Public journal (official gazette, official journal, or official diary) is the daily record of the work of an official public organization, especially of legislatures of countries and/or its administrative divisions.

Journals of this sort are also often called gazettes (state or government newspapers).

In some countries, the publication in the official journal is a condition for a law to "come into effect" or "come into force" (in which the law becomes a reality), so that people know the law (or treaty) exists, which generally releases it into the public domain. But sometimes a public journal is not always released into the public domain.

Public journal by country

Albania: Fletorja Zyrtare
Azerbaijan: Azərbaycan
Belgium: Belgian Official Journal
Canada: Canada Gazette
Egypt: Al-Waqa'i'a al-Masriya
Estonia: Riigi Teataja
European Union: Official Journal of the European Union
European Union: Official Journal of the European Patent Office
Finland: Virallinen lehti
France: Journal Officiel de la République Française
Greece: Journal of Government
India: The Gazette of India
Iraq: Official Gazette of Iraq
Ireland: Iris Oifigiúil
Israel: Reshumot
Italy: Gazzetta Ufficiale
Mexico: Diario Oficial de la Federación
Portugal: Diário da República
Romania: Monitorul Oficial
South Africa: Government Gazette of South Africa
Spain: Boletín Oficial del Estado
Sweden: Post- och Inrikes Tidningar
Thailand: Royal Thai Government Gazette
The Czech Republic: Sbírka zákonů
Turkey: TC Resmi Gazete
United Kingdom: London Gazette, Edinburgh Gazette and Belfast Gazette
United States: Federal Register

Publications
Government
Law

Public journal


The Naitional Emblem o Bangladesh wis adoptit shortly efter unthirldom in 1971.

On the emblem, thare a watter lily, that is bund on twa sides bi rice sheafs. Abuin the watter lilly is fower starns an a three connectit jute leafs. The watter lily is the kintra's naitional flouer, an is representative o the mony rivers that rin throu Bangladesh. Rice represents its presence as the staple fuid o Bangladesh, an for the agricultur o that naition. The fower starns represent the fower foondin principles that wis oreeginally enshrined in the first constitution o Bangladesh in 1972: naitionalism, secularism, socialism, an democracy.

The details o the emblem is laid oot in Airticle 4(3) o the Constitution o Bangladesh.

Bangladesh
Naitional seembols o Bangladesh

Emblem o Bangladesh


Janet Damita Jo Jackson (born May 16, 1966, in Gary, Indiana) is an American singer, dancer, actress, and songwriter. She is the younger sister of Michael Jackson and has had many popular songs such as "Nasty," "Rhythm Nation," and "That's the Way Love Goes." Jackson also plays Patricia in the 2007 movie Why Did I Get Married? She is one of the best-selling artists in the history of pop music, with over 160 million records sold worldwide. In 2011, True You: A Journey to Finding and Loving Yourself, a book written by Jackson and David Ritz, was published. The book reached number five in The New York Times' Best Seller list.

Early life and career
Jackson was born to Katherine and Joe Jackson on May 16, 1966 at St Mary's Mercy Hospital in Gary, Indiana. She was raised as a Jehovah's Witness. She did not want to be an entertainer. She wanted to   become a race-horse jockey. However her father planned for her to go into the show business. When Jackson was seven she went on stage in the Las Vegas Strip with her siblings in a routine show at the MGM Casino.

In September 1979, Jackson started acting in A New Kind of Family. Her first album, Janet Jackson, was released on September 21, 1982, by A&M Records.

1986–95:  Rise to fame
Jackson had several hit singles worldwide.  Among them are "What Have You Done for Me Lately", "Control", "Nasty", "Rhythm Nation", "Miss You Much", "Escapade", "Love Will Never Do (Without You)", and "That's the Way Love Goes".
Jackson won her first Grammy Award in 1987. On September 19, 1989 Jackson's fourth album Janet Jackson's Rhythm Nation 1814 was released. Eight singles were released from the album. In 1993, Jackson was on the cover of Rolling Stone magazine. On May 31, 1995, "Scream", a song that Janet made with her older brother Michael Jackson, was released as the first single from Michael's album HIStory: Past, Present and Future, Book I. This song reached the top five on the US Billboard Hot 100.

1996–2007
Jackson released the album The Velvet Rope in 1998, it sold over 10 million copies.  The album had provocative lyrics.  The single "Together Again" became her eighth number-one song in the US, it sold over 6 million copies worldwide, making it one of the best selling singles of all time.

In 2000, she contributed to the movie Nutty Professor II: The Klumps.  A single from the soundtrack, "Doesn't Really Matter", became her ninth chart-topper.

In 2001, she released the album All for You.  A single, also called "All for You", reached number one on the Billboard Hot 100 for seven weeks, making it the longest reigning number one hit of the year.  The next single, "Someone to Call My Lover", reached the top three.

2008–09
Jackson released her album Discipline in 2008.  The lead single, "Feedback", reached the top 20 in the US and Canada.

In June 2009, Jackson's brother Michael died. In September 2009, she performed "Scream" at the 2009 MTV Video Music Awards as part of a tribute to Michael.

2010–present
In 2010, Jackson acted in For Colored Girls.

She released her first studio album in seven years, Unbreakable, in 2015.  It entered at number one on the US Billboard 200 album chart.  Jackson canceled her ongoing Unbreakable World Tour because she announced that she was "planning her family" with her husband, Wissam Al Mana.

Personal life
Jackson has been married three times.  It was announced that Jackson was pregnant shortly before her 50th birthday in May 2016.  She gave birth to her first child, a son, with current husband, billionaire Wissam Al Mana, in January 2017.

In April 2017, it was reported that Jackson and Al Mana had separated.

Discography
 Janet Jackson (1982)
 Dream Street (1984)
 Control (1986)
 Control: The Remixes (1987)
 Janet Jackson's Rhythm Nation 1814 (1989)
 janet. (1993)
 Janet. Remixed (1995)
 Design of a Decade: 1986–1996 (1995)
 The Velvet Rope (1997)
 All for You (2001)
 Damita Jo (2004)
 20 Y.O. (2006)
 Discipline (2008)
 Number Ones (2009)*
 Icon: Number Ones (2010)
 Unbreakable (2015)*On digital outlets, such as iTunes and Spotify, Icon: Number Ones is listed as Best of Number Ones.

References

Other websites

1966 births
Living people
Actors from Indiana
African American actors
African American musicians
American movie actors
American R&B singers
American pop singers
American new jack swing singers
American hip hop singers
American dance musicians
American singer-songwriters
American television actors

Emmy Award winners
Grammy Award winners
Singers from Indiana
Jackson family

Janet Jackson


LS-120 or SuperDisk is a high-speed, high-capacity alternative to the 90 mm (3.5 in), 1.44 MB floppy disk. It is called High density media. The main advantage when compared to FDD and ZD is the possibility to use the united mechanism for these special diskettes even for FDD and ZD. This SuperDisk was introduced by Iomega in 1995 as ZD. But the SuperDisks were not expanded because of slowness and unreliability in comparison with ZD.

SuperDisk 120MB Diskettes may still be available in the marketplace, however are no longer warranted. We do not have information about where these products can be purchased.

Once a drive fails, it may be impossible or expensive to get data off the diskettes.

SuperDisk diskettes are etched with a servo pattern at the factory. This pattern is then read by the SuperDisk drive to precisely align the read/write head. The result is that a SuperDisk diskette can have 2,490 tracks, as opposed to the 160 tracks that conventional 3.5-inch 1.44 MB diskettes use.

Unlike other removable disk storage solutions, such as the Zip drive, SuperDisk is backward compatible with older diskettes. This means that the same SuperDisk drive can be used to read and write to older 1.44 MB diskettes as well as the new 120 MB SuperDisk diskettes.

Here are some current data storage and backup technologies that Imation supplies for a variety of customer needs. A combination of backup media may be the best course; for instance, backing up currently used files to Flash Drives or Micro Drives, and keeping seldom used files on DVD or CD.that snapbacks are back.

Storage devices

SuperDisk


Jefferson Hunt (January 20, 1803 – May 11, 1879) was a U.S. western pioneer, soldier, and politician. He was a captain in the Mormon Battalion, brigadier general in the California State Militia, a California State Assemblyman, and a representative to the Utah Territorial Legislature.

Early years
Hunt was born to John Hunt and Martha Jenkins on January 20, 1803, in Bracken County, Kentucky. Some sources cite his full name as Charles Jefferson Hunt, while others cite it as Jefferson David Hunt.

He married Celia Mounts in December 1823. In 1834 they both converted to the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and were baptized on March 7, 1835.

Mormon migration
The family, which then included six children, started their migration with the Mormons to Far West, Missouri, in 1837. Other sources say they had moved to Clay County, Missouri first before going to Far West. It took the Hunts four weeks to make this journey. Jefferson Hunt was later called as an Assistant Marshall along with George M. Hinkle.

The family moved again with the Mormons to Illinois where they settled twenty miles outside of Nauvoo, Illinois. He served as a major in the Nauvoo Legion. Soon after he was ordained to the office of High Priest and later became an early participant in plural marriage when he married Matilda Nease.

Mormon Battalion
In 1846, while encamped at Council Bluffs, Iowa, he joined the Mormon Battalion, which was formed at the request of the U.S. government for participation in the Mexican–American War.

He was commissioned as a Captain, and was placed in command of Company A. Two of his sons also enlisted, and served under his command.

He temporarily commanded the entire battalion when its commander died, until a replacement arrived.

During the Mormon Battalion's journey Hunt's company made the first known gesture of peace between Mexico and the United States in what was called "The Exchange at the Presidio". The exchange took place very close to what is today Tucson, Arizona. This event is commemorated with a statue in downtown Tucson.  The statue was dedicated in 1996 by Gordon B. Hinckley, then President of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints.

His entire family journeyed with the battalion as they completed what may be the longest march in U.S. military history, ending in San Diego, California.

California expeditions
After being discharged from the Mormon Battalion, Hunt and his family settled in Salt Lake City, Utah, in 1847.

Soon thereafter, Hunt proposed traveling back to California to bring food and supplies for other recent Utah arrivals. Mormon authorities approved this proposal, and Hunt undertook this journey with Porter Rockwell, several former Mormon Battalion members, and two of his own sons.

Later he guided several parties of gold prospectors from Utah to California. One of the groups he led to California became impatient at his slow progress, and many of the party members elected to abandon Hunt's group, and follow their own route to California. They became the infamous Death Valley '49ers. Those staying with Hunt made the journey without serious incident.

