Eugen Jochum (; 1 November 1902 – 26 March 1987) was a German conductor.

Jochum was born in Babenhausen, near Augsburg, in the south of Germany. He soon showed musical talent and was playing the organ for church services when he was eight. He studied at the Augsburg Conservatory and then the Munich National Theatre and at Mönchen-Gladbach.  He became conductor of the Kiel Opera where, during three years, he conducted more than 50 operas in several German cities.  Then, in 1934, he followed Karl Böhm and Karl Muck as the conductor of the Hamburg Staatsoper.    He stayed there until 1949.  He also was guest conductor in Amsterdam with the Concertgebouw Orchestra and later he became chief conductor.

After World War II, Jochum became the first chief conductor of the Bavarian Radio Symphony Orchestra in 1949. He often conducted in London with the London Philharmonic Orchestra and the London Symphony Orchestra. In 1975, the LSO gave him the title of conductor laureate.

He appeared regularly at Salzburg and, from 1953, Bayreuth.  The first opera he conducted there was Wagner's Tristan und Isolde.

Jochum is remembered especially for his warm, romantic performances of Anton Bruckner's symphonies.  He often conducted the passions of Bach and music by composers such as Beethoven, Brahms, Mozart, Haydn, Schumann, Wagner and Carl Orff.

Jochum died in Munich, Germany at the age of 84.

References
New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, ed. Stanley Sadie, 1980; ISBN  1-56159-174-2

References

1902 births
1987 deaths
German conductors

Eugen Jochum


Moundou is the capital of the Logone Occidental in Chad.  It has a population of 99,530 as of 2003.  Moundou lies on one of the main roads in southern Chad.  It is the main city of the Ngambai people.  Moundou is a center for industry and makes cotton and oil.

Cities in Chad

Moundou


Indians in Sri Lanka refer to Indians or people of Indian ancestry living in Sri Lanka, such as the Indian Tamils of Sri Lanka.

History
Indian traders have been visiting and settling down in Sri Lanka for more than 2,500 years, Colombo Chetties are descendants of traders who had come to Sri Lanka during the Portuguese colonial era since 1505 CE. Sri Lankan monarchs have used the services of South Indian labor since centuries BCE. According to the primary source Mahavamsa, number service groups from Pandyan kingdom in present-day Tamil Nadu accompanied the settlement of Anuradhapura by Prakrit speakers. There is epigraphic evidence of traders and others self identifying as Damelas or Damedas (Sinhala and Sinhala prakrit for Tamils) in Anuradhapura and other areas of Sri Lanka as early as 2nd century BCE. The idea of looking upon the Demedas as aliens was not prevalent in the Early Historical Period.

Ethnic groups

Indian Tamils of Sri Lanka

Indian Tamils of Sri Lanka are Tamil people of Indian origin in Sri Lanka. They are partly descended from workers sent from South India to Sri Lanka in the 19th and 20th centuries to work in coffee, tea and rubber plantations. Some also migrated on their own as merchants and as other service providers. These Tamil-speakers mostly live in the central highlands, also known as the Malayakam or Hill Country yet others are also found major urban areas and in the Northern province. Although they are all termed as Tamils today, some have Telugu and Malayalee origins as well as diverse South Indian caste origins. They are instrumental in the plantation sector economy of Sri Lanka. In general socio economically their standard of living is below that of the national average. In 1964 a large percentage were expatriated back to India but left a considerable number as stateless people. By the 1990s most of these have been given Sri Lankan citizenship. Most are Hindus with a minority of Christians and Muslims amongst them. Politically they are supportive of trade union derived political parties that have supported most of the ruling coalition since the 1980s.

Indian Moors

Before the 1911 Ceylon Census Moors in Sri Lanka were counted as one. From the census onwards they were divided into Indian Moors and Sri Lankan Moors. Indian Moors were brought to Sri Lanka for the same reasons as the Indian Tamils, as labourers to the plantations. In 1971 Indian Moors numbered 29,416 declining from 55,400 in 1963. Their decline was partly due to returning to India and some declaring themselves and being enumerated as Sri Lankan Moors. Indian Moors were mostly found in the Colombo and Kandy Districts.

Sri Lankan Chetty

Sri Lankan Chetty, also known as Colombo Chetties, Colombo Chittis or Colombo Hetties, are a formerly endogamous Sri Lankan social group or caste. Colombo Chetty are mostly Roman Catholics or Anglicans and are found in almost all niches of Sri Lankan society.  Members trace their origins to traders of various ethnicities from South India.  Most traders were Tamil speakers with a smattering of Malayalee or Telugu speakers.  Although Indian traders have been visiting and settling down in Sri Lanka for more than 2,500 years, Colombo Chetties are descendants of traders who had come to Sri Lanka during the Portuguese colonial era since 1505 CE.

Bharatha People

Bharathas also Bharatakula are a Sri Lankan caste of Paravar immigrants from Tamil Nadu in India. In India they were traditional fishers' merchants and traders. Most are Roman Catholics although a significant minority practice Hinduism.

Paravar are to be found all over Sri Lanka. Amongst Sri Lankan Tamils Paravar are still a fishing and trading caste although commonly confused with the Karaiyar. The Bharatas or Bharatakula identity is maintained by a relatively prosperous merchant group from India that settled amongst the Sinhalese in the Negombo area.

Sri Lankan Gypsy people

Sri Lankan Gypsy people are an ethnic group who trace their origins in India. They are a nomadic people who mostly speak in Telugu also known as  Sri Lankan Gypsy Telugu, a Dravidian language natively spoken in the Andhra Pradesh. They make their living by fortune telling, snake charming and using animals in performances. Those who are settled in resettlement villages are subsistence farmers and farm hands to other farmers. They also speak Sinhalese or Tamil based on their area of settlement. Most seem to be settled in the eastern Batticaloa district.

Tivaru

Tivaru or Tiyya are said to be the first settlers of the Minocoy islands of Lakshadweepa off the Indian mainland. The origin of the Tivaru is unknown. Clarence Malony suggests that they could be Dravidians from southern India. Local oral tradition says that when Mahls came to these islands, the Tivaru who had already settled in these islands migrated to Sri Lanka, except for those who remained in Giraavaru. There are many Tamil Tivaru living on the Northern Coast lines especially on the Islands near to Jaffna Peninsula. Most of the settled down from Tamil Nadu between 13th Century and 18th Century AD. Vast majority of them belong to Maravars from Ramnad. Today almost every one identify themselves as Vellalars or Karaiyars.

Notable people

See also
 Sri Lankans in India
 India – Sri Lanka relations

References

Sri Lanka
India–Sri Lanka relations

Indians in Sri Lanka


Allergies, also known as allergic diseases, are various conditions caused by hypersensitivity of the immune system to typically harmless substances in the environment. These diseases include hay fever, food allergies, atopic dermatitis, allergic asthma, and anaphylaxis. Symptoms may include red eyes, an itchy rash, sneezing, coughing, a runny nose, shortness of breath, or swelling. Note that food intolerances and food poisoning are separate conditions.

Common allergens include pollen and certain foods. Metals and other substances may also cause such problems. Food, insect stings, and medications are common causes of severe reactions. Their development is due to both genetic and environmental factors. The underlying mechanism involves immunoglobulin E antibodies (IgE), part of the body's immune system, binding to an allergen and then to a receptor on mast cells or basophils where it triggers the release of inflammatory chemicals such as histamine. Diagnosis is typically based on a person's medical history. Further testing of the skin or blood may be useful in certain cases. Positive tests, however, may not necessarily mean there is a significant allergy to the substance in question.

Early exposure of children to potential allergens may be protective. Treatments for allergies include avoidance of known allergens and the use of medications such as steroids and antihistamines. In severe reactions, injectable adrenaline (epinephrine) is recommended. Allergen immunotherapy, which gradually exposes people to larger and larger amounts of allergen, is useful for some types of allergies such as hay fever and reactions to insect bites. Its use in food allergies is unclear.

Allergies are common. In the developed world, about 20% of people are affected by allergic rhinitis, about 6% of people have at least one food allergy, and about 20% have or have had atopic dermatitis at some point in time. Depending on the country, about 1–18% of people have asthma. Anaphylaxis occurs in between 0.05–2% of people. Rates of many allergic diseases appear to be increasing. The word "allergy" was first used by Clemens von Pirquet in 1906.

Signs and symptoms

Many allergens such as dust or pollen are airborne particles. In these cases, symptoms arise in areas in contact with air, such as the eyes, nose, and lungs. For instance, allergic rhinitis, also known as hay fever, causes irritation of the nose, sneezing, itching, and redness of the eyes. Inhaled allergens can also lead to increased production of mucus in the lungs, shortness of breath, coughing, and wheezing.

Aside from these ambient allergens, allergic reactions can result from foods, insect stings, and reactions to medications like aspirin and antibiotics such as penicillin. Symptoms of food allergy include abdominal pain, bloating, vomiting, diarrhea, itchy skin, and hives. Food allergies rarely cause respiratory (asthmatic) reactions, or rhinitis. Insect stings, food, antibiotics, and certain medicines may produce a systemic allergic response that is also called anaphylaxis; multiple organ systems can be affected, including the digestive system, the respiratory system, and the circulatory system. Depending on the severity, anaphylaxis can include skin reactions, bronchoconstriction, swelling, low blood pressure, coma, and death. This type of reaction can be triggered suddenly, or the onset can be delayed. The nature of anaphylaxis is such that the reaction can seem to be subsiding but may recur throughout a period of time.

Skin
Substances that come into contact with the skin, such as latex, are also common causes of allergic reactions, known as contact dermatitis or eczema. Skin allergies frequently cause rashes, or swelling and inflammation within the skin, in what is known as a "weal and flare" reaction characteristic of hives and angioedema.

With insect stings, a large local reaction may occur in the form of an area of skin redness greater than 10 cm in size that can last one to two days. This reaction may also occur after immunotherapy.

Cause
Risk factors for allergies can be placed in two broad categories, namely host and environmental factors. Host factors include heredity, sex, race, and age, with heredity being by far the most significant. However, there has been a recent increase in the incidence of allergic disorders that cannot be explained by genetic factors alone. Four major environmental candidates are alterations in exposure to infectious diseases during early childhood, environmental pollution, allergen levels, and dietary changes.

