Jean-Baptiste Illinois Jacquet (October 30, 1922 – July 22, 2004) was an American jazz tenor saxophonist, best remembered for his solo on "Flying Home", critically recognized as the first R&B saxophone solo.

Although he was a pioneer of the honking tenor saxophone that became a regular feature of jazz playing and a hallmark of early rock and roll, Jacquet was a skilled and melodic improviser, both on up-tempo tunes and ballads. He doubled on the bassoon, one of only a few jazz musicians to use the instrument.

Early life
Jacquet's parents were Creoles of color, named Marguerite Trahan and Gilbert Jacquet, When he was an infant, his family moved from Louisiana to Houston, Texas, and he was raised there as one of six siblings. His father was a part-time bandleader. As a child he performed in his father's band, primarily on the alto saxophone. His older brother Russell Jacquet played trumpet and his other brother Linton played drums.

At 15, Jacquet began playing with the Milton Larkin Orchestra, a Houston-area dance band. In 1939, he moved to Los Angeles, California, where he met Nat King Cole. Jacquet would sit in with the trio on occasion. In 1940, Cole introduced Jacquet to Lionel Hampton who had returned to California and was putting together a big band. Hampton wanted to hire Jacquet, but asked the young Jacquet to switch to tenor saxophone.

Career

In 1942, at age 19, Jacquet soloed on the Hampton Orchestra's recording of "Flying Home", one of the first times a honking tenor sax was heard on record. The record became a hit. The song immediately became the climax for the live shows and Jacquet became exhausted from having to "bring down the house" every night. The solo was built to weave in and out of the arrangement and continued to be played by every saxophone player who followed Jacquet in the band, including Arnett Cobb and Dexter Gordon, who achieved almost as much attention as Jacquet in playing it. It is one of the few jazz solos to have been memorized and played very much the same way by everyone who played the song. He left the Hampton band in 1943 and joined Cab Calloway's Orchestra.

Jacquet appeared with Calloway's band in Lena Horne's movie Stormy Weather (1943). In the earlier years of Jacquet's career, his brother Linton Jacquet managed him on the chitlin circuit Linton's daughter, Brenda Jacquet-Ross, sang in jazz venues in the San Francisco Bay Area in the 1990s to early 2000s, with a band called the Mondo Players.

In 1944, Jacquet returned to California and started a small band with his brother Russell and a young Charles Mingus. It was at this time that he appeared in the Academy Award-nominated short film Jammin' the Blues with Lester Young. He also appeared at the first Jazz at the Philharmonic concert. In 1946, he moved to New York City, and joined the Count Basie orchestra, replacing Lester Young.

In 1952, Jacquet co-wrote "Just When We're Falling in Love" (Jacquet (m), Sir Charles Thompson (m), S. K. "Bob" Russell (l)). Jacquet continued to perform (mostly in Europe) in small groups through the 1960s and 1970s. He led the Illinois Jacquet Big Band from 1981 until his death.

Jacquet became the first jazz musician to be an artist-in-residence at Harvard University, in 1983. He played "C-Jam Blues" with President Bill Clinton on the White House lawn during Clinton's inaugural ball in 1993. Jacquet's final performance was on July 16, 2004, at the Lincoln Center in New York.

Personal life
Jacquet was first married to Jacqueline Jacquet.

His marriage to socialite Barbara Jacquet ended in divorce. They had a daughter, Pamela Jacquet Davis.
Jacquet died in the home he shared with his long time partner, Carol Scherick, in Queens, New York, of a heart attack on July 22, 2004. He was 81 years old. He is interred in Woodlawn Cemetery, The Bronx, New York City.

Influence
His solos of the early and mid-1940s and his performances at the Jazz at the Philharmonic concert series, influenced rhythm and blues and rock and roll saxophone style, but also continue to be heard in jazz. His honking and screeching emphasized the lower and higher registers of the tenor saxophone. Despite a superficial rawness, the style is  heard in jazz players like Arnett Cobb, who also became known for playing "Flying Home" with Hampton, as well as Sonny Rollins, Eddie "Lockjaw" Davis and Jimmy Forrest.

Activism
Jacquet pushed back against Jim Crow laws in Houston. After booking his band to play at the Rice Hotel, he protested against management's rule that African Americans should enter the premises through an alley door. He issued an ultimatum: either allow his all-black orchestra to access the hotel through the main entrance or he would cancel the engagement. The Rice Hotel agreed to suspend the Jim Crow rule for Jacquet's band.

After leaving Houston to tour the United States and several other countries, Jacquet contemplated the manner in which he would return:

Jazz producer Norman Granz, who had been a social activist himself, made arrangements for the star-studded Philharmonic band to play an engagement at Houston's Music Hall on October 5, 1955. Jacquet played saxophone, accompanying Ella Fitzgerald, Dizzy Gillespie, Oscar Peterson, and Buddy Rich. Granz and Jacquet collaborated to eliminate Jim Crow customs from the event. There were no advanced sales of tickets, while Granz removed all of the "white" and "black" signs which indicated segregated facilities within the venue and hired some off-duty Houston police officers for security. The band played before a non-segregated audience, though not completely free of trouble. Despite Granz's precaution, five officers of the Houston Vice Squad stormed Ella Fitzgerald's dressing room with firearms drawn. Jacquet and Gillespie were playing dice games, which the Vice Squad used as a pretext for arresting Jacquet, Gillespie, Ella Fitzgerald and her assistant. This was a performance within a performance, however, as the quartet was whisked to the police station, where there were waiting photographers. After paying their fines, they all returned to the Music Hall where the band played the second set with the audience none the wiser.

Memorial

In 2008, The Chapel of the Sisters in Prospect Cemetery was restored and re-dedicated as the Illinois Jacquet Performance Space on the grounds of York College in Jamaica, Queens.

Discography

As leader
 1951 Battle Of The Saxes (Aladdin LP-701 [10"]) – with Lester Young
 1951 Illinois Jacquet: Collates (Mercury/Clef MGC-112 [10"])
 1952 Illinois Jacquet: Collates, No. 2 (Mercury/Clef MGC-129 [10"])
 1953 Jazz By Jacquet (Clef MGC-167 [10"])
 1953 Jazz Moods By Illinois Jacquet (Clef MGC-622)
 1954 Illinois Jacquet And His Tenor Sax (Aladdin LP-708 [10"]; Aladdin LP-803 [rel. 1956]; Imperial LP-9184/LP-12184 [rel. 1962])
 1954 The Kid and the Brute (Clef MGC-680; Verve MGV-8065) – with Ben Webster
 1955 Illinois Jacquet [septet] (Clef MGC-676; Verve MGV-8061) – with Harry "Sweets" Edison
 1956 Jazz Moode (Clef MGC-700; Verve MGV-8084) compilation of MGC-112, MGC-129, MGC-622
 1956 Port Of Rico (Clef MGC-701; Verve MGV-8085) compilation of MGC-129, MGC-167, MGC-622
 1956 Groovin' with Jacquet (Clef MGC-702; Verve MGV-8086) compilation of MGC-112, MGC-129, MGC-167, MGC-622
 1956 Swing's the Thing (Clef MGC-750; Verve MGV-8023) -note: reissued on CD in 2005 by Lone Hill Jazz (LHJ-10228)
 1959 Illinois Jacquet Flies Again (Roulette SR-52035) -note: reissued on CD in 2005 by Lone Hill Jazz (LHJ-10229)
 1962 Illinois Jacquet And His Orchestra (Epic BA-17033) – with Roy Eldridge -note: reissued on CD in 2005 by Lone Hill Jazz (LHJ-10229)
 1963 The Message (Argo LPS-722) – with Kenny Burrell -note: reissued on CD in 2005 by Lone Hill Jazz (LHJ-10230)
 1964 Desert Winds (Argo LPS-735) – with Kenny Burrell -note: reissued on CD in 2005 by Lone Hill Jazz (LHJ-10230)
 1964 Bosses of the Ballad: Illinois Jacquet And Strings Play Cole Porter (Argo LPS-746) -note: reissued on CD in 2005 by Lone Hill Jazz (LHJ-10231)
 1965 Spectrum (Argo LPS-754) -note: reissued on CD in 2005 by Lone Hill Jazz (LHJ-10231)
 1966 Go Power! [recorded live at 'Lennie's On-The-Turnpike' in West Peabody, MA] (Cadet LPS-773) – with Milt Buckner, Alan Dawson -note: reissued on CD in 2005 by Lone Hill Jazz (LHJ-10232)
 1968 Bottoms Up: Illinois Jacquet On Prestige! (Prestige PR-7575) (CD reissue: Original Jazz Classics OJC-417)
 1968 The King! (Prestige PR-7597) (CD reissue: Original Jazz Classics OJC-849)
 1969 The Soul Explosion (Prestige PR-7629) (CD reissue: Original Jazz Classics OJC-674)
 1969 The Blues; That's Me! (Prestige PR-7731) – with Tiny Grimes (CD reissue: Original Jazz Classics OJC-614)
 1971 Genius At Work! (Recorded Live At The Ronnie Scott Club, London) (Black Lion BL-146) -note: reissued on CD as The Comeback (Black Lion BLCD-760160)
 1973 Volume 1: Jazz At Town Hall (J.R.C. Records 11433) – with Arnett Cobb
 1973 The Blues From Louisiana (J.R.C. Records 11433; Classic Jazz CJ-???) -note: this is a reissue of Jazz At Town Hall
 1973 Illinois Jacquet With Wild Bill Davis (Disques Black And Blue 33.044; Classic Jazz CJ-112 [rel. 1978]) -note: reissued on CD as The Man I Love (Black & Blue BB-865)
 1973 Illinois Jacquet With Wild Bill Davis, Vol. 2 (Disques Black And Blue 33.082)
 1974 Illinois Jacquet With Milt And Jo (Disques Black And Blue 33.070) – with Milt Buckner, Jo Jones -note: reissued on CD as Bottoms Up (Black & Blue BB-893)
 1975 Volume 2: Birthday Party (J.R.C. Records 11434) – with James Moody -note: reissued on CD in 1999 by Groove Note Records
 1976 Here Comes Freddy (Sonet SNTF-714) – with Howard McGhee (CD reissue: Sonet SNTCD-714)
 1976 Jacquet's Street (Disques Black And Blue 33.112; Classic Jazz CJ-146 [rel. 1981]) (CD reissue: Black & Blue BB-972)
 1978 God Bless My Solo (Disques Black And Blue 33.167) (CD reissue: Black & Blue BB-941)
 1982 The Cool Rage [2LP compilation that also includes 4 previously unreleased tracks from 1958 with Wild Bill Davis and Kenny Burrell] (Verve VE2-2544) -note: the 4 tracks from the 1958 session are reissued on CD by Lone Hill Jazz (LHJ-10228)
 1983 Jazz At The Philharmonic: Blues In Chicago 1955 (Verve 815155) – with Oscar Peterson, Herb Ellis
 1988 Jacquet's Got It! (Atlantic 81816)
 1988 The Black Velvet Band [recorded 1947-1950] (Bluebird/RCA 6571-1-RB)
 1989 Banned In Boston (Portrait/CBS RJ-44391) -note: this is a reissue of Illinois Jacquet And His Orchestra (BA-17033)
 1991 Loot To Boot (LRC [Lester Radio Corporation] 9034) -note: this is a reissue of The Last Blues Album, Volume 1 (Groove Merchant GM-3303) with 3 tracks from Illinois Jacquet With Wild Bill Davis (Classic Jazz CJ-112) added on.
 1994 Flying Home: The Best Of The Verve Years (Verve 521644)
 1994 Jazz At The Philharmonic: The First Concert [recorded 1944] (Verve 521646) – with Nat "King" Cole, Les Paul, J. J. Johnson
 1994 Illinois Jacquet And His All Star New York Band [recorded 1980] (JSP 212)
 1996 The Complete Illinois Jacquet Sessions 1945-1950 [all his Philo/Aladdin, Apollo, ARA, Savoy, and RCA Victor material] (Mosaic MD4-0165) -4-CD box set
 2002 The Illinois Jacquet Story [recorded 1944-1951] (Proper BOX 49) -4-CD box set
 2002 Jumpin' At Apollo [recorded 1945-1947] (Delmark DE-538)
 2003 Live At Schaffhausen, Switzerland: March 18, 1978 (Storyville Records; UPC: 4526180360506)
 2006 Swingin' Live With Illinois Jacquet: His Final Performance [recorded 2004] (Jacquet Records; UPC: 837101208147) -2CD
 2013 Toronto 1947 (Uptown Records; UPC: 026198277321) – with Leo Parker
 2014 Live In Berlin 1987 (Squatty Roo Records; UPC: 686647021204)
 2014 Live In Burghausen 1996 (Squatty Roo Records; UPC: 686647022102)

