Wake, also called WWW: Wake, is a 2009 novel written by Canadian novelist Robert J. Sawyer and the first book in his WWW Trilogy. It was first serialized in four parts in Analog Science Fiction and Fact from November 2008 to March 2009, was first published in book form on April 8, 2009, and was followed by Watch in 2010 and by Wonder in 2011 (both novels are not serialized in Analog). The novel details the spontaneous emergence of an intelligence on the World Wide Web, called Webmind, and its friendship with a blind teenager named Caitlin.

Sawyer developed the initial idea for Wake in January 2003 when he wrote in his diary about the emergence of consciousness on the World Wide Web. The novel was named a 2010 Hugo Award nominee in the category for Best Novel and won a 2009 Aurora Award.

Plot

Wake is set in 2012. Fifteen-year-old Caitlin Decter has been blind from birth. The Decter family recently moved from Austin, Texas to Waterloo, Ontario after Caitlin's father, Malcolm, received a job at the Perimeter Institute. Caitlin is emailed by Dr. Masayuki Kuroda, a scientist specializing in "signal processing related to V1." He believes that her blindness is caused by her retinas miscoding the visual information and offers to install a signal processor behind her left eye to unscramble the data. The device sends the data to a miniature computer, or "eyePod", which reprocesses the signals and returns them. The correct data is sent to her optic nerve, theoretically granting her sight. In duplex mode it sends and receives the signals, and in simplex mode it only sends them. Caitlin and her mother, Barbara, fly to Tokyo for the procedure. Although her pupils now react to light, Caitlin still cannot see. They return to Canada while Dr. Kuroda works on updating the software.

A bird-flu epidemic with a mortality rate of at least 90% has begun in China. Dr. Quan Li, a senior member of the Communist Party, recommends the President order a culling of ten to eleven thousand people in the infected area with an airborne chemical. The President agrees and launches the Changcheng Strategy, cutting off all telephone, satellite, and wireless communication with the rest of the world, so that word of the culling does not spread beyond China's borders. Wong Wai-Jeng, a freedom blogger who is known online as Sinanthropus, attempts to circumvent Internet censorship in China along with many other hackers. Collectively they learn about the bird flu outbreak. Many days after enacting the Changcheng Strategy, Zhang Bo, the Minister of Communications, convinces the President to restore communications. The moment they are back up, Sinanthropus posts a blog, informing the world of the bird flu outbreak and the culling. He is tracked down by the police and, while attempting to flee, breaks his leg and is captured.

The first software update Kuroda attempts is a partial success. Although Caitlin can still not see the outside world, it enables her to visualize the World Wide Web while the update downloads when the eyePod is in duplex mode. Dr. Kuroda speculates that the data being transmitted between the eyePod and his server in Tokyo is being interpreted by her optic nerve, allowing her to see this. He decides to travel to Waterloo to work with Caitlin on the implant more directly. In the interim, he suggests sending the retinal feed from her eyePod to his Tokyo server through Jagster, a fictional search engine, so that he can monitor how she reacts to different inputs. He dubs her ability to visualize the internet "websight". Caitlin notes that, along with websites and links, she can visualize a background in websight that looks like a chess board. Dr. Kuroda speculates that the background is made up of cellular automata, which Caitlin suggests is caused by corrupted packet loss. Several Zipf plots are run of the cellular automata, which has a negative one slope. The Decters, Dr. Kuroda, and Anna Bloom, a network cartographer, realize that means the cellular automata contain intelligent content, which Anna suggests is secret communications from the National Security Agency. They decide to keep investigating the cellular automata discreetly.

In San Diego, California, Shoshana Glick, an ape-language researcher and graduate student, works at the Marcuse Institute, a primate research centre. Hobo, a chimpanzee-bonobo hybrid, communicates by sign language. Doctor Harl Marcuse, the owner of the Institute, sets up a connection with the Miami Zoo. Hobo communicates with an orangutan named Virgil in the first interspecies webcam call. The Marcuse Institute and Miami Zoo agree to announce the chat jointly, but the Miami Zoo leaks word of it to New Scientist, who go to the Georgia Zoo – Hobo's birthplace – for information on him. Georgia Zoo, fearing about the contamination between the captive chimpanzee and bonobo bloodlines, demand Hobo be returned to them so that he can be sterilized. Hobo paints a portrait of Shoshana, surprising everyone at the Institute as it had been believed that chimpanzees could only paint abstractly. Dr. Marcuse theorizes that the communication with Virgil had shown Hobo "how three-dimensional objects could be reduced to two dimensions." The Marcuse Institute decide to record Hobo painting a second time and then go public, believing that the outcry over sterilizing him would force the Georgia Zoo to back down from their plans. The Georgia Zoo issues a lawsuit, planning to castrate Hobo.

Dr. Kuroda sets up a final software patch. While at school, Caitlin decides to take a break from her work and switches the eyePod to duplex mode so she can look through websight. It fails to load and, disappointed, she returns the eyePod to simplex mode. She sees several lines crossing her field of vision and is surprised when she realizes that they are the edge of a lab bench and that she can now see. Barbara picks Caitlin up from school and informs her about the patch. Malcolm runs Shannon entropy graphs on the cellular automata to gauge how complex the information in them is. He shows Caitlin how to run it, and they discover that the information has little complexity. Dr. Kuroda holds a press conference, announcing the success of his invention that has made Caitlin able to see. Caitlin receives an electric shock which crashes the eyePod. She reboots it in duplex mode and sees a mirrored representation of her face in websight.

An intelligence has spontaneously emerged on the Web. Cleaved in two when the Changcheng Strategy was enacted, the restoration of communications by China causes the two halves to coalesce, and it gains in intelligence. The intelligence can view Caitlin's eyePod feed. It believes that her vision is an attempt to communicate with it and, when her eyePod was rebooted, it sent an image of Caitlin in an attempt to communicate back. As Caitlin begins to learn how to read letters, the intelligence believes it is a further attempt to communicate and learns with her. When she switches to duplex mode, it takes that act to be a reward for its learning progress. Caitlin believes it to be "visual noise" as a result of gaining sight. Dr. Kuroda looks at the information on his server, and Caitlin realizes that the information is her reading exercises being bounced back to her. She then runs another Shannon entropy scan, realising that the information in the cellular automata has increased in intelligence. Caitlin deduces that the information is trying to communicate with her and decides to help it. Dr. Kuroda feels it is now time to return to Japan and informs her that, as she can now see, he will remove the duplex setting from her eyePod. Caitlin convinces him to keep it as is so that she can continue to see websight. She runs another Shannon entropy plot and realizes that the intelligence has increased yet again. She continues with her teaching efforts, leading the intelligence to different websites so that it can continue learning. She runs the Shannon entropy a fourth and fifth time and finds that the intelligence is double that of human complexity.

The intelligence contacts Caitlin via email and wishes her a happy birthday. It thanks her for helping it to learn and invites her to communicate with it through instant messenger. She asks it what she should call it, and the intelligence replies "Webmind". Webmind and Caitlin decide to go forwards together.

Development
Wake was conceptualized on 10 January 2003, when Sawyer said in his diary "Wrote 300 words explaining how I was going to expand Shed Skin into a novel to be called Skins, and, after wracking my brain for a couple of hours, came up with an idea that I liked for a second novel: consciousness emerges on the World Wide Web. Admittedly, not completely original (Clarke's short story Dial F for Frankenstein comes to mind), but I checked on Amazon.com and Google, and couldn't find any book that had actually done this." It was planned as a single novel, but was later expanded into a trilogy.

Themes
Sawyer noted that Wake contains themes of "the nature of perception and how it shapes our view of reality; how much humans are in fact programmed by evolution, and whether humanity can overcome that programming; and what, if any, value consciousness has." He added that he was "very interested in trying to find a new synthesis, a new approach to the question of what happens once something more intelligent than we are emerges here. Is there a way out of the standard science-fictional paradigm that has us subjugated or wiped out, as seen in The Matrix and The Terminator, and going all the way back to Colossus: The Forbin Project and before? Is there a compelling argument to be made for us being able to continue, with our essential humanity intact, once true AI is on the scene?"

Release
Wake was serialized in the November 2008, December 2008, combined January–February 2009, and March 2009 issues of Analog Science Fiction and Fact magazine. It was published in April 2009 by Penguin Canada's Viking imprint. In the United States it was released under the title WWW: Wake. The book was followed by two sequels, Watch (2010) and Wonder (2011).

An unabridged audiobook was released by Audible Frontiers on 7 April 2009, coinciding with the date of American publication. The Wake audiobook has a runtime of 12 hours and 13 minutes. The voice cast includes Jessica Almasy, Jennifer Van Dyck, A.C. Fellner, Marc Vietor, and Robert J. Sawyer.

Reception
Critical reception for Wake has been mostly positive. The SF Site praised the novel overall, but commented that the character of Caitlin was "too perfect" at times. SF Signal also wrote a positive review and stated that although they felt that the explanation of Webmind's existence was overly long, the novel as a whole was exemplary. The Globe and Mail was more mixed in their review, as they felt that several parts of the novel were awkward and that while they did enjoy the book, "none of the characters feel fully formed yet, though hopefully this will change with the next two books of the trilogy."

Awards
Aurora Award (2009, won)
Hugo Award (2009, nominated)

References

External links

Official author website

2009 science fiction novels
2009 Canadian novels
Cellular automata in popular culture
Novels by Robert J. Sawyer
Novels first published in serial form
Canadian science fiction novels
Postcyberpunk novels
Works originally published in Analog Science Fiction and Fact
Novels set in Ontario
Waterloo, Ontario
Novels about the Internet
Novels about artificial intelligence

Wake (Sawyer novel)


Dina matematik jeung statistik, arithmetic mean tina susunan data nyaéta jumlah sakabéh anggota dibagi ku jumlah "item" dina éta susunan. (Kecap set digunakeun perhaps somewhat loosely; for example, the number 3.8 could occur more than once in such a "set".) The arithmetic méan is what pupils are taught very éarly to call the "average." If the set is a populasi statistik, then we spéak of the population méan. If the set is a statistical sample, we call the resulting statistik a sample méan.

The méan may be conceived of as an estimate of the median. When the méan is not an accurate estimate of the median, the set of numbers, atawa sebaran frekuensi, is said to be skewed.

We denote the set of data by X = {x1, x2, ..., xn}. The symbol µ (Greek: mu) is used to denote the arithmetic méan of a population. We use the name of the variable, X, with a horizontal bar over it as the symbol ("X bar") for a sample méan. Both are computed in the same way:

The arithmetic méan is gréatly influenced by outliers. For instance, reporting the "average" annual income in Redmond, Washington as the arithmetic méan of all annual incomes would yield a surprisingly high number because of Bill Gates. These distortions occur when the méan is different from the median, and the median is a superior alternative when that happens.

