Norbert Wiener (November 26, 1894 – March 18, 1964) was an American theoretical and applied mathematician. He was a child prodigy. His father was a teacher of languages.

Wiener founded cybernetics, the science of control and communication in animals and machines. It is a field that uses the notion of feedback, and is important for engineering, systems control, computer science, biology, philosophy, and the organization of society. The name of the science comes from his book, Cybernetics: Or the Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine (1948).

"Information is information, not matter or energy". – Norbert Wiener, Cybernetics (1948, 155)

Wiener was born in Columbia, Missouri. He died in Stockholm, Sweden.

Books by Norbert Wiener
1933: The Fourier Integral and certain of its applications. Cambridge Univ. Press; reprint by Dover.
1942: Extrapolation, interpolation and smoothing of stationary time series. A war-time classified report nicknamed "the yellow peril" because of the color of the cover and the difficulty of the subject. Published postwar 1949 MIT Press.
1948: Cybernetics, or control and communication in the animal and the machine. Wiley, New York 1948. 2nd revised ed. 1961.
1950: The human use of human beings: cybernetics and society. Houghton Mifflin, New York.
1953: Ex-prodigy: my childhood and youth. Autobiography of his younger years
1956: I am a mathematician. Gollancz, London. Autobiography.
1958: Nonlinear problems in random theory. MIT Press & Wiley.
1959: The Tempter. Random House. Fiction.
1964: Selected papers of Norbert Wiener. Cambridge Mass.  MIT Press & SIAM.
1966: Generalized harmonic analysis and Tauberian theorems. MIT Press.
1966: God & Golem, Inc.: a comment on certain points where cybernetics impinges on religion. MIT Press.
1966: Norbert Wiener 18941964. Bull. Amer. Math. Soc. 72(1). Also published in book form.
1976-84: The mathematical work of Norbert Wiener. Masani P (ed) 4 vols, Camb. Mass. MIT Press. This contains a complete collection of Wiener's mathematical papers with commentaries.
1994: Invention: the care and feeding of ideas. MIT Press.

1894 births
1964 deaths
American mathematicians
Scientists from Missouri
American autobiographers
Systems scientists

Norbert Wiener


Ervin Nyiregyházi (January 19, 1903, BudapestApril 8, 1987, Los Angeles) was a Hungarian-American pianist and composer. After several years on the concert stage in the 1920s, he descended into relative obscurity before briefly reemerging in the 1970s. His highly distinctive playing style, which has been seen by some as linked to the kind of Romantic pianism associated with Franz Liszt, divided critical opinion.

Childhood and early career
From ages six to twelve, Nyiregyházi was observed by the psychologist Géza Révész and was the subject of an article and a book, published in 1911 and 1916, respectively. Nyiregyházi's father, Ignácz, was a singer in the Royal Opera Chorus in Budapest; he was also very encouraging and caring but died when Ervin was twelve.  Before Ignácz's death, he reported several extraordinary things about his son: that Ervin had tried to sing before he was one year old; reproduced tunes correctly before he was two; began to compose at the age of two; played almost every song he heard correctly on a mouth-organ by the time he reached age three; and could identify any note or chord that was played for him by the age of seven. He was known for his musicality just as much as his technique. On tests of general intelligence, Ervin scored a few years above average. His mother, Mária, was a stage mother who tried to dissuade him from studying opera and symphonic music and pushed her son to study the standard piano repertoire so he could concertize and make money for their family. (In later years, Ervin claimed that his mother sexually molested him.) Ervin eventually broke with his mother, and later expressed pleasure that she had died in a Nazi concentration camp.

Nyiregyházi studied with Ernő Dohnányi and Frederic Lamond. At age 15, he performed Liszt's Piano Concerto in A major with the Berlin Philharmonic under Arthur Nikisch. His Carnegie Hall debut in 1920 was controversial: Richard Aldrich of the New York Times wrote of Nyiregyházi's "brilliant technical equipment, great strength of arm and fingers, remarkable dexterity, a fine feeling for piano tone" but criticized his "often erratic and misleading" conceptions of "some of the most familiar compositions for the piano". H. T. Finck of the Evening Post praised Nyiregyházi's "originality" but criticized his "arbitrary disregard of the obvious intentions of great composers." Olin Downes, writing in the Boston Post, described Nyiregyhazi as a "phenomenal performer" with "the white heat of sincerity, conviction and faith." In a 1935 letter to Otto Klemperer, Arnold Schoenberg called Nyiregyházi:

a pianist who appears to be something really quite extraordinary. I had to overcome great resistance in order to go at all, for the description I'd heard from Dr. Hoffmann and from Maurice Zam had made me very skeptical. But I must say that I have never heard such a pianist before... First, he does not play at all in the style you and I strive for. And just as I did not judge him on that basis, I imagine that when you hear him, you too will be compelled to ignore all matters of principle, and probably will end up doing just as I did. For your principles would not be the proper standard to apply. What he plays is expression in the older sense of the word, nothing else; but such power of expression I have never heard before. You will disagree with his tempi as much as I did. You will also note that he often seems to give primacy to sharp contrasts at the expense of form, the latter appearing to get lost. I say appearing to; for then, in its own way, his music surprisingly regains its form, makes sense, establishes its own boundaries. The sound he brings out of the piano is unheard of, or at least I have never heard anything like it. He himself seems not to know how he produces these novel and quite incredible sounds – although he appears to be a man of intelligence and not just some flaccid dreamer. And such fullness of tone, achieved without ever becoming rough, I have never before encountered. For me, and probably for you too, it's really too much fullness, but as a whole it displays incredible novelty and persuasiveness. And above all he's only [sc. 33 years] old, so he's still got several stages of development before him, from which one may expect great things, given his point of departure...  it is amazing what he plays and how he plays it. One never senses that it is difficult, that it is technique – no, it is simply a power of the will, capable of soaring over all imaginable difficulties in the realization of an idea. – You see, I'm waxing almost poetic.

Descent into obscurity and reemergence

In 1925, Nyiregyházi sued his concert manager, R. E. Johnston, alleging that accompanying singers and instrumentalists were treating him as an inferior artist. He lost the suit, and thereafter had difficulty finding concert work. In addition, Nyiregyházi, fearing comparison with other pianists, was reluctant to play standard repertoire, preferring his own transcriptions of orchestral and operatic works. By the time of Schoenberg's letter, Nyiregyházi's career seemed to be effectively over.

Nyiregyházi was married ten times. His first wife allegedly attacked him with a knife, leading to a messy publicized divorce. Though born into comfortable circumstances (his mother insisted that the servants tie his shoes and feed him by hand so as to relieve him of mundane concerns), he nonetheless spent the better part of his life in poverty, at times reduced to sleeping in subways.

In 1928, Nyiregyházi moved to Los Angeles and worked for a film studio, initially playing piano reductions of film scores, and later as a hand double. His hands are shown playing piano in A Song to Remember and Song of Love, among others. He became friends with Bela Lugosi and Gloria Swanson, among others, but his inability to manage his affairs led not only to financial crises but also to unusual career decisions. In the 1930s, he played piano as part of a Works Progress Administration project. But the most unusual appearance was likely a 1946 recital where he was billed as "Mr. X" and played while wearing a black silk hood. Several listeners were able to identify Nyiregyházi by his distinctive sonority. Although he continued to play occasionally, he did not own a piano for roughly 40 years.

Several public appearances in 1972 and 1973 led to studio recordings made in 1974 and 1978 under the auspices of the International Piano Archives and the Ford Foundation. Some of these recordings were released between 1977 and 1979 on albums on the Desmar and Columbia Masterworks labels, which briefly brought Nyiregyházi back into public view. An all-Liszt double album won Stereo Review's 1978 Record of the Year award.

Critical reaction to the recordings was sharply divided, with some claiming to hear an authentic 19th-century pianist (Harold C. Schonberg wrote, "some critics wonder if Franz Liszt had been reincarnated"). Others denounced Nyiregyhazi's "incredibly slipshod" technique, "ridiculously amateurish" fortissimo playing, "glacial tempos and total dissociation from contemporary performance styles. But Romantic revivalists were enthralled." In 1978, he was offered concerts at Carnegie Hall, but declined. Recitals in Japan in 1980 and 1982 were his last public appearances.

Nyiregyházi was also a prolific composer, writing in a Romantic style reminiscent of Liszt. Events often moved him to compose, and his works have titles such as Goetz Versus the Punks, It's Nice to be Soused, Shotgun Wedding, and Vanishing Hope. Only a few of his compositions have been published or performed.

Death and burial
Ervin Nyiregyházi died of colon cancer in 1987. He was buried in Forest Lawn Memorial Park in Glendale, California. Only the last of his ten wives survived him.

Recordings
A few of Nyiregyházi's recordings, including some live performances, have been issued on CD on the VAI, Music and Arts, and Sonetto Classics labels.

Discography
 Nyiregyhazi Plays Liszt (Desmar/International Piano Archives IPA 111, Telefunken 6.42626, 1977)
 Nyiregyhazi: All Liszt Program (Columbia M2-34598, 1978)
 Nyiregyhazi: Tchaikovsky, Grieg, Bortkiewicz, Blanchet (Columbia M-35125, 1979)
  Nyiregyhazi: At the Opera (VAI/IPA 1003 VAI  Audio TT 55.29, without date)

Biographies
 Nyiregyházi was the first child prodigy musician to be seriously studied, and Révész's book made him being among the best-documented prodigies in history.
 In 2007, McClelland and Stewart of Canada published a biography by Kevin Bazzana, Lost Genius.