He briefly represented Iron County in the Utah Territorial Legislature in 1851. He was not a resident of Iron County, but he happened to pass through the county as elections were held, and he was chosen by the locals.

California years
In 1851 he was called by his church to help create a Mormon colony in San Bernardino, California. This colony was the first American settlement in California after Statehood.

In that settlement he organized the building of a log fort which is the largest log fort ever built in California history.

From 1853 to 1857 he served as a member of the California State Assembly. Elected to represent Los Angeles County, he introduced legislation in his first year in office to create San Bernardino County, which passed. Upon the creation of San Bernardino County he became the county's first Assemblyman. He is honored as the "Father of San Bernardino County", which is the largest county in the contiguous United States.

In 1856 he was appointed as a brigadier general in the California State Militia.

Later years
In 1860 he founded the town of Huntsville, Utah.

He served as a representative to the Utah Territorial Legislature in 1863, representing Weber County.

He died in 1879 in Oxford, Idaho. Jefferson Hunt is buried at the Red Rock Cemetery in Bannock County, Idaho, US.

Legacy
Jefferson Hunt is the namesake of Huntsville, Utah.

Hunt has a number of noteworthy descendants:
John Hunt Udall, great-grandson, Mayor of Phoenix, Arizona
Jesse Addison Udall, great-grandson, Chief Justice of the Arizona Supreme Court
Don Taylor Udall, great-grandson, Arizona State Legislator
Nick Udall, 2nd great-grandson, Mayor of Phoenix, Arizona
Gordon Harold Smith, 3rd great-grandson, U.S. Senator from Oregon
Milan Dale Smith Jr., 3rd great-grandson, Federal Judge, U.S. 9th Circuit

See also
Udall family

References

External links/sources
Text of speech about Jefferson Hunt's Life
Assorted info about Jefferson Hunt's Life
"Parowan Settled By Mormons 150 Years Ago" Will Bagley, Salt Lake Tribune, 13 January 2001. Story of Hunt's selection to Utah Legislature
Exchange at the Presidio
Norma Elliott collection of Jefferson Hunt materials, MSS 8665 at L. Tom Perry Special Collections, Brigham Young University

1804 births
1879 deaths
American leaders of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
Converts to Mormonism
Los Angeles County Board of Supervisors
Members of the California State Assembly
Members of the Mormon Battalion
Members of the Utah Territorial Legislature
19th-century American politicians
Mormon pioneers
People from Bracken County, Kentucky
Politicians from Salt Lake City
Politicians from San Bernardino, California
People from Huntsville, Utah
California Whigs
Latter Day Saints from Kentucky

Jefferson Hunt


The President of the German Bundestag (German: Präsident des Deutschen Bundestages or Bundestagspräsident) is the person that is in charge of the meetings of the German Bundestag, the parliament of Germany, whos duties is similar to a speaker. In the German order of precedence, the office is ranked second after the President and before the Chancellor.

Elections and customs
The President of the Bundestag is elected by all members in the Bundestag, during a special time of the election period. The President has to be a member of the Bundestag. Until the election is over, the Father of the House is in charge of the Bundestag.

Usually, the President is part of the largest political party. The President can be reelected, but again he must be a member of the Bundestag again. The President also always has a Vice President (German: Vizepräsident des Deutschen Bundestages or Bundestagsvizepräsident).

Duties
The Presidents most important duty is to take charge of the meetings of the Bundestag. He decides the order of speakers and opens and closes the debates, and makes sure the meetings take place properly. If a big disruption happens, he has the power to not allow a certain member from meetings for up to 30 days.

References

German Bundestag

President of the German Bundestag


Events
 March 1 – The University of Coimbra is founded in Lisbon, Portugal by King Denis of Portugal; it moves to Coimbra in 1308.
 July 18 – King Edward I of England banishes all Jews (numbering about 16,000) from Britain; Jews traditionally hold that this event occurs on Tisha B'Av, a sorrowful Jewish holiday.
 August 1 – The country of Wallachia is founded (traditional date).
 December – The twelve Eleanor crosses are erected between Lincolnshire and London in England as King Edward I mourns the death of his queen consort Eleanor of Castile.
 Construction of Llandaff Cathedral is completed in Cardiff, Wales, 170 years after it was begun.
 The Mongol Empire invades the Bessarabia region of Moldavia.
 The second of the Statutes of Mortmain are passed under king Edward I of England, which prevents land from passing into possession of the church. The statute Quia Emptores is also passed, reforming the feudal system of land leases and allowing the sale of fee simple estates.
 King Denis of Portugal decrees that Portuguese be the official language of Portugal, replacing classical Latin in that capacity.
 Construction on the Akershus Fortress of Oslo, Norway is begun.

1290


A pen (Latin: pinna, feather) is a tool used for writing or drawing. The ink of the pen is pressed onto paper and dries very fast.

Reed pens are the oldest known type of pen. They were made from reeds growing in the delta of the Nile. The ancient Egyptians invented them, and also invented black ink, using soot and gum arabic. Their pens had split nibs to regulated the flow of ink to the writing tip. This simple design is still used in calligraphy today.

Quill pens are one of the oldest type of pens.  A quill pen is the feather of a bird, usually a goose.  The end of the feather (the quill) was kept very sharp and had to be dipped into ink after every few words.

Reed and quill pens are dip pens because they have to be dipped in ink many times during writing or drawing. Modern dip pens have nibs made of metal.

Fountain pens are like dip pens, but can hold enough ink inside to write several pages before being refilled. Inside, the ink is held in a sac or cartridge.

A ballpoint pen is generally cylindrical plastic shaft that holds ink and is smaller than a fountain pen. It has a small hard ball on the writing end that rolls the ink onto the paper.

A stylus is a pen that cannot write on paper, but can write on clay or wax. Styli of wood or metal have been used for thousands of years, for example in cuneiform writing. A modern computer stylus is usually made of plastic and may have electronics inside. It is used with a touchscreen.

The coming of the personal computer much reduced the need to write on paper. All the same, a personally written letter  suggests "I think so much of you that I took the effort to write a real letter."

Related pages

 Pencil
 Ink
 Paper

References

Basic English 850 words
Writing tools

Pen


The northern celestial hemisphere, also called the Northern Sky, is the northern half of the celestial sphere; that is, it lies north of the celestial equator. This arbitrary sphere appears to rotate westward around a polar axis due to Earth's rotation.

At any given time, the entire Northern Sky is visible from the geographic North Pole, while less of the hemisphere is visible the further south the observer is located. The southern counterpart is the southern celestial hemisphere.

Astronomy
In the context of astronomical discussions or writing about celestial cartography, this celestial hemisphere may also simply then be referred to as the Northern Hemisphere.

For celestial mapping, astronomers may conceive the sky like the inside of a sphere divided into two halves by the celestial equator. The Northern Sky or Northern Hemisphere is therefore the half of the celestial sphere that is north of the celestial equator.

Even if this geocentric model is the ideal projection of the terrestrial equator onto the imaginary celestial sphere, the northern and southern celestial hemispheres are not to be confused with descriptions of the terrestrial hemispheres of Earth itself.

See also
 Southern celestial hemisphere

Astronomical coordinate systems
Hemispheres

Northern celestial hemisphere


A folk dance is a dance that has some or all of the following:
They are dances at social functions by people with little or no professional training.  They are often to traditional music or music based on traditional music.
They are not made for public performance or the stage.  Traditional folkdances may be later arranged and set for stage performances.
The way they are done is strongly about inherited tradition rather than making changes.  Although like all folk traditions they do change over time.
New dancers often learn informally by watching others and/or getting help from others.

Even though some people argue with it, folk dancing can be dancing for with no governing body or dancing for which there are no competitive or professional performances.

Europe

Types of European folk dance include:
Polonez (Polish),
clogging,
English country dance,
international folk dance,
Irish dance,
Maypole dance,
Morris dance,
Turkish dance,
Welsh Morris Dance,
Nordic polska dance,
Ball de bastons,
square dance, and
sword dance.
Sword dances include Longsword dances and rapier dancing. Some choreographed dances such as contra dance, Scottish country dance, and modern Western square dance, are called folk dances, though this is not true in the strictest sense. Country dance overlaps with contemporary folk dance and ballroom dance. Most country dances and ballroom dances are from folk dances, with small changes over the years.

Middle East & South Asia

 Attan - The national dance of Afghanistan
 Azerbaijani dances
 Kurdish dance
 Assyrian folk dance
 Georgian Folk Dances
 Bhangra a Punjabi harvest dance and music style that has become popular worldwide.
 Ghoomar a traditional Bhil tribe women's folk dance of Rajasthan, India.
 Ghumura Dance: War Dance from Kingdom of Kalahandi, Orissa, India
 Kalbelia is one of the most sensuous dance forms of Rajasthan, performed by the kalbelia tribe.
 Israeli folk dance

Latin America
 Baile Folklorico (Mexico and Central America)

Folklore
Dance types

Folk dance


Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) is a network layer protocol used to convert an IP address into a physical address (called a DLC address), such as an Ethernet address. A host wishing to obtain a physical address broadcasts an ARP request onto the TCP/IP network. The host on the network that has the IP address in the request then replies with its physical hardware address.
There is also Reverse ARP (RARP) which can be used by a host to discover its IP address. In this case, the host broadcasts its physical address and a RARP server replies with the host's IP address.

Computer protocols

Address Resolution Protocol


George Soulié de Morant, born 1878 in Paris, died 1955 in Paris, French scholar and diplomat. Soulié de Morant worked several years in the French diplomatic corps in China, where he served as French consul in several Chinese cities. He is mainly known for his role in introducing acupuncture in the West and for his translations of Chinese literature.

Education and career

Soulié de Morant had the opportunity to start learning Chinese at the age of eight, being taught the language by a Jesuit priest. Although he had originally intended to become a physician, he had to give up his plans when his father died.

At the age of twenty, Soulié de Morant was employed by a bank, which decided to send him to China in 1899. Given Soulié de Morant's command of the Chinese language, he soon joined the French diplomatic corps, for which he would work for most of the following two decades. He served as French consul in Shanghai and Kunming and French Mixed Court in Shanghai.

Scholarly contributions

Soulié de Morant became convinced of the importance of acupuncture when he witnessed the effects of acupuncture treatment during an epidemic of cholera in Beijing. As he served as consul in several Chinese cities, he sought out teachers who could give him instruction in acupuncture.

After Soulié de Morant returned to France after several years of consular service, he was persuaded by the prominent advocate of alternative medicine, Paul Ferreyrolles (1880–1955), to put all his efforts into translating Chinese works on acupuncture. Beginning in 1929, he authored a number of articles and works on acupuncture and he became an advocate of acupuncture treatment in the French medical corps. His work l'Acuponcture chinoise, which was based on Chinese texts from the Ming dynasty such as Zhēnjiǔ Dàchéng (針灸大成), is still regarded as a classic work on acupuncture and has been published in several editions and translations.

