Joseph Vernon "Big Joe" Turner  (May 18, 1911 – November 24, 1985) was an American blues singer. His musicals styles were rhythm and blues, blues, jump blues, jazz and even early rock and roll. His strong voice was able to be heard in noisy venues.

Early life
Turner was born in Kansas City, Missouri on May 18, 1911.He first discovered his love for music by when he went to church. He began singing on street corners for money, quitting school at the age of fourteen to begin working in Kansas City's nightclubs, first as a cook, and later as a singing bartender. He became known eventually as "The Singing Barman", and worked in such venues as The Kingfish Club and The Sunset, where he and his piano playing partner Pete Johnson became resident performers.

Career
Turner's career started in the late 1920s when he worked as bartender and singer in different Kansas City night clubs. In the early 1930s he met the piano player Pete Johnson and they started playing together. The partnership lasted till the late 1940s. Together they played in John Hammond's famous From Spiritual to Swing concert in 1938. There they met Meade Lux Lewis and Albert Ammons. The four often played in the Café Society and went on tour. In the 1940s he sang and recorded on the West coast. When singing with the Count Basie Big Band he was heard by the bosses of Atlantic Records and they signed with him. The time with Atlantic was Turner's most successful, having a lot of hit singles like "Honey Hush" and "T.V. Mama."  But he is most famous as an early pioneer of rock and roll music in the 1950s although he was then in his 40s.

Later career
One of his most famous songs during this time was  called "Shake, Rattle and Roll" and has been recorded by many other famous musicians including: Bill Haley, Elvis Presley, Fats Domino and The Beatles. During the '70s and '80s, Turner recorded for Norman Granz's jazz-oriented Pablo label. He toured and recorded till his death in 1985.

Death
On November 24, 1985, Turner died after having a heart attack in his Inglewood, California home. He was 74 years old.

Honors
In 1983 Turner was inducted into the Blues Hall of Fame. Two years after his death Big Joe Turner was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.

Most famous recordings
 "Roll 'Em Pete" (1938)  Used for the million-dollar first scene in  Spike Lee's movie, Malcolm X
 "Chains Of Love" (1951) † (this was Turner's first million seller. The song was written by 'Nugetre' (words) and Van "Piano Man" Walls (music))
 "Honey Hush" (1953) †
 "Shake, Rattle and Roll" (1954) Inducted to the Blues Hall of Fame in 2001
 "Flip Flop and Fly" (1955) †
 "Cherry Red" (1956)
 "Corrine, Corrina" (1956) †
 "Wee Baby Blues" (1956) (a song Turner had been singing since his first days as musician)
 "Love Roller Coaster" (1956), with new lyrics to the Kansas City classic, "Morning Glory".

Tracks marked as † were million selling discs.

Albums
There are a lot of compilitions who gave an overview of his music:
Flip, Flop & Fly Pablo Recordings with the Count Basie Orchestra
Tell Me Pretty Baby Arhoolie Recordings from the late 1940s with Pete Johnson Orchestra
Joe Turner's Blues Topaz Jazz  Recordings from 1938 till 1946
Patcha, Patcha, All Night Long Pablo Recordings with Jimmy Witherspoon
Let´s Boogie All Night Long Vagabond Records  With the German boogie pianist Axel Zwingenberger
Shout, Rattle and Roll Proper  4 Cd box with recordings from the 1940s till the early 1950s
The Rhythm & Blues Years Atlantic Records  Recordings from the 1950s

References

1911 births
1985 deaths
American blues singers
Singers from Kansas City, Missouri
American R&B singers

Big Joe Turner


The goose step is a kind of marching done by the military. It is usually done in formal parades and other ceremonies. While marching together, the troops swing their legs high off the ground, while keeping their knees unbended (so that their legs are straight). It resembles the walking style of a goose.

The march comes from the Prussian army in the mid-18th century. It was called the Stechschritt (meaning, "piercing step") or Stechmarsch. It is still used today by the armed forces of the nearly 30 countries.

Other websites
Black-and-white video of the march

Military

Goose step


Sharon Creech (born July 29, 1945) is an American writer of children's novels. She was born in South Euclid, Ohio, a suburb of Cleveland. She was raised with a sister and three brothers.

Mid life
As an adult, she was a teacher, and married, had two children: Rob and Karin. She divorced, and married again. Creech's first two novels were for adults. After her father's death she wrote Absolutely Normal Chaos, her first book for kids. Her fourth book, Walk Two Moons, won the Newbery Medal. Chasing Redbird (1997) was shortlisted for the Whitbread award. A few years later, she won another Newbery award for her book, Love That Dog Still (1995). These are only a few of her accomplishments. Creech lives in Maine.

Education
She attended Hiram College for undergraduates. She later attended George Mason University for her master's degree.

Themes
Sharon Creech's books are mostly about family relationships. Often, they have a teenage girl as the main character. She experiences growth or learns an important lesson. A lot of Creech's book are based on actual experiences that happened in her life.

Beginning of writing
In the earlier years of her life she spent most of her time teaching and being with her family. Unfortunately in 1980, her father had a stroke, he was left paralyzed and mute. After her father's death in 1986 Creech started her first novel. "When I finished it," she continued, "I wrote another,and another, and another. The words just rushed out."

Books
 1990: Absolutely Normal Chaos
 1994: Walk Two Moons
 1996: Pleasing the Ghost
 1997: Chasing Redbird
 1998: Bloomability
 2000: The Wanderer
 2000: Fishing in the Air
 2001: A Fine, Fine School
 2001: Love That Dog
 2002: Ruby Holler
 2003: Granny Torrelli Makes Soup

References

 Creech, Sharon. "Sharon Creech." Sharon Creech. HarperCollins, 2012. Web. 13 May 2014.
 "Sharon Creech." Authors and Artists for Young Adults. Vol. 52. Detroit: Gale, 2003.Biography in Context. Web. 13 May 2014.
 "Sharon Creech." Contemporary Authors Online. Detroit: Gale, 2009. Literature Resource Center. Web. 13 May 2014.
 Carlson, Ann D. "Creech, Sharon." World Book Advanced. World Book, 2015. Web.  23 Mar. 2015.
 "Sharon Creech." Authors and Artists for Young Adults. Vol. 52. Detroit: Gale, 2003. Biography in Context. Web. 23 Mar. 2015.

1945 births
Living people
American children's writers
American novelists
Writers from Cleveland

Sharon Creech


A village is a place where people live, normally in the countryside. It is usually larger than a hamlet and smaller than a town or city.  In some places, it may be a kind of local government. The dwellings in a village are clustered fairly near one another, not scattered broadly over the landscape.

In the past, villages were where most people lived. Villages were a usual form of community for societies that do subsistence agriculture, and for some non-agricultural societies. After the industrial revolution, when people started making a lot of things in factories, people lived more in towns. Moving to towns is called urbanization. When villages grow a lot they can grow into towns and then cities. This is what happened to Dubai and Chicago.

United Kingdom
In The U.K. the main difference between a hamlet and a village is that many villages have a church.

Most villages are long-standing. The land has been settled (peopled) since the ice age. The soil is generally very fertile, and the land was once heavily forested. Much of what was forest was cut down to make ships, and farming replaced it. The land is fertile because of the deep loam (soil) in many places. That is partly due to the ice age, since the ice cover moved and ground against the bedrock.

United States

Incorporated villages
The word "village" is not used in most states. However, in twenty  US states, a "village" is a sort of local government, similar to a city but with less power and for a smaller place. But this is not so in all the United States. In many states, there are villages which are bigger than the smallest cities in the state. The difference is not the population, it is how much power the different sorts of places have, and what they do for people living there.

New York
In the state of New York, a village is a place which is usually called a town.

Unincorporated villages
In many states, a "village" is only a place where people live, with no legal power, similar to a hamlet in New York state. The name for these is "unincorporated villages".

References

Types of settlements

Village


Dark Water is the English title of a collection of short stories by Koji Suzuki, originally published in Japan as Honogurai mizu no soko kara (Kanji: 仄暗い水の底から; literally, From the Depths of Dark Waters). The book was first published in 1996, and released in 2004 in English translation.

The collection contains seven stories, and an extra plotline forming the prologue and epilogue.

Stories
Floating Water (浮遊する水; Fuyū Suru Mizu) was adapted as Dark Water (2002) by Hideo Nakata, which in turn was remade as the American film Dark Water (2005). It is the story of a young mother and her daughter who take refuge from a messy divorce in a run-down apartment building. The mother discovers that a small girl vanished from the building a year previously, and begins to investigate the connection between her disappearance and a series of terrifying events taking place around the flat.
Solitary Isle - a young man sets out to discover the truth behind his dead friend's boast that he dumped his girlfriend naked on Battery No. 6, an artificial island in the middle of Tokyo Bay.
The Hold - a fisherman who beats his wife and son and tries to uncover the reason for his wife's disappearance, and why he has a throbbing headache.
Dream Cruise - a young man is invited out on a mini-cruise by a couple who wish to entice him into a pyramid sales scheme. Fairly soon, bizarre things start happening to the boat. Dream Cruise was adapted for the Masters of Horror Showtime cable network series in 2007 and it was directed by Tsuruta Norio.
Adrift - the crew of a fishing trawler happen across an abandoned yacht, similar in situation to the Mary Celeste. The film Open Water 2: Adrift (2006) was partly influenced by this short story. The film rights for this story have been optioned by MGM and Blumhouse Productions, with Darren Aronofsky set to direct and Jared Leto will star and produce the adaptation.
Watercolors - an amateur dramatic troupe stages a play in a converted disco, but strange things start happening on the floor above.
Forest Under The Sea - the only story in the collection to have no real supernatural element whatsoever. Two spelunkers discover an unexplored cave, but become trapped. Suzuki here explores the emotions of regret and longing. It ties in with the epilogue story.

Themes
Suzuki is concerned with the atrocities committed by humans themselves rather than by otherworldly forces. There are themes of urban decay, family troubles and domestic abuse running throughout the stories. The characters themselves are often selfish, cruel and self-absorbed. Suzuki uses these characters to explore emotions such as rage, fear and longing. His stories often take as their theme life after the Japanese asset price bubble burst, as they were written shortly afterwards.

The one thing that all the stories have in common is the repeated use of water imagery. Many of the events take place at sea, but even the land-based plotlines have a connection to water. In Watercolors, for instance, the characters are plagued by water dripping through their ceiling. While its generally believed that water drips through the ceiling in Floating water, this is not true; this was just an element put into the films.

Manga

 is a manga version of Koji Suzuki's book Dark Water from 2002, illustrated by Meimu. Just like the book, it's a collection of short horror stories linked to water.

References

1996 short story collections
ADV Manga
Drama anime and manga
Horror anime and manga
Japan in fiction
Japanese horror fiction
Kadokawa Shoten manga
Short story collections by Koji Suzuki
Vertical (publisher) titles

Dark Water (short story collection)


The Italian Republic () was a short-lived (1802–1805)  republic located in Northern Italy. Napoleon Bonaparte served as president and its capital was Milan.

