The GP2X is a handheld gaming console. It uses the Linux operating system. An operating system goes inside another system. It helps the other system do what it needs to. The GP2X can have music, videos, games, and pictures. There are updates to the GP2X so it will get more things. The GP2X can have DivX, XviD, MP3, and Ogg Vorbis. DivX and XviD are ways to keep videos and MP3 and Ogg Vorbis can keep music. It can also be able to emulate video games. Emulating means you copy a system. It can emulate systems like the Nintendo Entertainment System, Sega Master System, Turbo Grafx 16, Game Boy, Super Nintendo Entertainment System, and Genesis.

Other websites
 Germany, Austria and Switzerland (GP2x.de) Official distributor.

Handheld video games

GP2X


The banner o Laos wis adoptit on December 2, 1975. The banner haed previously been uised bi the short-lived Lao nationalist govrenment o 1945.

Description an symbolism
The banner consists o three horizontal strips, middle blue strip is twice the heicht o the tap an bottom reid stripes. In the middle is a white disc, the diameter o the disc is 0.8 times the heicht o the blue stripe. The banner ratio is 2:3.
The naitional banner o Laos wis adoptit in 1975, when the kintra became a fowkrepublic. It is ane o the few Communist flags that daes nae uise the five-pyntit star as an emblem. This banner replaced the oreeginal banner o Laos, which wis reid, wi a triple-headed white elephant on a pedestal beneath a parasol. This expressed the auncient name o the kintra, "Land o a Million Elephants," an dated frae the 19t century. Frae 1953 onward the royal govrenment waged war wi the Pathet Lao, whose banner wis blue wi a white disk an reid borders at the tap an bottom. Frae 1973-1975, the Pathet Lao formed pairt o the govrenment coalition, afore assuming power directly an prompting the abdication o the keeng. Thair banner wis adoptit as the naitional banner. In the center is a white disk seembolisin the unity o the fowk unner the leadership o the Lao Fowk's Revolutionary Pairty an the kintra's bricht future. It is an aa said to represent a full muin against the Mekong River. The reid stripes staund for the bluid shed bi the fowk in thair struggle for freedom, an the blue symbolizes thair prosperity.

Heestory
Frae 1952 until the faw o the royal govrenment in 1975 the kintra haed a reid banner, wi a white three-headed elephant (the god Erawan) in the middle. On tap o the elephant is a nine-folded umbrella, while the elephant itself stands on a five-level pedestal. The white elephant is a common royal seembol in Soothaest Asie, the three heads referred tae the three umwhile kinricks Vientiane, Luangprabang, an Champasak which made up the kinrick. The nine-folded umbrella is an aa a royal seembol, originating frae Mt. Meru in the Buddhist cosmology. The pedestal represented the law on which the kintra rested.

The Wastren heraldic blazon is A banner Gules, a Spainyie fess azure charged with a plate. This new banner haes replaced the ane uised syne 1952.

Laos
Naitional seembols o Laos

Banner o Laos


A railfan is a person who likes railways and trains. Railfans like to take pictures of trains.  They also like to watch trains.  Some railfans make models of railways.  These are called model railways.

Some railfans like to study the history of railways.  Some railfans collect things having to do with trains.  Railfans may carry a radio scanner when they are watching trains, so they can listen to the railway workers talk. Some railfans work for a railway, or have family members who worked for a railway. Most railfans like to ride trains.

There are many magazines for people who like trains.  Railfans enjoy reading books and magazines about trains.

Rail transport

Railfan


Henry Ward Beecher (June 24, 1813 – March 8, 1887) was an American Congregationalist clergyman, social reformer, and speaker, known for his support of the abolition of slavery, his emphasis on God's love, and his 1875 adultery trial. His rhetorical focus on Christ's love has influenced mainstream Christianity through the 21st century.

Beecher was the son of Lyman Beecher, a Calvinist minister who became one of the best-known evangelists of his era. Several of his brothers and sisters became well-known educators and activists, most notably Harriet Beecher Stowe, who achieved worldwide fame with her abolitionist novel Uncle Tom's Cabin. Henry Ward Beecher graduated from Amherst College in 1834 and Lane Seminary in 1837 before serving as a minister in Lawrenceburg, Indiana and later in Indianapolis's Second Presbyterian Church when the congregation resided at Circle Hall at Monument Circle.

In 1847, Beecher became the first pastor of the Plymouth Church in Brooklyn, New York. He soon acquired fame on the lecture circuit for his novel oratorical style in which he employed humor, dialect, and slang. Over the course of his ministry, he developed a theology emphasizing God's love above all else. He also grew interested in social reform, particularly the abolitionist movement. In the years leading up to the Civil War, he raised money to purchase slaves from captivity and to send rifles—nicknamed "Beecher's Bibles"—to abolitionists fighting in Kansas. He toured Europe during the Civil War, speaking in support of the Union.

After the war, Beecher supported social reform causes such as women's suffrage and temperance. He also championed Charles Darwin's theory of evolution, stating that it was not incompatible with Christian beliefs. He was widely rumored to be an adulterer, and in 1872 the Woodhull & Claflin's Weekly published a story about his affair with Elizabeth Richards Tilton, the wife of his friend and former co-worker Theodore Tilton. In 1874, Tilton filed  charges for "criminal conversation" against Beecher. The subsequent trial resulted in a hung jury and was one of the most widely reported trials of the century.

After the death of his father in 1863, Beecher was unquestionably "the most famous preacher in the nation". Beecher's long career in the public spotlight led biographer Debby Applegate to call her biography of him The Most Famous Man in America.

Early life

Beecher was born in Litchfield, Connecticut, the eighth of 13 children born to Lyman Beecher, a Presbyterian preacher from Boston. His siblings included author Harriet Beecher Stowe, educators Catharine Beecher and Thomas K. Beecher, and activists Charles Beecher and Isabella Beecher Hooker, and his father became known as "the father of more brains than any man in America". Beecher's mother Roxana died when Henry was three, and his father married Harriet Porter, whom Henry described as "severe" and subject to bouts of depression.
Beecher also taught school for a time in Whitinsville, Massachusetts.

The Beecher household was "the strangest and most interesting combination of fun and seriousness". The family was poor, and Lyman Beecher assigned his children "a heavy schedule of prayer meetings, lectures, and religious services" while banning the theater, dancing, most fiction, and the celebration of birthdays or Christmas. The family's pastimes included story-telling and listening to their father play the fiddle.

Beecher had a childhood stammer. He was also considered slow-witted and one of the less promising of the brilliant Beecher children. His poor performance earned him punishments, such as being forced to sit for hours in the girls' corner while wearing a dunce cap. At 14, he began his oratorical training at Mount Pleasant Classical Institute, a boarding school in Amherst, Massachusetts, where he met Constantine Fondolaik Newell, a Smyrna Greek. They attended Amherst College together, where they signed a contract pledging lifelong friendship and brotherly love. Fondolaik died of cholera after returning to Greece around October 1848, and Beecher named his third son after him.

During his years in Amherst, Beecher had his first taste of public speaking, giving his first sermon or talk in 1831 about four miles southeast of Amherst, in the schoolhouse at a village then called Log Town. He was in his second year at  Amherst College, and he soon thereafter resolved to join the ministry, setting aside his early dream of going to sea. He met his future wife Eunice Bullard, the daughter of a well-known physician, and they were engaged on January 2, 1832. He also developed an interest in the pseudoscience of phrenology, an attempt to link personality traits with features of the human skull, and he befriended Orson Squire Fowler who became the theory's best-known American proponent.

Beecher graduated from Amherst College in 1834 and then attended Lane Theological Seminary outside Cincinnati, Ohio. Lane was headed by Beecher's father, who had become "America's most famous preacher". The student body was divided by the slavery question, whether to support a form of gradual emancipation, as Lyman Beecher did, or to demand immediate emancipation. Beecher stayed largely clear of the controversy, sympathetic to the radical students but unwilling to defy his father. He graduated in 1837.

Early ministry
On August 3, 1837, Beecher married Eunice Bullard, and the two proceeded to the small, impoverished town of Lawrenceburg, Indiana, where Beecher had been offered a post as a minister of the First Presbyterian Church. He received his first national publicity when he became involved in the break between "New School" and "Old School" Presbyterianism, which were split over questions of original sin and the slavery issue; Henry's father Lyman was a leading proponent of the New School. Because of Henry's adherence to the New School position, the Old School-dominated presbytery declined to install him as the pastor, and the resulting controversy split the western Presbyterian Church into rival synods.

Though Henry Beecher's Lawrenceburg church declared its independence from the Synod to retain him as its pastor, the poverty that followed the Panic of 1837 caused him to look for a new position. Banker Samuel Merrill invited Beecher to visit Indianapolis in 1839, and he was offered the ministry of the Second Presbyterian Church there on May 13, 1839. Unusually for a speaker of his era, Beecher would use humor and informal language including dialect and slang as he preached. His preaching was a major success, building Second Presbyterian into the largest church in the city, and he also led a successful revival meeting in nearby Terre Haute. However, mounting debt led to Beecher again seeking a new position in 1847, and he accepted the invitation of businessman Henry Bowen to head a new Plymouth Congregational Church in Brooklyn, New York. Beecher's national fame continued to grow, and he took to the lecture circuit, becoming one of the most popular speakers in the country and charging correspondingly high fees.

In the course of his preaching, Henry Ward Beecher came to reject his father Lyman's theology, which "combined the old belief that 'human fate was preordained by God's plan' with a faith in the capacity of rational men and women to purge society of its sinful ways". Henry instead preached a "Gospel of Love" that emphasized God's absolute love rather than human sinfulness, and doubted the existence of Hell.  He also rejected his father's prohibitions against various leisure activities as distractions from a holy life, stating instead that "Man was made for enjoyment".

