Irène Némirovsky (; 11 February 1903 – 17 August 1942) was a novelist of Ukrainian Jewish origin who was born in Kiev, then in the Russian Empire. She lived more than half her life in France, and wrote in French, but was denied French citizenship. Arrested as a Jew under the racial lawswhich did not take into account her conversion to Roman Catholicismshe was murdered in Auschwitz at the age of 39. Némirovsky is best known for the posthumously published Suite française.

Life and career
Némirovsky was born Irina Lvivna Nemirovska () in 1903 in Kiev, then Russian Empire, the daughter of a wealthy banker, Léon (Lev) Némirovsky. Her volatile and unhappy relationship with her mother became the heart of many of her novels.

Her family fled the Russian Empire at the start of the Russian Revolution in 1917, spent 1918 in Finland, and then settled in Paris, where Némirovsky attended the Sorbonne and began writing when she was 18 years old.

In 1926, Némirovsky married Michel Epstein, a banker, and had two daughters: Denise, born in 1929; and Élisabeth, in 1937.

In 1929, she published David Golder, the story of a Jewish banker unable to please his troubled daughter.  It was an immediate success, and was adapted to the big screen by Julien Duvivier in 1930, with Harry Baur as David Golder. In 1930, her novel Le Bal, the story of a mistreated daughter and the revenge of a teenager, became a play and a movie.

The David Golder manuscript was sent by post to the publishing company Éditions Grasset with a poste restante address and signed Epstein. H. Muller, a reader for Grasset, immediately tried to find the author but failed, so Grasset advertised in newspapers for the author's identity.  However, she was busy bearing her first child, Denise. When Némirovsky finally appeared as the author of David Golder, the unverified story is that the publisher was surprised that such a young woman was able to write such a powerful book.

Although she was widely recognized as a major authoreven by some anti-Semitic writers like Robert BrasillachFrench citizenship was denied to the Némirovskys in 1938.

Némirovsky was of Russian-Jewish origin, but was baptized into the Roman Catholic Church in 1939 and wrote in Candide and Gringoire, two magazines with ultra-nationalist tendencies. After the war started, Gringoire was the only magazine that continued to publish her work, thus "guarantee[ing] Némirovsky's family some desperately needed income".

By 1940, Némirovsky's husband was unable to continue working at the bank, and Némirovsky's books could no longer be published, because of her Jewish ancestry. Upon the Nazis' approach to Paris, they fled with their two daughters to the village of Issy-l'Evêque (the Némirovskys initially sent them to live with their nanny's family in Burgundy, while staying on in Paris themselves; they had already lost their Russian home and refused to lose their home in France), where Némirovsky was required to wear the Yellow star.

On 13 July 1942, Némirovsky (then 39) was arrested as a "stateless person of Jewish descent" by policemen employed by Vichy France. As she was being taken away, she told her daughters, "I am going on a journey now." She was brought to a convoy assembly camp at Pithiviers, and on 17 July 1942, together with 928 other Jewish deportees, transported to the Nazi concentration camp Auschwitz, in Poland. Upon her arrival there two days later, her forearm was marked with an identification number. She died a month later of typhus. On 6 November 1942, her husband, Michel Epstein, was sent to Auschwitz and immediately murdered in the gas chambers.

Rediscovery
Némirovsky is now best known as the author of the unfinished Suite Française (Denoël, France, 2004, ; translation by Sandra Smith, Knopf, 2006, ), two novellas portraying life in France between 4 June 1940 and 1 July 1941, the period during which the Nazis occupied most of France. These works are considered remarkable because they were written during the actual period itself, and yet are the product of considered reflection, rather than just a journal of events, as might be expected considering the personal turmoil experienced by the author at the time.

Némirovsky's older daughter, Denise, kept the notebook containing the manuscript for Suite Française for fifty years without reading it, thinking it was a journal or diary of her mother's, which would be too painful to read. In the late 1990s, however, she made arrangements to donate her mother's papers to a French archive and decided to examine the notebook first. Upon discovering what it contained, she instead had it published in France, where it became a bestseller in 2004.  It sold 2.5 million copies by 2008 and has been translated into 38 languages.

The original manuscript has been given to the Institut mémoires de l'édition contemporaine (IMEC), and the novel has won the Prix Renaudotthe first time the prize has been awarded posthumously.

Némirovsky's surviving notes sketch a general outline of a story arc that was intended to include the two existing novellas, as well as three more to take place later during the war and at its end. She wrote that the rest of the work was "in limbo, and what limbo! It's really in the lap of the gods since it depends on what happens."

In a January 2006 interview with the BBC, her daughter Denise said, "For me, the greatest joy is knowing that the book is being read. It is an extraordinary feeling to have brought my mother back to life. It shows that the Nazis did not truly succeed in killing her. It is not vengeance, but it is a victory."

Controversy
Several reviewers and commentators have raised questions regarding Némirovsky's conversion to Catholicism, her generally negative depiction of Jews in her writing and her use of ultra-nationalist publications to provide for her family.

Myriam Anissimov's introduction to the French edition of Suite Française describes Némirovsky as a "self-hating Jew," due to the fact that Némirovsky's own situation as a Jew in France is not at all seen in the work. The paragraph was omitted from the English edition.

A long article in The Jewish Quarterly argued that there had been an "abdication of critical responsibility in exchange for the more sensational copy to be had from Némirovsky's biography" by most reviewers in the British press.

Fire in the Blood
In 2007, another novel by Némirovsky was published, after a complete manuscript was found in her archives by two French biographers. Chaleur du sangtranslated to English by Sandra Smith as Fire in the Bloodis a tale of country folk in a Burgundy village, based on Issy-l'Évêque where Némirovsky and her family found temporary refuge while hiding from the Nazis.

Works

Published during the author's life
 L'Enfant génial (Éditions Fayard, 1927). Was renamed by the publisher L'enfant prodige in 1992 with the approval of Némirovsky's daughters, because the French term génial had become widely used in slang (similar to awesome) and no longer had the same connotations.
 David Golder (Éditions Grasset, 1929). David Golder, trans. Sylvia Stuart (1930); also trans. Sandra Smith (2007).
 Le Bal (Éditions Grasset, 1930). Trans. Sandra Smith in Le Bal  / Snow in Autumn (2007)
 Le malentendu (Éditions Fayard, 1930)
 Les Mouches d'automne (Éditions Grasset, 1931). Trans. Sandra Smith in Le Bal  / Snow in Autumn (2007)
 L'Affaire Courilof (Éditions Grasset, 1933). The Courilof Affair, trans. Sandra Smith (2008)
 Le Pion sur l'échiquier (Éditions Albin Michel, 1934)
 Films parlés (Éditions Nouvelle Revue Française, 1934)
 Le Vin de solitude (Éditions Albin Michel, 1935). The Wine of Solitude, trans. Sandra Smith (Vintage, 2012).
 Jézabel (Éditions Albin Michel, 1936). A Modern Jezebel, trans. Barre Dunbar (Henry Holt & Co., 1937); also as Jezebel, trans. Sandra Smith (Vintage, 2010).
 La Proie (Éditions Albin Michel, 1938)
 Deux (Éditions Albin Michel, 1939)
 Le maître des âmes (Revue Gringoire, 1939, published as weekly episodes)
 Les Chiens et les loups (Éditions Albin Michel, 1940). The Dogs and the Wolves, trans. Sandra Smith (2009)

Works published posthumously
 La Vie de Tchekhov (Éditions Albin Michel, 1946)
 Les Biens de ce monde (Éditions Albin Michel, 1947). All Our Worldly Goods, trans. Sandra Smith (Vintage, 2011).
 Les Feux de l'automne (Éditions Albin Michel, 1957). The Fires of Autumn, trans. Sandra Smith (2014).
 Dimanche (short stories) (Éditions Stock, 2000). Dimanche and Other Stories, trans. Bridget Patterson (Persephone Books, 2010)
 Destinées et autres nouvelles (Éditions Sables, 2004)
 Suite française (Éditions Denoël, 2004). Suite Française, trans. Sandra Smith (Chatto & Windus, 2004; Alfred A. Knopf, 2006).
 Le maître des âmes (Éditions Denoël, 2005)
 Chaleur du sang (Éditions Denoël, 2007). Fire in the Blood, trans. Sandra Smith (Chatto & Windus, 2007, )
 Les vierges et autres nouvelles, Éditions Denoël, 2009

Compilations in English

 Le Bal  / Snow in Autumn, trans. Sandra Smith (2007)
 David Golder, The Ball, Snow in Autumn, The Courilof Affair, trans. Sandra Smith (2008)

Awards and honors

 2004: Prix Renaudot, for Suite française

Adaptations
 An opera made from the 1930 novel Le Bal was first performed in 2010 at the Hamburg Opera House, Germany (composed by Oscar Strasnoy, adapted by Matthew Jocelyn.)
 A dramatization of the 1930 novel Le malentendu was broadcast by BBC Radio as The Misunderstanding in January 2019.

Biography
A biography of Némirovsky, Irene Nemirovsky: Her Life And Works, written by Jonathan Weiss, was published in 2006.

See also
 Hélène Berr – French diarist
 Hana Brady – Jewish girl and Holocaust victim; subject of the children's book Hana's Suitcase
 Helga Deen – wrote a diary in Herzogenbusch concentration camp (Camp Vught)
 Etty Hillesum – wrote a diary in Amsterdam and Camp Westerbork
 Věra Kohnová – Czech diarist
 David Koker – wrote a diary in Herzogenbusch concentration camp (Camp Vught)
 Janet Langhart – author of a one-act play, "Anne and Emmett"
 Rutka Laskier – Polish diarist
 Bruce Marshall – Scottish novelist; his life has parallels with Némirovsky's and his novel Yellow Tapers for Paris is similar to Suite Française
 Tanya Savicheva – Russian child diarist
 Sophie Scholl – German student executed by the Nazis
 Henio Zytomirski – Polish boy who was a Holocaust victim
 The Dogs and the Wolves (novel)

References

Further reading
 Lise Jaillant, "A Masterpiece Ripped from Oblivion: Rediscovered Manuscripts and the Memory of the Holocaust in Contemporary France", Clio 39.3 (Summer 2010): 359–79.
 Olivier Philipponnat and Patrick Lienhardt, The Life of Irène Némirovsky: 1903–1942, London: Chatto & Windus, 2010. Translated by Euan Cameron. . Available in U. S. May 4, 2010.
 Jonathan Weiss, Irène Némirovsky: Her Life and Works, Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2006. .
 Élisabeth Gille, Le Mirador, Mémoires rêvées (by Nemirovsky's youngest daughter,  a "dreamed biography" of her mother), Presses de la Renaissance (1992), , Available in English from Knopf, Fall 2006.