In certain situations, the arithmetic méan is the wrong concept of "average" altogether. For example, if a stock rose 10% in the first yéar, 30% in the second yéar and fell 10% in the third yéar, then it would be incorrect to report its "average" incréase per yéar over this three yéar period as the arithmetic méan (10% + 30% + (-10%))/3 = 10%; the correct average in this case is the geometric mean which yields an average incréase per yéar of only 8.8%.

Lamun X nyaéta variabel acak, mangka nilai ekspektasi X bisa ditempo tina watesan-panjang méan aritmetik nyaéta kajadian unggal pengulangan pengukuran X. Ieu dipibanda ku hukum wilangan gedé. Salaku hasil, sampel méan dipaké keur estimasi nilai ekspektasi nu teu dipikanyaho.

Note that several other "means" have been defined, including the generalized mean, the generalized f-mean, the harmonic mean, the arithmetic-geometric mean, and the weighted mean.

Lambang sejenna
Aritmetik méan kadangkala dilambangkeun maké notasi jumlah, nyaéta:

Tempo ogé
mean, average, kasimpulan statistik, varian, central tendency, simpangan baku, inequality of arithmetic and geometric means

(Waktu dipaké salaku kata benda, kecap "arithmetic" is pronounced with the accent on the second syllable, but when used in the present sense, as an adjective, the accent is on the third syllable: "arithMETic")

Tumbu kaluar
Arithmetic and geometric means

Statistika

Arithmetic mean


A flagship is the ship used by the officer who commanded a group of naval ships. The term comes from the custom of the commanding officer to fly a special flag to show he was present.

Used in this way, "flagship" is normally a temporary name; the flagship is wherever the officer is flying his flag. However, admirals have always needed a special place; a meeting room large enough to hold all the captains of the fleet, and a place for the admiral's staff to make plans and draw up orders.

Over the years, the term "flagship" has been borrowed by other industries. These include broadcasting, automobiles, cell phones, and others to mean their core products or services.

References

Ships

Flagship


The 1962 Memorial Cup final was the 44th junior ice hockey championship of the Canadian Amateur Hockey Association. The teams playing were the Hamilton Red Wings of the Ontario Hockey Association who completed against the Edmonton Oil Kings. Hamilton won their 1st Memorial Cup, defeating Edmonton 4 games to 1.

Scores
Game 1: Hamilton 5-2 Edmonton (in Hamilton)
Game 2: Hamilton 4-2 Edmonton (in Guelph)
Game 3: Edmonton 5-3 Hamilton (in Guelph)
Game 4: Hamilton 3-0 Edmonton (in Guelph)
Game 5: Hamilton 7-4 Edmonton (in Kitchener)

Winning roster
Bud Blom, Joe Bujdoso, Bryan Campbell, Bob Dean, John Gofton, Bob Hamilton, Ron Harris, Larry Harrop, Earl Heiskala, Paul Henderson, Roger LaFreniere, Lowell MacDonald, Pit Martin, Jim Peters, Wayne Rivers, Bob Wall, Jack Wildfong, Larry Ziliotto. Captain: Howie Menard Coach: Eddie Bush

References

1962 in ice hockey
1962 Memorial Cup
1960s in Canada

1962 Memorial Cup


BluePrintReview is an online magazine that publishes short stories, poetry, creative non-fiction and visual art.

History and profile

The magazine was founded in May 2005 by the German author and web freelancer Dorothee Lang, who still edits it. Initially focused on experimental poetry and Flash fiction, it developed a broader spectrum over time. In June 2006, a first print issue was published: the mo(nu)ment issue. At the same time, the Collaborative blog Just a moment became part of the magazine.

Since the beginning, the concept of BluePrintReview is to explore unexpected connections between texts and images from unrelated places.

In June 2008, BluePrintReview was reviewed by NewPages.com, and characterized as "an online journal constructed to ease the complex and beautiful convergence of language and art and all the possibilities this entails".

Stories first published in BluePrintReview have been included in the best of the net online anthology by Sundress Publications, and in the Best of the Web anthology from Dzanc Books.

Focus Issue 22: Reprints and Retrieved Magazines
Like most literary journals, BluePrintReview focuses on previously unpublished texts and images, yet includes the guideline note "reprints are fine, but please make sure to indicate this in the submission".

In 2009, a pre-published text in issue 20 induced a mail discussion about the impact of magazine layouts on its content. The key line of this discussion: "It's fascinating how taking the same words, and framing them differently can lead to a very different emotional response—a different experience entirely."

From that discussion, the idea emerged to dedicate a whole blueprintreview issue to reprints, to explore the layout effect further. The issue itself has the theme "re /visit /cycle /turn", it went live in October 2009.

The reprint issue also addresses the in-limbo-situation of orphaned texts: texts that get published in an online publication that later goes offline, leaving the texts as pre-published (and thus difficult to place again), but at the same time as not present any more. (A file with detailed process notes of the reprint issue and copies of the mail conversations is online.)

Following the conversations, it seemed fitting to include some of those "orphaned texts" in the reprint issue – which led to a surprise finding:

To be able to provide an original layout for orphaned magazines, too, and with it, a means to compare the texts in two different frames, the blueprintreview editor tried to trace the original layouts of the previously-online-magazines that first published those orphaned works. And, with the help of Internet [Archive]]s like the 'Waybackmachine', managed to dig up some of the original pages – and then ran into whole issues of magazines thought lost.

This led to the idea to gather those "lost" links, first as literary blog notes, and later, with further input from blueprintreview contributors as well as from editors of other literary magazine, as "list of retrieved magazines",.

Issues
One key element to BluePrintReview is that there are no given themes. Instead, each issue develops its own theme through submissions.

Recent issues and their themes:

issue 23, January 2010: (dis)comfort zones
issue 22, October 2009: re /visit /cycle /turn
issue 21, July 2009: Shortcuts/Detours
issue 20, April 2009: The Missing Part
issue 19, January 2009: Beyond the Silence
issue 18, October 2008: Origin and End
issue 17, July 2008: Bodyscapes
issue 16, May 2008: Lost, Found & Stolen
issue 15, February 2008: Shapes
issue 14, November 2007: Night Write

Contributors
 Kari Edwards
 Tao Lin

See also
List of literary magazines

References

 NewPages review
Dzanc Best of the Web
Some Aspects of Reprints

2005 establishments in Germany
German-language magazines
German-language websites
Literary magazines published in Germany
Magazines established in 2005
Online literary magazines
Quarterly magazines published in Germany

Blueprintreview


Events
 January 7 – Galileo Galilei discovers the Galilean moons of Jupiter.
 March 12 – Swedish troops under Jacob de la Gardie take Moscow
 May 13-14 – Francois Ravaillac assassinates Henry IV of France
 May 27 – Ravaillac is executed by pulling him apart in the Place de Grève
 July 5 – John Guy sets sail from Bristol with 39 other colonists for Newfoundland.
 October 17 – Louis XIII of France crowned

 Johannes Fabricius is the first to observe sunspots by telescope.
 Poland captures Moscow, just to lose it again to Russian and Swedish troops.
 In Jamestown, Virginia, only 60 out of 500 settlers survive the harsh winter
 King of France expelled Muslims from his realm.
 Henry Hudson discovers Hudson Bay
 Arabella Stuart, pretender to the English throne, imprisoned for marrying William Seymour
 The Orion Nebula is discovered by Nicolas-Claude Fabri de Peiresc.
 Bonham's Case decided by Edward Coke chief justice of England's Court of Common Pleas. Coke affirmed the supremacy of the common law which limited the power of Parliament as well as the king.

1610


Small seal script, or xiaozhuang characters, was the first set of Chinese characters that were made the standard all across China. Previously, each of the Warring States had their own Chinese characters.  People from one state did not understand the characters from another.  When the Qin dynasty (221 BC to 206 BC) conquered the other states, Emperor Qin Shi Huang forced all Imperial China to use Qin characters and Qin units of measurement.  This allowed people all across China to communicate with each other without confusion.

Since the strokes used to write small seal script characters were very long, curvy, and difficult to write quickly, officials of the Han dynasty replaced small seal script with traditional characters, which are still used today in China. However, since small seal characters look very artistic, they can still be seen in Chinese seals and calligraphy today.

Writing systems
Chinese characters

Small seal script


Bob may mean:

 A shortening of the name Robert
 Bob (physics), the weight at the end of a pendulum
 "Bob" (song), a song by "Weird Al" Yankovic from Poodle Hat
 "Bob" (Red Hot Chili Peppers Song), a song by the Red Hot Chili Peppers from the album One Hot Minute
 J.R. "Bob" Dobbs, a figurehead of the satirical Church of the SubGenius
 Bob cut, a hairstyle
 Bob FM, a radio format in Canada and the U.S.
 Hurricane Bob, a 1991 hurricane
 Microsoft Bob, an unsuccessful software product
 A shilling
 Bob, a television comedy starring Bob Newhart
 Bob of Alice and Bob, placeholder characters in cryptography and physics problems

In acronyms:
 "B.O.B. (Bombs Over Baghdad)", a 2000 single by OutKast
 Bank of Baroda, in India
 Band of Brothers, an acclaimed television miniseries
 Battle of Britain
 Battle of the Bands, a competition between multiple bands
 Bayerische Oberlandbahn, a private German railway
 Beast of Burden
 Bend over boyfriend
 Berlin Operating Base, the CIA station in Berlin during the Cold War
 Berner Oberland Bahn, a mountain railway in Switzerland
 Best of Breed, an award in dog shows and other settings
 Blitter object, a graphics construct
 Bob-omb, a character in the Nintendo Mario video games
 Breakout box, an electronics component
 Bug-out bag, an emergency kit
 Bora Bora Airport's IATA airport code
 4-bromo-2,5,beta-trimethoxy-phenethylamine, a             drug
 the ISO 4217 code for the Bolivian boliviano (currency)
 Bank One Ballpark, or Chase Field
 Basketball Owl Band at Rice University
 Body Opponent Bag, a punching bag shaped like a human head and torso
 BOB (Born on Board), the humans in the Marathon Trilogy

