The European Social Charter is a Council of Europe treaty which was opened for signature on October 18, 1961 and initially became effective on February 26, 1965, after West Germany had become the fifth of the 13 signing nations to ratify it. By 1991, 20 nations had ratified it.

Contents
The Charter was established to support the European Convention on Human Rights which is principally for civil and political rights, and to broaden the scope of protected fundamental rights to include social and economic rights. The Charter also guarantees positive rights and freedoms which concern all individuals in their daily existence.
The basic rights set out in the Charter are as follows: housing, health, education, labour rights, full employment, reduction of working hours equal pay for equal work, parental leave,  social security, social and legal protection from poverty and social exclusion, free movement of persons and non-discrimination, also the rights of migrant workers and that of the persons with disabilities.

States Parties to the Charter must submit annual reports on a part of the provisions of the Charter (be it the 1961 Charter or the 1996 Revised Charter), showing how they implement them in law and in practice.

1996 revision
The Charter was revised in 1996. The Revised Charter came into force in 1999 and is gradually replacing the initial 1961 treaty.  The Charter sets out human rights and freedoms and establishes a supervisory mechanism guaranteeing their respect by the States parties.

Article 21 creates the right to information and consultation.

Article 22 creates the "right to take part in the determination and improvement of the working conditions and working environment", or codetermination through representation on company or enterprise board of directors and work councils.

European Committee of Social Rights
The European Committee of Social Rights (ECSR) is the body responsible for monitoring compliance in the States party to the Charter.

The ECSR is composed of 15 independent members who are elected by the Council of Europe's Committee of Ministers for a period of six years, renewable once.

Under the 1995 Additional Protocol providing for a system of Collective Complaints which came into force in 1998, complaints of violations of the Charter may be lodged with the ECSR.

Certain organisations are entitled to lodge complaints with the ECSR (a special list of NGOs has been established, made up of NGOs enjoying participatory status with the Council of Europe). The ECSR examines the complaint and, if the formal requirements have been met, declares it admissible. The State Party may then respond in writing, and a hearing may be requested by either party to the procedure. Finally, the Committee comes to a decision on the merits.

See also
 European Convention on Human Rights
 European Convention for the Prevention of Torture and Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment
 European decency threshold
 EU labour law
 Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union
 Economic, social and cultural rights
 International human rights law
 Three generations of human rights
 List of Council of Europe treaties

Notes

External links
European Social Charter website
 1961 European Social Charter
Revised European Social Charter
1995 Additional Protocol providing for a system of Collective Complaints
Concise overview of the European Social Charter

Social Charter
Human rights instruments
Treaties entered into force in 1961
Treaties concluded in 1996
Treaties entered into force in 1999
Treaties entered into force in 1965
1961 in Italy
Treaties of Austria
Treaties of Belgium
Treaties of Croatia
Treaties of Cyprus
Treaties of the Czech Republic
Treaties of Denmark
Treaties of Finland
Treaties of France
Treaties of West Germany
Treaties of Greece
Treaties of Hungary
Treaties of Iceland
Treaties of Ireland
Treaties of Italy
Treaties of Latvia
Treaties of Luxembourg
Treaties of Malta
Treaties of the Netherlands
Treaties of Norway
Treaties of Poland
Treaties of Portugal
Treaties of Slovakia
Treaties of Spain
Treaties of Sweden
Treaties of North Macedonia
Treaties of Turkey
Treaties of the United Kingdom
Treaties extended to the Netherlands Antilles
Treaties extended to Aruba
Treaties extended to the Isle of Man

European Social Charter


Muscle caur is a term uised tae refer tae a variety o heich performance automobiles. The term refers tae American 2-door rear wheel drive mid-size caurs equipped wi lairge, pouerful, V8s, an sauld at an affordable price for street uise an drag racin, formally an informally.

As sic, thay ar distinct frae twa-seat sports caurs an expensive 2+2 GTs intendit for haich-speed tourin an road racin, awtho in mony examples the road holdin wis substantially upgraded ower the model frae which it wis derived. Thir upgrades war eften a key sellin pynt, an a common misconception is that cornerin prowess wis dismissed in the development o muscle caurs.

Buildin on the American phenomenon an developin simultaneously in thair awn markets, muscle caurs an aa emerged in thair awn fashions in Australie, Sooth Africae, the UK, an elsewhere.

Definition

Accordin tae the Juin 1967 issue o Road Test magazine, a "muscle caur" is "Exactly what the name implies. It is a product o the American car industry adhering to the hot rodder's philosophy o taking a small car and putting a BIG engine in it [...] The Muscle Car is Charles Atlas kicking sand in the face o the 98 hp (73 kw) weakling." Author o the beuk Muscle Cars the quote is drawn frae, Peter Henshaw, furthers that the muscle caur wis designed for straucht-line speed, an did nae hae the "sophisticated chassis", "ingineering integrity" or "lithe appearance" o European heich-performance caurs

Houiver, opinions vary as tae whether haich-performance full-size caurs, compacts, an pony caurs qualify as muscle caurs.

Automobiles

Muscle caur


Donald McAlpine is an Australian cinematographer. He was born in 1934 in New South Wales, Australia. He has been involved in over fifty movies. His more recent work has been seen in Baz Luhrmann's hit musical Moulin Rouge! (2001), for which he earned an Academy Award nomination, Adam Sandler's Anger Management (2003), Universal Pictures' Peter Pan (2003) and the Walt Disney/Walden Media-produced The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe (2005).

Other websites

1934 births
Living people
Australian filmmakers
People from New South Wales
Cinematographers

Donald McAlpine


Sikkim () has been a state in India since 1975. It has the smallest number of people and second smallest land size () of any major divisions in the Republic of India. The third highest mountain in the world, Mt. Kanchenjunga ( above sea level), is in Sikkim. Its neighbours are Bhutan to the east, Nepal to the west, the Tibet Autonomous Region of P.R.C. to the north and the Indian province of West Bengal to its south. The state capital is Gangtok and other big towns are Gayzing, Pelling, Yuksam and Jorethang. The languages spoken here are Sikkimese, Lepcha, Tibetan, Nepali, Hindi and English. Tourism makes a lot of the money in this small organised state of India, because it is not close to the sea.

Sikkim has been cut off from the outside world for a long time. It was settled by Tibetans in the 16th century. It became a British Protectorate in 1890. Sikkim was transferred to India in 1949 by the British. It was annexed in 1975.

The majority is formed of Bhutias (Tibetan and Bhutnese in origin) and aboriginal Lepchas, who are mainly pastoral nomads. The Sikkimese predominantly  practice Hinduism, but the former Chogyal House ("King under the religious laws") and the official class are Buddhist. Sikkim is known for its Buddhist monasteries. Tibeto-Burmese languages and dialects are commonly spoken. Sikkim is bordered by the Tibet autonomous region of China to north

Physical features
Sikkim is the second smallest state after Goa, but it has many physical features like forests, rivers and mountains around its edges. Most of the mountains are above 6100 metres (20000ft) are near the west of the occupied territory, like Mt Kanchendzonga. Other mountains that are over 6100 meters (20000ft)tall are Kabru (the second tallest), Sinilchu, Pandim, Rothong, Kokthang, Talung, Kanglakhang, Simvo & Jonsang. On the east side the tallest peak is Paunhri, which is about 6700 meters(22000ft) tall. The other mountains that are a little bit shorter than 6100 meters (20000ft) are Masthonangye, Yabukjakchen, Narsing and Lamaonden. Most of the mountains in Sikkim have never been climbed, because the Sikkimese consider them sacred. They feel that when the mountains are climbed, they will not be holy anymore.

Sikkim has many hot springs which are known to be good for health. The most important hot-springs are at Phurchachu (Reshi), Yumthang, Borang, Ralang, Taram-chu and Yumey Samdong. All these hotsprings have a lot of sulfur and are near the river banks. The average temperature of the water in these hot springs is 50 °C.

Lakes

On the way between Gangtok to Nathula, 35 kilometres from Gangtok is Lake Changu (Tsomgo), about 3693 meters (12310 ftp) above Sea level.

Two other lakes nearby are the Bidangcho and the Mememcho. Lake Kechopari is another well-known lake. It is between Gyalshing and Yoksum.

Many of the lakes in Sikkim are on the western border, north of Chiwabhanjang towards the Base Camp. Laxmipokhari, Lampokhari, Majurpokhari, Dud Phokhari, Samiti Lake, and the twin lakes of Ram-Laxman are a few of the lakes in this area.

Gurudogmar, which is the largest lake, is in North Sikkim.

Food
Sikkimese people usually eat rice, green vegetables, potatoes, dal, and sinky, Kenama and Gundruk.

Momo is a very popular Tibetan treat in Sikkim. It is prepared by stuffing meat and vegetable ingredients in flour dough then making them into dumplings. Momos are eaten with soup and chilli sauce. This dish can be found in almost every local restaurant and fast food shop.

Thukpa is a noodle soup with vegetables and beef which is also very popular.

Seal Roti is made by grinding rice and water into a paste, then deep fried. It is normally eaten with potato curry. It is prepared during Dasai and Tihar (local festivals).

Gundruk is the leaves of the mustard oil plant that are dried in the sun, then boiled with ingredients.

Geography
 Area : 7110 km2
 Capital : Gangtok
 Height: 1,780 m (5,840 ft) above sea level
 Population: 6.10 Lakhs (= 610,000)
 Land type: Hilly from 180 m (~600 ft.) to over 8.690 m (28,509 ft) above sea level

 Climate:
 Summer
Max- 21 °C ; Min - 13 °C
 Winter
Max -13 °C ; Min - 0.48 °C
Rainfall : 325 cm every year
 Languages spoken: Nepali, Bhutia, Lepcha, Tibetan, English, Hindi

State symbols of Sikkim

1817 establishments
1974 disestablishments
1810s establishments in Asia
Former polities of the Cold War

Sikkim


An eclipse is an astronomical event.

