Donald Elmslie Robertson Watt FRSE (15 August 1926 – 18 April 2004) was a Scottish historian and Professor Emeritus at St Andrews University.

Donald Watt was the son of Theodore Watt, managing director of the Aberdeen University Press. Watt studied at Aberdeen Grammar School, before reading history at University of Aberdeen. He graduated in 1950, and moved to Oriel College, Oxford, receiving his D. Phil in 1957.

Watt taught history at St Andrews University for his entire career, except for one year's study at Columbia University. He worked for many years on editing and translating a nine volume edition, the first since 1759, of Abbot Walter Bower's Scotichronicon, a key resource for Scotland in the late Middle Ages. Professor Watt also published on the Scottish church where he was the acknowledged expert on sources, holding the chair in Scottish Church History at St Andrews.

He worked for the publication of the Atlas of Scottish History, issued by the University of Edinburgh in 1975 and again, with revisions, in 1995. He served as co-editor of the Scottish Historical Review for eight years, and as president of the Scottish History Society for four.

In 2000 he was made an honorary Doctor of Letters by the University of Glasgow.

Select bibliography

Books

 Biographical Dictionary of Scottish Graduates to A.D. 1410, 1977, Oxford: Clarendon Press,
 (series editor; editor, with John MacQueen, Winifred MacQueen, and others) Walter Bower's Scotichronicon (9 vols, 1987–1997)
 (editor) A history book for Scots : selections from Scottichronicon (1998)
 Crawford, Barbara E. (editor), Church, chronicle and learning in medieval and early Renaissance Scotland: essays presented to Donald Watt on the occasion of the completion of the publication of Bower's Scotichronicon. (1999)
 Medieval Church Councils in Scotland, Edinburgh: T & T Clark, (2000)
 (with N. Shead) Heads of religious houses in Scotland from the twelfth to the sixteenth centuries   (2001)

Articles

 (with Athol L. Murray) Fasti Ecclesiae Scoticanae medii aevi : ad annum 1638, New Series, Volume 25 (Revised ed.), Edinburgh: The Scottish Record Society, , ISSN 0143-9448

External links
 RSE Obituary by A. A. M. Duncan.
 Obituary in The Independent (1 May 2004)

20th-century Scottish historians
Academics of the University of St Andrews
Alumni of Oriel College, Oxford
Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh
1926 births
2004 deaths
Alumni of the University of Aberdeen
People educated at Aberdeen Grammar School

D. E. R. Watt


Maceió is the capital of Alagoas, a state in the Northeast of Brazil. It has a population of 884.320 people (estimate from the year 2000) and a total area of 512 square km.

The city attracts many tourists and it enjoys an important location between the Atlantic Ocean and the Mundaú Lake.  Maceió has several urban beaches which are visited by many tourists, for example, the beaches named Pajuçara, Ponta Verde, Jatiúca and Cruz das Almas, famous for their natural beauty.

Maceió originated from a sugar cane engine where initially a village increased around it. Soon the place gained a port, nowadays in Jaraguá district, that as long as years were gone influenced the village development transforming it into a city. Its condition of port city made Maceió to be the state capital in 1839, which was earlier on Santa Maria Madalena da Alagoa do Sul (Saint Mary Magdalene of the Southern Lake) or simply Alagoa do Sul (nowadays the historic city of Marechal Deodoro).

Main neighborhoods
Pajussara

The community of Pajussara is on the ocean coast of Maceió, with modern streets and avenues, many shops, clubs and hotels in front of the sea. Its beach is very attractive and visited by many tourists and natives. In Pajussara beach, a nice place to go is a natural swimming pool 1.500 meters east of the coast and that is placed on a sand bank of the Atlantic Ocean. The pool is formed only when tide is low and people can get there by boat.

Ponta Verde

It is considered the most beautiful beach in the city. The community started from an old little farm named Ponta Verde that gave the neighborhood its name. The long extension of land was full of coconut trees and was a wild and quiet place. Currently the urbanization has taken all the area of Ponta Verde and many important events and shows of the city have happened there. The place has good hotels and restaurants and some of them are the best ones in the city.

Farol

Farol means lighthouse in Portuguese. The community is in an elevated area not far from the sea where the old lighthouse was that aided the ships to come in the port of the city. From this place is possible to see as the Atlantic Ocean as the Mundaú Lake and because of this the area was strategically important to military force in the Colonial age.

Jatiúca

Jatiúca, besides Ponta Verde, is one of the most valued areas in the city in the ranking of the properties salesmen. It is a place with very nice hotels, resorts and restaurants that enjoy a good location in front of the sea. The seacoast in Jatiúca has a lot of beach bars.

Jaraguá

Jaraguá has a historic importance because it is the initial point of the city and could be appropriately named Old Town. Maceió was just a village when the port of Jaraguá helped the little village to become a city in the 19th century. Currently some old buildings were transformed in bars and restaurants that are very attended at the weekends but the history of Maceió keeps preserved in many of the old and classic buildings, houses, manors and churches of Jaraguá.

Pontal da Barra

The earlier dunes between the Mundaú Lake and the Atlantic Ocean gave place later to the community of fishermen and crafts men and women that currently inhabit this portion of land on the south of the city. Hospitality and beautiful handcrafts are good characteristics of this place. This is because the community of Pontal enjoy to welcome lots of visitors amazed with the incredible ability of the craft workers and the good taste of the typical seafood dishes.

Other websites
Maceió

Cities in Alagoas
Capitals of Brazilian states

Maceió


The Yale Center for British Art at Yale University in central New Haven, Connecticut, houses the largest and most comprehensive collection of British art outside the United Kingdom. The collection of paintings, sculpture, drawings, prints, rare books, and manuscripts reflects the development of British art and culture from the Elizabethan period onward.

Creation
The center was established by a gift from Paul Mellon (Yale College Class of 1929) of his British art collection to Yale in 1966, together with an endowment for operations of the center, and funds for a building to house the artworks. The building was designed by Louis I. Kahn and constructed at the corner of York and Chapel Streets in New Haven, across the street from one of Kahn's earliest buildings, the Yale University Art Gallery, built in 1953. The Yale Center for British Art was completed after Kahn's death in 1974, and opened to the public on April 15, 1977. The exterior is made of matte steel and reflective glass; the interior is made of travertine marble, white oak, and Belgian linen. Kahn succeeded in creating intimate galleries where one can view objects in diffused natural light. He wanted to allow in as much daylight as possible, with artificial illumination used only on dark days or in the evening. The building's design, materials, and sky-lit rooms combine to provide an environment for the works of art that is simple and dignified.

The center is affiliated with the Paul Mellon Centre for Studies in British Art in London, which awards grants and fellowships, publishes academic titles, and sponsors Yale's first credit-granting undergraduate study abroad program, Yale-in-London.

Collection
The collection consists of nearly 2,000 paintings and 200 sculptures, with an emphasis on the period between William Hogarth's birth (1697) to J. M. W. Turner's death (1851). Other artists represented include Thomas Gainsborough, George Stubbs, Joseph Wright, John Constable, Joshua Reynolds, Thomas Lawrence, Francis Danby, Robert Polhill Bevan, Stanley Spencer, Barbara Hepworth, and Ben Nicholson.