The republic

The Italian Republic was the successor of the Cisalpine Republic, which changed its constitution to allow the French First Consul Napoleon to become its president. The new constitution changed the name of the state to the "Italian Republic"; it consisted of the same areas that had comprised the Cisalpine Republic, primarily Lombardy and Romagna.

The republic had a territory of more than , and a population of 3,840,000 in 12 départements. Milan was the capital city, the main center having 124,000 inhabitants in 1764. The country was prosperous despite the plundering experienced in preceding centuries. Its economy was based on cereal agriculture and cattle raising, plus flourishing small industries, notably the production of silk.

The flag of the Italian Republic maintained the three Italian-Milanese national colours, but with a new, less revolutionary, pattern. The coat of arms was specified in a decree on 13 May 1802. A treaty of friendship and commerce with the Republic of San Marino was signed on 10 June 1802, the Concordat with the Holy See on 16 September 1803.

The government created the National Guard of Italy, a National Gendarmerie, and a finance police; the metric system was introduced and a national currency was planned, although never minted during the Republican era.

In 1805, following Bonaparte's assumption of the title of Emperor of the French, the Italian Republic was transformed into the Kingdom of Italy (Regno d'Italia), with Napoleon as king and his stepson Eugène de Beauharnais as viceroy.

Institutional form

According to the Italian constitution of 1802, sovereignty resided in three electoral colleges of three to two hundred members: the College of Owners (il Collegio dei possidenti), the College of Scholars (il Collegio dei dotti), and the College of Traders (il Collegio dei mercanti), the first having its seat in Milan, the second in Bologna, and the third in Brescia. All the colleges elected a commission of control and supreme rule, called the Censorship (la Censura), composed of twenty-one members and based in Cremona.

The head of state was the president of the republic (il Presidente della repubblica), Napoleon Bonaparte, elected for 10 years. The president had full executive powers, appointed the vice-president (il Vicepresidente) and the secretary of state, took legislative and diplomatic initiative, chose the ministers, public agents, ambassadors, and chiefs of the army, summoned the executive councils, and prepared the budget. The vice-president, Francesco Melzi d'Eril, acted for the president during his absence. Melzi was described as a gentleman and effectively ruled over the state's domestic affairs during the three years of the republic's life. Never submitting to Napoleon, Melzi was demoted after the monarchy's proclamation in favour of more controllable men; however, Melzi's character ensured him Napoleon's deep private respect during all the years of the French empire. Melzi also introduced obligatory conscription to Italy.

The Consulta (la Consulta di Stato) was a commission of eight members led by the president of the republic and in charge of foreign policy. The commissioners were appointed by the Censorship upon nomination by the three colleges: many former members of the Directory of the Cisalpine Republic entered into office. The Consulta ratified treaties, approved any special decrees concerning state security, and in the event of the death or resignation of the president, appointed the successor. The minister of foreign affairs was chosen from among the commissioners.

The Legislative Council (il Consiglio legislativo) was a commission of at least ten members appointed by the president for three years. Its mission was to allow the president to submit legislation, helping him in the elaboration of laws and being present when they were discussed in parliament. The secretary of state (il segretario di Stato) was the chief of the public administration. He promulgated the laws, guarded the state's seal, and countersigned presidential acts. The first secretary was Diego Guicciardi, soon followed by Pellegrino Nobili and, finally, by Luigi Vaccari.

The government comprised seven ministers (i ministri). The Minister of War was at first Alessandro Trivulzi and then, from 1804, General Domenico Pino; Minister of Interior was at first Luigi Villa and then, from 1803, Daniele Felici; Minister of Foreign Affairs was Ferdinando Marescalchi; Minister of Justice and Great Judge was Bonaventura Spannocchi; Minister of Treasury was Antonio Veneri; Minister of Finance was Giuseppe Prina; Minister of Religion was Giovanni Bovara. To draw up its budgets, the government was assisted by a Commissionership for National Accountancy.

The parliament of the republic was the Legislative Body (il Corpo Legislativo) with limited powers. It was composed of 75 members elected in each department by the three colleges. It was summoned by the president of the republic and could only approve or reject a law, the discussion being reserved to a more restricted Chamber of orators or Chamber of speakers (Camera degli oratori, a committee of fifteen speakers). First appointed at the Meetings of Lyon, one-third of the parliament had to be renewed every two years.

The tribunals were divided into tribunals of first instance (tribunali di prima istanza), courts of appeal (corti d'appello), courts of revision (corti di revisione), and a court of cassation (corte di cassazione). The judges of the first two were appointed by the Consulta, the latter two by the three colleges.

Local administration
Following the French system, The state was divided into 12 départements (dipartimenti). The chief of the department was the prefect (prefetto), an office created on 6 May 1802. The prefect was the state's representative in each province (dipartimento), and had two main functions: the first was to implement the administrative decisions of the central government and to control the local authorities, the second was leadership of the police. The local legislative body was the General Council (Consiglio generale), composed of representatives of the communes. The government appointed the Central Departmental Administration (Consiglio della prefettura), composed of five or seven members chosen from nominations submitted by the General Council: the Administrations had powers over taxes and public works and, generally, represented local interests.

The departments were divided into districts (distretti) equivalent to the French arrondissements. The chief of the district was the vice-prefect, which had powers similar to those of the prefect, but for a smaller area. However, the structure of the districts was not uniform over all the territory of the republic, and some districts were administered by a district council and a chancellor.

The districts were divided into communes. Communes with more than 3,000 inhabitants had a city council (consiglio comunale) of thirty or forty members, chosen by the General council from nominations submitted by the same city council. In the smaller communes, all the taxable citizens were councillors. The council elected an executive municipality of three to nine members, helped in its executive functions by a city secretary. All city offices were held only by owners and traders, and the leadership of the owners was assured. Each commune had a tax collector.

List of departments and districts
 Agogna (capital Novara)
 District of Novara, District of Vigevano, District of Domodossola, District of Varallo, District of Arona
 Crostolo (capital Reggio Emilia)
 Lario (capital Como)
 District of Como, District of Varese, District of Sondrio, District of Lecco
 Lower Po (capital Ferrara)
 Mella (capital Brescia)
 District of Brescia, District of Chiari, District of Verolanuova, District of Salò
 Mincio (capital Mantua)
 District of Mantua, District of Revere, District of Verona, District of Castiglione
 Olona (capital Milan)
 District of Milan, District of Pavia, District of Monza, District of Gallarate
 Panaro (capital Modena)
 Reno (capital Bologna)
 Rubicone (capital Forlì)
 Serio (capital Bergamo)
 District of Bergamo, District of Clusone, District of Treviglio, District of Breno
 Upper Po (capital Cremona)
 District of Cremona, District of Crema, District of Lodi, District of Casalmaggiore

See also
 French client republic
 Cisalpine Republic

Sources
 ● Historical database of Lombard laws (it.)
 ● Text of the Constitution of Italy of 1802 (it.)

Modern history of Italy
Italian states
Former republics
Italian unification
1800s in Italy
States and territories established in 1802
States and territories disestablished in 1805
1802 establishments in Europe
1805 disestablishments in Europe
1802 establishments in Italy
1805 disestablishments in Italy
France–Italy relations

Italian Republic (Napoleonic)


Meritage is a name for red and white Bordeaux-style wines without infringing on the Bordeaux (France) region's legally protected designation of origin. Winemakers must license the Meritage trademark from its owner, the California-based Meritage Alliance. Member wineries are found principally in the United States, though increasingly elsewhere.

History
The Meritage Association was formed in 1988 by a small group of Sonoma County and Napa Valley, California vintners increasingly frustrated by U.S. Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives regulations stipulating wines contain at least 75% of a specific grape to be labeled as a varietal. As interest grew in creating Bordeaux-style wines, which by their blended nature fail to qualify for varietal status, members sought to create a recognizable name for their blended wines.

In 1988, the association hosted a contest to conceive a proprietary name for these wines, receiving over 6,000 submissions. "Meritage"—a portmanteau of merit and heritage—was selected and its coiner awarded two bottles of the first ten vintages of every wine licensed to use the brand.

The first wine to be labeled with the term "Meritage" was the 1986 "The Poet" by Mitch Cosentino (Cosentino Winery) and 1985 vintage by Dry Creek Vineyard was the oldest vintage released "Meritage".

By 1999, the Meritage Association had grown to 22 members. Shifting its focus from trademark policing to education and marketing resulted in swift growth.  By 2003, the Association had over 100 members, including its first international participants.

In May 2009, the Meritage Association announced that it had changed its name to the Meritage Alliance. As of July 2014, the Alliance had over 350 members.

Trademark licensing and wine production
The Meritage agreement stipulates the blends that can be labeled "Meritage", a fee per case (currently $1.00, capped at $500.00 per vintage), and various labeling restrictions.

A red Meritage must be made from a blend of at least two of the following varieties: Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot, Cabernet Franc, Malbec, Petit Verdot, St. Macaire, Gros Verdot, or Carmenère, with no variety comprising more than 90 percent of the blend.

A white Meritage must be made from a blend of at least two or more of the following varieties: Sauvignon blanc, Sémillon, or Muscadelle du Bordelais, with no variety comprising more than 90 percent of the blend.

Although not stipulated by the licensing agreement, the Meritage Alliance strongly recommends that wineries label only their best blend Meritage and limit production to no more than 25,000 cases.

Unlike regulations like French AOC, there are no mandatory rules related to winemaking or winegrowing.

Pronunciation
Although many people, including many wine experts, have a tendency to Frenchify the word "Meritage" by pronouncing its last syllable with a "zh" sound, as in the U.S. pronunciation of "garage", the Meritage Alliance specifically states that the word should be pronounced to rhyme with "heritage", that is, Meritage should be pronounced .

References

 What is Meritage?
 The Meritage Alliance License Agreement
 2005 Code of Federal Regulations, Title 27, Volume 1, Part 5: Labeling and Advertising of Distilled Spirits

Footnotes

External links
 The Meritage Alliance official site

American wine
Wine styles

Meritage


Leo of Tripoli (), known in Arabic as Rashīq al-Wardāmī (), and Ghulām Zurāfa (), was a Greek renegade and fleet commander for the Abbasid Caliphate in the early tenth century. He is most notable for his sack of Thessalonica, the Byzantine Empire's second city, in 904.

Life
Nothing is known of Leo's early life except that he was born in or near Attaleia, the capital of the maritime Cibyrrhaeot Theme, and was captured in an Arab raid and brought to Tripoli. In captivity, he converted to Islam, and entered the service of his captors as a seaman and commander. In Arabic sources he is called Lāwī Abū'l-Ḥārith and given the sobriquet ghulām Zurāfa, "servant/page of Zurafa", probably reflecting the name of his first Muslim master. He is also referred to as Rashīq al-Wardāmī. Alexander Vasiliev interpreted the element Wardāmī in his second Arabic name to mean that Leo was a Mardaite.