In fictional characters:
 Bob (Twin Peaks), a villain on the television show Twin Peaks
 Bob (Blackadder character), the name of two characters in the television comedy Blackadder
 Bob (The Dresden Files), a character featured in the novels and TV show The Dresden Files
 Bob (First Comics), a "watchlizard" from the First Comics series GrimJack
 Bob the Builder
 Bob the Killer Goldfish, a character in the Earthworm Jim universe.
 Silent Bob, a character in Kevin Smith's View Askewniverse
 Almighty Bob, a fictional deity in Mostly Harmless by Doulgas Adams
 Bob, one of the human characters on Sesame Street
 Bob, one of the main characters in ReBoot
 Bob, the Jagex cat in RuneScape
 Evil Bob, a random event in RuneScape
 Bob, a character in Bubble Bobble
 Bob, a character in Weebl and Bob
 Bob, a principal character in What About Bob?
 Bob, one of the two eponymous main characters of the sprite comic Bob and George
 Smilin' Bob, a character in commercials for Enzyte
 Bob Vorsh, a villain in the webcomic Jack (webcomic)
runescape

Famous people with the given name Bob

 Bob Backlund, American Pro Wrestler.
 Bob Barker, an American TV game show host
 Bob Bryan, a professional American tennis player.
 Bob Bryar, the current drummer for My Chemical Romance
 Bob Burnquist, professional skateboarder
 Bob Carolgees, British comedian and puppeteer
 Bob Carr, Australian politician and Premier of New South Wales
 Bob dela Cruz, a Filipino contestant in Pinoy Big Brother, Season 1
 Bob Clotworthy, American diver
 Bob Dole, American politician
 Bob Dylan, American singer-songwriter
 Bob Geldof, former lead singer of the Boomtown Rats, organiser of Live Aid concerts
 Bob Hope, an American comedian
 Bob Hoskins, British actor
 Bob Marley, a Jamaican musician
 Bob McGrath, American actor
 Bob Monkhouse, British stand-up comedian and television presenter
 Bob Newhart, an American actor
 Bob Ross, American painter
 Bob Saget, an American comedian
 Bob Sinclar, a French DJ
 Bob Stupak, an American entrepreneur, gambler and politician
 Bob Weir, former rhythm guitarist of the Grateful Dead
 Bob Woodward, an American journalist

Bob


Charing Cross tube station is a London Underground station at Charing Cross. It has entrances in Trafalgar Square and The Strand. The station takes its name from the central London road junction of Charing Cross.

The station is served by the Northern and Bakerloo lines and provides an interchange with the National Rail network at the Charing Cross rail station. On the Northern Line it is between Embankment and Leicester Square stations on the Charing Cross branch, and on the Bakerloo Line it is between Embankment and Piccadilly Circus stations. It is in Travelcard Zone 1.

The station was served by the Jubilee Line between 1979 and 1999; acting as the southern terminus of the line during that period. For most of the history of the Underground the name Charing Cross was associated with a different station, the one now called Embankment.

Related pages
Charing Cross railway station

London Travelcard zone 1
Northern line stations
Bakerloo line stations
Tube stations in the City of Westminster

Charing Cross tube station


Port Safaga, forby kent as Bur Safaga an Safaga (), is a toun in Egyp, on the coast o the Reid Sea, locatit 53 km (33 mile) sooth o Hurghada. This sma port is an' a' a tourist aurie that consists o several bungalows an rest hooses, includin the Safaga Hotel, wi a capacity o 48 rooms (126 beds).

Haein numerous phosphate mines, it is regardit as the phosphates export center. A paved road o 164 km (101 mile) connects Safaga tae Qena o Upper Egyp.

Owerview
Safaga is a marine port connectit bi a regular cruise shuttle service line.  Safaga is considered ane o the maist important therapeutic tourist centres, as special medical researches hae proved the potential o attractin internaitional tourism tae Safaga.

The resort is reputable for its unpollutit atmosphere, black sand-dunes an mineral springs which hae acquired specific characteristics for remedy o rheumatoid arthritis an psoriasis.

Safaga haes a sma but thrivin tourism industry, specialisin in scuba divin.

Safaga wis a merchant port for mony years; nou the toun, wi its wide azure bay, lang sandy beaches an pretty islands, is a favourite sports destination in the Red Sea Riviera. Safaga is especially popular amang kitesurfers an windsurfers, an wis the host o the 1993 Red Sea Warld Windsurfin Championships. At 53 km (33 mile) sooth o Hurghada, Safaga acquires its unique character frae baith its port an the sma surroondin veelage. A holiday in Safaga is mainly aboot watersports an sichtseein, wi little nightlife aroond, except for some nice beach pairties organised bi the local divers an surfers.

The black saund dune beaches characteristic o Safaga are a favourite spot for sun bathers. The sea watter is kent tae be heichlie saline an rich in minerals which are beneficial for the skin, an it is a popular curative destination in the Reid Sea Riviera.

Safaga is hame tae some o the maist ootstaundin divin o the Reid Sea, wi the bay's chain reefs o Tobia Arbaa, an the impressive waws o Panorama an Abu Qifan touerin reefs, whaur aften big pelagics sic as tunas, sharks an mantas can be spottit.

Safaga is an' a' a guid stairtin pynt for a day trip intae the Eastren Desert tae check oot the granite quarries o Mons Claudianus, or tae the sichts o Luxor, ane o the maist impressive sichts o Egyp, anerlie 220 km (137 mile) away.

References

Populatit places in Reid Sea Govrenorate
Populatit coastal places in Egyp
Unnerwater divin steids
Tourism in Egyp

Port Safaga


A potato gun or Potato cannon is a type of cannon that uses combustion or air pressure to fire a projectile. They are called potato guns because potatoes are a commonly used projectile.

There are two main types of potato guns. Combustion guns use a flammable fuel and igniter to move an object. Another type uses compressed air. Potato guns are usually built of PVC or ABS (a type of plastic) piping. If using air to power your potato cannon you need around 50 to 70 psi to shoot a potato.

Combustion potato guns

Parts
Combustion potato guns have 4 parts. These are the barrel, combustion chamber, a cap, and an igniter.
Barrel: The barrel is the part of the gun which the projectile is fired from. It is usually a smaller diameter than the combustion chamber.
Combustion chamber: This is the part where the fuel is put. The igniter is also in the combustion chamber.
Igniter - A device which set the flammable fuel on fire. Electric grill igniters and magnesium latern lighters are often used. This could be called a trigger.
Cap - The cap is connected to the combustion chamber. It is removed to add fuel and replaced when the gun is fired.

Operation
the operator will put a projectile into the barrel. A ramrod is often used to push it all the way down to the end of the barrel. The projectile must fit tightly into the barrel so that the pressure of the expoding fuel is strong enough to move it. This is why potatoes are often used. With a large potato, the unneeded part of potato would be cut off when the potato is forced into the barrel. This creates a projectile that is almost the exact size as the inside of the barrel.
The cap is removed and a flammable fuel is put in the combustion chamber. Aerosol hairspray is a popular fuel because it ignites easily. Once fuel is added, the cap is replaced.
The cannon is pointed at its target and the igniter triggered. This causes the fuel to burn. The rapidly expanding gasses force the projectile out of the end of the barrel.

A potato cannon can move a 2" diameter potato projectile over 100 yards at a speed of 40 mph. This makes potato guns dangerous.

Air powered potato guns

Parts
 A source of compressed air (such as air compressor)
 Barrel:
 Air reservoir - This is where compressed air is held before being released. It serves the same job as the combustion chamber in the other version.
Release - a type of valve. It is placed between the air reservoir and the barrel. This could be called a trigger.

Operation
the operator will put a projectile into the barrel. A ramrod is often used to push it all the way down to the end of the barrel. The projectile must fit tightly into the barrel so that the pressure of the air is strong enough to move it.
The air reservoir is filled by connecting it to a compressed air source. The release be closed at this time.
the cannon is aimed and the release is pulled. This causes the compressed air to rush into the barrel. The high pressure forces the projectile out of the end of the barrel.

A air powered potato cannon is much stronger than a combustion cannon. A combustion potato gun will launch projectiles at a pressure of about 10-20 psi. Air powered guns often use pressures over 100 psi.

Other websites
Instructables.com
Howstuffworks.com

Weapons

Potato gun


"Don't Speak" is a popular song by No Doubt. The lyrics are about heartache, pain and trouble in relationships. It was released as a single in 1995. The single did not chart on the Billboard Hot 100 (rules at the time required that a commercial single were released, one was not issued on the song). It did, however, reach #1 on Hot 100 Airplay for 16 weeks. The song also hit #1 in United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, the Netherlands and New Zealand.

This was the most successful international song from the group.

1996 songs
No Doubt songs
Pop rock songs

Don't Speak


Down East Yachts (USCG Manufacturer's Identification Code (MIC) - AAY) was a manufacturer of sailboats headquartered in Santa Ana, California.

History
According to United States Coast Guard records, the company was founded on August 5, 1974, and went out of business on July 12, 1983. The company was founded by Bob Poole, who had previously worked for Columbia Yachts. The company began production in 1974 and, after the death of the founder on April 29, 1978, his molds were sold to Newport Offshore Yachts.

The heart of a sailboat company is the design of its boats.  Down East Yachts started with a single boat, the Downeaster 38 which was designed by Henry Morschladt, a California Naval Architect who specialized in cruising sailboats.  The design was traditional, with a wineglass stern, full keel, and bowsprit.  As additional boats were added to the line, they were modifications of this original design.

In addition to manufacturing their own boats, Down East Yachts was contracted to finish several hulls made by Westsail as it was closing its doors in 1980.

Sailboats
Four sailboats were manufactured by the company. All were heavily built cruisers suitable for blue water sailing and were available in Ketch, Schooner, and Cutter configurations:
 Downeaster 32, 1975 - 1980.
 Downeaster 38, 1974 - 1981.
 Downeaster 41, 1980 - 1981.
 Downeaster 45, 1977 - 1981.

Downeaster 45 Hull number 1 in schooner configuration

Trawlers
Down East Yachts acquired the molds and tooling for the Defever 40 Passagemaker from Jensen Marine when they ceased operations in 1980. Production was resumed as the Downeast 40.

See also
 List of sailboat designers and manufacturers

References
 The Proper Yacht, 2nd Edition by Arthur Beiser, International Marine, 1978
 Mauch's Sailboat Guide Vol I, by Jan Mauch, Oceanside Publishing Co, 1991
 Heart of Glass, by Daniel Spurr, McGraw Hill, 2000,2004
 Review, © Motor Boating & Sailing /  May 1977

External links
 Downeasteryachts.com
 Downeaster 32 review
 http://schooner-britannia.com/index.html

American boat builders
Yacht building companies
Companies based in Santa Ana, California
Manufacturing companies established in 1974
Manufacturing companies disestablished in 1983
1974 establishments in California
1983 disestablishments in California
Defunct manufacturing companies based in Greater Los Angeles

Down East Yachts


An Atlantic hurricane is a tropical cyclone that forms in the Atlantic Ocean, usually in the Northern Hemisphere during the summer or autumn, with one-minute maximum sustained winds of at least 74 mph (64 knots, 33 m/s, 119 km/h).  When applied to hurricanes, "Atlantic" generally refers to the entire "Atlantic basin", which includes the North Atlantic Ocean, Caribbean Sea and the Gulf of Mexico.

