Tláhuac is ane o the 16 delegaciones (burghs) intae which Mexico's Federal Destrict is dividit. It is locatit on the sooth east edge o the destrict an while hintle is still landwart in character, it haes been unnergoin urbanization wi the fastest rate o population growthe in Mexico Ceety se the 1960s. Maist o this urbanization is occurrin in the northwast o the burgh an in some o the lairger commonties, wi the sooth an east still haein significant tracts o fermland, which are unner conservation. Hintle the aurie is umwhile lakebed whaur Loch Chalco an Loch Xochimilco met, wi the toun o San Pedro Tláhuac oreeginally on an island. Thare are still some loch auries alang wi fower major canals an wetlands, unner conservation status an aw. The urbanization haes led tae serious traffec an transportation problems as well as the completion o Line 12 o the Mexico Ceety Metro in 2012, which a terminal in the burgh.

Burghs o Mexico Ceety

Tláhuac


The flora of Saint Helena, an isolated island in the South Atlantic Ocean, is exceptional in its high level of endemism and the severe threats facing the survival of the flora. In phytogeography, it is in the phytochorion St. Helena and Ascension Region of the African Subkingdom, in the Paleotropical Kingdom.

Endemic and introduced flora
The endemic plants of Saint Helena include many notable Cabbage Tree or, "insular arborescent Asteraceae", members of the daisy family which have evolved a shrubby or tree-like habit on islands. Other notable endemics include the closely related St Helena redwood (Trochetiopsis erythroxylon) and St Helena dwarf ebony (Trochetiopsis ebenus). These are unrelated to the redwood trees of California or to the ebony trees of commerce, being instead in the Mallow family (Malvaceae).

Vegetation
Today there are three major vegetation zones: the tree-fern thicket of the highest parts of the central ridge; the pastures of middle elevations and the dry, eroded "crown wastes" of lower elevations. Of these only the tree-fern thicket is a natural vegetation type. The middle elevations were formerly covered with native woodland of gumwoods (Commidendrum) and other trees, now largely destroyed. The "Crown wastes" or coastal zones were formerly covered with native scrub, of which a major component was probably St Helena dwarf ebony (Trochetiopsis ebenus and St Helena tree ebony Trochetiopsis melanoxylon).

Human impact and conservation
The destruction of the native vegetation began soon after the discovery of the island by the Portuguese in 1502, with the introduction of goats. As there were no native herbivorous mammals, the flora was unadapted to such threats. Later with the establishment of permanent settlement on the island by the English East India Company in 1659, many introduced plants became established which created new vegetation types. Furthermore the native trees were subject to catastrophic cutting for such purposes as housebuilding and to fuel stills for the distillation of arrack. As a result of this legacy many endemic plant species are extinct or critically endangered.

Endemic vascular plants of St Helena
Monocotyledons

Bulbostylis lichtensteiniana (Kunth) C.B. Clarke
Bulbostylis neglecta (Hemsl.) C.B. Clarke
Carex dianae Steud.
Carex praealta Boott
Eragrostis saxatilis Hemsl.

Dicotyledons

Acalypha rubrinervis Cronk
Chenopodium helenense Aellen
Commidendrum robustum (Roxb.) DC. ssp. robustum
Commidendrum robustum (Roxb.) DC. ssp. gummiferum (Roxb.) Cronk
Commidendrum rotundifolium (Roxb.) DC.
Commidendrum rugosum (Aiton) DC.
Commidendrum spurium (G. Forst.) DC.
Euphorbia heleniana Thell. & Stapf
Frankenia portulacifolia (Roxb.) Spreng.
Heliotropium pannifolium Burch. ex Hemsl.
Hydrodea cryptantha (Hook.f.) N.E.Br.
Hypertelis acida (Hook.f.) K. Müll.
Lachanodes arborea (Roxb.) B. Nord.
Lobelia scaevolifolia Roxb.
Melanodendron integrifolium (Roxb.) DC.
Mellissia begoniifolia (Roxb.) Hook.f.
Nesiota elliptica (Roxb.) Hook.f.
Nesohedyotis arborea (Roxb.) Bremek.
Osteospermum sanctae-helenae Norl.
Pelargonium cotyledonis (L.) L'Hér.
Petrobium arboreum (J.R. & G. Forst.) R. Br.
Phylica polifolia (Vahl) Pillans
Pladaroxylon leucadendron ( G. Forst.) Hook.f.
Plantago robusta Roxb.
Sium bracteatum (Roxb.) Cronk
Sium burchellii (Hook.f.) Hemsl.
Suaeda fruticosa Forssk. ex J.F. Gmel.
Trochetiopsis ebenus Cronk
Trochetiopsis erythroxylon (G. Forst.) Marais
Trochetiopsis melanoxylon (Sol. ex Sims) Marais
Trochetiopsis x benjaminii Cronk
Wahlenbergia angustifolia (Roxb.) A.DC.
Wahlenbergia burchellii A.DC. in DC.
Wahlenbergia linifolia (Roxb.) A.DC.
Wahlenbergia roxburghii A.DC.

Pteridophytes (Ferns and fern-allies)

Asplenium compressum Sw.
Asplenium platybasis Kunze ex Mett.
Ceterach haughtoni (Hook.) Cronk
Dicksonia arborescens L'Hér.
Diplazium filamentosum (Roxb.) Cronk
Dryopteris cognata (C. Presl) Kuntze
Dryopteris napoleonis (Bory) Kuntze
Elaphoglossum dimorphum (Hook. & Grev.) Moore
Elaphoglossum nervosum (Bory) H.Christ
Grammitis ebenina (Maxon) Tardieu
Hymenophyllum capillaceum Roxb.
Lycopodium axillare Roxb.
Microstaphyla furcata (L.f.) Fée
Ophioglossum polyphyllum A. Braun
Pseudophegopteris dianae (Hook.) Holttum
Pteris paleacea Roxb.

Endemic genera

Commidendrum
Lachanodes
Melanodendron
Mellissia
Nesiota†
Nesohedyotis
Petrobium
Pladaroxylon
Trochetiopsis

See also
Wildlife of Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha

References

External links
Plant talk article: The Millennium Forest: evolving and maturing
A potted history of the flora of St Helena and its conservation

Sources

Further reading

Flora of Saint Helena
Biota of Saint Helena
Saint Helena
Saint Helena

Flora of Saint Helena


General Lagos is a city in the region of Arica and Parinacota, in the north of Chile. It is named after Pedro Lagos, who directed the assault to the morro de Arica, during the battle of Arica. It was founded in December 30, 1927 as Comuna de General Lagos and they are called visvireños, since the most important area in the town is called Visvirí.

Cities in Chile
Arica y Parinacota Region

General Lagos


The Twelve Apostles, (somebody sent forth/sent out)  were men who, according to the Synoptic Gospels and Christian tradition, were chosen from among the disciples (students) of Jesus Christ for a mission. Judaism had an office known as apostle (שליח)".

The Gospel of Mark states that Jesus Christ initially sent out these twelve in pairs, to towns in Galilee.