The details of Leo's early career in the Muslim fleets are unknown, but he seems to have risen quickly: the historian Mas'udi, who met him in person, regarded him as one of the best navigators of his time. In the Arabic sources, he appears with the generic titles of commander (qā'id) or admiral (amīr al-baḥr), as well as governor (ṣāḥib) of Tripoli, and deputy governor (nā'ib) of Tarsus. Both of the latter cities were major Muslim naval centres in the late 9th century, and due to their proximity to the Byzantine Empire functioned as staging areas for the Muslim naval raids.

In early 904, along with another Greek renegade, Damian of Tarsus, Leo participated in the Abbasid campaign that wrested Egypt from the Tulunids and restored it to Abbasid control. Leo and Damian would frequently co-operate in the next decade in their attacks on the Byzantine Empire. In the summer of 904, Leo was at the head of a major Abbasid naval expedition of 54 vessels from the Syrian and Egyptian fleets, whose initial target reportedly was Constantinople itself. The Arab fleet penetrated the Dardanelles and sacked Abydos, as the Byzantine navy under the droungarios Eustathios Argyros was reluctant to confront them. Emperor Leo VI the Wise replaced Argyros with the more energetic Himerios, but Leo of Tripoli forestalled the Byzantines, turning back west and heading for the Empire's second city, Thessalonica, which he sacked after a three-day siege on 31 July 904. The sack of the city brought the Muslim fleet enormous booty and many captives who were taken to be sold as slaves, including the eyewitness John Kaminiates, who wrote the main account of the city's siege and fall. Arab sources, confusing Thessalonica with Attaleia, erroneously report that Leo sacked the latter city.

It is unknown if Leo was the head of the Arab fleet defeated by Himerios on St. Thomas' Day (6 October, probably in 906), but along with Damian of Tarsus he was in command of the Arab fleet that scored a major victory over Himerios in April 912 off Chios, while he was returning from a fruitless attempt to reconquer the Emirate of Crete. Finally, in 921/2, the imperial navy under the patrikios and droungarios John Rhadenos defeated Leo's fleet off Lemnos. Most of the Arab fleet was destroyed and Leo himself barely escaped. He disappears from the sources after this event.

See also

 Tulunids in Lebanon

References

Sources

Greek pirates
Greek Muslims
Converts to Islam from Christianity
Medieval Thessalonica
People of the Arab–Byzantine wars
Byzantine prisoners of war
9th-century births
10th-century deaths
Governors of the Abbasid Caliphate
10th-century Byzantine people
Admirals of the Abbasid Caliphate
Medieval Aegean Sea
Medieval pirates

Leo of Tripoli


Shi Yuzhu () is a Chinese entrepreneur and software engineer.

Early life and education
Shi was born in 1962 in Huaiyuan County, Anhui, China. After he graduated from the Department of Mathematics at Zhejiang University, he did his postgraduate study in the Department of Software Engineering at Shenzhen University.

Business career
Chairman of the Board and Chief Executive Officer of Giant Interactive Group, one of China's most successful online game companies. In October, licensed flagship game ZT Online to Astrum Nival of Russia. Founded the company in 2005. Took it public in the United States in November 2007. Got a bachelor's degree in mathematics from Zhejiang University, and created a huge following for his Zhuhai Giant Hi-Tech Group in 1991, based on the popularity of a single videogame. Zhuhai Giant collapsed under the weight of massive debt incurred for a 70-story skyscraper that was never built. His recent return to games through an online services provider he founded, ZTgame, has given new life to his entrepreneurial reputation. Shi also has more than 3% stakes in Minsheng Bank, of which he's a director, and Huaxia Bank. Diversifying into Chinese rice wine market.

Giant Interactive Group
Giant Interactive Group is an online game developer and operator in China. The Company focuses on massively multiplayer online (MMO) games that are played through networked game servers, in which a number of players are able to simultaneously connect and interact. The Company's three MMO games include ZT Online, ZT Online PTP, a pay-to-play game based on the ZT Online free-to-play game, and Giant Online. ZT Online, ZT Online PTP, ZT Online Green, ZT Online Classic Edition and Giant Online together had 1,572,000 quarterly peak concurrent users and 474,000 quarterly average concurrent users during the year ended December 31, 2009. In addition, it launched two free-to-play games, ZT Online Green and My Sweetie, and introduced King of Kings III, or K III, XT Online and The Golden Land in 2009. In December 2009, and January 2010, the Company acquired two licenses to operate Elsword and Allods Online, two three dimensional-MMO games, in mainland China.

Wealth
In 2010's, Forbes World's Billionaires List, Shi was ranked no. 616 in the world.

In terms of Asia, Shi is ranking at number 49 in the richest people in China, according to the Forbes 2015 rich list. His estimated worth is 3.15 billion US dollars.

References

External links
 Shi Yuzhu's biography at Sina Finance
 Hurun Report 2007 - No.15 Shi Yuzhu
 2007 China IT Rich List: No.2 Shi Yuzhu
 China's Famous Private Entrepreneur - Shi Yuzhu
 Forbes Mainland China Rich List 2007

1962 births
Living people
Chinese billionaires
Engineers from Anhui
Businesspeople from Anhui
Zhejiang University alumni
Shenzhen University alumni
People from Huaiyuan County
Chinese technology company founders

Shi Yuzhu


Mount Gibson Sanctuary is a  nature reserve on the northern edge of the Wheatbelt and the southern margin of uncleared rangeland country,  north-east of Perth in mid-west Western Australia.  The nearest large town is Dalwallinu.  It is in the Avon-Wheatbelt Bioregion and is owned and managed by the Australian Wildlife Conservancy (AWC).

History
Mount Gibson is a former pastoral lease, first granted in 1915 and used mainly for sheep grazing.  More recently it was managed for its environmental values.  It was acquired by AWC in 2001.  Current programs include removal and control of feral animals, rehabilitation of degraded areas, and wildfire management.

Landscape and climate
Mount Gibson contains rocky ranges, floodplains, claypans, salt-lakes and sand-plains.  The climate is semi-arid with winter rainfall and hot, dry summers.  Average annual rainfall is .

Ecosystems
Floristically, Mount Gibson contains elements of both the south-west region and the arid zone, due to its transitional location on the mulga-eucalypt line.  Much of the reserve is dominated by Wheatbelt flora, largely cleared elsewhere, including extensive eucalypt woodlands, with stands of salmon gum, York gum and gimlet.

Fauna
Both red and western grey kangaroos are found on the reserve, emphasizing the transitional nature of its location.  Other mammals are Mitchell's hopping mouse and the little long-tailed dunnart.  Significant bird species include malleefowl, Major Mitchell's cockatoo and regent parrot. Western quolls were reintroduced to the sanctuary in 2023. An indicator of floristic richness is a collection of over 100 species of native bees on the property.

Important Bird Area
The sanctuary, along with the neighbouring Charles Darwin Reserve, forms part of the  Mount Gibson and Charles Darwin Important Bird Area (IBA), so identified by BirdLife International principally because it supports populations of malleefowl and western corellas, as well as several other species restricted to either the arid or mallee biomes.

See also
 Mount Gibson, Western Australia

References

External links
 Australian Wildlife Conservancy

Nature reserves in Western Australia
Australian Wildlife Conservancy reserves
Shire of Yalgoo
Important Bird Areas of Western Australia
2001 establishments in Australia

Mount Gibson Sanctuary


In Finnish mythology, Väki means races of Haltijas (Finnish elves) and their magical powers. Different things in nature had their own väki guarding them. For example, Väki of water lived in and protected water. Väki is the name of both the magical power and Haltijas. Väki could sometimes be seen. They looked like little man-like creatures. Sometimes Väki went inside people and made people ill. Väki makes people ill if they behave badly in their kingdom. For example, if someone shouted in a forest without reason then the Väki of forest may make then ill. Shaman could heal these illnesses by telling the väki to leave the person and go back to its original place.

The other version of väki refers to the realm of the dead. Väki was the anonymous pack of dead people. Once they (väki) had been our beloved ones, relatives etc. but after spending some time in the afterlife they had been become unknown masses of dead creatures without any personal markings.

Finnish mythology

sv:Rådare

Väki


Charles Wood (April 23, 1916 – May 29, 1978) was an American singer and actor. After moving to New York City from Redwood City, California, where he grew up, he appeared in five Broadway musicals in the 1940s and 1950s.

Early years
Wood was born in Seattle, Washington, to Cyril Percival (Percy) Wood (b. August 18, 1883 in Gonzales, California; d. May 12, 1963 in San Jose, California) and his wife, Edith Florence Chamberlain (b. June 11, 1880 in Oakland, California; d. June 18, 1960 in Belmont, California). They were wed at Trinity Episcopal Parish Church in Seattle on November 6, 1909. Edith Florence Chamberlain Wood is a descendant of John Howland who was among the 102 passengers arriving at Plymouth aboard the Mayflower in 1620. Cyril Percy and his bride resided for one year in Susitna, Alaska, where Cyril was an early day official for the Northern Commercial Company. He served as secretary to William Fairbanks, vice president of the Northern Commercial Company, shortly after the start of the 20th century, and accompanied him on his annual inspection tours of company posts. Later, he was Northern Commercial Company agent at Iditarod, Alaska, and Kodiak, Alaska, where the family resided for eight years and one year respectively.

Charles was born while the family was on one of many visits to Seattle during this period. The family finally left Alaska in 1919 and resided in Seattle for a year before settling in Redwood City in 1920.

Wood attended Lincoln Grammar School in Redwood City and went on to graduate from Redwood City's Sequoia Union High School.

Upon moving to New York City to pursue a career as a professional performer, Wood met and, in 1942, married Adelaide Marchena (b. October 15, 1915 in New York City; d. November 1, 1982 in New York City), a native of Manhattan and a first generation American, the daughter of Carlin and Adelaida Marchena, both of Barcelona, Spain.

Career
Wood appeared on Broadway in five musicals between 1945 and 1953.  These included three original productions: Up in Central Park (1945) starring Wilbur Evans and Noah Beery Sr.; originating the role of Hortensio in the hit musical Kiss Me, Kate (1948) starring Alfred Drake, Patricia Morison, Lisa Kirk and Harold Lang; and as Morrie in Wish You Were Here (1952) starring Jack Cassidy, Patricia Marand, Sheila Bond and introducing newcomer Florence Henderson.  Kiss Me, Kate was the only Cole Porter musical to reach 1,000 performances during an original run and garnered five 1949 Tony Awards, including the first in the Best Musical category. In addition to original productions, Wood appeared on Broadway in two revivals: Sweethearts (1947) starring Bobby Clark, June Knight and Marjorie Gateson; and Sally.

Wood also appeared in the NBC-TV Hallmark Hall of Fame live color telecast of Kiss Me, Kate on November 20, 1958. A black-and-white kinescope of the telecast (Episode #8–2; Hallmark #29) was released on DVD (release date: February 8, 2011).  The telecast starred Drake and Morison (two of the show's four original leads) and also featured Jack Klugman.  Although Wood appeared just as he had in the Broadway original a decade earlier, the role he created was played in the broadcast by Jerry Duane.  However, Wood sings Hortensio in the 1949 cast recording which was inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame (class of 1998) and was also inducted into the National Recording Registry (class of 2014).