Most Atlantic tropical storms and hurricanes form between June 1 and November 30. The United States National Hurricane Center monitors the basin and gives out reports, watches and warnings about tropical weather systems for the Atlantic Basin as one of the Regional Specialized Meteorological Centers for tropical cyclones as defined by the World Meteorological Organization.

Tropical disturbances that reach tropical storm intensity are named from a pre-determined list. On average, 10.1 named storms form each season, with an average of 5.9 becoming hurricanes and 2.5 becoming major hurricanes (Category 3 or greater). The climatological peak of activity is around September 10 every season. Hurricane Wilma of 2005 was the most powerful hurricane ever recorded in history.

References

Other websites

Tropical Cyclone Forecasters' Reference Guide
NHC Tropical Cyclone Climatology
Monthly Mean Sea Surface Temperatures
Hurricane Preparation Guide

Atlantic Ocean
 Atlantic

Atlantic hurricane


The East of England Local Government Association (EELGA) is an association of the 52 local authorities in the East of England. It is a regional grouping of the Local Government Association and the regional employers organisation. It was established in April 2010 following the abolition of the East of England Regional Assembly.

History

Regional planning
From April 2010 the East of England Regional Strategy Board of the East of England Local Government Association was responsible, in cooperation with the East of England Development Agency, for strategic planning in the region. This role as a local authority leaders' board was established by the Local Democracy, Economic Development and Construction Act 2009. This role ended in 2010 with the abolition of statutory regional planning in England.

Economic development
In 2011 overlapping local enterprise partnerships were established covering the region:
Greater Cambridge and Greater Peterborough (including Cambridgeshire and parts of Essex, Hertfordshire and Suffolk)
Hertfordshire (Hertfordshire)
New Anglia (Norfolk and Suffolk)
South East (including Essex)
South East Midlands (including Bedfordshire)

Membership
There are 50 local authorities in the region, of which 11 are upper tier authorities:
Bedford Borough Council (unitary)
Cambridgeshire County Council and 5 district councils
Central Bedfordshire Council (unitary)
Essex County Council and 12 district councils
Hertfordshire County Council and 10 district councils
Luton Borough Council (unitary)
Norfolk County Council and 7 district councils
Peterborough City Council (unitary)
Southend-on-Sea City Council (unitary)
Suffolk County Council and 5 district councils
Thurrock Council (unitary)

References

External links

Local government in the East of England
2010 establishments in England
Local authority leaders' boards in England
Government agencies established in 2010
Local Government Association
Regional employers organisations


The Luxembourg Franc was the type of currency used in Luxembourg from 1848 to 1999. Belgium was another country that used the Luxembourg Franc. The symbol for the Luxembourg Franc is fr. or F. On January 1, 1999, the Luxembourg Franc was replaced by the Euro (€). 1 Euro is equal to about 40 Luxembourg Francs.

Coins
There were different types of Luxembourg Francs, like 25 cent, 1, 20, and 50 Francs.

Related pages
Belgian franc

Luxembourg
Former currencies of Europe

Luxembourg franc


The Bastille was a prison in Paris, France. It was destroyed during the French Revolution on 14 July 1789. It was attacked by rebels from the "third estate" (the people). This event is considered the beginning of the French Revolution. Today in France, the 14 July, Fête Nationale, or Bastille Day, is a national holiday.

Early history
The Bastille was built during the Hundred Years' War. It was called the Bastion de Saint-Antoine. At first it was just the Saint-Antoine gate, but from 1370 to 1383, this gate was made bigger and became a fortress. It defended the east end of Paris and the Hôtel Saint-Pol royal palace. After the war, it was turned into a prison. Louis XIII(13) was the first king to send prisoners there.

The Bastille was built in a rectangle shape, 70 meters (220 ft) long and 30 meters (90 ft) wide. It had eight towers and walls 25 meters (80 ft) high, with a wide moat going around the outside. There were two courtyards inside and houses against the walls. Pairs of towers on the east and west sides had gates through which the rue Saint-Antoine passed. In the 1400s, these were blocked up, and a new city gate was built to the north on the present day rue de la Bastille. A bastion on the eastern side was built later. The walls and towers were of the same height and width and joined by a broad path. Soldiers on the wall could move quickly to any part of the fortress without having to climb down inside the towers. It also meant that there was enough room for placing artillery. A similar design can be seen today at Château de Tarascon.

Storming the Bastille

As a prison, the Bastille held common criminals such as forgers and thieves, as well as people put in prison for religious reasons, such as the Huguenots. Some had been put in prison for printing or writing things against the government or the King. People of high rank were sometimes held there too. The prison, which could only hold about 50 prisoners, was not as bad most of the prisons in Paris. But secrecy about the prison and its prisoners gave it an evil reputation.

The people of Paris attacked the Bastille on 14 July 1789, following several days of protests. They wanted the gunpowder and weapons that were kept at the prison. They were not attacking the Bastille to free the seven prisoners inside. The prison was guarded by about 80 invalides (old soldiers) led by Governor Bernard-René de Launay. There was also an extra group of 32 grenadiers from one of the Swiss mercenary regiments brought to Paris by the King shortly before 14 July.

A crowd of around 8,000 men and women were outside the Bastille by mid-morning. They wanted the guards to give up the prison, remove the artillery guns, and give them the gunpowder and weapons. Two people chosen to represent those outside were invited into the fortress to talk with the Governor.

At about 1:00pm, the crowd broke into the undefended outer courtyard and the chains on the drawbridge to the inner courtyard were cut. There was some gunfire, but by mid-afternoon the crowd was supported by mutinous Gardes Françaises of the Royal Army and two cannons. De Launay ordered his guards to stop shooting and he gave up the fortress. The crowd swept into the Bastille at about 5.30pm.

The crowd took the weapons, gunpowder, and freed the seven prisoners. They had to break down the doors because the keys had already been taken and shown in the streets. Even though they had surrendered, the Governor and some of the guards of the Bastille were killed. Their heads were cut off, stuck onto long poles, and marched through the streets.

Pulling down the Bastille

The propaganda value of the Bastille was quickly seen by Pierre-François Palloy, "Patriote Palloy". He got together a group of men to begin pulling down the fortress by the next day. People paid him to view the site and he sold off pieces as souvenirs. By November, 1789, the Bastille was largely pulled down. The cut stones of the fortress were used to build the Pont de la Concorde (Paris).

The area today

The site of the Bastille is now called the Place de la Bastille. It is home to the Opéra Bastille. The large moat behind the fort has been turned into a marina for boats, the Bassin de l'Arsenal. To the north, a covered canal, the Canal Saint Martin, goes under the road along the edge of the site.

The remains of one tower of the fort were found during digging for the Paris Métro (rail mass-transit system) in 1899. These were moved to a park, the Square Henri-Galli, a few hundred meters away. The outline of the fort is also marked on the streets and sidewalks with special paving stones. A cafe and some other businesses are now on the site of the fort, and the rue Saint Antoine passes directly over it as it opens onto the roundabout of the Bastille.

Today, the French celebrate the 14th July by
 Having military and civilian parades
 Having military air shows
 Musical performances
 Communal meals
 Dances
 Balls
 Spectacular firework displays

In popular culture
 Comte de Rochefort (The Three Musketeers, Twenty Years After)
 Alexandre Manette (A Tale of Two Cities)
 M. Thénardier (Les Misérables)
 Several works about the Man with the iron mask

References

Other websites

 Satellite view of the Place de la Bastille place today.
 Remains of the Bastille - photo of the remains of one tower, with a short description
 À bas la Bastille!: how the Encyclopædia Britannica has written about the Bastille since 1768.

Buildings and structures in Paris
1789 disestablishments
18th-century disestablishments in Europe
14th century in France

Bastille


Mrs Beeton (born Isabella Mary Mayson, 12 March 1836 – 6 February 1865) was known around the world as Mrs Beeton. She was the English author of Mrs Beeton's Book of Household Management, and is one of the most famous cookbook writers.

Background
Isabella was born at 24 Milk Street, Cheapside, London, England. Her father, Benjamin Mayson, died when she was young and her mother, Elizabeth Jerram later married Henry Dorling, who was a widower and he had four children of his own. They lived in Epsom, Surrey where Henry was  Clerk of Epsom Racecourse. Isabella was sent to school in Heidelberg, Germany, where she became a very good pianist. When she finished school, she went back to Epsom.

Marriage and career
Isabella's husband, Samuel Orchart Beeton, was also born in Milk Street. Even after the move to Epsom the two mothers of Samuel and Isabella kept talking to one another. On a visit to London, Isabella was introduced to Samuel Beeton who had become a publisher of books and popular magazines.  They married on 10 July 1856 at Epsom Parish Church. In August of that year they moved into their first home, a large Italianate property at 2 Chandos Villas on the Woodridings Estate in Hatch End.

Their first child, Samuel Orchart, was born in May 1857 but he died of croup in August of that year. In September 1859, another son was born, and his name was also Samuel Orchart.

During Isabella's time in Hatch End she began to write articles on cooking and how to manage a house for her husband's publications. In 1859–1861, she wrote something every month for The Englishwoman's Domestic Magazine. In October 1861, the writings were published as a single book, The Book of Household Management.

The Beetons left Hatch End in the autumn of 1861. In December of that year their son became sick with scarlet fever while on holiday in Brighton. He died on New Year's Eve. Mrs. Beeton gave birth to two other sons, Orchart (on New Year's Eve in 1863) and Mayson Moss (in January 1865).

Book of Household Management

The book was very well known as Mrs Beeton's Book of Household Management, it was a guide to running a Victorian household, with advice on fashion, child care, animal husbandry, poisons, the management of servants, science, religion, and industrialism.

The book had 1,112 pages, and over 900 of the pages were recipes. Because many of the pages were recipes, it became known as Mrs Beeton's Cookbook. Most of the recipes were illustrated with colored pictures, and it was the first book to show recipes in a way that is still used today. It is said that many of the recipes were actually taken from earlier writers (including Eliza Acton), but the Beetons never claimed that the book's contents were original. It was supposed to be a guide of reliable information for the middle class people. Mrs Beeton is described better as the books compiler and editor than as its author, because many of the passages were not in her own words.

Early death
The day after the birth of her fourth child, in January 1865, Isabella became sick with puerperal fever. She died a week later at the age of 28. Her widower lived for another twelve years. He died of tuberculosis in June 1877 at the age of 46.

