in New York (state)
Pruyn family

Santanoni Preserve


Edwin Wendell Pauley Sr. (January 7, 1903 – July 28, 1981) was an American businessman and political leader.

Early life
Born in Indianapolis, Indiana, to Elbert L. Pauley and the former Ellen Van Petten, he attended Occidental College, in northeast Los Angeles, during 1919 and 1920 before transferring to the University of California, Berkeley, where he was a member of Phi Kappa Psi fraternity, earning a Bachelor of Science in 1922 and a Master of Science the following year.

Business career
Pauley made his fortune running oil companies from the mid-1920s onward. He founded the Petrol Corp. in 1923. Pauley was president of Fortuna Petroleum by 1933. In 1947 he bought Coconut Island in Hawaii, as a private retreat. Several of his deals involved Zapata Corporation, run by George H. W. Bush, including a joint-venture with Pemargo in 1960. In 1958 he founded Pauley Petroleum which, with Howard Hughes, expanded oil production in the Gulf of Mexico.

Later Pauley also became a founding part-owner of television station KTVU in Oakland, a part-owner of the Los Angeles Rams football team and a director of Western Airlines.

Politics
Pauley became involved with the Democratic Party as a fundraiser in 1930s, eventually becoming treasurer of the Democratic National Committee. In 1940, he served as a member of the Interstate Oil and Compact Commission. He was a friend and confidante of U.S. Senator Harry S. Truman, and through Truman's influence, President Franklin D. Roosevelt appointed Pauley as petroleum coordinator of Lend-Lease supplies for the Soviet Union and the United Kingdom in 1941. He was director of the 1944 Democratic National Convention.

As president, Truman appointed him United States representative to the Allied Reparations Committee from 1945 to 1947. With the rank of ambassador, as well as industrial and commercial advisor to the Potsdam Conference, his chief task was to renegotiate the reparations agreements formulated at the Yalta Conference (many of which affected eventual C.I.A. director Allen Dulles's former clients). When Truman tried to appoint him Under Secretary of the Navy in 1946, Secretary of the Interior Harold L. Ickes resigned in protest, claiming that while Pauley was treasurer of the Democratic National Committee, he had suggested to Ickes that $300,000 ($ in  dollars) in campaign funds could be raised if the Interior Department would drop its fight against the State of California for ownership of oil-rich offshore lands. Ickes's resignation scuttled the appointment, and Pauley worked behind the scenes thereafter.

By successive appointments from several California governors, Pauley served as a University of California Regent from 1940 to 1972. As a regent, he was staunchly opposed to the creation of the University of California, San Diego.

Informant during anti-war protests
By the 1960s, Pauley came to support Ronald Reagan, and was by far the Board of Regents' harshest critic of UC Berkeley student protesters.

In 1965, Pauley was serving as a regent at the University of California, when anti-Vietnam war campus protests began to grow. At Pauley's request, CIA Director John McCone met with FBI Director J. Edgar Hoover on January 28 and Hoover agreed to leak to Pauley information about UC System President Clark Kerr. (See memo regarding McCone's request to meet with Hoover.  McCone graduated from UC Berkeley in 1922, the year before Pauley.) At that meeting, McCone told Hoover that Pauley was very upset about the "situation at Berkeley", and was "anxious to get a line on any persons who are communists or have communist associations, either on the faculty or in the student body." As soon as McCone left his office, Hoover phoned Los Angeles FBI chief Wesley Grapp, and ordered him to give Pauley anonymous memos on regents, faculty members, and students who were "causing trouble at Berkeley". Hoover admonished Grapp, "It must be impressed upon Mr. Pauley that this data is being furnished in strict confidence."

Five days later (February 2) Grapp met with Pauley for two hours at his office in the Pauley Petroleum Building in Los Angeles. Grapp provided him information from FBI files on other regents, faculty, and students who were considered "ultra-liberal". The CIA and FBI worked in conjunction with Ronald Reagan, who sought to mount a "psychological warfare campaign" against the budding Free Speech Movement and anti-war sit-ins, including using tax-evasion and "any other available" charges in which the FBI agreed to assist. "This has been done in the past, and has worked quite successfully", Hoover noted.

(This information was not made public until 2002, after a fifteen-year legal battle with the FBI that went all the way to the US Supreme Court, as a result of a FOIA request for an in-depth San Francisco Chronicle investigation. The FBI had claimed it needed to maintain secrecy to "protect law enforcement operations". The National Security Act of 1947 bars the CIA from engaging in domestic intelligence activities.)

Pauley began the February 2, 1965, meeting with Grapp by saying he was upset about the Free Speech Movement and recalled that "obnoxious question ... concerning the FBI being a secret police" (referring to a 1959 entry exam question.) He told Grapp he had "no use for [UC President] Kerr" and had accused Kerr of being a "communist or a communist follower". Pauley explained that the 24-member Board of Regents was divided and that his faction wanted "strong positive action taken immediately to clean up the mess." The problem, he said, was that so far he'd been unable to muster the votes to fire Kerr. He blamed the impasse on three "ultra-liberal" regents who staunchly backed Kerr. Governor Pat Brown (D) had named to the board: William Coblentz (Brown's former special counsel); William M. Roth (member of the ACLU executive committee); and Elinor Raas Heller (member of the Democratic National Committee).

Pauley told Grapp that in the 1950s the FBI secretly gave the university reports on professors it was considering hiring. He said he wanted to restore the procedure—which the FBI had code-named the Responsibilities Program—and offered to pay someone to check FBI files. After Pauley promised not to reveal that the FBI was his source, Grapp gave him a report on UC Berkeley immunology professor Leon Wofsy that summarized news stories from 1945 to 1956, noting that Wofsy had been a self-avowed Communist Party official who tried to get young people involved with the party. The report failed to note that since 1957 the FBI had found no evidence that Wofsy had been involved with the party.

On February 4, 1965, Grapp told Hoover that Pauley could be used as a source on internal University affairs, and could harass and remove suspected communists on the faculty and the Board of Regents. Hoover approved, and one week later Pauley was given confidential information on Coblentz, Roth and Heller. Pauley, Grapp reported to Hoover, was "most appreciative" of the information on his opponents. As Pauley saw it, according to Grapp's report, UC would remain in turmoil "as long as the current officials were in power at the university."

That fall, thousands of students joined the escalating protests. To Pauley and the FBI, it was further proof that Kerr had lost control of the university. Pauley confided to Grapp that two alumni were taking things into their own hands. They had recruited athletes to "beat up the demonstrators" and hired a barber to "forcibly 'shear' the students who need it". Grapp continued to slip Pauley anonymous memos about students and faculty—at least two dozen more—that he could use in persuading the regents to fire Kerr. But in October, a frustrated Pauley told Grapp he was still "two votes short to fire Clark Kerr". Kerr would remain in charge of the university, it seemed, as long as Brown remained governor.

When Ronald Reagan was elected California's governor in 1966, after campaigning against "campus malcontents and filthy speech advocates" at Berkeley, one of his first moves was to fire Kerr. Reagan's Legal Affairs Secretary, Herbert Ellingwood, met with FBI agent Cartha "Deke" DeLoach at FBI Headquarters, and noted that Reagan was "dedicated to the destruction of disruptive elements on college campuses."

Philanthropy
After his retirement from the University of California system, Pauley concentrated on his many philanthropic interests and business concerns. He was particularly interested in promoting the use of his Coconut Island in Kāne'ohe Bay, Oahu, Hawaii by the University of Hawaii at Manoa and its Hawaiʻi Institute of Marine Biology. He kept about half of the island for the use of his family—his wife Bobbi, his son, Stephen M. Pauley and daughter, Susie Pauley and eventually their families. After Pauley's death in 1981, his widow Bobbi Pauley established the Edwin W. Pauley Foundation to continue their philanthropic work. In 1995, the Pauley family presented the University of Hawai`i with a gift of the private portion of the   island to the University, and provided funds for the building of a new library and laboratory buildings for the institute. Built on a living coral reef, the institute is now one of the world's premier locations for the study of marine biology.

