A xylophone is a musical instrument that is part of the percussion family. It belongs to the group which is often called "pitched percussion" or tuned percussion because it can play different pitches and is a different way of expressing the sound that it creats. (notes). Xylophones have bars which are made of wood. People play the xylophone by hitting the bars with a mallet (a kind of drum stick). Each piece of wood is a different length, so they play different notes when they are hit. The bars are arranged like the keys of a piano. Underneath the bars there are long tubes, called resonators, which make the sound last longer.

The modern orchestral xylophone developed from xylophones found in Africa and Asia. It came as a folk instrument to countries in Central Europe. It was first used in an orchestra by Humperdinck in his opera Hansel and Gretel. It was also used by Saint-Saëns in his Danse macabre where it is supposed to sound like a skeleton, and in his Carnival of the Animals where it is supposed to sound like fossils.

Kyle Reilly will use the xylophone in the song "Island of Misfit Toys" for SATB choir and orchestra.

The xylophone is usually played so that the music sounds an octave higher than written. Because the sound is always very short the xylophone is often used for short solo tunes which are fast and dry.

The marimba is a kind of xylophone which has a softer sound and more bars, especially low notes. It is not often used in older orchestra music.

Xylophones and marimbas are usually played with two mallets, but it is possible for good players to play with four (two in each hand).

Related pages
 Vibraphone
 Glockenspiel

References
 The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Musical Instruments, Könemann

Percussion instruments

Xylophone


"The Billionaire of Dismal Downs" is the ninth episode of The life and times of Scrooge McDuck.

Plot
After finding gold, Scrooge buys the Whitehorse Bank and begins to build a financial empire. Scrooge goes back to Scotland where he tries to prove that he is a "real Scotsman" by playing in the "Scottish Games". Scrooge fails but he decides to install his matrices in Duckburg, on the Occidental coast. The episode ends with Scrooge and his sisters going to Duckburg.

DuckTales

The Billionaire of Dismal Downs


Genghis Khan (1 May 1162 – 25 August 1227) was a Mongol ruler who became one of the world's most powerful military leaders by uniting the various Mongol tribes and founding the Mongol Empire. He was a Mongol Emperor who was very successful in battles, conquering many other peoples such as the Jin Dynasty. He was a very strong and powerful emperor who occupied much of China and some surrounding countries of China. His children and his grandchildren started the largest empire in the world. Genghis Khan's grandson, Kublai Khan, was the first ever emperor of the Yuan Dynasty (1271–1368) in China.

Genghis Khan's real name was Temüjin which means iron worker. Because of his military success people referred to him as Genghis, meaning "Universe ruler". Many people were killed by his armies and he gained a reputation as a "brutal monster". Genghis Khan died in the Liupan Mountains in northwestern China, in Aug. 1227  His burial site is unknown.

Early life

Lineage
Temüjin was related on his father's side to Ambaghai and Qutula Khan who had headed the Mongol confederation. When the Chinese Jin Dynasty switched support from the Mongols to the Tatars in 1161, they destroyed Khabul Khan. Genghis's father, Yesügei (leader of the Borjigin and nephew to Ambaghai and Qutula Khan), emerged as the head of the ruling clan of the Mongols, but this position was contested by the rival Tayichi'ud clan, who descended directly from Ambaghai. When the Tatars grew too powerful after 1161, the Jin switched their support from the Tatars to the Keraits. When Yesügei was poisoned, Temüjin who was only 13, became leader.

Birth

Because of the lack of records, there is very little information about the early life of Temüjin. The few sources that provide insight into this period often conflict.

Temüjin was born in 1162 into an influential family who were part of a Mongol tribe near Burkhan Khaldun mountain and the Onon and Kherlen Rivers in modern-day Mongolia, not far from the current capital Ulaanbaatar. The Secret History of the Mongols reports that Temüjin was born with a blood clot grasped in his fist, a sign that he was destined to become a great leader. He was the second-oldest son of his father Yesükhei, a minor tribal chief of the Kiyad and an ally of Ong Khan of the Kerait tribe, and the oldest son of his mother Hoelun. According to the Secret History, Temüjin was named after a Tatar chieftain whom his father had just captured. The name also suggests that they may have been descended from a family of blacksmiths.

Yesükhei's clan was called Borjigin (Боржигин), and Hoelun was from the Olkhunut, the sub-lineage of the Onggirat tribe. Like other tribes, they were nomads. Because his father was a chieftain, Temüjin was of a noble background. After his death his third son Ogodei succeeded him. He had four queens, and Ogodei was born from his first wife.

Reputation
As a ruler, Genghis lowered taxes and got rid of taxes for doctors, teachers and priests.  He created the first international postal system.  His empire was not known to be greedy with their loot; instead he would spread the wealth among the conquering Mongolians.  Temujin eradicated torture, and held no prisoners; instead he merely killed his enemies.  In doing so, he became respected.  He completely re-made the feudal system to disregard people's ethnicity and instead based it on loyalty and accomplishments.  He gave his people religious freedom, unlike empires that limited their people to one religion.

These benefits were enjoyed by those who surrendered immediately to the Mongol invaders.  Those populations that resisted would be massacred as a warning to other towns and cities.  These massacres were a method of psychological warfare to terrify those not yet conquered. The terror endured, and helped color the historical portrayal of the Mongols.

Physical appearance
No accurate portraits of Genghis Khan exist, and any surviving depictions of him are considered to be artistic interpretations.  Persian historian Rashid-al-Din recorded in his "Chronicles" that the legendary "glittering" ancestor of Genghis was tall, long-bearded, red-haired, and green-eyed.  Rashid al-Din also described the first meeting of Genghis and Kublai Khan, when Genghis was shocked to find that Kublai had not inherited his red hair.  Also according to al-Din, Genghis's Borjigid clan had a legend involving their origins: it began as the result of an affair between Alan-ko and a stranger to her land, a glittering man who happened to have red hair and bluish-green eyes.  Modern historian Paul Ratchnevsky has suggested in his Genghis biography that the "glittering man" may have been from the Kyrgyz people, who historically displayed these same characteristics.  Controversies aside, the closest depiction generally accepted by most historians is the portrait currently in the National Palace Museum in Taipei, Taiwan (see picture above).

References

Other websites
"The History of Genghizcan the Great, First Emperor of the Antient Moguls and Tartars" is a very old book about Genghis Khan from 1722

1160s births
1227 deaths
Mongol emperors

Genghis Khan


James Milton Hayes MC (1884, Ardwick – 1940 Nice), known as J. Milton Hayes, was an English actor and poet, best known for his 1911 dramatic monologue "The Green Eye of the Yellow God", much parodied by his contemporary Stanley Holloway and later by The Goon Show. He also wrote and performed many other monologues.

During the First World War he was commissioned in the Manchester Regiment, 31 December 1915 and awarded the Military Cross in November 1917. In 1918 he was captured and was held as a prisoner of war at Mainz Citadel with, among others, John Ferrar Holms, Hugh Kingsmill and Alec Waugh.

In his book My Brother Evelyn and Other Profiles Waugh describes Hayes as "A North Country man; he was nearly forty; he was brisk, assured, purposeful, with his eye on the main chance. He was the first person I heard analyse success." He gives Hayes's account of the writing of the poem:
I wrote The Green Eye of the Little Yellow God in five hours, but I had it all planned out. It isn't poetry and it does not pretend to be, but it does what it sets out to do. It appeals to the imagination from the start: those colours, green and yellow, create an atmosphere. Then India, everyone has his own idea of India. Don't tell the public too much. Strike chords. It is no use describing a house; the reader will fix the scene in some spot he knows himself. All you've got to say is 'India' and a man sees something. Then play on his susceptibilities.<p>His name was Mad Carew. You've got the whole man there. The public will fill in the picture for you. And then the mystery. Leave enough unsaid to make paterfamilias pat himself on the back. 'I've spotted it, he can't fool me. I'm up to that dodge. I know where he went.' No need to explain. Then that final ending where you began. It carries people back. You've got a compact whole. 'A broken-hearted woman tends the grave of Mad Carew' They'll weave a whole story round that woman's life. Every man's a novelist at heart. We all tell ourselves stories. That's what you've got to play on.

In John Lennon's posthumously released track "Nobody Told Me", the mention of a "little yellow idol to the north of Katmandu" in Lennon's song alludes to the first stanza from the Hayes poem, which reads: "There's a one-eyed yellow idol to the north of Kathmandu."

Notes

External links

Verse by J. Milton Hayes

1884 births
1940 deaths
Manchester Regiment officers
Recipients of the Military Cross
World War I prisoners of war held by Germany
British World War I prisoners of war
British Army personnel of World War I
Military personnel from Lancashire

J. Milton Hayes


The Queen's Hall was a concert hall in Central London, England.  It opened in 1893.  It is best known for being where the Promenade Concerts were started by Robert Newman in 1895.

The Queen's Hall was built because London needed a new concert hall in the centre of the town.  It stood in Langham Place, just next to where BBC Broadcasting House stands today.  The Queen's Hall had seating for up to 3,000 people (including the orchestra).  The arena (downstairs) had removable seating.  The polished floor could be used for dancing.  The acoustics of the hall were excellent.  There was also a smaller hall, The Queen's Small Hall, which seated 500 people.  This was used for chamber music.  In later years it was used as a recording studio.  The architect who designed the hall was Thomas Edward Knightley.

The first time The Queen's Hall was used was on 25 November 1893 when Newman gave a children's party in the afternoon.  In the evening about 2000 ladies and gentlemen came to a concert given by the Band of the Coldstream Guards, which included vocal music, piano and organ solos.  At 11.00pm the seats in the arena were removed and the dancing began.  The official opening of the hall took place on 2 December.  On 10 August 1895 the first Promenade concert was given with Henry Wood conducting.

On January 14, 1896, the first public movie show was given at the Queen's Hall to members and wives of the Royal Photographic Society.

The seats were uncomfortable because there was not enough leg room, so in 1913 and 1919 some changes were made, after which the hall could seat 2400 people.

From 1930 to 1941, the BBC Symphony Orchestra regularly gave broadcast concerts in the hall.  Arturo Toscanini, who guest conducted the orchestra during the 1930s, made  some famous recordings in the Queen's Hall in the late 1930s.

On 10 May 1941 (during the World War II)  the Royal Choral Society gave a concert in the Queen's Hall with the London Symphony Orchestra.  They performed Elgar's oratorio Dream of Gerontius under the conductor Sir Malcolm Sargent.  It was the last concert ever given there because, later that night, the hall was completely destroyed by bombs.

After the destruction of Queen's Hall, the BBC Symphony Orchestra moved its broadcast concerts and recording sessions to Bedford School.  Among the great recordings made at the school was Sir Adrian Boult's recording of Elgar's second symphony.  The Proms continued in the Royal Albert Hall.  They also took place in Bristol and Bedford, but after the war they settled in the Royal Albert Hall where they continue today.

Concert halls in London

Queen's Hall


Gray Matter is a point-and-click adventure game designed by Jane Jensen, creator of the Sierra Entertainment Gabriel Knight series. The game was developed by Wizarbox and published by DTP Entertainment for Microsoft Windows and Xbox 360. It was released in November 2010 in Continental Europe and in English-speaking territories in 2011.