References

External links
The International Ervin Nyiregyházi Foundation
A website dedicated to Ervin Nyiregyházi
A website containing various recordings of Nyiregyházi's concert performances and photographs etc.
A page at Michael Sayers's website with recordings of Ervin Nyiregyházi compositions
 Ervin Nyíregyházi, Notable Alumni  Franz Liszt Academy

1903 births
1987 deaths
Musicians from Budapest
American male classical composers
American classical composers
Hungarian classical composers
Hungarian male classical composers
American classical pianists
American male pianists
Hungarian classical pianists
Male classical pianists
Hungarian emigrants to the United States
Works Progress Administration workers
Burials at Forest Lawn Memorial Park (Glendale)
Deaths from colorectal cancer
Deaths from cancer in California
Jewish classical pianists
20th-century classical composers
20th-century classical pianists
20th-century American pianists
20th-century American composers
20th-century American male musicians

Ervin Nyiregyházi


The United States Census of 1850 was the seventh census of the United States. It was completed on June 1, 1850.  It found the population of the United States to be 23,191,876. This was an increase of 35.9 percent from the 1840 Census. The total population included 3,204,313 slaves.

This was the first census where there was an attempt to collect information about every member of every household, including women, children, and slaves. It was also the first census to ask about place of birth.

Hinton Rowan Helper made use of the 1850 census results in his politically notorious book The Impending Crisis of the South.

1850
1850s in the United States
United States Census

1850 United States Census


The Insider is an American syndicated newsmagazine television program that was distributed by CBS Television Distribution. The program premiered in first-run syndication on September 13, 2004 and ended on September 9, 2017, as a spin-off of Entertainment Tonight, which originated the concept as a segment that took viewers "behind closed doors" and gave them "inside" information on stories and topics of interest from throughout the entertainment industry.

When it became a separate program, it shifted toward a tabloid direction, and had several format changes throughout its thirteen seasons on the air before settling on a final format at the start of the 2011–12 season, when shed many of the tabloid elements and became more of a straight rundown of entertainment news, providing coverage of events and celebrities, interviews and inside looks at upcoming film and television projects.

The program's weekday broadcasts were anchored by Louis Aguirre and Debbie Matenopoulos; its weekend editions were anchored by Michael Yo and Keltie Knight, who also served as correspondents for the weekday editions.

History
Starting out with a bi-coastal format, the program was originally hosted by Pat O'Brien – who was based in Hollywood at Paramount Studios Stage 28, where Entertainment Tonights set was also housed at the time – and Lara Spencer – who was based at MTV's One Astor Plaza studio in New York City, overlooking Times Square. In its first season, The Insider originally maintained a news-heavy format, making way for a direction where subjects such as a pair of anorexic nervosa twin sisters from Australia (who died in an April 2012 house fire) were regularly featured in sweeps periods, along with other fringe stories such as true crime stories and the Nadya Suleman story, which had little or nothing to do with the entertainment industry.

O'Brien – who was originally co-host of syndication competitor Access Hollywood from 1997 to 2004 – remained co-host of The Insider until March 5, 2008, when he was replaced with Donny Osmond. O'Brien returned to the program one month later after Osmond declined to take on a role as a permanent host. During the first four years she was on the program, Spencer hosted the program solo at times due to O'Brien's varied personal problems, which forced him to take time off in extended periods to address them. The original theme song – which was changed after the second season, coincided with a change in distributors to CBS Paramount Domestic Television after CBS assumed ownership of Viacom's television production and syndication operations in their December 2005 split – was performed by Richie Sambora.

For its fourth season, production of the program was moved to New York City full-time in September 2007. O'Brien relocated from Los Angeles to join Spencer in a new studio based within the Minskoff Theatre in Manhattan (where the musical adaptation of The Lion King is based), which featured unobstructed views of Times Square, nearby the MTV studio facilities and also within One Astor Plaza.

On September 8, 2008, The Insider began broadcasting in high-definition television; concurrently, The Insider relocated primary production and studio operations back to Los Angeles, joining sister program ET at Stage 4 at the CBS Studio Center, one of the final steps involving the incorporation of Paramount's former syndication arm, Paramount Domestic Television, into CBS' distribution arms following the earlier CBS-Viacom split and the adoption of the then-new CBS Television Distribution name. The set's focal point was a large life-size 3D construction of the program's logo, which was formerly used as the main portion of the set where segments took place until the September 2009 retooling of the program to incorporate a panel format.

The New York-based aspect of the program was also abandoned, with Spencer relocating to Los Angeles and becoming a solo host, joined by correspondents Victoria Recano, Steven Cojocaru and Cheryl Woodcock. In the move, O'Brien became a Los Angeles-based correspondent for the program; however ten days later on September 18, he was dismissed permanently from The Insider for comments he made in a staff email after a trip to Iowa, where he directed comments specifically at a mid-show daily segment presented by Spencer that debuted at the start of the season. O'Brien proceeded to involve a rundown of the prices and labels of her clothing and accessories (which were referenced in the segment), saying that it made the viewers he talked to "vomit". Despite this pointed criticism, the segment continued to air at the end of every edition until Spencer's departure, expanding to the point where viewers made a multiple choice on what Spencer would wear on the next broadcast. O'Brien would appear one more time on the final episode of The Insider nine years later, congratulating the show's staff and crew for their work.

After the departure of O'Brien, the show was hosted by Spencer alone until January 2009, when Samantha Harris (who had previously served as a correspondent for E! News) joined the program as a permanent co-host. Harris also provided analysis and commentary as part of her duties as co-host of ABC's Dancing with the Stars until her departure from the reality competition series at the start of 2010.

Changes in format and hosts
During September 2009, the program converted to a panel format, featuring a roundtable discussion and debate format (similar to Pardon the Interruption or the "Hot Topics" segment of The View) with three permanent co-hosts and a guest host discussing entertainment topics, although that was also modified as actress Niecy Nash became a fourth de facto host and the program added a rotating fifth guest host slot. As a result, the on-air correspondents were effectively dismissed, with stories being compiled by Entertainment Tonight staff or off-camera personnel.

The format was changed once again in September 2010, restoring it to a more traditional entertainment newsmagazine concept with Spencer and Chris Jacobs as co-hosts. Industry analysts had surmised that the change was a precursor to testing Spencer in the traditional ET format without placing her on that show, as Entertainment Tonights longtime primary anchor Mary Hart had announced her retirement from that program at the end of the 2010–2011 season; however, Nancy O'Dell would be appointed to succeed Hart as co-anchor at the end of May 2011.

On March 5, 2011, CBS Television Distribution announced that Kevin Frazier would become co-anchor of the program, replacing Jacobs, who moved to Entertainment Tonight as a correspondent for that program. Twelve days later on March 17, it was announced that Spencer would leave the program by the start of May to become the lifestyle anchor for Good Morning America. Spencer was replaced by Brooke Anderson, who had served as co-host of HLN's Showbiz Tonight. During the week of the Wedding of Prince William and Catherine Middleton, Anderson split her reporting duties between CNN and The Insider. At the start of its seventh season on September 4, 2011, the program was refocused more as a straight entertainment news show, with many of the tabloid elements of the Spencer/O'Brien era being removed; additionally, the program's website was refocused to be more of a straight competitor to TMZ.

Partnership with Yahoo!
On October 24, 2012, CBS Television Distribution reached a brand licensing and content agreement with Yahoo! to pool content between the latter's celebrity/gossip news division, omg!, and The Insider. Through this agreement, the program was retitled as omg! Insider on January 7, 2013. On January 1, 2014, executive producer Brad Bessey announced in a video on the program's Facebook account that the show would restore its original title on January 6, while retaining all other elements. The reinstatement of the show's original title resulted from Yahoo CEO Marissa Mayer's decision to rebrand of some of Yahoo's platforms, including "omg!", which changed its name to "Yahoo Celebrity"; however, both entities continue to share stories and content with one other.  The Yahoo! partnership was discontinued on September 12, 2016.

In August 2014, Kevin Frazier departed The Insider to become co-anchor the weekday edition of Entertainment Tonight, on which he had previously served as a weekend anchor and correspondent from 2004 to 2011. He was replaced on September 8 of that year by Louis Aguirre, who joined the program after fifteen years as host of the similarly formatted Deco Drive on Fox affiliate WSVN in Miami.

On June 16, 2015, The Wrap reported that special correspondent Debbie Matenopoulos would replace Thea Andrews as co-host of The Insider; Matenopoulos replaced Andrews, who departed from the program, on July 6.

Cancellation
Because of declining ratings, CBS Television Distribution announced the cancellation of The Insider after 13 years on February 7, 2017. The final show aired on September 9.

Syndication model
The Insider aired on television stations in certain markets throughout the United States as half of a one-hour entertainment news block that also included the show from which it was spun off, Entertainment Tonight.

Three versions of The Insider were previously compiled and made available to broadcasters before 2009; a "standalone" version (which largely omitted references to ET), and two other versions designed to precede or follow ET with promotions outlining stories to be featured on that day's edition of the latter show, in addition to those stories to air on the next Insider broadcast. After 2009, only a standalone version without ET continuity was produced, as carriage of the program outside of primary markets was reduced to lower-tier stations and lower profile timeslots (often in late night television or on a same-day or day-behind basis in daytime television), making complementary coverage between the two shows impossible.