Honors
The Pauley Pavilion at the University of California, Los Angeles, is named in the honor of his philanthropy and service as a regent. Pauley donated almost one-fifth of the five million dollars needed to construct the Pauley Pavilion, which since 1965 has served as home stadium for the basketball and volleyball teams of UCLA.

A smaller dedication to Pauley exists at his alma mater, the University of California, Berkeley: the Pauley Ballroom, which can seat up to 1,000 people in the Martin Luther King Jr. Student Union.

References

Saxon, Wolfgang (July 29, 1981). Edwin Wendell Pauley Sr., 78. The New York Times
Biographical sketches: Edwin W. Pauley via Truman Library
Minor, Linda (2002). Follow The Yellow Brick Road: From Harvard to Enron.
 San Francisco Chronicle, "Reagan, Hoover, and the UC Red Scare", June 9, 2002.

External links

1903 births
1981 deaths
Businesspeople from Indianapolis
Businesspeople from Los Angeles
Occidental College alumni
University of California, Berkeley alumni
California Democrats
University of California regents
20th-century American businesspeople
Woodward Academy alumni
20th-century American academics
Democratic National Committee treasurers

Edwin W. Pauley


Bruce Porter (23 February 1865, San Francisco – 25 November 1953, San Francisco) was an American painter, sculptor, stained-glass designer, writer, muralist, landscape designer, and art critic.

Biography
Porter was raised in the East Bay town of Martinez, where his father was the editor of the local newspaper. He later received education in San Francisco, Paris, London, and Venice. He married Margaret Mary "Peggy" James, niece of Henry James, on October 6, 1917, at the Swedenborgian Church in Cambridge, Massachusetts and moved to San Francisco soon thereafter.

Artist
His tonalist paintings, which are rare, include Man and Nature (1903) and Presidio Cliffs which was exhibited at the Panama–Pacific International Exposition (1915). His many murals include those at the Pacific Union Club on Nob Hill and the First Unitarian Church of San Francisco.

Porter's sculptures include the Robert Louis Stevenson monument at Portsmouth Square in San Francisco, and the Memorial Arch (1919) on Saratoga-Los Gatos Road in Saratoga, California.

Designer
Some of Porter's stained-glass designs can be found at St Mary's Episcopal Church in Pacific Grove, California, and in San Francisco at the Swedenborgian Church (1895, Bernard Maybeck), and the Le Petit Trianon mansion (1904). Other stained-glass windows he designed are at churches in Monterey, Stockton, San Mateo and Coronado.

As a landscape designer, Porter created the gardens at the Filoli estate (1917) in Woodside, California, designed the landscape of the Memorial Stadium at the University of California at Berkeley (1923), and was the garden designer for several private residences.

Author
Porter also wrote art criticism columns for local newspapers. For two years, 1895 to 1897, Porter, along with Gelett Burgess and William Doxey, published the literary magazine The Lark. Porter also contributed to Arts in California (1916), a book that compiled the art works exhibited at the Panama–Pacific International Exposition.

References

Further reading
 Artists in California 1786 - 1940 (1989), Edan Milton Hughes
 Dictionary of American Painters, Sculptors and Engravers (1986), Mantle Fielding
 Arts in California (1916), Bruce Porter, Porter Garnett, et al.
 San Francisco Chronicle, 26 November 1953 (obit)
 Saratoga Chamber of Commerce

American designers
19th-century American painters
American male painters
20th-century American painters
American landscape and garden designers
American muralists
American art critics
Sculptors from California
Painters from California
Tonalism
1865 births
1953 deaths
Artists from the San Francisco Bay Area
People from Martinez, California
Writers from San Francisco
American male non-fiction writers
20th-century American sculptors
20th-century American male artists
19th-century American sculptors
American male sculptors
Journalists from California
19th-century American male artists

Bruce Porter


The common cold is caused by viruses. It spreads easily, so it is very infectious. The symptoms are mostly in the upper respiratory system. Its damage is mostly felt in the nose and throat. The symptoms include coughs, painful throat, runny nose and fever. These symptoms usually last seven to ten days, but sometimes up to three weeks. Over two hundred different viruses can cause the common cold: that is why the details vary so much. Rhinoviruses are the most common cause.

The common cold mostly hurts the nose, pharynx, throat, and the sinuses (sinusitis). The symptoms come from the immune system's response to the infection, not from direct destruction by the viruses themselves. Hand washing is good, but the viruses also spread through moist air. Close contact with infected people is common in many cities. Wearing face masks might help, especially on any mass transit system (railways, underground, buses...).

If you have a case of the common cold, there will be a bacteria in the spit called Stretogen A or Stretogen B. These bacterias react when in contact with any clear weak acid. The clear colored liquid will turn to a brown color if positive. This method of testing has been replaced by symptom based diagnosis and you can be cured by using antibiotics.

There is no cure for the common cold, but the symptoms can be treated. It is the most frequent infectious disease in humans. The average person gets two to three colds every year. The average child gets between 6 and 12 colds every year. These colds have been with humans for as long as we have a history.

Signs and symptoms
The most common symptoms of a cold are a cough, runny nose, a stuffy nose, and a sore throat. Other issues are sore muscles, feeling tired, headache, and not wanting to eat. Around 40% of people with colds have a sore throat, while around 50% have a cough. Muscle ache happens in about half of the cases. A fever is an uncommon symptom in adults, but it is common in infants and young children. The cough caused by a cold is usually mild compared to a cough caused by influenza (the flu). A cough and a fever indicate a higher likelihood of the flu in adults. A number of the viruses that cause the common cold may also result in no symptoms. The color of the mucus that is coughed up from the lungs (sputum) may vary in color from clear to yellow to green. This color does not indicate if an infection is caused by viruses or bacteria.

Progression
A cold usually begins with feeling tired, a feeling of being chilled, sneezing, and a headache. Additional symptoms such as runny nose and cough follow within two or more days. Symptoms typically reach their worst two to three days after the infection begins. Symptoms usually end after seven to ten days, but can last up to three weeks. The cough lasts for more than ten days in 35% to 40% of cases involving children. It lasts for more than 25 days in 10% of cases involving children.

Cause

Viruses

The common cold is an easily spread infection of the upper respiratory tract. Rhinoviruses cause 30% to 80% of all cases. A rhinovirus is an RNA-containing virus. There are 99 known types of this kind of virus.

Other viruses can also cause the common cold. Coronavirus causes 10% to 15% of cases. The flu causes 5% to 15% of cases. Often, more than one virus is present and causing the infection. In total, over two hundred different viruses are associated with colds.

Transmission
The common cold virus is usually spread in one of two main ways. By breathing or swallowing droplets in the air containing the virus; or by contacting infected nasal mucus or contaminated objects. The most common method of transmitting the cold virus has not been determined. The viruses may survive for a long time in the environment. Viruses may then be transmitted from the hands to the eyes or nose where infection occurs. People sitting close together appear at greater risk of becoming infected. Transmission is common in day cares and at schools, due to the closeness of many children with little immunity and frequently poor hygiene. These infections are then brought home to other members of the family. There is no evidence that the air on commercial flights transmits cold viruses.  Rhinoviruses are most infectious in the first three days of cold symptoms. They are much less infectious afterwards.

Weather
The traditional theory was that the disease spread to someone staying too long in cold weather, rain, or winter conditions. This is how the disease got its name. The role of body cooling as a risk factor for the common cold is controversial. Some common cold viruses are seasonal, found more often in cold or wet weather. This is believed to mostly be due to more time spent indoors, close to each other; specifically children returning to school. Still, changes in the respiratory system may result in easier infections. Dry air may increase transmission rates by allowing small easily spread droplets to spread farther and stay in the air longer.

Other
Herd immunity, immunity that occurs when an entire group of people become immune to a particular infection, occurs from previous exposure to cold viruses. Thus younger populations have greater rates of respiratory infections and older populations have lower rates of respiratory infections. Poor immune function is also a risk factor for disease.  Lack of sleep and poor nutrition have also been associated with a greater risk of developing infection following rhinovirus exposure. This is believed to be due to their effects on immune function.