Dust mites

Dust mite allergy, also known as house dust allergy, is a sensitization and allergic reaction to the droppings of house dust mites. The allergy is common and can trigger allergic reactions such as asthma, eczema, or itching. It is the manifestation of parasitosis. The mite's gut contains potent digestive enzymes (notably peptidase 1) that persist in their feces and are major inducers of allergic reactions such as wheezing. The mite's exoskeleton can also contribute to allergic reactions. Unlike scabies mites or skin follicle mites, house dust mites do not burrow under the skin and are not parasitic.

Foods

A wide variety of foods can cause allergic reactions, but 90% of allergic responses to foods are caused by cow's milk, soy, eggs, wheat, peanuts, tree nuts, fish, and shellfish. Other food allergies, affecting less than 1 person per 10,000 population, may be considered "rare". The use of hydrolyzed milk baby formula versus standard milk baby formula does not appear to affect the risk.

The most common food allergy in the US population is a sensitivity to crustacea. Although peanut allergies are notorious for their severity, peanut allergies are not the most common food allergy in adults or children. Severe or life-threatening reactions may be triggered by other allergens and are more common when combined with asthma.

Rates of allergies differ between adults and children. Children can sometimes outgrow peanut allergies. Egg allergies affect one to two percent of children but are outgrown by about two-thirds of children by the age of 5. The sensitivity is usually to proteins in the white, rather than the yolk.

Milk-protein allergies are most common in children. Approximately 60% of milk-protein reactions are immunoglobulin E-mediated, with the remaining usually attributable to inflammation of the colon. Some people are unable to tolerate milk from goats or sheep as well as from cows, and many are also unable to tolerate dairy products such as cheese. Roughly 10% of children with a milk allergy will have a reaction to beef. Beef contains small amounts of proteins that are present in greater abundance in cow's milk. Lactose intolerance, a common reaction to milk, is not a form of allergy at all, but due to the absence of an enzyme in the digestive tract.

Those with tree nut allergies may be allergic to one or to many tree nuts, including pecans, pistachios, pine nuts, and walnuts. In addition, seeds, including sesame seeds and poppy seeds, contain oils in which protein is present, which may elicit an allergic reaction.

Allergens can be transferred from one food to another through genetic engineering; however genetic modification can also remove allergens. Little research has been done on the natural variation of allergen concentrations in unmodified crops.

Latex
Latex can trigger an IgE-mediated cutaneous, respiratory, and systemic reaction. The prevalence of latex allergy in the general population is believed to be less than one percent. In a hospital study, 1 in 800 surgical patients (0.125 percent) reported latex sensitivity, although the sensitivity among healthcare workers is higher, between seven and ten percent. Researchers attribute this higher level to the exposure of healthcare workers to areas with significant airborne latex allergens, such as operating rooms, intensive-care units, and dental suites. These latex-rich environments may sensitize healthcare workers who regularly inhale allergenic proteins.

The most prevalent response to latex is an allergic contact dermatitis, a delayed hypersensitive reaction appearing as dry, crusted lesions. This reaction usually lasts 48–96 hours. Sweating or rubbing the area under the glove aggravates the lesions, possibly leading to ulcerations. Anaphylactic reactions occur most often in sensitive patients who have been exposed to a surgeon's latex gloves during abdominal surgery, but other mucosal exposures, such as dental procedures, can also produce systemic reactions.

Latex and banana sensitivity may cross-react.  Furthermore, those with latex allergy may also have sensitivities to avocado, kiwifruit, and chestnut. These people often have perioral itching and local urticaria. Only occasionally have these food-induced allergies induced systemic responses. Researchers suspect that the cross-reactivity of latex with banana, avocado, kiwifruit, and chestnut occurs because latex proteins are structurally homologous with some other plant proteins.

Medications

About 10% of people report that they are allergic to penicillin; however, of that 10%, 90% turn out not to be. Serious allergies only occur in about 0.03%.

Insect stings

Typically, insects which generate allergic responses are either stinging insects (wasps, bees, hornets and ants) or biting insects (mosquitoes, ticks). Stinging insects inject venom into their victims, whilst biting insects normally introduce anti-coagulants.

Toxins interacting with proteins
Another non-food protein reaction, urushiol-induced contact dermatitis, originates after contact with poison ivy, eastern poison oak, western poison oak, or poison sumac. Urushiol, which is not itself a protein, acts as a hapten and chemically reacts with, binds to, and changes the shape of integral membrane proteins on exposed skin cells. The immune system does not recognize the affected cells as normal parts of the body, causing a T-cell-mediated immune response. Of these poisonous plants, sumac is the most virulent. The resulting dermatological response to the reaction between urushiol and membrane proteins includes redness, swelling, papules, vesicles, blisters, and streaking.

Estimates vary on the population fraction that will have an immune system response. Approximately 25% of the population will have a strong allergic response to urushiol. In general, approximately 80–90% of adults will develop a rash if they are exposed to  of purified urushiol, but some people are so sensitive that it takes only a molecular trace on the skin to initiate an allergic reaction.

Genetics
Allergic diseases are strongly familial: identical twins are likely to have the same allergic diseases about 70% of the time; the same allergy occurs about 40% of the time in non-identical twins. Allergic parents are more likely to have allergic children, and those children's allergies are likely to be more severe than those in children of non-allergic parents. Some allergies, however, are not consistent along genealogies; parents who are allergic to peanuts may have children who are allergic to ragweed. The likelihood of developing allergies is inherited and related to an irregularity in the immune system, but the specific allergen is not.

The risk of allergic sensitization and the development of allergies varies with age, with young children most at risk. Several studies have shown that IgE levels are highest in childhood and fall rapidly between the ages of 10 and 30 years. The peak prevalence of hay fever is highest in children and young adults and the incidence of asthma is highest in children under 10.

Ethnicity may play a role in some allergies; however, racial factors have been difficult to separate from environmental influences and changes due to migration. It has been suggested that different genetic loci are responsible for asthma, to be specific, in people of European, Hispanic, Asian, and African origins.

Hygiene hypothesis

Allergic diseases are caused by inappropriate immunological responses to harmless antigens driven by a TH2-mediated immune response. Many bacteria and viruses elicit a TH1-mediated immune response, which down-regulates TH2 responses. The first proposed mechanism of action of the hygiene hypothesis was that insufficient stimulation of the TH1 arm of the immune system leads to an overactive TH2 arm, which in turn leads to allergic disease. In other words, individuals living in too sterile an environment are not exposed to enough pathogens to keep the immune system busy. Since our bodies evolved to deal with a certain level of such pathogens, when they are not exposed to this level, the immune system will attack harmless antigens, and thus normally benign microbial objects—like pollen—will trigger an immune response.

The hygiene hypothesis was developed to explain the observation that hay fever and eczema, both allergic diseases, were less common in children from larger families, which were, it is presumed, exposed to more infectious agents through their siblings, than in children from families with only one child. The hygiene hypothesis has been extensively investigated by immunologists and epidemiologists and has become an important theoretical framework for the study of allergic disorders. It is used to explain the increase in allergic diseases that have been seen since industrialization, and the higher incidence of allergic diseases in more developed countries. The hygiene hypothesis has now expanded to include exposure to symbiotic bacteria and parasites as important modulators of immune system development, along with infectious agents.

Epidemiological data support the hygiene hypothesis. Studies have shown that various immunological and autoimmune diseases are much less common in the developing world than the industrialized world, and that immigrants to the industrialized world from the developing world increasingly develop immunological disorders in relation to the length of time since arrival in the industrialized world. Longitudinal studies in the third world demonstrate an increase in immunological disorders as a country grows more affluent and, it is presumed, cleaner. The use of antibiotics in the first year of life has been linked to asthma and other allergic diseases. The use of antibacterial cleaning products has also been associated with higher incidence of asthma, as has birth by Caesarean section rather than vaginal birth.

Stress
Chronic stress can aggravate allergic conditions. This has been attributed to a T helper 2 (TH2)-predominant response driven by suppression of interleukin 12 by both the autonomic nervous system and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis. Stress management in highly susceptible individuals may improve symptoms.

Other environmental factors
Allergic diseases are more common in industrialized countries than in countries that are more traditional or agricultural, and there is a higher rate of allergic disease in urban populations versus rural populations, although these differences are becoming less defined. Historically, the trees planted in urban areas were predominantly male to prevent litter from seeds and fruits, but the high ratio of male trees causes high pollen counts, a phenomenon that horticulturist Tom Ogren has called "botanical sexism".

Alterations in exposure to microorganisms is another plausible explanation, at present, for the increase in atopic allergy. Endotoxin exposure reduces release of inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α, IFNγ, interleukin-10, and interleukin-12 from white blood cells (leukocytes) that circulate in the blood. Certain microbe-sensing proteins, known as Toll-like receptors, found on the surface of cells in the body are also thought to be involved in these processes.

Gutworms and similar parasites are present in untreated drinking water in developing countries, and were present in the water of developed countries until the routine chlorination and purification of drinking water supplies. Recent research has shown that some common parasites, such as intestinal worms (e.g., hookworms), secrete chemicals into the gut wall (and, hence, the bloodstream) that suppress the immune system and prevent the body from attacking the parasite. This gives rise to a new slant on the hygiene hypothesis theory—that co-evolution of humans and parasites has led to an immune system that functions correctly only in the presence of the parasites. Without them, the immune system becomes unbalanced and oversensitive. In particular, research suggests that allergies may coincide with the delayed establishment of gut flora in infants. However, the research to support this theory is conflicting, with some studies performed in China and Ethiopia showing an increase in allergy in people infected with intestinal worms. Clinical trials have been initiated to test the effectiveness of certain worms in treating some allergies. It may be that the term 'parasite' could turn out to be inappropriate, and in fact a hitherto unsuspected symbiosis is at work. For more information on this topic, see Helminthic therapy.

Pathophysiology

Acute response

In the initial stages of allergy, a type I hypersensitivity reaction against an allergen encountered for the first time and presented by a professional antigen-presenting cell causes a response in a type of immune cell called a TH2 lymphocyte, a subset of T cells that produce a cytokine called interleukin-4 (IL-4). These TH2 cells interact with other lymphocytes called B cells, whose role is production of antibodies. Coupled with signals provided by IL-4, this interaction stimulates the B cell to begin production of a large amount of a particular type of antibody known as IgE. Secreted IgE circulates in the blood and binds to an IgE-specific receptor (a kind of Fc receptor called FcεRI) on the surface of other kinds of immune cells called mast cells and basophils, which are both involved in the acute inflammatory response. The IgE-coated cells, at this stage, are sensitized to the allergen.

