Colonel Sir Arthur Edwin Young, KBE, CMG, CVO, KStJ, KPM (15 February 1907 – 20 January 1979) was a British police officer. He was Commissioner of Police of the City of London from 1950 to 1971 and was also the first head of the Royal Ulster Constabulary to be called the Chief Constable, instead of Inspector-General. Young helped create the post of Chief Inspector of Constabulary.

In the early 1950s, he played a crucial role in policing decolonisation in the British Empire, and developed a model of public service policing that was not liked by everyone in some colonies but which time has shown to have been a good idea. During the 1960s, he led the way in modernising British police recruitment and in improving the training of senior officers.

Early life and education
Young was born in Eastleigh, Hampshire, the third of four children of Edwin Young (1878–1936), a builder and contractor, and his wife Gertrude Mary (née Brown; 1880–1945). He went to school in Southsea from 1912 to 1915 and then Portsmouth Grammar School from 1915 to 1924.  He was not very good at school, but liked the Officers' Training Corps; later he returned to present prizes and told the pupils that his parents would have been very surprised to see him in the hall on speech day because he had never come close to winning any school award.

Aged sixteen, he left to join the Portsmouth Borough Police, against his family's wishes. His mother and grandmother never approved because they thought the police an unsuitable career for a young man from an middle-class family.  When his maternal aunt Emma Brown married Superintendent Samuel Bowles of the Hampshire Constabulary, she made him resign.

Portsmouth Borough/City Police
Young's father's business partner Alderman Sir John Henry Corke (1850–1927) helped Young get his first job in the Chief Constable's office (the post of Cadet Clerk was specially created for him) in December 1924. On the advice of Thomas Davies, the Chief Constable, he first took a course in business and accountancy.

Made a Constable in May 1925, he became the Coroner's Officer in April 1932. In June 1932, aged 25, he became the youngest Detective Sergeant in the United Kingdom, serving with the Northern Division CID. While he was there, he led investigations into murder, blackmail, fraud and arson. He headed the enquiries into the UK's first case of manslaughter arising from the use of an aeroplane.

At the same time he got more involved in the many royal visits to Portsmouth.  When Haile Selassie visited the dockyard in September 1937, he acted as his personal escort and French interpreter. During these years, Young was also entrusted with what he later called "enquiries concerning the activities of subversive persons and propaganda, and also with other matters affecting state security" - looking for spies. It was also during these years that he acquired his passion for ever better police equipment and his personal love of new gadgets.

Young was promoted to Inspector (equivalent to Lieutenant in US police forces) in June 1937 and appointed to Portsmouth's Southern Division. In Eastney and Southsea, he first had to deal with the problems created by traffic, including ways for its efficient control and of the need to promote road safety. Young was a keen motorist, who moved from a motorcycle to a series of fast cars.

Leamington Spa Borough Police
Young was qualifiedor promotion, but for someone who did not graduate the Hendon Police College and did not go to a public school, his promotion over the next dozen years was meteoric for the 1930s and 1940s.

Young wanted to head his own force and tried to become chief constable of the Isle of Wight Constabulary, before he became Acting Chief Constable of Leamington Spa Borough Police in September 1938, aged 31, at a salary of £500 per annum. One year later, he was appointed to the permanent post of Chief Constable. He was one of the youngest men ever to become a Chief Constable. In his first nine months in Leamington he persuaded the council to hire an extra twelve officers, the first increase since 1915.  This meant he had 57 police officers to cover all of Leamington Spa.

He also reorganised the borough's fire brigade, and, among other police innovations, set up twelve of "police pillars", a network of two-way microphone handsets across the borough so that the public could contact police stations and civil defence posts directly. The base of the pillar contained first aid equipment while, a Leamington innovation, a flashing red light on the top called up policemen on patrol.

From November 1940 he was seconded by the Home Office for six months to Coventry after its blitz.  He ran the city's police because the Chief Constable was fully occupied as Civil Defence Controller  Young started the "good neighbour scheme" for bombed out civilians that he had trialled in Leamington and which was later adopted nationally by the Home Office.

Birmingham City Police
Leamington's was a very small force and for a year his command was only "acting" so, from the start, Young was looking for a permanent as well as a larger command. After several unsuccessful applications (the East Riding of Yorkshire Constabulary in 1939, Portsmouth City Police in 1940, Oxford City Police in 1940), in September 1941 he was selected from a short-list of six as Senior Assistant Chief Constable of Birmingham City Police, then the second-largest police force in the UK; the salary was £1,000 p.a. He was to be responsible for training and communications - both things he was good at.

In Birmingham he started to experiment with police training. Learning by example and by demonstration is common now, but in 1941 it was a new idea and it caught the approving eye of the Home Office. He also made Birmingham the foremost British force in the use of police wireless by establishing in 1942 a "duplex" ultra high-frequency two-way radio telephone system linking every police station and every police car.

Wartime service

In February 1943 Young was one of the chief constables sent to the War Office Civil Affairs Training Centre for the first course for senior officers. Before the course was finished, he was transferred to the instructing staff and in June 1943 he was appointed the first commandant of the new Police Civil Affairs Training Centre at Peel House in London (with a rank as if he was a Lieutenant-Colonel in the army).  He had to set up the training school for policemen and provost officers (military police) who would keep law and order in Axis territory as it was liberated by advancing Allied forces. Just after the centre was opened and its first students through their course, Young was made a Colonel and moved from the classroom in July 1943 to be Senior British Police Officer in the Mediterranean Theatre, stationed in North Africa awaiting the invasion of Sicily.

Young went ashore on day two of the invasion, and became Director of Public Safety in the first functioning Allied military government - the Allied Control Commission for Italy; in December 1943 he was given the additional role of Director of Security, responsible directly to the Commander-in-Chief for hunting saboteurs and enemy agents as well as the removal of fascist officials from public offices. In Italy, Young commanded not just British officers but the 120,000 men of the entire Italian police and had responsibility for all Italian prisons, fire brigades and civil defence. The models Young developed in Italy were later applied across Allied occupied Europe in 1944–1945, but his proudest achievement was the restoration and reorganisation of the Carabinieri, with whom he maintained an association for the rest of his life. He also fell in love with Italy, returning regularly and frequently holidaying in Positano and visiting his wartime friend Colonel Alfredo "Freddy" Zanchino of the Carabinieri.

Hertfordshire Constabulary
Young became Chief Constable of Hertfordshire Constabulary in 1944 (but released from the army only in April 1945).  He was in charge of 515 officers  at a salary of £1,290. Still aged only 38, he had twenty-one years of experience of small, medium and large city and borough forces. From Hertfordshire, he set the pace in revitalising county police forces, pushing his police authority to spend a lot of money to improve officers' pay and conditions.

Police housing was one of the outstanding issues of the time. Young persuaded his police authority to fund a building programme so that in six years every married man in the county force would have a police house; the design and equipping of these houses was agreed between the county architects and a "housing committee", recruited through the county Police Federation, not only of men of all ranks but, at Young's insistence, of officers' wives. In 1946, he wrote:
"I hold the view that the police organisation is not a police force but a police service, which offers to the right individual not merely a job but all the advantages of a professional career. I believe in doing everything reasonably possible by way of improving the conditions and amenities for all ranks of the service, and in particular in delegating both authority and responsibility to officers according to their rank. Having done this I am prepared to accept nothing but the highest standard of service by way of return."

He also persuaded his authority to buy new equipment because he wanted a modern, efficient police force. The Home Office allowed Hertfordshire to be the first force after the war to introduce a wireless system - Young adapted from his Birmingham model for rural use. To make it as effective as possible, the Home Office accepted his idea that the wireless network cover more than one county so the neighbouring county force of Bedfordshire was added.

Almost at the same time, Young was appointed by the Home Office to a committee chaired by Sir Percy Sillitoe, Chief Constable of Kent, to see if all forces needed wireless networks.

His time at Hertfordshire also saw the start of a professional relationship with James Callaghan. They already knew each other from Portsmouth, where their mothers had both worked at Agnes Weston's Sailors Rest; Callaghan had tried unsuccessfully to court Young's sister, Eileen. Callaghan was now a junior minister at the Ministry of Transport. They met up with each other again on a road safety committee and became working allies to extend speed restrictions and improve road markings; cat's eyes were perhaps the most significant fruit of their labours. They worked together again when Callaghan was Home Secretary and it was Callaghan who selected Young to go to Ulster in 1969 to implement the Hunt Report.

Metropolitan Police
Hertfordshire showed that Young wanted to be a chief police officer who made things happen. He applied unsuccessfully to be chief constable of Kent in 1946, but his next job was offered to him. So impressed was Home Secretary James Chuter Ede, he appointed Young to the vacant post of Assistant Commissioner "D" of the Metropolitan Police in London, in charge of organisation, recruitment, training and communications. To bring in an outsider to such a rank in the Met was unprecedented.  The Home Secretary knew that the nation's police forces were stuck to old ways and needed the  shake-up that the young chief constable had already delivered in Hertfordshire; Scotland Yard must not be left out. Things, however, did not go well. The Commissioner, Sir Harold Scott, tolerated him (although he was an outsider too), but senior colleagues cold-shouldered him. Within "D" Department, Young delivered all the Home Secretary had hoped for, a success that only alienated the hierarchy even further.

City of London Police
In March 1950 Young became the first former constable to be appointed Commissioner of Police of the City of London.  He built up his reputation as "the policeman's policeman". Improved pay and conditions and professional standards remained his constant pre-occupations. The police under his command found him forceful but gracious, intolerant of failings in himself as well as others. In all his forces, he was popular with all ranks under his command.

Young came to love the City of London. He relished command of a force small enough to know every constable well. He enjoyed the City's rich social life too, and he much valued the invitation to join the Goldsmiths Company. The police needed to recruit and with considerable success he set about making service more attractive. Pay and allowances were increased, housing modernised, and catering improved. Uniforms were made more comfortable and practical.

At another level, he pushed through changes in career structures. He engineered a national recruitment revolution in the British police, running command courses and seeing through a fast-track entry scheme to attract graduates - and for many years he was director of extended interviews for the Senior Command Course that he had founded. These and other changes were designed to make possible the promotion of talented people. Young realised that the police could no longer rely on habits little changed for a century. He fought for the recruitment and promotion of women. He resisted the well-ingrained tradition of bringing senior officers from the armed forces into police commands; and only with great reluctance did he give in to the demand from the Hertfordshire police committee that he use his wartime military rank. He sternly opposed Lord Trenchard's officer-class way of thinking as wholly inappropriate for the British police service. He wanted to follow Sir Robert Peel's intention that the police be "filled from the bottom up". The young man whose own family had thought that being a policeman was far from suitable dedicated his own long career to making the police a respected and attractive profession.