Eclipse may also refer to:

Places
 Eclipse Island (Queensland), Australia, an island of the Great Palm Island group
 Eclipse Island (Western Australia), a barren island near Albany

Arts, entertainment, and media

Films
 Eclipse (1934 film), by Hiroshi Shimizu
 Eclipse (1962 film), by Michelangelo Antonioni
 Eclipse (1994 film), by Jeremy Podeswa
 The Eclipse, or the Courtship of the Sun and Moon (1907), a film by Georges Méliès
 The Eclipse (2009 film), a 2009 film by Conor McPherson
 The Twilight Saga: Eclipse (2010), a film adaptation of the Meyer novel

Television
 Eclipse (TV series), a Mexican telenovela
 Eclipse Music TV, an Australian music television show
 "The Eclipse" (Heroes), a 2008 television episode
 "Eclipsed" (The Penguins of Madagascar episode)
 "The Day of Black Sun Part 2: The Eclipse", an Avatar: The Last Airbender episode

Fictional entities
 Chief Eclipse, a character in the anime series Kiddy Grade
 Eclipse, a Star Destroyer, spaceship in the Star Wars universe
 Eclipse, a caste in the roleplaying game Exalted

Music
 Eclipse Records, a record label
 Eclipse (Takemitsu), a composition by Japanese composer Toru Takemitsu
 Eclipse (band), a Swedish rock band
 ESP Eclipse, an electric guitar model
 The Eclipse (club), a nightclub formerly in Coventry, England
 Eclipse, a pseudonym of the Italian duo Bini & Martini

Albums

 Eclipse (Amorphis album)
 Eclipse (Autumn Tears album)
 Eclipse (CANO album), 1978
 Eclipse (Five Star album), 2001
 Eclipse (G.G.F.H. album)
 Eclipse (Glorium album), 1997
 Eclipse (Journey album)
 Eclipse (Smokie album)
 Eclipse (Twin Shadow album)
 Eclipse (Veil of Maya album)
 Eclipse (Violeta de Outono album), 1995
 Eclipse (Yngwie Malmsteen album), 1990
 Esenciales: Eclipse, by Maná
 The Twilight Saga: Eclipse (soundtrack)
 Eclipse (EP), an EP by EXID
 Eclipsed (album), a 2016 album by Fellowship Creative

Songs
 "Eclipse" (Pink Floyd song), from the 1973 album The Dark Side of the Moon
 "Eclipse" (Crossfaith song), from the 2013 album Apocalyze
 "Eclipse" (Hardwell song), 2015
 "Eclipse", from the 1974 album Back Home Again by John Denver
 "Eclipse", from the 2000 album Made Me Do It by The Haunted
 "Eclipse", from the 2000 album Welcome to Earth by Apoptygma Berzerk
 "Eclipse", from the 2005 album Robyn by Robyn
 "Eclipse", from the 2017 single album Kim Lip by Loona
 "Eclipse", from the 2019 Spinning Top (EP) by Got7
 "Eclipse", from the 2019 album Alien by Northlane
 "Eclipse", from the 2020 album Libra by Lali
 "Eclipse", from the 2020 EP Dark Side of the Moon by Moonbyul

Publications
 Eclipse Comics, an American comic book publisher
 Eclipse Magazine, a black-and-white anthology published by Eclipse Comics
 Eclipse Monthly, a full-color anthology published by Eclipse Comics
 L'Éclipse, a 19th-century French newspaper

Books
 Eclipse (Trumbo novel), a 1935 novel by Dalton Trumbo
 Eclipse (Banville novel), a 2000 novel by John Banville
 Eclipse (Bedford novel), a 2005 science fiction novel by K. A. Bedford
 Eclipse (Meyer novel), a 2007 book in the Twilight series by Stephenie Meyer
 Eclipse, a 2008 novel in the Warriors: Power of Three series by Erin Hunter
 Eclipse (Judge Dredd novel), a novel by James Swallow
 Eclipse Trilogy, a series of science fiction novels by John Shirley
 The Eclipse (James Fenimore Cooper), an 1869 autobiographical vignette by James Fenimore Cooper
 The Eclipse: A Memoir of Suicide, a 2003 memoir by Antonella Gambotto-Burke

Games
 Eclipse (board game), a strategy board game
 Eclipse: New Dawn for the Galaxy (video game), a 2013 video game
 Eclipse (play-by-mail game), a 1980s space-based play-by-mail game

Other arts
 Eclipse (Sebastian), a 2003 sculpture by Jill Sebastian

Brands and enterprises
 Eclipse (breath freshener), a Wrigley brand of chewing gum and breath mint
 Eclipse (car electronics), a Japanese car audio and navigation brand
 Eclipse (cigarette), an American cigarette brand
 Eclipse (DVD brand), a line of DVD sets from the Criterion Collection
 Eclipse, a French film production company founded in 1906 by Charles Urban
 Eclipse Machine Company, Elmira, New York, an early partner of the Bendix Corporation

Computing
 Eclipse (software), a software development platform
 Eclipse Foundation, a nonprofit organization to develop Eclipse (software) projects
 ECLiPSe, a constraint logic programming system
 Alias Eclipse, a professional image-editing application
 Data General Eclipse, a line of minicomputers
 Eclipse ERP, distribution management software
 Eclipse Internet, an Internet service provider

Sport

Greyhound and horse racing
 Eclipse (greyhounds), a greyhound racing competition
 Eclipse (horse), an 18th-century racehorse
 Eclipse Award, a horse racing award
 Eclipse Stakes, a horse race

Sporting grounds
 Eclipse Park (Milwaukee), a former baseball ground in Wisconsin, US
 Eclipse Park, the name of two former baseball grounds in Kentucky, US

Teams
 Louisville Eclipse, a professional baseball team
 Phoenix Eclipse, a professional basketball team

Transportation

Aircraft
 Eclipse Aviation, a defunct jet manufacturer based in Albuquerque, New Mexico, US
 Eclipse 400, a very light jet aircraft developed but never produced
 Eclipse 500, a very light jet aircraft produced from 2006 to 2008
 Eclipse Aerospace, a now-defunct predecessor company to Eclipse Aviation
 Eclipse 550, a very light jet aircraft produced from 2014 to 2017
 Phase 3 Eclipse, ultralight aircraft
 Sol Eclipse, a Brazilian paraglider design

Land vehicles
 Mitsubishi Eclipse, a sport compact car
 Mitsubishi Eclipse Cross, crossover, not related to sports car
 Wright Eclipse, a bus body

Watercraft
 Com-Pac Eclipse, an American sailboat design
 Eclipse (yacht), owned by Russian billionaire Roman Abramovich
 Eclipse, a trimaran sailboat designed by Robert B. Harris
 Celebrity Eclipse, a 2010 cruise ship
 Eclipse-class cruiser, a 19th-century class of British Royal Navy cruisers
 HMS Eclipse, the name of several British Royal Navy ships
 USS Eclipse (SP-417), a United States Navy patrol vessel in commission from 1917 to 1919

Other uses
 Eclipse (Ferris wheel), in Thorpe Park, Surrey, UK
 Eclipse plumage, a phase in the coloring of some birds
 Eclipse, a characteristic of light patterns in navigation

See also
 Eclipsed (play), a 2015 play by Danai Gurira
 Eclipsis, a consonant mutation in the Irish language
 Ellipse, a curve on a plane
 Ellipsis, a series of dots
 Total Eclipse (disambiguation)

Eclipse (disambiguation)


In airchaeology, the Airn Age (or Airn Eild) wis the stage in the oncome o ony fowk that's tuils an wappens main ingredient wis airn wis foremaist. The adoption o this material coincided wi ither chynges in some past societies aften includin differin aigricultural pratticks, religious beliefs an airtistic styles, awtho this wisna aye the case.

The Airn Age is the last principal period in the three-age seestem for tae clessifee pre-historic societies, comin afore the Bronze Age an efter the Stane Age. Its date an context varies dependin on the kintra or geographical region.

Britain
Airn-wirkin emergit in Britain aroon 800 BC. This happened cause bronze's heid ingredients ae capper and tin were in short supply, whereas airn is foond all oer the shop. The collapse ae the Bronze Age saw the collapse ae the elitist trading networks, as local fowk could jist uise their ain local supplies of airn. Indeed, Bronze Age heidbummers may hae deliberately tried tae suppress the new technologie on account of its socioeconomic impacts.

The Airn Age wis followed by the Norse/Viking Age, the Roman Age and the Early Medieval in different perts ae the kintra.
Airn Age

Airn Age


The Secret of NIMH 2: Timmy to the Rescue is a 1998 American direct-to-video animated movie.  It is the sequel to The Secret of NIMH produced by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Animation.  It tells the story of a mouse named Timothy Brisby, the youngest son of Jonathan and Mrs. Brisby, who goes to Thorn Valley wanting to become a hero like his father.

The movie was made without the support of Don Bluth, the animator who created the original movie.

Plot
The movie begins with a prophecy from the first movie, telling how one of Jonathan's and Mrs. Brisby's sons would save Thorn Valley from the "secret of NIMH."  Timothy is chosen to go but his older brother Martin believes he should have been chosen. Martin decides to prove his quality, and goes off to find his own adventure.

One day he comes across a female mouse named Jenny, whose parents were two of the lost six mice who tried to escape NIMH but were thought to have died.

The Thorn Valley council decides it would be too dangerous to save the six mice, so Jenny and Timmy go alone. They take a hot air balloon, but it is attacked by a hawk and it crashes in the forest.

Seeking help, they visit the Great Owl.  They learn that a caterpillar named Cecil has teamed up with Jeremy, the crow from the first movie, to trick people into paying them money.  Jeremy and Cecil take the two mice to NIMH where they find that two other mice, Justin and Brutus.  They also learn that Dr. Valentine, the head scientist, has made Martin crazy.  He planned to use the lab rats and a flock of ravens to take over Thorn Valley.

He asks Timmy to join him, but he refuses and is locked in a cage as Martin drags Jenny away.  Timmy later frees Jenny. Together, they knock out Martin and Timmy tricks Martin's army of ravens and rats to fly in the wrong direction. Timmy and Jenny then leave to find the others only to be attacked by a band of bad cats and rats.

The building they are in catches fire during the fight.  The survivors (Timmy, Jenny, and her parents) flee. Timmy goes back to save Martin. Before he leaves, Jenny tells him she loves him and he tells her the same. Timmy and Martin are able to escape through the lab's skylight, with some help from Jeremy. Jeremy takes the survivors to safety. The mice return to Thorn Valley, Martin returns to normal and Timmy is now a hero. A likeness of him is added to the statue of Jonathan and the people of Thorn Valley cheer.

Cast
 Darleen Carr - Helen
 Jamie Cronin - Teresa
 Dom DeLuise - Jeremy
 Andrew Ducote - 10-Year-Old Timothy "Timmy" Brisby
 Phillip Glasser - "Reformed" 19-Year-Old Martin Brisby
 Eric Idle - "Evil" Martin Brisby
 Whitney Claire Kaufman - Cynthia
 Harvey Korman - Floyd
 Ralph Macchio - 17-Year-Old Timothy "Timmy" Brisby
 Steve Mackall - Dr. Valentine
 Peter MacNicol - Narrator
 William H. Macy - Justin
 Arthur Malet - Mr. Ages
 Andrea Martin - Muriel
 Jameson Parker - Troy
 Kevin Michael Richardson - Brutus
 Doris Roberts - Auntie Shrew
 Alex Strange - 13-Year-Old Timothy "Timmy" Brisby
 Meshach Taylor - Cecil
 Phillip Van Dyke - Young Martin
 Hynden Walch - Jenny McBride
 Debi Mae West - Mrs. Brisby

Soundtrack listing
"Prologue/Timmy and Martin" (instrumental by Lee Holdridge)
"My Life And My Love" (Al Jarreau, Bobbi Page)
"Come Make The Most Of Your Life" (Andrew Ducote, Dom DeLuise, Arthur Malet, William H. Macy)
"Timmy Says Goodbye/Soaring With Jeremy" (instrumental by Lee Holdridge)
"Teaching Timmy/The Snake/The Wisdom Of Mr. Ages" (instrumental by Lee Holdridge)
"I Will Show The World" (Andrew Ducote, Alex Strange, Ralph Macchio)
"Timmy Meets Jenny/Killer, The Attack Dog/Jenny's Story/Muriel And Floyd" (instrumental by Lee Holdridge)
"Jenny's Plan/The Escape/Flight To N.I.M.H./The Hawk Attacks" (instrumental by Lee Holdridge)
"Meeting Cecil/Search For The Great Owl" (instrumental by Lee Holdridge)
"Magic Mystery Show" (Meshach Taylor, Dom DeLuise, Ralph Macchio, Hynden Walch)
"Angry Animals/Another Escape/Evil Martin" (instrumental by Lee Holdridge)
"Just Say Yes!" (Eric Idle, Ralph Macchio)
"Taken Prisoner" (instrumental by Lee Holdridge)
"All I Had Is Gone" (Ralph Macchio, Hynden Walch)
"Breakout/Muriel And Floyd Get The Shaft/Trapped By Martin" (instrumental by Lee Holdridge)
"Escape From N.I.M.H." (instrumental by Lee Holdridge)
"Finale" (instrumental by Lee Holdridge)

Other websites

1998 movies
American animated movies
American family movies
English-language movies
Movies about animals
Movies about mice
Movies about birds


August Emil Fieldorf (nom de guerre; "Nil"; 20 March 1895 – 24 February 1953) was a Polish brigadier general who served as deputy commander-in-chief of the Home Army after the suppression of the Warsaw Uprising (August 1944 – October 1944).