If later exposure to the same allergen occurs, the allergen can bind to the IgE molecules held on the surface of the mast cells or basophils. Cross-linking of the IgE and Fc receptors occurs when more than one IgE-receptor complex interacts with the same allergenic molecule and activates the sensitized cell. Activated mast cells and basophils undergo a process called degranulation, during which they release histamine and other inflammatory chemical mediators (cytokines, interleukins, leukotrienes, and prostaglandins) from their granules into the surrounding tissue causing several systemic effects, such as vasodilation, mucous secretion, nerve stimulation, and smooth muscle contraction. This results in rhinorrhea, itchiness, dyspnea, and anaphylaxis. Depending on the individual, allergen, and mode of introduction, the symptoms can be system-wide (classical anaphylaxis) or localized to specific body systems. Asthma is localized to the respiratory system and eczema is localized to the dermis.

Late-phase response
After the chemical mediators of the acute response subside, late-phase responses can often occur. This is due to the migration of other leukocytes such as neutrophils, lymphocytes, eosinophils, and macrophages to the initial site. The reaction is usually seen 2–24 hours after the original reaction. Cytokines from mast cells may play a role in the persistence of long-term effects. Late-phase responses seen in asthma are slightly different from those seen in other allergic responses, although they are still caused by release of mediators from eosinophils and are still dependent on activity of TH2 cells.

Allergic contact dermatitis
Although allergic contact dermatitis is termed an "allergic" reaction (which usually refers to type I hypersensitivity), its pathophysiology involves a reaction that more correctly corresponds to a type IV hypersensitivity reaction. In type IV hypersensitivity, there is activation of certain types of T cells (CD8+) that destroy target cells on contact, as well as activated macrophages that produce hydrolytic enzymes.

Diagnosis

Effective management of allergic diseases relies on the ability to make an accurate diagnosis. Allergy testing can help confirm or rule out allergies. Correct diagnosis, counseling, and avoidance advice based on valid allergy test results reduce the incidence of symptoms and need for medications, and improve quality of life. To assess the presence of allergen-specific IgE antibodies, two different methods can be used: a skin prick test, or an allergy blood test. Both methods are recommended, and they have similar diagnostic value.

Skin prick tests and blood tests are equally cost-effective, and health economic evidence shows that both tests were cost-effective compared with no test. Early and more accurate diagnoses save cost due to reduced consultations, referrals to secondary care, misdiagnosis, and emergency admissions.

Allergy undergoes dynamic changes over time. Regular allergy testing of relevant allergens provides information on if and how patient management can be changed to improve health and quality of life. Annual testing is often the practice for determining whether allergy to milk, egg, soy, and wheat have been outgrown, and the testing interval is extended to 2–3 years for allergy to peanut, tree nuts, fish, and crustacean shellfish. Results of follow-up testing can guide decision-making regarding whether and when it is safe to introduce or re-introduce allergenic food into the diet.

Skin prick testing

Skin testing is also known as "puncture testing" and "prick testing" due to the series of tiny punctures or pricks made into the patient's skin. Tiny amounts of suspected allergens and/or their extracts (e.g., pollen, grass, mite proteins, peanut extract) are introduced to sites on the skin marked with pen or dye (the ink/dye should be carefully selected, lest it cause an allergic response itself). A small plastic or metal device is used to puncture or prick the skin. Sometimes, the allergens are injected "intradermally" into the patient's skin, with a needle and syringe. Common areas for testing include the inside forearm and the back.

If the patient is allergic to the substance, then a visible inflammatory reaction will usually occur within 30 minutes. This response will range from slight reddening of the skin to a full-blown hive (called "wheal and flare") in more sensitive patients similar to a mosquito bite. Interpretation of the results of the skin prick test is normally done by allergists on a scale of severity, with +/− meaning borderline reactivity, and 4+ being a large reaction. Increasingly, allergists are measuring and recording the diameter of the wheal and flare reaction. Interpretation by well-trained allergists is often guided by relevant literature. Some patients may believe they have determined their own allergic sensitivity from observation, but a skin test has been shown to be much better than patient observation to detect allergy.

If a serious life-threatening anaphylactic reaction has brought a patient in for evaluation, some allergists will prefer an initial blood test prior to performing the skin prick test. Skin tests may not be an option if the patient has widespread skin disease or has taken antihistamines in the last several days.

Patch testing

Patch testing is a method used to determine if a specific substance causes allergic inflammation of the skin. It tests for delayed reactions. It is used to help ascertain the cause of skin contact allergy or contact dermatitis. Adhesive patches, usually treated with several common allergic chemicals or skin sensitizers, are applied to the back. The skin is then examined for possible local reactions at least twice, usually at 48 hours after application of the patch, and again two or three days later.

Blood testing
An allergy blood test is quick and simple and can be ordered by a licensed health care provider (e.g., an allergy specialist) or general practitioner. Unlike skin-prick testing, a blood test can be performed irrespective of age, skin condition, medication, symptom, disease activity, and pregnancy. Adults and children of any age can get an allergy blood test. For babies and very young children, a single needle stick for allergy blood testing is often gentler than several skin pricks.

An allergy blood test is available through most laboratories. A sample of the patient's blood is sent to a laboratory for analysis, and the results are sent back a few days later. Multiple allergens can be detected with a single blood sample. Allergy blood tests are very safe since the person is not exposed to any allergens during the testing procedure.

The test measures the concentration of specific IgE antibodies in the blood. Quantitative IgE test results increase the possibility of ranking how different substances may affect symptoms. A rule of thumb is that the higher the IgE antibody value, the greater the likelihood of symptoms. Allergens found at low levels that today do not result in symptoms cannot help predict future symptom development. The quantitative allergy blood result can help determine what a patient is allergic to, help predict and follow the disease development, estimate the risk of a severe reaction, and explain cross-reactivity.

A low total IgE level is not adequate to rule out sensitization to commonly inhaled allergens. Statistical methods, such as ROC curves, predictive value calculations, and likelihood ratios have been used to examine the relationship of various testing methods to each other. These methods have shown that patients with a high total IgE have a high probability of allergic sensitization, but further investigation with allergy tests for specific IgE antibodies for a carefully chosen of allergens is often warranted.

Laboratory methods to measure specific IgE antibodies for allergy testing include enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA, or EIA), radioallergosorbent test (RAST) and fluorescent enzyme immunoassay (FEIA).

Other testing
Challenge testing: Challenge testing is when tiny amounts of a suspected allergen are introduced to the body orally, through inhalation, or via other routes. Except for testing food and medication allergies, challenges are rarely performed. When this type of testing is chosen, it must be closely supervised by an allergist.

Elimination/challenge tests: This testing method is used most often with foods or medicines. A patient with a suspected allergen is instructed to modify his diet to totally avoid that allergen for a set time. If the patient experiences significant improvement, he may then be "challenged" by reintroducing the allergen, to see if symptoms are reproduced.

Unreliable tests: There are other types of allergy testing methods that are unreliable, including applied kinesiology (allergy testing through muscle relaxation), cytotoxicity testing, urine autoinjection, skin titration (Rinkel method), and provocative and neutralization (subcutaneous) testing or sublingual provocation.

Differential diagnosis
Before a diagnosis of allergic disease can be confirmed, other plausible causes of the presenting symptoms should be considered. Vasomotor rhinitis, for example, is one of many illnesses that share symptoms with allergic rhinitis, underscoring the need for professional differential diagnosis. Once a diagnosis of asthma, rhinitis, anaphylaxis, or other allergic disease has been made, there are several methods for discovering the causative agent of that allergy.

Prevention

Giving peanut products early may decrease the risk of allergies while only breastfeeding during at least the first few months of life may decrease the risk of dermatitis. There is no good evidence that a mother's diet during pregnancy or breastfeeding affects the risk of allergies, nor is there evidence that delayed introduction of certain foods is useful. Early exposure to potential allergens may actually be protective.

Fish oil supplementation during pregnancy is associated with a lower risk. Probiotic supplements during pregnancy or infancy may help to prevent atopic dermatitis.

Management
Management of allergies typically involves avoiding the allergy trigger and taking medications to improve the symptoms. Allergen immunotherapy may be useful for some types of allergies.

Medication
Several medications may be used to block the action of allergic mediators, or to prevent activation of cells and degranulation processes. These include antihistamines, glucocorticoids, epinephrine (adrenaline), mast cell stabilizers, and antileukotriene agents are common treatments of allergic diseases. Anticholinergics, decongestants, and other compounds thought to impair eosinophil chemotaxis are also commonly used. Although rare, the severity of anaphylaxis often requires epinephrine injection, and where medical care is unavailable, a device known as an epinephrine autoinjector may be used.

Immunotherapy

Allergen immunotherapy is useful for environmental allergies, allergies to insect bites, and asthma. Its benefit for food allergies is unclear and thus not recommended. Immunotherapy involves exposing people to larger and larger amounts of allergen in an effort to change the immune system's response.

Meta-analyses have found that injections of allergens under the skin is effective in the treatment in allergic rhinitis in children and in asthma. The benefits may last for years after treatment is stopped. It is generally safe and effective for allergic rhinitis and conjunctivitis, allergic forms of asthma, and stinging insects.

To a lesser extent, the evidence also supports the use of sublingual immunotherapy for rhinitis and asthma. For seasonal allergies the benefit is small. In this form the allergen is given under the tongue and people often prefer it to injections. Immunotherapy is not recommended as a stand-alone treatment for asthma.

Alternative medicine
An experimental treatment, enzyme potentiated desensitization (EPD), has been tried for decades but is not generally accepted as effective. EPD uses dilutions of allergen and an enzyme, beta-glucuronidase, to which T-regulatory lymphocytes are supposed to respond by favoring desensitization, or down-regulation, rather than sensitization. EPD has also been tried for the treatment of autoimmune diseases, but evidence does not show effectiveness.

A review found no effectiveness of homeopathic treatments and no difference compared with placebo. The authors concluded that based on rigorous clinical trials of all types of homeopathy for childhood and adolescence ailments, there is no convincing evidence that supports the use of homeopathic treatments.