Young's lobby of the 1960 Royal Commission on the Police overcame Home Office objections to a strengthened police inspectorate, although Sir Charles Cunningham blocked Young's selection as inaugural first Chief Inspector of Constabulary.

Royal Ulster Constabulary
In November 1969 (until 1970) Young was seconded to be the last Inspector-General and the first Chief Constable of the Royal Ulster Constabulary. James Callaghan, then Home Secretary, sent him to carry out the Hunt Report, which introduced the standard British rank system for police officers in Northern Ireland and disbanded the controversial Ulster Special Constabulary.

Other positions
He chaired the Police Council for the UK, the Association of Chief Police Officers training centres committee and the education committee of the National Police Fund. He was a governor of the Police College and of Atlantic College, and a member of the committees of the Police Advisory Board, the National Police Fund, the Royal Humane Society, the National Rifle Association, the National Scout Council and the Thames Group Hospitals. He was President of the Association of Chief Police Officers (ACPO) in 1962.

Colonial police reforms
One feature of Young's career was as a police reformer in colonial hotspots. He had four such missions:

 A short period in the Gold Coast in 1950 preparing the blueprint for the role of the police as the colony was being prepared to become the first British territory in Africa to be granted independence.
 Then in 1952–1953, Young was seconded to the Federation of Malaya to be Commissioner of Police during the Emergency.
 In 1954, Young was asked to undertake a second secondment in the UK's troubled colonies - this time in Kenya as Commissioner of Police during the Mau Mau uprising.

Personal life
Young was brought up in a household with strong Anglican evangelical beliefs (the family attended St Jude's, Southsea for matins and evensong every Sunday as well as week-day meetings).  He also patrolled Portsmouth's slums and docks as a young constable, and this had an effect on Young. Guided by his curate, the Reverend Frederick Dillistone, later Dean of Liverpool, he decided that he must seek ordination (become a priest). The Bishop of Portsmouth, Neville Lovett, however, rejected his application to attend theological college, telling him at interview that "policemen do not become priests". Although later in life Young would drift away from regular worship, the impact of Portsmouth on his world-view never shifted. Shocked by the poverty and injustice which he discovered, Young became a staunch Christian socialist and, very rare for a chief constable, a lifelong Labour Party voter. Throughout his career, he sought out contact with clergymen and in the later 1960s, encouraged by the Bishop of London, again considered Anglican ordination.

Young married three times. On 11 April 1939, at Boarhunt parish church, Hampshire, he married Ivy Ada May Hammond (born 20 December 1909), a nurse from the Royal Portsmouth Hospital whom he had courted for years - custom then dictated lengthy enagements and police pay then was very low. She died of cancer on 14 September 1956. They had one son, Christopher John Young, born in 1941.

Young married Mrs Margaret Furnival Homan, née Dolphin, in 1957. The marriage fell apart quickly and they separated. She committed suicide in Malta in 1966.

On 16 April 1970, he married Mrs Ileen Fryer Turner (née Rayner, born 19 April 1914), whom he had known since she was his police driver in Birmingham during the war and who at one time had been the mistress of his great friend Sir Edward ('Ted') Dodd, Chief Constable of Birmingham and later Chief Inspector of Constabulary. She died on 31 December 2002. In the 1980s, she declined a proposal of marriage from Sir Graham Shillington, Young's successor as Chief Constable of the RUC.

Honours
Young's career made him the most decorated policeman of his era. Young was awarded the King's Police Medal (KPM) in 1952 and was appointed Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George (CMG) in 1953 and Commander of the Royal Victorian Order (CVO) in 1962. He was knighted in 1965 and appointed Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire (KBE) in 1971.

British
 1937 King George VI Coronation Medal
 1939-45 1939-1945 Star
 1939-45 Italy Star
 1939-45 Defence Medal
 1939-45 War Medal
 1951 Officer of the Order of St John (OStJ)
 1952 King's Police Medal for Distinguished Service
 1953 General Service Medal (bar for Malaya)
 1953 Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George (CMG)
 1953 Queen Elizabeth II Coronation Medal
 1954 Africa General Service Medal (bar for Kenya & oak palm for mention in despatches)
 1962 Commander of the Royal Victorian Order (CVO)
 1965 Knight Bachelor
 1971 Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire (Civil Division) (KBE)
 Police Long Service & Good Conduct Medal

Foreign
 Argentina: Commander, Order of Merit
 Austria: Commander, Honour Badge for Merit of the Republic,  a Grand Decoration of Honour in Silver for outstanding service to the country
 Belgium: Commander, Order of the Crown.
 Cameroons: Officer, Order of Valour
 Chile: Commander, Order of Merit
 Denmark: Commander, Order of the Dannebrog.
 Finland: Commander, Order of the White Rose; Commander, Order of the Lion.
 France: Medal of the Sûreté Nationale
 French colonial: Commander, Order of the Black Star of Benin
 Germany: Commander, Order of Merit of the Federal Republic.
 Greece: Commander, Royal Order of the Phoenix.
 Iceland: Knight Commander, Order of the Falcon
 Iran: Officer, Order of the Lion and the Sun
 Iraq: Grand Officer, Order of El-Rafidain (Military Division).
 Italy: Grand Officer, Order of Merit of the Italian Republic
 Ivory Coast: Commander of the National Order
 Japan: Order of the Sacred Treasure, Third Class.
 Jordan: Commander, Order of the Star of Al Kawkab Al Urdiun
 Liberia: Knight Commander, Liberian Humane Order of African Redemption.
 Malaysia: Federation Meritorious Service Medal
 Nepal: Commander, Order of Trishakti-Patta
 Netherlands: Commander, Order of Orange-Nassau.
 Niger: Commander, National Order of Merit
 Peru: Commander, Distinguished Service Order (Peru)
 Portugal: Grand Officer, Military Order of Christ
 Senegal: Commander, National Order of Merit
 Sudan: Commander, Order of the Two Niles
 Thailand: Commander, Order of the Crown.
 Tunisia: Commander, Order of the Republic
 Sweden: King Gustaf VI Adolf's Gold Merit Medal

He was also Honorary Police Commissioner of New York City.

References

British Army officers
Commanders of the Royal Victorian Order
Companions of the Order of St Michael and St George
Knights and Dames Commander of the Order of the British Empire
Knights Bachelor
Knights of the Order of St John
Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
People from Hampshire
British police officers
1907 births
1979 deaths

Arthur Young (police officer)


Minisink Ford is a hamlet on the Delaware River, fifteen miles northwest of Port Jervis. It is in the town of Highland, Sullivan County, New York,  United States.

History
"Minisink" once referred to a vast area stretching all the way from Minisink Ford to the Delaware Water Gap. In 1800, the Town of Minisink was given its present boundaries, thirty miles southwest of Minisink Ford.

During the American Revolution in 1779, Minisink Ford was the site of the Battle of Minisink, in which 40–50 settlers were killed in an engagement with a band of Iroquois and Loyalists under Mohawk chief and Colonel Joseph Brant. The Minisink Battlefield was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1993.

In 1827, the Delaware and Hudson Canal began operating between Honesdale, Pennsylvania and Kingston, New York. In its time, the canal company was the largest private commercial enterprise in the nation. Roebling's Delaware Aqueduct was constructed in 1848 as part of the canal, between Lackawaxen, Pennsylvania and Minisink Ford. It was designed by and built under the supervision of John A. Roebling, who would design the Brooklyn Bridge twenty years later. Portions of the Canal, including the Delaware Aqueduct, were designated a National Historic Landmark in 1968. The aqueduct has been restored and is now preserved by the National Park Service.

References

External links
Minisink Valley Historical Society

Hamlets in New York (state)
Hamlets in Sullivan County, New York
New York (state) populated places on the Delaware River

Minisink Ford, New York


Ariadne, in Greek mythology, was daughter of King Minos of Crete and his queen, Pasiphaë, daughter of Helios, the Sun-titan.  She helped Theseus in defeating the Minotaur (by giving him a length of string to escape the labyrinth). But Theseus abandoned her so she became the consort of the god Dionysus. She is the Greek goddess of passion and mazes.

Related pages
43 Ariadne

People in Greek mythology

Ariadne


An anaerobic organism is any living thing that does not need oxygen for growth.

 Obligate anaerobes will die when exposed to atmospheric levels of oxygen.
 Facultative anaerobes can use oxygen when it is present.
 Aerotolerant organisms can survive in the presence of oxygen, but they are anaerobic because they do not use oxygen as a terminal electron acceptor.

Microaerophiles are organisms that may use oxygen, but only at low concentrations (low micromolar range); their growth is inhibited by normal oxygen concentrations (approximately 200 micromolar). Nanaerobes are organisms that cannot grow in the presence of micromolar concentrations of oxygen, but can grow with and benefit from nanomolar concentrations of oxygen.

Obligate anaerobes may use fermentation or anaerobic respiration. In the presence of oxygen, facultative anaerobes use aerobic respiration; without oxygen some of them ferment, some use anaerobic respiration. Aerotolerant organisms are strictly fermentative. Microaerophiles carry out aerobic respiration, and some of them can also do anaerobic respiration.

Some anaerobic bacteria produce toxins (e.g., tetanus or botulinum toxins) that are highly dangerous to higher organisms, including humans.

Related pages
Cellular respiration
Anaerobic digestion
Biogas

Microbiology
Metabolism

Anaerobic organism


Lucius Verus (Lucius Ceionius Commodus, 15 December 130 – 169) was Roman co-emperor with Marcus Aurelius (121–180), from 161 until his death. In practice, he was the junior partner of the great Marcus Aurelius.

Career
When his father died in early 138, Hadrian chose Antoninus Pius (86–161) as his successor. Antoninus was adopted by Hadrian on the condition that Verus and Hadrian's great-nephew Marcus Aurelius was to be adopted by Antoninus as his sons and heirs.

Verus started his political career as a quaestor in 153, became consul in 154, and in 161 was consul again with Marcus Aurelius as his senior partner.

