Vivien Leigh (; 5 November 1913 – 8 July 1967; born Vivian Mary Hartley and styled as Lady Olivier after 1947) was an English actress. She is best known for playing Scarlett O'Hara in Gone with the Wind in 1939, and Blanche DuBois in A Streetcar Named Desire in 1951. Leigh won Academy Awards for both of these roles.

Leigh was born in Darjeeling, Bengal, British India. She was married to Laurence Olivier from 1940 to 1960 and often acted in plays and movies with him. Olivier was Leigh's second husband. The first was Leigh Holman, and Miss Leigh was still legally married to him when she came to the US to accompany Laurence Olivier who came to Hollywood to star in David O. Selznick's production of "Rebecca" directed by Alfred Hitchcock. It was lucky that Miss Leigh's agent just happened to be David O. Selznick's brother, Myron. Miss Leigh wrote long letters to her husband then during the shooting of GWTW, complaining about the script, the change of director from George Cukor to Victor Fleming. The change was made at the insistence of Clark Gable, who felt that Cukor was devoting too much time and attention to directing Miss Leigh and her co-star, Olivia de Havilland. Miss Leigh also complained in her letters of Gable's bad breath due to his dentures.

When her divorce was final, she married Olivier (she referred to him as her husband until she died, although they had been divorced for many years). Leigh believed that Olivier was the best actor of his (or any) generation, and worked very hard to be worthy of acting with him - on stage, of course. Leigh believed, as did Olivier, that the only place "real" acting took place was on the stage. Her movie career reflects her lack of enthusiasm for that medium, concentrating instead on acting with Lord Olivier in live theatre. Many critics, however, did not feel that she had the "presence" and vocal prowess that Olivier possessed and her reviews were often (perhaps unfairly) negatively compared to her husband.

Leigh was considered to be beautiful and this sometimes meant that she thought that she was not taken seriously as an actress. However her ill health was often a bigger problem. Leigh suffered from bipolar disorder and often had tuberculosis. These meant that her career went through period of decline and that she was sometimes considered difficult to work with. She died of tuberculosis in London.

References

Other websites

Deaths from tuberculosis
English movie actors
English stage actors
Infectious disease deaths in London
People of British India
People with bipolar disorder
1913 births
1967 deaths

Vivien Leigh


Brown hair, also called brunette hair, is the second most common hair color. It varies from light brown to black. People with brown or black hair are known as brunettes. Brown hair is common in Indo European and West Eurasian people. However, people with brown or black hair are found all across the world.

Hair

Brown hair


A structure chart (SC) in software engineering and organizational theory is a chart which shows the breakdown of a system to its lowest manageable levels. They are used in structured programming to arrange program modules into a tree. Each module is represented by a box, which contains the module's name. The tree structure visualizes the relationships between modules.

Overview

A structure chart is a top-down modular design tool, constructed of squares representing the different modules in the system, and lines that connect them. The lines represent the connection and or ownership between activities and subactivities as they are used in organization charts.

In structured analysis structure charts, according to Wolber (2009), "are used to specify the high-level design, or architecture, of a computer program. As a design tool, they aid the programmer in dividing and conquering a large software problem, that is, recursively breaking a problem down into parts that are small enough to be understood by a human brain. The process is called top-down design, or functional decomposition. Programmers use a structure chart to build a program in a manner similar to how an architect uses a blueprint to build a house. In the design stage, the chart is drawn and used as a way for the client and the various software designers to communicate. During the actual building of the program (implementation), the chart is continually referred to as "the master-plan".

A structure chart depicts
 the size and complexity of the system, and
 number of readily identifiable functions and modules within each function and
 whether each identifiable function is a manageable entity or should be broken down into smaller components.

A structure chart is also used to diagram associated elements that comprise a run stream or thread. It is often developed as a hierarchical diagram, but other representations are allowable. The representation must describe the breakdown of the configuration system into subsystems and the lowest manageable level. An accurate and complete structure chart is the key to the determination of the configuration items (CI), and a visual representation of the configuration system and the internal interfaces among its CIs(define CI clearly). During the configuration control process, the structure chart is used to identify CIs and their associated artifacts that a proposed change may impact.

Structure chart construction
 According to Wolber (2009), "a structure chart can be developed starting with the creating of a structure, which places the root of an upside-down tree which forms the structure chart. The next step is to conceptualize the main sub-tasks that must be performed by the program to solve the problem. Next, the programmer focuses on each sub-task individually, and conceptualizes how each can be broken down into even smaller tasks. Eventually, the program is broken down to a point where the leaves of the tree represent simple methods that can be coded with just a few program statements".

In practice, see figure, first it is checked if a structure chart has been developed already. If so an expert needs to review it to ensure it represents the current structure and if not, updates the chart where needed..

See also

 Computer-aided software engineering
 System context diagram
 Decomposition diagram
 Function model
 HIPO
 Structured Analysis and Design Technique
 Warnier/Orr diagram
 Work breakdown structure

References

Further reading
 Sarah Brooks (1981). "Structure Charts and Basic Programming". in: MATYC Journal, v15 n2 p. 107-112 Spring 1981.
 Tom DeMarco (1979). Structured Analysis and System Specification. Prentice Hall.
 Edward Yourdon (1999). Modern Structured Analysis, Yourdon Press Computing Series, 1999,

External links
 Structure charts Overview.
 State Court Structure Charts, a series of examples.
 Structure Charts (.doc).

Charts
Systems analysis

Structure chart


John Alldis (10 August 192920 December 2010) was an English chorus-master and conductor.

Biography
Alldis was educated at King's College School, Cambridge and Felsted. He then returned to King's College, Cambridge as a choral scholar under Boris Ord from 1949 to 1952.

After leaving Cambridge University, Alldis quickly became highly regarded as a choral conductor. In 1966, the London Symphony Orchestra engaged him to form and direct its first standing choral group. However, he switched to the London Philharmonic Choir in 1969, with which he remained until 1982, preparing choruses for many celebrated performances with Adrian Boult, Otto Klemperer, Leopold Stokowski, Colin Davis, Bernard Haitink, Karl Richter, Georg Solti, and Zubin Mehta.

In 1962, Alldis founded the professional, 16-member John Alldis Choir, which launched itself with the world premiere of Alexander Goehr's A Little Cantata of Proverbs. Contemporary music figured importantly in its repertory, with first performances of works by Malcolm Williamson, Richard Rodney Bennett and Harrison Birtwistle, many of which were captured on the Argo label. In 1967, he prepared the John Alldis Choir for the first European performance of Stravinsky's Requiem Canticles, conducted by Pierre Boulez. The choir's 1972 recording of Justin Connolly's Verse, Op. 7b, was re-released in 2008 on the Lyrita label. The choir also participated in many opera recordings for Decca and RCA, featuring artists such as Luciano Pavarotti, Plácido Domingo, Janet Baker, Joan Sutherland and Kiri Te Kanawa.

In 1970, Alldis directed his choir in the recording and the first performance of Pink Floyd's prog rock suite "Atom Heart Mother". In 1973, he directed the choir in the Westminster Abbey performance of Duke Ellington's Third Sacred Concert—a recording that was to be the penultimate one made by the great bandleader. He also conducted the London Philharmonic Choir and brass section in the recording of David Bedford's Star Clusters, available on the Classicprint label. In 1977, he recorded Sounds of Glory for Arcade Records, a celebration of choral classics, which won a gold disc.

Alldis conducted a number of other ensembles, in music ranging from the Renaissance to the present. From 1966 to 1979, he led the choir of the Guildhall School of Music and Drama. From 1971 to 1977, he served as joint chief conductor of Radio Denmark, mainly leading its Danish State Radio Chorus. From 1979 to 1983, he conducted the Groupe Vocal de France, recording music by Francis Poulenc and Gabriel Fauré. From 1989 to 1990, he was music director and consultant for the Cameran Singers in Israel and briefly became guest conductor of the Hallé Choir in Manchester. From 1978 to 1987, he conducted the American Choral Symposium in Manhattan, Kansas. From 1985 to 1998, he was a permanent guest conductor with the Netherlands Chamber Choir, with whom he made several CDs including English Choral Music on the Globe label. From 1989 to 1997, he guest-conducted the Tokyo Philharmonic Chorus and the Central Philharmonic Society of China in Beijing. In 2002, he conducted the Lyon Opera in the first performance of Messa Sulenna by the Corsican composer Jean-Paul Poletti. From 1975 to 2003, John Alldis served on the Ralph Vaughan Williams Trust, and from 1971 to 2004 he conducted the Wimbledon Symphony Orchestra.

Alldis won Grammy Awards for his work with Sir Adrian Boult and Sir Georg Solti, was an Honorary Fellow of Westminster Choir College, Princeton, and in 1994 was named a Chevalier de L'Ordre des Arts et des Lettres. He was married to the violinist and teacher Ursula Alldis, and had two sons, the jazz pianist Dominic Alldis and Robert.

References

Alumni of King's College, Cambridge
20th-century British conductors (music)
British male conductors (music)
English choral conductors
Grammy Award winners
People educated at Felsted School
Choral Scholars of the Choir of King's College, Cambridge
2010 deaths
1929 births

John Alldis


Any person whether at home full time or working outside the home who maintains the upkeep of his or her residence, cares for their family, perform daily chores, to create a peaceful, cozy and warm homey environment.
Both male and female can be tagged to the term, alike to "housewife" and "househusband".

The term "homemaker"
Because it has been the traditional job of a woman to be a homemaker, a woman who spends most of her time caring for the family home has been called a "housewife". Many women still use this word on government forms, because they see the value in homemaking.

History

Traditional societies
For many thousands of years, men have been thought of by society as the main "breadwinners" in families. This means that it has been the job of men to do work in which animals were hunted for food by one or more men, or the men grew food crops or earned money to pay for food, while the women have cared for children, prepared food for eating, cleaned the home, and made and cared for clothes.

In societies where people are hunters and gatherers, for example the traditional society of the Australian aboriginal people, it is the men who do the hunting of animals for meat, and the women who do the gathering of other types of food such as grain, fruit and vegetables. One of the reasons is that a married woman usually had children and babies for a large part of her life. It is much easier to gather fruit with a baby on your hip or back than to hunt a fast-moving animal. So the men were able to raise up sons and daughters and the life of the community could continue into another generation. Even in a society where homes were very simple and people did not own very many things, men and women did different jobs. In the extreme conditions of the Arctic North the hunters must know how to hunt in extreme cold (among ice and snow); the women must maintain home life in huts made of ice ("igloos") and clothing needs to be made out of animal skin and insulated with moss and other plants. Babies live very close to their mothers so that they can be kept warm.