According to the National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health, U.S., the evidence is relatively strong that saline nasal irrigation and butterbur are effective, when compared to other alternative medicine treatments, for which the scientific evidence is weak, negative, or nonexistent, such as honey, acupuncture, omega 3's, probiotics, astragalus, capsaicin, grape seed extract, Pycnogenol, quercetin, spirulina, stinging nettle, tinospora, or guduchi.

Epidemiology
The allergic diseases—hay fever and asthma—have increased in the Western world over the past 2–3 decades. Increases in allergic asthma and other atopic disorders in industrialized nations, it is estimated, began in the 1960s and 1970s, with further increases occurring during the 1980s and 1990s, although some suggest that a steady rise in sensitization has been occurring since the 1920s. The number of new cases per year of atopy in developing countries has, in general, remained much lower.

Changing frequency
Although genetic factors govern susceptibility to atopic disease, increases in atopy have occurred within too short a period to be explained by a genetic change in the population, thus pointing to environmental or lifestyle changes. Several hypotheses have been identified to explain this increased rate. Increased exposure to perennial allergens may be due to housing changes and increased time spent indoors, and a decreased activation of a common immune control mechanism may be caused by changes in cleanliness or hygiene, and exacerbated by dietary changes, obesity, and decline in physical exercise. The hygiene hypothesis maintains that high living standards and hygienic conditions exposes children to fewer infections. It is thought that reduced bacterial and viral infections early in life direct the maturing immune system away from TH1 type responses, leading to unrestrained TH2 responses that allow for an increase in allergy.

Changes in rates and types of infection alone, however, have been unable to explain the observed increase in allergic disease, and recent evidence has focused attention on the importance of the gastrointestinal microbial environment. Evidence has shown that exposure to food and fecal-oral pathogens, such as hepatitis A, Toxoplasma gondii, and Helicobacter pylori (which also tend to be more prevalent in developing countries), can reduce the overall risk of atopy by more than 60%, and an increased rate of parasitic infections has been associated with a decreased prevalence of asthma. It is speculated that these infections exert their effect by critically altering TH1/TH2 regulation. Important elements of newer hygiene hypotheses also include exposure to endotoxins, exposure to pets and growing up on a farm.

History
Some symptoms attributable to allergic diseases are mentioned in ancient sources. Particularly, three members of the Roman Julio-Claudian dynasty (Augustus, Claudius and Britannicus) are suspected to have a family history of atopy. The concept of "allergy" was originally introduced in 1906 by the Viennese pediatrician Clemens von Pirquet, after he noticed that patients who had received injections of horse serum or smallpox vaccine usually had quicker, more severe reactions to second injections. Pirquet called this phenomenon "allergy" from the Ancient Greek words ἄλλος allos meaning "other" and ἔργον ergon meaning "work".

All forms of hypersensitivity used to be classified as allergies, and all were thought to be caused by an improper activation of the immune system. Later, it became clear that several different disease mechanisms were implicated, with a common link to a disordered activation of the immune system. In 1963, a new classification scheme was designed by Philip Gell and Robin Coombs that described four types of hypersensitivity reactions, known as Type I to Type IV hypersensitivity. With this new classification, the word allergy, sometimes clarified as a true allergy, was restricted to type I hypersensitivities (also called immediate hypersensitivity), which are characterized as rapidly developing reactions involving IgE antibodies.

A major breakthrough in understanding the mechanisms of allergy was the discovery of the antibody class labeled immunoglobulin E (IgE). IgE was simultaneously discovered in 1966–67 by two independent groups: Ishizaka's team at the Children's Asthma Research Institute and Hospital in Denver, USA, and by Gunnar Johansson and Hans Bennich in Uppsala, Sweden. Their joint paper was published in April 1969.

Diagnosis
Radiometric assays include the radioallergosorbent test (RAST test) method, which uses IgE-binding (anti-IgE) antibodies labeled with radioactive isotopes for quantifying the levels of IgE antibody in the blood. Other, newer methods use colorimetric or fluorescence-labeled technology in the place of radioactive isotopes.

The RAST methodology was invented and marketed in 1974 by Pharmacia Diagnostics AB, Uppsala, Sweden, and the acronym RAST is actually a brand name. In 1989, Pharmacia Diagnostics AB replaced it with a superior test named the ImmunoCAP Specific IgE blood test, which uses the newer fluorescence-labeled technology.

American College of Allergy Asthma and Immunology (ACAAI) and the American Academy of Allergy Asthma and Immunology (AAAAI) issued the Joint Task Force Report "Pearls and pitfalls of allergy diagnostic testing" in 2008, and is firm in its statement that the term RAST is now obsolete:

The updated version, the ImmunoCAP Specific IgE blood test, is the only specific IgE assay to receive Food and Drug Administration approval to quantitatively report to its detection limit of 0.1kU/L.

Medical specialty

An allergist is a physician specially trained to manage and treat allergies, asthma, and the other allergic diseases.
In the United States physicians holding certification by the American Board of Allergy and Immunology (ABAI) have successfully completed an accredited educational program and evaluation process, including a proctored examination to demonstrate knowledge, skills, and experience in patient care in allergy and immunology. Becoming an allergist/immunologist requires completion of at least nine years of training. After completing medical school and graduating with a medical degree, a physician will undergo three years of training in internal medicine (to become an internist) or pediatrics (to become a pediatrician). Once physicians have finished training in one of these specialties, they must pass the exam of either the American Board of Pediatrics (ABP), the American Osteopathic Board of Pediatrics (AOBP), the American Board of Internal Medicine (ABIM), or the American Osteopathic Board of Internal Medicine (AOBIM). Internists or pediatricians wishing to focus on the sub-specialty of allergy-immunology then complete at least an additional two years of study, called a fellowship, in an allergy/immunology training program. Allergist/immunologists listed as ABAI-certified have successfully passed the certifying examination of the ABAI following their fellowship.

In the United Kingdom, allergy is a subspecialty of general medicine or pediatrics. After obtaining postgraduate exams (MRCP or MRCPCH), a doctor works for several years as a specialist registrar before qualifying for the General Medical Council specialist register. Allergy services may also be delivered by immunologists. A 2003 Royal College of Physicians report presented a case for improvement of what were felt to be inadequate allergy services in the UK. In 2006, the House of Lords convened a subcommittee. It concluded likewise in 2007 that allergy services were insufficient to deal with what the Lords referred to as an "allergy epidemic" and its social cost; it made several recommendations.

Research
Low-allergen foods are being developed, as are improvements in skin prick test predictions; evaluation of the atopy patch test, wasp sting outcomes predictions, a rapidly disintegrating epinephrine tablet, and anti-IL-5 for eosinophilic diseases.

See also
 Allergic shiner
 GWAS in allergy
 Histamine intolerance
 List of allergens
 Oral allergy syndrome

References

External links

Effects of external causes
Immunology
Respiratory diseases
Immune system
Immune system disorders
Wikipedia medicine articles ready to translate
Wikipedia emergency medicine articles ready to translate

Allergy


The software industry in Karnataka state in India has become one of the main pillars of the state's economy. Karnataka stands first among all the states of India in terms of revenue generated from software exports, accounting for 41.6% of all software exports from the country during the financial year of 2018–19. Karnataka's capital city Bangalore has the sobriquet of Silicon Valley of India, with total IT exports worth US$ 53 billion during the financial year 2021–22, employing 1 000 000 people directly and 3 000 000 lakh indirectly. Though most software companies are located in Bangalore, some have settled in other cities like Mysore, Mangalore, Belgaum and Hubli in Karnataka. The infrastructure required for setting up software industries in Karnataka is provided by STPI. The software industry in Karnataka includes companies dealing with various fields like telecommunication, banking software, avionics, database, automotive, networking, semiconductors, mobile handsets, internet applications and business process outsourcing. Currently, out of total IT exports, 95% is from Bengaluru alone and the other Karnataka cities contribute just 5%.

The Nandi Hills area on the outskirts of Devanahalli is the site of the upcoming $22 billion,  BIAL IT Investment Region, one of the largest infrastructure projects in the history of Karnataka. This project is expected to create over four million jobs by the year 2030.

Origin
Starting in the 1980s, Karnataka emerged as the information technology capital of the country. A total of 1973 companies in Karnataka are involved in Information Technology related business including big firms like Infosys and Wipro who have their headquarters in Bangalore. The origin of the growth of the software industry in Karnataka seems to have been the entry of Texas Instruments which was the first multinational to set up base in Sona Tower, Millers Road, Bangalore in 1985.Texas Instruments
was searching for a location to set up their overseas development centre in India in the early 1980s. They first looked at the states of Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu but when both states refused permission, Karnataka was approached with a condition that land allotted must be near an airport. The then chief minister of Karnataka Gundu Rao agreed to their terms and granted land near the HAL Airport in Bangalore. Texas Instruments currently has a big facility in Bagmane Tech Park in Bangalore near the airport.

There were many factors conducive to the development of the software industry in Karnataka state. One factor is the presence of large numbers of top grade science and engineering institutions like IISc, NITK, B.M.S. College of Engineering, BVB, Malnad College of Engineering MSRIT, NIE, SJCE, RVCE, PESIT, SDMCET and around 200 engineering colleges. The software industry requires large numbers of skilled engineers which are regularly churned out of the engineering colleges in Karnataka. The presence of Public sector undertakings like BEL, HAL, BHEL, ITI and BEML gave ready access to manpower as well as trial opportunities of newly developed software. There were many advanced laboratories like NAL and ISRO in and around Bangalore which provided necessary basic knowledge required for software development. The successive state governments have been proactive in providing necessary facilities for growth of the industry. The salubrious climate of Bangalore also helps in the growth of the software industry there.

Effects
There has been both positive and negative effects of software industry's tremendous growth. The per capita income of state has risen. Cars once considered a luxury has become a commodity, often leading to traffic jams and unavailability of space for parking. More people are traveling abroad for work as well as for tourism. Growth in income has had an effect on the real estate prices with the land rates skyrocketing. Land prices have shot much beyond rate of inflation and in some places rate of land doubles every two years. Agriculture has slowed down as people find it more lucrative to sell the land rather than use it for agriculture. The surge in income of software professionals has led to increased interest among youth opting for computer science and information technology courses in college. The basic science, arts and commerce fields have felt a shortage of quality manpower.