The collection also has works by artists from Europe and North America who lived and worked in Britain. These include Hans Holbein, Peter Paul Rubens, Anthony van Dyck, Canaletto, Johann Zoffany, John Singleton Copley, Benjamin West, and James McNeill Whistler.

Some areas of emphasis of the collection are small group portraits, known as "conversation pieces", including those by Hogarth, Gainsborough, Johan Zoffany and Arthur Devis; landscape paintings by Gainsborough, Richard Wilson, Constable, Richard Parkes Bonington and Turner; and British sporting and animal paintings, featuring George Stubbs, John Wootton, Benjamin Marshall, and Alfred Munnings. Other genres include marine paintings, represented by Samuel Scott and Charles Brooking; London cityscapes; travel art from India, scenes of Shakespearean plays, and portraits of actors.

Sculptors represented include Louis-Francois Roubiliac, Joseph Nollekens, Francis Chantrey, Jacob Epstein, and Henry Moore.

The collection of 20,000 drawings and watercolors and 31,000 prints features British sporting art and figure drawings. It includes works by Hogarth, Paul Sandby, Thomas Rowlandson, William Blake, John Constable, Samuel Palmer, Richard Parkes Bonington, John Ruskin, J. M. W. Turner, Walter Sickert, Duncan Grant, Paul Nash, Edward Burra, Stanley Spencer, Augustus John, Gwen John, and the Pre-Raphaelites.

The center's collection of rare books and manuscripts comprises 35,000 volumes, including maps, atlases, sporting books, and archival material of British artists. It also has some 1,300 leaves originating in illustrated incunabula. The collection also includes a complete set of William Morris's Kelmscott Press publications as well as a growing collection of contemporary artists' books. The core of the collection of illustrated books is the material amassed by Major J. R. Abbey' one of the first collectors of British color-plate books, and includes more than 2'000 volumes describing British life' customs' scenery' and travel during the period 1770–1860. The center's collection also contains a significant number of early maps and atlases.

The four-floor center offers a year-round schedule of exhibitions and educational programs, including films, concerts, lectures, tours, symposia, and family programs. It also provides numerous opportunities for scholarly research, including residential fellowships. Academic resources of the center include the reference library (40,000 volumes) and photo archive, conservation laboratories, and a study room for examining works on paper from the collection.

The center is open to the public free of charge six days a week, and is a member of the North American Reciprocal Museums program.

Gallery

References

The Yale Center for British Art at "Great Buildings" and at Architecture Week

External links

Yale Center for British Art within Google Arts & Culture

Buildings and structures completed in 1974
British art
Louis Kahn buildings
Yale University
Art museums established in 1974
Modernist architecture in Connecticut
University museums in Connecticut
Museums in New Haven, Connecticut
Art museums and galleries in Connecticut
1974 establishments in Connecticut
Special collections libraries in the United States

Yale Center for British Art


An address bus is a computer bus architecture. It is used to transfer data between devices. The devices are identified by the hardware address of the physical memory (the physical address). The address is stored in the form of binary numbers to enable the data bus to access memory storage.

Address buses are made up of a collection of wires connecting the CPU with main memory that is used to identify particular locations (addresses) in main memory. The width of the address bus (that is, the number of wires) determines how many unique memory locations can be addressed. Modern personal computers and Macintoshes have as many as 36 address lines. This theoretically allows them to access 64 gigabytes of main memory. However, the actual amount of memory that can be accessed is usually much less than this theoretical limit due to chipset and motherboard limitations.

An address bus is part of the system bus architecture, which was developed to decrease costs and enhance modular integration. However, most modern computers use a variety of individual buses for specific tasks.

An individual computer contains a system bus, which connects the major components of a computer system and has three main elements, of which the address bus is one, along with the data bus and control bus.

An address bus is measured by the amount of memory a system can retrieve. A system with a 32-bit address bus can address 4 gigabytes of memory space. Newer computers using a 64-bit address bus with a supporting operating system can address 16 exbibytes of memory locations, which is virtually unlimited.

Computer buses

Address bus


Imrama is the debut album o the Erse black metal baund Primordial. It wis originally released in 1995. In 2000, it wis re-issued bi Hammerheart Records wi twa bonus tracks. It wis reissued again, this time bi Metal Blade in 2009 as CD/DVD digipack in slipcase. It is a part o collector series o the first 4 albums reissues.

Immrama, meanin 'voyages' or literally 'rowings aboot' refers tae a category o medieval Erse Christian literature in which a protagonist sets aboot voyagin in penance for sins committit. Medieval catelogues o literature see this genre as contrasting wi Eachtra, 'expeditions' or 'adventures' in which the protagonist visits the Itherwarld o Erse traditional lore.

In Ireland, an owerwhelmingly Inglis speakin kintra, usage of the Erse leid is an ootward expression o Erse identity, which is a central theme o Primordial's aesthetic an appeal. Imrama, correctly pronounced wi a stressed first syllable an voiced labiodental fricative seicont 'm', is pronounced bi the baund themselves (as native speakers o Inglis, ignorant o the Erse leid an its orthography readin the wird woud) wi a stressed seicont syllable an bilabial nasal seicont 'm'.

Trackleet
 Fuil Ársa» (4:47)
 Infernal Summer (6:12)
 Here I Am King (4:27)
 The Darkest Flame (5:19)
 The Fires... (5:25)
 Mealltach (1:28)
 Let the Sun Set on Life Forever (4:27)
 To the Ends of the Earth (5:31)
 Beneath a Bronze Sky (3:28)
 Awaiting the Dawn... (5:00)
 The Calling (4:56) *
 Among the Lazarae (7:51) *
Note: The "Dark Romanticism" demo tracks are pairt o the 2009 reissue

DVD
Live Cork Ceety, Ireland, Februar 1994":
 Among the Lazarae
 Let the Sun Set on Life Forever
 To Enter Pagan
 The Darkest Flame
 The Fires

Credits
Alan Averill - Vocals
Ciáran MacUiliam - Guitar
Feargal Flannery - Guitar
Pól "Paul" MacAmlaigh - Bass
Derek "D." MacAmlaigh - Drums

Primordial albums
1995 albums
Debut albums

Imrama


Jordan Marsh (officially Jordan Marsh & Company) was an American department store chain that was headquartered in Boston, Massachusetts, and operated throughout New England. It was founded by Eben Dyer Jordan and Benjamin L. Marsh in 1841. The ownership of Jordan Marsh was transferred between several holding companies during its operation, including Hahn Department Stores in 1928, Allied Stores in 1935, and Federated Department Stores in 1988. The brand was retired and most stores were converted into the New York City-based Macy's in 1996.

Allied also operated a separate group of stores in Florida called Jordan Marsh Florida, which was disbanded in 1991.