Pathophysiology

The symptoms of the common cold are believed to be mostly related to the immune response to the virus. The mechanism of this immune response is virus-specific. For example, the rhinovirus is typically acquired by direct contact. It binds to human ICAM-1 receptors through unknown methods to trigger the release of inflammatory mediators. These inflammatory mediators then produce the symptoms. It does not generally cause damage to the nasal epithelium.

In contrast, the respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is contacted by both direct contact and airborne droplets. It then replicates in the nose and throat before frequently spreading to the lower respiratory tract. RSV does cause epithelium damage.

Human parainfluenza virus typically results in inflammation of the nose, throat, and airways. In young children, when it affects the trachea it may produce croup, a hoarse cough and difficulty breathing. This is due to the small size of the airway in children.

Diagnosis
The distinction between different upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs) is loosely based on the location of the symptoms. The common cold primarily affects the nose, pharyngitis primarily affects the throat, and bronchitis primarily affects the lungs. The common cold is frequently defined as inflammation of the nose and may include varying amounts of throat inflammation. Self-diagnosis is common. Isolation of the actual viral agent involved is rarely performed. It is generally not possible to identify the specific virus through symptoms.

Prevention
The only effective way to prevent the common cold is by physically preventing the spread of the viruses. This primarily includes hand washing and wearing face masks. In the health care environment, gowns and disposable gloves are also worn. Isolating infected individuals is not possible because the disease is so widespread and symptoms are not specific. Vaccination has proved difficult because there are so many viruses involved and the viruses undergo rapid change. Developing a broadly effective vaccine is very unlikely.

Regular hand washing reduces the spread of cold viruses. It is most effective and is especially recommended for use in children, due to a lack of evidence supporting the effectiveness of over-the-counter cold medicines for children, and due to the risk for harm from those medicines. In 2009, Canada restricted the use of over-the-counter cough and cold medication in children six years old and younger due to concerns regarding risks and unproven benefits. The misuse of dextromethorphan (an over-the-counter cough medicine) has led to its ban in a number of countries.

In adults, the symptoms of a runny nose can be reduced by first-generation antihistamines. However, first-generation antihistamines are associated with adverse side effects such as drowsiness. Other decongestants such as pseudoephedrine are also effective in adults. Ipratropium nasal spray may reduce the symptoms of a runny nose, but there is little effect on stuffiness. Second-generation antihistamines do not appear to be effective.

Due to the lack of studies, it is not known whether drinking more fluids improves symptoms or shortens respiratory illness. A similar lack of data exists for the use of heated humidified air. One study found chest vapor rub to be effective in providing some symptomatic relief of night-time cough, congestion, and sleep difficulty.

Antibiotics and antivirals
Antibiotics have no effect against viral infections and thus have no effect against the common cold. Antibiotics are often prescribed even though antibiotic side effects cause overall harm. Antibiotics are commonly prescribed because people expect doctors to prescribe them, and doctors want to help people. Prescribing antibiotics also happens because it is difficult to exclude causes of infection that may be managed by antibiotics. There are no effective antiviral drugs for the common cold, even though some preliminary research has shown benefit.

Alternative treatments
While there are many alternative treatments used for the common cold, there is not enough scientific evidence to support the use of most treatments. As of 2010, there is not enough evidence to recommend for or against either honey or nasal irrigation. Zinc supplements may reduce the severity and duration of symptoms when taken within 24 hours of their onset. The effect of vitamin C on the common cold, while extensively researched, is disappointing. Evidence about the usefulness of echinacea is inconsistent. Different types of echinacea supplements may vary in their effectiveness.

Outcome
The common cold is generally mild and goes away on its own with most symptoms improving in one week. Severe complications, if they occur, are usually in the very old, the very young, or those who are immunosuppressed (have a weakened immune system). Secondary bacterial infections may occur resulting in sinusitis, pharyngitis, or an ear infection. It is estimated that sinusitis occurs in 8% of cases. Ear infections occur in 30% of cases.

Likelihood
The common cold is the most common human disease and people are affected all around the world. Adults typically have two to five infections per year. Children may have six to ten colds per year (and up to twelve colds per year for school children). Rates of symptomatic infections increase in the elderly due to a weakening immune system.

History
While the cause of the common cold has been known since only the 1950s, the disease has been with humanity since ancient times. Its symptoms and treatment are described in the Egyptian Ebers papyrus, the oldest existing medical text, written before the 16th century BC. The name "common cold" came into use in the 16th century, due to the similarity between its symptoms and those of exposure to cold weather.

In the United Kingdom, the Common Cold Unit (CCU) was set up by the Medical Research Council in 1946, and it was here that the rhinovirus was discovered in 1956. In the 1970s, the CCU demonstrated that treatment with interferon during the incubation phase of rhinovirus infection provided some protection against the disease. No practical treatment could be developed. The unit was closed in 1989, two years after it completed research of zinc gluconate lozenges in the prevention and treatment of rhinovirus colds. Zinc was the only successful treatment developed in the history of the CCU.

Economic impact
The economic impact of the common cold is poorly understood in much of the world. In the United States, the common cold leads to 75 million to 100 million physician visits annually, costing at least $7.7 billion per year (by conservative cost estimates). Americans spend $2.9 billion on over-the-counter (OTC) drugs. Americans spend an additional $400 million on prescription medicines for symptomatic relief. More than one-third of people who saw a doctor received an antibiotic prescription. The use of antibiotic prescriptions has implications for antibiotic resistance. An estimated 22 million to 189 million school days are missed each year due to a cold. As a result, parents missed 126 million workdays to stay home to care for their children. When added to the 150 million workdays missed by employees suffering from a cold, the total economic impact of cold-related work loss exceeds $20 billion per year. This accounts for 40% of time lost from work in the United States.

Research
A number of antivirals have been tested for effectiveness in the common cold.  As of 2009, none have been both found effective and licensed for use. There are ongoing trials of the antiviral drug pleconaril. It shows promise against picornaviruses. There are also ongoing trials of BTA-798. The oral form of pleconaril had safety issues and an aerosol form is being studied.

Researchers from the University of Maryland, College Park and the University of Wisconsin–Madison have mapped the genome for all known virus strains that cause the common cold.

References

Related Videos
FindDocTV - Fly while Having a Cold

Diseases caused by viruses

Common cold


The Staten Island Ferry is a free ferry service that runs between the New York City boroughs of Staten Island and Manhattan. The service started in 1817 as the Richmond Turnpike Company. It leaves and arrives in Manhattan from the Staten Island Ferry Whitehall Terminal near Battery Park City. In Staten Island, it leaves and arrives from the Saint George Ferry Terminal near Richmond Terrace. The trip takes around 25 minutes each way. Service is provided 24 hours a day, 365 days a year. Late-night service is one trip per hour and, during rush hours, four per hour.

The ferry carries bicycles.  The ground entrance to the ferry is only for bicycle riders.  Automobiles were also carried for a fee of $3.00 per automobile.  This ended after the September 11, 2001 attacks.

Over 21 million people ride the Staten Island Ferry a year. Around 75,000 ride on a weekday.

Other websites

Staten Island Ferry

Transport in New York City
Ferry
Manhattan
1817 establishments in the United States
1810s establishments in New York (state)
Ferries

Staten Island Ferry


The Scots fitbaw league seestem is a set o leagues for Scots fitbaw teams. The Scots system is mare complicatit than mony ither naitional league seestems as it haes twa completely deeferent seestems o leagues an teams: senior fitbaw an junior fitbaw. The twa systems hae nothin tae dae wi the ages of the players involvit.

In senior football in Scotland the're twa national leagues: the Scots Premier League an the Scots Fitbaa League (that haes three diveesions). The're several regional leagues an aw (the maist weel-kennt o these bein the Hieland Fitbaa League), but there's nae regular forderment or relegation atween the regional leagues an the national league.