Soulié de Morant also published a number of works on Chinese history, Chinese literature and Chinese art, as well as a number of translations of Chinese literary works.

Works
Éléments de grammaire mongole. E. Leroux 1903
Les Mongols, leur organisation administrative d'après des documents chinois (1905)
Les Musulmans du Yun-nan (1909)
La musique en Chine. E. Leroux 1911
Lotus-d'or.  E. Fasquelle 1912
Essai sur la littérature chinoise. Mercure de France 1912 (online copy (pdf))
Les contes galants de la Chine. Charpentier et Fasquelle 1921
Le Palais des cent fleurs. E. Fasquelle 1922
La Passion de Yang Kwe-Fei. L'Edition d'art, Paris, 1924 (online copy (rtf))
La brise au clair de lune. Grasset, Paris, 1925 (online copy (word)) - Translation of Haoqiu zhuan
Le Problème des bronzes antiques de la Chine (1925)
Exterritorialité et intérêts étrangers en Chine. Paris: Paul Geuthner, 1925.
Théâtre et musique modernes en Chine, avec une étude technique de la musique chinoise et transcriptions pour piano, par André Gaillard (1926)
L'Amoureuse Oriole, jeune fille, roman d'amour chinois du XIIIe siècle. Avec dix illustrations chinoises. E. Flammarion 1928
Histoire de l'art chinois. Payot 1928
L'Épopée des jésuites français en Chine (1534-1928). Grasset 1928
Histoire de la Chine de l'antiquité jusqu'en 1929. Paris: Payot, 1929.
Les Preceptes de Confucius, 1929
Divorce anglais. E. Flammarion 1930
Anthologie de l'amour chinois. Mercure de France 1932
Sciences occultes en Chine: la main. Nilson 1932
Précis de la vraie acuponcture chinoise. Mercure de France 1934 (online copy)
L'acuponcture chinoise. 2 vols. Paris: Mercure de France, 1939-1941. Published in English as Chinese acupuncture, edited by Paul Zmiewski. Brookline, MA: Paradigm Publications, 1994.
La Vie de Confucius. H. Piazza 1939
Les 47 rônins: Le trésor des loyaux samouraïs
Bijou de ceinture.

See also
Acupuncture
Moxa
Neijing
Traditional Chinese medicine

External links
 Biographical notes (in French)
 Note on de Morant's role in introducing acupuncture to the West (in French)
 Brief survey of Soulié de Morant's works (in French)
 On the introduction of Chinese medicine into Italy
 Website of the Soulié de Morant family (in French)
 Georges Soulié de Morant. Chinese Acupuncture (Google Books)

1878 births
1955 deaths
Diplomats from Paris
20th-century French diplomats
20th-century translators
French sinologists
Scholars of Chinese law
Acupuncturists
Chinese–French translators
Members of the Société Asiatique
French expatriates in China
Writers from Paris

George Soulié de Morant


Sir Ernest Edward "Weary" Dunlop, AC, CMG, OBE (12 July 19072 July 1993) was an Australian surgeon. He was known for his leadership while being held as a Prisoner of war by the Japanese during World War II.

Early Life
Ernest Edward Dunlop was born 12 July 1907 in Wangaratta, Victoria, Australia. Dunlop grew up in the Wangaratta area. He was the son of James and Alice Dunlop and younger brother of Alan. His mother became ill after his birth, so his two twin aunts cared for him. He worked on the family farm at Sheepwash Creek. He then became a school cadet. He continued his part-time military service until 1929. In 1928 Dunlop qualified as a pharmacist and earned many awards. In 1934 he qualified as a doctor with first class honours. It was then earned his nickname 'Weary'. He then worked in The Royal Melbourne Hospital. In 1937 he worked in the Royal Children's Hospital.

Growing up, Dunlop was very good at most sports. This included rugby and boxing. He became the first Victorian player in the national rugby union team, the Wallabies. He was the only Victorian in the Australian Rugby League Hall of Fame. He later became a very successful boxer.

In 1937, he met his future wife Helen Ferguson. Since she a student he went to England to take up postgraduate studies. When World War II broke out Dunlop became a specialist surgeon to the Emergency Medical Services. He then enlisted in the Australian Army Medical Corps, rising to the rank of Lieutenant Colonel. While Dunlop was in the Middle East, Helen joined him and they became engaged. In 1943, Ernest became imprisoned in Singapore. He was then sent to Thailand by the Japanese. In Thailand he worked at the Burma Railway as a medical officer. After the war he got married.

World War Two
In World War Two, Dunlop was posted to the Middle East. There he developed a mobile surgical unit that could move around to treat wounded soldiers. He also served in Crete and Greece. He fought in the battle of Tobruk. In 1942, Dunlop was sent to Java in Indonesia to treat wounded allied soldiers. Three years later, he was captured by the Japanese and became a prisoner of war. Dunlop was sent to Thailand-Burma Railway (AKA the death railway) between Bangkok and Rangoon. His medical skills, compassion and incredible courage in standing up to the Japanese inspired his fellow Prisoners Of War to keep going.

Achievements
He received many awards which include:
 Officer of the Order of the British Empire (1947)
 Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George (1965)
 Knight Bachelor (1969)
 Named Australian of the Year 1976
 Companion of the Order of Australia (1987)
 Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St John of Jerusalem (1992)
 Knight Grand Cross (1st Class) of the Most Noble Order of the Royal Crown of Thailand (1993)
 Honorary Fellow of the Imperial College London
 Honorary Fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh
 Honorary Life Member of the Returned and Services League of Australia
 Life Governor of the Royal Women's Hospital and the Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital.

References

Bibliography
 SIR EDWARD 'WEARY' DUNLOP
 Lieutenant Colonel Ernest Edward Dunlop
 'Weary' Dunlop and the Burma Railway
 Edward 'Weary' Dunlop; Surgeon 1946-1967
 Sir Edward Dunlop - Biography | Part One of Three

1907 births
1993 deaths
Australian boxers
Australian medical doctors
Australian military people
Australian rugby league players
Colonels
Military personnel of World War II
Prisoners of war
Sportspeople from Victoria (Australia)
Surgeons
Pharmacists

Edward Dunlop


Cartilage is a flexible connective tissue found in many parts of the body. It can bend a bit, but resists stretching.

Its main function is to connect bones together. It is also found in the joints, the rib cage, the ear, the nose, the throat and between the bones of the back. Another function of cartilage is to create a place on which bones can form when they are first developed. It also helps to protect the places where bones work against each other: the joints. In some fish like sharks (Chondrichthyes), cartilage forms the whole of the skeleton.

Unlike other connective tissues, cartilage does not contain blood vessels. The cells are supplied by diffusion. So, compared to other connective tissues, cartilage grows and repairs more slowly. Cartilage also does not contain nerves, making the hard tissue painless if damage is caused. However, the breaking of a cartilage often results in damage to tendons and muscles, which certainly does cause pain.

There are many diseases caused by defects in cartilage. One of the most common is osteoarthritis, where the cartilage wears so thin that bone rubs against bone. Cartilage acts as a barrier, preventing the entry of lymphocytes or diffusion of immunoglobulins. This allows surgeons to transplant of cartilage from one person to another without fear of tissue rejection.

Parts
Cartilage is made of special cells (called chondroblasts) that produce a large amount of matrix outside the cells. The matrix is composed of
collagen fibres,
a ground substance rich in proteoglycan. This is a protein linked to glycans.
different types of  fibres. These are collagen , elastin and reticulate fibers.

Notes

Other websites

 University of Kansas Medical Center Cartilage tutorial
 Public domain text from Gray's anatomy dated 1918, so probably needs updating
 I've heard 'Ears and nose do not ever stop growing.' Is this false?

Skeletal system
Animal tissues

Cartilage


The Confederacy of Independent Systems (also known as the CIS or Separatists) was an organization that appeared in the Star Wars movies. The CIS was led by the fallen Jedi Count Dooku. The armies of the Separatists had thousands of battle droids. The CIS launched attacks against the Galactic Republic. The Separatists stayed a strong power until the rise of the Empire.

Attack of the Clones

The Confederacy of Independent Systems was first shown in Attack of the Clones. This movement, led by chancellor Palpatine, gained support and soon had support from thousands of solar systems. The Galactic Republic feared that a war would begin. Count Dooku and the Separatist leaders were getting ready for a war. Nute Gunray, leader of the Trade Federation, gave thousands of battle droids to the Separatist army. Other leaders, such as Poggle the Lesser and San Hill, gave money and droids to the Separatist cause. On the planet Geonosis, Count Dooku met with the leaders of powerful companies. Count Dooku gave his offer and the Confederacy of Independent Systems was formed. The Jedi Obi-Wan Kenobi overheard the meeting and sent a warning to the Republic. The Republic sent a newly created clone army to fight the battle droids. This battle on Geonosis began the Clone Wars. The Geonosian Archduke Poggle the Lesser gives the plans of a new weapon to Count Dooku. Count Dooku leaves the planet and goes to Coruscant. He gives the plans to Darth Sidious as well as telling him that the war has begun.

The Clone Wars

During the Clone Wars, fighting between the Republic and the Separatists continued. Jedi were sent to help the clone armies overcome their enemies. The droid armies fought to hold more planets in its grip. For three years the fighting took place across the Galaxy. The Separatists gained several new allies during the Clone Wars. After the death of Jango Fett on Geonosis, a new bounty hunter named Durge took his place. Count Dooku found a woman named Asajj Ventress who was powerful in the Force. Asajj Ventress proved to be a powerful commander in the Separatist army. A new leader of the Separatists rose at this time. General Grievous was half droid and half alien. He was trained in lightsaber combat by Count Dooku and became feared by Jedi throughout the Galaxy. One of the final and most daring attacks on the Republic came when General Grievous led a large fleet of starships to Coruscant to capture Supreme Chancellor Palpatine.

Revenge of the Sith

Supreme Chancellor Palpatine is taken from Coruscant and put on the starship The Invisible Hand. The Battle of Coruscant is fought both on the ground and in space. Obi-Wan Kenobi and Anakin Skywalker get on The Invisible Hand and rescue Palpatine. During this rescue, Anakin kills Count Dooku. General Grievous escapes and the Separatist forces are defeated. General Grievous, now the leader of the CIS, goes to Utapau to talk to the leaders of the businesses. Grievous is told by Darth Sidious to move the leaders to Mustafar. Droid armies' attack on Kashyyyk and Utapau. Obi-Wan Kenobi kills General Grievous on Utapau. Nute Gunray becomes the leader after both the deaths of Count Dooku and General Grievous. The new Sith apprentice, Darth Vader, was sent to Mustafar to kill the leaders. After he finished this job, all droid forces were stopped. This marked the end of the Confederacy of Independent Systems and the beginning of the Galactic Empire.