Twelve Apostles of Jesus
According to the list occurring in each of the Synoptic Gospels (, , ), the Twelve chosen by Jesus near the beginning of his ministry, those whom also He named Apostles, were
Simon: called Peter (Grk. petros; Aram. kēfas; Engl. stone) by Jesus of Nazareth, also known as Simon bar Jonah and Simon bar Jochanan (Aram.) and earlier (Pauline Epistles were written first) Cephas (Aram.), and Simon Peter, a fisherman from Bethsaida "of Galilee" (John 1:44; cf. 12:21) Simon/Peter - Andrew's brother (Matthew 10:2; Mark 3:16; Luke 6:14)
Andrew: brother of Peter, a Bethsaida fisherman and disciple of John the Baptist, and also the First-Called Apostle. (Matthew 10:2; Mark 3:18; Luke 6:14)
James - John's brother, son of Zebedee, Boanerges, son of Thunder (Matthew 10:2; Mark 3:17; Luke 6:14)
John son of Zebedee, called by Jesus Boanerges(an Aramaic name explained in Mk 3:17 as "Sons of Thunder") - James' brother (Matthew 10:2; Mark 3:17; Luke 6:14)
 Known as the only apostle who was not martyred, and also has his own Gospel in the New Testament.
Philip: from Bethsaida "of Galilee" (John 1:44, 12:21) (Matthew 10:3; Mark 3:18; Luke 6:14)
Thaddeus: "Judas, son of James", (Matthew 10:3, Acts 1:13, Luke 6:16, John 14:22). Lebbaeus/Judas/Juda - , Simon's brother (Matthew 10:3; 13:55; Mark 3:18; 6:3; Luke 6:16; Jude 1:1)
Bartholomew: in Aramaic "bar-Talemai?", "son of Talemai" or from Ptolemais, some identify with Nathanael. (Matthew 10:3; Mark 3:18; Luke 6:14)
Thomas: also known as Judas Tomas Didymus - Aramaic T'oma = twin, and Greek Didymous = twin (Matthew 10:3; Mark 3:18; Luke 6:15)
James: commonly identified with James the Less  - Matthew's/Levi's brother, son of Alphaeus (Matthew 10:3; 27:56; Mark 2:14; 3:16, 18; 6:3; 15:40, 47; Luke 5:27; 6:14-15; 24:18; Acts 1:13; 4:36).
Matthew: the tax collector, some identify with Levi son of Alphaeus - Levi - James' brother (James the less) (Matthew 10:3; 27:56; Mark 2:14; 3:16, 18; 6:3; 15:40, 47; Luke 5:27; 6:14-15; 24:18; Acts 1:13; 4:36) and author of the Book of Matthew
 Simon the Canaanite: called in Luke and Acts "Simon the Zealot", some identify with Simeon of Jerusalem -, Thaddeus' brother (Matthew 10:4; 13:55; Mark 3:18; 6:3; Luke 6:15)
Judas Iscariot: the name Iscariot may refer to the Judaean towns of Kerioth or to the sicarii (Jewish nationalist insurrectionists), or to the tribe of Issachar; (Matthew 10:4; Mark 3:19; Luke 6:16)
 He was replaced as an apostle in Acts by Saint Matthias

It should also be noted that while the "Twelve Apostles" refer to the twelve who followed Jesus during his lifetime (and later Matthias in place of Judas Iscariot), Paul (formerly Saul of Tarsus) can be considered as another apostle. Notably, he begins many of his epistles with "Paul, an apostle of Christ Jesus", or some variant. The original twelve were apostles sent out to the Jews, whereas Paul has the unique role of being the apostle to the gentiles after Christ's resurrection and ascent.

The identity of the other apostle of the twelve, traditionally called St. Jude, varies between the Synoptic Gospels and also between ancient manuscripts of each gospel:
 Mark names him as Thaddaeus
 Some manuscripts of Matthew also identify him as Thaddeus
 Some manuscripts of Matthew name him as Lebbaeus
 Some manuscripts of Matthew name him as Judas the Zealot
 Luke names him as Judas, son of James or in the KJV: "Judas the brother of James"

The Gospel of John, unlike the Synoptic Gospels, does not offer a formal list of apostles, but does refer to the Twelve in , , and . The following nine apostles are identified by name:
 Peter
 Andrew (identified as Peter's brother)
the sons of Zebedee (plural form implies at least two apostles)
 Philip
 Thomas (also called Didymus (, , ))
 Judas Iscariot
Judas (not Iscariot) ()

The individual that the Gospel of John names as Nathanael is traditionally identified as the same person that the Synoptic Gospels call Bartholomew, and most would agree that the sons of Zebedee is likely to be a reference to James and John, while Judas (not Iscariot) probably refers to Thaddaeus, also known as St. Jude. Noticeably missing from the Gospel of John are James, son of Alphaeus, Matthew, and Simon the Canaanite/Zealot.

The Disciples of Jesus Christ

Related pages
New Testament

References

 Navarre RSV Holy Bible. Four Courts Press, Dublin, Ireland, 1999.
 William F. Albright|Albright, W.F. and C.S. Mann. "Matthew." The Anchor Bible Series. New York: Doubleday & Company, 1971.
 Carson, D.A. "The Limits of Functional Equivalence in Bible Translation - and other Limits Too." The Challenge of Bible Translation: Communicating God's Word to the World. edited by Glen G Scorgie, Mark L. Strauss, Steven M. Voth.
 Carter, Warren. "Matthew 4:18-22 and Matthean Discipleship: An Audience-Oriented Perspective." Catholic Bible Quarterly. Vol. 59. No. 1. 1997.
 Clarke, Howard W. The Gospel of Matthew and its Readers: A Historical Introduction to the First Gospel. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2003.
 "Fisher's of Men." A Dictionary of Biblical Tradition in English Literature. David Lyle Jeffrey, general editor. Grand Rapids: W.B. Eerdmans, 1992.
 France, R.T. The Gospel Acording to Matthew: an Introduction and Commentary. Leicester: Inter-Varsity, 1985.
 Manek, Jindrich. "Fishers of Men." Novum Testamentum. 1958 pg. 138
 Eduard Schweizer|Schweizer, Eduard. The Good News According to Matthew. Atlanta: John Knox Press, 1975
 Wuellner, Wilhelm H. The Meaning of "Fishers of Men". Westminster Press, 1967. ( :) G woz 'ere)

Other websites
Catholic Encyclopedia: Apostles
Jewish Encyclopedia: Apostle and Apostleship
Apostles.com:  Biographies of Christ's Apostles
Fishing in first century Judea
The fishing economy in Galilee
OrthodoxWiki: Apostle
Apostle  in the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica

Twelve Apostles


The historic River Place (also known as Stroh River Place) is located in Detroit, Michigan, bounded by Joseph Campau Avenue, Wight Street, McDougall Street, and the Detroit International Riverfront. It was formerly the Parke-Davis and Company Pharmaceutical Plant. The complex was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985.

History and significance

In the 1870s, Parke-Davis moved to the riverfront property this complex now occupies. Between 1891 and 1955, the company expanded the complex to cover over , building the 26 structures that still stand. These buildings were designed by some of the most prominent Detroit architects, including Donaldson and Meier, Albert Kahn, and Smith, Hinchman and Grylls. As a group, the buildings in the complex are significant as the represent a wide variety of industrial architecture from the early 20th century.

In 1979, Parke-Davis sold its property in Detroit, including the Research Laboratory, to the Stroh family (of Stroh Brewery Company). The complex, now known as River Place, has been converted into offices, retail space, residences, and a hotel.

Description
These buildings range from brick mill buildings built at the turn of the 20th century to reinforced concrete buildings constructed after 1920 and range from one to six stories in height. The central and northern portions of the complex are tightly packed with interconnected buildings. There is more open space at the southern edge along the river.

The most notable single building in this group is the Riverwalk Hotel Detroit, the former Parke-Davis Research Laboratory, built in 1902 along the Detroit River. This building was the first industrial research laboratory in the U.S. established for the specific purpose of conducting pharmacological research, inaugurating the commercial pure science approach which has driven the rapid development of pharmaceutical technology. The research laboratory was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1976.

Gallery

References

Industrial buildings and structures in Detroit
Warehouse districts of the United States
Buildings and structures completed in 1891
Industrial buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places in Michigan
National Register of Historic Places in Detroit
1891 establishments in Michigan
Romanesque Revival architecture in Michigan

River Place


Taquile (, ; ) is an island on the Peruvian side of Lake Titicaca 45 km offshore from the city of Puno. About 2,200 people live on the island, which is  in size (maximum measurements), with an area of . The highest point of the island is  above sea level and the main village is at . The inhabitants, known as Taquileños, speak Puno Quechua.

In 2005, "Taquile and Its Textile Art" were honored by being proclaimed "Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity" by UNESCO.

Textiles
Taquileños are known for their fine handwoven textiles and clothing, which are regarded as among the highest-quality handicrafts in Peru. Knitting is exclusively performed by males, beginning in early boyhood. Women spin wool and use vegetables and minerals to dye the wool to be used by the community. Women are also the weavers of the Chumpis, the wide belts with woven designs worn by everyone in the community of Taquile.