External links
 Webpage of STPI, Bangalore
 Bangalore cluster: Evolution, growth and challenges - An examination of the IT industry in Bangalore

See also
 Information technology in India
 Software industry in Telangana
 List of Indian IT companies

References

Economy of Karnataka
Information technology industry of Bangalore
Software industry in India
Software companies of India
Software
Information technology organisations based in India

Software industry in Karnataka


A cytotoxic T cell is a type of white blood cell. It is a T lymphocyte which kills cancer cells, cells  infected with viruses, or cells that are damaged in other ways.

Most cytotoxic T cells have T-cell receptors (TCRs) which recognize a specific antigen from a cancer cell or virus.

Antigens inside a cell are brought to the surface of the cell by major histocompatibility complex molecules, where they can be recognized by the T cell. If the TCR is specific for that antigen, it binds to the complex of MHC molecule and antigen, and the T cell destroys the cell.

blood cells
Immunology

Cytotoxic T cell


ELLAKTOR Group is the largest infrastructure group in Greece and one of the leading in Southeastern Europe, with an international presence and a diversified portfolio of activities, focusing on construction, concessions, environment, renewable energy and real estate development.

With operations in 22 countries and nearly 7,500 employees, ELLAKTOR Group generates a turnover of €915.5  million (2021).

Combining 70 years of expertise in the most complex and demanding projects with the latest technologies, ELLAKTOR Group breathes life into projects that accelerate growth and improve the quality of life in communities across the world.

21 years after the triple merger of Elliniki Technodomiki, AKTOR and TEV that created ELLAKTOR, the Group is redefined by setting modern corporate governance as a cornerstone and by giving priority to enhancing Group operations, to reorganizing capital structure and to further capitalizing on synergies, in order to provide increased added value to its shareholders, its employees and the Greek economy.

ELLAKTOR Group is among the top 100 global manufacturing groups (Global Powers of Construction 2020, Deloitte-July 21).

Historic Milestones
ELLAKTOR Group combines 70 years of experience, as it is the product of a merger of three large and historic construction companies of Greece, the Volos Engineering Company (TEB), founded in 1949, Elliniki Technodomiki, founded in 1955 and AKTOR, which started its operation in 1977.

The process which led to the creation of ELLAKTOR Group began in 1999 and was completed in 2002, with the absorption of the construction branches of ELLINIKI TECHNODOMIKI S.A. and TEB S.A. by AKTOR S.A., followed by the merger of ELLINIKI TECHNODOMIKI S.A. and TEB S.A. This process resulted in the Group's parent company ELLINIKI TECHNODOMIKI – TEB S.A., which, in 2008 was renamed ELLAKTOR SOCIETE ANONYME with the trade name ELLAKTOR S.A.

As a result of the rapid growth of the construction sector in Greece in the late 1990s and the trend of mergers and acquisitions that prevailed to enable the creation of strong Infrastructure Groups having the financial and engineering capacity to respond to the high demand for new infrastructure projects during the 2000s, other construction companies joined ELLAKTOR Group through mergers and acquisitions, including TOMI S.A., KASTOR S.A. and PANTEHNIKI S.A.

Already from early 2000 the Group started diversifying its activities, expanding beyond the until then purely construction activity, in areas like real estate development, concessions, waste management and wind parks, through the establishment, acquisition or absorption of respective companies (AKTOR CONCESSIONS S.A., HELECTOR S.A. EL.TECH. ANEMOS S.A.).

During the same period, the Group also expanded its activities beyond the Greek borders with the establishment of subsidiaries and branches in Southeast Europe and the Middle East.

Group Companies

 Ellactor
 Actor
 Actor Concessions
 Helector
 R.E.D.S

References

External links

Construction and civil engineering companies of Greece
Holding companies established in 1977
Companies based in Athens
1977 establishments in Greece
Companies listed on the Athens Exchange
Holding companies of Greece

Ellaktor


Dióscoro Teófilo Puebla Tolín (25 February 1831 – 24 October 1901) was a Spanish painter in the Eclectic style who specialized in portraits, genre and history painting.

Biography

Puebla was born in Melgar de Fernamental. His first studies took place in the public schools of Carrión de los Condes, where he displayed his talent for drawing. This led to his enrollment at the new "Escuela Municipal de Dibujo de Palencia", which had been created in 1838 and ultimately produced many well-known Spanish artists, including José Casado del Alisal, Eugenio Oliva and Asterio Mañanós Martínez. In 1845, he enrolled at the Real Academia de Bellas Artes de San Fernando in Madrid, where he studied with José de Madrazo and Carlos Luis de Ribera y Fieve.

After completing his course in Madrid he was able to perfect his art by travelling to Rome, thanks to a competitive grant awarded by the Ministry of Public Works; 12,000 Reales per year for three years, beginning in 1858. While there, he became part of the group of Spanish painters who gathered at the Antico Caffè Greco. The grant was later extended for two years, enabling him to visit other parts of Italy.

Academic career
Upon returning to Spain in 1863, he was named Professor of Color and Composition at the Real Academia Provincial de Bellas Artes de Cádiz, but served for only a short time before he was given a Royal Appointment to the Academy of San Fernando and took his place there in 1865.

On several occasions over the next twenty-five years, he sat on juries created by the Ministry of State to evaluate candidates for positions at the new "Academia Española de Bellas Artes de Roma". In 1869, he was named an officer in the Order of Isabella the Catholic and Order of Charles III. He also exhibited widely, participating in the Weltausstellung 1873 Wien and the Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia, among others.

In 1882, he was chosen to be an "Academician" by his peers at San Fernando and, in 1897, he became the Director of the "School of Drawing, Painting and Engraving", succeeding Luis de Madrazo. He died in Madrid, aged 70.

Although his historical paintings were a relatively small portion of his output, they remain his best-known works. Many of his portraits are displayed in the Congress of Deputies in Spain, including those of Nicomedes Pastor Díaz and Pedro José Pidal.

References

Further reading
 Diccionario de Arte, Pintores del siglo XIX, Editorial LIBSA, 2001. .
 Juan Carlos Elorza Guinea (ed.) Dióscoro Puebla, 1831-1901, Exhibition catalog, Burgos, Junta de Castilla y León, 1993.

External links

 Dióscoro Puebla: Galería Pintores Españoles @ Foro Xerbar
 Dióscoro Puebla @ Burgospedia

1831 births
1901 deaths
History painters
19th-century Spanish painters
Spanish male painters
People from the Province of Burgos
Real Academia de Bellas Artes de San Fernando alumni
19th-century Spanish male artists

Dióscoro Puebla


Emmanuel Berl (2 August 1892 – 21 September 1976) was a French journalist, historian and essayist. He was born at Le Vésinet in the modern département of Yvelines, and is buried in the Montparnasse Cemetery, Paris. In 1937 he married the singer, composer and film actress Mireille Hartuch; she had nicknamed him "Théodore" (which is what appears on their tomb). Berl was the cousin of Lisette de Brinon.

Biography
Emmanuel Berl was from an upper middle class Jewish family related to Bergson and Proust and the novelist and screenwriter Monique Lange. He studied philosophy before  volunteering for the armed services in 1914. Discharged in 1917 with a respiratory disease after having received the Croix de Guerre (or, war cross), he joined the surrealists, especially working with Louis Aragon, Gaston Bergery and his former schoolmate from the Lycée Carnot, Pierre Drieu La Rochelle. In 1927, Berl and La Rochelle published a short-lived periodical: Les Derniers Jours.  In 1928, with Édouard Berth, Marcel Déat, Bertrand de Jouvenel and Pierre Mendès-France, he took part in the editing of the Cahiers bleus which had just launched George Valois. The same year, he met André Malraux to whom he dedicated his Mort de la pensée bourgeoise, a satire in which Emmanuel Berl called for a more committed culture and literature.

During the 1930s, he entered politics on the side of the radicals.  After working for the weekly Monde, in 1932 he edited the weekly Marianne (magazine: 1932-40), which was the leading weekly on the left until the appearance of Vendredi in 1935.  In it, he defended a political line favourable to the Popular Front but his intransigent pacifism and his equal refusal of both fascist and communist totalitarianism led him to adopt heterodox positions and to show his curiosity and sympathies in neo-socialism.  He clashed with the left because he favoured equipping France with a large and strong army.   He stated: "Je suis pour la force et contre la violence" ("I am for force and against violence").

In 1937, Éditions Gallimard sold Marianne. Emmanuel Berl resigned from the paper and founded a new weekly: Le Pavé de Paris, which he led until the exodus from Paris in 1940.  He left for the southwest before being called on 17 June to Bordeaux, where worked on a speech for Marshal Philippe Pétain (then president of the council). He also drafted the two speeches of 23 and 25 June. After a short spell in Vichy, he turned his back on the new regime and returned to his wife Mireille in Cannes and settled, in July 1941, in Argentat. There he drafted Histoire de l'Europe (History of Europe) and was reunited with Bertrand de Jouvenal, Jean Effel and André Malraux.

After World War II, he left politics to concentrate on literature and editing autobiographical works, including the notable book Sylvia.  In 1967, the Académie française awarded him the Grand Prix de littérature.

After his death, at Paris, Patrick Modiano and Bernard Morlino did a lot to ensure his memory.  The former published Interrogatoire, and the latter published two posthumous books of his friend: Essais and Un spectateur engagé.  Morlino also published his own works: Les tribulations d'un pacifiste and Berl, Morand et moi.

Literary works
 Méditation sur un amour défunt (1925),
 Mort de la pensée bourgeoise (1929)
 Mort de la morale bourgeoise (1930)
 Le Bourgeois et l'Amour (1931)
 Sylvia (1952)
 Présences des morts (1956)
 Rachel et autres grâces (1965)
 Trois Faces du sacré (1971)
 Le Virage (1972)
 Essais,  collected texts chosen and presented by Bernard Morlino, 1985
 Interrogatoire par Patrick Modiano followed by Il fait beau, allons au cimetière (1976)
 Tant que vous penserez à moi (in collaboration with Jean d'Ormesson), 1992

References

Most of the original content of this article comes from this version of the equivalent French-language Wikipedia article, :fr:Emmanuel Berl.