Social and political activism

Abolitionism
Henry Ward Beecher became involved in many social issues of his day, most notably abolition. Though Beecher hated slavery as early as his seminary days, his views were generally more moderate than those of abolitionists like William Lloyd Garrison, who advocated the breakup of the Union if it would also mean the end of slavery. A personal turning point for Beecher came in October 1848 when he learned of two escaped young female slaves who had been recaptured; their father had been offered the chance to ransom them from captivity, and appealed to Beecher to help raise funds. Beecher raised over two thousand dollars to secure the girls' freedom. On June 1, 1856, he held another mock slave auction seeking enough contributions to purchase the freedom of a young woman named Sarah.

In his widely reprinted piece "Shall We Compromise", Beecher assailed the Compromise of 1850, a compromise between anti-slavery and pro-slavery forces brokered by Whig Senator Henry Clay. The compromise banned slavery from California and slave-trading from Washington, D.C., at the cost of a stronger Fugitive Slave Act; Beecher objected to the last provision in particular, arguing that it was a Christian's duty to feed and shelter escaped slaves. Slavery and liberty were fundamentally incompatible, Beecher argued, making compromise impossible: "One or the other must die". In 1856, Beecher campaigned for Republican John C. Frémont, the first presidential candidate of the Republican Party; despite Beecher's aid, Frémont lost to Democrat James Buchanan. During the pre-Civil-War conflict in the Kansas Territory, known as "Bloody Kansas", Beecher raised funds to send Sharps rifles to abolitionist forces, stating that the weapons would do more good than "a hundred Bibles". The press subsequently nicknamed the weapons "Beecher's Bibles". Beecher became widely hated in the American South for his abolitionist actions and received numerous death threats.

In 1863, during the Civil War, President Abraham Lincoln sent Beecher on a speaking tour of Europe to build support for the Union cause. Beecher's speeches helped turn European popular sentiment against the rebel Confederate States of America and prevent its recognition by foreign powers. At the close of the war in April 1865, Beecher was invited to speak at Fort Sumter, South Carolina, where the first shots of the war had been fired; Lincoln had again personally selected him, stating, "We had better send Beecher down to deliver the address on the occasion of raising the flag because if it had not been for Beecher there would have been no flag to raise." (See Raising the Flag at Fort Sumter.)

Other views

Beecher advocated for the temperance movement throughout his career and was a strict teetotaler. Following the Civil War, he also became a leader in the women's suffrage movement. In 1867, he campaigned unsuccessfully to become a delegate to the New York Constitutional Convention of 1867–1868 on a suffrage platform, and in 1869, was elected unanimously as the first president of the American Woman Suffrage Association.

In the Reconstruction Era, Beecher sided with President Andrew Johnson's plan for swift restoration of Southern states to the Union. He believed that captains of industry should be the leaders of society and supported Social Darwinist ideas. During the Great Railroad Strike of 1877, he preached strongly against the strikers whose wages had been cut, stating, "Man cannot live by bread alone but the man who cannot live on bread and water is not fit to live," and "If you are being reduced, go down boldly into poverty". His remarks were so unpopular that cries of "Hang Beecher!" became common at labor rallies, and plainclothes detectives protected his church.

Influenced by British author Herbert Spencer, Beecher embraced Charles Darwin's theory of evolution in the 1880s, identifying as a "cordial Christian evolutionist". He argued that the theory was in keeping with what Applegate called "the inevitability of progress", seeing a steady march toward perfection as a part of God's plan. In 1885, he wrote Evolution and Religion to expound these views. His sermons and writings helped to gain acceptance for the theory in America.

Beecher was a prominent advocate for allowing Chinese immigration to continue to the US, helping to delay passage of the Chinese Exclusion Act until 1882. He argued that as other American peoples, such as the Irish, had seen a gradual increase in their social standing, a new people was required to do "what we call the menial work", and that the Chinese, "by reason of their training, by the habits of a thousand years, are adapted to do that work."

Personal life

Marriage

Beecher married Eunice Bullard in 1837 after a five-year engagement. Their marriage was not a happy one; as Applegate writes, "within a year of their wedding they embarked on the classic marital cycle of neglect and nagging", marked by Henry's prolonged absences from home. The couple also suffered the deaths of four of their eight children.

Beecher enjoyed the company of women, and rumors of extramarital affairs circulated as early as his Indiana days, when he was believed to have had an affair with a young member of his congregation. In 1858, the Brooklyn Eagle wrote a story accusing him of an affair with another young church member who had later become a prostitute. The wife of Beecher's patron and editor, Henry Bowen, confessed on her deathbed to her husband of an affair with Beecher; Bowen concealed the incident during his lifetime.

Several members of Beecher's circle reported that Beecher had had an affair with Edna Dean Proctor, an author with whom he was collaborating on a book of his sermons. The couple's first encounter was the subject of dispute: Beecher reportedly told friends that it had been consensual, while Proctor reportedly told Henry Bowen that Beecher had raped her. Regardless of the initial circumstances, Beecher and Proctor allegedly then carried on their affair for more than a year. According to historian Barry Werth, "it was standard gossip that 'Beecher preaches to seven or eight of his mistresses every Sunday evening.'"

"The Beecher–Tilton Scandal Case" (1875)
In a highly publicized scandal, Beecher was tried on charges that he had committed adultery with a friend's wife, Elizabeth Tilton. In 1870, Elizabeth had confessed to her husband, Theodore Tilton, that she had had a relationship with Beecher. The charges became public after Theodore told Elizabeth Cady Stanton and others of his wife's confession. Stanton repeated the story to fellow women's rights leaders Victoria Woodhull and Isabella Beecher Hooker.

Henry Ward Beecher had publicly denounced Woodhull's advocacy of free love. Outraged at what she saw as his hypocrisy, she published a story titled "The Beecher–Tilton Scandal Case" in her paper Woodhull and Claflin's Weekly on November 2, 1872; the article made detailed allegations that America's most renowned clergyman was secretly practicing the free-love doctrines that he denounced from the pulpit. Woodhull was arrested in New York City and imprisoned for sending obscene material through the mail. The scandal split the Beecher siblings; Harriet and others supported Henry, while Isabella publicly supported Woodhull. The first trial was Woodhull's, who was released on a technicality.

Subsequent hearings and trial, in the words of Walter A. McDougall, "drove Reconstruction off the front pages for two and a half years" and became "the most sensational 'he said, she said' in American history". On October 31, 1873, Plymouth Church excommunicated Theodore Tilton for "slandering" Beecher. The Council of Congregational Churches held a board of inquiry from March 9 to 29, 1874, to investigate the disfellowshipping of Tilton, and censured Plymouth Church for acting against Tilton without first examining the charges against Beecher. As of June 27, 1874, Plymouth Church established its own investigating committee which exonerated Beecher. Tilton then sued Beecher on civil charges of adultery. The Beecher–Tilton trial began in January 1875, and ended in July when the jurors deliberated for six days but were unable to reach a verdict. In February 1876, the Congregational church  held a final hearing to exonerate Beecher.

Stanton was outraged by Beecher's repeated exonerations, calling the scandal a "holocaust of womanhood". French author George Sand planned a novel about the affair, but died the following year before it could be written.

Later life and legacy

Later life

In 1871, Yale University established "The Lyman Beecher Lectureship", of which Henry taught the first three annual courses. After the heavy expenses of the trial, Beecher embarked on a lecture tour of the West that returned him to solvency. In 1884, he angered many of his Republican allies when he endorsed Democratic candidate Grover Cleveland for the presidency, arguing that Cleveland should be forgiven for having fathered an illegitimate child. He made another lecture tour of England in 1886.

On March 6, 1887, Beecher suffered a stroke and died in his sleep on March 8. Still a widely popular figure, he was mourned in newspapers and sermons across the country. Henry Ward Beecher is interred at Green-Wood Cemetery in Brooklyn, New York.

Legacy
In assessing Beecher's legacy, Applegate states that

At his best, Beecher represented what remains the most lovable and popular strain of American culture: incurable optimism; can-do enthusiasm; and open-minded, open-hearted pragmatism ... His reputation has been eclipsed by his own success. Mainstream Christianity is so deeply infused with the rhetoric of Christ's love that most Americans can imagine nothing else, and have no appreciation or memory of the revolution wrought by Beecher and his peers.

In 1929, First Presbyterian Church in Lawrenceburg was renamed Beecher Presbyterian.

A Henry Ward Beecher Monument created by the sculptor John Quincy Adams Ward was unveiled on June 24, 1891, in Borough Hall Park, Brooklyn, and was later relocated to Cadman Plaza, Brooklyn in 1959.

A limerick written about Beecher by poet Oliver Herford became well known in the USA:

Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr. offered his own limerick on Beecher:

Christopher J Barry, Canadian published songwriter, offered this alternative limerick:

In 2022, New Hampshire Historical Marker no. 274 was unveiled in Carroll, New Hampshire, commemorating Beecher and his open-air sermons in the town.

Writings

Background

Henry Ward Beecher was a prolific author as well as speaker. His public writing began in Indiana, where he edited an agricultural journal, The Farmer and Gardener. He was one of the founders and for nearly twenty years an editorial contributor of the New York Independent, a Congregationalist newspaper, and from 1861 till 1863 was its editor. His contributions to this were signed with an asterisk, and many of them were afterward collected and published in 1855 as Star Papers; or, Experiences of Art and Nature.

In 1865, Robert E. Bonner of the New York Ledger offered Beecher twenty-four thousand dollars to follow his sister's example and compose a novel; the subsequent novel, Norwood, or Village Life in New England, was published in 1868. Beecher stated his intent for Norwood was to present a heroine who is "large of soul, a child of nature, and, although a Christian, yet in childlike sympathy with the truths of God in the natural world, instead of books." McDougall describes the resulting novel as "a New England romance of flowers and bosomy sighs ... 'new theology' that amounted to warmed-over Emerson". The novel was moderately well received by critics of the day. In 1964 sculptor Joseph Kiselewski created a bronze medal depicting Henry Ward Beecher for the Hall of Fame for Great Americans at the Bronx Community College in New York City. The sculptor John Massey Rhind created the Hall's bust of Beecher.

