George Henry Burns (January 31, 1893 – January 7, 1978), nicknamed "Tioga George", was an American first baseman in Major League Baseball (MLB) who played for five American League (AL) teams from 1914 to 1929.

One of the league's top right-handed batters of the 1920s, he was named the AL Most Valuable Player in 1926 with the Cleveland Indians after batting .358 and setting a major league record with 64 doubles. A career .307 hitter, he retired with 2,018 hits, then the third-highest total by an AL right-handed hitter. His 1,671 games at first base were the most by an AL right-handed player until 1940; he still ranks third in league history.

Career
Born in Niles, Ohio, Burns was a line drive hitter and a solid defensive first baseman who hit .300 or better in all but one of his full seasons between 1918 and 1927. After four unremarkable seasons with the Detroit Tigers (1914–17), he was acquired by the Philadelphia Athletics in 1918. In his first season with the team he hit .352, surpassed only by the .382 of Detroit's Ty Cobb, and led the AL in hits (178) and total bases (236) while also setting a league record with 109 double plays at first base (Earl Sheely surpassed the mark three years later). After slipping to .296 in 1919, he was sent to the Indians in May 1920.

During the 1920 regular season, Burns was stuck behind regular first baseman Doc Johnston; but his play revived in the World Series, in which he and Johnston were platooned by manager Tris Speaker. Burns started Game 6, and with the Indians up 3–2 in the Series and no score in the sixth inning, Burns doubled home Speaker with the only run of the game as the Indians edged the Brooklyn Dodgers 1–0 to take a 4–2 lead in the nine-game series.  Cleveland won again the next day, capturing the first Series title for the franchise.

During the season, after shortstop Ray Chapman died one day after being hit by a pitch, Burns had welcomed newly acquired Joe Sewell by giving him one of his own bats; Sewell went on to use the same bat, which he called "Black Betsy", throughout a 14-year career in which he struck out only 114 times.

After the 1921 season, in which he and Johnston again competed for playing time, he was traded to the Boston Red Sox, and batted .306 and .328 in 1922 and 1923, finishing second in the league in doubles the latter year. He got the first hit ever in Yankee Stadium in 1923, and on September 14 of that year against the Indians, Burns turned an unassisted triple play – only the fourth in major league history (third by modern-era baseball rules), and the first by a first baseman. In the second inning, he caught Frank Brower's line drive, tagged Walt Lutzke off first base and actually ran to second base, sliding in before Riggs Stephenson could return from third. The following January, he was traded back to the Indians – notably, in a deal which involved Bill Wambsganss, who had turned the only unassisted triple play in World Series history as Burns' teammate in 1920.

Back with Cleveland, Burns hit over .300 in each of the next four seasons and was regularly among the league leaders in doubles. On June 19, 1924, Burns went 6-for-6 against the Detroit Tigers, the Indians winning 16-5. He recorded 3 doubles in the game. In 1926 he broke Speaker's 1923 major league mark of 59 doubles; his record was broken in 1931 by Earl Webb, though Burns still retains a share of the mark for right-handed hitters, along with Joe Medwick. Burns also led the league in hits (216) for the second time, and was second in the league in runs batted in (RBIs), behind Babe Ruth. For his accomplishments that year he was named the MVP, becoming the first Cleveland player to be so honored, and in May 1927 he was presented with an automobile and a silver bat containing $1,150 during a day honoring him. In 1928 he broke Stuffy McInnis's AL record of 1,608 games at first base, though Joe Judge passed him later that year; his AL mark for right-handed players was broken in 1940 by Jimmie Foxx, and he still trails only Foxx and George Scott in league history.

After being sent to the New York Yankees in late 1928, Burns appeared in only 13 games for the team before rejoining the Athletics in 1929. He ended his career with an unusual pinch-hitting appearance in the 1929 World Series, in which he won his second championship. In the fourth game, he was sent in to bat for the pitcher with the Athletics down 8–3, and was retired twice in a 10-run inning that resulted in a victory. In his 16-season career, Burns hit 72 home runs with 954 RBIs in 1866 games played. With 2,018 hits, he then trailed only Nap Lajoie (2,523) and Harry Heilmann (2,499) in AL history among right-handed hitters; his 444 career doubles ranked eighth in major league history among right-handers, and fifth among all AL players. With 110 times being hit by a pitch, he ranked second in the AL to Kid Elberfeld.

Following his major league career he played for five seasons in the Pacific Coast League, leading the league in RBIs in 1932, and managed in the minors until 1939. He left baseball to become a deputy sheriff in the Seattle area (King County) until his retirement in 1967.

Burns died in early 1978 at Evergreen Hospital in Kirkland at age 84, and was buried at Calvary Cemetery in Seattle.

See also
 List of Major League Baseball career hits leaders
 List of Major League Baseball doubles records
 List of Major League Baseball career doubles leaders
 List of Major League Baseball annual doubles leaders
 List of Major League Baseball career stolen bases leaders
List of Major League Baseball single-game hits leaders

References

External links

George Burns  at The Deadball Era

1893 births
1978 deaths
Major League Baseball first basemen
Cleveland Indians players
Boston Red Sox players
Detroit Tigers players
New York Yankees players
Philadelphia Athletics players
Baseball players from Ohio
People from Niles, Ohio
Ottumwa Packers players
Burlington Pathfinders players
Sioux City Packers players
Mission Reds players
Los Angeles Angels (minor league) players
Seattle Indians players
Portland Beavers players
Portland Beavers managers
American deputy sheriffs
20th-century American politicians

George Burns (first baseman)


Plant Genetic Systems (PGS), since 2002 part of Bayer CropScience, is a biotech company located in Ghent, Belgium. The focus of its activities is the genetic engineering of plants. The company is best known for its work in the development of insect-resistant transgenic plants.

Its origin goes back to the work of Marc Van Montagu and Jeff Schell at the University of Ghent who were among the first to assemble a practical system for genetic engineering of plants. They developed a vector system for transferring foreign genes into the plant genome, by using the Ti plasmid of Agrobacterium tumefaciens. They also found a way to make plant cells resistant to the antibiotic kanamycin by transferring a bacterial neomycin phosphotransferase gene into the plant genome. PGS was the first company (in 1985) to develop genetically engineered (tobacco) plants with insect tolerance by expressing genes encoding for insecticidal proteins from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt).

History
The company was founded in 1982 by Marc Van Montagu and Jeff Schell who worked at the University of Ghent, Belgium. In 1996 the company was acquired by AgrEvo. In 2000, Aventis CropScience was formed through a merger of AgrEvo and Rhône-Poulenc Agro. In 1999, a trial of AgrEvo genetically modified maize was the target of a Greenpeace direct action near Lyng, Norfolk, and was involved in the subsequent trial of the activists.

In 2002, Bayer CropScience was formed through Bayer's acquisition of the plant biotech branch Aventis CropScience.

See also
 CropDesign
 Flanders Interuniversity Institute of Biotechnology (VIB)
 FlandersBio
 Marc Zabeau

References

 Hofte H, de Greve H, Seurinck J, Jansens S, Mahillon J, Ampe C, Vandekerckhove J, Vanderbruggen H, van Montagu M, Zabeau M, et al., Structural and functional analysis of a cloned delta endotoxin of Bacillus thuringiensis berliner 1715, Eur. J. Biochem. 1986 December 1;161(2):273-80.
 Leemans J, Ti to Tomato, Tomato to Market: A decade of plant biotechnology, Bio/Technology, vol. 11, March 1993.
 Vaeck, M., A. Reynaerts, H. Hofte, S. Jansens, M. De Beuckeleer, C. Dean, M. Zabeau, M. Van Montagu & J. Leemans. 1987, Transgenic plants protected from insect attack, Nature 328: 33-37.

External links
Institute of Plant Biotechnology for Developing Countries

Biological pest control
Genetic engineering and agriculture
Biotechnology companies of Belgium
Biotechnology companies established in 1982
1982 establishments in Belgium
Companies based in Ghent

Plant Genetic Systems


The Japanese yen or en is the currency used in Japan. It is usually written with the romanised symbol ¥, but in Japanese it is written with the kanji 円. The coins are very light and range from ¥1 up to ¥500. The highest paper note value is ¥10000. The Japanese currency is the third most traded currency in the world.

Related pages

 Japan

Currency of Asia
Japan

Yen


The hourglass dolphin (Lagenorhynchus cruciger) (also known as the electra dolphin, little killer whale, or many-toothed blackfish) is a species of dolphin. It is small and wide compared to other dolphins. It only lives in the very cold waters of the Antarctic. It was not known to science until a drawing was made of it in 1820. Only six Hourglass dolphins have been examined by scientists. Boats do not usually go where they live. The average water temperature they live in is 0.1-0.3 degrees Celsius.

The hourglass dolphin is black and white and for this reason was called the "sea skunk". On each side there is a white patch that looks a little like an hourglass shape. That is how it got its name.

An adult is about 1.8 m in length and weighs 90-120 kg. There is only one other dolphin that is as small in its area.

Hourglass dolphins usually stay in groups of 5-10. Once a group of 60 was recorded. They like to ride the bow of boats. There are usually fin whales with them. It is thought they eat small fish, crustaceans, and squid. They have conical teeth probably used to crack the shells of crustaceans.

The hourglass dolphin stays around the Antarctic. Some have been seen from the south of New Zealand and Chile.

Oceanic dolphins

Hourglass dolphin


Rapid transit is the name for a type of railway which has trains that run very often and carry many passengers at one time. It is usually in a city or urban area and takes people in and out of it. Unlike buses or trams. Trains go between places very quickly because they do not mix with other traffic. Most rapid transit railways do not have level crossings, but the tracks go over and under other roads, or run in tunnels or over bridges, so they do not meet.

Many places call their rapid transit system a metro. Other words for rapid transit, which vary around the world, are subway, underground, tube, elevated, or heavy rail. These words sometimes describe how the system is built: some systems are completely below or above ground, while others may have both below-ground and above-ground sections.

A single rapid transit system can have many lines that go to different places and many stations where people can get on and off trains.  They often have stations where people can change from one line to another to go in a different direction, or change between other forms of public transport.  These stations are called interchange stations, and many of the biggest rapid transit systems have several of these stations.

Europe

Many people consider the oldest rapid transit system of any kind to be the Metropolitan Railway in London, the capital of the United Kingdom. The first part of what would eventually become the London Underground started building in 1860, and the first part was opened in 1863. The first underground trains were powered by locomotives that burned coal, and the smoke made many people suffer from choking in the tunnels. Later trains on the line ran on electric power. This line, now part of the Metropolitan line, is still running today. Another railway line in London, the City and South London Railway, was the first rapid transit line to use trains that run on electricity. This part opened in 1890 and today is part of the Northern line. Several more underground railways were built in London, and today the Underground, which is called the "tube" for its small trains and tunnels, has eleven lines, some of which run on track that is used by National Rail trains.