1892 births
1976 deaths
20th-century French Jews
People from Le Vésinet
French military personnel of World War I
Burials at Montparnasse Cemetery
French male essayists
20th-century French historians
20th-century French essayists
20th-century French male writers
20th-century French journalists

Emmanuel Berl


Jesús Alfonso Huerta Escoboza (January 4, 1966  January 11, 2020) was a Mexican luchador enmascarado, or masked professional wrestler, better known as La Parka (or La Parka II to distinguish him from the original La Parka) who worked for the Mexican professional wrestling promotion AAA from the mid-1990s until 2019. On January 11, 2020, Huerta died from complications arising from injuries that he sustained from a botched move during an October 2019 match.

Escoboza was not the first wrestler to use the ring name "La Parka", Adolfo Tapia was the original La Parka but did not own either the name or the character. In the late 1990s, Escoboza was billed as La Parka Jr. and then in 2003 he became the "official" La Parka while Tapia was forced to stop using the name and instead became known as L.A. Park.

In 2020, he was posthumously inducted into the AAA Hall of Fame.

Professional wrestling career

Early career (1987–1995)
Escoboza made his debut in 1987, working as Bello Sexy. After working as Bello Sexy for five years he changed his gimmick to Maligno (Spanish for "Evil"), which he used until 1995. In this time period he also briefly worked as Crater and Santa Esmarela.

Lucha Libre AAA Worldwide (1995–2019)

Karis la Momia (1995–1996)
In early 1995 Escobedo was once again repackaged as he joined Lucha Libre AAA Worldwide (AAA; then formally known as Asistencia Asesoría y Administración) and became Karis la Momia ("Karis the Mummy") a mummy gimmick named after the 1940s Mummy-film series Kharis. He was the fourth wrestler to use the Karis la Momia name. On June 30, 1995, Karis la Momia made his first AAA major show appearance as he teamed with Espectro I, El Duende, Maniaco and Halloween, losing to Los Power Raiders at Triplemania III-C. On May 15, 1996, Karis won his first wrestling championship as he defeated Blue Demon Jr. for the Mexican National Cruiserweight Championship. At Triplemania IV-A Karis, Arunyo and Killer defeated Blue Demon Jr., El Torero, and Máscara Sagrada Jr. Over the summer of 1996 Karis worked a storyline feud, teaming with Los Payasos against Los Junior Atómicos (Máscara Sagrada Jr., Tinieblas Jr., Blue Demon Jr. and Halcón Dorado Jr.). The two teams met in a four on four match at Triplemania IV-B which Los Junior Atómicos won. The storyline continued at Triplemania IV-C as the two teams faced off in a Steel cage match as the main event of the show. The match saw Karis la Momia defeat Halcón Dorado Jr., forcing him to unmask. In November 1996 Karis la Momia was given a new gimmick and he was forced to vacate the Mexican National Cruiserweight Championship because of this. He may have impersonated a new character named La Calaca (a variation of La Parka character with an inverted costume and a more diabolical mask) in a match fought in Arena Neza at the end of 1996. This gimmick was later given to a Monterrey rudo named El Sanguinario.

La Parka Jr. (1996–2003)
By late 1996, AAA regular, La Parka began working full-time for World Championship Wrestling, which meant that AAA lost one of its most popular performers. Since AAA owner Antonio Peña had created the character and owned the rights to them in Mexico he decided to create "La Parka Jr." as a way to capitalize on the popularity of La Parka, giving the part to the promising Escobedo. La Parka. Jr. joined Los Junior Atómicos, replacing the very man he had unmasked, Halcón Dorado Jr. One of the early appearances of La Parka Jr. was at Guerra de Titanes 1997, where he teamed with Máscara Sagrada Jr., Venum and Cuervo in a loss to Los Vipers (Psicosis, Histeria, Mosco de la Merced and Maniaco). La Parka Jr. quickly became a part of the storyline between the Los Vipers group and a group of "AAA Loyalists", this storyline led to a match at Triplemania VI where he teamed with Latin Lover, Blue Demon Jr. and Máscara Sagráda defeating Los Vipers (Cibernético, Histeria, Maniaco and Psicosis). On April 4, 1999 Los Junior Atómicos (La Parka Jr. Perro Aguayo Jr., Blue Demon Jr. and Máscara Sagrada Jr.) defeated Los Vatos Locos (Charly Manson, May Flowers, Nygma and Picudo) to win the Mexican National Atómicos Championship. The group held the title for five months, before losing it to rivals Los Vipers at Verano de Escandalo (1999). On August 12, 1999, La Parka Jr. regained the Mexican National Cruiserweight Championship he was forced to give up when he changed gimmicks, defeating Kendo for the title.

On March 30, 2001, La Parka Jr. defeated Latin Lover, Abismo Negro and Heavy Metal to win the 2001 Rey de Reyes tournament, the first visible proof that La Parka Jr. was being positioned as one of the top tecnicos (Face or good guy) of AAA. La Parka Jr. followed his Rey de Reyes success by forcing Abismo Negro to submit in their four on four encounter at Triplemania IX on May 26, 2001. On November 11, 2001, La Parka and Máscara Sagrada teamed up to defeat El Texano and Pirata Morgan for the Mexican National Tag Team Championship. The team held onto the titles until April 19, 2002, when Electroshock and Chessman took the titles from them. La Parka Jr.'s climb up the card continued as he teamed with El Alebrije, Máscara Sagrada and Octagón to defeat Abismo Negro, Cibernético, the Monsther and Leatherface in the main event of Guerra de Titanes 2002. On March 16, 2003, La Parka Jr. won the Rey de Reyes tournament, defeating Abismo Negro to claim his second Rey de Reyes.

The new La Parka (2003–2009)
In early 2003 the original La Parka joined Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre (CMLL), AAA's main rival, as a result Antonio Peña took legal action against Adolfo Tapia, barring him from using the name "La Parka" or wearing the signature "skeleton suit" in Mexico. After taking action against Tapia, La Parka Jr. became known officially as just "La Parka". On June 15, 2003, La Parka main evented his first Triplemanía as he teamed with Lizmark, Octagón and Super Caló, defeating Abismo Negro, Cibernético and The Headhunters in the main event of Triplemania XI. Five days later La Parka teamed with Octagón to win the Mexican National Tag Team Championship from Electroshock and Chessman, a title the team held for 3,110 days.

The storyline between the AAA loyalists, led by La Parka, and Los Vipers, led by Cibernético came to a head on June 20, 2004, in the main event of Triplemania XII as La Parka defeated Cibernético in a Luchas de Apuesta, forcing Cibernético to unmask after the match in one of the biggest Triplemania events ever. The feud between La Parka and Cibernético continued beyond the mask loss, including La Parka defeating Cibernético in a "Lights Out" match at Verano de Escandalo (2004).

In late 2005 Konnan returned to AAA, bringing a contingent of Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA) wrestlers with him, forming La Legión Extranjera, the new top Rudo (Heel or bad guy) faction of AAA. The appearance of La Legión actually caused La Parka and Cibernético to form a temporary alliance, fighting La Legión in the main event of Guerra de Titanes 2004, defeating Konnan and Rikishi. The Cibernético / La Parka alliance did not last long as Cibernético formed La Secta Cibernetica in early 2005, siding with Konnan's La Legión. On March 11, 2005, La Parka won his third Rey de Reyes, winning a seven-way elimination match over Latin Lover, Abismo Negro, Chessman, Jeff Jarrett, Konnan and Cibernético. With the victory La Parka became the only wrestler to ever win three Rey de Reyes tournaments. La Parka's run as the top tecnico of AAA continued, main eventing Triplemania XIII alongside Latin Lover and Octagón, defeating Cibernético, Chessman and Fuerza Guerrera. In early 2006 La Secta de Cibernetica brought in Muerta Cibernetica to strengthen the group, often replacing Cibernético because of various minor injuries. At the 2006 Rey de Reyes La Parka, Vampiro and Octagón represented AAA in a four-way trios match against La Secta, Team TNA and Los Guapos for the Rey de Reyes trophy. While La Parka did not win he did help his teammate Vampiro win it. At Triplemania XIV La Parka faced off against Muerta Cibernetica in a Luchas de Apuesta. In a move that mirrored Triplemania XII La Parka won, unmasking Muerta Cibernetica. The Legión Extranjera storyline saw La Parka face off against TNA wrestlers such as Abyss, Jeff Jarrett, Elix Skipper and Hotstuff Hernandez.

In late 2006 AAA owner Antonio Peña died, forcing various changes backstage including Joaquin Roldan taking over the booking duties. One of the things that Roldan changed in AAA was that La Parka was no longer booked as the lone top tecnico any more, focusing the main storyline more on Cibernético. On March 18, 2007, La Parka won his fourth and final Rey de Reyes tournament defeating Octagón, Abismo Negro, Rhino, Fuerza Guerrera and Latin Lover in the elimination match final. At Triplemania XV the La Legión team of Ron Killings, Sabu, Head Hunter A and Rikishi Phatu defeated La Parka, El Zorro, Latin Lover and Animal. Over the summer of 2007 La Parka injured his shoulder in a car accident, forcing him to work a lighter schedule and a less risky style. At the 2007 Antonio Peña Memorial Show Kenzo Suzuki aggravated La Parka's injury by accident forcing him to take time off after the event.

La Parka's shoulder injury kept him sidelined for extended periods in both 2007 and 2008, but he did participate in Triplemania XVI where he teamed with Chessman and Silver King, only to lose to La Legión, represented by Bobby Lashley, Electroshock and Kenzo Suzuki. The storyline between La Legión and the AAA Loyalists led to a Steel cage match between team AAA (La Parka, Latin Lover, Octagón and Super Fly) and La Legión Extranjera (Electroshock, Konnan, Kenzo Suzuki and Rellik). The storyline leading into the match was that the winning team would gain control of AAA as well as the urn that supposedly contained Antonio Peña's ashes as the symbol of that control. Konnan's team won on the night, taking control of the promotion. In 2009 La Parka's angle with La Legión focused mainly on Silver King, Silver King had turned on La Parka during a match in early 2009 and joined La Legión, since then the two faced off in many intense matches, often with inconclusive results. The storyline has seen both of them ripping at each other's masks, hinting at a future Luchas de Apuestas match. At Triplemania XVII La Parka, El Hijo del Santo, Vampiro, Octagón and Jack Evans defeated La Legión (Silver King, Chessman, Electroshock, Kenzo Suzuki and Teddy Hart) in a match where team AAA won back the storyline control of AAA. At Verano de Escandalo (2009) La Parka was pinned by Silver King as La Parka, Marco Corleone and Octagón lost to Los Wagnermaniacos (Silver King, Electroshock and Último Gladiador).