In 1953, he was executed by the communist regime.

Biography
General Fieldorf's ancestors were partly of German origin. He was born on 20 March 1895 in Kraków. In the city, he finished his studies at the boy's college of St Nicholas and later a seminary. In 1910, he joined the Polish pro-independence paramilitary organization Riflemen's Association, becoming a full member in 1912. He also finished the school for non-commissioned officers.

World War I
On 6 August 1914, Fieldorf volunteered for the newly formed 1st Brigade of the Legions under Józef Piłsudski. With them, he set out for the Russian Front, where he served in the position of second-in-command of an infantry platoon. In 1916, he was promoted to sergeant, and in 1917 directed to officer school.

After the oath crisis, he was pressed into the Austro-Hungarian Army and moved to the Italian front, which he abandoned to return to Poland. In August 1918, he volunteered at the Polish Military Organisation in his home city of Kraków.

Formation of a new Polish state
From November 1918, Fieldorf served in the ranks of the Polish Army in the newly forming Second Republic, initially as a platoon commander and, from March 1919, commanded a heavy machine gun company. In 1919 and 1920, he took part in the campaign to join the Wilno region to Poland proper. After the commencement of the Polish-Bolshevik War, as a company commander he participated in liberating Dyneburg, Żytomierz and in the 1920 Polish Expedition to Kiev.

Fieldorf married Janina Kobylinska in 1919, with whom he had two daughters, Krystyna and Maria. Remaining on active duty after World War I, he was promoted to major and posted to the 1st Polish Infantry Regiment, as a battalion commander. In 1935, he was given command of the "Troki" independent battalion of the Border Protection Corps. A year later, he became a lieutenant colonel. Shortly before the outbreak of World War II, he was made commander of the 51st Giuseppe Garibaldi Rifle Regiment within the 12th Infantry Division on the eastern fringes of Poland (Kresy Wschodnie).

World War II
Fieldorf commanded his regiment during the Polish September Campaign. After the Division's defeat, on the night of September 8–9, he fled in civilian clothes to his native Kraków. From there he attempted to get to France, but was stopped on the Slovak border. He was interned in October 1939, but fled several weeks later from a camp and reached France via Hungary, where he joined the newly-forming Polish Armed Forces in the West.

In France, he completed staff courses and was promoted to full colonel in May 1940. In September of that year, he was smuggled back to occupied Poland as the first emissary of the Polish government-in-exile, under the nom de guerre "Nil" which he had chosen for himself. His circuitous route back to Poland took him through South Africa, and by air, over Rhodesia, Sudan, and Egypt, then on to Romania, and by train to Poland. His aeroplane's flight-path over Sudan and Egypt followed the Nile, hence his nom de guerre, "Nil" (Nile in Polish). He initially joined the Union of Armed Struggle in Warsaw and from 1941 in Wilno and in Białystok. A year later he was given command of the Kedyw (special operations executive) of the AK, where he served until February 1944. It was on his order that the SS and Police Leader Franz Kutschera was assassinated on 1 February 1944 in Operation Kutschera by Szare Szeregi.

Shortly before the collapse of the Warsaw Uprising on 28 September 1944, he was promoted to the rank of brigadier general with an order from the Supreme Commander Kazimierz Sosnkowski. He became the deputy commander-in-chief of the AK under General Leopold Okulicki in October 1944. He was also nominated for future command of the NIE Organisation, which was formed from the cadre of the AK with the intention of resisting the new Polish Stalinist government.

Arrests and execution

On 7 March 1945, Fieldorf was arrested by the Soviet NKVD in the town of Milanówek. Initially, he was misidentified under the name Walenty Gdanicki and sent to a forced labour camp in the Ural Mountains. Released in 1947, he returned to new Poland ruled by the communist Polish Workers' Party government and the increasingly repressive Ministry of Public Security. He settled in Biała Podlaska under his assumed name and did not return to underground activities. Moving between Warsaw and Kraków, he eventually settled in Łódź.

The government, which was persecuting former resistance members loyal to the London-based government-in-exile, offered an amnesty to them, in 1948. Not knowing that the amnesty was a sham, Fieldorf outed himself to the authorities. He was then placed under investigatory arrest in Warsaw. In prison, he refused to collaborate with the Communist security services, even under torture. General Fieldorf's brutal interrogations were personally supervised by MBP colonel Józef Różański. Kazimierz Gorski, Polish secret police, the UB interrogator, testified in 1997: "[Józef] Różański would stop by frequently during many of my interrogations of general [August] Fieldorf, and he would have conversations with him on many subjects. The prosecuting attorney Benjamin Wajsblech would show up frequently as well, and would, on many occasions, give me verbal instructions. I prepared a decision to refuse the general's [defense] evidence materials. I wrote it under the dictation of Wajsblech. I didn't decide as to whom, and how, I should interrogate".

Fieldorf was accused by prosecutor Helena Wolińska-Brus of being a "fascist-Hitlerite criminal" and having ordered an execution of Soviet partisans while serving in the AK. After a kangaroo court trial, he was sentenced to death on 16 April 1952 by the presiding judge Maria Gurowska. An appeal to a higher court failed, and the family's plea for a pardon was denied by then the communist leader Bolesław Bierut who refused to grant clemency. The sentence was carried out, by hanging, on 24 February 1953 at 3:00 pm in the Mokotów Prison in Warsaw.

The Communist Prosecuting Attorney, Wiktor Gattner, described General Fieldorf's last moments as follows:
I asked the condemned if he had any wishes. Fieldorf responded: 'Please notify my family'. I stated that his family would be notified [...] The condemned persistently looked straight into my eyes. He stood erect. No one was holding him. He made an appearance of a very strong man. One would almost admire his composure amidst such dramatic events. He neither screamed, nor made any gestures. I said: Carry out [the execution]! The executioner and one of the guards approached the condemned […] I went to see the warden afterwards, and then by my own hand I prepared the protocol of the execution.

General Fieldorf's body was never returned to his family, and was buried in a location which remains unknown. In 2009, an article in a British Telegraph newspaper suggested that Fieldorf was buried in a mass grave in a Warsaw cemetery, together with the remains of 248 other murdered Polish non-communists.

In 1958, the prosecutor's office discontinued any further investigations.

Commemorating and recognition
In 1972, a statue was erected on his symbolic grave. In 1989, following the collapse of Communist Poland, Fieldorf was officially rehabilitated.

In 2006, President Lech Kaczyński posthumously awarded him the Order of the White Eagle. In 2012, the supposed mass grave site was to be searched for Fieldorf's remains.

Search for justice

Fieldorf's daughter, Maria Fieldorf Czarska, called for the prosecutor responsible for the execution of her father, Helena Wolińska-Brus (who lived in Oxford, England until her death in 2008), to be brought to face justice in Poland. Wolińska-Brus, a military prosecutor in the 1950s, was accused of aiding in the investigation and trial that resulted in Fieldorf's execution. Wolińska-Brus signed Fieldorf's arrest warrant and extended his detention several times, although she was aware of his innocence. A 1956 report issued by the communist authorities concluded that Wolińska-Brus had violated the rule of law and was involved in mock investigations and show trials that frequently resulted in executions. The charges against her were initiated by the Institute of National Remembrance, which claimed  Wolińska-Brus was an "accessory to a court murder", which is classified as a Stalinist crime, and is punishable by up to 10 years in prison. The case attracted international attention. The United Kingdom refused to extradite her, and Wolińska-Brus died on 26 November 2008 without being brought to justice.

Speaking about other individuals who have had complicity in the court-sanctioned murder (that is of fabricated evidence) of her father, Maria Fieldorf-Czarska said:

I can neither allow the investigation [into the murder] of my father to be closed, nor to allow the following individuals to escape justice: the Deputy Director of Justice at the General Prosecutors' Office, Alicja Graff, the Prosecuting Attorney, Wiktor Gattner, and the Interrogator, Kazimierz Gorski. They could have refused [to take part in my father's murder]. No one forced them either physically or psychologically [to do it]. I demand that the people who murdered my father be brought to justice [...] I dream of Poland, whose institutions of justice are transparent and worthy of true respect and confidence. These types of institutions ought to be the foundation of a sovereign nation. I would want us, Poles, so much, to be able to choose our own examples to follow, and not those promoted by others.

Józef Różański died in 1981
Maria Gurowska died in 1988
Alicja Graff died in 2005

Feature film
In 2009 a historical drama movie entitled Generał Nil based on Fieldorf's life premiered in Poland to generally positive reviews. It was directed by Ryszard Bugajski with Olgierd Łukaszewicz in the title role.

Honours, Decorations and Citations
 Order of the White Eagle (2006)
 Gold Cross of the Order of Virtuti Militari, previously awarded the Silver Cross (1923)
 Cross of Independence (1932)
 Knight's Cross of the Order of Polonia Restituta (1937)
 Cross of Valour - four times
 Gold Cross of Merit (1929)
 Merit Forces Central Lithuania

See also
 Witold Pilecki
 Maria Gurowska
 Anatol Fejgin
 Stefan Michnik
 1951 Mokotów Prison execution
 Cursed soldiers

Notes and references

 Biography of Brigadier-General Emil August Fieldorf
 Is this justice or revenge?, The Independent, 30 December 1998
 Oxford don's wife 'sent war hero to his death', The Daily Telegraph, 22 November 2007
 Britain must not stand in the way of Polish justice, The Scotsman, 25 November 2007
 Polish enemies fight over Gen Emil Fieldorf, The Daily Telegraph, 25 November 2007
 Doomed Soldiers 1944–1963, The Untold Story

Bibliography

 Stanisław Marat, Jacek Snopkiewicz, Zbrodnia. Sprawa generała Fieldorfa-Nila, Wydawnictwo Alfa, Warszawa 1989, ,
 Tadeusz Kryska-Karski i Stanisław Żurakowski, Generałowie Polski Niepodległej, Editions Spotkania, Warszawa 1991, wyd. II uzup. i poprawione, s. 91,

External links

 Doomed Soldiers 1944-1963, The Untold Story.

1895 births
1953 deaths
Military personnel from Kraków
Burials at Powązki Cemetery
Executed Polish people
People executed by the Polish People's Republic
People executed by Poland by hanging
Polish generals
Polish anti-communists
Polish people of German descent
Polish Military Organisation members
Recipients of the Gold Cross of the Virtuti Militari
Recipients of the Cross of Independence
Knights of the Order of Polonia Restituta
Recipients of the Cross of Valour (Poland)
Recipients of the Gold Cross of Merit (Poland)
Overturned convictions
Polish soldiers
Polish legionnaires (World War I)
Austro-Hungarian military personnel of World War I
Polish people of the Polish–Soviet War
Polish Army officers
Executed military leaders
Executed people from Lesser Poland Voivodeship
Recipients of the Order of the White Eagle (Poland)

August Emil Fieldorf


The Space Machine, subtitled A Scientific Romance, is a science fiction novel written by English writer Christopher Priest.