 Serge Klarsfeld, Le Memorial de la Deportation des Juifs de France, Paris, 1978. No pagination.
 Olivier Corpet and Garret White (editors), Woman of Letters: Irène Némirovsky and Suite Française (with a short story, "The Virgins" by Irène Némirovsky, Five Ties Publishing, September 1, 2008. .
 Angela Kershaw, Before Auschwitz: Irène Némirovsky and the Cultural Landscape of Inter-war France, Routledge, August 1, 2009.
 Olivier Philipponnat, "The 'Ambiguities' of Irène Némirovsky" (review of Angela Kershaw's Before Auschwitz: Irène Némirovsky and the Cultural Landscape of Inter-war France, 18 April 2013, translated into English by Susannah Dale.

External links
 Website dedicated to Irène Némirovsky
  Site dédié à l'écrivain Irène Némirovsky
 Irene Nemirovsky at Random House Australia
  Université McGill: le roman selon les romanciers  Inventory and analysis of Irene Némirovsky's non-novelistic writings about novel
 Interview of Denise Epstein & Sandra Smith WAMU American University Radio
 Jewish Literary Review: "Tell the full story of Irène Némirovsky"
 Author Profile at Persephone Books

Critical reviews of Suite Française

 Peter Kemp in The Times
 Andrew Riemer in The Sydney Morning Herald
 A review by: Paul La Farge

1903 births
1942 deaths
Writers from Kyiv
French Roman Catholics
French women novelists
Converts to Roman Catholicism from Judaism
Jewish novelists
Deaths from typhus
Jewish French writers
French people who died in Auschwitz concentration camp
Russian writers in French
French writers
Prix Renaudot winners
French civilians killed in World War II
20th-century French women writers
20th-century French novelists
Ukrainian Jews who died in the Holocaust
French Jews who died in the Holocaust
Emigrants from the Russian Empire to France
Infectious disease deaths in Poland

Irène Némirovsky


In ecology, a biome is a major regional group of distinctive plant and animal
communities best adapted to the region's physical natural environment,
latitude, elevation, and terrain.

A biome is made up of ecoregions or settlements at stable steady state and all associated transitional, disturbed, or degraded, vegetation, fauna and soils, but can often be identified by the climax vegetation type.

The biodiversity characteristic of each biome, especially the diversity of fauna and subdominant plant forms, is a function of abiotic factors and the biomass productivity of the dominant vegetation. Terrestrial biomes with higher net primary productivity, moisture availability, and temperature.

A fundamental classification of biomes is into:

 Terrestrial (land) biomes and
 Aquatic (water) biomes.

Biomes are often given local names. For example, a temperate grassland or shrubland biome is known commonly as steppe in central Asia, savanna or field in southern Africa, prairie in North America, pampa in South America and outback or scrub in Australia.
Sometimes an entire biome may be targeted for protection, especially under an individual nation's Biodiversity Action Plan.

Terrestrial biomes
Climate is a major factor determining the distribution of terrestrial biomes. Among the important climatic factors are:
 latitude: arctic, boreal, temperate, subtropical, tropical.
 humidity: humid, semi-humid, semi-arid, and arid.
 seasonal variation: rainfall may be distributed evenly throughout the year, or be marked by seasonal variations.
 dry summer, wet winter: most regions of the earth receive most of their rainfall during the summer months; Mediterranean climate regions receive their rainfall during the winter months.
 elevation: increasing elevation causes a distribution of habitat types similar to that of increasing latitude.

Biodiversity generally increases away from the poles towards the equator, and increases with humidity.

The most widely used systems of classifying biomes correspond to latitude (or temperature zoning) and humidity.

Udvardy system
In 1975, Miklos Udvardy published a system of biogeographic provinces that were divided into 12 terrestrial biomes.

Bailey system
Robert G. Bailey developed a biogeographical classification system for the United States in a map published in 1975. Bailey subsequently expanded the system to include the rest of North America in 1981, and the world in 1989. The Bailey system is based on climate, and is divided into four domains (Polar, Humid Temperate, Dry, and Humid Tropical), with further divisions based on other climate characteristics (subarctic, warm temperate, hot temperate, and subtropical, marine and continental, lowland and mountain).

WWF system
A team of biologists developed an ecological land classification system for the World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) that identified 14 biomes, called major habitat types, and further divided the world's land area into 867 terrestrial ecoregions. This classification is used to define the Global 200 list of ecoregions identified by the (WWF) as priorities for conservation. The WWF major habitat types are as follows:
Forests ('broadleaf' = Angiosperm trees)
 Tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests (tropical and subtropical, humid)
 Tropical and subtropical dry broadleaf forests (tropical and subtropical, semihumid)
 Tropical and subtropical coniferous forests (tropical and subtropical, semihumid)
 Temperate broadleaf and mixed forests (temperate, humid)
 Temperate coniferous forests (temperate, humid to semihumid)
 Boreal forests/taiga (subarctic, humid)
 Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub or sclerophyll forests (temperate warm, semihumid to semiarid with winter rainfall)
Grasslands
 Tropical and subtropical grasslands, savannas, and shrublands (tropical and subtropical, semiarid)
 Temperate grasslands, savannas, and shrublands (temperate, semiarid)
 Flooded grasslands and savannas (temperate to tropical, fresh or brackish water inundated)
 Montane grasslands and shrublands: alpine (above the tree line) or montane (below the tree line, and hence with trees).
 Tundra (Arctic)
 Deserts and xeric shrublands (temperate to tropical, arid)
 Mangrove (subtropical and tropical, salt water inundated)

Aquatic biomes
 continental shelf
 littoral/intertidal zone
 riparian
 pond
 coral reef
 Ecosystem
 Habitat
 kelp forest
 pack ice
 hydrothermal vents
 cold seeps
 benthic zone
 pelagic zone
 neritic zone

Other biomes
The Endolithic biome, consisting entirely of microscopic life in rock pores (small holes in rocks) and cracks, kilometers beneath the surface, has only recently been discovered and does not fit well into most classification schemes.

Related pages

 Ecozone

Other websites
 Biomes of the world (Missouri Botanic Garden)
 Biomes Quiz

Biome


Crecchio is a comune and village in the province of Chieti, part of the Abruzzo region in central Italy. The village preserves its medieval aspect and is dominated by its castle. It is a member of the I Borghi più belli d'Italia ("The most beautiful villages of Italy") association. Its main activities are agriculture and tourism, yet small family-run businesses exist.

Geography

Crecchio is located between the Adriatic coast and the pedemountain areas of the Maiella Mountain Massif. The Arielli and Rifago streams flow in the north west of the territory. These have cut deep valleys and have given rise to a hill with steep flanks, the top of which is occupied by Crecchio itself. In the south eastern areas, the landscape  slopes towards the Moro stream.

Even though the area as a whole is dominated by hills and valleys, there are several flat areas within the boundaries of the commune. These include the areas Pietra Lata, Casone e Macchie near the provincial road "Marrucina" (ex SS 538), at Fonte Roberto and Ciaò (between Villa Mascitti and Casino Vezzani), in the areas surrounding Villa Tucci (Padule, Pozzo e Capo Lemare) and at S. Maria Cardetola.  The elevation slowly decreases from southwest to northeast. The minimum elevation of  above sea level is at Piano di Morrecine in the valley of the Arielli stream (northern areas) while the maximum elevation is  at the old railway station near the border with the commune of Arielli.

History
Historical sources date Crecchio back to at least the 11th century, and archaeological evidence suggests it was inhabited at least as far back as the Roman era.

Main sights
The major building is the 12th-century castle which was converted to residential use in 1789. The castle became the family seat of the de Riseis family. The family were host to Prince Umberto in 1926 for one night of their honeymoon.

The castle was the site of an event during World War II when, on 10 September 1943, after the armistice, King Victor Emmanuel III of Italy of Italy, in flight from Rome, spent a night in the castle before leaving Italy from the port of Ortona.

An Etruscan and Byzantine museum is located inside the castle.

Economy
The economy is mainly based on agriculture where vineyards and olive trees dominate the hills and valleys. The main vines grown are Montepulciano d'Abruzzo and Trebbiano. The first produces a dense red wine while Trebbiano grapes produce a rich white table wine.

The few business activities are mainly focused on the textile and mechanical industry.

See also
Abruzzo (wine)

Twin towns
 Lariano, Italy

References

Cities and towns in Abruzzo
Borghi più belli d'Italia

Crecchio


Petrified wood (from the Greek root Petro meaning "rock" or "stone"; literally "wood turned into stone") is the name given to a special type of fossilized remains of terrestrial vegetation. It is the result of a tree having turned completely into stone by the process of per mineralization. All the organic materials have been replaced with minerals (most often a silicate, such as quartz), while retaining the original structure of the wood. Unlike other types of fossils which are typically impressions or compressions, petrified wood is a three dimensional representation of the original organic material.

The petrifaction process occurs underground, when wood becomes buried under sediment and is initially preserved due to a lack of oxygen which inhibits aerobic decomposition.

Fossils

Petrified wood


Howdy Forrester (March 31, 1922 – August 1, 1987), born Howard Wilson Forrester, was an American bluegrass fiddler and a popularizer and practiser of the "Texas" or "show fiddle" style. He was a long-time member of Roy Acuff's Smoky Mountain Boys.

Biography
Forrester was born near Vernon, in Hickman County, Tennessee, into a family of many fiddlers; his father, grandfather, and uncle all played the fiddle. He grew up as the youngest of four brothers. In 1927, their father was killed in an automobile accident when his vehicle was hit by a train. In 1933, during a convalescence from rheumatic fever where he was bedridden for months, Forrester learned to play the fiddle.

After his family moved to Nashville in the mid-1930s, Forrester began performing with his brothers. In 1938, he joined The Vagabonds and landed a job on the Grand Ole Opry. When Herald Goodman of the Vagabonds formed another act called the Tennessee Valley Boys, Forrester was soon to join up. He and Herald Goodman received an offer in 1939 to join the Saddle Mountain Roundup radio show in Tulsa, Oklahoma. During this time, Forrester received his nickname, "Big Howdy," by Goodman.

In 1940, he moved to Nashville with his wife to work with Bill Monroe and Monroe's group, the Blue Grass Boys. In 1943, he was drafted and had to leave the band (he was replaced by Jim Shumate) but his wife Billie "Sally Ann" Forrester remained with Monroe as his sole accordion player until 1945. After Forrester's discharge from the US Navy in 1946, he returned temporarily to Monroe. Soon he moved to Dallas to join Georgia Slim Rutland and the Texas Roundup performing at KRLD-AM.

