Art rock (also sometimes called progressive rock or classical rock) is a sub-genre of rock music that has "experimental influences". It tries to make rock music into art instead of just entertainment. It often uses longer songs than other genres of rock. It uses different techniques such as elements (parts) of classical music. It is not usually music to dance to, but music to just listen to. It started in the 1960s. Phil Spector (an American music producer) and Brian Wilson (the leader of The Beach Boys) are two early examples of musicians making art rock. The genre was popular with British bands at the end of the 1960s and the beginning of the 1970s.

Relationship with progressive rock
Art rock is often the same as progressive rock, especially for bands in the 1970s. Allmusic says that progressive rock and art rock are almost the same; both describe rock music that is more artistic. The term "Progressive rock" became more popular to talk of the genre of rock music. Art rock is often to describe bands that are harder to define.

Princeton University's Wordnet dictionary says that "progressive rock, art rock" are "a style of rock music that [came out] in the 1970s; associated with attempts to [mix] rock with jazz and other forms." It also says that it is meant "for listening and not dancing".

Examples of art rock bands
Examples include Queen, King Crimson, The Who, Led Zeppelin, Pink Floyd, David Bowie, The Velvet Underground, The Beatles, Genesis, 10cc and Yes.

References

Rock music

Art rock


Harold Allen Ramis (; November 21, 1944 – February 24, 2014) was an American actor, comedian, and filmmaker. His best-known film acting roles were as Egon Spengler in Ghostbusters (1984) and Ghostbusters II (1989), and as Russell Ziskey in Stripes (1981); he also co-wrote those films. As a director, his films include the comedies Caddyshack (1980), National Lampoon's Vacation (1983), Groundhog Day (1993), Analyze This (1999) and Analyze That (2002). Ramis was the original head writer of the television series SCTV, on which he also performed, as well as a co-writer of Groundhog Day and National Lampoon's Animal House (1978). The final film that he wrote, produced, directed, and acted in was Year One (2009).

Ramis's films influenced subsequent generations of comedians, comedy writers and actors. Filmmakers and actors including Jay Roach, Jake Kasdan, Adam Sandler, Judd Apatow, and Peter and Bobby Farrelly have cited his films as among their favorites. Along with Danny Rubin, he won the BAFTA Award for Best Original Screenplay for Groundhog Day.

Early life
Ramis was born on November 21, 1944, in Chicago, Illinois, the son of Ruth (née Cokee) (1919–2001) and Nathan Ramis (1915–2009), who owned the Ace Food & Liquor Mart on the city's far North Side. Ramis had a Jewish upbringing. In his adult life, he did not practice any religion. He graduated from Stephen K. Hayt Elementary School in June 1958 and Nicholas Senn High School in 1962, both Chicago public schools, and in 1966 from Washington University in St. Louis, Missouri, where he was a member of the Alpha Xi chapter of Zeta Beta Tau fraternity.

Afterward, Ramis worked in a mental institution in St. Louis for seven months. He later said of his time working there that it:

Career

Early years
Ramis began writing parodic plays in college, saying years later, "In my heart, I felt I was a combination of Groucho and Harpo Marx, of Groucho using his wit as a weapon against the upper classes, and of Harpo's antic charm and the fact that he was oddly sexy—he grabs women, pulls their skirts off, and gets away with it." He avoided the Vietnam War military draft by taking methamphetamine to fail his draft physical.

Following his work in St. Louis, Ramis returned to Chicago, where by 1968, he was a substitute teacher at schools serving the inner-city Robert Taylor Homes public housing development. He also became associated with the guerrilla television collective TVTV, headed by his college friend Michael Shamberg, and wrote freelance for the Chicago Daily News. "Michael Shamberg, right out of college, had started freelancing for newspapers and got on as a stringer for a local paper, and I thought, 'Well, if Michael can do that, I can do that.' I wrote a spec piece and submitted it to the Chicago Daily News, the Arts & Leisure section, and they started giving me assignments [for] entertainment features." Additionally, Ramis had begun studying and performing with Chicago's Second City improvisational comedy troupe.

Ramis's newspaper writing led to him becoming joke editor at Playboy magazine. "I called…just cold and said I had written several pieces freelance and did they have any openings. And they happened to have their entry-level job, party jokes editor, open. He liked my stuff and he gave me a stack of jokes that readers had sent in and asked me to rewrite them. I had been in Second City in the workshops already and Michael Shamberg and I had written comedy shows in college." Ramis was eventually promoted to associate editor.

National Lampoon, SCTV, and The Top
After leaving Second City for a time and returning in 1972, having been replaced in the main cast by John Belushi, Ramis worked his way back as Belushi's deadpan foil. In 1974, Belushi brought Ramis and other Second City performers, including Ramis's frequent future collaborator Bill Murray, to New York City to work on The National Lampoon Radio Hour.

During this time, Ramis, Belushi, Murray, Joe Flaherty, Christopher Guest, and Gilda Radner starred in the revue The National Lampoon Show, the successor to National Lampoon's Lemmings. Later, Ramis became a performer on, and head writer of, the Canadian sketch-comedy television series SCTV during its first three years (1976–1979). At this juncture, SCTV was seen mainly in Canada, and also via syndication in scattered markets in the US.  He was soon offered work as a writer at Saturday Night Live but chose to continue with SCTV. Characterizations by Ramis on SCTV include weaselly, corrupt and constantly sweating Dialing for Dollars host/SCTV station manager Maurice "Moe" Green, outwardly amiable (but thoroughly fascist) cop Officer Friendly, exercise guru Swami Bananananda (whose real name was Dennis Peterson), stern board chairman Allan "Crazy Legs" Hirschman and home dentist Mort Finkel. His celebrity impressions on SCTV included Kenneth Clark and Leonard Nimoy.

In 1984, Ramis executive produced a music/comedy/variety television show called The Top. The producer was Paul Flaherty and the director was David Jove. Ramis got involved after the mysterious death of his friend Peter Ivers, who had hosted Jove's underground show New Wave Theatre. He called Jove and offered to help. Flattery and Jove pitched him the idea for The Top, and Ramis was instrumental in getting it on the air.

The show was a mixture of live music, videos, and humor. Performers on the show included Cyndi Lauper, who performed "Girls Just Want to Have Fun" and "True Colors"; the Hollies, who performed "Stop in the Name of Love"; and the Romantics, who performed their two hits at the time, "Talking in Your Sleep" and "What I Like About You."

Guest stars included Rodney Dangerfield, Chevy Chase, and Dan Aykroyd. Ramis got Bill Murray to host but, because Ghostbusters filming ran late, he did not make it to the taping. Chase came out dressed as a "punk" of the time and somehow got into a physical altercation with an audience member (also a punk) during the opening monologue. He immediately left the taping. Flattery and Jove carried on with the show.