List of published works
Seven Lectures to Young Men (1844) (pamphlet)
Star Papers; or, Experiences of Art and Nature (1855). Columns from the New York Independent. New York: J. C. Derby.
Life Thoughts, Gathered from the Extemporaneous Discourses of Henry Ward Beecher by One of His Congregation. Notes taken of Beecher's sermons by Edna Dean Proctor. Boston: Phillips, Sampson and Company, 1858
Notes from Plymouth Pulpit (1859)
Plain and Pleasant Talk About Fruits, Flowers and Farming. Articles taken from the Western Farmer and Gardner New York: Derby & Jackson, 1859.
The Independent (1861–63) (periodical, editor)
Eyes and Ears (1862) (collection of letters from the New York Ledger newspaper)
 Freedom and War (1863) Boston, Ticknor and Fields (1863).
 Lectures to Young Men, On Various Important Subjects. New edition with additional lectures. Boston: Ticknor and Fields, 1868
Christian Union (1870–78) (periodical, as editor)
Summer in the Soul (1858)
Prayers from the Plymouth Pulpit (1867)
Norwood, or Village Life in New England (1868) (novel)
Life of Jesus, the Christ (1871) New York: J. B. Ford and Company.
Yale Lectures on Preaching (1872)
Evolution and Religion (1885); reissued by Cambridge University Press 2009.
Proverbs from Plymouth Pulpit (1887)
A Biography of Rev. Henry Ward Beecher by Wm. C. Beecher and Rev. Samuel Scoville (1888)

In popular culture
Beecher Cascades on Crawford Brook in Carroll, New Hampshire, is named for him. It is rumored that he slipped and fell into the brook there on a visit.

In March 1993, a new musical, Loving Henry, inspired by the Beecher–Tilton scandal, was presented at the First Presbyterian Church of Brooklyn. It was written by Dick Turmail and Clinton Corbett, with the music composed by jazz violinist Noel Pointer.

Citations

Cited works

 Hibben, Paxton. Henry Ward Beecher: An American Portrait. New York: The press of the Readers club, 1942.  (Foreword by Sinclair Lewis.)

Further reading

 Duyckinck, Evert A. (1873). "Henry Ward Beecher". In Portrait Gallery of Eminent Men and Women of Europe and America. Embracing History, Statesmanship, Naval and Military Life, Philosophy, The Drama, Science, Literature and Art. With Biographies. New York: Johnson, Wilson and Company, vol. 2, pp. 600–604.
 McFarland, Philip (2007). Loves of Harriet Beecher Stowe. New York: Grove Press.  (Her "loves" are husband Calvin, father Lyman, and brother Henry.)
 Smith, Matthew Hale (1869). "Mr. Beecher and Plymouth Church". Ch. IX of Sunshine and Shadow in New York. Hartford: J. B. Burr and Company, pp. 86–100.

External links

 Henry Ward Beecher by Lymon Abbott (1904)

 The Beecher-Tilton Affair from the Museum of the City of New York Collections blog
 Beecher family collection from Princeton University Library. Special Collections
 Violet Beach - Henry Ward Beecher Collection at the Amherst College Archives & Special Collections

1813 births
1887 deaths
19th-century Congregationalist ministers
Activists from Connecticut
Abolitionists from New York City
American Congregationalist ministers
American evangelicals
American people of English descent
American people of Welsh descent
American social reformers
American temperance activists
Amherst College alumni
Beecher family
Bleeding Kansas
Burials at Green-Wood Cemetery
Congregationalist abolitionists
Hall of Fame for Great Americans inductees
Lane Theological Seminary alumni
People from Litchfield, Connecticut
People of the American Civil War
Phrenologists
Religious leaders from Connecticut
Religious leaders from New York City
Theistic evolutionists
19th-century American clergy
Suffragists from Connecticut

Henry Ward Beecher


Prequel is a term in drama and literature: it is a fusion of the words 'precursor' and 'sequel'.

When a story is told in several stages, it is natural to tell it in order of time. For example, a series of books on the Second World War started with the 1930s and ended up in 1946.

For various reasons, this does not always happen. In the movie series Star Wars, the first movie was Star Wars Episode IV: A New Hope (1977). It was followed by three prequels, which were Star Wars Episode I: The Phantom Menace (1999); Star Wars Episode II: Attack of the Clones (2002) and Star Wars Episode III: Revenge of the Sith (2005).

For correct use, the term 'prequel' is only applied when work is part of a series, and when the later publication refers to an earlier time. It is an old idea, but one which is often used today for drama on movie and television. The Cypria, a work of Ancient Greek literature, is a prequel to Homer's Iliad. A related idea is the back-story, which is the background story of a main story or character.

References

Drama
Movie industry
Literary terms

Prequel


Eugenios Voulgaris or Boulgaris (; ; 1716–1806) was a Greek Orthodox cleric, author, educator, mathematician, astronomer, physicist, and philosopher.  He wrote about every discipline: legal, historical, theological, grammatical, linguistic, astronomy, political, mathematics, archaeology, music, secularism, euthanasia, and the tides.  He wrote speeches, poems, appeals to Catherine II for the liberation of Greece, and hundreds of letters. He edited valuable editions of Byzantine writers and classical books and translated many texts from Latin into French.  He was one of the students of Methodios Anthrakites.  He translated many important foreign language academic documents to Greek.  He was bishop of Cherson (in Crimea).  He was a leading contributor to the Modern Greek Enlightenment.

Youth and education

He was born on the island of Corfu, ruled by the Republic of Venice at that time, as Eleftherios Vulgares on 10 August 1716.  He studied in Corfu under Vikentios Damodos, a scholar, and continued his studies in the School of Ioannina (in western Greece) under Athanasios Psalidas.

In 1737 or 1738 he became a monk and presbyter with the name Eugenios, and afterwards went to the University of Padua to study theology, philosophy, European languages and natural sciences.

Teacher of the Greek nation
In 1742, Boulgaris became director of an important school of Ioannina, the Maroutsaia. There he was involved in a public dispute with Balanos Vasilopoulos, who was the director of another high level school of the city, regarding the curricula of their respective schools – Voulgaris arguing for the institution of natural philosophy.

From 1753 to 1759 Voulgaris was director of the Athonite Academy (Athoniada Akademia) at Vatopedi Monastery aiming at upgrading the level of studies. There he taught philosophy as well as mathematics. Though he was considered one of the most eminent teachers, his eagerness to communicate some of the new ideas of the western European 'Enlightenment' caused a negative reaction among some Orthodox Christian leaders on Mount Athos. He was eventually forced to abandon the school in the beginning of 1759.

He then temporarily headed the Patriarchal Academy in Constantinople (known to Greeks as the "Great School of the Nation"). However, in 1761 he permanently abandoned his educational career.

Although Eugenios was associated by some Orthodox Christians with the unsuccessful attempt to found a Western-style academy on Mt. Athos and at the Patriarchal Academy, he was also a strong opponent of Uniate and Roman Catholic proselytising among other Christians; and in his correspondence with Pierre Leclerc, the French Catholic Jansenist theologian sympathetic to Orthodox Christian traditions, he says that since the time of the Schism Orthodox Christians have been blessed with many saints and martyrs equal to the ancients and with a bounty of miracles: "Our Church is continuously glorified and made wondrous by God, no less after the Schism than before it, and up to our times" (Epistle of Eugenios Voulgaris to Pierre Leclerc, first edition, by Andreas Koromelas [Athens, 1844], p. 68).

In Russia
After his unsuccessful attempts to introduce Enlightenment ideas to the Athonite School and Patriarchal Academy Eugenios accepted the patronage of the Russian Empress Catherine II, and spent the rest of his career in Russia. In 1763 he went to Leipzig and Berlin at the invitation of Empress Catherine.  In 1771 he arrived at St. Petersburg, and between 1772 and 1774 worked as a librarian at the court.

In 1775 he was ordained archbishop, and became the first archbishop of the newly created Eparchy (Diocese) of Slaviansk and Cherson.
The new diocese included lands of the Novorossiya and Azov Governorates north of the Black Sea, recently conquered by Russia from the Ottoman Crimean Khanate.
Along with Russians and Ukrainians Orthodox Greeks were invited to settle in the region, and the Imperial Government thought it appropriate to appoint a Greek-speaking bishop to preside over the new diocese. Despite its name, the seat of the bishop was in neither Slaviansk (soon to be renamed Nikopol) nor Cherson, but in the more centrally located city of Poltava; where the Monastery of the Exaltation of the Cross (, Krestovozdvizhensky Monastyr) became the bishop's residence. The following year (1776), Eugenios invited another Corfiot, Nikephoros Theotokis, to join him in Poltava, and started training the younger Greek as his successor. In 1779, Eugenios retired, although he continued to live in the same monastery in Poltava, while Nicephoros took over the diocese.

In 1787 Boulgaris was allowed to move to St. Petersburg. From 1801 until the end of his life the retired bishop lived there in Alexander Nevsky Lavra. In 1788 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society.

He died on 12 June 1806, and was buried in the Lavra's Church of St. Theodor (Fyodorovskaya Tserkov)

Orthodox Christianity and the Enlightenment
The 18th century dawned in the Greek East with Orthodox Christians estranged from both groups of western Christians. While they remained largely uninvolved in dialogue with western Christians until the 19th century, they nevertheless grappled with new intellectual challenges emanating from the west in the form of secular learning. In this period Eugenios Voulgaris was one of the most influential Greek writers. Although he was strictly an Orthodox Christian, he tried to convey the ideas of this western European Enlightenment to Greek Orthodox cultural circles, through translations and teaching of the works of John Locke, Voltaire, and Christian Wolff. Voulgaris' model for the revival and development of learning in Orthodox Christian society included the maintenance of training in the classics combined with an exposure to modern European philosophy.