Rangers are the current record holders with 52 titles.
Ane senior club based in Ingland, Berwick Rangers, plays in the Scots system in the Scots Fitbaa League. A smaa nummer o Inglis amateur clubs in the lowest levels o the gemme, based aboot the Anglo-Scots border, compete in the Scots system for geographical an travel reasons.

Fitbaw league seestems
Scots fitbaw

Scots fitbaw league seestem


高曼環保獎 (Goldman Environmental Prize)係頒畀草根環保人嘅現金獎。 分別畀六個地區: 非洲、亞洲、歐洲、海島同海島國家、北美洲、 中南美洲。獎金係 125000 蚊美金,冇任何附帶條件。係環保獎之中獎金最可觀嘅。

高曼環保獎喺1990年由慈善家理查德.高曼(Richard N. Goldman)同佢過咗身嘅老婆蘿蔕.高曼(Rhoda H. Goldman)創立嘅。理查德高曼喺舊金山搞咗高曼間保險公司。而蘿蔕高曼係牛仔褲公司 Levi Strauss 嘅後人。

侯選人由世界各地環保團體同個人秘密提名,個獎由一個國際評委會選出。得獎人參加為期 10 日喺舊金山同華盛頓嘅交流訪問、頒獎禮、新聞發布會,重會一啲政治、公共政策、金融、環保領袖見面。

環保獎得主

1990年
Robert Brown (澳大利亞)
Lois Gibbs (美國)
Janet Gibson (伯利茲)
Harrison Ngau Laing (馬來西亞)
János Vargha (匈牙利)
Michael Werikhe (肯尼亞)

1991年
Wangari Muta Maathai (肯尼亞)
Eha Kern & Roland Tiensuu (瑞典)
Evaristo Nugkuag (秘魯)
Yoichi Kuroda (日本)
Samuel LaBudde (美國)
Cath Wallace (新西蘭)

1992年
Jeton Anjain (馬紹爾群島)
Medha Patkar (印度)
Wadja Egnankou (象牙海岸)
Christine Jean (法國)
Colleen McCrory (加拿大)
Carlos Alberto Ricardo (巴西利亞)

1993年
Margaret Jacobsohn & Garth Owen-Smith (納米比亞)
Juan Mayr (哥倫比亞)
戴晴 (中國)
John Sinclair (澳大利亞)
JoAnn Tall (美國)
Sviatoslav Zabelin (俄羅斯)

1994年
Matthew Coon Come (加拿大)
Tuenjai Deetes (泰國)
Laila Iskander Kamel (埃及)
Luis Macas (厄瓜多爾)
Heffa Schücking (德國)
Andrew Simmons (聖文森特和格林納丁斯)

1995年
Aurora Castillo (美國)
Yul Choi South (韓國)
Noah Idechong (帕勞)
Emma Must (英國)
Ricardo Navarro (薩爾瓦多)
Ken Saro-Wiwa (尼日利亞)

1996年
Ndyakira Amooti (烏干達)
Bill Ballantine (新西蘭)
Edwin Bustillos (墨西哥)
M.C. Mehta (印度)
Marina Silva (巴西)
Albena Simeonova (保加利亞)

1997年
Nick Carter (贊比亞)
Loir Botor Dingit (印度尼西亞)
Alexander Nikitin (俄羅斯)
Juan Pablo Orrego (智利)
Fuiono Senio & Paul Alan Cox (西薩摩亞)
Terri Swearingen (美國)

1998年
Anna Giordano (意大利)
Kory Johnson (美國)
Berito Kuwaru'wa (哥倫比亞)
Atherton Martin (米尼加共和國)
Sven "Bobby" Peek (南非)
Hirofumi Yamashita (日本)

1999年
Jacqui Katona & Yvonne Margarula (澳大利亞)
Michal Kravcik (斯洛伐克)
Bernard Martin (加拿大)
Samuel Nguiffo (喀麥隆)
Jorge Varela (洪都拉斯)
Ka Hsaw Wa (Burma)

2000年
Oral Ataniyazova (烏茲別克斯坦)
Elias Diaz Peña & Oscar Rivas (巴拉圭)
Vera Mischenko (俄羅斯)
Rodolfo Montiel Flores (墨西哥)
Alexander Peal (利比里亞)
Nat Quansah (馬達加斯加)

2001年
Jane Akre & Steve Wilson (美國)
Yosepha Alomang (印度尼西亞)
Giorgos Catsadorakis & Myrsini Malakou (希臘)
Oscar Olivera (玻利維亞)
Eugène Rutagarama (盧旺達)
Bruno Van Peteghem (新喀裡多尼亞) 2001

2002年
Pisit Charnsnoh (泰國)
Sarah James & Jonathon Solomon (美國)
Fatima Jibrell (索馬里)
Alexis Massol-González (波多黎各)
Norma Kassi (加拿大)
Jean La Rose (圭亞那)
Jadwiga Lopata (波蘭)

2003年
Julia Bonds (美國)
Pedro Arrojo-Agudo (西班牙)
Eileen Kampakuta Brown & Eileen Wani Wingfield (澳大利亞)
Von Hernandez (菲律賓)
Maria Elena Foronda Farro (秘魯)
Odigha Odigha (尼日利亞)

2004年

Africa: Rudolf Amenga-Etego, 40, Accra, Ghana
Visionary public interest lawyer Rudolf Amenga-Etego of Ghana has gained international recognition for suspending a major water privatization project backed by the World Bank. The devastating plan would further impede access to clean drinking water, a crisis linked to high rates of disease in low-income communities. The privatization would also place an especially harsh burden on Ghanaian girls, whose school work suffers because they literally shoulder the responsibility of providing water for their families.

Asia: Rashida Bee, 48, and Champa Devi Shukla, 52, Bhopal, 印度
Despite their poverty and poor health due to toxic gas exposure, Bee and Shukla have emerged as leaders in the international fight to hold Dow Chemical accountable for the infamous 1984 Union Carbide gas leak in Bhopal, India that killed 20,000 and left more than 150,000 seriously injured. (Union Carbide became a wholly owned subsidiary of Dow in 1999.) They organized the first global hunger strike to draw international attention to Dow's deadly legacy and traveled the world to protest at Dow shareholder meetings. Now on the 20th anniversary of the disaster, Bee and Shukla are plaintiffs in a class action suit demanding a clean up of the noxious factory site and damages to cover medical monitoring and costs incurred from years of soil and water contamination.

South and Central America: Libia Grueso, 43, Buenaventura, Colombia
In a major victory for the Afro-Colombian civil rights movement, social worker and activist Libia Grueso secured more than 5.9 million acres (24,000 km²) in territorial rights for the country's black rural communities, including those in Colombias lush Pacific rainforest. Years of armed conflict, rapacious development and the narcotics industry have displaced Afro-Colombians and created an ecological catastrophe. Despite life-threatening circumstances, Grueso's brave work passing Law 70, historic legislation that officially grants Afro-Colombians territorial rights on lands they have populated for hundreds of years, gives hope to this environmental justice struggle.

Europe: Manana Kochladze, 32, Tbilisi, Georgia
British Petroleum is leading an international consortium, which includes California-based Unocal, for the construction of the $3 billion BTC project that would establish the largest pipeline in the world, crossing through Georgia, a country mired in poverty and political instability since gaining independence from Russia in 1991. For the U.S., the pipeline is a way to tap oil reserves in former Soviet states while bypassing Iran and Russia. But the route would run through a national park and pristine mountain gorge, home to Georgia's commercially prized mineral water and one of the few successful enterprises in Georgia's economy. Kochladze's fearless tenacity in the face of widespread government corruption and multinational industry interests has won critical concessions to protect local villagers and the environment and has forced a thorough examination of the project's environmental and health impact.

Islands and Island Nations: Demetrio do Amaral de Carvalho, 37, Dili, 東帝汶
Demetrio do Amaral de Carvalho is a founding father and environmental hero of East Timor, the world's newest nation. A former resistance leader during the Indonesian occupation, de Carvalho is largely credited for spearheading the progressive inclusion of environmental justice tenets in East Timor's constitution. These principles will play a critical legal and symbolic role in guiding sustainable management of the island's rainforests, coral reefs and vast oil and gas reserves.