Separatist leaders
Darth Sidious, in charge of the CIS throughout its existence
Count Dooku, led the Separatist movement until his death
General Grievous, commander of the droid armies
Nute Gunray, led the Separatists after the deaths of Count Dooku and General Grievous
 Wat Tambor, leader of the techo union

Other commanders
Asajj Ventress
Durge
OOM-9, during the Battle of Naboo
Separatist Council
 Wat Tambor
Star Wars

Confederacy of Independent Systems


Discrimination is when someone is treated unfairly or differently because the person is one of a particular group. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights affirms that all persons must be protected against any kind of discrimination, or even its inciting.

A person might be discriminated against because of their race, age, sex, politics, sexual orientation, gender identity, religion,caste,the way they look, a past criminal record, the person's lifestyle, their choice of clothing, their age or their disabilities whether they are a member of or fit in with a social clique (group), social class, social status or caste, and many other reasons.

Discrimination can take many forms. It can include being fired from a job, not being able to be hired for a job, being paid less money than others at the same job, being refused a home or apartment, teasing, harassment, or simply being treated differently than other people. Laws known as "equal opportunity legislation" protect people from discrimination. They say people should be employed whatever their race, age, sex or religion. There should be reasonable care for people with disabilities or accessibility. Two people in the same position must be paid the same wage if they have exactly the same job.

In some countries, discrimination against somebody on the basis of race, sex, religion, sexual orientation, age, or disability is illegal. Even in those countries where discrimination is unlawful, it still takes place for reasons not covered by the law. In some other countries, discrimination against somebody is legal or even official government policy. This especially takes place in countries in which there is an official religion, and people of other religions are discriminated against.
 Ableism
 Ageism
 Antisemitism
 Homophobia
 Intersectionality
 Persecution
 Political correctness
 Prejudice
 Racism
 Sexism
 Casteism
 Social stigma
 Speciesism
 Transphobia
 Human rights
 Universal Declaration of Human Rights

Discrimination

Discrimination


Skathi or Saturn XXVII, is a moon of Saturn. It was found by Brett Gladman, Kavelaars, et al. in 2000, and given the designation S/2000 S 8.

Skathi is about 6.4 kilometres in diameter, and orbits Saturn at an average distance of 15,576,000 km in 725.784 days, at an inclination of 149° to the ecliptic (150° to Saturn's equator) with an eccentricity of 0.246.

Skathi may have been formed from debris knocked off of Phoebe by big impacts at some point in the solar system's history.

Its name comes from Norse mythology, where Skaði is a giantess (female giant) who is the wife of the Vanir god Njord.

Saturn's moons

Skathi (moon)


Phillip Longman (born April 21, 1956, Stuttgart, Baden-Württemberg, West Germany) is an American demographer. Presently he is a Schwartz Senior Fellow at the New America Foundation, and he formerly worked as a senior writer and deputy assistant managing editor at U.S. News & World Report.

Personal life and education
The son of Kenneth and Mary Longman, who worked in Baden-Württemberg as a result of the postwar occupation of that state by the US military, Phillip Longman spent most of his childhood in Princeton, New Jersey. He studied at Oberlin College and later obtained a Knight-Baghot fellowship at Columbia University.

Phillip Longman was originally married to Robin Longman, but after she died he married Sandy Garbrecht. They have one son, Sam, and reside in Washington, D.C.

Career
Focusing his attention on how demographic and social change interact and affect government finance, the environment, foreign policy, and the development of society generally, Longman published his first book, Born to Pay: The New Politics of Aging in America in 1987. In the following decade wrote many articles about the impact of aging populations on society in the future. During this period, his name became much more widely known in the academic community: his articles became published by such journals as The Atlantic Monthly, Financial Times, Harvard Business Review, Foreign Affairs and The New Republic.

In 1997 Longman published his second book The Return of Thrift: How the Collapse of the Middle Class Welfare State will Reawaken Values in America, which argued that people today are spending in an unsustainable manner with the accelerating decline in fertility rates threatening the financial collapse of the welfare state throughout the world. By 2000 he had linked with the New America Foundation and began work on his most widely read work, The Empty Cradle in March 2004. This book expressed his strongly held opinion that sub-replacement fertility and resultant population decline is likely to have catastrophic economic consequences for those nations suffering from it and is also likely to reduce societies' ability to adjust to newly emerging problems because of unwillingness to innovate or take risks. It also examines the present effect of the rapid fall in birth rates around the globe.

His research into the history of demographic decline in ancient Greece and Rome led to an article titled The Return of Patriarchy in the March, 2006 issue of Foreign Policy, and in other journals in an edited form under the title The Liberal Baby Bust.

On January 1, 2007, his fourth full-length book was published by PoliPointPress. Titled Best Care Anywhere: Why VA Healthcare is Better Than Yours, it reflects on Longman's loss of his first wife to cancer and aims to show that in fact private health insurance is not superior to public health care as is often presumed. More than 60 peer-reviewed studies, he wrote, show that the quality of V.A. care is comparable to, and in many key areas superior to, that offered by private providers.

Awards
Phillip Longman has won numerous awards for his business and financial writing, including UCLA's Gerald Loeb Award, and the top prize for investigative journalism from Investigative Reporters and Editors.

 1995 Gerald Loeb Award for Magazines for "The Politics of Wind"

Books
 Born to Pay: The New Politics of Aging in America (1987)
 The Return of Thrift: How the Collapse of the Middle Class Welfare State will Reawaken Values in America (1997)
 The Empty Cradle: How Falling Birthrates Threaten World Prosperity and What To Do About It (2004)
 Best Care Anywhere: Why VA Healthcare is Better Than Yours (2007)

See also

Eric Kaufmann
Matthew Goodwin
Nicholas Eberstadt

References

External links
 Phillip Longman's page at the New America Foundation

American demographers
1956 births
Living people
American investigative journalists
Oberlin College alumni
Columbia University alumni
Gerald Loeb Award winners for Magazines
People from Washington, D.C.

Phillip Longman


Moorland or moor is a type of habitat that one can find in upland areas, that are characterised by acidic soils.

Moorland habitats are rather common in the neotropics and tropical Africa but one can find them also in small scattered places in northern and western Europe, northern Australia, North America, Central Asia and the Indian subcontinent. In the tiny areas of European moorlands tend to be  environments with only very few species. They are often dominated by heather. In the far more extensive moorlands of the tropics species diversity can be extremely high.

Moorlands differ from typical heathland in being colder and much wetter, often with extensive bogs.

Famous moorlands in the UK
Notable areas of upland moorland in Britain include the Dark Peak, the Forest of Bowland, the Lake District, the Pennines, Mid Wales, the Southern Uplands of Scotland, the Scottish Highlands and a few very small pockets in western Herefordshire.

Bleaklow, Dark Peak, England
 Bodmin Moor, Cornwall
 Curry and Hay Moors, Somerset, England
 Dartmoor, and Dartmoor wildlife, Devon, England
 Emley Moor, West Yorkshire, England
 Exmoor, Devon and Somerset, England
 Ilkley Moor, West Yorkshire, England
 Marston Moor and North York Moors, North Yorkshire, England
 Rannoch Moor, Highland, Scotland
 Rombalds Moor, West Yorkshire, England
 Saddleworth Moor, Pennine hills, England
 Shropshire Hills, small pockets of moorland, England
 Staffordshire Moorlands, England
 Ythan Estuary complex, Aberdeenshire, Scotland, largest coastal moorland in the United Kingdom, known for high biodiversity.

Conservation
In Europe if the heather and other vegetation is left for too long, a large volume of dry and combustible material builds up. This may cause a fire which may burn out a large area. But generally moorland wildlife copes with even major fires and are easily able to recover if such intense burnings are not too frequent.

Other websites
Moorland

Habitats

Moorland


This article is about the musical term.  For other uses, see Bass.
Bass is a low or deep tone (low end frequency) in music. Low or deep tones are also called "low-pitched" tones, because the pitch is low. It is usually made by a bass guitar or an acoustic bass (a double bass). It can also be a deep, rumbling electronic sound made by a synthesizer, a deep singing voice, a baritone sax, or a deep bass drum. Bass gives the well-rounded depth to music.  Bass almost always is used with treble sounds made by instruments such as a guitar, piano, a high singing voice, trumpet, or harmonica.

Music theory
Sound

Bass (sound)


The Channel Islands are a group of islands near the coast of France. The five largest islands are:
 Guernsey
 Jersey
 Alderney
 Sark
 Herm

Industry
The main industries are tourism, horticulture (growing plants for food) and financial services (businesses to do with money). Most people speak English, although some people in Guernsey, Jersey and Sark still speak the traditional language of their island.

Laws
Constitutionally, the islands are part of the British crown, but are not part of the United Kingdom. Being part of the mediaeval duchy of Normandy, allegiance is owed to the King but not to the Parliament of the United Kingdom, which cannot pass laws for the Bailiwick of Guernsey and the Bailiwick of Jersey except for defence and diplomatic matters, except if the bailiwicks ask it to. In general, the bailiwicks are self-governing, but they often pass laws which are like United Kingdom laws. However some of their laws are still based on Norman law.

Archipelagos

Channel Islands


The history of technology is the history of the invention of tools and techniques, and is similar in many ways to the history of humanity.

People make new things and, conversely, many scientific endeavors are possible through technologies. Technology lets us travel to places we could not otherwise go, and probe the nature of the universe in more detail than our natural senses allow.

Technological artifacts are products of an economy, a force for economic growth, and a large part of everyday life. Technological innovations affect, and are affected by, a society's cultural traditions. They also are a means to develop and project military power.

What are the great technologies?
The hand axe: used for about 1.5 million years, from Homo erectus to neolithic man. Basically a tool for butchering large animals which were probably killed by wooden spears. Not for nothing did a curator at the British Museum use the phrase Man the Toolmaker.
Fire, which would have occurred naturally in the drier environments of the savannah. The date of the first deliberate use of fire for warmth, protection and cooking is not known.
The city: we can date this to about 8,000 years ago in the fertile crescent.
Writing: the means of trade, education and cultural transmission from one generation to another. About 3300 BC.