The couple are buried in West Norwood Cemetery in Lambeth under a simple headstone.

Bibliography
 Susan Watkin: Know Your Onions or Mrs Beeton's Hinterland, Lulu Press, 2006.
 Kathryn Hughes: The Short Life and Long Times of Mrs Beeton, 2005,
 Margaret Beetham:A Magazine of Her Own?: Domesticity and Desire in the Woman's Magazine, 1800-1914. London, 1996.
 Michael Hurd: Mrs Beeton's Book, a Music-Hall Guide to Victorian Living, London, 1984.
 Sarah Freeman: Isabella and Sam: The Story of Mrs Beeton, London: Victor Gollancz, 1977.
 Elizabeth David: Isabella Beeton and Her Book, in: Wine and Food, Spring 1961.
 H. Montgomery Hyde: Mr. and Mrs. Beeton, London: George S. Harrap & Co, 1951.
 Nancy Spain: Mrs. Beeton and her husband by her grand niece, London: Collins, 1948. Later: Beeton Story (1956).

Other websites
 Online edition of Household Management

Searchable online version of Beeton's Book of Household Management
 Guardian article on "plagiarism"

References

1836 births
1865 deaths
British chefs
Food writers
Writers from London

Mrs Beeton


The receiver in information theory is the receiving end of a communication channel. It receives decoded messages/information from the sender, who first encoded them. Sometimes the receiver is modeled so as to include the decoder. Real-world receivers like radio receivers or telephones can not be expected to receive as much information as predicted by the noisy channel coding theorem.

References

Information theory

Receiver (information theory)


Thomas Pelham-Holles  (21 July 1693 – 17 November 1768) was 1st Duke of Newcastle upon Tyne and 1st Duke of Newcastle-under-Lyme. He was a British Whig statesman, and the third Prime Minister. He was Prime Minister for two separate terms. He is commonly known as the Duke of Newcastle.

His official life extended throughout the Whig supremacy of the 18th century.
He was a protégé of Sir Robert Walpole, and served under him for more than 20 years until 1742. He held power with his brother, Prime Minister Henry Pelham, until 1754. By then he had served as a Secretary of State continuously for 30 years and dominated British foreign policy.

After Henry's death, the Duke of Newcastle was prime minister for six years in two separate periods. His first premiership (17541756) was not particularly notable: Newcastle partly caused the Seven Years' War, and his weak diplomacy cost him the premiership. After his second term (17571762), he served briefly in Lord Rockingham's ministry, before he retired from government. He was most effective as a deputy to a leader of greater ability, such as Walpole, his brother, or William Pitt the Elder.

References

Prime Ministers of Great Britain
Whig party (UK) politicians

Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle


Olimpia Fulvia Morata (1526 – 26 October 1555) was an Italian classical scholar.

Biography
She was born in Ferrara to Fulvio Pellegrino Morato and a certain Lucrezia Gozi.

Her father, who had been tutor to the young princes of the ducal house of Este, was on intimate terms with the most learned men of Italy, and the daughter grew up in an atmosphere of classical learning. At the age of twelve she was able to converse fluently in Greek and Latin.

About this time, she was summoned to the palace as companion and instructor of the younger but equally gifted Anna d'Este, daughter of Renata, duchess of Ferrara. Many people with literary fame or Protestant leanings, like John Calvin, Vittoria Colonna and Clément Marot visited the court of the duchess. In her teens Olympia lectured on Cicero and Calvin's works.

In 1546, she left court to take care of her ailing father and, after his death, she took care of the education of her brothers and sisters. Olympia's father died a convert to Protestantism, and Olympia embraced the doctrines of Luther and Calvin. When she returned to court, Anna d'Este's marriage to Francis, Duke of Guise left Olympia isolated. She spent her time studying philosophy and corresponded with Gasparo Sardi, who dedicated his De Triplici Philosophia to her.

About the end of 1550, she married a young student of medicine and philosophy, Andreas Grundler of Schweinfurt in Bavaria. In 1554 she accompanied Grundler to his place of birth, where he had been appointed physician to the garrison of Spanish troops. In 1553 the margrave Albert of Brandenburg on one of his plundering expeditions took possession of Schweinfurt, and was in turn besieged by the Protestants. At length Albert evacuated the place, and Olympia and her husband made their escape. In the course of these events many of her writings were lost.

They finally succeeded in reaching Heidelberg in 1554 where a medical lectureship had been obtained for Grundler through the influence of the Erbach family, by whom they had been hospitably entertained during their flight.

In 1558 (or 1556, sources differ), after her death, Opera omnia, a major collection of some of her Greek letters and Latin dialogues, was published in Basel, a labour which she entrusted to her friend and correspondent Caelius Secundus Curio.

References

Sources

1526 births
1555 deaths
16th-century Italian women writers
Writers from Ferrara
Italian classical scholars
Women classical scholars
Modern Greek-language writers
16th-century writers in Latin
Latin-language writers from Italy
Italian Renaissance humanists
Italian Protestants

Olympia Fulvia Morata


A diary is a book which a person writes about what they have seen or heard or what they have been doing.  Diaries are usually handwritten.  People like to keep diaries (meaning: write a diary) for a variety of reasons: they may want to keep a record for themselves about what they have done during their life.  They may sometimes want to publish it so that other people can read it.  Some diaries may be important for business or military purpose.  Children in schools are often asked to write a diary.  This helps them to write about what they have been doing and expressing their thoughts.

Some people, such as Samuel Pepys, have become famous as a diarist.  Pepys lived at an interesting time (he was alive at the time of the Great Fire of London).  We know a lot about what London was like by reading his diary.  Anne Frank wrote a diary while she was hiding from the Nazis.

In modern times people write blogs on the internet.  This is a modern kind of diary.

The word diary can also be used for a pocket diary: a small book in which people can write down their appointments so that they can remember what they are supposed to be doing each day.

Related pages
Journal
Autobiography

Diary


In the United Kingdom, a riding is a division of certain large historic counties.  It is usually one of three parts; the word itself comes from Old English trithing (itself from Old Norse thrithjungr) which means 'third part'.

Several counties are divided into ridings, but are usually governed by a council bearing the same name as the county.  However, the ridings of Yorkshire are so large that each riding was given its own county council.  Thus there were county councils for the East Riding, the North Riding and the West Riding.  In 1974 when all the administrative counties of England and Wales were reorganised, these councils were replaced by six new ones within Yorkshire (either wholly or in part) called North Yorkshire, South Yorkshire, West Yorkshire, Cleveland, Durham and Humberside.

In Canada, a riding is a federal constituency, or electoral division as they are known in Canada.

Counties of the United Kingdom

Riding (division)


Johan Ludvig Heiberg (14 December 1791 – 25 August 1860), Danish poet, playwright, literary critic, literary historian son of the political writer Peter Andreas Heiberg (1758–1841), and of the novelist, afterwards the Baroness Gyllembourg-Ehrensvärd, was born in Copenhagen. He promoted Hegelian philosophy and introduced vaudeville to Denmark.

Biography
In 1800 his father was exiled and settled in Paris, where he was employed in the French foreign office, retiring in 1817 with a pension. His political and satirical writings continued to exercise great influence over his fellow countrymen. Johan Ludvig Heiberg was taken by K.L. Rahbek and his wife into their house, Bakkehuset (now part of the Danish Maritime Safety Administration). He was educated at the University of Copenhagen, and his first publication, entitled The Theatre for Marionettes (1814), included two romantic dramas. This was followed by Christmas Jokes and New Years Tricks (1816), The Initiation of Psyche (1817), and The Prophecy of Tycho Brahe, a satire on the eccentricities of the Romantic writers, especially on the sentimentality of Ingemann. These works attracted attention at a time when Baggesen, Oehlenschläger and Ingemann possessed the popular ear, and were understood at once to be the opening of a great career.

In 1817 Heiberg took his degree, and in 1819 went abroad with a grant from government. He proceeded to Paris, and spent the next three years there with his father. In 1822 he published his drama Nina and was made professor of the Danish language at the University of Kiel, where he delivered a course of lectures, comparing the Scandinavian mythology as found in the Edda with the poems of Oehlenschläger. These lectures were published in German in 1827.

In 1825 Heiberg came back to Copenhagen for the purpose of introducing the vaudeville on the Danish stage. He composed a great number of these vaudevilles, of which the best known are King Solomon and George the Hatmaker (1825); April Fools (1826); A Story in Rosenborg Garden (1827); Kjøge Huskors (1831); The Danes in Paris (1833); No (1836); and Yes (1839). He took his models from the French theatre, but showed extraordinary skill in blending the words and the music; but the subjects and the humour were essentially Danish and even topical.

Meanwhile he was producing dramatic work of a more serious kind; in 1828 he brought out the national drama of Elves' Hill (); in 1830 The Inseparables; in 1835 the fairy comedy of The Elves, a dramatic version of Tieck's Elfin; and in 1838 Fata Morgana. In 1841 Heiberg published a volume of New Poems containing A Soul after Death, a comedy which is perhaps his masterpiece, The Newly Wedded Pair, and other pieces.

He edited from 1827 to 1830 the famous weekly, the Flyvende Post (The Flying Post), and subsequently the Interimsblade (1834–1837) and the Intelligensblade (1842–1843). In his journalism he carried on his warfare against the excessive pretensions of the Romanticists, and produced much valuable and penetrating criticism of art and literature. In 1831 he married the great actress Johanne Luise Pätges (1812–1890), the author of some popular vaudevilles.

Heiberg's scathing satires, however, made him very unpopular; and this antagonism reached its height when, in 1845, he published his malicious little drama of The Nut Crackers. Nevertheless he became in 1849 director of the Royal Theatre in Copenhagen. He filled the post for seven years, working with great zeal and conscientiousness, but was forced by intrigues from without to resign it in 1856.

Heiberg died at Bonderup Manor, near Ringsted, on 25 August 1860.

Philosophy
Heiberg's speculative philosophy had relation to Hegel and Kierkegaard, and dealt a lot with the perception of God. His work Om Vaudevillen (1826) has been described as an attack to Dilettantism, "a curse on the age's materialism or atheism in art, a critical attack on the prevailing aesthethics of content," as well as "a strong defense of true science," lifelong study, free laughter, satire and comedy. Heiberg tried to reconcile Hegel's philosophy with Christianity, for instance, equating Hegel's concept of Spirit, with the view of the Christian God; at other times he seems to prefer the Christian doctrine.