Greek language question
The discussion on the Greek language question began at the end of the 18th century. Because western Europeans were familiar with, and valued, the ancient Greek language, Eugenios Voulgaris, along with Lambros Photiadis, Stephanos Commitas (1770–1832) and Neophytos Doukas, proposed that the modern Greek language should be archaised and assimilated to Ancient Greek, while his students Iosipos Moisiodax (1725–1800) and Dimitrios Katartzis (c. 1725–1807) preferred the use of the contemporary vernacular language as it had evolved (Dimotiki). This discussion would become crucial when it was to be decided which form should be the official language of the modern Greek state.

The humanist scholar Adamantios Korais (1748–1833) also influenced this discussion. While supporting the language of the people, Korais sought to 'cleanse' it from elements that he considered 'vulgar' and evolved the 'purifying' or Katharevousa forms, which were supposedly set at some midpoint between ancient and contemporary Greek.

Treatise on euthanasia
In his Treatise on Euthanasia (1804), Bishop Eugenios tried to moderate the fear of death by exalting the power of faith and trust in the divine providence, and by presenting death as a universal necessity, a curative physician and a safe harbour. He presented his views in the form of a consoling sermon, enriched with references to classical texts, the Bible and the Church Fathers, as well as to secular sources, including statistics from contemporary Britain and France. Besides euthanasia he introduced terms such as dysthanasia (δυσθανασία), etoimothanasia (ἑτοιμοθανασία) and prothanasia (προθανασία). The Treatise on Euthanasia is one of the first books, if not the very first, devoted to euthanasia in modern European thought, and a remarkable text for the study of developing attitudes towards "good death". In the Treatise 'euthanasia' is clearly meant as a spiritual preparation and reconciliation with dying rather than the physician-related mercy-killing that the term came to mean during the 19th and the 20th centuries. This text has been studied not only by the historian of medical or religious ethics, but by many trying to confront death, in private or professional settings.

Literary works
Logic (Λογική; Loghiki), Leipzig, 1766.
Treatise on Religious Toleration (Σχεδίασμα περὶ Ἀνεξιθρησκείας; Schediasma peri anexithreskeias), 1767.
Treatise on Euthanasia, St Petersburg, 1804.
Elements of Metaphysics, Venice, 1805.
What Philosophers Prefer, Vienna, 1805.
About the Universe, Vienna, 1805.
 He also translated (but did not publish) the works of the late 17th-century figures:
John Locke (1632–1704),
Christian Wolff (1679–1754),
Voltaire (1694–1778),
Du Hamel (1624–1706), and
Edmond Pourchot (1651–1734).

See also
 Diafotismos
 Age of Enlightenment

References

Sources
 Galanakis, E., and I. D. K. Dimoliatis. "Early European attitudes towards "good death": Eugenios Voulgaris, Treatise on euthanasia, St Petersburg, 1804." Journal of Medical Ethics.  33.6 (June 2007): S1(4).
 Eugenios Voulgaris Bibliography at 18th Century Bibliography.
 Eugene Bulgaris, Archbishop of Cherson at St. Pachomius Library.
 Towards the Revolution: Inspired Absolutism: Reforms
 Michael Angold (Ed.). Eastern Christianity. The Cambridge History of Christianity. Cambridge University Press, 2006.
 Dimitris Dialetis, Costas Gavroglu and Manolis Patiniotis (Univ. of Athens). The Sciences in the Greek Speaking Regions during the 17th and 18th Centuries, in "The Sciences at the Periphery of Europe During the 18th Century'', Archimedes, Vol. 2, 1997, Kluwer Academic Publishers.
 Constantine Cavarnos. Orthodox Tradition and Modernism. Transl. from the Greek by Patrick G. Barker. Center for Traditionalist Orthodox Studies, Etna, California, 1992.

Further reading
 S. K. Batalden, Catherine II's Greek Prelate: Eugenios Voulgaris in Russia, 1771–1806. (East European Monographs, 1982.) 197pp.
 A. Koromelas, Epistle of Eugenios Voulgaris to Pierre Leclerc (Athens, 1844).

External links

1716 births
1806 deaths
18th-century Eastern Orthodox archbishops
19th-century Eastern Orthodox archbishops
Athonite Fathers

Eastern Orthodox Christians from Greece
Greek theologians
Greek emigrants to Russia
People of the Modern Greek Enlightenment
Scientists from Corfu
Members of the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople
Clergy from Corfu
18th-century Greek people
Fellows of the Royal Society
18th-century Greek educators
18th-century Greek writers
19th-century Greek educators
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19th-century Greek philosophers
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19th-century Greek mathematicians
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18th-century Greek astronomers
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18th-century Greek physicists

Eugenios Voulgaris


Joseph Serchuk (1919 - 6 Blōtmōnaþ 1993) wæs se heretoga þæs Iudeiscan ansæc werod in þǣm Lublin lappan on Polum in þǣm Eallbærnet tīde. Æfter þǣre gūðe, gecȳðed he æt gefandungum þāra Nazis and he aþegd sundorweorþunge of Israhēle þæm rīce.

Līf
After his parents and other family members were killed in the ghetto in 1941, Joseph and his brother David were taken to Sobibor extermination camp. After one day in the camp, he fled with his brother to the nearest forest and together with others fleeing he founded the core of the partisan group. During the war, the group led by Jews who had escaped from the ghettos caught nearby and from Sobibor. The group also included the writer Dov Freiberg.

After the war, Joseph took part in locating fleeing Nazi war criminals in Europe, and served as a witness in the Nuremberg Trials. Then he returned to Poland and applied to emigrate to Israel, but was declined.

In 1950, Serchuk obtained a passport and went to Israel. Immediately upon arrival in Israel, he was drafted as a soldier in the army. After service, he married, settled in Yad Eliyahu in Tel Aviv and began business industry and entrepreneurship.

Over the years, Serchuk went to Europe several times to testify in the trials of Nazi war criminals. In one, the trial of Oberscharführer Hugo Raschendorfer, he was the only prosecution witness. After Raschendorfer was convicted and sentenced to life imprisonment, Serchuk was awarded a special award from Nazi Crimes Investigation Department of the Israel Police.

In 1967, Levi Eshkol, the Israeli Prime Minister, gave him the Fighters against Nazis Medal, and in 1968 he received in addition the State Fighters Medal.

He saw the establishment and strengthening of the Israel Defense Forces and the State of Israel and the Jewish birthrate - his revenge against the Nazis who slaughtered all of his extended family.

Joseph Serchuk died in 1993 in Tel Aviv at age 74. He was married, and left behind nine children and more than one hundred grandchildren and great-grandchildren.

Seoh ēac
 Dov Freiberg, To Survive Sobibor, New York, 2007.
 Dov Freiberg, A Journey To The Past With Dekel Shibolim, Ramla, 1993.
 Dov Freiberg, A Man as Any Other, Ramla, 1996.
 Mark Paul: Polish-Jewish Relations in Wartime Northeastern Poland and the Aftermath  PEFINA Press, Toronto 2008

Ūtwearda hlencas
 About Oberscharführer Hugo Raschendorfer and his sentence
 Joseph Serchuk at Organization of Partisans Underground Fighters and Ghetto Rebels  (Hebrew)

Joseph Serchuk


Antimony trioxide, also known as antimony(III) oxide, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is Sb2O3. It has antimony and oxide ions in it. It has antimony in its +3 oxidation state.

Properties
Antimony trioxide is a white solid. It is the most common antimony compound. It does not dissolve in water. It reacts with oxidizing agents to make antimony pentoxide and with reducing agents to make antimony or stibine. It reacts with concentrated acids to make antimony(III) salts and dissolves in strong bases.

Occurrence

Antimony trioxide is found in two minerals, valentinite and senarmontite. Valentinite is a white mineral that is sometimes pale yellow.

Preparation
Antimony trioxide is made when antimony is made. Stibnite is heated with air to make antimony trioxide. It is separated from arsenic by the boiling of the arsenic trioxide before the antimony trioxide boils. Antimony trioxide can also be made by a two step process. Stibnite is burned in air with calcium chloride to make calcium sulfate and antimony trichloride, which is reacted with water to make antimony trioxide.

Uses
Antimony trioxide is mainly used as a flame retardant. It is also used to make glass, enamel, and ceramic opaque (not clear). Some pigments have antimony in them. It is also used as a catalyst for making plastics. It is also used as a catalyst for vulcanizing rubber, making it more "rubbery" and less likely to crack.

Safety
Antimony trioxide is somewhat carcinogenic. It is somewhat toxic when eaten or breathed in.

Related pages
Antimony tribromide
Antimony pentafluoride
Bismuth trioxide

Antimony compounds
Oxides

Antimony trioxide


Laurie Davidson Cox (August 18, 1883 – October 1, 1968) was a leading American landscape architect and Hall of Fame coach and contributor to the sport of lacrosse. He was professor of Landscape Engineering at the New York State College of Forestry at Syracuse University, where he was responsible for establishing Syracuse University's lacrosse program. Cox later became the president of New England College.

Early life
Born in Londonderry, Nova Scotia, Canada, Cox attended high school at Bellows Falls High School in Vermont.  Following high school he returned to Canada, attending Acadia University where he would receive a degree in 1903. Cox then attended Harvard University where he graduated magna cum laude in 1908 with a Landscape Architecture degree.  While at Harvard, Cox played lacrosse, basketball and ice hockey. On September 7, 1910, Cox married Gretchen Smith.

Career

Landscape architecture
Cox was one of the leading landscape architects in the United States. Following his studies at Harvard, Cox worked for four years with the Los Angeles Parks Department. While working there, he designed the exterior landscapes of both the Lincoln Park and Griffith Park,
 and called for the creation of a city parkway that would "add to the health and happiness of its citizens." His plan was only partially implemented.

