Dumbo is a 1941 American animated movie. It was produced by Walt Disney Productions. It was first released on October 23, 1941 by RKO Radio Pictures. The fourth movie in the Walt Disney Animated Classics, Dumbo is based upon a child's book of the same name by Helen Aberson and illustrated by Harold Perl. The main character is Jumbo Jr., a baby elephant who is cruelly nicknamed Dumbo. He is ridiculed for his big ears, but in fact he is capable of flying by using them as wings. Throughout most of the movie, his only true friend aside from his mother is the mouse Timothy, making fun of the stereotype between mice and elephants. Dumbo was made to make up for the damages of Pinocchio and Fantasia. The movie has been criticized in recent years as being "racist" (the leader crow in the movie was named "Jim Crow" and at some point in the 1950s was renamed "Dandy Crow" in attempt to avoid controversy, but the original name is still the one mostly known, although it was supposed to be just a sarcastic mockery to the Jim Crow laws in the Southern USA back then and was used only on the character's model sheets), yet is also considered to be one of Disney's best movies. It was an attempt to be simple and make profits for the Disney studio, is now generally regarded as a classic of animation. At 64 minutes, it is one of Disney's shortest animated features.

The story
Florida, 1941. Mrs. Jumbo sadly looks on how babies are delivered by the stork to other circus animals. As even a baby elephant makes a pretty heavy package, hers is the last to arrive, but soon becomes the laughing stock of the others because of his big ears, getting meanly named "Dumbo" by the others. When Mrs. Jumbo can not take the public making fun of her son, she is locked up as "mad elephant", and Dumbo finds himself all alone. A mouse named Timothy comes and scares the mean herd. He encourages Dumbo and tells the circus director to make Dumbo the top (literally) of an elephant pyramid stunt which ends up literally bringing the house down, and Dumbo is given the job of "baby clown" in a repetitive, humiliating and dangerous number as punishment. To cheer Dumbo up, Timothy brings him to go see his mother. The next morning, they find themselves up in a tree with a bunch of crows, who discover that Dumbo can fly.

Cast
 Dumbo is the mute title character.
 Edward Brophy: Timothy Q. Mouse
 Herman Bing: The Ringmaster
 Margaret Wright: Casey Junior
 Sterling Holloway: Mr. Stork
 Cliff Edwards: Jim/Dandy Crow
 Hall Johnson Choir: Crow Chorus
 Nick Stewart: Specks Crow
 James Baskett: Fats Crow
 Hall Johnson: Deacon Crow
 Jim Carmichael: Dopey Crow
 Verna Felton: Elephant Matriarch, Mrs. Jumbo
 Dorothy Scott: Elephant Giddy
 Sarah Selby: Elephant Prissy
 Noreen Gammill: Elephant Catty
 John McLeish: Narrator
 The Sportsmen: Themselves
 Note: These actors were credited in the opening credits of the movie.

Crew
 Based on the Book by: Helen Aberson and Harold Pearl
 Supervising Director: Ben Sharpsteen
 Screen Story by: Joe Grant and Dick Huemer
 Story Direction: Otto Englander
 Sequence Directors: Norman Ferguson, Wilfred Jackson, Bill Roberts, Jack Kinney, Sam Armstrong
 Animation Directors: Vladimir Tytla, Fred Moore, Ward Kimball, John Lounsbery, Art Babbitt, Woolie Reitherman
 Story Development: Bill Peet, Aurie Battaglia, Joe Rinaldi, George Stallings, Webb Smith
 Character Designs: John P. Miller, Martin Provenson, John Walbridge, James Bodrero, Maurice Noble, Elmer Plummer
 Music: Oliver Wallace and Frank Churchill
 Lyrics: Ned Washington
 Orchestration: Edward Plumb
 Art Direction: Herb Ryman, Ken O'Conner, Terrell Stapp, Don Da Gradi, Al Zinnen, Ernest Nordli, Dick Kelsey, Charles Payzant
 Backgrounds: Claude Coats, Al Dempster, John Hench, Gerald Nevius, Ray Lockrem, Joe Stahley
 Animation: Hugh Fraiser, Harvey Toombs, Milt Neil, Hicks Lokey, Howard Swift, Don Towsley, Les Clark, Claude Smith, Berny Wolf, Jack Campbell, Walt Kelly, Don Patterson, Cy Young, Ray Patterson, Grant Simmons, Josh Meador, Bill Shull, Art Palmer
 Story: Vernon Stallings
 Art Direction: John Hubley
 Animation Director: Frank Thomas
 Cel Painter: Phyllis Bounds Detiege
 Animators: Eric Larson, Retta Scott
 Singing Voice for "Look Out for Mr. Stork": Thurl Ravenscroft

Characters

Dumbo the Flying Elephant
Dumbo is the main character in the movie. He is a fictional anthropomorphic elephant who has really big ears. He can fly using his big ears. Similar to Dopey from Snow White and the 7 Dwarfs and Gideon in Pinocchio, Dumbo has no spoken dialogue. However, in the live-action/puppet television series Dumbo's Circus, Dumbo was voiced by Katie Leigh.

In the movie, Dumbo is delivered by Mr. Stork, and is made fun of for the strange size of his ears. As his mother, Mrs. Jumbo, beats up the bullies who pick on her baby, the ringmaster has his helpers chain her up and lock her up in a trailer, which says: "MAD ELEPHANT". It is then that Timothy Q. Mouse looks after Dumbo. The two of them try to make Dumbo famous and get his mother free. Thanks to the help of a "magic feather" from some crows, Dumbo flies to fame, and gets his mother free.

Timothy the Mouse
Timothy Q. Mouse is a mouse who became the only friend of elephants Dumbo and his mother Mrs. Jumbo. He teaches Dumbo how to become the ninth wonder of the universe, and the only flying elephant in the whole world.

Mrs. Jumbo
Mrs. Jumbo is Dumbo's mother. Deeply depressed at not having her baby delivered, she loves her son more than anything. She becomes angry when the boys pick on him.

Other characters include the other elephants who also make fun of Dumbo, the Ringmaster, the clowns of the circus, the Pink Elephants, Mr. Stork and the Crows who give Dumbo the "magic feather" and teach him to fly.

Release
Even though World War II was going on, Dumbo was still the most financially successful Disney movie of the 1940s. This was one of the first of Disney's animated movies to be broadcast, albeit severely edited, on television, as part of Disney's anthology series. The movie then received another distinction of note in 1981, when it was the first of Disney's canon of animated movies to be released on home video and also was released in the Walt Disney Classics Video Collection in 1985. That release was followed by remastered versions in: 1986, 1989, 1991 (Classics), and 1994 (Masterpiece). In 2001, a 60th Anniversary Special Edition was released that has original RKO titles. In 2006, a "Big Top Edition" of the movie was released on DVD that also has original RKO titles. A UK Special Edition was released in May 2007 and was a successful Disney release.

Theatrical release history

United States
 October 23, 1941 (original release)
 May 25, 1949 (the final RKO release)
 June 6, 1959 (the first Buena Vista release)
 June 3, 1977

Worldwide
 Brazil: November 17, 1941
 Argentina: December 24, 1941
 United Kingdom: February 8, 1942
 Canada: March 31, 1942
 Australia: June 4, 1942
 Mexico: July 9, 1942
 Portugal: January 27, 1944
 Spain: September 25, 1944 (Madrid)
 Spain: December 14, 1944 (Barcelona)
 Sweden: September 16, 1946
 Netherlands: April 25, 1947
 Belgium: April 25, 1947
 France: October 25, 1947
 Norway: December 26, 1947
 Denmark: June 25, 1948
 Hong Kong: August 19, 1948
 Colombia: September 16, 1948
 Finland: October 1, 1948
 Italy: October 2, 1948
 Argentinian inChilean Spanish: October 15, 1948
 Poland: October 23, 1949
 West Germany: April 8, 1952
 Austria: May 22, 1953
 Japan: March 13, 1954
 Philippines: September 28, 1955
 Israel: January 21, 1967
 Lebanon: May 14, 1968
 Iraq: October 18, 1979
 Kuwait: October 14, 1986
 Chad: January 12, 1989
 China: July 12, 1989 (Beijing)

Home video release history
 June 4, 1982, 1981 (VHS and Betamax)
 June 4, 1982 (Laserdisc)
 December 3, 1986 (VHS and Betamax - 45th Anniversary- Walt Disney Classics)
 July 13, 1990 VHS and Laserdisc -Walt Disney Classics
 May 3, 1991 (VHS and Laserdisc - 50th Anniversary Edition - Walt Disney Classics)
 October 28, 1994 (VHS and Laserdisc - Walt Disney Masterpiece Collection)
 August 17, 1999 VHS Walt Disney Masterpiece Collection
 October 23, 2001 (VHS and DVD - 60th Anniversary Edition)
 June 6, 2006 (DVD - Big Top Edition)
 September 20, 2011 Blu-Ray and DVD - 70th Anniversary Edition
 April 26, 2016 Blu-Ray - 75th Anniversary Edition

Reception
The movie received very good reviews and did well at the box office despite being released less than 2 months before World War II.

It also has been known as both a classic and a masterpiece, and has received a Special Edition 60th Anniversary Disney DVD on October 23, 2001, exatly 60 years after its first release. That release featured a sneak peek of a direct-to-video sequel called Dumbo 2. The preview showed a lot of sketches and storyboard ideas. The main story has to do with Dumbo and his new friends getting separated from the rest of the circus as they wonder into the big city. Dumbo's new friends are Claude and Lolly the twin bears who leave chaos everywhere they go, Dot the curious zebra, Godfrey the hippo who is older and wants to do things for himself, and Penny the adventurous ostrich. Timothy returns as well. The story was supposed to be as if the first Dumbo ended and this one started the next day. The project seems to have been canceled,as no further announcements have been made since, plus the fact that The Little Mermaid: Ariel's Beginning, Tinker Bell, and its sequels, were to be the last projests for DisneyToon Studios.