In rural societies, where the main work is farming women have also taken care of gardens and animals around the house, brewed weak alcoholic drinks (such as ale and mead) and helped men with heavy work whenever a job needed doing in a hurry, usually because of the season.

Examples of the heavy work that a traditional "housewife" (homemaker) in a rural society would do are:
 Picking fruit when it was ripe for market
 Planting rice in a paddy field
 Harvesting and stacking grain when it became ready
 Cutting hay

Urban societies
An urban society is when most people live in towns and cities. In urban societies, since ancient times, most men did work that earned money. They worked in workshops, trading, banks and other businesses as well as in churches, schools and the town council. It was seen as the job of a woman to be a "housewife" (homemaker).

Every society always has some women who never marry. They might stay at home and do housework for other family members, or they might work outside the house like a man. In many urban societies, there have been few jobs that a woman was allowed to do. In modern society there are still strong traditions about the jobs that women should do.

Modern society
In the 19th century (1801-1900) more and more women began to stop being homemakers and began to do jobs that men usually did. At this time many big factories were set up, first in England then in some other European countries and the United States as well. Many thousands of young women went to work in factories.

Other women, like Florence Nightingale, stopped being housewives and did dirty dangerous jobs, even though they were not poor and did not need to work. In most families where there was a husband and wife, everybody thought it was the job of the husband to earn money and the job of the woman to be a "housewife" (homemaker). Women were often very proud to be a good homemaker and have their house and children spotlessly clean, their husband's shirts neatly pressed, and tasty meals to eat every night.

In the first half of the 20th century (1901-1950) there were two big wars (World War I and World War II) that were fought by men from many countries. While the men were at war, their wives went to work to keep the countries running. Women, who were also homemakers, worked in factories, businesses and farms.

By the 1960s in western countries there was the idea that it was all right for a woman to work and be a "career girl"  until the woman got married, when she should stop work and be a "housewife" (homemaker).

At this time, when more and more women had good educations and were able to earn a lot of money, in some families (usually if there were young children to care for) the husband would be the person that was the homemaker. (See above:The term "homemaker)

Nowadays, in many families where both the husband and wife do paid work, both partners share in the "housework" and caring for the children. In other families, there is still a traditional idea that housework is the job of the wife, so the husband works to provide for the family and the wife stays home to care for her house and children. In addition, in some families, the wife works to provide for the family and the husband stays home to care for the home and the children.

What does a homemaker do?

The job of a homemaker is to take care of a family and the place where the family lives. The usual things that a homemaker does are:

 Planning meals
 Buying food
 Preparing and cooking food
 Serving food
 Washing-up after meals
 Cleaning the house
 Organizing the home
 Decorating the home
 Doing seasonal cleaning like washing all the curtains
 Decorating (arranging the furniture and ornaments, and choosing the colors of things)
 Washing clothes
 Ironing clothes
 Mending clothes (and sometimes making them)
 Shopping for new clothes and other family needs
 Getting children ready for school
 Bathing and dressing children
 Feeding babies
 Playing with children
 Comforting babies, children and partners
 Doing first aid
 Caring for sick people
 Caring for pets
 Entertaining guests
 Planning for guests and holidays/celebrations
 Remembering everybody's birthday.
 Driving the kids to school, sport etc.
 Helping with homework
 Supervising music practice
 Reading storybooks
 Putting children to bed
 Cleaning out the garage
 Maintaining and watering household plants
 Preparing a budget
 Researching ways to use the household's income most efficiently
 Bill pay

Related pages
 House
 Family
 Marriage

References

Domestic work
Family

Homemaker


Johann Friedrich Voltz (31 October 1817, Nördlingen - 25 June 1886, Munich) was a German landscape and animal painter of the Munich School.

Life
Voltz received his first art instruction from his father, Johann Michael Voltz, a painter and engraver. He began as an etcher and, in 1834, went to Munich to study at the Academy of Fine Arts. However, he derived more inspiration from nature and his studies of the old Dutch Masters at the Alte Pinakothek. He was heavily influenced by Albrecht Adam and his friends, Carl Spitzweg and Eduard Schleich. Sometimes, he would paint the cows in Schleich's landscapes. He found employment as a lithographer but continued to paint Bavarian landscapes through the 1830s.

While visiting the Netherlands in 1841, he saw Der Junge Stier, a painting by Paulus Potter and, from there on, devoted himself primarily to animal painting. During a tour of Belgium and the Netherlands in 1846, he absorbed the style of the Dutch Stimmungsmalern ("mood painters"). He experimented with lighting, producing warm golden colors and cool silvery tones. In his later paintings, the animals are virtually treated as still-lifes, with the dramatic effects created by the play of light.

He died rather unexpectedly when an apparently innocuous foot ailment turned into a serious illness. Voltz is considered one of the great German animal painters along with Anton Braith. His paintings are on display in the Neue Pinakothek and the National Gallery (Berlin), among many others.

His younger brother, Ludwig Gustav, was also an animal painter.

See also

List of German painters

References

External links

Life and Work of Johann Friedrich Voltz

1817 births
1886 deaths
German artists
People from Nördlingen

Friedrich Voltz


The Teatro Regio ('Royal Theatre') is a well-known opera house and opera company in Turin, Italy.

Operas had been performed in various buildings in Turin during the 17th century but it was not until 1713 that a proper opera house was planned.  It was not built and finished until 1740.  It was a beautiful opera house with 1,500 seats and with 139 boxes.

In 1792 it was closed and became a warehouse.  With the French occupation of Turin during the Napoleonic War the theatre was renamed the Teatro Nazionale and finally, after Napoleon became emperor, renamed again as the Teatro Imperiale.   When Napoleon's lost power in 1814 it got its original name back: the Regio.

Other theatres were built and gave seasons of opera in Turin. Among them was the restored Teatro Carignano in 1824. It was taken over by the municipality in 1932 and, after the destruction by fire of the Teatro Regio in 1936, the Carignano was the main opera house in the city until the Regio reopened in 1973.

The Regio was rebuilt in 1905 but the theatre closed during the First World War and re-opened in 1919.  Until February 1936, seasons of opera were presented until fire then destroyed everything except the front of the building. It remained closed for thirty-seven years.  Arturo Toscanini was the conductor of the Turin Opera from 1895 to 1898, during which time several production of works of Wagner were given their first Italian performances.

The opera house was rebuilt an opened in 10 April 1973 with a production of Verdi's I Vespri Siciliani directed by Maria Callas and Giuseppe Di Stefano.

The new house, which uses the original frontage, seats 1,750 and is elliptical in shape with a large orchestra level and 37 boxes. An acoustic shell was added to improve its sound.  Many operas are performed there, including modern operas.

References
Lynn, Karyl Charna, Italian Opera Houses and Festivals, Lanham, Maryland: The Scarecrow Press, Inc., 2005.
Plantamura, Carol, The Opera Lover's Guide to Europe, New York: Citadel Press, 1996.

Other websites
Teatro Regio Torino website (both English and Italian)

Opera houses in Italy
Turin
1740 establishments
18th-century establishments in Italy
1740s establishments in Europe

Teatro Regio (Turin)


Profiling is collecting information about someone in order to describe them and/or predict their behaviour and actions. It is often used for criminals or people believed to behaving illegally. More recently used on employees in the work place to improve success

Three main types of criminal profiling

A basic profile consists of an all points bulletin (APB). It is a visual description based on eyewitness information.

A psychological profile is created in the absence of eyewitness information, or in addition to, using evidence to create a picture of the suspect and help the police force to understand how the suspect is behaving.

Predictive profiling attempts to predict which people might commit crimes in the future.

Criminal profiling – criminal profiling is a tool used by police forces to create a picture or idea of a suspect based on eyewitness information and any other evidence they have.

Concerns about Profiling

Some people fear profiling is taken too far by police forces and can lead to harassment and arrest based on skin colour, religious beliefs, culture, nation of origin, or any social type or group that can be stereotyped by characteristic behaviour.

Profiling in Business

Behavioural profiling is used in business to help recruit the right person for a job, to understand how to improve morale and to drive down staff turnover, pinpoint who is ready for development and in precisely which areas; and boost people management abilities.

References

Psychology
Criminal justice

Profiling


F1 (released as Formula One in the USA) is a 1993 racing video game published by Domark, based on Vroom, a game developed in 1991 for the Atari ST by French company Lankhor. It was released for the Mega Drive/Genesis, Master System, Game Gear, and Amiga.

It spawned a sequel in 1994 titled F1 World Championship Edition, and the game engine was reused in Kawasaki Superbike Challenge. It was one of the most popular racing games for the Mega Drive/Genesis, mostly thanks to the smooth and fast game engine.

There are no major differences between the European and North American Sega versions, except naming (the European version is simply named F1), and the lack of a battery save feature in the American version.

Gameplay
The game is fully licensed by the FIA and Fuji Television, which means all drivers, teams and tracks are fully licensed. The player drives in the fictional Domark team with James Tripp (a programmer within Domark and producer of the game billed as Jim Tripp), facing drivers such as Riccardo Patrese and Michael Schumacher (Benetton), Jean Alesi and Gerhard Berger (Ferrari), Mark Blundell and Martin Brundle (Ligier), Johnny Herbert and Alessandro Zanardi (Lotus), Michael Andretti and Mika Häkkinen (McLaren), Andrea de Cesaris and Ukyo Katayama (Tyrrell) and finally Damon Hill and Alain Prost (Williams). Ayrton Senna (then in McLaren) is absent due to his endorsement to Sega's Ayrton Senna's Super Monaco GP II.

There are 12 tracks: Interlagos, Imola, Barcelona, Monte Carlo, Montreal, Castelet, Silverstone, Hockenheim, Spa, Monza, Estoril and Adelaide. Compared to the real 1993 season, several tracks are missing, such as Kyalami, Donington Park, Magny-Cours (replaced by Castelet), Hungaroring and Suzuka, but the order of the races is correct. While the track layouts are correct as of 1993, due to the impossibility of actually replicate the physics behind a Formula One car all tracks are filled with obstacles close to the track, such as signs, adboards or platforms above the track to increase the difficulty level, and are 7 laps long.