The game takes place in Oxford and, to a lesser extent, in London. It follows the story of Samantha Everett, a street performer and magician, and Professor David Styles, an acclaimed and mysterious neurobiologist.

Gameplay

The game is played entirely with the mouse in the case of the PC version (point-and-click). The cursor is contextual, meaning that it will change automatically to actions such as "Talk to...", "Pick up...", and so on, depending on the object (and state of the object) it is hovering over at the time. Item labels may be toggled at any time.

The game is divided into eight chapters (whereas the first and third Gabriel Knight games [the second game, The Beast Within, has a structure similar to Gray Matter] were divided into "days"). Each chapter requires completion of certain objectives. Bonus objectives are also available for every chapter but are not required to advance the main story.

Puzzles include riddles, word games, visual puzzles, mazes, and magic tricks. As an aspiring magician, Sam often adapts tricks out of her magician's handbook to the situation at hand. The tricks vary from creating misdirection to using gimmicks or taking or planting objects through sleight of hand. If each required step is not performed correctly, the player has the opportunity to redo the trick from the last correct step.

The player controls Dr. David Styles in chapters 3,5 and 7, and Samantha Everett in the rest.

Plot
The opening scene of the game depicts Sam riding her motorcycle in the rain in the countryside while traveling to London, and accidentally being redirected to Oxford because of a broken street sign. Her bike breaks down, forcing her to take shelter in Dread Hill, a nearby mansion where David resides. She poses as an Oxford student responding to Styles' request for a research assistant.

Eventually, Sam is ordered to recruit six students as test subjects for David's research. Through clever manipulation and magic tricks, Sam manages to find four students willing to volunteer for the experiment. The professor recalls her to Dread Hill, letting her know that he found a fifth candidate and making Sam herself the sixth.

As the game progresses, Sam learns about the professor's past, his research on the paranormal, the prestigious members-only Daedalus magic club, a series of bizarre events that take place at Oxford University, and how these elements are connected.

Development and release
Gray Matter was originally announced in 2003 as Project Jane-J and slated for release in 2004. The game was put on hold in 2004 and later revived by a German publisher Anaconda in 2006 for release in 2007 and then 2008. In 2008, development was moved from Hungarian Tonuzaba to French Wizarbox, delaying the game further. The game was released in Germany on 12 November 2010 and in Spain on 19 November, and was released in North America and Europe in February 2011 and in Australia in March.

A Wii version of the game was tentatively planned but never produced.

The collector's edition includes a metal game box, a CD with the game soundtrack (score and songs by Robert Holmes), a deck with Gray Matter playing cards, 5 exclusive postcards with artwork from the game, and a double-sided poster. This edition is available only in German.

Reception

The PC version received above-average reviews according to the review aggregation website Metacritic. Adventure Classic Gaming said of the same PC version, "For the rest of gamers who opt to evaluate this game on its own merits, Gray Matter is a game that can easily measure up against the best of what the genre can offer. Gray Matter succeeds not because of its pedigree but because of what it can deliver." Most of the criticisms of the game are directed at the quality of the cutscenes, which are considered out of keeping with the quality of the rendered graphics. Official Xbox Magazine UK gave the Xbox 360 version an unfavorable review, criticising the clunky interference and "patronising" depiction of England. The A.V. Club praised the puzzles and writing of the PC version and called it "the best traditional adventure game in a decade".

References

External links

2010 video games
Adventure games
Cancelled Wii games
DTP Entertainment games
Games for Windows
Point-and-click adventure games
Single-player video games
Spiders (company) games
University of Oxford in fiction
Video games about psychic powers
Video games developed in France
Video games featuring female protagonists
Video games set in 2005
Video games set in London
Video games set in Oxford
Windows games
Wizarbox games
Works about magic (illusion)
Xbox 360 games

Gray Matter (video game)


Kampen is a neighborhood in Oslo, Norway. It is located Gamle Oslo borough, between Tøyen, Hasle, Vålerenga and Galgeberg.

History
The name may come from kamp, meaning outcrop, though it may also come from a military campment. During the 18th century, the home guard had military practices at Kampen. The area belonged to the farms Bergsløkken and Oslo Ladegård, before being parcelled up in 1820. A wooden suburb was built between the city expansions—meaning acquisitions of territory belonging to Aker municipality—of 1859 and 1878. Part of the wooden housing burned down in 1879, and was replaced with brick block housing and Kampen Church. The northern part of Kampen has many brick buildings from the 1930s, though the wooden housing still dominates in other parts. There was a controversy related to demolition and rebuilding in Brinken during the 1980s.

Neighbourhoods of Oslo
Gamle Oslo

Kampen, Norway


Dmitri Trofimovich Shepilov (, Dmitrij Trofimovič Šepilov;  – 18 August 1995) was a Soviet economist, lawyer and politician who served as Minister of Foreign Affairs.  He joined the abortive plot to oust Nikita Khrushchev from power in 1957, and was denounced and removed from power.  Rehabilitated after Khrushchev's downfall, he lived a largely obscure retirement.

Early Career
Dmitri Shepilov was born in Askhabad in (current capital of Turkmenistan) the Transcaspian Oblast of the Russian Empire in a working-class family of Russian ethnicity. He graduated from the Law School of the Moscow State University in 1926 and was sent to work in Yakutsk, where he worked as a deputy prosecutor and acting prosecutor for Yakutia. In 1928–1929 Shepilov worked as an assistant regional prosecutor in Smolensk. In 1931–1933 Shepilov studied at the Institute of Red Professors in Moscow while simultaneously working as the "responsible secretary" of the magazine On the Agrarian Front. After graduating in 1933, Shepilov was made head of the political department of a sovkhoz. In 1935 he was made Deputy Chief of the Sector of Agricultural Science of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union.

In 1937 Shepilov became a Doctor of Science and was made the Scientific Secretary of the Institute of Economics of the Soviet Academy of Sciences. He also taught economics in Moscow's colleges between 1937 and 1941.

Shortly after the beginning of Operation Barbarossa, Shepilov joined the Soviet People's Militia (Narodnoe Opolcheniye) in July 1941 and was a Political commissar of its Moscow component during the Battle of Moscow in 1941–1942. In 1942–1943 he was the political commissar of the 23rd Guards Army and in 1944–1946 of the 4th Guards Army, ending the war with the rank of Major General. Between May 1945 and February 1946, Shepilov was one of the top Soviet officials in Vienna during the early stages of the Soviet occupation of eastern parts of Austria.

Post War
In February 1946, Shepilov was appointed deputy head of the Propaganda and Agitation Department of the Soviet Army's Main Political Directorate. On 2 August 1946 he became the head of the propaganda department of the main Communist Party daily Pravda.

In mid-1947, the head of the Propaganda and Agitation Department of the Communist Party Central Committee Georgy Aleksandrov and his deputies were subject to public criticism for being insufficiently vigilant and removed from their positions. Shepilov was appointed deputy chief of the Department on 18 September 1947. Since the new department head, Mikhail Suslov, had other responsibilities, Shepilov had almost complete control of the Department's day-to-day operations.

While in Moscow, Shepilov—famous for his near-eidetic memory, erudition and polished manners (reputedly, he could sing the whole of Tchaikovsky's opera The Queen of Spades from memory)—became an expert on Communist ideology and a protégé of Joseph Stalin's chief of Communist ideology Andrei Zhdanov. One of his first tasks was to assist Zhdanov in disciplining the Soviet Union's two greatest living composers, Dmitri Shostakovich and Sergei Prokofiev. He selected Shostakovich's Eighth and Ninth Symphonies and Prokofiev's opera War and Peace as the worst examples of what was wrong with Soviet music.

The appointment of Yuri Zhdanov, Andrei Zhdanov's son, to lead the Propaganda Department's Science Sector on 1 December 1947 put Shepilov in the delicate position of supervising his patron's son. The situation was made even more delicate by the fact that Yuri Zhdanov had just married Joseph Stalin's daughter Svetlana and the fact that Andrei Zhdanov, Stalin's closest advisor at the time, had many enemies in the Soviet leadership. When in April 1948 Shepilov approved Yuri Zhdanov's speech critical of Soviet biologist and Stalin favorite Trofim Lysenko, it started an intense political battle between Andrei Zhdanov on the one hand and his rivals who were using the episode to discredit Zhdanov.

On 1 July 1948, Zhdanov's main rival, Georgy Malenkov, took over at the Communist Party Secretariat while Zhdanov was sent on a two-month vacation, where he died. Shepilov, however, not only survived this change at the top, but even improved his position and was appointed as the next head of the Propaganda and Agitation Department on 10 July 1948. He also survived the next round of the intra-Party struggle associated with the removal and later execution of the Politburo member Nikolai Voznesensky. However, on 14 July 1949, he was censured by the Central Committee for allowing the Party's main theoretical magazine Bolshevik to publish  Voznesensky's book on economics back when Voznesensky was still in power.

In 1952 Stalin put Shepilov in charge of writing a new Soviet economics textbook based on Stalin's recently published treatise Economic Problems of Socialism in the USSR. On 18 November 1952, after the 19th Communist Party Congress, Shepilov was appointed editor-in-chief of Pravda.

Khrushchev's theoretician
After Stalin's death in March 1953, Shepilov became an ally and protégé of the new Soviet Communist Party leader Nikita Khrushchev, providing ideological support in the latter's struggle with the Soviet prime minister Georgy Malenkov. He was made a Corresponding Member of the Soviet Academy of Sciences the same year. While Malenkov argued in favor of producing more consumer goods, Shepilov emphasized the role of heavy and defense industries and characterized Malenkov's position as follows:

In February 1955 Malenkov was ousted as prime minister while Shepilov was elected one of the Secretaries of the Central Committee on 12 July 1955. He retained his Pravda post and became a senior Communist theoretician, contributing to Khrushchev's famous "secret speech" denouncing Stalin at the 20th Party Congress in February 1956.

Minister of Foreign Affairs
Even though his field was Marxist-Leninist theory, Shepilov soon began to branch out into foreign policy. In September 1954, he accompanied Khrushchev on a visit to China. In late May 1955 he accompanied Khrushchev and the new Soviet prime minister Nikolai Bulganin to Yugoslavia to end the confrontation between the two countries which had begun in 1947–1948. According to Veljko Mićunović, then a member of the Yugoslav leadership:

At a lunch with Tito in 1955, Khrushchev several times asked Shepilov to confirm an incident he had just described. "Shepilov would remove the table napkin," Micunovic recalled, "stand up from the table, and as though he were reporting officially, would reply: 'Just so, Nikita Sergeyevich!' and sit down again. I found such behavior on Shepilov's part most unusual, as I did Khrushchev's in tolerating it".

In July 1955 Shepilov traveled to Egypt for talks with the Egyptian leader Gamal Abdel Nasser and secured an arms deal, which meant de facto Soviet recognition of Egypt's military regime and paved the way for subsequent Soviet-Egyptian alliance. It also signaled the Soviet Union's new found flexibility in dealing with non-Communist Third World countries in marked contrast to the intransigence of Stalin's years. On 27 February 1956, after the Soviet Communist Party's 20th Congress, Shepilov was made a candidate (non-voting) member of the Central Committee's Presidium (the Politburo's name in 1952–1966).