Ramis then got Andy Kaufman to fill in for Chase and recorded the host segments at a separate, later, session;  it would be Kaufman's final professional appearance.

The Top aired on Friday, January 27, 1984, at 7 p.m. It scored a 7.7% rating and a 14% share. This represented a 28% rating increase and a 27% share increase over KTLA's regularly scheduled Happy Days/Laverne and Shirley.

Film career
Ramis left SCTV to pursue a film career and wrote a script with National Lampoon magazine's Douglas Kenney, which eventually became National Lampoon's Animal House. They were later joined by a third collaborator, Chris Miller. The 1978 film followed the struggle between a rowdy college fraternity house and the college dean. The film's humor was raunchy for its time. Animal House "broke all box-office records for comedies" and earned $141 million.

He also had a voice part as Zeke in the "So Beautiful & So Dangerous" segment of Heavy Metal in 1981.

Ramis next co-wrote the comedy Meatballs, starring Bill Murray. The movie was a commercial success and became the first of six film collaborations between Murray and Ramis. His third film and his directorial debut was Caddyshack, which he wrote with Kenney and Brian Doyle-Murray. It starred Chevy Chase, Rodney Dangerfield, Ted Knight, and Bill Murray. Like Ramis's previous two films, Caddyshack was a commercial success.

In 1982, Ramis was attached to direct the film adaptation of the Pulitzer Prize-winning book A Confederacy of Dunces by John Kennedy Toole.  The film was to star John Belushi and Richard Pryor, but the project was aborted. In 1984, Ramis collaborated with Dan Aykroyd on the screenplay for Ghostbusters, which became one of the biggest comedy hits of all time, in which he also starred as Dr. Egon Spengler. He reprised the role for the 1989 sequel, Ghostbusters II (which he also co-wrote with Aykroyd). His later film Groundhog Day has been called his "masterpiece."

His films have been noted for attacking "the smugness of institutional life…with an impish good [will] that is unmistakably American." They are also noted for "Ramis's signature tongue-in-cheek pep talks." Sloppiness and improv were also important aspects of his work. Ramis frequently depicted the qualities of "anger, curiosity, laziness, and woolly idealism" in "a hyper-articulate voice."

Ramis also occasionally acted in supporting roles in acclaimed films that he did not write or direct, such as James L. Brooks's Academy Award-winning As Good as It Gets (1997) and Judd Apatow's hit comedy Knocked Up (2007).

In 2004, Ramis turned down the opportunity to direct the Bernie Mac-Ashton Kutcher film Guess Who, then under the working title "The Dinner Party," because he considered it poorly written. That same year, he began filming the low-budget The Ice Harvest, "his first attempt to make a comic film noir." Ramis spent six weeks trying to get the film greenlit because he had difficulty reaching an agreement about stars John Cusack's and Billy Bob Thornton's salaries. The film received mixed reviews. In 2004, Ramis's typical directing fee was $5 million.

In an interview in the documentary American Storytellers, Ramis said he hoped to make a film about Emma Goldman (even pitching Disney with the idea of having Bette Midler star) but that none of the film studios were interested and that it would have been difficult to raise the funding.

Ramis said in 2009 that he planned to make a third Ghostbusters film for release either in mid-2011 or for Christmas 2012. A reboot to the franchise, also called Ghostbusters, was eventually made and released in 2016, directed and co-written by Paul Feig. In this film, a bronze bust of Ramis can be seen when Erin Gilbert leaves her office at Columbia University. Later, the second sequel to the original film, Ghostbusters: Afterlife, was released in 2021 and posthumously dedicated to him.

Personal life
Ramis was married twice and had four children. On July 2, 1967, he married San Francisco artist Anne Plotkin, with whom he had a daughter, Violet Ramis Stiel. Actor and Ghostbusters co-star Bill Murray is Violet's godfather. Ramis and Plotkin separated in 1984 and later divorced.

Ramis' daughter Mollie Israel (known professionally as Mollie Heckerling) was born in 1985 to him and director Amy Heckerling, while Heckerling was married to actor-director Neal Israel.

In 1989, Ramis married Erica Mann, daughter of director Daniel Mann and actress Mary Kathleen Williams. Together they had two sons, Julian Arthur and Daniel Hayes in 1990 and 1994.

Although Ramis maintained humanist beliefs, Erica's Buddhist upbringing greatly influenced his philosophies for the rest of his life, and he became friends with the Dalai Lama.

Ramis was a Chicago Cubs fan, and when he moved back from Los Angeles to Chicago in the late 1990s, he would attend games at Wrigley Field, sometimes taking part of the seventh-inning stretch of "Take Me Out to the Ball Game". His pastimes included fencing, ritual drumming, acoustic guitar, and making hats from felted fleece; additionally, he taught himself to ski by watching skiers on television.

Illness and death

In May 2010, Ramis contracted an infection that resulted in complications from autoimmune inflammatory vasculitis and lost the ability to walk. After relearning to walk he suffered a relapse of the disease in late 2011.

He died of complications of the disease on February 24, 2014, at his home on Chicago's North Shore, at age 69. A private funeral was held for him two days later with family, friends, and several collaborators in attendance, including Dan Aykroyd, Chevy Chase, Eugene Levy, Dave Thomas, David Pasquesi, Andrew Alexander, and the widows of John Belushi and Bernard Sahlins. He is buried at Shalom Memorial Park in Arlington Heights.

Upon Ramis's death, then-President Barack Obama released a statement, saying, "When we watched his movies—from Animal House and Caddyshack to Ghostbusters and Groundhog Day—we didn't just laugh until it hurt. We questioned authority. We identified with the outsider. We rooted for the underdog. And through it all, we never lost our faith in happy endings." He ended his statement by saying he hoped Ramis "received total consciousness," in reference to a line from Caddyshack.

Ramis and longtime collaborator Bill Murray had a falling out during the filming of Groundhog Day, which Ramis attributed to problems that Murray had in his own life at the time. They did not speak for more than 20 years. Shortly before Ramis's death, Murray, encouraged by his brother Brian Doyle-Murray, visited him to make amends with a box of donuts and a police escort, according to Ramis's daughter Violet. At that point, Ramis had lost most of his ability to speak, so Murray did most of the talking over several hours. Murray gave a tribute to Ramis at the 86th Academy Awards.

Stephen Colbert paid tribute to Ramis on an episode of his show The Colbert Report. Colbert said that "as a young, bookish man with glasses looking for a role model, I might have picked Harold Ramis." He ended the show by thanking him.