The crow characters in the movie are often seen as African-American stereotypes.
The leader crow voiced by Cliff Edwards was originally named "Jim Crow" for script purposes. The other crows are all voiced by African-American actors and singers, all members of the Hall Johnson Choir: Nick Stewart, James Baskett, Jim Carmichael and Hall Johnson. The late famous duo of African-American dancers Freddie and Eugene Jackson were invited and hired by Disney to work as live-action reference and models for the animators of the characters, like the chief-animator and Disney Legend Ward Kimball, improvising dances and movements then used in the iconic musical sequence "When I See An Elephant Fly". Despite suggestions of racism by writers like Richard Schickel, many historians, critics, writers, pundits and personalities such as John Grant, Leonard Maltin, John Canemaker, Floyd Norman, Eric Goldberg, Alex Wainer, Michael Wilmington, Whoopi Goldberg and Neal Gabler reject these claims. For instance, the crows are noted as forming the majority of the characters in the movie who are empathetic and sympathetic to Dumbo's plight (the others are Timothy Q. Mouse and Mrs Jumbo), they are free spirits who serve nobody, and intelligent characters aware of the power of self-confidence and of what means being ostracized and marginalized, unlike the Stepin Fetchit stereotype common at that time and in the previous decade. Furthermore, their song "When I See An Elephant Fly" is more orientated to mocking Timothy Mouse than Dumbo's large ears.

Soundtrack listing
 Main Title (01:47)
 Look Out For Mister Stork (02:16)
 Loading The Train / Casey Junior / Stork On A Cloud / Straight From Heaven / Mother And Baby (04:58)
 Song Of The Roustabouts (02:38)
 Circus Parade (01:28)
 Bathtime / Hide And Seek (01:31)
 Ain't That The Funniest Thing / Berserk / Dumbo Shunned / A Mouse! / Dumbo And Timothy (03:23)
 The Pyramid Of Pachyderms (01:58)
 No Longer An Elephant / Dumbo's Sadness / A Visit In The Night / Baby Mine (03:34)
 Clown Song (01:00)
 Hiccups / Firewater / Bubbles / Did You See That? / Pink Elephants On Parade (06:07)
 Up A Tree / The Fall / Timothy's Theory (01:32)
 When I See An Elephant Fly (01:48)
 You Oughta Be Ashamed (01:10)
 The Flight Test / When I See An Elephant Fly (Reprise) (00:57)
 Save My Child / The Threshold Of Success / Dumbo's Triumph / Making History / Finale (02:14)
 Spread Your Wing (Demo Recording) (01:08)

Songs
 Baby Mine (Betty Noyes)
 Casey Junior (The Sportsmen)
 Look Out for Mr. Stork (The Sportsmen)
 Song of the Roustabouts (The King's Men)
 The Clown Song (A.K.A."We're gonna hit the big boss for a rise") (Billy Bletcher, Eddie Holden and Billy Sheets)
 Pink Elephants on Parade (The Sportsmen)
 When I See an Elephant Fly (Cliff Edwards and the Hall Johnson Choir)
 When I See an Elephant Fly (Reprise)

Media and marketing

Dumbo's Circus
Dumbo's Circus was a live-action puppet television programme for preschool audiences that aired on The Disney Channel in the 1980s. Unlike in the movie, Dumbo spoke on the show. Each character would perform a special act, which ranged from dancing and singing to telling knock knock jokes.

Books
 Walt Disney's Dumbo Happy to Help: () A picture book Disney Press by Random House Disney, written by Liane Onish, illustrated by Peter Emslie. It was published January 23, 2001, this paperback is for children age 4-8. Twenty-four pages long, its 0.08 inches thick, and with cover dimensions of 7.88 x 7.88 inches.
 Walt Disney's Dumbo Book of Opposites () A book published in August 1997 by Golden Books under the Golden Board Book brand. It was written by Alan Benjamin, illustrated by Peter Emslie, and edited by Heather Lowenberg. Twelve pages long and a quarter of an inch thick, this board edition book had dimensions of 7.25 x 6.00 inches.
 Walt Disney's Dumbo the Circus Baby () A book published in September 1993 by Golden Press under the A Golden Sturdy Shape Book brand. Illustrated by Peter Emslie and written by Diane Muldrow, this book is meant for babies and preschoolers. Twelve pages long and half an inch thick, this book's cover size is 9.75 x 6.25 inches.
 Walt Disney's Dumbo
 Dumbo (My First Disney Story)
 Fly, Dumbo, Fly!
 I'm Gonna Like Me: Letting Off a Little Self-Esteem

Theme parks
Dumbo the Flying Elephant is a popular ride that appears in Walt Disney World's Magic Kingdom, Disneyland, Tokyo Disneyland, Disneyland Park (Paris), and Hong Kong Disneyland.

Video games
Dumbo appears as a hero in the game Kingdom Hearts. Sora, the main character, flies on him and Dumbo splashes enemies with water from his trunk.

Titles in other languages
  (Dumbo)

  (xiǎo fēi xiàng, or Little Flying Elephant)

  (Danbo)
  (Dumbo)

  (Dambo)
  (Dambo)

(NOTE: Most of the above titles were later renamed simply Dumbo.)

Directing animators
 Art Babbitt (Mr. Stork, Clowns)
 Ward Kimball (The Crows)
 John Lounsbery (Timothy Mouse and Dumbo)
 Wolfgang Reitherman (Timothy Mouse)
 Vladimir Tytla (Dumbo, the elephants)
 Fred Moore (Timothy Mouse)
 Frank Thomas (Pink Elephants)
 Note:All directing animators were credited on supervising these characters except Frank Thomas.

Sequence directors
 Wilfred Jackson (Dumbo)
 Jack Kinney (The Crows)
 Sam Armstrong (Casey Junior, Mr. Stork)
 Bill Roberts (Timothy Mouse, Clowns)
 Norman Ferguson (Pink Elephants, Circus animals)

References

Other websites

1941 adventure movies
1941 musical movies
1940s family movies
American family movies
American musical movies
Buddy movies
Disney animated movies
English-language movies
Movies based on books
Movies about elephants
Movies about mice
Movies about birds
Movies about animals
Movies about animal cruelty
Movies about bullying
Movies with circus settings
Movies composed by Oliver Wallace

Dumbo


A Navy Directory, formerly the Navy List  or Naval Register is an official list of naval officers, their ranks and seniority, the ships which they command or to which they are appointed, etc., that is published by the government or naval authorities of a country.

Background
The Navy List fulfills an important function in international law in that warships are required by article 29 of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea to be commanded by a commissioned officer whose name appears in the appropriate service list. Past copies of the Navy List are also important sources of information for historians and genealogists.  When a ship is removed from the navy list of any country, the ship is said to be "stricken."

The Navy List for the Royal Navy is no longer published in hard-copy.  The Royal Navy (United Kingdom) publishes annual lists of active and reserve officers, and biennial lists of retired officers. In 2015, the Navy List of the Royal Navy was renamed the "Navy Directory."  The equivalent in the United States Navy is the Naval Vessel Register, which is updated online on a continuous basis.

Resources
Good sources of historical data on the Royal Navy Navy Lists are:

 The Naval Historical Branch, Portsmouth Naval Base.
 The Central Library Portsmouth, Guildhall Square.
 The National Archives, Kew, that has an almost complete set including unpublished editions produced during the Second World War for internal use by the Admiralty.
 The Caird Library of the National Maritime Museum has in its collection bound monthly lists published by the Admiralty, and the concurrently published Steel's Navy Lists

See also
 Army List
 Naval Vessel Register

Citations

General and cited references
 The 1766 Navy List, edited by E. C. Coleman, published by Ancholme Publishing,

External links
 US Naval Register (US Navy)
 Useful resources and information, includes latest Navy Directory (Royal Navy)

Directories
Royal Navy
Ship registration
United States Navy

Navy Directory


Rhyme royal is a seven-line stanza with rhyme scheme a-b-a-b-b-c-c. It is also spelled Rime royal.

It is unknown who invented this scheme. Geoffrey Chaucer introduced the stanza into English poetry in 14th century. It may have been borrowed from Italian or French poetry, but the form became typically English. Chaucer used the form in Troilus and Criseyde. Rhyme royal was popular in the 15th and 16th centuries.

Many English and Scottish poets used rhyme royal. It is suitable for long poems. In English literature rhyme royal is almost always composed of ten-syllable lines with five beats. Outside England rhyme royal is not as popular. In the United States Emma Lazarus wrote some poems using ababbcc rhyme-scheme. This stanza comes form her poem Sympathy (included in Epochs).

 It comes not in such wise as she had deemed,
 Else might she still have clung to her despair.
 More tender, grateful than she could have dreamed,
 Fond hands passed pitying over brows and hair,
 And gentle words borne softly through the air,
 Calming her weary sense and wildered mind,
 By welcome, dear communion with her kind.

Poets who wrote rhyme royal frequently were William Morris and John Masefield. In 20th century the stanza went out of use.

References

Bibliography
 Joseph Berg Esenwein, Mary Eleanor Roberts, Art of Versification. Revised edition. Springfield: 1920.

Poetry forms

Rhyme royal


Theodore "Teddy" Roosevelt, Jr. (October 27, 1858 – January 6, 1919) was the 26th president of the United States from 1901 to 1909. At only 42 years old, he remains the youngest person ever to become president, which he did following the assassination of President McKinley. He was born in New York City. Roosevelt is often ranked as one of the greatest presidents in American history.

Early life
Theodore Roosevelt was born on October 27, 1858, in New York City. He was curious as a child, so he took up studying animals. He also took up boxing. He went to college at Harvard. He married twice, first to Alice Hathaway Lee and later to Edith Kermit Carow. He had six children: Alice, Theodore Jr., Kermit, Ethel, Archie and Quentin.

In politics
After spending time in North Dakota, Roosevelt was elected into the New York State Legislature, and served, as a Civil Service Commissioner and New York City police commissioner (a non-police officer who is in charge of making the police department run smoothly). In 1897, he was appointed Assistant Secretary of the Navy, but gave up on that to fight in the Spanish American War.

Roosevelt became Governor of New York, then vice-president. After William McKinley was shot and killed, he became President of the United States.

Soldier
Roosevelt joined the US Army in the Spanish-American War. He was a Lieutenant Colonel in the 1st U. S. Volunteer Cavalry. These horsemen were called the "Roughriders".

For his actions during the war, Roosevelt was recommended for the Medal of Honor.

In 2001, Theodore Roosevelt became the first President to receive the Medal of Honor.

Medal of Honor
Roosevelt's Medal of Honor recognized his conduct in frontline fighting in Cuba in 1898.