The player can train on a given track, play an arcade mode (where points are given for overtaking and running, and subtracted for being overtaken) or the whole championship, that can be composed by any number of tracks, from just one to the complete twelve. There are four difficulty levels (Novice, Amateur, Professional and Expert), each one of each increases not only the player and competitors' speed, but also decreases the damage tolerance of the car. In addition to a 2 player Split-screen mode, a "turbo" mode allowed to increase the sense of speed by reducing sprites and polygons (making them roughly the same size as in split screen) and running the game at a higher speed.

Before and after the race the player is able to set up tyre hardness, wing angle and the transmission, and can be forced to quit if the player fails to make a pitstop to replace worn out tyres, or simply overheats the engine by rapid downshifting at high speed, (over-revving is possible with automatic gears by knocking on other cars tyres, making the player car jump, causing a drastic increase in the RPM) noticeable by a loud squealing noise. On the Silverstone track there appears to be two 'retired' cars, one by the pits and one halfway round.

Reception
CU Amiga gave the Amiga version of F1 an 84 percent rating and called it "a superb two-player game, but pales a little when going solo". Computer Gaming World in August 1994 rated the game 2.5 stars out of five, praising its speed but criticizing its realism, handling, and features like slipstreaming. Mega placed the game at #17 in their Top Mega Drive Games of All Time. In 2017, Gamesradar ranked the game 17th on its "Best Sega Genesis/Mega Drive games of all time."

References

US and Portuguese localized manuals

External links
Game information in Genesis Project
Game information in Genesis Collective
Game information at Classicamiga.com

1993 video games
Amiga games
Atari ST games
Formula One video games
Master System games
Sega Genesis games
Game Gear games
Tengen (company) games
Domark games
Split-screen multiplayer games
Video games developed in France
Lankhor games
Multiplayer and single-player video games

F1 (video game)


Teapot Dome was a political scandal that took place in 1921 to 1922. The name comes from an oil reserve near Teapot Rock, Wyoming. President Warren G. Harding let the reserve and another reserve in California, be under the control of the Department of the Interior. The Secretary of the Interior, Albert Fall, who had taken $100,000 from oil companies, then let oil companies use the land.  The United States Senate looked into the matter and found Fall had committed conspiracy.  It is thought to be one of the biggest political scandals in American history. The scandal caused a large amount of damage to the legacy of former President Harding.

Political consequences

1924 Presidential Election
In 1924, Democrats tried to use Teapot Dome to their advantage in that year´s presidential election by reminding people about it. The tactic failed and Republicans handily won.

History of Wyoming
Political scandals in the United States
Warren G. Harding
1921 in the United States
1922 in North America
20th century in California

Teapot Dome


Soju is a distilled drink. Soju literally means "burned liquor".
This kind of distilled beverage was first found in Persia, where the distillation methods of producing alcoholic beverage originated from. But through a Mongolian who contacted Islamic culture did this kind of alcoholic beverage and the distillation techniques of making such a drink come about to the East.
As soju became prevalent throughout Won Dynasty of China, it eventually spread throughout Korea Kingdom, where it became so popular that numerous kinds of soju were created. Because soju created at that time were made from pure grains, it was very tasty and clean. It was also not so strong. However, it was very expensive simply because it was distilled.

Nowadays, soju is very popular in South Korea. Koreans enjoy drinking soju as a means of promoting friendship and getting closer to each other. Usually, people drink it with "anju", a side dish, so as to moderate its bitterness.

Alcoholic drinks
Korean food

Soju


VHS (short for Video Home System) is a system that uses a videocassette tape to record video and sound, which can be watched on a television. A DVD/VHS combo can record (write) on VHS tapes, read off VHS tapes, and additionally, read from DVD discs. A few can also record on DVD. VHS was so popular that during the 1990s, the terms "videocassette", "videotape", or even just "video" usually referred to the VHS format.

VHS cassettes can be recorded using a video camera. They can also be recorded with a videocassette recorder, or VCR. A VCR can use a VHS cassette to record broadcast television.

This system was created in 1976 by the Victor Company of Japan (also called JVC). VHS was a very popular way for people to record and play video at home in the 1980s and 1990s, but now DVD (Digital Versatile Disc) and Blu-ray have become more popular as they can be easier to use, the quality is higher, they last longer, and the discs and players are cheaper to make. VHS VCRs, as well as blank tapes and pre-recorded VHS movies, are no longer made, except for blank tapes that are still widely available as new/old stock.

History

Before VHS

Many companies developed different systems for recording video on a tape cassette, but the first VTR (short for Video Tape Recorder) to become popular and make money was the Ampex VRX-1000, which was introduced in 1956 by Ampex Corporation. It cost US$50,000 in 1956 (over $400,000 in 2016 money), and US$300 (over $2,000 in 2016 money) for a 90-minute reel of tape. Because it was so expensive, it was made and sold only for professional recording.

While Kenjiro Takayanagi, a television broadcasting pioneer, was the vice president of JVC, he decided that his company could make money by developing and selling VTRs in Japan, and at a lower price. In 1959, JVC developed a two-head video tape recorder, and by 1960 they had a color television version for professional broadcasting. In 1964, JVC released the DV220. It would be the company's standard VTR until the mid-1970s.

In 1969, JVC worked with Sony Corporation and Matsushita Electric (who owned Panasonic) to design a video recording technical standard for Japanese consumers. They developed the U-matic tape format in 1971, which was the first format to become a technical standard for VTRs. The U-matic format was successful in business and some video broadcasting. However, few people bought U-matic VTRs to use at home because they were still very expensive, and the tapes could only record short time periods of video.

Soon after, Sony and Matsushita stopped working on the project. They started to work on their own video recording formats. Sony started working on Betamax and Matsushita started working on VX. JVC released the CR-6060 in 1975, which was based on the U-matic format. Sony and Matsushita also produced their own U-matic machines.

VHS development
In 1971, JVC engineers named Yuma Shiraishi and Shizuo Takano started a team to develop a VTR for people to use at home.
By the end of 1971, they created an diagram titled "VHS Development Matrix", which listed goals for JVC's new VTR.

 The machine must work with any ordinary television set.
 The picture on the television must resemble a normal television broadcast.
 The tape must be able to record at least two hours of video.
 The tapes must be able to record and play video on other machines of the same kind.
 The whole system should be able to be expanded. For example, there should be ways to connect a video camera to the machine, and to record video from another recorder.
 Recorders should be cheap, easy to use and cheap to fix.
 The company must be able to produce large numbers of the machines, using interchangeable parts (in other words, different models and styles of machine have the same parts inside).

In 1972, video recording industry in Japan started to lose money. JVC had to find ways to spend less money, so it stopped developing the VHS project. However, Takano and Shiraishi continued to work on the project by themselves, even though the company was not giving them any money to use. By 1973, the two engineers had built a prototype.

Variants
 VHS HQ (High Quality) adds 10 extra lines of horizontal resolution, and is playback-compatible on non-HQ equipment.
 Linear stereo audio places two audio tracks in the space formerly used for the single mono audio track.
 VHS HI-FI adds higher-quality (near CD quality) stereo sound to VHS. It is backward compatible with standard VHS. A VCR without HI-FI capability will simply play the tape in mono or linear stereo.
 VHS-C is a smaller version of the VHS cassette. It was typically used in camcorders. The tape inside is the same as in a full-size VHS cassette. A VHS-C cassette can be played and recorded in a full-size VHS VCR with an adapter. Capacity is typically 30 minutes in SP mode. Tapes longer than 30 minutes exist but are rare.
 Super VHS (S-VHS) is an improved version of VHS with a higher-quality picture. It is not backward-compatible with standard VHS. The picture quality is similar to Laserdisc or DVD. Playing an S-VHS tape on a standard VHS VCR will produce a heavily distorted picture. There is also a smaller version of S-VHS for camcorders, called S-VHS-C.
 D-VHS (Data VHS or Digital VHS) is a digital variant that can record in high definition 720p or 1080i, and can also be used as a backup tape for general-purpose data. Video quality and data capacity are similar to Blu-ray.
 W-VHS is an analog high-definition format. It records in 1035i.
 Digital-S or D-9 is a digital VHS variant designed for broadcasting, news gathering, or other professional use. It uses the DV codec and has a different tape formulation than standard VHS cassettes.

References

Entertainment
Electronics
Magnetic tape

VHS


The Tysday is the day o the week atween Monanday an Wadensday. Hit gits its name in Inglis, Scots, an the Scandinavian leids fae the Nordic god Tyr (in Auld Inglis, Tiw, Tew o Tiu).

The name for the day in Arabic, Armenian, Georgian, Greek, Ebreu an Portuguese is "thrid day". Quakers tradeitionallie caas Tysday the "Thrid Day" an aw, eschewin the "heathen" oreigin o the Scots name "Tysday".

Shrove Tysday (forby kent as Mardi Gras - fat Tysday) foregangs the first day o Lent in the Wastren Christian calendar.

Tysday is the uisual day for elections in the Unitit States. Federal elections taks place on the Tysday efter the first Monanday in November; this date wis estaiblisht by a law o 1845 for presidential elections (speceeficallie for the walin o the Electoral College), an wis rexed tae elections for the Hoose o Representatives in 1875 an for the Senate in 1914. Tysday wis the earliest day o the week at wis practical for powin in the early 19t century: ceetizens micht hae tae traivel for a hail day for tae cast their vote, an wadna want tae leave on Sunday (the day o wirship for the feck o them). Monie American states hauds their presidential primarie elections on "Super Tuesday".

Black Tysday, in the Unitit States, is the name gien tae 29 October 1929, the stairt o the muckle stock mercat panic o 1929. This wis the Tysday efter Black Thursday, at wis the stairt o the verra Muckle Depression.

In the Greek warld, Tysday (the day o the week o the Faa o Constantinople in 1453) is thocht on as a unlucky day. The same is true in the Spanish-speakin warld, whaur a sawe rins En martes, ni te cases ni te embarques (On Tysday, dinna get wad nor begin a journey).

Days

Tysday


An idol is a religious item that represents a god. It can also mean someone who is admired by many people, like a pop idol. Idolatry refers to the worship of idols.

Christians disagree about what idolatry is. Catholicism and Eastern Orthodoxy see Christian art and icons as good, because they see Christ's Incarnation as having made images of God lawful.  However many Protestants regard much Catholic art as idolatry.