Awards and honors
In 2004, Ramis was inducted into the St. Louis Walk of Fame. In 2005, he received the Austin Film Festival's Distinguished Screenwriter Award. In 2010, he received a lifetime achievement award from the Chicago Improv Festival. In 2015, the Writers Guild of America posthumously honored him with their lifetime achievement award, the Laurel Award for Screenwriting Achievement.

In 2016, two years after his death, The Second City founded the Harold Ramis Film School, the first film school to focus solely on film comedy, in his honor.

The 2016 film Ghostbusters, a reboot of the series Ramis co-created and starred in, was posthumously dedicated to him. A bust of Ramis appears in the film. In the 2021 movie Ghostbusters: Afterlife, the age-progressed image of Ramis appears as the ghost of Egon Spengler; a dedication before the end credits also reads "for Harold."

Collaborations
Ramis frequently collaborated with director Ivan Reitman. He co-wrote National Lampoon's Animal House, which Reitman produced, then co-wrote the Reitman comedy Meatballs; he co-wrote and appeared in the Reitman films Stripes, Ghostbusters, and Ghostbusters II.

Filmography

Films

Executive producer
 The First $20 Million Is Always the Hardest (2002)
I Want Someone to Eat Cheese With (2006)
 Archie's Final Project (2009)

Television

Acting roles

Video games

Archival appearances

References

Further reading

External links

 Henkel, Guido. "Anatomy of a Comedian: Harold Ramis", DVD Review, August 6, 1999
 Garfinkel, Perry. "And If He Sees His Shadow...", Lion's Roar, July 2009
 Meatballs Movie Website
 The films of Harold Ramis, Hell Is For Hyphenates, April 30, 2014

1944 births
2014 deaths
20th-century American comedians
20th-century American Jews
20th-century American male actors
20th-century American male writers
20th-century American screenwriters
21st-century American comedians
21st-century American Jews
21st-century American male actors
21st-century American male writers
21st-century American screenwriters
American comedy writers
American film directors
American film producers
American male comedians
American male film actors
American male screenwriters
American male television actors
American male television writers
American sketch comedians
American television directors
American television writers
Best Original Screenplay BAFTA Award winners
Comedians from Illinois
Comedy film directors
Deaths from vasculitis
Film directors from Illinois
Film producers from Illinois
Jewish American comedians
Jewish American comedy writers
Jewish American film directors
Jewish American film producers
Jewish American male actors
Jewish American male comedians
Jewish American screenwriters
Jewish American writers
Jewish male actors
Jewish male comedians
Male actors from Chicago
Washington University in St. Louis alumni
Screenwriters from Chicago

Harold Ramis


Buoran a waah kemikal eliment wid di simbal B, and di atamic numba 5. Buoran is cancentrated pon di heart by wata-salibility of its moar camman natrally accurin cumpoun, the borate minarals. Dese are myned industrially as evaparite, such as borax an kernite. Di laages koawn buoran depasits deh inna Turkey, di laagest produsa pf buoran minarals.

Buoran


Nairobi National Park is the smallest park in Kenya.

The park has lots of different kinds of animals.

The park has a lot of educational programmes for teaching visitors about the different species of animals, their habitats and their diet.

The park has an area called the Orphanage where orphaned and abandoned animals are looked after.
National parks in Africa
Geography of Kenya

Nairobi National Park


Joseph Burr Tyrrell, FRSC (November 1, 1858 – August 26, 1957) was a Canadian geologist, cartographer, mining consultant and historian. He discovered dinosaur (Albertosaurus sarcophagus) bones in Alberta's Badlands and coal around Drumheller in 1884. Canada's Royal Tyrrell Museum of Palaeontology in Alberta was named in his honour.

Tyrrell was born in Weston, Ontario, the third child of William and Elizabeth Tyrrell. He was the brother of Canadian explorer and author James William Tyrrell. He was a student at Weston Grammar School before graduating from Upper Canada College in 1876 and receiving a law degree from the University of Toronto in 1880. After articling for a law firm in Toronto, his doctor advised him to work outdoors due to his health.

He joined the Geological Survey of Canada in 1880, leading or participating in numerous explorations.

His book A Brief Narrative of the Journeys of David Thompson was published in 1888. That same year his book The Mammalia of Canada was also published.

He led the 1893 and 1894 expeditions into the Northern Barren Lands, down the Dubawnt River, the first visit to the Kivalliq Region Barrenlands by a European since the explorations of Samuel Hearne in the 1770s. His younger brother, James Williams Tyrrell, accompanied Tyrrell on the expedition, which included the first European contact with the Ihalmiut, Inuit from the interior of what is today Nunavut.

Tyrrell married Mary Edith Carey in 1894 and they had three children, Mary (1896), George (1900), and Thomas (1906). Mary Edith was the founder and first president in 1921 of the Women's Association of the Mining Industry of Canada.

In 1894, Tyrrell stumbled upon biographical recollections (11 books of field notes, 39 journals, maps, and a narrative) of Canadian overland explorer, cartographer, and fur trader David Thompson and, in 1916, published them as David Thompson's Narrative.

Tyrrell went into the gold-mining business in 1898, a career that would last more than 50 years. In his work he published several books on gold fields. In 1912 he published The Law of the Pay-streak in Placer Deposits.

He was the mine manager of the Kirkland Lake Gold Mine in northern Ontario for many years starting in 1926.

Tyrrell retired to northeast Scarborough on the Rouge River, where he established substantial apple orchards and an interest in grafting and breeding. The expanded orchards, later managed by his son George, are now the site of the Toronto Zoo.

He died in Toronto in 1957 at the age of 98.

Honours and awards

Places named for Tyrrell
 Tyrrell Sea (prehistoric Hudson Bay)
 Tyrrell Arm, the east section of Yathkyed Lake, Nunavut
 Joseph Burr Tyrrell Park, Toronto, Ontario
 Tyrrell Lake, a small alkali lake near Warner, Alberta.

Institutions named for Tyrrell
 Royal Tyrrell Museum of Palaeontology, Drumheller, Alberta
 J. B. Tyrrell Senior Public School in Scarborough, Ontario
 Joseph Burr Tyrrell Elementary School in Fort Smith, Northwest Territories

Awards
 1896 Back Award, Royal Geographical Society
 1918 Murchison Medal, Geological Society of London
 1929 Honorary President, Royal Canadian Geographical Society
 1930 Daly Medal from the American Geographical Society
 1933 Flavelle Medal, Royal Society of Canada
 1947 Wollaston Medal, Geological Society of London
 1954 Professional Engineer's Medal from the Association of Professional Engineers of Ontario
 1997 Canadian Mining Hall of Fame

Other honours
 J.B. Tyrrell Historical Medal, Royal Society of Canada.