On 1 June 1956, Shepilov replaced Vyacheslav Molotov as the Soviet foreign minister. He gave up his Pravda post, but remained a Secretary of the Central Committee until 24 December. In early June 1956 Shepilov went back to Egypt and offered Soviet assistance in building the Aswan Dam, which was eventually accepted after a competing American-World Bank offer was withdrawn in July 1956 in the context of general deterioration of Western-Egyptian relations.

On 27 July 1956, one day after Nasser announced the nationalization of the Suez Canal Company, Shepilov met the Egyptian ambassador to the Soviet Union and offered general support for Egypt's position, which Khrushchev made official in his 31 July speech. Although the Soviet Union, as a signatory to the Constantinople Convention of 1888, was invited to the international conference on the Suez issue to be held in London in mid-August, Shepilov at first hesitated to accept the offer. However, once the decision to go was made, he led the Soviet delegation at the conference. Although the conference adopted the American resolution on the internationalization of the Suez Canal 18 votes against 4, Shepilov succeeded in striking an alliance with India, Indonesia and the Dominion of Ceylon as directed by the Soviet leadership.

Shepilov represented the Soviet Union at the UN Security Council during the 1956 Hungarian Revolution and the Suez Crisis in October–November 1956, although all important political decisions were made by Khrushchev and other top Soviet leaders.

Post-Ministership and resignation
On 14 February 1957 Shepilov was once again made Secretary of the Central Committee responsible for Communist ideology and the next day, Andrei Gromyko replaced him as the Soviet foreign minister.

In his new capacity, Shepilov oversaw the Second Composers' Congress in March 1957, which re-affirmed the decision of the First Congress (January 1948) to denounce Dmitri Shostakovich and other formalist composers. While delivering his speech to musicians, Shepilov mispronounced the name of the 19th century composer Rimsky-Korsakov, putting the stress on the syllable 'sak', which inspired Shostakovich to compose, privately, a satirical cantata The Anti-formalist Rayok (Peepshow) later that year (published in 1989). Its leading characters, Edinitsyn, Dvoikin, and Troikin (Onesyn, Twokin and Threekin) are transparently caricatures of Stalin, Zhdanov, and Shepilov.  Shepilov also denounced jazz and rock music at the Congress, warning against "wild cave-man orgies" and the "explosion of basic instincts and sexual urges".

Shepilov was the only Central Committee Secretary to support an abortive plot to oust Khrushchev in June 1957, having reportedly joined the plot at the last moment when Lazar Kaganovich assured him that the plotters had a majority in the Presidium When Khrushchev prevailed at the Central Committee meeting, he was furious over what he saw as Shepilov's betrayal, and denounced him as 'Shepilov-who-joined-them'. Shepilov was ousted from the Central Committee on 29 June 1957 and vilified in the press as a member of the "Anti-Party Group" along with Molotov, Malenkov and Kaganovich, the only 3 other Soviet leaders whose participation in the coup attempt was made public at the time. Shepilov was friend of Marshal Georgy Zhukov and perhaps that was one of the reasons why a few months later Zhukov himself was removed from the office.

After losing his Central Committee positions, Shepilov was sent to Kyrgyzstan to head the Economics Institute of the local Academy of Sciences, but was soon demoted to deputy director. In 1960 he was recalled to Moscow, expelled from the Soviet Academy of Sciences and sent to the Soviet State Archive (Gosarkhiv) to work as a clerk, where he remained until his retirement in 1982. Following a second wave of denunciations of the "Anti-Party Group" at the 22nd Communist Party Congress in November 1961, Shepilov was expelled from the Communist Party on 21 February 1962. In 1976 he was allowed to re-join the Communist Party, but remained on the sidelines.

When Khrushchev was ousted as the Soviet leader in October 1964, Shepilov began working on his memoirs, a project which he continued intermittently until circa 1970. His papers were lost after his death at age 89 in Moscow, but were eventually found and published in 2001.

As a young man, Marion Barry chose "Shepilov" as his middle name.  It is said that this was done in honor of the Soviet politician, but the reasons have been disputed.

References

Bibliography

Autobiography

 Dmitrii Shepilov The Kremlin Scholar A Memoir of Soviet Politics Under Stalin and Khrushchev  Yale University Press, cop. 2007
In English
Speech at the 20th Congress of the C. P. S. U., 15 February 1956, Moscow, Foreign Languages Publishing House, 1956, 28 p.
The Suez Problem, Moscow, Foreign Languages Publishing House, 1956, 95p.
In Russian
Obshchestvennoe i lichnoe v kolkhozakh, 1939, 79p.
Velikij sovetskij narod, Moscow, 1947, 47p.
I. V. Stalin o kharaktere ekonomicheskikh zakonov sotsializma, Moscow, Gosudarstvennoe izdatel'stwo politicheckoj literatury, 1952, 35p.
Pechat' v bor'be za dal'nejshij pod'em sel'skogo hozyajstva, Moscow, Gosudarstvennoe izdatel'stvo politicheckoj literatury, 1954, 63p.
Za dal'nejshij rastsvet sovetskogo hudozhestvennogo tvorchestva, 1957, 31p.
Dmitry Shepilov. "Vospominaniia" in Voprosy istorii 1998, no. 4.
Шепилов Д.Т. Непримкнувший. Воспоминания Издательство «ВАГРИУС», 2001.
Biography
 K.A. Zalessky. Imperiya Stalina. Biograficheckij Entsiklopedicheskij slovar'. Moscow, Veche, 2000.

1905 births
1995 deaths
Corresponding Members of the USSR Academy of Sciences
Russian male journalists
Institute of Red Professors alumni
Moscow State University alumni
People from Ashgabat
People from Transcaspian Oblast
Members of the Secretariat of the 19th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
Members of the Secretariat of the 20th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
Candidates of the Presidium of the 20th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
Members of the Central Committee of the 19th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
Members of the Central Committee of the 20th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
Soviet Ministers of Foreign Affairs
Soviet newspaper editors
Turkmenistan people of Russian descent
Pravda people
Head of Propaganda Department of CPSU CC

Dmitri Shepilov


Chitral (or Chitrāl); was a former princely state of Pakistan and British India which ceased to exist in 1969. The area of the state now forms the Chitral District in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province. Shahzada Ghaziuddin (Prince of Nagar) was a graduate from Aligarh university India. he was the son of Shuja ul mulk (Mehtar of Chitral) He was highly intelligent man and due to his intelligence, bravery, kind, loving nature was highly recognised. He was given the jagir of Nagar, Ursoon, patai, sweer, arandu, ziarat etc. Nagar fort was the winter resort of H.H Sir Shuja Ul Mulk.

Former subdivisions of Pakistan
Pakistani princely states
Chitral District

Chitral (princely state)


Daine Klate (born 25 January 1985) is a retired South African football midfielder born in Port Elizabeth, Eastern Cape.
Football coach- Chippa United

Early life
Klate was raised in Gelvandale, a former coloured township in Port Elizabeth. He started playing football for his primary school in Gelvandale at the age of eight and continued with the sport in high school.

Club career
Like fellow South African international Elrio Van Heerden, Klate played for the Port Elizabeth-based amateur football club Glenville Celtic as a kid. At age 15, he moved to Gauteng to play for the Transnet School of Excellence. In 2002, he joined the Supersport United Feyenoord youth academy.

After being promoted to the club's first team as a 19-year-old in 2004, Klate owned the left-wing position at Supersport and made over 100 league appearances for the club. He was one of the key players of United's back-to-back Premiership wins in 2008, 2009 and 2010.

In 2010, he signed with the Orlando Pirates.

2010-11 season

Since Klate joined Pirates at the beginning of the 2010–11 season, some Pirates supporters believed him to have been the lucky charm that won the team trophies. In his first Knockout competition, the Pirates won the MTN 8 Cup via penalty shoot-outs in Durban against the Moroka Swallows. It was the first domestic trophy for Orlando Pirates since 2003. Since then, Orlando Pirates went on to win the treble that season, picking up the Nedbank Cup (defeating the Black Leopards 3–1 at the Mbombela Stadium) and the Pirates' third Premier Soccer League title. The previous league title for Orlando Pirates was in 2003. In this season, Orlando Pirates played all available official games in the season and lost the Telkom Knockout in the final against Kaizer Chiefs. Orlando Pirates also played all the finals that season. This title was the fourth in a row for Klate who had won three consecutively with his former team, Supersport United F.C.

2011-12 season

Klate and his teammates defended the MTN 8 Trophy by beating the Kaizer Chiefs 1–0 at the FNB Stadium via an Oupa Manyisa long-range effort in extra-time. Orlando Pirates won their first-ever Telkom Knockout Trophy against Wits 3–1, finished the season by successfully defending the league title, and won the second successive treble. This league title was Klate's fifth title in a row and made him the first player ever to win the league title in five consecutive seasons.

Klate joined legends Andre Arendse and the late Ace Ntsoelengoe as the only players to win the league title five times. The record is held by former Bafana Bafana captain Neil Tovey, who has won it six times.

Loan to SuperSport United F.C.

In 2015 Klate returned to SuperSport United after several meetings between his agent and Irvin Khoza. SuperSport United officially announced the signing of Klate from the Orlando Pirates. The Tshwane outfit announced the news on their official Twitter account.

International career
He made his national team debut in the CONCACAF Gold Cup quarterfinal against Panama on 16 July 2005 and has so far been capped ten times scoring one goal.

International Goals

Honours

Club

 Supersport United F.C.
 Premier Soccer League 2007–08, 2008–09, 2009–10
 ABSA Cup 2005
 SAA Supa 8 2004
 Orlando Pirates F.C.
 Premier Soccer League  2010–11, 2011–12
 MTN 8  2010, 2011
 Telkom Knockout 2011
 Nedbank Cup 2011,2014
 Bidvest Wits
 MTN 8  2016
 Premier Soccer League  2016–17

References

Carling black label 2011 & 2012 (Pirates)

External links

1985 births
South African men's soccer players
Living people
Sportspeople from Port Elizabeth
Men's association football midfielders
Cape Coloureds
South Africa men's international soccer players
2005 CONCACAF Gold Cup players
SuperSport United F.C. players
Orlando Pirates F.C. players
Bidvest Wits F.C. players
Chippa United F.C. players
South African Premier Division players
Soccer players from the Eastern Cape

Daine Klate


Tiny Wings is an iOS game developed by German game developer Andreas Illiger, released on February 18, 2011.

Gameplay
In Tiny Wings, the player takes control of a bird whose wings are too small to fly. The goal of the game is to use hills in order to gain speed as long as possible. This is done by tapping and holding the screen in order to make the bird dive. The game play mainly revolves around timing your taps so that the bird goes down hills and flies up them. The game's day trip version is separated into several islands, which have different layouts and change every 24 hours. The game features special goals that allow players to upgrade their nest, which adds a score multiplier usually X2. These challenges go around reaching specific islands or performing certain tricks a number of times in one game. The game's visuals change daily along with the islands' layouts.