This is due to differences in the understanding of the Ten Commandments. "You shall have no other gods before me. You shall not make for yourself a graven image, or any likeness of anything that is in heaven above, or that is in the earth beneath, or that is in the water under the earth; you shall not bow down to them or serve them; for I the Lord your God am a jealous God, visiting the iniquity of the fathers upon the children to the third and the fourth generation of those who hate me, but showing steadfast love to thousands of those who love me and keep my commandments." (RSV Exodus 20:3-6)

Islamic art is often based on Geometric abstraction or calligraphy to avoid idolatry, but Jewish art is somewhat broader. Hindus have murtis, a term often translated as "idols".

References

Religious objects
Gods and goddesses
Worship

Idol


Sam Houston Jones State Park is a park near the city of Lake Charles, Calcasieu Parish, in southwestern Louisiana (USA), located at the confluence of the Houston and Calcasieu Rivers and Indian Bayou. It consists of  of woodlands, lakes and rivers. Prominent in the park are many bald cypress trees. Tree-filled lagoons and a mixed pine and hardwood forest combine to create a unique natural environment. The area hosts an abundance of wildlife, including deer, squirrels, bobcats, rabbits, alligators, otters, nutria rats, raccoons, foxes and diverse bird life. Ducks and geese are usually found swimming in the ponds.

Originally named for Sam Houston, the Texas folk hero who traveled extensively in the western reaches of Louisiana, its current name is in honor of the former Louisiana governor Sam Houston Jones, who was instrumental in setting aside this tract of land for the public to enjoy. Facilities include campsites, cabins, a boat launch, rental boats, a scenic picnic area with pavilions, a playground and restrooms.

The site is located in the Central Migratory Flyway and just north of the most productive birding region in Louisiana. In the spring and fall, migratory patterns bring nearly 200 bird species within  of the park site.

The numerous waterways in this area make water sports a natural highlight at the park. Two boat launches are conveniently located on the West Fork of the Calcasieu River, providing access to the Gulf of Mexico, only a few miles away. Rental boats are available those who simply wish to take in the serene beauty of the park's ponds or for fishing.

The three hiking trails winding through this beautiful park make strolling or serious hiking, pleasurable. Hikers may visit the old stagecoach road to explore the park and the banks of the various tributaries to the Calcasieu River.

Hours of Operation are 6 a.m. to 9 p.m., Sunday to Thursday. All park sites close at 10 p.m. on Friday, on Saturdays and days preceding holidays.

References

External links
Sam Houston Jones State Park - Louisiana Office of State Parks

Protected areas of Calcasieu Parish, Louisiana
State parks of Louisiana

Sam Houston Jones State Park


The Khamti, or Tai Khamti, Thai: (ชาวไทคำตี่, Chao Tai Kam Dtee) as they are also known, are a sub-group of the Shan people found in the Sagaing Division, Hkamti District in northwestern Burma as well as Lohit district of Arunachal Pradesh in India. Smaller numbers can be found in parts of Assam as well as the East Siang district of Arunachal Pradesh. As of 1990 their total population was estimated to be around 70,000, but in 2000 it was recalculated that it actually stood at 13,100, of which 4,235 live in Burma. The tribe's name is also spelled as Hkamti by the Burmese and Khampti by the Assamese.

The Khamti who inhabit the region around the Tengapani basin were descendants of migrants who came during the 18th century from the Bor-Khampti region, the mountainous valley of the Irrawaddy. The Khamti possess East Asian features.

The Tai-Khamti are followers of Theravada Buddhism. The Tai-Khampti adopted a script of Shan origin, known as Lik-Tai for their language.  Their mother tongue is known as Khamti language.

Society

The Khamti society is divided into classes, each signifying distinct status in the social hierarchy. The chiefs occupy the highest positions, followed by the priests, who wield considerable influence over all ranks. In the past, the slaves constituted the lowest rank.

The name "Chao Tai Kam Dtee" should be written as "Chao Tai Kham Tee"

Culture

Lifestyle and customs

The Tai-Khamti are very strong believers of Theravada Buddhism. Every house has a prayer room and they pray every morning and evening by offerings flowers (nam taw yongli) and food (khao tang som). They are peace loving people.

Houses of the Tai-Khampti are built on raised floors with thatched roofs. The roofs are constructed so low that the walls remain concealed. Wooden planks are used for flooring and the walls are made of bamboo splices.

The Khamti are settled agriculturists. They use the plough (Thai) drawn by a single animal, either an oxen or a buffalo or even an elephant in olden days.

The Khamti raise crops such as paddy rice (khow), mustard/sesame seeds (nga) and potato (man kala). Their staple food is rice, usually supplemented by vegetables, meat and fish. They also drink a beer made from rice (low) as a beverage which is not served during festivals. Some of the well known dishes are khao puk (made out of sticky rice and sesame seeds), khao lam (bamboo rice), paa sa (fresh river fish soup with special herbs), paa som, and nam som among others. Beef is considered taboo.

Dress

The traditional Khamti dress of men  wear a full sleeved cotton shirt (siu pachai) and multi coloured lungi (phanoi). The women's dresses consists of a  blouse (siu pasao), a deep-coloured long skirt (sinn) made from cotton or silk, and a coloured silk scarf(famai). However, married woman have a different dress code to depict their marital status. They are seen in plain black long wrap around skirt (sinn) and above that wears a shorter green wrap around skirt (langwat).

Their jewelry consists of bright amber earrings, coral, beaded necklaces and love wearing gold ornaments. The Khamti men usually tattoo their bodies.

The Khamti tie their hair into a large knot, which is supported by a white turban (Fa-ho). The chiefs wear a long coat made of silk. The hair is drawn up from the back and sides in one massive roll, measuring four to five inches in length. An embroidered band, the fringed and tasseled ends of which hang down behind, encircles the roll.

Arts

The Khamti are renowned for their craftsmanship. Their sword (known as pha-nap). Their priests are also known to be amateur craftsmen, who use wood, bone or ivory to carve out religious statues

It is believed that by shaping ivory handles of weapons they will evince great skill. Their weapons include poisoned bamboo spikes (panjis), spear, bow and arrow, sword, and shield, usually made of rhinoceros or buffalo hide. The Khamti also have firearms which resemble old flint muskets and horse pistols. The sword is carried on the frontal part of the body, so that its hilt can be grasped in the right hand if needed.

Festivals

Sangken is the main festival of Khamti. It is celebrated on 14 April. You can check out the true colors of secular India at the Sangken festival where people irrespective of their tribe, caste, culture, race, sex, etc., participate in the rituals of the celebrations.

The main attraction of the festival is splashing clean water, which is the symbol of peace and purity. The images of Buddha are taken out and after the ceremonial bath. The procession is accompanied by drums, dances and enjoyment. This holy bath of lord Buddha is an auspicious event in the festival. The celebration takes place for three consecutive days. During the celebration the locals make homemade sweet and distribute them. The exchange of gifts is also a common trait of the festival.

There are festivals other than Sangken celebrated throughout the year calendar. Some of the festivals are namely: [POI-PEE-MAU(Tai Khampti New Year)], MAI-KASUNG-PHAI, KHAO-WA, POAT-WA, etc.

References

!Main category

တႆးၶမ်းတီႈ


The flag of Pembrokeshire () is the flag of the Welsh county of Pembrokeshire.

The flag was designed by Councillors Peter Stock, Dewi Pritchard, Jim Brock and Marjorie Jacobs in the 1970s after the abolition of Pembrokeshire County Council. A statement by Peter Stock, 'The flag was dedicated as the official flag of Pembrokeshire, at Pembroke Castle at a ceremony on 28 July 1988 with a march past by the band of The Queen's Dragoons Guards.' The ceremony was recorded for posterity.

Joffre Swales, founder and conductor of the Haverfordwest Town Band wrote a march entitled "The Pembrokeshire Flag"  for the band to perform on marches around the county.

Flag design

The Pembrokeshire Flag is based on the flag of Saint David. (The saint's cathedral, the city of St David's, is in Pembrokeshire.)  The blue is also considered to be reminiscent of the sea, and the yellow of summer sunshine. The central rose represents the red Tudor Rose, a symbol used by King Henry VII, who founded the Tudor dynasty; a man of both Welsh and English descent who was born in Pembroke Castle. The green pentagon around the rose symbolises the green fields and cliff-tops of Pembrokeshire.

The colours for the flag are:

References

Flag
Flags of places in Wales
Flags with crosses
Flags introduced in 1988

Flag of Pembrokeshire


A unit of length is a way of measuring length or distance.

Common units of length in the International System of Units (SI) are:
 metre and units that are developed from it, such as "centimetre" or "kilometre"

But there are a lot of units that do not fit in the SI-System:
 fermi (fm) (= 1 femtometre in SI units)
 angstrom (Å) (= 100 picometres in SI units)
 micron (= 1 micrometre in SI units)
 Norwegian/Swedish mil (= 10,000 metres)

Common Imperial units and U.S. customary units of length include:
 inch (25.4 mm)
 mil (one thousandth of an inch, one thou)
 foot (0.3048 m, 12 inches)
 yard (0.9144 m)
 (terrestrial) mile (1609.344 m)

In addition, the following are used by mariners:
 fathom (for depth) (1.8288 m)
 nautical mile (1852 m)

Surveyors in the United States continue to use:
 chain (~20.1m)
 rod (also called pole or perch) (~5 m)

Horse racing keeps alive:
 furlong (~201 m)

Astronomical measure uses:
astronomical unit (AU) (~149 gigametres)
light year (ly) (~9.46 petametres)
parsec (pc) (~30.8 petametres), including kiloparsec (kpc) and megaparsec (Mpc)

Physics also uses:
Planck length
Bohr radius

Old units of distance are:
cana
cubit
league
li (China)
pace (the "double pace" of about 5 feet used in Ancient Rome)
verst (Russia)

In everyday conversation, and in informal literature, it is common to see lengths measured in units of objects of which everyone knows the approximate width. Common examples are:
Football field (generally around 110 metres, depending on the country)
Widths of a human hair (around 80 micrometres)

Unit of length


Mount Herzl (, ), also called Har HaZikaron (, which means "Mount of Remembrance"), is the national cemetery of Israel in Jerusalem. It is named for Theodor Herzl, the founder of modern political Zionism. Yad Vashem, the main Holocaust museum of Israel is on the Mount of Remembrance. It is an extension of Mount Herzl. Mount Herzl is 834 meters above sea level. The northern area is the National Military and Police cemetery and the southern area is the National Civil Cemetery of the State of Israel.

National Civil Cemetery of the State of Israel (Helkat Gdolei Ha'Uma)
The southern slope of Mount Herzl is dedicated to the leaders and important public persons of the state of Israel. In Hebrew this cemetery is called Helkat Gdolei Ha'Uma ("the section of the great people of the nation"). The cemetery region includes national memorials of the Israeli public and memorial gardens of leaders that visit the state of Israel.