Tribute
On 1 November 2018, Google Doodle commemorated his 160th birthday.

References

Further reading

 Historica minute

A biography by Heather Robertson, 2007, Measuring Mother Earth: How Joe the Kid became Tyrrell of the North, McClelland & Stewart Inc.

External links

 Royal Tyrrell Museum website
 Scientist of the Day-Joseph Burr Tyrrell at Linda Hall Library

 The History of the Geological Survey of Canada in 175 Objects
 Joseph Burr Tyrrell  at The Canadian Encyclopedia
Historica's Heritage Minute video docudrama about Joseph Tyrrell. (Adobe Flash Player.)
 Joseph Burr Tyrrell Papers, Thomas Fisher Rare Book Library
 L'histoire de la Commission géologique du Canada illustrée par 175 objets

1858 births
1957 deaths
Canadian geologists
Canadian paleontologists
Geological Survey of Canada personnel
Fellows of the Royal Society of Canada
University of Toronto alumni
Upper Canada College alumni
Wollaston Medal winners
People from Kirkland Lake
People from Weston, Toronto
Persons of National Historic Significance (Canada)
Paleontology in Ontario
Burials at Toronto Necropolis

Joseph Tyrrell


Furnitur is the mass noun for the muivable objects intendit tae support various human activities like seatin an sleepin.  Furniture is uised tae haud objects at a convenient hicht for wirk an aw (as horizontal surfaces abuin the grund), or tae store things.

Furniture can be a product o design an is considered a furm o decorative airt. In addeetion tae furnitur's functional role, it can serve a seembolic or releegious purpose. It can be made frae mony materials, includin metal, plastic, an wid. Furnitur can be made uisin a variety o widwirkin jynts that aften reflect the local cultur.

Consumer guids
Decorative airts
Hame
Industrial design

Furnitur


Leonidas I (; c. 530 BC–480 BC) was a king of the Greek city-state of Sparta from about 490 BC until his death in 480. The Spartans and associates defended the pass at Thermopylae against the Persian army. Although Leonidas lost the battle, his death at Thermopylae was seen as a heroic sacrifice. Leonidas sent most of his army away when he realized that the Persians had outmaneuvered him. Three hundred of his fellow Spartans stayed with him to fight and die. Almost everything that is known about Leonidas comes from the work of the Greek historian Herodotus (c. 484–c. 425 BC)

Thermopylae

Invasion of Greece
In 480 BC, the Persians with their king Xerxes attacked Greece. When the Greeks asked the Spartans to join their army against the Persians, the Spartans went to the Oracle at Delphi. The Oracle gave a prophecy. It said that either Sparta would fall or the Spartans would lose a king.

Fighting back
In August 480 BC, Leonidas went to Thermopylae with 300 of his bodyguards. Other Greek forces joined him there and formed an army of 4,000 soldiers. This army would try to hold the pass of Thermopylae against the great army of Xerxes I, King of Persia.

Siege
Leonidas and his men held Thermopylae for three days. On the third day, a Greek traitor named Ephialtes led the Persian army behind the Spartans. It was then that Leonidas sent away all the Greek troops except 700 Thespians, who refused to leave. The small Greek force was attacked from both sides. They fought hard but finally they were all killed. Xerxes told his men to remove Leonidas' head and put it on a stake. He also told them to crucify his body. Now, there is a monument near Leonidas' death site. It has the following inscription:

After the battle
Only two Spartans survived that battle. One was Kirtanian. He was injured and sent behind the rest of the soldiers. The other was Pantites. He was sent by Leonidas to get help in Thessaly. He did not get back to Thermopylae until after the battle was done. At the end, he hanged himself because he was harassed and often referred as a coward.

Year of birth unknown
5th-century BC deaths
Kings of Sparta
480s BC

Leonidas I


Dan Haggerty (November 19, 1941 – January 15, 2016) was an American actor. He played  Grizzly Adams in the 1974 movie The Life and Times of Grizzly Adams and its television movie sequel The Capture of Grizzly Adams. Haggerty starred in an NBC "Grizzly Adams" television series which ran from 1977 to 1978.

He appeared in the road movie Easy Rider, the outlaw biker comedy Pink Angels, and many other movies. Haggerty is a former animal trainer and stunt man. He was the animal handler for a Tarzan movie and the 1966 Tarzan television series.

His many awards include a star on Hollywood Blvd. in 1994; the Dove Foundation's "Diamond Seal of Approval" for over 1 million family videos sold; the Harley-Davidson "Humanitarian of the Year" Award in 1986; "The People's Choice Award" for most popular actor in 1980; the Paul Harris Fellowship from the Rotary Foundation of Rotary International; and a star in Kanab, Utah - "Hollywood of the West" in 2009.

Haggerty died in Burbank, California from spinal cancer on January 15, 2016 at the age of 74.

References

Other websites

Dan Haggerty's Official Website

American television actors
American movie actors
Actors from Wisconsin
Deaths from spinal cancer
Cancer deaths in California
1942 births
2016 deaths

Dan Haggerty


A seesaw (also known as a teeter-totter) is a long, narrow board which is fixed in the middle, a little way above the ground. When one end of the seesaw goes up the other goes down.

Children often like to play on seesaws. Two children sit on the seesaw, one at each end. The child who is down pushes the ground with his feet so that he goes up and his friend goes down.  Then the friend pushes up so the first child goes down. They continue to go back and forth until they are ready to stop playing on the seesaw.

It works best with two children who are about the same size, or else the heavy person will make his end stay down.  On some seesaws there is room for two or three children on each end.  There is a handle for each child to hold on to so that they do not fall off.

In mechanics (a kind of physics) anything that is balanced in the middle and goes up and down like a seesaw might be described as something that "seesaws".

Playground equipment

Seesaw


A balance board is a device used as a circus skill, for recreation, balance training, athletic training, brain development, therapy, musical training and other kinds of personal development.

It is a lever similar to a see-saw that the user usually stands on, usually with the left and right foot at opposite ends of the board. The user's body must stay balanced enough to keep the board's edges from touching the ground and to keep from falling off the board.

A different challenge is presented by each of the five basic types of balance boards and their subtypes. Some of them can be attempted successfully by three-year-olds and elderly people, and some, because of their steepness and speed, are difficult and dangerous for professional athletes.

In their design, what differentiates the five types (and their subtypes) is how unstable each of them is, i.e., in how many and in which of the three dimensions of space each board turns and/or sways and how freely its fulcrum contacts the board and the ground.