On-air staff

Former on-air staff
 Louis Aguirre – co-anchor (2014–2017)
 Brooke Anderson – anchor/correspondent (2011–2012; now at Entertainment Tonight)
 Thea Andrews – co-anchor (2013–2015)
 Matte Babel – special correspondent (2012)
 Lisa Bloom – legal analyst (2010)
 Steven Cojocaru – style expert (2004–2009; later at Entertainment Tonight)
 Kevin Frazier – co-anchor (2011–2014; now host of Entertainment Tonight)
 Kathie Lee Gifford –  correspondent (2005–2006; later at NBC News as co-host of Today)
 Samantha Harris – weekend anchor/correspondent (2009–2010; later at Entertainment Tonight, now back at Extra)
 Chris Jacobs – anchor/correspondent (2009–2011; later at Entertainment Tonight)
 Darren Kavinoky – legal analyst (2009–2017)
 Keltie Knight – correspondent (2012–2017; later at Entertainment Tonight, now at E! News)
 Ananda Lewis – correspondent (2004–2005)
 Debbie Matenopoulos – special correspondent (2011–2012), co-anchor (2015–2017, later co-host of Home & Family on Hallmark Channel)
 Jill Martin – correspondent (2010–2011; later at Access Hollywood)
 Niecy Nash – celebrity panelist (2009–2010)
 Pat O'Brien – anchor/correspondent (2004–2008)
 Donny Osmond – correspondent (2007–2008; also hosted in place of O'Brien for a short time in 2008)
 Nina Parker – correspondent (2011–2014, later at E! News)
 Victoria Recano – weekend anchor/correspondent (2004–2009; later at KTLA in Los Angeles and TV Guide Network; now back at Inside Edition)
 Thomas Roberts – correspondent (2007–2008; later at NBC News, MSNBC, WGCL-TV in Atlanta and host of Daily Mail TV)
 Lara Spencer – anchor/correspondent (2004–2011; now at Good Morning America)
 Cheryl Woodcock – correspondent (2007–2009)
 Michael Yo – correspondent/fill-in co-anchor (2013–2017)

International carriage
Outside of the United States, The Insider aired on Big CBS Love in India, ETC in the Philippines, and MBC 4 in the Middle East and North Africa after Entertainment Tonight.

In Australia, Network Ten had aired The Insider a day behind the U.S. broadcast alongside sister program Entertainment Tonight on weekday mornings, with a rebroadcast airing on sister network 10 Peach after midnight; Ten and Eleven removed the show from their schedules on November 1, 2013. The program also formerly aired on the Foxtel owned pay television channel Arena, and in Canada on Hamilton, Ontario based CHCH In Arab World, Dubai TV Since 2017.

An Arabic adaptation titled THE INSIDER بالعربي began airing on Dubai TV at 12 November 2017.

Arabic adaptation
An Arabic adaptation titled The Insider Bel Arabi – TheInsiderAR (Arabic version of The Insider (TV series) بالعربي The Insider, began airing on Dubai TV in November 2017.

International versions
The international rights are distributed by CBS Studios International.

References

External links

First-run syndicated television programs in the United States
2004 American television series debuts
2017 American television series endings
2000s American television news shows
2010s American television news shows
English-language television shows
Television series by CBS Studios
Entertainment news shows in the United States
Non-American television series based on American television series
Television shows filmed in Los Angeles
Television shows remade overseas

The Insider (TV program)


Matthew Peter Maynard,  (born 21 March 1966) is an English cricket coach and former cricketer. He played in four Tests and fourteen ODIs for England.

Maynard was a batsman (and, later in his career, wicketkeeper) known for his aggressive and dashing strokeplay. His first-class career with Glamorgan, saw him achieve a batting average of 42.53, take 372 catches and make seven stumpings with the gloves, earned him several caps for England, but he was never able to translate his county form into Test success. He was named a Wisden Cricketer of the Year in 1998. He was the second batsman for Glamorgan to score a century on debut in a first-class match.

Life and career
Born in Oldham, Lancashire, Maynard was brought up on the island of Anglesey in North Wales where he first joined Glamorgan. His career started in fine fashion when he hit a century on his debut in 1985, hitting three consecutive sixes to reach the 100 and he became the youngest-ever player to score 1,000 runs for the country in 1986. The 54 centuries he scored for Glamorgan during his playing career is also a record - the most any player has scored for the club. These displays of skill did not go unnoticed by the England selectors and he earned a call-up against the West Indies at the Oval in 1988. He was picked again in 1989 but then ran foul of the cricketing authorities by agreeing to go with Mike Gatting, on the controversial rebel tour of South Africa when that country had been banned from international sport because of its policy of apartheid. He later justified his decision by saying that he was desperate for a taste of international cricket having just been dropped from the England team. Nevertheless, his conduct led to a three-year Test ban, but he was eventually granted a recall for the Ashes series in 1993 after he had hit a century for Glamorgan against the Australians, but he failed to make much of an impact with the bat. He was however part of the England squad which won the Hong Kong Sixes in 1994.

Back in domestic cricket, Maynard captained Glamorgan for five seasons between 1995 and 2000. His achievement as captain included leading them to victory in the County Championship in 1997, and their first appearance since 1977 in a cup final at Lord's in 2000. That same year he earned one final recall to the England team, but only managed scores of 3 and 0 and it proved to be his last international appearance as a player.

In September 2004, he was appointed as assistant coach to the England cricket team, and announced his retirement as a player shortly after, feeling he no longer enjoyed batting. In his short spell as an international coach, he caused some controversy. His appointment was criticised by former England captain Mike Atherton, who felt that the job should not have gone to someone who had been on the rebel tour of South Africa. His attitude came under fire from former coach Keith Fletcher, who accused him of being too fond of drinking and partying, to be a role model for young international cricketers. He hit back at Fletcher, criticising his management skills. Maynard continued to coach the England side and at one point drafted in professional lyricists to help him compose an England team song.

After Duncan Fletcher's resignation following the 2007 Cricket World Cup, Maynard was replaced as England assistant coach in May 2007 by Andy Flower. In an interview following the announcement, Maynard said he had been offered a role with the Indian cricket academy.

He previously coached the Nashua Titans, one of the six South African domestic cricket franchises. He has enjoyed an extremely successful first season, winning the domestic four-day competition (Supersport Series) as well as the domestic T20 competition (MiWay T20 Challenge).

At the end of the 2014 season, following the departure of David Nosworthy, Maynard was appointed the Director of Cricket at Somerset County Cricket Club. After three seasons at the club Maynard left his role as coach of Somerset after the end of the 2017 season.

He was awarded the MBE in the 2019 New Year Honours.

His son Tom was found dead on 18 June 2012.

Contemporary usage
Maynard was mentioned in the Manic Street Preachers' "Mr. Carbohydrate", the B-side of A Design for Life, with the lyric, "Have you heard of Matthew Maynard/He's my favourite cricketer/I would rather watch him play than pick up my guitar".

References

External links

1966 births
Living people
Directors of Cricket
Coaches of the England cricket team
England One Day International cricketers
England Test cricketers
English cricketers
English cricket coaches
Glamorgan cricketers
Glamorgan cricket captains
Glamorgan cricket coaches
Marylebone Cricket Club cricketers
Northern Districts cricketers
Otago cricketers
Wisden Cricketers of the Year
Cricketers from Oldham
People educated at Ysgol David Hughes
Members of the Order of the British Empire
Test and County Cricket Board XI cricketers
First-Class Counties Select XI cricketers

Matthew Maynard


The story of Susanna and the Elders is found in some Bibles inside chapter three of the Book of Daniel. These sections are sometimes called Additions to Daniel. Modern Jewish and Protestant Bibles do not have this story but Catholic and Orthodox ones have it. This story is found before Daniel 1:1 as a prologue in very old Greek texts. It is found as chapter 13 in the Vulgate and modern Catholic Bibles.

In the story, two bad judges secretly want to have sexual intercourse with Susanna, a beautiful and virtuous wife. One hot day, she takes a bath inside her walled garden but she does not know that the judges are hiding inside the garden. The judges tell her to have sex with them but she doesn't want to. When she refuses, they tell the people of the village that they saw her having sex with a man who was not her husband. This is called adultery, which was against the law at that time. The people of the village believe the judges and want to kill Susanna. A boy named Daniel does not believe the judges, so he asks one of the judges to go away and the other one to say what he saw. Daniel does this again with the other judge. The judges tell different stories, showing that they lied. The people get mad and kill the judges instead.

Old Testament books
2nd-century BC works

Susanna (Book of Daniel)


The Rake's Progress is an opera by Igor Stravinsky.  The libretto written by W. H. Auden and Chester Kallman is based loosely on the eight paintings and engravings from the 18th century by William Hogarth called A Rake's Progress.  Stravinsky had seen these paintings in 1947 at an exhibition in Chicago.

The Rake's Progress tells the story of a man called Tom Rakewell.  The word "rake" in this sense means "someone (usually a man) who behaves in an immoral way: a man who has relationships with lots of women.

The word "progress" in the title is ironic because Tom does not really make progress:  he does not become a better man.  In a sense he progresses backwards, because he starts off in a state of blissful innocence, i.e. he does not understand anything about his life, he does not know about good and bad.   At the end of the opera he also does not
understand anything about his life, but that is because he has gone mad.

Tom is like Faust because he sells his soul to the devil.  In this opera the character Nick Shadow represents the devil.  Tom leaves his lover Anne Trulove and goes to find lots of other women in London.  He has several adventures, which are all arranged by Nick who is helping him to have a good time.  In the end Tom finds himself in Bedlam which was a horrible building where mad people were sent in the 18th century.

Musical style

The Rake's Progress is the only full-length opera that Stravinsky wrote.  It is unusual because it was not written in the modern way of most music of the 1950s.  Because the story of the opera is set in the 18th century,  the style of the music is deliberately like music from that period.  It is divided into arias and recitative (big songs which are linked with simpler music which tells the story).

Stravinsky's music in this opera is in the neoclassical style.  He uses counterpoint a lot in this opera.  This helped him later on to write serial music: music in which all 12 notes in an octave are equally important.   Tom sings some words in the second act of The Rake's Progress which suggest that Stravinsky is going to widen his compositional style in this way:  "Vary the song, O London, change!/Disband your notes and let them range".