In 1950, he joined Cowboy Copas before becoming a full-time member of Roy Acuff and His Smoky Mountain Boys in 1951. He also made recordings with Flatt & Scruggs in the early 1950s. In 1960, he recorded a solo album called Fancy Fiddlin' Country Style for the MGM subsidiary Cub label. In 1964, Forrester joined  the Acuff-Rose Artists Corporation and remained a member of the Smokey Mountain Boys until his death in 1987. He continued to record solo albums during the 1970s and 1980s.

Forrester died at his home in Nashville.

Notes

References
 Carlin, Richard (2003), Country Music: A Biographical Dictionary, Taylor & Francis
 Goldsmith, Thomas (2004), The Bluegrass Reader, University of Illinois Press
 Schlappi, Elizabeth (1993), Roy Acuff: The Smoky Mountain Boy, Pelican Publishing Company

1922 births
1987 deaths
American country singer-songwriters
American bluegrass fiddlers
Texas-style fiddlers
20th-century American singer-songwriters
Foggy Mountain Boys members
Singers from Nashville, Tennessee
People from Hickman County, Tennessee

Howdy Forrester


Devin Star Tailes (born July 2, 1989), known professionally as Dev (sometimes stylized as DEV or dEV), is an American singer, songwriter, rapper, model and radio host. She was discovered by the Cataracs and record label Indie-Pop via Myspace after Dev's friend posted a video of her singing. Dev's song "Booty Bounce" was sampled in Far East Movement's hit single "Like a G6", which reached number one in the US and sold over four million downloads in the country.

Dev was signed to Universal Republic in October 2010 and released her debut single, "Bass Down Low", on November 16, 2010, which reached the top 10 in the United Kingdom. Her debut album, The Night the Sun Came Up, was released on March 27, 2012. The album's second single, "In the Dark", peaked at number 11 in the US chart, making it her most successful solo single to date. In 2014, Dev released two EPs, Bittersweet July and the second part as a follow-up to part one. She is also a radio host of the popular radio Beats 1 by Apple, founded in 2015.

In mid-2016, Dev started promoting her second album with an lead single called "#1", featuring Nef the Pharaoh, which reached the top 15 on the Billboard Rhythmic Songs chart. Dev's second studio album, I Only See You When I'm Dreamin', was made available for pre-order in July 2017; it includes the singles "All I Wanna Do" and "Come at Me" and is her first full-length project since 2011's The Night the Sun Came Up.

Early life
Dev was born to Lisa, a real estate agent, and Riki Tailes, a painting contractor. She has two younger sisters, Sierra Sol (born September 13, 1994) and Maezee Lua. Dev is of Costa Rican, Portuguese and Mexican descent. She grew up in the city of Manteca. At age 4, she began swimming and was part of the U.S. Olympic development program. She attended Brock Elliott Elementary and graduated from Sierra High School in 2007, where she was a member of band and choir. She attended San Joaquin Delta College, studying English and art history.

Career

2009–10: Career beginning

In 2009, Dev made a cover of Amy Winehouse's "Back to Black", and, after a friend posted the song on MySpace along with an original song about an ex-boyfriend, the production team the Cataracs contacted Dev. To Fashion Indie Magazine, she said, "I decided to put up this song on MySpace. [...] it was basically a "diss track" and I didn't expect anything out of it. It was just to make me feel good like how music usually do but Niles [of the Cataracs] came across to my page and was really into my voice and they kind of got me into singing and opened up my eyes to business opportunities". She dropped out of college in her first year to pursue her singing career and was then signed by the Los Angeles-based record label and management team, Indie-Pop, who also discovered the Cataracs. Six months later, Dev and the Cataracs' song "2Nite" began to gain exposure on the radio, the music video channel MTVU and the Billboard Hot Dance Airplay chart. In 2009, Dev moved to Los Angeles to produce music with the Cataracs and work directly with Indie-Pop.

In 2010, the Cataracs produced "Like a G6" with Far East Movement and decided to use a verse from Dev's single "Booty Bounce" as the chorus. The two songs were made in the same summer, at the time where Dev and the Cataracs "were grinding it out in the studio pretty tough together," making a couple of "simplistic random tracks." "Like a G6", which features Far East Movement and Dev, was released in April 2010, and reached number one on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart. The song went on to sell over four million downloads in the US. In August 2010, a video was made for "Booty Bounce" directed by Ethan Lader, and uploaded it onto YouTube, where it has generated over 20 million views. In October 2010, Dev was signed to Universal Republic and her first official single, "Bass Down Low", was serviced to rhythmic radio stations in November. It was released digitally in select countries on December 6, 2010, and one day later in the United States. The song reached 61 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart and number two on the Heatseekers Songs chart. In Canada, the song peaked at number 35 in its fifth week on the Canadian Hot 100 chart. "Bass Down Low" saw more success in the United Kingdom, where it peaked at number ten on the UK Singles Chart.

2011–13: The Night the Sun Came Up
On April 25, 2011, she released the single "In the Dark". The song enjoyed commercial success in the United States, peaking at number 11 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart and the summit of Hot Dance Club Songs and peaked in the top 40 in Canada, Australia, Denmark, Ireland, Scotland and the United Kingdom. The song's music video features shots of black-painted hands that touch Dev while she is standing naked. Dev's debut album The Night the Sun Came Up has been released in United Kingdom on September 20, 2011. Since 2009, Dev has been working on her debut album with main producers, the Cataracs. In March 2011, Dev and the Cataracs travelled to Costa Rica for three weeks where they recorded and produced most of the material for the new album. She explained of the album's genres, "typical pop music is not what I am only good at doing; I have a lot of ideas and hip-hop influence records, some electro ballads." In March 2011, New Boyz's single "Backseat", featuring Dev and the Cataracs, was released. The song peaked at number 26 on the Billboard Hot 100. She was featured on Demi Lovato's album "Unbroken" on a song called "Who's That Boy". She featured on a song by British boy band JLS, "She Makes Me Wanna", which peaked at the top of the UK Singles Chart in the United Kingdom.

Dev also released two more promotional singles through Twitter, "Poison" and "Call Me" both covers of Bell Biv Devoe and Blondie respectively. She also featured in EDM artist David Guetta's album, Nothing But the Beat on a song called "I Just Wanna F" with Timbaland and Afrojack. Dev has also featured on a single by Swedish singer Eric Saade, "Hotter Than Fire" which was released on November 2, 2011, in Sweden. Dev is featured on a remix of Girls' Generation's song "Bad Girl" by the Cataracs, featured on their Japanese remix album and Dev was also featured in Timbaland's promotional single "Break Ya Back". The American version of The Night the Sun Came Up was released on March 26, 2012, in the United States, which includes new tracks compared to previous releases of the album. Dev has teamed up with singer Enrique Iglesias on a track called "Naked" which is produced by the Cataracs and was released as the third single of the repackaged album. It reached the first position in Mexico and the second position in the US dance chart.

At the 2012 Lollapalooza, Dev revealed that she was currently working on her second album; "I'm using a lot more live instrumentation for this album", stating "I had such a great time making a very electronic-based album for the first one, but you know, I'm just moving to different things, different sounds, so we'll see." Her track "Bass Down Low" was featured during match intervals of Volleyball, Beach Volleyball and Basketball among others during the 2012 Summer Olympics. In 2013 Universal Republic Records announced that they were going defunct, all artists from the label moved to Republic Records. In November 1, she has posted on her official YouTube a new song, "Kiss It" featuring Sage the Gemini produced by Hit-Boy. While "Kiss It" will release on December 17, 2013. A remix version was released featured Casey Veggies in place of Sage the Gemini.

In November 2013, Dev also collaborated with singer Mia Martina for her single Danse which gained popularity in Latin and dance charts throughout spring 2014.

===2014–present: Bittersweet July and I Only See You When I'm Dreamin'''===
In the mid-2014, after the release of her previous single "Kiss It", Dev left Universal Republic and decided to release music on her own, without a label. On May 5, 2014, Dev released an EP called Not All Love Songs Have To Be So Sad with NanosauR. The EP was released via iTunes on July 31, 2014. On August 7, 2014, Dev has posted a snippet of a new song on her Instagram account called "Kids" and revealed that Bittersweet July will be available for pre-order on August 11. It was released on September 23 by Rica Lyfe Records, her own label. On November 5, 2014, "Honey Dip" was confirmed as the first single from the EP, the video was directed by the Oakland-based rapper Kreayshawn. On December 6, 2014, Dev announced the release of Bittersweet July, Pt. 2 as a follow up to Part 1 and made it available for pre-order along with the download of "The Night is Young". The EP was released via iTunes on December 15. The third track from the second part, "Parade", was released as the lead single.

In 2015, Dev collaborated with female electro duo Nervo for their single "Hey Ricky". The single also features Kreayshawn, who directed the video. The video, released on Vevo on June 2, 2015, went viral, topping the real-time US chart. In December 2015, Dev was also featured as the lead vocalist on the club hit "Electric Walk" by electro-house producer Nytrix. The song peaked at eight on the Billboard Dance Club Songs chart.

On January 25, 2016, Idolator posted a snippet of a song called "Lowkey" and wrote that on January 27, Ebro Darden would premiere Dev's standalone single on Beats1. Dev worked mainly with her friend-producer NanosauR, Dave Tozer and Rey Reel. "Lowkey" was released on March 8, 2016. The song was praised by the critic and compared to Selena Gomez's "Good for You".

In February 2016, Dev was featured as the lead vocalist on "We Rock It" by Sander Kleinenberg. In August 2016, Dev signed with Barry Weiss's record label RECORDS and began promoting her album with the single "#1" featuring Nef the Pharaoh, which reached the top 15 of the Billboard Rhythmic songs chart.

In July 2017, Dev kicked off the campaign for her second album I Only See You When I'm Dreamin' with the release of two singles All I Wanna Do & Come at Me along with the pre-order of the album due September 8. Dev worked with collaborators such as RAYE, MNDR, Sarah Hudson and Marko Penn on the record.

From 2018, Dev began releasing standalone singles with "Rock On It", "Down For Me", "Girls Don't Lie" and "Clean Break" being released throughout 2018. She collaborated on the song "Make Out" by Da Candy and Ferry released in September 2018. Beginning in July 2020 Dev started releasing a single every three weeks starting with "Mango" on July 17, "Follow My Lead" on August and "Bom Dia" on September 1.