The next two cities to build rapid transit lines were Budapest, Hungary (whose first metro line opened in 1896) and Glasgow, Scotland (whose "Subway" also opened in 1896). Soon, many other big cities in Europe were building metro lines of their own, such as Berlin, Germany (Berlin U-Bahn); Paris, France (Paris Métro); and Moscow, Russia (Moscow Metro). A number of Paris Métro lines use trains that have rubber tires along with wheels made of steel; this helps the trains run better and smoother especially on steep gradients. Montreal's metro system is also like this, along with some people mover systems, which carry fewer people than rapid transit.

The Americas
The first subway in North America was in Boston. Building started in 1895 and the first section was opened in 1897. The tunnels for this subway are still used by the Green Line of the Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority (MBTA), who has since built some other subways. In 1904, the New York City Subway opened, serving New York City. It quickly grew and soon became one of the largest in the world. It still has the most stations of any rapid transit system, with over 400 of them. Several more cities in the United States and Canada built their own subways, such as Philadelphia (operated by SEPTA); Los Angeles (operated by METRO); Montreal Metro in Montreal, Toronto Subway in Toronto and Vancouver SkyTrain in Vancouver, Canada.

Although most rapid transit systems are mostly built in underground tunnels, there are some lines which have been built above the street. These "elevated" lines are cheaper to build than subways since no tunneling is required. A well-known mostly elevated rapid transit system is the Chicago 'L' serving Chicago since 1892. The New York City Subway also has many elevated sections similar to Chicago. The Bay Area Rapid Transit system in the San Francisco Bay Area and the Washington Metro in the Washington, D.C. metropolitan area, two of the newer rapid transit systems built in the US, began running in 1972 and 1976, in that order. Although these last two systems have long sections of track without stations and run mostly above ground, in some places in the median strip of highways; all lines travel through subways in the inner city parts.

The first subway in South America opened in the Argentine capital of Buenos Aires in 1913 (the Buenos Aires Underground). The oldest trains on the Underground were used for almost one hundred years, and were not replaced with new cars until 2013. Other cities in Latin America with rapid transit include São Paulo, Brazil (São Paulo Metro); Santiago, Chile (Santiago Metro); and Mexico City, Mexico (Mexico City Metro). Trains in Santiago and Mexico City are like Paris and Montreal as they are rubber-tired. Although there are not as many cities with rapid transit railways as there are in Europe or other places, many large cities operate bus rapid transit networks, which carry many people like railways and often have their own lane on roads, but use buses instead of trains. These systems are often designed to be converted into rail-based rapid transit in the future.

Asia, Africa, and Oceania (including Australia)
The first subway in Asia was the subway in Tokyo, Japan. The first section, part of the Ginza Line, was opened in 1927.  Now, there are 13 lines run by two different companies (Tokyo Metro and Toei Subway), and many trains on these lines, called "through trains", run directly onto regular Japanese railways.  Many other cities in Japan have subways of their own, like Osaka, Kyoto, and Nagoya. In China, the first subway, Beijing Subway, opened in Beijing in 1969. Other cities in China began to build subways, including Tianjin, Shanghai, and Guangzhou. These systems, especially Beijing with its 18 lines, have become some of the largest and longest in the world. For example, the Shanghai Metro had only one line when it opened in 1993, but today has 19 of them. Both the Beijing and Shanghai systems have over 500 kilometers of track. Other cities in Asia with big subway systems are Taipei, Taiwan (Taipei Metro), Seoul, South Korea (Seoul Metropolitan Subway); Delhi, India (Delhi Metro); and Singapore (MRT). Three of Singapore's MRT lines, along with three smaller LRT lines, are automatically operated without a driver. A few more metro systems that run this way are London's Docklands Light Railway; the SkyTrain in Vancouver, Canada; and the Dubai Metro serving Dubai in the United Arab Emirates.

Africa does not have many cities with rapid transit. Among those that have one, the oldest is in Cairo, Egypt (Cairo Metro), in use since 1987. Some cities in South Africa, though, have commuter rail networks with trains that come at high frequencies like rapid transit. Australia was the last continent to have a rapid transit system, although its biggest cities already have large commuter rail networks, some of which run in tunnels like rapid transit. The first ever rapid transit system in Australia opened in Sydney (Sydney Metro) in 2019. It also uses driverless trains.

Related pages
 Light rail
 Tram

References

Rapid transit


A capacitor (oreeginally kent as a condenser) is a passive twa-terminal electrical component uised tae store energy electrostatically in an electric field.  The furms o practical capacitors vary widely, but aw contain at least twa electrical conductors separatit bi a dielectric (insulator); for ensaumple, ane common construction consists o metal foils separatit bi a thin layer o insulatin film. Capacitors are widely uised as pairts o electrical circuits in mony common electrical devices.

See also
 Electrolytic capacitor

Capacitor


The Qinling Mountains (Traditional Chinese: 秦嶺, Simplified Chinese: 秦岭) are a major mountain range. Most of them are in the Eastern province of Shaanxi, in China. The mountains provide a natural boundary between the North and South of the country. They support a large variety of plants and wildlife, some of which is found nowhere else on Earth.

Mountains of China

Qinling Mountains


Giovanni Battista Piazzetta (also called Giambattista Piazzetta or Giambattista Valentino Piazzetta) (February 13, 1682 or 1683 – April 28, 1754) was an Italian Rococo painter of religious subjects and genre scenes.

Biography
Piazzetta was born in Venice, the son of a sculptor Giacomo Piazzetta, from whom he had early training in wood carving. Starting in 1697 he studied with the painter Antonio Molinari. By Piazzetta's account, he studied under Giuseppe Maria Crespi while living in Bologna in 1703–05, although there is no record by Crespi of formal tutelage. Thanks to Crespi, Carlo Cignani's influence reached Piazzetta. Piazzetta did find inspiration in Crespi's art, in which the chiaroscuro of Caravaggio was transformed into an idiom of graceful charm in his pictures of common folk.  He was also greatly impressed by the altarpieces created by another Bolognese painter of a half-century earlier, Guercino.

Around 1710, he returned to Venice.  There he won recognition as a leading artist despite his limited output and his unassuming nature, but he ultimately was less patronized, both in Venice and especially abroad, than two other eminent stars in Venetian late-Baroque/Rococo, Ricci and Tiepolo. Yet Piazzeta's range of topics was broader than that of these artists; Tiepolo, for example, never painted genre paintings and restricted himself to grand history and religious altarpieces. Ricci and Tiepolo had a luminous palette and facile ease that allowed them to carpet meters of ceiling with frescoes, although with a superficiality and glamor that is absent from Piazzetta's darker and more intimate depictions. Nonetheless, Tiepolo, who collaborated with Piazzetta on some projects, was greatly influenced by the older artist; in turn, the luminosity and brilliance of Tiepolo's palette influenced Piazzetta in his later years.

Piazzetta created an art of warm, rich color and a mysterious poetry.  He often depicted peasantry, even if often in a grand fashion. He was highly original in the intensity of color he sometimes used in his shadows, and in the otherworldly quality he gave to the light which throws part of a composition into relief. The gestures and glances of his protagonists hint at unseen dramas, as in one of his best-known paintings, The Soothsayer (1740, now in Gallerie dell'Accademia, Venice). He brought similar elusiveness to works of a religious nature, such as the Sotto in su Glory of St. Dominic in the Church of Santi Giovanni e Paolo.

Also notable are his many carefully rendered drawings of half-length figures or groups of heads. Usually in charcoal or black chalk with white heightening on gray paper, these are filled with the same spirit that animates his paintings, and were purchased by collectors as independent works. He also produced engravings.

In 1750 Piazzetta became the first director of the newly founded Accademia di Belle Arti di Venezia, and he devoted the last few years of his life to teaching. He was elected a member of the Bolognese Accademia Clementina in 1727. Among the painters in his studio were Domenico Maggiotto, Francesco Dagiu (il Capella), Johann Heinrich Tischbein, Egidio Dall'Oglio, and Antonio Marinetti. The engraver Marco Pitteri was affiliated with his studio, and engraved many of his works. Among younger painters who emulated his style are Giovanni Battista Pissati, Giulia Lama, Federico Bencovich, and Francesco Polazzo (1683–1753). He died in Venice on April 28, 1754.

Selected works

St.James Led to Matyrdom (1717) Chiesa di San Stae, Venice.
Madonna and child appearing to St Philip Neri  (1725-7)
Glory of St.Dominic (1725–1727) Chiesa di Santi Giovanni e Paolo, Venice.
Ecstasy of St.Francis (1732)
Assumption (1735)
St. Margaret of Cortona (1737) National Gallery Art, Washington DC
Sacrifice of Isaac, (after 1735, unfinished)
 Rebecca at the well, c 1740
 Fortune Teller(1740)
 The Pastoral (1739–41)
The Death of Darius (1746)
Peasant Girl (1720–22)
Portrait of Giulia Lama(c.1715-1720) Thyssen-Bornemisza Museum. Madrid.
The Sacrifice of Isaac (c.1715) Thyssen-Bornemisza Museum on loan at The MNAC, Barcelona.
Portrait of a Young Woman in Profile with a Mask in her Right Hand (c.1720-1730) Carmen Thyssen-Bornemisza Collection on loan at The Thyssen-Bornemisza Museum, Madrid.

Gallery

Notes

References

Encyclopædia Britannica (1990)
Britannica online

1682 births
1754 deaths
17th-century Italian painters
Italian male painters
18th-century Italian painters
Italian Baroque painters
Painters from Venice
Academic staff of the Accademia di Belle Arti di Venezia
Catholic engravers
18th-century Italian male artists

Giovanni Battista Piazzetta


Science City, Kolkata is a science centre and science park in Kolkata, West Bengal, India. It is the largest science centre in Asia containing a science museum, science park and auditoriums. It is managed by National Council of Science Museums (NCSM), Ministry of Culture, Government of India. It is located at the crossing of Eastern Metropolitan Bypass and J. B. S. Haldane Avenue (Parama Island) in East Topsia. Saroj Ghose, the first director general of NCSM, is credited with having conceptualised this centre in 1997.

This centre was inaugurated by two parts: the 'Convention Centre Complex' was unveiled on 21 December 1996 by Paul Jozef Crutzen in presence of the then chief minister Jyoti Basu and the whole centre was opened by the then prime minister Inder Kumar Gujral on 1 July 1997. On 10 January 2010, prime minister of India, Manmohan Singh laid the foundation stone for the second phase of Science City in presence of the then chief minister of West Bengal, Buddhadeb Bhattacharjee.