References

History of technology


XML Interface for Network Services (XINS) is an open-source technology for definition and implementation of internet applications, which enforces a specification-oriented approach.

Specification-oriented approach
The specification-oriented approach is at the heart of XINS:
 first specifications need to be written;
 then documentation and code is generated from these specifications;
 then both testing and implementation can start.

From specifications, XINS is able to generate:
 HTML documentation
 test forms
 SOAP-compliant WSDL
 a basic Java web application
 unit test code (in Java)
 stubs (in Java)
 client-side code (in Java)

Components of the XINS technology
Technically, XINS is composed of the following:
 An XML-based specification format for projects, APIs, functions, types and error codes
 A POX-style RPC protocol (called the XINS Standard Calling Convention), compatible with web browsers (HTTP parameters in, XML out).
 A tool for generating human-readable documentation, from the specifications.
 A tool for generating WSDL, from the specifications.
 A Log4J-based technology for logging (called Logdoc), offering a specification format, internationalization of log messages, generation of HTML documentation and generation of code.
 A Java library for calling XINS functions, the XINS/Java Client Framework; in xins-client.jar.
 A server-side container for Java-based XINS API implementations, the XINS/Java Server Framework; in xins-server.jar. This is like a servlet container for XINS APIs.
 A Java library with some common functionality, used by both the XINS/Java Client Framework and the XINS/Java Server Framework: the XINS/Java Common Library, in xins-common.jar.

An introductory tutorial called the XINS Primer takes the reader by the hand with easy-to-follow steps to perform, with screenshots.

Since version 1.3.0, the XINS/Java Server Framework supports not only POX-style calls, but also SOAP and XML-RPC. And it supports conversion using XSLT. As of version 2.0, it also supports JSON and JSON-RPC.

XINS is open-source and is distributed under the liberal BSD license.

Specifications
All XINS specification files are Plain Old XML. Compared to SOAP/WSDL/UDDI/etc. the format is extremely simple. There are specifications for projects, environment lists, APIs, functions, types and error codes.

Below is an example of a XINS project definition.

<project name="MyProject" domain="com.mycompany">
  <api name="MyAPI">
    <impl/>
    <environments/>
  </api>
</project>

Here is an example of a specification of an environment list:

<environments>
  <environment id="netarray" url="http://xins.users.mcs2.netarray.com/myproject/xins/"/>
</environments>

An example of an API specification file:

<api name="MyAPI">
  <description>My first XINS API</description>
  <function name="Hello"/>
</api>

An example of a function definition:

<function name="Hello">
  <description>Greets the indicated person.</description>
  <input>
    <param name="name" required="true">
      <description>The name of the person to be greeted.</description>
    </param>
  </input>
  <output>
    <param name="greeting" required="true">
      <description>The constructed greeting.</description>
    </param>
  </output>
</function>

RPC protocol
The XINS Standard Calling Convention is a simple HTTP-based RPC protocol. Input consists of HTTP parameters, while output is an XML document. This approach makes it compatible with plain Web browsers.

Example of a request:

 http://somehost/someapi/?_convention=_xins-std&_function=SayHello&firstName=John&lastName=Doe

Example of a successful response:

<result>
   <param name="greeting">Hello John Doe!</param>
</result>

Competition
There are no known products that provide an integrated approach to specification-oriented development, similar to XINS. However, there are several frameworks and libraries that provide functionality similar to individual parts of XINS, including:

 JWSDP: Collection of various XML and SOAP technologies for the Java programming language.
 Apache Axis: Java-based framework for SOAP implementations.
 Codehaus XFire: Idem.
 Hessian Web Service Protocol: Binary alternative to the XINS Standard Calling Convention.

External links
XINS website
Frequently Asked Questions

Internet protocols
Java (programming language) libraries
XML-based standards
Web services
Web service specifications

XML Interface for Network Services


Oliver Fisher Winchester (November 30, 1810 – December 10, 1880) was an American businessman and politician, best known as being the founder of the Winchester Repeating Arms Company.

Birth and marriage
He was the son of Samuel Winchester and Hannah Bates and was born in Boston on November 30, 1810. He married Jane Ellen Hope in Boston on February 20, 1834.  Their children were:
 Ann Rebecca Winchester (1835–1864) who married Charles B. Dye
 William Wirt Winchester (1837–1881) who married Sarah Lockwood Pardee
 Hannah Jane Winchester who married Thomas Gray Bennett

Career
Winchester was known for manufacturing and marketing the Winchester repeating rifle, which was a much re-designed descendant of the Volcanic rifle of some years earlier. Winchester started as a clothing manufacturer in New York City and New Haven, Connecticut. During this period he discovered that a division of Smith & Wesson firearms was failing financially with one of their newly patented arms. Having an eye for opportunity, Winchester assembled venture capital together with other stockholders and acquired the S&W division, better known as the Volcanic Repeating Arms Company, in 1855. By 1857, Winchester had positioned himself as the principal stockholder in the company and relocated to New Haven, changing the name to New Haven Arms Company.

Initially, the company was plagued by sluggish returns, which was in part attributed to the design and poor performance of the Volcanic cartridge: a hollow conical ball filled with black powder and sealed by a cork primer. Although the Volcanic's repeater design far outpaced the rival technology, the poor performance and reliability of the .25 and .32 caliber cartridges used in the pistol and rifle models respectively, was little match for the competitors' larger calibers.

Winchester had inherited a brilliant engineer, Benjamin Tyler Henry, who was an invaluable asset. Henry sought to improve on the Volcanic repeating rifle by enlarging the frame and magazine to accommodate seventeen of his newly redesigned, all-brass cased .44 caliber rimfire cartridges. This new cartridge put the new company on the map, and Henry's ingenuity was rewarded with a patent in his name on October 16, 1860, for what became the famous Henry rifle.

The Henry rifle was manufactured for almost six years with a total production of approximately 12,000 rifles, a number which included both iron and brass frame models.  Following the success of the Henry rifle, the company was reorganized once more and renamed the Winchester Repeating Arms Company. In 1866, employee Nelson King's new improved patent remedied flaws in the Henry rifle by incorporating a loading gate on the side of the frame and integrating a round sealed magazine which was covered by a fore stock. The first Winchester rifle was the Model 1866 which has been nicknamed the Yellow Boy.

Repeating rifles were used to some extent in the American Civil War. However, the United States Army at that time did not use many repeating rifles as they were expensive, and too advanced for the outdated tactics used in the war.
Repeating rifles were not widely used until after the war when they became increasingly popular with civilians. Military authorities concentrated primarily on perfecting breech-loading single shot rifles for many more years. With thousands of rifles in the hands of the average pioneer, the Winchester repeating rifles gained a reputation as "The Gun that Won the West".

Oliver Winchester was also active in politics, serving as a New Haven City Commissioner, Republican Presidential elector in 1864, and as Lieutenant Governor of Connecticut from 1866 to 1867.

When Winchester died on December 10, 1880, his ownership in the company passed to his son, William Wirt Winchester, who died of tuberculosis in March of the next year. William's wife, Sarah, moved to San Jose, California, where she began building a chaotic mansion now known as the Winchester Mystery House with her inheritance.

References

External links

1810 births
1880 deaths
19th-century American politicians
American Civil War industrialists
American industrial designers
American manufacturing businesspeople
Burials in Connecticut
Firearm designers
Lieutenant Governors of Connecticut
People associated with firearms
People of Connecticut in the American Civil War
Winchester Repeating Arms Company

Oliver Winchester


Raymond Joseph Perrault,  (February 6, 1926 – November 24, 2008) was a Canadian politician. He was a member of the Legislative Assembly of British Columbia and of the Senate of Canada.

Perrault was born in Vancouver, British Columbia a family with strong Liberal roots. His maternal grandfather came from Ontario and enlisted to quell the Metis rebellion led by Louis Riel. His paternal grandfather came from Quebec, where Riel had been a hero. Perrault was educated at Sir Guy Carleton school and John Oliver high school in Vancouver.

After graduating from the University of British Columbia with degrees in economics and political science, he became a communications consultant, working in radio, public relations and advertising. He entered politics in his thirties, becoming leader of the British Columbia Liberal Party in 1959. He was first elected to the Legislative Assembly of British Columbia in the 1960 provincial election in which the Liberals won fours seats in the legislature (an increase from two in the previous election), and won 20.9% of the popular vote.

In the 1963 election, the Liberals gained one more Member of the Legislative Assembly (MLA), for a total of five, while their share of the popular vote fell to 19.98%. In Perrault's final election as leader in 1966, the party won an additional seat, and a modest increase in the vote to 20.24%.

He remained an MLA until he resigned in 1968 to enter federal politics in the 1968 federal election. He won a seat in the House of Commons of Canada as a Liberal Member of Parliament (MP), defeating New Democratic Party leader Tommy Douglas by just 138 votes, earning him the nickname "Landslide Ray". He was defeated in the next election in 1972.

Perrault was appointed to the Senate by Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau in October 1973. A year later, he joined the cabinet as Leader of the Government in the Senate.

When the Liberals lost power in the 1979 election, Perrault became Leader of the Opposition in the Senate. He resumed his position as government leader when the Liberals returned to power in the 1980 election. In 1982, he was reassigned to the position of Minister of State for Fitness and Amateur Sport, and served in that position until leaving cabinet in August 1983.

He remained in the Senate until his retirement in 2001.

Perrault served on the board of the Terry Fox Foundation. A lifelong follower of sports, Perrault served as a director of the Vancouver Canucks and honorary chairman of the Vancouver Canadians baseball team. In the 1980s, he was part of a failed effort to bring a Major League Baseball team to Vancouver.

He died on November 24, 2008 at the age of 82, leaving behind his wife Barbara and their three children.

References

External links

1926 births
2008 deaths
BC United MLAs
Canadian senators from British Columbia
Communications consultants
Leaders of BC United
Liberal Party of Canada MPs
Liberal Party of Canada senators
Members of the House of Commons of Canada from British Columbia
Members of the King's Privy Council for Canada
Politicians from Vancouver
University of British Columbia alumni
21st-century Canadian politicians
John Oliver Secondary School alumni

Ray Perrault


Digital television is television broadcasting using digital signals. With digital television, more than one program can be sent at a time in the same channel bandwidth. It also provides a cleaner looking picture than analog.

Digital television has replaced analog television in many countries. These countries include Australia, Canada, the United Kingdom and the United States.

Related pages

 Digital terrestrial television
 Internet Protocol television (IPTV)

Television technology

Digital television


Roberto Gentili  (11 September 1590 – 1655 or later) was a translator into and from multiple languages and the son of sir Alberico Gentili. He started his university education at the age of eight, graduated at the age of twelve and became a Fellow of All Souls College, Oxford at the age of seventeen, below the minimum age, by special dispensation.