Legacy
His influence upon taste and critical opinion was greater than that of any writer of his time, and can only be compared with that of Holberg in the 18th century. Most of the poets of the Romantic movement in Denmark were very grave and serious; Heiberg added the element of humour, elegance and irony. He had the genius of good taste, and his witty and delicate productions stand almost unique in the literature of his country. First of all he created a Danish critical tradition based upon firm and consequent principles of aesthetics breaking with the often extremely subjective and occasional value judgements of his predecessors. In return he has not avoided being regarded a conservative formalist and elitist by posterity and the reaction against his line was already started by Georg Brandes who was, however, affected by his school too. At any rate most of later Danish critics had to make up their mind about his ideas.

The poetical works of Heiberg were collected, in 11 vols, in 1861–1862, and his prose writings (11 vols) in the same year. The last volume of his works contains fragments of autobiography. See also Georg Brandes, Essays (1889). For the elder Heiberg see monographs by Thaarup (1883) and by Schwanenflügel (1891).

References

Further reading
The literature and romance of northern Europe, By William and Mary Howitt, Vol II, p. 207-222 Published 1852 by Colburn and Company in London (1852)
Den lille Salmonsen, vol. V, Copenh., 1938

External links

1791 births
1860 deaths
Danish male poets
Danish male dramatists and playwrights
Writers from Copenhagen
University of Copenhagen alumni
19th-century Danish poets
19th-century Danish dramatists and playwrights
19th-century male writers
Heiberg

Johan Ludvig Heiberg (poet)


Les Casquets or (The) Casquets () is a group of rocks 13 kilometres (8.08 mi) northwest of Alderney and are part of an underwater sandstone ridge. Other parts which emerge above the water are the islets of Burhou and Ortac. Little grows on them.

Origin of name
Theories as to the origin of the name include:
derivation from the French 'cascade', which alludes to the tidal surges which flow around them;
derivation from 'casque', referring to the helmet-like shape of the rocks;
derivation from 'cas' (broken) and 'quet' (rock).

A map (Leyland map) dated from around 1640 gives a Latin name Casus Rupes (broken rocks), which would seem to confirm the third theory above, but which may be a folk etymology.

History

Wrecks
There have been numerous wrecks on the islets; fierce tides reaching 6-7 knots on springs and a lack of landmarks account for many wrecks in the area. The most famous include SS Stella, wrecked in 1899. The largest wreck was the 8000 tonne water tanker Constantia S.

It was believed for centuries that HMS Victory was wrecked in 1744 on the Casquets, the lightkeeper of Alderney even being court-martialled for failure to keep the light on at the time of the ship's loss.  However, when the wreck of that ship was found in 2008, it was over 60 nautical miles (110 km) from the Casquets.

Casquets lighthouses

The first lighthouses started operation on 30 October 1724, and were three towers lit by coal fires called St Peter, St Thomas and the Dungeon.  Three stone towers were built so the lights would not look like those in nearby France.

They were built by Thomas Le Cocq, owner of the rocks, under licence from Trinity House and who was paid a halfpenny per ton of ship when vessels passed the rocks and in turn he paid Trinity House 50 pounds per year for the right to run the lighthouses.  The lighthouses reverted to Trinity House in 1785.

They were converted to oil lamps with metal reflectors which were first used on 25 November 1790; and upgraded again with apparatus to rotate a beam of light in 1818. This had a clockwork mechanism which was wound up every hour and a half and gave one flash every 15 seconds.

The lighthouses were badly damaged and the lanterns smashed in a severe storm on 31 October 1823. The towers were raised by a further 10 yards (9.1 m) in 1854, and 184 kilocandela lamps were added which gave three slow flashes every half minute. In 1877 the North West Tower was raised again and the lights in the other two towers turned off.

British commandos of the Small Scale Raiding Force made two raids during the Second World War on the lighthouse, following the German occupation of the Channel Islands in 1940. The first raid, Operation Dryad, took place on 2/3 September 1942 and the seven keepers were taken back to England as prisoners of war.

In 1954 the lighthouse was coverted to electricity and a 2,830 kilocandela lamp was put in. The lamp is unusual because it rotates anti-clockwise.  At the same time, the other two towers were reduced in height.

The current light in the 23 metres (75 ft) North West Tower is 37 metres (121 ft) above mean sea level and flashes five times every 30 seconds and with flashes 3.7 seconds apart.  It can be seen for around 24 nautical miles (44 km) in clear weather. The East Tower contains the foghorn, which produces two blasts every 60 seconds and this has a nominal range of 3 nautical miles (5.6 km). The South West Tower is topped with a helipad and there is another helipad on a flat section of the rock. The rocks are also marked using racon with a Morse letter T on radar displays. The lighthouse complex was automated in 1990 and is monitored and controlled from the Trinity House Operations Control Centre in Harwich.

References

SS Stella Website  (requires JavaScript)
Trinity House website
The Lighthouses of Alderney
Alderney society and museum - Geology
 Channel Islets - Victor Coysh

Other websites
 Thumbnails of pictures of the Casquets

Uninhabited islands of the Bailiwick of Guernsey

Casquets


The Valletta Treaty (formally the European Convention on the Protection of the Archaeological Heritage (Revised), also known as the Malta Convention) is a multilateral treaty of the Council of Europe. The 1992 treaty aims to protect the European archaeological heritage "as a source of European collective memory and as an instrument for historical and scientific study". All remains and objects and any other traces of humankind from past times are considered to be elements of the archaeological heritage. The archaeological heritage shall include structures, constructions, groups of buildings, developed sites, moveable objects, monuments of other kinds as well as their context, whether situated on land or under water." (Art. 1)

The Valletta Convention is an international legally binding treaty within Europe. It places the revised Convention in the framework of activities of the Council of Europe concerning the cultural heritage since the European Cultural Convention came into force.

It deals with the protection, preservation and scientific research of archaeological heritage in Europe. In particular, the revised Convention focuses on the problem of conservation of archaeological heritage in the face of development projects. Other threats to the archaeological heritage are:
Natural disasters
Illicit and unscientific excavations
Lack of public awareness

In accordance with the Preamble, objectives of the revised Convention are:

To integrate the conservation and archaeological investigation of archaeological heritage in urban and regional planning policies;
To establish a co-operation and consultation processes between archaeologists, and project developers;
To set standards for funding and archaeological and conservational methods used in studying the "knowledge of the history of mankind";
To promote educational actions and public awareness of the necessity of the protection and investigation of archaeological heritage in Europe; and
To foster international co-operation and joint action among all European countries in the field of archaeological resource management by means of developing and exchanging relevant scientific information, technologies and expertise.

Definition of the archaeological heritage

In Article 1 of the revised Convention archaeological heritage is defined. The article aims to emphasise the importance of both protection and scientific investigation of archaeological heritage as "a source of the European collective memory".

Considering the ICOMOS Charter for the Protection and Management of the Archaeological Heritage 1990, "archaeological knowledge is based principally on the scientific investigation of the archaeological heritage".
Consequentially, destructive as well as non-destructive scientific methods can be carried out with the provision that an excavation is seen as an ultima ratio to gain knowledge about the archaeological heritage of Europe.

An element of archaeological heritage is given if there is any trace of human existence of the past displaying an interaction with the natural environment and enhancing our knowledge of human history, which was discovered by archaeological techniques. Therefore, not only artefacts of an archaeological site are of value but "all remains and objects and any other traces of mankind".
Furthermore, the article gives examples of elements that are included in its concept of archaeological heritage:

Immovable objects: Structures, walls, groups of buildings, sites, monuments, burials etc.
Movable objects: Sculptures, artefacts, etc.
The context (land or sea)

Identification of the heritage and measures for protection

Article 2

States parties to the revised Convention shall:

"Institute a legal system for the protection of the archaeological heritage", which shall contain the following provisions:
"Maintain an inventory of its archaeological heritage and designate protected monuments and areas", which activities are allowed in a protected area are left to the States party;
"Create archaeological reserves" designating zoning areas, in which forms of land use, e.g. disturbance of the soil, and excavations are restricted and supervised by the relevant authorities; and
Implement a "mandatory reporting to the competent authorities" for a finder of a "chance discovery of elements of the archaeological heritage".

Article 3

Whether on public or private land, each Party agrees to establish a certain code of conduct of archaeological work and preservation methods.
Article 3, paragraph i states that each Party needs to implement a controlled procedure of archaeological activities preventing "any illicit excavation or removal of elements of the archaeological heritage" and assuring that archaeological resource management is applied in a scientific way. That principle includes that every investigation shall be as minimal as possible in its impact and uncovered findings are proper conserved during or after excavation.
Excavations must be under the control of qualified, specially authorised persons (see Art. 3, para ii).
In addition, "the use of metal detectors and any other detection equipment must be subject to specific prior authorization" (see Art. 3, para ii). Otherwise the arbitrary use of such equipment leads to destruction of context by digging up anything that the machine registers without knowing what it actually is.

Integrated conservation of the archaeological heritage

Article 5 deals with the relationship between the preservation of archaeological heritage and development projects. Each Party agrees to involve archaeologists in the complete planning policy (Art. 5, para. i). For example, archaeological sites and their settings shall be considered if environmental impact assessments are required (Art. 5, para. vi).

It is essential that "archaeologists, town and regional planners systematically consult one another" (Art. 5, para. iii) to modify development plans that may have an adverse effect on archaeological heritage (para. iv), saving a considerable amount of time and money. The consultation process can only be successful, if the State parties make "relevant surveys, inventories and maps of archaeological sites" (Art. 7, para. i) available.

Though damage will be caused to some archaeological heritage, important projects are implemented anyway. In that case, emergency excavations should be carried out; and it is necessary that States ensure "sufficient time and resources for an appropriate scientific study of the site" and the publication of its findings are allocated. Article 6 of the revised Convention gives details about the source of funds for archaeological research and rescue archaeology.

If excavation works discover elements of archaeological heritage during a project, Article 5, paragraph vii makes provisions for "conservation in situ when feasible". However, that paragraph does not say how this will be done. An option may be to excavate the site and conserve the remains with soil or a special covering afterwards, so that the construction can occur on top of it. The site and its elements are thus partially or fully available for potential investigations in the future.

Financing of archaeological research and conservation

States are required to arrange public, either on local, regional or national level, financial support for archaeological research.
In addition, and that is important, the actor, either public or private, who is responsible for the concerning development project, has the obligation to allocate funding of any necessary related archaeological activities, such as rescue excavations (Art. 6, para. ii). This means, that public or private development plans should provide funds in the budget for archaeological survey work and full recording and publication of the findings in the same way that provision is made for environmental impact studies (Art. 6, para. ii b).