Emperor

Accession of Lucius and Marcus, 161
Antoninus died on 7 March 161, and was succeeded by Marcus Aurelius.p156 Although the senate planned to confirm Marcus alone, he refused to take office unless Lucius received equal powers.p116 The senate accepted, granting Lucius the imperium, the tribunician power, and the name Augustus. It was the first time that Rome was ruled by two emperors.p117

In spite of their nominal equality, Marcus held more authority than Verus. He had been consul once more than Lucius, he had shared in Pius' administration, and he alone was Pontifex Maximus. It would have been clear to the public which emperor was the more senior. As the biographer wrote, "Verus obeyed Marcus...as a lieutenant obeys a proconsul or a governor obeys the emperor".p117

Immediately after their senate confirmation, the emperors went to the camp of the praetorian guard. Lucius addressed the assembled troops, which then acclaimed the pair as imperatores. Then, like every new emperor since Claudius, Lucius promised the troops a special donative.p117 The ceremony was perhaps not entirely necessary, given that Marcus' accession had been peaceful and unopposed, but it was good insurance against later military troubles.

War with Parthia 161–66
War with Parthia had started as soon as Antoninus died.

Lucius' journey east, 162–63?
Over the winter of 161–62, as more bad news arrived—a rebellion was brewing in Syria—it was decided that Lucius should direct the Parthian war in person. He was stronger and healthier than Marcus, the argument went, more suited to military activity.p123 Whatever the case, the senate gave its assent, and Lucius left. Marcus would remain in Rome; the city "demanded the presence of an emperor".

Furius Victorinus, one of the two praetorian prefects, was sent with Lucius, as were a pair of senators, and part of the praetorian guard.p125 Victorinus had previously served as procurator of Galatia, giving him some experience with eastern affairs. Since a prefect had to accompany the guard, Victorinus was the clear choice.p161

Laelianus, one of the Senators, was "a serious man and an old-fashioned disciplinarian". Bassus, the other Senator, had been governor of Lower Moesia, and was also made comes.p125

Lucius left in the summer of 162 to take a ship from Brundisium; Marcus followed him as far as Capua. Lucius feasted himself in the country houses along his route, and hunted at Apulia. He fell ill at Canosa, probably afflicted with a mild stroke, and took to bed. Marcus made prayers to the gods for his safety in front of the senate, and hurried south to see him.p125

Verus continued eastward via Corinth and Athens, accompanied by musicians and singers as if in a royal progress. It is not known how long Verus' journey east took; he might not have arrived in Antioch until after 162. Statius Priscus, meanwhile, must have already arrived in Cappadocia; he would earn fame in 163 for successful generalship.p126

Antioch 162?–65

Lucius spent most of the campaign in Antioch, though he wintered at Laodicea and summered at Daphne, a resort just outside Antioch. He took up a mistress named Panthea, from Smyrna. The biographer calls her a "low-born girl-friend",p129 but she is probably closer to an account of Lucian: "a woman of perfect beauty", more beautiful than any of Phidias and Praxiteles' statues. Polite, caring, humble, she sang to the lyre perfectly and spoke clear Ionic Greek, spiced with Attic wit.p129

Lucius faced quite a task.p162 The Syrian army had turned soft during the east's long peace. They spent more time at the city's open-air cafés than in their quarters. Under Lucius, training was stepped up. Pontius Laelianus ordered that their saddles be stripped of their padding. Gambling and drinking were sternly policed. Fronto wrote that Lucius was on foot at the head of his army as often as on horseback. He personally inspected soldiers in the field and at camp, including the sick bay.p129

In the middle of the war, perhaps in autumn 163 or early 164, Lucius made a trip to Ephesus to be married to Marcus' daughter Lucilla.p163 Lucilla's thirteenth birthday was in March 163; whatever the date of her marriage, she was not yet fifteen. Marcus had moved up the date: perhaps stories of Panthea had disturbed him. Lucilla was accompanied by her mother Faustina and M. Vettulenus Civica Barbarus, the half-brother of Lucius' father. Marcus may have planned to accompany them all the way to Smyrna (the biographer says he told the senate he would); this did not happen. Marcus only accompanied the group as far as Brundisium, where they boarded a ship for the east. Marcus returned to Rome immediately thereafter, and sent out special instructions to his proconsuls not to give the group any official reception. Lucilla would bear three of Lucius' children in the coming years. Lucilla became Lucilla Augusta.p163

Counterattack and victory, 163–66
Legions I Minervia and V Macedonica, under the legates M. Claudius Fronto and P. Martius Verus, served under Statius Priscus in Armenia, earning success for Roman arms during the campaign season of 163,p163 including the capture of the Armenian capital Artaxata. At the end of the year, Verus took the title Armeniacus, despite having never seen combat; Marcus declined to accept the title until the following year. When Lucius was hailed as imperator again, however, Marcus did not hesitate to take the Imperator II with him. The army of Syria was reinforced by II Adiutrix and Danubian legions under X Gemina's legate Geminius Marcianus.p162

Occupied Armenia was reconstructed on Roman terms. A new king was installed: a Roman senator of consular rank and Arsacid descent, C. Iulius Sohaemus. He may not even have been crowned in Armenia; the ceremony may have taken place in Antioch, or even Ephesus.p280n Sohaemus was hailed on the imperial coinage of 164 under the legend : Verus sat on a throne with his staff while Sohamenus stood before him, saluting the emperor.

In 163, while Statius Priscus was occupied in Armenia, the Parthians invaded Osroene, a Roman client state in upper Mesopotamia, just east of Syria, with its capital at Edessa. They deposed the country's leader, Mannus, and replaced him with their own nominee, who would remain in office until 165.p130, 279 In response, Roman forces were moved downstream, to cross the Euphrates at a more southerly point. The Parthians still held the southern, Roman bank of the Euphrates (in Syria) as late as 163. Before the end of the year, however, Roman forces had moved north to occupy Dausara and Nicephorium on the northern, Parthian bank. Soon after the conquest of the north bank of the Euphrates, other Roman forces moved on Osroene from Armenia, taking Anthemusia, a town south-west of Edessa. There was little movement in 164; most of the year was spent on preparations for a renewed assault on Parthian territory.p131

In 165, Roman forces, perhaps led by Martius Verus and the V Macedonica, moved on Mesopotamia. Edessa was re-occupied, Mannus re-installed.p169 His coinage resumed, too: 'Ma'nu the king' (Syriac: M'NW MLK') or Antonine dynasts on the obverse, and 'King Mannos, friend of Romans' (Greek: Basileus Mannos Philorōmaios) on the reverse. The Parthians retreated to Nisibis, but this too was besieged and captured. The Parthian army dispersed in the Tigris; their general Chosrhoes swam down the river and made his hideout in a cave. A second force, under Avidius Cassius and the III Gallica, moved down the Euphrates, and fought a major battle at Dura.p163

By the end of the year, Cassius' army had reached the twin metropolises of Mesopotamia: Seleucia on the right bank of the Tigris and Ctesiphon on the left. Ctesiphon was taken and its royal palace set to flame. The citizens of Seleucia, still largely Greek (the city had been commissioned and settled as a capital of the Seleucid empire, one of Alexander the Great's successor kingdoms), opened its gates to the invaders. The city got sacked nonetheless, leaving a black mark on Lucius' reputation. Excuses were sought, or invented: the official version had it that the Seleucids broke faith first. Whatever the case, the sacking marks a particularly destructive chapter in Seleucia's long decline.p163/4

Cassius' army, although suffering from a shortage of supplies and the effects of a plague contracted in Seleucia, made it back to Roman territory safely. Iunius Maximus, a young tribune serving in III Gallica under Cassius, took the news of the victory to Rome. Maximus received a generous cash bounty for bringing the good news, and immediate promotion to the quaestorship.p164 Lucius took the title Parthicus Maximus, and he and Marcus were hailed as imperatores again, earning the title 'imp. III'.

Cassius' army returned to the field in 166, crossing over the Tigris into Medea. Lucius took the title 'Medicus', and the emperors were again hailed as imperatores, becoming 'imp. IV' in imperial titulature. Marcus took the Parthicus Maximus now, after another tactful delay.p164

Most of the credit for the war's success must be ascribed to subordinate generals. The forces that advanced on Osroene were led by M. Claudius Fronto, an Asian provincial of Greek descent who had led I Minervia in Armenia under Priscus. He was probably the first senator in his family.p130 Fronto was consul for 165, probably in honor of the capture of Edessa. P. Martius Verus had led V Macedonica to the front, and also served under Priscus. Martius Verus was a westerner, whose patria was perhaps Tolosa in Gallia Narbonensis.

The most prominent general, however, was C. Avidius Cassius, commander of III Gallica, one of the Syrian legions. Cassius was young senator of low birth from the north Syrian town of Cyrrhus. His father, Heliodorus, had not been a senator, but was nonetheless a man of some standing: he had been Hadrian's ab epistulis, followed the emperor on his travels, and was prefect of Egypt at the end of Hadrian's reign. Cassius also, with no small sense of self-worth, claimed descent from the Seleucid kings. Cassius and Martius Verus, still probably in their mid-thirties, took the consulships for 166.p164

Vologases IV of Parthia (147–191) made peace but was forced to cede western Mesopotamia to the Romans. Lucius is reported to have been an excellent commander, without fear of delegating military tasks to more competent generals.

On his return to Rome, Lucius was awarded with a triumph. The parade was unusual because it included Lucius, Marcus Aurelius, their sons and unmarried daughters as a big family celebration. Marcus Aurelius' two sons, Commodus five years old and Annius Verus of three, were elevated to the status of Caesar for the occasion.

Wars on the Danube and death
In the spring of 168 war broke out in the Danubian border when the Marcomanni invaded the Roman territory. This war would last until 180, but Verus did not see the end of it. In 168, as Verus and Marcus Aurelius returned to Rome from the field, Verus fell ill with symptoms attributed to food poisoning, dying after a few days (169). However, scholars believe that Verus may have been a victim of smallpox, as he died during a widespread epidemic known as the Antonine Plague.  Despite the minor differences between them, Marcus Aurelius grieved the loss of his adoptive brother. He accompanied the body to Rome, where he offered games to honour his memory.