The words of Roosevelt's citation explain:
Lieutenant Colonel Theodore Roosevelt distinguished himself by acts of bravery on 1 July 1898, near Santiago de Cuba, Republic of Cuba, while leading a daring charge up San Juan Hill. Lieutenant Colonel Roosevelt, in total disregard for his personal safety, and accompanied by only four or five men, led a desperate and gallant charge up San Juan Hill, encouraging his troops to continue the assault through withering enemy fire over open countryside. Facing the enemy's heavy fire, he displayed extraordinary bravery throughout the charge, and was the first to reach the enemy trenches, where he quickly killed one of the enemy with his pistol, allowing his men to continue the assault. His leadership and valor turned the tide in the Battle for San Juan Hill. Lieutenant Colonel Roosevelt's extraordinary heroism and devotion to duty are in keeping with the highest traditions of military service and reflect great credit upon himself, his unit, and the United States Army.

Presidency
As President, Roosevelt worked to make the U.S. a world power, one of the most powerful countries in the world. Before, it had been the richest country in the world, but not a significant military power. Roosevelt's foreign policy was described by an African proverb as "speak softly and carry a big stick", meaning you do not have to make war, but should give that impression if you are to be respected. He increased the size of the United States' navy and sent all of the ships across the world to demonstrate to other countries that the United States was strong and could fight if needs be.

He continued the Monroe Doctrine and used the country's military might to influence Latin American politics. He had the Panama Canal built (which allowed ships to travel in less time by taking a shortcut). In doing so, he created the independent country of Panama, which before was part of Colombia, by invading it. He also took a part for the United States, which is where the canal was built. It was not turned over to Panama until 1999. As president, he was interested in what happened in other countries. In 1905, he helped to end the war between the Russian and Japanese empires. Everybody thought Russia would defeat Japan, but the result was the opposite. Roosevelt met both parties and convinced them to sign a peace treaty. He won a Nobel Peace Prize for this work in 1906. He was the first president of any country to win the prize.

At home, Roosevelt fought for all Americans having a "Square Deal", meaning an equal chance for all Americans to become successful. As part of his Square Deal, he regulated big businesses called trusts, and forced several of them to split up in several smaller companies. This should support competition, which he thought was important. Roosevelt supported labor laws for the working class, required meat and drugs to be inspected, and protected the environment. He created several nature reserves. These ideas would influence later presidents to expand the government's role in the economy and to help ordinary workers. Many in the Republican party opposed him because of this, however.

After being president
Roosevelt did not run for president in 1908, as he had the office for nearly eight years. He wanted his Solicitor General, William Howard Taft to run for president instead. Taft was chosen, and Roosevelt went to Africa to hunt big game. However, when he came back, he thought Taft was not doing a good job and taking too little actions against so-called trusts. Taft was also more conservative and he did not continue all of Roosevelt's progressive policies. He decided to challenge Taft for the Republican nomination in 1912. He failed, but many Republicans preferred Roosevelt, and instead he launched his own party, the Progressive party. While running for president and holding a speech, he was shot, but lived and even finished his speech. Because the Republican voters split between Roosevelt and Taft, they both lost to Woodrow Wilson. Roosevelt also thought Wilson was not doing a good job, either, and wanted the U.S. to enter World War I after it broke out. He prepared to run again, for the third time, in 1920. Nobody had served more than eight years at the time. Roosevelt died, however, on January 6, 1919 of a Blood Clot in his sleep. Because he was so strong, a newspaper commented that "death had to take Roosevelt asleep", because if he had been awake there would have been a fight between him and death.

Other Information
Besides being president, Roosevelt was an author and historian. He wrote 35 books about politics, ships, and hunting. He is thought to be one of America's presidents who read the most. He owned a large ranch in North Dakota. He also hunted large animals throughout the world and was active with the Boy Scouts of America.

Legacy
Roosevelt is one of four Presidents to be carved in stone on Mount Rushmore. Historians consider him one of the best U.S. presidents.

Namesake
Theodore Roosevelt is the namesake of many American schools. He has a national park in North Dakota named after him, a type of elk (big deer), as well as river in Brazil. The popular stuffed animal doll, the Teddy bear, was named after Roosevelt.

Two US Navy ships are named after him:
 USS Theodore Roosevelt (SSBN-600), a submarine that was in commission from 1961 to 1982
 USS Theodore Roosevelt (CVN-71), an aircraft carrier that has been in the Atlantic Fleet since 1986

References

Notes

Other websites
 Theodore Roosevelt's White House biography

1858 births
1919 deaths
American environmentalists
American military personnel of the Spanish-American War
American Nobel Prize winners
American progressives
Deaths from pulmonary embolism
American civil servants
American colonels
Governors of New York (state)
Politicians from New York (state)

United States Army Medal of Honor recipients
Republican Party (United States) politicians
20th-century American politicians
19th-century American politicians
Roosevelt family

Theodore Roosevelt


Erse-Scots is the name o the eithnic group in Scotland wha are o Erse origin. Maist o the Erse-Scots cam tae Scotland durin the 19t century acause of the Erse Faimin whit causit aroond 250,000 Erse fowk tae cam tae Scotland. Thay wuid cam tae Scotland in muckle nummers again in the mid 20t century lookin for wark as the Erse economy haed muckle unemployment. The nummers in whit Erse Scots hae cam tae Scotland are kenable in the nummer o Roman Catholics in Scotland. Roman Catholics were anely aboot 5% o the population o Scotland in the mid 19t century but nou adays thay mak up aroond 15% of the Scottis population. Awtho thare are aroond 800,000 Erse-Scots in Scotland verra few o them state thair eithnicity as Erse despite mony o them bein Erse naitionalists.

Celtic Fitbaw Club are maistly follaed bi Erse-Scots an were foondit bi them, thay are muckle rivals wi Rangers Fitbaw Club wha are maistly follaed bi the native Scots o the wast o Scotland. The Erse-Scots an native Scots hae haed fasht times parteecular in Glesga, this is maistly due tae the releegious an eithnic differences atween the twa fowks an the naitural tension atween natives an immigrants. Erse-Scots are maistly Roman Catholics an the native Scots are maistly Protestants, this difference is kenable acause o the unalike schuils in Scotland an is stelt bi the fitbaw rivalry atween Rangers FC and Celtic FC, an tae a smawer boond the fitbaw rivalry atween Edinburgh clubs Hert o Midlowden FC an Hibernian FC.

Sam famous Irish-Scots are Sean Connery, Tommy Sheridan an Billy Connolly.

History o Ireland
I

Erse-Scots


George Andrew Romero (February 4, 1940 – July 16, 2017) was an American-Canadian director, writer, editor and actor. He is known for his horror movies with zombie themes.

Life and work
Romero was born in the Bronx, New York City to a Cuban-American father of Spanish ancestry and a Lithuanian-American mother.

Romero went to Pittsburgh's Carnegie Mellon University. After graduating in 1960, he started directing short movies and commercials before moving onto horror movies. He and friends started a directing group called Image Ten Productions in the 1960s, and they made Night of the Living Dead (1968). The movie was directed by Romero and written with John A. Russo. It became a cult classic.

Later, Romero made There's Always Vanilla (1971), Jack's Wife / Season of the Witch (1972) and The Crazies (1973), Martin (1977), and Creepshow (1982). His most well-known movies are Night of the Living Dead and Creepshow.

In 1978, Romero made another zombie movie called Dawn of the Dead (1978). The movie made over $55 million and was named one of the top cult movies by Entertainment Weekly in 2003. Romero made a third zombie movie called Day of the Dead (1985), which was less popular.

In the 1980s and 1990s, Romero made other movies such as Monkey Shines (1988) (about a killer helper monkey), Two Evil Eyes (1990), The Dark Half (1993) and Bruiser (2000) (about a man whose face becomes a blank mask).

In 1998, Romero made a commercial for Resident Evil 2.

Universal Studios made a remake of Dawn of the Dead in 2004, without Romero.

Romero divorced his wife, Christine Forrest. They have two children together. Romero then married Suzanne Desrocher in 2011. He became a dual American -Canadian citizen in 2009.

Death
Romero died of lung cancer on July 16, 2017 in Toronto, Ontario at the age of 77.

Favourite movies
Romero chose his favourite top ten movies of all time as: The Brothers Karamazov, Casablanca, Dr. Strangelove, High Noon, King Solomon's Mines (1950), North by Northwest, The Quiet Man, Repulsion, Touch of Evil and The Tales of Hoffman. The Tales of Hoffman is Romero's "favourite film of all time; the movie that made me want to make movies."

Movies made
 Night of the Living Dead (1968)
 There's Always Vanilla (1971)
 The Crazies (1973)
 Jack's Wife / Season of the Witch (1973)
 The Winners (1973, television series)
 O. J. Simpson: Juice on the Loose (1974)
 Martin (1977)
 Dawn of the Dead (1978)
 Knightriders (1981)
 Creepshow (1982)
 Tales from the Darkside (1984, television series)
 Day of the Dead (1985)
 Monkey Shines (1988)
 Two Evil Eyes (1990)
 The Dark Half (1993)
 Bruiser (2000)
 Land of the Dead (2005)
 Diary of the Dead (2008)
 Island of the Dead (2009)
 The Crazies (2010)

Books written
 Dawn of the Dead (with Susan Sparrow; movie tie-in), 1979
 Bizarro! by Tom Savini (foreword), 1984
 Martin (with Susan Sparrow; movie tie-in), 1984
 Book of the Dead edited by John Skipp and Craig Spector (foreword), 1989
 Toe Tags #1-6 ("The Death of Death"; DC Comics), 2004–2005

Critical studies
 Gagne, Paul R. The Zombies That Ate Pittsburgh: the Films of George A. Romero (New York: Dodd, Mead 1987)
 Newman, Kim. Nightmare Movies: A Critical History of the Horror Film 1968-1988 (1988)
 Williams, Tony. Knight of the Living Dead: The Cinema of George A. Romero (London: Wallflower Press 2003)

References

Other websites

Simon Pegg interviews George A. Romero
Homepage of the Dead - Romero Fan Site (information, forums, art gallery and fiction)

1940 births
2017 deaths
Actors from the Bronx
American cinematographers
American movie actors
American movie editors
American television directors
American television producers
Canadian movie actors
Canadian movie directors
Canadian movie producers
Canadian screenwriters
Canadian television directors
Canadian television producers
Cancer deaths in Ontario
Deaths from lung cancer
Movie directors from New York City
Movie producers from New York City
Naturalized citizens of Canada
Screenwriters from New York City
Writers from the Bronx

George A. Romero


A billboard (or billing board) is a large sign displaying advertisements. They are usually placed in places where many people will see them, such as alongside busy roads or in marketplaces. They show large posters, bulletins, and other kinds of visual advertisements.