With funding from John D. Rockefeller, in 1915 Cox performed the first census of trees in New York City. In his report, A Street Tree System for New York City, Borough of Manhattan, Cox found that most street trees in Manhattan to be in poor condition. One of his recommendations was to plant 200 trees per square mile on the island.

Cox advocated for a new kind of park in the US National Park system that balanced the desire for recreation and preservation. In 1934, Cox surveyed Vermont's Green Mountains with the intent of creating a national park in the state. Cox's vision of a Green Mountain Parkway (later Green Mountain National Forest) included moving parts of Vermont's Long Trail to allow the trail and the park intersect. Cox's vision also included a concept of a "skyline drive". Revolutionary at the time, Cox recognized the changing American culture and the automobile and included many "windshield" views throughout the  park length.

In 1929, the Administration Building at Green Lakes State Park, near Fayetteville, New York, was built according to plans by Cox, who was active in the design of several New York state parks.

Academic
In 1915, Cox was appointed an associate professor of Landscape Engineering at the New York State College of Forestry at Syracuse University.  He served a Head of the Department from 1915 to 1947, during his entire tenure at Syracuse. After leaving Syracuse University, Cox served as president of New England College in Henniker, New Hampshire from 1947–1950 and then again from 1952–1955.

He was also a Fellow of the American Institute of Parks and an executive and a life member of the board of directors of the National Conference on State Parks.

Lacrosse

Outside of academics and landscape architecture, Cox is recognized as one of the greatest contributors to the game of lacrosse in the United States. His impact on the sport was dramatic, both locally in upstate New York, and nationally. Founding one of the most recognized collegiate programs in the country, Cox was dedicated to the integrity and growth of the game.

Known for his excellent stick handling as a player, Cox was able to play any position on the field.  Once Cox was established as a professor at Syracuse University, he recruited forestry students to start a lacrosse team at the school in the spring of 1916. Later that fall, the University recognized lacrosse as a "minor sport." Cox served as head coach of the Syracuse lacrosse team until 1932.

Cox thought of field lacrosse as a gentleman's game that could rise to prominence among collegiate sports. His advocacy of the game lead some to refer to him as the "father of American lacrosse." The sport grew quickly in intercollegiate ranks shifting the game from a primarily Canadian game to one that garnered elite amateur status among affluent Americans. As a matter of principle and respect for the amateur tradition of the game, Cox accepted no salary for his coaching responsibilities. Cox viewed the introduction and spread of box lacrosse with negativity. He abhorred the commercialism of the new version, and thought it was a "peculiar" hybrid sport. His insistence, and the respect he garnered from fellow coaches and contributors, kept the field game the prevalent version played in America.

In 1922, Cox organized an "All-American" team to travel to Europe to play against British teams. This trip was deemed successful, and a return trip in 1923 was scheduled. Cox envisioned an informal international championship. He would go on to coach the American teams in International competitions in 1930, 1935, and 1937. Cox's "All-American" team consisted mostly of Syracuse players, earning Cox some criticism.

Cox, along with William C. Schmeisser and Charles Lattig, helped develop the uniform code of operation for college lacrosse and established early lacrosse athletic conferences. From 1922 to 1933, when the first lacrosse All-American committee was established (which Cox would serve as Chairman), he would select the honorees and even designed and furnished the certificates to the players. Later, when he became president of the New England College, he would start a lacrosse program there and served as the head coach.

Cox was elected to the U.S. Lacrosse Hall of Fame in its inaugural class in 1957. In 1966, the New England College elected Cox into the school's Athletic Hall of Fame.

See also
 List of National Lacrosse Hall of Fame members

References

Notes

Bibliography

1883 births
1968 deaths
Acadia University alumni
Canadian emigrants to the United States
Canadian landscape architects
Harvard Graduate School of Design alumni
New England College
State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry faculty
Syracuse Orange men's lacrosse coaches
Syracuse University faculty
People from Colchester County

Laurie D. Cox


The ear is the part of the body which allows animals (including people) to hear. People and most mammals have ears. Non-mammals, such as lizards or frogs, can also hear, but may have holes instead of external ears. The ear works by directing sound waves to the inner ear. These vibrations are sent to the brain by an organized group of nerves. This system is called the auditory system. (Auditory meaning relating to hearing and how we hear)

The inner ear is in most vertebrates, but mammals have special adaptations for hearing which even other land vertebrates do not have. These include the external ear and the three little bones which transmit sounds to the brain (the ossicles). The part of the ear that sticks out and can be seen is called the pinna.

Ears are also used in other ways. African elephants use their large ears to cool themselves when it is very hot. Bats rely on their ears to find prey by echolocation. Some animals use their ears for signalling to each other.

Other hearing
In ordinary language, "ear" refers to this receptor which conducts sound and sends signals to the brain. It does not refer to the many other methods of hearing found in fish and invertebrates. Many animals do not hear through ears.  Spiders have small hairs on their legs that they can hear with.

Related pages
 Inner ear

Basic English 850 words

Ear


The Daily Buzz (occasionally abbreviated "theDBZ") is a nationally syndicated news and infotainment program.  The show premiered as a 3-hour weekday morning television show on September 16, 2002, initially airing on 10 stations owned and operated by the show's founding owner, ACME Communications.  By the time of its April 17, 2015 cancellation (the result of show owner Mojo Brands Media declaring bankruptcy), the show was distributed to stations in 149 U.S. television markets.  Two years after leaving the air, Buzz would be revived as a weekly series in June 2017, after KEF Media acquired the show's trademark. Despite the fact the revival now broadcasts weekly, the show retains the Daily Buzz name.

From its launch, The Daily Buzz has generally catered to a younger-skewing audience demographic, historically employing an informal atmosphere and a drive-time radio-style approach to presenting and discussing subjects in the realms of current events, lifestyle, entertainment, gossip, and pop culture, as well as celebrity interviews and paid publicity content.  The approach set theDBZ apart, during its weekday run, from the traditional tone of network news programs, and would serve as an unofficial template for future national, syndicated, and local morning news shows.

In its weekday run, The Daily Buzz initially aired live for three hours, (6:00–9:00 a.m. ET), eventually shortening to a two-hour time slot (5:00–7:00 a.m. ET) for its last years as a weekday program.  Start and running times varied by market, with some stations airing the show as a whole or only one or two hours. For most of its time on air, The CW Plus and its predecessor, The WB 100+ Station Group, carried the show in most smaller markets.  The Daily Buzz was also featured on the schedules of the Youtoo TV and Soul of the South networks; streamed live-to-air on the program's website, and uploaded daily to Hulu.  When it was revived as a weekly series, Buzz was re-added to the Youtoo America and Soul of the South schedules, added to the schedule of cable network Pop, and offered to various local stations.

Series history

Original series (2002-2015)
The Daily Buzz was conceived out of a desire by station owner ACME Communications to increase original content to its stations' schedules, most of which aired infomercials and reruns in its morning drive hours, and to bolster local ad revenue for those stations.  The Daily Buzz formally launched on the morning of September 16, 2002, airing on 10 ACME-owned stations, all of which were affiliates of The WB Television Network, including the station from which it originated during its first two years on-air, WBDT in Dayton, Ohio.  The original on-air talent included anchors Ron Corning and Andrea Jackson, newsreader Peggy Bunker, and weather and features presenter Mitch English.

From its launch, The Daily Buzz employed a personality-driven on-air approach, one that was looser, faster in pace, and sometimes edgy in comparison to tradition-bound network morning television shows broadcast by ABC (Good Morning America), CBS (The Early Show), and NBC (Today):  Slang terms, pop music, and host commentaries would be interjected in the news summaries.  Pop culture segments were liberally employed (see below).  The hosts' employed not-as-formal forms of dress and demeanor (dancing in the lead-outs to commercial breaks were not uncommon).  And above all, the liveliness trumped the serious.  The lively tone was intentional, as it was meant to attract an audience that was younger in age and were more likely to get their news from sources other than traditional local and network TV newscasts.  As Andrea Jackson described it to the Orlando Sentinel in 2005, "We always talk about [The Daily Buzz] as morning radio on television or late-night television in the morning.  It's infotainment."

During its early years, The Daily Buzz included several live or prerecorded standing features in its broadcast, all utilizing the show's overall irreverent tone.  Among the features were:
"Plugged Into the News" (the latest news headlines, utilizing content from CNN and Associated Press)
"News by the Numbers" (a highlighting of numerical figures in notable news stories)
"Keeping Them Honest" (a clearinghouse for the most ridiculous government- and politically-themed news)
"Mitch's World" (Mitch English giving his take on the news, ending the segment with a story-related punchline)
"Old School" (poking fun at vintage commercials, PSAs, and instructional/educational films)
"Viewer Calls" (calls from actual viewers to a Daily Buzz hotline augmented for TV through the use of 2-frame animation)
"Water Cooler" (viewer comments shared by Clayton Morris)

On January 1, 2004, ACME Communications would sell a 50% interest in The Daily Buzz to fellow broadcaster Emmis Communications.  The deal would lead in a relocation of the show in August 2004 from Dayton to the Orlando, Florida area, and into the Lake Mary studios of Emmis-owned WKCF.  In early 2007, WKCF moved to WESH's studios in Winter Park after WESH owners Hearst-Argyle Television acquired WKCF to create a duopoly in the Orlando market; soon afterward, Emmis sold its stake in The Daily Buzz back to ACME.

In mid-April 2007, The Daily Buzzs previous studios were acquired by faith-based Trinity Broadcasting Network and Good Life Broadcasting for new studios for their respective stations, WTGL-TV (now WHLV-TV) and WLCB-TV (the present-day WTGL).  At this time, the show also changed Orlando affiliates, from WKCF to WRDQ, and relocated for six weeks to a temporary home inside the Disney-MGM Studios.  The show's time at Disney was an interim period until new, permanent studios were completed on the campus of Full Sail University in Winter Park in June 2007.  The Daily Buzz's first show at Full Sail aired on June 19, 2007, and they continued to broadcast there until the show's 2015 cancellation.