Galleries

Dynamotion Hall

Hands-on and interactive exhibits on various topics of science encouraging visitors to experience with props and enjoy the underlying scientific principles.

 Illusions. A permanent exhibition on the world of illusions with interactive exhibits, explores how motion and placement make a different in the visual perception.
 Powers of Ten. 43 exhibits unfold the smallest or the biggest of the universe through zooming in or out in the order of ten.
 Fresh Water Aquarium. Variety of fresh water fishes in 26 tanks; provide the bio-diversity of the fish species.
 Live Butterfly Enclave. A colony of live butterflies hatched here and screening of a film Rang Bahari Prajapati on life cycle of butterfly.
 Science On a Sphere. The spherical projection system created by NOAA. Each show of 30 minutes duration for around 70 people at a time.

Earth Exploration Hall
Inaugurated on 6 December 2008 by Ambika Soni, the then Union Minister for Culture, India. A permanent exhibition on earth is housed in a two storied hemispherical building that displays the details of the southern hemisphere in the ground floor and northern hemisphere in the first floor. Slicing a huge earth globe at the centre of the hall into 12 segments vertically in each hemisphere, important features of each segment such as physical geography, lands and people, flora and fauna and other dynamic natural phenomenon on earth have been highlighted around the central globe with the modern display technologies such as attractive visuals, interactive multimedia, video walls, panoramic videos, tilting tables, computer kiosks and 3-D effects theatre wearing a special Polaroid spectacle.

Space Odyssey
Comprising Space Theatre equipped with Helios Star Ball planetarium supported by 150 special effect projectors and Astrovision 10/70 Large format Film Projection system housed in a 23-meter diameter tilted dome having unidirectional seating arrangements for 360 person immersive shows on sciences. Now the Astrovision film Adventures in Wild California  of 40 minutes duration has been screening from June, 2013.

 3-D Vision Theater. A show based on stereo back projection system where visitors experience 3D effect by Polaroid spectacles.
 Mirror Magic. There are 35 exhibits based on reflection of light.
 Time Machine. 30-seater motion simulator provides virtual experience of space flight or journey into unknown world sitting in a casual maneuvered by hydraulic motion control system.

Maritime Centre

Depicts maritime history of India, artifacts, dioramas and interactive exhibits on shipping and navigation systems. There is an unmanned quiz corner also.

Science Park

In a tropical country like India, the outdoor is sunny and more inviting than the indoors for most part of the year. In a Science Park, people come closer to plants, animals and other objects in their natural surroundings and also learn about the basic principles of science in an open air learning environment. The park interactive exhibits are engineered so as to tolerate all the weather. Science Park has become the integral part in all the centres of NCSM. It comprises Caterpillar Ride, Gravity Coaster, Musical Fountain, Road Train, Cable Cars, Monorail Cycle, butterfly nursery and several exhibits on physical and life sciences and a maze set up in a lush green ambience.
there are many people came in different states

Science Exploration Hall

The 5400 square metres new building was opened in 2016.It is provided with the latest infrastructure and provides an enquiry based learning to the visitors. It has four sections:-
 Emerging Technologies gallery
 Evolution of Life a dark ride
 Panorama on Human Evolution (360 degree projection). Depicts the evolution of life over the ages, on the world's largest Panoramic Display.
 Science and Technology Heritage of India gallery

Other facilities
Convention Centre Complex

 Grand Theater: 2232 seating capacity main auditorium with stage for 100 performers at a time is the largest auditorium in eastern India.
 Mini Auditorium: 392 seating capacity, with stage for 30 performers at a time is ideal for smaller conferences and shows.
 Seminar Building: Comprising eleven halls, four with seating capacity of 100 persons, two with seating capacity of 40 persons each, two with seating capacity of 30 persons each, two with seating capacity of 15 persons and a meeting room for 12 persons, is ideal venue for conference, seminars, meeting and workshops.

See also
 Swami Vivekananda Planetarium, Mangalore
 Pushpa Gujral Science City, Kapurthala, Punjab, India
 Gujarat Science City, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
 Science City at Union Station, Kansas City, Missouri, United States
 Science Centre, Surat
 Science City Chennai
 List of science centers#Asia

References

External links

Museums in Kolkata
Science museums in India
1997 establishments in West Bengal
Science parks in India

Science City, Kolkata


क्यापासिट्यान्स छगू बियातःगु इलेक्ट्रिकल पोटेन्सियलय् स्वथनातःगु (वा बायातःगु) इलेक्ट्रिकल चार्जया मात्राया आंकलन ख। थुकिया दक्ले साधारण रुप टु-प्लेट क्यापासिटर ख। यदि प्लेटय् दूगु चार्ज +Q व −Q, व V प्लेटतेगु दथुया भोल्ट जुसा, क्यापासिट्यान्स थ्व कथं लिकायेछिं

क्यापासिट्यान्सया एस आइ युनिट फराड ख; १ फराड = १ कोलुम्ब प्रति भोल्ट।

शक्ति
The energy (measured in joules) stored in a capacitor is equal to the work done to charge it. Consider a capacitance C, holding a charge +q on one plate and -q on the other. Moving a small element of charge  from one plate to the other against the potential difference V = q/C requires the work :

where

W is the work measured in joules

q is the charge measured in coulombs

C is the capacitance, measured in farads

We can find the energy stored in a capacitance by integrating this equation. Starting with an uncharged capacitance (q=0) and moving charge from one plate to the other until the plates have charge +Q and -Q requires the work W:

Combining this with the above equation for the capacitance of a flat-plate capacitor, we get:

 .

where

W is the energy measured in joules

C is the capacitance, measured in farads

V is the voltage measured in volts

क्यापासिट्यान्स व 'डिस्प्लेस्मेन्ट करेन्ट'
The physicist James Clerk Maxwell invented the concept of displacement current, , to make Ampère's law consistent with conservation of charge in cases where charge is accumulating, for example in a capacitor. He interpreted this as a real motion of charges, even in vacuum, where he supposed that it corresponded to motion of dipole charges in the ether. Although this interpretation has been abandoned, Maxwell's correction to Ampère's law remains valid (a changing electric field produces a magnetic field).

Maxwell's equation combining Ampère's law with the displacement current concept is given as . (Integrating both sides, the integral of  can be replaced — courtesy of Stokes's theorem — with the integral of  over a closed contour, thus demonstrating the interconnection with Ampère's formulation.)

कोइफिसियन्ट अफ पोटेन्सियल
The discussion above is limited to the case of two conducting plates, although of arbitrary size and shape.  The definition C=Q/V still holds if only one plate is given a charge, provided that we recognize that the field lines produced by that charge terminate as if the plate were at the center of an oppositely charged sphere at infinity.

C=Q/V does not apply when there are more than two charged plates, or when the net charge on the two plates is non-zero.  To handle this case, Maxwell introduced his "coefficients of potential".  If three plates are given charges , then the voltage of plate 1 is given by

 ,

and similarly for the other voltages.  Maxwell showed that the coefficients of potential are symmetric, so that , etc.

क्यापासिट्यान्स/इन्डक्ट्यान्स डुआलिटी
In mathematical terms, the ideal capacitance can be considered as an inverse of the ideal inductance, because the voltage-current equations of the two phenomena can be transformed into one another by exchanging the voltage and current terms.

सेल्फ-क्यापासिट्यान्स
In electrical circuits, the term capacitance is usually a shorthand for the mutual capacitance between two adjacent conductors, such as the two plates of a capacitor. There also exists a property called self-capacitance, which is the amount of electrical charge that must be added to an isolated conductor to raise its electrical potential by one volt. The reference point for this potential is a theoretical hollow conducting sphere, of infinite radius, centred on the conductor. Using this method, the self-capacitance of a conducting sphere of radius R is given by:

Typical values of self-capacitance are:
 for the top "plate" of a van de Graaf generator, typically a sphere 20 cm in radius: 20 pF
 the planet Earth: about 710 µF

इल्यास्ट्यान्स
The inverse of capacitance is called elastance, and its unit is the reciprocal farad.

स्ट्रे क्यापासिट्यान्स
Any two adjacent conductors can be considered as a capacitor, although the capacitance will be small unless the conductors are close together or long. This (unwanted) effect is termed "stray capacitance". Stray capacitance can allow signals to leak between otherwise isolated circuits (an effect called crosstalk), and it can be a limiting factor for proper functioning of circuits at high frequency.

Stray capacitance is often encountered in amplifier circuits in the form of "feedthrough" capacitance that interconnects the input and output nodes (both defined relative to a common ground). It is often convenient for analytical purposes to replace this capacitance with a combination of one input-to-ground capacitance and one output-to-ground capacitance. (The original configuration — including the input-to-output capacitance — is often referred to as a pi-configuration.) Miller's theorem can be used to effect this replacement. Miller's theorem states that, if the gain ratio of two nodes is 1:K, then an impedance of Z connecting the two nodes can be replaced with a Z/(1-k) impedance between the first node and ground and a KZ/(K-1) impedance between the second node and ground. (Since impedance varies inversely with capacitance, the internode capacitance, C, will be seen to have been replaced by a capacitance of KC from input to ground and a capacitance of (K-1)C/K from output to ground.) When the input-to-output gain is very large, the equivalent input-to-ground impedance is very small while the output-to-ground impedance is essentially equal to the original (input-to-output) impedance.

क्यापासिटर

The capacitance of the majority of capacitors used in electronic circuits is several orders of magnitude smaller than the farad. The most common subunits of capacitance in use today are the millifarad (mF), microfarad (µF), the nanofarad (nF) and the picofarad (pF)

The capacitance can be calculated if the geometry of the conductors and the dielectric properties of the insulator between the conductors are known. For example, the capacitance of a parallel-plate capacitor constructed of two parallel plates of area A separated by a distance d is approximately equal to the following:
 (in SI units)
where
C is the capacitance in farads, F
A is the area of each plate, measured in square metres
εr is the relative static permittivity (sometimes called the dielectric constant) of the material between the plates, (vacuum =1)
ε0 is the permittivity of free space where ε0 = 8.854x10-12 F/m
d is the separation between the plates, measured in metres
The equation is a good approximation if d is small compared to the other dimensions of the plates. In CGS units the equation has the form:

where C in this case has the units of length.

The dielectric constant for a number of very useful dielectrics changes as a function of the applied electrical field, e.g. ferroelectric materials, so the capacitance for these devices is no longer purely a function of device geometry. If a capacitor is driven with a sinusoidal voltage, the dielectric constant, or more accurately referred to as the relative static permittivity, is a function of frequency. A changing dielectric constant with frequency is referred to as a dielectric dispersion, and is governed by dielectric relaxation processes, such as Debye relaxationcapacitance.