Life
Gentilis was born on 11 September 1590 and was named Robert after his godfather, Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex. His father was the Regius Professor of Civil Law of Oxford, the Father of law, Alberico Gentili. Gentilis grew up speaking many languages: his parents' native languages (Italian from his parents), English, and Latin and Greek taught by his father.  He used his linguistic ability to translate Isocrates'  from Greek into Latin, Italian, French and English when he was young.  He became a member of Christ Church, Oxford when he was eight years old and he graduated with a Bachelor of Arts degree from Jesus College in 1603 when he was twelve years old.  Through a mixture of his ability, his father's tuition and his father's influence, he was then appointed by William Laud to be Collector of the University of Oxford, an important position.  In 1607, although he was still only seventeen years old, he was appointed as a Fellow of All Souls when the minimum age was eighteen. His father successfully argued that someone aged seventeen years and a number of days should be treated as being eighteen in the same way that a debt that has been owed for seventeen days and one minute was treated as having been owed for eighteen days.

Although Gentilis obtained his Bachelor of Civil Law degree in 1612, his behaviour had changed before his father's death in 1608.  He was described by Anthony Wood as having "turned a rake-hell" and become "king of the beggars for a time", "given up to sordid liberty, if not downright wickedness." He moved abroad for twenty-five years, possibly abandoning a wife in the process (since Alice, "wife of Robert Gentilis", was buried in London in 1619).  He married in London in January 1638.  He worked as a professional translator and may have received a pension from the king.  Nothing is known of him after 1655.

Works
When Gentilis was ten years old, he wrote a dedication in Latin to accompany his father's Lectiones Virgilianae (1603), a commentary upon Virgil's Eclogues that was based upon the lessons that Gentili had given to his son.  He wrote further dedications for his father's books, which were addressed to King James I and to three heads of colleges at Oxford.  He worked for Humphrey Moseley and Nicholas Fussell as a translator, with his works including History of the Inquisition (1639, from Italian), Antipathy between the French and the Spaniard (1641, from Spanish), Annotations upon the Holy Bible (1643, from Italian), Chief Events in the Monarchy of Spain in the Year 1639 (1647, from Italian), Considerations upon the Lives of Alcibiades and Coriolanus (1650, from Italian, this and the previous being from works of Virgilio Malvezzi), Natural and Experimental History of Winds (1652, from the Latin of Francis Bacon), Discourse for the Attaining of the Sciences (1654, from French) Discourse of Constancy (1654, from Latin), and  Coralbo (1655, from Italian).  Moseley announced the forthcoming publication of The Anatomy of profane love, translated by Gentilis, in August 1655, but it was never published and nothing further is known of Gentilis after this time; as Gentilis referred to his ill-health in his dedication of Coralbo, it is possible that he died before he completed his next work.

References

1590 births
17th-century deaths
17th-century translators
Latin-language writers from Italy
Greek–English translators
Greek–French translators
Greek–Italian translators
Greek–Latin translators
French–English translators
Italian–English translators
Latin–English translators
Spanish–English translators
Alumni of Christ Church, Oxford
Alumni of Jesus College, Oxford
Fellows of All Souls College, Oxford

Robert Gentilis


Philip Gidley King (April 23, 1758 – September 3, 1808) was a sailor in the British Royal Navy who became the third Governor of New South Wales.

Early life
King was born in Launceston, Cornwall. His father was a draper, selling cloth and fabrics. He joined the navy in 1770 at the age of 12. He was made the captain's servant on the HMS Swallow. He served in the West Indies and then fought in the American War of Independence. He became a midshipman and later a lieutenant. He served with Captain Arthur Phillip in HMS Ariadne. He went to India with Phillip in 1783 in the ship HMS Europe. Phillip was very pleased with King. He made King a lieutenant on HMS Sirius when he took the First Fleet to Australia in 1787 to start the penal colony.

Norfolk Island
Three weeks after the First Fleet got to Sydney, Governor Phillip sent King to Norfolk Island. His task was to set up a small penal colony that would make use of the timber and flax growing on the island. These would be of use to the British Navy. He arrived at the island on March 3, 1788. There was no safe place to land on the island and this made it a difficult place to have a settlement. King had a group of 23 people including 15 convicts. Over the next two years they began clearing land (removing trees) to grow crops and to raise cattle and other animals. King was made Lieutenant-Governor of Norfolk Island. In March 1790, Phillip sent King back to England. He was to go back and tell the British government about the problems of the new settlements in Australia.

King stayed in London for about four months. He married Anna Josepha Coombe on March 11, 1791, and they left for Australia four days later. After reporting to Phillip in Sydney, they were back on Norfolk Island in November, where his son Phillip Parker King was born.

Return to Norfolk Island

While he had been away, Norfolk had been governed by Lieutenant-Governor Robert Ross. Phillip had moved Ross to the island because of his difficulties in working with him at Sydney. When King arrived, the convicts, settlers and soldiers were very unhappy because of Ross's leadership. King made new rules, which made things better for people who wanted to settle on the island, many of whom had been marines or convicts. In 1794 the island was growing all of the wheat it needed, and had so many pigs it was able to send food to Sydney.

The flax on the island was too hard to turn into cloth. Two Maoris from New Zealand were kidnapped and brought to Norfolk to teach people how to work the flax. The two men did not know about flax, because in New Zealand it was work done by the women. In November 1793, King left the island for ten days to take the men back home. He did not have permission to leave and got into trouble from Lieutenant-Governor Francis Grose. King also had problems with many of the soldiers. They said he punished them more than the convicts. King arrested 20 soldiers and charged them with mutiny, and sent them to Sydney. Grose released the soldiers and told the soldiers on Norfolk that they were in charge, not King. These orders were later changed by the Duke of Portland.

King became ill with gout, and in October 1796 Governor John Hunter let him go back to England to get medical treatment.

England
He soon became better with proper medical treatment. He began to look for work, and Phillip wanted the government to send him back to New South Wales to be the new governor. After many delays, he set out for Australia in a new ship partly designed by Sir Joseph Banks. This ship turned out to be unsafe, and could not sail in rough seas. King was forced to return to England. After further delays, he finally sailed on the ship Speedy, and arrived in Sydney on November 26, 1799.

Governor of New South Wales

Hunter remained in charge until he could arrange to sail back to England in Spetember, 1800. King as the new governor, immediately set about to try and make changes. He wanted to control the amount of alcohol being brought to Australia by the military and sold at a profit. For example, the two surgeons that came to Australia on the Speedy had brought 4359 gallons (19,816 litres) of alcohol to sell. He tried to get merchants in Calcutta and the US not to send alcohol. He started a brewery to make beer, hoping this would be less of a problem than the alcohol like rum.

King arranged for the government to bring in supplies for sale at a reasonable price, which ended the power of some of the military. He also brought in controls over prices, wages, working hours, baking, butchers, interest rates, weights, measures and currency. He reduced the number of convict servants that the military officers could have. He arranged for more convicts to be put to work on farms and projects like building roads, guard houses, and granaries. The new colony began to grow all of its own food. King looked at ways to increase the food supply and arranged for the import of sheep and cattle to build up stocks. King also began to employ convicts who had finished their prison sentences, called emancipists. He started a school for female orphans, a newspaper (the Sydney Gazette), and even had people vaccinated for smallpox.

King was often in conflict with the military, the New South Wales Corps. As soldiers, they did not like taking orders from a naval officer. They felt that their duties were to protect New South Wales, and not to be responsible for the convicts. They wanted the colony to be run like a prison, even though there was no other people but them to run it. They objected to freed convicts being given any rights or land. King's changes had also upset their money making schemes through the sale of alcohol and other goods. King's orders were often ignored or disobeyed. In 1801 he sent an officer, John Macarthur, back to England to be tried for refusing orders and fighting a duel with his commanding officer. Instead of going to trial, Macarthur was able to make the British government believe that he was innocent, and all the problem were caused by King's lack of ability. Macarthur left the army and returned to Australia in July 1805 as a hero, having been told he could have  of the best land. King asked for leave, and was told his resignation was accepted.

Death
King had to stay until August 1806 so that a new governor could be sent out. His health broke down and he was not fit to sail until February 1807. He reached England in November 1807. King died on September 3, 1808, and was buried in London.

References

1758 births
1806 deaths
Governors of New South Wales
People from Cornwall
Royal Navy officers

Philip Gidley King


Maputaland is a natural region of Southern Africa. It is located in the northern part of the province of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa between Eswatini and the coast. In a wider sense it may also include the southernmost region of Mozambique. The bird routes and coral reefs off the coast are major tourist attractions.

Now the name of this traditional region is being revived for the Maputaland-Pondoland bushland and thickets, one of the ecoregions of South Africa, as well as for the Maputaland-Pondoland-Albany Hotspot.

Geography
Maputaland is bordered by the Ubombo Mountains in the west and the Indian Ocean in the east. It covers an area of about 10,000 km2, stretching approximately from the town of Hluhluwe and the northern section of Lake St. Lucia to the border of Mozambique and South Africa, or beyond to Maputo in Mozambique.

Tongaland
The South African section of Maputaland was also previously known as Tongaland after the Tonga people who live there. The usually flat region feeds the Phongolo and Mkhuze River.
On 11 June 1895, Tongaland was annexed by Great Britain.

'Tongaland', the name of the traditional region of the Tsonga, has now largely fallen into disuse. It is still occasionally found in scientific works though, as well as in the naming of species, such as the Tongaland cannibal snail (Natalina wesseliana).

See also

References

Bibliography
 Elephant Coast Visitor Guide, (2007/8).
 Pooley, E. (1993). The Complete Field Guide to Trees of Natal, Zululand and Transkei.

External links
Maputaland-Pondoland bushland and thickets

Regions of Africa
Natural regions of South Africa
Geography of KwaZulu-Natal
Geography of Mozambique

Maputaland


Roaring Fork River is a tributary of the Colorado River, approximately  long, in west central Colorado in the United States. The river drains a populated and economically vital area of the Colorado Western Slope called the Roaring Fork Valley or Roaring Fork Watershed, which includes the resort city of Aspen and the resorts of Aspen/Snowmass.