Notes

References

2nd-century Roman emperors
130 births
169 deaths

Lucius Verus


Sosi atawa konci nyaéta pakakas pikeun mukakeun naon waé nu nutup. Sosi minangka hiji hal anu poko dina kahirupan moderen jeung bisa dipanggihan di sakuliah dunya sarta mangrupa cara anu murah tur gampang pikeun ngamankeun rupa-rupa barang, wangunan, atawa tutumpakan. Manusa geus biasa mamawa sasetél sosi nu dipaké sapopoéna, nu biasa dihijikeun ku gantungan konci.

Special types of keys

House key
A house key is the most common kind of key. When held upright as if to open a door, a series of grooves on either side of the key limits the type of lock cylinder the key can slide into. As the key slides into the lock, a series of notches allow the pins to move up and down until those pins are in line with the shéar line of the cylinder, allowing that cylinder to rotate freely inside the lock and the lock to open.

Car key

A car key or an automobile key is a key used to open or start an automobile, often identified with the logo of the car company at the héad.  modérn key designs are usually symmetrical, and some use grooves on both sides, rather than a cut edge, to actuate the lock. It has multiple uses for the automobile with which it was sold.  A car key can open the doors, as well as start the ignition, open the glove compartment and also open the trunk (boot) of the car. Some cars come with an additional key known as a valet key that starts the ignition and opens the drivers side door but prevents the valet from gaining access to valuables that are located in the trunk or the glove box. Recently, féatures such as coded immobilizers have been implemented in newer vehicles.  More sophisticated systems maké ignition dependent on electronic devices, rather than the mechanical keyswitch. Ignition switches/locks are combined with security locking of the steering column (in many modérn vehicles) or the gear lever (Saab Automobile). In the latter, the switch is between the séats, preventing damage to the driver's knee in the event of a collision.

Keyless entry systems, which utilize a remote control in place of a car key, are becoming a standard féature on many new cars. Some of them are handsfree.

 Some keys are high-tech in order to prevent the theft of a car. Mercedes-Benz uses a key that, rather than have a cut metal piece to start the car, uses an encoded infrared béam that communicates with the car's computer. If the codes match, the car can be started. These keys can be expensive to replace, if lost and can cost up to US$400. Some car manufacturers like Land Rover and Volkswagen use a 'switchblade' key where the key is spring-loaded out of the fob when a button is pressed. This eliminates the need for a separate key fob but can often maké the key large and uncomfortable to keep in pockets for extended periods of time. This type of key has also been known to be confiscated by airport security officials .

Master key
A master key is designed to open a set of several locks. These locks also have keys which are specific to éach one (the change key) and cannot open any of the others in the set. Locks which have master keys have a second set of the mechanism used to open them which is identical to all of the others in the set of locks. For example, master keyed pin tumbler locks will have two shéar points at éach pin position, one for the change key and one for the master key.  A far more secure (and more expensive) system has two cylinders in éach lock, one for the change key and one for the master key.

Larger organizations, with more complex "grandmaster key" systems, may have several masterkey systems where the top level grandmaster key works in all of the locks in the system.

A practical attack exists to créate a working master key for an entire system given only access to a single master-keyed lock and its associated key. This is described in Cryptology and Physical Security: Rights Amplification in Master-Keyed Mechanical Locks

Control key
A control key is a key used in interchangéable core locking systems.  The control key enables the user to remove a core in the cylinder, with a specific combination and replace it with a core with a different combination.  In small format interchangéable cores, similar to those developed by Frank Best of the Best Lock Corporation, the key operates a separate shéar line, located above the operating key shéar line.  In other format interchangéable cores, the key may work like a master key along the operating shéar line and also contact a separate locking pin that holds the core in the cylinder.

Double-sided key
A double-sided key is very similar to a house or car key with the exception that it has two sets of teeth, an upper level standard set of teeth and a lower, less defined set of teeth beside it. This makes the double-sided key's profile and its corresponding lock look very similar to a standard key while making the attempt to pick the lock more difficult.

Paracentric key
A paracentric key is designed to open a paracentric lock. It is distinguishable by the contorted shape of its blade, which protrudes past the centre vertical line of the key barrel. Instéad of the wards on the outer face of the lock simply protruding into the shape of the key along the spine, the wards protrude into the shape of the key along the entire width of the key, including along the length of the teeth. Patented by the Yale lock company in 1898, paracentric cylinders are not exceptionally difficult to pick, but require some skill and know-how on the part of the person attempting to pick the lock.

Skeleton key

A skeleton key (or passkey) is a very simple design of key which usually has a cylindrical shaft (sometimes called a shank) and a single, minimal flat, rectangular tooth or bit. Skeleton keys are also usually distinguished by their bow, or the part one would grasp when inserting the key, which can be either very plain or extremely ornate. A skeleton key is designed to circumvent the wards in warded locks. Warded locks and their keys provide minimal security and only a slight deterrent as any key with a shaft and tooth that has the same or smaller dimensions will open the lock. However, warded keys were designed to only fit a matching lock and the skeleton key would often fit many. Many other objects which can fit into the lock may also be able to open it. Due to its limited usefulness, this type of lock fell out of use after more complicated types became éasier to manufacture. In modérn usage, it has come to describe a key, usually with minimal féatures, which can open all or most of a type of badly designed lock. Skeleton keys can be newly-minted (and sold by restoration hardware companies) or antiques. True skeleton keys were most popular in the late 1800s, although they continued to be used well into the 20th century and can still be found today in use, albeit in vintage homes and antique furniture. A skeleton key is distinguished from a barrel key in that a skeleton key usually has a solid shank, wheréas a barrel shafted key can be made either by drilling out the shank from the bit end or by folding metal into a barrel shape when forging the key.

Tubular key

A tubular key (sometimes referred to as a barrel key when describing a vintage or antique modél) is one that is designed to open a tubular pin tumbler lock. It has a hollow, cylindrical shaft which is usually much shorter and has a larger diameter than most conventional keys. Antique or vintage-style barrel keys often closely resemble the more traditional skeleton key but are a more recent innovation in keymaking. In modérn keys of this type, a number of grooves of varying length are built into the outer surface at the end of the shaft. These grooves are parallel to the shaft and allow the pins in the lock to slide to the end of the groove.  A small tab on the outer surface of the shaft prevents the pins in the lock from pushing the key out and works with the hollow center to guide the key as it is turned.

The modérn version of this type of key is harder to duplicate as it is less common and requires a different machine from regular keys. These keys are most often seen in home alarm systems, in the United States.

Security on these types of locks are problem, as rediscovered recently.  It's known as the "Bic Pen Trick."

Zeiss Key
A Zeiss key is a cross between a house key and a tubular key. It has three sets of teeth at 90 degrees to éach other with a flattened fourth side. Though this type of key is éasy to duplicate, the extra sets of teeth deter lockpicking attempts.

Do Not Duplicate Key

A Do Not Duplicate key is one which has been stamped do not duplicate by a locksmith or manufacturer as a passive deterrent to prevent a retail key cutting service from duplicating a key without authorization or without contacting the locksmith or manufacturer who originally cut the key. More importantly, this is a control system for whoever is the owner of the key, such as a maintenance person or security guard, to identify keys that should not be freely distributed or used without authorization. Though it is intended to prevent unauthorized key duplication, copying restricted keys remains a common security problem.  There is no direct legal implication in the US for soméone that copies a key that is stamped do not duplicate (unless it is a government owned key), but there are patent restrictions on some key designs (see "restricted keys").

United States Code 18 USC Sec. 1704  déals with United States Post Office keys, and 18 USC Sec. 1386  déals with United States Department of Defense keys.

Restricted Key
A restricted keyblank is a keyway and blank for which a manufacturer has set up a restricted level of sales and distribution. Restricted keys are often protected by patent, which prohibits other manufacturers from making unauthorized productions of the key blank. In many jurisdictions, customers must provide proof of ID before a locksmith will duplicate a key using a restricted blank. These days, many restricted keys have special in-laid féatures, such as magnets, different types of metal, or even small computer chips to prevent duplication.

Keycard
A keycard, while not actually considered a key, is a plastic card which stores a digital signature that is used with electronic access control locks. It is normally a flat, rectangular piece of plastic and may also serve as an ID card.   There are several popular type of keycards in use and include the mechanical holecard, bar code, magnetic stripe, smart card (embedded with a réad/write electronic microchip), and RFID proximity cards. The keycard is used by presenting it to a card réader; swiping or inserting of mag stripe cards, or in the case of RFID cards, merely being brought into close proximity to a sensor.

Bar code technology is not a secure form of a key, as the bar code can be copied in a photocopier and often réad by the optical réader.

Magnetic stripe keycards are becoming incréasingly éasy to copy, but have the security advantage that one may change the stored key in a magnetic swipe card in case the current key may be compromised.  This immediate change of the "key" information can be applied to other media, but this media probably offers the léast expensive option, and the most convenient to users and managers of systems that use this media.  Example:  If you own a car with this system, you can change your keys anytime you want.  You can buy new media anywhere a gift card is sold.  At léast at this point in time, you could buy a gift card for a penny, then use that as the media for the keys to your car.  If the system uses digital environmental data samples to créate the "key" string, every car can have a set of keys that no one else has.  If a card is stolen, or copied without authorization, the card can be remade, and the car security system can be synchronized with the new card, and no longer activationally responsive to the copy of the old card. This approach can empower the system controller (owner/individual or centralized administration of a business).

Computerized authentication systems, such as key cards, raise privacy concerns, since they enable computer surveillance of éach entry. Currently RFID cards and key fobs are becoming more and more popular due to its éase of use. Many modérn households have installed digital locks that maké use of key cards, in combination with biometric fingerprint and keypad PIN options.

The first keycard was the mechanical holecard type patented by Tor Sørnes, a concept he later developed into the magnetic stripe card key.

History of locks and keys

Wooden locks and keys were in use as éarly as 4,000 yéars ago in Egypt .

See also

 Advanced key
 Password, Passphrase
 Personal Identification Number
 Personal Unblocking Code
 Key (cryptography)
 Keyway

References

http://www.usatoday.com/travel/flights/today/2005-06-22-sky-archivejune21_x.htm

Locksmithing

Sosi


The border between two regions is a line, where one region is next to the other. If the regions are countries, the border can only be crossed at certain points. To cross the border, a passport or a visa might be necessary; such as the Wagah border between Pakistan and the Republic of India.

Border


Atlantic hurricane seasons
1780s 1790s 1800s 1810s 1820s

The decade of 1800s featured the 1800–1809 Atlantic hurricane seasons. While info for every storm that happened is not available, some parts of the coastline were had enough people to give info of hurricane happenings. Each season was an ongoing event in the annual cycle of tropical cyclone formation in the Atlantic basin. Most tropical cyclone formation is between June 1 and November 30.