Tourism

Taquileans are known for having created an innovative, community-controlled sustainable tourism model, offering home stays, transportation, lodging for groups, cultural activities, local guides and restaurants. Ever since tourism started coming to Taquile in the 1970s, the Taquileans slowly lost control over the mass day-tourism operated by non-Taquileans. Taquile community have their own Travel Agency Munay Taquile  has been established to regain local control over tourism.

Climate

Society and economy
Taquileños run their society based on community collectivism and on the Inca moral code ama sua, ama llulla, ama qhilla, (Quechua for "do not steal, do not lie, do not be lazy"). The island is divided into six sectors or suyus for crop rotation purposes. The economy is based on fishing, terraced farming horticulture based on potato cultivation and tourist-generated income from the approximately 40,000 tourists who visit each year. Taquile's families own rams, sheep, cows, chickens and sometimes guinea pigs.

Cuisine
Taquile offers a wide range of typical dishes. Breakfast consists of two pancakes with sugar or bread with eggs, with a cup of tea made from either Muña or Coca. For lunch, dishes are a vegetable soup, fish with rice and a tomato and onion salad. For dinner, the Taquilean people serve vegetable soup with bread.

Religion
The majority of the inhabitants of Taquile are Catholic. They adapted this religion, harmonizing Andean religion with the syncretic Christian culture. The mother earth (Pachamama), the principal Andean deity, directly controls harvesting and fertility; the island is home to four Apus, Andean mountaintop deities. People make several offerings to these deities each year, and they offer three coca leaves prior to each activity or trip. God is present throughout the year in the festivities. The two Catholic churches are in Centre and Huayllano; a Seventh-day Adventist church is located in Huayrapata.

Infrastructure
Taquile has a radio station and is equipped with generators. Islanders have elected to use solar panels to generate energy.

Flora
Flowers and trees on the Island include Kolle, the tree used to roof the houses and for firewood, the Cantuta flower (the national flower of Peru), the Chukjo (used as detergent) and Muña, used as natural medicines. Coca leaves are not cultivated in Taquile.

Gallery

See also
 Iperu, tourist information and assistance
 Tourism in Peru

References

Bibliography
 Kusikiy A Child from Taquile, Peru, 2010
 Elayne Zorn, 2004. Weaving a Future: Tourism, Cloth and Culture on an Andean Island, Iowa City: University of Iowa Press.

External links

 Munay Taquile, travel agency owned by the people of Taquile Island.

Lake islands of Peru
Islands of Lake Titicaca
Landforms of Puno Region
Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity

Taquile Island


Louis Delluc (; 14 October 1890 – 22 March 1924) was an Impressionist French film director, screenwriter and film critic.

Biography
Delluc was born in Cadouin in 1890. His family moved to Paris in 1903. After graduating from the university, he became a literary critic. During the First World War, he was married to the Belgian actress Ève Francis, who acted in many of his films.

In 1917, Delluc began his career in film criticism. He went on to edit Le Journal du Ciné-club and Cinéa, establish film societies, and direct seven films. He was one of the early Impressionist filmmakers, along with Abel Gance, Germaine Dulac, Marcel L'Herbier, and Jean Epstein. His films are notable for their focus on ordinary events and the natural setting rather than on adventures and antics. Many of his early film writings for French newspapers were collected in the volume Cinema et cie (1919). He also wrote one of the first books on Charlie Chaplin (1921; translated into English in 1922).

Delluc directed his seventh film, L'Inondation (The Flood), in 1924. Filming took place in very poor weather conditions and Delluc contracted pneumonia. He died in Paris several weeks later, before the film was released.

The Prix Louis-Delluc, created in 1937, is named in his honour.

Filmography
 1920 : Fumée noire
 1920 : Le Silence
 1920 : Le Chemin d'Ernoa
 1921 : Fièvre
 1921 : Le Tonnerre
 1922 : La Femme de nulle part
 1924 : L'Inondation

References

External links

French film directors
1890 births
1924 deaths

Louis Delluc


Alvin and the Chipmunks is a 2007 family comedy movie using Live-action/CGI. The movie stars Jason Lee, David Cross, Cameron Richardson and Jane Lynch and the voices of Justin Long, Matthew Gray Gubler and Jesse McCartney.

Plot
Dave Seville, a desperate song producer, meets three talking, singing chipmunks named Alvin (the awesomest one), Simon (the smart one), and Theodore (the cute one). Dave says that they can live with him if they sing his songs, but he later thinks that he made a terrible mistake when they ruin his house, his friendship with Claire Wilson (his girlfriend and next-door neighbor), and his job. Dave gets along with them better when they became very popular singers. Later on Dave's old friend and roommate, Ian Hawke trys to take the chipmunks away for fame and money. Eventually, Dave gets the chipmunks back, and he learns to consider them as his family. Also he and Claire get back together.

Cast
 Jason Lee as Dave Seville
 David Cross as Ian Hawke
 Cameron Richardson as Claire Wilson
 Jane Lynch as Gail
 Justin Long as Alvin Seville
 Jesse McCartney as Theodore Seville
 Matthew Gray Gubler as Simon Seville
 Beth Riesgraf as Mother in Store
 Adriane Lenox as Vet
 Kevin Symons as Ted
 Veronica Alicino as Amy
 Frank Maharajh as Barry
 Oliver Muirhead as Butler

References

American comedy movies
2007 movies
20th Century Fox movies
Alvin and the Chipmunks movies

Alvin and the Chipmunks (movie)


Stephen Randall Harris (1802–1879) was an American politician, physician, a city comptroller, and city coroner. He served as the 3rd mayor of San Francisco, California, from January 1 – November 9, 1852.

Biography
Stephen Randall Harris was born in 1802 in Poughkeepsie, New York. After his father was killed in the War of 1812, he went to live with relatives. He was then apprenticed to a surgeon and entered New York's College of Physicians and Surgeons.

After graduating in 1826, he began his own practice in New York City, where he lived until 1849. During this time, he earned a good reputation within the medical community there, enabling him to be health commissioner of New York, the surgeon for the Ninth Military Regiment, and as the surgeon for the New York almshouse. He later worked without pay for many hundreds of hours, fighting the cholera epidemic of 1832–1834. He also got his first taste of political life while in private practice.
After moving to California in 1849, he went to the gold mines to pan gold. After panning enough gold to earn money to open a drug store, he moved to San Francisco. He also became involved in politics, first being elected as city alderman, and then to the common council (the city council as it was then known). Dr. Harris fell on hard times, however, when his drugstore was destroyed by fire, and two subsequent drugstores that he established were also destroyed by fire. He returned to the gold fields to pan more gold and then returned to San Francisco to open a fourth drugstore.

He ran for mayor in 1851 and was elected unanimously as the only official candidate. As mayor, Harris battled the common council over budget and attempted to control the city budget. He also faced Chinese immigration and rising crime.

After losing to Charles J. Brenham in the 1852 election, Harris took a brief respite from politics. He would ultimately serve as city comptroller for several years and then as city coroner before returning to his medical practice. He died on April 27, 1879.

References

Mayors of San Francisco
1802 births
1879 deaths
19th-century American politicians

Stephen Randall Harris


Clever Hans (in German, der Kluge Hans) was a horse that was supposed to be able to do lots of difficult mathematical sums and solve complicated problems. Later, it was discovered that the horse was giving the right answers by watching the reactions of the people who were watching him.

How Hans seemed to be clever
Hans was a horse that lived in Germany in the early 20th century. He belonged to a man called Wilhelm von Osten. Von Osten was a teacher who taught mathematics at a local school. He was an amateur horse trainer.

This was a time when people were becoming interested in how intelligent animals were. This was largely because of what Charles Darwin had been writing about.

Von Osten taught Hans to add, subtract, multiply, divide, work with fractions, tell the time and date, read and spell and to understand German. If he asked the horse a question such as: "What is 12 plus 12", the horse would tap its hoof 24 times. Von Osten traveled round the country with Hans, showing off his clever horse to the public.