Flight School
Flight School, a new mode that came out in version 2.0, is similar to normal gameplay, but it instead features a race between 4 young birds (which are siblings). The player can choose to control one of the birds while the rest of the birds are controlled by the CPU. The birds are listed here with their colors and are ranked according to their typical finishing positions The player can also change the birds' names.
 Flami – pink
 Peck – blue
 Peli – orange
 Owell – green

The goal in flight school is to reach mama bird first.
If you are faster than the other birds you'll get the fattest fish. To unlock the next island players must finish in 3rd, 2nd, or 1st place.
In 3rd place you'll get a small Blue fish, in 2nd place a medium-sized Cyan fish, and in 1st place you'll get the fattest Yellow fish. When a set of islands is completed by a bird, its nest is upgraded. This mode includes 2 new features: rubber flowers birds can bounce on, and water holes that slow down the birds.
The mama bird is dark green and is from the day trip mode.
Not all levels are in daytime levels. Levels 1-3 2-3 3-4 are all nighttime levels. They have a different song then the daytime levels.

Release
Tiny Wings was first released with one mode (called Day Trip after version 2). Version 2 was released as an update on July 12, 2012, and added a new mode, Flight School with of a race between 4 birds, one of which is used by the player. The levels in Flight School are divided into islands, with 5 tracks in each. There are 3 island tracks. They are Clown islands, Koi islands, and Orga islands. Also there will be more island tracks coming soon as updates. Flight School includes 2 new features on the islands. The July 2012 update also gives the ability to gift app.
The HD version (released at the same time as version 2) includes Hill Party as the 3rd chapter.

References

Other websites
 Official website
 Apple App Store

Mobile games
2011 video games
Adventure games
IOS games
Indie video games

Tiny Wings


The Epistle to the Galatians (or Galatians) is the forty-eighth book in the Bible (and ninth in the New Testament), written by the Apostle Paul. The book was written to the people of Galatia, a part of modern day Turkey, with whom Paul had earlier preached and founded the congregation in their area.

It is not known for sure, but most believe that the book was written around 57 A.D. One of the curious verses in the letter is where Paul says "See with what large letters I am writing this in my own hand". (Chapter 6, verse 11).  This is understood to mean that normally Paul used a secretary to write down as he spoke his letters.  However he wanted the Galatians to be sure it was he himself that was the author of the letter they would receive so he wrote a few lines himself. Some believe he had poor eyesight and so had to write with "large letters".

Content

Paul's letter is to settle an important question of that day.  It is if the gentile Christians must first join the Jewish religion and keep the Law of Moses. Paul says that the gentile Galatians do not need to keep the old Laws such as the need for  circumcision, which is the removal of some skin around the male sex organ, done by Jews and Muslims as an act of religious obedience to God. Paul says that this is no longer important since Jesus has come. Paul says it is not good that the community has turned from the gospel (Chapter 1, verses 6–10) He says there is only one gospel and one way of being saved through faith in Christ and that adding to that makes it another gospel. He talks about his early life as a Jew, (Chapter 1, verses 13–14), how he met Christ, often called the conversion of Paul, (Chapter 1, verses 15–16), and his early work (Chapter 1 verses 17–24). He tells about meeting with the other Christian leaders in Jerusalem as reported in Acts chapter 15, verses 2:1–10. He says that they agreed with him that the gentiles did not need to be become practicing Jews first. In Chapter 2 he tells about a meeting with Peter where he told Peter that he was not acting properly towards the gentile Christians by not eating with them. Then he says that Jews, like Gentiles, are not made right with God by keeping the old Law but by trusting in what Jesus did for them when He died on the cross. Later in the book he tells that the Law was given to show us how sinful we are so that we would see the need for forgiveness.  He says that when we love others we have fulfilled the true meaning of the Law. He writes that when we have faith, God sends the Holy Spirit who helps us live a good life and keep from bad things. He gives a list of those bad and good actions.  (Chapter 5)

Importance

The  Epistle to the Galatians has been very important in the history of Christianity, the development of Christian theology, and the study of the apostle Paul.

The book contains some of the most known Bible teachings, such as that all have need of salvation (Galatians 3:28-29), and the Fruits of the Spirit (Galatians 5:22-23).

References

Other websites
Galatians (KJV)
Galatians (NIV)

Pauline epistles
New Testament books

Epistle to the Galatians


Phil. Macquet (born October 8, 1967, at Lille, France) is a French painter. Inspired by the Street Art movement of the 1980s (Urban Art), he focused on the digital arts and adapted his stencil technique with new technologies to create large format on canvas.

Biography

1. Street Art

The first stencil of Phil. Macquet and his sidekick François Duquenne appeared in the streets of Lille in 1984. The duo became known under the pseudonym Dr. Table and were noticed by Chritoph Maisenbacher, the agent of many European street artists. In 1991, their first stencil artwork was ordered by the museum of Charleville-Mézières to commemorate the 100th anniversary of the death of French poet Rimbaud's.

2. Studies
In parallel to his (night) life as a stencil artist, Phil. Macquet began studying at the faculty of Fine Arts of Lille, and then at the Sorbonne in Paris where he mastered in Art and Image technology. During this time he continued his researches at the ENS of Cachan.

3. From spray to pixel
In the 90s, the development of digital permitted to Phil. Macquet to extend his artwork to a new stencil dimension. He abandons the spray and chose the pixel as his raw material.

4. From Canvas to augmented painting
It was during the 2000s, that the advent of mobile technology allows the artist to materialize his researches to exceed the limits of his artwork support and develop augmented painting. He experienced his art pieces in a new, animated way through creative applications.

Works

1. Pixelize me
From the street to the studio, Phil. Macquet creates digital compositions devoted to keeping their urban style be it in the artwork media (large tarps), in the choice of the subject (Rock music, skateboard, underground lifestyle, social utopia...), and in the pictorial references (simplicity of shapes, intensity of colors and use of attractive, powerful and symbolic images).

2. Collections and public orders
Phil. Macquet is known for his portrait artworks (Diane von Fürstenberg or Paul Smith) and his big size canvas in the heart of the city (Skate, 30 m2, 2007, Lille's sliding hall within the context of « One Two ! One Two Exhibition »).

3. Street Digital
The « Street Digital » term was born during the exhibition of Phil. Macquet work at Miami international Art Basel art fair in 2013 in which he mixed and blended canvas, stencil and digital apps to interact and form a mix between urban art and augmented reality.

References

External links

Official websites:
 (fr) www.macquet.net
 (uk) www.macquet.com
 (ru) ru.macquet.com

21st-century French painters
French male painters
Living people
1967 births

Phil. Macquet


Daniel De Leon (; December 14, 1852 – May 11, 1914), alternatively spelt Daniel de León, was a Curaçaoan-American  socialist newspaper editor, politician, Marxist theoretician, and trade union organizer. He is regarded as the forefather of the idea of revolutionary industrial unionism and was the leading figure in the Socialist Labor Party of America from 1890 until the time of his death. De Leon was a co-founder of the Industrial Workers of the World and much of his ideas and philosophy contributed to the creations of Socialist Labor parties across the world, including: Australia, the United Kingdom, Canada, and the Socialist Trade and Labor Alliance.

Biography

Early life and academic career
Daniel De Leon was born December 14, 1852, in Curaçao, the son of Salomon de Leon and Sarah Jesurun De Leon. His father was a surgeon in the Royal Netherlands Army and a colonial official. Although he was raised Catholic, his family ancestry is believed to be  Dutch Jewish of the Spanish and Portuguese community; "De León" is a Spanish surname, oftentimes toponymic, in which case it can possibly indicate a family's geographic origin in the Medieval Kingdom of León.

His father lived in the Netherlands before coming to Curaçao when receiving his commission in the military. Salomon De Leon died on January 18, 1865, when Daniel was twelve and was the first to be buried in the new Jewish cemetery.

De Leon left Curaçao on April 15, 1866, and arrived in Hamburg on May 22. In Germany he studied at the Gymnasium in Hildesheim and in 1870 began attending the University of Leiden in the Netherlands. He studied medicine at Leiden and was a member of the Amsterdam student corps, but did not graduate. While in Europe he had become fluent in German, Dutch, French, English, ancient Greek and Latin, in addition to his first language Spanish. Sometime between 1872 and 1874 he emigrated to New York, with his wife and mother. There he found work as an instructor in Latin, Greek and mathematics at Thomas B. Harrington's School in Westchester, New York. In 1876 he entered Columbia College, now Columbia University, earning an LLB with honors 1878.

From 1878 to 1882, he lived in Brownsville, Texas, as a practicing attorney, then returned to New York. While he maintained an attorney's office until 1884 he was more interested in pursuing an academic career at his alma mater, Columbia. A prize lectureship had been created in 1882. To be eligible a candidate had to be a graduate of Columbia, a member of the Academy of Political Science and read at least one paper before the academy. The three year appointment came with a $500 annual salary ($ in  terms) and required the lecturer to give twenty lectures a year, based on original research, to the students of the School of Political Science. De Leon devoted his lectures to Latin American diplomacy and the interventions of European powers in South American affairs. He received his first term in 1883 and his second term in 1886. In 1889 he was not kept on. Some allege that the University officials denied him a promised full professorship because of his political activities, while other believe that his subject was too esoteric to be a permanent part of the curriculum.

De Leon published no papers about Latin America during this period, but he did contribute an article to the debut issue of the Academy's Political Science Quarterly on the Berlin West Africa Conference. He also wrote reviews on Franz von Holtzendorff's Handbuch des Völkerrechts in June 1888 and its French translation in March 1889 for the same publication.

Personal life

De Leon traveled back to Curaçao to marry the 16-year-old Sarah Lobo from Caracas, Venezuela. The Lobo were a prominent Jewish family in the area that lived in both the Dutch Antilles and  Venezuela. After a traditional Jewish wedding in Caracas the family moved to a Spanish speaking area of Manhattan, at 112 West 14th street where their first son, Solon De Leon would be born on September 2, 1883. By the mid to late 1880s the family was living in the Lower East Side. In 1885 or 1886 another child, Grover Cleveland De Leon was born but only lived a year and a half. On April 29, 1887, Sarah Lobo De Leon died in childbirth while delivering stillborn twins; it was the same year that Grover had died. After this the De Leons left the Lower East Side and moved in with their housekeeper Mary Redden Maguire at 1487 Avenue A.

In 1891, while on a speaking tour around the country for the SLP, De Leon found himself in Kansas when he learned that a planned speaking engagement in Lawrence had been canceled. He decided to head to Independence, Kansas, where he had been advised there was some sympathy for the socialist movement. He arrived on April 23 and was hosted by a 26-year-old school teacher, Bertha Canary, who was the head of a local Bellamyite group, the Christian Socialist Club. Canary was familiar with De Leon, having read some of his articles in the Nationalist Club movement press, and the two apparently became infatuated with each other. She was a member of a Congregational Church and in 1892 they were married in South Norwalk, Connecticut. They had five children: Florence, Gertrude, Paul, Donald and Genseric. He named the latter, according to Solon De Leon, after the medieval king Genseric, a Vandal who made the Pope kiss his toes.