Story of the opera

Act 1
Tom Rakewell wants to marry Anne Trulove. Her father does not trust Tom because he has no regular job.  Tom would like to have lots of money.  He meets Nick Shadow who tells him that an unknown uncle has died and left him lots of money.  He says to Tom that he can be his servant and go with him to London to sort out his inheritance.

Nick takes Tom to places where there is a lot of bad, immoral behaviour.  Tom agrees to spend the night with Mother Goose in her brothel.  Meanwhile Anne, who lives in the country, wonders why she has not heard from Tom.  She thinks something might have happened to him, so she goes to London to look for him.

Act 2
Tom is bored with his immoral way of life. He tells Nick he wants happiness, so Nick says he should marry Baba the Turk, a famous bearded lady. Soon afterwards Anne finds Tom's London house. She arrives just in time to see Tom get out of a sedan chair with Baba, whom he has just married. Tom tells Anne to leave, but he really is sorry for what has happened.

In the next scene Tom hates his marriage to Baba, who is a strange woman.  She is a  chatterbox with a fiery temper. He makes her quiet by throwing his wig over her face, then he falls asleep. Nick enters with a "fantastic Baroque Machine" which seems to turn stones into bread. Tom cries out in his sleep that he wishes it were true, and waking, finds the machine he has dreamt of.  Nick says to Tom that he could make a lot of money if he started a business making these machines.  Nick is deceiving him: the machine does not work.

Act 3
Tom has lost a lot of money, and the things in his house are being auctioned by the auctioneer Sellem. The objects for sale include Baba, who has not moved since being silenced by the wig. When she is unwrapped, she comes to life again and starts shouting angrily.  She is angry about the auction that is taking place,  but calms down when Anne enters. Baba tells her to find Tom and "set him right", and warns her against Nick Shaddow. She says she wants to carry on with her acting career.

In a graveyard, Nick shows who he really is, and tells Tom that he must pay with his soul.  Nick says he has worked for him for a year and a day;  but as midnight strikes, Nick offers him a way of escape in the form of a game of cards, which Tom wins, but only because he was thinking of Anne.  Nick has lost, and sinks into the ground, telling Tom that he is going mad. Tom is put in the madhouse called  Bedlam.   He believes he is Adonis and that Anne is Venus, the Roman goddess of love.  Anne visits him, sings him to sleep, then quietly leaves him. When he realizes she has gone, he dies.

In an epilogue, the main characters point out the simple moral: that the Devil finds work for idle hands (people who are lazy).

Performance history
It was first performed in Venice on September 11, 1951, with Elisabeth Schwarzkopf singing the part of Anne Trulove.  In 1957, it was a part of the first season of the Santa Fe Opera.   The composer himself came to the rehearsals.  There was an excellent production in  1975 at Glyndebourne Festival Opera which was designed by David Hockney.  This production has been revived at the Royal Opera House, Covent Garden in July 2008.

Compositions by Igor Stravinsky
1950s operas
1951 works

The Rake's Progress


Jiří Bělohlávek (24 February 1946 – 31 May 2017) was a Czech conductor. He was the principal (main) conductor of the BBC Symphony Orchestra. His name "Bělohlávek" means "Whitehead". It is pronounced "Bye-lo-hla-vek". He was born in Prague.

Bělohlávek studied conducting with Sergiu Celibidache. He went to the Prague Conservatory and Academy of Performing Arts in Prague. He won the 1970 Czech National Conducting Competition and soon became famous in his country and abroad.

Bělohlávek was chief conductor of the Prague Symphony Orchestra from 1977-1989. He became principal conductor of the Czech Philharmonic Orchestra in 1990 for a short time. Then he founded the Prague Philharmonia (Pražskou komorní filharmonii) in 1994, They gave concerts all over the world together and made many recordings. He is still their conductor laureate (honorary conductor).

From 1995-2000, Bělohlávek was principal guest conductor of the BBC Symphony Orchestra. In 2006 he became their principal conductor. He conducted them at the Proms that year. In 2007 he conducted at the Last Night of the Proms.

Bělohlávek also conducts in the United States. He first conducted at the Metropolitan Opera (Met) in  December 2004, conducting Leoš Janáček's "Káťa Kabanová" with Karita Mattila in the title role. He returned to the Met in January and February of 2007 for the same composer's "Jenůfa", once again with Mattila, and with Anja Silja as the Kostelnička. Other guest conducting appearances in the US have been with the Philadelphia Orchestra and the Saint Louis Symphony Orchestra.

Bělohlávek died on 31 May 2017 in Prague from cancer at the age of 71.

References

1946 births
Czech people
2017 deaths
Cancer deaths in the Czech Republic
Conductors

Jiří Bělohlávek


Kopan Monastery is a Tibetan Buddhist monastery near Boudhanath, on the outskirts of Kathmandu, Nepal. It belongs to the FPMT, an international network of Gelugpa dharma centers, and once served as its headquarters.

The monastery was established by the FPMT founders, Lamas Thubten Yeshe and Thubten Zopa Rinpoche, who bought the property from Nepal's royal astrologer in 1969. Its name comes from the name of the hill on which it was built.

Kopan has become famous for teaching Buddhism to visiting Western foreigners. The first of what would become annual month-long (November-December) meditation courses was held in 1971. These courses generally combine traditional Lam Rim teachings with informal discussion, several periods of guided meditation, and a vegetarian diet.

Tibetan Buddhism
Buddhist buildings

Kopan Monastery


Shanty towns are slums on the outskirts of many cities – especially in third world countries. Normally there are not many shanty towns in more economically developed countries. Often of low cost, with houses badly built with plywood, corrugated metal, sheets of plastic, cardboard or any available material. Often irregular structures good enough to keep the rain away or to protect from the summer sun. Pets and animals are often left to roam for food and water.

Lack of clean water, sanitation and toilets often make people, especially children, more exposed to illnesses such as hepatitis and cholera.

Many are built on land without a permit and often have no roads,  numbered street, electricity or telephone lines. Some homes in shanty towns have some services but they are unkept and pose health and fire hazards. Sometimes shanty towns can take up whole parts of a city and may include millions of dwellers  – such as in the cities of Brazil- see Favelas.

Many shanty town settlements are built on the banks of rivers and as a result the residents suffer the effect of floods or from industrial toxins in the water. Some are built close to rubbish dumps.

Residents of shanty towns often have poor health, lack education, suffer from high levels of crime and suicide, and have a shorter life expectancy.

Shanty town


was a small fan-shaped artificial island in the bay of Nagasaki. It was built in 1634. The island was made by digging a canal through a small peninsula. It was the only place of direct contact and trade between Japan and the outside world during the Edo period. Dejima was built to keep foreign traders out of Japan as part of "sakoku" self-imposed isolationist policy. It was built at first for Portuguese traders. It then changed to a Chinese and Dutch trading post from 1641 until 1853. It covers an area of 120 m x 75 m (9000 square meters, or 0.9 hectares) and has now become part of the city of Nagasaki.

"Dejima Dutch Trading Post" is now a Japanese national historic site.

History

In 1543 Portuguese traders were the first to set foot in Japan, on the island of Tanegashima. Six years later Jesuit missionary Francis Xavier came to the island of Kyushu at Kagoshima. At first Portuguese traders were based in Hirado. Then they started a search for better port. In 1570 a powerful landowner or daimyo called Ōmura Sumitada became a Catholic. (He chose Bartolomeu as his Christian name.) He made a deal with the Portuguese to make Nagasaki better for trading. Soon the port was open. In 1580 Sumitada gave the jurisdiction of Nagasaki to the Jesuits. The Portuguese became the only ones trading silk with China through Macau.

Shogun Iemitsu ordered the creation of the artificial island in 1634. He did this at first to keep the Portuguese merchants living in Nagasaki in one area. After a rebellion of the mostly Christian population in the Shimabara-Amakusa region, the Tokugawa government banned all Western nationals except the Dutch employees of the Dutch East India Company (Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie, VOC). Without the yearly Portuguese ships from Macau, the economy of Nagasaki suffered heavily.

Since 1609 the Dutch had a trading post on the island  of Hirado. Government officials made the Dutch move from Hirado to Dejima. From 1641 on, only Chinese and Dutch ships were allowed to come to Japan.

Every ship that came to Dejima was inspected. The sails were taken off until that ship was ready to leave. Religious books and weapons were taken away. Religious services were not allowed on the island.

Organization

The island of Dejima was part of the city of Nagasaki. Dejima was small, 120 by 75 meters. 25 local Japanese families owned the land. They got a yearly rent from the Dutch.  The island was linked to the mainland by a small bridge with guards.  There were houses for about twenty Dutchmen and warehouses for goods.

The Dutch were watched by a number of Japanese officials, gatekeepers and night watchmen. There was also a head supervisor (otona) who had about fifty people working for him. There were a number of traders to sell the people on Dejima food and drink and other items they needed. There were also about 150 tsūji ("translators"). They all had to be paid by the VOC. Like the city of Nagasaki, Dejima was under direct supervision of Edo by a governor (Nagasaki bugyō).

It was very expensive for the Dutch to pay for their trading post. But their trade with Japan was very profitable for the VOC. At first they made profits of 50% or more. Trade became less in the 18th century. This was because only two ships per year were allowed to dock at Dejima. The VOC had no more money in 1795, and went bankrupt. After that, the Dutch government took over the trade with Japan. Life on Dejima became especially difficult when the Netherlands (then called the Batavian Republic) was under French Napoleonic rule. All contact with the homeland was broken off. For a time Dejima was the only place in the world where the Dutch flag was flown because they were not ruled by France.