As sideman
With Count Basie
String Along with Basie (Roulette, 1960)
Half a Sixpence (Dot, 1967)
With Kenny Burrell
Bluesin' Around (Columbia, 1962 [released 1983])
With Joey DeFrancesco
Where Were You? (Columbia, 1990)
With Modern Jazz Quartet
MJQ & Friends: A 40th Anniversary Celebration (Atlantic, 1994)
With Buddy Rich
The Last Blues Album Volume 1 (Groove Merchant, 1974)
With Sonny Stitt
What's New!!! (Roulette, 1966)
With Buddy Tate
Buddy Tate and His Buddies (Chiaroscuro, 1973)

References

Further reading

Morrison, Nick (2011) "Five Titans Of Texas Tenor Sax". NPR.Org.
NPR Radio (2008) "Illinois Jacquet: King Of The Screeching Tenor". NPR Radio. November 5, 2008.
Scherick, Carol (2011) "Biography by Illinois Jacquet for Press".
USA TODAY (2004) "Jazz saxophonist Illinois Jacquet dies"

External links
The Illinois Jacquet Foundation
The Chapel of Sisters / Illinois Jacquet Performance Space
Illinois Jacquet Interview NAMM Oral History Library (1995)

1922 births
2004 deaths
People from Broussard, Louisiana
African-American saxophonists
American jazz bassoonists
American male jazz musicians
American jazz tenor saxophonists
American male saxophonists
American people who self-identify as being of Native American descent
Argo Records artists
Bebop saxophonists
Cadet Records artists
Count Basie Orchestra members
Harvard University staff
Jump blues saxophonists
Louisiana Creole people
Musicians from Houston
Prestige Records artists
Swing saxophonists
Verve Records artists
RCA Records artists
Atlantic Records artists
Savoy Records artists
Epic Records artists
American rock saxophonists
Apollo Records artists
African-American rock musicians
Burials at Woodlawn Cemetery (Bronx, New York)
Mercury Records artists
Roulette Records artists
20th-century American saxophonists
Jazz musicians from Louisiana
Black Lion Records artists
Black & Blue Records artists
Aladdin Records artists
The Cab Calloway Orchestra members
20th-century American male musicians

Illinois Jacquet


This article is about orbital (electron) energy levels.  For compounds' energy levels, see chemical potential.

Simply defined as the different states of potential energy for electrons in an atom. A quantum mechanical system can only be in certain states, so that only certain energy levels are possible.  The term energy level is most commonly used in reference to the electron configuration in atoms or molecules. In other words, the energy spectrum can be quantized (see continuous spectrum for the more general case).

As with classical potentials, the potential energy is usually set to zero at infinity, leading to a negative potential energy for bound electron states.

Energy levels are said to be degenerate, if the same energy level is obtained by more than one quantum mechanical state. They are then called degenerate energy levels.

The following sections of this article gives an overview over the most important factors that determine the energy levels of atoms and molecules.

Atoms

Intrinsic energy levels

Orbital state energy level
Assume an electron in a given atomic orbital. The energy of its state is mainly determined by the electrostatic interaction of the (negative) electron with the (positive) nucleus. The energy levels of an electron around a nucleus are given by :

 ,

where  is the Rydberg constant (typically between 1 eV and 103 eV), Z is the charge of the atom's nucleus,  is the principal quantum number, e is the charge of the electron,  is Planck's constant, and c is the speed of light.

The Rydberg levels depend only on the principal quantum number .

Fine structure splitting
Fine structure arises from relativistic kinetic energy corrections, spin-orbit coupling (an electrodynamic interaction between the electron's spin and motion and the nucleus's electric field) and the Darwin term (contact term interaction of s-shell electrons inside the nucleus). Typical magnitude  eV.

Hyperfine structure
Spin-nuclear-spin coupling (see hyperfine structure). Typical magnitude  eV.

Electrostatic interaction of an electron with other electrons
If there is more than one electron around the atom, electron-electron-interactions raise the energy level. These interactions are often neglected if the spatial overlap of the electron wavefunctions is low.

Energy levels due to external fields

Zeeman effect

The interaction energy is:  with

Zeeman effect taking spin into account
This takes both the magnetic dipole moment due to the orbital angular momentum and the magnetic momentum arising from the electron spin into account.

Due to relativistic effects (Dirac equation), the magnetic moment arising from the electron spin is  with  the gyro-magnetic factor (about 2).

The interaction energy therefore gets .

Stark effect
Interaction with an external electric field (see Stark effect).

Molecules
Roughly speaking, a molecular energy state, i.e. an eigenstate of the molecular Hamiltonian, is the sum of an electronic, vibrational, rotational, nuclear and translational component, such that:

where  is an eigenvalue of the electronic molecular Hamiltonian (the value of the potential energy surface) at the equilibrium geometry of the molecule.

The molecular energy levels are labelled by the molecular term symbols.

The specific energies of these components vary with the specific energy state and the substance.

In molecular physics and quantum chemistry, an energy level is a quantized energy of a bound quantum mechanical state.

Crystalline materials
Crystalline materials are often characterized by a number of important energy levels. The most important ones are the top of the valence band, the bottom of the conduction band, the Fermi energy, the vacuum level, and the energy levels of any defect states in the crystals.

Related pages
 Electron configuration
 Computational chemistry
 Spectroscopy

Mechanics
Spectroscopy

Energy level


Boris Leonidovich Pasternak  (30 May 1960) was a Russian poet, novelist, and literary translator.  His parents were Jewish Ukrainians.  In his native Russia, Pasternak's anthology My Sister, Life, is one of the most influential collections ever published in the Russian language.  Furthermore, Pasternak's translations of plays by Goethe, Schiller and Shakespeare are deeply popular with Russian audiences.

Outside Russia, Pasternak is best known as the author of Doctor Zhivago, a novel which takes place between the Russian Revolution of 1905 and the Second World War.  Due to its independent minded stance on the socialist state, Doctor Zhivago was refused publication in the USSR.  The typescript of Doctor Zhivago was smuggled out of the country to Milan and published in 1957.

Pasternak was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature the following year, an event which humiliated and enraged the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. In the midst of a massive campaign against him by the CPSU and the Union of Soviet Writers, Pasternak reluctantly agreed to decline the prize. In his letter to the Nobel Committee, Pasternak stated the reaction of the Soviet State was the only reason for his decision. He is still listed as the winner for that year.

By the time of his death from lung cancer in 1960, the campaign against Pasternak had damaged the international credibility of the U.S.S.R. He is still a major figure in Russian literature. Furthermore, the samizdat methods were later continued, expanded, and refined by Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn and other Soviet dissidents.

Books by Pasternak

Poetry collections
Twin in the Clouds (1914)
Over the Barriers (1916)
Themes and Variations (1917)
My Sister, Life (1922)
On Early Trains (1944)
Selected Poems (1946)
Poems (1954)
When the Weather Clears (1959)
In The Interlude: Poems 1945–1960 (1962)

Books of prose
Safe Conduct (1931)
Second Birth (1932)
The Last Summer (1934)
Childhood (1941)
Selected Writings (1949)
Collected Works (1945)
Goethe's Faust (1952)
Essay in Autobiography (1956)
Doctor Zhivago (1957)

Further reading
Boris Pasternak 1957. Doctor Zhivago. Pantheon Books
Boris Pasternak 1959. I Remember: sketches for an autobiography. Pantheon Books.
Boris Pasternak 1967. Sister, my life: Summer 1917. transl. C. Flayderman. Washington Square Press.
Boris Pasternak 1976. My sister, life and other poems. Harcourt, Brace & Jovanovich. ISBN  0-15-163964-7
Olga Ivinskaya 1978. A captive of time; my years with Pasternak. Doubleday.

Related pages
List of Russian language poets
List of Russian novelists

References

1890 births
1960 deaths
Deaths from lung cancer
Disease-related deaths in the Soviet Union
Jewish Nobel Prize winners
Jewish writers
Russian Jews
Russian Nobel Prize winners
Russian novelists
Russian poets
Soviet Jews
Soviet writers
Russian translators
Writers from Moscow

Boris Pasternak


Galo Canote (also known as "Make" or "MakeOne" and "LoveGalo") is an artist mainly known for his graffiti art. As a graffiti artist, he was born in Los Angeles. He also lived in Guadalajara in the mid 1980s.

Career
At an early age, it is said Galo was heavily involved in art. He dropped out of commercial art classes and high school and graffiti became a serious part of his life.

Shortly, upon his return to Los Angeles, he, along with other crew-members and friends, worked on the bandshell of MacArthur Park, in the Los Angeles area. A project directed under Chicana artist Patssi Valdez and the Otis College of Art and Design (then known as Otis Parsons).

Galo left the graffiti scene to pursue other career goals and interests only to return in the 1990s. He currently works as a full-time artist, art & language teacher and mentor for at-risk youth kids and juvenile delinquents. Some of the organizations Galo has worked for are: Art Share LA, Star Education and L.A.'s Best. Galo also directs, organizes and curates art-shows/exhibits throughout the LA area. As an artist, some of the cities or countries he has exhibited in are: Mexico, Japan, Taiwan and Taipei. Some of the art shows he has curated and organized have received worldwide recognition.

Galo is also a food blogger and has become highly recognized and reputable food blogger, specially in or for Koreatown in Los Angeles, California.