By the end of the 2000s decade, The Daily Buzz would mature somewhat in tone:  Many of the show's looser recurring segments, including some of those mentioned above, were phased out, and The Daily Buzz began to utilize a tone that was tighter and more organized yet still utilizing some of the humor and irreverence it had used since its debut.  Also by this time, Buzz producers would allow the show's affiliates two windows each hour to insert their own local content, with national content continuing for stations who did not insert their own segments.  The likely genesis for this move was the success of ACME-owned Buzz affiliate WBUW-Madison, Wisconsin, who began adding their own segments (Buzzed Into Madison) in early 2007.

In 2010, Fisher Communications joined ACME Communications on a licensing and consulting agreement for The Daily Buzz.  The agreement allowed Fisher to take over production of the show on ACME's behalf (they would move production to HD in 2010), and gave Fisher the option of purchasing the show from ACME.  The agreement also allowed Fisher to create Buzz Brands, a service that offered multimedia content, both local in nature and from The Daily Buzz, to local affiliates for multiple media platforms (including TV, online, and even radio).  The first Buzz Brand platform to launch was "GalTime," a female-oriented platform that began with an October 2010 soft launch before expanding nationwide in early 2011; "HeadDrama," which is geared toward advice on mental health concerns, became the second Buzz Brand platform in May 2011. All of the "Buzz Brand" platforms would eventually be phased out, though content from Emotional Mojo, a Mojo Brands-produced program featuring advice on personal development, would be featured on Buzz segments until the shows' 2015 cancellation.

On August 6, 2012, The Daily Buzz unveiled what may have been its most noteworthy transition, introducing a new anchor team that featured actor Charles Divins, veteran TV anchor Lisa Spooner, CMT's Top 20 Countdown host Lance Smith, and radio personality Jessica Reyes.  Original co-host Andrea Jackson remained with the program to host recurring interview segments until October 2013; fellow Buzz veterans Andy Campbell, Mitch English and Kia Malone left the series outright.

By the first quarter of 2013, Daily Buzz owner ACME Communications and operator Fisher Communications had been in the process of a gradual exit from the television business (ACME sold its last remaining TV stations in 2012 and would dissolve as a corporation in 2016; Fisher was in the process of being merged into Sinclair Broadcast Group).  On April 1, 2013, ACME sold The Daily Buzz, its last remaining TV property, to Mojo Brands Media.  As part of the transaction, Sinclair began to broadcast Buzz on some of its stations beginning in the 2013-14 season; the group had previously not carried the show, with many of its The CW Television Network, MyNetworkTV, and independent stations preferring to carry E/I or paid programming in their morning time slots instead.

Cancellation (2015)
The Daily Buzz unexpectedly ceased production after its April 17, 2015 episode.  In an interview that day with the Orlando Sentinel, Mojo Brands Media COO Troy McGuire noted the cancellation was due to a disagreement with an investor in Mojo, who as a result withdrew their financial support in the company.  McGuire did not elaborate further in the interview, citing legal reasons.  Details would surface, however, in court documents related to Mojo's Chapter 7 bankruptcy and liquidation filing on May 5, 2015: One creditor of the company, Richard Botnick, had filed suit against Mojo earlier in 2015, alleging the company fell behind on their debt obligations and had defaulted on a loan they made with Botnick.  After Botnick's company obtained a garnishment against their bank accounts, Mojo made the decision to immediately cancel Buzz as well as sister program Emotional Mojo.

The cancellations of both The Daily Buzz and Emotional Mojo resulted in the loss of 37 positions involved in the production of both shows, many of whom, it was revealed in Mojo Brands' bankruptcy filing, were still owed money for wages and other expenses.  Since Buzzs demise had a sudden, immediate effect, there was no opportunity for an on-air goodbye from the show's staff, who had hoped to reconvene at a later date and deliver an online farewell and thank-you to the show's audience, a plan that would not come to fruition.

Buzz, as a daily show, would leave behind a legacy of being, as termed by reviving company KEF Media, "the gold standard of combining news, hot topics, and [product] integration in a fun, seamless format."  Indeed, by the mid-2010s, many national breakfast television programs, and news programs in general, would begin to utilize a not-as-staid presentation.  Nationally, Fox News Channel's Fox & Friends has long incorporated lively banter and opinions; broadcast shows such as Today and Good Morning America would over time begin to increase their own entertainment, pop culture, and "water cooler" discussion segments; and Tribune Broadcasting would follow suit, launching EyeOpener on a handful of its stations in 2011 and replacing it with the social media-oriented Morning Dose in 2017.

Revival (2017-present)
In May 2017, two years after Mojo Brands Media's bankruptcy led to the cancellation of The Daily Buzz, broadcast and digital public relations company KEF Media announced that it would revive The Daily Buzz, after acquiring the show's trademark and branding.<ref name=BC05-02-2017>"Morning Show 'The Daily Buzz' Comes Back," from Broadcasting & Cable, 5/2/2017</ref>  Contradicting its title somewhat, the show would be offered initially to broadcasters as a one-hour, once-per-week series (also available as a half-hour weekly series, as it airs on Youtoo), in addition having daily updates on digital platforms.  Additional broadcast and digital airings would eventually be added as the show grows.The Daily Buzz would return to air the weekend of June 18, 2017 (two weekends later than previously announced). As with the original version of the show, The Daily Buzz includes various features on news, pop culture, gossip, entertainment, and other subjects.  The show also offers "vertical" segments on consumer affairs, fashion, finance, healthy, hospitality, sports, and travel, utilizing integration of content from the show's sponsors.

The revived Daily Buzz originates from the same studios as the daily version prior to its 2015 cancellation (Full Sail University in Orlando), and is overseen by many of the creative and production personnel from the first incarnation. Two former Buzz hosts have also returned to host the revival, Lance Smith and Kia Malone.  Scott Carty (based in Los Angeles) and Josh McBride (based in New York City), joined at the restart as entertainment correspondents, with Howard Henley and Summer Jackson joining later as West Coast and East Coast correspondents respectively.

On-air personalities
Current personalities
 Lance Smith - co-anchor (2012–2014 and 2017–present)
 Kia Malone - co-anchor (2005–2012 and 2017–present)
 Scott Carty - correspondent
 Howard Henley - correspondent
 Summer Jackson - correspondent
 Josh McBride - correspondent

Notable past personalities
 Jessica Reyes - co-anchor (2012-2015); currently midday host at WLZL radio Washington, D.C.
 Jared Cotter - co-anchor (2014–2015)
 Charles Divins - co-anchor and "Ask a Hottie" feature correspondent (2012–July 18, 2014); currently at WDSU—New Orleans
 Mitch English - co-anchor, weather anchor, and presenter of the "Rumor Control" and "Mitch's World/World Record Roundup" segments (2002–2012); later returned to daily television as co-host of the similarly formatted rival series The Daily Flash Clayton Morris - co-anchor/correspondent and presenter of the "Clayton's Reality", "Keeping Them Honest," and "News By The Numbers" segments (2002–2007); later at Fox News Channel
 Ron Corning - co-anchor (2002–2004, and guest appearance, 2006); later at ABC's World News Now, WNYW's Good Day New York, and at News 12 in New York; most recently at WFAA—Dallas
 Andrea Jackson - co-anchor (2002-2010) and contributor (2011-2013); currently reporter/anchor at WOFL-TV—Orlando
 John Brown- co-anchor; currently morning anchor at WOFL-TV—Orlando
 Dao Vu - co-anchor; currently host of Morning Blend at KTNV-TV—Las Vegas
 Lisa Spooner - co-anchor; currently morning news anchor at WBBH-TV—Fort Myers, Florida
 Peggy Bunker - co-anchor; currently anchor at KNTV-TV—San Jose, California
 Kristen Aldridge - co-anchor; currently morning anchor at KABC-TV—Los Angeles

Distribution
2002-2015
At the time of its April 2015 cancellation, the original version of The Daily Buzz aired in 149 television markets across the United States, reaching roughly 80.9 million homes and 70.9% of the US population. (The show reached roughly 175 markets at its peak.)  Rather than airing on stations affiliated with the Big 3 broadcast networks (ABC, CBS, NBC), which rely on their own newscasts and that of those networks, Buzz was offered and sold to various larger- or-middle-sized markets affiliated with Fox, MyNetworkTV, The CW, or independents such as WRDQ in Orlando, The Daily Buzz's home city.

In markets where, for various reasons, The Daily Buzz could not be offered to individual stations, the show was featured on the schedules of cable network Youtoo TV as well as that of digital subchannel network Soul of the South; both networks aired the show on late-morning tape-delay.  The show was also featured live-to-air on The CW Plus, The CW network's service for small-market stations (roughly those ranked 100 or lower), an arrangement that ended in September 2014.

Though many stations that aired The Daily Buzz showed the full 2-hour broadcast live-to-air during the 5 a.m.-7 a.m. (ET) time slot, a few stations carried only one hour of the program, while others tape-delayed all or part of the show for a mid- or late-morning airing (between 7-11 a.m.). The full Daily Buzz broadcast also streamed live-to-air online, weekday mornings between 5:00 a.m.–7:00 a.m. (ET) through the program's website.  The show was also uploaded daily post-broadcast to Hulu.

During Mojo Brands Media's 2013 acquisition of The Daily Buzz, the company announced plans to distribute the program to international markets in the Caribbean and Latin America.  At the time of Buzzs cancellation, it was unclear if or how the show was offered internationally.

The 2015 cancellation of The Daily Buzz left the show's affiliates scrambling for replacement programming to fill the abandoned time slots on their schedules, be it other syndicated shows (a route WCWF/Green Bay would take with second airings of The People's Court), barter lifestyle programming (the route WCGV-TV/Milwaukee would take), paid programming, straight rebroadcasts of a sister station's morning newscast until the fall (which WFNA/Gulf Shores-Mobile, Alabama would do), or their own local content.  One Buzz affiliate's program director, commenting to the Orlando Sentinel the day of Buzzs cancellation, felt "more than a little steamed" that he learned of the show's demise second-hand.  Mojo Brands' McGuire, in that same Sentinel interview, noted that his company, for its part, was in the process of notifying and working with Buzz affiliates post-cancellation, suggesting that the show's demise was "as unexpected for us as for the affiliates."