Style
Billboards that are along roads are designed to be noticed, since they are seen for only a few seconds. They usually have only a few words on them. Sometimes they have a humorous picture on them. For example, Chick-fil-A billboards have cows trying to get people to eat chicken.

Kinds of billboards
Painted billboards are made usually by hand. They are painted onto large pieces of paper, which are then attached to large panels. The panels are then installed using cranes.

Digital billboards use large screens to show the advertisement. Some digital billboards can change their message every so often, so several advertisements show up on the same billboard.

Painted billboards these are now quite rare having been replaced by graphically produced billboards. However, in instances where only a single board is required they are still used in some areas.

Mobile billboards the purpose of mobile billboards is to go to where their target audience happens to be such as where a large event is taking place. As they are less common the advertisement tends to be more memorable.

Three-dimensional billboards. Another modern type of billboard and due to the artistry that they often contain they capture the attention and interest of all who see them.

Transport Billboards are located within train, metro and underground stations. There are lots of different sizes and formats, typically located within walkways and tunnels busy with passengers.

History
Some of the earliest billboards were made in the 1880s. In the early 1900s, many people in the U.S. were buying cars like the Ford Model Ts. During this time, it became popular for businesses to put billboards along highways.

Related pages
 Neon sign
 Poster
 Street furniture

Street furniture
Advertising

Billboard


Caprice No. 24 in A minor is the final caprice of Niccolò Paganini's 24 Caprices, and a famous work for solo violin. The caprice, in the key of A minor, consists of a theme, 11 variations, and a finale. His 24 Caprices were probably composed between 1802 and 1817, while he was in the service of the Baciocchi court.

It is widely considered one of the most difficult pieces ever written for the solo violin. It requires many highly advanced techniques such as parallel octaves and rapid shifting covering many intervals, extremely fast scales and arpeggios including minor scales, left hand pizzicato, high positions, and quick string crossings. Also, there are many double stops, including thirds and tenths.

Variations on the theme

The caprice has provided a rich seam of material for works by subsequent composers.  Compositions based on it, and transcriptions of it, include:
 Angra – Used the main theme for an interlude on electric guitar on the song Angels Cry, from the album of same name
 Aria – used as a basis for the main riff in the song Igra s ognyom (Playing with Fire) from the 1989 album of the same name. The plot of the song concerns a fictional violinist who is based on Paganini
 Leopold Auer – arranged it for violin with piano accompaniment, and added some variations of his own
 Rafał Augustyn - Paganini Variations, for solo piano (1987–1989) (reference: www.polmic.pl)
 Luc Baiwir – Variations on a Theme by Paganini, for solo piano (2007)
 David Baker – Ethnic Variations on a Theme of Paganini, for violin and piano
 BanYa – Caprice of Otada is based on Rachmaninoff's Rhapsody on a Theme of Paganini and is used in Pump it Up NX2
 Alison Balsom – recorded a version transcribed for trumpet
 James Barnes – Fantasy Variations on a Theme by Niccolo Paganini, a wind band arrangement with each variation as a solo for a particular section
 Isaak Berkovich – Variations on a Theme by Paganini, for solo piano (1950 ?)
 Boris Blacher – Variations on a Theme by Paganini (1947), for orchestra
 Hans Bottermund – Variations on a Theme by Paganini, for cello solo
 Johannes Brahms – Variations on a Theme of Paganini, Op. 35 (1862–63), for solo piano (2 books)
 Charles Camilleri – Paganiana, for two pianos
 Frédéric Chopin – quotes Niccolò Paganini's Caprice No. 24 in his Rondo à la Krakowiak and includes a variation on the quotation
 Keith Ramon Cole - Excursions for Bass Clarinet, a series of variations on the main theme
 Eliot Fisk – transcribed all 24 Caprices for solo guitar
 First Piano Quartet – Variations on a Theme of Paganini, for four pianos, eight hands
 Ignaz Friedman – Studies on a Theme of Paganini, Op. 47b (1914), for solo piano
 David Garrett – Paganini Rhapsody (2007)
 Benny Goodman – Caprice XXIV
 The Great Kat – adapted the 24th Caprice for electric guitar
 Mark Hambourg – Variations on a Theme of Paganini (1902), for solo piano
 Marc-André Hamelin – Variations on a Theme by Paganini, for solo piano (2011)
 Helloween – Used in the opening guitar solo of Future World on the High Live album
 Toshi Ichiyanagi – Paganini Personal, for marimba and piano
 Lowell Liebermann – Rhapsody on a Theme of Paganini, for piano and orchestra (2001)
 JJ Lin – Variation 25: Clash of The Souls, a song from album Lost N Found (2011)
 Franz Liszt – the sixth and last of his Études d'exécution transcendante d'après Paganini for solo piano, S.140 (1838) – revised and republished in 1851 as Six Grandes Études de Paganini, S.141
 Andrew Lloyd Webber – Variations (1977), Variations (album) originally for cello and rock band, and used as the theme for The South Bank Show, later also arranged for cello and orchestra; Song & Dance – the Dance part is a reworked version of Variations
 David Ludwig – Violin Concerto No. 2: Paganiniana, (2018) for violin and Pierrot Ensemble
 Witold Lutosławski – Variations on a Theme by Paganini, for two pianos (1940–41) or for piano and orchestra (1978)
 Yngwie Malmsteen – Used the main theme for an interlude on electric guitar on the song Prophet of Doom, from his album War to End All Wars
 Nikolai Managazze - Paganiniana (2014)
 Denis Matsuev – Caprice No. 24 variations, Denis Matsuev Quartet, jazz (2010)
 Nathan Milstein – Paganiniana, an arrangement for solo violin of the 24th Caprice, with variations based on the other caprices
 Robert Muczynski – Desperate Measures Paganini Variations, Op.48
 Pavel Necheporenko – Variations on a Theme by Paganini transcribed for unaccompanied balalaika
 Jeff Nelsen – Performed Caprice No. 24 on French Horn with Canadian Brass
 Paolo Pessina – Paganini Variations, for Violin (and Piano 'ad libitum') "to Ruggiero Ricci", Op. 25 (1997)
 Gregor Piatigorsky – Variations on a Paganini Theme, for cello and orchestra (1946), later arranged for cello and piano
 Simon Proctor – Paganini Metamorphasis, for solo piano
 Frank Proto –  Capriccio di Niccolo for Trumpet and Orchestra (1994). Nine Variants on Paganini for Double Bass and Orchestra, also for Double Bass and Piano (2001). Paganini in Metropolis for Clarinet and Wind Symphony (2001), also for Clarinet and Orchestra (2002)
 Manuel Quiroga – 9 Variations on Paganini's Caprice No. 24, 12 Variations on Paganini's Caprice No. 24, both for violin and piano
 Sergei Rachmaninoff – Rhapsody on a Theme of Paganini, Op. 43 (1934), a set of 24 variations for piano and orchestra
 George Rochberg – 50 Caprice Variations for solo violin (1970)
 Alexander Rosenblatt – Variations on Theme of Paganini, for solo piano (1988)
 Poul Ruders – Paganini Variations: Guitar Concerto No. 2 (1999–2000), 22 variations for guitar and orchestra
 Ehsan Saboohi – Metamorphosis on Theme of Paganini, for solo piano (2009)
 Fazıl Say – Paganini Jazz in Say Plays Say, for solo piano (1988)
 Stanisław Skrowaczewski – Concerto Nicolò, for piano left hand and orchestra (2003)
 Joe Stump – used the main theme for an interpretation on the song Paganini's Revenge on the album Guitar Dominance. The track also incorporates elements from Paganini's 5th Caprice
 Karol Szymanowski – No. 3 from Trzy kaprysy Paganiniego (3 Caprices de Paganini), Op. 40 (1918); transcriptions for violin and piano
 George Thalben-Ball – Variations on a Theme of Paganini, theme and 10 variations for Pipe organ. All except the last variation are for solo organ pedals
 Philip Wilby – Paganini Variations, for both wind band and brass band
 Victor Wooten – Classical Thump, A Show Of Hands
 Eugène Ysaÿe – Variations on Paganini's Caprice No. 24, for violin and piano, Op. posthumous

See also
 :File:Caprice-24-a4.pdf Violin sheet music for this piece

References

External links
PDF score of the 24th Caprice at the Werner Icking Music Archive (arranged for guitar)

Paganini Caprice 24
Caprice 24
Compositions in A minor
Articles containing video clips
1817 compositions

Caprice No. 24 (Paganini)


Michel Fourniret (4 April 1942 in Sedan – 10 May 2021 in Paris) was a French criminal. He was convicted of voyeurism and other crimes in 1986.

Crimes
He abducted and raped 14 year old Daphne Le Gennan. He was convicted to serve 7 years in prison. He was released on bail shortly after the process, because he had already served most of this time in custody. Shortly thereafter, he committed his first murder. He murdered the 17 year old Isabelle Laville. He then moved to Belgium and led a normal life. He was responsible for a canteen at a school in Gedine.

On July 26, 2003, he tried to abduct a 13 year old girl named Marie-Ascension. The girl escaped by leaping out of his car. Fourniret was arrested in Belgium in the same year. Belgian police had grown suspicious earlier though; in April 2001, a woman said she had been chased and harassed in southern Belgium. She gave a description that matched Fourniret, and also cited the license plate of his car. Only 3 weeks later, a thirteen-year old girl named Mananya Thumpong vanished in Sedan. Since then, Fourniret has confessed he killed her.

On July 1, 2004, Fourniret's wife, Monique Olivier, confessed. According to her account, Michel Fourniret had killed ten people. She said she had helped him with the abductions. She had also watched him rape his victims. The day after her confession, Michel said he had indeed killed eight people. Later he confessed to killing his ninth victim. Today, people believe he might have killed many more. He is currently detained in Belgium. His trial began on March 27, 2008. He is sometimes referred to as the "Ogre of the Ardennes".

His wife Monique denounced him following the conviction of Michelle Martin, wife of convicted child murderer Marc Dutroux, for helping him with the crimes.  Fourniret has been charged with the abduction of minors and sexual misconduct, and has been in detention since June 2003 for the attempted kidnapping of a 14-year-old girl in 2000. Monique has been charged with one murder and for helping him with six others.