Political career
De Leon settled in New York City, studying at Columbia University. He was a Georgist socialist during the 1886 Mayoral campaign of Henry George and in 1890 joined the Socialist Labor Party, becoming the editor of its newspaper, The People. He quickly grew in stature inside the party and in 1891, 1902, and 1904 he ran for the governorship of the state of New York, winning more than 15,000 votes in 1902, his best result.

De Leon became a Marxist in the late 1880s, and argued for the revolutionary overthrow of capitalism, trying to divert the SLP away from its Lassallian outlook. Some argue that his famous polemic with James Connolly showed him to have been an advocate of Ferdinand Lassalle's subsistence theory of wages. Others question this assertion because by the same logic Marx and Engels could be described as advocates of the Iron Law because language in The Communist Manifesto and Value, Price and Profit pertaining to the level of wages and temporary effect of union activity on working conditions is similar to the language used by De Leon in his answer to Connolly, and the 'iron law of wages' is a Malthusian theory which De Leon did not indicate any support for.

De Leon was highly critical of the trade union movement in America and described the craft-oriented American Federation of Labor as the "American Separation of Labor". At this early stage in De Leon's development, there was still a considerable remnant of the general unionist Knights of Labor in existence, and the SLP worked within it until being driven out. This resulted in the formation of the Socialist Trade and Labor Alliance (ST&LA) in 1895, which was dominated by the SLP.

By the early 20th Century, the SLP was declining in numbers, with first the Social Democratic Party and then the Socialist Party of America becoming the leading leftist political force in America (as these splinter groups embraced capitalist reforms). De Leon was an important figure in the US labor movement, and in 1904 he attended the International Socialist Congress, held in Amsterdam. Under the influence of the American Labor Union (ALU), he changed his politics around this time to put more focus on industrial unionism, and the ballot as a purely destructive weapon, in contrast to his earlier view of political organization as 'sword' and industrial union as 'shield'. He worked with the ALU in the founding of the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) in 1905. His participation in this organization was short-lived and acrimonious.

De Leon later accused the IWW of having been taken over by what he called disparagingly 'the bummery'. De Leon was engaged in a policy dispute with the leaders of the IWW. His argument was in support of political action via the Socialist Labor Party while other leaders, including founder Big Bill Haywood, argued instead for direct action. Haywood's faction prevailed, resulting in a change to the Preamble which precluded "affiliation with any political party." De Leon's followers left the IWW to form a rival Detroit-based IWW, which was renamed the Workers' International Industrial Union in 1915, and collapsed in 1925.

Death and legacy

De Leon was formally expelled from the Chicago IWW after calling proponents of that organization "slum proletarians". His Socialist Labor Party has remained influential, largely by keeping his ideas alive.

De Leon died on May 11, 1914, of Septic Endocarditis at Mount Sinai Hospital in Manhattan, New York.

Daniel De Leon proved hugely influential to other socialists, also outside the US.  For example, in the UK, a Socialist Labour Party was formed.  De Leon's hopes for peaceful and bloodless revolution also influenced Antonio Gramsci's concept of passive revolution. George Seldes quotes Lenin saying on the fifth anniversary of the revolution, "... What we have done in Russia is accept the De Leon interpretation of Marxism, that is what the Bolsheviki adopted in 1917."

Electoral history

De Leon ran in 1891 for Governor of New York and received 14,651 votes. He ran in 1893 for Secretary of State of New York and received 20,034 votes. He ran again in 1902 for Governor and received 15,886 votes. He ran in 1903 for the New York Court of Appeals. He ran again in 1904 for Governor and received 8,976 votes.

Works
 Reform or Revolution?, speech, 1896.
 What Means This Strike?, speech, 1898.
 Socialism vs Anarchism, speech, 1901.
 The Mysteries of the People, a series of 19 novels translated from Eugène Sue's text, 1904.
 Two Pages from Roman History
 The Burning Question of Trade Unionism
 Preamble of the IWW, later renamed The Socialist Reconstruction of Society.
 DeLeon Replies ... (short essay, 1904)

Notes
Notes

Citations

Further reading
 Stephen Coleman, Daniel De Leon, Manchester, England: Manchester University Press.
 W.J. Ghent, "Daniel De Leon" in Dictionary of American Biography. New York: American Council of Learned Societies, 1928-1936.
 Lewis Hanke The first lecturer on Hispanic American diplomatic history. Durham, N.C., 1936 (Reprinted from The Hispanic American historical review, vol. XVI, no. 3, August, 1936)
 Frank Girard and Ben Perry, Socialist Labor Party, 1876-1991: A Short History. Philadelphia: Livra Books, 1991.
 David Herreshoff, "Daniel De Leon: The Rise of Marxist Politics," in Harvey Goldberg ed. American Radicals: Some Problems and Personalities. New York, Monthly Review Press, 1957.
 American Disciples of Marx: From the Age of Jackson to the Progressive Era. Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1967.
 Olive M. Johnson, Daniel De Leon, American Socialist Pathfinder. New York: New York Labor News Company, 1923.
 Olive M. Johnson and Henry Kuhn, The Socialist Labor Party: During Four Decades, 1890-1930.  Part 1. Part 2. New York: New York Labor News Company, 1931.
 Charles A. Madison, "Daniel De Leon: Apostle of Socialism," Antioch Review, vol. 5, no. 3 (Autumn 1945), pp. 402–414. In JSTOR
 Arnold Petersen, Daniel DeLeon: Social Architect. New York: New York Labor News Company, 1942.
 Leonid Raiskii, Daniel De Leon; the struggle against opportunism in the American labor movement, New York: New York Labor News Co., 1932.
 Carl Reeve, The Life and Times of Daniel De Leon. New York:AIMS/Humanities Press, 1972.
 L. Glen Seratan, Daniel DeLeon: The Odyssey of an American Marxist, Cambridge, MA: [Harvard University Press, 1979.
 "Daniel De Leon as American," Wisconsin Magazine of History, vol. 61, no. 3 (Spring 1978), pp. 210–223. In JSTOR.
 Daniel De Leon: The Man and his Work: A Symposium. New York: National Executive Committee, Socialist Labor Party, 1919.
 Golden jubilee of De Leonism, 1890-1940: Commemorating the Fiftieth Anniversary of the Founding of the Socialist labor party. New York: National Executive Committee, Socialist Labor Party, 1940.
 Fifty years of American Marxism, 1891-1941: Commemorating the Fiftieth Anniversary of the Founding of the Weekly People. New York: National Executive Committee, Socialist Labor Party, 1940.
 The Vatican in Politics: Ultramontanism, New York Labor News Company 1962

External links

 Socialist Labor Party official website.
 Daniel De Leon Internet Archive at the Marxists Internet Archive.
 Deleonism.org

1852 births
1914 deaths
Curaçao emigrants
Immigrants to the United States
Curaçao Jews
American Sephardic Jews
Industrial Workers of the World members
Jewish socialists
Libertarian Marxists
Libertarian socialists
Marxist theorists
American Marxists
American newspaper editors
American syndicalists
American communists
American people of Dutch-Jewish descent
American people of Spanish-Jewish descent
Dutch emigrants to the United States
Columbia College (New York) alumni
Columbia University faculty
Socialist Labor Party of America politicians from New York (state)
19th-century American Sephardic Jews
20th-century American Sephardic Jews
Socialist Labor Party of America
19th-century American politicians
New York (state) socialists
Trade unionists from New York (state)
Deaths from endocarditis
Infectious disease deaths in New York (state)
19th-century Sephardi Jews
19th-century American Jews

Daniel De Leon


Wolfgang Langhoff (6 October 1901 in Berlin, German Empire – 26 August 1966 in Berlin, German Democratic Republic) was a German theatre, film and television actor and theatre director.

Early career

From 1923 Langhoff worked at the Thalia Theater in Hamburg, and in Wiesbaden. In 1926 he married the actress Renata Edwina Malacrida, who bore him two children, Thomas (1938-2012) and Matthias (1942). From 1928 to 1932 he played at the Schauspielhaus in Düsseldorf and then from 1932 to 1933 at the Grand Theatre in Düsseldorf. Langhoff was involved at this time with the German Communist Party and was the artistic director of the agitprop troupe "ran northwest," founded in 1930, which performed at union events. The dancer Hilarius Gilges was one its members.

Langhoff was arrested by the Gestapo in February 1933 and initially detained in the Düsseldorf jail, where he was subjected to severe torture by the SA. A few days later he was transferred to the "Ulmer Höh" prison. In July 1933 he was taken to concentration camp Börgermoor, in Emsland.  While there he revised a song lyric written by Johann Esser, creating what was later to become the famous protest song Peat Bog Soldiers (Moorsoldaten). The melody was composed by another prisoner, Rudi Goguel.  After the transfer to the Lichtenburg concentration camp, Langhoff was released as part of the so-called Easter amnesty in 1934. Overall, Langhoff spent 13 months in prisons and concentration camps.

Three months later – in June of that year – he fled to Switzerland, just before closure of the border. At the Schauspielhaus in Zurich, he found shelter and work as a director and actor. In 1935, he published the autobiographical memoir Rubber truncheon. Being an account of thirteen months spent in a concentration camp. After it was translated by Lilo Linke into English it became one of the first internationally known eyewitness accounts of brutality in the Nazi concentration camps. Langhoff was a founding member of the Free Germany Movement in Switzerland.

As an actor
Langhoff played Eilif in the first production of Bertolt Brecht's Mother Courage and Her Children, which opened at the Schauspielhaus Zürich on 19 April 1941. He also performed in the first production of Brecht's Life of Galileo, which also opened at the Schauspielhaus Zürich, on 9 September 1943.

He played Ernst Mehlin in Konrad Wolf's film Genesung (1956), von Geir in Nikola Korabov's Tyutyun (1962), and Professor Holt in Joachim Kunert's Die Abenteuer des Werner Holt (1965); he also appeared in Kurt Maetzig and Günter Reisch's Das Lied der Matrosen (1958). On television, he appeared in Hans-Joachim Kasprzik's mini-series Wolf Among Wolves (1965).

As a director

It is on the strength of his productions of classical texts at the Deutsches Theater in Berlin, a theatre which he led from 1946 to 1963, that Langhoff's fame as a director rests. His notable productions there include: Goethe's Faust (1949 and 1954, productions in which he also played Mephisto) and Egmont (1951), Schiller's Don Carlos (1952), Shakespeare's King Lear (1957) and Lessing's Minna of Barnhelm (1960).

Place of burial
Langhoff and his wife are buried in the 'Zentralfriedhof', made famous by Wolf Biermann's song 'Friedhof der Hugenotten'.  Biermann's song refers to Langhoff, as well as to Hanns Eisler, who arranged the music of 'Moorsoldaten', and is also buried there.