Note: The below list is a partial compilation of noteworthy Daily Buzz affiliates at the time of the show's 2015 closure and should not be construed a complete list of stations that aired the program.  A January 2015 full list of markets and stations where Buzz was available is posted on the Mojo Brands Media website.

WVVH-CD New York
KDOC-TV Los Angeles
WFMZ-TV Philadelphia
WHNE-LD Detroit
WTOG-TV Tampa/St. Petersburg
WRDQ Orlando
WBNX-TV Cleveland
KUSI San Diego
KCWX Austin/Fredericksburg/San Antonio
KUCW Salt Lake City
WCGV-TV Milwaukee
KVCW Las Vegas
KSBI Oklahoma City
KWBQ Albuquerque/Santa Fe
WCWJ-DT2 Jacksonville
WFNA Mobile
WQCW Charleston/Huntington, WV
WCWF Green Bay
KDSM-TV Des Moines
KPTM Omaha
KRBK Springfield, MO
WBUW Madison
KWKB Cedar Rapids/Iowa City

2017-present
The 2017 revival of The Daily Buzz is being carried on both the Soul of the South and Youtoo America networks, both of which carried the original program prior to its 2015 cancellation.  Soul of the South airs the program Friday mornings at 8AM (ET), while Youtoo America airs it Saturday mornings at 5AM (ET).  Buzz also airs Thursday mornings (8:30AM ET) on the cable network Pop.  It is unclear as to how many over-the-air stations offer Buzz on its schedules, although it is shown on the schedule of at least one former affiliate of the previous Buzz version (WIFS/Madison, the former WBUW).  Video of Buzz'' segments also air on the program's website, DailyBuzzTV.com, as well as through its official Facebook page.

References

External links

 Official Facebook page

2002 American television series debuts
2000s American television news shows
2010s American television news shows
Television shows set in Orlando, Florida
First-run syndicated television programs in the United States
Culture of Dayton, Ohio
English-language television shows
Television morning shows in the United States

The Daily Buzz


Morecambe is a town in the county Lancashire. It is in the North of England. It has a football team in league 2 of the football league. It is a seaside holiday area. It is famous for its food from the sea and Mr Blobby. It is in the City of Lancaster district.

Towns in Lancashire
City of Lancaster

Morecambe


Guy Fawkes (13 April 1570 – 31 January 1606), sometimes known as Guido Fawkes, was a member of a Roman Catholic revolutionary group based in England who planned to carry out the Gunpowder Plot. Fawkes and the other plotters planned to kill the king, James I, and replace him with a Catholic monarch.

The day 5 November 1605 is remembered each year in the UK during Guy Fawkes Night. People build large bonfires, light fireworks, and burn figures of Fawkes (known as 'the guy').

November 5 was the date when Parliament re-assembled after a long recess. The plot was uncovered quite late, in the night before the day of the 5th. Fawkes was arrested as he sat in a cellar, near the gunpowder, waiting for the right time to set it off. He was tortured to make him reveal the names of the other plotters. Later eight men, including Fawkes, stood trial for high treason. They were found guilty and executed by hanging in Westminster, London, except for Fawkes, who killed himself by jumping from the scaffold before he was to be hanged. Their remains were sent to the corners of the kingdom and displayed, as a warning to others. There were five other conspirators; the main man, Robert Catesby, was killed by the Sheriff of Worcester when he tried to flee.

Literature
There are many places to find Fawkes in popular literature. Here are some important examples, listed in chronological order.
1842: William Harrison Ainsworth - Guy Fawkes: A Historical Romance, is a historical novel which portrays Fawkes, and Catholic refusal to co-operate in general, favorably and begins to challenge the official version of the plot, one of the first to do so.
1847: Charlotte Brontë - Jane Eyre, Jane is compared to Guy Fawkes, by Abbot, with the line "a sort of infantine Guy Fawkes" because she looked like she was constantly inventing wicked plots. Brontë, like Fawkes, was from Yorkshire.
1850: Charles Dickens - David Copperfield, for Peggotty to find money for Saturday's expenses, she "had to prepare a long and elaborate scheme, a very Gunpowder Plot...", a direct reference to the Plot of Fawkes.
1886: Herman Melville -  Billy Budd, the novella mentions Fawkes in the passage "The Pharisee is the Guy Fawkes prowling in the hid chambers underlying the Claggarts".
1925: T. S. Eliot - The Hollow Men, the epigraph of the Nobel Prize winning poem directly refers to Fawkes, "A penny for the Old Guy".
1953: Ray Bradbury - Fahrenheit 451, the protagonist of the novel is named Guy Montag, after Guy Fawkes and the Montag Paper Company. In the story, the character plans to start burning firemen's houses in order to challenge the government.
1982: Alan Moore - V for Vendetta, the dystopian graphic novel of a fascist Britain is influenced by the story of Fawkes. The main character, V, wears a Guy Fawkes mask.
1998: J. K. Rowling - Chamber of Secrets, the Harry Potter series school headmaster Dumbledore's phoenix is named Fawkes after Guy Fawkes.
2005: V for Vendetta – film portraying some of the events of the Guy Fawkes Gunpowder Plot and replicating Alan Moore's graphic novel.

References

Other websites

 Guy Fawkes
 A biography on Guy Fawkes from the Gunpowder Plot Society
 Site of the Center for Fawkesian Pursuits
 British parliament's Web site to commemorate the 400th anniversary of the plot
 Britannia on Fawkes
 Site of Guy Fawkes birth place
 Guy Fawkes and the Gunpowder Plot

English criminals
Criminals who committed suicide
English Roman Catholics
People from York
Suicides by jumping in the United Kingdom
Terrorists
1570 births
1606 deaths

Guy Fawkes


Shaun Tan (born 1974) is an Australian artist, writer and film maker. He won an Academy Award for The Lost Thing, a 2011 animated film adaptation of a 2000 picture book he wrote and illustrated. Other books he has written and illustrated include The Red Tree and The Arrival.

Tan was born in Fremantle, Western Australia, and grew up in the northern suburbs of Perth, Western Australia. In 2006, his wordless graphic novel The Arrival won the Book of the Year prize as part of the New South Wales Premier's Literary Awards. The same book won the Children's Book Council of Australia Picture Book of the Year award in 2007. and the Western Australian Premier's Book Awards Premier's Prize in 2006.

Tan's work has been described as an "Australian vernacular" that is "at once banal and uncanny, familiar and strange, local and universal, reassuring and scary, intimate and remote, guttersnipe and sprezzatura. No rhetoric, no straining for effect. Never other than itself."

For his career contribution to "children's and young adult literature in the broadest sense" Tan won the 2011 Astrid Lindgren Memorial Award from the Swedish Arts Council, the biggest prize in children's literature.

Biography

Early life
As a boy, Tan spent time illustrating poems and stories and drawing dinosaurs, robots and spaceships. At school he was known as a talented artist. At the age of eleven, he became a fan of The Twilight Zone television series as well as books that bore similar themes. Tan cites Ray Bradbury as a favorite at this time. These stories led to Tan writing his own short stories. Of his effort at writing as a youth, Tan tells, "I have a small pile of rejection letters as testament to this ambition!" At the age of sixteen, Tan's first illustration appeared in the Australian magazine Aurealis in 1990.

Transition to illustration
Tan almost studied to become a geneticist, and enjoyed chemistry, physics, history and English while in high school as well as art and claimed that he did not really know what he wanted to do. During his university studies, Tan decided to move from academic studies to working as an artist.

Tan continued his education at the University of Western Australia where he studied Fine Arts, English Literature and History. While this was of interest to him, there was little practical work involved. In 1995, he graduated with a Bachelor of Arts.

Work process
Initially, Tan worked in black and white because the final reproductions would be printed that way. Some black and white mediums he used include pens, inks, acrylics, charcoal, scraperboard, photocopies, and linocuts. Tan's current colour works include multiple different colours. He uses a graphite pencil to make sketches on ordinary copy paper. The sketches are then reproduced numerous times with different versions varying with parts added or removed. Sometimes scissors are used for this purpose. The cut and paste collage idea in these early stages is often extend to the finished production with many of his illustrations using such materials as "glass, metal, cuttings from other books and dead insects".

Tan describes himself as a slow worker who revises his work many times along the way. He is interested in loss and alienation, and believes that children in particular react well to issues of natural justice. He feels he is "like a translator" of ideas, and is happy and flattered to see his work adapted and interpreted in film and music (such as by the Australian Chamber Orchestra).

Influences
Tan draws from a large source of inspiration and cites many influences on his work. His comment on the subject is: "I'm pretty omnivorous when it comes to influences, and I like to admit this openly." Some influences are very direct. The Lost Thing is a strong example where Tan makes visual references to famous artworks. Many of his influences are a lot more subtle visually, some of the influences are ideological.

Patronage
The Shaun Tan Award for Young Artists is sponsored by the City of Subiaco and open to all Perth school children between 5 and 17 years. The award is aimed at encouraging creativity in two-dimensional works. It is held annually with award winners announced in May and finalists' works exhibited at the Subiaco Library throughout June.