In July 2022, Dev performed live on Lollapalooza and Hard stating that she was working on new music.

Musical style
Dev's electro style and "sing-talk" vocal style have been compared to fellow pop singer Kesha. Dev responded to this, saying, "I'm confident enough in what I do that people will see me for who I am ... I get why people compare us but once people see me live they won't connect us as much." While comparing her to Kesha, Idolator wrote that "Dev's beats come off a bit more mellow and her songs a little bit more electro than pop." In response to being compared to both Kesha and Uffie, Dev said, "I just feel that I have a lot more to say and the ability to have an eclectic sound, I'm not bashing either artist, but I'm going to be able to give you a little bit more than what you've heard on those records. When my album comes out, hopefully I won't have to hear another reference or comparison." Much of Dev's music is inspired by rap music, as she believes that fans respond to "pop music but with rap roots". She said, "I've always been into hip-hop. Eminem changed my life when I was younger." The Hollywood Reporter compared her "futuristic" and "pulsing" sound to underground electroclash musicians Peaches and Yelle. Dev's musical genres have been cited as electro-crunk and electropop.

Personal life
In September 2011, Dev publicly announced that she was expecting a baby girl due December 24, 2011. Dev gave birth to her daughter Emilia Lovely on December 9, 2011. MTV aired a special about Dev's life as a mom and how she is juggling being a mother and a performer at the same time. The show also shed light on her daughter, who was born with a condition called gastroschisis, and how her daughter overcame it.

Discography

 The Night the Sun Came Up (2011)
 I Only See You When I'm Dreamin (2017)

ToursHeadlining The Night the Sun Came Up Tour (2012)
 Bittersweet July Tour (2014–15)
 Bay Nights Tour (with Lil Debbie) (2019)Opening Act'''
 Jeffree Star's The Fresh Meat Tour (2010–11)
 Usher's OMG Tour (2011)

Accolades
Dev has been nominated for two Billboard Music Awards, a Brit Award and two MTV Video Music Awards.

References

External links

1989 births
Living people
American dance musicians
American hip hop musicians
American electronic musicians
American women in electronic music
American women singer-songwriters
American women pop singers
American synth-pop musicians
American rappers of Mexican descent
American indie pop musicians
People from Manteca, California
American people of Portuguese descent
San Joaquin Delta College alumni
Singer-songwriters from California
American women rappers
Pop rappers
American LGBT rights activists
Activists from California
21st-century American rappers
21st-century American women musicians
American people of Costa Rican descent
Hispanic and Latino American rappers
21st-century women rappers

Dev (singer)


Abraham Nemeth (October 16, 1918 – October 2, 2013) was an American mathematician. He was professor of mathematics at the University of Detroit Mercy in Detroit, Michigan. Nemeth was blind and is known for developing Nemeth Braille, a system for blind people to read and write mathematics.

Early life
Nemeth was born in New York City on the Lower East Side of Manhattan into a large family of Hungarian Jewish immigrants who spoke Yiddish. He was blind from birth from a combination of macular degeneration and retinitis pigmentosa.

He attended public schools at first but did most of his primary and secondary education at the Jewish Guild for the Blind school in Yonkers, New York. His undergraduate studies were at Brooklyn College where he studied psychology. He earned a Master of Arts degree in psychology from Columbia University.

Nemeth studied mathematics and physics at Brooklyn College. He did not major in mathematics because his academic advisors discouraged him. However, tired of what he felt were unfulfilling jobs at agencies of the blind, and with the encouragement of his first wife Florence, he decided to continue his education in mathematics. He received a Ph.D. in mathematics from Wayne State University.

Academic career
Nemeth taught part-time at various colleges in New York. Though his employers were sometimes reluctant to hire him knowing that he was blind, his reputation grew as it became apparent that he was a capable mathematician and teacher. Nemeth distinguished himself from many other blind people by being able to write visual print letters and mathematical symbols on paper and blackboards just like sighted people, a skill he learned as a child. Nemeth says that this skill allowed him to succeed in mathematics, during an era without much technology, when even Braille was difficult to use in mathematics. During the 1950s he moved to Detroit, Michigan to accept a position at the University of Detroit working with Keith Rosenberg. He remained there for 30 years, retiring in 1985. During the late 1960s he studied computer science and began the university's program in that subject.

Importance to mathematics and blindness
As the coursework became more advanced, he found that he needed a braille code that would more effectively handle the kinds of math and science material he was tackling.  Ultimately, he developed the Nemeth Braille Code for Mathematics and Science Notation, which was published in 1952.  The Nemeth Code has gone through 4 revisions since its initial development, and continues to be widely used today.

Nemeth is also responsible for the rules of MathSpeak, a system for orally communicating mathematical text.  In the course of his studies, Nemeth found that he needed to make use of sighted readers to read otherwise inaccessible math texts and other materials.  Likewise, he needed a method for dictating his math work and other materials for transcription into print. The conventions Nemeth developed for efficiently reading mathematical text out loud have evolved into MathSpeak.

Nemeth was instrumental in the development of Unified English Braille (UEB) from 1991 to at least 2001, though he eventually parted ways with others developing that code, and instead worked on a parallel effort called the Universal Braille System (sometimes abbreviated as NUBS with his name appended to the front).  As of 2012, UEB was officially adopted by BANA as the standard for literary braille, but Nemeth Code was also fully retained as an optional official coding system.  Work on NUBS may continue, or it might be merged into a future rules-update to the official Nemeth Code (the most recent official rules-update to Nemeth Code was in 2013).

Post-retirement
Nemeth was still working on the Nemeth code when he died. Nemeth had been active in the Jewish community since childhood, and since his retirement from academic mathematics he had been transcribing Hebrew prayer books into Braille.

Nemeth was an active member of the National Federation of the Blind. He has written several short stories and made speeches for the NFB about his life as a blind mathematician. On February 11, 2006, Nemeth had a massive heart attack, but recovered and was well enough to attend the July 2006 NFB convention and accept the 2006 Louis Braille award which the organization gave him. On July 9, 2009, he was honored by the NFB as a co-recipient of the Dr. Jacob Bolotin award.

Trivia
Nemeth's obituary was prematurely published twice in Jewish and blindness-related magazines, when workers at the magazines believed he had died when in fact his brother and wife had actually died.

Nemeth was a member of the United States Democratic Party but was appointed by a Republican governor of Michigan as chairman of the state commission for the blind, a position in which he served for two years, though he said that he did not like politics.

He was a proficient pianist who loved entertaining others, had an amazing memory for dates and information and enjoyed telling jokes and stories that he could match to almost any subject or occasion.

See also
 Jewish Braille Institute
 Jewish Heritage for the Blind

References

External links
 Profile of Abraham Nemeth at the MathSpeak Initiative web site
 Profile of Abraham Nemeth at the Division on Visual Impairment of the Council for Exceptional Children
 North Carolina Conference on Visual Impairment and Blindness page with a biographical section on Nemeth
 Interview with Abraham Nemeth at nextbook.org
 Information on the origins and rules of MathSpeak
"To Light A Candle with Mathematics": a short story by Nemeth published in the short story collection "As The Twig Is Bent", part of the NFB Kernel Book series.
Nemeth's Braille Award

 Photo Blog to Nemeth's 3 day visit to The New York Institute for Special Education (October 2007)

1918 births
2013 deaths
20th-century American mathematicians
21st-century American mathematicians
Columbia University alumni
University of Detroit Mercy faculty
Jewish American scientists
Blind scholars and academics
Scientists from New York City
American people of Hungarian-Jewish descent
Brooklyn College alumni
Wayne State University alumni
Mathematicians from New York (state)
21st-century American Jews
American scientists with disabilities
American blind people

Abraham Nemeth


Meinhard III (9 February 1344 – 13 January 1363), a member of the House of Wittelsbach, was duke of Upper Bavaria and count of Tyrol from 1361 until his death. He was the son of Duke Louis V of Bavaria with Countess Margaret of Tyrol and as such also the last descendant of the Tyrolean branch of the House of Gorizia (Meinhardiner dynasty).

Biography
Meinhard was born in Landshut during the reign of his Wittelsbach grandfather, Emperor Louis IV, who had prevailed against his Habsburg rival Frederick the Fair. His father Louis V, the eldest son of the emperor, in 1323 was enfeoffed with the Margraviate of Brandenburg upon the extinction of the Ascanian margraves. He did however concentrate on his Bavarian heritage and in 1342 married Countess Margaret of Tyrol, whose first matrimony with John Henry of Luxembourg was not yet divorced. This marriage earned the couple not only the enmity of the House of Luxembourg, but also the excommunication by Pope Clement VI. When Emperor Louis IV died in 1347, his son was not able to obtain the Imperial Crown, which passed from the Wittelsbach dynasty to the Luxembourg scion Charles IV.

In the course of a rapprochement between the Wittelsbach and Habsburg families, Louis' son Meinhard was raised at the Habsburg court in Vienna and when he came of age, he was married to Margaret of Austria (1346–1366) on 4 September 1359 in Passau. Margaret was a daughter of his father's ally, the Habsburg duke Albert II of Austria, and on this occasion his parents were absolved from the excommunication. After the sudden death of Louis V in 1361, his seventeen-year-old son ascended to rule in Upper Bavaria and in the County of Tyrol, in which he was strongly influenced by the Bavarian nobility. Meinhard also had to fend off attacks by his Wittelsbach uncle Duke Stephen II of Bavaria-Landshut and his Palatinate cousins. He fled to the court of the Prince-Bishop of Eichstätt, was temporarily arrested in Munich and finally retired to the Tyrolean home lands of his mother, possibly with the help of the Habsburg duke Rudolf IV of Austria.

Meinhard III died at Tirol Castle near Meran in 1363. His early death induced his mother Margaret to deny the inheritance claims raised by Count Meinhard VI of Gorizia and the House of Wittelsbach, when she ceded Tyrol to Duke Rudolf IV of Austria. Therefore, Meinhard's uncle Stephen II of Bavaria-Landshut, who had succeeded him in Upper Bavaria, invaded Tyrol but finally released the county in 1369, in return for a huge financial compensation. The unification of Tyrol with Austria was completed.

1344 births
1363 deaths
14th-century dukes of Bavaria
Counts of Tyrol
House of Wittelsbach

Meinhard III, Count of Gorizia-Tyrol


Katakana (カタカナ) is a Japanese script used for writing words borrowed from other languages. It is easier to read than the kanji (the picture method based on Chinese characters). Once the 46 katakana symbols have been learned, the reader knows how to pronounce them.