See also
 The German-language Wikipedia Article on Wolfgang Langhoff

References

1901 births
1966 deaths
Male actors from Berlin
Cultural Association of the GDR members
Members of the Provisional Volkskammer
Union of Persecutees of the Nazi Regime members
German theatre directors
German male stage actors
German male film actors
German male television actors
20th-century German male actors
Lichtenburg concentration camp survivors
Börgermoor concentration camp survivors
German expatriates in Switzerland
Recipients of the National Prize of East Germany
Recipients of the Patriotic Order of Merit in silver
Recipients of the Banner of Labor

Wolfgang Langhoff


Particle physics is a branch of physics that studies tiny pieces of elements, known as particles. These particles are extremely small pieces that build up the world around us. They are best described in the language of math: calculus, the imaginary number, and group theory (which describes symmetry).

Fundamental forces
Particles can carry fundamental forces. For example, the electromagnetic force is carried by photons. The four fundamental forces are responsible for almost everything in all of physics. These fundamental forces are gravity, electromagnetism,  weak interaction, and  strong interaction.

The Standard Model
One of the important concepts of particle physics is called the Standard Model. The Standard Model is a theory that tries to explain the fundamental forces. The Standard Model combined with general relativity is currently the most accepted explanation of how the universe works.

The Standard Model is known to have problems. For example, it explains three of the four forces very well, but it cannot explain gravity. This is why general relativity, a different theory that explains where gravity comes from, needs to be included for physicists to explain the universe. There is a lot of work to improve the theory and/or find a better theory that is being done. This work is often called theoretical particle physics because it is about building better theories of particles. Theoretical particle physicists make theories to try to improve the Standard Model. One example of this is how many theories predict undiscovered particles.

Collider
Physicists find out about particles by studying collisions between different particles. A good analogy of how physicists study particles through colliding is the car crash example. Imagine a person who wanted to look inside cars. By crashing two cars together at very high speeds, we can break the cars apart and see inside. In the same way, physicists crash two particles together to break them and study the inside.

If particles are moving at very high speeds, some of them will break apart when they collide. When they break, they create new smaller particles. These particles are very hard to find and detect because they decay (change into lighter particles) very quickly. Modern particle physics involves colliding particles together very energetically to create new particles inside a particle accelerator. This is called high-energy physics, due to the large amount of energy needed.

However, many particles do not simply break apart, such as electrons. Because it does not break apart, the electron is called a fundamental particle. If you were to smash two super-fast electrons against each other, they would not break, but instead, they might create more particles around them without breaking (this is another form of decay, known as a hadron jet). The Standard Model says that there are 17 types of fundamental particles, but there are 61, because most can be created out of antimatter, and some can have a color charge.

Application

Particle physics can help us learn about the early universe because conditions that are similar to the early universe (which was a much more energetic place than it is now) can be made in a small volume of space using the collisions of these particles. The biggest particle accelerator in the world is the Large Hadron Collider at CERN in Europe.

Nuclear physics

Particle physics


Dubna () merupakan satu pekan dalam daerah Taldomsky, Moscow Oblast, Russia, pekan paling utara di Oblast Moscow. Populasinya mengikut bancian pada 2002 ialah 60,951 penduduk.

Geografi
Pekan ini terletak kira-kira 125 km di utara Moscow, di tempat pertemuan Terusan Moscow dengan Sungai Volga, di hilir Takungan Ivankovskoye. The reservoir is formed by a hydroelectric dam across the Volga situated within the town limits. The town is located on both banks of the Volga, and the dam serves as the only bridge.

The public transport connections to Moscow include express trains, suburban trains and bus shuttles departing from the Savyolovskiy Rail Terminal.

Altitude above sea level: 187 m.

Sejarah
Dubna was founded in 1956, together with the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research (JINR), a large international research laboratory involved mainly in particle physics, heavy ion physics, transuranium elements and radiobiology. The name of element 105, Dubnium, is derived from the name of the town. One can find street names related to physics, for example Kurchatov Street and Bogolyubov Street. JINR was initially the main employer in the town but its role has been gradually decreasing with the appearance of many industrial enterprises.

Trivia
The world's largest statue of Vladimir Lenin is located in Dubna at the confluence of the Volga and the Moscow Canal. The statue, which was built in the 1930s, is 15m high. The accompanying statue of Joseph Stalin of the same size was demolished in 1963 during the period of destalinization.

Pautan luar
 Laman rasmi
 Laman rasmi
 Laman tidak rasmi
 Sejarah Dubna

Bandar di Rusia
Pusat kajian nuklear

Dubna


Pencho Petkov Slaveykov () (27 April 1866 O.S.  – 10 June 1912 (O.S. 28 May 1912)) was a noted Bulgarian poet and one of the participants in the Misal ("Thought") circle. He was the youngest son of the writer Petko Slaveykov.

Biography

Born in Tryavna during the Bulgarian National Revival under Ottoman rule, Pencho was educated there as well as in Stara Zagora and Plovdiv. After an accident in January 1884, when at the age of eighteen he fell asleep on a bench while it was snowing and thus he fell ill with pneumonia, and despite lengthy treatment in Plovdiv, Sofia, Leipzig, Berlin and Paris, this illness left him with serious impairments – he could not walk without a cane, and he wrote and spoke with difficulties. He suffered from melancholic episodes, which forced him to find a cure in literature and to harden his will.

Slaveykov's works include poems and intimate lyrics. He collaborated with a number of magazines, which issued his works, and spent a part of his life in Leipzig studying philosophy, where he became familiar with German literature, thought and art.

After returning to Bulgaria in 1898, Slaveykov joined the Misal circle with a number of other noted writers, such as Krastyo Krastev, Petko Todorov and Peyo Yavorov. He became an assistant director (1901–1909) and later director of the National Library of Bulgaria (1909–1911) and a director of the Bulgarian National Theatre (1908–1909).

In 1903 he began a relationship with poet Mara Belcheva which lasted until his death in 1912. They never married but referred to her as his "wife" throughout his writings.

He was sent on missions to Moscow (1909) and Istanbul, Athens, Naples, Sorrento, and Rome (1911), where he studied the development of the libraries. Upon returning he engaged in hectic work.

He was fired from the post of director of the National Library because of political misunderstandings with the minister of culture Stefan Bobchev on 10 July 1911, and left Bulgaria, living in Zürich, Lucerne, Göschenen, Andermatt, Lugano and other places in Switzerland before arriving in Italy in the end of November 1911. He remained in Rome for three months, but set off in May 1912 to travel through Florence, the Engadin and the mountains looking for a cure. In the end of the month he arrived in the small town of Brunate near Lake Como, where he died on 10 June 1912.

Slaveykov was buried in Brunate's cemetery and his remains were moved to Bulgaria in 1921. Due to his death, the suggestion by Swedish professor Al. Jensen that Slaveykov be awarded a Nobel Prize was not considered by the Nobel Prize committee.

Slaveykov and Belcheva are portrayed on the Bulgarian 50 levs banknote, issued in 1999 and 2006.

See also

 "Do you give Balkandzhi Yovo, nice Yana to the Turkish faith?", a folk song reworked by Slaveykov

References

External links

1866 births
1912 deaths
People from Tryavna
19th-century Bulgarian poets
20th-century Bulgarian poets
Bulgarian male poets
Members of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences
Burials at Central Sofia Cemetery
Bulgarian librarians
People from the Principality of Bulgaria

Pencho Slaveykov


Janine Chasseguet-Smirgel (1928 – March 5, 2006) (whose surname is alternatively spelled Chasseguet-Smirguel, but generally not in English-language publications) was a leading French psychoanalyst, a training analyst, and past President of the Société psychanalytique de Paris in France. From 1983 to 1989, she was Vice President of the International Psychoanalytical Association.  Chasseguet-Smirgel was Freud Professor at the University College, London, and Professor of Psychopathology at the Université Lille Nord de France.  She is best known for her reworking of the Freudian theory of the ego ideal and its connection to primary narcissism, as well as for her extension of this theory to a critique of utopian ideology.

Biography and career
Chasseguet-Smirgel was born in Paris in 1928; as a Jew of Central European ancestry, she lost many relatives in the Holocaust. She became a psychoanalyst, then carried out further studies in political science and eventually earned a doctorate in psychology. Like many other young French intellectuals, she broke with the Communist Party after the Soviet invasion of Hungary in 1956.

Psychoanalytical critic of the French students' rebellion in 1968

By the time of the student rebellions of May 1968, she had become a political conservative.  In their anonymous 1969 book L'univers contestationnaire (reworked and published in English in 1986 as Freud or Reich? Psychoanalysis and Illusion), Chasseguet-Smirgel and her husband and co-author Béla Grunberger argued that the utopian political ideology of the student demonstrators, as well as of their Freudo-Marxist avatars Herbert Marcuse and Gilles Deleuze, was fueled by primary narcissism, the desire to return to the maternal womb.  Further, that the very term "Freudo-Marxism" was oxymoronic—one could not reconcile the reality principle with the Communist utopia.  Chasseguet-Smirgel's analysis of the views of the Freudian dissident Wilhelm Reich, who attempted a systematization of the libido, posits an explanation of why his orgone theory collected followers despite its apparent pseudoscientific character.

As in many cases of paranoia, the coherent and systematic appearance of ideas is a symptom which allows the subject to function in an apparently normal way.  The internal necessity that forces paranoiacs to persuade others as to the reality of their system of belief results in their 'recruiting' converts.  These disciples will tend to be seduced by the paranoiac's ideas in so far as these deny reality and mobilize Illusion; an illusion which will be backed by manic rationalization. (Freud or Reich?, page 109)

Notably, Lacan mentioned this book with great disdain. While Grunberger and Chasseguet-Smirgel were still cloaked by the pseudonym, Lacan remarked that for sure none of the authors belonged to his school, as none would stoop to such a low drivel.

The ego ideal
Chasseguet-Smirgel's critique of the totalitaritan ideology was a contribution to psychohistory.  In her 1973 study La maladie d'idéalité (The ego ideal : a psychoanalytic essay on the malady of the ideal), Chasseguet-Smirgel expanded upon her neo-Freudian reworking.  Fantasy plays a vital role in the normative development of the individual—it "implies the idea of a project" (The ego ideal pp. 40–41).  For example, a child who fantasizes that she has greater abilities than a star athlete or musician may well eventually realize these goals, if her fantasy includes daily practice.  When one project is complete, the child will fantasize further, leading to further work and further development.  Even if the child successfully imitates his model, however, the ego ideal will interpret this "success" as failure.  For in its quest for omnipotence, the ego ideal "prefers absolute solutions" (The ego ideal pp. 40–41).  The tension between the ego and its ideal is only lessened with maturity, when the adult, having reached Freud's "scientific" stage, acknowledges that omnipotence is unattainable by anyone (The ego ideal pp. 29–30).