Scientists became interested in Clever Hans. The psychologist Carl Stumpf got a group of people together to study what was happening. His assistant  Oskar Pfungst was the main investigator. The horse almost always gave the right answer when he could see his owner. He also gave the right answer if someone else asked him a question. This showed that Von Osten was not deliberately giving him secret signs.

Pfungst provided the horse with blinders, which meant the horse could see only straight ahead. If he could see the person asking him the question, he got the answers right 89% of the time. If the person asking the questions was standing to the side, where the horse could not see, the answers were right only 6% of the time. Also, the horse did not get the answer right if the person asking the question did not know the answer himself.

When the horse could answer the question, it started to tap more slowly when it got near to the right answer. Then it stopped when it got to the right answer. This showed that the horse was watching the person asking the question, and could sense when the person was expecting him to stop. Von Osten probably did not realize that he was giving the horse signals just by looking at him. The horse was, indeed, clever to guess what was wanted of him, but of course it did not understand the mathematics. The final proof was that Pfungst discovered how to signal to the horse, by slightly raising his eyebrows. Then he could get the horse to give any response he wanted.

The Clever Hans effect
This effect is often called the "Clever Hans effect". It is used in psychology to describe when an animal or a person senses what someone wants them to do, even though they are not deliberately being given signals. It is important to take this effect into account when testing animals' intelligence or human intelligence. An animal may need to be separated from its trainer if their true intelligence is to be observed. On the other hand, an animal may be upset when it cannot see its trainer, so it might not give the right answer. This problem can often be solved by creating a situation in which the trainer does not know the right answer.

The Clever Hans effect is famous, and has been used in popular culture. For example, there is an episode of The Simpsons ("Smart and Smarter"), in which Lisa Simpson becomes jealous of her baby sister Maggie because Maggie seems to be even more intelligent than Lisa. Then it is discovered that Maggie has been watching Lisa so carefully that she could sense what the answers were. Lisa is relieved to discover this.

Other websites
 Classics in Psychology: Oskar Pfungst's Clever Hans (the horse of Mr. von Osten), by Robert H. Wozniak
 Clever Hans the math horse
Animal communication
Cognition
Experiments
Individual horses

Clever Hans


Eduard Adolf Strasburger (1 February 1844 in Warsaw – 19 May 1912 in Bonn) was a German professor who was one of the most famous botanists of the 19th century.

In 1868 he taught at the University of Warsaw. In 1869 Strasburger was appointed professor of botany at the University of Jena. After 1881 he was head of the Botanisches Institut at the University of Bonn.

Accomplishments
Strasburger was a founder of the famous Lehrbuch der Botanik für Hochschulen (Textbook of Botany), which first appeared in 1894. He was the first to provide an accurate description of the embryonic sac in gymnosperms (such as conifers) and angiosperms (flowering plants), along with demonstrating double-fertilization in angiosperms. He came up with one of the modern laws of plant cytology: "New cell nuclei can only arise from the division of other nuclei", and originated the terms cytoplasm and nucleoplasm.

At about the same time as Walther Flemming, and Edouard van Beneden, he worked out chromosome movement during mitosis in plant cells. His work on the upward movement of tree sap proved that the process was physical and not physiological.

Awards
He was awarded the Linnean Society's prestigious Darwin-Wallace Medal in 1908.

Bibliography
"On Cell Formation and Cell Division", 1876 – a book in which he set forth the basic principles of mitosis

1894 textbook Textbook of Botany (written with colleagues)

References

"Strasburger, Eduard Adolf"  Encyclopædia Britannica (1979 ed)

1844 births
1912 deaths
Cell biologists
German developmental biologists
German botanists
People from Warsaw

Eduard Strasburger


Albert Sidney Johnston (February 2, 1803 – April 6, 1862) was a Confedeate general during the American Civil War. He was born in 1803 in Tennessee. He graduated from the United States Military Academy in 1826. He resigned from the U.S. army in 1834 after his wife died. He then joined the Texas army during the Texas Revolution and continued serving in it after Texas became a republic. In 1840 he resigned from the Texas army and moved to Kentucky.

Johnston rejoined the U.S. army for the Mexican–American War. By 1860 he was in charge of the U.S. army in California. He resigned in May 1861 after Texas joined the Confederate States of America. He was made a four star general in the Confederate army and put in charge of the Confederate units in Kentucky and Tennessee. He was killed at the Battle of Shiloh on April 6, 1862.

Confederate Army generals
1803 births
1862 deaths
Military people from Tennessee

Albert Sidney Johnston


A kill switch, sometimes called an emergency stop, is a part of a user interface. User interfaces allow people to operate machines. The kill switch is there for security. Its purpose is to switch off the machine as quickly as possible, or to bring it into a state where it can no longer do harm. It is used in an emergency. In many ways, switching off the machine in an emergency is different from switching it off normally, as it has to avoid injury or harm at all costs.

Safety
Engineering

Kill switch


m:tel d.o.o. Podgorica is a telecommunications company in Montenegro. It is a 51-49% joint venture between Telekom Srbija and Telekom Srpske (Telekom Srbija owns 65% of Telekom Srpske).

History
On 9 May 2007, the company obtained a licence to become the third mobile operator in Montenegro, along with a license for GSM and UMTS technologies. The company officially launched its business on 9 July 2007 using the 068 dialing prefix. Initially, the company was 51-49% joint venture between Telekom Srbija and Ogalar BV (Dutch-based company controlled by Delta Holding).

m:tel plans to invest €120 million, and eventually grow to 150 employees. Initially, its signal covered a relatively small area from Montenegrin coastline to capital Podgorica (about 30% of the country's territory). Initial goals were to have the m:tel signal available in most Montenegrin towns by September 2007. Plans to be achieved by the end of 2007 consisted of covering 90% of the country's territory and gaining 15-20% market-share in a country that at the time of m:tel's arrival had 690,000 mobile subscribers. The company announced plans to offer fixed telephony services as well as WiMax.

The company announced that it sold 12,000 prepaid packages with SIM cards during its first official day of operation.

As of the end of August 2007, Montenegin Telecommunications Agency has announced that m:tel held 12.8% of the Montenegrin mobile telephony market. Its more established competitors ProMonte and T-Mobile held 50% and 37.2%, respectively.

On October 19, 2007, m:tel announced the beginning of their fixed telephony operations in Montenegro, ending T-Com Montenegro's monopoly in the fixed telephony business. M:tel will be using the (0)78 prefix and is currently available in Podgorica. M:tel is hoping to provide fixed telephony and internet services to other cities throughout Montenegro by the end of the year.

During mid-November 2007, the company announced that its signal is present in every single one of Montenegro's 21 municipalities, accounting for the 80% of the country's populated territory, and able to reach 91% of the total population.

At the end of November 2007, Montenegin Telecommunications Agency announced that m:tel's market share in Montenegro (a market of 992,000 mobile sets at this time) increased to 22.66%. Its competitors ProMonte and T-Mobile at this time held 43.47% and 33.87%, respectively.

On February 3, 2010, Ogalar BV (Dutch-based company controlled by Delta Holding) sold its 49% share to M:tel BiH (Telekom Srpske).

References

External links
 Official website
 Mtel uvodi fiksnu telefoniju u CG, B92, 31 August 2007
 CG: M:tel preuzeo 12,8% tržišta, B92, 18 September 2007

Mobile phone companies of Montenegro
Companies based in Podgorica

Mtel (Montenegro)


The Combat Service Identification Badge (CSIB) is a metallic heraldic device worn on the right side of the United States Army's Army Service Uniform that uniquely identifies a soldier's combat service with major U.S. Army formations.

Description
The Shoulder Sleeve Insignia-Former Wartime Service was also worn on the Army Green "Class A" Uniform, until that uniform was discontinued in 2015.

CSIB are silver or gold-colored metal and enamel devices that are 2 inches (5.08 cm) in height consisting of a design similar to the unit Shoulder Sleeve Insignia (SSI).