1800 Atlantic hurricane season

I. A minimal hurricane that passed through the Leeward Islands on August 10 moved through the Caribbean Sea and Gulf of Mexico to strike southeast Louisiana on August 18.

II. On August 27 and August 28, a hurricane struck Exuma in the Bahamas.

III. During September 9 and September 10 a hurricane impacted Bermuda. (from Beware the Hurricane)

IV. Between October 2 and October 5, a hurricane lingered across South Carolina.

V. The ship, Galgo, was sunk during a hurricane on October 9 over the southwest Atlantic. All 25 crew members were rescued.

VI. On October 31, a hurricane struck Jamaica before moving onward to Cuba and the southwest Atlantic. During November 4 and November 5, Bermuda experienced this hurricane. A lighthouse begun in 1795 on Wreck Hill was abandoned after this storm, as it was then determined to be an unsuitable site. (from Beware the Hurricane)

1801 Atlantic hurricane season
I. Nassau, Bahamas experienced a hurricane on July 22. 120 sails were wrecked onshore. The system moved westward into the Gulf of Mexico.

II. On August 15 and August 16, this hurricane made landfall near Mobile, Alabama.

1802 Atlantic hurricane season
A hurricane was spotted west of Jamaica between October 6 and October 10.

1803 Atlantic hurricane season
I. In August, a hurricane hit the West Indies. It continued through Jamaica, moved northward, and eventually hit England later in the month. It caused 121 deaths.

II. A hurricane hit near the Chesapeake Bay on August 29, causing at least one death.

III. In addition, a minimal hurricane right on its heels hit near New Bern, North Carolina on August 31 and September 1. This type of tropical cyclone succession up the coast is similar to the Connie/Diane East coast landfalls of 1955.

IV. During October 2 and October 3, a hurricane reportedly impacted Norfolk, Virginia.

1804 Atlantic hurricane season
I. During August 18 and August 19, a hurricane was noted in Jamaica.

II. A hurricane was first spotted near the Leeward Islands on September 3. It moved northwestward, and hit Georgia as a major hurricane on September 7. It continued slowly through South Carolina and North Carolina, leaving the mainland on the 9th before striking New England on September 12. The hurricane caused 500 deaths.

III. Between September 22 and September 24, a tropical storm tracked from Cuba northward to South Carolina.

Storm of October 1804

IV. Later in the season, a major hurricane moved northwestward across the Western Atlantic to the north of Puerto Rico. It hit near Atlantic City, New Jersey on October 9, and turned northeastward. As it crossed New England, cool air was entrained in the circulation, and it became extratropical. The storm brought heavy snow across the Northeast, in some areas up to 2–3 feet, and killed 8 people. This was the first observation of snow from a landfalling hurricane, but not the last.

1805 Atlantic hurricane season
I. Between July 27 and August 1, a hurricane tracked through the southwest Atlantic east of Bermuda.

II. On September 30, a hurricane struck Mantanzas, Cuba then moved northward into Maine by October 3.

1806 Atlantic hurricane season
I. A tropical cyclone was noted near the northeastern Lesser Antilles on August 17. Moving west-northwest, the cyclone strengthened into a major hurricane which hit the southern North Carolina coast on August 23 and led to 42 deaths. It moved out to sea, disrupting British and French ships involved in the Napoleonic Wars.

II. A tropical cyclone moved through the Mona Passage on August 26 before moving just offshore the East Coast of the United States through September 3.

III. A hurricane hit Dominica on September 9, resulting in 457 casualties. The cyclone subsequently moved through the Caribbean Sea and Gulf of Mexico, striking Mississippi by September 18.

IV. On September 15, a hurricane hit northeast Florida, destroying several houses but leading to no deaths.

V. On September 20, another hurricane hit Dominica, causing an additional 165 deaths.

VI. On September 28, a minimal hurricane hit the Outer Banks of North Carolina, destroying one ship.

VII. During October 2, a tropical cyclone was witnessed at Jamaica. Moving northward, it struck South Carolina by October 9.

1807 Atlantic hurricane season
I. A tropical storm moved through the Lesser Antilles on July 25.

II. On September 1, another tropical cyclone moved through the Lesser Antilles, striking Trinidad de Cuba on September 5.

III. Between October 16 and October 20, this hurricane moved from the extreme southeastern Caribbean Sea to the west of Jamaica.

1808 Atlantic hurricane season
A minimal hurricane hit the Outer Banks on September 12, damaging the lighthouse there.

1809 Atlantic hurricane season
I. A tropical cyclone struck Dominica, Guadeloupe, Tortola, and Montserrat between August 1 and August 3, killing 62 people.

II. Another hurricane hit Puerto Rico on August 17. It drifted over the island, and caused a "Great death toll".

III. A tropical storm affected the northern Leeward Islands between October 9 and October 13.

Related pages

List of Atlantic hurricane seasons

References

World Wide Web

Books

Other websites
http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/pastdeadly.shtml
http://garnet.acns.fsu.edu/~jelsner/HHITProject/HHITyears/
http://www.candoo.com/genresources/hurricane.htm
http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/hurdat/Chenoweth/chenoweth06.pdf

1800s
1801
1802
1803 in the United States
1804 in the United States
1805 in the United States
1806
1807
1808
1809

1800s Atlantic hurricane seasons


Cheap Street Press was an American small publishing company started up in 1980 and operated by the husband-wife duo, George and Jan O'Nale, in their rural home near New Castle, Virginia. Cheap Street concentrated on publishing limited edition books, signed and numbered, of science fiction and fantasy works. Their books were hand-printed letterpress by George on fine (often handmade) paper and hand-bound in fine cloth and leather with matching drop-back boxes.

Their books were typically issued in editions of 50 to 200 copies, and sold for up to $250 each. They approached authors who they identified for excellence in writing quality.

George and Jan O'Nale were hermitic in their habits, living in a fairly unpopulated area in the Virginian countryside. In 2002, the O'Nales donated their collection of books and press materials to Tulane University, and then committed suicide in the spring of 2003, citing increasing health problems.

A sampling of books published by Cheap Street Press:
 At the Double Solstice by Gregory Benford
 Paperjack by Charles de Lint
 Torturing Mr. Amberwell by Thomas M. Disch
 The Adventures of Cobble's Rune by Ursula K. Le Guin
 The Beautiful Biting Machine by Tanith Lee
 Ervool by Fritz Leiber
 The Girl Who Heard Dragons by Anne McCaffrey
 Red Noise by John Sladek
 Flying Saucer Rock and Roll by Howard Waldrop
 The Arimaspian Legacy by Gene Wolfe
 On Saint Hubert's Thing by Chelsea Quinn Yarbro
 A Rhapsody in Amber by Roger Zelazny

Other items published by Cheap Street Press:
 Pamphlet: The Complete Twelve Hours of the Night by "William Ashbless" (William Ashbless is actually a pen name for James P. Blaylock & Tim Powers.)

References

External links
 Obituary article on the Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America website

American speculative fiction publishers
Small press publishing companies
Science fiction publishers
Book publishing companies based in Virginia
Defunct book publishing companies of the United States

Cheap Street Press


This page describes the different types of aerial attacks in professional wrestling.

Diving crossbody
A diving crossbody is a move where a wrestler performs a type of crossbody off of the top turnbuckle and onto a standing opponent.

Diving DDT
A diving DDT is a move where a wrestler who is on higher ground (usually the top rope) is facing either a standing or bent-over opponent. The wrestler dives wraps their near arm around the opponent's head in a front facelock and swings themselves backwards in midair, performing a DDT.

Diving double axe handle
A diving double axe handle (also known as diving axe handle, diving double axe handle smash or diving double sledge) is a move where a wrestler jumps from the top turnbuckle to either the mat or floor and hits their opponent with two fists that are held together in the fashion of holding an axe.

Diving elbow drop
A diving elbow drop is a move where a wrestler jumps from the top turnbuckle and lands on a downed opponent with their cocked elbow. There is also a less common version called the diving back elbow drop, where a wrestler climbs to the top turnbuckle, jumps backwards, cocks their elbow and lands their elbow on the opponent. The diving elbow drop was popularized by "Macho Man" Randy Savage who used it as his finisher. CM Punk adopted the moved as a tribute to Savage after he died.

Pointed elbow drop
A pointed elbow drop is a move where a wrestler that is sitting on the top turnbuckle, jumps while clasping their forearms together, and lands on their knees, while driving both elbows into either the shoulder or chest of their opponent.

Diving fist drop
A diving fist drop is a move where a wrestler jumps from the top turnbuckle onto the opponent and drives their fist into either the opponent's chest or head.

Diving headbutt
A diving headbutt happens when a wrestler jumps from either the top rope or turnbuckle and lands anywhere on the opponent's body. Harley Race accidentally invented the move. The move was popularized by The Dynamite Kid and later by Chris Benoit.  It was later found out that the move could cause spinal damage and was blamed as a contributing factor for the damage that was found in Chris Benoit's brain after his double-murder suicide.

Flying clothesline
A flying clothesline is a move where a wrestler jumps from either the top rope, top turnbuckle or somewhere else and performs a clothesline onto their standing opponent.

Flying neckbreaker
A flying neckbreaker is a type of neckbreaker where the wrestler jumps from a higher position, usually the second turnbuckle, grabs the opponents neck in midair and takes them down with a neckbreaker. A common version of this is called the flip neckbreaker slam or Blockbuster when a wrestler does a somersault, and while flipping, catches the opponents head which ends in a neckbreaker slam.

Frankensteiner
A Frankensteiner is a type of hurricanrana that is done when the opponent is sitting on the top turnbuckle. While facing them, the wrestler performing the move wraps their legs around the opponent's head, does a backflip to swing through the opponent's open legs and drags them into a forced somersault which distances the wrestler from the opponent, who lands on his or her back. The name Frankensteiner comes from Scott Steiner, who popularized the move.

Reverse frankensteiner
There is a different version called the reverse frankensteiner, also known as the inverted frankensteiner. The move is performed when an opponent is facing the other way while sitting on the top turnbuckle. The wrestler then performs the frankensteiner but the opponent lands on their chest instead.

Moonsault
A moonsault happens when a wrestler does a backflip and lands on their opponent. It is usually performed from the top turnbuckle.