North America: Margie Richard, 62, Norco, 路易斯安那州, 美國
this year's North American winner, grew up just 25 feet away from the fence line of a Shell Chemical plant the size of nine American football fields that releases more than 2 million pounds (900 metric tons) of toxic chemicals into the air each year. Four generations of Richard's family have lived in the Old Diamond neighborhood of Norco, Louisiana, located within the area known as "Cancer Alley". High rates of cancer, birth defects and other serious health ailments plague the town's 1,500 predominantly African-American residents.

For more than 13 years, Richard led a community campaign demanding fair and just resettlement costs from Shell for her family and neighbors too impoverished to relocate to a safe area. In 2002, thanks largely to Richard's efforts, Shell agreed to cover relocation costs for Old Diamond's residents: the first community relocation victory of its kind in the Deep South. The multinational giant also agreed to reduce their emissions at the Norco plant by 30 percent.

2005年
Isidro Baldenegro López (墨西哥))
Kaisha Atakhanova (哈薩克斯坦)
Chavannes Jean-Baptiste (海地)
Stephanie Danielle Roth (羅馬尼亞)
Corneille Ewango (剛果)
José Andrés Tamayo Cortez

2006年
Silas Kpanan' Siakor, 36, Liberia
Siakor along with members of the Sustainable Development Institute (SDI) Liberia and the SAMFU Foundation, Liberia, exposed evidence that Liberia President Charles Taylor used profits of unchecked, rampant logging to pay the costs of a brutal 14-year war. Such evidence—collected at great personal risk to Silas and members of the SDI and SAMFU—led the United Nations Security Council to ban the export of Liberian timber.

余曉剛, 55, China
Chinese environmentalist Yu Xiaogang spent years creating groundbreaking watershed management programs while researching and documenting the socioeconomic impact dams had on local Chinese communities. His reports are credited as being a primary reason the central government has paid additional restitution to villagers displaced by existing dams and created new guidelines calling for social impact assessments when planning major developments.

Olya Melen, 26, Ukraine
Melen used legal channels to challenge the government's plan to build a major canal that would have cut through protected wetlands in the Danube Delta, one of the most valuable wetlands in Europe. For her efforts, she came under critical scrutiny by officials in the notoriously corrupt pre-Orange Revolution regime, under which few spoke out against the government for fear of death or being "disappeared."

Anne Kajir, 32, Papua New Guinea
Attorney Anne Kajir uncovered evidence of widespread corruption and complicity in the Papua New Guinea government that allowed rampant, illegal logging that is destroying the largest remaining intact block of tropical forest in the Asia Pacific region In 1997, her first year practicing law, Kajir successfully defended a precedent-setting appeal in the Supreme Court of Papua New Guinea that forced the logging interests to pay damages to indigenous land owners.

Craig E. Williams, 58, Kentucky
Williams convinced the Pentagon to stop plans to incinerate decaying caches of chemical weapons stockpiled around the United States, and has built a nationwide grassroots coalition to lobby for safe disposal solutions. Williams co-founded the Vietnam Veterans of America Foundation, which won the 1997 Nobel Peace Prize for its international campaign to ban landmines.

Tarcisio Feitosa da Silva, 35, Brazil
Feitosa has led a successful campaign to create a mosaic of protected areas that together with existing indigenous lands make up a 240,000 square kilometer (93,000 mi²) corridor area that is bigger than the state of Minnesota and is the largest area of protected tropical forest in the world. Despite death threats, he has exposed illegal logging activities to the Brazilian government over the past 10 years.

2007年
Sophia Rabliauskas (Manitoba, 加拿大)
Hammerskjoeld Simwinga (贊比亞)
Tsetsegee Munkhbayar (蒙古)
Julio Cusurichi (秘魯)
Willie Corduff (冰島)
Orri Vigfússon (冰島)

出面網頁
高曼環保獎網站
Anti-logging activist wins award
Grist Magazine interviews the winners: 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006,
古德曼環保獎 六人獲殊榮
環保金人獎

環境保護
獎

高曼環保獎


Beeswax is a wax used by honeybees for building their hive. It is also used in the cosmetics and pharmaceutical industry. Large amounts of beeswax are used to make candles. It only has a minor role in the chemical industry, to make ski wax, for example. Sweets which are made of gelatin sometimes use beeswax as a covering. In medicine and physical therapy, beeswax is sometimes used to treat a cough and common cold, as well as muscle pain.

Bees
Natural materials

Beeswax


Codename: ICEMAN (pronounced as "Iceman") is a graphical adventure game made with the SCI engine and published by the American computer game company Sierra On-Line in 1989. The lead designer was Jim Walls, who also created several Police Quest games. Mention of a "Codename: PHOENIX" in Sierra promotional material suggests that ICEMAN was meant to be the first part of a Codename series, but disappointing sales ended the would-be franchise after one game.

One of ICEMAN'''s most notable features is that a large portion of it takes place in a submarine; a portion of the game also requires the player to navigate the sub using an extremely scaled-down model.

Plot
The story takes place during a future global oil shortage, when Tunisia is suddenly discovered to possess a surplus of high-grade oil. While the Soviet and U.S. governments try to acquire as much of the oil as they can, Soviet-backed terrorists kidnap a U.S. ambassador in hopes of provoking an international incident.

Naval officer Johnny Westland is informed about the situation during his leave in Tahiti and is called back for the rescue mission. The night before returning to duty, he has a one-night stand with Stacy, a mysterious beautiful woman.

In the Pentagon, Westland is briefed and learns that Stacy is also an agent whom he must meet as soon as he reaches his goal. To reach his target, Westland travels in a nuclear-powered submarine, the USS Blackhawk. After fighting with Soviet vessels, navigating his way through an iceberg field and repairing some malfunctioning devices, he must penetrate the electronic harbor surveillance of Tunisia. A diving vehicle must be maneuvered through sensitive magnetic fields without being detected.

Finally, Westland meets Stacy on the shores of Tunisia. Working together, the agents free the ambassador; Westland is promoted and proposes to Stacy.

Gameplay and technical features

Technologically, ICEMAN is more advanced than Sierra's earlier games. Westland's movement is animated in eight directions instead of four, the character's sprite goes through several changes of appearance depending on his clothing, and character animations are generally smooth (e.g. the movements while playing dice.)

Another innovation allows the player to optionally just stand in front of an object and type , instead of trying several nouns to match the object. Also, typing  causes Westland to turn towards the object in question.

On the other hand, the text parser understands only certain syntaxes. For example, while standing next to a ladder the program understands only , while similar games would also understand  or just  or . The feature of examining items with the right mouse button is implemented only for limited items on the screen. For the rest, the player must type .

Most puzzles in the game revolve around procedures, be they first aid, military or bureaucratic, that are usually outlined in the manual. Generally, if the player fails to follow a strict procedure (for instance, checking if a guard returned the player's ID card, rather than someone else's), the consequences will not surface until much later in the game. At some points, the game is unwinnable and the player must restore to a previously saved position.

Additionally, some portions of the game depend heavily on random factors, such as the effectiveness of torpedoes in submarine battles. At one point, the player must obtain a bottle from a crewman on the sub, but only if the player can beat him at a dice game. The crewman 'accuses' the player of cheating if the player repeatedly saves and restores in an effort to win at dice (he is allowed to do so only twice).

ReceptionComputer Gaming World in 1990 liked the simulation sequences, improved parser, art, difficult puzzles, and sound card support, but said that the iceberg sequence became boring. It concluded that fans of Sierra adventures or James Bond would enjoy the game. In a 2007 review, Dante Kleinberg of Adventure Gamers gave ICEMAN 1.5 stars out of 5, citing dead end situations and frustrating simulator sequences. Kleinberg however praised the game's "classic Sierra look and feel."

Theo Clarke reviewed Codename: ICEMAN for Games International'' magazine, and gave it a rating of 10 out of 10, and stated that "It is the most sophisticated adventure game that I have ever played. Sierra have exceeded even their own remarkable standards."