फूटनोट

स्वयादिसँ
 क्यापासिटर
 इलेक्ट्रोम्याग्नेटिजम
 इलेक्ट्रिसिटी
 इलेक्ट्रोनिक्स
 इन्डक्टर
 ट्रान्सक्यापासिट्यान्स

लिधंसा
 Tipler, Paul (1998). Physics for Scientists and Engineers: Vol. 2: Electricity and Magnetism, Light (4th ed.). W. H. Freeman. ISBN 1-57259-492-6
 Serway, Raymond; Jewett, John (2003). Physics for Scientists and Engineers (6 ed.). Brooks Cole. ISBN 0-534-40842-7
 Saslow, Wayne M.(2002). Electricity, Magnetism, and Light. Thomson Learning. ISBN 0-12-619455-6. See Chapter 8, and especially pp.255-259 for coefficients of potential.

पिनेया स्वापू
 Miller's Theorem

Fundamental physics concepts
Physical quantities
Electricity
Electronics terms
प्रविधि

क्यापासिट्यान्स


The Port of Karachi () is Pakistan's largest and busiest seaport. It handles about 60% of the nation's cargo (25 million tons per year). The port is located between the towns of Kiamari and Saddar. It is close to the center of old Karachi, the main business district, and several industrial areas. The geographic position of Karachi places the port near major shipping routes such as the Strait of Hormuz. The administration of the port is carried out by the Karachi Port Trust which was created in the nineteenth century.

Karachi

Port of Karachi


Logical volume management is a method of allocating computer storage. It is about allocating space on mass storage devices, like hard drives. It is more flexible than the partitioning of the drive into static (unchangeable) volumes. With a logical volume manager it is possible to grow partitions, even beyond the size of one physical disk. It is also possible to use striping or to put partitions together and combine them while they are being used.

Logical volume management is a form of virtualisation. It makes it easier to adapt to the changing storage needs of computer users.

Design

Volume managers differ but some basic concepts exist across most versions.  The volume manager starts with physical volumes or PVs, which can be hard disk partitions, RAID devices or SAN LUNs.  PVs are split into small chunks of even size (a default of 4 MB on HP-UX) called physical extents or PEs.  The PEs are then pooled into a volume group or VG.

The pooled PEs can then be concatenated together into virtual disk partitions called logical volumes or LVs.  These LVs behave just like hard disk partitions: mountable file systems can be created on them, or they can be used as raw block devices for swap.

The LVs can be grown by concatenating more PEs from the pool.  Some volume managers allow LV shrinking; some allow online resizing in either direction.  Changing the size of the LV does not necessarily change the size of a filesystem on it; it merely changes the size of its containing space. A file system that can be resized online is recommended because it allows the system to adjust its storage on-the-fly without interrupting applications.

PVs may also be organized into physical volume groups or PVGs. This allows LVs to be mirrored by pairing together its PEs with redundant ones on a different PVG, so that the failure of one PVG will still leave at least one complete copy of the LV online. In practice, PVGs are usually chosen so that their PVs are on different sets of disks and/or data buses for maximum redundancy.

Some volume managers also implement snapshotting by applying copy-on-write (COW) to each PE.  In this scheme, the volume manager will copy a PE to a COW table just before it is written to.  This preserves an old version of the LE—the snapshot—which can later be reconstructed by overlaying the copy-on-write table on the current LE.  Snapshots which are read-write are branching snapshots because they implicitly allow diverging versions of an LE.

Snapshots can be useful for backing up self-consistent versions of volatile data like table files from a busy database, or for rolling back large changes in one swoop, such as an operating system upgrade.  Some Linux-based LiveCD systems also use snapshots to simulate read-write access on a read-only compact disc.

Disadvantages

The levels of indirection that volume managers introduce can complicate disaster recovery, especially when the base operating system and other essential tools are themselves on an LE.

Implementations
Many operating systems ship with LVMs:
 AIX - Logical Volume Manager
 FreeBSD - Vinum
 HP-UX -  HP Logical Volume Manager, since HP-UX Release 9.0 in July 1992.
 Linux - Logical Volume Manager (LVM) and Enterprise Volume Management System (EVMS). Both are front-ends to the Linux device mapper.
 Microsoft Windows - Logical Disk Manager (LDM), Windows 2000 or later NT based OSes.
 OS/2 - (LVM), from version 4.5, including eComStation.
 Solaris - Solaris Volume Manager (SVM) included in Solaris 9 and Solstice DiskSuite (SDS) up to Solaris 8.
 Veritas Volume Manager (VxVM), available on a variety of (unix like) OSes. Now included in Symantec's Storage Foundation Suite

References

 Laurent Vanel, Ronald van der Knaap, Dugald Foreman (2000). AIX Logical Volume Manager from A to Z: Introduction and Concepts.  IBM Redbooks.
 Logical Volume Manager HOWTO

Computer science

Logical volume management


Birmingham is a muckle ceety in Ingland, an is Ingland's seicont ceety. It haes a population o aboot 1,000,000 fowk.

History

Mercat Toun

Birmingham wis a wee veelage till it gat a chairter in the 12t century for tae hae a mercat, kent as the Bull Ring. That turnt Birmingham intae a thrang centre o troke. By the 13t century, Birmingham haed a thrang claith industry an aw. This growth in industry meant a growth in population, an by the 14t century it wis the thrid muckle maist toun in Warwickshire, ahint Coventry an Warwick.

Centre O Industry

In the 16t century, Birmingham becam a centre o mony metalwark industries. This wis acause Birmingham wis by soorces o airn uir an coal. Than Birmingham stairtit tae mak wappens, like guns an swuirds. In the 17t century, thare wis e'en a Gun Quarter o Birmingham.

By the 18t century, Birmingham wis a major industrial toun. It becam a centre o the canal seestem an aw, that helpit the ceety to conteena it's industrial growth. Acause o it's mony industries it wis tae-named "The Warkshop o The Warld".

In the 19t century, the first railwey in Birmingham wis biggit, the Grand Junction Railway that connectit Birmingham tae Liverpuil an Manchester. Suin efter, mair railweys wis biggit, connectin Birmingham wi Lunnon, Derby an Gloucester amang the lave. Birmingham becam kent as the "Ceety o a thoosand treds" as troke conteenad tae growe. Mony fowk frae Ireland cam to the ceety, increasin the population. Durin this time maist o the ceety centre wis rebiggit an leevin condeetions wis bettert.

The Modren Ceety

Durin the 20t century, a hantle o the ceety haed to be rebiggit efter the blitz and slums wis cleared. Efter the war, thare wis a hantle immigration frae the Breetish Commonwealth, contreebutin to the diversity o the ceety. Thare wis forder immigration frae Ireland an aw, addin to the ceety's muckle Irish community. In the hindermaist 30 years, thare hiv been mony projects to regenerate the toun, the Naitional Exhibeetion Centre wis biggit in the 70s and in the 90s the Internaitional Convention Centre wis biggit. The Bullring Shopping Centre was opened in 2003, an nouadays Birmingham is a modren ceity.

Sport

Birmingham's main sport is fitbaa, wi twa main teams, Aston Villa an Birmingham Ceety, an wi Wast Bromwich in Sandwell naur Birmingham. The Birmingham Derby is spielt atweesh Aston Villa an Birmingham Ceety.

Birmingham is the hame o Warwickshire County Cricket Club, that spiel thair gemmes at Edgbaston.

Cultur an Airts

Birmingham haes produced mony baunds, like Electric Light Orchestra, Duran Duran and UB40. Birmingham is the hame o the Ceity o Birmingham's Symphony Orchestra an Birmingham's symphony hall is consideered ane o the best o the 20t century. The Naitional Indoor Arena, the Carling Academy and the Naitional Exhibeetion Centre aw host concerts an aw. Pairty in the Pairk is Birmingham's muckle maist muisic concerts, wi up tae 30,000 fowk gaun.

Thare hiv been mony famous leeterar fowk frae Birmingham. Authors an poets like W.V. Awdry, Edgar Guest an J.R.R. Tolkien as weel as contemporar authors an poets like Jonathan Coe an Benjamin Zephaniah.

Mony Comedians hiv cam frae Birmingham includin Tony Hancock, Jasper Carrott an Frank Skinner. Places like The Glee Club an The Birmigham Jongleurs are kenspeckle venues. Birmingham haes it's awn comedy festival, the Birmingham Comedy Festival, whilk begoud in 2001.

Mony airtists cam frae Birmingham, for ensaumple Edward Burne-Jones, David Cox an comtemporar airtists like Keith Piper an Pogus Caesar. Thare are mony airt venues throughout Birmingham, includin the Birmingham Museum & Art Gallery an the Barber Institute of Fine Arts amang lave.

Aucht to mony different communities, thare are mony festivals in Birmingham, thare is a caribbean style Birmingham Internaitional Carnival, a muckle St George's Day festival an a St Patrick's Day parade, whilk is the thrid muckle maist St Patrick's Day paraud in the warld (efter Dublin an New York).

Twin ceeties
Birmingham's sax offeecial twin ceeties are:
{|
| valign="top" |
 Chicago, Unitit States
 Frankfurt, Germany
 Johannesburg, Sooth Africae
 Leipzig, Germany
 Lyon, Fraunce
 Milan, Italy

Freendship greement
 Guangzhou, Cheenae
 Mirpur, Pakistan

References

Ceeties in the Wast Midlands (region)

Birmingham


Massive! is a short-lived Saturday morning British television programme aimed at a "youth" audience. It ran for two seasons, each of 22 episodes, between 1995 and 1996. A spin-off from the children's Saturday morning show Scratchy and Co, Massive! was aimed at a slightly older audience, and was presented by Malcolm Jeffries and Denise van Outen.

One of the regular guests on the show was the horror-themed magician Simon Drake, who made a number of appearances on the show performing both sleight-of-hand tricks and larger illusions. One of these larger illusions, a sawing in half performed using van Outen as the assistant being sawed in half, drew a large number of viewer complaints due to the liberal use of fake blood, and the fact that van Outen was not restored into one piece before the show cut to a commercial break. Following an investigation of these complaints, the British television regulator, the ITC, warned the show's producers to moderate its content.

After the show's second season, it was cancelled due to low viewing figures, and some of its content incorporated into a revised version of Scratchy and Co.

ITV children's television shows
1990s British children's television series
1995 British television series debuts
1996 British television series endings

Massive! (TV programme)


A phase is one part of a cycle or change that goes in a circle. For example, the moon has phases.

The seasons of the year, spring, summer, fall, and winter, are also phases. The planet Venus has phases, like the moon: Galileo showed that the phases of Venus meant it must go around the Sun, not the earth.