Mount Herzl Plaza

Mount Herzl Plaza is central ceremonial plaza in Mount Herzl in Jerusalem. The plaza is used for the opening ceremony of Israel Independence Day every year. On the northern side of the plaza is the grave of Theodor Herzl, the founder of modern political Zionism. The plaza is at the highest spot of Mount Herzl in the center of the national cemetery. On 18 April 2012, during the rehearsals for the Independence Day ceremony, an electrical lamppost fell down. It killed one soldier and wounded seven other soldiers. The soldier was buried in the military cemetery nearby.

Menorah sculpture
The Menorah sculpture is at the entrance to Mount Herzl. It is dedicated to the Third Temple. It was made in 2002 by sculptor Ben Zion Tzefoni.

Garden of the Nations
The Garden of the Nations is a public garden. It has been planted with olives trees by foreign leaders visiting Israel. Each tree is has a plaque with the name of the leader who planted it.

Herzl Museum
The Herzl Museum is a biographical museum. It tells the story of Theodor Herzl and his vision to create a Zionist country. The museum opened in 2005.

Mount Herzl Educational Center
Mount Herzl Educational Center - The Stella and Alexander Margolis Educational Center for study of Zionism is located beside the Herzl Museum. It opened in 2013. A small memorial garden to Norman Herzl was planted beside the study center.

Path to Yad Vashem
The memorial path was designed by the architect Uri Abramson and was built by Israeli youth organizations in 2003.  It tells the story of the birth of the state of Israel, from the beginning of the Zionism until the declaration of the state. The path runs from the National Civil Cemetery to Yad Vashem.

Victims of Acts of Terror Memorial
The Victims of Acts of Terror Memorial is the main memorial for all victims of terrorism in Israel from 1851 until today. The Memorial was opened in 1997, and every year, a ceremony is held on the plaza of the memorial.

National Military and Police Cemetery
The main Israel Defense Forces cemetery is on the northern slope of Mt. Herzl.  The cemetery includes memorials to members of the IDF who have fallen in the line of duty, and memorial gardens to the people who fought for the pre Zionist state. The Israel Police cemetery, for police officers who have fallen in the line of duty, is also located there.

Garden of Those Missing in Action
The Garden of Those Missing in Action is a Memorial Garden in the National Military and Police Cemetery dedicated to people who have gone missing in action so that their burial place is unknown. It is also dedicated to the memory of unknown soldiers. In the garden there is a wall of names of people hwo have gone missing starting in 1914 until the present day. Beside it, empty graves represent missing soldiers and officers who have fought in the Israeli Defense Forces.

National Memorial Hall

The National Memorial Hall For Israel's Fallen () at Mount Herzl in Jerusalem is an initiative of the Israeli Ministry of Defense to commemorate all military Israeli casualties of war and Jewish fighters from 1860 until today. The proposal to build the hall was announced by Defense Minister Ehud Barak in 2010.

In 2012, the Israeli government approved the establishment of the National Memorial Hall at a cost of $40 million. Certification has been delayed because of a petition to the court by families of terror victims.  They say that there is no mention in the hall of the names of those victims, although the Hall is planned to be built next to the main memorial to Israeli terror victims.

The Memorial Hall opened on 30 April 2017.

Memorial of the Unknown Soldier
In the center of the hall is the eternal flame dedicated to the unknown soldiers of Israel.  This means at least one unidentified set of remains is buried there so that the families of soldiers whose bodies were never brought back can go there, imagine it is their dead relative, and mourn.

Ancient burial cave
An ancient Jewish burial cave from the Second Temple period was found in the military cemetery in 1954. Architect Asher Hiram designed a new entrance for the cave, so it is included in the cemetery.

Gallery of Mount Herzl National Cemetery

Mount of Remembrance
The Mount of Remembrance is the western summit of Mount Herzl. It is 806 meters above sea level. It is called Mount of Remembrance in memory of the victims of the Holocaust.  Yad Vashem museum is on the top of the mountain.

Yad Vashem
Yad Vashem  is the national Holocaust museum of Israel. The museum includes the International School for Holocaust Studies, the International Institute for Holocaust Research, the Valley of the Destroyed Communities, the Hall of Names, and the Righteous Among the Nations memorial path.

Official ceremonies
 Memorial Day ceremony for Israel's Fallen Soldiers
 Memorial Day ceremony for victims of terrorism, held at the memorial of terror in Israel
 Seventh of Adar ceremony for fallen soldiers whose resting place is unknown, held in Garden of the Missing Soldiers
 Independence Day ceremony, held at Mount Herzl Plaza
 Holocaust Remembrance Day ceremony at Yad Vashem

Sections
 Helkat Gdolei Ha'Uma Section
 Herzl family and the heads of the World Zionist Organization Section
 Jewish Immigrants drowned in the sea at Ha'apala period Section
 Ze'ev Jabotinsky and his family Section
 Israel Police Section
 Jewish Parachutists of Mandate of Palestine Section
 Olei Hagardom Section
 1948 Arab–Israeli War Section
 1956 Suez Crisis Section
 1967 Six-Day War and 1969-1970 War of Attrition Section
 1973 Yom Kippur War Section
 1982 Lebanon War Section
 2006 Lebanon War Section

Burials

Presidents
 Zalman Shazar, 3rd President
 Chaim Herzog, 6th President

Prime Ministers
 Golda Meir, 4th Prime Minister
 Yitzhak Rabin 5th Prime Minister
 Yitzhak Shamir, 7th Prime Minister

Ministers
 Eliezer Kaplan, Ministry of Finance

Knesset speakers
 Yosef Sprinzak, 1st Knesset speaker
 Yisrael Yeshayahu, 5th Knesset speaker
 Menachem Savidor, 8th Knesset speaker

Mayors
 Teddy Kollek, Mayor of Jerusalem

Chief of General Staff
 Yigael Yadin, 4th Chief of General Staff
 David Elazar, 9th Chief of General Staff

Police Commissioners
 Pinhas Kopel, 3rd Police Commissioner
 Shaul Rosolio, 5th Police Commissioner
 Haim Tavori, 6th Police Commissioner

Monuments and Memorials in Mount Herzl National Cemetery

Related pages
 Tomb of Nicanor

Other websites

  Mount Herzl in "Commonwealth War Graves Commission" site
 Mount Herzl museum
 Mount Herzl on WikiMapia
 Find a grave on Mount Herzl
 Simulation of the National Memorial Hall on YNET website
 Mount Herzl: The Creation of Israel's National Cemetery, Maoz Azaryahu
 Mount Herzl Disaster in Haaretz site
 the memorial of Terror Victims  in "la'ad" website
 Stamp commemorating the opening of the Garden of the Missing Soldiers  by the Israel Postal Company
 Israeli Soldiers "Missing in Action"

1948 establishments in Israel
Military monuments and memorials
Military monuments and memorials in Israel
Commonwealth War Graves Commission

Mount Herzl


Howard Rothmann Bowen (October 27, 1908 – December 22, 1989) was an American economist and college president, serving as the president of Grinnell College from 1955 to 1964 and as the fourteenth President of the University of Iowa from 1964 to 1969. Bowen then served as president of Claremont Graduate University from 1970 to 1971. He is remembered for the formulation of "Bowen's law," a description of spending in higher education.

Biography

Early life and education
Bowen was born in Spokane, Washington. He earned his Bachelor of Arts degree in 1929 and Master of Arts degree in 1933 from Washington State University. He did his doctoral studies at the University of Iowa and received his Ph.D. in 1935, then went on to do postdoctoral study at the University of Cambridge, England, and the London School of Economics from 1937 to 1938.

Marriage and children
He married Lois B. Schilling of Green Bay, Wisconsin, in 1935. The couple had two sons.

Career
Howard Bowen's career began at the University of Iowa.  He taught economics at the university from 1935 to 1942, then decided to make a career change. He was chief economist of the Joint Congressional Committee on Internal Revenue Taxation from 1944 to 1945 and economist for the Irving Trust Company, a Wall Street bank, from 1945 to 1947.

After serving the government for a few years, Bowen decided to return to education.  His first job back into education was at the University of Illinois.  At Illinois he was appointed dean of the College of Commerce in 1947.  Howard Bowen's tenure at Illinois was a good one with improvements in many different programs.  In 1950, Bowen had to resign from the University of Illinois because senior professionals did not like his curriculum on the social responsibility of businessmen and, as an example of McCarthyism, accused him of being anti-business.  However, McCarthy didn't hold his first congressional inquiry until 1953 so this terminology is being applied retroactively.

Howard Bowen loved higher education so much that, despite his problems at the University of Illinois, he decided to teach economics at Williams College in Massachusetts.  Bowen loved this job but enjoyed administration more, so he then went to Grinnell College in Iowa.  While serving as Grinnell president, he increased enrollment, quality of students and faculty, and endowment to national stature.  After making such great improvements at Grinnell the State University of Iowa wanted him to work for them.  The State University of Iowa hired Bowen in 1964 to be president of the college.  Howard Bowen made a great accomplishment by going to the legislature in Iowa and convincing them to change the university's name to the University of Iowa. He was president there during student uprisings and anti-war demonstrations in the late 1960s.

Bowen's Law

The last job Howard Bowen ever took was as the R. Stanton Avery Professor of Economics and Education at Claremont Graduate University. Bowen also served as CGU president for one year. During his tenure from 1974 to 1984 Bowen published three important writings:  Investment in Learning, Costs of Higher Education, and American Professors:  A National Resource Imperiled.

Costs of Higher Education is best known for Bowen's Revenue Theory of Costs, sometimes called Bowen's Law:
...at any given time, the unit cost of education is determined by the amount of revenues currently available for education relative to enrollment. The statement is more than a tautology, as it expresses the fundamental fact that unit cost [i.e., the cost of education] is determined by hard dollars of revenue and only indirectly and distantly by considerations of need, technology, efficiency, and market wages and prices. (p. 19)

Bowen's book provided plentiful evidence that higher education institutions of similar size, situation and repute had radically different costs per student, and spent each dollar differently from one another.  Their different costs were a function of their different histories in raising money.

Death and afterward
Howard Bowen died on December 22, 1989. The Association for the Study of Higher Education has given an award in his name, the Howard R. Bowen Distinguished Career Award, annually since 1991. There are annual Howard Bowen Lectures at the Tippie College of Business and Claremont Graduate University. The Bowen Science Building at the University of Iowa is named after him.