630° senton
A 630° senton is a move where a wrestler does a senton and flips 630 degrees forward before landing. A corkscrew can be added. In a corkscrew version, the wrestler faces away from the ring and is on the top turnbuckle, they then perform a 180° turn in mid-air and perform a 630° senton onto a lying opponent.

Shiranui
A shiranui is a move where a wrestler puts their opponent in a three-quarter facelock, runs up the corner turnbuckles, jumps backwards, does a backflip in the air and lands face down on the mat, driving the opponent back first on the mat. There is a standing version and a sitout shiranui where the wrestler lands in a seated position and drives the opponent's head between their legs. It is the finishing move of Brian Kendrick who calls it the Sliced Bread #2. The move was invented by Naomichi Marufuji.

Shooting star
A shooting star is when a wrestler jumps forward from higher ground and performs a backflip in midair. The most common technique of the shooting star is the shooting star press.

Shooting star press
A shooting star press is a move where the wrestler jumps forward, presses their knees to their chest, does a backflip in midair and lands on their opponent chest first. A corkscrew version has also been used where the wrestler either a 180°, 360° or more in midair and lands in either a senton or press. The move was invented by Jushin "Thunder" Liger.

Shooting star leg drop
A shooting star leg drop is a move where the wrestler jumps forward from higher ground, does a backflip in midair, continues the rotation (by either doing a full 360° or more rotation) and lands on the downed opponent with their leg.

Shooting star elbow drop
A shooting star elbow drop is a move where the wrestler jumps forward from higher ground, does a backflip in midair, and lands on the downed opponent with their elbow.

Shooting star DDT
A shooting star DDT is a move where the wrestler jumps forward from higher ground, does a backflip in midair, catches the standing opponent and performs a DDT on the way down.

Shooting star senton
A shooting star senton is a move where the wrestler jumps forward from higher ground, does a backflip in midair, and continues the rotation (by either doing a full 360° or more rotation) and adds another 90 which ends in a senton.

Corkscrew Shooting star press
A corkscrew shooting star press is a move where the wrestler jumps forward from higher ground, twists and flips backwards at the same time, and hits a shooting star press. Pac/Adrian Neville uses the move as his finisher which he calls the Red Arrow.

Sunset flip
A sunset flip is a pinning move performed when a wrestler is on higher ground. The wrestler then dives over the opponent, catches them in a waist-lock from behind and rolls them into a sitting position when they hit the mat. When the wrestler rolls over the opponent, they pull the opponent backwards and land their back into a pinning position.

Transition moves
Some of the moves that are done are not meant to pin an opponent or weaken them. They are used to set up another attack on an opponent.

Springboard
A springboard is when a wrestler bounces themself upward off of a rope into a move. There is also a double springboard where a wrestler bounces off one rope and onto another. Some moves that can be done from a springboard position are a springboard dropkick, springboard legdrop and a springboard moonsault.

Slingshot
A slingshot is when a wrestler, who is standing on the ring apron, pulls the top rope and uses the momentum that is gained to hurl themself over the rope and into the ring.

Modifiers

Corkscrew
A corkscrew is when a wrestler twists themself in the air. It can also refer to when a wrestler does a backflip but it is twisted so the wrestler faces the inside of the ring instead of the outside when the move ends.

Plancha
A Plancha is the name in American wrestling for when a wrestler performs a slingshot crossbody to an opponent on the outside of the ring. In lucha libre, it is called a Pescado when a wrestler uses the top ring rope for the slingshot.

Ropewalk
A ropewalk is when a wrestler walks across the top rope before performing a move. The Undertaker uses a ropewalk in his Old School signature move.

Suicide
the name suicide or suicida is used before any move that wrestler uses which goes either from the ring, the ring apron, or the turnbuckles to the outside of the ring. The most common move is the suicide dive or topé suicida where a wrestler jumps through the ring ropes to the opponent on the outside. Sometimes a front flip is used after the wrestler leaps through the ropes, this is known as suicide senton or Topé con Hilo.

References

Professional wrestling moves

Professional wrestling aerial techniques


Property management is the process of managing and taking care of property. Property management can be applied to personal, business and public properties. Property management is used in various situations, like building a home, where property manager looks over the process of construction, management of resources and security. The process of property management can be carried using both people (onsite management, security) and machines (cameras, detectors and alarms). An example of property management will be hiring security company. They might be allowed to enter property and check for any issues while the owners are not present. In business, property management is extremely important to achieve safety and improve work environment of employees.

References

Property
Management

Property management


Lorenzo Nina (May 12, 1812 – July 25, 1885) was an Italian prelate of the Roman Catholic Church. A longtime member of the Roman Curia, he served as Prefect of the Congregation for Studies (1877–1878), Secretary of State of the Holy See (1878–1880), and Prefect of the Congregation of the Council (1881–1885). He was elevated to the cardinalate in 1877.

Biography
Lorenzo Nina was born in Recanati; his father was a notary. After studying philosophy and theology at the seminary of Recanati, he settled in Rome with an uncle who was a canon and pastor of San Lorenzo in Damaso. He then studied at the Pontifical Roman Seminary and at La Sapienza University, from where he obtained doctorates in theology and in canon and civil law.

Nina was ordained to the priesthood in December 1834, and then served as secretary to Msgr. Giovanni di Pietro, an auditor of the Roman Rota. He was also a counselor to Luigi Amat di San Filippo e Sorso. In 1853, he became an honorary professor at the Faculty of Law of the Roman Seminary. Canon of the chapter of St. Peter's Basilica (1868), dean of the chapter of the Liberian Basilica, and prefect of the Pontifical Athenaeum S. Apollinare. From 1868 to 1877, he served as assessor of the Congregation of the Inquisition. He was a member of the preparatory commission for the First Vatican Council, and was prefect of studies at the Roman Seminary from 1875 to 1877.

Pope Pius IX created him Cardinal-Deacon of S. Angelo in Pescheria in the consistory of March 12, 1877. On the following March 26, he was named Prefect of Economy of the Congregation of Propaganda Fide and of the Reverend Chamber of Despoilments. He served as Prefect of the Congregation for Studies from October 19, 1877 to August 9, 1878, and participated in the 1878 papal conclave, which elected Pope Leo XIII.

Leo XIII later appointed Nina as Vatican Secretary of State, essentially the prime minister of the Pope, on August 9, 1878. He opted for the order of Cardinal Priests and was given the titular church of S. Maria in Trastevere on February 28, 1879. He was also decorated with the Grand Cross of the Austrian Order of Sankt Stefan in 1879. On December 16, 1880, Nina resigned as Secretary of State and was confirmed as Prefect of the Apostolic Palace. He became Prefect of the Congregation of the Council on November 7, 1881, remaining in that position until his death.

The Cardinal later died in Rome, at age 73. He is buried in the Campo Verano cemetery.

19th-century Italian cardinals
1812 births
1885 deaths
Cardinal Secretaries of State
Cardinals created by Pope Pius IX
Members of the Sacred Congregation of the Council

Lorenzo Nina


A conjecture is an idea in mathematics that appears likely to be true but that has not been proven to be true.

After a conjecture is proven to be true, it becomes a theorem.

Famous conjectures
Until recently, one of the most famous conjectures was Fermat's Last Theorem. The name was incorrect, because although Fermat said he had a proof for it, none could be found in his notes. In 1992, British mathematician Andrew Wiles found a proof for it, making it a theorem and not a conjecture.

Other famous conjectures include:

 There are no odd perfect numbers
 Goldbach's conjecture
 The twin prime conjecture
 The Collatz conjecture
 The Riemann hypothesis
 P versus NP
 The Poincaré conjecture (proven by Grigori Perelman)

Undecidable conjectures

Not every conjecture can be proven true or false. The continuum hypothesis, which describes the size of certain infinite sets, is an example. It was shown to be independent of the generally accepted axioms of set theory, which means that it cannot be proven true or false using those axioms. It is therefore possible to take this statement, or its negation, as a new axiom in a consistent manner (much as we can take Euclid's parallel postulate as either true or false).

In this case, if a proof uses this statement, researchers will often look for a new proof that does not require the hypothesis The one major exception to this in practice is the axiom of choice -- unless studying this axiom in particular, the majority of researchers do not usually worry whether a result requires the axiom of choice.

Conjecture


A Tesla coil is an electrical machine invented by Nikola Tesla in 1891. It is a radio-frequency oscillator and resonant transformer that generates high voltage electricity at low currents. One use is to make lightning bolts. Most are used nowadays to entertain. "Singing Tesla coils" have also been made that can create music.
 It works on the principle of electromagnetic induction

Transformers (electrical)

Tesla coil


Herpetology is the branch of zoology concerned with reptiles and amphibians. It is about cold-blooded animals like salamanders, frogs, toads, snakes, lizards, turtles, tuataras and crocodilians.

Herp
"Herp" is a vernacular term for reptiles and amphibians. It is derived from the old term "herpetile". Linnaeus  grouped reptiles and amphibians together in the same class, and that is where the term comes from. The term has persisted, particularly in the names of herpetology, the scientific study of reptiles and amphibians, and herpetoculture, the captive care and breeding of reptiles and amphibians. There are over 6700 species of amphibians and over 9000 species of reptiles.

Batrachology
Batrachology is the study of amphibians. Batrachology can also mean that a person enjoys amphibians and are among their favorite pets.

Branches of zoology
Reptiles
Amphibians

Herpetology


Calvin H. Frazier (February 16, 1915 – September 23, 1972) was an American Detroit blues and country blues guitarist, singer and songwriter. Despite leaving a fragmented recording history, both as a singer and guitarist, Frazier was an associate of Robert Johnson, and recorded alongside Johnny Shines, Sampson Pittman, T.J. Fowler, Alberta Adams, Jimmy Milner, Baby Boy Warren, Boogie Woogie Red, and latterly Washboard Willie. His early work was recorded by the Library of Congress (now preserved by the National Recording Registry) prior to the outbreak of World War II, although his more commercial period took place between 1949 and 1956.

Biography
Frazier was born in Osceola, Arkansas. He initially performed with his brothers. Befriending Johnny Shines, in 1930 they travelled together to Helena, Arkansas, where they met Robert Johnson. The trio moved on to Detroit, Michigan, with Frazier bringing his wife, Gussie Mae, and their children. Here they performed hymns on local radio stations. Frazier and Johnson returned to the South, where they performed with the drummer James "Peck" Curtis.