Confessed murders

 Isabelle Laville -  a 17-year-old French girl. She disappeared in Auxerre, on December 11, 1987 on her way home from school. Her skeletal remains were located at the bottom of a well in the country north of Auxerre in July of 2006.
 Fabienne Leroy - a 20-year-old woman. She disappeared in 1988 in Mourmelon, and her body was later found in the nearby woods.
 Jeanne-Marie Desramault -  a 22-year-old French student. She disappeared in 1989 from the railway station of Charleville-Méziere, and her body was recovered from the estate of Fourniret with his assistance.
 Elisabeth Brichet - a 12-year-old Belgian girl. She disappeared from Namur in 1989 after playing with a friend. Her disappearance was long thought to be at the hands of Marc Dutroux, until Fourniret led police to her burial site on his estate in France.
 Natacha Danais - a 13-year-old French girl, disappeared in 1990.
 Farida Hellegouarch - the girlfriend of one of the members of the Gang des postiches (a gang of bank robbers), a former cellmate of Fourniret's. Fourniret killed her in 1990 to access the group's funds. He bought his castle in France with the money.
 Céline Saison - 18-year-old who disappeared in 2000 in Sedan, her body was found in Belgium.
 Manyana Thumpong - 18-year-old who disappeared in 2001 from Charleville-Mézieres. Her body was also later found in Belgium.
 An unidentified man - Fourniret killed this man in a robbery for some quick cash.

Fourniret's wife has also said that he killed a 16-year-old girl who had worked as an au pair at their house. Fourniret allegedly killed her in 1993, but this has not been confirmed. The identity of this alleged victim is not known.

Sentencing and death
Fourniret was sentenced to life in prison. This is the most severe punishment the judges can give. He could have applied for parole after 30 years. His wife Olivier was found to be the driving force behind the murders. She has also been given a life sentence. She can ask for parole for the first time after 28 years.

Fourniret died on 10 May 2021 at the age of 79 after being hospitalized in Paris with respiratory failure.

References

1942 births
2021 deaths
Child sexual abusers
French murderers
French prisoners
Kidnappers
People from Ardennes
Rapists
Serial killers

Michel Fourniret


Words with Friends is a multiplayer computer word game developed by Newtoy. Players take turns building words crossword-puzzle style in a manner similar to the classic board game Scrabble. The rules of the two games are similar, but Words with Friends is not associated with the Scrabble brand. Up to 40 games can be played simultaneously using push notifications to alert players when it is their turn. Players may look up friends either by username or through Facebook, or be randomly assigned an opponent through "Smart Match". Players can also find potential opponents using Community Match.

Released in July 2009, Words with Friends is available for cross-platform play on devices running the operating systems Android, Windows Phone, and iOS (iPad, iPhone, iPod Touch). The game is also available on Facebook, Kindle Fire, and Nook Tablet. In addition, there is a chat feature built into the game that allows opponents to exchange messages. Between 2010 and 2011, Words with Friends was one of the top ranking games in the iOS app store, available as both a free ad-supported version and a paid version with no "third party ads between turns". As of May 2017, Words with Friends was the most popular mobile game in the United States. A sequel to the game, Words with Friends 2, came out in September 2017.

Gameplay

The rules of the game are mostly the same as those of two-player Scrabble, with a few differences such as the arrangement of premium squares and the distribution and point values of some of the letters (see Scrabble letter distributions and point values). Players are given seven randomly chosen letter tiles, which are replenished until all 104 tiles have been used. Players take turns forming words on the board or, instead of playing a word, may also choose to swap tiles with the pool of currently unused tiles or pass their turn. Players can form words either vertically or horizontally on the board. The player's aim is to score as many points as possible.

A letter placed on a DL or TL square doubles or triples the value of that letter on all words formed using that square. Similarly, the DW and TW squares double and triple the value of the new word(s) using that square. If a player uses all seven tiles on a single play (known as a bingo in Scrabble), 35 bonus points are added - this contrasts with the 50 bonus points in Scrabble.

The different arrangement of premium squares can lead to scoring situations that would be rare or impossible in a typical Scrabble game. For example, it is possible to place a new word that simultaneously covers a triple letter score (TL) and a triple word score (TW), or a new word that covers a double word score (DW) and a triple word score (TW), which would be impossible or nearly impossible in a Scrabble game.

The game ends when a player plays every tile in his or her rack, and there are no remaining tiles to draw. The game also ends if three scoreless moves (i.e., passes or tile exchanges) are played in succession, unless the score is zero-zero. After playing the last tile, the opposing player will lose all the points equal to the amount of the remaining tiles. This number of points will be awarded to the player who played the last tile. At the end of the game, the player with the highest score wins.

There are various versions of Words With Friends. All versions allow players to resign their turn with the "resign" feature, pass their turn with the "pass" feature, swap out one or more tiles and forfeit the current turn with the "swap" feature, or look up what tiles remain with the "tile bag" feature. The "word strength" feature can be turned on or off, and enables players to see how strong their placed word is relative to all other word combinations available on the current board. In 2016, Zynga (temporarily) removed a feature called "hindsight" which allowed a player to pay for the opportunity to see what the highest-scoring moves on the board were after the play was made, but has since brought it back. In addition to the "hindsight" power-up, the game also offers other power-ups known as "swap+," "word radar," and "word clue."

Words with Friends accepts 173,000 words in the game. The word list used by the game is based on the Enhanced North American Benchmark Lexicon (ENABLE), with some additions from the developers.

Random opponent and chat features
Since the game's launch, the random opponent and chat features of the game have led to a number of romantic relationships. In 2009, Megan Lawless, of Chicago, began a game with a random opponent, Jasper Jasperse, who lived in the Netherlands. The two got to know one another via the game's chat function and married in July 2011.

Other couples who met via the game's random opponent feature include Trish and David Palmer of Dacula, Georgia, who married in November 2011, and Stephen Monahan and Britney Hilbun of Texas, who became engaged to marry in December 2011.

In late 2011, it was reported that one of the game's American players was communicating via the game's chat function about her Australian opponent's husband's medical symptoms. The American relayed these symptoms to her husband, a doctor, who recommended an immediate hospital visit. The opponent's husband found he had a 99% blockage close to his heart. On a 2012 episode of the American TV show, The Doctors, the couples were introduced to each other for the first time.

The board game
In 2012, Zynga, in conjunction with Hasbro, released several physical board game versions of Words with Friends under the "Hasbro Gaming" imprint. These include a standard version, a "Luxe" edition with rotating fitted tile gameboard (similar to the deluxe editions of Scrabble), and a "To Go" travel edition.

This is one of several games in the Zynga game library to be released as physical board game versions. Others include Draw Something, a CityVille edition of Monopoly, and several kids' games based on FarmVille.

Privacy issues
In October 2019, it was announced that the hack of social game developer Zynga had compromised the details of 218 million Words with Friends accounts. Details accessed include players' names, email addresses, login IDs, hashed passwords, password reset tokens, phone numbers, Facebook IDs and Zynga account IDs.

References

Further reading

External links

2009 video games
Android (operating system) games
Facebook games
IOS games
Multiplayer online games
Scrabble software
Scrabble variants
Video games developed in the United States
Windows Phone games
Word board games
Word games
Zynga
Casual games
Social casual games

Words with Friends


Notre-Dame du Haut (; full name in ) is a Roman Catholic chapel in Ronchamp, France. Built in 1955, it is one of the finest examples of the architecture of Franco-Swiss architect Le Corbusier. The chapel is a working religious building and is under the guardianship of the private foundation Association de l'Œuvre de Notre-Dame du Haut. It attracts 80,000 visitors each year. In 2016, it was inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List in along with sixteen other works by Le Corbusier, because of its importance to the development of modernist architecture.

History
Notre-Dame du Haut is commonly thought of as a more extreme design of Le Corbusier's late style. Commissioned by the Association de l'Œuvre Notre-Dame du Haut, the chapel is a simple design with two entrances, a main altar, and three chapels beneath towers. Although the building is small, it is powerful and complex. The chapel is the latest of chapels at the site. The previous chapel was completely destroyed during World War II. The previous building was a 4th-century Christian chapel. At the time the new building was being constructed, Le Corbusier was not interested in Machine Age architecture; he felt that his style was more primitive and sculptural. He realized when he visited the site that he could not use mechanized means of construction, because access was too difficult.

On January 17, 2014, the chapel became the target of a break-in. A concrete collection box was thrown outside, and one of the stained-glass windows, also designed by Le Corbusier and the only one on the chapel to carry his signature, was broken.

Site

The site is high on a hill near Belfort in eastern France. There had been a pilgrimage chapel on the site dedicated to the Virgin Mary, but it was destroyed during the Second World War.  After the war, it was decided to rebuild on the same site. The new chapel was built for a reformist Church looking to continue its relevance. Warning against decadence, reformers within the Church at the time looked to renew its spirit by embracing modern art and architecture as representative concepts. Father Marie-Alain Couturier, who would also sponsor Le Corbusier for the La Tourette commission, steered the unorthodox project to completion in 1954.

The chapel at Ronchamp is singular in Le Corbusier's oeuvre, in that it departs from his principles of standardisation and the machine aesthetic, giving in instead to a site-specific response. By Le Corbusier's own admission, it was the site that provided an irresistible genius loci for the response, with the horizon visible on all four sides of the hill and its historical legacy for centuries as a place of worship.

This historical legacy was woven in different layers into the terrain – from the Romans and sun-worshippers before them, to a cult of the Virgin in the Middle Ages, right through to the modern church and the fight against the German occupation.  Le Corbusier also sensed a sacred relationship of the hill with its surroundings – the Jura mountains in the distance and the hill itself, dominating the landscape.

The nature of the site would result in an architectural ensemble that has many similarities with the Acropolis  – starting from the ascent at the bottom of the hill to architectural and landscape events along the way, before finally terminating at the sanctus sanctorum itself – the chapel.  You cannot see the building until you reach nearly the crest of the hill.  From the top, magnificent vistas spread out in all directions.

Architecture

Structure
The structure is made mostly of concrete and is comparatively small, enclosed by thick walls, with the upturned roof supported on columns embedded within the walls, like a sail billowing in the windy currents on the hill top. In the interior, the spaces left between the walls and roof are filled with clerestory windows, as well as the asymmetric light from the wall openings, serve to further reinforce the sacred nature of the space and reinforce the relationship of the building with its surroundings. The lighting in the interior is soft and indirect, from the clerestory windows and reflecting off the whitewashed walls of the chapels with projecting towers.

The structure is built mostly of concrete and stone, which was a remnant of the original chapel built on the hilltop site destroyed during World War II. Some have described Ronchamp as the first Post-Modern building, and others as the first building of the movement Expressionist architecture after World War II. It was constructed in the early 1950s.