References

External links

1989 video games
Adventure games
Amiga games
Atari ST games
Classic Mac OS games
DOS games
ScummVM-supported games
Sierra Entertainment games
Spy video games
Video games set in French Polynesia
Video games set in Gibraltar
Video games set in Hawaii
Video games set in Tunisia
Video games set in Virginia
Video games scored by Mark Seibert
Single-player video games
Video games developed in the United States

Codename: ICEMAN


This is a list of bestselling novels in the United States in the 1970s, as determined by Publishers Weekly. The list features the most popular novels of each year from 1970 through 1975.

The standards set for inclusion in the lists – which, for example, led to the exclusion of the novels in the Harry Potter series from the lists for the 1990s and 2000s – are currently unknown.

1970
 Love Story by Erich Segal
 The French Lieutenant's Woman by John Fowles
 Islands in the Stream by Ernest Hemingway
 The Crystal Cave by Mary Stewart
 Great Lion of God by Taylor Caldwell
 QB VII by Leon Uris
 The Gang That Couldn't Shoot Straight by Jimmy Breslin
 The Secret Woman by Victoria Holt
 Travels with My Aunt by Graham Greene
 Rich Man, Poor Man by Irwin Shaw

1971
 Wheels by Arthur Hailey
 The Exorcist by William P. Blatty
 The Passions of the Mind by Irving Stone
 The Day of the Jackal by Frederick Forsyth
 The Betsy by Harold Robbins
 Message from Malaga by Helen MacInnes
 The Winds of War by Herman Wouk
 The Drifters by James A. Michener
 The Other by Tom Tryon
 Rabbit Redux by John Updike

1972
 Jonathan Livingston Seagull by Richard Bach
 August 1914 by Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn
 The Odessa File by Frederick Forsyth
 The Day of the Jackal by Frederick Forsyth
 The Word by Irving Wallace
 The Winds of War by Herman Wouk
 Captains and the Kings by Taylor Caldwell
 Two from Galilee by Marjorie Holmes
 My Name is Asher Lev by Chaim Potok
 Semi-Tough by Dan Jenkins

1973
 Jonathan Livingston Seagull by Richard Bach
 Once Is Not Enough by Jacqueline Susann
 Breakfast of Champions by Kurt Vonnegut
 The Odessa File by Frederick Forsyth
 Burr by Gore Vidal
 The Hollow Hills by Mary Stewart
 Evening in Byzantium by Irwin Shaw
 The Matlock Paper by Robert Ludlum
 The Billion Dollar Sure Thing by Paul E. Erdman
 The Honorary Consul by Graham Greene

1974
 Centennial by James A. Michener
 Watership Down by Richard Adams
 Jaws by Peter Benchley
 Tinker, Tailor, Soldier, Spy by John le Carré
 Something Happened by Joseph Heller
 The Dogs of War by Frederick Forsyth
 The Pirate by Harold Robbins
 I Heard the Owl Call My Name by Margaret Craven
 The Seven-Per-Cent Solution by Nicholas Meyer
 The Fan Club by Irving Wallace

1975
 Ragtime by E. L. Doctorow
 The Moneychangers by Arthur Hailey
 Curtain by Agatha Christie
 Looking for Mr. Goodbar by Judith Rossner
 The Choirboys by Joseph Wambaugh
 The Eagle Has Landed by Jack Higgins
 The Greek Treasure by Irving Stone
 The Great Train Robbery by Michael Crichton
 Shōgun by James Clavell
 Humboldt's Gift by Saul Bellow

1976
 Trinity by Leon Uris
 Sleeping Murder by Agatha Christie
 Dolores by Jacqueline Susann
 Storm Warning by Jack Higgins
 The Deep by Peter Benchley
 1876 by Gore Vidal
 Slapstick or Lonesome No More! by Kurt Vonnegut
 The Lonely Lady by Harold Robbins
 Touch Not the Cat by Mary Stewart
 A Stranger in the Mirror by Sidney Sheldon

1977
 The Silmarillion by J. R. R. Tolkien and Christopher Tolkien
 The Thorn Birds by Colleen McCullough
 Illusions: The Adventures of a Reluctant Messiah by Richard Bach
 The Honourable Schoolboy by John le Carré
 Oliver's Story by Erich Segal
 Dreams Die First by Harold Robbins
 Beggarman, Thief by Irwin Shaw
 How to Save Your Own Life by Erica Jong
 Delta of Venus by Anaïs Nin
 Daniel Martin by John Fowles

1978
 Chesapeake by James A. Michener
 War and Remembrance by Herman Wouk
 Fools Die by Mario Puzo
 Bloodline by Sidney Sheldon
 Scruples by Judith Krantz
 Evergreen by Belva Plain
 Illusions: The Adventures of a Reluctant Messiah by Richard Bach
 The Holcroft Covenant by Robert Ludlum
 Second Generation by Howard Fast
 Eye of the Needle by Ken Follett

1979
 The Matarese Circle by Robert Ludlum
 Sophie's Choice by William Styron
 Overload by Arthur Hailey
 Memories of Another Day by Harold Robbins
 Jailbird by Kurt Vonnegut
 The Dead Zone by Stephen King
 The Last Enchantment by Mary Stewart
 The Establishment by Howard Fast
 The Third World War: August 1985 by John Hackett
 Smiley's People by John le Carré

References

Publishers Weekly bestselling novels series
Novels in the United States, bestselling
1970s in the United States

Publishers Weekly list of bestselling novels in the United States in the 1970s


Capital accumulation means the gathering of objects of value; the increase in wealth; or the creation of wealth. In this context capital can be understood as assets used for profit.

In economics capital accumulation is often seen as the same as investment.

But capital accumulation can refer as well to

real investment in tangible means of production.
financial investment in paper assets.
investment in non-productive physical assets such as residential real estate that appreciate in value.
"human capital accumulation," i.e., new education and training increasing the skills of the (potential) labour force.

Non-financial capital accumulation is an essential factor for economic growth, since additional investment is essential to enlarge the scale of production and increase employment opportunities.

Rosa Luxemburg insisted that capital accumulation is the cause of the imperialism on her essay ""The Accumulation of Capital".

Related pages
 Constitution
 Constitutional economics
 Imperialism

Other websites
 Growth, Accumulation, Crisis: With New Macroeconomic Data for Sweden 1800-2000 by Rodney Edvinsson
 The Crises caused by Capital Accumulation  - Oxford University publication
 The Accumulation of Capital

Economics

Capital accumulation


Burn Up is a 2008 BBC/Global Drama dealing with the issues of climate change and peak oil.

Plot summary

Episode one
Oil surveyor Masud Khamil narrowly escapes an attack on his camp in the deserts of Saudi Arabia and flees with some valuable data. Tom McConnell replaces his father-in-law Sir Mark Foxbay as Chairman of Arrow Oil. At the celebration party, Inuit activist Mika Namuvai enters uninvited and serves Tom a writ from her people. The writ decries global warming and its causes, such as Arrow's production facility on the Athabasca tar sands. The shock of Mika's subsequent ejection causes Tom's daughter to have an asthma attack, but she is saved by Holly Dernay, head of renewable energy at Arrow.

In testimony before the US Senate in Washington, Sir Richard Langham, Tom's former geology professor, testifies on the dangers of global warming, but he is discredited by a pro-oil senator using muck racked up by devious oil lobbyist James "Mack" Mackintosh. Tom confronts Mack, his longtime friend, about the tactics. Mack denies that he spread the story, but he is clearly committed to serving his employers. Back in London, Tom wins his court case but then sees Mika set fire to herself on the court steps.

Tom and Holly attend Mika's funeral in Alberta, where Sir Richard sends them into the wilderness to see the truth for themselves. Holly pokes a hole in the ice covering a swamp and is able to ignite the methane gas waiting to be released. Later, while overnighting in an isolated shack on the tundra, Tom and Holly become intimate.