History

Beginnings

In 1841, Eben Dyer Jordan left his job at a Boston dry goods store and went into business for himself, laying the foundation for the first Jordan Marsh. Ten years later, Jordan partnered with Boston merchant Benjamin L. Marsh.  They began by selling linen, silk, and other dry goods from Europe to wholesale customers in and around the city. As the business grew, it moved from one location to another and in 1861 Jordan and Marsh decided to begin selling directly to the public. They acquired a brownstone building at 450 Washington Street, in the heart of what is still Boston's downtown shopping district. After the American Civil War, Jordan and Marsh expanded into nearby buildings, offering an increasing quantity and variety of goods. Eventually the partners had established the nation's first "departmentalized" store and called it Jordan Marsh and Company. During the second half of the 19th century, Eben Jordan's son, Jordan Jr., and a new partner named George Mitton took over the company, turning it into a modern department store.

Jordan Marsh and Company, in addition to establishing the first department store, introduced the concept of "department shopping."  Jordan Marsh combined an elegant atmosphere with excellent personal service and a wide range of merchandise. With many different departments displaying wares from around the world, the store drew shoppers from the city as well from the growing "streetcar suburbs." Once at the store, consumers could do more than just shop. Jordan Marsh offered fashion shows, a bakery famous for its blueberry muffins, art exhibitions, and even afternoon concerts.

Jordan Marsh also pioneered new services for shoppers not available in more traditional specialty shops. Most important, it offered credit, usually in the form of charge accounts.  It introduced the customer-is-always right policy, and offered money-back guarantees. Jordan Marsh was always known for implementing new technology as well, one of the first stores to feature electrical lights, glass showcases, telephones, and elevators. It also installed pneumatic tubes that delivered cash and credit information to individual departments.

In 1935, Boston's Jordan Marsh became one of the founders of New York City-based Allied Stores Corporation, a successor to Hahn Department Stores, Inc., a holding company founded in 1928.

Expansion

After World War II, the management of Jordan Marsh announced that it would build a new store in downtown Boston. Jordan's five older buildings would give way to a new building that would take up a full city block. Covering an area larger than Harvard Stadium, it would have two stories under ground; another 14 would rise into the air. It would have all the latest technology, including air conditioning, automatic doorways, block-long show windows, and radiant-heated sidewalks.  After the addition of the "new building" in 1949, the Jordan Marsh Complex was split into four distinct units; the 1949 new store, the original main store, annex, and bristol building. The Boston Redevelopment Authority estimated the complex's total retail space at , which made it the largest retail venue in Boston. At the same time, the company began moving, along with its customers, into the suburbs.  Jordan's constructed its first branch stores in older suburban communities in the 1940s, but by 1966 the branch stores accounted for half of all department store sales.

The shopping mall Shopper's World opened in Framingham, Massachusetts on October 4, 1951, making it one of the earliest suburban shopping malls in the country.  Jordan Marsh stood at the southern end as the sole anchor. It was the first mall-styled Jordan Marsh in the country and was unmistakable for its large white dome. The dome was visible from the air and was used on aeronautical charts as a visual reporting point for aircraft approaching Boston's Logan Airport.  It was reputed to be the third largest (in diameter) unsupported dome in the world after St. Peter's Basilica in Rome and St. Paul's Cathedral in London.  The Shopper's World store quickly became the most recognizable Jordan Marsh outside the flagship store in Boston.

In 1956, the first store in Miami, Florida was opened with slogans such as "Florida's high fashion department store" and "the store with the Florida flair".  Later, it was divided into a separate division of Allied then the Jordan Marsh of Boston with headquarters in Miami. With newcomers heading into the state, the store lost focus and decided to downgrade in order to compete. Jordan Marsh also opened a San Diego branch around the same time, occupying the former Sears store downtown. The branch did not do nearly as well as the Florida branches and the failed store closed in 1958. The Florida stores were disbanded in 1991, with several being merged with Maas Brothers, which later became Burdines, now Macy's.

The main building of Boston's Jordan Marsh complex, an ornate brownstone edifice with a landmark corner clock tower designed by Nathaniel J. Bradlee in the 1860s, was torn down in 1975, along with its entire row of historic annex buildings. Local architect Leslie Larson founded a coalition called the City Conservation League to try to save the main building, which made way for a low modern brick structure that sits there today as Macy's. Some outraged customers cut up their credit cards in protest of the demolition. These protests and preservationist grassroots efforts led to the creation of the Boston Landmarks Commission.

In 1986, the Canadian Campeau Corporation acquired Allied Stores Corporation, which was reorganized under the merger agreement.  In February 1987, Campeau merged D.M. Read Co. of Bridgeport, Connecticut, into Jordan Marsh, and merged Jordan Marsh Florida with Maas Brothers of Tampa, Florida, as the new Maas Brothers/Jordan Marsh Florida division.

In 1988, Campeau Corporation acquired Federated Department Stores.  To consolidate with Federated, Allied's New York headquarters moved to Cincinnati. Allied Stores: The Bon Marché, Jordan Marsh, Maas Brothers/Jordan Marsh Florida and Stern's, operating in tandem with Federated:  Bloomingdale's, Abraham & Straus, Lazarus, Rich's, Goldsmith's, and Burdines.

Closing
In 1990, saddled by debt resulting from the highly leveraged Campeau takeover of Federated, both Federated and Allied filed for bankruptcy. Campeau Corp. U.S., Inc., was renamed Federated Stores, Inc. The operations of Jordan Marsh Florida and Maas Brothers were absorbed by Burdines in 1991.

In 1992, a new public company, Federated Department Stores, Inc., emerged in February. The former Allied Stores Corporation was merged into Federated. A consolidation of the A&S and Jordan Marsh divisions resulted in the A&S/Jordan Marsh division, headquartered in Brooklyn, New York. In 1994, the A&S/Jordan Marsh division merged with Macy's East and the A&S stores were renamed Macy's in 1995. In 1996, Jordan Marsh stores in the Northeast U.S., already part of the Macy's East division, were converted to the Macy's nameplate.

Enchanted Village
From the 1940s until 1972—and again in the early 1990s—the Jordan Marsh flagship store in Boston's Downtown Crossing was home to the Enchanted Village, a lavish Christmas display which at its height took over an entire floor of the department store and was also spotlighted in its display windows. The centerpiece of the display, besides Santa, was an eight-set Lionel electric train display. From what started as a marketing gimmick, the Enchanted Village quickly became a legendary Boston tradition and an annual mainstay of the city's holiday season. Macy's discontinued the Enchanted Village in 1998 when it was moved to City Hall Plaza. More recently it has been housed in the Hynes Convention Center.

On June 16, 2009, the Enchanted Village, including all props and figures was sold at auction, as the City of Boston could no longer afford to be a major sponsor of the annual event. It was sold to Jordan's Furniture (which is a unit of Warren Buffett's Berkshire Hathaway and had no connection to the former Jordan Marsh), and is on display during the holiday season at the Avon, Massachusetts, location.

See also
 Adriatic Mills, a Worcester, Massachusetts, textile mill owned by Jordan Marsh
 Jordan Hall,  was built with major funding from one of the Jordan family
 Jordan Marsh Co. v. Commissioner

References

Further reading

 Jordan, Marsh Illustrated Catalogue of 1891 (Dover Publications reprint, 1991).
 Tales of the Observer, by Richard H. Edwards, Jr. (Jordan Marsh Company, 1950).