Military service
Charles Wood served in the United States Army. He was inducted on January 22, 1942, at Fort Dix, New Jersey. He received an honorable discharge on October 18, 1944, at Fort Dix, New Jersey. He achieved the rank of staff sergeant and served in the Headquarters Battery 899th Field Artillery Battalion in Ft Leonard Wood, Missouri.

Personal life
In 1945, shortly after he was cast in Up in Central Park, Wood and his wife moved into an apartment in Midtown Manhattan within walking distance of the Theater District. They continued to reside there until 1972 when the seven-story building was demolished to make way for a residential high-rise tower. During that time, they raised their five children: Charles Jr. (January 30, 1943 – August 28, 2008), Dianne (born February 3, 1944), Barbara (born May 6, 1947), Ronald (born October 19, 1951) and Debra (born December 19, 1952).

His family includes:

 Older brother, Cyril Chamberlain ("Cy") Wood (b. November 3, 1911 in Susitna, Alaska; d. June 23, 2001 in Topanga, California)
 Older sister, Mary Wood (b. January 2, 1915 in Iditarod, Alaska; d. July 21, 2009 in Sacramento, California)
 Younger brother, Alfred Russell Wood (b. June 10, 1917 in Iditarod, Alaska; d. January 1, 2000 in San Luis Obispo, California)
 Younger sister, Patricia Wood (b. November 19, 1919 in Seattle, Washington; d. December 29, 1998 in San Jose, California)
 Younger brother, Richard Calvin Wood (b. December 24, 1924 in Oakland, California; d. February 1, 2008 in Phoenix, Arizona)

Virginia Louise Chamberlain Denny (a cousin of the six Wood siblings), was the wife of Victor Winfield Scott Denny Jr., a grandson of David and Louisa Boren Denny of the famed Denny Party who are credited with having founded the city of Seattle in the mid-Nineteenth Century, having named the new city after Chief Seattle (a.k.a. Si'ahl; Sealth) who they negotiated with after having claimed land in the area.

Death
Wood died in 1978, at age 62, in New York City at the former Beekman Downtown Hospital in Lower Manhattan, of complications resulting from a stroke he had suffered two years earlier.

Bibliography
Sources
Bloom, Ken and Frank Vlastnik. Broadway Musicals: The 101 Greatest Shows of All Time. Black Dog & Leventhal Publishers, Inc, New York, NY. 2004 original edition (); 2008 revised edition (); 2010 revised edition (). All three editions include a foreword by Jerry Orbach. A 1948 original cast publicity photo of Kiss Me, Kate, showing Wood in the song "Tom, Dick or Harry" (with his full name listed to the left of the photo), appears on p. 173 of the 2004 edition; on p. 171 of the 2008 edition; and on p. 175 of the 2010 edition.
Maslon, Laurence and Michael Kantor. Broadway: The American Musical (the companion book to the six-part PBS documentary series). Bulfinch Press; New York, NY (2004). . Foreword (2010 revised edition ) by Julie Andrews. A 1948 original cast curtain call photo of Kiss Me, Kate, showing Wood pictured in the front row, appears on p. 229 of both editions.
The Library of Congress Recorded Sound Reference Center. Show Music on Record, a searchable database based on the book, Show Music on Record: From the 1890s to the 1980s by Jack Raymond, first published in 1982 (). Wood is listed in this online database for singing Hortensio in the song "Tom, Dick or Harry" on the Kiss Me, Kate 1949 original Broadway cast recording: Columbia ML-4140 (1949 LP release); Sony 88697-56207-2 (2009 CD reissue); (2012 MP3 download).
EMI. Kiss Me, Kate complete score double CD (UK digital recording) with accompanying booklet printed in English, German and French. EMI; London, England (1990). A 1948 original Broadway cast side view photo, showing Wood in "Tom, Dick or Harry" (with his full name and his role listed below the photo), appears on p. 23. A 1948 original Broadway cast curtain call photo, showing Wood pictured in the front row, appears on p. 29.
Time-Life Books. American Musicals: Cole Porter: Kiss Me, Kate; Can-Can; Anything Goes (one of fifteen American Musicals Series box sets with accompanying 9x9 booklet). Time-Life Records; Alexandria, VA (1981). Wood is pictured in all three of the box set's Kate 1948 original Broadway cast photos: A front view photo, showing Wood in "Tom, Dick or Harry" (with his full name and his role listed above the photo), appears on p. 6. A photo of a Taming of the Shrew scene, showing Wood pictured at center, appears on p. 7. A color photo of the final curtain call, showing Wood pictured in the top row, appears on the box set front cover (back cover: blank). Wood is also credited with originating the role of Hortensio (p. 29) as well as being credited in the song list on the back cover of the booklet (front cover: photo of Cole Porter).
Time. January 31, 1949 issue. A 1948 original Broadway cast photo of a Taming of the Shrew scene in Kiss Me, Kate, showing Wood pictured at center, appears on the first page of the cover story (pp. 40–43).

Notes

External links

1916 births
1978 deaths
Male actors from Seattle
Male actors from the San Francisco Bay Area
United States Army personnel of World War II
American male musical theatre actors
American male Shakespearean actors
American male stage actors
American tenors
Male actors from New York City
People from Yukon–Koyukuk Census Area, Alaska
20th-century American male actors
20th-century American singers
United States Army soldiers
20th-century American male singers

Charles Wood (actor)


"Highland Laddie", also known as "Hielan' Laddie", is the name of a Scottish popular folk tune "If Thou'lt Play Me Fair Play", but as with many old melodies various sets of words can be sung to it, of which Robert Burns's poem "Highland Laddie" is probably the best known. "If Thou'lt Play Me Fair Play" has been reworked several times since Burns set down his words, Donkey Riding being one variant.

Highland Regiments raised in the 18th and early 19th centuries employed many unique symbols to differentiate themselves from other regiments and enlisted distinctive music to announce their arrival, but as a result of the Cardwell Reforms of 1881, all British Army Highland Regiments were required to use "Highland Laddie" as their regimental march. Over time, many of these regiments had managed to return to their pre-Cardwell marches when, in March 2006, the establishment of the Royal Regiment of Scotland saw the disappearance of all Scotland's historic infantry regiments and their distinctions, including music, and the adoption of a new regimental march, "Scotland the Brave".

Regiments

"Highland Laddie" continues to be the regimental march of a number of Commonwealth regiments with Scottish affiliations. Some of these regiments include:

United Kingdom
 The Royal Scots Dragoon Guards
 The Scots Guards
 The London Scottish
 The Tyneside Scottish

Canada
 42nd Field Artillery Regiment (Lanark and Renfrew Scottish), RCA
 The Black Watch (Royal Highland Regiment) of Canada
 The Royal Highland Fusiliers of Canada
 The Cape Breton Highlanders formerly 2nd Battalion, The Nova Scotia Highlanders
 The Essex and Kent Scottish
 48th Highlanders of Canada
 The Lake Superior Scottish Regiment
 The Calgary Highlanders

Australia
16th Battalion (The Cameron Highlanders of Western Australia)
41st Battalion, Royal New South Wales Regiment (The Byron Regiment)
The Adelaide Universities Regiment
3rd Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment

New Zealand
1st Armoured Car Regiment (New Zealand Scottish)

Republic of India
9 Gorkha Rifles (1st Battalion 9 Gorkha Rifles)

Sri Lanka
 Gemunu Watch

Dances

Highland dance
Highland laddie is also the name of a dance in Scottish Highland dancing, of the "national dance" subtype. This version of the dance was first published by D. G. MacLennan in 1952, who referred to it as a Hebridean dance, collected by MacLennan in 1925 from Archie MacPherson on the island of South Uist. MacLennan himself suggested "a more effective finishing" of the dance, with entrechat at the end. Most national dances are usually danced by females in an Aboyne dress, but the Highland laddie is one of two national dances that are typically danced in the standard kilt-based outfit, the other being "Wilt thou go to the barracks, Johnny?".

Scottish step dances
Highland (or Hielan') laddie is the name of several Scottish soft-shoe step dances, different from the national dance mentioned above. Two different dances of this name have been taught in Scottish (ladies) step dance classes within the frame of the RSCDS Summer Schools in St Andrews, Scotland. Yet another version, collected by Jack McConachie and published in 1972 is now commonly referred to as Hebridean laddie. There are reasons to believe that dances taught by Jack McConachie as Hebridean, namely flowers of Edinburgh and bonnie Dundee, originally used to be danced to the music of "Hielan' Laddie" as well.

Settings
As a tune with martial affiliations Highland Laddie is still widely played by the regimental bands and/or pipes and drums of the Scottish regiments. As a traditional Scottish tune, Highland Laddie is also commonly played on the bagpipes for Scottish dances. Typically categorised as a quick march "Highland Laddie" is normally written in 2/4 time. The "standard" setting contains two parts (8 bars per part). As with any of the older melodies, variations have been composed and some published with the most distinctive settings appearing in Pipe Major William Ross' 1885 book containing eight parts to "Highland Laddie".

Canadian settings
"Highland Laddie" appears as the most frequently used regimental march in the Canadian Armed Forces and demonstrates a variety of settings depending upon which music book and/or instructor was used in any particular area. Some regiments play two parts and some a four-part version as their regimental march. Not all the parts are in the same order and some are not played at all.

Lyrics
Numerous lyrics for the tune exist.

Jacobite rebellion
Where ha' ye been a' the day?
Bonnie laddie, Hielan' laddie
Saw ye him that' far awa'
Bonnie laddie, Hielan' laddie

On his head a bonnet blue
Bonnie laddie, Hielan' laddie
Tartan plaid and Hielan' trews
Bonnie laddie, Hielan' laddie

When he drew his gude braid-sword
Then he gave his royal word.
Frae the field he ne'er wad flee
Wi' his friends wad live or dee.

Geordie sits in Charlie's chair
But I think he'll no bide there.
Charlie yet shall mount the throne
Weel ye ken it is his own.

Sea shanty
Was you ever in Quebec?
Bonny laddie, Highland laddie,
Loading timber on the deck,
My bonny Highland laddie.

High-ho, and away she goes,
Bonny laddie, Highland laddie,
High-ho, and away she goes,
My bonny Highland laddie.

Was you ever in Callao
Where the girls are never slow?

Was you ever in Baltimore
Dancing on the sanded floor?

Was you ever in Mobile Bay,
Screwing cotton by the day?

Was you on the Brummalow,
Where Yankee boys are all the go?