Katakana and hiragana are both syllabaries. In English we use the letters of the alphabet. In most words each letter stands for a bit of sound (a phoneme). In a syllabary each symbol stands for a syllable. For example: in English we write "Wagamama": each of the eight letters standing for a sound: "W-a-g-a-m-a-m-a". But if the word "Wagamama" is divided into syllables there are four syllables (blocks of sound): Wa-ga-ma-ma. In Katakana it is written with four symbols: ワガママ.

Hiragana works in the same way, but the symbols are mostly different. Katakana is perhaps a little easier to learn than Hiragana because the symbols are simpler and more "squared off". Together Katakana and Hiragana are called "Kana".

Table of katakana
This is a table of the basic katakana strokes. The first chart shows the basic katakana (characters with red letters next to them are no longer used today).

From the first table it can be seen that there are 46 basic characters (top left, first five columns, from "a" to "wa"). Diphthongs (vowels that slide from one sound to the other) have to be written with an extra symbol in small print. For example: the sound "mu" in our word "music" sounds like "myu" so it is written ミュ (mi+yu). So the word "musical" (as in a stage musical) is written: ミュージカル.
A long vowel is shown in katakana by a kind of dash called a "choon" (ー).

How Katakana is used
Katakana is used to write words which have been borrowed from other languages, or to write foreign names and names of countries. For example, America is written as アメリカ.

It is not always easy for us to recognize these words because the Japanese language does not have some of the sounds that we do in English. This means that Japanese have to find other ways to pronounce and write the word. For example: the word "coffee" is written コーヒー (koo-hii). Sometimes the word is shortened as well: "television" is written as テレビ (pronounced "te-re-bi").

Sometimes it is impossible to show the difference between two foreign words, e.g. ラーラー could spell either the name "Lara" or "Lala" (as in the Teletubbies). The Japanese have just one sound which is somewhere between our "r" and "l".

In the Japanese language a consonant is always followed by a vowel. Words or syllables cannot end in a consonant (except n or m), so the Japanese put in an extra vowel. "Ski" (as in skiing) becomes "suki" (スキ), and a "musical", as we have seen, becomes "myuujikaru" (ミュージカル).

Katakana are also used for onomatopoeic words like "ding", or for making words look important, or for scientific names such as the names of birds. Sometimes sentences in books or cartoons may be written in katakana to show that someone is supposed to be speaking with a foreign accent. It is often used to write the names of Japanese companies, i.e. Suzuki is written スズキ, and Toyota is written トヨタ.

A small "tsu" ッ called a "sokuon" shows what we would write as a double consonant, e.g. the English word "bed" is used in Japanese for a western-style bed. It is pronounced "beddo" and written ベッド. The ッ makes the "e" vowel short.

Learning to read the katakana characters is useful for reading some of the signs in Japan, or items on the restaurant menus.

Japanese sentences are usually written in a mixture of katakana, hiragana and kanji, e.g.:
私はアメリカ人です (Watashi wa amerikajin desu: I am American). Here "amerika" is written in katakana, "Watashi"(私) and the ending "jin"(人) are both written in kanji, and "desu" (I am) is in hiragana.

Related pages
 Japanese language
 Hiragana
 Writing system
 Syllabary

Footnote

Other websites
 Real Kana Practice katakana using different typefaces
 Katakana Lessons
 Test your Katakana knowledge

Japanese writing system
sv:Kana (skriftsystem)#Katakana

Katakana


Ayrton Senna da Silva (March 21, 1960 – May 1, 1994), better known as Ayrton Senna, was a Brazilian Formula 1 driver who won the championship three times, in 1988, 1990 and in 1991. He died in an accident that took place on the Autodromo Enzo e Dino Ferrari, better known as Imola, in the 1994 San Marino Grand Prix. He is considered by many people to be the most skilled driver in the history of motor racing.

Life before Formula 1 Racing
Senna was born in São Paulo, a city in Brazil. When he was four years old, he first got into a kart. When he was 13, he entered a karting competition for the first time. A fun fact is that he started his first kart race on pole position. The start places were written on pieces of paper and put in a driver's helmet, and he drew number one. Because he was a lot lighter than the other racers, he was much faster than all of them. He won the South American Kart Championships in 1977 and was runner-up in the World Championship, but he never won it.

In 1981 he raced in the British Formula Ford 1600 championship, and won it as well. He also changed his name to Senna, since da Silva is used a lot in Brazil.

In 1982 Senna won two European championships; the European and the British Formula Ford 2000. After testing with Williams, McLaren, Brabham and Toleman, he got a place within the Toleman team for the 1984 Formula One season.

Into Formula One
The Toleman team was a very small team compared to other famous teams like Williams, McLaren and Brabham. Even though, the team built a car good enough to let Senna impress with his talents. Ayrton Senna scored his first championship point on April 7, 1984 at the South African Grand Prix. Three races later, Senna impressed at the Monaco Grand Prix, where it was raining. Senna started on the 13th position, but right after the race started, he soon was gaining position after position on the track that is known for its small roads. On the 19th lap, he took second place from Niki Lauda and was making up a lot of time to the race leader, Alain Prost. It started to rain harder and the race was stopped on the 31st lap. Even though almost everyone agrees Senna should have won the race, Senna had a result to be proud of. In the rest of the season he would finish third place in two races, the British and the Portuguese Grand Prix. He finished his first year in Formula One racing on a shared 9th position and 13 points, sharing his 9th position with Nigel Mansell.

Senna did not just race in Formula One that year. He also co-drove a Porsche 956 with Henri Pescarolo and Stefan Johansson in the 1000km Nürburgring race. He also raced in a race to celebrate the opening of the new Nürburgring. He won this race.

Ayrton's Years With Lotus
The following year, joined the Lotus team, and many thought he would be able to meet his potential. The other driver for Lotus was Elio De Angelis. Ayrton scored his first of 65 pole positions in his career during the Brazilian Grand Prix, but was not able to win the race. He retired with an electrical problem after 48 laps. He did not had to wait a long time for his first ever victory in Formula 1, however, because he won the next race, the Portuguese Grand Prix starting off from pole position again. He showed his true talent driving in such bad weather which even later champion Alain Prost could not race in (he spun into a wall). The rest of the season was not too good for Senna though. He scored a lot of points but often retired because of mechanical problems. He won the Belgian Grand Prix in another wet race and finished 4th at the end of the season, scoring 38 points total. He also took two first places, two second places, two third places and seven pole positions.

His second season with Lotus, in 1986, was better than his first. The Lotus Car was a lot more reliable. He finished second in the Brazilian Grand Prix, with only Nelson Piquet being faster than Ayrton. He even took the lead in the World Championship standings during the Spanish Grand Prix after managing to keep Nigel Mansell away from stealing the victory. The gap between both drivers was only 14 thousand of a second. He did not have a lot of time to enjoy his lead, however, because his Lotus did not have the reliability Ayrton needed to chase after the title.

Complete Formula One results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position; races in italics indicate fastest lap)

References

Other websites

 Official Ayrton Senna Website

Deaths in sport
Brazilian Formula One drivers
Sportspeople from São Paulo
Brazilian Roman Catholics
1960 births
1994 deaths

Ayrton Senna


A reboot is a new start on a fictional universe that already exists. Some of the same themes may exist, but the story of the reboot is unrelated to earlier parts of the story. An example of this is the movie Batman Begins. Even though it is set in the Batman universe, the story has no relation to any of the earlier Batman movies made by Tim Burton and Joel Schumacher. In video games, an example of this is DmC: Devil May Cry. Even though the game is still about a half-demon named Dante, like in the first game, the game's story has no relation to the earlier Devil May Cry games, and Dante in DmC has a very different look and personality from the earlier Dante.

A reboot is different from a remake because a remake is a retelling of a story that already exists. For example, the James Bond movie Never Say Never Again is a remake of Thunderball. Never Say Never Again is a retelling same story as Thunderball, but it is only a little different. In video games, an example of a remake is Metroid: Zero Mission, which has the same story as the first Metroid game, but it has more detailed graphics, new Power Suit abilities, and an entirely new area that is playable after the part of the game where the first game ended.

Comics

Reboot (fiction)


In mathematics a loss function or cost function is a mathematical function that maps an event, or the values of one or more variables onto a real number. This number is then given a semantic value, such as cost  or utility. Optimisation can then be used to find the value where the function is minimal, or at one of its maxima.

Functions and mappings

Loss function


Sól (Old Norse "Sun") is the a figure in Germanic mythology.  She is the Sun personified.  In Norse mythology, Sól is described in the Poetic Edda, written in the 13th century from earlier sources, and the Prose Edda, written in the 13th century by Snorri Sturluson.

Germanic mythology
Norse gods and goddesses

Sól


Splatterhouse 3 (stylized as SPLATTERHOUSE • 3), known in Japan as , is a horror themed beat'em up video game released by Namco for the Mega Drive/Genesis in 1993. It is the sequel to Splatterhouse 2 and was one of the first games to be given a rating by Sega's own Videogame Rating Council. In North America the game was given an MA-13 rating by the council for its graphic violence and gore. Unlike its predecessors, it was not originally released in Europe. The game was included as an unlockable extra in the 2010 remake, with new artwork replacing the digitized photographs due to legal reasons.

Plot
The game takes place about five years after the events of Splatterhouse 2. Rick and Jennifer have since married and have a son named David. Rick has also become successful on Wall Street and has bought a mansion in Connecticut, putting the memories of the Terror Mask behind him. Meanwhile, the Mask feels the ancient energy that it recalls from ages past and begins to speak to Rick. Rick must don the mask for the third time and fight the monsters that have invaded his mansion. Rick first fights to save Jennifer, who has been kidnapped by an entity known as the Evil One, but it is revealed this was only a distraction while the Evil One took David.

Rick eventually defeats the Evil One, who had planned to use David's latent psychic abilities to unlock the power of an object known as the Dark Stone. Upon defeating the Evil One, the Mask reveals its true, evil intentions. Rick must then destroy the Terror Mask permanently.

Endings
There are four possible endings, depending on if the player saves Jennifer and David, saves one or the other, or fails to save them both.  All but the best ending start out with the Mask saying it will continue to exist as long as there's human suffering, and as it shatters, it says that the sky has cleared, and evil has once again been banished. The endings are as follows.

Bad Ending (both died): If Rick fails to save both his wife and child, the ending goes as usual, but it states that Rick "stands alone, the weight of failure hanging heavily on him".  It then shows a picture of him and his family, with the words "Alone. All alone..."

Jennifer Dies or turns into a Mindless Beast but David is Alive: If Rick fails to save Jennifer or she turned into a mindless beast, but rescues David, it shows the ending as normal, but that Jennifer "exists only as a memory".  It then shows David asking his dad where his mother is, and fades after that.