It rises in the Sawatch Range in eastern Pitkin County, on the west side of Independence Pass on the continental divide. It flows northwest past Aspen, Woody Creek, and Snowmass. It receives the Fryingpan River at Basalt.  below Carbondale, it receives the Crystal River from the south. It joins the Colorado in Glenwood Springs. The entire area that drains into the Roaring Fork River is known as the Roaring Fork Watershed. This area is  and about the same size as the state of Rhode Island. The river flows through canyons along most of its route and is a popular destination for recreation whitewater rafting. The river supplies water through the Sawatch Range to the Twin Lakes Reservoir via the Twin Lakes Tunnel. Roaring Fork Conservancy is the watershed conservation organization for the Roaring Fork River and its tributaries.

The Roaring Fork is a swift, deep, powerful river with very clear water. It is navigable by small craft throughout most of its length to its confluence with the Colorado. The mean annual flow is .

See also
List of rivers of Colorado
List of tributaries of the Colorado River

References

External links

Roaring Fork Watershed
Roaring Fork Conservancy
Lodge on the Roaring Fork
Roaring Fork Anglers

Rivers of Pitkin County, Colorado
Rivers of Eagle County, Colorado
Rivers of Garfield County, Colorado
Glenwood Springs, Colorado
Rivers of Colorado
Roaring Fork Valley
Tributaries of the Colorado River in Colorado

Roaring Fork River


In Egyptain mythology Sopdet was the goddess of the star Sothis. Sothis is thought to be the star Sirius.

The name Sopdet means sharp in Egyptain. This is a reference to the brightest star in the night sky. In art she is shown as a woman with a five-pointed star upon her head.

Egyptian gods and goddesses

Sopdet


Mana Wahine Te Ira Tangata was a small and short-lived political party in New Zealand. It was established by Alamein Kopu, a member of the New Zealand Parliament who had left her original party (the Alliance). After a short time as an independent MP, Kopu established Mana Wahine as her own party. It was officially registered on 12 June 1998.

The name "Mana Wahine Te Ira Tangata" is difficult to translate, but essentially refers to dignity or respect for women. Kopu claims that the party was intended to support Māori women, promoting a Māori form of feminism. Critics of Alamein Kopu, however, did not see the party as a genuine ideological organization. Rather, they saw a more cynical reason for the party's creation – as leader of a party rather than an independent, Kopu was entitled to $80,000 in additional funding. Jim Anderton, leader of Kopu's former party, said that the creation of Mana Wahine approached corruption, a sentiment which was echoed by several other politicians.

Kopu (and thus Mana Wahine) closely followed the National Party government of Jenny Shipley. National, having recently ended its coalition with the New Zealand First party, was highly interested in finding additional parliamentary support. It is sometimes claimed that National's influence was instrumental in gaining Mana Wahine official recognition as a party, and many members of the Opposition claimed that this help was given in order to secure Mana Wahine's vote – Trevor Mallard, a Labour Party MP, openly called it a "bribe".

Mana Wahine contested only two elections. The first was the Taranaki-King Country by-election in 1998. The Mana Wahine candidate, Mary Gilmore, received 7 of the 20,225 valid votes. In the 1999 general election, Mana Wahine failed to submit a party list, with Kopu saying that she missed the deadline by just minutes. The party nevertheless contested twelve electorate seats, gaining a total of 1,082 votes across the country. Kopu herself contested the Waiariki electorate, and gained sixth place with 1.70% of the vote.

On 12 February 2001, Mana Wahine was removed from the list of registered political parties at its own request.

Notes

Mana Wahine
Māori feminism
Māori political parties in New Zealand
Feminist organisations in New Zealand
Political parties established in 1998
Political parties disestablished in 2001

Mana Wahine Te Ira Tangata


美國纽约地铁线网复杂,每条线路都有对应的车辆段供列车停放,车辆段还具有对列车的保养以及维修的功能,这些车辆段遍布纽约各地,其中一些车辆段是位于地下的。

A系统

137街车辆段
137街车辆段(137th Street Yard)是一个位于地下的车辆段,位于在轨道线IRT百老汇-第七大道线上行走的1号线的145街和137街-市立學院之间,该车辆段位于上述位置中正线的两侧,东侧有两条西侧有三条,该车辆段用于停放走1号线服务的列车。

239街车辆段

239街车辆段(239th Street Yard)是纽约地铁车辆段中最北的一个,位于弗曼大道4570号,该车辆段提供2號線和5號線的列车停放。

240街车辆段

240街车辆段(240th Street Yard),又称为:范科特兰(Van Cortlandt)或VC Yard,位于百老汇路5911号,位于1号线北起讫站点范科特蘭公園-242街西北处,该车辆段连接了一旁1号线行走的IRT百老汇-第七大道线高架铁路,用于停放1号线车辆。

科罗娜车辆段

科罗娜车辆段(Corona Yard)位于111街附近,用于停靠7号线的快慢车。该车辆段于1928年启用。

东180街车辆段

东180街车辆段(East 180th Street Yard),位于布朗克斯东180街1145号,位于2号线以及5號線经过的东180街车站西边,紧靠车站东180街车站;停靠2号线和5號線的车辆。

杰罗姆车辆段
杰罗姆车辆段(Jerome Yard),又称为:Mosholu Yard,位于布朗克斯杰罗姆大道3191号,车辆段上盖了一个露天停车场,位于贝得福公园大道北侧,停放4號線列车。

莱诺克斯车辆段

莱诺克斯车辆段(Lenox Yard)位于曼哈顿的哈莱姆区社区的148街,该车连段没有维修设备,只作为3号线列车停放使用。作为跨区捷运公司(IRT)的第一个检修车间于1904年与地铁一同启用。车连段有两条轨道连接到3号线北部起讫站点哈林-148街车站的正线。

利沃尼亚车辆段

利沃尼亚车辆段(Livonia Yard)位于布鲁克林的东纽约街区,是轨道线IRT紐羅次線东端的终点。该车辆段用于停放3号线的R62车辆、42街接駁線的R62A以及4號線和5號線的R142车辆。

车辆段有四条检查车辆用的轨道以及13条停放车辆的轨道。3号线的大部分车辆停靠在曼哈顿上城的莱诺克斯车辆段。

联合港車廠
联合港車廠(Unionport Yard)在东180街车辆段旁,也用于停靠2号线和5號線的列车。该车连段目前有19条轨道,向南连接轨道线IRT白原路線,向北连接轨道线IRT代里大道線。

西农场車廠(拆除)
西农场車廠(West Farms Yard)是一个高架车辆段,于1952年拆除;曾用于停放2号线和5號線列车。

威彻斯特车辆段
威彻斯特车辆段(Westchester Yard,又译:韦斯切斯特车辆段)又称为佩勒姆车辆段(Pelham Yard),坐落在布朗克斯。该车连段有45条轨道用于停放6號線的车辆以及可以驶入两个系统的铁路维护车辆。车连段有连接轨道线IRT Pelham Line两个方向的轨道。

B系统

174街车辆段
174街车辆段()是IND第八大道線的一个地下车辆段,用于存放纽约地铁线的列车。车辆段有5条轨道,位于两条客运服务轨道以东。该车站在168街車站以北,相距6个街区,并且邻近175街。靠内的轨道通向车辆段,用于调度C线车辆。该场站虽然有五条线路,但仅可容纳三列十车厢60英寸宽列车和两列六车厢60英寸宽列车,不过C线只需两条用于容纳十车厢60英寸宽列车的轨道即可正常服务。车辆段北端有一堵混凝土墙,以及邻近跨曼哈顿高速公路的砖墙,这是因为该线路原计划行经乔治华盛顿大桥。

207街车辆段

207街车辆段()位于曼哈顿上城,Harlem River north of the University Heights Bridge. It serves as the home yard for the R32s assigned to the  train.

The 207th Street Shop is one of two heavy overhaul shops in the New York City Subway system (the other being the Coney Island Yard in Brooklyn) and provides overhaul and rebuilding of most A Division cars as well as some B Division rolling stock.

The yard also stores cars that are being retired or awaiting scrapping and restores cars designated for the New York Transit Museum.

South of the yard, connecting tracks lead to the IND Eighth Avenue Line. A separate connecting track and flyover leads to the IRT Broadway – Seventh Avenue Line.

Canarsie Yard

The Canarsie Yard (also known as AY Yard from its telegraphy letters) is located on the south end of the BMT Canarsie Line adjacent to Canarsie – Rockaway Parkway. It is the primary layup yard for the  train and hosts the only car wash for the entire BMT Eastern Division, washing trains for the , ,  and  services. Signals were installed in 2003 in conjunction with the BMT Canarsie Line automation project. This greatly increases the safety of train movements in the yard, as the  train has some of the fastest growing ridership in the system.

Church Avenue Yard
The Church Avenue Yard is an underground rail yard on the IND Culver Line, used to store trains for the  service. It is composed of four tracks directly under the four main line tracks above.  This yard is directly connected through the IND Church Avenue station which presently is the terminus for "G" service.  At least one of the yard's inner-most 4-tracks is in continuous use to turn-back equipment to the opposite direction.  There are two ramps between each local and express track south of Church Avenue station for access. Each track can hold one full-length train between the bumper blocks and the crossovers.

Coney Island Complex

The Coney Island Complex is the largest rapid transit yard in the state of New York. Located in Brooklyn, New York, it covers  and operates 24/7.

The complex was built in 1926 on former marshlands that, along with Coney Island Creek, formerly separated Coney Island from the main body of Brooklyn. Much of this land had originally been proposed for use as a ship canal and port facility.

Regular scheduled maintenance is performed here for a fleet of nearly 800 cars serving the , , ,  and Franklin Avenue Shuttle trains. The shop facility along with 207th St. does heavy maintenance and overhaul for every one of the approximately 6,000 cars in the subway system, including the Staten Island Railway.

In addition to heavy maintenance facilities and track facilities for cars undergoing maintenance and overhaul, the complex includes three related railroad storage yards. The main yard facility, known as "Coney Island Yard," includes direct connections to the adjacent BMT Sea Beach Line ( train) and a two-track elevated structure to the BMT West End Line ( train). The main yard also serves trains on the BMT Brighton Line ( trains) via tracks C & D (aka 3 & 4) of Coney Island – Stillwell Avenue station. The adjacent but separate Culver (or "City") Yard connects to the IND Culver Line ( train) at the eastern border of the yard complex. Another yard, "Stillwell Yard," used mainly for off-peak train storage, is located across the Sea Beach Line from the main yard complex in a "V" between the divergent Sea Beach and West End Lines.

In addition to the maintenance shop and yards, there is a Health Center (gym) for Transit Authority employees and a firing range for the New York City Police Department (NYPD). The range was originally built for the New York City Transit Police Department, which was merged with the NYPD in 1995.

The Coney Island Yard Electric Motor Repair Shop and Coney Island Yard Gatehouse were listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2006.