External links

 Blog about memories of shopping in Boston
 A Last Look at Boston's Enchanted Village 2005

American companies established in 1841
Defunct department stores based in Massachusetts
Companies based in Boston
Retail companies disestablished in 1996
Defunct companies based in Massachusetts
Macy's, Inc.
1841 establishments in Massachusetts
Retail companies established in 1841
American companies disestablished in 1996
Companies that filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy in 1990

Jordan Marsh


Zeltingen-Rachtig is an Ortsgemeinde – a municipality belonging to a Verbandsgemeinde, a kind of collective municipality – in the Bernkastel-Wittlich district in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany.

Geography

Location
The municipality lies surrounded by vineyards in the great bend in the Moselle between Bernkastel-Kues and Traben-Trarbach not far from the university town of Trier. Both Ortsteile – Zeltingen and Rachtig – are found on the river's right bank where the valley broadens out into very flat country bordering on the Hunsrück. Zeltingen-Rachtig belongs to the Verbandsgemeinde of Bernkastel-Kues, whose seat is in the like-named town.

Nearby municipalities
Neighbouring municipalities are, among others, Erden, Ürzig and Graach an der Mosel. The nearest middle centres are Bernkastel-Kues, some 5 km away, and Wittlich, some 15 km away. Trier lies some 45 km away.

Climate
Zeltingen-Rachtig lies in a transitional zone between temperate oceanic climate and continental climate; compared to other regions in Germany, a very warm and sunny climate prevails here. In nearby Brauneberg on 11 August 1998, a record temperature of 41.2 °C in the shade, the highest ever air temperature recorded in the Federal Republic, was confirmed.

The barrier formed by the Eifel shields the double municipality from west winds, putting it in a rain shadow and sometimes subjecting it to a föhn effect. At the same time, the warming of the air is favoured by the only slight exchange of air with the surrounding area. Tied in with this is the high humidity due to ongoing evaporation of water from the Moselle, which, especially in summer, makes at times for heavy and muggy weather, and which also brings many storms along with it.

History
Remnants of human settlements near Bernkastel-Kues date from the time of the Linear Pottery culture, about 3000 BC. As early as 500 BC, the Treveri, a people of mixed Celtic and Germanic stock, from whom the Latin name for the city of Trier, Augusta Treverorum, is also derived, settled in the region around  Zeltingen-Rachtig. Celtanc and Raptacum are the oldest names for today's Zeltingen-Rachtig that have been handed down; they document its Celtic beginnings. Until the 19th century, the double municipality was an enclave of the Archbishopric of Cologne. Cunibert of Cologne, who was once the Archbishop, was descended from the Moselle-Franconian nobility. The local lore has it that he was born at a castle near Zeltingen.

Politics

Municipal council
The council is made up of 16 council members, who were elected by proportional representation at the municipal election held on 7 June 2009, and the honorary mayor as chairman.

The municipal election held on 7 June 2009 yielded the following results:

Coat of arms
The municipality's arms might be described thus: Per pale gules two keys per saltire, the wards to chief and the one in bend surmounting the other Or, and argent a cross sable.

The municipality's oldest known seal, from the late 14th century, already bears these charges, and both refer to the former landholder, the Electorate of Cologne, whose arms are seen on the sinister (armsbearer's left, viewer's right) side. The keys on the dexter (armsbearer's right, viewer's left) side refer to Saint Peter, who was Cologne's patron saint.

After having been in use for centuries, the arms were officially granted in 1936.

Town partnerships
Zeltingen-Rachtig fosters partnerships with the following places:
 Saint-Florentin, Yonne, France since 1966

Culture and sightseeing

Village culture

With 133 ha of vineyards, the double municipality is among the biggest winegrowing centres on the Middle Moselle. One well known vineyard is the Zeltinger Sonnenuhr ("Sundial") at the Bernkasteler Ring winemakers' association's wine auction in September 2006, a 2002 Trockenbeerenauslese from this vineyard fetched a record price for one bottle of €2,100. Other vineyards are Zeltinger Himmelreich ("Heaven Empire"), Zeltinger Schloßberg ("Castle Mountain") and Zeltinger Deutschherrenberg ("German Lords' Mountain"). Several wineries, which grow mainly Riesling, still exist today. Furthermore, there is a cultural path in the form of the Mosel.Erlebnis.Route, which stretches on for 7 km and gives information about the municipality's history, winegrowing and culture. It leads through both centres and through several vineyards. Inge Schwaab, the 1963/1964 German Wine Queen, comes from Zeltingen-Rachtig.

Volunteer fire brigades, parish communities and several clubs characterize village cultural life in Zeltingen-Rachtig. In the Zeltingen Rowing Association (Rudergesellschaft Zeltingen), which counts two world champions in lightweight fours without coxswain and an Olympian among its members, there is a very successful and active rowing club.

Regular events
Local history and wine festivals are regularly held. Highlights are the Street Wine Festival (Weinstraßenfest) and the Wine Fair (Weinkirmes) in Rachtig, as well as the Days of the Open Wine Cellars (Tage der offenen Weinkeller), the Wine and Street Festival (Wein- und Straßenfest) and the Wine Fair, each held in Zeltingen. Further concerts, practice of customs, dancing evenings and other public festivals are regularly staged. The operetta Zeltinger Himmelreich is produced every other year by more than 100 amateur performers on Zeltingen's old marketplace; active in this are mainly members of the local clubs. In nearby Bernkastel-Kues, the Großes Weinfest der Mittelmosel ("Great Wine Festival of the Middle Moselle") is held each year in late summer, and the Zeltingen-Rachtig winemakers have their own booth there. Also, in Wittlich, there is the Säubrennerkirmes ("Sow Burner Fair"); it is one of Rhineland-Palatinate's biggest folk festivals and was begun in 1951, based on the mediaeval Säubrennersage (a legend that tells of a sow that inadvertently allowed a siege force to enter Wittlich, sack it and burn it down after she ate the turnip that the gatekeeper had used instead of the bolt, which he could not find; all swine in the town were accordingly punished with burning – meaning, in effect, a huge pork barbecue). Both events are among the Trier Region's biggest folk festivals.

Economy and infrastructure
Winegrowing and tourism play an important rôle. A local supply of food is guaranteed: a bakery, a grocer's shop, medical practices, several inns, a post office and a bank branch can all be found in the municipality. Zeltingen-Rachtig also has at its disposal two kindergartens, a special school, a campground, a miniature golf course, parklands along the Moselle and a sporting ground. The municipality has several hotels, restaurants and many commercial and private lodging providers with roughly 1,000 guest beds.

Transport
Near Zeltingen-Rachtig is a weir on the Moselle with a lock. In planning for Bundesstraße 50, right near Zeltingen-Rachtig, is the Hochmoselbrücke as part of the Hochmoselübergang – a highway link between Belgian and Dutch harbors and the Frankfurt area. Public transport is integrated into the Verkehrsverbund Region Trier (VRT), whose fares therefore apply.

Famous people
From Zeltingen came the baritone and director Franz Porten, whose daughters Rosa and Henny Porten were early filmstars.

In Zeltingen, the brothers Jost and Matthias Schömann-Finck grew up. In August 2009, the then 26- and 30-year-olds, together with the Jochen twins and Martin Kühner from Saarbrücken, became rowing world champions in lightweight fours.