Uses and users

In 1953, Stanley Washburn Jr. filed a patent for a balance board with the intention of its use for recreation.  These boards quickly become popular for skiers and surfers to practice their balancing skills in the off season or when natural conditions were poor. The balance board is a device that has come to be used for training in sports and martial arts, for physical fitness and for non-athletic purposes that are listed here.

It is used to develop balance, motor coordination skills, weight distribution and core strength;  to prepare people, before and after they reach old age, to avoid injurious falls; to prevent sports injuries, especially to the ankle and knee; and for rehabilitation after injuries to several parts of the body.

Uses of a balance board beyond its athletic origin have become more common: to expand neural networks that enable the left and right hemispheres of the brain to communicate with each other, thereby increasing its efficiency; to develop sensory integration and cognitive skills in children with developmental disorders; to make dancers lighter on their feet; to teach singers optimal posture for the control of air-flow; to teach musicians how to hold their instrument;  to shake off writer's block and other inhibitors of creativity; as an accessory to yoga and as a form of yoga, cultivating holistic health, self-awareness and calm.

Some people use a balance board for recreational purposes, enjoying the challenge that this equipment presents.

Circus skill

The balance board is used as a circus skill for recreation and performance. Many circus performers refer to the balance board as the rola bola. Skillful and dramatic balancing acts using the rola bola are performed by circus performers in traditional circus as well as by freelance circus skills artists. The performance can involve a single rola bola or a stack of multiple rola bolas on top of one another to increase the challenge and visual spectacle. Some circus performers also combine the use of the rola bola with other circus skills such as juggling or equilibristics to present a different visual spectacle.

Structure

The user stands on a board or other platform which is on top of an unstable ground-contacting member, the fulcrum. The height of the fulcrum of most models is between 3 and 6 inches (i.e., the top of the fulcrum is that distance above the ground). Due to the fulcrum's instability, the user must remain balanced and coordinated in order to prevent the board from touching the ground.

Thus, the rider stimulates, exercises and teaches the parts of the body that implement the act of balancing (toes, soles, ankles, knees, hips, shoulders, arms and neck) and the parts of the body and brain that create the sense of balance and that engineer the implementation of the act of balancing (inner ears, cerebellum, proprioceptors and eyes).

The degrees of movement through which the board can move – sliding, pivoting, rotating, tilting, rolling or some combination of those – and the speed of the board differ in different types and subtypes of models, depending on the shape and size of the fulcrum, whether it is attached to the board and, if it isn't attached, the method(s) by which it is constrained by the board, if any. With an increase of speed and with each additional degree of movement through which one model or another can move, the need to avoid losing control of the board forces the rider to exercise considerably more skill in order to avoid falling.

In rocker boards and wobble boards, the fulcrum is attached to the board. In rocker-roller boards and sphere-and-ring boards, the fulcrum is a separate piece from the board. In sphere-and-ring boards, the fulcrum (an inflatable or solid ball) is constrained by a ring on the board's underside. In some rocker-roller boards, the fulcrum (a cylinder or mainly a cylinder) isn't constrained by the board (except by their friction), and in most rocker-rollers the cylinder is constrained by the board in any of five ways (a different number and combination of those ways in each type of rocker-roller) that are described below, in this article's "Rocker-Roller Boards" section.

Positions other than standing are also used, in order to work on particular muscles and skills. For better foot traction, the stood-on surface of most boards is manufactured with an unsmooth texture: for plastic models, in the molding; for wooden models, with grip tape or rubber.  A smooth surface under the feet or shoes can cause a user to slip off a balance board and fall.

Wobble boards are the only type of balance board that is commonly made of plastic. Being no longer than their width, they don't need to be as strong and warp-resistant as other balance boards.

Types
There are more than a hundred models of balance boards on the market in the United States. Each of them is a version of one of about fifteen types of balance board. Each of these models and types can be classified as one of five basic types of balance board according to two binary parameters: whether its fulcrum is attached to the board and whether the board tilts in only two opposite directions (left and right or forward and back) or in every direction (360 degrees).

More specifically:

In other words:
 A rocker-roller board is a rocker board whose fulcrum is a separate piece.
 A sphere-and-ring board is a wobble board whose fulcrum is a separate piece.
 A wobble board is a rocker board that tilts toward 360 degrees.
 A sphere-and-ring board is a rocker-roller board that tilts toward 360 degrees.
 A spring board rests on compression springs that tilts towards 360 degrees

Those five analogies are not precise definitions. They ignore some details of models' structure.

Rocker
A rocker board is the most basic and least challenging type of balance board. It is a flat board with a fulcrum attached to the board's underside. In some models the fulcrum is perpendicular to the board's length and in the other models the fulcrum is two rockers that are parallel to each other and parallel to the board's length, one in front of the person who is standing on the board and one behind. The ground-contacting edge of the fulcrum is curved in most models and is flat in some models.

With one foot placed at each end of the board, the user can tilt it from side to side until the balance point is found and can then either try to keep the board stationary or continue rocking.

Rocker boards offer only one degree of movement: part rotation about the longitudinal axis, i.e., banking (left-right tilting).

Most rocker boards are made by manufacturers of toys or of gym equipment.

Rocker-roller

Rocker-roller boards add a degree of instability to the rocker board that makes them much more challenging for the rider than a rocker board is. Rather than on a fixed pivot, a rocker-roller's board is placed on a cylindrical roller; this fulcrum is a wheel that moves in relation to the ground and in relation to the board. The board's pivot point shifts back and forth as the cylinder rolls beneath it. In almost all models the two flat ends of the wheel/roller are about as far from each other as the width of the board. In most models the axis of the roller is perpendicular to the board's length. Thus, as the rider's weight moves over the roller, the board both tilts from side to side and also slides sideways. In models whose roller can be placed with its axis parallel to the board's length, the board slides and tilts toward the front and back (if the rider's feet are oriented accordingly).

The roller has a different form in different models. Some are a cylinder and some are a cylinder in their midsection that tapers toward the two ends. That tapering enables tricky moves by the rider. How the roller and rocker interface can vary. Rollers may have grooves to fit a guide on the board to keep the roller aligned with the rocker and prevent the rocker from sliding along the roller. Rockers may have guard rails at the ends to prevent the rocker from rolling off the roller.

The diameter of the roller of almost all rocker-rollers is between 3.5 and 6 inches at its widest section. The rollers of the rola bolas that circus performers use are usually between 7 and 9 inches in diameter.

Wobble

The fulcrum of almost all wobble boards is a semi-sphere or smaller spherical cap (or a shape that is approximately such) whose flat side is attached to the center of the board's underside. This allows the board to pivot in all directions, through 360 degrees. Standing on a wobble board exercises muscles that are not exercised by standing on boards that tilt in only two (opposite) directions. In almost all models, the board's length and width are about the same size; a circle is the usual shape.