Wear
The Combat Service Identification Badge is worn on the lower right pocket for male soldiers and on the right side parallel to the waistline for female soldiers. Soldiers can wear the CSIB on the new blue Army Service Uniform, Class A and Class B. The CSIB cannot be worn on the Army Combat Uniform (ACU) or the discontinued Army Green Uniform. U.S. soldiers will continue to wear the subdued Shoulder Sleeve Insignia-Former Wartime Service on their right sleeve of the ACU blouse to denote combat service.  The CSIB is ranked fifth in the order of precedence for identification badges.

References

External links
 U.S. Army webpage on the Army Service Uniform
 CSIBs on Institute of Heraldry website
 Army Times article; Green Class A uniforms out

United States military badges
Heraldry of the United States Army

Combat Service Identification Badge


Direct current (DC or "continuous current") is the flow of electricity in a single direction, from the negative to the positive terminals (potential, poles).

The direct current always flow in the same direction, distinguishing it from the alternating current (AC). Direct current used to be called "Galvanic current".

Batteries are some of the main sources of direct current (DC), but many other sources also exist such as bridge rectifiers in power supply, solar panels, etc.

Typically, the current goes through a conductor and other things that can carry DC. DC is also sent through a vacuum as in electron beams or ion beams.

The first commercial electric power transmission was developed by Thomas Edison in the late nineteenth century using direct current. Today nearly all electric power distribution uses alternating current because of the advantages with transformers and transmission. High-voltage direct current is often used for transporting electricity to places far away.

For applications requiring direct current, the alternating current is typically distributed to a substation and then converted to direct current.

Long after the usage of direct current had been established, physicists realized that the current was made of negative electric charges, the electrons, and that the actual flow was from the negative to the positive pole (and so-called "holes" flow in the opposite direction), but by convention, the usage of the term was never changed.

Related pages
 Electric current
 Alternating current
 Railway electrification system

Other websites
 AC/DC: What's the Difference?. Edison's Miracle of Light, American Experience. (PBS)

Electricity

Direct current


, is an arcade game originally released by Sunsoft in 1985. The game was released for the Famicom (Nintendo Entertainment System) on November 28 of the same year, and is a multi-directional scrolling action game which contains some elements of a top-down shooter. The game is known outside Japan as Boomerang and Farmers Rebellion. Its main character, Gonbe, makes a cameo appearance in Atlantis no Nazo, another Sunsoft game.

The game was re-released as part of multiple compilations. A mobile phone version was published on September 19, 2003. A renewed version titled  was released over the SoftBank Mobile and EZweb networks in July 2006. A revival of the game titled Ikki Unite is scheduled to release in 2022.

Gameplay
The game is set in medieval Japan, where a poor farming village is planning an insurrection to overthrow their feudal overlord. However, the only participants in the revolt are the player's character, , and the optional second-player character, , and the player battles against an army of ninjas instead of samurai and foot soldiers. The game displays text in the vertical direction, which was very unusual for a game of the period, and all in-game messages use speech reminiscent of jidaigeki films.

The character's movement is controlled with an 8-way joystick, and pressing the single button allows the player to attack by throwing a sickle. The direction in which the sickle is thrown cannot be determined by the player, and the weapon will automatically head towards the closest enemy. This forces an emphasis on avoiding attacks rather than attacking aggressively. The right side of the screen displays the player's points, along with a map of the level. The location of koban coins is displayed on this map, but players must circumvent walls and other barriers to go to those locations. This map is not included in the Famicom version of the game.

Enemy characters include a black or red ninja, bomber ninja, and wild boar (some of these enemies do not appear in the Famicom version). Red ninjas move faster than all of the other characters and are harder to hit, but yield twice as many points. The player loses a life when they come in contact with any of the enemy characters or projectiles. The game ends when the player loses with no lives remaining. A ghost (or yōkai) will also appear on occasion, and the player will be unable to throw their sickle if they come in contact with it. The ghost's effect will dissipate if the player touches the jizō or komainu statues which are present on some levels. A grotesque handmaiden may also appear on some levels, and coming in contact with this handmaiden will prevent the player from moving for a short period of time. Though the player can still attack with the sickle in this condition, it becomes impossible to dodge enemy projectiles, making it very difficult to progress. The handmaiden character does not appear in the i-appli mobile phone version.

A level is completed when the player picks up all eight gold koban coins which are spread throughout the map, or if they capture the daikan (Japanese feudal lord) that can randomly appear during the level. There are eight levels included in the original game, and the Famicom version contains four levels, with four more secret levels where the location of the coins is changed. The player returns to the first level after all eight levels are completed. Completing the cycle twice ends the game in the i-appli version, but the player can continue the game indefinitely in the Famicom version by choosing to ignore the coins and concentrate on fending off the enemies.

The opening animation was not included and the number of levels was decreased to half the original number in the Famicom version. However, several new items were made available. The bamboo spear allows the player to attack by thrusting the spear forwards, but players cannot throw the sickle or attack in other directions during this time. This becomes a disadvantage against enemies that use projectiles, so it is advantageous to ignore the item on some levels. Eating a daikon (Japanese radish) increase the player's speed, and obtaining an emakimono (Japanese scroll) gives the player an additional life. The leaf item allows the player to duplicate and become invincible, but their attack power remains the same. The smoke item allows the player to advance to the bonus level after completing the current level.

A senryōbako (Japanese treasure chest) appears in non-Famicom versions of the game, and the character's animated expression changes to laughter when it is obtained. However, the player cannot move while this animation lasts, making them very vulnerable to projectile attacks. Like the bamboo spear in the Famicom version, the treasure chest can actually hinder the player's progress. However, the bamboo spear awards the player bonus points when obtained, and the number of points gained by killing enemies increases while the player is in possession of the spear.

Players can advance to the bonus level if they obtain an onigiri. In the Famicom version, the bonus level is accessed by obtaining the smoke item from the jizō statues. The bonus level is played by catching onigiri thrown in random trajectories by a sennin. The player gains bonus points for every onigiri that they manage to catch, and an extra life is awarded if the player successfully catches all 10 onigiri. However, the character's slow movement makes it difficult to catch all 10 onigiri unless the players cooperate in the multiplayer mode.

In the mobile phone version, the narrower width of the game screen makes it easier for the player to catch all 10 onigiri, but the onigiri are thrown at a noticeably faster speed. This type of bonus game became a fixture for SunSoft products, and appears in other games like Dead Zone (1986) and Tenka no Goikenban: Mito Kōmon (1987).

The Famicom version consists of four different levels, with the fifth level being an alternate version of the first, the sixth being an alternate version of the second, and so on. The difficulty gradually increases as the game progresses, and the game levels loop infinitely. There is no ending screen for the game, and completion of level 99 brings the player to level 00, which is an alternate version of the fourth level. The player returns to level 01 after completing level 00. A "secret letter" appears on-screen after each of the first 8 levels in the Famicom version. The secret letters displayed are E, R, A, W, T, F, O, S, in order, and if the letters are read backwards as indicated in the game's instruction manual, they form the word "SOFTWARE." This code word was required for the gift campaign that was conducted during the game's initial release.

Reception
Japanese essayist Jun Miura coined the term  after playing the Famicom version of Ikki. Regardless, the game still sold reasonably well and was one of Sunsoft's most popular products at the time. Game Machine listed Ikki on their August 15, 1985 issue as being the tenth most-popular arcade game at the time.

Legacy

Re-releases
The game was re-released for Microsoft Windows as part of the Ultra2000 Sunsoft Classic games compilation, which was released on June 29, 2001. The game has also been coupled with Tōkaidō Gojūsan-tsugi and Yūyū Sunsoft kessaku-sen 2 (released July 2, 2004), and was coupled with Super Arabian for the PlayStation compilation Memorial Series Sunsoft Vol. 1. This compilation was also released for the PlayStation Network download service for the PlayStation 3.

An updated version supporting up to 12 players was released as  on June 29, 2010 for the PlayStation 3. In October 2022 it was announced that sales would be discontinued on November 28, 2022.