Four-part variation
The Lawland Lads think they are fine
But oh they're vain and idle gaudy
How much unlike the graceful mein
And manly looks o' my Highland Laddie

If I were free at will to choose
To be the wealthiest Lawland Lady
I'd tak' young Donald without trews
Wi' bonnet blue and Highland plaidie

(Chorus):

Oh my bonnie bonnie Highland Laddie
Oh my bonnie bonnie Highland Laddie
When I was sick and like to die
He rowed me in his Highland plaidie

O'er Bently Hill wi' him I'll run
And leave my Lawland kin and daddy
Frae winters chill and summers sun
He'll screen me in his Highland plaidie

A painted room, a silken bed
Maun please a Lawland Lord and Lady
But I could kiss and be as glad
Behind a bush in his Highland plaidie

Nae greater joy I'll e'er pretend
Than that his love prove true and steady
Like mine to him, which ne'er shall end
While heaven preserves my Highland Laddie

(Repeat Chorus)

Beethoven
Bonny Laddie, Highland Laddie Beethoven Op. 108 no.7 (for Piano, Violin and Cello) Four Verses, written by James Hogg

Where got ye siller moon,
Bonnie laddie, highland laddie,
Glinting braw your belt aboon,
Bonnie laddie, highland laddie?

Belted plaid and bonnet blue,
Have ye been at Waterloo?

Weels me on your tartan trews,
Tell me, tell me a' the news!

Saw ye Boney by the way,
Blucher wi' his beard sae grey?

Or, the doure and deadly Duke,
Scatt'ring Frenchmen wi'his look?

Some say he the day may rue;
You can till gin this be true.

Would ye tell me gin ye ken,
Aught o' Donald and his men?

Tell me o' my kilted Clan,
Gin they fought, or gin they ran?

References

External links

 Robert Burns' lyrics

Notes
Smith, Alexander, ed. Poems Songs and Letters being the Complete Works of Robert Burns, (The Globe Edition), London, MacMillan and Co., 1868.

Further reading
Ross, William, Ross's Collection Pipe Music, London, 1885.
Barnes, RM, The Uniforms and History of the Scottish Regiments, London, Sphere Books Limited, 1972.
Cannon, Roderick D., Highland Bagpipe and its Music, Edinburgh, 1997.

See also
Authorized marches of the Canadian Forces
 Bill Millin – A piper who played the song during the Scottish landing on Sword Beach during WW2

Scottish songs
British military marches
Scots Guards
Scottish step dances
Compositions for bagpipe

Highland Laddie


Helaman Pratt (31 May 1846 – 26 November 1909) was an early leader of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in the U.S. states of Nevada and Utah and later in Mexico.

Family
Helaman was the son of Parley P. Pratt and Glasgow-born wife Mary Wood, the father of missionary Rey Pratt, the grandfather of Michigan governor George W. Romney, and the great-grandfather of Massachusetts governor Mitt Romney as well as animator Don Bluth, and his brother Toby Bluth. He was born in a covered wagon during a one-hour stopover on the Mormon Trail near Mount Pisgah, Iowa.

Pratt first married Emeline Victoria Billingsly (1852–1910), in 1868. Next he married, as a plural wife, German-born Anna Johanna Dorothy ("Dora") Wilcken (Dahme, Zarpin, Rheinfeld, Ostholstein, Schleswig-Holstein, 25 July 1854 – Colonia Dublán, Galeana, Chihuahua, Mexico, 22 June 1929), in Salt Lake City, Utah, on 20 April 1874. In 1898, he married Bertha Christine Wilcken Stewart (1863–1947), Dora's younger sister.

Dora and Bertha were daughters of Carl Heinrich "Charles Henry" Wilcken (Eckhorst, Holstein, Schleswig-Holstein, 5 October 1831 – Salt Lake City, 9 April 1914) and Eliza Christina Carolina Reiche (Neustadt in Holstein, Ostholstein, Schleswig-Holstein, 1 May 1830 – Salt Lake City, 13 August 1906). Eliza was the first of Wilcken's four wives. Carl had first come to Utah as part of Johnston's Army but later joined the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.

Church leader
In 1869, when the first LDS branch was organized in Overton, Nevada, Pratt served as branch president.

From 1872 to 1873, he was president of the Glenwood Branch in Glenwood, Utah. He then was the head of the group which founded Prattville, Utah.

Missionary in Mexico

Pratt was one of the first missionaries to Mexico, and in 1876 at Hermosillo, Sonora, Pratt and Meliton Trejo performed the first baptisms recorded by the LDS Church in that country. Pratt was later president of the Mexican Mission based in Mexico City from 1884 to 1887. He succeeded Anthony W. Ivins in this position and was succeeded by Horace S. Cummings.  After his release he moved to Colonia Dublán in Nuevo Casas Grandes, Chihuahua. He also for a time owned and resided at the Cliff Ranch outside Cave Valley, Chihuahua. In 1895, when the Juarez Stake was organized in Mexico, Pratt, along with Henry Eyring, was called to serve as one of President Ivins' counselors, a post he held until 1908 when the stake was reorganized with Pratt's son Junius as president.

See also
Romney family

References

External links
 Bio at pratt-family.org
 Histories and records at pratt-family.org
 "Mitt Romney's Polygamous Heritage" by Todd Compton

1846 births
1909 deaths
People of Utah Territory
American leaders of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
American Mormon missionaries in Mexico
American emigrants to Mexico
Mission presidents (LDS Church)
Religious leaders from Iowa
Pratt family (Latter-day Saints)
19th-century Mormon missionaries
People from Colonia Dublán
American people of English descent
American people of Scottish descent

Helaman Pratt


Understanding Poetry was an American college textbook and poetry anthology by Cleanth Brooks and Robert Penn Warren, first published in 1938. The book influenced New Criticism and went through its fourth edition in 1976.

The textbook "widely influenced ... the study of poetry at the college level in America." The Intercollegiate Studies Institute has named the book one of the "Fifty best books of the century."

Understanding Poetry, according to an article at the Modern American Poetry Web site, "codified many of the so-called New Critical ideas into a coherent approach to literary study. Their book, and its companion volume, Understanding Fiction (1943), revolutionized the teaching of literature in the universities and spawned a host of imitators who dominated English departments well into the 1960s."

Even those who are highly critical of the textbook's approach to poetry have acknowledged the reach and influence of the volume. Poet Ron Silliman has called it "the hegemonic poetry textbook of the period."

According to Warren's obituary in The New York Times: "Understanding Poetry and Understanding Fiction, which he wrote with Mr. Brooks, taught an entire generation how to read a work of literature and helped make the New Criticism dominant in the decade surrounding World War II. It was an approach to criticism that regarded the work at hand as autonomous, as an artifact whose structure and substance could be analyzed without respect to social, biographical and political details."

Writing in The Virginia Quarterly Review, Harold B. Sween said: "Among the rank and file of university faculty in the English-speaking world, few works of this century have gained the influence of two of his [Brooks'] textbooks written in collaboration with Warren, Understanding Poetry (1938) and Understanding Fiction (1943). They revolutionized the teaching of literature in thousands of classrooms for 25 years . . . Brooks and Warren gained universal recognition for changing the focus of reading poetry (and fiction). <ref> Sween, Harold B., "Cleanth Brooks: Courtly Enigma", a review of Cleanth Brooks and the Rise of Modern Criticism, by Mark Royden Winchell, in The Virginia Quarterly Review, Winter 1998, accessed February 6, 2007</ref>

Contents
These contents refer to the third edition (1960), which may differ in some respects, particularly in poems used as examples, from other editions.

Preface

— from the Preface

Poetry is inherently "dramatic," the authors say, defining dramatic as something concrete which involves a process and a conflict in an effort to find meaning. There are other ways to think of poetry other than as knowledge, the authors concede, but that is "the assumption behind this book."

Poems should not be thought of as carrying messages or statements that can be translated more concisely or exactly in prose. Instead, the reader must "surrender to" the impact of the poem as a whole, which includes comprehending the form of the poem. In fact, the kind of knowledge that poetry gives readers can be comprehended "only through form." Readers should carefully observe the human events, images, rhythms, and statements of the poem.

Context is also important. The form of a poem is a person's attempt to deal with a certain problem, "poetic and personal." Poems are written within a historical and cultural context, and the reader also has a context and needs to understand the "dramatic implications of the form."

Preface in the third edition
For the third edition, the authors add in the preface (in a section dated January 24, 1960) that the introductions to the several sections have been expanded, some discussions from the previous edition have been dropped and others added. The exercises have been changed and expanded; selections of poems have been changed to better represent some periods; two appendices have been dropped ("Ambiguity, Added Dimension, and Submerged Metaphor" and "the Poem Viewed in Wider Perspective"), with much of their material put into the exercises and discussions; "How Poems Come About: Intention and Meaning" has been revised, with new material added; Section VII, "Poems for Study" has turned into an anthology, although not a systematic survey, of modern poetry.

Introduction
People communicate not just to convey information for businesslike practical reasons, they also convey feelings and attitudes. Telling a joke, passing the time in conversation and greeting old friends are some examples, and poetry is another. Some propositions — including many involving values, emotions, feelings, attitudes and judgments — can't be conveyed  through communicating practical information or with scientific precision. Like science, literature (and especially poetry) uses a specialized language for the purposes of precision in matters different from science.

In ordinary life, people must deal with forms of communication that use some of the methods of poetry, including editorials, sermons, political speeches, advertisements and magazine articles. Yet when approaching poems, many people confuse practical or "scientific" kinds of communication with poetic communication, sometimes as a way of justifying their interest in poetry, and so fall into certain mistakes.

One mistake is "message-hunting" — looking only for a profitable statement or idea in a poem. A short prose statement can work better than a poem for communicating advice. Something else is at work in poetry.

Another mistake is thinking that poetry deals only with emotion or sensation, or even thinking that poetry can express an emotion such as grief the way tears would express it, or bring up the emotion in the reader. But poetry can never do that as well as real experience, the authors say, and a poem, such as Keats' Ode to a Nightingale, used as an example here, may really convey the poet's interpretation of an experience.

A third common mistake is an attempt to mechanically combine the first two, defining poetry as the "beautiful statement of some high truth", or "truth" with "decorations". This mistake can lead to thinking of poems as collections of pretty language pleasing for its associations with pleasant things. But even Shakespeare and Milton wrote fine passages bringing up unpleasant and disagreeable associations. The things represented don't themselves shape the poetic effect, which depends on the "kind of use the poet makes of them."

These mistakes look at poems in a mechanical way rather than in an organic way in which the elements (such as meter, rhyme, figurative language, along with attitude and emotion) need to be understood to be acting in a fundamental, intimate, organic way with each other.

The introduction also states (but doesn't develop the thought )that poems are inherently dramatic, with an implied speaker who reacts to a situation, scene or idea.

"I. Narrative Poems"
In a "Foreword" introducing discussions of individual poems, the authors say that poetry takes the general human interest that people have in other people (expressed at other times in news articles about such things as outlaws, lovers killing lovers or other tragedies, to cite some examples) and put into a form "that preserves it" even after initial curiosity wanes.

Poems that tell a story use the reader's natural curiosity about how a story will turn out (the most obvious way we become interested in literature), although readers or listeners who know the ending still enjoy the poems. The story element can be prominent, as in  "Frankie and Johnny" or much less prominent, as in Robert Frost's, "Out, Out". Narrative is a way for the poet to provoke certain emotional reactions and ideas in readers.