Published works
Toward Social Economy (1948)
Social Responsibilities of the Businessman (1953)
The Business Enterprise as a Subject for Research (1955)
Automation and Economic Progress (1966)
Technology and Employment (1966)
The Finance of Higher Education (1968)
Efficiency in Liberal Education (1971)
Who Benefits from Higher Education--and Who Should Pay? (1972)
Evaluating Institutions for Accountability (1974)
Investment in Learning (1977)
The Costs of Higher Education (1980)
The State of the Nation and the Agenda for Higher Education (1982)
American Professors: A National Resource Imperiled (1986)
Academic Recollections (1988)

Awards
1965: Regents' Distinguished Alumnus Award, Washington State University
1983: Frederic W. Ness Book Award, Association of American Colleges and Universities (for The State of the Nation and the Agenda for Higher Education)
1985: Distinguished Service to Education Award, Council for Advancement and Support of Education

References

External links

Howard Bowen Encyclopedia of Education 2002 Retrieved October 22, 2007
 The Howard Bowen Papers are housed at the University of Iowa Special Collections & University Archives.

1908 births
1989 deaths
Employees of the United States Congress
Writers from Spokane, Washington
Presidents of the University of Iowa
University of Iowa alumni
Washington State University alumni
Williams College faculty
Presidents of Grinnell College
20th-century American economists
Economists from Washington (state)
American academic administrators
Presidents of the American Finance Association
20th-century American academics

Howard Bowen


Language Log is a collaborative language blog maintained by Mark Liberman, a phonetician at the University of Pennsylvania.

Most of the posts focus on language use in the media and in popular culture. Text available through Google Search frequently serves as a corpus to test hypotheses about language. Other popular topics include the descriptivism/prescriptivism debate, and linguistics-related news items. The site has occasionally held contests in which visitors attempt to identify an obscure language.

 Denham and Lobeck characterized Language Log as "one of the most popular language sites on the Internet".  it received an average of almost 21,000 visits per day. In May 2006 Liberman and Geoffrey Pullum published a compilation of some of their blog posts in book form under the title Far from the Madding Gerund and Other Dispatches from Language Log.

Specialties

Language Log was started on July 28, 2003, by Liberman and Pullum, a linguist then at the University of California, Santa Cruz (now at the University of Edinburgh). One early post about a woman who wrote egg corns instead of acorns led to the coinage of the word eggcorn to refer to a type of sporadic or idiosyncratic re-analysis. Another post about commonly recycled phrases in newspaper articles, e.g. "If Eskimos have N words for snow, X surely have Y words for Z", resulted in the coinage of the word snowclone. Both phenomena are common topics at the blog, as is linguification, or the use of metaphors that turn factual observations into claims about language in general (many of which are false).

The blog has a number of recurring themes, including the difficulty of transcribing spoken utterances accurately, misuse or misunderstanding of linguistic science in the media, criticism of the popular style guide The Elements of Style by E. B. White and William Strunk Jr., and complaints about what the contributors see as the pedantry of ill-informed prescriptivists, including that of some copyeditors (one of the blog's tags is "prescriptivist poppycock"). In addition, the site has critically addressed opinions and theories related to the Sapir–Whorf hypothesis concerning the relationship between culture, thought and language. Another common topic on the blog is the handling of taboo language in the media. Regular contributor Arnold Zwicky wrote a series of posts describing which words are considered obscene in various publications, paying particularly close attention to the way these words are "asterisked" in the different media forms.

Becky Award

The Becky Award is a tongue-in-cheek award given out by the site. It is named after the sixteenth-century humanist Johannes Goropius Becanus, who claimed to have proved that the language of Eden was Dutch (his mother tongue).

The award for 2006 went to Louann Brizendine for her bestselling book, The Female Brain, which makes two principal claims: that women use language very differently from men, and that the causes of these differences are hormonal. Language Logs contributors quoted Nature ("riddled with scientific errors"), tracked down references in little-known journals, and presented counterarguments using the same referenced sources that Brizendine's claims drew from to demonstrate their lack of scientific reliability.

Contributors
In addition to Liberman and Pullum, a number of other linguists contribute to Language Log:

Adam Albright, a morphologist, phonologist, and assistant professor of linguistics at MIT
Eric Baković, a phonologist and associate professor of linguistics at the University of California, San Diego.
David Beaver, a semanticist and professor of linguistics at University of Texas at Austin
Steven Bird, a computational linguist and associate professor of computer science at the University of Melbourne
Lila Gleitman, a professor of linguistics at the University of Pennsylvania who specializes in psycholinguistics
Daniel Jurafsky, an associate professor of linguistics at Stanford University who specializes in statistical models of human and machine language processing
Victor H. Mair, an Indo-Europeanist, Sinologist and professor of Chinese language and Chinese literature at the University of Pennsylvania
Norma Mendoza-Denton, a sociolinguist and assistant professor of anthropology at the University of Arizona
John McWhorter, a fellow at the Manhattan Institute and former associate professor of linguistics at the University of California, Berkeley, specializing in creole languages
Geoffrey Nunberg, chair of the American Heritage Dictionary usage panel and a professor at the UC Berkeley School of Information
Barbara Partee, a semanticist and Professor Emerita at University of Massachusetts Amherst
Bill Poser, a phonologist and adjunct professor of linguistics at the University of British Columbia
Chris Potts, an associate professor of linguistics at Stanford University who specializes in semantics, pragmatics, and syntax
Philip Resnik, a computational linguist and professor of linguistics at the University of Maryland, College Park
Roger Shuy, Distinguished Research Professor of Linguistics, Emeritus of Georgetown University and a specialist in language and law.
Sally Thomason, a professor of linguistics at the University of Michigan who specializes in contact-induced language change and Salishan linguistics
Benjamin Zimmer, research associate at the Institute for Research in Cognitive Science at the University of Pennsylvania and consultant to the Oxford English Dictionary
Arnold Zwicky, visiting professor of linguistics at Stanford University and emeritus professor of linguistics at Ohio State University

Coinages

 eggcorn
 nerdview
 recency illusion
 snowclone

References

External links
Language Log current site
Language Log archive (old site)
Publisher's site for Far From the Madding Gerund

American blogs
Linguistics websites
Internet properties established in 2003
2003 establishments in the United States

Language Log


Gitta Sereny, CBE (13 March 192114 June 2012) was an Austrian-British biographer, historian, and investigative journalist who came to be known for her interviews and profiles of infamous figures, including Mary Bell, who was convicted in 1968 of killing two children when she herself was a child, and Franz Stangl, the commandant of the Treblinka extermination camp.

Born and initially raised in Austria, she was the author of five books, including The Case of Mary Bell: A Portrait of a Child Who Murdered (1972) and Albert Speer: His Battle with Truth (1995).

Sereny was awarded the Duff Cooper Prize and the James Tait Black Memorial Prize for her book on Albert Speer in 1995, and the Stig Dagerman Prize in 2002. She was appointed a Commander of the Order of the British Empire in 2004 for services to journalism.

Biography
Sereny was born in Vienna, Austria in 1921. Her father was a Hungarian Protestant aristocrat, Ferdinand Serény, who died when she was two. Her mother was a former actress from Hamburg, Margit Herzfeld, of German background. Gitta Sereny's stepfather was the economist Ludwig von Mises.

When she was thirteen, her train journey to a boarding school in the United Kingdom was delayed in Nürnberg where she attended one of the annual Nürnberg Rallies. After writing about the rally for a class assignment she was given Mein Kampf to read by her teacher so she might be able to understand what she saw there. After the Nazi takeover of Austria in 1938, she moved to France, where she worked with orphans during the German occupation until she had to flee the country because of her connection to the French Resistance.

After World War II, she worked for the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration with refugees in Allied-occupied Germany. Among her tasks was reuniting with their biological families children who had been kidnapped by the Nazis to be raised as "Aryans". This could be a traumatic experience because the children did not always remember their original family, but when she accompanied a train-load of such children back to Poland she saw the delight of the original family members at the restoration of the children.

She attended the Nürnberg Trials for four days in 1945 as an observer and it was here that she first saw Albert Speer about whom she would later write the book Albert Speer: His Battle with Truth. It was for this book that she was awarded the 1995 James Tait Black Memorial Prize. The book was also later adapted by David Edgar as the play Albert Speer and directed by Trevor Nunn at the National Theatre in 2000.

She married Don Honeyman in 1948 and moved to London where they raised their two children. Don Honeyman (who died 1 June 2011) was a photographer, who worked for Vogue, The Daily Telegraph and The Sunday Times, among other publications. The poster of Che Guevara on a red background (1968) is one of his best known creations.

From the mid-'60s and throughout the 1970s she wrote extensively for The Daily Telegraph Magazine under the editorship of John Anstey. These articles were often about young people, the social services, children and their relationships with their parents and society. This led to her covering the trial of eleven-year-old Mary Bell (found guilty of murdering two children) and would further lead to her first investigative book on this case.

Writing

Books
The Case of Mary Bell was first published in 1972 following Mary Bell's trial; in it Sereny interviewed her family, friends and the professionals involved in looking after Mary during her trial. This book was edited by Diana Athill who would also edit Sereny's Into That Darkness.

Into That Darkness (also following an initial article for the Telegraph magazine) was an examination of the guilt of Franz Stangl, the commandant of the Treblinka and Sobibor extermination camps. She spent 70 hours interviewing him in prison for the article and when she had finished he finally admitted his guilt; he died of a heart attack nineteen hours later.

Albert Speer: His Battle with Truth (1995) is a biographical work on Albert Speer, German minister of Armaments during World War II. In it, Sereny explores how much Speer knew about the Holocaust. During the Nuremberg trials, Speer had avoided a death sentence, claiming all the while that he knew nothing of the Holocaust. However, Sereny concludes that Speer must have known based on a letter he wrote to the Jewish community in South Africa (after the war), and the fact that his closest assistant attended the Wannsee Conference (where the details of the genocide of the Jews were worked out) and could not have failed to inform him about the proceedings.

In 1998, her second book on Mary Bell, Cries Unheard, caused controversy in the British press because she shared the publishing fee, from Macmillan Publishers, with Mary Bell for collaborating on the book. Sereny was initially criticized in the British press and by the British government, though the book quickly became, and remains, a standard text for professionals working with problem children.