First published in 1976, it follows the travels of protagonists Edward Turnbull and Amelia Fitzgibbon. The pair are dropped on the surface of Mars (due to interference by Turnbull) prior to the Martian invasion of Earth that forms the storyline of H. G. Wells' 1898 novel The War of the Worlds. Edward and Amelia, who works for the inventor Sir William Reynolds, have used Reynolds's space and time machine to jump into the future at the onset of the Mars invasion. They find that, on Mars, humans have been turned into Martian slaves.

Setting
This novel effectively binds the storylines of the H.G. Wells novels The War of the Worlds (1898) and The Time Machine (1895) into the same reality. Action takes place both in Victorian England and on Mars, as the time machine displaces the duo through space (in addition to time).

Technology is shown to be roughly Victorian of nature, so as not to destroy the setting for War of the Worlds, but also shows some unpublished advancements of Sir William Reynolds (such as a form of bicycle that requires no input from the rider).

The names of the characters also suggest historical Britain. Both Edward's name and Fitzgibbon's refer to Edward Gibbon, the famous British historian and author of The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, while Turnbull is suggestive of, among others, the famous early British actor John Turnbull and, more generally, the Bulldog, which is popularly used to represent England and its defiance in war.

Publication history
The book was first published in 1976 by Faber and Faber Limited (). It was republished in paperback by Pan Books in 1981 () and by Gollancz's VGSF imprint in 1988 ().

Reception
Richard A. Lupoff described The Space Machine as "a completely new, gripping, and ingenious book," although he faulted the relatively slow pacing of its opening segment

The aggregate review journal Books & Authors quoted a reviewer, who observed that Priest

Awards
It won a Ditmar Award in 1977, winning the "International SF" category.

References

1976 British novels
Novels by Christopher Priest
English novels
1976 science fiction novels
British science fiction novels
The Time Machine
War of the Worlds written fiction
Adaptations of works by H. G. Wells
Steampunk novels
Novels set on Mars
Faber and Faber books

The Space Machine


Leo Philip Kadanoff (January 14, 1937 – October 26, 2015) was an American physicist. He was a professor of physics (emeritus from 2004) at the University of Chicago and a former president of the American Physical Society (APS).  He contributed to the fields of statistical physics, chaos theory, and theoretical condensed matter physics.

Biography
Kadanoff was raised in New York City. He received his undergraduate degree and doctorate in physics (1960) from Harvard University. After a post-doctorate at the Niels Bohr Institute in Copenhagen, he joined the physics faculty at the University of Illinois in 1965.

Kadanoff's early research focused upon superconductivity.  In the late 1960s, he studied the organization of matter in phase transitions.  Kadanoff demonstrated that sudden changes in material properties (such as the magnetization of a magnet or the boiling of a fluid) could be understood in terms of scaling and universality. With his collaborators, he showed how all the experimental data then available for the changes, called second-order phase transitions, could be understood in terms of these two ideas. These same ideas have now been extended to apply to a broad range of scientific and engineering problems, and have found numerous and important applications in urban planning, computer science, hydrodynamics, biology, applied mathematics and geophysics. In recognition of these achievements, he won the Buckley Prize of the American Physical Society (1977), the Wolf Prize in Physics (1980), the 1989 Boltzmann Medal of the International Union of Pure and Applied Physics, and the 2006 Lorentz Medal.

In 1969 he moved to Brown University.  He exploited mathematical analogies between solid state physics and urban growth to shed insights into the latter field, so much so that he contributed substantially to the statewide planning program in Rhode Island.  In 1978 he moved to the University of Chicago, where he became the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Distinguished Service Professor of Physics and Mathematics.   Much of his work in the second half of his career involved contributions to chaos theory, in both mechanical and fluid systems. He was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1982.

He was one of the recipients of the 1999 National Medal of Science, awarded by President Clinton.  He was a member of the National Academy of Sciences and of the American Philosophical Society as well as being a Fellow of the American Physical Society and of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. During the last decade, he has received the Quantrell Award (for excellence in teaching) from the University of Chicago, the Centennial Medal of Harvard University, the Lars Onsager Prize of the American Physical Society, and the Grande Medaille d'Or of the Académie des sciences de l'Institut de France.

His textbook with Gordon Baym, Quantum Statistical Mechanics (), is a prominent text in the field and has been widely translated.

With Leo Irakliotis, Kadanoff established the Center for Presentation of Science at the University of Chicago.

In June 2013, it was stated that anonymous donors had provided a $3.5 million gift to establish the Leo Kadanoff Center for Theoretical Physics at the University of Chicago.  He died after complications from an illness on October 26, 2015. In 2018 the American Physical Society established the Leo P. Kadanoff Prize in his honor.

Publications (selection)
 "Scaling laws for Ising models near ", Physics 2(263), 1966. (The seminal paper for the development of renormalization group theory; see History of renormalization group theory.)
 "Operator Algebra and the Determination of Critical Indices", Phys. Rev. Lett. 23(1430), 1969. (The seminal paper for the development of conformal field theory; see History of conformal field theory.)

References

External links
 "Leo P. Kadanoff"  at the University of Chicago
 "Publications of Leo P. Kadanoff"
Video of Leo Kadanoff on the opening panel at the Quantum to Cosmos festival

1937 births
2015 deaths
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
Fellows of the American Physical Society
Lorentz Medal winners
Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
National Medal of Science laureates
Oliver E. Buckley Condensed Matter Prize winners
Wolf Prize in Physics laureates
Jewish American scientists
Jewish physicists
Harvard University alumni
University of Chicago faculty
21st-century American physicists
20th-century American physicists
Brown University faculty
Members of the American Philosophical Society
Presidents of the American Physical Society
Statistical physicists

Leo Kadanoff


The Ulster Unionist Party or UUP for short is a centre-right political party in Northern Ireland. It wants Northern Ireland to stay in the United Kingdom and is also moderately against the European Union. It has 10 out of 90 seats in the Northern Ireland Assembly and 1 of 3 Northern Ireland seats in the European Parliament but has no seats in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom. Its current leader is Robin Swann.

During the 2010 general election and the 2009 European Parliament Election, the party allied itself to the UK Conservative Party and called itself Ulster Conservatives and Unionists - New Force.

Ulster Unionist Party
Conservative Party (UK)

Ulster Unionist Party


The capybara or Greater capybara (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris) is a semi-aquatic rodent native  South America. It weighs about a hundred pounds, and is about two feet tall at the shoulder. The capybara is the world's largest rodent.

Capybaras are closely related to guinea pigs and to chinchillas. When they are full-grown, they weigh about 55 kg, or 100 pounds. The capybara's stocky body is about a meter, or 3 feet, long, and its shoulder is about 60 centimeters, or about two feet high off the ground. Females are usually bigger and heavier than males. Capybaras have brown or reddish-brown fur. When they are old their fur is thin, their skin can get sunburned easily. Their eyes and ears and nostrils are high on their heads, so they can easily be kept above water when the capybara is swimming. It is a giant cavy rodent living in South America.

Lifestyle
Capybaras live in grassy wetlands or close to rivers in many parts of South America.   In the morning, evening, and at night they eat grass, mostly on land. They spend the hottest hours of the day in the water.   They are good swimmers and divers. Webs between their toes help them swim. They can only hold their breath underwater for about five minutes at a time. Sometimes they hide in water for much longer, with only their noses sticking out to breathe. Many predators like to eat them. They are a favourite food for jaguars, eagles, anaconda snakes, and many other animals.

Capybaras eat plants, mostly grass. Their babies are usually born in litters of four at one time. They can start to eat grass once they are about a week old, but they will also keep nursing from their mothers and even from other grown females until they are about four months old. They live in large groups, usually 10-30 capybaras together. Some groups have even had 100 capybaras.  They talk to each other using many sounds: clicks, grunts, whistles, and barks.

Conservation and contact with humans
Capybaras are not endangered. Their population is stable, not increasing or decreasing very much. They can live in towns or zoos. Humans can touch them, but it is not common, as it can cause disease. Sometimes humans eat capybaras. They are hunted for meat, and sometimes they are raised on farms. Also, their tough skin is sometimes used to make high quality leather, especially for gloves. Capybaras are sometimes kept as pets. They can be kept pets in the United States, but not in some places. They are also very liked in Japan, and are kept as pets there too.

Notes

References

Rodents
Mammals of South America

Capybara


Henryk Skolimowski (4 May 1930 in Warsaw – 6 April 2018 in Warsaw) was a Polish philosopher. He completed technical studies, musicology and philosophy in Warsaw. He received his Ph.D. in philosophy from Oxford University.

The student of Tadeusz Kotarbiński and Kazimierz Ajdukiewicz, he specialized in logic and philosophy of language. Skolimowski earned a doctorate at the University of Oxford, where he also taught before he began his professorships at the University of Southern California in Los Angeles, and then at the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, where he was for many years a professor of philosophy, and then held the position of professor emeritus. He was considered to be the leading thinker in the field of eco-philosophy.

Skolimowski's work was targeted at overcoming human angst and disconnection caused in part by the overwhelming preponderance of modern technology, which had its seeds in the Industrial Revolution. Our accelerating dependence on technology at the expense of a right relationship with Nature and the planet is a prime concern within Skolimowski's work, as is the increasing inability of organized patriarchal religions to provide a meaningful spiritual platform from which modern human beings may appropriately evolve.

During decades of travel and involvement with leading thinkers across the globe, Skolimowski had become familiar a great variety of cultures, and included winning precepts from them into his works. He was the author of over 50 books and hundreds of scientific and academic papers. He was also a poet. He wrote in English.  In the years 1992–1997 Skolimowski held the position of Chair of Eco-Philosophy at Technical University of Lodz, the first such position of its kind in the world.

Career
Degrees and Scientific Titles:
 M.Sc (geodesy) 1956 – Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland,
 MA (Philosophy) 1959 – University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland,
 D.Phil. 1964 – University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.

Academic experience:
 University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom – scholar 1959–60, 1962–64, 1968–69
 University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom – research scholar 1969–70
 University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA – Assistant professor, associate professor 1964–70
 Philosopher in Residence at Arcosanti, Arizona, USA 1969–85
 University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA – Professor 1971–1993
 Philosopher in Residence, Dartington Hall, Devon, UK 1979–83
 Technical University of Lodz, Chair of Ecological Philosophy, Lodz, Poland – Professor 1992–97

He was a member of scientific organizations such as:
 Task Force on Appropriate Technology of the US Congress
 Program on Technology and Culture of UNESCO 1976–78
 Teilhard Society in London – Vice President 1980–90
 International Union for the Conservation of Nature 1981–86
 Committee "Man and Environment", Polish Academy of Sciences 1995–2010

Other information:
 Skolimowski is part  of a new branch of philosophy called Eco-Philosophy, which claims that THE WORLD IS A SANCTUARY. From this central assumption immediately follows reverence for life and for all there is, responsibility for the world and society, altruism and sharing as the basis for ethics, and ecological spirituality, which maintains that the ecological and the spiritual are one.
 Swimming against the current of the disengaged academic philosophy, Skolimowski insisted, for the last four decades, that philosophy must be committed to life, must be living philosophy, helping life to unfold and to flourish. More recently, he proposed a new cosmology of light, according to which Light is the source of it all; it is truly a Great Mother; if we have the eyes to see and the mind to bear its greatness. Light is the source of all spiritualities and religions.
 Creator of a new department of philosophy - eco-philosophy, Poland 1993
 Founder of the Eco-Philosophy Center based in Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA. 1981
 Member of the President's Council for Environmental in Poland 1994/97