Using the ballad "Johnie Armstrong" as an example, the authors show how a narrative poem, far more than a novel or even a short story, will use bare "facts" in a dramatic way that gives them an emotional and intellectual meaning, whether or not the reader or listener has analyzed those or other elements. Poems are more concentrated or "closely" organized than prose in that they tend to present concentrated, sharper selected details in a concentrated, carefully arranged way, giving them more "intensity." By presenting concrete, explicit statements (as in "The Wife of Usher's Well"), the poet can convey an emotional impact as well as information, which more abstract language can't do. The reader can also be drawn into a more immediate appreciation of a poem by drawing out ideas from suggestions rather than the poet making explicit statements. Yet not every implication of a poem needs to be understood consciously for a reader to enjoy the work.

The theme of a poem can be properly described (to give a fuller understanding of the poem) without the process becoming "message hunting" if the reader understands that "the poem gives the theme its force", not the other way around.

"II. Descriptive Poems"

The poems in this section give readers an impression of some scene or object showing the impression they gave the poet either through his senses or imagination. Conveying fresh, vivid impressions of things is fundamental to good poetry, the authors assert.

Descriptions in poetry are linked closely to our lives and our values, just as narratives are. When a poet describes an object it is separated from its context in the natural world and therefore looks different to the reader. We feel it carries associations, emotional or intellectual or both, that the natural object doesn't. If nothing else, we know that the poet has chosen the object to describe and we wonder why.

"III. Metrics"
Rhythmical language in poetry is one of the ways we can see the tendency of poems towards a high degree of organization — there tends to be far more emphasis on rhythm in poetry than in prose.

Verse, a specialized form of rhythm in language, is one of the elements that, when related to other elements in a poem, combines to form poetry. Rhythm is often associated with powerful or intense states of emotion, and while poetry is not concerned with only the emotional elements of human experience, it does try to "do justice to" those elements. "[P]oetry is a result of a relationship among various elements and does not ever inhere specially in any single element. It is the fusion of all the elements that counts." (page 152, 3rd edition)

Verse may seem trivial but is a powerful way of "establishing a pervasive impression of unity." Stanza patterns do the same. They reveal a "certain formality" to the text and focus our attention. Since poetry frequently defies common sense, metrical form, in a way, offers the reader hope that the text will ultimately make sense, even that all parts of the poem will ultimately make sense.

Meter can also be a subtle way for a poet to emphasize and de-emphasize. By occasionally breaking the metrical pattern, the poet can emphasize a word, for example. Certain metrical situations don't automatically produce particular effects — the use of meter achieves an effect only within the context of sense and feeling. The same is true for stanza forms, which are worth considering only as far as they help produce the particular effect of any given poem. Free verse, with varying line lengths and sometimes little else to distinguish it from prose, uses the particular lengths and line breaks to call attention to particular words or details.

"IV. Tone"
In poems, tone is the expression of attitude. Tone is also linked with poetic voice.

"V. Imagery"
metaphor
simile
personification

"VI. Theme: Statement and Idea"

"VII. Poems for Study"
Poems are simply presented here without "critical apparatus" directing the student. The poems are meant to be modern (although, in the third edition at least, the authors recognize that it's a stretch to include Gerard Manley Hopkins). With poets who are relatively recent and mostly still living, the works come from the same world as the student. The poems are put in "natural groupings" for convenience, although other groupings of the same poems could also be made.

"VIII. How Poems Come About: Intention and Meaning"
The poem itself is what's important to the reader, but knowing something about the origin of a poem may help us better understand and appreciate it and poetry in general. Understanding the cultural context of a work of literature is also vital.

Publication history
The book was reworked for each new edition:
 First edition, 1938
 Second edition, 1950
 Third edition, 1960, Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Inc.
 Fourth edition, 1976

Notes

External links
  Web page at the University of Pennsylvania describing the book
  Online excerpt from the second edition of book (on Andrew Marvell's "Horatian Ode")

Books about poetry
Literary textbooks
Poetry anthologies
New Criticism
1938 non-fiction books
1950 non-fiction books
1960 non-fiction books
1976 non-fiction books
1938 poetry books
1950 poetry books
1960 poetry books
1976 poetry books

Understanding Poetry


The India Government Mint, Mumbai is one of the four mints in India and is in the city of Mumbai. The mint was established in 1829 by the then governor of the Bombay Presidency. Its main activity is the production of commemorative and development-oriented coins. The mint is opposite the Reserve Bank of India in the Fort area of South Mumbai.

Initially governed by the governor of the Bombay Presidency, it was transferred to the Government of India on 18 May 1876 through Finance Department Resolution 247. In 1918, a branch of the Royal Mint of London was set up to issue British sovereigns. In April 1919, after manufacturing 12.95 lakh (1.295 million) coins, it was shut down.

Besides coins, the mint produces medals for Ministry of Defence, Ministry of Home Affairs, educational institutions, social service institutions, badges etc. It is also a centre for the issuance of gold ingots in exchange of unrefined gold tendered by licensed dealers. The institution has a department that makes official weights and measures such as metric weights, capacity, and linear measures for state governments, laboratories and the Bureau of Indian Standards.

Coins minted in Mumbai Mint

See also
 Indian rupee
 Indian coinage
 India Government Mint
 Kolkata Mint

1803 establishments in India
Mints of India
Numismatics
1829 establishments in India
Economy of Mumbai
Organisations based in Mumbai
Mints (currency)

India Government Mint, Mumbai


Sir John Douglas Hazen,  (June 5, 1860 – December 27, 1937) was a politician in New Brunswick, Canada.

Biography
Known by his second name, Douglas, he entered politics in 1885 when he was elected as an alderman for Fredericton City Council. He became mayor in 1888.

Hazen was elected to the House of Commons of Canada as a Conservative candidate in the 1891 federal election. He lost his seat in the 1896 election that defeated the Conservatives and brought Wilfrid Laurier's Liberals to power.

He was elected to the Legislative Assembly of New Brunswick in 1899, and became leader of the opposition. Hazen rebuilt the Conservative Party which had been out of power since 1883. He led the party into government in the 1908 provincial election.

As premier, Hazen fought political corruption and attempts by the federal government to reduce the Maritime provinces' representation in the federal House of Commons.

Douglas Hazen left provincial politics in 1911 to become federal Minister of Marine and Fisheries and Minister of the Naval Service in the government of Sir Robert Borden. During the First World War, he served in the Imperial War Cabinet. Hazen left politics in October 1917 to become Chief Justice of New Brunswick.

For his years of service to The Crown and to Canada, in 1918 Douglas Hazen was made a Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George by King George V.

Hazen died in 1937 at age seventy-seven and was interred in the Fernhill Cemetery in Saint John, New Brunswick. Sir Douglas Hazen Park in Oromocto, New Brunswick and Sir Douglas Hazen Hall at the University of New Brunswick, Saint John are named in his honour.

Hazen was the father of King Hazen.

Electoral record

References

 Brief bio and fonds listing, UNB
 Biography, Government of New Brunswick
 http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/hazen_john_douglas_16E.html

Further reading
 Arthur T. Doyle, Front Benches and Back Rooms: A story of corruption, muckraking, raw partisanship and political intrigue in New Brunswick, Toronto: Green Tree Publishing, 1976.

External links

1860 births
1937 deaths
Canadian Anglicans
Canadian Knights Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George
Conservative Party of Canada (1867–1942) MPs
Mayors of Fredericton
Members of the House of Commons of Canada from New Brunswick
Members of the King's Privy Council for Canada
Lawyers in New Brunswick
Fredericton city councillors
People from Sunbury County, New Brunswick
Premiers of New Brunswick
University of New Brunswick alumni

Douglas Hazen


Lucia Annunziata (Sarno, 8 August 1950) is an Italian journalist.

Career

Born in Sarno (in the Salerno province), at the age of 13 she moved to Salerno, where she attended high school and university, obtaining a degree in History and Philosophy. In 1979 she became a professional journalist, working as a correspondent from the United States first for Il Manifesto, then for La Repubblica. In 1993 she won an International Fellowship from the Nieman Foundation for Journalism at Harvard. She then went on to work for the Corriere della Sera and finally for RAI (Italy's national public broadcasting company) in 1995 (with the "Linea Tre" program on Rai Tre); in August 1996 she became executive editor of the TG 3, although she resigned from the job at the end of November. In 2000, she became executive editor of the newborn news agency ApBiscom (subsequently renamed APCOM).
She became President of RAI on 13 March 2003 and resigned on 4 May 2004; she was the second woman President of RAI (after Letizia Moratti in 1994). In 2005–2006, she hosted the interview program In 1/2 h for Rai Tre, in which she famously interviewed then Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi. Currently, she works as columnist for La Stampa and as a panelist for The Washington Post. She received the America Award of the Italy-USA Foundation in 2014. She has been Chief Editor of the Italian-language version of The Huffington Post between 2012 and 2020. As of September 2020, she is a member of the Italian Aspen Institute.

The Berlusconi interview
On 12 March 2006, in the middle of the electoral campaign for the Italian general election, Lucia Annunziata interviewed the then Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi, who was running for a second term, on her television program In 1/2 h (In half an hour). During the interview, she asked pressing questions about the works of Berlusconi's administration, often interrupting the Prime Minister's statements, which annoyed him to the point that he stood up and left the room halfway through the program, thus cutting short the interview.

The political control board of RAI accused Annunziata of violating the Par Condicio, since that law states the interviewer should keep to a neutral stance during political interviews. She resigned from her job as executive editor of RAI in protest for Berlusconi's conflict of interest.

References

External links

 Video of the Berlusconi interview from "In 1/2h" (in Italian)
 Nieman Fellows, Class of 1993

1950 births
Living people
People from the Province of Salerno
Italian television journalists
Rai (broadcaster) people

Lucia Annunziata


A door god is a painting pasted on a door. These were used by the Chinese as good luck. Door gods can be seen on temples - places of religion - and other buildings. There is a belief that door gods stop evil spirits from going into the building.

Door gods are often in pairs, one for each side of the door. The first door gods may have been made for a Chinese Emperor, more than 1300 years ago. They showed his two best soldiers.

Art
Luck
Chinese gods and goddesses
Taoism

Door god


Tibor Sekelj (in Hungarian: Székely Tibor) (14 February 1912 – 20 September 1988) was an explorer, writer and lawyer. He traveled a lot in South America, Africa and Asia. He spoke many languages, including Esperanto, the made up international language. He was member of the Academy of Esperanto and honorary member of the Universal Association of Esperanto (UEA). He wrote books in Esperanto. He came from a Jewish family.

Early life
Sekelj was born in Spišská Sobota, which was then in the Austro-Hungarian Empire. It is now called Poprad, in Slovakia. His father was a veterinarian (animal doctor), and the family moved around extensively. They moved to Cheney, now in Romania. In 1922 they moved to Kikinda, Serbia. He went to elementary school in Kikinda. The family moved to Nikšić, in Montenegro where he finished high school. He went to Zagreb where he studied in law at university.