Stephan Ehses (b. 9 December 1855 in Zeltingen as a winemaker's son; d. 19 January 1926 in Rome) was a Catholic church historian.

Gallery

References

External links
 Municipality's official webpage
 Dialect

Bernkastel-Wittlich

Zeltingen-Rachtig


Kinect is a device that was made by Microsoft for the Xbox 360 and Xbox One. Kinect uses cameras and a special microphone to see and hear Xbox 360/One users. The device also uses equations to know what is a person and what is not. It was first shown at E3 in Los Angeles in May of 2009. It has won many awards. Kinect allows a user to move his or her body to control games, movies, and more. People can move their hand to go through menus, or they can use their whole body to control a body in a game. Kinect is special because it is the first way to play games that does not use a controller.

Kinect was released to retail stores in late 2010. The retail price is $149.99 and the Kinect is also optionally bundled with a new Xbox 360 S model that includes a game called Kinect Adventures!. Microsoft has said they will advertise it almost like a new video game console. They want Kinect to increase the time that people make games for Xbox 360 before a new video game console is made. In the future, Microsoft hopes Kinect starts a new idea of people using televisions, computers, and games with their hands and voices. PlayStation Move, which is for the PlayStation 3 console, is Kinect's main competitor.

The Kinect was named the "Fastest selling consumer electronics device" by the Guinness World Records, selling an average of 133,333 kinects per day with a total of 8 million units in its first 60 days.

A new version of the Kinect sensor was released with the Xbox One, which was released on November 22, 2013.

However, on October 2017, Microsoft stopped making Xbox One Kinect devices and the Xbox One Kinect doesn't want to work for Xbox One dashboard anymore, but only works for games.

Following the discontinuation of the Xbox line of Kinect sensors, Microsoft released a non-gaming version as the Azure Kinect, which uses Microsoft Azure cloud computing applications.

References

 USPAT 20100225746 REFERENCE IMAGE TECHNIQUES FOR THREE-DIMENSIONAL SENSING
 USPAT 20100118123 DEPTH MAPPING USING PROJECTED PATTERNS

Other websites
the Kinect on Xbox.com

Video game technology

Kinect


Provoked is a 2006 British biographical drama film, directed by Jag Mundhra. It stars Aishwarya Rai Bachchan, Naveen Andrews, Miranda Richardson, Robbie Coltrane, Nandita Das and Steve McFadden. The film is loosely based on the true story of Kiranjit Ahluwalia, who unintentionally killed her abusive husband.

Cinematography for the film was handled by Madhu Ambat. The film's score and soundtrack was composed by A. R. Rahman, and the theme song for the film, Alive, was composed by Rahman and sung by Karen David, who has a small cameo in the film.  Shot in London, the film was released theatrically in April 2007.

Plot
Kiranjit Ahluwalia (Aishwarya Rai), a Punjabi woman, marries Deepak Ahluwalia (Naveen Andrews) in an arranged marriage and moves to Southall, UK with him to be closer to his family. Initially he seems caring and affectionate towards her but soon enough the true colors of her husband begin to show as Deepak gradually reveals a darker, threatening, and even sociopathic side of himself. After enduring ten years of abuse and having two children with him, Kiranjit, unable to bear the brutality and repeated rapes at the hands of her husband any longer, sets fire to his feet while he is sleeping, unintentionally killing him. Charged with murder, her case comes to the notice of a group of South Asian social workers running an under funded organization called the Southall Black Sisters.

Kiranjit is sentenced to life imprisonment with possibility of parole in 12 years. She befriends her cellmate, a White woman named Veronica Scott (Miranda Richardson), who teaches her English. Veronica is also friends with several girls in the prison and stands up for Kiranjit against the local prison bully, Doreen (Lorraine Bruce). Veronica enlists her brother, Edward Foster (Robbie Coltrane), a highly respected Queen's Counsel, to aide in Kiranjit's appeal. Edward, in turn, realizes Kiranjit's importance to his sister and the importance of her case.  His sister's request has additional meaning given that Veronica would not let him help her with her own appeal due to their on off relationship since childhood.

Before Kiranjit's appeal hearing the Southall Black Sisters bring her plight to the attention of the media by organizing rallies to gather public support for her freedom. She is ultimately freed by the judicial system in a landmark case called R v Ahluwalia, redefining provocation in cases of battered women in the UK.

Cast

Aishwarya Rai as Kiranjeet Ahluwalia
Miranda Richardson as Veronica Scott
Robbie Coltrane as Edward Foster
Naveen Andrews as Deepak Ahluwalia
Ray Panthaki as Ravi
Nandita Das as Radha Dalal
Raji James as Anil
Karen David as Asha
Claire Louise Amias as Young Nurse
Lorraine Bruce as Doreen
Maxine Finch as Lula
Nicholas Irons as PC O'Connell
Wendy Albiston as Guard Miller
Judith Jacob as Guard Taylor
Deborah Moore as Jackie
Guy Siner as Prosecutor
Rebecca Pidgeon as Miriam Taylor, Defence lawyer
Steve McFadden as DS Ron Meyers
Shaheen Khan as Jamila
Rahul Nath as Doctor

Release

This film was screened in the Marché du Film Cannes Film Market during the Cannes Film Festival in April 2006. Aishwarya Rai was present with director Jag Mundhra to promote the film through press conferences and parties. In June, the film opened the 2006 International Indian Film Academy Film Festival in Dubai. The screening was attended by Bollywood personalities including Amitabh Bachchan and Shabana Azmi, as well as by international media.

Reception
On Rotten Tomatoes the film has a rating of 29 per cent. View London gave a two stars out of five said "Provoked is just about worth seeing for its important subject matter and for Aishwarya Rai's performance but it's a real struggle at times, due to the astonishingly inept direction." BBC gave three stars said, "Provoked avoids sentimentality and illustrates how one woman's bravery helped fuel a nationwide crusade and irrevocably altered British laws on domestic violence". Derek Elley from Variety stated "With Rai dignified in a largely reactive role, it's the playing by thesps like Richardson and Das, both excellent, that broadens the pic's emotional palette. Main weakness is that, in the flashbacks, Deepak's role has little backgrounding, and his violent outbursts are given no psychological underpinnings. Picture is more a quality meller, with clearly defined heroes and villains, than a slice of social realism. But for viewers prepared to go with the flow, it works at a gut, movie-movie level". The Times which gave a three stars describes "The key to the picture is its resonant message: everyone should see it to be reminded that domestic violence will never be acceptable, and that the law will now not tolerate it. Mundra thankfully gets Aishwarya Rai to drop her annoying Bollywood mannerisms and surrounds her with sturdy, mainly British, supporting actors. The result is that the actress finally delivers a performance which is not only moving but worthy of the fiery material". UK Channel Film4 rated four stars gave a verdict "A bold story, told with sensitivity and compassion".