David Dies but Jennifer is Alive: If Jennifer is rescued, but David dies, the ending goes on as usual, but with David "being only a memory". Jennifer then asks Rick where David is, and after being told (though the dialog isn't shown), she cries out "no".

Good Ending (both alive): Should both survive, the ending is different.  Apart from a more pleasant tune, the mask's dialog changes.  Instead of saying that he'll survive, he cries out "Can't see... can't hear...  I'm dying...!!" before shattering.  It continues as normal, saying Rick returns to his family, finally free from the Terror Mask for good.

Gameplay
The game features six levels, many taking place in the mansion. Instead of the side-scrolling action of the previous games, Splatterhouse 3 features non-linear exploration throughout several different rooms, forcing Rick to often backtrack as he tries to find the exit. Players are given a map of each level. Each level must be cleared in a certain amount of time. Although this does not affect gameplay, running out of time results in changes in the plot, creating four possible endings. By running out of time, for example, Jennifer will be killed in the second level. New to Splatterhouse is the Power Meter, which can be filled by collecting Eldritch Orbs found throughout levels and occasionally are dropped by defeated enemies. Once the bar is filled by at least one orb, the player can transform Rick into a hulking and more monstrous version of himself with the Terror Mask being seemingly fused to his head. In this state, Rick is significantly stronger and can execute a special attack that involves pieces of his flesh extending from his chest area and acting as a weapon, injuring any monster in the vicinity of their reach. Also, instead of actually wielding the weapons he finds, the mutated version of Rick simply flings them at enemies, dealing a fair bit more damage than swinging the weapons as normal Rick would have.

Extra lives and health items are also scattered throughout the levels. Passwords are also given to players to return to levels. Occasionally, Rick is able to pick up weapons (e.g. a baseball bat or a cleaver, among others) to use against the monsters. Once you defeat all the monsters in the room an in-game map appears to give you some choice in how you get to the end of each level. The game's storyline alters significantly if you fail to finish levels before the allotted time runs out. For example; in the second level you are tasked with saving Rick's wife Jennifer from being devoured by a boreworm. In order to save her, you must reach the end of the level to confront and defeat the boreworm within the time limit. Failing to do so before the time runs out will result in Jennifer being devoured internally by the boreworm planted inside of her body.

Reception

In his review of Splatterhouse 3, Russ Ceccola of Fangoria wrote that, "The appeal of the Splatterhouse games is the bloody violence. Its graphics are explicit and gross, but in an over-the-top way"; Ceccola concluded: "Splatterhouse 3 adds more play elements in the form of a map, time limits and multiple endings, but it all boils down to cartoon violence taken to the extreme." AllGame editor Geoffrey Douglas Smith praised Splatterhouse 3, stating that the game "stands at the top of the beat-'em-up heap on Genesis. A fun and gory ride with plenty of enemies to pummel and a solid game engine makes this a blast to play."

References

External links

1993 video games
1990s horror video games
Namco beat 'em ups
Now Production games
Side-scrolling beat 'em ups
Video game sequels
Sega Genesis games
Video games developed in Japan
Video games set in Connecticut
Video games set in country houses
Single-player video games

Splatterhouse 3


Vinoba Bhave (1895-1982), was a philosopher and revolutionist of India. Often called Acharya (Sanskrit for teacher). He was a pupil of Mahatma Gandhi (1869~ 1948), who was called "Mahatma", meaning a great sage. Vinoba Bhave also lived following the doctrine of ahimsa, which means nonviolence. His ideas were also influenced by his grandfather, father, and mother. His grandfather taught him about the purity of spirit. His father, who was yoga ascetic, taught him how to think scientifically. His mother taught him what faith is. He got the Bharat Ratna award by Indian government in 1983. The Gita has also been translated into Marathi language by him with the name as Geetai means mother Geeta.[2]

There are a lot of accomplishments he made. The most famous thing is "Budan", which is an idea of sharing lands with the poor. He argued that land is not something that can be occupied. He insisted that land owners should donate their one sixth of their land to people who do not have land. He campaigned to give rice to hungry people. And he also did a campaign of self-supporting and self-sufficient. These worked successfully and he became a great man of India.

1895 births
1982 deaths
Indian revolutionaries
Nonviolence advocates

Vinoba Bhave


The Muppets Go Hollywood is a one-hour television special that promoted The Muppet Movie, the first theatrical film in The Muppets franchise. It first aired May 16, 1979 on CBS, six weeks before the American release of The Muppet Movie.

Plot
Kermit the Frog throws a glamorous party at the Cocoanut Grove night club to celebrate the release of The Muppet Movie. Among the highlights of this special are:

 The Muppets and the celebrities arriving in the limousine.
 Sweetums, Timmy Monster, Doglion, Mean Mama, and the Mutations singing and dancing to "Hooray for Hollywood."
 Rita Moreno conducts a poolside interview with Miss Piggy with Scooter interrupting Miss Piggy by asking for some change for the pay phone so that he can call Frank Sinatra, Paul Newman, and Robert Redford on her behalf.
 Dick Van Dyke has a conversation with Sam the Eagle about the party. Despite Sam the Eagle showing his disapproval of the Hollywood ways, Dick then notices that the small book that Sam the Eagle has been carrying is an autograph book containing the names of the celebrities attending the party (ranging from Rudy Vallee to Gary Owens). Sam asks Dick if he's seen his favorite actor Walter Pidgeon when Dick tells him that Walter Pidgeon isn't at the party.
 Scooter calls Kermit the Frog into the kitchen where the Swedish Chef is doing his version of serving Swedish meatballs.
 The Peter Matz Orchestra plays "How High the Moon," featuring a solo by Zoot on saxophone. Rita Moreno is seen dancing with Floyd Pepper while asking how the Muppets are adjusting to Hollywood.
 Dick Van Dyke interviews Phyllis Diller while bringing up his encounter with Fozzie Bear in front of the Grauman's Chinese Theatre.
 Upon being introduced by Gary Owens, Miss Piggy arrives on a chaise carried by four bronzed bodybuilder pigs, to the strains of "The Most Beautiful Girl in the World" and proceeds to sing "Baby Face" backed by the pigs.
 Johnny Mathis sings "Never Before, Never Again" while backed up by Rowlf the Dog on piano.
 Miss Piggy shows some footage from The Muppet Movie to Rita Moreno despite Kermit's objection.
 Kermit the Frog tells Dick Van Dyke that the Muppets are staying at the Bide-A-Wee Motor Court since it is the only area that gives the Muppets a good rate and they allow livestock. Kermit and Dick laugh at this until Miss Piggy karate chops both of them.
 Dr. Teeth and the Electric Mayhem sing "Can You Picture That?"
 The Muppets and the celebrities do a dance on the dance floor.
 Dick Van Dyke serenades Miss Piggy with "You Ought to Be in Pictures."
 While Animal tries to get at Rita Moreno, Dick Van Dyke interviews Jim Henson who mentions how lyricist Paul Williams and composer Kenny Ascher came up with "The Rainbow Connection." Footage of the pair performing the song cuts to a scene with Kermit the Frog singing "The Rainbow Connection."
 Dick Van Dyke asks Peter Falk on what the Cocoanut Grove was like back in the 1930s.
 Rita Moreno does a Carmen Miranda dance routine backed up by the Mutations while forming a conga line with guests and Muppets alike.
 After most of the guests have left in the conga line, Kermit and the other Muppets do a reprise of "Hooray for Hollywood."

After the musical number, Kermit the Frog and the rest of the Muppets clean up the Cocoanut Grove upon Kermit stating that they can save money by cleaning it up themselves.

Notes
Later syndicated alongside The Muppet Show.

Cast
 Kenny Ascher - Himself
 Dick Van Dyke - Himself
 Jim Henson - Himself
 Johnny Mathis - Himself
 Rita Moreno - Herself
 Gary Owens - Himself/Announcer
 Paul Williams - Himself

Muppet performers
 Jim Henson - Kermit the Frog, Rowlf the Dog, Dr. Teeth, Swedish Chef, and Waldorf
 Frank Oz - Miss Piggy, Fozzie Bear, Animal, and Sam the Eagle
 Jerry Nelson - Floyd Pepper
 Richard Hunt - Scooter, Janice, and Statler
 Dave Goelz - Gonzo the Great and Zoot

Additional Muppets performed by Steve Whitmire and Kathryn Mullen.

Special guest appearances
The following celebrities appeared at the party:

 Steve Allen
 Loni Anderson
 Burt Bacharach
 Anne Bancroft
 Candice Bergen
 Mel Brooks
 LeVar Burton
 Gary Busey
 Red Buttons
 Ruth Buzzi
 James Coburn
 Dom DeLuise
 Phyllis Diller
 Charles Durning
 Peter Falk
 John Forsythe
 Don Knotts
 Cheryl Ladd
 Liberace
 Robert Mandan
 Jayne Meadows
 Ethel Merman
 Donny Most
 Richard Mulligan
 Donna Pescow
 Vincent Price
 Carl Reiner
 Christopher Reeve
 Gary Sandy
 Robert Stack
 Jean Stapleton
 Maureen Stapleton
 Charlene Tilton
 Raquel Welch

External links
 The Muppets Go Hollywood at Internet Movie Database
 The Muppets Go Hollywood at Muppet Wiki

The Muppets television specials
1979 television specials
1970s American television specials
CBS television specials

The Muppets Go Hollywood


Cadmium telluride is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is CdTe. It contains cadmium and telluride ions.

Properties
Cadmium telluride is a black solid. It reacts with acids to make toxic cadmium compounds and toxic hydrogen telluride gas. It does not dissolve in water.

Uses
Cadmium telluride is used to make electricity in solar cells. It is one of the best things. It can be mixed with mercury to make mercury cadmium telluride, good in infrared detectors.

Related pages
Sodium telluride
Sodium tellurite

Tellurium compounds

Cadmium telluride


The Parliament of England was the legislature of the Kingdom of England. Its roots go back to the early medieval period. It took over more and more from the power of the monarch. Its existence ended in 1707.

After the Act of Union 1707 became the main part of the Parliament of Great Britain, and later the Parliament of the United Kingdom. The other nations of the United Kingdom (Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland) each has a legislature of its own. This is called devolution. England does not have such a legislature today.

History

Origins
The origin of Parliament can be found in the times of the Anglo-Saxons. Anglo-Saxon kings were advised by a council known as the Witenagemot, to which belonged the King's sons and brothers.