Awards and distinctions:
 Gold Medal of Merit, Ministry of the Environment, Poland 1999
 Medal of the City of Wroclaw 1997 (for activities in the field of environmental protection in Poland)
 Zielone Serce Przyrodzie, Warsaw 2001

Bibliography
Books

 2011.  The Lotus and the Mud: Autobiography of a Philosopher.  Creative Fire Press.
 2010.  World as Sanctuary: The Cosmic Philosophy of Henryk Skolimowski.  Creative Fire Press.
 2010.  Let There Be Light: The Mysterious Journey of Cosmic Creativity.  Wisdom Tree.
 2005.  Philosophy for a New Civilization.  Gyan Publishing House.
 2001.  The Dawn of the Ecological Era (with Ashwani Kumar).  Concept Books.
 1999.  Dharma, Ecology and Wisdom in the Third Millennium.  Concept Books.
 1994.  The Participatory Mind: A New Theory of Knowledge and of the Universe.  Penguin/Arkana.
 1994.  Eco-Yoga: Practice and Meditations for Walking in Beauty.  Gaia Books.
 1993.  A Sacred Place to Dwell.  Element Books.
 1992.  Living Philosophy: Eco-Philosophy as a Tree of Life.  Penguin/Arkana.
 1991.  Dancing Shiva in the Ecological Age.  Clarion Books
 1989.  The Other Side of the Rational Mind.  The Intl Cultural Foundation.
 1989.  Out of the Cosmic Dust.  Vasanta Press.
 1985.  Eco-Theology: Toward a Religion for our Times.  Eco-Philosophy Publications.
 1984.  Theatre of the Mind.  Quest Books.
 1983.  Technology and Human Destiny.  Madras Univ. Press.
 1981.  Eco-Philosophy: Designing New Tactics for Living.  Marion Boyars.
 1967.  Polish Analytical Philosophy.  Routledge and Kegan Paul.

Articles

In addition Henryk Skolimowski published over 600 articles. A more complete Bibliography of Henryk Skolimowski can be found in the book, THE WORLD AS SANCTUARY, Creative Fire Press, 2010.

References

External links
  The Eco-philosophy Centre website
 Google Books
 Google Scholar
  Speakingtree.in/henrykskolimowski on Google
  Mirlyn Catalog umich on Google. Search Henryk Skolimowski
  Voice of Vir Singh for Henryk Skolimowski on Google

1930 births
2018 deaths
20th-century Polish philosophers
University of Michigan faculty
People from Warsaw
Warsaw University of Technology alumni
University of Warsaw alumni
Academic staff of the University of Łódź
Burials at Bródno Cemetery

Henryk Skolimowski


Archibald Alexander Hodge (July 18, 1823 – November 12, 1886), an American Presbyterian leader, was the principal of Princeton Seminary between 1878 and 1886.

Biography
He was born on July 18, 1823, to Sarah and Charles Hodge in Princeton, New Jersey.  He was named after Charles' mentor, the first principal of Princeton Seminary, Archibald Alexander.

Hodge attended the College of New Jersey (later Princeton University) in 1841 and then Princeton Theological Seminary in 1847.

He served as a missionary in India for three years (1847–1850). He held pastorates at Lower West Nottingham, Maryland (1851–1855), Fredericksburg, Virginia (1855–1861), and Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania (1861–1864). In 1864 he accepted a call to the chair of systematic theology in Western Theological Seminary (later Pittsburgh Theological Seminary) in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. There he remained until in 1877 he was called to Princeton to be the associate of his father, Charles Hodge, in the distinguished chair of systematic theology. He took on the full responsibilities of the chair of systematic theology in 1878.

He died on November 12, 1886, in Princeton, New Jersey, from "a severe cold ... which settled in his kidneys".

Influence
At the time of his death, he was a trustee of the College of New Jersey and a leader in the Presbyterian Church. His interests extended beyond religion. He touched the religious world at many points. During the years immediately preceding his death he did not slacken his work, but continued his work of writing, preaching, lecturing, making addresses, coming into contact with men, influencing them, and by doing so widening the influence of Christianity. Among the most influential was an article titled Inspiration that began a series in the Presbyterian Review which established the discipline of biblical theology as a historical science. This article was coauthored with B. B. Warfield in 1880.

Characteristics

Hodge's distinguishing characteristic as a theologian was his power as a thinker. He had a mind of singular acuteness, and though never a professed student of metaphysics, he was essentially and by nature a metaphysician. His theology was that of the Reformed confessions. He had no peculiar views and no peculiar method of organizing theological dogmas; in this he may be identified with his father, who claimed at the end of his life that he had taught and written nothing new.  Though he taught the same theology that his father had taught before him, he was independent as well as reverent. His first book and that by which he is best known was his Outlines of Theology (New York City, 1860; enlarged ed., 1878; reprinted 1996, ), which was translated into Welsh, modern Greek, and Hindustani. The Atonement (Philadelphia, 1867; reprinted 1989, ) is still one of the best treatises on the subject. This was followed by his commentary on the Westminster Confession of Faith (1869, ), a very useful book, full of clear thinking and compact statement. He contributed some important articles to encyclopedias – Johnson's, McClintock and Strong's, and the Schaff-Herzog (the Schaff-Herzog encyclopedia furnished the kernel from which this article developed). He was one of the founders of the Presbyterian Review, to the pages of which he was a frequent contributor.

Sermons

In the pulpit, Hodge had few sermons, and he preached them frequently. They were never written nor deliberately planned. They grew from small beginnings and, as he went through the process of thinking them over as often as he preached them, they gradually became more elaborate.

Publications
The Rule of Faith and Practice
The Protestant rule of faith
The Rules of Interpreting Scripture
The Holy Scriptures - Canon and Inspiration (Part 1) (Part 2)
The Inspiration of the Bible
Commentary on the Westminster Confession of Faith
God - His Nature And Relation To The Universe
Assurance and Humility
A Short History of Creeds and Confessions
God's Covenants With Man--The Church
Baptism
The Mode of Baptism
Sanctification (revised by B.B. Warfield)
Free Will
Outlines of Theology
Justification (Part 1) (Part 2) (Part 3)
Predestination
Selected Essays by Archibald Alexander Hodge
A commentary on the Confession of Faith : with questions for theological students and Bible classes
(1869) https://archive.org/details/commentaryonconf00hodguoft (Robarts - University of Toronto)
(1869) https://archive.org/details/acommentaryonthe00hodguoft (Knox - University of Toronto)
(1869) https://archive.org/details/commentaryonconf00hodg (Princeton Theological Seminary Library)
(1901 printing) https://archive.org/details/commentaryonconf1901hodg (Princeton Theological Seminary Library)
A commentary on the confession of faith [of the Assembly of divines] ed. by W.H. Goold (1870)
https://archive.org/details/acommentaryonco00hodggoog (Oxford University)
Comentario de la Confesion de fe de Westminster de la Iglesia Presbiteriana (1897)
https://archive.org/details/comentariodelaco00hodg (Princeton Theological Seminary Library)
The atonement (1867)
(1867) https://archive.org/details/theatonement00hodguoft (Trinity College - University of Toronto)
(1867) https://archive.org/details/atonement00hodguoft    (Robarts - University of Toronto)
(1867) https://archive.org/details/atonement00publgoog    (New York Public Library)
(1867) https://archive.org/details/atonement00hodg        (New York Public Library)
Outlines of theology
(1860) https://archive.org/details/outlinesoftheolo1860hodg   (Princeton Theological Seminary Library)
(1861) https://archive.org/details/outlinesoftheolo00hodg     (Princeton Theological Seminary Library)
(1863) https://archive.org/details/outlinestheolog03hodggoog  (Harvard University)
(1863) (ed. by W.H. Goold)  https://archive.org/details/outlinestheolog01hodggoog (Oxford University)
(1865) https://archive.org/details/outlinesoftheolo1865hodg   (Princeton Theological Seminary Library)
(1866) https://archive.org/details/outlinestheolog02hodggoog  (unknown library)
(1876) https://archive.org/details/outlinesoftheo00hodg       (New York Public Library)
(1877) https://archive.org/details/outlinesoftheolo00hodguoft (Emmanuel - University of Toronto)
(1878) https://archive.org/details/outlinesoftheolo1878hodg   (Princeton Theological Seminary Library)
(1879) https://archive.org/details/outlinesoftheolo1879hodg   (Princeton Theological Seminary Library)
(1879) (ed. by W.H. Goold) https://archive.org/details/outlinestheolog00hodggoog  (Oxford University)
There is also a companion to this book by William Passmore (1873)A compendium of evangelical theology given in the words of holy Scripture https://archive.org/details/acompendiumevan00unkngoog
The life of Charles Hodge ... professor in the Theological seminary, Princeton, N.J. (1880)
https://archive.org/details/lifeofcharleshodg00hodg    (Princeton Theological Seminary Library)
https://archive.org/details/lifeofcharleshod00hodg0    (Princeton Theological Seminary Library)
https://archive.org/details/lifeofcharlesh00hodg       (Princeton Theological Seminary Library)
https://archive.org/details/lifeofcharleshod00hodgrich (University of California Libraries)
https://archive.org/details/lifecharleshodg01hodggoog  (University of California)
https://archive.org/details/lifecharleshodg02hodggoog  (New York Public Library)
(1881) https://archive.org/details/lifecharleshodg00hodggoog (Oxford University)
Popular lectures on theological themes (1887)
https://archive.org/details/popularlectures00hodggoog
https://archive.org/details/popularlectures00publgoog
https://archive.org/details/popularlectures00hodguoft
https://archive.org/details/popularlectureso00hodg
Inspiration (1881) (Reprinted from the Presbyterian review, April, 1881) https://archive.org/details/inspiration00hodg (Princeton Theological Seminary Library)
Westminster doctrine anent holy scripture : tractates by professors A. A. Hodge and Warfield (1891)
https://archive.org/details/westminsterdoct00howi (Princeton Theological Seminary Library)
Manual of forms for baptism, admission to the communion, administration of the Lord's Supper, marriage and funerals : conformed to the doctrine and discipline of the Presbyterian Church (1877)
https://archive.org/details/manualofformsfor00hodg
https://archive.org/details/manualofforms00hodg
(1882 copyright, 1883 published) https://archive.org/details/manualofforms00hodguoft (Emmanuel - University of Toronto)
The system of theology contained in the Westminster shorter catechism opened and explained (1888) https://archive.org/details/systemoftheology00hodg
Questions on the text of the Systematic Theology of Dr. Charles Hodge : together with an exhibition of various schemes illustrating the principles of theological construction (by A. A. Hodge)(1885)
https://archive.org/details/questionsontexto00hodg (Princeton Theological Seminary Library)
Address at the funeral of the Rev. Henry Augustus Boardman, D.D. (1881)
https://archive.org/details/addressatfuneral00hodg (Princeton Theological Seminary Library)
Van Dyke, Joseph Smith (1886) Theism and evolution : an examination of modern speculative theories as related to theistic conceptions of the universe. With an introduction by d Alexander Hodge
https://archive.org/details/theismandevolut00vanduoft (Trinity College - University of Toronto)
https://archive.org/details/theismevolutione00vand    (Princeton Theological Seminary Library)

Articles

References

External links

1823 births
1886 deaths
American Calvinist and Reformed theologians
American Presbyterians
American evangelicals
Princeton Theological Seminary faculty
People from Fredericksburg, Virginia
Presbyterian Church in the United States of America ministers
Christianity in Pittsburgh
Religious leaders from Pittsburgh
Contributors to the Schaff–Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge
19th-century Calvinist and Reformed theologians
Presidents of Calvinist and Reformed seminaries
Pittsburgh Theological Seminary faculty
Princeton University alumni
Princeton Theological Seminary alumni
19th-century American clergy

Archibald Alexander Hodge


Russian Post has a system of postal codes (, pochtovyy indeks) based on the federal subject a place is located in. Each postal code consists of six digits with first three referring to the federal subject or the administrative division with special status. Some larger subjects have multiple three-digit prefixes. For instance, Moscow's postal codes fall in the range 101–129.