Rediff gave a three stars said "Provoked is an important story which definitely needs to be told. What is disheartening is the way it is. Sure, the treatment is realistic, production values are good, and the acting is mostly commendable -- but the screenplay (Paul Austin, Rahila Gupta) is shockingly superficial. Aishwarya Rai, on her part, is sincerity personified. No make-up, pretty clothes or even a smile adorn her naturally gorgeous disposition. But those eyes play their part. With changing circumstances her big blue-green brimming eyes look shocked, grieved, frightened, confused and relieved. Her effort to speak in fluent Punjabi is truly impressive". CNN-IBN's Rajeev Masand gave a "Good" verdict and stated "In all honesty, Provoked wouldn't work if it wasn't for two performances that uplift the film considerably. It's a sensitive film about domestic abuse. The real star of Provoked is Aishwarya Rai who delivers a performance that is appropriately restrained. [...] I'll say here, she surprises you with what she strums up. It's a performance that penetrates into your consciousness because she plays it with a slow-burning passion rather than an all-out flourish. This is easily one of her better acting jobs".

Daily News and Analysis which also gave a three star rating said "With a story like this it would have been very easy to go overboard, it is to director Jag Mundhra's credit that he keeps a tight leash on the melodrama aspect of the story. Aishwarya Rai plays the battered wife in what is undoubtedly one of her best performances to date. Starting as the young, coy and simpering wife, Kiranjit, who is abused to such an extent that she sets her husband Deepak, (Naveen Andrews), on fire after a particularly brutal beating one night, Rai convincingly goes through the various stages of shock, bewilderment, remorse and finally vindication." The Times of India stated that "It's Aishwarya's film from the word go. The story is powerful, yes, but the passion and the pain finds articulation through Aishwarya's sensitive rendition of the protagonist. From the very first shot, the actor grabs the role by its horns and shakes it around to sculpt a moving portrayal of a battered woman who happens to chance upon a rare source of inner strength to fight against domestic terror and terrifying traditions that demand silence from a wife, come what may". Critic Subhash K Jha wrote "Provoked answers the complicated question of domestic disharmony with a deft and direct approach to the question of a woman's place in the man's scream of things. Full credit to Aishwarya Rai for plunging deep into a part that she plays straight from her heart. There're moments in the narrative where Rai melts your heart like an ice-cream cone left out in the sun for too long".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/features/2006/09/20/1596/index.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081013023512/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/features/2006/09/20/1596/index.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=13 October 2008|title=Subhash K Jhas take on Provoked|website=Bollywood Hungama|access-date=20 September 2006}}</ref>The Indian Express gave four stars stating, "It's a film of substance. A film based on real life. A film that would move many. A film that would make a difference in many a lives. Aishwarya has done a good job. She has definitely brought forth the trauma and torture borne by the character. And the absence of her overdone make-up and glamorous good-looks has made her look more attractive (!) and fit into the role well".

After seeing the film, Patel is said to have told the Observer newspaper "I cringe a bit because I was so closely involved. Sometimes I think people should rise to the challenge of reflecting real life better. My view is that the reality is far more interesting."

Rahila Gupta, who co-wrote Circle of Light and the script, stated: "It's a shame that film is an artistic form in which you have to make a fair amount of compromises to make it happen." She criticised the film's characterisation as "one dimensional", and the portrayal of Kiranjit Ahluwalia's husband as an alcoholic.

In the film Kiranjit Ahluwalia is portrayed as a middle class homemaker instead of a factory worker as she was in reality, Pragna Patel and Rahila Gupta's characters are merged to create one person, played by the Indian actress Nandita Das, and Americanized legal terminology rather than the actual British.  The director Jagmohan "Jag" Mundhra in his defense said "Even if you tell a true story, a true story is never really a true story. How do you define the truth? None of us were really there and obviously the recollections of people who were there have changed now. Ultimately I do have to tell an engaging story. If I can't tell an engaging story no matter what cause is at stake, nobody will see it."

Box office
The film fared well at the UK BoxOffice, thus turning out to be a success.

Music

The score and the theme song of the film were composed by Academy Award winner Indian composer A. R. Rahman. The theme song, Alive was composed by Rahman, and written and performed by Karen David. The other tracks were done by Karen David. According to her blog, these songs were co-written with Rahman, however Rahman has officially confirmed that he has done only a single track for the film. Another version of the song Alive'' was recorded by Shreya Ghoshal but was not featured in the movie or officially released. The Hindi Version of 'Alive' was named 'Zindagi and was written by Mayur Puri.

References

External links

2006 films
2006 biographical drama films
2000s Punjabi-language films
British Indian films
British biographical drama films
Indian drama films
Films about domestic violence
Films about immigration
Films shot in London
Films scored by A. R. Rahman
2006 drama films
2000s English-language films
Films directed by Jag Mundhra
2000s British films

Provoked (film)


Oklahoma! is a musical.  The music was composed by Richard Rodgers. The lyrics were written by Oscar Hammerstein. It world-premiered on Broadway on 31 March 1943. The musical was based on Green Grow the Lilacs, a 1931 play by Lynn Riggs.

Story
The story is set in Oklahoma Territory outside the town of Claremore in 1906. The cowboy Curly McLain is in love with farm girl Laurey Williams. Jud Fry, a farm hand, is also in love with Laurey. The play also includes the story of another cowboy, Will, and his girlfriend, Ado Annie.

Adaptations
Oklahoma! was made into a movie in 1955.

Awards
A special Pulitzer Prize award was given to Richard Rodgers and Oscar Hammerstein II for Oklahoma! in the category of "Special Awards And Citations - Letters"

Broadway musicals
Musicals by Rodgers and Hammerstein
Academy Award winning movies
Tony Award winning musicals
Drama Desk Award winners
Pulitzer Prize winners
Musicals based on plays
1940s musicals
Musicals adapted to movies

Oklahoma! (musical)


Paul Tenczer, Hungarian author; born at Nagybajom April 11, 1836; died at Budapest February 6, 1905. He was educated at Keszthely and in Budapest, where he studied law. In 1861 he was one of the founders of the society for the naturalization and emancipation of Hungarian Jews; and from 1862 to 1867 he edited the Magyar Izraelita, the organ of that society. In 1868 he was elected a member of the Diet, in which he was one of the leaders of the Radical party.

Tenczer founded the periodicals Magyar Ujság and Neues Politisches Volksblatt, the latter of which he edited for eighteen years. He was prominent both in Jewish and in communal affairs in Budapest, and it was due to his efforts that tuition was made free in the public schools of the Hungarian capital.

References

Hungarian Jews
Hungarian writers
1836 births
1905 deaths

Paul Tenczer


John Arundel Barnes FBA (9 September 1918 – 13 September 2010) was an Australian and British social anthropologist. Until his death in 2010, Barnes held the post of Emeritus Professor of Sociology, Fellow of Churchill College.  From 1969 to 1982, he held the post of Professor of Sociology at the University of Cambridge. Previous positions include faculty posts in social anthropology at the University of Sydney and the Australian National University in Canberra, He also was associated with  Academy of the Social Sciences in Australia, University College London, St John's College, Cambridge, Balliol College, Oxford and the Rhodes-Livingstone Institute. Barnes was a student of Max Gluckman in the Manchester School.

Academic work

John A. Barnes, among others, is known to be the first to use the concept of social networks in a scientific context. This was in 1954, in the article "Class and Committees in a Norwegian Island Parish", in which he presented the result of nearly two years of fieldwork in Bremnes on Bømlo, Norway. His anthropological studies ranged from New Guinea to Norway. His interests and writings extended across the social and political sciences and beyond.