Sereny wrote of her final book, The German Trauma (2002): "The nineteen chapters in this book, all intimately concerned with Germany before, during and since the end of the Third Reich, describe more or less sequentially what I saw and learned from 1938 to 1999, thus almost over a lifetime."

David Irving libel suit
British Holocaust denier David Irving initiated a libel case against Sereny and the Guardian Media Group for two reviews in The Observer where she asserted he deliberately falsified the historical record in an attempt to rehabilitate the Nazis. Irving maintained a personal animosity for Sereny, whom he calls "that shriveled Nazi hunter", for successfully refuting his claims since the publication of his book Hitler's War. In 1977, Sereny cross-checked the source he cited for his assertion that Hitler knew nothing about the "Final Solution", and therefore could not have ordered the "Final Solution".  Gitta Sereny proved that Irving  had made an additional assertion which would have contradicted his claim;  "I know many of the same people as he does who were of Hitler's circle…". Ms. Sereny later said, "That is scary for him. He says, 'we jostle at the same trough'. The difference is that he loves that trough, and I don't.  There is, I think, for him, [David Irving] despair in all of this."
Although the case did not go to court, the cost to the Guardian Media Group of preparing its legal defence amounted to £800,000.

Death
Gitta Sereny died on 14 June 2012 at age 91 while in Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, after a long illness.

Bibliography
Her writings include:

 Into That Darkness: from Mercy Killing to Mass Murder, a study of Franz Stangl, the commandant of Treblinka (1974, second edition 1995)
 The Invisible Children: Child Prostitution in America, West Germany and Great Britain (1984)
 Albert Speer: His Battle with Truth (1995, 1996 paperback)
 Cries Unheard: The Story of Mary Bell (1998)
 The German Trauma: Experiences and Reflections, 1938–2001 (2002)

The second edition of  The Case of Mary Bell contains an appendix on the murder of James Bulger.

References

External links
BBC biography
Interview in Spike Magazine
Stolen Children by Gitta Sereny
Review of Albert Speer: His Battle with Truth in Foreign Affairs
Two half-hour ABC interviews with Sereny about Speer and Mary Bell
1998 Interview with Gitta Sereny In the Psychiatrist's Chair, BBC, 21 June 2014
My Years with Ludwig von Mises, Margit von Mises. Arlington House Publishers, NY. 1976 5 August 2014

1921 births
2012 deaths
Historians of Nazism
Hungarian women writers
Writers from Vienna
Austrian people of German-Jewish descent
Austrian people of Hungarian descent
British people of German-Jewish descent
British people of Hungarian descent
Austrian Protestants
Hungarian Protestants
British Protestants
British biographers
British investigative journalists
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
James Tait Black Memorial Prize recipients
British women journalists
Austrian journalists
Austrian women journalists
Austrian biographers
Austrian women writers
Austrian women biographers
Austrian emigrants to the United Kingdom

Gitta Sereny


A tomb () is a place built to bury dead bodies, usually more elaborate and expensive than a grave. It is often intended to honor the dead, and be visited by the living. A tomb (from Greek τύμβος tymbos) is generally any structurally enclosed space or chamber used for housing the remains of the dead, and sometimes their possessions. The word is used in a broad sense to encompass a number of such types of places of burial.

Ancient Egypt
Tombs were used in the Ancient Egyptian period where the bodies or possessions of Pharaohs were stored or buried inside a pyramid after mummification, where the pharaohs' bodies would have their organs removed, their bodies covered with salt and then wrapped in bandages and a portrait panel of the pharaoh placed over the face, or death mask.

Tomb


Ecchi (from Japanese エッチ etchi) is from the Japanese word meaning "lewd", "sexy", "pervert", or "naughty" when used as an adjective, or it can mean to have sex when it is used as a verb or noun.  The English use of this word is usually used in manga and anime, used when it has sexual content, such as not much clothing or nudity, but does not show sex.

Ecchi anime is also sometimes filled with innuendo and sexual humor. Ecchi anime doesn't show sex, at least not in a clear way.

Ecchi is similar to hentai, though it doesn't go as far. The term itself may be from the word hentai, but the origins are unclear. Ecchi means "h".

A character in anime is often called ecchi, or even hentai, when he is perceived as being a pervert. In an anime like Love Hina it's usually because of a comedic mistake or blunder.

Related pages
Lust
Lolicon
Tickling game
Shotacon
Hentai
Nudity

Ecchi

Ecchi


Kurram or Karam () tribal agency is in the Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA) area of Pakistan. Until the year 2000, when divisions were abolished, Kurram District used to be part of the Peshawar Division of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan.

The Kurram River drains the southern flanks of the Safed Koh mountain range, and enters the Indus plains north of Bannu. It crosses the Afghan-Pakistan border about 80 km southwest of Jalalabad, and joins the Indus near Isa Khel after a course of more than 320 km (200 miles). The district has an area of 3,310 km² (1,278 sq. miles); the population according to the 1998 census was 448,310. It lies between the Miranzai Valley and the Afghan border, and is inhabited by the Bangash,Mangal para-Chamkani, orakzai and Turis, a tribe of Turki and Pathan origin. The language of the tribes is Pashto, the majority of the people is sunni but a minute number of Shia community are inhabited too

It is highly irrigated, well peopled, and crowded with small fortified villages, orchards and groves, to which a fine background is afforded by the dark pine forests and alpine snows of the Safed Koh. The beauty and climate of the valley attracted some of the Mogul emperors of Delhi, and the remains exist of a garden planted by Shah Jahan.

The Kurram River crosses the Afghan-Pakistan border about 80 km southwest of Jalalabad and in ancient times offered the most direct route to Kabul and Gardez, but the route crossed the Peiwar Pass 3,439 m (11,283 ft) high, just over 20 km west of Parachinar, which was blocked by snow for several months of the year.

 Lower Kurram Tehsil
 Upper Kurram Tehsil
 Kurram F.R. Tehsil

Agencies of Federally Administered Tribal Areas

Kurram District


A creamer is a small pitcher or jug designed for holding cream or milk to be served with tea or coffee in the Western tradition. Creamers can be earthenware or porcelain, but also made of silver or other metals; a creamer is an obligatory part of a coffee or tea set, whether in silver or ceramics.

Cow creamers
Creamers in the shape of a cow with an opening or lid on its back for filling, known as cow creamers, originated in Holland, but became very popular in England, first with Dutch imports, then from about 1740 in saltglaze stoneware from the Staffordshire Potteries.  English silverware examples are from about 1750; the Dutch immigrant silversmith John Schuppe, who worked in London from 1753, produced little else, and his examples are among the finest.  The competition between two collectors for an especially valuable silver cow creamer is a plot-line in P. G. Wodehouse's novel The Code of the Woosters.  They have continued to be produced in both silver and ceramics.  The Potteries Museum & Art Gallery has the Keiller collection of 667 ceramic cow-creamers.

Espresso brew pitcher
Small metal creamers may be used in making espresso-based drinks – the espresso being brewed into the pitcher, which is then poured into the drink. In this context they are referred to as espresso brew pitchers, and also billed as "small creamers". Brew pitchers are most commonly , which is sufficient for any espresso other than a large (double or triple) lungo, but pitchers may also be found in  and even  sizes.

Espresso brew pitchers are particularly used for layered latte macchiatos, which require careful pouring. In other drinks, an espresso cup or shot glass is a common alternative, which must be dumped rather than poured.

References

External links

Teaware
Coffeeware
Silversmithing

Creamer (vessel)


A driptorch is a tool used in wildfire suppression, controlled burning, and other forestry applications to intentionally ignite fires by dripping flaming fuel onto the ground.

Description

The driptorch consists of a canister for holding fuel with a handle attached to the side, a spout with a loop to prevent fire from entering the fuel canister, a breather valve to allow air into the canister while fuel is exiting through the spout, and a wick from which flaming fuel is dropped to the ground. The wick is ignited and allows the fire to be directed as needed. The spout and wick can be secured upside down inside the canister for storage or transport. Typically the fuel used is a mixture of gasoline and diesel with a ratio of 30% to 70% respectively, although, the amounts may need to be adjusted according to fuel and weather conditions. Sometimes heavier oils are used to increase adhesion of the liquid fuel to the vegetation, and increase burn time and heat.

Variations of the driptorch can be attached to off-road vehicles, such as tractors, to ignite a fire while driving slowly along the ignition line.  Another variant of the driptorch is the helitorch, which is attached to a helicopter and is used to ignite fire from the air.

Usage
The intentional ignition of fires is a common firefighting tactic. A burnout (also called a firing operation, firing out or a back burn) is a smaller fire ignited along a control line ahead of the main fire. The intent is to consume fuel ahead of the main fire, strengthening the control line. A backfire is a more aggressive type of burning done to influence the behavior of the main fire.

In forest and prairie management, the driptorch is the most common tool used to ignite prescribed burns, which are used to remove excess fuel buildup or to re-create natural cycles of fire in an ecosystem. Other tools which can also be used for this purpose include the fusee, a pyrotechnic device similar to a road flare, other pyrotechnic devices, or even shovelfulls of burning vegetative fuels thrown from one place to another.

See also
 Fire flapper (tool)
 Flare
 Flare gun
 Glossary of wildland fire terms
 McLeod (tool)
 Pulaski (tool)

References

External links

Forestry tools
Wildfire suppression equipment

Driptorch


Hydrophone is a microphone which is used to measure sound under water. It uses an echolocation system. You would use a hydrophone if you wanted to examine the sound of  fish or maybe if you wanted to listen to find out if there is any sea creature in this part of the ocean. Using several hydrophones make the sound better by making it louder and making it able to reach further distances it is even possible to listen in a specific direction.

The first hydrophone was used by Reginald Fessenden, a Canadian inventor in 1914.

Audio technology

Hydrophone


Alan Bissett (born 17 November 1975) is an author and playwright from Hallglen, an area of Falkirk in Scotland. After the publication of his first two novels, Boyracers and The Incredible Adam Spark, he became known for his different take on Scots dialect writing, evolving a style specific to Falkirk, suffused with popular culture references and socialist politics. He also applied to be rector of the University of Glasgow in 2014.

Bissett used to lecture in creative writing at Bretton Hall College, now part of the University of Leeds, and tutored the creative writing MLitt at the University of Glasgow alongside Janice Galloway and Tom Leonard. He became a full-time writer in December 2007. In March 2012, he became a "Cultural Ambassador" for National Collective, a creative organisation which supports Scottish independence.