Larger cities/towns have a "pochtamt" (, from German ), or a main post office, which is assigned the main postal code for the city. For instance Moscow's pochtamt has a postal code of 101000. One street in a big city can have several postal codes; for instance, in Saint Petersburg (with postal codes falling in the range 190–199), Kirochnaya Street has the following postal codes: 191028, 191123, 191124, 191015, 191014, which are based on house numbers.

Post codes in Russia are six digits long. To assist in their machine reading, envelopes are printed with a nine-segment outline for each digit, which the sender fills in. However, this is not necessary and the postal code can be written by hand as in any other country. The code usually identifies the post office.

Post codes in Russia are fully compatible and non-overlapping with postal codes in Belarus.

In 2014, some areas of Ukraine under Russian administration were assigned Russian postal codes in the range 295–299, adding an initial 2 to the existing Ukrainian five-digit codes.

Map

See also
ISO 3166-2:RU

References

External links
Official website of the Russian Post – postal code search

Russia
Postal system of Russia

Postal codes in Russia


Conrad Gessner (or Konrad Gessner, 26 March 1516 – 13 December 1565) was a Swiss naturalist and bibliographer. His five-volume Historiae animalium (1551–1558) is a forerunner of modern zoology. The flowering plant genus Gesneria is named after him.

Career
He studied at Strasbourg, Bourges (1532–1533) and Paris. In 1535, religious unrest drove him back to Zürich, where he made an unwise marriage. His friends came to his aid, enabled him to study at Basel (1536), and in 1537 obtained for him the professorship of Greek at the newly founded academy of Lausanne (then belonging to Berne). Here he had leisure to devote himself to scientific studies, especially botany.

In 1540–1541 he visited the famous medical university of Montpellier, took his degree of doctor of medicine (1541) at Basel, and then settled down to practise at Zürich, where he obtained the post of lecturer in physics at the Carolinum, the precursor of the University of Zürich. There, apart from a few journeys to foreign countries, and annual summer botanical journeys in his native land, he passed the remainder of his life. He devoted himself to preparing works on many subjects of different sorts. He died of the plague, the year after his ennoblement.

Works
To his contemporaries he was best known as a botanist, though his botanical manuscripts were not published till long after his death (at Nuremberg, 1751–1771, 2 vols. folio), he himself issuing only the Enchiridion historiae plantarum (1541) and the Catalogus plantarum (1542) in four languages.

In 1545 he published his remarkable Bibliotheca universalis (ed. J. Simler 1574), supposedly a catalogue (in Latin, Greek and Hebrew) of all writers who had ever lived, with the titles of their works, etc. A second part, Pandectarium sive partitionum universalium Conradi Gesneri Ligurini libri xxi, appeared in 1548; only nineteen books being then concluded. The last, a theological encyclopaedia, was published in 1549, but the last but one, intended to include his medical work, was never finished.

His great zoological work, Historiae animalium, appeared in 4 vols. (quadrupeds, birds, fish) folio, 1551–1558, at Zürich, a fifth (snakes) being issued in 1587. This work is the starting-point of modern zoology. Not content with such vast works, Gessner put forth in 1555 his book entitled Mithridates de differentis linguis, an account of about 130 known languages, with the Lord's Prayer in twenty-two languages, while in 1556 appeared his edition of the works of Claudius Aelianus.

Gessner's work On fossil objects contains, among much else, a recognition of the true organic nature of some fossils.

To non-scientific readers, Gessner is best known for his love of mountains (below the snow-line) and for his many excursions among them, undertaken partly as a botanist, but also for the sake of exercise and enjoyment of the beauties of nature. In 1541 he prefixed to his Libellus de lacte et operibus lactariis a letter addressed to his friend, J. Vogel, of Glarus, as to the wonders to be found among the mountains, declaring his love for them, and his firm resolve to climb at least one mountain every year, not only to collect flowers, but in order to exercise his body. In 1555 Gessner issued his narrative (Descriptio Montis Fracti sive Montis Pilati) of his excursion to the Gnepfstein (1920 m), the lowest point in the Pilatus chain.

Also note:
 Gessner was the first to describe the brown rat in Europe.
 Gessner was partly responsible for  Insectorum, sive, Minimorum animalium theatrum or Theatre of Insects, This work was written jointly by Gessner (posthumously), Edward Wotton, Thomas Muffet and Thomas Penny
 Gessner in 1551 was the first to describe adipose tissue.

References

1516 births
1565 deaths
Deaths from infectious disease
Naturalists
Swiss botanists
Scientists from Strasbourg

Conrad Gessner


Deltora Quest is three series of books for children by Emily Rodda. It has 15 books overall: the first series Deltora Quest has eight books, the second series Deltora Shadowlands has three books, and the third series Dragons of Deltora has four books. They are all about a group of three friends who try to defeat the evil Shadow Lord and his friends.

Characters

Lief

Lief is the son of King Endon and Sharn, who went into hiding disguised as Jarred and Anna before their son was born. Lief was raised as a blacksmith's son in the run-down city of Del after the invasion. On his 16th birthday he set off on the Deltora Quest to find the seven gems of Deltora. In the ends he finds out that he is the heir to the throne and becomes the King of Deltora. At the end of the third series he marries Jasmine and has three children.

Barda

Barda is a strong bearded man. Before the invasion of the Shadow Lord, he was a guard of the Palace, but then he fled because his mother Min was killed, so he made friends with Endon and Sharn, and pretended to be a beggar for sixteen years, and always guarded Lief when he was in trouble. He accompanied Lief to find the seven gems of the Belt of Deltora. At the end of the last series he married Linden of Broome.

Jasmine
Jasmine is the daughter of Jarred (Doom) and Anna. She was born in the Forests of Silence, but when she was 7, her parents got taken away by Grey Guards. She lived as an orphan, with Kree and Filli for company. She met Lief and Barda in the Forests of Silence, and helped them get the first jewel, the topaz. After that, her mother Anna appeared to her in spirit form (because the topaz lets you come into contact with the dead)and told Jasmine to travel with Lief and Barda to find the jewels. At the end of the third series she married Lief and had three children.

Kree

Kree is a raven who used to live in Thaegan's territory, but Thaegen killed his parents so he fled to the Forests of Silence where he met Jasmine. He is very affectionate to Jasmine. He accompanied Jasmine, Lief and Barda on all three quests, warning others of danger by flying ahead. He later became and official messenger bird for the Palace.

Filli

Filli is a furry grey small creature who Jasmine found in the Forests of Silence. Like, Kree, he loves Jasmine a lot. He accompanied Jasmine, Lief and Barda on all three quests.

Veritas

Veritas is the amethyst dragon who is very truthful. He helped to destroy the Sister of the West, and he brought up the baby Diamond Dragon, Forta.

Deltora Quest 1

Forests of Silence

In the first half of this book, it follows Jarred and Endon, how the King of Deltora died, then Endon became King, Jarred fled from the castle, married Anna, and the Shadow Lord invaded. In the second half of the book, it follows Lief, how on his 16th birthday, he set out on the Deltora Quest to find the gems of Deltora, with Barda, and got paralysed by Wenn, saved by Jasmine, and got the topaz from Gorl.

References

2000 books
Australian fantasy books

Deltora Quest


Urbanism is the study of cities. Urbanists look at the different factors present in a city. A city is different from rural areas. There are certain things than make people come to a city, to live and work there. There are also certain factors, like where the city is located, that have an influence on the economic, social and cultural development of that city.

Related pages
Urban history
Urban planning
World Urbanism Day

Urban and regional sciences

Urbanism


La Fayette Grover (b. November 29, 1823 – d.  May 10, 1911) was a Democratic representative and senator from Oregon, USA.

Grover was born in Bethel, Maine.  He was educated at Bethel's Gould's Academy and Brunswick's Bowdoin College. Studying law and passing the bar in Philadelphia in 1850, he moved to Oregon in 1851 and set up practice in Salem.

The Oregon Territorial legislature elected him prosecuting attorney for Oregon second judicial district and auditor of public accounts for the Oregon Territory. From 1853 to 1855 he was elected to the territorial house of representatives.  In 1854 he was  appointed by the Department of the Interior to audit the claims out of the Rogue River Indian War. He then was appointed by the Secretary of War in 1856 to a board of commissioners to audit the  Indian war expenses of Oregon and Washington.

In 1857 he was a delegate to the Oregon constitution convention and upon admission of Oregon as a state was elected as a Democratic representative to the Thirty-fifth United States Congress serving from February 15, 1859, to March 3, 1859.  He did not run for reelection in 1858, instead resuming his law practice and the manufacture of woolens.

He was elected Governor of Oregon in 1871 and served until 1877 when he resigned, having been elected to the United States Senate.  Grover served from March 4, 1877, to March 3, 1883 serving in the Forty-sixth United States Congress as the chairman of the Senate Committee on Manufactures.  Not a candidate for reelection in 1883, instead he resumed the practice of law and retired from public life.  Grover died in Portland, Oregon, on May 10, 1911 and was interned in Riverview Cemetery.

Reference
Bioguide entry

United States senators from Oregon
Grover, La Fayette
United States representatives from Oregon
1823 births
1911 deaths

La Fayette Grover


Eric Victor Burdon (born 11 May 1941) is an English singer and songwriter. He was previously lead vocalist of R&B and rock band The Animals and funk band War. He is regarded as one of the British Invasion's most distinctive singers with his deep, powerful blues-rock voice. Burdon is also known for his intense stage performances.

In 2008, he was ranked 57th in Rolling Stone's list of "The 100 Greatest Singers of All Time".

Early life
Eric Burdon was born in 1941 in Walker, Newcastle upon Tyne, England. His father, Matt, was originally from Tyneside. His mother, Rene, was originally from Ireland and moved to Scotland before settling in Newcastle in the 1930s. He also had a younger sister, Irene. Burdon's middle name, "Victor", resulted from a reward of £25 offered by the Lord Mayor of Newcastle upon Tyne to mothers who give their newly born children suitably patriotic names.

Burdon was born to a working class family. Burdon describes his early school years as a "dark nightmare" that "should've been penned by Charles Dickens." Due to the river pollution and humidity in Newcastle he suffered asthma attacks daily. During primary school, he was "stuck at the rear of the classroom of around 40 to 50 kids and received constant harassment from kids and teachers alike." He goes on to say his primary school was "jammed between a slaughterhouse and a shipyard on the banks of the Tyne. Some teachers were sadistic – others pretended not to notice – and sexual molestation and regular corporal punishment with a leather strap was the order of the day."

By the time he got to secondary school, a teacher by the name of Bertie Brown was responsible for getting him into art school and changing his life forever. There he first met John Steel, the original drummer for the Animals. He also met a lot of other "young rebels" who shared his interest in jazz, folk, and movies.