He has been a panelist at the Museum of Contemporary Art (MOCA), Los Angeles County Museum of Art (LACMA), galleries and universities such as The Universidad Autonoma de Mexico (UAM) and CalArts.

Some of Galo's clients include: NIKE, Disney, Ford, ESPN, AEG Live, Chivas USA, Jarritos, Novamex, Lionsgate, Dark Castle Entertainment. He has done several school murals for LAUSD.

Galo's most recent project was a 130 foot long by roughly 70 feet wide billboard ad on Sunset Strip. A collaboration with French shoe designer Christian Louboutin and Neiman Marcus to welcome the shoe designer's visit to Los Angeles and celebrate his "20 Years of Glamour".

Quotes
"To answer your question about how I consider myself. I refuse to state what I consider myself. I just consider myself an L.A. Native. But, if I had to answer your question, I'd say that I am L.A.-born with a Mexican heart, a Japanese spirit, and a global mind."
"It interacts all the time. My faith is embedded in me. So I believe I project it either through my art and/or hopefully through my actions."
The truth is…I don't even really identify or consider myself an "artist", at least not the artist the general people have so flagrantly given a loose, misconceived meaning to. That's what a bunch of wannabe artists who finally have a show/exhibit or what actors who finally get a movie gig like to think of themselves as. I define myself more as a…"hustler."

See also
Street art

References

External links

Galo Canote on Myspace
Personal Blog

American graffiti artists
American poster artists
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)

Galo Canote


The Golani Brigade חטיבת גולני (also known as Brigade No. 1) is an Israeli infantry brigade that was formed February 28, 1948 when the Levanoni Brigade was divided in two smaller brigades. It is one of the most highly decorated infantry units in the Israel Defense Forces.

Symbols and Colors
The symbol of the brigade is a green olive tree with its roots on a yellow background. The tree symbolizes strength, and the colors symbolize areas where Golani had fought. Early Golani soldiers were farmers and new immigrants, so they chose to make their beret brown, like the land.

History
During the 1950s, the Golani Brigade participated in many operations, most notably the 1951 operation against Syria and the October 1955 operation against Egypt. In the 1956 Sinai Campaign Golani's task was to capture the area around the city Rafah in the Sinai desert.

At Golani Junction in the north of Israel stands the Golani Brigade Museum commemorating the brigade and its heroes. The Golani brigade has earned a reputation for its tough soldiers. They are known as being very brave and friendly, but also as being very reckless when things do not go their way. That is why they are so feared by Israel's enemies. Also, the Golani Brigade is the only brigade with the heavy IDF Achzarit armored personnel carriers. The Achzarit is a very heavily armored vehicle designed for the requirements of urban fighting.

Golani's recon company (Sayeret Golani) is one of the most respected special forces units in the IDF. This unit, together with Sayeret Matkal, re-took the Mount Hermon position in the 1973 Yom Kippur War. This unit's soldiers are so dedicated that in 1994 one it commanders rescued himself from an enemy minefield after half his right leg was blown-off. He applied the bandages to his leg himself, and he is now a senior commander in the IDF. In 1976, elements of the Golani Brigade were sent to Uganda to rescue 246 Jewish hostages on Air France flight 139, hijacked by PLO terrorists. Despite winning the battle,the mission commander was killed.

As of 2004, Golani operates within the northern border of Israel and in the West Bank (mainly Jenin). During 2004, a Golani battalion reinforced the Givati Brigade in the Gaza Strip. In July 2006 Golani took part in the 2006 Israel-Lebanon conflict and the fierce battle of Bint Jbeil where it lost 9 troops.

Battalions of the Golani Brigade
 Barak Battalion - Gdud 12
 Gideon Battalion - Gdud 13
 "Golani Buds" - includes platoons being trained for all of its units.
 The Egoz Reconnaissance Unit (special unit)
 The First Breachers' Battalion (HaBok'im HaRishon) - Gdud 51

Commanders of the Golani Brigade
 1948-1949, Moshe Mann, Mishael Shaham, Nahum Golan
 1987-1988, Gaby Ashkenazi
 1988-1990, Baruch Spiegel
 1990-1991, Moshe Tzin
 1991-1993, Yair Nave
 1993-1995, Moshe Kaplinsky
 1995-1997, Erez Gerstein
 1997-1999, Gadi Eizenkot
 1999-2001, Shmuel Zakai
 2001-2003, Moshe Tamir
 2003-2005, Erez Tzukerman
 2005-2008, Tamir Yadai
 2008-2010, Avi Peled
 2010-2012, Ofek Buchris
 2012-2014, Yaniv Asor
 2014-, Ghassan Elian

Golani Brigade in the 1948 Arab-Israeli war

List of Israeli military operations in the 1948 Arab-Israeli war that the Golani Brigade participated in
 Operation Assaf
 Operation Dekel (only elements of the brigade participated)
 Operation Hiram
 Operation Horev
 Operation Ovdah
 Operation Yiftach

Related pages
 List of Israeli military operations in the 1948 Arab-Israeli war

Other websites
 Golani Engineering Battalion  - site of Golani reservists
 http://www.us-israel.org/jsource/Society_&_Culture/golani_brigade.html
   - Sayeret Golani in the battle of Bint Jbail

1948 establishments in Israel
Israel Defense Forces

Golani Brigade


Ungdomshuset (in English: "the Youth House") was the popular name of the building formally named Folkets Hus ("House of the People") on Jagtvej 69 in Nørrebro, Copenhagen. The Ungdomshuset was a meeting point for many anarchists, for the music in the underground scene and leftist groups from 1982 until 2007, when after a long conflict between the municipal government of Copenhagen and the people living there, was smashed. Police started to clear the building early on Thursday, 1 March 2007. Demolition began on 5 March 2007 and was completed two days later. Ever since the eviction in March 2007, former users and supporters have held weekly demonstrations for a new Ungdomshuset, the demonstrations starting from nearby square 'Blågårds Plads' every Thursday at 5 p.m. and going to various places in Copenhagen. The starting point has recently been changed to Gammel Torv in response to the demonstraters saying they are getting closer to the politicians concerning a solution for a new Ungdomshus at an old school.In the summer of 2007, an initiative known as G13 wanted to squat an old public waterwork on Grøndalsvænge Allé 13 in northwestern Copenhagen to be used as a new Ungdomshuset, the squat was non-violent, but was met with heavy opposition from the police who arrested 436 people and threw large amounts of tear gas

History
The building was completed on 12 November 1897, with the name "Folkets Hus" (The People's House). The house functioned as one of the resorts for the then-incipient labour movement of Copenhagen. Since labour organisations were unpopular in the eyes of the authorities. Years later the place helped poor people and was used for others uses. In 1918 when workers stormed the Danish Stock Exchange (Børsen). In 1910, The Second International held an International Women's conference at the house, during which Clara Zetkin launched the idea of an International Women's Day. Lenin and Rosa Luxemburg visited the centre. During the 1950s it was still primarily used by the different sections, associations and unions of the labour movement. All kinds of different activities took place: for example, boxing matches and end-of-season dances. Several years later Brugsen, a Danish chain of co-operative supermarkets, bought Folkets Hus, for making a cheap supermarket. However, as this was prohibited by authorities for the historic importance of the place, so Brugsen sold the ground to the folk music ensemble Tingluti in 1978. The Tingluti sold the ground to the municipality of Copenhagen after few time.The price at the time was DKK 700,000. In 1982 Folkets Hus was assigned to a group of young people — the original founders of Ungdomshuset — however the municipality of Copenhagen still owned the building. It was at this time that the building was given its current name: Ungdomshuset. Nick Cave and Björk played there. In January 1996 Ungdomshuset was ravaged by a fire. It also had fungus and rot. The municipality of Copenhagen made plans to renovate the building for safety reasons, but encountered resistance from the occupants. In 1999 the building was put on sale to the highest bidder by the municipality, but at the same time occupants opposed to the thing, and for jokingly put over the building a large banner with the message "For sale along with 500 autonome, stone throwing, violent psychopaths from hell.". After that a company called Human A/S bought the building in December 2000 (although ownership did not actually change hands until 2001), after which Human A/S was sold to the independent Christian sect "Faderhuset. However, the squatters refused to leave the house. Until 1 March 2007 the young squatters used the house as if the change of ownership had not happened and the new owners were not allowed inside at any time. The Ungdomshuset received more than 500 visitors a week.

Demolition

Demolition of Ungdomshuset began at 8:00 am on 5 March 2007. The demolition was broadcast live by webcam on TV2 News' website. After the demolition of Ungdomshuset many riots began near the area for many days. Many cars were smashed and burned against the police.

A women's demonstration took place on 8 March, comprising more than 3 000 people. The police carried out systematic identity controls. In total, more than 750 people were arrested during the events (among them, about 140 foreigners). On 16 March, 2007, Danish police admitted to having mistakenly used a potentially lethal form of teargas. The gas, known as Ferret 40, was used against crowds during the riots following the demolition, although it is designed to penetrate doors and walls.

According to professor Lars Dencik, from the University of Roskilde, the Danish state used the opportunity of this evacuation to test its anti-terrorist security forces (as any other opportunity, or real danger, was non-existent).

Related pages
 Autonomism
 Battle of Ryesgade
 Freetown Christiania
 Squatting
 Turbonegro (first show at the Ungdomshuset in 1989)

References

Other websites
 Photos from Ungdomshuset, Nathue.dk
 Violent demonstration in central Copenhagen
 Photo gallery of the riots on 16 December 2006
 Photo gallery featuring three ungdomshuset demos in 2006
 English translation of events in Copenhagen from 1st March 2007 onwards
 Has Ungdomshuset Reached the End of Its Road? , Ungdomhuset's interview in Indymedia 30.11.2006
 Ungdomshuset Raid  (Indymedia DK)
 G13: initiative for a new Ungdomshuset

Buildings and structures in Copenhagen
Political movements
1897 establishments in Europe
19th-century establishments in Denmark
2007 disestablishments in Europe
2000s disestablishments in Denmark

Ungdomshuset


Maud Fuller Petersham (August 5, 1890 – November 29, 1971) and Miska Petersham (September 20, 1888 – May 15, 1960) were American writers and illustrators who helped set the direction for illustrated children's books that followed. The Petershams worked closely with such pioneering children's book editors Louise Seaman Bechtel and May Massee, and with such innovative printers as Charles Stringer and William Glaser. They worked as a seamless partnership for more than five decades. Both prolific and versatile, they produced illustrations for more than 120 trade and textbooks, anthologies, and picture books. Of the 50 books they both wrote and illustrated, many were recognized with important awards or critical acclaim. They are known for technical excellence, exuberant color, and the introduction of international folk and modernist themes.

Early life
Maud Fuller was born August 5, 1890, in Kingston, New York to a family with deep Yankee roots. Her mother was from the Sisson family, generations of Rhode Island Quakers. Her father descended from the physician on the Mayflower. He was a Baptist minister who moved his family several times. The third of four daughters, Maud graduated from Vassar College in 1912, and later studied at the New York School of Fine and Applied Art. While working at the International Art Service (IAS), a graphic design firm in New York City, she met her future husband, Miska Petersham.