The most important Dutch official in Dejima was called the Opperhoofd by the Dutch. The Japanese also called him Kapitan (from Portuguese capitão).

Related pages
 Provinces of Japan
 Prefectures of Japan
 List of regions of Japan
 List of islands of Japan

References

Islands of Japan
Artificial islands

Dejima


The Book of Malachi (Hebrew: , ) is the last book of the Neviim contained in the Tanakh, canonically the last of the Twelve Minor Prophets. In most Christian orderings, the grouping of the prophetic books is the last section of the Old Testament, making Malachi the last book before the New Testament.

Most scholars consider the Book of Malachi to be the work of a single author who may or may not have been identified by the title Malachi. Its title has frequently been understood as a proper name, although its Hebrew meaning is simply "My Messenger" (the Septuagint reads "his messenger") and would not have been a proper name at the time of its writing. "Malachi" is often assumed to be a pseudonym used by the real writer so he would not face retribution for his prophecies. Jewish tradition states that the book was written by Ezra the scribe.

Authorship
Little is known of the biography of the author of the Book of Malachi, although it has been suggested that he may have been Levitical. Due to the similarities between Malachi and Ezra's emphasis on forbidding marriage to foreign pagan women, the Talmud and certain Targums, such as Targum Jonathan, identify Ezra as the author of Malachi. This is the traditional view held by most Jews and some Christians. The Catholic priest and historian Jerome suggests that this may be because Ezra is seen as an intermediary between the prophets and the "great synagogue." According to Josephus, Ezra died and was buried "in a magnificent manner in Jerusalem." If the tradition that Ezra wrote under the name "Malachi" is correct, then he was probably buried in the Tomb of the Prophets, the traditional resting place of Malachi, Haggai, and Zechariah.

The name "Malachi" occurs in the superscription at 1:1 and in 3:1, although most consider it unlikely that the word refers to the same character in both of these references. According to the editors of the 1897 Easton's Bible Dictionary, some scholars believe the name "Malachi" is not a proper noun but rather an abbreviation of "messenger of Yah". This reading could be based on Malachi 3:1, "Behold, I will send my messenger...", if "my messenger" is taken literally as the name Malachi. Thus, there is substantial debate regarding the identity of the book's author and many assume that the bizarre name "Malachi" is an anonymous pen-name. However, others disagree. However, other scholars, including the editors of the Catholic Encyclopedia, argue that the grammatical evidence leads us to conclude that Malachi is in fact a name, asserting: "We are no doubt in presence of an abbreviation of the name Mál'akhîyah, that is Messenger of Elohim."

Some scholars consider both Zechariah 9–14 and Malachi to be anonymous, which explains their placement at the end of the twelve minor prophets. Julius Wellhausen, Abraham Kuenen, and Wilhelm Gustav Hermann Nowack argue that Malachi 1:1 is a late addition, pointing to Zechariah 9:1 and 12:1. Another interpretation of the authorship comes from the Septuagint superscription, , which can be read as either "by the hand of his messenger" or as "by the hand of his angel". The "angel" reading found an echo among the ancient Church Fathers and ecclesiastical writers, and even gave rise to the "strangest fancies", especially among the disciples of Origen.

Period
There are very few historical details in the Book of Malachi. The greatest clue as to its dating may lie in the fact that the Persian-era term for governor () is used in 1:8. This points to a post-exilic (that is, after 538 BC) date of composition both because of the use of the Persian period term and because Judah had a king before the exile. Since, in the same verse, the temple has been rebuilt, the book must also be later than 515 BC. Malachi was apparently known to the author of the Book of Sirach early in the second century BC. Because of the development of themes in the book of Malachi, most scholars assign it to a position after the Book of Haggai and the Book of Zechariah, close to the time when Ezra and Nehemiah came to Jerusalem in 445 BC.

Aim

The Book of Malachi was written to correct the lax religious and social behaviour of the Israelites – particularly the priests – in post-exilic Jerusalem. Although the prophets urged the people of Judah and Israel to see their exile as punishment for failing to uphold their covenant with God, it was not long after they had been restored to the land and to Temple worship that the people's commitment to their God began, once again, to wane. It was in this context that the prophet commonly referred to as Malachi delivered his prophecy.

In 1:2, Malachi has the people of Israel question God's love for them. This introduction to the book illustrates the severity of the situation which Malachi addresses. The graveness of the situation is also indicated by the dialectical style with which Malachi confronts his audience. Malachi proceeds to accuse his audience of failing to respect God as God deserves. One way in which this disrespect is made manifest is through the substandard sacrifices which Malachi claims are being offered by the priests. While God demands animals that are "without blemish" (Leviticus 1:3, NRSV), the priests, who were "to determine whether the animal was acceptable" (Mason 143), were offering blind, lame and sick animals for sacrifice because they thought nobody would notice.

In 2:1, Malachi states Yahweh Sabaoth is sending a curse on the priests who have not honored him with appropriate animal sacrifices: "Now, watch how I am going to paralyze your arm and throw dung in your face--the dung from your very solemnities--and sweep you away with it. Then you shall learn that it is I who have given you this warning of my intention to abolish my covenant with Levi, says Yahweh Sabaoth."

In 2:10, Malachi addresses the issue of divorce. On this topic, Malachi deals with divorce both as a social problem ("Why then are we faithless to one another ... ?" 2:10) and as a religious problem ("Judah ... has married the daughter of a foreign god" 2:11). In contrast to the book of Ezra, Malachi urges each to remain steadfast to the wife of his youth.

Malachi also criticizes his audience for questioning God's justice. He reminds them that God is just, exhorting them to be faithful as they await that justice. Malachi quickly goes on to point out that the people have not been faithful. In fact, the people are not giving God all that God deserves. Just as the priests have been offering unacceptable sacrifices, so the people have been neglecting to offer their full tithe to God. The result of these shortcomings is that the people come to believe that no good comes out of serving God.

Malachi assures the faithful among his audience that in the eschaton, the differences between those who served God faithfully and those who did not will become clear. The book concludes by calling upon the teachings of Moses and by promising that Elijah will return prior to the Day of Yahweh.

Interpretations

The book of Malachi is divided into three chapters in the Hebrew Bible and the Greek Septuagint and four chapters in the Latin Vulgate. The fourth chapter in the Vulgate consists of the remainder of the third chapter starting at verse 3:19.

Christianity
The New Revised Standard Version of the Bible supplies headings for the book as follows:

The majority of scholars consider the book to be made up of six distinct oracles. According to this scheme, the book of Malachi consists of a series of disputes between Yahweh and the various groups within the Israelite community. In the course of the book's three or four chapters, Yahweh is vindicated while those who do not adhere to the law of Moses are condemned. Some scholars have suggested that the book, as a whole, is structured along the lines of a judicial trial, a suzerain treaty or a covenant—one of the major themes throughout the Hebrew Scriptures. Implicit in the prophet's condemnation of Israel's religious practices is a call to keep Yahweh's statutes.

The Book of Malachi draws upon various themes found in other books of the Bible. Malachi appeals to the rivalry between Jacob and Esau and of Yahweh's preference for Jacob contained in Book of Genesis 25–28. Malachi reminds his audience that, as descendants of Jacob (Israel), they have been and continue to be favoured by God as God's chosen people. In the second dispute, Malachi draws upon the Levitical Code (e.g. Leviticus 1:3) in condemning the priest for offering unacceptable sacrifices.

In the third dispute (concerning divorce), the author of the Book of Malachi likely intends his argument to be understood on two levels. Malachi appears to be attacking either the practice of divorcing Jewish wives in favour of foreign ones (a practice which Ezra vehemently condemns) or, alternatively, Malachi could be condemning the practice of divorcing foreign wives in favour of Jewish wives (a practice which Ezra promoted). Malachi appears adamant that nationality is not a valid reason to terminate a marriage, "For I hate divorce, says the Lord . . ." (2:16).

In many places throughout the Hebrew Scriptures – particularly the Book of Hosea – Israel is figured as Yahweh's wife or bride. Malachi's discussion of divorce may also be understood to conform to this metaphor. Malachi could very well be urging his audience not to break faith with Yahweh (the God of Israel) by adopting new gods or idols. It is quite likely that, since the people of Judah were questioning Yahweh's love and justice (1:2, 2:17), they might be tempted to adopt foreign gods. William LaSor suggests that, because the restoration to the land of Judah had not resulted in anything like the prophesied splendor of the messianic age which had been prophesied, the people were becoming quite disillusioned with their religion.

Indeed, the fourth dispute asserts that judgment is coming in the form of a messenger who "is like refiner's fire and like fullers' soap . . ." (3:2).

Following this, the prophet provides another example of wrongdoing in the fifth dispute – that is, failing to offer full tithes. In this discussion, Malachi has Yahweh request the people to "Bring the full tithe . . . [and] see if I will not open the windows of heaven for you and pour down on you an overflowing blessing" (3:10). This request offers the opportunity for the people to amend their ways. It also stresses that keeping the Lord's statutes will not only allow the people to avoid God's wrath, but will also lead to God's blessing.  (It is this portion of Malachi which is used as support for the view that tithing is required of Christians.)

In the sixth dispute, the people of Israel illustrate the extent of their disillusionment. Malachi has them say "'It is vain to serve God . . . Now we count the arrogant happy; evildoers not only prosper, but when they put God to the test they escape'" (3:14–15). Once again, Malachi has Yahweh assure the people that the wicked will be punished and the faithful will be rewarded.