Meanwhile, British Prime-Ministerial Aide Philip Crowley offers unofficial government assistance to the Green Congress as they prepare for the World Forum on Climate Change (WFCC), a United Nations conference about global warming in Calgary, Alberta, Canada.

Masud returns to London and makes contact with Sir Mark, who has spoken with Masud before and agrees to meet to accept some confidential geology data. Sir Mark is clearly conflicted over what to do with the data.

Tom and Holly discuss pulling out of Athabasca, which has the most polluting oil of Arrow's many interests, and investing that money in renewables. Phillip confronts Holly with his knowledge that the desert massacre was done by mercenaries for the oil industry and not terrorists. But before she can talk to Tom, Tom finds Mack at her overturned apartment, where Mack reveals that Holly orchestrated Mika's protest at the party. Phillip stops Holly from returning to her apartment, instructing her to lie low. Tom wanders off to visit Sir Mark. Sir Mark hears a noise and goes outside, only to be struck dead in a hit-and-run. Tom and Masud, approaching from different directions, are witnesses. Tom runs to help, and Masud flees.

Episode two
Crowley sends Dernay to the World Forum on Climate Change in Calgary to look for Masud. Mack leads the Open Business Coalition and their friendly countries in moves to scupper Kyoto II. Dernay contacts Masud and tries to go to McConnell but he dismisses her. Crowley gets support within the Open Business Coalition from McConnell and the insurance companies and they win over the United States Treasury Secretary Brent Schlaes. Under pressure from Schlaes the US delegate softens his stance at the conference. Mack feeling under threat from his boss tries to scare off Dernay who has finally convinced McConnell to meet with Masud. At the meeting Masud hands over the data from the survey Foxbay commissioned that proves that the Saudi oil reserves have run out.

At a meeting in the Calgary Tower Mack warns McConnell of the chaos that will be unleashed if Masud's data is published. The hard-line Robert Cooper is appointed as the new US delegate and goes back on the agreements of his predecessor. The Chinese delegate makes approaches to McConnell and the Green Congress so Crowley brokers a deal with them to sign Kyoto II. Dernay tries to bluff Mack and he warns her off but he is too late and she is killed. Mack confronts his boss who threatens to go after McConnell next to get the data. Cooper agrees a sideline treaty with the Chinese and walks out without signing Kyoto II. Mack confronts McConnell on the roof and after getting the data from him, he smuggles it past his boss's men and hands it over to Crowley for publication.

Cast

Production
BBC Controller of Fiction Jane Tranter commissioned the drama for transmission on BBC Two. The screenplay was written by Simon Beaufoy.

It was produced by Kudos Film and Television in co-production with Canadian production company SEVEN24 Films.

Shot in Calgary, Alberta and London, England, the series is unusual for actually being set in Calgary, prompting Eric Volmers to write in the Calgary Herald that "while filming in the city is hardly unique, it's rare for a high-profile project to feature Calgary as Calgary".

Reception

Reviews
Eric Volmers writing in the Calgary Herald states that, "the opening scene is a suitably violent and tense intro that manages to conjure up both a sinister and international tone to the four-hour Canadian-U.K. co-production," and goes on to say that, "Burn Up asks decidedly unsettling questions about big oil and political expediency, the environmental impact of the Athabasca oil sands and even American foreign policy," which he claims, "was perhaps a surprising project to find life amid the "oil-is-good" sentiment of Alberta."

Sam Wollaston writing in The Guardian compliments the character development and interaction that is, "going on all over the place", and credits Whitford and Warren as "the stars of Burn Up", before going on to say Penry-Jones is, "lively in the lead". He claims the series is an improvement on recent docudramas in that, "it has a proper script" and that while, "the across-the-green-line romance is a little embarrassing", "the whole thing skips along", and, "at times it thrills, which is no bad thing in a thriller", but it, "is issue-led, rather than story-led", and overall it feels, "a bit crude", "as opposed to refined". Gareth McLean writing in the same publication said that, "despite the occasional flashy moment, high-octane drama this is not", criticising the series for, "copious amounts of tiresome expositional dialogue and a leaden plot", before concluding, "why not treat yourself and rent Syriana instead?".

Tim Teeman writing in The Times calls the series, "a consciousness-raising thriller", that, "is trying desperately to do that BBC thing of being sexy and responsible". He states that, "the arguments about oil production and the environment felt clunky and little more than speechifying", that the series was, "in danger of forgetting that drama should be drama, not a lecture, and that characters should be characters, not ciphers", but, "despite the didactic politicking, the pace is unrelenting and the baddies at least are colourful and engaging". He complimented Whitford who, "villainously devoured every scene", for his, "needling chemistry" with the, "brilliant", Warren, and concluded that, "Whitford and Campbell together, him snarling, her looking all impish and button-nosed, had me almost pathetically excited: The West Wing and Party of Five united on screen is pretty near Teeman TV Heaven." David Chater writing in the same publication describes the series as, "highly watchable", thanks to, "a fast-paced, intelligent script and some fine acting", although the, "characters tend to come with labels, and the elements of thriller are there for excitement rather than credibility", he concludes, "it is still an exciting ride in an eco-friendly racer", and, "it's like Doctor Who for grown-ups".

References

External links

Making a climate crisis into a drama by Jeremy Leggett in The Guardian
Official Press Pack at BBC Press Office

BBC television dramas
2000s British television miniseries
2000s Canadian television miniseries
English-language Canadian films
Television shows set in Calgary
Television shows filmed in Calgary
Television shows shot in London
Gemini and Canadian Screen Award for Best Television Film or Miniseries winners

Burn Up (TV series)


The Nicht o the Lang Knifes (German: ), sometimes cried Operation Hummingbird or, in Germany, the Röhm Putsch, wis a purge that teuk place in Nazi Germany frae Juin 30 tae Julie 2, 1934, when the Nazi regime carried oot a series o poleetical murthers. Leadin figurs o the left-wing Strasserist faction o the Nazi Party, alang wi its figurheid, Gregor Strasser, war murthert, as war prominent conservative anti-Nazis (such as umwhile Chancellor Kurt von Schleicher an Gustav Ritter von Kahr, who haed suppressed Hitler's Beer Hall Putsch in 1923). Mony o those killed war leaders o the Sturmabteilung (SA), the paramilitar Brounshirts.

1934 in Germany
Adolf Hitler
Nazi Germany
Nazi terminology
SA
SS
Nicht o the Lang Knifes

Nicht o the Lang Knifes


The Junkers Ju 52 is a civilian and military German aircraft. It was designed and built during in Nazi Germany as airliner and transport aircraft. The Luftwaffe used this plane widely during World War II. After the war, it was built in France as AAC-1 Toucan and in Spain as Casa 352. The Armée de l'Air used it in the Algeria War to transport French troops, like the Légion Étrangère.

The Junkers Ju 52 is a 3 engine aircraft built with metal. It can carry between 15 and 20 passengers. The first flight was in 1931 and introduction in 1932.

Lufhtansa was its main airline. More than 4800 were built.

World War II German aircraft
German military aircraft

Junkers Ju 52


Magni and Móði (Old Norse: "strength" and "bravery") are a pair of minor deities in Norse mythology. They are sons of the god Thor, said to be embodiments of their father's traits. While Magni is born to Thor by the jötunn Járnsaxa (a lover of Thor), the name of Móði's mother is unknown.

Other than his part after Ragnarök, little is known about Móði. Magni however, is featured prominently in the myth of Thor's battle with the giant Hrungnir.

Thor hit the giant Hrungnir in the head with his hammer, Mjölnir, shattering Hrungnir's skull. The giant then fell dead, as his leg landed on Thor's neck, pinning the god to the ground. The other Æsir tried to lift Hrungnir's leg off of Thor, but were unsuccessful. Thor's son, Magni, who was only three days old at the time, then came to his father and lifted Hrungnir's leg off of Thor all by himself. In his gratitude, Thor gifted his son Hrungnir's horse, Gullfaxi (Old Norse: "Gold-mane"). Odin himself was upset that Thor gave the horse to "the son of a giantess" and not to Odin, Thor's own father.