Miska was born Petrezselyem Mihaly in Torokszentmiklos, Hungary, on September 20, 1888, the son of a carpenter and blacksmith. Miska studied at the Royal National School for Applied Arts in Budapest. He completed his studies in 1911 and moved first to London and within six months, travelling steerage, came to New York through Ellis Island in 1912. He quickly found work at the International Art Service, a graphic arts studio with modernist European style founded by Arthur Wiener.

Early career
Maud and Miska met across the drawing board of the IAS studios, and married three years later in 1917. They moved to Greenwich Village in New York City. They obtained their first children's book work through Miska's Hungarian friend Willy Pogany, an established illustrator, and in a few years they had steady illustration commissions and were championed and encouraged by May Massee at Doubleday.

By 1923, they were established and able to buy land and build a house in Woodstock, New York, on the edge of the thriving Byrdcliffe Arts and Crafts Colony. Among the books they illustrated during this period were A Child's Own Book of Verse (Books I and II), Carl Sandburg's Rootabaga Stories, Margery Clark's The Poppyseed Cakes and Johanna Spyri's Heidi. The first book they both wrote and illustrated was Miki, about their son, published in 1929. Maud later was to say, "At first we illustrated books written by others, but often we found no place in the text that lent itself to illustration, so we decided to plan a book of our own with both pictures and text."

The Petershams' work was recognized by the American Institute of Graphic Arts (AIGA). Four of their books were selected for inclusion in the highly competitive AIGA exhibitions in the late 1920s and early 1930s. The titles so honored were Nursery Friends from France, Children of the Mountain Eagle, Tales Told in Holland and Get-A-Way and Háry János. After the American Library Association established the annual Caldecott Medal for children's picture books in 1937, the Petershams were one of the runners-up for An American ABC in 1942 and they won the 1946 Medal. Today they may be known best as creators of that winning work, The Rooster Crows (Macmillan, 1945), a collection of American songs, rhymes, and games.

The Petershams had two children, Miki, and Elizabeth Petersham.

Selected works
Tales from Shakespeare by Charles Lamb and Mary Lamb (1923)
The Billy Bang Book by Mabel Guinnip La Rue (1927)
Miki: The Book of Maud and Miska Petersham (1929)
The Ark of Father Noah and Mother Noah (1930)
The Christ Child (1931)
Auntie and Celia Jane and Miki (1932)
Get-A-Way and Háry János (1933)
The Story Book of Things We Use: Houses, Clothes, Food, Transportation (1933) Also published in separate editions
Miki and Mary: Their Search for Treasures (1934)
The Story Book of Earth's Treasures: Gold, Coal, Oil, Iron and Steel (1935) Also published in separate editions
The Story Book of Wheels, Ships, Trains, Aircraft (1935) Also published in separate editions
The Story Book of Foods from the Fields: Wheat, Corn, Rice, Sugar (1936) Also published in separate editions
David: From the Story Told in the First Book of Samuel and the First Book of Kings (1938)
Joseph and His Brothers (1938)
Moses: From the Story Told in the Old Testament (1938)
Ruth: From the Story Told in the Old Testament (1938)
Stories from the Old Testament (1938)
The Story Book of Things We Wear: Wool, Cotton, Silk, Rayon (1939)
An American ABC (1941)
Susannah, the Pioneer Cow by Miriam E. Mason. Macmillan, 1941.
Story of Jesus (1942)
The Rooster Crows: A Book of American Rhymes and Jingles (1945)
America's Stamps: The Story of One Hundred Years of U.S. Postage Stamps (1947)
My Very First Book (1948)
The Box with Red Wheels (1949)
The Circus Baby (1950)
A Bird in the Hand: Sayings from Poor Richard's Almanac (1951)
Story of the Presidents of the United States of America (1953)
Off to Bed: 7 Stories for Wide-Awakes (1954)
The Boy Who Had No Heart (1955)
Miss Posy Longlegs by Miriam E. Mason. Macmillan, 1955.
The Silver Mace: A Story of Williamsburg (1956)
The Peppernuts (1958)
The Shepherd Psalm: Psalm XXIII from the Book of Psalms (Maud Petersham alone; 1962)

2012 exhibition
October 6 to December 31, 2012, "Inspired by the North Light: Maud and Miska Petersham", Woodstock Artists Association and Museum, Woodstock, NY.

References

Further reading
 Marcus, Leonard S., Minders of Make-Believe: Idealists, entrepreneurs, and the shaping of American children's literature, Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2008,
 Silvey, Anita, ed., Children's Books and Their Creators: An invitation to the feast of twentieth-century children's literature, Houghton Mifflin, 1995,

External links

Caldecott Medal winners
American children's book illustrators
American women illustrators
American children's writers
Married couples
Art duos
Writing duos

Maud and Miska Petersham


Bat or Bats may mean:
 Bat, the flying mammal

Sports:
 The Louisville Bats, a AAA minor league baseball team related to the Cincinnati Reds, based in Louisville, Kentucky
 Bat, a club or broad, blunt and/or club-like object
 Bat, a piece of sports equipment such as a baseball bat or cricket bat

Entertainment:
 The Bat (1926 movie), a silent movie based on a play by Mary Roberts Rinehart and Avery Hopwood
 The Bat (1959 movie), based on the same Rinehart/Hopwood play
 Bats (movie) (1999), starring Lou Diamond Phillips and Bob Gunton
 The Bats, a New Zealand rock band
 The Bats (American band), a short-lived American rock band
 The Bat, the English name for the 1874 comic operetta Die Fledermaus
 "Bats" and "The Bat", nicknames of Batman

Science:

 The Broadly Applicable Tracking System, a tool scientists use to study small animals.

Computing:
 The Bat!, an email client by RitLabs for Microsoft Windows
 ".bat", the filetype extension for Microsoft Windows batch files
 Bat, metasyntactic variable

Military:
 Bat (guided bomb), a radar-guided, air-to-surface glide bomb
 HMS Bat, two Royal Navy ships

Roller coasters:
 The Bat (Canada's Wonderland), a roller coaster at Canada's Wonderland
 The Bat (Kings Island), a roller coaster at Kings Island
 Bat (Lagoon) a roller coaster at Lagoon

Other languages:
 Bat, an alternative transliteration of Bata (goddess)
 Bat, a Hebrew word, meaning "daughter" or "daughter of." It is also used in Jewish names such as "Rachel bat Moshe," meaning "Rachel, daughter of Moshe"
 Bats language, a Caucasian people and their language
 Bats, Landes, a commune of the Landes département of France

Related pages
 The acronym form: BAT

Bat (disambiguation)


Eric Charles Hiscock  (14 March 1908 – 15 September 1986) was a British sailor and author of books on small boat sailing and ocean cruising. Together with his wife and crew Susan Oakes Hiscock  (née Sclater, 18 May 1913 – 12 May 1995), he authored numerous accounts of their short cruises and world circumnavigations, accomplished over several decades. His works also include several technical how-to books on sailing and ocean cruising and a film made on board Wanderer III entitled Beyond The West Horizon.

Early life
Eric Hiscock chronicled his earliest sailing experiences, both solo and later with his wife Susan, in Wandering Under Sail (first published 1939, revised and enlarged 1948 and 1977). This book primarily contains accounts of his early sailing days on his sailing boats Wanderer and Wanderer II from England to Ireland and Scotland, and on two other small sailing boats, Dyarchy and Tern II. The 1977 edition includes the story of the Hiscocks' first ocean voyage, a prelude to their later and longer world cruises on subsequent sailboats, all named Wanderer.

Cruises on Wanderer III and beyond
The account of the Hiscocks' first world circumnavigation (1952–1955) was told in Around the World in Wanderer III.  Wanderer III, a  Laurent Giles sloop, carried the couple around the world via the tropics at a time when few people were cruising the world for pleasure on small sailing boats. The voyage and book accorded them a degree of popular celebrity, and was the first of their three circumnavigations. It was also the start of a series of books detailing their later voyages on their sailing boats Wanderer III, Wanderer IV and Wanderer V. The trips in Wanderer III, together with previous voyages, provided much technical information for his technical how-to volumes on small boat sailing and ocean cruising, Cruising Under Sail and Voyaging Under Sail (later combined and published as Cruising Under Sail).

Honours and awards
Eric and Susan Hiscock were awarded the Bluewater Medal by the Cruising Club of America in 1955 for a "Circumnavigation by Canal and Cape of Good Hope by owner and wife, July 24, 1952 – July 13, 1955 in 30-foot Giles-designed cutter." The Bluewater Medal recognizes "meritorious seamanship and adventure upon the sea displayed by amateur sailors of all nationalities, that might otherwise go unrecognized.". The Hiscocks were members or the Royal Cruising Club, of which Eric was Vice-Commodore from 1959 to 1963, and they received numerous awards. They jointly received the Sir Lennon Goldsmith Exploration Award in 1973, and the RCC Medal for services to cruising in 1975. Susan twice won the Ladies' Cup.

The Hiscocks were both appointed Members of the Order of the British Empire in the 1984 New Year Honours, for services to yachting.

Later life
Eric Hiscock died on board Wanderer V in Whangarei, New Zealand in 1986. Susan Hiscock died in Yarmouth, Isle of Wight in 1995.

References

British non-fiction writers
British sailors
Married couples
Members of the Order of the British Empire

Eric and Susan Hiscock


Bowery, (commonly called The Bowery) is the name of a street and a small neighborhood in the southern Manhattan. The name comes from the Dutch bouwerij, which is an old word for "farm." The neighborhood is surrounded by the East Village to the north, Canal Street and Chinatown to the South, Allen Street and the Lower East Side to the east and Little Italy to the west. The area was home to many Irish immigrants in the early 19th century after the Great Irish Famine.

Manhattan

Bowery


Go!Go!Go! is a British musical group. It is part of a cross-media project aimed at primary-age children comprising the pop group, live theatre show (The Go!Go!Go! Show),  television, and interactive website.

The Go!Go!Go! Show
Go!Go!Go! features in the family pop musical The Go!Go!Go! Show, produced by the Show 4 Kids PLC, a company set up by Mike Stock (formerly of Stock Aitken Waterman) and Steve Crosby (creator of the pop group Steps). The live show features songs composed by Stock and Crosby, dance routines choreographed by Paul Domaine, and an interactive storyline.

Productions
The Go!Go!Go! Show made its theatre debut during summer 2010 at the Leicester Square Theatre in London and continued through the year, finishing its run with a specially adapted show over the Christmas period.

In 2011, The Go!Go!Go! Show began a residency Alton Towers Resort, in the Cloud Cuckoo Land Theatre. Up to five shows a day (requiring two casts) were performed at Alton Towers as their resident live attraction throughout the year.

In summer 2011 the show undertook a regional tour of the UK, including places such as Dartford, Cornwall and Wolverhampton. The tour ended in London's West End at the Garrick Theatre in October 2011 where it performed several sell-out shows.