Wobble boards are widely used in child development, gymnasiums, sport training, prevention of injuries to the ankle and knee, rehabilitation after ankle, knee and hip injuries and physiotherapy.

The basic use of a wobble board is to stand on it with both feet, and tilt in any direction without letting the board tilt so far that its edge touches the ground.  Other common exercises are squats, standing on the board with one foot while keeping the other foot off the ground, push-ups (pressing down on the board with the hands while lying face-down with only the knees or toes contacting the ground), and sit-ups (with the board under the buttocks). Any exercise is much more work when a person's weight is on a wobble board than when supported by a stable and level base such as a floor.

For additional muscle exercise while wobbling, some models can have an elastic stretch band attached: each hand pulls up one of the bands ends.  The ends of the band fit through two opposed holes near the rim of the board, for quick attachment and detachment.

A wobble board offers full rotation about the vertical axis (i.e., yawing, i.e., twisting), part rotation about the transverse/lateral axis (i.e., pitching, i.e., backward-forward tilting) and part rotation about the longitudinal axis (i.e., banking, i.e., left-right tilting). Additional movement, translation (i.e., sliding or skidding, usually unintended and unwanted), across the supporting surface is possible, except for the few wobble boards that have a stationary base.  Sliding occurs much less often and usually across a shorter distance than in the case of a rocker-roller board and sphere-and-ring board.

Most wobble boards are made of plastic. Wooden models are better able than plastic ones to withstand long use, such as in a gym. Some plastic models are more durable than others.

Wobble boards are made by manufacturers of gym, sports and physical therapy equipment.

Sphere-and-ring

A sphere, either an inflatable rubber ball (such as a basketball) or a solid polyurethane ball, is the fulcrum on which the board is balanced, and the fulcrum is kept contained under the board by a guard rail or ring on the underside. By redistributing his/her weight across the board, the rider can move the board in any direction– side to side, forward and backward, twisting, diagonal, and full rotations or any combination of these movements.  A rider can move the board vertically by doing an advanced maneuver called an ollie. It can also be tilted in any direction and fully rotated. Sphere-and-ring boards provide the greatest freedom of movement of any type of balance board, allowing rotation about all axes (yawing, pitching and banking) and translation (i.e., sliding) in both transverse (i.e., lateral) and longitudinal directions. They, like wobble boards, simultaneously exercise muscles that are not exercised by use of boards that tilt about only one axis (in two opposite directions).

When balancing or riding on a sphere-and-ring board, the difficulty and ride speed, which is how fast the rider can move the board on the ball, are determined by the following:

 Ring shape and size
 Larger rings allow more movement of the fulcrum. Different shapes change how the fulcrum might move.
 Sphere's size, weight, and rigidity
 These affect how fast the fulcrum moves and how much strength is required to move it.
 Board's shape and size
 Changing these can affect the weight and weight distribution of the board, changing how much strength is required to move it.

Aquatic
These are underwater balance boards.  They were developed for physical therapy and are used also for recreation.  Besides the general advantages of aquatic therapy over non-aquatic therapy (the use of the smooth resistance of water instead of the jerky resistance of weights and the avoidance of burdening an injured joint with excessive weight– in this case, the weight of the patient's own body), aquatic balance boards have the specific advantage over non-aquatic balance boards of saving a patient who slips off of a board from the impact of falling and crashing into a floor.  Slipping off of an aquatic balance board is safe as long as the user knows to avoid inhaling while underwater and knows how to tread water.

Three models are produced by Theraquatics Australia: The Theraquatics Balance Board is a V-shaped rocker board that a user stands, kneels or sits on.  The Wonder Board is a V-shaped rocker board that a user kneels or sits on.  The Aquatic Balance Board (a.k.a. the Aquafit Balance Board) is a wobble board.  The holes in it allow water to fill it, making it neutrally buoyant (i.e., neither sinking on its own nor floating up to the water's surface) so that it is easier to control and safer than it would be if this wobble board were more buoyant.
Two products that Theraquatics Australia calls balance boards, its Star Balance Board and its Theraquatics Balance Board with Straps, are not balance boards in the familiar sense of the term, though they can be used for practicing balance skills.

Wii

The Wii Balance Board is not a rocking board as described in this article, but an electronic board which tracks the user's center of balance. It is used as an accessory with the Nintendo Wii game console and compatible applications such as Wii Fit.

Psychological aspects

Proper use of a balance board is a test of both physical skill and the user's sense of balance.

Another sensation often experienced by a user of a balance board is the sensation of falling. Apart from actually falling, this often occurs during sharp accelerations caused by leaning too far or too quickly. Feeling like falling can raise fears and provoke reflexes that while useful on a stable surface can be counter-productive on a balance board, such as throwing the arms forward to catch the fall or over-correcting and sharply shifting weight onto the opposite leg, causing a fall in the opposite direction.

Injury risk and prevention
Falls from balance boards can break bones, sprain joints, and tear tendons, ligaments and cartilage. These risks can be diminished by preparing the space, wearing protective gear and following manufacturers' other safety recommendations.

Risk can be lowered by anticipating falls and clearing the surrounding area of objects that the rider might fall onto, and making sure that the surface is soft. Some of the best surfaces for balance boarding include a soft yoga mat, a patch of grass, or the sand.

Important protective gear is gear that protects the joints, the head and face, and otherwise protects from bumps and scrapes during falls. Care should be taken in selecting a helmet, as the weight could make falls worse or the shape might be unsuited for protecting from falls and might be pressed into the neck during impact.

Standing on a balance board is extremely dangerous for a person who is prone to dizziness or whose balance is impaired, such as by being tired or under the influence of alcohol or other drugs.

References

External links

 A Guide to Balance Boards That Rock, Wobble and Roll

Sports equipment
Exercise equipment
Boardsports
Circus equipment
Articles containing video clips

Balance board


The Región Autónoma del Atlántico Sur is an independent part of Nicaragua. It is often simply known as RAAS. Its capital is Bluefields. It was made when new regions were formed in Nicaragua in 1989. The old region was turned into Atlántico Sur and Atlántico Norte. The capital of Atlántico Norte is Puerto Cabezas. There is also a popular tourist place called Corn Island, which is about 45 km from the capital Bluefields

Geography of Nicaragua

Región Autónoma del Atlántico Sur


Lora is one of the 51 Union Councils of Abbottabad District in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. Lora Union Council takes it name from the main village of area. The Local language is Hindko but Urdu is also universally understood. Lora is connected with Abbottabad by the Ghora Gali- Shah Maqsood road, the travelling time from Abbottabad is about 3 hours by Bus and two hours by car. Murree is about 22 km from Lora and can be reached in 40 mins.