In 1935, Frazier was involved in a dispute in Memphis, Tennessee, in which he was wounded and his only brother, along with another man, were shot dead. Frazier returned to Detroit with his wife, but then wed Shines's cousin in an invalid marriage. He played guitar as an accompanist for Big Maceo Merriweather, Sonny Boy Williamson II and Baby Boy Warren. He was recorded in 1938 by the folklorist Alan Lomax for the Library of Congress. His recordings include "Lily Mae" (dedicated to his wife), a revision of Johnson's "Honeymoon Blues", and "Highway 51", a variant of Johnson's "Dust My Broom".

His unique style combined slide guitar playing with unusual lyrics and vocal phrasing that is difficult to decipher. He released three singles under his own name in 1949 and 1951 on the Alben and New Song labels, including "Got Nobody to Tell My Troubles To", which he recorded in Toledo, Ohio, in 1951. From 1951 to 1953, Frazier was a recording member of T. J. Fowler's jump blues combo. He then recorded with Warren in 1954. His final sessions in the studio appear to have been in 1956, backing Washboard Willie. Without any tangible success on records or otherwise, Frazier nevertheless performed around Detroit, taking his youngest daughter Carol Frazier along on his engagements until his death.

Frazier died of cancer in September 1972, at the age of 57, in Detroit.

His most notable work is "This Old World's in a Tangle", the first song he recorded; a compilation album of the same title was issued by Laurie Records in 1993, which includes some of his earliest work. Nine of his full-length original recordings are included in the compilation Detroit Blues: Blues from the Motor City 1938–1954, released by JSP Records in 2005.

In 2009, the Detroit Blues Society led an appeal to raise money to mark Frazier's previously unmarked grave with a headstone. By December of that year a granite slab was in place.

Compilation album
This Old World's in a Tangle (1993), Laurie Records

See also

List of Detroit blues musicians

References

External links
Comprehensive discography at Wirz.de

1915 births
1972 deaths
Blues musicians from Arkansas
Songwriters from Arkansas
American blues singers
American blues guitarists
American male guitarists
Detroit blues musicians
Singers from Arkansas
Deaths from cancer in Michigan
People from Osceola, Arkansas
20th-century American singers
20th-century American guitarists
Guitarists from Arkansas
20th-century American male singers
American male songwriters

Calvin Frazier


Richard Barrington "Rikki" Beadle-Blair MBE (born July 1961) is a British actor, director, screenwriter, playwright, singer, designer, choreographer, dancer and songwriter of British/West Indian origin. He is the artistic director of multi-media production company Team Angelica.<ref>Laura Barnett, "My Edinburgh" (interview with , The Guardian, 20 August 2007.</ref>

Early life
Blair was born in Camberwell and raised in Bermondsey, both in south London, by a single mother, Monica Beadle (who was born in 1944 in Jamaica). She had moved to Britain when she was 12 and was the first black child in her school in Peckham. Rikki was brought up with a brother, Gary Beadle (also an actor, of Eastenders fame), four years younger, and a sister, eight years younger. He attended Lois Acton's Experimental Bermondsey Lampost Free School.

Career

When he was 17 he performed a capella concerts at the Gay's the Word bookshop in Bloomsbury, London, with fellow singers Robert Chevara and Michelle Baughan. The group went under the name of "Three People".  He was also involved with the Gay Liberation Front (GLF).

In 1979 he won the Evening Standard′s Edward Bond's Young Playwright award for the play A-Z.

In the film Sirens he played Blue, a punky Scouse heroin junkie.

His band Boysie included Sean Mayes on piano, Leonard Davies on bass, Baden Hill on guitar and Martin Harmer on drums.

In 1994, he wrote the screenplay for Nigel Finch's film Stonewall, about the Stonewall Riots.

In 1999 he wrote Native, a Radio 4 play that became a short film directed by Rene Mohandas.

In 2000 he wrote and performed a series of short radio plays for Radio 4 – including Fares Fair, Puppy Love, Finders Keepers, Silly Me and Open Pores.

In 2001 he adapted Boy George's autobiography Take It Like A Man for a BBC film. This has not yet been produced.

In March 2001, he wrote, produced, and directed the Channel 4 television series Metrosexuality in which he played a lead role.  This also featured Noel Clarke, who went on to write and star in the movie Kidulthood.  Beadle-Blair co-wrote and co-produced the soundtrack album with Mark Hawkes.  On the album he sings a duet with Davie Fairbanks who played "Bambi" in the series.  Noel Clarke contributes two raps to the album, which also features a track performed by Mat Fraser.

The same year, he hosted the Big Up Yourself And Be Proud show at The Brixtonian during Mardi Gras Festival in aid of GMFA, a London-based gay men's health charity whose Big Up initiative (targeting black men) he is supporting.

In 2002, his documentary Roots of Homophobia, for BBC Radio 4 won the Sony Radio Academy Awards for Best Radio Feature. There he brings his own experience as a gay black man to inform his investigation into homophobic attitudes in Jamaican pop music.

He was the Executive story editor for both seasons of the US TV series Noah's Arc. He was also a writer on season two (credited for eps 2 & 4).

He was supervising director for the South African organisation for first-time filmmakers  Out of Africa. in 2004 and 2005

Beadle-Blair has written songs for Kevin Marques. His theatre company, Team Angelica, is resident at the Tristan Bates Theatre in Covent Garden, London.

In 2005, Beadle-Blair wrote and directed the play Bashment for Theatre Royal Stratford East. The play tackled homophobia in the ragga/hip-hop music scene and ran two seasons in May and September. Beadle-Blair also wrote the music. Bashment was nominated for "Best New Play" at the national TMA Awards.

Beadle-Blair has adapted his own screenplay of Stonewall for the stage and his production company Team Angelica, which he took to the 2007 Edinburgh Festival.  He also directed, produced, designed both sets & costumes, & choreographed on the show. The play was nominated for "Best Ensemble" at The Stage Awards for Acting Excellence.

In May 2006, Beadle-Blair wrote and directed Jucy for Queer Contact at the Contact Theatre in Manchester, as part of the Queer Up North Festival.

In Autumn 2007, FIT, a play for young people commissioned by the Manchester-based arts organisation queerupnorth and the gay equality organisation Stonewall, went on tour around the UK. The play was developed to help tackle homophobic bullying in Britain's schools. The play was performed at The Drill Hall in London, The Birmingham Rep, The Contact Theatre in Manchester, the Unity Theatre in Liverpool, and the CCA in Glasgow. The show was performed in schools in London, Greater Manchester, Bournemouth, Brighton and Glasgow.  Beadle-Blair, directed, choreographed, composed and wrote the show.

His "painful" comedy play Familyman opened for a month at Theatre Royal Stratford East in May 2008 – the lead role of "Caesar Ramsay" was being played by Gary Beadle, his brother. The play was named "Show of the Week" for Time Out.

In May 2008 he directed Best Man by Greg Owen at the Dublin Gay Theatre Festival.  Greg Owen won the Oscar Wilde Award for New Writing.  The play was developed under the Team Angelica umbrella.

Beadle-Blair previewed a trio of new plays in June 2008 at the Tristan Bates Theatre, all written simultaneously: Screwface – about nine teenage murderers in a prison drama workshop, Touch – centred on gay life in Iraq today, and Home – which looked at teenagers emerging from the care system into their own accommodation and sperm donor offspring who are searching for their siblings.

In October–November 2008 there was a second shorter but higher-profile tour of FIT, touring to Edinburgh, Birmingham, Liverpool and London, including shows at St Stephen's in Edinburgh, The Birmingham Rep and the Drill Hall Theatres.

In November 2008 he was the M.C. for the "Liverpool is Burning" Vogue Ball at the Adelphi Ballroom in Liverpool, produced by Duckie for Homotopia.

In January 2009 Team Angelica, in association with the fledgling Achilles Productions, founded by actors Ian Sharp and Rebecca Joerin staged a one-off theatrical presentation of Beadle-Blair screenplay KickOff at the Riverside Studios in Hammersmith.

In February 2009 he curated Louder than Words at the Tristan Bates Theatre, a season of new writing featuring 14 plays by mostly first-time writers.  He directed 10 of the plays.

Beadle-Blair has a long-standing creative association with fellow writer John R Gordon, who was also a writer for Noah's Arc.    Beadle-Blair Directed John's first short film script, Souljah (2007), which premiered in the London Film Festival and is currently touring the Film Festival circuit.  He also appeared in John's first play, Wheels of Steel, which John R. Gordon directed.  The two-hander also featured Karl Collins, who went on to play Beadle-Blair's ex-husband Jordan in Metrosexuality. Gordon now runs the Team Angelica books division.

He has helped to develop new work by playwrights Matt Harris, Jai Rajani, John R. Gordon, Greg Owen, Stephen Hoo & Hannah Chalmers.

He teaches a six-week course at the Actor's Centre called "In the Room" that mentors Actors and creatives. He has developed an advanced module called 'Seizing the Room'.

In June 2008 he was included in the Independent on Sunday newspaper's "Pink List" as one of the UK's most powerful/influential gay people.

In July 2008 his short film Souljah won the award for best short film at the Rushes Soho Shorts festival.  Written by John Gordon and produced by Beadle-Blair, Gordon and Carleen Beadle.

In June 2009 he hosted the Urban Stage at London Pride.

In June 2009 he completed the 35min short 7 Dials, in which the lives of 33 characters intersect and intertwine in the Seven Dials area of London's Covent Garden.  Beadle-Blair wrote and directed this showcase for the participants of BBC Talent Boost – A scheme to increase visibility for minority actors in the UK.

In June/July 2009 he shot the feature film Kickoff – a Team Angelica co-production with Achilles Entertainments and Shorthouse Productions. Post-production was completed in November 2009.

In August or 2009 he was a course director at the National Youth Theatre for the second year running.

In September 2009 he wrote and directed, the Feature-Film/DVD version of Fit, featuring the original cast members, along with 36 other actors.  The film was financed by Stonewall, and produced by Diane Shorthouse, Carleen Beadle and Rikki Beadle-Blair for Stonewall, The Shorthouse Organisation and Team Angelica.

On 19 November 2009, Beadle-Blair/Team Angelica staged a double-bill of plays at the Drill Hall Theatre – Fucking Charlie and The Grope Box.