Thus, Chasseguet-Smirgel postulates that the ego ideal, by "impl[ying] the promise of a return to that primitive state of fusion" (The ego ideal p. 43), effectively functions as a "maturation drive" (The ego ideal p. 44).  Unfortunately, Chasseguet-Smirgel argues, environmental factors often interfere with the maturation drive.  If the child's frustrations are too great, for example, reality-testing breaks down, and his "narcissism . . . remains split off from its instinctual life and cathects an exaggerated ego ideal" (The ego ideal p. 32)

[These frustrations] may cause a regression towards a more archaic form of 'narcissistic reinstatement,' or even towards psychotic megalomania in which the original lack of differentiation between internal and external perceptions recurs.  (The ego ideal p.28)

Chasseguet-Smirgel argues for the ego ideal theory's relevance to the psychology of the group.  She claims that the ego ideal "tends to reinstate Illusion," unlike the superego, which "[tends] to promote reality" (EI 76).  Because of this fundamental opposition, the superego may be "swept away, as it were, by the sudden reactivation of the old wish for the union of ego and ideal."   As Freud argued in Group Psychology and the Analysis of the Ego (Massenpsychologie und Ich-Analyse), the authority of the group can easily be substituted for the conscience of the individual, thus removing the superego's inhibitions and licensing forbidden pleasures (The ego ideal p. 78-79).

Taking the most notorious modern example of a group run amok, she argues that Hitler's function in Nazism was that of a "promoter of Illusion":
If one considers that [the leader's] promise [of the arrival of Illusion] stimulates the wish for the fusion of ego and ideal by way of regression and induces the ego to melt into the omnipotent primary object, to encompass the entire universe . . . one can understand, in a general way, that the propensity to a loss of the ego's boundaries makes the individual particularly liable to identify himself not only with each member of the group but with the group formation as a whole.  His megalomania finds its expression in this, each person's ego being extended to the whole group.  The members of the group lose their individuality and begin to resemble ants or termites.  This loss of personal characteristics . . . thus allows each member to feel himself to be, not a minute, undifferentiated particle of a vast whole, but, on the contrary, identified with the totality of the group, thereby conferring on himself an omnipotent ego, a colossal body.  (The ego ideal p.85)

While Chasseguet-Smirgel saw Jacques Lacan as a pseudoscientific fraud, one of her central arguments, that the formation of the ego ideal is the infant's response to the discovery that he is not omnipotent, recalls Lacan's famous mirror stage essay.

Controversies and polemics with the Lacanian school and others
Deleuze and Guattari, in their 1972 work Anti-Œdipus take the example of Chasseguet-Smirgel and Bela Grunberger, who wrote under the pseudonym André Stéphane, to argue that traditionally psychoanalysis enthusiastically embraces a police state:

In November 1968, Grunberger and Chasseguet-Smirgel, both members of the Paris section of the International Psychoanalytical Association (IPa), disguised themselves under the pseudonym André Stéphane and published L'univers Contestationnaire. In this book they assumed that the left-wing rioters of May 68 were totalitarian stalinists, and psychoanalyzed them saying that they were affected by a sordid infantilism caught up in an Oedipal revolt against the Father.

Notably Lacan, mentioned this book with great disdain. While Grunberger and Chasseguet-Smirgel were still disguised under the pseudonym, Lacan remarked that for sure none of the authors belonged to his school, as none would abase themselves to such low drivel. The two IPa analysts responded accusing the Lacan School of "intellectual terrorism".

Deleuze and Guattari also mention Grunberger and  Chasseguet-Smirgel's book as an example of the cop-like tone of the psychoanalysts who want to impose the Oedipus model upon everyone; psychoanalysts like them consider those "who do not bow to the imperialism of Oedipus as dangerous deviants, leftists who ought to be handed over to social and police repression."

Chasseguet-Smirgel was referenced in American artist Mike Kelley catalogue for his exhibition, "Mike Kelley: The Uncanny" at Tate Liverpool. This exhibition featured Andy Warhol's Andy Warhol Robot.

Bibliography
 Sexuality and mind : the role of the father and the mother in the psyche / Janine Chasseguet-Smirgel. New York: New York University Press, 1986. xi, 167 p. ; 24 cm.
 Freud or Reich? : psychoanalysis and illusion / Janine Chasseguet-Smirgel and Béla Grunberger ; translated by Claire Pajaczkowska. 1st U.S. ed. New Haven: Yale University Press, c1986. 252 p. ; 23 cm.
 Female sexuality; new psychoanalytic views / Janine Chasseguet-Smirgel, with C.-J. Luquet-Parat [and others] Foreword by Frederic Wyatt. (English version of Recherches psychanalytiques nouvelles sur la sexualité féminine. Ann Arbor, University of Michigan Press [1970] viii, 220 p. 24 cm.
 Creativity and perversion / Janine Chasseguet-Smirgel ; foreword by Otto Kernberg. 1st American ed. New York : W.W. Norton, 1984. ix, 172 p. ; 22 cm.
 The ego ideal: a psychoanalytic essay on the malady of the ideal / Janine Chasseguet-Smirgel ; translated by Paul Barrows ; introduction by Christopher Lasch. 1st American ed. (English version of Idéal du moi. New York : W.W. Norton, 1985, c1984. xvi, 271 p. ; 23 cm.
 La sexualité féminine, Payot Poche 1964, republished 2006, Payot-Rivages
 'The Body as Mirror of the World', translated by Sophie Leighton. London: Free Association Books, 2005. ['Le corps comme miroir du monde PUF, 2003].
 Pour une psychanalyse de l'art et de la créativité, Payot-Rivages, 1971
 Le cri des enfants sans voix: l'Holocauste et la deuxième génération, une perspective psychanalytique, 2001, Delachaux et Niestlé
 Ethique et esthétique de la perversion, republished 2006, Seyssel, Champ Vallon,
 La maladie d'idéalité - Essai psychanalytique sur l'idéal du moi'', Éd. L'Harmattan, Col. Emergences, 2000,
 Free Association Books have published English language translations of some titles.
 Bela Grunberger, Janine Chassegnet-Smirgel, l'univers contestataire, Paris: éditions in Press, 2004. [New edition of the 1969 print, with a new introduction.]

See also
Phallic monism

References

External links
 International Psychoanalytical Association

1928 births
2006 deaths
20th-century French people
Jewish scientists
French women psychologists
French psychoanalysts
Freudians
Narcissism writers
Academic staff of the University of Lille Nord de France
20th-century French Jews
Scientists from Paris
Jewish women scientists
Jewish psychoanalysts
20th-century French psychologists
20th-century French women

Janine Chasseguet-Smirgel


The Highgate Ostrich Show Farm is an ostrich farm located 10 kilometres south of Oudtshoorn in the Western Cape, South Africa.

This large farm specializes in the breeding of ostriches and is open to visitors providing specialized information about the various stages of the birds development, provided with the opportunity to visit young offspring and an ostrich pen.

Whilst it mainly focuses on the development of the ostrich, tourism is an important source of income and keeps the farm running.

Other ostrich farms in the area include Safari Show Farm.

External links

References

Nature conservation in South Africa
Tourist attractions in the Western Cape
Ostrich farms
Farms in South Africa

Highgate Ostrich Show Farm


Gifted education is a term for special ways to educate (teach) children who have been identified as gifted. There is no definition of a gifted student which everyone agrees on.

Gifted and talented education has a long history of thousands of years. Plato (c. 427–c. 347 BCE) was in favour of providing specialized education for intellectually gifted young men and women. In China's Tang Dynasty (580-618 CE), child prodigies were summoned to the imperial court for specialized education. Throughout the Renaissance, those who showed creative talent in art, architecture, and literature were supported by both the government and private patronage.

In 2011, the National Association for Gifted Children published a position paper that stated what a gifted student is. The word "gifted," describes people who demonstrate outstanding aptitude or competence in one or more domains. An "aptitude" is defined as an exceptional ability to learn or reason. "Competence" is defined as documented performance or achievement in the top 10 percent of the population.

References

Giftedness

Gifted education


Parliament Hill (in ) refers to a set of buildings in Ottawa, Ontario, the capital of Canada, where the Government of Canada meets and Members of Parliament make laws.  It is called Parliament Hill because it is on a hill above the Ottawa River.

There are three main buildings: the West Block, the East Block and the Centre Block.

A fire in 1916 burned the Centre Block and only the library was saved.  The building was rebuilt and the Peace Tower was finished in 1927.

The roof of each building is made of copper which turns green over time.

There are many statues around Parliament Hill including many former Prime Ministers and 5 famous women who helped women gain equal rights in Canada.  There is also a centennial flame that was lit when Canada turned 100 years old.

Other websites
The website for Parliament Hill

Buildings and structures in Ottawa

Parliament Hill


The Ore Mountains (German Erzgebirge, Czech Krušné hory) are a mountain range in Germany and the Czech Republic. They form the border between both countries for 150 km, extending from the western border of Saxony to the Elbe river. They are named for their plentiful metal ores.

The Ore Mountains are famous for many Christmas traditions. As the ores silver and tin were not found any more in the mines, former miners had to look for new ways to feed their families. In addition to lace making and weaving, the inhabitants went into wood carving. Nutcrackers, "smoking men", "pyramids" (carousels with figures of the Christmas story or from mining) and Schwibbogen (wooden arcs with candles in the windows, symbolising the opening of a mine) are some of many Christmas goods made in the Ore Mountains. Seiffen in the East Ore Mountains was a centre of the wooden toy industry.

Geography of the Czech Republic
Geography of Saxony
Mountain ranges of Europe
Mountain ranges of Germany
Ústí nad Labem Region

Ore Mountains


Years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" articles.

Europe

Events
 The surviving Beowulf manuscript likely dates to the early 11th century.
 Emergence of Occitan as a literary language and of the first troubadors.
 King Bleddyn ap Cynfyn enacts new laws regulating the activities of Welsh bards and musicians around 1070.
 Earliest possible date for The Song of Roland

Poets
 Boyan, an early skald of Rus'.
 Bersi Skáldtorfuson flourishes in Iceland at the beginning of the century. He is captured at the naval Battle of Nesjar in 1016 and imprisoned.