The arcade version of Ikki was re-released on the PlayStation Network for the PlayStation 4 on December 4, 2016, and also became available on Nintendo's Virtual Console on January 16, 2007, for the Wii, on February 13, 2013, for the Nintendo 3DS, on May 22, 2013, for the Wii U, and on May 24, 2018 for the Nintendo Switch.

Ikki Mobile
The mobile version of Ikki, titled  was released by SunSoft in July, 2006, for the SoftBank Mobile and EZweb mobile phone networks. Though the content is identical to that of the previous versions, Ikki Mobile contains a series of minigames and a moe drawing trading card series, which can be purchased using the coins collected in the main game. The mobile version consists of 7 different levels, and several changes were made to the characters and graphics. The handmaiden character was revived from the i-appli version, and the bamboo spear has the added effect of deflecting enemy projectiles. The ghost enemy is no longer invincible, and the ninja and handmaiden change to kunoichi and princesses, respectively, as the game progresses.

The four minigames become available after the player has completed the 7-level cycle at least once. The first is a slot machine game, where up to 3 coins can be bet at one time. The second is a concentration game that requires 10 coins to play. Up to 5 mistakes are allowed per game, and picking the lucky card gives the player 10 bonus coins. The third game is a frog derby game, where the player bets up to 10 coins on the winning frog. The last minigame is the onigiri catching game that was the bonus level in the Famicom version. It also requires 10 coins to play. Though the content is mostly the same, it is impossible to catch all 10 onigiri, as some are thrown off the borders of the game screen. Small and large gold coins are thrown in addition to the onigiri, and 5 onigiri count for 1 gold coin while 5 small gold coins count for 1 large gold coin.

The gold coins collected during the game can also be used to buy packages of the in-game trading card series (capturing a feudal lord in the mobile version yields a bonus of 10 gold coins). Three random cards are included in each card package, and a set of card consists of 16 different cards. Each set of cards creates a single illustration, and the main game's difficulty increases every 48 cards collected. Completing two sets allows the player to access a special webpage from the title screen, where mobile wallpaper can be downloaded after a short survey.

Ikki Unite
A Sunsoft-developed revival of the game titled Ikki Unite is scheduled to release for Microsoft Windows in 2022.

Other media

Manga
 In 1986, Ikki was adapted as a manga by Sawada Yukio and published by Wan Pakku Comics, released as a story in the anthology series
 Ikki, is one of the video games was adapted by Manga titled , published in the Gamest Comics collection from April 1999, drawn by Kouta Hirano.

Novel
 The novel いっき ーLEGEND OF TAKEYARI MASTERー (), featuring all-new characters, was released by Sunsoft and Hifumi Shobo in 2013. A promotional video was released for the book.

Other appearances
Gonbe appeared in the Shanghai Musume: Mahjong Girls for the iOS and Android in 2011, including a Sunsoft Characters. It is also was made in Joker card in Moe Moe Daifūgō ~Zenkoku Bishōjo Meguri~ for the iOS and Android in 2012.

The setting and characters of Ikki are featured in Blaster Master Zero 2, an entry in Sunsoft's Blaster Master series developed and published by Inti Creates. Gonbei and Tae (based on their depictions from the 2013 novelization) are featured as Metal Attacker pilots on the planet Montoj, where they ally with protagonists Jason Frudnick and Eve to defeat the Mutant Overlord "Zavira" (from Atlantis no Nazo) that had taken over the planet.

References

External links
Ikki Online official website
Virtual Console version official website
Memorial Series: SunSoft Vol. 1 official website
Ikki at Arcade History
Ikki at Arcade Archives Page

1985 video games
Action games
Arcade video games
Nintendo Entertainment System games
Nintendo Switch games
PlayStation 4 games
Mobile games
Sunsoft games
Tose (company) games
Video games developed in Japan
Video games set in feudal Japan
Virtual Console games
Virtual Console games for Wii U
Hamster Corporation games
Multiplayer and single-player video games

Ikki (video game)


A virtual machine is a program on a computer that works like it is a separate computer inside the main computer.  The program that controls virtual machines is called a hypervisor and the computer that is running the virtual machine is called the host.  The hypervisor controls how the virtual machine can access memory, hard drive space, and other resources on the host computer.  Virtual machines can be created through software known as virtualization software (such as VMware Workstation and VirtualBox).

There are many reasons to run a virtual machine:
It is a simple way to run more than one operating system on the same computer.
A very powerful server can be split into several smaller virtual machines to use its resources better.
It can help with security.  If the virtual machine is affected by a virus, the host operating system is unaffected.
A virtual machine can be completely emulated, such as Java. This lets a program run on different types of computer without having to be converted into a code specific for it. They can communicate even though the programming languages are not the same.

Related pages
 Grid computing: many computers work together to work like a "virtual supercomputer"

Computers

Virtual machine


The Socialist Party (Parti Socialiste, PS) is a political party in France, historically the largest left-wing party from its creation in 1969 to the 2000s, then, since the 2010s, a center-left party.
It is one of the social democratic parties.

It first won power under the Fifth Republic with François Mitterrand's victory at the 1981 presidential election.
The party's candidate for the 2007 presidential election, Ségolène Royal, was defeated by Nicolas Sarkozy by about 53% to 47%. In 2012, Socialist Party's candidate François Hollande won the presidential election.

History

French socialism until 1969
After the failure of the Paris commune (1871), French socialism was figuratively beheaded. Its leaders were killed or exiled. France's first socialist party, the Federation of the Socialist Workers of France (Fédération des travailleurs socialistes de France or FTSF), was founded in 1879.

In 1899, the participation of Millerand in Pierre Waldeck-Rousseau's cabinet caused a debate about socialist participation in a "bourgeois government". Three years later, Jaurès, Allemane and the possibilists founded the French Socialist Party while Guesde and Vaillant formed the Socialist Party of France. Then, in 1905, during the Globe Congress, the two groups merged in the French Section of the Workers International (Section française de l'Internationale ouvrière or SFIO). Jaurès became the party leader.

The French socialists were strongly pacifist, but following the assassination of Jaurès in 1914 they were unable to resist the wave of militarism which followed the outbreak of World War I.

The Socialists suffered a severe split over participation in the wartime government of national unity. In 1919 the anti-war socialists were heavily defeated in elections. In 1920, during the Tours Congress, the majority and left wing of the party broke away and formed the French Section of the Communist International (Section française de l'Internationale Communiste or SFIC). This party joined the Third International, that was  founded by Lenin. The right wing, led by Léon Blum, kept the "old house" and remained in the SFIO.

In 1934, the Communists changed their line, and the three parties came together in the Popular Front, which won the 1936 elections and brought Blum to power as France's first Socialist Prime Minister.

After the liberation of France in 1944, the SFIO had a coalition with a powerful Communist Party (which became the main left-wing party) and the Christian Democratic MRP. This alliance did not survive the Cold War. Blum proposed the construction of a Third Force with the center-left and the center-right, against the Gaullists and the Communists. However, his candidate to lead of the SFIO, Daniel Mayer, was defeated by Guy Mollet.

Mollet was supported by the left wing of the party. Paradoxically, he spoke a Marxist language without questioning the alliance with the center and the center-right. He was Prime Minister at the head of a minority government in 1956. The SFIO returned to opposition in 1959.

The SFIO did not nominate a candidate for the 1965 election. Consequently, it supported the candidacy of François Mitterrand, a former minister of the Fourth Republic who had been a conservative, then an independent of the left. He was resolutely anti-Gaullist. He obtained an honourable result and faced De Gaulle in an unexpected second ballot. He thus appeared as the leader of the non-Communist left.

In order to exist between the Communist Party, leading the left, and the Gaullist Party, leading the country, the SFIO, Radicals, and left wing republican groups created the Federation of the Democratic and Socialist Left under Mitterrand's leadership.

The foundation of the PS and the "Union of Left" (1969–1981)
In 1969 the SFIO was replaced by the Socialist Party (Parti socialiste or PS). It was joined by pro-Pierre Mendès-France clubs (Union of Clubs for the Renewal of the Left led by Alain Savary) and left-wing republican groups (Union of Socialist Groups ad Clubs of Jean Poperen). During the Issy-les-Moulineaux Congress, Alain Savary was elected First Secretary with the support of his predecessor Guy Mollet. He proposed an "ideological dialogue" with the Communists.