The main part of the structure consists of two concrete membranes separated by a space of 6'11", forming a shell which constitutes the roof of the building. This roof, both insulating and watertight, is supported by short struts, which form part of a vertical surface of concrete covered with "gunite" and which, in addition, brace the walls of old Vosges stone provided by the former chapel which was destroyed by the bombings. These walls which are without buttresses follow, in plan, the curvilinear forms calculated to provide stability to this rough masonry. A space of several centimeters between the shell of the roof and the vertical envelope of the walls furnishes a significant entry for daylight. The floor of the chapel follows the natural slope of the hill down towards the altar. Certain parts, in particular those upon which the interior and exterior altars rest, are of beautiful white stone from Bourgogne, as are the altars themselves. The towers are constructed of stone masonry and are capped by cement domes. The vertical  elements of the chapel are surfaced with mortar sprayed on with a cement gun and then white-washed — both on the interior and exterior. The concrete shell of the roof is left rough, just as it comes from the formwork. Watertightness is effected by a built-up roofing with an exterior cladding of aluminium. The interior walls are white; the ceiling grey; the bench of African wood created by Savina; the communion bench is of cast iron made by the foundries of the Lure.

The south wall
The South wall of Ronchamp is a creature of its own. Rather than designing a straight, 50 cm thick concrete piece, Le Corbusier spent months trying to perfect the outside wall. What he came up with is a wall that starts out as a point on the east end, and expands to up to 10 feet thick its west side. As it moves from east to west, it curves towards the south. To further expand his design's complexity, Le Corbusier decided to make the windows of the wall extraordinary. The openings slant towards their centers at varying degrees, thus letting in light at different angles. The different-sized windows are scattered in an irregular pattern across the wall. Le Corbusier reportedly insisted that the shapes and patterns were not arbitrary, but derived from a proportional system based on the Golden Section. Furthermore, the glass that closes the windows off is set at alternating depths. This glass is sometimes clear, but is often decorated with small pieces of stained glass in typical Corbusier colors: red, green, and yellow. These stained pieces radiate like rubies, emeralds, and amethysts, and act as the jewels of the already complex wall. After this extensive design, Le Corbusier decided not to make the southern partition a bearing wall. Instead, the building's roof is supported by concrete columns that make it appear to float above the rest of the space.

In a final move of symbolism, Le Corbusier filled the inside of the wall with the rubble from the previous chapel that stood at the location. Thus the old church, and all of its history, would remain in the site.

Furnishings
Small pieces of stained glass are set deep within the walls, which are sometimes ten feet thick. The glass glows likes deep-set rubies and emeralds and amethysts and jewels of all colors.

Because it is a pilgrimage chapel, there are few people worshipping at most times. But on special feast days, large crowds of thousands will attend.  To accommodate them, Le Corbusier also built an outside altar and pulpit, so the large crowds can sit or stand on a vast field on the top of the hill. A famous statue of the Virgin Mary, rescued from the ruins of the chapel destroyed during WWII, is encased in a special glass case in the wall, and it can be turned to face inward when the congregation is inside, or to face outward toward the visitors.

Roof
The roof was built in two parts, utilizing two softly upward curving reinforced concrete membranes, with a space between for insulation. The sinusoidal curved ceiling was formed with wooden framework and then whitewashed. The linear, textured impression left from the timber framework emphasizes the lines of increasing curvature of the roof. Robin Evans believes that the ruled surface was integral to the roof design from the beginning, and may have been influenced by Antoine Pevsner's sculptures from welded metal rod, which Le Corbusier felt could be generalized as models for timber shuttering.

Much like the church at Sainte Marie de La Tourette, the roof of Notre Dame du Haut appears to float above the walls. This is possible, because it is supported by concrete columns, not the walls themselves. The effect produced allows a strip of light to enter the building, thus lighting the space further, and making the church feel more open.

This billowing concrete roof was planned to slope toward the back, where a fountain of abstract forms is placed on the ground. When it rains, the water comes pouring off the roof and down onto the raised, slanted concrete structures, creating a dramatic natural fountain.

Addition
In 2006, the convent for the Clarisses, or Poor Clares, decided to construct a building next to the chapel. Le Corbusier himself had consulted with the Association de l'Œuvre Notre-Dame du Haut about adding a monastery, but concrete plans were never developed. Following the initiative of the abbess, Sister Brigitte de Singly, the Poor Clares commissioned Renzo Piano; the association had considered several architects besides Piano, including Tadao Ando, Glenn Murcutt, and Jean Nouvel. The project met great opposition when plans were unveiled in 2008. Architects like Richard Meier, Rafael Moneo, and Cesar Pelli signed an online petition denouncing the project. The French Ministry of Culture, which is required to approve plans for changing  cultural landmarks, approved Piano's design.

In October 2011, Archbishop Luigi Ventura, the papal envoy to France, came to bless the convent. Immersed in the vegetation of the Bourlemont hill, the monastery is composed of twelve 120 square-feet domestic units for the sisters with spaces for common living (a refectory and workshops), an oratory for religious pilgrims, and a lodge to host visitors. The new visitors' centre, also dug into the hill, forms the base of the convent, thus replacing a 1960s gatehouse that had obscured sight of the chapel from the town below and was removed in the process of construction. The all-in budget of $13 million was realised through local government funding, charitable and religious donations, and the sale of the nuns' former convent in Besançon.

References

Further reading

External links
Colline Notre-Dame du Haut
 Page from the Galinsky Building Site
Pictures of the exterior and the interior of the building
360° Tour of the building by the Media Center for Art History, Columbia University
Official website of the commune of Ronchamp

See also

 Catholic (Dominican) Chapelle du Rosaire de Vence on the French Riviera, built and decorated under a plan devised by Henri Matisse, completed in 1951.
 "Non-denominational" Rothko Chapel in Houston, TX, which houses works by American painter Mark Rothko, who interacted with multiple architects to shape the design of the structure that opened in 1971.
 "Site of contemplation" Austin (building) in Austin, TX, conceived in 1986 by minimalist artist Ellsworth Kelly and carried out in 2018.

Roman Catholic churches completed in 1954
Roman Catholic chapels in France
Concrete shell structures
Churches in Haute-Saône
Le Corbusier buildings in France
20th-century Roman Catholic church buildings in France

Notre-Dame du Haut


Keisha Castle-Hughes (born 24 March 1990) is a New Zealand actress. She made her acting debut in the drama film Whale Rider (2002), for which she was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actress, making her the second-youngest nominee in such category. Her subsequent films include the biblical drama film The Nativity Story (2006) and the teen film Hey, Hey, It's Esther Blueburger (2008).

Early life
Castle-Hughes was born in 1990 in Donnybrook, Western Australia to a Māori mother, Desrae Hughes, and Tim Castle, an Anglo-Australian father. Her family moved to Auckland, New Zealand when she was four years old. She attained citizenship in 2001. Castle-Hughes attended Penrose High School and graduated from Senior College of New Zealand in Auckland.

Career
In 2002, Castle-Hughes made her debut in the film Whale Rider, in which she played the main role of Paikea Apirana (Pai). She had no previous acting experience and went directly from her Auckland school classroom to the film set when the shoot began in New Zealand in late 2001. Castle-Hughes received widespread critical acclaim for her performance, and in 2004 she received an Academy Award nomination for Best Actress at the 76th Academy Awards. Although she did not win the Best Actress award (it went to Charlize Theron for Monster), at age 13 she became the youngest person nominated in this category at the time and the second Polynesian actress, after Jocelyne LaGarde, to be nominated for an Oscar.

She soon followed the role by appearing in Prince's controversial "Cinnamon Girl" music video and with a shoot in Vanity Fair magazine. In 2004, Castle-Hughes was invited to join the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences.

In 2005, Castle-Hughes had a small part as Queen Apailana in Star Wars: Revenge of the Sith. In 2006, she portrayed the starring role of the Virgin Mary in The Nativity Story. New York Times critic, A. O. Scott, said that she "seemed entirely unfazed by the demands of playing Mary. She had the poise and intelligence to play the character not as an icon of maternity, but rather as a headstrong, thoughtful adolescent transformed by an unimaginable responsibility." The Christian-themed film earned only $8 million during its opening week, but its box office surged during the week of Christmas.

In 2008, Castle-Hughes appeared in the Australian comedy-drama film Hey, Hey, It's Esther Blueburger, which was filmed in late 2006.

Castle-Hughes reunited with New Zealand director Niki Caro for the film adaption of The Vintner's Luck, which had its international premiere in September 2009.

Castle-Hughes starred in the Japanese horror film Vampire, and she also played a recurring role as Axl's flatmate in The Almighty Johnsons which premiered in 2011. In 2011 Castle-Hughes also played a minor part in the film Red Dog as Rosa the veterinary assistant and wife of Vanno.

In 2014, Castle-Hughes had a guest role in the American television series The Walking Dead in which she played Joan.

In 2015, she joined the cast of the HBO TV series Game of Thrones in Season 5 as Obara Sand. She pursued a role on the show in part because she is a fan of the books. Castle-Hughes found out that she had won the role the night the Season 4 episode "The Mountain and the Viper" aired, in which her on-screen father's death was shown. She described having a very intense emotional reaction to the scene, because of the connection between the characters on the show.

Beginning in 2020, Castle-Hughes has played Hana Gibson, an FBI analyst, on CBS's FBI: Most Wanted.

In early 2023, Castle-Hughes guest voiced Emerie Karr, the Imperial administrator of the Mount Tantiss facility, in Season 2 of Star Wars: The Bad Batch.

Activism
Castle-Hughes campaigned for Greenpeace as part of the SignOn.org.nz climate campaign in 2009. New Zealand Prime Minister John Key initially admonished her to "stick to acting", but offered a week later to discuss the issues with her over tea after she maintained she knew more about them than he gave her credit for.

Personal life
In October 2006, when she was 16, it was announced that Castle-Hughes and boyfriend Bradley Hull were expecting a child together. Their daughter was born in 2007. Castle-Hughes and Hull broke up in 2010 after seven years together.

In 2012, Castle-Hughes began dating Jonathan Morrison. After six weeks together, the couple became engaged in August 2012. Their wedding took place on Valentine's Day 2013. They were divorced in December 2016.

In early 2014, Castle-Hughes revealed that she has bipolar disorder, in the wake of television personality Charlotte Dawson's suicide.

In early 2021, she married Donny Grahamer in New York City. A month later she announced that she was pregnant with her second child, a daughter born in June.