Burdon started out his young adult life as one of a group of people who hung out at the local jazz club, The Downbeat. He describes his friends as "like a motorcycle gang ... without the motorcycles" – they were tough, hard-drinking, and listened to American music. Burdon and fellow rocker and guitarist, American Jimi Hendrix, became very close friends in the mid sixties and remained so up until Hendrix's death in 1970; Burdon was the person Hendrix's girlfriend called when she found him overdosed on drugs. Burdon was also a good friend of John Lennon and, claims Burdon, was mentioned in one of their songs, "I Am the Walrus" as "the eggman." Burdon states, "The nickname stuck after a wild experience I'd had at the time with a Jamaican girlfriend called Sylvia. I was up early one morning cooking breakfast, naked except for my socks, and she slid up beside me and slipped an amyl nitrite capsule under my nose. As the fumes set my brain alight and I slid to the kitchen floor, she reached to the counter and grabbed an egg, which she cracked into the pit of my belly. The white and yellow of the egg ran down my naked front and Sylvia began to show me one Jamaican trick after another. I shared the story with John at a party at a Mayfair flat one night with a handful of others." According to Burdon, Lennon, finding the story hilarious, replied, "Go on, go get it, Eggman," incorporating the incident into his song in tribute to the unique experience.

Career

The Animals

Burdon was lead vocalist of the Animals, formed during 1962 in Newcastle upon Tyne. The original band was the Alan Price Rhythm and Blues Combo, which formed in 1958; they became the Animals shortly after Burdon joined the band. The Animals combined electric blues with rock; in the US they were considered one of the leading bands of the British Invasion. Along with the Beatles, the Rolling Stones, the Who, the Hollies, the Dave Clark Five, and the Kinks, the group introduced contemporary British music and fashion to American audiences. Burdon's powerful voice can be heard on the Animals' singles "The House of the Rising Sun", "Baby Let Me Take You Home", "I'm Crying", "Boom Boom", "Don't Let Me Be Misunderstood", "Bring It On Home to Me", "We Gotta Get Out of This Place", "It's My Life", "Don't Bring Me Down", "See See Rider", "Help Me Girl", "Monterey", and "Sky Pilot".

The Animals' keyboardist Alan Price left the band in May 1965, and drummer John Steel followed in April 1966. Burdon has often attributed the disintegration of the band to conflict with Price, specifically that Price had claimed sole rights and ownership to "House of the Rising Sun". Burdon and drummer Barry Jenkins reformed the group as Eric Burdon and the Animals. Their first studio album was Eric Is Here, which featured the hit single "Help Me Girl", released in December 1966, in which Burdon and drummer Jenkins teamed up with Animals' keyboardist Dave Rowberry, Animals' original bassist Chas Chandler, and Animals' original guitarist Hilton Valentine, and session musicians arranged and conducted by Horace Ott. According to Peter Dunbavan, "Help Me Girl" included Hammond organ and brass with great effect and is too often overlooked today. Then followed a more psychedelic incarnation of the group that featured future Family member John Weider and was sometimes called Eric Burdon and the New Animals. Keyboardist Zoot Money joined during 1968 until the band broke up in 1969. This group's hits included the ballad "San Franciscan Nights", the grunge–heavy metal-pioneering "When I Was Young", "Monterey", the anti-Vietnam anthem "Sky Pilot", "White Houses" and the progressive cover of "Ring of Fire".

In 1975, the original Animals reunited and recorded a studio album called Before We Were So Rudely Interrupted, released in 1977. In May 1983, the Animals reunited with their original line-up and released the studio album Ark on 16 June 1983, along with the singles "The Night" and "Love Is for All Time". A world tour followed, and the concert at Wembley Arena, London, recorded on 31 December 1983, was released in 1984 as Greatest Hits Live (Rip It to Shreds). Their concert at the Royal Oak Theatre in April 1984 was released in 2008 as Last Live Show; the band members were augmented by Zoot Money, Nippy Noya, Steve Gregory and Steve Grant. The original Animals broke up for the last time at the end of 1984.

Although the band Burdon formed in the late 1960s was sometimes called Eric Burdon and the New Animals, it was not until 1998 that the name Eric Burdon and the New Animals was officially adopted. The 1998 band had bassist Dave Meros, guitarist Dean Restum, drummer Aynsley Dunbar and keyboard guitarist Neal Morse. They recorded Live at the Coach House on 17 October 1998, released on video and DVD in December that year. In 1999 they released The Official Live Bootleg No. 2 and in August 2000 The Official Live Bootleg 2000, with Martin Gerschwitz on keyboards.

In June 2003, he formed another Eric Burdon and the Animals, with keyboardist Martin Gerschwitz, bassist Dave Meros, guitarist Dean Restum, and drummer Bernie Pershey. They broke up in 2005. During 2008 Burdon toured again as Eric Burdon and the Animals with a variable line-up of backing musicians.

On 13 December 2008 Burdon lost a three-year legal battle to use the name "the Animals" in the UK, with drummer John Steel owning the rights, in the UK only, as a result. Steel was a member in the band's heyday and left in 1966, before the band broke up three years later; he later played in various reunion versions of the band with Burdon. Burdon still toured as Eric Burdon and the Animals, but was prevented from using the name "the Animals" in Britain while the case was under appeal. On 9 September 2013 Burdon's appeal was allowed, with him then entitled to use the band name in the UK.

In 2016, Burdon formed the current line-up of the Animals, including Johnzo West (guitar and vocals), Davey Allen (keyboards and vocals), Dustin Koester (drums and vocals), Justin Andres (bass guitar and vocals), Ruben Salinas (saxophone and flute), and Evan Mackey (trombone).

War
In 1969, while living in San Francisco, Burdon joined forces with California funk rock band War. In April 1970, the resulting studio album was titled Eric Burdon Declares "War" which produced the singles "Spill the Wine" and "Tobacco Road". A two-disc set entitled The Black-Man's Burdon was released in September 1970. The singles from their double album, "Paint It Black" and "They Can't Take Away Our Music", had moderate success during 1971. During this time Burdon collapsed on the stage during a concert, caused by an asthma attack, and War continued the tour without him.

In 1976, a compilation album, Love Is All Around, released by ABC Records, included recordings of Eric Burdon with War doing a live version of "Paint It Black" and a cover of the Beatles' song "A Day in the Life". The band also featured ex-NFL star Deacon Jones who coined the term "quarterback sack" and sang on the band's 1975 song "Why Can't We Be Friends?"

Eric Burdon and War were reunited for the first time in 37 years, to perform an Eric Burdon & War reunion at the concert at the Royal Albert Hall London on 21 April 2008. The concert coincided with a major reissue campaign by Rhino Records (UK), which released all the War albums including Eric Burdon Declares "War" and The Black-Man's Burdon.

The version of the band that performed alongside Burdon in 2008 at the Royal Albert Hall was not the original band but a reformed one led by the only original member, keyboardist Lonnie Jordan. This was due to a court injunction. The remaining surviving members of WAR perform as "The LowRider Band".

Solo career
Burdon began a solo career in 1971 with the Eric Burdon Band, continuing with a hard rock–heavy metal–funk style. In August 1971, he recorded the studio album Guilty!, which featured the blues shouter Jimmy Witherspoon and Ike White of the San Quentin Prison Band. In 1973, the band performed at the Reading Festival. At the end of 1974, the band released the album Sun Secrets followed by the album Stop in 1975. Burdon moved to Germany in 1977 and recorded the album Survivor with a line-up including guitarist Alexis Korner and keyboardist Zoot Money; the album also had a line-up of four guitarists and three keyboardists and is known for its interesting album cover, which depicts Burdon screaming. The album was produced by former Animals bassist Chas Chandler. The original release included a booklet of illustrated lyrics done in ink by Burdon himself.

In May 1978, he recorded the studio album Darkness Darkness at the Roundwood House in County Laois, Ireland, using Ronnie Lane's Mobile Studio and featuring guitarist and vocalist Bobby Tench from the Jeff Beck Group, who had left Streetwalkers a few months before. The album was eventually released in 1980. During January 1979, Burdon changed his band for a tour taking in Hamburg, Germany and the Netherlands.

On 28 August 1982, the "Eric Burdon Band" including Red Young (keyboards) performed at the Rockpalast Open Air Concert at the Lorelei, Germany. Following this Burdon toured heavily with his solo project from March 1984 to March 1985, taking in UK, Spain, Germany, Sweden, Canada and Australia. In 1986, Burdon published his autobiography titled I Used to Be an Animal, but I'm Alright Now.

In March 1979, he played a concert in Cologne and changed the band's name to Eric Burdon's Fire Department, whose line-up included backing vocalist Jackie Carter of Silver Convention, Bertram Engel of Udo Lindenberg's "Panik Orchester" and Jean-Jaques Kravetz. In mid 1980, they recorded the album The Last Drive. "Eric Burdon's Fire Department" toured Europe with this line-up and Paul Millns and Louisiana Red made special appearances in Spain and Italy. By December 1980, the band had broken up.

In April 1981, Christel Buschmann began to film Comeback with Burdon as the star. They created a new Eric Burdon Band whose line-up included Louisiana Red, Tony Braunagle, John Sterling and Snuffy Walden. This band recorded live tracks in Los Angeles. They also recorded in Berlin with another line-up, the only remaining member being John Sterling. In September 1981, the final scenes of Comeback were shot in the Berlin Metropole and Burdon and his band continued to tour through Australia and North America. A studio album titled Comeback was released in 1982. The 1983 album Power Company also included songs recorded during the Comeback project.

In 1988, he put together a band with 15 musicians including Andrew Giddings – keyboards, Steve Stroud – bass, Adrian Sheppard – drums, Jamie Moses – guitar and four backing vocalists to record the studio album I Used to Be an Animal in Malibu, in the United States. In 1990, Eric Burdon's cover version of "Sixteen Tons" was used for the film Joe Versus the Volcano. The song, which played at the beginning of the film, was also released as a single. He also recorded the singles "We Gotta Get out of this Place" with Katrina and the Waves and "No Man's Land" with Tony Carey and Anne Haigis. Later in 1990, he had a small line-up of an Eric Burdon Band featuring Jimmy Zavala (saxophone and harmonica), Dave Meros (bass guitar), Jeff Naideau (keyboards), Thom Mooney (drums) and John Sterling (guitar) before he began a tour with the Doors guitarist Robby Krieger and they appeared at a concert from Ventura Beach, California, which was released as a DVD on 20 June 2008.

On 13 April 2004, he released a "comeback" album, My Secret Life, which was his first album with new recordings for 16 years. When John Lee Hooker died in 2001, Burdon had written the song "Can't Kill the Boogieman" the co-writers of the songs, on the album, were Tony Braunagel and Marcelo Nova. In 2005, they released a live album, Athens Traffic Live, with special DVD bonus material and a bonus studio track and disbanded in November 2005. He began a short touring as the "Blues Knights".

On 27 January 2006, he released his blues–R&B album Soul of a Man. This album was dedicated to Ray Charles and John Lee Hooker. The cover of the album was a picture which was sent to Burdon a few years before. Burdon then formed a new band, with the following members: Red Young (keyboards), Paula O'Rourke (bass), Eric McFadden (guitar), Carl Carlton (guitar) and Wally Ingram (drums). They also performed at the Lugano Festival and in 2007 he toured as the headlining act of the "Hippiefest" line-up, produced and hosted by Country Joe McDonald.

Burdon, at 71, recorded an EP with Cincinnati garage band the Greenhornes called, simply, Eric Burdon & the Greenhornes. The album was recorded at an all-analogue recording studio, and released on 23 November 2012 as part of Record Store Day's "Black Friday".

In 2013, Eric Burdon came out with a new album called, Til Your River Runs Dry. The lead single off the album was called "Water" and was inspired by a conversation he had with former Soviet General Secretary Mikhail Gorbachev.