Concourse Yard

The Concourse Yard is located in northern Bronx near 205th Street and Jerome Avenue. This yard is home to all cars assigned to the  trains and are maintained at this yard, although many trains assigned to the  and  services are stored here as well. Connecting tracks lead north from the yard to the IND Concourse Line and south to the IRT Jerome Avenue Line. Concourse Yard is spanned across its middle by Bedford Park Boulevard West, and at its northern end by a 205th Street viaduct.  The Jerome Yard used by the IRT Jerome Avenue Line lies to the north of 205th Street.

The Concourse Yard Entry Buildings and Concourse Yard Substation were listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2006. The former consists of two, three-story brick buildings with only the top story visible from the street that are built next to one another to form a gateway to the Concourse Yard. They feature ornamental limestone columns and aluminum doors. The buildings are connected by an iron bridge that retains its original Art Deco balustrade. The latter is a one-story brick building measuring 50 feet by 100 feet and featuring a brick parapet with ornamental limestone and aluminum doors.

East New York Yard
East New York Yard (also known as DO Yard from its telegraphy letters) is primarily used to store and repair trains on the J, L, M and Z trains. Subway equipment is inspected and maintained there on a regular basis.

It is located at the junction of the Canarsie and Jamaica Lines near the intersection of Broadway and Jamaica Avenue in East New York, Brooklyn. A separate part of the facility houses the East New York Bus Depot, formerly a trolley depot. The yard is entirely equipped with hand-operated switches. Only the Fresh Pond Yard and 36th–38th Street Yard share this characteristic.

Portions of the yard date back to 1885 and the Lexington Avenue Elevated and the yard predates the rebuilding of nearby Broadway Junction, which was formerly known as Manhattan Junction or East New York Loop.

The yard and its main lead configuration remained the same before and after the extensive elevated line rebuilding nearby, but additional track and structure was built, so that, at its peak, East New York Yard had direct connections to the Broadway Elevated going west, Jamaica Line going east, Canarsie Line going east, and Fulton Street Elevated both east and west.

鮮潭車廠
The Fresh Pond Yard in Middle Village, Queens is located to the back of the Fresh Pond Bus Depot formerly a trolley depot, and is used for storing the R160As that run on the M train. It is located between Fresh Pond Road and Middle Village – Metropolitan Avenue on the BMT Myrtle Avenue Line, but is only accessible from the latter station. Trains must first platform there and then reverse into the yard. The yard is entirely equipped with hand-operated switches. Only East New York Yard and 36th–38th Street Yard share this characteristic.

Jamaica Yard

Jamaica Yard is located in Kew Gardens, Queens at the south end of Flushing Meadows–Corona Park. It is connected to the IND Queens Boulevard Line at a three-way flying junction. The yard is on surface level, and the four-track approach includes a bridge over the Grand Central Parkway, despite the Queens Boulevard Line being underground. The site upon which the yard sits at the head of the valley of the Flushing River was, during the American Revolution, occupied by British troops after the Battle of Long Island.

The yard was built for the Independent Subway System in the 1930s and served as the south end of the World's Fair Railroad in 1939 and 1940. The yard provides carwash, interior cleaning, grease and minor repair services to the R46s and R160s that are assigned to the , , and  trains.  Some R160s for the M train are stored here as well during weekdays.

The Metropolitan Transportation Authority plans to enlarge the yard.

Pitkin Yard

The Pitkin Yard is located in East New York, Brooklyn. It holds the Pitkin Shops, which maintain the R46s used on the  train and Rockaway Park Shuttle. Some R32s used on the  train are also stored here.

Track connections from the yard connect both railroad north to Euclid Avenue and railroad south past Grant Avenue on the IND Fulton Street Line. This allows trains to be added or removed from service in either direction.

Rockaway Park Yard

Rockaway Park Yard is located in Rockaway Park, Queens. It is a layup yard for the R46s on the Rockaway Park Shuttle and  train, although they are primarily maintained at the Pitkin Yard in Brooklyn. R40A #4392-93 are used for school training in this yard.

This yard is adjacent to Rockaway Park – Beach 116th Street. Like the IND Rockaway Line itself, the Rockaway Yard was originally a yard for the Rockaway Beach Branch of the Long Island Rail Road. It included a water tower, a roundhouse, and an elevated loop track for Brooklyn Rapid Transit trains.

其他车辆段

36th-38th Street Yard

The 36th–38th Street Yard is located between Fifth and Seventh Avenues in Sunset Park, Brooklyn, adjacent to the Jackie Gleason Bus Depot. This yard is not normally used for  revenue-service train maintenance, though some trains for the  service are stored here. Its primary function is to store diesel and electrically powered maintenance-of-way and other non-revenue service rolling stock. It is also used to transfer trash from garbage collector trains to trucks via platforms inside the yard just south of 37th Street.

This southern part of the yard was formerly the center of the South Brooklyn Railway, which extended from Bush Terminal through the north part of the yard, then down Gravesend Avenue and into the Coney Island Yard. The yard is entirely equipped with hand-operated switches. Only Fresh Pond Yard and East New York Yard share this characteristic.

Linden Shops
Linden Shops is a track shop, where track switches and other components are assembled. It has track connections to the IRT New Lots Line and BMT Canarsie Line, but no third rail, restricting the facility to diesel-powered trains only. There is also a track connection to the Long Island Rail Road's Bay Ridge Branch. This connection is one of two from the subway to the mainline United States rail network (the BMT West End Line is the other).

参考文献

紐約地鐵
美國鐵路車輛基地

纽约地铁车辆段


Laguna City is a little city of south of the Brazil, in Santa Catarina State.  This city have more than 50000 people.  It was the capital of the short-lived Juliana Republic in 1839.  The city is known for having dolphins

Some popular beaches of this city:
Mar Grosso beach
Iró beach
Gravatá beach
Gi beach.

Cities in Santa Catarina

Laguna


Emer Colleran (12 October 1945 – 30 June 2018) was an Irish microbiologist, academic and an environmental advocate. She was professor of microbiology at the National University of Ireland, Galway, a member of the Royal Irish Academy, one of Mary Robinson's nominees on the Council of State, and chairwoman of An Taisce - the National Trust for Ireland.

Birth and education

Colleran, and her twin Noreen, were born in Ballinrobe, Co Mayo in October 1945 to John and Josie Colleran. One of a  family of five children, her father was a school principal and her mother, also a primary school teacher, died when she was just 11 years old. She completed her secondary education at St Louis secondary school in Kiltimagh. She spent a lot of time outdoors as a child, particularly fishing, which sparked her interest in the environment.

On entering higher education, she had a grant from the Department of Education, which required that she had to do her studies through the Irish language. Her first choice, Medicine, was not available through Irish so she chose Science. She graduated with a first class primary degree in Science at University College Galway (now National University of Ireland, Galway) in 1967.

She specialised in anaerobic digestion as a postgraduate and in 1971 became a postdoctoral fellow for two years at the University of Bristol in the UK.

Academic career

Colleran lectured in biology at Athlone Regional Technical College (now AIT) and Galway Regional Technical College (now GMIT) before her appointment as a lecturer in microbiology at NUIG in 1976. She was appointed Associate Professor of microbiology by the Senate of the National University of Ireland in 1990.

She was a member of the university's governing authority for a number of years, but stepped down in May 2000 in connection with the selection procedure for the new university president. In October that year she was appointed professor of microbiology and chair of the department at NUIG.

She was the first director of the Environment Change Institute at NUI Galway set up under the Higher Education Authority's Programme for Research in Third Level Institutions in 2000. In 2010, the Environmental Change Institute and the Martin Ryan Marine Research Institute were merged to form the current day Ryan Institute at the National University of Ireland Galway.

Environmentalist
In 1973 Colleran was elected to the committee of the Galway Association of An Taisce, part of a national voluntary organisation the aims of which were to conservation in Ireland through education, publicity and positive action. She served as membership secretary and then treasurer to the Galway branch before becoming chairman. In 1981, as chairman of the Galway branch, she hit back at claims from Galway County Council that An Taisce were an anonymous group, wielding power unfairly. She was involved in the compilation of a controversial planning report, published by An Taisce in 1983, which highlighted abuse of planning laws by city and county councillors across Ireland, and in particular in counties Galway, Mayo, Donegal, Kerry and Louth.

She served as Environmental Officer for An Taisce before being elected National Chairman in 1987, the first time a chairman had come from one of the western county associations. She continued to use her position to campaign against misuse of planning laws, for a clamp down on pollution of rivers and lakes, and against a move to scrap An Foras Forbartha, a body that provided independent monitoring of pollution. During her three years as chairman, until May 1990, she was particularly involved in debates over local environmental and planning issues, in particular over gold mining in the west of Ireland, a proposed airport for Clifden, and the planned sewage treatment plant at Mutton Island in Galway.

In 1991 plans were announced for a new visitor centre, to be located at Mullaghmore in The Burren. Colleran was among those who were part of an appeal, saying that while the plan for the national park was welcomed by An Taisce, they wanted the visitor centre to be located three or four miles from Mullaghmore.

Appointments and honours
President Mary Robinson appointed seven new members to her Council of State in February 1991, including Colleran. Other new members appointed at the time were Monica Barnes, Patricia O'Donovan, Quintan Oliver, Rosemarie Smith, Dónal Toolan and D. Kenneth Whitaker. The new Council of State represented a wide spectrum of Irish life and was widely welcomed, although Fine Gael was disappointed that its leader John Bruton was not included.

In 1991, she was one of 15 people appointed to Taoiseach Charles Haughey's Green 2000 Advisory Group, to determine which problems would face the environment in the next century. The group was led by Dr David Cabot, special advisor on environmental affairs.

She was appointed a member of the National Heritage Council in 1995 by the then Minister for Arts, Culture and the Gaeltacht, Michael D. Higgins. In the same year the Minister of State at the Department of the Marine, Eamon Gilmore, appointed her to the chair of the Sea Trout working group to oversee the implementation of recommendations to tackle a decline in sea trout stocks, particularly in the west of Ireland.

In 2003 Colleran was elected as member of the Royal Irish Academy.

She was recognised at the annual NUI Galway Alumni Awards in 2004 when she received the award for Natural Science, sponsored by Seavite Bodycare Ltd., which acknowledges a graduate who has made an outstanding contribution in the field of natural science.

Later life and death

Colleran died on 30 June 2018 at University Hospital Galway.

References

1945 births
2018 deaths
Scientists from County Mayo
Irish microbiologists
Academics of the University of Galway
Alumni of the University of Galway
Members of the Royal Irish Academy
Presidential appointees to the Council of State (Ireland)
People from Ballinrobe

Emer Colleran