In the light of what Malachi understands to be an imminent judgment, he exhorts his audience to "Remember the teaching of my servant Moses, that statutes and ordinances that I commanded him at Horeb for all Israel" (4:4; 3:22, MT). Before the Day of the Lord, Malachi declares that Elijah (who "ascended in a whirlwind into heaven . . . [,]" 2 Kings 2:11) will return to earth in order that people might follow in God's ways.

Primarily because of its messianic promise, the Book of Malachi is frequently referred to in the Christian New Testament. What follows is a brief comparison between the Book of Malachi and the New Testament texts which refer to it (as suggested in Hill 84–88).

Although many Christians believe that the messianic prophecies of the Book of Malachi have been fulfilled in the life, ministry, transfiguration, death and resurrection of Jesus of Nazareth, most Jews continue to await the coming of the prophet Elijah who will prepare the way for the Lord.

References

External links

 New American Bible
 21st Century KJV
 NIRV
 Malachi at Chabad.org
  Various versions

Bibliography
 Hill, Andrew E. Malachi: A New Translation with Introduction and Commentary. The Anchor Bible Volume 25D. Toronto: Doubleday, 1998.
 LaSor, William Sanford et al. Old Testament Survey: the Message, Form, and Background of the Old Testament. Grand Rapids: William B. Eerdmans, 1996.
 Mason, Rex. The Books of Haggai, Zechariah and Malachi. The Cambridge Bible Commentary on the New English Bible. New York, Cambridge University Press, 1977.
 Singer, Isidore & Adolf Guttmacher. "Book of Malachi." JewishEncyclopedia.com. 2002.
 Van Hoonacker, A. "Malachias (Malachi)." Catholic Encyclopedia. Transcribed by Thomas J. Bress. 2003.

6th-century BC books
5th-century BC books
Twelve Minor Prophets

Book of Malachi


Eastbury Manor House is a Grade I listed building situated in the London Borough of Barking and Dagenham in Greater London, England. It dates to the Elizabethan period, although the land on which it was built was formerly part of the demesne of Barking Abbey. The house is owned by the National Trust but has been managed since the 1930s by the London Borough of Barking and Dagenham and its predecessors. It is open to the public for 10 months of every year.

History
The land on which Eastbury House now stands was once part of the demesne of Barking Abbey. The house was built in the 1570s by Clement Sisley, a wealthy merchant, who purchased the land after the dissolution of Barking Abbey. It was probably the first brick built building in the area at that time; it had glass windows and very high chimneys, indicating the wealth of the owner. Glass was probably imported from Italy as at that time English glass was relatively poor in quality. A dendrochronology survey dates the timber roof to 1566 and there is documentary evidence which describes the dates 1572 carved in the brickwork and 1573 on a lead water spout indicating finishing touches to the building.

Daniel Lysons in his "Environs of London" commented: "There is a tradition relating to this house, either, as some say, that the conspirators who concerted the Gunpowder Plot held their meetings there, or as others, that it was the residence of Lord Monteagle when he received the letter that led to its discovery"; both, perhaps, equally devoid of foundation.

The house fell into increasing dilapidation from the late 18th century. The Great Tower Staircase was demolished by 1814. Wooden flooring and original fireplaces were removed in the 1830s. By the late 19th century only the west wing of the house was habitable. In 1918 the house was bought by the National Trust and was restored. In 1931 it opened as the Museum of Barking. The house is managed by the London Borough of Barking and Dagenham.

The building was given Grade I listed status in 1954. In recent years it has benefitted from a major restoration programme, financed through several successful Heritage Lottery Fund bids.  The latest phase completed in 2010 includes a major permanent exhibition on the history of the building and its various owners.

References

Further reading
 Eastbury Manor House – A step back in time Gillian Gillespie (LB B&D: Heritage and History Publications 2002)
 Eastbury Manor House, Barking A Survey of London (Monograph series) (English Heritage, 1917) out of print

External links
 National Trust – Eastbury Manor House
 Barking and Dagenham, Heritage and History: Eastbury Manor House –
 The Gunpowder Plot Society Eastbury Manor's possible links with the Gunpowder Plot.

Houses completed in 1573
Grade I listed buildings in the London Borough of Barking and Dagenham
Grade I listed houses in London
National Trust properties in London
Houses in the London Borough of Barking and Dagenham
Historic house museums in London
Museums in the London Borough of Barking and Dagenham
Local museums in London
Manor houses in England
Country houses in London
1573 establishments in England

Eastbury Manor House


Free content, or free information, is any kind of work, artwork, or other creative content which does not have lots of legal restrictions about how people can use it.  People have freedom to make changed versions of the content, give changed and not changed versions of the content to others, and sell copies of the content and changed versions of it.  The author of free content does not use all of his copyright monopoly, he gives many of the rights to others.  The articles in Wikipedia are free content.

Free software is different from free music or text, because it is often much more difficult to understand and change a program if one does not have its source code, than it is to change a song or a text. Because of that, the source code of free software must always be easy to receive, or the software will not be free. However, source code for pictures, movies and music can also exist and be given to others. Choosing what to call a "source code" is sometimes important when publishing a work under a copyleft license.

References

Free content


Radio frequency (RF) is the oscillation rate of an alternating electric current or voltage or of a magnetic, electric or electromagnetic field or mechanical system in the frequency range from around  to around . This is roughly between the upper limit of audio frequencies and the lower limit of infrared frequencies. These are the frequencies at which energy from an oscillating current can radiate off a conductor into space as radio waves, so they are used in radio technology, among other uses.  Different sources specify different upper and lower bounds for the frequency range.

Electric current
Electric currents that oscillate at radio frequencies (RF currents) have special properties not shared by direct current or lower audio frequency alternating current, such as the 50 or 60 Hz current used in electrical power distribution.
 Energy from RF currents in conductors can radiate into space as electromagnetic waves (radio waves).  This is the basis of radio technology.
 RF current does not penetrate deeply into electrical conductors but tends to flow along their surfaces; this is known as the skin effect.
 RF currents applied to the body often do not cause the painful sensation and muscular contraction of electric shock that lower frequency currents produce. This is because the current changes direction too quickly to trigger depolarization of nerve membranes. However, this does not mean RF currents are harmless; they can cause internal injury as well as serious superficial burns called RF burns.
 RF current can easily ionize air, creating a conductive path through it. This property is exploited by "high frequency" units used in electric arc welding, which use currents at higher frequencies than power distribution uses.
 Another property is the ability to appear to flow through paths that contain insulating material, like the dielectric insulator of a capacitor. This is because capacitive reactance in a circuit decreases with increasing frequency.
 In contrast, RF current can be blocked by a coil of wire, or even a single turn or bend in a wire. This is because the inductive reactance of a circuit increases with increasing frequency.
 When conducted by an ordinary electric cable, RF current has a tendency to reflect from discontinuities in the cable, such as connectors, and travel back down the cable toward the source, causing a condition called standing waves. RF current may be carried efficiently over transmission lines such as coaxial cables.

Frequency bands

The radio spectrum of frequencies is divided into bands with conventional names designated by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU):
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:right"
|-
! scope="col" rowspan="2" | Frequencyrange !! scope="col" rowspan="2" | Wavelengthrange !! scope="col" colspan="2" | ITU designation !! scope="col" rowspan="2" | IEEE bands
|-
! scope="col" | Full name
! scope="col" | Abbreviation
|-
! scope="row"  | Below 3 Hz
| >105 km || || style="text-align:center" | ||
|-
! scope="row"  | 3–30 Hz
| 105–104 km|| Extremely low frequency || style="text-align:center" | ELF ||
|-
! scope="row"  | 30–300 Hz
| 104–103 km|| Super low frequency || style="text-align:center" | SLF ||
|-
! scope="row"  | 300–3000 Hz
|  103–100 km|| Ultra low frequency || style="text-align:center" | ULF ||
|-
! scope="row"  | 3–30 kHz
| 100–10 km|| Very low frequency || style="text-align:center" | VLF ||
|-
! scope="row"  | 30–300 kHz
| 10–1 km|| Low frequency || style="text-align:center" | LF ||
|-
! scope="row"  | 300 kHz – 3 MHz
| 1 km – 100 m|| Medium frequency || style="text-align:center" | MF ||
|-
! scope="row"  | 3–30 MHz
| 100–10 m|| High frequency || style="text-align:center" | HF  || style="text-align:center" | HF
|-
! scope="row"  | 30–300 MHz
| 10–1 m|| Very high frequency || style="text-align:center" | VHF || style="text-align:center" | VHF
|-
! scope="row"  | 300 MHz – 3 GHz
| 1 m – 100 mm|| Ultra high frequency || style="text-align:center" | UHF || style="text-align:center" | UHF, L, S
|-
! scope="row"  | 3–30 GHz
| 100–10 mm|| Super high frequency || style="text-align:center" | SHF || style="text-align:center" | S, C, X, Ku, K, Ka
|-
! scope="row"  | 30–300 GHz
| 10–1 mm|| Extremely high frequency || style="text-align:center" | EHF || style="text-align:center" | Ka, V, W, mm
|-
! scope="row"  | 300 GHz – 3 THz
|  1 mm – 0.1 mm|| Tremendously high frequency || style="text-align:center" | THF ||
|}

Frequencies of 1 GHz and above are conventionally called microwave, while frequencies of 30 GHz and above are designated millimeter wave.
More detailed band designations are given by the standard IEEE letter- band frequency designations and the 	EU/NATO frequency designations.

Applications

Communications
Radio frequencies are used in communication devices such as transmitters, receivers, computers, televisions, and mobile phones, to name a few. Radio frequencies are also applied in carrier current systems including telephony and control circuits. The MOS integrated circuit is the technology behind the current proliferation of radio frequency wireless telecommunications devices such as cellphones.