Filmography

Accolades

See also
 List of oldest and youngest Academy Award winners and nominees
List of actors with Academy Award nominations

References

Further reading

External links

1990 births
Living people
21st-century Australian actresses
21st-century New Zealand actresses
Actresses from Western Australia
Australian child actresses
Australian emigrants to New Zealand
Australian film actresses
Australian people of English descent
Australian people of Māori descent
Australian television actresses
Naturalised citizens of New Zealand
New Zealand child actresses
New Zealand film actresses
New Zealand Māori actresses
New Zealand people of Australian descent
New Zealand people of English descent
New Zealand television actresses
People from Donnybrook, Western Australia
People educated at One Tree Hill College
People with bipolar disorder
People educated at Rosehill College

Keisha Castle-Hughes


"The Wreck of the Hesperus" is a poem. It was written by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow. It was published in 1842 in Longfellow's book, Ballads and Other Poems. His inspiration for the poem was a bad storm in 1839. The storm destroyed 20 ships and killed 40 people. A dead woman was found in the sea tied to a mast.

Story
A proud sea captain takes his little daughter aboard his ship to keep him company. A seaman warns him a storm is approaching. He does not pay attention to this seaman. The storm hits. The captain ties his daughter to the mast. He does not want her to be swept overboard. She calls out to her dying father. She hears the waves beating on the shore. She prays to Christ to calm the seas. The ship crashes onto a reef and sinks. The next morning a fisherman finds the daughter's dead body in the sea. It is still tied to the mast.

Other websites
Famus Igbo People
Roger McGough official website
"The Wreck of the Hesperus" (Project Gutenberg Text)

Poems by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow
19th-century American poems

1840s poems

The Wreck of the Hesperus


The British Dental Association (BDA) is a registered trade union for dentists in the United Kingdom.

Its stated mission is to "promote the interests of members, advance the science, arts and ethics of dentistry and improve the nation's oral health."

Structure
The majority of the BDA's 16,000 members include high street dentists, working in general practice providing both National Health Service (NHS) and private care, and those working in community and hospital settings, universities and the British armed forces.

The BDA's headquarters is in Wimpole Street, London near Queen's College, London in the City of Westminster and it currently has offices in Stirling, Scotland, Belfast, Northern Ireland and Cardiff, Wales.

History

In 1856 two dental societies were founded in Britain: the Odontological Society of London and the College of Dentists of England. The two societies merged in 1863 to form the Odontological Society of Great Britain and joined the Royal Society of Medicine as its Odontological Section in 1907.

By the 1870s leading dentists including Sir John Tomes and Sir Edwin Saunders (one of Queen Victoria's dentists) formed the Dental Reform Committee, to help bring unity, organisation and code of ethics to the dental profession. This Committee campaigned successfully for the first legislation to regulate dentistry, the Dentists Act, 1878 which limited the title of "dentist" and "dental surgeon" to registered practitioners.  Qualified practitioners and those who could show they had practised dentistry for five years prior to 1878 were the only ones eligible to register.

The Dental Reform Committee called for a nationwide meeting to establish the BDA in 1879 and established it in 1880. The BDA elected Sir John Tomes as its first President. Much of the BDA's early work involved prosecuting dentists in breach of the Dentists Act.

One active member of the BDA was Charles Edward Wallis, being on the association's representative board for six years. He also wrote extensively for the BDJ.

The Dentists Act of 1921 created the Dental Board of the UK to administer the Dentists Register. Thus the BDA was freed from legislation, and rapidly emerged as the leading consultative body and voice for the dental profession.

The 1921 Act introduced a provision that only registered individuals could practise dentistry.  However, unqualified practitioners were given opportunity to register if they could show they had been practising dentistry for five years prior to 1921.  The last unqualified dentist ceased practise during the 1970s.

In 1946 Lilian Lindsay became the first female president of the BDA.

Function
The organisation represents dentists at national and local level, ensuring that the views and concerns of the profession are high on the political and public agenda.

The BDA promotes good practice and patient care, and provides members with expert advice in all aspects of practice, management and opportunities for continuing professional development.

The organisation is also a scientific society promoting higher standards (often in co-operation with other organisations) and improvements in the oral health of the nation.

Publications
The BDA produces regular dental publications, including the British Dental Journal,   BDJ In Practice, BDJ Student and BDJ Team.

British Dental Association Museum
Its museum in Wimpole Street holds the largest collection of dental material in Britain. It includes dental instruments, equipment, furniture, photographs, archives, fine and decorative art. The museum is maintained as a national resource for the dental profession, dental industry, researchers and members of the public and aims to promote an appreciation of dentistry today through an understanding of its past. The museum is a member of the London Museums of Health & Medicine.

The museum also offers an enquiry and research service for individuals wanting to learn more about the history of dentistry or whether their ancestors were dentists. On several occasions the museum has also been used as a professional consultant on television series such as Call the Midwife.

British Dental Association Library
The Robert and Lillian Lindsay Library was opened in 1920. It was founded and organised by Lillian Lindsay, the first woman to qualify as a dentist in the UK.
The library is the most comprehensive dental library in Europe, and subscribes to over 200 dental journals and provides members with free Medline searches.

The Library is located at BDA Headquarters.

In popular culture
Arthur Lemming, special investigator for the BDA, is featured in a 1969 Monty Python's Flying Circus sketch.

References

External links

British dentists
Dental organisations based in the United Kingdom
Trade unions in the United Kingdom
Medical associations based in the United Kingdom
Medical museums in London
Museums in the City of Westminster
Organisations based in the City of Westminster
Organizations established in 1880
1880 establishments in the United Kingdom
Dental museums

British Dental Association


Anglefort is a commune. It is found in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region in the Ain department  in the east of France. In 2009, 960 people lived in the commune. The inhabitants are the Clafordans. The local economy is mostly based around a silicon factory and an EDF dam used for hydroelectricity. The most important monuments in the commune are the Château d'Anglefort, a 13th-century castle, and the ruins of the Château de la Rochette. The Château d'Anglefort is listed as a monument historique. Famous people from Anglefort include Jacques-François Besson, bishop of Metz in the 19th century.

Communes in Ain

Anglefort


Welcome to the Embassy of Zazaki Wikipedia

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Invitation to participate in the UCoC conversation
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We are excited to share a draft of the Universal Code of Conduct, which the Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees called for earlier this year, for your review and feedback. The discussion will be open until October 6, 2020.

The UCoC Drafting Committee wants to learn which parts of the draft would present challenges for you or your work. What is missing from this draft? What do you like, and what could be improved?

Please join the conversation and share this invitation with others who may be interested to join, too.

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John Lester Hubbard Chafee ( ; October 22, 1922 – October 24, 1999) was an American politician and officer in the United States Marine Corps. A member of the Republican Party, he served as the 66th Governor of Rhode Island, as the Secretary of the Navy, and as a United States Senator.

Early life and family
Chafee was born in Providence, Rhode Island, to a politically active family. He was the son of Janet Melissa (née Hunter) and John Sharpe Chafee. His great-grandfather, Henry Lippitt, was governor of Rhode Island (1875–1877), and among his great-uncles were a Rhode Island governor, Charles Warren Lippitt, and United States Senator Henry Frederick Lippitt. His uncle, Zechariah Chafee, was a Harvard law professor, and a notable civil libertarian. His cousin was Frederick Lippitt, former House Minority Leader for the Rhode Island House of Representatives. He had two daughters and four sons, one of whom is former Rhode Island Governor and former United States Senator Lincoln Chafee. One of his daughters, Tribbie, died following an accident at a horse show in October 1968 at the age of 14.

John Chafee graduated from a coeducational primary school, Providence's Gordon School, in 1931 and then attended Providence Country Day School. In 1940, he graduated from Deerfield Academy in Massachusetts.

Marine Corps service
Chafee was in his third year as an undergraduate at Yale University when the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor. He interrupted his undergraduate studies and enlisted in the Marine Corps, spending his 20th birthday fighting on the island of Guadalcanal from August 8 until November 1942, when the First Marine Division was relieved. After receiving his commission as a second lieutenant, he fought in the Battle of Okinawa in the spring of 1945.

Following the war, he received degrees from Yale University in 1947 and Harvard Law School in 1950. At Yale, he was a member of the Delta Kappa Epsilon (Phi chapter) and Skull and Bones fraternities. In 1951, he was recalled to active service to be a Marine rifle company commander during the Korean War with Dog Company, 2nd Battalion, 7th Marines.

Author James Brady in his memoir of the Korean War and serving as a Marine under Chafee writes: "Nowhere, at any time, did John Chafee serve more nobly than he did as a Marine officer commanding a rifle company in the mountains of North Korea." and that "He was the only truly great man I've yet met in my life..."

Chafee's military awards include three awards of the Presidential Unit Citation, the Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal, the World War II Victory Medal, the Korean Service Medal and the United Nations Korea Medal.

Early political career

Chafee became active in behind-the-scenes Rhode Island politics by helping elect a mayor of Providence in the early 1950s. He successfully ran for a seat in the Rhode Island House of Representatives in 1956 and later became the minority leader. He was re-elected in 1958 and 1960, the latter a year when many Republicans were swept from office in his state.

Governor of Rhode Island

Chafee was elected governor in 1962, defeating Democratic incumbent John A. Notte Jr. The election was notable for being one of the narrowest in Rhode Island history, Chafee received 50.06% of the vote to Notte's 49.94%, winning by a margin of just 0.12%. However, Chafee quickly became popular with both Rhode Island's Republicans and Democrats, allowing him to win by much larger margins in 1964 and 1966. As governor, Chafee helped create the state's public transportation administration as well as what was known as the Green Acres program, a conservation effort. In 1968, he served as chair of the Republican Governors Association. He served as governor until 1969, when he was surprisingly defeated by underdog Democrat Frank Licht. Reasons ascribed for the defeat include the fact that, after running three times on a strong anti-income tax platform, Chafee now said that such a tax was imperative (indeed his anti-tax opponent went on to champion one in 1971); and that he stopped campaigning after his  daughter was killed.

Secretary of the Navy
He was appointed Secretary of the Navy in 1969 by President Richard Nixon. Chafee's tenure as secretary was marked by a willingness to make bold decisions and stand by them. Emblematic of this was his decision to elevate Admiral Elmo Zumwalt as Chief of Naval Operations over 33 more senior officers, and his judicious handling of the USS Pueblo situation, in which North Korean forces, during the previous administration, had boarded and captured a navy intelligence ship. His action as Secretary of the Navy that is most clearly remembered is his disapproval of the recommendation to court martial Commander Lloyd Bucher, the commanding officer of the Pueblo, once the release of the crew had been secured. Because it was clear that the guilt clearly rested on the North Koreans and not Bucher or the sailors on the Pueblo, Chafee stated that "Bucher and his men have suffered enough", and that a court martial would only add insult to injury. He served as Secretary of the Navy until 1972, when he resigned to run for the U.S. Senate.