Two years later, pro-François Mitterrand clubs (Convention of the Republican institutions), joined the party. Mitterrand defeated the Savary-Mollet duo by proposing an electoral programme with the Communists.

Mitterrand's presidency and the practice of power (1981–1995)
In 1981 Mitterrand defeated the neoliberal Valéry Giscard d'Estaing, to become the first socialist elected President of France by universal suffrage.

The PS lost the majority in the French National Assembly in 1986, forcing Mitterrand to "cohabit" with the conservative government of Jacques Chirac. Nevertheless, Mitterrand was re-elected President in 1988 with a moderate programme entitled "united France". He proposed neither nationalisations nor privatisations. He chose as Prime Minister the most popular and moderate of the Socialist politicians, Michel Rocard. His cabinet included 4 center-right ministers but it was supported by only a plurality in the National Assembly elected in June 1988.

During his second term, Mitterrand focused on foreign policy and European construction.

Jospin and the "Plural Left" (1995–2002)
In opposition, the PS reconstructed a coalition with the other left-wing forces: the PCF, the Greens, the Left Radical Party and the MDC. This "Plural Left" (Gauche plurielle) gained the 1997 legislative election and Jospin became Prime Minister of the third "cohabitation".

His policy was broadly progressive but had little to do with socialism as traditionally understood. The Aubry laws reduced the working time to 35 hours a week. A universal medical cover was instituted. However, the policy of privatization was pursued.

On April 21, 2002 Jospin was eliminated at the first round of the presidential election.

After the 2002 shock
In the 2004 regional elections,  the Socialists had a major comeback. In coalition with the former "Plural Left", they gained power in 20 of the 22 metropolitan regions (all except Alsace and Corsica) and in the four overseas regions. In fact, it benefited from a "sanction-vote" against the right.

On 1 December 2004, 59% of the members of the Socialist Party decided to approve the proposed European Constitution. However, several well-known members of the Party, including Laurent Fabius, and left-wingers Henri Emmanuelli and Jean-Luc Mélenchon, asked the voters to vote "no" in the 29 May 2005 French referendum on the European Constitution, at which the proposed Constitution was rejected.

2007 presidential election

For the 2007 presidential election, many potential candidates appeared: François Hollande, Laurent Fabius (who has joined the left-wing of the party), Dominique Strauss-Kahn (who claimed he represented "social-democracy"), Jack Lang, Martine Aubry and Ségolène Royal, who was favourite according to the polls.

On 16 November 2006, the members of the Socialist Party chose Ségolène Royal to be their candidate with a majority of 60%. Her challengers, Strauss-Kahn and Fabius, obtained 21% and 19% respectively.

After obtaining 25% of the vote in the first round of France's presidential elections Ségolène Royal qualified for the second round of voting but lost to Nicolas Sarkozy on May 6, 2007.

2012-2017: the Hollande era

Since 2017 : sudden collapse

Leadership
First secretaries from 1969:
Alain Savary (1969–1971)
François Mitterrand (1971–1981)
Lionel Jospin (1981–1988)
Pierre Mauroy (1988–1992)
Laurent Fabius (1992–1993)
Michel Rocard (1993–1994)
Henri Emmanuelli (1994–1995)
Lionel Jospin (1995–1997)
François Hollande (1997–2008)
Martine Aubry (2008–2012)
Harlem Désir (2012–2014)
Jean-Christophe Cambadélis (2014–2017)
Rachid Temal (2017–2018; acting)
Olivier Faure (2018–present)

Related pages
Socialism

Other websites
 Parti Socialiste – Official site

Socialist International
Social democratic parties in Europe
Political parties in France

Socialist Party (France)


Chiffon is a lightweight, plain-woven sheer fabric. The fabric is woven of S and Z twist crepe yarns. The twist in the crepe yarns puckers the fabric in both directions.

Chiffon is made from cotton, silk or synthetic fibers.

Gowns, lingerie, scarves and other clothing can be made of chiffon.

Cloth

Chiffon


The Kildalton Cross is a monolithic high cross in Celtic cross form in the churchyard of the former parish church of Kildalton (from Scottish Gaelic Cill Daltain, "Church of the Foster Son" (i.e. St John the Evangelist) on the island of Islay in the Inner Hebrides, Scotland.  It was carved probably in the second half of the 8th century AD, and is closely related to crosses of similar date on Iona.  It is often considered the finest surviving Celtic cross in Scotland, and is certainly one of the most perfect monuments of its date to survive in western Europe.  The cross and the adjacent roofless medieval parish church are in the care of Historic Environment Scotland (access at all times) and are jointly a scheduled ancient monument.  A simpler cross of late medieval date stands nearby.

Ornament
The Kildalton Cross features an iconic image of the Virgin and Child, which is closely related to similar Virgin and Child iconography found on St. Martin's Cross and St. Oran's Cross at Iona. In addition, this panel displays similarities with folio 7v in the Book of Kells. This type of iconography of the Virgin and Child may be related to contemporary Marian iconography in the Mediterranean, specifically the Maria Regina which was used in Rome to refute iconoclasm.

See also
 Aros Bay

Notes

External links
One site with photos
Kildalton high cross historical info

Islay
Archaeology of Scotland
High crosses in Scotland
Culture of medieval Scotland
Monuments and memorials in Scotland
Scheduled Ancient Monuments in Argyll and Bute
Outdoor sculptures in Scotland
Monumental crosses in Scotland
Historic Scotland properties in Argyll and Bute
Virgin Mary in art
Jesus in art
Wayside crosses
Stone crosses in the United Kingdom
Celtic crosses

Kildalton Cross


Dan Connolly (born 1967) is an American computer scientist who was closely involved with the creation of the World Wide Web as a member of the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C).

Early years and education
Connolly was born in 1967 and grew up with four siblings in Prairie Village, in the Kansas City metropolitan area, where he attended Bishop Miege High School. From 1986 to 1990 he attended University of Texas at Austin, earning a B.S. in computer science.

Career
In October 1991, Connolly was working on the documentation tools team at Convex Computer when he joined the Web project's mailing list to discuss the browser he had written for the X Window System. Soon after he started advocating for HTML to adopt an SGML document type definition. He met  Tim Berners-Lee and Robert Cailliau at the HyperText conference in San Antonio, TX, in December 1991. With Berners-Lee he was co-editor of the initial Internet Engineering Task Force's draft specification for HTML. He was also the principal editor of the HTML 2.0 specification and co-created one of the early HTML validators. Moving from Texas to Boston in 1994, he joined the newly created World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, where Connolly took a position as research scientist at the Laboratory for Computer Science. He stayed in Boston for two years before returning to Texas while continuing to work for W3C as a remote worker.

Connolly chaired the W3C's HTML Working Group that produced the HTML 3.2 and HTML 4.0 specifications. Together with Jon Bosak he formed the W3C XML Working Group that created the W3C XML 1.0 Recommendation.

Connolly chaired the first RDF Data Access Working Group, and served on the W3C Technical Architecture Group and the first Web Ontology Working Group. He was involved in the application of RDF in calendar software.

His research interests include investigating the value of formal descriptions of chaotic systems like the Web, particularly in the consensus-building process, and the Semantic Web. He is mentioned in Tim Berners-Lee's book, Weaving the Web, where he is referred to as an expert in web technology, hypertext systems, and markup languages.

In June 2010, Dan left the W3C and took a position with University of Kansas School of Medicine as a Biomedical Informatics Software Engineer in their Department of Biostatistics. As of 2021, he works as a software engineer for Agoric.

References

External links
Dan Connolly's home page at W3C
MadMode: Dan Connolly's tinkering lab notebook, his blog
Dan Connolly's Advogato page

Living people
1967 births
American computer programmers
Web developers
University of Texas at Austin College of Natural Sciences alumni
Internet pioneers
World Wide Web Consortium
Bishop Miege High School alumni

Dan Connolly (computer scientist)


Gamestar is a German monthly released PC computer game magazine. It is published by the IDG Entertainment Media GmbH in Munich. The first edition was 10/1997 with a prize of 6,90 DM. Current prize is 6,30€ (XL version), 5,30€ (DVD version) and 3,50€ (Magazin version).