In December 2009 he directed Stripped at the Tristan Bates Theatre, written and performed by Hannah Chalmers.  Stripped was originally written and developed with the guidance of Beadle-Blair and John R Gordon as part of the "Louder than Words" season in February.  Stripped ran for a month in Edinburgh at the Gilded Balloon.

In June 2010 he wrote and directed the feature-film version of Bashment, featuring members of the original cast.

In December 2010 he wrote and directed the Team Angelica production twothousandandSex – featuring 35 actors – at the Drill Hall Theatre.

In March 2011 he was awarded an achievement award by the Outfest/Fusion festival in Los Angeles. The award was presented by Guillermo Diaz, who played LaMiranda in the movie of Stonewall at Grauman's Egyptian Theatre in Hollywood.  The ceremony was accompanied by a gala screening of Fit.

In April 2011 he was commissioned by the Royal Albert Hall to write direct and design the short film Butterfly.  It was based on the winning entries from a schools competition in which students had to pitch a modern version of Madam Butterfly.

In October–November 2011 he wrote, directed and designed Shalom Baby at Theatre Royal Stratford East.

In November 2011, Beadle-Blair along with John R. Gordon, established Team Angelica Books.  Its first publication was Beadle-Blair's first book What I Learned Today, compiled from a year's worth of his Facebook statuses.  Subsequently, the company has published Fairytales for Lost Children, a book of short writings by gay Somalian Diriye Osman, plus two novels by John R Gordon, Faggamuffin and Colour Scheme.In 2011, 2012 2013, 2014, Beadle-Blair and John R. Gordon ran the Angelic Tales new-writing festival, mentoring several new writers of varied experience, staged readings were performed at Theatre Royal Stratford East.  Several of the plays went to full productions – including Crowning Glory by Somalia Seaton at the Theatre Royal Stratford East. Lean by Isley Lynn at the Tristan Bates and Stepby Lynette Linton.

In September 2012, One of the Angelic Tales plays Slap by Alexis Gregory was invited to present another more-developed staged reading at Channel 4's London HQ, directed by Beadle-Blair. The Q&A was hosted by Gok Wan

In January 2013 Beadle-Blair directed and designed a full production of Step, written by first-time playwright Lynette Linton and performed Theatre Royal Stratford East's Young Actor's company. The tour included the Soho Theatre and Theatre Royal Stratford East.  The play had been developed through the Angelic Tales New Writing Festival at Theatre Royal Stratford East.

In May 2013 he wrote, directed and designed Gutted at Theatre Royal Stratford East. The cast was headed by Louise Jameson of Dr Who fame, and also featured Ashley Campbell, Frankie Fitzgerald, Gavin McClusky, Jamie Nichols, Jennifer Daley, James Farrar, and Sasha Frost.

In November 2013, Beadle-Blair with guitarist Joni Levinson, performed a number onstage at the Kings Head in London as part of Robert Chevara's production of Die Fleidermaus.

In February 2014, the US independent feature Blackbird premiered as the closing film at the Pan-African Film Festival in Los Angeles. The movie was co-written by Beadle-Blair and Patrik-Ian Polk and starred Oscar-winning actress Mo'Nique.

In March 2014, Beadle-Blair, directed, designed and co-produced a short run of slap by Alexis Gregory at Theatre Royal Stratford East. This was a special "immersive" production with the audience integrated into the set of the show, sometimes touching the actors.

In March 2014, Beadle-Blair completed and premiered FREE, the "sibling" film to FIT, also co-produced and released by Stonewall. This film was created to challenge homophobic bullying in primary schools and was made available to every school in the UK.

Beadle-Blair was appointed Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) in the 2016 Birthday Honours for services to drama.

Selected plays

 Kick-Off – January 2009, Riverside Studios
 Fit (Autumn 2008) St Stephen's Edinburgh, Birmingham Rep Theatre, Drill Hall Theatre and Schools in Liverpool, Edinburgh and London
 Home – Tristan Bates Theatre (June 2008)
 Touch – Tristan Bates Theatre (June 2008)
 Screwface – Tristan Bates Theatre (June 2008).
 Familyman – Theatre Royal Stratford East (May 2008, directed by Dawn Reid). Text published by Oberon Books.FIT (2007) – National Tour – adapted for filmStonewall (2006/7) – stage adaptation of the BBC film.
 Taken In (2005) – Set in a halfway house for homeless youths.Bashment (2005) – explores the controversy around dancehall reggae music and the consequences of homophobic lyrics  – Theatre Royal Stratford East.  Text published by Oberon Books.Totally Practically Naked in My Room on a Wednesday Night (2005) – a night in the life of 17-year-old Dylan, desperate to lose his virginity.
 South London Passion Plays trilogy (Gutted, Laters and Sweet) (2004) – Tristan Bates TheatreCaptivated (1997) – the story of a gay black man imprisoned for murder. Shane corresponds with an Asian pen pal who writes him as an act of charity. Shane's self-hatred turns into a soul-searching journey from cockiness to agonised self-reflection, and finally ultimate gratitude for his unseen friend.  This was released on video (now deleted) Directed by David SquireAsk and Tell – homosexuality and the Army.twothousandandSex – an ensemble play about sex and sexuality featuring 35 actors – at the Drill Hall Theatre.

Four one-hour ensemble plays
 Exposures Street Art The Grope Box Fucking Charlie Below the Radar – a straight guy/gay guy pair of roommates and their sexual misadventures in New Orleans.Human – two terminally ill cancer patients get together for a final riotous love affair.Prettyboy – described as a 'Dogma Style Musical"  at the Oval House Theatre.Gunplay (he did not direct)Wild at Heart Riverside Studios (1988)

Beadle-Blair directed Greg Owen and Nick McGarrigle in their play Best Man at the Dublin Gay Theatre Festival.  The play won the writers the Oscar Wilde Award for best writing.

He directed and appeared in Matt Harris's comedy play Venom at the Oval house 2003.

He directed the staged readings of Jai Rajani's onenight.com at the Tristan Bates and the Contact Theatre Manchester in 2007.

He performed as part of the 40th anniversary of the Stonewall Riots at the Southbank Centre. Other speakers/performers included Professor Jeffrey Weeks, Peter Tatchell, Lindsay River, and Michael Twaits, 9 July 2009.

 See also
London Lesbian and Gay Film Festival

References

External links and sources
Personal MySpace
Team Angelica MySpace

The Guardian: Theatre that's FIT for purpose: tackling homophobia, November 2008
Pink News: FIT playwright on why we must fight homophobia in schools – December 2007 (republished November 2008)
Interview on Rainbow Network, 6 June 2005
Rikki Beadle-Blair on Metrosexuality
interview  in Closer Magazine, April 2002 ?
script of Roots of Homophobia (scroll down to No 6)
Interview of Beadle-Blair in The Independent, August 2007
 Interview of Beadle-Blair in The Guardian'', August 2007

Living people
1961 births
Black British male actors
English people of Jamaican descent
English gay actors
Gay dancers
English gay musicians
English gay writers
Black British LGBT people
LGBT theatre directors
Gay singers
English LGBT singers
Members of the Order of the British Empire
National Youth Theatre members
Musicians from Bermondsey
Musicians from Camberwell
20th-century English LGBT people
21st-century English LGBT people
LGBT television directors

Rikki Beadle-Blair


Gainesville is a city in north-central Florida in the United States.  It is the county seat of Alachua County.

It is home to the University of Florida, the largest public university in the state. An alligator (Gator) named Albert is the mascot of the University of Florida. (A mascot is a symbol of qualities the school admires).

People think that growth of the city comes from building the university in the city.  People of the city show their strong good feelings for the university by going to football games there, and by showing Gator symbols in businesses and homes.

The city is also famous as the birthplace of singer Tom Petty.

Cities in Florida
County seats in Florida

Gainesville, Florida


The Junior Certificate is earned by passing a required exam that takes place in secondary schools in the Republic of Ireland.

The exams take place every June, with English always the first exam. For example, the English exam took place on June 8 this year (2005). Exams usually end with the subjects that the fewest people take. For example, Italian took place on June 24 this year (2005).

Three exams must be passed in order to receive a certificate: They are English, Mathematics, and Irish. If a student has not lived in Ireland for at least seven years before the exam, he is not required to sit for the Irish exam. A student may then take 3-6 other subjects to get his certifcate.

The results of the exams are given in mid-September.

Qualifications

Junior Certificate


Chemistrie (frae Greek: χημεία) is the scienteefic discipline o matter  an its interactions wi energie an wi itsel. Acause o the diversitie o maiter, that is maistlins in the form o atoms, chemists aften studies the wey atoms o differin chemical elements interacts ti mak molecules an the wey molecules interacts wi ilk ither.

Chemistry is whiles cawed ''the central science'' acause it bridges ither Naitural sciences like Pheesics, Geology and Biology.

The current model o atomic structur is the quantum mechanical model. Tradeetional chemistrie sterts wi the study o elementary pairticles, atoms, molecules, substances, metals, creestals and ither aggregates o matter. Matter mey be studied in solid, liquid, gas an plasma states, in isolation or in combination. The interactions, reactions an transformations whit are studied in chemistrie are uisually the eftercast o interactions atween atoms, leading tae rearrangements o the chemical baunds whit haud atoms thegether. Sic behaviors are studied in a chemistrie laboratory.

The chemistrie laboratory uisually uises sindry forms o laboratory glessware. Housomiver glessware is nae central tae chemistrie, and mony experimental (and applee'd/industrial chemistrie is daen withoot it).

A chemical reaction is a transformation o some substances intae yin or mair different substances. The basis o sic a chemical transformation is the rearrangement o electrons in the chemical baunds atween atoms. It can be seembolically shawn throu a chemical equation, whit uisually involves atoms as subjects. The nummer o atoms oan the left and the richt i' the equation for a chemical transformation is equal. (Whan the nummer o atoms on either side is unequal, the transformation is cawed a nuclear reaction or radioactive decay). The type o chemical reactions a substance micht undergo and the energie chynges whit micht follae it are constreenit bi certaint basic rules, kent as chemical laws.

Energie and entropy conseederations are invariably important in maistlins chemical studies. Chemical substances are clessifeed in terms o thair structur, phase, and thair chemical composeetions. Thay can be analyzed uising the tuils o chemical analysis, e.g. spectroscopy and chromatography.

Scientists engagin in chemical research are kent as chemists. Maist chemists specialize in yin or mair sub-discipleens.

Chemistry

Chemistrie