United States Senator
After an unsuccessful candidacy for the Senate in 1972 against Democratic incumbent Claiborne Pell, Chafee was elected to that body in 1976, the first Republican to win a Rhode Island Senate election since 1930. He joined the Senate Committee on Environment and Public Works in 1977 and made environmental matters a chief concern, often breaking with his party to the delight of conservation groups. He chaired that committee during his last term in office, from 1995 to 1999. As a result of his work, Chafee was a recipient of the Lady Bird Johnson Environmental Award.

Among the bills Chafee fostered while in the minority was the Clean Water Act of 1986, and the 1990 amendments to the Clean Air Act. He also was an architect of the 1980 Superfund program to clean up hazardous waste sites as well as the Oil Pollution Act of 1990. Chafee authored the Coastal Barrier Resources Act of 1982, establishing the Coastal Barrier Resources System (CBRS). Upon Chafee's death in 1999, the CBRS was renamed the John H. Chafee Coastal Barrier Resources System.

Chafee was pro-choice on abortion and supported the North American Free Trade Agreement. He took a moderate stance on taxes and government assistance to the needy. He opposed the death penalty, school prayer, and the ban on homosexuals serving in the military. Chafee was one of the few Republicans to support strict gun control laws. He sponsored a bill that, if passed, would have prohibited the "manufacture, importation, exportation, sale, purchase, transfer, receipt, possession, or transportation of handguns and hand ammunition." Chafee voted in favor of the bill establishing Martin Luther King Jr. Day as a federal holiday and the Civil Rights Restoration Act of 1987 (as well as to override President Reagan's veto). Chafee voted in favor of the nomination of William Rehnquist as Chief Justice of the United States and the nomination of Clarence Thomas to the U.S. Supreme Court, but voted against the nomination of Robert Bork.

During the late 1980s and 1990s, Senator Chafee became an advocate for improving the U.S. health care system. He supported legislation to expand Medicaid coverage for low-income children and pregnant women, sponsored legislation to expand the availability of home and community-based services for persons with disabilities, and worked to enact legislation to establish Federally Qualified Health Centers. In 1992, he was appointed chairman of the Senate Republican Task Force on Health, and he worked to develop a consensus among Republicans on health care. In 1993, he joined with Democratic Louisiana Senator John Breaux to form the Senate Mainstream Coalition, a coalition of six Democratic and six Republican senators seeking bipartisan consensus on health reform. He sponsored legislation that increased funds to states to assist youths in making the transition from foster care to independent living; recognized the need for special help for youths ages 18 to 21 who have left foster care; offered states greater flexibility in designing their independent living programs; and, established accountability for states in implementing independent living programs. As a testimonial to the late Senator Chafee, the program is now entitled the John H. Chafee Foster Care Independence Program.

Chafee sat on the U.S. Senate Select Committee on Intelligence and was chairman of the Senate Finance Committee's Subcommittee on Health Care, but his biggest imprint was on environmental concerns. He also served in his party's leadership, chairing the Senate Republican Conference from 1985 to 1990.

On February 12, 1999, Chafee voted against both articles of impeachment against President Bill Clinton.

On March 15, 1999, Chafee announced he would not seek re-election in 2000.

In October 1999, less than two weeks before his death, Chafee was one of four Senate Republicans to vote in favor of the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty. The treaty was designed to ban underground nuclear testing and was the first major international security pact to be defeated in the Senate since the Treaty of Versailles. His last major act was authoring and sponsoring the Transportation Equity Act for the 21st century, which authorized funding for transportation programs for the next six years.

Death
On October 24, 1999, around seven months after Chafee announced his retirement from the Senate, he died from heart failure at the National Naval Medical Center in Bethesda, Maryland, two days after his 77th birthday. President Clinton eulogized him, saying, "He embodied the decent center. For him, civility was not simply a matter of personal manners. He believed it was essential to the preservation of our democratic system." Chafee was succeeded in the Senate by his son, Lincoln, who went on to win a full term in his own right in 2000.

Legacy
The USS Chafee (DDG-90), the John H. Chafee Blackstone River Valley National Heritage Corridor and the John H. Chafee National Wildlife Refuge were named in his honor.

Bryant University in Smithfield, Rhode Island named its World Trade Center on campus after John H. Chafee for his continuing support for global trade and his association with the university.

The Chafee Social Science Center at the University of Rhode Island is named in his honor.  It is the tallest building in southern Rhode Island.

The Foster Care Independence Act of 1999, passed on November 23, 1999, after his death, is known as the John H. Chafee Foster Care Independence Program. The programs are administered at the state level by Social Service Agencies. One such program, in example, is the North Carolina Links program

Awards and honors
Presidential Medal of Freedom (posthumous) (2000)
Navy Presidential Unit Citation (Three awards – Guadalcanal, Okinawa, Chosin Reservoir)
Combat Action Ribbon with gold star
American Campaign Medal
Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal with two campaign stars
World War Two Victory Medal
National Defense Service Medal
Korean Service Medal with two campaign stars
Korean Presidential Unit Citation
United Nations Service Medal
Korean Defense Service Medal
Audubon Medal (National Audubon Society)
 A bronze statue of Chafee was erected in Colt State Park, overlooking Narragansett Bay, in 2003

See also
 List of famous U.S. Marines
 Rockefeller Republican
 List of United States Congress members who died in office (1950–99)
 List of members of the American Legion

References

Citations

General and cited references

External links

 Retrieved on 2008-02-05

An Analysis of the Governor's Financial Program  from the Rhode Island State Archives

1922 births
1999 deaths
20th-century American politicians
American environmentalists
American Episcopalians
United States Marine Corps personnel of the Korean War
United States Marine Corps personnel of World War II
Chafee family
Deerfield Academy alumni
Republican Party governors of Rhode Island
Harvard Law School alumni
Lincoln Chafee
Republican Party members of the Rhode Island House of Representatives
Military personnel from Rhode Island
Nixon administration personnel
Politicians from Providence, Rhode Island
Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients
Republican Party United States senators from Rhode Island
United States Marine Corps officers
United States Marine Corps reservists
United States Secretaries of the Navy
Yale University alumni
Ritchie Boys
Deaths from congestive heart failure
Members of Skull and Bones

John Chafee


Optical depth is a measure of transparency. It is defined as the fraction of radiation (or light) that is scattered or absorbed on a path. One way of visualizing optical depth is to think of a fog. The fog between a person and an object that is immediately in front of them has an optical depth of zero. As the object moves away, the optical depth increases until it reaches a large value and the object is no longer visible.

Other websites
 optical depth equations

Light

Optical depth


A namtar (), sometimes spelled namthar is a spiritual biography or hagiography in Tibetan Buddhism.

Namtar is a contraction of nampar tharpa (), which literally means 'complete liberation'. This name refers to the fact that the texts tell stories of yogis or Indo-Tibetan Mahasiddha who attained complete enlightenment. If Namtars do not justify a literal chronology of events, how could they function as a kind of learning example that hits the key points of the yogi's spiritual life? Such a text would serve as an example of buddhahood for any practitioner of Vajrayana and complement the tantras in imparting instructions on specific tantric spiritual practices. According to Janice D. Willis, the focus on spiritual practice forms an essential difference between Christian and Tibetan hagiography.
In her book Women of Wisdom, Tsultrim Allione voices it thus: The sacred biography is called 'rNam.thar' in Tibetan, which literally means 'complete liberation.' The 'rNam.thar' are specially geared to provide records for those on a spiritual quest, in much the same way that someone about to climb a high mountain would seek out the chronicles of those who had made the climb before. The sacred biographer is primarily concerned with providing information which will be helpful and inspirational for someone following in the footsteps of the spiritual adept or 'saint.' Establishing a mythical ideal and the communication of the sacred teachings takes precedence over providing a narrative portrait or "likeness" of the subject as a personality. The personality is stressed only in so far as it relates to the spiritual process of the individual.

Western academic tradition often portrays this type of text in an unfavourable light. It mainly criticizes the Tibetan hagiography for its inclusion of miraculous events and repetition of the protagonist's sanctity. Some scholars have therefore proposed that the Namtar has no historical value whatsoever.

Traditional division
All Tibetan Namtar consist of three parts:
The outer biography (), containing descriptions of birth, education and consulted texts.
The inner biography (), containing details on meditative cycles and initiations.
The secret biography (), said to describe the meditative state of the siddha.

Mainly the third of these levels has caused western scholars to criticize this form of literature. Willis however defends their historical value by arguing that the miraculous parts of the secret biography may be interpreted as a metaphor for tantric practice.

See also
The Life of Orgyan Chokyi

References

Bibliography

Dowman, K. (1973) The Legends of the Great Stupa and the Life Story of the Lotus Born Guru (Berkeley).
Snellgrove, D. (1957) Buddhist Himalaya (Oxford).
Tucci, G. (1949) Tibetan Painted Scrolls (Rome).
Willis, J.D. (1985) 'On the Nature of rNam-thar: Early dGe-lugs-pa Siddha Biographies' in: Aziz, B.A. & Kapstein, M. (eds.) Soundings in Tibetan Civilization (Kathmandu): 304–319.

Tibetan culture
Tibetan Buddhist literature
Vajrayana

Namtar (biography)


Integration may be any of the following:

 Integration, in the most general sense, may be any bringing together and uniting of things: the integration of two or more economies, cultures, religions (usually called syncretism), etc.
 Integration, in mathematics, a concept of calculus, is the act of finding integrals
 Indefinite integration, in mathematics, refers to antidifferentiation
 Racial integration, refers to social and cultural behavior
 Economic integration
 Regional integration
 Horizontal integration and vertical integration, in microeconomics and strategic management, refer to a style of ownership and control
 Integration clause, in a contract, a term used to declare the contract the final and complete understanding of the parties
 In computer science
 Digital integration, in computer science, allows data from one device or software to be read or manipulated by another, resulting in ease of use
 Enterprise application integration, as the use of software and computer systems to bring together a set of enterprise computer applications
 Systems Integration, refers to the discipline of designing systems by means of glueing together otherwise separate parts. Usually associated to the construction of complex systems.

Integration