Control of the application of the (revised) Convention

As compliance mechanism the Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe set up a committee of experts to monitor the implementation and application of the revised Convention (Art. 13).
This monitoring includes: periodic reports on the situation of archaeological heritage protection policies and the realisation of the Convention's principles in the States (Art. 13, para. i). The reports and any other recommendations or proposals are directed to the Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe.
Furthermore, the committee of experts may propose measures to improve the implementation of the revised Convention by recommendations for amendments, multilateral activities, informing the public (Art. 13, para. ii), or invitations to other States to accede to this Convention (Art. 13, para. iii).

Signatures and ratifications

Every State party that is consent to be bound by an international treaty needs to follow a procedure so the treaty can come into effect on the national and international level:

Signature
Ratification/Acceptance/Approval
Deposition of the Ratification Document
Entry into Force

The European Convention on the Protection of the Archaeological Heritage (revised) is "open for signature by the member States of the Council
of Europe and the other States party to the European Cultural Convention. It is subject to ratification, acceptance or approval" (Art. 14, para. 1).

Before or simultaneously depositing the ratification to the revised Convention, the State party must denounce The European Convention on the Protection of the Archaeological Heritage of 1969 (Art. 14, para. 2).

The revised Convention shall enter into force six months after the date of the deposit of the instrument of ratification by any signatory State (Art. 14, para. 5).
In the process of signing or ratifying the treaty, States may specify/limit the territory to which this revised Convention shall apply (Art. 16).
Every State party can denounce the revised Convention by notification to the Secretary General of the Council of Europe (Art. 17).

As of 2018, the convention has been ratified by 46 states, which includes 44 Council of Europe member states plus the Holy See. The last signatory to ratify the convention was Luxembourg in 2017. The two Council of Europe states that have not signed or ratified the convention are Iceland and Montenegro.

See also
Archaeology
Archaeological culture
Archaeological field survey
Council of Europe
Cultural resources management
Cultural Heritage Management
ICOMOS
Rescue archaeology

References

External links
 European convention on the protection of the archaeological heritage (revised) (ETS № 143) (Russian, English)
 An English copy of the Valletta Treaty, Council of Europe web site, retrieved 7 July 2012
 ICOMOS Website, retrieved 7 July 2012
 CoE Treaty Office Website, retrieved 7 July 2012

Council of Europe treaties
Treaties concluded in 1992
Treaties entered into force in 1995
Art and culture treaties
Treaties of Albania
Treaties of Andorra
Treaties of Armenia
Treaties of Austria
Treaties of Azerbaijan
Treaties of Belgium
Treaties of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Treaties of Bulgaria
Treaties of Croatia
Treaties of Cyprus
Treaties of the Czech Republic
Treaties of Denmark
Treaties of Estonia
Treaties of Finland
Treaties of France
Treaties of Georgia (country)
Treaties of Germany
Treaties of Greece
Treaties of the Holy See
Treaties of Hungary
Treaties of Ireland
Treaties of Italy
Treaties of Latvia
Treaties of Liechtenstein
Treaties of Lithuania
Treaties of Malta
Treaties of Moldova
Treaties of Monaco
Treaties of the Netherlands
Treaties of Norway
Treaties of Poland
Treaties of Portugal
Treaties of Romania
Treaties of Russia
Treaties of San Marino
Treaties of Serbia
Treaties of Slovakia
Treaties of Slovenia
Treaties of Spain
Treaties of Sweden
Treaties of Switzerland
Treaties of North Macedonia
Treaties of Turkey
Treaties of Ukraine
Treaties of the United Kingdom
1992 in Malta
Treaties extended to the Netherlands Antilles
Treaties extended to Jersey
Treaties extended to the Isle of Man
Historic preservation legislation
20th century in Valletta

Valletta Treaty


Boredoms () (later known as V∞redoms) is a rock band from Osaka, Japan formed in 1986. The band's sound is often referred to as noise rock, or sometimes Japanoise (Japan's noise music scene), though their more recent records have moved toward repetitive psychedelic rock, ambient soundscapes, and tribal drumming.

The band has a vast and sometimes confusing discography. Many band members have rotated through the group over the years, often using a number of various stage names. Singer Yamantaka Eye is the closest the band has to a frontman; his style includes a range of baffling screams, babbling, electronic effects, and very heavy post-production. Drummer/keyboard player/vocalist Yoshimi P-We is featured on most Boredoms recordings.

History

Formation and early years
Boredoms were formed in early 1986 by Yamantaka Eye, who at the time acted as front man for the infamous and highly controversial noise/performance art act Hanatarash, locally notorious for its extremely dangerous live shows consisting entirely of on-stage destruction and complete disregard for the audience's safety. The antics of Hanatarash would later be highly influential on the earliest incarnation of Boredoms, which was formed by the remaining members of a band Eye started with Hanatarash drummer Ikuo Taketani, as well as guitarist Tabata Mitsuru (known as Tabata Mara), bassist Hosoi Hisato, and vocalist Makki Sasarato, called "Acid Makki & Combi and Zombie". The band's sound was characterized by violent, noisy punk rock/no wave thrashings. They recorded a single track, "U.S.A.", for a compilation tape. Shortly after the release of their first song, Taketani was replaced on drums by Yoshikawa Toyohito, a friend of Eye's. The band officially changed their name to Boredoms after Hira replaced Hosoi on bass, and Sasarato left the band due to creative differences. The band's name comes from the Buzzcocks song "Boredom".

With the band finally reaching a level of stability, Eye and Tabata recorded their first official EP, Anal by Anal, in mid-1986. In early 1987, Tabata left the group to later join Zeni Geva and was replaced by Seiichi Yamamoto as guitar player. In March 1988, the band released its first full-length, Osorezan no Stooges Kyo. Due to unhappiness over Yoshikawa's drumming, Yoshimi P-We from Eye's Hanatarash-related project UFO or Die was asked to serve as drummer, becoming the first female member of the band, with Yoshikawa switching to general percussion. Shortly after the change Yoshikawa left the group, to be replaced by Chew Hasegawa (now of Japanese funeral doom band Corrupted) and then by Kazuya Nishimura, known by his stage name Atari. The band's sound from this period was marked by harsh, dissonant punk edited extensively by Eye in the studio, citing Sonic Youth and Funkadelic as influences, among others. This style was seen by some as "pointlessly abrasive" without any underlying motive, making Boredoms nihilistic absolute music, according to some critics; however, the strangeness of the record increased the band's popularity in the musical underground.

Growing popularity
In 1988 and 1989, Eye found himself making friends with Sonic Youth and also worked extensively with John Zorn's polystylistic Naked City project, serving as guest vocalist. After the release of Boredoms' album Soul Discharge in the United States, the band was able to parlay their growing popularity into long term record deals with Warner Bros. Records in Japan and its United States imprint Reprise Records. With the release of the band's critically acclaimed Pop Tatari, generally seen as one of the strangest albums ever released by a major label, Boredoms took to the road and toured with Sonic Youth in 1992, Nirvana for eight consecutive shows in late October and early November 1993, and Brutal Truth in 1993. During this period, the band was asked by Steve Albini to record a track for a compilation he was recording. Shortly after Eye again collaborated with John Zorn on an EP under the name Mystic Fugu Orchestra, which was notably the first album released on Zorn's Tzadik Records.

The following year, at the height of its popularity in the United States, the band was asked to perform on the main stage of the 1994 Lollapalooza tour in support of the album Chocolate Synthesizer, which had just been released in the United States. The album proved largely successful for such an experimental band and was later considered one of the best albums of the 1990s by Alternative Press magazine. Yoshikawa had later joined the band in the early months of 1994 for a second time to play on Pop Tatari, often sharing vocal duties with Eye, but left again in 1994 and was replaced on percussion by EDA, who had been introduced to the band by Pavement bassist Mark Ibold. The band was dropped from the Reprise roster, with Birdman Records distributing the band's Super Roots EPs during this period.

By the time of 1998's Super Go!!!!! EP and full-length Super æ, the band started to break sharply from their earlier atonal noise rock/Japanoise sound by introducing many elements of sweeping electronica effects and thoroughly constructed psychedelic rock jams into their music. Perceived analogies with the music of Can became common during this period. Described as "tumultuous space-sludge", Super æ has most often been compared to the defining elements of 1970s krautrock. Soon after its initial release in Japan, Super æ was met with a considerable amount of acclaim from the international music press, recognized as a modern-day avant-garde artifact and progressive "masterpiece". Notably, Super æ was considered one of the best albums of the 1990s by Pitchfork Media.

In 1999, the band released Vision Creation Newsun in Japan. This album saw an evolution in their sound, combining the evolving space rock themes explored in their Super Roots EPs and preceding album Super æ with "a much more earthly, primal, primitively worshipful inspiration". It features psychedelic soundscaping and "cosmic synths", complex tribal drumming, "cathartic celebrations of noise", and Eye's unique power electronic and turntabalistic stylings. The album is often considered the band's greatest achievement thus far, and has been described by critics as blending the "manic, high-speed, cut-up form punk rock" of their earlier albums with a new sound that is "just as intense and exhilarating, but more beautiful and more expansive".

After its release, Eye oversaw a series of remix albums of the Boredoms catalogue by guest DJs. After the final remix album, Eye's own Rebore, vol. 0, was released in 2000, Boredoms seemed to disappear for a few years with no releases or tour dates, while the members participated in various side projects and other bands.

Later activities
Rumors that the band had broken up began to circulate, but a smaller ensemble who called themselves V∞redoms resurfaced in 2003. The group's line-up had changed considerably upon its return, stripping down to a much smaller ensemble with Yamantaka Eye on vocals, Izumi Kiyoshi (who had performed on Vision Creation Newsun and Super æ) on synthesizer, and Yoshimi P-We, Nishimura, and EDA playing drums and percussion.

Despite the changes, the group's music still revolves around the tribal drumming patterns heard on Vision Creation Newsun. The band was signed by Vice Records for its releases in the United States since it had been dropped by Reprise. All Super Roots releases were then reissued on Vice in early 2007 (with the exclusion of Super Roots 2). In late 2004, Boredoms released its first album as a group in four years, Seadrum/House of Sun, most of which had been previously recorded before the band's brief hiatus. This release also saw the band move from their label WEA Japan to the smaller Japanese label Commmons. The album was not celebrated to the extent of their previous albums, yet it still garnered mostly positive reviews, culminating with an exemplary score of 73% on Metacritic. Following its release, EDA left the band and went on to form audio-visual project Adrena Adrena with visual artist Daisy Dickinson. EDA was replaced in the Boredoms by Yojiro Tatekawa.