Medicine

Medical applications of radio frequency (RF) energy, in the form of electromagnetic waves (radio waves) or electrical currents, have existed for over 125 years, and now include diathermy, hyperthermy treatment of cancer, electrosurgery scalpels used to cut and cauterize in operations, and radiofrequency ablation. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) uses radio frequency fields to generate images of the human body.

Measurement
Test apparatus for radio frequencies can include standard instruments at the lower end of the range, but at higher frequencies, the test equipment becomes more specialized.

Mechanical oscillations
While RF usually refers to electrical oscillations, mechanical RF systems are not uncommon: see mechanical filter and RF MEMS.

See also
 Amplitude modulation (AM)
 Bandwidth (signal processing)
 Electromagnetic interference
 Electromagnetic radiation
 Electromagnetic spectrum
 EMF measurement
 Frequency allocation
 Frequency modulation (FM)
 Plastic welding
 Pulsed electromagnetic field therapy
 Spectrum management

References

External links
 Analog, RF and EMC Considerations in Printed Wiring Board (PWB) Design
 Definition of frequency bands (VLF, ELF … etc.) IK1QFK Home Page (vlf.it)
 Radio, light, and sound waves, conversion between wavelength and frequency
 RF Terms Glossary

Radio spectrum
Radio waves
Radio waves
Television terminology

Radio frequency


Easter Island is a Polynesian island in the southeastern Pacific Ocean. The capital city is Hanga Roa.

It is famous for its 887 huge statues called Moai, made by the early Rapa Nui people.  Easter Island also has a huge crater called Rano Kau at the edge of the island.  In the crater there is a natural lake, one of only three bodies of fresh water on the island.

Easter Island a  UNESCO World Heritage Site.  Much of the island is protected in the Rapa Nui National Park.

The introduction of diseases carried by European colonizers and slave raiding devastated the population in the 1800s. Introduced animals, first rats and then sheep, were largely responsible for the island's loss of native flora.

History
The history of Easter Island is rich and controversial. Its inhabitants have suffered famines, civil war, slave raids, and near total loss of forests. The population has declined steeply more than once. The islanders have left a cultural legacy that is famous.

300–400 AD was thought to be the date of the first settlement of Easter Island, which is about the same time as the arrival of the first settlers on Hawaii. However, new results in radiocarbon dating show that Polynesia and Rapa Nui were settled between 700 to 1,100 AD.

The island was most probably settled by Polynesians who navigated in canoes or catamarans from the Marquesas Islands, 3,200 km (2,000 miles) away, or the Gambier Islands (Mangareva, 2,600 km (1,600 miles) away. When Captain Cook visited the island, one of his crew members, who was a Polynesian from Bora Bora, was able to communicate with the Rapa Nui.

According to oral traditions written down by missionaries in the 1860s, the island originally had a very clear class system, with an ariki, high chief, who had great power over nine other clans and their chiefs.
A French navigator, Jean-Francois de Galaup, comte de La Perouse, found 2,000 people on the island when he arrived in 1786. A major slave raid from Peru in 1862, followed by epidemics of smallpox, reduced the population to only 111 people by 1877. By that time, Catholic missionaries had settled on Easter Island and begun to convert the population to Christianity, a process that was completed by the late 19th century. In 1888, Chile annexed Easter Island, leasing much of the land for sheep raising. The Chilean government appointed a civilian governor for Easter Island in 1965, and the island's residents became full Chilean citizens.

The high chief was the eldest descendent, through firstborn lines, of the island's legendary founder, Hotu Matu'a. The most visible part of the culture was the making of very large statues called moai that represented deified ancestors. It was believed that the living had a relationship with the dead where the dead provided everything the living needed. Most settlements were on the coast and moai were erected all along the coastline, watching over their descendants in the settlements before them, with their backs toward the spirit world in the sea.

Culture
The most important myths are:
 Tangata manu, the Birdman cult which was practiced until the 1860s.
 Makemake, is an important god.
 Aku-aku, the guardians of the sacred family caves.
 Moai-kava-kava a ghost man of the Hanau epe (long-ears.)

Climate and weather
The climate of Easter Island is subtropical maritime. The lowest temperatures are in July and August (18 °C) and the highest in February (maximum temperature 28 °C), the summer season in the southern hemisphere. Winters are quite mild. The rainiest month is April, though the island has year-round rainfall.

References

World Heritage Sites in South America
Islands of Chile

Easter Island


Uxmal is a large pre-Columbian city. The ruins are in Mexico today, in the state of Yucatán. According to the records of the Maya, the city was built around the year 500 AD. According to current research, about 25.000 people lived there. Most of the buildings that can be seen today were built between 700 and 1100. After 1200, there seems to be no new construction. The ruling family moved their capital elsewhere, and the population of the city declined.

According to the documents of the Spanish conquerors, the city still had some importance in the 1550s. It was probably abandoned soon afterwards, as the Spanish built no city nearby.

Maya civilization
Archaeological sites in Mexico
Yucatán (state)

Uxmal


Fall Creek Place is one of many revitalized neighborhoods in inner Indianapolis, Indiana, United States.  The neighborhood is bounded by Meridian Street on the west, Fall Creek Parkway on the north, just east of College Avenue on the east, and 22nd Street on the south.  Before the project's Phase IV began in 2006, its eastern boundary was Park Avenue.

The neighborhood consists of narrow, tree lined streets.  Victorian homes from the late 19th century are the most prevalent house type as well as new homes built in period design.  In the 1980s, the neighborhood fell into serious disrepair; entire city blocks were left abandoned.  In 2001, city efforts to redevelop the area into a mixed-income residential community began.  In 2003, the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development awarded Indianapolis with a Homeownership Zone Award for the way the city used a $4 million HUD grant to stimulate other public and private investment in the Fall Creek Place redevelopment.  Also in 2003, the American Planning Association selected Fall Creek Place as the winner of the 2003 Outstanding Planning Award for "Implementing Smart Growth."   In 2006, the National League of Cities gave Indianapolis the silver winner Award for Municipal Excellence for cities over 500,000 in population for the Fall Creek Place redevelopment project. and

The area was previously nicknamed "Dodge City," referring to the infamous western town of Dodge City, Kansas where there were shootouts in the streets.  The area was plagued with frequent drive-bys during the 1980s and 1990s.

The Eastern boundary of Fall Creek Place was moved to the alley east of College Avenue in 2006. K-6 students are zoned to Indianapolis Public Schools 27 and 60.

See also
List of Indianapolis neighborhoods

External links

Fall Creek Place Homeowners Association

Neighborhoods in Indianapolis

Fall Creek Place, Indianapolis


Salinity is a scientific term. Scientists use it to tell how much salt there is in water. Salinity is measured by the amount of sodium chloride found in 1,000 grams of water, if there is 1 gram of sodium chloride in 1,000 grams of water solution it is 1 part per thousand. This is written as 1‰.

 Fresh water contains less than 0.1% of salt . This is the usual case for rivers and lakes.
 Brackish water contains between 0.1% and 3% of salt. This environment is usually found at estuaries where a river flows into the sea.
 Saline water contains between 3% and 5% of salt (per volume). Usually, there is about 3.5% salt in the water of the oceans.
 Water that has more than 5% salt in it, is called brine. Some lakes and bodies of water have that much salt in them. The Dead Sea has about 15% salt (150‰) on the surface.

References

Oceanography

Salinity


America was a Commercial-free Music channel on XM Satellite Radio that specialized in playing Classic country music. It was available on channel 10 on XM and channel 808 on DirecTV.  America was scrapped as part of the Sirius/XM merger on November 12, 2008, replaced by Sirius's similar channel that is also devoted to Classic Country music, The Roadhouse.

XM's advertising described the channel this way: "We've dimmed the lights, thrown some sawdust on the floor, and brought the honky tonk back to life. Waylon, Willie, Dolly and the whole gang are on hand. The true sound of Country is alive and well....this is America."

Hosts included Dan Dixon ( From Detroit, MI  WNRZ-FM playing rock music & Toledo Ohio WTOD AM 1560 50's-90's Country & K-100  WKKO New Country ), Ray Knight and John Welch.

Programs
The Long Haul, visits the history of country music from the 1950s to the 21st Century.
Bill Anderson Visits with the Legends, Country Hall of Fame member Bill Anderson talks with and looks at the most influential moments and people in the history of country music.
Chartistry, Reviews the country music charts from the past and the present.
Ranger Doug's Classic Cowboy Corral, Douglas B. Green of Riders in the Sky hosts an hour of vintage cowboy music and comedy with his sidekick, Sidemeat (fellow Rider "Too Slim" Fred LaBour).
America presents The Grand Ole Opry, encore presentations of the Grand Ole Opry performances, which aired live on Nashville! XM11.

All For the Hall

XM Satellite Radio is a partner organization with the Country Music Hall of Fame and Museum in its "All For the Hall" membership program. "Bringing together artists, musicians, and anyone who loves and appreciates country music, All For the Hall is dedicated to preserving the legacy of the music that inspires us." ~ America XM10

References

Defunct radio stations in the United States
Radio stations established in 2001
Radio stations disestablished in 2008

America (XM)


A shepherd is someone who looks after sheep.  Shepherds usually take the sheep out into fields so that they can graze (eat the grass).  In the same way, someone who looks after cows is called a "cowherd". A "swineherd" looks after pigs and a "goatherd" looks after goats. A herd is a group of animals. "Herding" can also mean making a herd of animals go to another place. A female shepherd is called a "shepherdess".

Many years ago, when most people lived in the country, shepherding was very common.  Sheep were kept for their milk, meat, and especially their wool.  We know that there were shepherds in some parts of the world thousands of years ago.

The shepherd's job was to make sure the sheep were safe and they were not eaten by wolves or other wild animals.