Norse gods and goddesses

Móði and Magni


Francesco Kramer Gorni (22 July 1913 – 26 October 1995), known as Gorni Kramer, was an Italian songwriter, musician and band leader.

Biography
He was born Francesco Kramer Gorni in Rivarolo Mantovano, Lombardy. Despite the exotic sound of Gorni Kramer in the Italian language, which led part of his audience to believe he was a foreigner or had adopted a fancy pseudonym, it was his real name. His family name was Gorni, and Kramer his middle name, after the American cyclist Frank Kramer, who won the road race at the 1912 World Championships and made a strong impression on Gorni's father.

Kramer learned music at a very young age, thanks to his father, a musician. The first instrument he learned how to play was the accordion, with which he performed as a child in his father's band.

He then studied double bass at the Parma Conservatory and obtained his diploma in 1930. He started working as a musician for dance bands, then in 1933, aged 20, he formed his own jazz group. This new American musical genre was forbidden by the Italian fascist regime, but Gorni Kramer could get to know it thanks to some fellow musicians who worked on board the liners connecting Europe and North America.

In the middle of the 1930s he became a successful songwriter. He composed the music for "Crapa pelada" – lyrics by Tata Giacobetti – a 1936 hit performed by Alberto Rabagliati. In 1939 he wrote "Pippo non lo sa", one of Trio Lescano's most famous songs. In spite of his songs' popularity, Gorni Kramer and his orchestra were still ignored by the Italian state radio EIAR, who boycotted them because they played jazz.

During World War II he worked with Natalino Otto, a singer also banned by EIAR because of swing. Kramer wrote "Ho un sassolino nella scarpa", one of Otto's greatest hits. In the period he also began a long-lasting cooperation with Quartetto Cetra – for them he wrote memorable songs such as "Nella vecchia fattoria" (the Italian remake of "Old MacDonald Had a Farm"), "In un palco della Scala", "Donna", "Concertino".

In 1949 Gorni Kramer started working for Garinei and Giovannini, a very famous duo of impresarios who authored and produced musical comedies. Writing music for their shows was his main activity for the following ten years. Their most successful productions were Gran Baldoria, Attanasio cavallo vanesio, Alvaro piuttosto corsaro, Tobia candida spia, Un paio d'ali. They featured very popular songs such as "Un bacio a mezzanotte", "Non so dir ti voglio bene", "Le gocce cadono", "Chérie", "Simpatica".

Gorni Kramer debuted on television in 1957 with Il Musichiere music show hosted by Mario Riva. He composed the show's theme song "Domenica è sempre domenica". Other shows ensued: Buone vacanze, Giardino d'inverno, L'amico del giaguaro, Leggerissimo.

In mid-1960s Gorni Kramer gradually reduced his public performances, but he continued to work as a music publisher and a TV author. He died of a heart attack, in Milan in 1995. He was survived by his daughters Teresa and Laura.

See also
 Totò, Eva e il pennello proibito (1959)

References

External links
 Gorni Kramer (1913–1995). IMDb

1913 births
1995 deaths
Musicians from the Province of Mantua
Italian bandleaders
Italian male songwriters
Italian songwriters
Male songwriters
20th-century Italian musicians
Italian jazz musicians
20th-century Italian male musicians
Male jazz musicians
Parma Conservatory alumni

Gorni Kramer


Harrison Bergeron is a 1995 cable science fiction television movie film loosely adapted from Kurt Vonnegut's 1961 dystopian  short story of the same name. It was produced for Showtime and first screened on August 13, 1995. It was released to VHS in 1998.

Plot
Harrison Bergeron lives in the fictional suburban town of Madison, Rhode Island in the year 2053. The audience is told that after the second American Revolution, which started during an ongoing economic depression that was a result of a combination of technological advancement and a widening disparity between the very rich and the very poor, it was mandated that all people be equal in all things. To this end, the social norm of this society has become dystopian egalitarianism. Citizens are pushed to strive to be of equal wealth, intelligence, athletic prowess and social status to all around them. Through a process of selective breeding, mankind is perfecting the perfectly average human being. What is not accomplished through arranged marriages is made up for through technological means, the most prominent of which are showing only mind numbing TV shows, and a headband device worn by all citizens which modulates intelligence, dialing a person's IQ up or down in order to arrive at a 'perfect' 100.

There are limits to the success of the devices, however, and Harrison Bergeron is one such case. He is a total failure in school, consistently receiving A's (C is the desired grade). Even though he has been held back four years and his headband is consistently modified to dampen his intelligence, he still continues to excel to the embarrassment of him and his family.

Harrison goes to see a doctor about his intelligence problem, and after several tests it is determined that the headband is unsuccessful because Harrison's synaptic connections reroute themselves after each adjustment in order to overcome the inhibitions the headband is designed to place on the thought process. He is told that he will have to have an operation akin to a lobotomy in order to permanently lower his intelligence.

In his last day with a fully functioning brain, he goes to a "head house", where, in a parody of a bordello, men make plans to make high-end educational conversation with exceptionally smart women. Illegal device-free women are paid to play chess and conduct intelligent conversations with the clients. His first intelligent conversation ever with "mind whore" Phillipa is interrupted by a police bust. While the raid on the police station is underway Phillipa addresses a hidden camera saying not to take him away, and that she likes him. While being held captive in the police station, he is approached by a special agent who offers him an alternative to the lobotomy - to join what turns out to be the secret elite that runs the government.

Harrison falls in love with Phillipa there, but he illegally impregnates her and she is lobotomized for trying to escape.  He feels he can no longer continue to betray his values and decides to take action. He breaks into a TV studio and reveals the truth about the secret society to the viewers. Eventually, the guards break through, and later on he is forced to make an appearance on TV and pretend the broadcast was not real. Instead, he uses his chance to commit suicide by shooting himself in front of the viewers. The story is framed by an additional perspective from Bergeron's parents, who are watching the incident on TV, but who, because of his father's handicapping due to his superior intelligence and his mother's less than average intelligence, cannot concentrate enough to appreciate what occurs nor remember it.

In a final scene, a young boy and his friend get together in his bedroom to watch the first four hours of Bergeron's broadcast, without their bands. Downstairs, one boy's mother looks up the stairs with a look of recognition on her face; she is seen to be Phillipa.

Cast
Sean Astin as Harrison Bergeron
Miranda de Pencier as Phillipa
Eugene Levy as President McCloskey
Mairlyn Smith as Janet Mckloskey
Howie Mandel as Charlie (of 'Chat with Charlie')
Andrea Martin as  Diana Moon Glampers
Christopher Plummer as John Klaxon
Nigel Bennett as Dr. Eisenstock
Peter Boretski as Newman
David Calderisi as Commissioner Benson
Emmanuelle Chriqui as Jeannie
Hayden Christensen as Eric
Cindy Cook as Weatherperson
Roger Dunn as George Bergeron
Jayne Eastwood as Ms. Newbound
Hal Eisen as TV Announcer - San Quentin
Matthew Ferguson as Garth Bergeron
Michael Fletcher - Technician
John Friesen as Frank the Plumber
Linda Goranson as Hazel Bergeron
Richard Monette as Eric Shockley
Quyen Hua as Wang

Production and release
Harrison Bergeron was filmed in Toronto, Ontario, Canada and the University of Toronto Scarborough campus.

Awards
Harrison Bergeron was nominated in four categories at the 1996 Gemini Awards for Best Direction, Best Performance by an Actor in a Supporting Role, Best Production Design or Art Direction and Best Sound.

References

External links

Harrison Bergeron at
Harrison Bergeron at

1995 science fiction films
1990s dystopian films
1995 films
Dystopian films
Films about educators
Films based on works by Kurt Vonnegut
American science fiction television films
Films based on science fiction short stories
Films shot in Toronto
University of Toronto
English-language Canadian films
Canadian science fiction television films
Films directed by Bruce Pittman
1990s American films
1990s Canadian films
Films set in 2053
Films set in Rhode Island

Harrison Bergeron (film)