Barnes was offered a fellowship at Churchill College, Cambridge by Dick Tizard.

Publications

Known publication titles include:
The frequency of divorce (1964)
Three Styles in the Study of Kinship (1971)
Marriage in a Changing Society (1951)
Models and interpretations
Politics in a changing society: A political history of Fort Jameson Ngoni (1954)
The Ethics of Inquiry in Social Science: Three Lectures (1977)
Sociology in Cambridge (1970)
A Pack of Lies: Towards a Sociology of Lying (1994)
Who Should Know What? Social Science, Privacy, and Ethics (1979)
Kinship Studies: Some Impressions of the Current State of Play
Anthropology after Freud
Social Networks (1972)
Inquest on the Murngin (1967) (Royal Anthropological Institute. Occasional papers, no.26)
African models in the New Guinea Highlands (1962)
Humping on my drum (autobiography)

References

External links
 Interviewed by Jack Goody 19 December 1983 (video)
 Obituary Notice, Cambridge University Reporter No 6197, Wednesday 6 October 2010, Vol cxli No 1.]
 Article about John Arundel Barnes in Framtida.no. (in Norwegian Nynorsk)
 French translation of the article Class and committee in a Norvegian Island Parish, in Cairn; introduction about Barnes (in French)

1918 births
2010 deaths
Australian anthropologists
20th-century British anthropologists
Social anthropologists
Fellows of Churchill College, Cambridge
Academic staff of the University of Sydney
Academic staff of the Australian National University
Alumni of the University of Manchester
Fellows of the British Academy
People associated with the Rhodes-Livingstone Institute
Australian emigrants to the United Kingdom
21st-century British anthropologists

John Arundel Barnes


Stewart Ernest Cink (born May 21, 1973) is an American professional golfer. Cink won the 2009 Open Championship, beating five-time winner Tom Watson in a four-hole playoff. He spent 39 weeks in the top 10 of the Official World Golf Rankings from 2004 to 2008.

Cink was born in Huntsville, Alabama and grew up in Florence, where he attended Bradshaw High School. He completed high school in 1991 and he attended Georgia Tech in Atlanta, where he played golf for the Yellow Jackets; he turned professional in 1995. After winning the Mexican Open and three events on the Nike Tour (now the Nationwide Tour) in 1996, Cink joined the PGA Tour in 1997 and won the Canon Greater Hartford Open in his rookie season. Cink performed consistently on the Tour over the next few years, picking up another win at the 2000 MCI Classic. Until his victory in the Open Championship in 2009, 2004 was his career year to date, with a fifth-place finish on the money list and wins at the MCI Heritage and at the WGC-NEC Invitational, which is one of the World Golf Championships events and was the most prestigious win of his career at the time. In 2009 he won his first career major with a playoff victory over 59-year old Tom Watson in The Open Championship.

On February 24, 2008, Cink was the runner-up in the WGC-Accenture Match Play Championship played in Marana, Arizona, falling 8 & 7 in the 36-hole final to top-ranked Tiger Woods. In June 2008, he reached his highest ever ranking, sixth, in the Official World Golf Rankings with his victory at the Travelers Championship in suburban Hartford.

On July 19, 2009, Cink won his first major title at the 138th Open Championship at Turnberry, Scotland, defeating 59 year-old Tom Watson by six strokes in a four-hole playoff. Cink had birdied the 72nd hole while Watson bogeyed, which forced the playoff.

1973 births
Living people
American golfers
Sportspeople from Huntsville, Alabama
People from Florence, Alabama

Stewart Cink


Canine teeth are found in mammals. They are the eye teeth, fangs or dogteeth. They are on either side of the incisors. Their main function is to hold food firmly in order to tear it apart, and also attack and defence.

In some mammals they are weapons of attack and defence. Examples are: wolves and dogs; the cat family; walrus. Baboons and the great apes have large canines, especially the adult males. In humans they are much reduced, and sit in line with the other teeth.

Teeth

Canine tooth


Hydraulics is a topic of science and engineering subject dealing with the mechanical properties of liquids. Many machines work on hydraulic power.

One of the founders of modern hydraulics was Benedetto Castelli, a student of Galileo Galilei.

Fluid mechanics provides the theoretical foundation for hydraulics, which focuses on the engineering uses of fluid properties.

Related pages
Hydrology

Other websites

 International Association of Hydraulic Engineering and Research (IAHR)
 visualization of hydraulic concepts
 Information about Fluid Power is also available on the National Fluid Power Association web-site nfpa.com
 Decision tree to choose an uncertainty method for hydrological and hydraulic modelling

Engineering

Hydraulics


Joseph Beaumont M.D. (1794–1855) was an English physician, known as a Wesleyan Methodist minister.

Life
Beaumont was born at Castle Donington, in Leicestershire, 19 March 1794. He belonged to a family which had lived more than four hundred years at Longley, a farm on the hillside above Holmfirth, in the West Riding of Yorkshire. His family was said to be connected with that of Francis Beaumont, the dramatist. His father was the Rev. John Beaumont, an itinerant preacher among the Wesleyan Methodists, and his mother was a daughter of Colonel Home of Gibraltar. From them he inherited a keen taste for music and the fine arts.

Education
He was educated at Kingswood School, near Bristol, founded by Wesley for training the sons of his preachers. While there young Beaumont was afflicted with a serious impediment in his speech, but, by great pains and resolution, he so completely mastered it as to become a most fluent and impassioned speaker.

Career
Contrary to the wishes of his maternal relatives, who wanted him to become a clergyman in the established church, he chose the ministry of the Wesleyans, as his father had done. After spending a short time in the shop of a dispensing chemist in Macclesfield, he commenced the itinerancy in 1813, and soon became widely known as an eloquent and popular preacher. He had all the qualities of a true orator. He possessed a sweet and powerful voice, a fertile imagination, and much literary cultivation. Dr. Beaumont was in great request as the preacher of sermons on special occasions, and vast crowds assembled to hear him whenever he appeared in the pulpit or on the platform. He pleaded effectively for many benevolent objects and public institutions outside the limits of his own church. He had a deep-rooted antipathy to hierarchical assumptions, and in the controversies which agitated the Methodist community he always took the liberal side. His strong sympathy with the weak and the oppressed occasionally led him into error. Beaumont was subject to the law of Methodism which requires its ministers to change their pastoral charge every three years. In two instances, however, at the urgent request of the people, he was reappointed, after an interval of years, to Edinburgh and Hull, in each of which he had previously laboured. It was during his first residence in Edinburgh that he obtained from the university the degree of doctor in medicine. He exercised his ministry for six years in Liverpool, eight years in London, and three years each in Nottingham and Bristol.

In the year 1821 he married Miss Susan Morton, daughter of Mr. Morton of Hardshaw Hall, near Prescot, Lancashire, and sister of the wife of Dr. Morrison, the pioneer of missions in China. By this lady, who survived him, he had a large family. He was elected by the conference of 1846 as a member of the legal hundred. On Sunday morning, 21 January 1855, he entered the pulpit of Waltham Street Chapel, Hull, and opened the service by announcing the lines— Thee while the first Archangel sings, :He hides his face behind his wings; and as the congregation was singing the second of these lines he sank down on the spot where he stood, and, without sound or motion, died.
He was in the sixty-first year of his age.