Byzantine Empire

Poets
 Christopher of Mytilene
 John Mauropous

The Arabic World

Poets
Al-Saraqusti al-Jazzar, (11th century)
Samuel ibn Naghrillah (993–after 1056)

Births in the Arabic world
al-Sharif al-Radi, (born 1016)
Ibn Ammar (c. 1031–1086)
Ibn Khafajah, (born 1039)
 Moses ibn Ezra (c. 1055–1138), Hebrew poet in Al-Andalus
Ibn Quzman (1078–1160)

Deaths in the Arab world
Badi' al-Zaman al-Hamadhani (967–1007)
Abu ibn Abd Allah al-Ma'arri (973–1057)
Al-Mu'tamid ibn Abbad (Muhammad Ibn Abbad Al Mutamid) (1040–1095), poet-ruler in Al-Andalus
Ibn Ammar (c. 1031–1086), in Al-Andalus (killed by Al-Mu'tamid ibn Abbad)
Wallada bint al-Mustakfi (994–1091)

The Turkic World
 Oral traditions of Epic of Köroğlu
 Uyghur poet Yusuf Khass Hajib of Balasagun in the Kara-Khanid Khanate completes the Kutadgu Bilig ("The Wisdom Which Brings Good Fortune") and presents it to the prince of Kashgar in 462 (1069/1070 AD)

Persia

Works
 Firdawsi's Shahnameh is published in the first decade of the century
 Qabus-Nama
 Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam dates to the end of the century
 Shahryar-Nama, attributed to Uthman Mukhtari
 Siyasatnama

Persian poets
 Baba Taher
 Rabi'a Balkhi, an early women poet
 Asad Gorgani
 Asjadi
 Ferdowsi, poet (925–1020)
 Omar Khayyám, poet (1048–1131)
 Hujviri (died 1073)
 Abusaeid Abolkheir (967–1049)
 Sanai Ghaznavi
 Abdul Qadir Jilani
 Manuchihri
 Sanaayi
 Abolfazl Beyhaghi, historian
 Naser Khosrow, traveller, writer and poet
 Farrokhi Sistani (فرخی سيستانی), poet
 Baba Tahir Oryan
 Rabi'ah Quzdari
 Abu-al-faraj Runi
 The author of Eskandar name the epic of Alexander (Novel)
 Keykavus Eskandar
 Nizam al-Mulk, author of Siyasatnama
 Tartusi novelist
 Azraqi
 Masud Sa'd Salman
 Uthman Mukhtari
 Qatran Tabrizi
 Mughatil ibn Bakri
 Asadi Tusi
 Surabadi
 Nizami Arudhi Samarqandi
 Imam Muhammad Ghazali
 Mohammad Raduyani
 Abhari
 Abu l-Abbas Rabinjani
 Abu-Ali Osmani
 Abul-Ma'ali

India

Events
 Beginning of Hoysala literature in Kannada and Sanskrit
 Nannayya, Aadi Kavi ("the first poet"), around 1022 begins work on Andhra Mahabharatam, a translation of the Mahabharata into Telugu and the first work of Telugu literature

Works
 Ramavataram (or earlier)

Poets
 Kambar, writing in Tamil
 Bilhana, Kashmiri

China

Chinese poets
Poet and polymath Su Shi is sent into internal exile 1080–1086 for political reasons. During this period he writes the first and second Chibifu ( "The Red Cliffs")
Su Shi 蘇軾 (1037–1101), Song dynasty writer, poet, painter, calligrapher, pharmacologist, gastronome and statesman, writing in the shi, ci and fu forms; notable works include the First and Second Chibifu ( The Red Cliffs, 1080–1086), Nian Nu Jiao: Chibi Huai Gu ( Remembering Chibi, to the tune of Nian Nu Jiao) and Shui diao ge tou ( Remembering Su Zhe on the Mid-Autumn Festival, )

Japan

Japanese works
Imperial poetry anthologies:
 Shūi Wakashū 20 scrolls, 1,351 poems, ordered by ex-Emperor Kazan
 Goshūi Wakashū 20 scrolls, approx 1,200 poems, ordered in 1075 by Emperor Shirakawa, completed in 1086

Japanese poets
 Akazome Emon 赤染衛門 (956–1041) waka poet of the mid-Heian period; a member of both the Thirty-six Elder Poetic Sages and Kintō's 36 female poetry immortals (or "sages") of the Kamakura period
Fujiwara no Akisue 藤原顕季 (1055–1123), late Heian period poet and nobleman, member of the Fujiwara poetic and aristocratic clan
Fujiwara no Kintō 藤原公任, also known as "Shijō-dainagon" (966–1041), poet and critic; one of the Thirty-six Poetry Immortals; has poems in anthologies including the Shūi Wakashū, the Wakan rōeishū, and Shūi Wakashū
Fujiwara no Tametoki 藤原為時 (died 1029?), poet, minor official and governor of various provinces, scholar of Chinese literature and the father of Murasaki Shikibu ("Lady Murasaki")
Izumi Shikibu 和泉式部  nicknamed "The Floating Lady" 浮かれ女 for her series of passionate affairs (born c. 976 – year of death unknown, sometime after 1033), mid-Heian period poet, novelist and noblewoman; one of the Thirty-six Poetry Immortals; known for a sequence of affairs at the court in the capital; close friend of Akazome Emon, rival of Lady Murasaki, and mother of poet Koshikibu no Naishi; poetry praised by Fujiwara no Kinto
Minamoto no Shunrai, also "Minamoto Toshiyori", (c. 1057–1129) poet who compiled the Gosen Wakashū anthology; passed over to compile the Goshūi Wakashū, Shunrai's angry polemical, "Errors in the Goshūishū", apparently led Emperor Shirakawa to appoint him to compile the Kin'yō Wakashū imperial anthology, which was itself controversial
Murasaki Shikibu 紫 式 部, not her real name, which is unknown; often called "Lady Murasaki" (c. 973 – c. 1014 or 1025), Heian period novelist who wrote The Tale of Genji, poet, and a maid of honor of the imperial court
Nōin 能因, lay name: Tachibana no Nagayasu 橘永愷 (988 – c. 1051), late Heian period poet and monk; one of the "Thirty-six Medieval Poetry Immortals"
 Sei Shōnagon 清少納言  (c. 966–1017),  middle Heian Period author, poet and court lady who served Empress Teishi/Empress Sadako; best known as the author of The Pillow Book

References

Decades and years

 01
Poetry by century

11th century in poetry


Amfissa is a Greek city. It is in the center of Greece, at the foot of Parnassos mountain. Near Amfissa is Delfi. According to the 2001 census, 6,947 lived there. During the Middle Ages it was named Salona, but today is named with its ancient name, Amfissa. Amfissa is an agriculturist city. The main financial source in Amfissa is olive oil. Oil-tree is the main cultivation in district of Amfissa. The most interest sight in the town is the ancient castle above town.

Cities in Greece

Amfissa


In mathematics an vector algebra, the cross product or vector product (occasionally directed area product tae emphasize the geometric signeeficance) is a binary operation on twa vectors in three-dimensional space (R3) an is denotit bi the seembol ×. Gien twa linearly independent vectors a an b, the cross product, a × b, is a vector that is perpendicular tae baith a an b an tharefore normal tae the plane conteenin them. It haes mony applications in mathematics, pheesics, ingineerin, an computer programmin. It shoud nae be confused wi dot product (projection product).

Bilinear operators
Binary operations
Linear algebra
Analytic geometry
Vectors (mathematics an pheesics)

Cross product


A celebrity is a person who is well known and gets lots of public attention, or attention from other people. A person whom the public knows such as a person in government might be well known but not a celebrity unless something else makes them interesting to other people. Usually, a person becomes a celebrity from entertainment such as someone who is in movies, someone who sings or raps songs, or someone who plays a sport.

Some celebrities are not famous because of something they have done. They are famous most often because of which family they are a member of and/or how they are talked about by the media. These people are often called "famous for being famous".

How one becomes a celebrity
People who act in movies and television actors, people who sing are usually celebrities. High-ranking politicians, people who tell people the news, television show hosts, people who go to outer space, major-league athletes, comedians and people who sing songs are also sometimes celebrities. Sometimes people such as Mother Teresa have achieved fame because they help people who were in need and are saintly.

Music

Music is one of the most common ways that someone will be famous. Many musicians, singers, songwriters and rappers become celebrities because their music and songs are listened to by a large amount of people.

Another common way that artists will become famous is through winning or participating in competitions such as The X Factor (One Direction and Little Mix) and the Eurovision Song Contest (ABBA and Céline Dion).

In addition, many bands become famous. Some famous bands include Take That and the Spice Girls Sometimes, when bands split up, many of its members decide to continue singing as solo artists. For example, Robbie Williams, Gary Barlow and Harry Styles all had very successful solo careers.

It isn't just artists in the music industry who become famous. Some music managers an producers such as Simon Cowell are also famous.

Acting
Many actors who appear in popular films and film series tend to become very popular. For example, Daniel Radcliffe, Emma Watson (Harry Potter), Jennifer Lawrence (The Hunger Games), Johnny Depp (Pirates of the Caribbean),Robert Downey Jr (Marvel Cinematic Universe).

Also, actors who have recurring roles in television series become well-known due to appearing on TV for a long period of time. Sofía Vergara, Jenna Ortega and Millie Bobby Brown are all known for their TV show work.

Some actors aren't just known for their work on screen, but also for working in theatre, such as Benedict Cumberbatch.

Many actors also pursue careers in singing, such as Ariana Grande and Miley Cyrus.

Sport

Because sports are among the most watched events in the world, many people who participate or are very skilled manage to gather a lot of fans.

Football is one of the most popular sports so many footballers such as Cristiano Ronaldo, Lionel Messi and Kylian Mbappé are very famous, even among those who do not watch sports.

Television personality

A "television personality" is a person who is well known for being on television. These people are often hosts or guests on television programs such as talk shows or discussion programs. These people can be experts on a subject, comedians adding a comedic point of view to the subject or anyone else the producers of the program think would make the program better or more entertaining for the audience.

These people often have some level of celebrity status because of their main profession but some are just famous because they were on television.

In addition, a "media personality" is a person who may have appeared in film, television, entertainment and is talked about a lot by the media.

Other types of celebrities
High-ranking politicians are also very famous, especially if they are leaders of very influential territories. Examples of politicians who could be considered celebrities are Donald Trump and Arnold Schwarzenegger. Also, many comedians are well-liked because of their ability to make people laugh. In more recent years, people on social media who are very popular have become celebrities, such as Charli D'Amelio. People who are famous because of social media are often called "influencers".

Celebrity families

Individuals can achieve celebrity, but there are also many celebrity families, such as various royal families (often interest in these will be highest when scandal is involved, as with the House of Windsor) and artistic 'dynasties' e.g. the Barrymore, Cassidy (David and Shaun Cassidy), the Rockefellers, the Osmonds, Osbournes, the Kardashians (Kim Kardashian), Jackson, the Trump (Donald Trump, Fred Trump) and Baldwin families. Celebrity families can also include political families such as the Kennedys, the Roosevelts, and the Reagans.

Celebrity dislikes
Because celebrities have fame similar to that of royalty or gods in the past, some people are curious about their private lives and dislike celebrities for their rewards. Many think that celebrities do not work as hard as non-celebrities and that celebrities do not deserve to be treated specially. Since their failures are made public celebrities can be seen as having lower moral values than most people. Not all celebrities exhibit bad behavior and sometimes they do things that are good and help people.

A recent phenomenon has occurred wherein intricate marketing plans are developed in order to lure adolescents into purchasing celebrity-related goods. Some have argued that the idea of celebrity is self-reinforcing and becoming empty: some celebrities are not famous for their actions, but simply famous for their fame and money. For example, Paris Hilton would not be a public figure without her money, but her family's importance has created and helps her be well known and a celebrity. Hilton is a special celebrity; a part of her fame is for doing bad things other celebrities do. People call people like Paris "famous for being famous." Some believe she is doing it on purpose, but in many ways, people like Hilton and other 21st century celebrities are just doing what other celebrities did before.

Celebrities don't have a private life due to being in celebrity gossip magazines and celebrity gossip websites like TMZ. Celebrities are usually followed by the paparazzi in Los Angeles, California every day. Some celebrities take drugs and have mental breakdowns because of this. Some celebrities attract stalkers who may want to kill them, get to know them personally, marry them or have sex with them.

Celebrities

Celebrity