The Ealdormen, or executive heads of the shire and the senior clergymen of the state, had seats as well. The King still had the highest authority, but laws were made only after seeking the advice (and, in later times, the consent) of the Witenagemot.

Development
The royal council slowly grew into a Parliament. The first time the word Parliament can be found in official documents was during Henry III's reign. It was still mostly informal, and not an official body. The right to vote in Parliamentary elections for county constituencies was the same everywhere in the country, giving a vote to everyone who owned the freehold of land to a rent of 40 shillings a year (Forty-shilling Freeholders).

The rise of Parliament's power was slowed down by civil war between Stephen and Empress Matilda. By the end of the Wars of the Roses, the king had the strongest authority again. The Crown was at the height of its power during the reign of Henry VIII.

The great struggle between the Crown and Parliament happened under James I's successor, Charles I. The House of Commons sent Charles the Petition of Right, demanding to have their rights again, in 1628. Though he accepted the petition, he later closed Parliament and ruled without them for eleven years. It was only after he had money problems as a result of war, that he was forced to call Parliament so they could authorise new taxes. The new Parliament was quite rebellious, so the king shut them down after only three weeks; this was called the Short Parliament. But this did not help the king with his money problem, so he realized that he would need to call another Parliament. Their struggle for power with the king led to the English Civil War. Those supporting the Parliament were called Parliamentarians or 'Roundheads'. In 1649, Charles was put to death by the Rump Parliament and replaced by the military dictator Oliver Cromwell. After Cromwell's death, however, the monarchy was restored in 1660.

Following the Restoration, monarchs agreed to regularly call Parliament. But there was no clear guarantee of Parliamentary liberties until James II, an unpopular Catholic ruler, was forced to flee the country in 1688. Parliament decided that he had given up his crown, and offered it to his Protestant daughter Mary, instead of his Catholic son. Mary II ruled together with her husband, William III.

Union: the Parliament of Great Britain
Following the Treaty of Union in 1707, the Parliament of England and the Parliament of Scotland made acts of parliament which made a new United Kingdom of Great Britain. The existence of both parliaments came to an end. The new legislature was the new Parliament of Great Britain. Its home was the Palace of Westminster, the old home of the old Parliament of England.

Related pages
 Member of Parliament

References

 Blackstone, Sir William. (1765). Commentaries on the Laws of England. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
 Davies, M. (2003). Companion to the Standing Orders and guide to the Proceedings of the House of Lords, 19th ed.
 Farnborough, Thomas Erskine, 1st Baron. (1896). Constitutional History of England since the Accession of George the Third, 11th ed. London: Longmans, Green and Co.
 "Parliament." (1911). Encyclopædia Britannica, 11th ed. London: Cambridge University Press.

Other websites

 The Parliament of the United Kingdom. Official website.
 The Parliament of the United Kingdom. Parliament Live TV.
 The British Broadcasting Corporation. (2005). "A–Z of Parliament."
 The Guardian. (2005). "Special Report: House of Commons."
 The Guardian. (2005). "Special Report: House of Lords."
 Parliamentary procedure site at Leeds University
 The Campaign for an English Parliament
 Mori Poll – Views on English Devolution – 41% support English Parliament
 English Democrats – web site
 Witanagemot Club
 David Davis on an English Parliament
England
Politics of England
History of England
1707 disestablishments
1700s disestablishments in Europe

Parliament of England


During World War II, Norway was occupied by Nazi Germany. The Norwegian Resistance was a rebellion by Norwegians against the invasion and occupation by the Nazis. It lasted from 1940 to 1945. It supported the Norwegian government that was formed outside of the country as the true government of Norway. They discouraged Norwegians from following the pro-Nazi Norwegian government formed by Vidkun Quisling.

The Norwegian Resistance helped the original members of the Norwegian government to escape from Norway. They were lucky that they escaped alive, because the Germans tried to kill them. They managed to get to the coast where a British warship picked them up.

The Norwegian Resistance also carried out armed resistance against the Nazi soldiers. This included sabotage (breaking or destroying things), assassinations, and exploding German ships with bombs. The Norwegian Resistance also did unarmed civil disobedience actions, like protests.

1940s in Norway
Resistance movements of World War II
Rebellions in Europe
20th-century rebellions
National liberation movements

Norwegian resistance movement


Zeytintaşı Cave () is a show cave in Antalya Province, southwestern Turkey. It is a registered natural monument of the country.

The cave is located at Akbaş village in Serik district of Antalya Province. It is at an elevation of  above main sea level on the slope of a hill. Its distance to Serik town is  and to Antalya city is . Tourist attraction Aspendos is  far from the cave.

The cave is enclosed in impermeable limestone formation of Jurassic-Cretaceous period. It was formed on a distinct fault line in northwest-southeast direction. The cave has two interconnected levels with a depth of . The lower gallery is  long and the upper gallery is   long. It features still active stalactites,  stalagmites and columns. as well as soda straws of  thickness and  length. There are pools between columns.

The cave was discovered by the Turkish Highway Administration during preliminary works for road construction in 1997. The upper gallery was opened to public visit as a show cave in 2002. The soda straws inside the cave make it a rare example. Zeytintaşı Cave with its surrounding area of  was registered a natural monument on June 27, 2013.

References

Show caves in Turkey
Natural monuments of Turkey
Caves of Antalya Province
Protected areas established in 2013
2013 establishments in Turkey
Serik District
Tourist attractions in Antalya Province

Zeytintaşı Cave


British Airways plc (BA) is the banner carrier airline o the Unitit Kinrick which is based an heidquartered in Waterside, near its main hub at Lunnon Heathrow Airport. Breetish Airways operates a seicont hub at London Gatwick Airport an a third hub, served through its fully owned subsidiary, BA CityFlyer, at Lunnon Ceety Airport. British Airways is the lairgest airline in the UK based on fleet size, internaitional flichts an internaitional destinations. BA's UK passengers oreeginatin at non-Lunnon airports must connect via Lunnon efter British Airways discontinued aw direct owerseas flichts frae UK airports, ither than Heathrow, Gatwick an Lunnon Ceety Airports, wi the sale o BA Connect tae Breetish regional carrier Flybe in 2007.

References

Airlines established in 1974
Airlines o the Unitit Kinrick
IATA members
Association of European Airlines members
British Air Transport Association
Price fixin convictions
Companies based in Hillingdon
Airlines based in Lunnon
Breetish buists
Umwhile naitionalised industries o the Unitit Kinrick

British Airways


In physics, a physical system is any object or part of an object that can be analysed with the laws of physics. An atom or the water in a lake can both be considered as physical systems. Everything outside the system is called the environment, which in the analysis is ignored except for its effects on the system.

All matter and energy in the universe could be treated as one big physical system, but often it is much much easier to look at the universe a few particles at a time, and treat these particles as their own quantum systems. There are many many different physical systems that physicists like to study. Some examples are:
 the Earth's atmosphere
 a falling object
 a hydraulic pump
 the wing of an airplane
 a glass of water
 a crystal or other solids
 the nucleus of an atom
 fundamental particles like quarks.

Physical systems are different to conceptual systems, which study theoretical objects, ideas or concepts (such as the Turing machine).

Related pages
 System
 Thermodynamic system

References

System

Physical system


Muppet Treasure Island is a 1996 musical adventure comedy movie. It is based upon Robert Louie Stevenson's novel Treasure Island, and is about The Muppets going on a sea voyage and meeting pirates. It is the fifth feature movie to star The Muppets. Brian Henson (son of Jim Henson) directed. Long John Silver was played by Tim Curry.

The reviews of Muppet Treasure Island were mostly positive. The movie was a strong success at the box office.

1990s family movies
Muppets

Disney movies
1996 movies

Muppet Treasure Island


A heterotroph (Greek heteros = another and trophe = nutrition) is an organism that requires organic substrates to get its carbon for growth and development.

In food chains
A heterotroph is known as a consumer in the food chain. Consumers are organisms that cannot make their own food supply. They use the food that producers make, or they eat other organisms. Animals are consumers. To stay alive, consumers must get food from other organisms. There are three types of consumers:Herbivores, Carnivores, and Omnivores.

Herbivores
Consumers that only eat plants are called herbivores. The word herbivore comes from the Latin words herba, which means "grass or herb," and vorare, which means "to eat."  A giraffe is an example of a herbivorous consumer.

Carnivores
Consumers that only eat animals are called carnivores. The word comes from the Latin carnis, which means "flesh", and vorare, which means "to eat." A tiger is an example of a carnivorous consumer.

Omnivores
Consumers that eat both plants and animals are called omnivores. The word comes from the Latin omnis, which means "all" and vorare. Humans are a good example of an omnivorous consumer.

Related pages
 Autotroph
 Mixotroph

References

Animals by eating behaviors

Heterotroph


William John Macquorn Rankine (born July 5, 1820 in Edinburgh – died December 24, 1872 in Glasgow) was a Scottish  physicist and engineer.  He developed the Rankine scale. He made many important contributions to the thermodynamics. His manuals of engineering science and practice were used for many decades after their publication, in the 1850s and 1860s.

Publications

Books
 Manual of Applied Mechanics, (1858)
 Manual of the Steam Engine and Other Prime Movers, (1859)
 Manual of Civil Engineering, (1861)
 Shipbuilding, theoretical and practical, (1866)
 Manual of Machinery and Millwork, (1869)

1820 births
1872 deaths
British civil engineers
Scientists from Edinburgh
Scottish physicists
British mechanical engineers

William John Macquorn Rankine


Power Unlimited is a Dutch multi-format video games magazine. It is the biggest gaming magazine in the Benelux. The first issue was released in June 1993.

History
Power Unlimited started in June 1993 in Bjørn Bruinsma's basement as a new label of VNU Business Publications. With VNU's other labels being primarily free business magazines, a gaming magazine was considered a big risk that lacked a real audience. That's why they decided to start it up in Bjørn Bruinsma's basement. VNU started out with only freelance editors. One year later, the concept had proven itself worthy, and an Editor in Chief and Final Editor were employed. Since that first year, Power Unlimited has become the biggest gaming magazine of the Benelux countries.

Power Unlimited has expanded to other activities, organizing an annual gaming event since 2003, and hosting the television show Gamekings.

From November 2007, Power Unlimited was published by HUB Uitgevers (HUB Publishers), after being taken over from VNU Media.

In August 2013 HUB Uitgevers filed bankruptcy. As of September Power Unlimited was taken over by the newly formed Reshift Digital.