Working life
Disinterested in practicing law, he began working as a journalist in Zagreb. In 1939 he went to Argentina to write about former Croates who had left Yugoslavia to settle in South America. He stayed there for the next 15 years as a journalist and explorer.  In 1944 he was part of a trekking party that climbed to the top of highest mountain in the western hemisphere Aconcagua , near Argentina. He used this experience to write a novel (story) in Spanish about Aconcagua, which became a best seller there. In 1946 he undertook the first of two expeditions into the Amazon jungle, the first of which produced a popular book, (Por Tierra De Indios). His companion from that expedition, Mary Reznik—whom he later married—was the first white woman to have penetrated that deeply into the Brazilian jungle. Together they returned to the Amazon in 1948, after which he penned "Where Civilization Ends" (Donde La Civilizacion Termina). The marriage produced a son, Diego.  In 1954 Sekelj returned to Yugoslavia and settled in Belgrade, although he still traveled extensively. In 1962 he traveled through Africa. He married Erzsebet Sekelj, a young woman he met on a trip through Hungary. From 1972 he lived in Subotica (Vojvodina), now in Serbia. He was in charge of a museum in Subotica. He died in Subotica, and is buried there.

Travel books
  Storm on Aconcagua , a novel about Aconcagua, written in Spanish, Buenos Aires: Ediciones Peuser, 1944, 274 pages.
  The Territories of the Indian,  about living among the Indians in the Brazilian forests, written in Spanish, 1946.
  Excursión to the Indios del Araguaia (Brazil),  on the Karajá Indians and Javaé in Brazil, in Spanish, 1948.
  Window on Nepal,  written in Esperanto, Laguna: Régulo, 1959, 212 pages.
  Ĝambo rafiki, The Caravan of Friendship in Africa,  written in Esperanto, Pisa: Edistudio, 1991,173 pages, .
  Ridu per Esperanto (Jokes in Esperanto),  a collection of jokes and stories, written in Esperanto, Zagreb 1973, 55 pages.
  Premiitaj kaj aliaj noveloj (Prize and other stories),  seven stories written in Esperanto, Zagreb: Internacia Kultura Servo, 1974, 52 pages.
  Kumeŭaŭa, the son of the jungle,  a children's book on the life of the Indians of Brazil, written in Esperanto. ** 1st edition Antwerp 1979.
  World of Adventures,  autobiography and adventures through the 5 continents. Pisa: 1981. Second edition, 1990, 284 pages, .
  Snowman,  stories about his mountain climbing, Vienna: Pro Esperanto 1988, 20 pages.
  Kolektanto of ĉielarkoj,  stories and poems, written in Esperanto, Pisa: Edistudio, 1992, 117 pagesj, .
  Temuĝino, the son of the steppe,  a novel for young people, translated into Serbian by Tereza Kapista, Belgrade 1993, 68 pages, .

Books on Esperanto
  The importance of the international language in the education for a better world,  Mexico City: Mexican Esperanto Federation, 1953, 13 pages.
  Esperanto, the international language; a common language for Africa, a common language for the world,  translated from Esperanto into English by John Christopher Wells, Rotterdam: UEA, 1962, 11 pages.
  The linguistic problem within the movement of the nonaligned countries and the possibility of solving it,  Rotterdam: UEA, 1981, 16 pages.

Books on learning Esperanto
  The new trovita feliĉo,  for children, Buenos Aires: Progreso, 1945.
 with Antonije Sekelj:  Course of Esperanto, a structured method,  1960, 48 pages.
 with Antonije Sekelj:  Dopisni tečaj Esperanta,  Belgrade: Serbia Esperanto-Ligo, 1960, 63 pages.

Other cultures
During his travels in South America, Africa, Asia, Oceania, Sekelj collected many important items from other cultures. He gave these to the Ethnographic Museum of Zagreb.

His main book on other cultures is  Tirez the arrow: oral poetry of the world , Rotterdam: UEA, 1983, 187 pages, . He translated into Esperanto, the poetry he had collected during his travels.

Dictionary
Sekelj worked with many other writers on a dictionary of museums, called the Dictionarium Museologicum, 1986.

1912 births
1988 deaths
Esperantists
Explorers
Jewish writers
Lawyers
People from Poprad
Slovakian people
Yugoslavian writers

Tibor Sekelj


Françoise de Rochechouart, Marquise of Montespan (5 October 1640 – 27 May 1707) was better known as Madame de Montespan. She was the most celebrated mistress of King Louis XIV of France. She had seven children with him.

She had spent several years in fashonable Parisians salons. There she was quickly seen as an intelligent, witty and very attractive woman. She eventually gave herself the nickname Athénaïs in honour of the ancient Greek goddess Athena. As a result of this, she is also referred to as "Athénaïs de Montespan". She lived at the same time as Barbara Palmer, 1st Duchess of Cleveland, the mistress of Charles II of England. Several of her decendants married, which makes her an ancestress of several royal houses in Europe, including those of Spain, Italy, Bulgaria and Portugal. She was also responsible for the creation of the now destroyed "Trianon de Porcelaine" as well as the larger and grander Château de Clagny. The latter building has often been likened to the Palace of Versailles, just on a smaller scale. She was also called "the real queen of France" in her lifetime due to her strong influence over the king and royal court.

Early life

The second daughter of Gabriel de Rochechouart, Duke of Mortemart and Diane de Grandseigne, she was a member of the House of Rochechouart, itself one of the most well regarded noble families in France. Her mother was a lady-in-waiting to Anne of Austria and as a young girl, she often travelled with her mother between the family estates and the court at the Louvre in Paris. At the age of twelve, she began her formal education at the Convent of St Mary at Saintes, From a young age she was styled as Mademoiselle de Tonnay-Charente or Mademoiselle de Mortemart.

Marriage

Despite being in love with Louis de La Trémoille, on 28 January 1663, Françoise married Louis Henri de Pardaillan, Marquis of Montespan, who was one year younger than her. Also, from a prominent noble family, the marriage was considered a good social match.  The couple had two children.

 Marie Christine de Pardaillan (17 November 1663 - 1675)  died unmarried and childless.
 Louis Antoine de Pardaillan, Marquis of Antin (5 September 1664 – 2 November 1736); later Duke of Antin, married Julie Françoise de Crussol and had children.

Relationship with Louis XIV

At the age of twenty, Athénaïs became a maid-of-honour to the king's sister-in-law, Princess Henrietta of England, who was known at court by the traditional honorific of Madame. Later, because of the relationship between her mother and the queen dowager, Anne of Austria, Athénaïs was appointed to be a lady-in-waiting to the king's wife, Queen Marie Thérèse. By 1666 Athénaïs  was trying to gain the favour of Louise de La Vallière, the mistress of king Louis.

Eventually it became common knowledge that Louis and Athénaïs were having a sexual relationship. Their first illegitimate  child was a daughter who was named after the couple ; Louise Françoise de Bourbon (1669-1672) but who died young. As the children born to the couple increased, a house in Paris was bought on the Rue Vaugirard where the children could be bought up by their nanny Madame Scarron (future Madame de Maintenon) and secret wife of Louis). Thanks to the constant requests of Athénaïs in 1673, the couple's three living illegitimate children were legitimated by Louis XIV and given the royal surname of de Bourbon. Their mother's name, however, was not mentioned. Despite having successfully seen her children with Louis legitimised, the arguments between Louis and Athénaïs became more and more frequent as well as ferocious, but the couple would invariably work things out. However, The "Affaire des Poisons"  (Affair of the poisons), which erupted in September 1677. This was a national scandal, and it was thought that Athénaïs had been using certain poisons on Louis to ensure her influence on him would remain strong. Throughout her time as mistress of Louis, her influence on female fashion at court also remained considerable.

Children with Louis XIV

 Louise Françoise de Bourbon (1669-1672) died young.
 Louis Auguste de Bourbon, Duke of Maine (31 March 1670 - 14 May 173) married Louise Bénédicte de Bourbon and had children.
 Louis César de Bourbon, Count of Vexin (20 June 1672 – 10 January 1683) died in infancy.
 Louise Françoise de Bourbon, Mademoiselle de Nantes (1 June 1673 – 16 June 1743) married Louis de Bourbon, Duke of Bourbon, Prince of Condé and had children.
 Louise Marie Anne de Bourbon, Mademoiselle de Tours 18 November 1674 – 15 September 1681) died young.
 Françoise Marie de Bourbon, Mademoiselle de Blois (4 May 1677 – 1 February 1749) married Philippe d'Orléans, Duke of Orléans, Regent of France and had children.
 Louis Alexandre de Bourbon, Count of Toulouse (6 June 1678 – 1 December 1737) married Marie Victoire de Noailles and had children.

Later life

The last years of Madame de Montespan's life were given up to a very severe penance. Real sorrow over her death was felt by her three youngest children. She died on 27 May 1707 at the age of sixty-five while taking the waters at Bourbon-l'Archambault in order to try to heal an illness. The king refused to let her children to wear mourning for her.

References

1640 births
1707 deaths
French nobility

Madame de Montespan


Mob rule is sometimes called ochlocracy or mobocracy. There is sometimes no legal government, and mobs of people decide whatever they want. It is government by a mob (crowd of people). In this system, the mob becomes the ruler or dominant force in society. Actually, it is rare for a whole country to be under mob rule. More frequent is for part of the country to overthrow its leaders and be for a time without a government. Parts of a country may try to secede (break off) from the country. That has been quite common in certain parts of the world.

Mobs do have leaders, who make speeches complaining about what is wrong, and what they want instead of the legal government. Sometimes mods succeed in taking over the whole country (Russian revolution), sometimes they fail because the government succeeds in using force to stop them. The British decision to ban the trade of slaves (William Wilberforce) was fiercely resisted by the people who made money out of the trade. Slave trade mobs attacked the homes of people known to support abolition.

Related pages
 Populism

Forms of government
Political systems

Mob rule


Daniel Ullman, also spelled Ullmann (April 28, 1810 – September 20, 1892), was an American lawyer and politician from New York. He also served as a Union Army general in the American Civil War, raising and leading colored troops.

Political career
Born in Wilmington, Delaware, Ullman graduated from Yale University in 1829 and moved to New York City, where he began practicing law. A member of the Whig Party, he became a prominent member of the faction opposed to the leadership of William H. Seward. A frequent candidate for office, his most notable campaign was as the American Party candidate for the governorship of New York in 1854, in which he won 26% of the vote.