Feuding with L.A. Park (2010)

During the 2010 Rey de Reyes the original La Parka, L.A. Park, returned to AAA 13 years after he left on bad terms to work a storyline feud against the "impostor" La Parka. L.A. Park sided with Dorian Roldan in his feud with his father Joaquin Roldan (president of AAA) while La Parka sided with Joaquin. During an AAA show on March 19, 2010, L.A. Park attacked La Parka once again and threw him through a table. At a later show the two had another brawl, after which La Parka challenged L.A. Park to a match at Triplemania XVIII, under any stipulation the original Parka wanted. During AAA's television taping on April 30, 2010, L.A. Park accepted La Parka's challenge for a match at Triplemania XVIII. At an AAA press conference on May 12, 2010, it was announced that the match between the two would be for the rights to the name "La Parka". The two signed the official contract for the match during a television taping on May 19, 2010. After signing the contract Dorian Roldan had the police arrest La Parka for piracy by impersonating La Parka. He was released just in time to run in during the semi-main event to attack L.A. Park. At Triplemania XVIII L.A. Park faced La Parka in the main event of the show. Near the end of the match Park used a tombstone piledriver, a move that is illegal in Lucha Libre. Joaquin Roldan entered the ring, when L.A. Park attempted to use a steel chair on La Parka. When L.A. Park teased using the chair on Joaquin instead, Dorian entered the ring to protest, but was pushed down by Park, who then hit Joaquin with the chair, which caused Dorian to turn on him, hitting him with a steel chair three times. Halloween and Damián 666 from the Perros del Mal wrestling promotion run to the ring to chase Dorian Roldan away. Then they drag L.A. Park on top of La Parka before rudo referee Hijo del Tirantes counts for three to give L.A. Park the victory. After the bell rings the rest of Los Perros del Mal (including Park's son Hijo de L.A. Park) came to the ring to celebrate with L.A. Park, who had won the rights to the name "La Parka". After a couple of minutes a group of AAA wrestlers led by Octagón came to ringside and in combination with the arena security managed to remove Los Perros del Mal from the ring. La Parka was taken from the ring on a stretcher, not having moved since L.A. Park applied the piledriver. A bit later it was announced that the match results had been thrown out due to interference by Los Perros del Mal, but the following morning it was confirmed that Tapia had indeed won and would now be known as "La Parka" once again and that AAA's La Parka would have to change his name. However, on June 10 AAA announced that it would respect Mexico City Boxing and Wrestling Commission's decision to throw out the match and as a result both La Parka and L.A. Park would keep their names. On July 4 La Parka defeated L.A. Park in a rematch.

El Inframundo (2010–2011)
In October 2010, Parka's friend Cibernético turned on him and AAA, after feeling betrayed by them when they didn't trust his claim about not joining La Sociedad, and re-formed his old group Los Bizarros with Amadeus, Billy el Malo, Charly Manson, Escoria, Nygma and Taboo. Parka and Cibernético then started a heated rivalry, during which it was implied that Cibernético had hospitalized Parka's three-year-old son. In May 2011, Parka formed El Inframundo ("The Underworld") with Dark Cuervo, Dark Espíritu, Dark Ozz and Drago to battle Los Bizarros. On June 18 at Triplemanía XIX, Parka, Ozz, Drago and Octagón were defeated by Cibernético, Billy el Malo, Charly Manson and Escoria, when Cibernético pinned Parka following a distraction from Taboo, who appeared at the top of the ramp with his son. After the match it was revealed that Taboo was in fact Parka's brother. Parka would finally get his hands on Taboo on July 31 at Verano de Escándalo in an eight-man tag team match between the two groups, which El Inframundo lost, when Parka was disqualified for excessive violence on his brother.

La Sociedad and feud with La Parka Negra (2011–2014)
On October 9, 2011, at Héroes Inmortales, Octagón shocked AAA by turning on the promotion by attacking Dr. Wagner Jr. after his match with El Hijo del Perro Aguayo. La Parka entered the ring to seemingly confront his longtime partner, but then also attacked Wagner along with Octagón, Aguayo, Konan Big and Silver King, joining La Sociedad. At the first post-Héroes Inmortales television tapings on October 21, Parka blamed his turn on AAA for bringing back L.A. Park after his 15 years of loyal service, and the promotion's fans for choosing to root for both Park and Cibernético over him during his past two rivalries. On December 1, Parka and Park put their past differences aside, when they teamed together for the first time, defeating Dr. Wagner Jr. and Electroshock in a tag team main event. On March 18, 2012, at Rey de Reyes, La Parka, Dark Dragon and Tito Santana were defeated by Cibernético, Billy el Malo and Escoria in what was billed as the final chapter in the rivalry between Parka and Cibernético. After the match, Octagón turned on Parka, attacking him with Dragon and Santana, which led to Los Bizarros returning to the ring and chasing them away. After initially trying to save his alliance with La Sociedad, La Parka officially turned tecnico and rejoined AAA on April 30.

On August 5 at Triplemanía XX, La Parka teamed with Los Psycho Circus in an eight-man tag team match, where they defeated Octagón and El Consejo, with Parka pinning Octagón for the win. Afterwards, Octagón was attacked by El Consejo, which led to Parka making the save for his former partner. On October 7, 2012, at Héroes Inmortales, La Parka and Octagón made peace with each other, officially ending the short-lived rivalry between the two. On December 2 at Guerra de Titanes, La Sociedad debuted La Parka's new storyline nemesis, La Parka Negra. In the following match, La Parka, Octagón and Octagón Jr. defeated La Parka Negra, the also debuting Pentagón Jr. and Silver King. On October 18, 2013, at Héroes Inmortales VII, La Parka won the 2013 Copa Antonio Peña. On March 16, 2014, at Rey de Reyes, La Parka defeated Black Warrior, El Hijo del Perro Aguayo and El Zorro to win his fifth Rey de Reyes tournament.

Later career (2014–2019)

La Parka continued to make appearances for AAA until his injury in 2019. In 2018 Parka debuted for AAA's partner Impact Wrestling. Parka appeared on the October 4 edition of Impact!, which was taped September 14 at the Frontón México Entertainment Center in Mexico City, answering Eli Drake's open challenge and subsequently picking up the count-out victory.

Other media
La Parka has appeared in the video game Lucha Libre AAA: Héroes del Ring.

Personal life
In August 2019 La Parka introduced "Karis La Momia Jr."; presented as a son who decided to follow in La Parka's footsteps and become a professional wrestler.  Shortly after his father's death, the son has become the third wrestler with the La Parka gimmick.

La Parka's brother "Taboo," also a wrestler, died on September 11, 2020.

Injury and death
During a Kaoz show on October 21, 2019, La Parka dove out of the ring to the floor, missed his opponent Rush, and hit the steel barrier and concrete floor head first. The impact paralyzed La Parka, and he was immediately taken to Monterrey's OCA hospital. While in the hospital, he did start to regain feeling to his extremities. Early the next morning, he underwent surgery for his neck and cervical fractures as well as to relieve pressure to parts of his upper body. It was reported that not only did the injury threaten La Parka's career, but could have been fatal. The following day, a press release was circulated stating that La Parka had died. Hours later, AAA revealed the press release to be false. However, Huerta died on January 11, 2020, as a result of the injuries he suffered during the match.

Legacy and tributes
La Parka was regarded as one of Lucha Libres biggest stars, with Dave Meltzer of the Wrestling Observer Newsletter describing him as being "a key part of the AAA presentation." On January 29, 2020, La Parka (Escoboza) was posthumously inducted into the AAA Hall of Fame as part of the 2020 class.

Following Parka's death, numerous wrestlers and wrestling promotions sent their condolences, including Parka's long-time storyline enemy L.A. Park and AAA's rival promotion Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre. On January 19, 2020, Deportivo Toluca F.C. paid tribute to Parka during their first Clausura 2020 home game.

Championships and accomplishments
 DDT Pro-Wrestling
 Ironman Heavymetalweight Championship (1 time)
Lucha Libre AAA Worldwide
GPCW SUPER-X Monster Championship (1 time)
Mexican National Atómicos Championship (1 time) – with Perro Aguayo Jr., Blue Demon Jr. and Máscara Sagrada Jr.
Mexican National Cruiserweight Championship (2 times, final)
Mexican National Tag Team Championship (2 times) with Máscara Sagrada (1) and Octagón (1)
 AAA Hall of Fame (class of 2020)
Copa Antonio Peña (2013)
Rey de Reyes (2001, 2003, 2005, 2007 and 2014)
Copa Triplemanía XXV (2017) – with Argenis and Bengala
International Wrestling Revolution Group
Guerra de Empresas (2012) – with Cibernético
Pro Wrestling Illustrated
PWI ranked him # 43 of the 500 best singles wrestlers of the PWI 500 in 2007

Luchas de Apuestas record

Notes

References

External links

 AAA profile

1966 births
2020 deaths
20th-century professional wrestlers
21st-century professional wrestlers
Deaths from kidney failure
Deaths from multiple organ failure
Masked wrestlers
Mexican male professional wrestlers
Mexican National Tag Team Champions
People from Hermosillo
Professional wrestlers from Sonora
Professional wrestling deaths
Sport deaths in Mexico
Wheelchair users

La Parka (wrestler)


The 1872 FA Cup final was a football match between Wanderers and Royal Engineers on 16 March 1872 at Kennington Oval in London. It was the final of the first staging of the Football Association Challenge Cup (known in the modern era as the FA Cup), which became the primary cup competition in English football and the oldest football competition in the world. Fifteen teams entered the competition in its first season and, due to the rules in place at the time, Wanderers reached the final having won only one match in the four preceding rounds. In the semi-finals, they drew with the Scottish club Queen's Park, but reached the final when the Scots withdrew from the competition as they could not afford to return to London for a replay.

The final was decided by a single goal, scored after fifteen minutes by Morton Betts of Wanderers, who was playing under the pseudonym "A.H. Chequer". The Engineers were praised for their innovative use of passing, then referred to as the "Combination Game", at a time when most teams relied almost solely on dribbling tactics. Despite this they could not manage to score a goal. The winning Wanderers team did not receive the trophy until the following month, when it was presented to them at a special reception at the Pall Mall Restaurant.