A shepherd's way of life
In many societies shepherds were an important part of the economy. Unlike farmers, shepherds were often wage earners.  They were paid to watch other people's sheep. Shepherds often lived all on their own.  Some were nomads.   Shepherds were most often the younger sons of simple farmers who did not inherit any land. Still in other societies, each family would have a family member to shepherd its flock, often a child or young person or an old person who was not able to help much with the harder work.

Shepherds often worked with dogs.  The dogs (sheepdogs) were trained to herd the sheep.  Sheepdog trials are still popular today.  The shepherd has to give signs to the dog to tell it exactly where he wants the sheep to go.

A shepherd had a lot of time to sit and think or amuse himself.  He often made simple instruments out of reeds that grew where he sat.  These instruments were often simple pan flutes or just pipes which were similar to bamboo pipes or a modern recorder.  Some shepherds learned to carve instruments out of wood.  An example is the fujara from Slovakia and southern Poland.

Shepherds in the arts

Shepherds often made up music.  This is why composers of classical music very often wrote music which imitated the sound of the shepherd's pipe.  For example: in Mozart's opera The Magic Flute the character Papageno, a birdcatcher, plays on his pipes.  In the Symphonie Fantastique Berlioz wrote music which describes a shepherd playing his pipes, and a shepherdess far away the other side of the hill answering his call.  Berlioz used an oboe and a cor anglais for this.

Musicians were not the only people who liked the idea of the life of a shepherd.  Many painters painted scenes in the country with sheep being looked after by a shepherd.  Poets wrote about shepherds.  The shepherd's way of life was thought to be the ideal way to live.  It was called Arcadian.  Poems like these are called pastoral, after the term for herding.  Some early examples are the Idylls of Theocritus, and the Eclogues of Virgil.

In religion

 King David was a shepherd before becoming King of Israel.
 In the Christian religion Jesus is often called "the good shepherd" because he looks after his people, as a shepherd looks after his sheep.
 Muhammad, the Prophet of Islam, was one of many prophets who worked as shepherds.

Related pages
 Sheepdog
 Alsatian (dog)
 Animal husbandry

Agricultural occupations

Shepherd


Charles McKnight (October 10, 1750 – November 16, 1791) was an American physician during and after the American Revolutionary War. He served as a surgeon and physician in the Hospital Department of the Continental Army under General George Washington and other subordinate commanders. McKnight was one of the most respected surgeons of his day and was remembered by one colleague as "particularly distinguished as a practical surgeon … at the time of his death (he) was without a rival in that branch of his profession."

Early life
McKnight was born in Cranbury Township in the colonial Province of New Jersey in 1750. His only sibling was his younger brother, Richard. His father, also named Charles McKnight, emigrated to the colonies from Ireland sometime around 1740 and was ordained as a Presbyterian minister in 1742. He became a minister of some note, and was one of the founders and trustees of the College of New Jersey (now Princeton University). Reverend McKnight opposed British governance in Colonial America and was a loud voice for opposition and overthrow of the British government in New Jersey. According to Martha J. Lamb, Reverend McKnight received a severe saber cut to his head in the slashing melee that mortally wounded General Hugh Mercer at the Battle of Princeton. His church at Middletown Point was burned in 1777 and Reverend McKnight was arrested. While in custody aboard the British prison ship HMS Jersey in New York City, Rev. McKnight's health rapidly failed, and he was released shortly before his death on January 1, 1778.

The younger McKnight attended schools in New Jersey and graduated from the College of New Jersey in 1771, in the same class as James Madison, Gunning Bedford Jr., Henry Brackenridge, and Philip Freneau. He was one of the founders of the American Whig Society, along with Brackenridge, Madison, Samuel Stanhope Smith, Bedford, Freneau, John Beatty, John Henry of Maryland, and William Bradford. McKnight studied medicine and surgery privately with eminent Philadelphia surgeon William Shippen, but left before he completed his studies and entered the Continental Army in 1775.

Continental Army surgeon
In late 1775, Benjamin Church, the Director General, assigned McKnight to the Putnam House building, one of six hospitals of the army's Hospital Department in Cambridge, Massachusetts. He remained in that division, which supported Washington's army, until, during a period of great scarcity of medical and surgical supplies for the sick and wounded, McKnight went with other surgeons and physicians to North Castle, New York with Washington's army when the Battle of White Plains began in October 1776. The Continental Army lost the battle, and the British took Fort Washington and Fort Lee, which pushed Washington's ragged army south toward New Jersey in December 1776, which set the stage for the Battle of Trenton.

McKnight remained at North Castle until John Morgan, the Director General, ordered him and Samuel Adams Jr. (the son of Samuel Adams of Massachusetts) to set up a new hospital near Peekskill, New York, for more than 300 sick soldiers of General William Heath's division. Unable to find an acceptable site for a hospital, the two surgeons took over accommodations in Fishkill, New York, twenty miles north of Peekskill. Washington, however, sent convalescents to Peekskill because Morgan told him the hospital was there. Morgan was dismissed as Director General soon thereafter, in January 1777, due to rancor with Washington over supplies and a rampant smallpox epidemic then raging its way through the army. Morgan's management style rankled the surgeons, including McKnight, as Morgan was wrestling with Shippen, McKnight's mentor, over control of the hospitals in New Jersey. Isaac Foster took over temporary supervision of the hospitals on the east side of the Hudson River after Morgan's dismissal at Washington's request.

McKnight served later as a surgeon in the Pennsylvania Battalion of the Flying Camp. On April 11, 1777, he was appointed Surgeon General (also called Senior Surgeon, a subordinate position to Physician General and Director General, not to be confused with Surgeon General of the United States Army) of the Flying Hospital of the Middle Department, which moved with the army during the New York and New Jersey campaign. He served as Senior Surgeon for three years.  In December 1779, McKnight was in Morristown, New Jersey with Washington, at the encampment near Jockey Hollow, during the worst winter of the Revolutionary War.

The Hospital Department of the army was reorganized in 1780, and McKnight was promoted to Chief Hospital Physician, the highest medical position of the Middle Department. He served there until he left the army in January 1782. According to records, he was one of the original members of the New York State Society of the Cincinnati.

Later years and death

After the war ended, McKnight settled in New York City, where he married Mary Morin Scott, daughter of General John Morin Scott. He opened a private practice and was one of the first physicians to use a carriage to visit his patients.  McKnight published only one article, the surgical removal of an ectopic pregnancy, but the piece was cited later by the Medical Society of London in its London Medical Observations and Inquiries.

On November 26, 1784, McKnight was appointed one of the first regents of the University of the State of New York. In 1785, McKnight became professor of anatomy and surgery at Columbia College (now the Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons), which his father-in-law co-founded. He also was appointed Port Physician of New York. McKnight was remembered as an oculist, and therefore probably performed eye surgery.  McKnight maintained a steady surgical practice and held his professorship until his death from pneumonia, the result of an old war injury, on November 16, 1791 at age 41.

McKnight was interred at the corner of Wall Street and Broadway in Lower Manhattan, just beyond the gates of the historic Trinity Churchyard, next to his wife, Mary, and her father. They left four daughters and one son, John Morin Scott McKnight, who also became a physician.

See also
Ford Mansion
Morristown National Historical Park
 The Society of the Cincinnati
 American Revolution Institute

Notes

References

Primary sources
 (14 references to McKnight in the corpus of Washington's writings)

Secondary sources

1750 births
1791 deaths
18th-century American physicians
American surgeons
Continental Army staff officers
Physicians in the American Revolution
Columbia University faculty
People of colonial New Jersey
People of New Jersey in the American Revolution
People from Cranbury, New Jersey

Charles McKnight


Horacio Carochi (1586–1666) was a Jesuit priest and grammarian who was born in Florence and died in New Spain. He is known for his grammar of the Classical Nahuatl language.

Life
Carochi was born in Florence as Horazio Carocci. He went to Rome where he entered the Society of Jesus. From Rome he went to the New World, arriving in New Spain (now Mexico). There he dedicated himself to the study of the indigenous languages and became proficient in Otomi and then in Nahuatl. He was a friend of the Bishop and later Viceroy of New Spain, Juan de Palafox y Mendoza, as is documented by surviving letters written by Carochi to the bishop.

Importance
Carochi had an acute understanding of the Nahuatl language and was the first grammarian to understand and propose a consistent transcription of two difficult phenomena in Nahuatl phonology, namely vowel length and the saltillo. His Arte or grammar was seen as important soon after its publication, and as early as 1759 a version edited by Ignacio Paredes was issued. This version, however, lacks most of the virtues of the original work.

His original Arte de la lengua Mexicana is considered by linguists today to be the finest and most useful of the extant early grammars of Nahuatl. He also wrote a grammar of Otomi, which is now lost.

Works

Of the works of Carochi, only the Arte de la lengua Mexicana has been printed; the others exist only in manuscript form.

Arte de la Lengua mexicana con la declaración de todos sus adverbios, printed in Mexico in 1645
Vocabulario copioso de la Lengua mexicana
Gramática de la Lengua Otomí
Vocabulario Otomí
Sermones en Lengua mexicana

References

1586 births
1666 deaths
17th-century linguists
Clergy from Florence
Italian expatriates in the Spanish Empire
Italian Roman Catholic missionaries
Linguists from Italy
17th-century Italian Jesuits
Nahuatl-language writers
Translators from Nahuatl
Linguists of Mesoamerican languages
Italian Mesoamericanists
17th-century Mesoamericanists
Jesuit missionaries
Roman Catholic missionaries in New Spain
Missionary linguists
Linguists of Uto-Aztecan languages
Classical Nahuatl
17th-century Italian translators

Horacio Carochi