Witness in the Burdell - Cunningham Trial
In late 1856 Ullman moved into a boarding house that was run by Mrs. Emma Augusta Cunningham at 31 Bond Street in Manhattan.  The attorney did not really socialize much with his fellow lodgers, but he attended a party held in the boarding house on January 14, 1857.  Although he later testified that he only spent half an hour at the party, he did admit seeing some people there who he recognized as respectable people.  He probably saw two of his fellow lodgers, Dr. Harvey Burdell and Mr. John Eckel.  Burdell, a wealthy dentist, had been having a close relationship with Mrs. Cunningham.
How close would be a subject of dispute.  She claimed she married him, and would later try to pass off a hired baby as her own by him.  Mrs. Cunningham also seemed to be carrying on a close relationship with Mr. Eckel.  On January 31, 1857  Burdell would be stabbed to death by an intruder while at his desk in the boarding house.  Suspicion fell on Mrs. Cunningham and Mr. Eckel, and a coroner's court was held to examine the evidence regarding the murder.  Mr. Ullman was a witness (oddly he had come home late, heard nothing unusual, and went to his room, so he was not suspected).
The next morning he was awakened by the noise of the police and Mrs. Cunningham and others upon the discovery of Dr. Burdell's body.  Ullman's testimony would be relatively trivial, except that he claimed Mrs. Cunningham did show grief and horror at the event.  The Coroner's Court was presided over by Coroner Edward Connory, an Irish immigrant who enjoyed teasing Mr. Ullman, who was good natured enough to return the banter.  Cunningham and Eckel were both tried for the murder of Burdell, and prosecuted by New York City's District Attorney A. Oakley Hall later Mayor of the city.  They were acquitted.  The case was never solved.

Ullman's experience as an unexpected witness in a famous unsolved New York City murder mystery was somewhat repeated in 1870, when Major General Francis Preston Blair Jr. was a witness to members of the family of Benjamin Nathan running out of their home for help when they found Mr. Nathan murdered. The Nathan home was on West 23rd Street in Manhattan. General Blair was in bed in a hotel across the street, and awaken by the cries of the Nathan family members.  Blair had been the running mate to former New York Governor Horatio Seymour when they ran for President and Vice President against Ulysses Grant and Schuyler Colfax in 1868. Seymour had run for re-election to his first term as Governor of New York in 1854, and was defeated by Myron Clark due, in part, to the third party candidacy of Ullman as the Know Nothing Candidate running such a successful campaign.

Civil War Service
During the Civil War, Ullman became colonel of the 78th New York Infantry Regiment. Captured at the Battle of Cedar Mountain in August 1862, he was detained at Libby Prison until he was paroled two months later. He later approached President Abraham Lincoln about the possibility of enlisting African Americans as soldiers. After subsequent discussion, in January 1863 Ullman was promoted to brigadier general and sent to Louisiana where he raised five regiments of African Americans as soldiers in a unit that was designated the Corps d'Afrique. He now commanded a brigade made up of those colored infantry regiments and a regiment of colored engineers.

Ullman led his men into the Siege of Port Hudson, where they suffered heavy casualties. Afterwards he commanded the District of Port Hudson and continued to lead colored troops for the rest of the war, having a full division in mid 1864. Developing an alcohol problem, he was relieved of his command shortly before the war ended. Ullman was mustered out in August 1865 and was made a Brevet Major General for his war service.

Post war
Ullman died in Nyack, New York in September 1892.

References

Jack Finney; Forgotten News: The Crime of the Century and Other Lost Stories; New York; Simon & Schuster—A Firesign Book; 1983, 1985; [pp. 3–186 deal with the Burdell murder case; Ullman's testimony is discussed on pp. 77–79].
Edmund Pearson; Murder at Smutty Nose and Other Murders; Garden City, New York; Doubleday & Co.—The Sun Dial Press; 1926, 1938; [pp. 291–320: "Number 31 Bond Street; or, the Accomplishments of Mrs. Cunningham".  Ullman is mentioned only briefly on page 306].
Tyler Anbinder; Nativism & Slavery: The Northern Know Nothings & the Politics of the 1850s; New York; Oxford; Oxford University Press; 1992. [Ullman's involvement in the 1854 campaign is covered between pp. 77–84; where it is reported a rumor that he was born in India to Hindu parents was used against him].

External links

 Yale Obituary Record

1810 births
1892 deaths
Yale University alumni
19th-century American military personnel
New York (state) lawyers
New York (state) Whigs
19th-century American politicians
People of New York (state) in the American Civil War
Union Army generals
New York (state) Know Nothings
19th-century American lawyers

Daniel Ullman


Patrick Poivre d'Arvor (born 20 September, 1947 in Reims; known in France as PPDA) is a French journalist. He has presented the main evening news on French Television since 1987. He studied political sciences and Slavic languages in Paris. He is married, and has 5 children; 3 daughters and one son with his wife Véronique, and a son with Claire Chazal. He had an affair with Chazal (who is also a well-known news presenter in France) in the 1990s.

One of his daughters was anorexic. She committed suicide, aged 19, in 1995. She jumped in front of a metro train in Paris. She left a note: "Thank you for everything, but I do not like life. I want to be incinerated, and kept in a small box, but not thrown to the sea."

References

1947 births
Living people
French journalists
People from Reims
Writers from Grand Est

Patrick Poivre d'Arvor


John Ramsay Bryce Muir (30 September 1872 – 4 May 1941) was a British historian, Liberal Party politician and thinker who made a significant contribution to the development of liberal political philosophy in the 1920s and 1930s through his work on domestic industrial policy and his promotion of the international policy of interdependency.

Early life and education
Muir was born at Otterburn, Northumberland, the oldest of five children of a Reformed Presbyterian minister. He was educated privately in Birkenhead, then at University College, Liverpool, where he gained a first in history and then at Balliol College, Oxford, where he gained firsts in Greats and modern history.

Academic career
In 1898, Muir became an assistant lecturer in history at the University of Manchester and the following year he was appointed lecturer in history at Liverpool. From 1906 until 1913, he was professor of history at Liverpool when he resigned to take up a visiting lectureship at the University of Punjab in India (1913–14). On return to England he became professor of modern history at the University of Manchester. Between 1917 and 1919 he was a member of a commission investigating Calcutta University and Indian post-secondary education. He ended his academic career in 1921 and embarked full-time on political work.

Liberalism and politics
While at Manchester, Muir had become active in the Manchester Liberal Federation and this sparked his interest in industrial, economic and social reform. He published the book Liberalism and Industry in 1920 and in 1921 he was one of the founders of the Liberal Summer Schools, an annual, week-long, residential school to promote interest in the party and to develop innovative policies. The schools were held in alternate years at Cambridge and Oxford until 1939. The schools produced the Liberal 'coloured books' on industrial and social questions, most famously Britain's Industrial Future (the "Yellow Book"), and were a source of ideas for progressives in politics. Muir was also a prominent Liberal writer contributing frequently to The Nation and the Weekly Westminster. During the 1930s, he edited the Westminster Newsletter, a weekly commentary on Liberal Party affairs.

Muir stood for Parliament eight times in all in the Liberal interest between 1922 and 1935. He was elected at the 1923 general election as Member of Parliament (MP) for Rochdale in Lancashire, having been unsuccessful in that constituency at the 1922 general election However he was defeated at the 1924 election. He stood for Parliament again at five further elections, without success:
 1926: by-election for the Combined English Universities
 1929 general election: Rochdale
 1931: by-election in Scarborough & Whitby
 1931 general election: Louth
1935 general election: Scarborough and Whitby

Muir was also a leading figure in the National Liberal Federation (NLF), being its chairman from 1931 to 1933 and president from 1933 to 1933.  He was a driving spirit behind the party reorganisation of 1936, and briefly (in 1936) acted as vice-president of the new Liberal Party Organization (LPO). From 1936 until his death he chaired the education and propaganda committee of the LPO. He was a key contributor to the Liberal policy review of 1934 and principal author of its report 'The Liberal Way'.  Although Muir was associated closely with the progressive ideas coming out of the Liberal Summer Schools, the radical solutions for unemployment, industrial and social reform which were inspired by Maynard Keynes, Lloyd George and William Beveridge, he was also something of a classical Liberal too. He was particularly constant over Free Trade, which he always supported, and took a paternal view of Imperial and Colonial questions, in which Britain's duties to its colonies took centre stage with an emphasis on trusteeship.

During the Second World War, Muir was a volunteer writer and lecturer for the Ministry of Information. He never married or had children and died at his home in Pinner, Middlesex, on 4 May 1941 aged 68.

Bibliography
History of Municipal Government in Liverpool (joint with others), 1906
History of Liverpool, 1907
Peers and Bureaucrats, 1910
Atlas of Modern History, 1911
Philips' new historical atlas for students (joint with others), 1911
Britain's Case Against Germany, 1915
Making of British India, 1915
Nationalism and Internationalism, 1916
The Expansion of Europe, 1917
The Character of the British Empire, 1917
National Self-Government, 1918
Liberalism and Industry: Towards a Better Social Order, 1920
History of the British Commonwealth, Volume I, 1920
History of the British Commonwealth, Volume II, 1922
Politics and Progress: A Survey of the Problems of Today, 1923
America the Golden, 1927
British History, 1928
Robinson the Great, 1929
How Britain is Governed, 1930
Protection versus Free Imports, 1930
The Political Consequences of the Great War, 1931
The Interdependent World and its Problems, 1932
The Faith of a Liberal, 1933
A Brief History of Our Own Times, 1934
The Record of the National Government, 1936
Future for Democracy, 1939
Civilisation and Liberty, 1940
Ramsay Muir: An Autobiography and Some Essays (edited by Stuart Hodgson), 1943

See also
 List of Liberal Party (UK) MPs

References

Bibliography

F. W. S. Craig: British parliamentary election results 1918-1949, Parliamentary Research Services, Chichester, 1969 ()

Richard Grayson: Entries on Muir in Dictionary of Liberal Thought, Brack & Randall (eds.), Politico's, 2007 and Dictionary of Liberal Biography, Brack et al. (eds.), Politico's, 1998
Ramsay Muir: An autobiography and some essays, ed. S. Hodgson, Lund Humphries,1943
Anne Moore: Entry on Liberal Summer Schools in Dictionary of Liberal Thought, Brack & Randall (eds.), Politico's, 2007
D. M. Cregier: Chiefs without Indians, University Press of America, 1982
T. Wilson: The downfall of the liberal party, 1914–1935, Cornell UP,1966
Richard Grayson: Liberals, International Relations and Appeasement, Frank Cass, 2001

External links

 https://web.archive.org/web/20090706125232/http://www.liberalhistory.org.uk/item_single.php?item_id=34&item=biography Biography of Muir on the website of the Liberal Democrat History Group

 Ministry of Information pages at the National Archives

1872 births
Alumni of the University of Liverpool
Alumni of Balliol College, Oxford
Academics of the Victoria University of Manchester
Chairs of the Liberal Party (UK)
Presidents of the Liberal Party (UK)
Liberal Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies
UK MPs 1923–1924
1941 deaths
Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for Rochdale
Academics of the University of Liverpool
Academic staff of the University of the Punjab
People from Otterburn, Northumberland

Ramsay Muir


The Hyundai Tucson is a compact luxury SUV that is produced by Hyundai Motor Company. In some markets it is sold as the ix35, but the ix35 name is expected to be dropped. It is based on the Kia Sportage's unibody platform.

Tucson
Sport utility vehicles
2000s automobiles

Hyundai Tucson