Other websites

 IDG-Verlag

Video game magazines
Germany

Gamestar


William Harrison (18 April 1534 – 24 April 1593) was an English clergyman, whose Description of England was produced as part of the publishing venture of a group of London stationers who produced Raphael Holinshed's Chronicles (1577 and 1587).  His contribution to Holinshed's work drew heavily on the earlier work of John Leland.

Biography

Early life and education
William Harrison was born in London, in the parish of St. Thomas the Apostle, to John and Anne Harrison. As a boy, Harrison attended St Paul's School and the Westminster School of Alexander Nowell. Raised in Protestant circles, Harrison entered Christ Church, Oxford and in 1560 was awarded his bachelor's degree. During the reign of Queen Mary I of England, Christ Church became a centre of Catholic support, and Harrison converted to Catholicism. Harrison claimed that he returned to Protestant belief before Mary's death in 1558 after hearing the words of Cranmer, Ridley, and Latimer, three Protestant martyrs burned at the stake in Oxford.

Adulthood
On 15 February 1559, prior to the award of his bachelor's degree at Oxford, Harrison was instituted as the rector of Radwinter in Essex, by the appointment of Lord Cobham, who owned the right, and to whom he was also household chaplain. The living brought with it an income of £40 a year.  Despite being well known to posterity for his description of England, at this time he had only travelled within a small compass in the south of England.

Harrison married Marion Isebrand, the daughter of Flemish immigrants. Continuing his theological studies at Cambridge, Harrison took the degree of Bachelor of Divinity in 1571. In the same year he was instituted vicar of Wimbish in Essex. Harrison also held positions at another two London parishes. Near the end of his life, Harrison received an appointment as a canon at St. George's Chapel at Windsor. Harrison was buried at Windsor following his death in 1593.

Works
Harrison is best known for his Description of England, first published in 1577 as part of Holinshed's Chronicles, and reissued in revised form in 1587. This work enumerated England's geographic, economic, social, religious and political features and represents an important source for historians interested in life in Elizabethan England. He gathered his facts from books, letters, maps, the notes of John Leland, and conversations with antiquaries and local historians like his friends John Stow and William Camden. He also used his own observation, experience and wit, and wrote in a conversational tone without pedantry, which has made the work a classic. The result is a compendium of Elizabethan England during the youth of William Shakespeare. "No work of the time contains so vivid and picturesque a sketch," was the assessment of The Cambridge History of English and American Literature.

Harrison also wrote a number of unpublished manuscripts, including The Great English Chronologie. This work traced fortunes of the Christian church in history, stretching from creation to his own time. In the Chronologie, Harrison revealed his sympathy with the Calvinist perspective of those seeking to reform the Church of England. At the same time, Harrison also indicated his distrust of the political intentions of England's Puritans and his ultimate loyalty to England's ecclesiastical authorities.

Notes

Further reading

External links

 Description of England Full Text
 (Modern History Sourcebook) William Harrison (1534–1593): Description Of Elizabethan England, 1577 (from Holinshed's Chronicles) Prints Dr. Frederick Furnivall's condensed and modernised text of Harrison's chapters, edited for the New Shakspere Society (1876).

English non-fiction writers
1534 births
1593 deaths
People educated at Westminster School, London
People educated at St Paul's School, London
16th-century English Anglican priests
English topographers
Writers from London
16th-century English writers
16th-century male writers
Chronologists
Canons of Windsor
English male non-fiction writers
Holinshed's Chronicles

William Harrison (priest)


A classical guitar, also called a Spanish guitar, is a musical instrument from the family of musical instruments called chordophones. This instrument is most commonly used by classical guitarists playing classical music, but it is also used in other music genres. It was first recognized 4 - 5 thousand years ago.

Guitars

Classical guitar


Frank McCoppin (July 4, 1834 – May 26, 1897) was the first Irish-born, and foreign-born Mayor of San Francisco.

Career
McCoppin was a member of the Royal Irish Constabulary from 1851 until he emigrated to the United States in 1853.  In 1860, he was made supervisor of the Market Street Railway, where he encouraged planting among the railroad tracks, to lessen the problem of drifting sands.  Shortly thereafter, he was elected to the San Francisco Board of Supervisors.  He then was elected mayor in 1867, serving from December 2, 1867, to December 5, 1869. He and the Board of Supervisors approved the plan for Golden Gate Park January 14, 1868.  However, questions regarding his citizenship (word had leaked that he was not a naturalized U.S. citizen when he was supervisor or that he applied for citizenship during his term) led to his defeat in the 1869 election.

In 1886, he ran for a seat in the United States House of Representatives but lost to William W. Morrow.  He later served two terms in the California State Senate.  In 1894, President Grover Cleveland appointed him Postmaster of San Francisco, a position he held until his death from stomach cancer on May 26, 1897.

He is credited with recommending the use of ladybugs to control insect pests affecting the California citrus crop.

Personal life
In 1862, he was married to Elizabeth Bird Van Ness in San Francisco, thereby becoming the son-in-law of former mayor James Van Ness.

A small park, McCoppin Square, located in the Parkside District of San Francisco, is named in his honor, as are McCoppin Street in the Mission District and Frank McCoppin Elementary School, near Golden Gate Park.

Sources
 Heintz, William F., San Francisco's Mayors:  1850-1880. From the Gold Rush to the Silver Bonanza.  Woodside, CA:  Gilbert Roberts Publications, 1975. (Library of Congress Card No. 75-17094)

External links
 Mairead O'Shea, "Longford son brought the ladybird to the Americans"
 November 1886 California election results

19th-century Irish people
Politicians from County Longford
Mayors of San Francisco
California state senators
Deaths from cancer in California
Deaths from stomach cancer
Royal Irish Constabulary officers
1834 births
1897 deaths
Irish emigrants to the United States
19th-century American politicians
Police officers from County Longford

Frank McCoppin


October is the second album by Irish rock band U2. It was released on 12 October 1981. The album is about spirituality. It got mixed reviews and it was not played much by radio stations.

Recording
After touring for Boy, U2 began to write new songs. The band started recording in the studio in July 1981. Then Bono lost his notebook with the lyrics after a show in Portland, Oregon. He had to make up the words to songs as he was singing on the microphone. His lost notebook was returned many years later, in 2004. Bono said its return was "an act of grace".

Reception
When it was released, October got more mixed reviews than their first album, Boy.

Dave McCullough of Sounds magazine praised the album. He said: "A kind of zenith pop then, no half measures. It all breathes fire... 'Gloria' being possibly Their Finest Moment and 'Tomorrow', low and muted, gently oozing emotion". McCullough also said, "This October will last forever".

Adam Sweeting of Melody Maker also gave a good review. He said: "Their whole musical sensibility is shaped by a strong emotional bond to their homeland and its traditions. It gives them a completely different frame of reference from most groups...

But, NME gave a negative review. Barney Hoskyns talked about the "excessive plaintiveness of Bono's voice and the forced power of U2's sound".  He also said: "Obviously rock doesn't expire just because groups run out of ways to change it... U2, I guess, will continue to 'move' in live performance, but they will only move on the lightest surface. Their music does 'soar'... But then 'God' knows, there are other religions".

Track listing

All of the songs were written by U2, and all of the lyrics were written by Bono.

 Gloria - 4:14
 I Fall Down - 3:39
 I Threw a Brick Through a Window - 4:54
 Rejoice - 3:37
 Fire - 3:51
 Tomorrow - 4:39
 October - 2:21
 With a Shout (Jerusalem) - 4:02
 Stranger in a Strange Land - 3:56
 Scarlet - 2:53
 Is That All? - 2:59

People
 Bono – lead vocals
 The Edge – guitar, piano, backing vocals
 Adam Clayton – bass
 Larry Mullen Jr. – drums

References

U2 albums
1981 albums
Island Records albums
Rock albums
Punk albums

October (album)