Location
Lora is located at 33°52'60N 73°16'60E with a height of 1138 metres (3736 feet). It is in the southern part of Abbottabad District in Havelian Tehsil it is next to other Union Councils these are: Nara to the north, Nagri Totial to the north and east, Goreeni to the south, and Phallah to the west.

UC Lora is crossed by the Nadi Haro River (on which the Khanpur Dam is built). Locals grow seasonal crops such as maize (makai) and wheat (gandum).

Subdivisions
The Union Council of Lora is subdivided into the following areas: Ghari, Ghora, Dheri Kiala, Lora, Narhota, Noorpur, Seri and Thath Karam Shah.

Conditions
Lora has always been an important place and also a business hub of Circle Lora which consists of six union councils (Lora, Goreeni, Phallah, Nagri Tutial, Seer Sharqi and Seer Gharbi). It lies at the peripheral boundary of Abbottabad and many of the people work in Islamabad and Rawalpindi due to easy access by road through the Ghora Gali- Rawalpindi road. Some inhabitants also live and work as far away as Lahore and Karachi, and a number are also expatriates abroad, working in the Middle East and Europe. The area is quite prosperous and the people well-off, thanks to the comparatively better economic conditions and foreign currency remittances.

References

Union councils of Abbottabad District

Lora, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa


The Atari Lynx is a handheld video game console made by Atari. It was released in September 1989.

The Atari Lynx was the first handheld video game system to have color graphics. It was also the first to have a backlit display, which allows it to be played in a dark room.

The system failed due to low sales. It did not sell as well as Nintendo's Game Boy and Sega's Game Gear. The Atari Lynx had a new design model called the Atari Lynx 2 which was a smaller version of the Atari Lynx.

Handheld video games
Atari hardware

Atari Lynx


A grey market (or parallel market) is a market where goods are sold legally, but outside the commonly-used channels and at lower prices. They are sold without the permission of the manufacturer. Consumers buying grey market goods risk not having warranties honored. They risk getting user guides and software in the wrong language. Packages may not include all accessories needed for a particular market. Sometimes grey market goods are sold without packaging, user guides or needed accessories. There is usually no after-sale support for products. Grey market products are often sold via the Internet without charging customers any sales tax. Products sold by grey marketers generally sell for much less than authorized dealers. This causes a loss of tax revenue to governments.

References

Commerce

Grey market


Girl on the Edge is an American drama movie. It is based on the novel of the same name that is based on real life events. The movie is a direct-to-video production. It stars Taylor Spreitler. The movie was directed by Jay Silverman.

Awards:  48th Annual Worldfest-Houston International Film Festival 2015, Best Editing: Lauren Connelly

Independent Filmmakers Showcase 2015, Best Cinematography: Andrew Russo DP

Independent Filmmakers Showcase 2015, Best Actress: Taylor Spreitler

Plot
Hannah Green  is a troubled teenage girl. She drinks, does drugs and lies about her age on a dating website. She meets up with a stranger from the internet who assaults her. Her family decides to take her to a camp based on a Cheyenne principle called Maheo or higher being where girls of her age try to recover from their emotional trauma. Hannah is upset with this decision and does not want to go. At the camp Hannah forms healthy friendships with other girls of her age.  She is also guided by kind, caring counselors who introduce Hannah to a horse named Betsy, a difficult horse.  Hannah forms a bond with Betsy that allows her to heal. With the help of her new friends, the caring adults in her life and Betsy, we watch as Hannah and all of her friends move toward healing.  We also get the perspective of her father and stepmother as they try to heal from Hannah's trauma.

The movie is an excellent example of friendship, unconditional love from parents and love from community. It is an inspirational movie for teens and adults alike. It is geared for older teens as some of the topics are not suitable for younger audiences.

Cast of Characters
Taylor Spreitler - Hanna Green

Peter Coyote - Hank Taylor

Gil Bellows - Jake Green

Amy Price-Francis - Anne Green

Shane Graham - Tommy Miller

Elizabeth Pena - Esther

Amy Davidson - Ariel

2014 drama movies
American drama movies
English-language movies
Movies based on real life events
Movies set in California
Movies set in Los Angeles

Girl on the Edge


North America is a continent entirely within the Northern Hemisphere and almost all within the Western Hemisphere. It can also be described as a northern subcontinent of the Americas. It is bordered to the north by the Arctic Ocean, to the east by the Atlantic Ocean, to the southeast by South America and the Caribbean Sea, and to the west and south by the Pacific Ocean.

North America covers an area of about 24,709,000 square kilometers (9,540,000 square miles), about 16.5% of the Earth's land area and about 4.8% of its total surface. North America is the third-largest continent by area, following Asia and Africa, and the fourth by population after Asia, Africa, and Europe. In 2013, its population was estimated at nearly 579 million people in 23 independent states, or about 7.5% of the world's population, if nearby islands (most notably around the Caribbean) are included.

North America was reached by its first human populations during the last glacial period, via crossing the Bering land bridge approximately 40,000 to 17,000 years ago. The so-called Paleo-Indian period is taken to have lasted until about 10,000 years ago (the beginning of the Archaic or Meso-Indian period). The classic stage spans roughly the 6th to 13th centuries. The pre-Columbian era ended in 1492, with the beginning of the transatlantic migrations of European settlers during the Age of Discovery and the early modern period. Present-day cultural and ethnic patterns reflect interactions between European colonists, indigenous peoples, African slaves, immigrants, and the descendants of these groups.

Owing to Europe's colonization of the Americas, most North Americans speak European languages such as English, Spanish or French, and their states' cultures commonly reflect Western traditions.

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ဝင်ပထဝဳ

အမေရိကသၟဝ်ကျာ


George Crabbe (born Aldeburgh, Suffolk, 24 December 1754; died Trowbridge, Wiltshire, 3 February 1832) was an English poet and naturalist. His poem The Borough which describes life in a small town in Suffolk, inspired Benjamin Britten to compose his opera Peter Grimes.

Life
George Crabbe was born in Aldeburgh, Suffolk. His father was a tax collector. As a child he loved poetry. In 1768, he was apprenticed to a local doctor, but he did not learn much from him. In 1771 he changed masters and moved to Woodbridge. There he met Sarah Elmy, who was to become his wife. She had the patience to wait until he had finished his medical studies before marrying him. She encouraged him in his verse writing. In 1775 he published his first work: Inebriety. In 1780 he decided to give up being a doctor. He borrowed some money and went to London where he tried to become known as a poet. It took several years, during which time he became a clergyman. He became chaplain to the Duke of Rutland at Belvoir Castle in Leicestershire.