In early 2007, the group released Super Roots 9, the first addition to the Super Roots series since 1999 and their first major release since Seadrum/House of Sun. It was recorded during a Christmas Eve 2004 concert, making it only the band's third official live release since 1998's Super Seeeeee!!!!!! video (discounting disc two of the Vision Creation Newsun boxset, which included a 35-minute excerpt of a live concert). Super Roots 9 also saw the band move from Warner International to the smaller Japanese label Commmons for domestic releases and American label Thrill Jockey for overseas. Later, in April, the group (as V∞redoms) played three dates with Sonic Youth in Japan. The band also planned to attempt using newly developed contact microphones to record the sounds made by the human body while dancing.

The band released a live DVD/CD combination called Live at Sunflancisco in December 2007 followed by the remix single Voaltz / Relerer in August 2008, while Eye and Yoshimi have come out with new records of their own this year. During a 2008 United States tour with Iron & Wine, Eye used a new seven-necked guitar called the "Sevener" or "Sevena".

The band released another addition to the Super Roots EP series, titled Super Roots 10, on January 28, 2009.

Boadrum concerts
On July 7, 2007, Boredoms performed a concert entitled 77 Boadrum at the Empire–Fulton Ferry section of Brooklyn Bridge Park in Brooklyn, New York City New York with drummer Muneomi Senju replacing Nishimura. The "77" denoted not only the date (7/7/2007) and the start time (7:07pm EDT) but also the number of drummers in the ensemble. Eye has said that the number 77 became significant to him when he climbed the Sun Temple and counted 77 steps.

The band continued the concept on August 8, 2008, with two concerts called 88 Boadrum held in Los Angeles and Brooklyn. Boredoms headlined the Los Angeles show while Gang Gang Dance conducted the Brooklyn show. At 8:08pm PDT on 8/8/08, 88 drummers played for 88 minutes at the La Brea Tar Pits in Los Angeles. A third concert, Boadrum 9, took place on September 9, 2009 at 9:09pm EDT at Terminal 5 in Manhattan, New York City. It featured 9 drummers in total, two from Boredoms (Yoshimi and Yojiro) and seven others from prominent experimental music acts, namely Zach Hill (Hella), Hisham Bharoocha (Soft Circle, ex: Black Dice, Lightning Bolt), Butchy Fuego (Pit er Pat), Kid Millions (Oneida), Jeremy Hyman (Ponytail), Dave Nuss (No-Neck Blues Band) and Aaron Moore (Volcano The Bear)

In 2010, Boredoms toured internationally including two Boadrum performances at All Tomorrow's Parties curated by Matt Groening at Butlins Minehead, England, in addition to shows in London, Japan, Mexico and as part of the Melbourne International Arts Festival on October 10, 2010.

In 2011, Boredoms premiered new material at the All Tomorrows Parties "I'll Be Your Mirror" festival in Tokyo. Six drummers were arranged in a circle around Eye, who used motion sensors to trigger ambient drone soundscapes created by Shinji Masuko that corresponded to each drummer. The music featured highly repetitive motorik rhythms that grew in complexity over the course of the hour long set. The band was chosen by Jeff Mangum of Neutral Milk Hotel to perform at the All Tomorrow's Parties festival that he curated in March 2012 in Minehead, England. That gig (performed twice during the festival) featured 14 guitarists and 6 drummers.

In June 2015, Boredoms performed another development of the Boardrum series at the Barbican Centre in London, UK as part of Doug Aitken's Station to Station: A 30-Day Happening. The performance featured Eye, Yoshimi, Tatekawa, Masuko, and an expanded lineup of drummers and guitarists surrounded by 88 percussionists all playing cymbals.

Discography

 Osorezan no Stooges Kyo (1988)
 Soul Discharge (1989)
 Pop Tatari (1992)
 Chocolate Synthesizer (1994)
 Super æ (1998)
 Vision Creation Newsun (1999)
 Seadrum/House of Sun (2004)

Members
 Yamantaka Eye – lead vocals, noise, sampler, sevena, programming
 Yoshimi P-We – drums, percussion, vocals, djembe, keyboards, trumpet
 Yojiro Tatekawa – drums, percussion
 Shinji Masuko – guitars, noise, tape machine, turntables, programming

Previous members
 Muneomi Senju – drums, percussion
 Ikuo Taketani – drums
 Hosoi Hisato – bass guitar
 Tabata Mitsuru (Tabata Mara) – guitar
 Hiyashi Hira – bass guitar, vocals, percussion
 Seiichi Yamamoto – guitar, vocals, percussion
 Yoshikawa Toyohito – drums, vocals
 Chew Hasegawa – drums
 Kazuya Nishimura (Atari or ATR) – drums, synthesizer, vocals, sampler, djembe, programming
 EDA – drums, electronic drums, djembe
 Izumi Kiyoshi – synthesizer, sampler, programming
 God Mama – dancing
 Zach Hill - drums, percussion

See also
 Z-Rock Hawaii
 OOIOO

References

External links

 Official website
 Myspace

 BOMB interview

Japanese rock music groups
Japanese noise rock groups
Musical groups established in 1986
Reprise Records artists
Shimmy Disc artists
1986 establishments in Japan
Krautrock musical groups
Birdman Records artists
Thrill Jockey artists

Boredoms


The National Association of Discharged Sailors and Soldiers (NADSS) was a British veterans' organisation.

The group was founded in early 1917 at a conference in Blackburn, drawing together various local groups representing working men who had served in World War I but had since been discharged.  It campaigned for better pensions, and more opportunities for re-training.  Led by James Howell, it developed links with trade unions and the Labour Party.

The association sponsored several candidates at the 1918 general election, forming part of what was termed the "Silver Badge Party".  Robert Hewitt Barker was elected in Sowerby, having been endorsed by the local branch, but not by the executive, and acting essentially as an independent Conservative.

Around this time, the group severed its links with the labour movement, and became more conservative in outlook, moving closer to the Comrades of the Great War group.  In 1919, J.M. Hogge replaced Howell as President.  In 1921, it merged with the Comrades group, the National Federation of Discharged and Demobilized Sailors and Soldiers and the Officers' Association to form the British Legion.

References

British veterans' organisations
United Kingdom in World War I
1917 establishments in the United Kingdom
1921 disestablishments in the United Kingdom
Organizations established in 1917
Organizations disestablished in 1921


is a manga series made by the mangaka . The manga began its run in 2002, monthly in Monthly Shōnen Jump. The manga talks about the story and the adventures of Kurohime and the others friends to fight the Gods of their lands and to resurrect the true love of her, the man who sacrificed his life for her, Zero.

Kurohime has 14 volumes (on 2008) and is ongoing.

Magic
Magic in this world is used by Gods and by some kind of humanans, called witches (whether they are men or women). The magic used by th witches can be showed under many forms, for example can be mixed with human technology, for example a gun or a rifle. A common use of magic mixes with human technology for example is when Kurohime, shot with her gun, magic bullets, that can invoke magical beasts as dragon or a demon.

Characters
Zero - A boy saved by Kurohime in his childhood. Over ten years, he trained and became a gunslinger. He uses 4 guns and is known for his incredible speed. He does not use his guns for killing and only uses them to help people.  Zero doesn't use the magic, often is used by Kurohime for to mix magic with technology. Zero loves truly Kurohime and in a part of series he will sacrifice his life for to save Kurohime.

Kurohime - A magician who fights using magical bullets. Ten years ago, she saves Zero, influencing his decision to become a gunslinger. She is very self-centered, and is said to not be able to genuinely love. As a result, she defied the gods and was cursed to walk the world as a child. She can only revert to her adult form when she falls in love. When a child, she is addressed as Himeko, and her magic powers are greatly hindered. The adult Kurohime bears a strong resemblance to the goddess that cursed her (In fact, they are both the same. Kurohime was split into 2 in her battle against the gods; one of "good" which holds all of her love and care and memories, and the other holding her "bad" side, which has no memories, except the anger and hatred. The latter is the current Kurohime, while the former is the "goddess" who gave her the curse.) She is also extremely beautiful and believes all men are her "dogs". Still, she has feelings for Zero, even if she won't admit it. Her name translates to "Black Princess" (Kuro is black and hime is princess). Her chief weapon is her witch-gun, "Senryu" (which, when translated means Tornado Dragon). Aside from being able to fire witch-bullets, Senryu can fire normal bullets with cannon-like force. In the second arc, Himeko receives the Yamato-Dachi from Yamatohime after defeating Gandhara. The sword fuses with Senryu, allowing it to switch between sword (Yamato Senryuto) and gun (Yamato Senryuho) forms.

Himeko- Kurohime's form as a child, she differs greatly from her adult self, besides the fact that she is adorable and cute while her adult self is sexy and beautiful. Himeko is hyperactive and acts like a real child, often falling asleep for naps, while as her adult form is more controlled and calm. Himeko is unable to use strong magic, for example when she tries to evoke a dragon, it comes just a funny little dragon, really useless.

Onimaru - A heavyset gunslinger that he felt betrayed by Kurohime/Himeko. When she was bad, Kurohime used him and his troops for to build a tower for to fight Gods, after then Kurohime betrayed Onimaru. He was once her most loyal soldier and his back bears a large tattoo of the Kanji for "Dog" and "Kurohime". In the middle of series Onimaru will be cursed by a demon and will be transformed in a little lizard.

Asura - A beautiful looking woman. The people of that land call her and her kind, demons. She is extremely powerful, possessing incredible magical powers, whose destructive properties rivals a god. She is first introduced as a mysterious character who plays a subtle hand in aiding Kurohime and Zero defeat a witch.

Sword- The leader of the death angel squad (Shinigami Tenshidan) sent after Kurohime and Zero in the fourth volume. She and her comrades (Axe, Lance, Mace, Hammer, and Dagger) are sent to reap a group of vengeful souls from a ghost wagon who were revived courtesy of Kurohime. Sword seems to have a personal sense of revenge against Kurohime.

Darkray- The former God of Death. He fought Kurohime when she first challenged the gods. Using the soul of an infant murdered by an attack on Kurohime as a shield, he defeated her with Sword, slicing her in half. He was also the one who suggested splitting Kurohime into two beings: one comprised of pure hate, the other, of love and compassion. This resulted in the birth of Shirohime (White Princess)the Goddess of Mercy. He later appears in the fourth volume.

Yashahime- The mother goddess and lover of Darkray. She swears to kill Kurohime to avenge the fallen God of Death, and first appears when Kurohime killed Gandhara on Yamato. She is very powerful and she  tried to kill Zero's soul.She is actually jealous of the love zero and Kurohime share, and uses Darkray's skull to turn Zero into the god of death, so as to make Kurohime experience hell on earth forever.

Yamatohime- The Phoenix Suzaku, Devil God, and Spirit Queen of Fire. She is Asura's master. She had been imprisoned by the gods in the depths of a volcano, under constant watch by the Demon God Gandhara.

Other websites
 Kurohime official site
 Kurohime English language edition

Manga

Kurohime (manga)