Background
Bissett was born in 1975. He attended Falkirk High School and then the University of Stirling, where he gained a First-Class Honours degree in English literature and education. After a short spell as a secondary-school teacher at Elgin Academy, Bissett was awarded a master's degree in English from the University of Stirling, during which time he edited a collection of Scottish Gothic stories, Damage Land (2001), and wrote his first novel, Boyracers. His stories were either short- or longlisted for the national Macallan Short-Story Competition four times between 1999 and 2002. His third novel, Death of a Ladies' Man, was published by Hachette Scotland in July 2009. In 2009 Bissett moved into playwriting: his first play, The Ching Room, was performed at Oran Mor and Traverse Theatre in March 2009, starring Andy Clarke and Colin McCredie. It was followed by Times When I Bite, or The Moira Monologues a "one-woman show" that Bissett has performed himself (at Glasgow literary festival Aye Write! in March 2009, at the Kikinda Short Story Festival in Serbia in June 2009, and at the Traverse Theatre in November 2009. In an interview with the Sunday Times, Bissett described the inspiration for the character of Moira Bell. "The voice comes from the women in my family, my three aunties and my sister, who are great storytellers and hard as f***," he says. "If they were to go on stage and talk about their lives in their own voices, it would be acclaimed as a virtuoso performance."
Bissett was also a regular performer at and co-organiser of Glasgow spoken word night Discombobulate .

Bibliography

Novels
 Boyracers (2001)
 The Incredible Adam Spark (2005)
 Death of a Ladies' Man (2009)
 Pack Men (2011)

Anthologies
 Damage Land: New Scottish Gothic Fiction (2001) (editor)
 In the Event of Fire: New Writing Scotland 27 (July 2009) (co-editor with Liz Niven)
 Stone Going Home Again: New Writing Scotland 28 (July 2010) (co-editor with Carl MacDougall)
 The Year of Open Doors (July 2010) (contributor)
 The Flight of the Turtle: New Writing Scotland 29 (July 2011) (co-editor with Carl MacDougall)
 Collected Plays (March 2015)

Music
Bissett also collaborated with musician Malcolm Middleton for the song "The Rebel on His Own Tonight", writing the lyrics and performing a spoken word section, for the Ballads of the Book project, bringing together Scottish writers with Scottish musicians, spearheaded by Roddy Woomble and Edwin Morgan.

Inspired by this experience, Bissett approached bands Zoey Van Goey and Y'all is Fantasy Island suggesting they perform together. In May 2007, all three performed together in a short tour of Central Scotland. The tour, called Super Puny Humans played in Edinburgh on 2 May, Glasgow on the third, Stirling on the fourth and finally Falkirk on the fifth. Since then, Bissett has regularly performed his writing at concerts in support slots for various bands, including the first-ever comeback gig of The Vaselines, and the "Music Like A Vitamin" night at ABC Glasgow, run by Rod Jones from Idlewild in support of Mental Health Week. He also performed spoken word sets at the Connect Music Festival in 2007 and 2008, and at Crossing Border Festival in 2007.

Film

In 2009, The Shutdown, a short documentary Bissett wrote (and narrated) about the experience of growing up in the shadow of the Grangemouth Oil Refinery, with particular mention of his father's injury in the refinery flare line incident of 13 March 1987  premiered in competition at Edinburgh International Film Festival, IDFA and Silverdocs, was shortlisted for the Scottish Short Documentary Award and won both the Jury and Audience Awards for Scottish Short Film at the Jim Poole Scottish Short Film Awards. The Shutdown was directed by Adam Stafford, and later picked up for distribution by Accidental Media.

Notes

External links

 Creative Writing at Glasgow University
 Alan's blog at The Guardian
 Super Puny Humans site
 Short story: This Snow Won't Lie for Long at Scottish Arts Council website, Dec 2007
 Short story: So Many Crows, Mad Hatters Review, Issue 7, February 2007

1975 births
Living people
21st-century Scottish novelists
People from Falkirk
Alumni of the University of Stirling
Scottish dramatists and playwrights
People educated at Falkirk High School
Scottish republicans
Academics of the University of Leeds

Alan Bissett


Viola McCoy (c. 1900 – c. 1956) was an American blues singer who performed in the classic female blues style during a career that lasted from the early 1920s to the late 1930s.

Life and career
Her birth name may have been Amanda Brown (a name under which she sometimes recorded). She is believed to have been born in Mississippi, although a press release of 1924 claimed she was from Memphis, Tennessee. She performed with the sideshow annex band attached to Sparks Circus in 1916, performing the comic "Scaddle-de-Mooch," written by Cecil Mack in 1915, and "Daddy," a blues number. "Daddy" may be an early version of "Oh, Daddy," recorded by Ethel Waters in 1921 and Bessie Smith in 1922. In 1917, McCoy toured with the Georgia Smart Set. In the early 1920s, she moved to New York City, where she worked in cabarets and appeared in revues at the Lincoln and Lafayette Theaters. She toured the Theater Owners Booking Association vaudeville circuit and made numerous recordings from 1923 to 1929 for various labels, including Gennett, Vocalion, and Columbia Records.

On her recordings from 1923 her most frequent accompanist was pianist Porter Grainger; later accompanists included Fletcher Henderson, Louis Hooper, and Bob Fuller, among others. A few of her recordings are enlivened by kazoo solos performed by McCoy.

In 1927, she briefly owned and performed in Jack's Cabaret in New York City. By 1930 she owned and operated a nightclub in Saratoga Springs, New York. In 1938, she settled in Albany, New York, and was mostly inactive in music during the remainder of her life. McCoy is thought to have died in Albany, New York, about 1956.

Author Derrick Stewart-Baxter wrote of McCoy, "She belongs to the great vaudeville tradition, but in all she does there is a strong jazz strain ... Possessing a lovely contralto voice and fine diction, she was able to project herself through even the worst recording ... It would be true to say that in the three years she was recording most prolifically she hardly ever made a bad record".

Aliases
McCoy recorded songs under various pseudonyms, including
Amanda Brown (Columbia, Perfect and Pathe labels), Daisy Cliff (Guardsman label), Clara White or Bessie Williams (Oriole and Domino labels), Gladys White (Variety label), Fannie Johnson (Cameo) and Susan Williams (Lincoln label).

Notes

References
Harris, Sheldon (1994). Blues Who's Who (Revised Ed.). New York: Da Capo Press. .
Rye, Howard (1995). Viola McCoy: Complete Recorded Works in Chronological Order. Volume 1: 1923. Document Records DOCD-5416 (CD booklet).
Stewart-Baxter, Derrick (1970). Ma Rainey and the Classic Blues Singers. London: Studio Vista. .

Classic female blues singers

American blues singers

Vaudeville performers
Vocalion Records artists
Gennett Records artists

Ajax Records artists
1900s births
1950s deaths

Year of birth uncertain
Year of death uncertain
20th-century African-American women singers

Viola McCoy


The Art of Dreaming is a 1993 book by the anthropologist Carlos Castaneda. It details events and techniques during a period of the author's apprenticeship with the Yaqui Indian sorcerer, don Juan Matus, between 1960 and 1973.

Summary

The Art of Dreaming describes the steps needed to master the control and consciousness of dreams. The Toltecs of Don Juan Matus' lineage believed that there are seven barriers to awareness, which they termed The Seven Gates of Dreaming. In The Art of Dreaming Castaneda describes extensively how a state called Total Awareness can be achieved by means of dreaming.

According to Castaneda there are 7 Gates of Dreaming, or obstacles to awareness, which when overcome yield total awareness. Four of the Gates of Dreaming are discussed in The Art of Dreaming. What follows is not so much a technique in achieving lucidity, but rather the practical application of lucid dreaming. By acting a certain way while dreaming, one can cause psychosomatic changes in one's being, including an alternate way of dying.

What follows is a point-form summary of the philosophy surrounding Toltec dreaming as a way of "Sorcery that is a return to Paradise".

 1st Gate of Dreaming (stabilization of the dreaming body): Arrived at when one perceives one's hands in a dream. Solved when one is able to shift the focus from the hands to another dream object and return it to the hands, all repeated a few times. Crossed when one is able to induce a state of darkness and a feeling of increased weight while falling asleep. Location in the body – in the area at the base of the V formed by pulling the big and second toes of one foot to the sides.
 2nd Gate of Dreaming (utilizing the dreaming body): Arrived at when one's dream objects start changing into something else. Solved when one is able to isolate a Scout and follow it to the realm of Inorganic Beings. Crossed when one is able to fall asleep without losing consciousness. It is also referred to the activity of dreaming together with other practitioners. Location in the body – in the inside area of the calf.
 3rd Gate of Dreaming (traveling):  This is what is often known as an "Out of body experience". Arrived at when one dreams of looking at oneself. Solved when the dreaming and physical bodies become one. Crossed when one is able to control the dreaming body in the physical realm and move around at ease. Location in the body – at the lowest part of the spinal column.
 4th Gate of Dreaming (sharing): This is the last gate explained in the book as such, and crossing it consists of being able to share the intended dream reality of other people. One has to have gathered enough strength into the dreaming body through the previous gates in order to travel to other people's dreams.

See also

References

1993 non-fiction books
Books about dream interpretation
HarperCollins books
Lucid dreams
New Age books
Works by Carlos Castaneda

The Art of Dreaming


A nomen dubium is Latin for "doubtful name" (plural nomina dubia). It is a scientific name in zoology which  is of unknown or doubtful use.

With a nomen dubium it may be impossible to decide whether a specimen belongs to that group or not. This may happen if the original type specimen is lost or destroyed. The zoological and botanical codes allow for a new type specimen, or neotype, to be chosen in this case.

A name may also be considered a nomen dubium if its name-bearing type is fragmentary or lacking important diagnostic features. This is often the case for species known only as fossils. To preserve stability of names, the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature allows a new type specimen, or neotype, to be chosen for a nomen dubium in this case.

It is one of a number of terms which are used in biological taxonomy.

References

Zoology
Taxonomy

Nomen dubium


Sir John Shakespeare II (c. 1530-September 1601) was an English nobleman, politician, and knight. He was Sir William Shakespeare's father and husband of Mary Arden.

Sir John Shakespeare II was the son of English nobleman Sir Richard Shakespeare I (1490-1561) and Abigail Webb (1493-1565), John II was named after his paternal grandfather the English politician Sir John Shakespeare I (1460-1521), John II great-grandfather was the English politician Sir Thomas Shakespeare (1430-1511).

1530s births
1601 deaths
People from Warwickshire

John Shakespeare