Graphs can be made for things that have phases. Things that have phases change in some regular way from time to time. For example, a pendulum in a clock moves from some position (called its "displacement") to the left (labelled -x with algebra), to the bottom, and then to some position to the right (labelled +x with algebra). Two pendulums may have the same length, but unless they begin swinging at the same time and place they will not move together. One may be swinging left while the other swings right. When something like that happens the two vibrations are "not in phase."

Physics

Phase


The Central Labor Union of New York, Brooklyn, and New Jersey was an early trade union organization that later broke up into various locals, which are now AFL–CIO members. The establishment of the CLU predates the consolidation of New York City (1897) by nearly two decades and is best known as the organization that created the American Labor Day holiday. Organized in 1867, it later spread to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.  The union was firmly Marxist in orientation and was the first integrated labor union in the United States.

Politics
Closely linked to the Central Labor Union was the United Labor Party. Henry George was its candidate for Mayor of New York City in 1886 but lost the race by a wide margin.

See also
 Knights of Labor
 May Day
 Peter J. McGuire, 19th century labor leader
 Bolton Hall (activist), opposed War with Spain at Central Labor Union meeting

Defunct trade unions in the United States
Defunct American political movements
1867 establishments in the United States
1880s in the United States
Trade unions established in 1867

Central Labor Union


Personal property means property that consists of object that can be moved from one place to another.

In the common law systems personal property may also be called chattels. There it is distinguished from real property, or real estate.

In the civil law systems personal property is often called movable property or movables - any property that can be moved from one location to another. This term is in distinction with immovable property or immovables, such as land and buildings.
A machinery, which can be dismantled and moved to a new place, which is installed in a building falls into which category.

Related pages
 Constitution
 Constitutional economics
 Political economy

Property

Personal property


The Praetorian Guard  was a force of bodyguards used by Roman Emperors. The title was first used for the guards of generals in the Roman Republic. Their commander, the Praetorian Prefect, was often an important figure in the political planning in Rome. The Guard was stopped and disbanded by Emperor Constantine I in the fourth century AD.

History
The term Praetorian derived from the tent of the commanding general or praetor of a Roman army in the field, known as the praetorium. It was a habit of many Roman generals to choose from the ranks a private force of soldiers to act as guards of their person. This elite group of Roman citizens consisted of both infantry and cavalry. In time, this cohort came to be known as the cohors praetoria, and various notable figures had one of those guard groups, including Julius Caesar, Mark Antony and Augustus (Octavian).

As Caesar discovered with the 10th Legion Equestris, a powerful mounted unit was desirable in the field. When Augustus became the first ruler of the Roman Empire in 27 BC, he decided such a formation was useful not only on the battlefield but in politics also. Thus, from the ranks of the legions throughout the provinces, Augustus recruited the Praetorian Guard.

Entry into politics
Through the cunning of their ambitious prefect, Sejanus, the Guard was brought from their Italian barracks into Rome itself. In AD 23, Sejanus convinced Tiberius to have the Praetorian fort built just outside Rome. One of the cohorts held the daily guard at the imperial palace. Henceforth the entire Guard was at the disposal of the emperors, but the rulers were now equally at the mercy of the Praetorians. The reality of this was seen in AD 31 when Tiberius was forced to rely upon his own cohors praetoria against partisans of Sejanus. Although the Praetorian Guard proved faithful to the aging Tiberius, their potential political power had been made clear.

While campaigning, the Praetorians were the equal of any formation in the Roman Army. Seldom used in the early reigns, they were quite active by AD 69. Under Domitian and Trajan, the guard took part in wars from Dacia to Mesopotamia, while with Marcus Aurelius, years were spent on the Danube frontier. Throughout the 3rd century, the Praetorians assisted the emperors in various campaigns.

The relationship between the Guard and their Emperor was always sensitive. Bribing the Guard was a common theme in Imperial history. Sejanus almost took over the running of the Empire, before Tiberius overcame, and later executed, him. A number of Roman Emperors were murdered or otherwise deposed by the Guard, or with their knowledge. The first was Caligula.

References

Military of ancient Rome

Praetorian Guard


Harry Leroy "Roy" Halladay III (May 14, 1977 – November 7, 2017) was an American professional baseball pitcher, who played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Toronto Blue Jays and Philadelphia Phillies between 1998 and 2013. His nickname, "Doc", was coined by Toronto Blue Jays announcer Tom Cheek, and was a reference to Wild West gunslinger Doc Holliday. An eight-time All-Star, Halladay was one of the most dominant pitchers of his era. Known for his outstanding durability, he led the league in complete games seven times, the most of any pitcher whose career began after 1945. He also led the league in strikeout-to-walk ratio five times and innings pitched four times.

Raised in Arvada, Colorado, Halladay pitched at Arvada West High School, before being drafted 17th overall by the Blue Jays in the 1995 MLB draft. He made his major league debut in 1998, nearly pitching a no-hitter in his second career start. After struggling in 2000, he was demoted to the minor leagues, where he reworked his delivery and pitching. In 2002, Halladay established himself as a durable, elite starting pitcher, earning his first All-Star selection. The following year, he won the American League (AL) Cy Young Award and led the AL in complete games, which he accomplished five times in seven seasons, through 2009. He was traded to the Phillies before the 2010 season, and that year, he pitched both the 20th perfect game and the second postseason no-hitter in major league history, led the majors in shutouts for the second consecutive year, and won the National League (NL) Cy Young Award. In 2011, Halladay had another dominant season, leading the NL in complete games, but he was plagued by injuries the next two years. After the 2013 season, he announced his retirement as the active major league leader in complete games, with 67.

On November 7, 2017, Halladay died when he crashed his ICON A5 amphibious plane into the Gulf of Mexico off the coast of Florida. He was 40 years old. The Blue Jays organization posthumously retired his number 32 on March 29, 2018, with the Phillies retiring his number 34 on August 8, 2021. Halladay was announced as an inductee to the National Baseball Hall of Fame on January 22, 2019; he was the first posthumously elected player since Deacon White in 2013 and the first posthumously elected by the BBWAA since Roberto Clemente in 1973.

Early life
Born in Denver, Colorado, Halladay grew up in the suburb of Arvada; his father, Harry Leroy II, was a pilot for a food-processing company, who began teaching his son to fly during childhood; his mother, Linda, was a homemaker. From an early age, Halladay loved baseball, trying every position on the field until, by age 14, his success on the pitcher's mound attracted the attention of major league scouts. By the age of 13, he had begun training with Colorado baseball guru Bus Campbell, who had helped almost every promising pitcher from the Denver area, including Goose Gossage and Brad Lidge.

Halladay attended Arvada West High School, where he led the school's baseball team to a 6A state championship in 1994. In 1995, after graduating from high school, he was selected by the Toronto Blue Jays in the amateur draft, in the first round, as the 17th overall pick. Halladay decided to forego his college baseball commitment to Arizona and sign with Toronto. He was promoted to the major-league club as a September call-up in 1998. Halladay was raised a member of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, though he did not practice later in life.

Career

Toronto Blue Jays (1998–2009)

1998–2001
In his second career start, against the Detroit Tigers on September 27, 1998, Halladay had what would have been the third no-hitter ever pitched on the final day of a regular season broken up with two outs in the ninth. The feat would have joined the combined no-hitter by four Oakland Athletics pitchers (Vida Blue, Glenn Abbott, Paul Lindblad, and Rollie Fingers) in 1975 and Mike Witt's perfect game in 1984. The bid was broken up by pinch hitter Bobby Higginson's solo home run, the only hit allowed in a  Toronto victory, as he recorded his first major    Prior to the home run, the sole base runner had reached on an infield error in the fifth inning, as Halladay struck out eight and

During the 2000 season, Halladay sported a 10.64 earned run average (ERA) in 19 games, 13 of which he started, making his 2000 season the worst in history for any pitcher with at least fifty innings pitched. At the beginning of the 2001 season, Halladay was optioned to Class-A Dunedin to rebuild his delivery. Halladay's fastball was clocked up to , but it had little movement, and his pitches were up in the strike zone, which was ultimately the reason why his 2000 season was so unsuccessful. He worked with former Blue Jays pitching coach Mel Queen. The problem, Queen realized, was Halladay's total reliance on his strength—his attempt to overpower batters with straight-ahead pitches. Within two weeks, Halladay had altered his arm angle for a more deceptive delivery, and added pitches that sank and careened. Instead of throwing over the top, he chose to use a three-quarters delivery (the middle point between throwing overhand and sidearm). Originally a fastball pitcher, he became reliant on keeping his pitches low across the plate, regardless of the type of pitch thrown. The adjustments proved successful. After a month and a half, he was promoted to Double-A Tennessee, and a month later, to Triple-A Syracuse. By mid-season, he was back in the Blue Jays' rotation. He posted a 5–3 win–loss record with a 3.19 ERA for the Blue Jays in 16 starts in 2001.

2002–2006
In 2001, after being demoted to the minor leagues, Halladay immersed himself in the works of sports psychologist Harvey Dorfman. This exposure was at least partly responsible for resurrecting his career. In 2002, Halladay had a breakout season, finishing with a 19–7 record, while posting a 2.93 ERA with 168 strikeouts in 239.1 innings. Halladay was named to the American League All-Star team. Halladay continued his success in the 2003 season, posting a 22–7 record with a 3.25 ERA in 266 innings. He also recorded 204 strikeouts and only 32 walks, good for a 6.38 strikeout-to-walk ratio. Halladay pitched the first extra-inning shutout in the major leagues since Jack Morris in Game 7 of the 1991 World Series, leading the Blue Jays to victory over the Tigers on September 6. He pitched 10 innings and had not allowed a hit until Kevin Witt doubled with two outs in the top of the eighth. Halladay won the American League Cy Young Award, while being once again named an All-Star and leading the Blue Jays to a surprising 86 victories. He was named by his peers as the Players Choice Awards AL Outstanding Pitcher. He was also named the Sporting News AL Pitcher of the Year and the Baseball Prospectus Internet Baseball Awards AL Cy Young Award winner.

In 2004, Halladay was placed on the disabled list twice due to right shoulder problems. In 133.0 innings, he went 8–8 with a 4.20 ERA. He walked 39 batters, seven more than he had walked in 2003 when he had pitched twice as many innings. He later revealed that he had been injured throughout the entire season with a "tired throwing arm", which he believed was from intense workouts in the preseason.