Crabbe became well-known when he wrote a poem called The Village (1783). It was a long poem which described life in the country as he had known it. In 1783, he married Sarah. In 1814, he became Rector of Trowbridge in Wiltshire, where he stayed. Now that he had a family he did not feel any more need to write poetry and so he wrote nothing for 22 years. He then wrote more poems about the village community, including The Borough (1810). By the time of his death, he was well known and a friend of William Wordsworth, Sir Walter Scott and other important literary figures of the time.

Crabbe also knew a lot about insects and made a detailed study of beetles.

Use in 20th century opera
Like George Crabbe, the composer Benjamin Britten (1913-1976) also came from Aldeburgh. When he was in America during World War II he read Crabbe's poem The Borough. It made him homesick and he decided to return to England. He wrote an opera Peter Grimes which was based on Crabbe's poem. It is one of the greatest operas of the 20th century.

References

1754 births
1832 deaths
English poets
English naturalists
Writers from Suffolk

George Crabbe


Xavier Petulengro (8 July 1878 - 16 June 1957), more often known as Gipsy Petulengro, was a British Romanichal horse trader, violinist, businessman, writer and broadcaster, known as the "King of the Gypsies".  He frequently broadcast on BBC radio in the 1930s and 1940s, and later wrote regular astrology columns in magazines as well as publishing his autobiography and several books on Romani lore.

Life
Details of his birth and childhood are uncertain.  Sources suggest that he was born in Rochdale, Lancashire, to a Romani family, and probably lived for part of his childhood near Galaţi in Romania, where his father traded Welsh ponies.  He also used the family names Walter Lloyd and Walter Smith.  According to his own autobiography, he was the grandson of Ambrose Smith (c.1804-1878), known as Jasper Petulengro, the semi-fictionalised subject of the books Lavengro and Romany Rye by George Borrow. In order to support this connection he antedated his birth to 1859.  The name 'Petulengro', comes from the Sanskrit 'Petul' meaning horseshoe and 'Engro' from the Romani meaning man or thing, hence 'Blacksmith'.

Unusually among Gypsies at the time, he learned to read and write, later claiming that this was due to the assistance of Admiral Arthur Wilson VC of the Royal Navy and his sister, but also with the help of a farmer's wife, Martha Clark, in Whitehaven, Cumberland, where the family spent several winters. As a young man he followed his father into the horse-trading business, and also served in the British army, allegedly signing up after getting involved in a fight with a gamekeeper.

In the 1920s, when living in Manchester, he was invited to help re-establish a tradition of Gypsy "parties" at Baildon in Yorkshire, which had taken place in the area for several centuries but which had died out after 1897. In 1929 the annual parties were revived, with 'real' Gypsies attending alongside local people dressed up in costume.

In the 1930s, he was regularly featured on BBC Radio's popular programme In Town Tonight, becoming known as "the famous broadcasting Gypsy". He also began writing articles on Gypsy lore and food for The Listener.  In 1935 he published his first book, Romany Remedies and Recipes, followed in 1937 by an autobiography, A Romany Life.  Both were published under the name Gipsy (sic) Petulengro. He also established a mail order business, Petulengro's Herbal Products in 1938 and this business was carried on by his grandson 'Paul Petulengro'  until 1991.

He was described as the "King of the Gypsies" in an account of a Romani wedding at Baildon in 1937 between his son Leon Petulengro and Illeana Smith. According to press reports at the time, Xavier Petulengro cut the hands of the couple to mingle their blood, and bound their wrists with a silk cord, as part of the ceremony. The wedding was covered by several newspapers and filmed by Pathé News for showing in cinemas. As "King of the Gypsies" he officiated at other traditional weddings.

After the Second World War he went on to write an astrology column, "Your Fate in the Stars", in the Sunday Chronicle national newspaper.  He died in Littlehampton, Sussex, on 16 June 1957, aged about 78. His funeral was held at Viney Hill, near Lydney in the Forest of Dean, Gloucestershire, which he had visited many times and where he had said he wished to be buried. The funeral was arranged in traditional Romanichal style, with about 100 mourners in traditional costumes and some 1,500 sightseers.

Heritage
After his death, Xavier Petulengro's business interests were continued by Leon Petulengro, who also became well known as a writer of popular astrology columns.

Bibliography
Romany Remedies and Recipes (1935)
Britain Through Gypsy Eyes (1937)
A Romany Life (1937)
Book of Mystery (1937)
Romany Love (1938)
Fanya (1938)

References

Farnell, Kim. "Xavier Petulengro" Astrology Quarterly Autumn 2021 16-20.

External links
 About the Petulengro Family

English Romani people
1878 births
1957 deaths
People from Rochdale
Romanichal
British astrologers
British radio personalities

Xavier Petulengro


Tempe is an American city in the central part of the southwestern state of Arizona. A spring training team plays baseball in Tempe in March. Grady Sizemore resides here when not playing baseball and traveling with his team. Tempe, Arizona is also home to Arizona State University and many businesses. It features attractions such as Tempe Town Lake and The Light Rail.

Tempe, Arizona

Tempe, Arizona


The Animal Flower Cave is located under the cliffs at North Point, St. Lucy, Barbados. It is the island's lone accessible sea cave. It was discovered by its seaward entrance in 1780 by two English explorers.
The cave stands six feet above the high water mark although it was formed at sea level. This has occurred because Barbados is rising at 1 inch per 1000 years.

There are coral steps which lead down through an opening in the roof (former blowhole) into the cave, these steps were built in 1912. Inside the cave, still found are some sea anemones, which are locally called animal flowers, whence the cave obtained its name.

Sea Anemone
The flower consists of tentacles that can sting and paralyze a passing fish in the larger variety of species. The tentacles retract into the stalk or stump for safety on contact with an alien object like a stick. The flower then waits a while before coming out of the stalk again to allow danger to pass.

Cave's floor
The cave has a coral floor which is estimated to be about 400,000 to 500,000 years old. Whereas the younger coral section above the main floor is about 126,000 years old. This dating was carried out by the German Geological Institute.
The swimming pool, as the guides call it, is in a chamber all by itself. The transparent and still water does not reveal its depth but looks deceptively shallow. The smooth floor of the cave, worn down by the water and the rubbing action of the coral rocks over time, has an undulating formation and the light lends a "magical quality" to this chamber. At certain times of the year and in bad weather, the caverns become filled with water and the entrance acts like a giant blowhole.

On calm days it is possible to swim in the natural rock pools in the cave or to view the Atlantic Ocean through the windows to the ocean (cave openings).

References

External links
The Animal Flower Cave, Fun Barbados (archived 2011)

Caves of Barbados
Saint Lucy, Barbados
Sea caves

Animal Flower Cave