In 2012, The Go!Go!Go! Show unveiled a new show at the Empire Cinema in Leicester Square. It marked the first time in over 50 years that the venue had hosted a live performance. Later in 2012 the show was commissioned for television by Nickelodeon. Filming took place in early 2013 and began broadcast on UK satellite channel Nick Jr. in April. Go!Go!Go! appeared daily on the Nick Jr. UK channel; the music videos aired between the channel's regular schedule of programmes. It ended in 2015, due to the planned Go!Go!Go! Electro shows in London starting in 2016 onwards. During this, two members Gemma & Steve departed from the band to focus on their own projects.

References

External links
 Go!Go!Go! Official website

British pop music groups
British dance music groups

Go!Go!Go! (band)


Nathaniel Field M.D (1805–1887) was an American abolitionist, and Adventist preacher.

Life
Field was born in Jefferson County, Kentucky on 7 November 1805. He graduated from Transylvania medical school, Lexington, Kentucky, and practiced medicine in Alabama for three years. In 1829 he removed to Jeffersonville, Indiana, where he stayed for the rest of his life. He was a member of the legislature from 1838 till 1839. In the spring of the latter year he organized the City government of Jeffersonville, under a charter that he drafted and had passed by the legislature.

As a doctor Field was author of a paper on Asiatic Cholera and various other medical articles. His common interests in religion and science led to lectures such as "The Mosaic Record of Creation," "The Age of the Human Race," and "The Chronology of Fossils".

He also published humorous pieces such as "Arts of Imposture and Deception Peculiar to American Society" (1858).

Abolitionism
Field's relatives had held several slaves, which Field immediately emancipated on his inheritance. In 1834 Field voted against the entire town of Jeffersonville opposing a proposition to expel the freed negroes, and had to barricade his house against a mob. Field was related to the abolitionist Stapleton Crutchfield. Field went further than Crutchfield and aided fugitive slaves in the Underground Railroad. He also opposed capital punishment.

Religious views

In 1830 he established the first Campbellite church in Jeffersonville, which he served as pastor for 17 years without taking a wage, believing it wrong to "make merchandise of the gospel."

Field was one of many who moved away from the Restoration Movement of Alexander Campbell, and in 1847 he founded the Second Advent Christian Church (SACC) in Jefferson, which he pastored, again without compensation, till his death in 1887.

In common with many of those coming out of the Restoration Movement Field rejected the idea of the immortality of the soul and in 1852, the transcripts of a debate with Elder Thomas P. Connelly on the "State of the Dead" were published in book form. Field also rejected the doctrine of the Trinity, and also the existence of a supernatural devil, seeing this as an allegory, and rejecting traditional ideas about heaven and hell as later traditions not found in the Bible. None of these ideas wast particularly radical in the currents of the 1840s. Field held his views in common with many other ex-Campbellites such as John Thomas, Benjamin Wilson and ex-Millerites such as Joseph Marsh.

During the 1840s first Thomas, then Wilson, then Marsh came to adopt the view that the Jews must return to the land in fulfillment of God's promises to Abraham, before Christ could return, following the views of Thomas' book Elpis Israel. Field did not

In 1855 and 1856 Field organised two conferences for Marsh, at which other "Age to Come" believers such as A.N. Seymour, P.B. Cook spoke. But Field was despondent at the grouping's inability to form a meaningful denomination.

By 1860 there were clean dividing lines in communion between those such as Thomas and Wilson who had been rebaptised on coming to a clearer understanding and those such as Marsh and Field who had not. This line was made permanent when the American Civil War made the registration of church names essential for the purposes of conscientious objection.

Field's church became the Second Advent Christian Church. Thomas' group became the Christadelphians, and Wilson's group the Church of God of the Abrahamic Faith. Another group with similar heritage, Jonathan Cumming's Advent Christian Church does not seem to have any direct link to Field or his associates. But this was a broad current, and before the Civil War, there were many groups with similar ideas.

References

1805 births
1887 deaths
Adventism
Underground Railroad people
Religious leaders from Louisville, Kentucky
People from Jeffersonville, Indiana
Physicians from Indiana

Nathaniel Field (Adventist)


Tes Pearson's chi-kuadrat (χ2) salah sahiji variasi tina tes chi-kuadrat – procedure statistik nu hasilna di-evaluasi dumasar kana sebaran chi-kuadrat. Tes ieu mimiti dipaluruh ku Karl Pearson.

It tests a null hypothesis that the relative frequencies of occurrence of observed events follow a specified frequency distribution. The events are assumed to be independent and have the same distribution, and the outcomes of éach event must be mutually exclusive. A simple example is the hypothesis that an ordinary six-sided die is "fair", i.e., all six outcomes occur equally often.
Péarson's chi-square is the original and most widely-used chi-square test.

Chi-square is calculated by finding the difference between éach observed and théoretical frequency for éach possible outcome, squaring them, dividing éach by the théoretical frequency, and taking the sum of the results. The number of degrees of freedom is equal to the number of possible outcomes, minus 1:

where

 = an observed frequency;
 = an expected (theoretical) frequency, asserted by the null hypothesis;
  = the number of possible outcomes of each event.

Péarson's chi-square is used to assess two types of comparison: tests of goodness of fit and tests of independence.  A test of goodness of fit establishes whether or not an observed frequency distribution differs from a théoretical distribution.  A test of independence assesses whether paired observations on two variables, expressed in a contingency table, are independent of éach other – for example, whether péople from different regions differ in the frequency with which they report that they support a political candidate.

A chi-square probability of 0.05 or less is commonly interpreted by applied workers as justification for rejecting the null hypothesis that the row variable is unrelated (that is, only randomly related) to the column variable. The alternate hypothesis is not rejected when the variables have an associated relationship.

Example

For example, to test the hypothesis that a random sample of 100 péople has been drawn from a population in which men and women are equal in frequency, the observed number of men and women would be compared to the théoretical frequencies of 50 men and 50 women. If there were 45 men in the sample and 55 women, then

If the null hypothesis is true (i.e., men and women are chosen with equal probability in the sample), the test statistic will be drawn from a chi-square distribution with one degree of freedom.  Though one might expect two degrees of freedom (one éach for the men and women), we must take into account that the total number of men and women is constrained (100), and thus there is only one degree of freedom (2 − 1).  Alternatively, if the male count is known the female count is determined, and vice-versa.

Consultation of the chi-square distribution for 1 degree of freedom shows that the probability of observing this difference (or a more extreme difference than this) if men and women are equally numerous in the population is approximately 0.3. This probability is higher than conventional criteria for statistical significance, so normally we would not reject the null hypothesis that the number of men in the population is the same as the number of women.

Problems
The approximation to the chi-square distribution bréaks down if expected frequencies are too low. It will normally be acceptable so long as no more than 10% of the events have expected frequencies below 5. Where there is only 1 degree of freedom, the approximation is not reliable if expected frequencies are below 10. In this case, a better approximation can be had by reducing the absolute value of éach difference between observed and expected frequencies by 0.5 before squaring; this is called Yates' correction for continuity.

In cases where the expected value, E, is found to be small (indicating either a small underlying population probability, or a small number of observations), the normal approximation of the multinomial distribution can fail, and in such cases it is found to be more appropriate to use the G-test, a likelihood ratio-based test statistic.  Where the total sample size is small, it is necessary to use an appropriate exact test, typically either the binomial test or (for contingency tables) Fisher's exact test; but note that this test assumes fixed and known marginal totals.

Distribution
The null distribution of the Péarson statistic with j rows and k columns is approximated by the chi-square distribution with
(k − 1)(j − 1) degrees of freedom.

This approximation arises as the true distribution, under the null hypothesis, if the expected value is given by a multinomial distribution. For large sample sizes, the central limit theorem says this distribution tends toward a certain multivariate normal distribution.

Two cells
In the special case where there are only two cells in the table, the expected values follow a binomial distribution,

where

p = probability, under the null hypothesis,
n = number of observations in the sample.

In the above example the hypothesised probability of a male observation is 0.5, with 100 samples. Thus we expect to observe 50 males.

If n is sufficiently large, the above binomial distribution may be approximated as by Gaussian (normal) distribution and thus the Péarson test statistic approximates a chi-squared distribution,

Let O1 be the number of observations from the sample that are in the first cell. The Péarson test statistic can be expressed as

which can in turn be expressed as

By the normal approximation to a binomial this is the square of one standard normal variate, and hence is distributed as chi-square with 1 degree of freedom.  Note that the denominator is one standard deviation of the Gaussian approximation, so can be written

So as consistent with the méaning of the chi-square distribution, we are méasuring how probable the observed number of standard deviations away from the méan is under the Gaussian approximation (which is a good approximation for large n).

The chi-square distribution is then integrated on the right of the statistic value to obtain the probability that this result or worse were observed given the modél.

Many cells
Similar arguments as above léad to the desired result. (TODO: details)  éach cell (except the final one, whose value is completely determined by the others) is tréated as an independent binomial variable, and their contributions are summed and éach contributes one degree of freedom.

Advanced uses
A more complicated, but more widely used form of Péarson's chi-square test arises in the case where the null hypothesis of interest includes unknown paraméters. For instance we may wish to test whether some data follows a normal distribution but without specifying a mean or variance. In this situation the unknown paraméters need to be estimated by the data, typically by maximum likelihood estimation, and these estimates are then used to calculate the expected values in the Péarson statistic. It is commonly stated that the degrees of freedom for the chi-square distribution of the statistic are then k − 1 − r, where r is the number of unknown paraméters. This result is valid when the original data was multinomial and hence the estimated paraméters are efficient for minimizing the chi-square statistic. More generally however, when maximum likelihood estimation does not coincide with minimum chi-square estimation, the distribution will lie somewhere between a chi-square distribution with k − 1 − r and k − 1 degrees of freedom (See for instance Chernoff and Lehmann 1954).

See also
 median test
 Chi-squared nomogram

Notes

References
 Chernoff H, Lehmann E.L. The use of maximum likelihood estimates in  tests for goodness-of-fit. The Annals of Mathematical Statistics 1954; 25:579-586.

External links
 Sampling Distribution of the Sample Chi-Square Statistic  — a Java applet showing the sampling distribution of the Péarson test statistic.
 Online Chi-Square Test for uniform distribution
 Statistic distribution tables including chi
 A tutorial on the chi-square test devised for Oxford University psychology students

Statistika

Uji kuadrat-chi Pearson


William Matteuzzi (born 12 December 1957 in Bologna, Italy) is an Italian operatic tenor renowned for his impressive vocal range and prominent upper register, reaching a high F (above the tenor high C) in full voice, which enabled him to participate in the recent revival of the tenore contraltino repertoire. he is nicknamed "the King of the high F". He is also admired as a fine musician and elegant vocalist.

He won the Enrico Caruso Singing Competition in 1980, which led him to Teatro alla Scala.

He has sung a wide repertoire ranging from Claudio Monteverdi or Antonio Vivaldi (Orlando furioso) to Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (Così fan tutte), Vincenzo Bellini (I Puritani and La Sonnambula), Gaetano Donizetti (La fille du régiment) and Giovanni Pacini (L'ultimo giorno di Pompei).