The 2005 season began successfully for Halladay, as he posted a 12–4 record with a 2.41 ERA in 19 starts. He was selected to his third All-Star team and was slated to be the starting pitcher for the American League at the All-Star Game in Detroit. However, on July 8, Halladay's leg was broken by a line drive off the bat of Texas Rangers left fielder Kevin Mench. As a result, he was replaced in the All-Star Game by Matt Clement of the Boston Red Sox, while Mark Buehrle of the Chicago White Sox was named the starting pitcher for the American League. Despite rehabilitation of his leg, Halladay would sit out the remainder of the season. On March 16, 2006, Halladay signed a three-year, $40 million contract extension through 2010. During that year, Halladay finished near the top of MLB in wins with 16. He was named to the American League All-Star Team as a reserve on July 3, along with four of his Blue Jays teammates. It marked the second-most appearances in club history, and Halladay's fourth as an All-Star. Although Halladay's strikeout total was lower in 2006 than in previous seasons, his ground ball/fly ball ratio, complete games, and innings pitched were all among the American League leaders.

2007–2009
Halladay was the American League pitcher of the month in April 2007, going 4–0, highlighted by a 10-inning complete-game win over the Detroit Tigers. However, he pitched poorly in his two starts in May, and on May 11 was placed on the disabled list and underwent an appendectomy. He returned to the rotation in his usual form on May 31 against the Chicago White Sox. Halladay went seven innings, giving up just six hits and allowing no runs on his way to his 100th career win. 2007 also saw Halladay hit his first career RBI. Against the Los Angeles Dodgers on June 10, his ground ball single to center field allowed John McDonald to score. He shut out the Seattle Mariners on July 22, allowing only three hits.

In 2008, for the sixth consecutive year, Halladay was Toronto's opening-day starter, improving his own club record. He lost 3–2 in a pitcher's duel with New York's Chien-Ming Wang. His first win of the season came in his next start against Boston, when he outpitched Josh Beckett in his season debut.

In his third start, Halladay pitched a complete game against the Texas Rangers, in a 4–1 win. Three of his nine complete-game efforts resulted in losses due to Toronto's underachieving offense early in the season. In fact, those three complete-game losses came in three consecutive starts. On June 20 against the Pittsburgh Pirates, he was struck in the temple by a line drive off the bat of Nyjer Morgan. The ball caromed off Halladay's head and was caught by third baseman Scott Rolen, ending the inning. Halladay was able to walk back to the dugout, but was taken out of the game for safety concerns. Although he was given a clean bill of health for his next start, it was later suggested by television commentators that Halladay may have in fact suffered a temporary lapse in recognition of what happened on the play. Halladay pitched his 10th career shutout against the Seattle Mariners on June 30. He limited them to four hits in his sixth complete game of the season. The shutout tied him with the Cardinals' Mark Mulder for 10th among active pitchers. On July 11, 2008, Halladay pitched his seventh complete game and second shutout of the season against the New York Yankees, allowing no runs on two hits for his 11th career shutout. Halladay was named to the American League All-Star Team as a reserve. He pitched in the fourth inning, yielding only one hit and striking out Lance Berkman. In his last start of the season, he fittingly pitched a complete game against the Yankees to win his 20th game of the year. In so doing, he became the first pitcher to win five games against the Yankees in a single season since Luis Tiant in 1974. In addition, he led the AL with a 1.05 WHIP. Halladay finished second in the American League Cy Young Award voting, behind Cliff Lee of Cleveland. He also led the AL with nine complete games, and struck out a career-high 206 batters (two more than his 2003 season) as well as posting a 2.78 ERA (the second-best of his career) that was second only to Cliff Lee's 2.54 ERA. Halladay also became just the fourth pitcher in major league history to post two seasons of 200 strikeouts and fewer than 40 walks. He was presented the George Gross/Toronto Sun Sportsperson of the Year award.

On April 6, 2009, Halladay made his team-record seventh straight Opening Day start for Toronto, defeating the Detroit Tigers. Halladay then also won his next two starts, on the road against Cleveland and Minnesota. Halladay lost his next game to Texas, giving up five earned runs over eight innings only to go on and win his next six games to bring his record up to 8–1 with a 2.75 ERA. With season-ending injuries to planned 2009 Jays' starters Dustin McGowan and Shawn Marcum, and with #2 starter Jesse Litsch on the disabled list early in the season, Halladay led a staff of young, mostly inexperienced starters. Halladay was named the AL Player of the Week for the period ending May 17. Doc was 2–0 with a 1.13 ERA over 16.0 innings in his two starts the week prior. In a game against the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim on June 2, Halladay struck out 14 batters and threw 133 pitches, both career highs. On June 12, he left the game early because of a strained hip adductor muscle, commonly referred to as a pulled groin, and was placed on the 15-day disabled list on June 17. On July 5, he was selected to represent Toronto at the All-Star Game. On July 14, he started the All-Star Game for the American League, pitching two innings and giving up three runs, of which one was unearned. That year, he was named #7 on the Sporting News'''s list of the 50 greatest current players in baseball. A panel of 100 baseball people, many of them members of the Baseball Hall of Fame and winners of major baseball awards, was polled to arrive at the list.

As of the conclusion of his start on September 20, 2009, Halladay was tied for the second-longest streak in the American League that season with a 24-inning scoreless streak. Halladay finished the season with a 17–10 record, giving him a career win percentage of .660, good enough for 18th all-time. In December, Sports Illustrated named Halladay as one of the five pitchers in the starting rotation of its MLB All-Decade Team.

Philadelphia Phillies (2010–2013)
On December 15, 2009, the Blue Jays traded Halladay to the Philadelphia Phillies for minor league prospects Travis d'Arnaud, Kyle Drabek, and Michael Taylor. He agreed to a contract extension worth US$60 million that included a US$20 million vesting option for a fourth season. Phillies general manager Ruben Amaro, Jr. had unsuccessfully attempted to get Halladay at the non-waiver trade deadline in July 2009, then traded for Cliff Lee instead. Three hours before Halladay signed the contract extension, Amaro traded away Lee, to the surprise of Halladay who thought that Lee would be his teammate.

2010

On Opening Day, Halladay pitched seven innings while giving up a run against the Washington Nationals in his first game with the Phillies. He had nine strikeouts and allowed six hits. He also drove in his second career RBI and earned his first win of the season. He followed this start with a complete game on April 11 against the Houston Astros, giving up one unearned run while striking out eight and not giving up any walks in the Phillies' 2–1 victory.

Halladay pitched his first shutout in the National League, against the Atlanta Braves on April 21, becoming the first pitcher to reach four wins in the 2010 season. On May 1, Halladay pitched his second shutout of the season, limiting the New York Mets to three hits and striking out six.

On September 21, Halladay became the first Phillies pitcher to win 20 games in a season since Steve Carlton accomplished it in 1982. He was the first right-handed Phillies pitcher to accomplish the feat since Robin Roberts in 1955. One week later, on September 27, he completed his 21st victory, helping the Phillies clinch their fourth consecutive National League East title, and the Phillies finished with the best regular-season record in MLB.

Halladay made his first postseason start in Game 1 of the National League Division Series, as the Phillies squared off against the Cincinnati Reds. Halladay threw a no-hitter, giving up only one walk (to Jay Bruce in the fifth inning) in a 4–0 victory where he threw 104 pitches. Halladay's was only the second postseason no-hitter in Major League Baseball history, and the first since Don Larsen's perfect game in the 1956 World Series. Halladay became the first pitcher in Major League history to throw a perfect game and another no-hitter in the same calendar year (including the postseason).

The Phillies swept the Reds in three games to advance to their third consecutive National League Championship Series, where they faced the San Francisco Giants. Halladay started Games 1 and 5, which were one of the most touted postseason pitching match-ups in recent history as he faced another former Cy Young winner in both games, Tim Lincecum. Halladay lost Game 1, 4–3, and won Game 5, 4–2, as the Phillies were eliminated in six games by the Giants, who went on to win the World Series. In Game 5, Halladay pulled his groin after the first inning but continued for six more innings to help his team stave off elimination.

Halladay was named by his peers as the Players Choice Awards NL Outstanding Pitcher. He was also unanimously chosen as the recipient of the 2010 National League Cy Young Award, becoming the first Phillie to win the award since Steve Bedrosian in 1987 and only the fifth pitcher in MLB history to win the award in both leagues, joining Gaylord Perry, Pedro Martínez, Randy Johnson and Roger Clemens. He was likewise selected as the Sporting News NL Pitcher of the Year, the USA Today NL Cy Young, the Baseball Prospectus Internet Baseball Awards NL Cy Young, and the winner of the NLBM Wilbur "Bullet" Rogan Legacy Award (NL Pitcher of the Year). He also was named the MLB "This Year in Baseball Awards" Starting Pitcher of the Year. Baseball Digest named him its Pitcher of the Year (including both leagues). Baseball America named him its Major League Player of the Year (including all positions in both leagues). MLB named him its "MLB Clutch Performer of the Year". He was given the Heart & Hustle Award by the Major League Baseball Players Alumni Association. He was also named Pro Athlete of the Year by both the Sporting News and the Philadelphia Sports Writers Association and Sportsperson of the Year by the Philadelphia Daily News. The Philadelphia chapter of the Baseball Writers' Association of America presented him with the "Steve Carlton Most Valuable Pitcher" and "Dallas Green Special Achievement" awards.

In  innings pitched, Halladay finished the 2010 regular season with a 21–10 record and a 2.44 ERA, setting a career high with 219 strikeouts while issuing just 30 walks. He led the National League in wins, innings pitched, and complete games (9), including four shutouts. He became just the seventh pitcher in the history of Major League baseball to pitch 250 or more innings with 30 or fewer walks, the first pitcher to do so since Grover Cleveland Alexander in 1923 with the Chicago Cubs.

Perfect game

On May 29, 2010, Halladay pitched the 20th perfect game in MLB history against the Florida Marlins in Miami, retiring all 27 batters and striking out 11, allowing no hits, runs, walks, or errors. This was the first time in the modern era that two pitchers (along with Dallas Braden of the Oakland A's) had thrown perfect games in the same month and that multiple perfect games had been achieved in the same season.

On August 24, 2010, to commemorate his perfect game, Halladay presented around 60 Swiss-made Baume and Mercier watches he had purchased to everyone in the clubhouse. The watches were presented in brown boxes that bore the inscription: "We did it together. Thanks, Roy Halladay." Additionally, the back of each watch was engraved with the date of the game, the line score, and the individual recipient's name.

Postseason no-hitter

On October 6, 2010, in his first postseason appearance, Halladay pitched a no-hitter (his second of the season), against the Cincinnati Reds in the first game of the National League Division Series (NLDS).