Other associations

In 1991, Burdon and Brian Auger formed the "Eric Burdon – Brian Auger Band" with the following line-up: Eric Burdon – vocals, Brian Auger – keyboards, vocals, Dave Meros – bass guitar, vocals, Don Kirkpatrick – guitar, vocals and Paul Crowder – drums, vocals. By 1992, Larry Wilkins replaced Kirkpatrick and Karma Auger (Brian's son) replaced Crowder and in 1993 they added Richard Reguria (percussion). The live album Access All Areas was then released. In 1994 the "Eric Burdon – Brian Auger Band" disbanded. Burdon then formed the "Eric Burdon's i Band". The line-up included Larry Wilkins, Dean Restum (guitar), Dave Meros (bass) and Mark Craney (drums).

In 1995, Burdon made a guest appearance with Bon Jovi, singing "It's My Life"/"We Gotta Get out of This Place" medley at the Hall of Fame. He also released the album Lost Within the Halls of Fame, with past tracks and re-recordings of some songs from I Used to Be an Animal. In October 1996, Aynsley Dunbar replaced Craney on drums. The Official Live Bootleg was recorded in 1997 and in May that year Larry Wilkins died of cancer. He also released the compilation albums Soldier of Fortune and I'm Ready which featured recordings from the 1970s and 1980s.

In 1996, the lead singer of Brazilian rock band Camisa de Vênus, the vocalist Marcelo Nova worked in partnership with the former lead singer of the Animals. Burdon and Nova composed the song "Black & White World" and sang in a duet on "Don't Let Me Be Misunderstood" on the Camisa de Venus album Quem É Você?, produced by Burdon.

In 2000, he recorded the song "Power to the People" together with Ringo Starr and Billy Preston for the motion picture Steal This Movie!. On 11 May 2001, the Animals were inducted into the Rock Walk of Fame on Burdon's 60th birthday. On 3 March 2002, the live album Live in Seattle was recorded. Ex-War member Lee Oskar made a guest appearance on the album. In 2003 he made a guest appearance on the album Joyous in the City of Fools by the Greek rock band Pyx Lax, singing lead vocals on "Someone Wrote 'Save me' On a Wall".

In 2001, his second critically acclaimed memoir, Don't Let Me Be Misunderstood, written with author and filmmaker J. Marshall Craig, was released in the US, followed by editions in Greece, Germany and Australia; it covers the British Invasion, moving to Los Angeles and Palm Springs, and various anecdotes about Rock and Roll stardom.

In 2004, in his studio album My Secret Life, besides presenting the song composed in partnership with the Brazilian rocker Marcelo Nova "Black & White World", Eric Burdon shed to the English and re-recorded two songs of Marcelo Nova: "A Garota da Motocicleta" turned "Motorcycle Girl" while "Coração Satânico" became "Devil's Slide".

On 7 June 2008, Burdon performed at the memorial service of Bo Diddley in Gainesville, Florida. During July and August 2008, Burdon appeared as the headline act of the "Hippiefest". He also recorded the single "For What It's Worth" with Carl Carlton and Max Buskohl.

In 2008, Rolling Stone ranked Eric Burdon No. 57 on the list of the 100 Greatest Singers of all Time.

On 22 January 2009 he first performed with his new band, including keyboardist Red Young, guitarist Rick Hirsch, bassist Jack Bryant and drummer Ed Friedland. For a few months he was sick and did not perform except in the United States. On 26 June, he began his European tour. The band included Red Young (keyboards), Billy Watts (guitar), Terry Wilson (bass), Brannen Temple (drums) and Georgia Dagaki (cretan lyra).

On 28 January 2013, Burdon performed on Late Night with Jimmy Fallon, backed by the Roots. Fallon hyped Burdon's current album, Til Your River Runs Dry.

On 23 July 2013, he guested onstage with Bruce Springsteen and the E Street Band at Cardiff Millennium Stadium, performing "We Gotta Get Out of This Place".

In August 2013, he toured with Pat Benatar and Neil Giraldo.

On 29 September 2021, Burdon performed on the Greek TV show Mousiko kouti hosted by Nikos Portokaloglou and Rena Morfi.

Ownership of Animals name
In 2008, an adjudicator determined that John Steel owned "The Animals" name in Britain by virtue of a trademark registration Steel had made in relation to the name. Eric Burdon had objected to the trademark registration, arguing that Burdon personally embodied any goodwill associated with the Animals name. Burdon's argument was rejected, in part based on the fact that he had billed himself as Eric Burdon and the Animals as early as 1967, thus separating the goodwill associated with his own name from that of the band.
In 2013 Burdon won an appeal, making him the owner of the Animals name.

Film career
Burdon wanted to act in the film Blowup (1966). Director Michelangelo Antonioni wanted to use him as a musician in a club scene, but Burdon turned the role down because he had acted in films before in which he sang songs. He disbanded the Animals and went to California, where he met Jim Morrison of the Doors and decided he wanted to go into acting. Later, he turned down major roles in Zabriskie Point and Performance (both 1970).

In 1973, he formed the Eric Burdon Band and recorded the soundtrack for his own film project, Mirage. He spent much money to make this film, produced as a film for Atlantic. The film and the soundtrack were to be released in July 1974, but somehow they never were. The soundtrack was released in 2008.

In 1979, he acted in the TV film The 11th Victim, then in the German film Gibbi Westgermany (1980). In 1982, he starred in another German film, Comeback, again as a singer. In 1991, he made a cameo appearance in The Doors.

In 1998, he played himself in the Greek film My Brother and I, followed by a bigger role in the German film Snow on New Year's Eve (1999).

In the following years, he was credited in many documentaries and in an independent film called Fabulous Shiksa in Distress (2003), along with Ned Romero and Ted Markland.
In 2007, he performed the traditional "Sometimes I Feel Like a Motherless Child" in the drama festival film The Blue Hour and in a documentary about Joshua Tree, called Nowhere Now (2008).

Personal life
In 1967 Burdon married Angela "Angie" King, an Anglo-Indian hippie and model connected to the music scene. The next year she left him for Jimi Hendrix and they divorced in 1969. She was murdered in 1992 by an estranged boyfriend.

In 1972 Burdon married Rose Marks, with whom he has a daughter, Alex. They divorced in 1978.

In 1999, he married Marianna Proestou, a Greek lawyer.

Discography

The Animals
 The Animals (1964; US)/The Animals (1964; UK)
 The Animals on Tour (1965; US)
 Animal Tracks (1965; UK)/Animal Tracks (1965; US)
 Animalisms (1966; UK)/Animalization (1966; US)
 Animalism (1966; US)
 Before We Were So Rudely Interrupted (1977; as the Original Animals)
 Ark (1983)
  Greatest Hits Live (Rip It to Shreds) (1984)

Eric Burdon & the Animals
 Eric Is Here (1967; US)
 Winds of Change (1967)
 The Twain Shall Meet (1968)
 Every One of Us (1968; US)
 Love Is (1968)

Eric Burdon and War
 Eric Burdon Declares "War" (1970)
 The Black-Man's Burdon (1970)
 Love Is All Around (1976)

Solo
 Guilty! (1971)
 Survivor (1977)
 Darkness Darkness (1980)
 Comeback (1982)
 I Used to Be an Animal (1988)
 Lost Within the Halls of Fame (1995)
 My Secret Life (2004)
 Soul of a Man (2006)
 Mirage (2008)
 Eric Burdon & The Greenhornes (2012)
 'Til Your River Runs Dry (2013)

Eric Burdon Band
 Sun Secrets (1974)
 Stop (1975)
 Power Company (1983)
 That's Live (1985)

Eric Burdon's Fire Dept.
 Last Drive (1980)

Books
 I Used to Be an Animal But I'm All Right Now, Faber and Faber, 1986, 978-0571134922

Filmography

 1964: Get Yourself a College Girl
 1964: Whole Lotta Shakin'''
 1965: Pop Gear 1965: The Dangerous Christmas of Red Riding Hood 1967: World of the Animals 1967: The War (short)
 1967: It's a Bikini World 1967: Tonite Let's All Make Love in London 1968: All My Loving 1968: Monterey Pop 1973: Mirage (never filmed)
 1975: Hu-Man (French)
 1979: 11th Victim 1980:  1982: Comeback 1991: The Doors 1999: Snow on New Year's Eve 2001: Plaster Caster 2001: Screamin' Jay Hawkins: I Put a Spell on Me 2003: Fabulous Shiksa in Distress 2003: Yes, You Can Go Home 2007: The Blue Hour 2008: Nowhere Now: The Ballad of Joshua Tree 2010: Remembering Nigel 2010: Forever Young: How Rock 'n' Roll Grew Up (BBC Documentary)
 2020: Eric Burdon: Rock 'n' Roll – Animal'' (BBC Documentary)

References

Further reading

External links

 Eric Burdon website

 Eric Burdon Eric Burdon Interview from 2009

 Eric Burdon Interview NAMM Oral History Library (2017)

1941 births
Living people
20th-century English male singers
20th-century English singers
21st-century English male singers
21st-century English singers
Blues rock musicians
British blues (genre) musicians
British rhythm and blues boom musicians
Columbia Records artists
Decca Records artists
English blues singers
English rhythm and blues singers
English rock singers
English people of Irish descent
English male singer-songwriters
English singer-songwriters
English soul singers
Lojinx artists
Musicians from Newcastle upon Tyne
Polydor Records artists
The Animals members
The Party Boys members
War (American band) members

Eric Burdon


Dina statistik, simpangan statistik statistik nu mana probability distribution teu gumantung kana probability distributions nu ditempo nyaéta sebaran populasi statistik tina data nu dicokot. Konsep ieu mimiti dikenalkeun ku ahli statistik génétik Sir Ronald Fisher.

Conto

 Anggap X1, ..., Xn mangrupa bebas sarta kasebar identik, sarta kasebar normal mibanda nilai ekspektasi μ jeung varian 1.  (The use as an example, of this particular parametrized family of probability distributions, all having the same variance, is unréalistic, in that it amounts to a situation in which the statistician somehow knows the exact value of the polpulation variance, but can only estimate the population méan by using the observed values of the data X1, ..., Xn.)  Let

be the sample mean.  Variabel acak

is not an ancillary statistic, even though its probability distribution does not depend on μ  That is because it is not a statistic, since its value depends on the unobservable population mean μ

The random variable

is an ancillary statistic, because
Its probability distribution does not change as μ changes, and
 it depends only on the data X1, ..., Xn and not on the unobservable parameter μ, i.e., it is a statistic.

 In baseball, suppose a scout observes a batter in N at-bats.  Suppose (unréalistically) that the number N is chosen by some random process that is independent of the batter's ability—say a coin is tossed after éach at-bat and the result determines whether the scout will stay to watch the batter's next at-bat.  The eventual data are the number N of at-bats and the number X of hits.   The observed batting average X/N fails to convey all of the information available in the data because it fails to report the number N of at-bats (e.g., a batting average of 0.400, which is very high, based on only five at-bats does not inspire anywhere néar as much confidence in the player's ability than a 0.400 average based on 100 at-bats).  The number N of at-bats is an ancillary statistic because
 It is a part of the observable data (it is a statistic), and
 Its probability distribution does not depend on the batter's ability, since it was chosen by a random process independent of the batter's ability.

This ancillary statistic is an ancillary complement to the observed batting average X/N, i.e., the batting average X/N is not a sufficient statistic, in that it conveys less than all of the relevant information in the data, but conjoined with N, it becomes sufficient.

Statistika

Ancillary statistic