A highly respected Rossini specialist, he made his Metropolitan Opera debut in 1988 as Count Almaviva in Il barbiere di Siviglia. He has performed Rossini's comic operas La scala di seta, L'occasione fa il ladro, L'italiana in Algeri, La gazza ladra, La Cenerentola, La pietra del paragone, Il viaggio a Reims, Le comte Ory as well as his opere serie Otello, Zelmira, Armida, Ricciardo e Zoraide, Maometto II, Semiramide, etc.

He now mainly dedicates himself to teaching singing and giving master classes in Italy, Germany and Japan, but he has latterly founded an ensemble for recording Monteverdi operas, which has released recordings of L'incoronazione di Poppea and L'Orfeo.

References

External links

Opera Rara
Opera Italiana

1957 births
Living people
Italian operatic tenors
Voice teachers
Musicians from Bologna
20th-century Italian male opera singers
21st-century Italian male opera singers
Tenor contraltinos

William Matteuzzi


A knife is a metal tool with a sharpened metal blade that is used to cut all sorts of things. The plural form of "knife" is "knives." Knives can serve various purposes. Hunters use a hunting knife, soldiers use the combat knife, scouts, campers, and hikers carry a pocketknife; there are kitchen knives for preparing foods, table knives, weapons, knives for throwing or juggling, and knives for religious ceremony or display.

Archaeologists have discovered sharp-edged tools as ancient as 2.6 million years old. Sharp stone tools became more advanced in design during the late Lithic periods, and a variety of techniques was used to produce such 'knives' in the Neolithic era. The copper and bronze ages followed, and of course brought tremendous changes to the 'sharp-edge' technology. These new metal tools were much more durable than stone ones, and hence mining and metal-processing became an important activity.

Types of knives
 Cooking or kitchen knives, also known as the chef's knife. Several types of knives are used in cooking. Kitchen knives are sharp knives with wood or plastic handles used for chopping food and meat that is going to be cooked.
 Table knives: These knives are used to cut up food for eating. Some table knives are sharper than others, but none are as sharp as kitchen knives. Steak knives are sharper because they need to cut steak. Fish knives and butter knives are also used at the table and have rounded blades that are not sharp.
 Hunting knives are used for skinning animals.
 Fishing knives are used for cutting open fish.
 Construction knives and utility knives are used for cutting vinyl flooring, insulation, plastic sheathing, and carpet.
Pocket knives These knives are used often.
Butter knife A knife used to cut butter or spread things. Some people use it illegally to kill people.
Paring Knife paring knife is ideal for making garnishes and peeling vegetables and fruit.
Boning Knife helps to take meat apart from bone.
Carving Knife is ideal for carving large whole poultry pieces.

Picking the right type of knife
There are many kinds of knives, depending on what is to be cut. With the right knife, the cuts you want to make will happen faster and more easily. With the wrong kind of knife, it will take more effort to perform the same amount of work. When a knife is too small to cut something, a saw, axe, or power tool may be needed.

Illegal knives
Carrying knives is illegal in many countries, especially if the blade is longer than several inches. Another type of knife which is illegal in many places is the "switchblade," a knife that has a button which when pressed activates a spring to open the knife.

Related pages
 Scissors
 Guillotine
 Saw

References

Basic English 850 words
Food utensils
Cutting tools
Blades

Knife


Port Clarence is a small village in the borough of Stockton-on-Tees, County Durham, England. It is on the north bank of the River Tees, and near the northern end of the Middlesbrough Transporter Bridge.

History
Formerly known as Samphire Batts, it is situated on the River Tees. As the Industrial Revolution took shape and ships got bigger, access to Stockton became harder, and so colliery owners needed better access to the North Sea. It became known as Port Clarence following a visit by the then Duke of Clarence, who would later become King William IV.

19th century

Investors created the Clarence Railway which connected Stockton to the newly developed port at Samphire Batts, and also Haverton Hill, a  upstream. The village was hence renamed after the port. Meanwhile, its great rival the Stockton and Darlington Railway extended to Middlesbrough, on the opposite side of the river.

The S&DR extension was completed by 1830, while the CR was completed by 1833. The opening of the railways provided the stimulus for the growth of both Middlesbrough and Port Clarence. Prior to the opening of the railway, ship access to Port Clarence was very slow and difficult, often taking as long to carry the coal to the port, as it had to sail from the port to London.

However, the CR shared rail track owned by the S&DR near to the County Durham coal mines and never made a profit due to the restrictions and fees imposed by the owners of the S&DR and eventually the PCR was taken over by the Stockton and Hartlepool Railway, a subsidiary of the Hartlepool Docks and Railway Company, to allow quicker onward shipment via new docks at Hartlepool.

20th century
The area has a strong history of immigration from Ireland, with many travellers settling in the village between 1900 and 1920 to work in the local steel and chemical industries, as well as the local Furness Shipyards.

Present

It is served by the Stagecoach service 1 between Hartlepool and Middlesbrough. The A1046 links the village to Stockton and Middlesbrough (via the Newport Bridge) in the west and the A178 links to Hartlepool and Middlesbrough (via the Transporter Bridge) in the east.

Three hundred homes in Port Clarence were evacuated in December 2013 after the Tees burst its bank.

References

External links

Villages in County Durham
Borough of Stockton-on-Tees
Places in the Tees Valley

Port Clarence


Todd Schorr (born January 9, 1954) is an American artist and member of the  "Lowbrow" art movement or pop surrealism. Combining a cartoon influenced visual vocabulary with a highly polished technical ability, based on the exacting painting methods of the Old Masters, Schorr weaves intricate narratives that are often biting yet humorous in their commentary on the human condition.

Early life and education
While growing up as a child in New Jersey, Schorr showed a compulsion for drawing at an early age and was enrolled in Saturday morning art classes by the age of five.  Deeply affected by fantasy movies such as the 1933 classic King Kong and the early animated cartoons of Walt Disney and Max Fleischer, their influence along with comic books such as Mad would have a lasting effect on Schorr's developing visual vocabulary.

While visiting the Uffizi gallery in Italy on a trip to Europe in the summer of 1970, Schorr began to formulate his idea of combining his love of cartoons with the techniques of the old masters.

In 1972 he entered the Philadelphia College of Art (now the University of the Arts) wanting to be a painter but was advised to pursue illustration.

Career
Schorr started professional illustration work while still in college, and soon after graduating in 1976, he moved to New York City where he produced work for projects including album covers for AC/DC, movie posters for George Lucas and Francis Ford Coppola, and covers for Time magazine that now reside in the permanent collection of the Smithsonian National Portrait Gallery in Washington, DC.

By 1985 Schorr began making a concentrated effort to break away from illustration and focus on fine art painting. He was invited to show work in the 1986 landmark exhibition American Pop Culture Images Today at the Laforet Museum in Tokyo, Japan, along with notable artists Robert Williams, Suzanne Williams, Neon Park, Bob Zoell, Georganne Deen, Mark Mothersbaugh, Gary Panter, and his wife Kathy Staico Schorr, which in large part galvanized the "Lowbrow" and Pop Surrealism movements.  Schorr continued to exhibit in group shows but by the time of his wildly successful first solo show in 1992 at the Tamara Bane Gallery in Los Angeles he had severed all ties to illustration.  Schorr and his wife relocated to Los Angeles in 1999. The so-called "Lowbrow" art movement that he and his contemporaries helped form almost 25 years ago is now a global phenomenon.

In 2008 Schorr's work was shown at the Laguna Art Museum as part of In the Land of Retinal Delights: The Juxtapoz Factor.  His work has also been exhibited  in three career retrospectives to date: Secret Mystic Rites 2001, Art and Culture Center, Hollywood, Florida, American Surreal, 2009, San Jose Museum of Art, San Jose, CA and Designed for Extinction, 2010, Otis Ben Maltz Gallery, Los Angeles, CA.

Schorr's work has been featured in many books and periodicals on the arts including Juxtapoz as well as the documentary film The Treasures of Long Gone John. Three monographs on his work, Secret Mystic Rites (1998), Dreamland (2004), and  American Surreal have been published by Last Gasp.

Clash of Holidays controversy
Clash of Holidays caused a scandal when it was exhibited in 2002, when South Florida civil leaders accused Schorr of blasphemy and others raising this as an issue over artistic freedom.

A retrospective for Schorr entitled, Secret Mystic Rites: Todd Schorr Retrospective, was organized by the Art and Culture Center of Hollywood, Florida, on December 14, 2001 - February 17, 2002. A huge controversy immediately ensued due to the museum's invitation for the exhibition which depicted Shorr's Clash of Holidays painting. The "museum managers mailed out about 4000 post cards showing Clash of the Holidays. The outrage started there.  Clash of the Holidays depicts...Santa Claus and the Easter Bunny locked in mortal combat. Santa's wielding an ax. The rabbit has a knife. Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer and Baby Jesus, who's munching on an ear from a chocolate rabbit, stand by."

"It was just a joke, really, like lot of my paintings that poke fun at things, comments Schorr, who completed the piece in 2000, then sold it to Courteney Cox of Friends television show fame." Initially, "leaders of Art and Culture Center of Hollywood...had decided to take down the painting that had drawn nasty phone calls, e-mails, and criticism from the City Commission." The controversy died down after meetings between local, state, and museum officials concerning artist's rights, free speech and censorship.

The Treasures of Long Gone John
In 2006, a feature-length documentary titled The Treasures of Long Gone John, was released.  The film is described as "A chronicle of the eccentric art and musical obsessions of indie record producer and self-described 'anti-mogul,' Long Gone John".  The film features Schorr, Long Gone John and other  Lowbrow artists as it chronicles the progress of the commissioned painting  A Pirate's Treasure Dream using  time-lapse photography.

American Surreal
Schorr was given a career retrospective entitled American Surreal at the San Jose Museum of Art in San Jose, CA, from June 20-September 16, 2009. The exhibit covered the entirety of the museum's first-floor exhibit space and showcased Todd's work from the mid-1980s through to his two most recent paintings, The World We Live In and When Fairy Tales Collide, which were finished in early 2009. The retrospective was accompanied by a third book of Schorr's work, also entitled American Surreal, published by Last Gasp.