He became the second player to pitch a no-hitter in the postseason, joining Don Larsen of the New York Yankees, who pitched a perfect game in the 1956 World Series. He also became the first pitcher since Nolan Ryan in 1973 to throw two no-hitters in a season, as well as the seventh pitcher to hurl both a perfect game and a regular no-hitter in his career, joining Cy Young, Addie Joss, Jim Bunning, Sandy Koufax, Randy Johnson, and Mark Buehrle. Halladay allowed just one walk to right fielder Jay Bruce with two outs in the fifth inning, and faced just one batter above the minimum.

This also marked the first time in Major League history that a pitcher threw a perfect game and another no-hitter in the same calendar year (including the postseason). The fans voted his no-hitter as the "This Year in Baseball Awards" Postseason Moment of the Year.

2011

For the 2011 season, Halladay was joined by Cliff Lee, who before the 2010 season had been traded away from the Phillies shortly before Halladay joined. The resulting starting pitching lineup of Halladay, Lee, Cole Hamels, Roy Oswalt and Joe Blanton had commentators dub it one of the best rotations ever assembled. Halladay, Oswalt, Lee, and Hamels were dubbed the 'Phantastic Phour' by fans and the media.

On April 24, 2011, Halladay struck out 14 and allowed just five hits in the game as his team swept the San Diego Padres in all four games. Halladay took a two-hitter into the ninth before allowing three straight singles. He allowed just one run and won, 3–1.

In May, Halladay was named the 2011 winner of the John Wanamaker Athletic Award, by the Philadelphia Sports Congress, based on his 2010 season. In June, Halladay was presented the Best Major League Baseball Player ESPY Award for his performance since June 2010. He also took home the Best Moment ESPY Award for his postseason no-hitter in October 2010.

On July 12, Halladay was the NL starting pitcher in the All-Star Game. Halladay went 19–6 in 2011, with a 2.35 ERA, and pitched eight complete games, second-most in the Majors. The Phillies won their fifth consecutive National League East championship, and also finished with the best record in baseball for the second straight year.

Halladay was named the starter for Games 1 and 5 during the National League Division Series against the St. Louis Cardinals. He won Game 1, 11–6, but lost Game 5, 1–0, in a duel with former Blue Jays teammate and close friend Chris Carpenter. Halladay had pitched Game 5 despite having back pain. This loss eliminated the Phillies from the playoffs, a disappointment as they were touted as heavy favorites for the World Series, and it would turn out to be Halladay's final postseason appearance. Reflecting on that series at his retirement, Halladay said "I think the one thing I took away from that is you can have the best team on paper, you can have the guys who want it the most. But when the squirrel runs across home plate while your team is trying to pitch, there is nothing you can do about that."

Halladay finished second in the NL Cy Young voting to Clayton Kershaw of the Los Angeles Dodgers. He was selected as one of the three starting pitchers on the MLB Insiders Club Magazine All-Postseason Team.

In December, Halladay was named the Sportsperson of the Year by the Philadelphia Daily News for the second consecutive year.

2012
On April 5, 2012, Halladay threw eight innings of shutout ball against the Pittsburgh Pirates on Opening Day, giving up two hits while striking out five.

On May 29, Halladay was placed on the 15-day disabled list with a shoulder strain. It was his first DL stint since 2009. In a press conference on June 6, Halladay stated, "Ultimately, my goal is to finish my career with the Phillies and win a World Series here. Some of those things are not fully in my control, but my intent is to play here and finish my career here and be here as long as I can." Halladay stated this during his press conference about his shoulder injury, and he revealed that he would sit out three more weeks, and then re-evaluate his condition. The injury would eventually be diagnosed as a strained latissimus dorsi and Halladay was hopeful he would be able to return shortly after the All-Star break in July.

On July 17, Halladay came off the DL and was the starting pitcher against the Los Angeles Dodgers. He pitched five innings, giving up five hits and two earned runs while fanning six in a no-decision which the Phillies would go on to win, 3–2.

In a loss against the Atlanta Braves on July 29, Halladay recorded his 2,000th strikeout to become the 67th pitcher in MLB history to reach the milestone.

Although Halladay was on the DL and had the worst ERA since first starting off his career, he still remained above .500 going 11–8.

2013
After struggling in spring training, Halladay gave up five runs in his first start in the Phillies second game on April 3, 2013, striking out nine in  innings pitched. After struggling in his prior starts, Halladay pitched eight innings allowing just one run on April 14, 2013, against the Miami Marlins whom the Phillies defeated 2–1. Halladay recorded his 200th career win in the game.

On May 5, Halladay gave up nine earned runs in just  innings. The next day, Halladay was placed on the disabled list with a right shoulder injury. On May 8, it was announced that he would have surgery on his shoulder to have a bone spur removed. The surgery was also to address fraying of his glenoid labrum and rotator cuff. Though he was initially supposed to be making a rehab start in Double-A for the Reading Fightin' Phils that day, an 18-inning game the previous night caused the Phillies to have a shortage of pitchers and as such, Halladay returned to the major leagues on August 25 for a start against the Arizona Diamondbacks in which he threw six innings, allowing two runs on four hits with two walks and two strikeouts. He finished the season with a 6.82 ERA, his worst since 2000, and a 4–5 record in 13 starts.

Retirement

On December 9, 2013, Halladay signed a ceremonial one-day contract with the Blue Jays and announced his retirement from baseball due to injury. At his press conference, Halladay listed a persistent back injury, as well as wanting to be more involved with his family, as his reasons for retiring.

Although retired as a player, Halladay continued to be a part of the game as a guest instructor for the Philadelphia Phillies and Toronto Blue Jays. The Phillies hired Halladay as a "mental skills coach" in March 2017. Halladay also volunteered as a baseball coach at Calvary Christian High School in Clearwater, Florida where his oldest son played baseball.

Approach to pitching

Halladay's distinctiveness was characterized by his ability to throw a hard two-seam sinking fastball ranging in the low 90s with pinpoint control. In addition, he threw a four-seam fastball in the low 90s, a curveball in the high 70s, and cut fastball from 90 to 92 mph for which he had modified his grip in 2007 at the suggestion of former catcher Sal Fasano. Halladay threw the hardest cutter among MLB starters in the 2011 season, at an average of 91.4 mph. The changeup was one pitch that Halladay had problems commanding for many years, and which he used very rarely. However, after joining the Phillies in 2010, Halladay started throwing a changeup that was a variation of the split-finger fastball (called a split-changeup). The pitch was introduced to Halladay by pitching coach Rich Dubee.

Despite his reputation as a ground ball pitcher who worked at an efficient pace, Halladay's strikeout totals increased steadily in the few final years of his career. Halladay's efficiency and durability were reflected in his total innings pitched every year, also due to his ability to strike out hitters and induce ground ball outs to escape jams. He often led the league in innings pitched and complete games, while ranking among the leaders in WHIP and ERA.

Prior to and during each start, Halladay had a distinct trademark in which he went into a complete "isolation mode," immersing himself in complete concentration in order to plan every pitch he would throw while on the mound. During this time, he would not talk to anyone except the manager or the pitching coach. He would not even reply to a "hello" or wave from a teammate or spectator, nor talk to the media until he had been relieved or completed the game.

Personal life
Halladay had two children, Braden and Ryan, with his wife, Brandy (née Gates). During the offseason, Halladay lived with his family in Tarpon Springs, Florida. Halladay's older son, Braden, committed to play baseball at Penn State shortly after Halladay's death. Braden, who was born in Toronto, was invited to Baseball Canada's U18 spring training camp on March 6, 2018, and pitched a scoreless inning in the Canadian Junior team's exhibition game against the Blue Jays on March 17. In the 2019 MLB draft, as a tribute to Halladay, Braden was selected by the Blue Jays in the 32nd round.

While he was a member of the Toronto Blue Jays, Halladay and his wife invited children and their families from the Hospital for Sick Children into "Doc's Box" at Rogers Centre during Blue Jays games. The remodeling of the suite to be more kid-friendly was documented in an episode of Design Inc. As part of Halladay's contract with the Blue Jays, he also donated $100,000 each year to the Jays Care Foundation.

Halladay was the Blue Jays' nominee numerous times for the Roberto Clemente Award for his work with underprivileged children. For the same reason, he was also the Blue Jays' nominee in 2008 for the Players Choice Awards Marvin Miller Man of the Year Award.

Halladay was the cover athlete for Major League Baseball 2K11''.

Death
On November 7, 2017, Halladay died when the ICON A5 Founders Edition amphibious aircraft he was piloting crashed into the Gulf of Mexico. The Pasco County, Florida, Sheriff's Office confirmed that Halladay was the only occupant of the aircraft at the time of the crash and that air traffic controllers had not received any mayday distress signals from the plane before the crash. The crash was reported to have happened about  off the coast of New Port Richey, Florida, in water  deep.

The Pasco Sheriff's Office Marine Unit responded to the accident after a call at noon, reporting that a sport plane had crashed upside-down into shallow water. The plane was reported to be Halladay's, and he had tweeted four weeks earlier about his excitement about acquiring the plane, which was reportedly registered in the name of Halladay's father, a retired commercial pilot.

An autopsy report by the Pinellas-Pasco Medical Examiner's Office released in January 2018 revealed that Halladay's blood contained morphine, hydromorphone, amphetamine, fluoxetine (an antidepressant), baclofen (a muscle relaxant), and zolpidem (a sleep aid sold under the brand name Ambien). According to forensic pathologist Burr Hartman, "He had a drug combination similar to a speedball. He was impaired by these drugs. It was definitely not safe for him to fly an airplane." On April 15, 2020, the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) released a report stating that in addition to the drugs, Halladay was executing aerobatics including steep climbs and turns, and the plane sometimes came within  of the water before a final climb caused its speed to fall to , after which it nosedived into the sea and Halladay was killed by blunt force trauma and drowning.  The NTSB determined the probable cause of the crash to be the "pilot's improper decision to perform aggressive, low-altitude maneuvers due to his impairment from the use of multiple psychoactive substances, which resulted in a loss of control".

Halladay and his wife, Brandy, appeared in a since-removed promotional video for the aircraft with her stating her strong objections to him buying the plane.

Legacy

In late 2017, the Phillies announced that use of uniform number 34 would be suspended for the 2018 season to honor Halladay. On February 12, 2018, the Toronto Blue Jays announced they would retire Halladay's number 32 on Opening Day of the 2018 season. On August 8, 2021, the Philadelphia Phillies retired Halladay's number 34.

Halladay was elected to the Canadian Baseball Hall of Fame in 2017 and the Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum on January 22, 2019 in his first year of eligibility, garnering 85.41% of the vote. His wife and sons announced that they did not choose a logo for his cap, which leaves Roberto Alomar as the sole Cooperstown inductee as a Blue Jay. However, Halladay had said that, if given the choice, he would be inducted as a Blue Jay.