Awards
1992 L. Ron Hubbard Illustrators of the Future Contest: First Australian to win
1993 Ditmar Award, Artwork, Nominated for Relics
1995 Ditmar Award, Professional Artwork, Winner for Aurealis and Eidolon
1996 Ditmar Award, Artwork, Winner for Eidolon Issue 19 (Cover)
1997 Ditmar Award, Professional Artwork, Nominated for artwork in Eidolon and the cover of The Stray Cat
1998Crichton Award, Winner for The Viewer
 Children's Book Council of Australia, Notable Book for The Viewer
 Ditmar Award, Artwork/Artist, Nominated for The Viewer
 Western Australian Premier's Book Awards, Children's Book, Shortlisted for The Playground
1999 Aurealis Conveners' Award for Excellence for The Rabbits
 Children's Book Council of Australia, Notable Book for The Playground
 Children's Book Council of Australia, Picture Book of the Year, Winner for The Rabbits
 Ditmar Award, Australian Professional Artwork, Nominated for The Rabbits
 Spectrum Gold Award for Book Illustration for The Rabbits
2000 APA Design Award for Memorial
 Children's Book Council of Australia, Picture Book of the Year, Honour Book for Memorial
 Ditmar Award, Artwork, Winner for The Coode St Review of Science Fiction
 Spectrum Gold Award for Book Illustration
 Western Australian Premier's Book Awards, Writing for Young Adults award, Shortlisted for Lost Thing
2001 Ditmar Award, Artwork, Winner for The Lost Thing
 Children's Book Council of Australia, Picture Book of the Year, Honour Book for The Lost Thing
 Western Australian Premier's Book Awards, Children's Books, Shortlisted for Red Tree
 World Fantasy Award for Best Artist
2002 Children's Book Council of Australia, Picture Book of the Year, Honour Book for The Red Tree
 New South Wales Premier's Literary Awards, Patricia Wrightson Prize for Children's Literature Winner for Red Tree
2006 Premier's Prize and Children's Books category winner in the Western Australian Premier's Book Awards for The Arrival
2007 Ditmar Award, Artwork, Nominated for The Arrival
 Children's Book Council of Australia, Picture Book of the Year, Honour Book for The Lost Thing
 World Fantasy Award for Best Artist
 New South Wales Premier's Literary Awards, Community Relations Commission Award for The Arrival
 Children's Book Council of Australia, Picture Book of the Year for "The Arrival".
2008 Angoulême International Comics Festival Prize for Best Comic Book for Là où vont nos pères, the French edition of The Arrival
 Hugo Award, Nominated for Best Related Book for The Arrival
 Hugo Award, Nominated for Best Professional Artist (also in 2009 and 2010)
 Western Australian Premier's Book Awards Young Adult category winner for Tales from Outer Suburbia
 Boston Globe-Horn Book Award, Special Citation for The Arrival
2009 Ditmar Award, Artwork, Winner for Tales from Outer Suburbia
 Children's Book Council of Australia, Picture Book of the Year, Honour Book for The Lost Thing
 World Fantasy Award for Best Artist
2010 Adelaide Festival Awards for Literature, winner of the Children's Literature Award category and the South Australian Premier's Award for Tales from Outer Suburbia
 Dromkeen Medal
 Hugo Award, Best Professional Artist
2011 Academy Award, Won Best Short Film (Animated) for The Lost Thing
 Astrid Lindgren Memorial Award
 Ditmar Award, Artwork, Winner for The Lost Thing
 Ditmar Award, Artwork, Nominated for Australis Imaginarium
 Hugo Award, Best Professional Artist
 Peter Pan Prize for the Swedish translation of The Arrival
2014 Locus Award, Artist
 Ditmar Award, Artwork, Winner for Rules of Summer
 Boston Globe-Horn Book Award, Picture Book Honor for Rules of Summer
2019 World Fantasy Award for Best Artist, Finalist:Children's Book Council of Australia, Picture Book of the Year, Winner for Cicada
2020

Kate Greenaway Medal, Winner for Tales from the Inner City

Adaptations
The Red Tree, a play based on Tan's book of the same name, was commissioned by the Queensland Performing Arts Centre.
The Red Tree, a music performance created by new composer Michael Yezerski with Richard Tognetti; performed by the Australian Chamber Orchestra with the youth choir Gondwana Voices, and accompanied by images from the book.
 The Arrival. Images from this book were projected during a performance by the Australian Chamber Orchestra of conductor Richard Tognetti's arrangement of Shostakovich's String Quartet No. 15
 The Lost Thing has been adapted as an Oscar-winning animated short film.
 The Lost Thing inspired an album by Sydney band Lo-Tel, complete with artwork from the book.
 The Lost Thing has also been adapted as a play by the Jigsaw Theatre Company, a youth theatre company in Canberra. This was the main event for the National Gallery of Australia's Children Festival (Canberra) and at the Chookahs! Kids Festival (Melbourne) in 2006.
 The Lost Thing was the theme for the 2006 Chookahs! Kids Festival at The Arts Centre in Melbourne, with many different activities based on concepts from the book.
 The Arrival was adapted for the stage by Red Leap Theatre.
The Arrival was again projected on a screen to an orchestral score, performed by Orkestra of the Underground with 18 pieces created by musician and composer Ben Walsh. This was performed in the Opera House in Sydney, The Melbourne Recital Centre and Her Majesty's Theatre in Adelaide.
The Rabbits was the basis for an opera of the same title by Kate Miller-Heidke which was premiered at the 2015 Perth International Arts Festival.

Works

Books

As illustrator
 The Pipe, by James Moloney (1996)
 The Stray Cat, by Steven Paulsen (1996)
 The Doll, by Janine Burke (1997)
 The Half Dead, by Garry Disher (1997)
 The Viewer, written by Gary Crew (1997)
 The Rabbits, written by John Marsden (1998)
 The Hicksville Horror, by Nette Hilton (1999)
 The Puppet, by Ian Bone (1999)
 Memorial, written by Gary Crew (1999)
 Pretty Monsters by Kelly Link (2008)

As author and illustrator
 The Playground (1997)
 The Lost Thing (2000)
 The Red Tree (2001)
 The Arrival (2006)
 Tales from Outer Suburbia (2008)
 The Bird King and other sketches (2011)
 The Oopsatoreum: inventions of Henry A. Mintox, with the Powerhouse Museum (2012)
 Rules of Summer (2013)
 The Singing Bones (2016)
 Cicada (2018)
 Tales from the Inner City (2018)
Dog (2020)
Eric (2020)
Creature (2022)

Installations
Mural in the Children's Section of the Subiaco Public Library (Perth, Western Australia).

References

Bibliography
 "About Shaun Tan" Aboriginal Student Support and Parent Awareness Program Retrieved 27 December 2005
 "About Our Authors and Illustrators". Lothian Books Retrieved 27 December 2005
 Haber, K. (2001) "Shaun Tan: Out Of Context", Locus magazine Retrieved 27 December 2005
 "Media Statement (2005)", Western Australia Department of Education and Training Retrieved 27 December 2005
 "The Red Tree", Queensland Performing Arts Centre Retrieved 27 December 2005
 "Shaun Tan Award For Young Artists", City of Subiaco Retrieved 27 December 2005
 "Shaun Tan: Biography", Dreamstone Retrieved 27 December 2005
 "Shaun puts students in the picture (2000)", The University of Melbourne Retrieved 27 December 2005
 "Tan, Shaun", AustLit Retrieved 27 December 2005
 Tan, S. (2001) "Originality and Creativity", AATE/ALEA Joint National Conference Retrieved 27 December 2005
 Tan, S. (2001) "Picture Books: Who Are They For?", AATE/ALEA Joint National Conference Retrieved 27 December 2005

External links

Shaun Tan collection at Beinart Gallery
InFrame.tv interview with Shaun Tan on the animated adaptation of his book The Lost Thing
The Lost Thing: Online interactive version
Interview with Shaun Tan on Australian Edge
Webquest on "Representations of Belonging" – using the picture books of Shaun Tan by Julie Bain
Webquest on "Viewing the Viewer" – postmodern picture books for teaching and learning in secondary English education by Julie Bain
Drawn Outsider – profile of Shaun Tan
Shaun Tan's Gallery with biography and artbooks on Inside Your ART

Australian children's writers
Australian male novelists
Australian speculative fiction artists
Australian children's book illustrators
World Fantasy Award-winning artists
Astrid Lindgren Memorial Award winners
Australian people of Chinese descent
University of Western Australia alumni
People from Fremantle
Artists from Perth, Western Australia
Artists from Melbourne
1974 births
Living people
Directors of Best Animated Short Academy Award winners
Hugo Award-winning artists
Visual artists in late 20th-century Australia

Shaun Tan


Ballottement is a medical sign which indicates increased fluid in the suprapatellar pouch over the patella at the knee joint. To test ballottement the examiner would apply downward pressure towards the foot with one hand, while pushing the patella backwards against the femur with one finger of the opposite hand.  A "milking" motion is used with the downward pressure. If a bogginess around the joint occurs, then the test is positive for ballottement.

Ballottement may also refer to an assessment of an ascitic abdomen. Identifying an organ or a mass in an ascitic abdomen: "Try to ballotte the organ or mass, exemplified here by an enlarged liver. Straighten and stiffen the fingers of one hand together, place them on the abdominal surface, and make a brief jabbing movement directly toward the anticipated structure. This quick movement often displaces the fluid so that your fingertips can briefly touch the surface of the structure through the abdominal wall."

References

 Jones, Betty Davis: Comprehensive Medical Terminology (Third Edition) Thomson Delmar Learning, New York, 2008.

Symptoms and signs: musculoskeletal system
Musculoskeletal examination

Ballottement


The Mary Rose was a ship which belonged to Henry VIII of England.  She sank in 1545 in battle with a French fleet.

In 1979, the Mary Rose Trust was formed.  In 1982 the Mary Rose Trust managed to get the Mary Rose out of the sea. In 1994, they started to preserve her.

The remains of the Mary Rose are currently in Portsmouth, England with the HMS Victory and HMS Warrior.

Sinking

It is not known the exact reason for the sinking. One of the theories is that she had the gun ports open to fire at the French. She then turned to fire at the other side, but the men on board failed to close the gun ports. Sea water got in the open gun ports, which tipped her over and she sank.

The Mary Rose sank because the wind blew and tipped her over.

British warships
Portsmouth

Mary Rose