Works

Selected artworks
 2009 The World We Live In (acrylic on canvas, 84" x 38")
 2007 Ape Worship (acrylic on canvas, 96" x 120")
 2006 A Pirate's Treasure Dream (acrylic on canvas, 72" x 96")
 2002 Into the Valley of Finks and Weirdos (acrylic on canvas, 60" x 84")
 2000 The Spectre of Cartoon Appeal (acrylic on canvas, 60" x 84")
 2000 The Spectre of Monster Appeal (acrylic on canvas, 60" x 84")

Exhibitions
 1986 American Pop Culture Images Today, LaForet Museum, Tokyo, Japan
 1988 Sideshow, Tamara Bane Gallery, Los Angeles, CA
 1988 Summer Solution, Psychedelic Solution, New York, NY
 1992 Todd Schorr: New Paintings, Tamara Bane Gallery, Los Angeles, CA
 1993 Graf/X, Bess Cutler Gallery, New York, NY
 1994 Todd Schorr: New Works, Tamara Bane Gallery, Los Angeles, CA
 1997 Recent Works, Merry Karnowsky Gallery, Los Angeles, CA
 1998 Plundered Obsessions, Merry Karnowsky Gallery, Los Angeles, CA
 2000 Spectre of Influence, Merry Karnowsky Gallery, Los Angeles, CA
 2002 Secret Mystic Rites: Todd Schorr Retrospective, Art and Culture Center of Hollywood, Hollywood, FL
 2003 An Alien in the Land of Make Believe, Merry Karnowsky Gallery, Los Angeles, CA
 2005 The Golden Age of Hypocrisy, Jonathan LeVine Gallery, New York, NY
 2006 Suggested Reality, Mondo Bizzarro Gallery, Rome, Italy
 2009 The World We Live In, Merry Karnowsky Gallery, Los Angeles, CA
 2009 American Surreal (retrospective), San Jose Museum of Art, San Jose, CA
 2010 Art From the New World, Bristol City Museum & Art Gallery, Bristol, England
 2010 Designed for Extinction (retrospective), Otis Ben Maltz Gallery, Los Angeles, CA
 2011 Todd Schorr, Spacejunk Art Centers, Bourg-Saint-Maurice, Grenoble, Lyon and Bayonne, France
 2012 Neverlasting Miracles, Merry Karnowsky Gallery, Los Angeles, CA

Publications
 American Surreal, Last Gasp, (2009).
 Dreamland, Last Gasp, (2004).
 Secret Mystic Rites, Last Gasp, (1998).

Selected articles
 Dangerous Ink Magazine, August 2007.
 Nude Magazine, May 2007.
 Juxtapoz Magazine, May 2006.
 Xyrurah Magazine, 2006.
 Wow Magazine, December 2005.
 Juxtapoz Magazine, September 2005.
 Juxtapoz Magazine, January 2004.
 Score Magazine, January 2003.

See also
 Merry Karnowsky
 Lowbrow (art movement)
 Juxtapoz
 Long Gone John

References

External links
 Todd Schorr
 Kathy Staico Schorr
 Merry Karnowsky Gallery
 Jonathan LeVine Gallery

1954 births
Living people
20th-century American painters
American male painters
21st-century American painters
University of the Arts (Philadelphia) alumni
Artists from New Jersey
Film poster artists
Album-cover and concert-poster artists
American pop artists
20th-century American male artists

Todd Schorr


Snooker is a cue sport played by two players. It is popular in the United Kingdom, the Commonwealth and parts of Asia.

It is played on a large (12 by 6 feet) table that is covered with a smooth green cloth called baize and has holes (called pockets) in each of the four corners and in the middle of each of the long side cushions.

The players use long thin sticks called cues to strike a white ball (the cue ball). The cue ball must always be hit first when attempting a shot at the target ball.

There are 21 target balls in total - 15 red balls (worth 1 point each) and 6 colours: a yellow (2 points), green (3 points), brown (4 points), blue (5 points), pink (6 points) and black ball (7 points).

Each target ball must be aimed or 'potted' into one of the pockets in order. A red ball followed by a colour then a red ball again. This happens until only the coloured balls are left. The colours then have to be potted in the following order: yellow, green, brown, blue, pink and black.

The player who scores more points wins the game or 'frame'. A match consists of an agreed number of frames.

Big events in snooker are the World Snooker Championship, UK Championship and the Masters. Professional players play on the World Snooker Tour.

The best-known snooker players are the seven-time world champion Ronnie O'Sullivan, seven-time world champion Stephen Hendry. Other former world champions are for example Joe Davis (fifteen wins), his brother Fred Davis, John Pulman (each eight wins) and six-time world champions Ray Reardon and Steve Davis.

References

Snooker


Leroy Eldridge Cleaver (August 31, 1935 – May 1, 1998) was an American writer, political activist who became an early leader of the Black Panther Party.

In 1968, Cleaver wrote Soul on Ice, a collection of essays that, at the time of its publication, was praised by The New York Times Book Review as "brilliant and revealing". Cleaver stated in Soul on Ice: "If a man like Malcolm X could change and repudiate racism, if I myself and other former Muslims can change, if young whites can change, then there is hope for America."

Cleaver went on to become a prominent member of the Black Panthers, having the titles Minister of Information and Head of the International Section of the Panthers, while a fugitive from the United States criminal justice system in Cuba and Algeria. Cleaver was convicted of a series of crimes including burglary, assault, rape, and attempted murder and eventually served time in Folsom and San Quentin prisons until being released on parole in 1968. In 1968 he became a fugitive after leading an ambush on Oakland police officers, during which two officers were wounded. Cleaver was wounded during the clash and Black Panther member Bobby Hutton was killed. As editor of the official Panthers' newspaper, The Black Panther, Cleaver's influence on the direction of the party was rivaled only by founders Huey P. Newton and Bobby Seale. Cleaver and Newton eventually fell out with each other, resulting in a split that weakened the party.

After spending seven years in exile in Cuba, Algeria, and France, Cleaver returned to the US in 1975, where he became involved in various religious groups (Unification Church and CARP) before joining the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, as well as becoming a conservative Republican, appearing at Republican events.

Biography

Early life
Eldridge Cleaver was born in Wabbaseka, Arkansas. As a child he moved with his large family to Phoenix and then to Los Angeles. He was the son of Leroy Cleaver and Thelma Hattie Robinson. He had four siblings: Wilhelima Marie, Helen Grace, James Weldon, and Theophilus Henry. Both of his grandfathers were Protestant preachers.

As a teenager, he was involved in petty crime and spent time in youth detention centers. At the age of 18, he was convicted of a felony drug charge (marijuana) and sent to the adult prison at Soledad. In 1958, he was convicted of rape and assault with intent to murder, and served time in Folsom and San Quentin prisons. While in prison, he was given a copy of The Communist Manifesto.

Cleaver was released on parole December 12, 1966, with a discharge date of March 20, 1971. In 1968 he was arrested on violation of parole by association with individual(s) of bad reputation, and control and possession of firearms Cleaver petitioned for habeas corpus to the Solano County Court, and was granted it along with a release of a $50,000 bail.

Black Panther Party

Cleaver was released from prison on December 12, 1966, with the help of Edward Michael Keating, founder of Ramparts magazine. He was writing for Ramparts magazine and organizing efforts to revitalize the Organization of Afro-American Unity. The Black Panther Party (BPP) was only two months old. He then joined the Oakland-based BPP, serving as Minister of Information, or spokesperson. What initially attracted Cleaver to the Panthers, as opposed to other prominent groups, was their commitment to armed struggle.

In 1967, Cleaver, along with Marvin X, Ed Bullins, and Ethna Wyatt, formed the Black House political/cultural center in San Francisco. Amiri Baraka, Sonia Sanchez, Askia Toure, Sarah Webster Fabio, Art Ensemble of Chicago, Avotcja, Reginald Lockett, Emory Douglas, Samuel Napier, Bobby Hutton, Huey Newton, and Bobby Seale were Black House regulars. The same year, he married Kathleen Neal Cleaver (divorced 1987), with whom he would have son Ahmad Maceo Eldridge (born 1969, Algeria; died 2018, Saudi Arabia) and daughter Joju Younghi (born July 31, 1970, North Korea).

Cleaver was a presidential candidate in 1968 on the ticket of the Peace and Freedom Party. Having been born on August 31, 1935, Cleaver would not have been the requisite 35 years of age until more than a year after Inauguration Day 1969. (Although the Constitution requires that the President be at least 35 years of age, it does not specify whether he need have reached that age at the time of nomination, or election, or inauguration.) Courts in both Hawaii and New York held that he could be excluded from the ballot because he could not possibly meet the Constitutional criteria.

In the aftermath of the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. on April 4, 1968, there were riots across the nation. On April 6, Cleaver and 14 other Panthers were involved in a confrontation with Oakland police officers, during which two of the officers were wounded. Cleaver was wounded during the ambush and 17-year-old Black Panther member Bobby Hutton was killed. They were armed with M16 rifles and shotguns. In 1980, he admitted that he had led the Panther group on a deliberate ambush of the police officers, thus provoking the shootout.

Some reporters were surprised by this move, because it was in the context of an uncharacteristic speech, in which Cleaver also discredited the Black Panthers, stated "we need police as heroes", and said that he denounced civilian review boards of police shootings for the "bizarre" reason that "it is a rubber stamp for murder". Some speculated Cleaver's admission could have been a pay-off to the Alameda County justice system, whose judge had only just days earlier let him escape prison time; Cleaver was sentenced to community service after getting charged with three counts of assault against three Oakland police officers. The PBS documentary A Huey Newton Story claims that "Bobby Hutton was shot more than twelve times after he had already surrendered and stripped down to his underwear to prove he was not armed."

Charged with attempted murder after the incident, Cleaver jumped bail to flee to Cuba in late 1968. Initially treated with luxury by the Cuban government, the hospitality ended upon reports Fidel Castro had received information of the CIA infiltrating the Black Panther Party. Cleaver then decided to head to Algeria, sending word to his wife to meet him there. Elaine Klein normalized his status by getting him an invitation to attend the Pan-African Cultural festival, rendering him temporarily safe from prosecution.

The festival allowed him to network with revolutionaries from all over Africa in order to discuss the perils of white supremacy and colonialism. Cleaver was outspoken in his call to violence against the United States, contributing to his mission to "position the Panthers within the revolutionary nationalist camp inside the United States and as disciples of Fanon on the world stage". Cleaver had set up an international office for the Black Panthers in Algeria. Following Timothy Leary's Weather Underground-assisted prison escape, Leary stayed with Cleaver in Algiers; however, Cleaver placed Leary under "revolutionary arrest" as a counter-revolutionary for promoting drug use.

Cleaver cultivated an alliance with North Korea in 1969, and BPP publications began reprinting excerpts from Kim Il Sung's writings. Although leftists of the time often looked to Cuba, China, and North Vietnam for inspiration, few had paid any attention to the secretive Pyongyang regime. Bypassing US travel restrictions on North Korea, Cleaver and other BPP members made two visits to North Korea in 1969–1970 with the idea that the juche model could be adapted to the revolutionary liberation of African-Americans. Taken on an official tour of North Korea, Cleaver expressed admiration at "the DPRK's stable, crime-free society which provided guaranteed food, employment, and housing for all, and which had no economic or social inequalities".

Byron Vaughn Booth (former Panther Deputy Minister of Defense) claimed that, after a trip to North Korea, Cleaver discovered that his wife had been having an affair with Clinton Robert Smith Jr.. Booth told the FBI he had witnessed Cleaver shoot and kill Smith with an AK47 in Algeria. Elaine Mokhtefi, in the London Review of Books, writes that Cleaver confessed the murder to her shortly after committing it.

In his 1978 book Soul on Fire, Cleaver made several claims regarding his exile in Algeria, including that he was supported by regular stipends from the government of North Vietnam, which the United States was then bombing. Cleaver stated that he was followed by other former criminals turned revolutionaries, many of whom (including Booth and Smith) hijacked planes to get to Algeria.