On March 2, 2019, Phillies free agent acquisition Bryce Harper, who wore uniform number 34 from his debut with the Washington Nationals in 2012, announced that he would not wear the number 34 as a member of the Phillies, stating that "Roy Halladay should be the last one to wear it" for the Phillies. Harper chose to wear number 3 instead.

On February 4, 2020, the Phillies announced they would retire Halladay's number 34 on May 29, 2020, the 10th anniversary of his perfect game. However, due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the number retirement was postponed. The Phillies retired Halladay's number on August 8, 2021. His former teammates Carlos Ruiz and Raul Ibanez were in attendance, as well as Hall of Fame player Steve Carlton.

On May 14, 2021, on what would've been Halladay's 44th birthday, Jays Care Foundation announced the naming of Toronto's first accessible baseball diamond as Roy Halladay Field. Located at Highview Park in the Birch Cliff neighborhood of Scarborough, Roy Halladay Field will be used by athletes in Jays Care's Challenger Baseball program - an adaptive baseball program for Canadian kids living with cognitive and/or physical disabilities.

See also

 List of fatalities from aviation accidents
 List of highest paid Major League Baseball players
 List of Major League Baseball annual ERA leaders
 List of Major League Baseball annual shutout leaders
 List of Major League Baseball annual wins leaders
 List of Major League Baseball career putouts as a pitcher leaders
 List of Major League Baseball career strikeout leaders
 List of Major League Baseball career wins leaders
 List of Major League Baseball no-hitters
 List of Philadelphia Phillies award winners and league leaders
 List of Toronto Blue Jays team records
 Toronto Blue Jays award winners and league leaders

References

External links

Roy Halladay at the Baseball Hall of Fame

Roy Halladay at Baseball Almanac
Roy Halladay at Pura Pelota (Venezuelan Professional Baseball League)
 Roy Halladay Perfect Game: May 29, 2010 MLB

1977 births
2017 deaths
Accidental deaths in Florida
American League All-Stars
American League wins champions
American expatriate baseball players in Canada
American expatriate baseball players in Venezuela
Aviators killed in aviation accidents or incidents in the United States
Baseball players from Denver
Canadian Baseball Hall of Fame inductees
Cardenales de Lara players
Clearwater Threshers players
Cy Young Award winners
Drug-related deaths in Florida
Dunedin Blue Jays players
Gulf Coast Blue Jays players
Knoxville Smokies players
Lakewood BlueClaws players
Major League Baseball pitchers who have pitched a perfect game
Major League Baseball pitchers
Major League Baseball players with retired numbers
National Baseball Hall of Fame inductees
National League All-Stars
National League wins champions
People who died at sea
Philadelphia Phillies players
Syracuse SkyChiefs players
Tennessee Smokies players
Toronto Blue Jays players
Victims of aviation accidents or incidents in 2017

Roy Halladay


Pierre Émile Taddéoli (8 March 1879 in Geneva – 24 May 1920 in Romanshorn) was a Swiss aviation pioneer. He was active as a pilot, instructor, test pilot, and also the probably most prominent pioneer using seaplanes in Switzerland. Taddéoli received the pilot's brevet number 2 issued in Switzerland on 10 October 1910.

Years of the flight pioneers
Emile Taddéoli's passion for engines and mechanics started at a very young age. After some success as cyclist on vélodrome in Varambé (GE) in 1893/94, motorcyclist (he designed a prototype), mechanic and car driver from 1895 to 1909, he was attracted by the aviation that became very popular in Switzerland in 1908/9. Inspired by Alberto Santos-Dumont and Louis Blériot, in March 1909 Taddéoli left Switzerland for Mourmelon (France) to learn how to fly at the Ecole d'aviation Blériot. On 22 March 1910 Taddéoli started his first flight over  in his newly bought Blériot XI. Despite his relatively low experience, he participated, beginning in April 1910, at several flight meetings in Italy, France and Portugal, and proposed by Armand Dufaux, he overflew Paris on 18 July 1910. Back in Geneva, he started flying around Switzerland, got several prizes (flight over 161 minutes and others) in his Blériot number 8, succeeding again in the first overflight of the canton of Geneva on 7 September 1910.

Flight meetings and flight records

In his newly acquired Dufaux 4 biplane, from September to October 1910, Taddéoli became the instruction pilot for Armand Dufaux and Henri Dufaux. During the flight meeting in Luzern in September 1910, Emil Taddéoli collided with a line of trees just before landing; he left the wreck of his airplane unhurt; another pilot, Hans Schmid, fatally crashed. This tragic accident started a crisis when the Swiss newspapers denounced what they called an unuseful aerial circus.

At the flight meeting in Brig, he tried to overfly the Alps for the first time. On a meeting in Bern with six pilots, Taddéoli succeeded in a flight over 58 minutes at an altitude of . On 10 October 1910 Emile Taddéoli received the Swiss pilot's licence number 2; number 1 was issued to Ernest Failloubaz.

On 10 October 1910 Taddéoli won a generous prize at the flight meeting in Bern after having reached an altitude of ; this prize and the returns of several demonstration flights –  in November 1910, Viry-Lausanne-Blécherette in 60 minutes () on 31 May 1911, overflying Carouge and Geneva at an altitude of , the Swiss record in a flight over  – allowed him to buy, in April of the following year, a Morane-Borel monoplane, succeeding in flight meetings among them in Lausanne, Annecy (France), Viry, Lugano, Avenches, Geneva (altitude of ), Bern, Planeyse, Dübendorf etc.

Seaplanes and later years

In June 1911, in co-operation with Edouard Perrot (Edouard Perrot & Cie), Taddéoli started to design the seaplane "La Mouette", making preparatory experiments using a Dufaux 4 biplane equipped with floats. On 24/25 June 1911, during a flight meeting in Annecy, he crashed his Dufaux 5 on Lake Geneva. On 26 March 1912 a first takeoff attempt was not successful, and "La Mouette" was destroyed. While taking off to fly from Bern to Biel/Bienne on 3 June 1913, Taddéoli lost a wheel, but the good fortune was again with him. Oskar Bider witnessed the incident and took off with the wheel to catch Taddéoli up, to warn him of the danger: Taddéoli landed without problems in Bienne. During the following years, Taddéoli took part in 45 flight meetings within 53 months, and achieved more rewards and records. An application to join the military aviation troops was rejected because he was married.

For a while he earned his living flying passengers, later Taddéoli left Switzerland for Sesto Calende in Italy on the southern tip of Lago Maggiore where he was hired as test pilot for Savoia in mid-1914. This manufacturer of hydroplanes was the leader in Europe, and the SIAI S.13 seaplane was a bestselling aircraft. During these five years of activity, Taddéoli made more than 2,700 flight tests, flying about .

In January 1919, Emile Taddéoli was pioneering again in crossing the Apennine Mountains in a seaplane between Sesto Calende and San Remo. On 12 July 1919, with a passenger on board, he flew from Calende on Lago Maggiore to Lake Geneva in 110 minutes, overflying the Mont Blanc () massif in his Savoia S-13.

In July 1919 he became director and chief pilot for Avion Tourisme SA; on 12 October 1919, Taddéoli started as chief pilot on seaplanes for the later Ad Astra Aero S.A. On 7 April 1920, he was pioneering again in crossing the Alps from Lugano to Geneva in 85 minutes with a passenger (Eric Debétaz) on board.

Death

Emile died on 24 May 1920 when a SIAI S.13 in which he was making a demonstration flight at an air show in Romanshorn disintegrated at an altitude of . His 23 years old mechanic, Y. Giovanelli, was also killed.

Honor
Emile Taddéoli was honored by the then king of Italy for his merits as Chevalier de l'ordre royal d'Italie. A monument on his grave in Geneva was inaugurated in 1932, and a train was named after Emile Taddéoli.

Gallery

References

External links

 Emile Taddéoli on Pionnair-GE

1879 births
1920 deaths
Aviation pioneers
Swiss aviators
Swiss aviation record holders
Swiss test pilots
Engineers from Geneva

Émile Taddéoli


An instrumental is music that has no words or people singing. The music is made only by musical instruments, or by makings sounds using other things, like bins.

Some types of music like Jazz and classical music have a lot of instrumentals, but most other types of popular music do not.

Some very popular instrumental songs are:

 "Theme from A Summer Place" by Percy Faith
 "Grazing in the Grass" by Hugh Masekela
 "Classical Gas" by Mason Williams
 "Frankenstein" by Edgar Winter Group
 "Love's Theme" by Love Unlimited Orchestra
 "The Hustle" - Van McCoy
 "Rise" by Herb Alpert
 "Chariots of Fire" by Vangelis
 "Miami Vice Theme" by Jan Hammer

References

Musical forms

Instrumental


An aircraft registration is a unique alphanumeric string that identifies an aircraft, in similar fashion to a licence plate on an automobile. In accordance with the Convention on International Civil Aviation all aircraft must be registered with a national authority (such as the Federal Aviation Administration or Transport Canada), and furthermore, they must carry proof of this registration in the form of a legal document called a Certificate of Registration at all times when in operation. Most countries also require the aircraft registration to be imprinted on a permanent fireproof plate mounted on the fuselage for the purposes of post-fire/post-crash aircraft accident investigation.

Aviation licenses and certifications

Aircraft registration


The television licence (sometimes called the TV licence or the television tax) is a small tax that people pay to watch television. It is used to pay, or part-pay, for the local public broadcaster, such as the BBC in the United Kingdom. It mainly exists in Europe, East Asia and parts of Africa. The licence fee varies in size from a few euros to around 350 euros per year in Iceland. In return for paying the licence, the broadcaster does have few or no adverts.

In the past, before television was well known, people used to have a radio licence, which is a roughly the same as television licence, but for radio. Some countries still have the radio licence together with the television licence.

License

Television licence


Esteban Louis Powell (born June 15, 1976) is an American actor.

He attended the High School for the Performing and Visual Arts in Houston, a magnet school of the Houston Independent School District. He was cast in the role of Carl Burnett in the 1993 Richard Linklater film Dazed and Confused.

Since, he has appeared in the films Hysteria - The Def Leppard Story, Drake Bell: The Untitled Project (A Teaser), Runaways, Paper Cut, and Shiloh Falls among others. He has appeared in episodes of Beverly Hills, 90210, Touched by an Angel, CSI: Crime Scene Investigation, Reba, Dawson's Creek, Charmed, Gilmore Girls, House, and Monk. In 2000-2001, he played Jargon in Level 9. He co-starred in the A&E Network series The Cleaner, which ran for two seasons from 2008 to 2009.

External links

 Esteban Powell stars in Wreckless Epic

1976 births
Living people
Male actors from Houston
American male actors
High School for the Performing and Visual Arts alumni

Esteban Powell