Route to the final

Wanderers and Royal Engineers were among fifteen teams who entered the inaugural FA Cup competition, and both were allocated home matches in the first round. Wanderers were paired with Harrow Chequers, a team consisting of former pupils of Harrow School, and the Engineers were set to face Reigate Priory. Neither match actually took place, however, as in both cases the away team withdrew from the competition, sending the home team through to the next round on a walkover. In the second round, both teams played away matches and emerged victorious. Wanderers defeated Clapham Rovers 1–0 in December and the Engineers beat Hitchin 5–0 the following month.

At the quarter-final stage, Wanderers drew 0–0 with Crystal Palace (not the current professional club of the same name). Rather than be made to replay the match, however, both teams were permitted to go through to the semi-finals under one of the competition's original rules, which stated that in the event of a drawn match the teams would either be made to play again or both progress to the next round, at the organising committee's discretion. The Engineers beat Hampstead Heathens 2–0. In the semi-finals Wanderers took on the leading Scottish club Queen's Park who, due to a combination of walkovers and byes, had reached this stage of the competition without actually playing a match. The rules of the competition stated that all matches from the semi-final stage onwards would take place at Kennington Oval in London and, after being held to a 0–0 draw, the Scottish club could not afford to make the lengthy trip from Glasgow a second time for a replay and withdrew from the competition, sending Wanderers into the final. The Engineers also drew their semi-final at the Oval 0–0, and beat Crystal Palace 3–0 in the replay.

Match

Summary

As was common at the time, both teams focused mainly on attack rather than defence, the Engineers lining up with seven forwards and Wanderers with eight. Wanderers forward Morton Betts played under the pseudonym "A. H. Chequer", derived from his membership of the Harrow Chequers club. Some sources state that he played under an assumed name to disguise the fact that he was cup-tied, having been a registered player of the Chequers club at the start of the competition and therefore ineligible to play for another club in that season's cup. This, however, is unlikely to be true, as in the early amateur era of football players were not required to be formally registered with clubs. Cuthbert Ottaway, a future captain of the England national team, played for two different clubs in consecutive rounds of the 1871–72 FA Cup without incident.

Wanderers captain C. W. Alcock won the coin toss and chose to defend the Harleyford Road end of the ground, meaning that the Engineers, who were considered the favourites at the start of play, initially had the sun and wind in their faces. Early in the game, Edmund Creswell of the Royal Engineers suffered a broken collar bone in a melee. He refused to leave the pitch but due to his injury was forced to spend the remainder of the match as a "passenger" on the wing. Wanderers' tactics centred on the dribbling skills of individual players, while the Engineers favoured passing the ball, a style then known as the "Combination Game" and considered innovative, of which they were leading exponents.

Wanderers took the lead fifteen minutes into the game when Betts opened the scoring from an acute angle after Walpole Vidal's long dribble. Under the rules in use at the time, the teams changed ends after each goal, but the Engineers were unable to take advantage of the fact that the sun and wind were now behind them, and the Wanderers players remained dominant. After twenty minutes Alcock put the ball past the Engineers' goalkeeper, William Merriman, but the goal was disallowed because Charles Wollaston had handled the ball. Wanderers continued to exert further pressure on the Engineers' goal and only Merriman's skill was able to prevent them from increasing their lead. One newspaper later described his performance as "perfect". Despite a late rally from the Engineers, Wanderers were able to hold on to their lead and the game ended in a 1–0 victory. Newspaper The Field called the final "the fastest and hardest match that has ever been seen at The Oval" and said that the Wanderers displayed "some of the best play, individually and collectively, that has ever been shown in an Association game".

Details

Match rules:90 minutes normal time.30 minutes extra-time if scores are level, at captains' discretion.Replay if scores still level.No substitutes.

Post-match
The Cup was presented by the President of the Football Association, Ebenezer Morley, at the annual dinner of the Wanderers at the Pall Mall Restaurant, Charing Cross, on 11 April. The Football Association also gave each player in the winning team a silk badge commemorating the victory and the Wanderers' committee presented each player with an inscribed gold medal. As cup-holders, Wanderers received a bye straight to the final of the following year's FA Cup, in keeping with the original concept of the competition being a "challenge cup". This was the only time this rule was used.

In 1938, The Times published an obituary for Thomas Hooman and stated that he had scored the winning goal in the 1872 cup final, citing an interview the player gave shortly before his death. This claim is not backed up by contemporary newspaper reports, all of which list Betts as the goalscorer, and, as other quoted aspects of Hooman's reminiscences about the match were incorrect, it seems that in his old age he was confusing the 1872 final with another match in which he played.

In 2010, the only known surviving medal from the final was offered for sale at an auction in London. It had been purchased by a jeweller as part of a house clearance in the 1950s and was expected to sell for up to £50,000, but was ultimately purchased by the Professional Footballers' Association for £70,500. On 7 November 2012, the match was replayed by the reformed Wanderers side and the Royal Engineers team at the original venue, The Oval.

References
General

Specific

External links
 BBC Sport article on the match

1872
FA
1872 sports events in London
1872 in sports
March 1872 events

1872 FA Cup final


George Abela,  (born 22 April 1948) is a Maltese politician who was the eighth president of Malta from April 2009 to April 2014.

Early life
Abela was born in Qormi, Malta, to George and Ludgarda (née Debono) Abela. He attended the local primary school in Qormi, and the Lyceum in Hamrun. In 1965 he enrolled in the University of Malta, where he obtained his Bachelor of Arts degree. He continued his studies as a teacher for a short while and became a notary public, and in 1975 he graduated as a lawyer. He was immediately hired by the General Workers Union as a legal consultant and worked within the Union for 25 years thereby obtaining considerable experience in employment law.

Family
George Abela is married to Margaret (née Cauchi). They have two children, Marija and Robert. Robert Abela was elected as prime minister of Malta in 2020, after gaining the leadership of the Malta Labour Party.

Malta Football Association

In 1982, after serving as Qormi FC president, George Abela was elected as the chairman of the Malta Football Association. He brought changes within the MFA, and improved the infrastructure, where training grounds, a gymnasium, and a physiotherapy clinic were built, and artificial lighting was installed. The players of the Malta national football team were engaged for the first time in training on a professional basis.

Labour Party

After ten years, in 1992, he left the post and took up the role of Deputy Leader responsible for Party Affairs within the Labour Party. Following the party's electoral win in 1996, he was appointed as a Legal Consultant to the Prime Minister, Alfred Sant, and therefore attended cabinet meetings. He resigned from this post in 1997 following disagreement with Prime Minister Alfred Sant. In 1998 he severed all ties with the Labour Party reportedly due to his disagreement with the party executive's decision to call an early election which was deemed necessary due to the parliamentary crisis at the time unfolding. In 2000 he fell out of favor with the General Workers' Union's administration and officially severed all ties with the organization.

Since 2000 he shifted focus to his private legal practice, acting as legal consultant to various government entities, including the Malta Environment and Planning Authority (MEPA) and the Malta European Union Steering Action Committee (MEUSAC). This, and his persistent public criticism of the Union, led media to speculate about a new-found affinity with the Nationalist administration, particularly with Prime Minister Edward Fenech Adami and Cabinet Minister Austin Gatt. These speculations proved to be very influential in the 2008 Labour leadership contest. He also acted as legal consultant to four newly set-up unions, including the Malta Dockers' Union.

He contested the election for new Leader of the Labour Party following Alfred Sant's resignation in 2008, together with Evarist Bartolo, Marie Louise Coleiro Preca, Joseph Muscat and Michael Falzon. The leadership contest was decided by means of a runoff between Abela and Muscat which took place on 6 June 2008. Abela placed second with 291 votes (33.64%), trailing Joseph Muscat who obtained 574 votes (66.36%). Newly elected Joseph Muscat immediately invited him to participate in party affairs under the new leadership, and Abela was appointed as the representative of the Labour Party on the Malta-EU Steering Action Committee (MEUSEC).

Presidency
On 12 January 2009, Prime Minister Lawrence Gonzi announced that the Government was proposing George Abela as the next President of Malta. He was to succeed Eddie Fenech Adami, whose five-year term  as President of Malta expired on 4 April 2009. This was the first time in Maltese history that the government nominated a President from the opposition. Abela resigned from MEUSAC and the Labour Party, paving the way for the succession. On 1 April 2009, the House of Representatives approved George Abela as the 8th President of the Republic. The motion was moved by Prime Minister Gonzi and seconded by Opposition Leader Joseph Muscat. On 4 April 2009 at noon, George Abela was sworn in as President of Malta by Speaker Louis Galea.

"There needs to be a reasonable dose of optimism and courage. But courage, optimism and hope are not enough. We need to develop our culture by learning to save our money and be cautious to not spend more than we can afford," Abela said.

On the morning of New Year's Day the President and his wife Margaret greeted Prime Minister Lawrence Gonzi and fellow Ministers within the President's Palace in Valletta.

"Abela said that neighboring countries were made to pay the price by placing new burdens on their people with austerity measures."

Air Malta
George Abela was appointed to serve as mediator with Air Malta unions, including pilots, cabin crew, and ground crew. He was invited by the then Prime Minister, Joseph Muscat, to co-chair a committee that will bring the airline's four unions together to discuss a way forward.

Honours

National honours
  : Companion of Honour of the National Order of Merit by right as a President of Malta

Foreign honours
  : Grand Cross of the Order of Vytautas the Great (17/05/2012)
  : Sash of the Order of the Star of Romania (2010)
  : Grand Cross with Collar of the Order of Isabella the Catholic (20/11/2009)

Further reading

References

1948 births
University of Malta alumni
Collars of the Order of Isabella the Catholic
Companions of Honour of the National Order of Merit (Malta)
Grand Crosses of the Order of Vytautas the Great
Labour Party (Malta) politicians
Living people
Maltese Roman Catholics
People from Qormi
Presidents of Malta
Recipients of the Collar of the Order of the Cross of Terra Mariana
20th-century Maltese politicians
21st-century Maltese politicians
First Class of the Order of the Star of Romania
Knights Grand Cross with Collar of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic

George Abela


Teen pop is a type of popular music. It is made to appeal to teenagers and preteens. Genres of dance, R&B, pop, electronic and country music are often copied by teen pop. Teen pop includes visual appeal and teenage-related lyrics.

Some teen pop groups are New Kids on the Block and New Edition.

Pop music

Teen pop