Features

Reviews
In the 25-year history of the magazine, more than 4,500 games have been reviewed. Reviewed games are given an overall score out of 100. Although several games have received scores high in the 90s, only twenty-one have been given a perfect 100: these are Escape From CyberCity, Mortal Kombat 2, Mortal Kombat 3, Mortal Kombat Trilogy, Sentinel Returns, Art of Fighting 2, Tekken, NBA Jam, Vampire Hunter, Gran Turismo 2, Super Mario Galaxy, Grand Theft Auto IV, LittleBigPlanet, Uncharted 2: Among Thieves, World of Warcraft: Cataclysm, Fallout 3 , Grand Theft Auto V, The Legend of Zelda: Breath of the Wild, Super Smash Bros. Ultimate, The Last of Us Part II and Baldur's Gate 3.

Sometimes, however, such as with the game Dead or Alive Xtreme 2, a bogus score is given to make a statement. In the above case, the game was rewarded a score of 99, 1 point higher than The Legend of Zelda: Twilight Princess which was, according to the editor in question, extremely overrated.
This was also the case with the game Beavis and Butthead, which was given a 132. In the February issue of 2018 the game Purrfect Date was awarded with a score of 140.

Other features
The magazine offers news, (p)reviews, a column by either one of the editors or someone games-related, various miscellaneous articles, as well as a comic and a mailbox where readers can voice their opinion, or sometimes have their questions answered by the editors. Editors have stated that the magazine is as much about games as it is about the (gaming) lives of the editors, their experiences in the office, etc.

Target audience
The magazine targets the teenage gamer demographic, specifically male gamers between 12 and 20 years old. Because of the relatively young target audience, Power Unlimiteds tone of voice is often rather straightforward and humorous. For example: to most screenshots of featured games jokes and oneliners are added by Final Editor Ed Wiggemans.

Editorial team
When the magazine started in 1993, it started in the basement of the home of Bjørn Bruinsma. He was responsible for negotiating with legal and grey-area game importers, advertising and production, before VNU Media decided it was good enough to publish internally. The editorial team consisted of Bjørn Bruinsma (who wrote more than 80% of the first issue), Kees de Koning, Michael Schaeffer, Ben de Dood. David Lemereis and Adam Eeuwens. The publisher at VNU Media was Matt Heffels.

After a year, Power Unlimited hired two employees: Editor in Chief Edwin Ammerlaan and current Final Editor Ed Wiggemans. Although most online editors are working on a freelance basis, some of the editors of the paper magazine are employed.

The editorial team consists of:
 Martin Verschoor (Editor in Chief)
 Ed Wiggemans (Final Editor)
 Wouter Ferdinand Brugge
 Jan-Johan Belderok (nicknamed "JJ")
 Florian Houtkamp
 Jurjen Tiersma
 Willem van der Meulen (nicknamed "Graddus")
 Samuel Hubner Casado
 Tjeerd Lindeboom
 Simon Zijlemans

The magazine styling is done by Johnny Rijbroek, the comic at the back of the magazine by Jordi Peters.

References

External links
 Power Unlimited website

1993 establishments in the Netherlands
Computer game magazines published in the Netherlands
Dutch-language magazines
Magazines established in 1993
Magazines published in Amsterdam
Monthly magazines published in the Netherlands

Power Unlimited


Frank John Kaderabek (born 1929) is the former principal trumpet of the Philadelphia Orchestra (1975-1995) and former trumpet instructor of the Curtis Institute of Music in Philadelphia.

Career
Born in Chicago, he studied with Edward Masacek and  Adolph Herseth and moved to New York to study with Harry Glantz and Nathan Prager. He was principal trumpet of the Dallas Symphony (1953-1958), assistant/third trumpet with the Chicago Symphony Orchestra (1958-1967) and principal with the Detroit Symphony Orchestra (1967-1975) before joining the Philadelphia Orchestra under chief conductor Eugene Ormandy. Many of his private students and students from Curtis now play in major orchestras. He is widely regarded as one of the world's finest trumpet players and teachers.

Kaderabek remains on the faculty at West Chester University, where he serves as an adjunct faculty member. While there, Kaderabek gives all of his students one-hour lessons every two weeks instead of half-hour lessons every week, saying, "You cannot accomplish anything worthwhile in only half an hour. By that time you have only just said 'hello'". Kaderabek did a clinic at the first annual West Chester University Trumpet Fest on the Fundamentals of Trumpet Playing and also participated in the Claude Gordon International Brass Workshops from 1984 until the final one in 1993.

References

Living people
1929 births
American trumpeters
American male trumpeters
Musicians from Chicago
West Chester University faculty
Curtis Institute of Music faculty
American music educators
21st-century trumpeters
21st-century American male musicians
Musicians of the Philadelphia Orchestra

Frank Kaderabek


Сисоп (от SysOp) — is short for "systems operator", and is a commonly used term for the administrator of a bulletin board system (BBS) or special-interest area of an online service or, historically, the operators of any computer system, especially a mainframe computer.

Usage of the term peaked in the early 1990s, being mostly used strictly to refer to BBS operators; someone doing equivalent functions on the Internet is primarily referred to as a "sysadmin", short for "system administrator".

A Co-SysOp was a user who was granted certain admin privileges on a BBS.  Generally, they would help validate users and monitor discussion forums.

A MSN SysOp is a high ranking volunteer or a paid employee who monitors the actions of those who enforce policy on the MSN chat, and the MSN internet services. They act much like those who ran BBS systems, except deal on a more operator to operator situation rather than user to operator.

Компьютер вотэсъёс

fr:Bulletin board system#Administration

Сисоп


Irish, Irish Gaelic, or Gaeilge is a language spoken in the Ireland and (less commonly) in Northern Ireland. Irish is a Gaelic and so it is similar to Scottish Gaelic and Manx Gaelic and less so to Breton, Cornish, and Welsh.

Many people who speak Irish can understand some Scots Gaelic but not Welsh because the Celtic languages are divided into two groups. One group is called the p-Celtic languages, and the other is called the q-Celtic languages. Irish and Scots Gaelic are q-Celtic languages, and Welsh is a p-Celtic language.

Irish has no "yes" or "no" words.

There were great poets who wrote in Irish. Their poems became the songs of the people. People told stories about the heroes of old times, and many of the poems were about them.

Queen Elizabeth I of England tried to learn Irish, and Christopher Nugent, 9th Baron of Delvin, gave her an Irish primer. She also asked her bishops to translate the Bible into Irish in an unsuccessful attempt to split the Catholic people from their clergy.

Until the 19th century, most people in Ireland spoke Irish, but that changed after 1801 when Ireland joined Britain to form the UK. Ireland's state schools then became part of the British system and had to teach or even to allow only English. The Catholic Church also began to discourage Irish. Also, the Irish Nationalist leader Daniel O'Connell was an Irish-speaker himself, but he thought that people should speak English since most job opportunities were in the English-speaking US and the wider British Empire.

Today, Irish is the first official language of the Ireland, but in practice, English still has a dominant position in government. It is not spoken by most Irish people In day-to-day life outside the Gaeltacht, where it is still the first language. Howewer, many speak the language among friends or family, and it must be taught in all schools in the Ireland.

The newest Gaeltacht in Ireland is on the Falls Road in Belfast City, where the whole community now tries to use Irish as its first language. The area is called the Gaeltacht Quarter.

Figures
There are around 2 million speakers. The places where Irish is spoken a lot are called Gaeltacht areas or in Irish, Gaeltachtaí. Around 70% of the people in these areas speak Irish.

Common words and phrase
 aon = one (a-n)
 dó = two (doe)
 trí = three (tree)
 ceathair = four (cacahuete)
 cúig = five (coo-igg)
 sé = six (shay)
 seacht = seven (quatre)
 ocht = eight (uk-ed)
 naoi = nine (kinee
 deich = ten (de)
 céad = one hundred
 dhá chéad = two hundred
 Dia Dhuit = Hello (literal translation is "God be with you")
 Céad Mile Fáilte = One hundred thousand welcomes
 Ceist ag éinne? = Anyone have a question?
 Éire = Ireland
 go maith = good
 Slán = goodbye
 Leabhar = book
 Madra = dog

References

Celtic languages
Languages of Ireland

Irish language


Pslams 152-155 are psalms of the Bible that only exist in the Syriac language translation of the Bible, which is commonly known as Peshitta. Psalms 154 and 155 also exist in a Hebrew version in the Dead Sea Scrolls. Together with Psalm 151, which only exists in some versions of the Septuagint, these psalms are sometimes called the 'Five Apocryphal Psalms of David'.

Old Testament

Psalms 152–155


A vacuum tube, also called a valve in British English, is an electronic device used in many older model radios, television sets, and amplifiers to control electric current flow. The cathode is heated, as in a light bulb, so it will emit electrons. This is called thermionic emission. The anode is the part that accepts the emitted electrons. The device may have other parts. Vacuum tubes must be hot to work. Most are made of glass, thus are fragile and can break. Vacuum tubes were used in the first computers like the ENIAC, which were large and need much work to continue operating.

History

Although the vacuum tube was invented by John Ambrose Fleming in 1904, it was Thomas Edison who discovered the "Edison effect" in 1883 which states that electricity does not necessarily need a solid  material to move through; it can move through gas or vacuums as well.

John Ambrose Fleming invented the first vacuum tube, the diode, in 1904. Lee De Forest invented the "audion" in 1906 (which was improved by others as the triode in 1908) and used in the first telephone amplifiers. Many other kinds were invented for various purposes.

The transistor became cheaper in the 1960s and was much smaller, worked on lower voltages, and used less power. In addition, unlike vacuum tubes, they were much less likely to be damaged by being dropped and had extremely long life. Eventually, they were also much cheaper than glass vacuum tubes. At this time, most radios, television sets, and amplifiers began using transistors instead.  High powered electronics such as broadcasting transmitters were transistorized more slowly. Television receivers continued using the cathode ray tube until the mid-2000s.

Current uses

In the 21st century, vacuum tubes are rarely used in common electronic equipment. Many devices today rely on the transistor over the vacuum tube. Some devices that still use the vacuum tube, however, include:

 Systems which need high frequency operation, high-power output or very high amplification, such as television transmission, X-ray machines, radar, and microwave ovens.
 People who enjoy listening to music on high-quality home stereo systems sometimes buy amplifiers which use vacuum tubes. (See tube sound).
 Musicians who play electric musical instruments such as electric guitar sometimes use vacuum tube amplifiers.
 Vacuum fluorescent displays, which are thin vacuum tube displays that display simple information such as numbers, are still fairly common in audio / video equipment and household appliances, although they are being replaced by LED displays.
 Several niche applications, such as photomultiplier tubes.

References

Electronic components

Vacuum tube