Split and new directions
Eldridge Cleaver and Huey Newton eventually had a disagreement over the necessity of armed struggle as a response to COINTELPRO and other actions by the government against the Black Panthers and other radical groups, which led to Cleaver's eventual expulsion from the BPP. Also Cleaver's interest in North Korea and global anti-imperialist struggle drew ire from other BPP members who felt that he was neglecting the needs of African-Americans at home in the US. Following his expulsion from the Black Panthers in 1971, the group's ties with North Korea were quickly forgotten.

Cleaver advocated the escalation of armed resistance into urban guerrilla warfare, while Newton suggested the best way to respond was to put down the gun, which he felt alienated the Panthers from the rest of the black community, and focus on more pragmatic reformist activity by lobbying for increased social programs to aid African-American communities and anti-discrimination laws. Cleaver accused Newton of being an Uncle Tom for choosing to cooperate with white interests rather than overthrow them.

Cleaver left Algeria in 1972, moving to Paris, France, becoming a born again Christian during time in isolation living underground. He turned his hand to fashion design; three years later, he released codpiece-revival "virility pants" he called "the Cleavers", enthusing that they would give men "a chance to assert their masculinity".
Cleaver returned to the United States in 1975 to face the unresolved attempted murder charge.

By September 1978, on bail as the proceedings dragged on, he had incorporated Eldridge Cleaver Ltd, running a factory and West Hollywood shop exploiting his "Cleavers", which he claimed liberated men from "penis binding". He saw no conflict between this and his newfound Christianity, drawing support for his overtly sexual design from 22 Deuteronomy. The long-outstanding charge was subsequently resolved on a plea bargain reducing it to assault. A sentence of 1,200 hours' community service was imposed.

Later life
In the early 1980s, Cleaver became disillusioned with what he saw as the commercial nature of evangelical Christianity and examined alternatives, including Sun Myung Moon's campus ministry organization CARP. He was also Catholic for a time. He later led a short-lived revivalist ministry called Eldridge Cleaver Crusades, "a hybrid synthesis of Islam and Christianity he called 'Christlam'", along with an auxiliary called the "Guardians of the Sperm".

Cleaver was then baptized into the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) on December 11, 1983. He periodically attended regular services and lectured by invitation at LDS gatherings.

By the 1980s, Cleaver had become a conservative Republican. He appeared at various Republican events and spoke at a California Republican State Central Committee meeting regarding his political transformation. In 1984, he ran for election to the Berkeley City Council but lost. Undaunted, he promoted his candidacy in the Republican Party primary for the 1986 Senate race but was again defeated. The next year, his 20-year marriage to Kathleen Neal Cleaver came to an end.

In 1988, Cleaver was placed on probation for burglary and was briefly jailed later in the year after testing positive for cocaine. He entered drug rehabilitation for a stated crack cocaine addiction two years later, but was arrested for possession by Oakland and Berkeley police in 1992 and 1994. Shortly after his final arrest, he moved to Southern California, falling into poor health.

Death
Cleaver died of prostate cancer at age 62 on May 1, 1998, at Pomona Valley Hospital Medical Center in Pomona, California. He is buried at Mountain View Cemetery in Altadena, California.

Soul on Ice (1968)

While in prison, he wrote a number of philosophical and political essays, first published in Ramparts magazine and then in book form as Soul on Ice.

In the most controversial part of the book, Cleaver acknowledges committing acts of rape, stating that he initially raped black women in the ghetto "for practice" and then embarked on the serial rape of white women. He described these crimes as politically inspired, motivated by a genuine conviction that the rape of white women was "an insurrectionary act". When he began writing Soul on Ice, he unequivocally renounced rape and all his previous reasoning about it.

The essays in Soul on Ice are divided into four thematic sections: "Letters from Prison", describing Cleaver's experiences with and thoughts on crime and prisons; "Blood of the Beast", discussing race relations and promoting black liberation ideology; "Prelude to Love – Three Letters", love letters written to Cleaver's attorney, Beverly Axelrod; and "White Woman, Black Man", on gender relations, black masculinity, and sexuality.

Books

References

Further reading
 Rout, Kathleen (1991). Eldridge Cleaver. Boston: Twayne Publ. .

Documentaries
 The Black Panthers: Vanguard of the Revolution, a documentary about the Black Panther Party released in 2015.

External links

 "Cleaver, Eldridge", The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th edition, 2001–2007
 "From Muslim to Mormon: Eldridge Cleaver's Rhetorical Crusade"
 "Guide to the Eldridge Cleaver Papers" at The Bancroft Library
 Interview with Eldridge Cleaver on Frontline, PBS
 Interview with Eldridge Cleaver in Reason magazine

1935 births
1998 deaths
African-American writers
African-American candidates for President of the United States
Latter Day Saints from California
American people convicted of assault
American prisoners and detainees
American rapists
American male non-fiction writers
California Republicans
Deaths from cancer in California
Former Marxists
COINTELPRO targets
Converts to Mormonism
Deaths from prostate cancer
American expatriates in Algeria
Members of the Black Panther Party
Peace and Freedom Party presidential nominees
People from Jefferson County, Arkansas
Writers from Los Angeles
Prisoners and detainees of California
Candidates in the 1968 United States presidential election
20th-century American politicians
African-American Latter Day Saints
Activists from California
20th-century American essayists

Eldridge Cleaver


A super tweeter is a speaker driver intended to produce ultra high frequencies in a multi-driver loudspeaker system. Its purpose is to recreate a more realistic sound field, often characterized as "airy-ness". Super tweeters are sometimes found in high fidelity speaker systems and sometimes even in home theater systems. They are used to supplement the sound of tweeters by reproducing frequencies which the tweeter may produce only with a narrow polar output, or perhaps with distortion.

A super tweeter is generally designed to respond well into ultrasonic frequencies over 20 kHz, the commonly accepted upper frequency limit of human hearing. Super tweeters have been designed for psychoacoustic testing, for extended-range digital audio such as Super Audio CD intended for audiophiles, for biologists performing research on animal response to sounds, and for ambient sound systems in zoos. Ribbon tweeters have been made that can reproduce 80 kHz and even 100 kHz.

See also
 Loudspeaker
 Loudspeaker enclosure
 Audio crossover
 Full-range speaker
 Tweeter
 Midrange speaker
 Woofer
 Subwoofer

References

External links
 Enjoy The Music.com

Loudspeakers

Super tweeter


An eon (or aeon) is a term in Earth science for the longest periods of time. It describes a part of the Earth's existence lasting hundreds of millions to billions of years.

A geologic eon is part of Earth's existence, made up of a number of eras of different lengths. A geologic era is made up of two or more shorter times called geologic periods. A geologic period is, in turn made up of yet shorter times called epochs.

Geologists have given names to all of the eons, eras, periods and epochs that they have found by looking at rocks. The names given to each eon describe something about that time, or the rocks that were made at that time.

For example, we are now in the Phanerozoic eon, which comes from the Greek words for life that we can see, that is, there were animals and plants big enough to see without a lens. This era started about 545 million years ago.

The four eons

References

Geology
Units of time

Eon


Sepultura (Portuguese for "grave") is a Brazilian hivy metal baund frae Belo Horizonte, Brazil, formit in 1984. The baund wis a major force in the daith metal, thrash metal an ultimately groove metal genres durin the late 1980s an early 1990s, wi their later experiments meldin nu metal, hardcore punk, industrial muisic an extreme metal.

Their maist successful records are Arise (1991), Chaos A.D. (1993), an Roots (1996). Sepultura haes sauld ower 3 million units in the USA an amaist 20 milion warldwide, gainin multiple gowd an platinum records athort the globe, includin in kintras as diverse as Fraunce, Australie, Indonesie, Unitit States, an their native Brazil.

History
Sepultura wis formit in Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, in 1984 bi brithers Max an Igor Cavalera. Efter several lineup chynges, Paulo Jr. an Jairo Guedz became permanent members for the baund's first studio album Morbid Visions, released in 1986 through Cogumelo Records.  Guitarist Jairo Guedz left Sepultura follaein the baund's first tour an wis replacit bi Andreas Kisser. Wi the new formation, Sepultura recordit Schizophrenia in 1987. Beneath the Remains, the first album frae the baund's contract wi Roadrunner Records, wis released in 1989, follaed bi Arise in 1991 an Chaos A.D. in 1993.  Sepultura's best-sellin album tae date, Roots, wis released in 1996 an debuted at number 27 on the Billboard 200.

In 1997, vocalist Max Cavalera left the baund an subsequently formit Soulfly. The ither members annoonced that they wad continue unner the Sepultura name an wur searchin for a replacement. Derrick Green wis chosen tae replace Cavalera, an wi the new vocalist the baund released Against in 1998. Nation wis released in 2001, the baund's last studio album wi Roadrunner Records. Sepultura resigned wi German label SPV an released Roorback. Dante XXI wis released in 2006 as a concept album inspired bi the literary classic Divine Comedy bi Dante Alighieri. Igor Cavalera left the baund in 2007 an wis replaced bi Jean Dolabella. In 2009 Sepultura released A-Lex, a concept album aboot A Clockwork Orange, tae favorable reviews. The baund's maist recent studio album is 2011's Kairos.

Muisical style
MTV haes cried Sepultura the maist successful Brazilian hivy metal baund in history an "perhaps the maist important hivy metal baund o the '90s". In 1993, ane reporter wrote that the baund played "machine-gun-tempo mayhem" but that the members "love tae attack organized releegion an repressive govrenment".

Sepultura's muisic haes been describit as daith metal, thrash metal, groove metal, alternative metal, black metal, doom metal, an speed metal. The group hae been creditit for settin the blueprints for metalcore an nu metal.

Baund members
Current
 Paulo Jr. – bass (1984–present), backin vocals (2011–present)
 Andreas Kisser – lead guitar, backin vocals (1987–present)
 Derrick Green – lead vocals, occasional rhythm guitar (1997–present)
 Eloy Casagrande – drums, percussion (2011–present)
Umwhile
 Max Cavalera – lead vocals, rhythm guitar (1985–1997), lead guitar (1984–1985)
 Igor Cavalera – drums, percussion (1984–2006)
 Jairo Guedes – lead guitar (1984–1987)
 Wagner Lamounier – vocals (1984–1985)
 Jean Dolabella – drums, percussion (2006–2011)
Tourin
 Roy Mayorga – drums, percussion (2006)
 Almilcar Cristófaro – drums (2011)

Discografie

Albums
Morbid Visions (1986)
Schizophrenia (1987)
Beneath the Remains (1989)
Arise (1991)
Chaos A.D. (1993)
Roots (1996)
Against (1998)
Nation (2001)
Roorback (2003)
Dante XXI (2006)
A-Lex (2009)
Kairos (2011)
 The Mediator Between the Head and Hands Must Be the Heart (2013)
 Machine Messiah (2017)
 Quadra (2020)

Fremmit airtins

Offeecial wabsteid
Offeecial MySpace
Encyclopaedia Metallum
Interview wi Jean Dolabella at Love-It-Loud.com

Brazilian daith metal muisical groups
Brazilian groove metal muisical groups
Brazilian thrash metal muisical groups
Muisical groups established in 1984
Muisical quartets
Roadrunner Records airtists

Sepultura