He published a few occasional sermons, and in 1838 a volume containing "Memoirs of Mrs.
Mary Tatham, late of Nottingham". A posthumous volume of Select Sermons by him was issued in 1859.

References

DNB references
These references are found in the DNB article referred to above.

External links

1794 births
1855 deaths
English Methodist ministers
People from Castle Donington
19th-century English Methodist ministers

Joseph Beaumont (minister)


Engineering tolerance is the ability of a machine to cope with changes while still continuing to work. This includes changes to size, quality (for example, the smoothness of the surface), the outside world (for example, dampness or heat). When a machine is made the needed engineering tolerance is set to provide a balance between performance and the need to cope with the changes it may experience.

Engineering

Engineering tolerance


Rain is a kind of precipitation. Precipitation is any kind of water that falls from clouds in the sky, like rain, hail, sleet and snow. It is measured by a rain gauge. Rain is part of the water cycle.

Clouds will often absorb smoke to create rain, commonly referred to as "nature's laundry" due to this process.

Some places have frequent rain. This makes rainforests. Some have little rain. This makes deserts.

A rainstorm is a sudden heavy fall of rain. It may cause flash floods in valleys. Heavy rain for a long time may make floods that destroy houses and drown people. Also, landslides may happen.

Convectional rain
When the Sun heats the Earth's surface, the ground heats the air above it. Convection makes the air rise and  cool. When it cools to the dew point, clouds form and rain follows.This usually occurs on flat land. This type of rainfall often causes summer showers and thunderstorms.

Relief rain
Relief rain usually occurs along coastal areas where a line of hills runs along the coast. When wet onshore wind from the sea meets a mountain, hill or any other sort of barrier, it is forced to rise along the slope and cools. When the air temperature falls to its dew point, water vapour condenses to form clouds. When the clouds can no longer hold the water droplets, relief rain begins to fall on the windward slope of the mountain.  On the leeward slope, air sinks, it is warmed and further dried by compression. Therefore, the leeward slope is known as rain shadow. Moist winds blow in from the sea and are forced to rise over the land. The air cools and the water vapour condenses, forming rain drops. The rainiest places in the world are places that have relief rainfall.

Frontal rain/Cyclonic rain

Frontal rain happens when cooler air and warmer, humid air meet in a weather front.  The less dense warm air rises and condenses forming clouds. These clouds grow and eventually create rain. In some places on the northern temperate zone the cold air front tends to come from the north west and the warm air front comes from the south west.

Collection
Some people collect rain in a rainwater tank. People use rainwater for watering plants, cleaning the house, bathing, or drinking. It is not always safe to drink rainwater. It can have bacteria, parasites, viruses, and chemicals that could make people sick.

Related pages
 Water cycle

References

Other websites
rain water drink
BBC article on rain-making.

Basic English 850 words
Precipitation

Rain


Anna Maria Luisa de' Medici (11 August 1667 – 18 February 1743) was an Italian noblewoman who was the last lineal descendant of the main branch of the House of Medici. A patron of the arts, she bequeathed the Medicis' large art collection, including the contents of the Uffizi, Palazzo Pitti and the Medicean villas, which she inherited upon her brother Gian Gastone's death in 1737, and her Palatine treasures to the Tuscan state, on the condition that no part of it could be removed from "the Capital of the grand ducal State....[and from] the succession of His Serene Grand Duke."

Anna Maria Luisa was the only daughter of Cosimo III de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany, and Marguerite Louise d'Orléans, a niece of Louis XIII of France. On her marriage to Elector Johann Wilhelm II, she became Electress of the Palatinate, and, by patronising musicians, she earned for the contemporary Palatine court the reputation of an important music centre. As Johann Wilhelm had syphilis the union produced no offspring, which, combined with her siblings' barrenness, meant that the Medici were on the verge of extinction.

In 1713 Cosimo III altered the Tuscan laws of succession to allow the accession of his daughter, and spent his final years canvassing the European powers to agree to recognise this statute. However, in 1735, as part of a territorial arrangement, the European powers appointed Francis Stephen of Lorraine as heir, and he duly ascended the Tuscan throne in her stead. After the death of Johann Wilhelm, Anna Maria Luisa returned to Florence, where she enjoyed the rank of first lady until the accession of her brother Gian Gastone, who banished her to the Villa La Quiete. When Gian Gastone died in 1737, Francis Stephen's envoy offered Anna Maria Luisa the position of nominal regent of Tuscany, but she declined. Her death, in 1743, brought the grand ducal House of Medici to an end. Her remains were interred in the Medicean necropolis, the Basilica of San Lorenzo, Florence, which she helped complete.

Biography

Early life
Despite her mother's efforts to induce a miscarriage by means of riding, Anna Maria Luisa de' Medici, the only daughter and second child of Cosimo III de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany, and his consort, Marguerite Louise d'Orléans, was born in Florence on 11 August 1667. She was named after her maternal aunt Anne Marie Louise d'Orléans, Duchess of Montpensier.

Her parents' relationship was quarrelsome; Marguerite Louise took every chance to humiliate Cosimo. On one documented occasion, she branded him "a poor groom" in the presence of the Papal nuncio. The enmity between them continued until 26 December 1674; after all attempts at conciliation failed, a stressed Cosimo consented to his wife's departure for the Convent of Montmartre, France. The contract created that day revoked her privileges as a petite fille de France, and declared that upon her death all her assets were to be inherited by her children. Cosimo granted her a pension of 80,000 livres in compensation. She abandoned Tuscany in June 1675; Anna Maria Luisa, who was less than eight years old at that time, never saw her again. Although Cosimo doted on his daughter, she was raised by her paternal grandmother, Vittoria della Rovere.

Electress of the Palatinate
In 1669, Anna Maria Luisa was considered as a potential bride to Louis, le Grand Dauphin, the heir-apparent of Louis XIV of France. Cosimo III did not like the idea of a French marriage, and never devoted himself fully to the cause (she was later rejected). Instead, Cosimo offered her to his first choice, Peter II of Portugal. Peter's ministers declined, fearing that Anna Maria Luisa might have inherited her mother's temperament, and may seek to dominate Peter II while being herself intractible to reason. In fact, contemporaries thought her traits to be a combination of those of her father and paternal grandmother, Vittoria della Rovere.

Following refusals from Portugal, France, Spain and Savoy, James II of England put forward his brother-in-law, Francesco II d'Este, Duke of Modena, but the Princess deemed a duke too lowly in terms of protocol for the daughter of a grand duke. Finally, it was Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor who suggested Johann Wilhelm, Elector Palatine. The Elector Palatine obtained the style Royal Highness from the Holy Roman Emperor for Cosimo III in February 1691. (Cosimo had hitherto been outranked by the Duke of Savoy — much to his anger—who derived royal status from his successful pretendership to the abolished Cypriot throne). Consequently, Johann Wilhelm was ultimately chosen. He and Anna Maria Luisa were married by proxy on 29 April 1691. At the accompanying festivities, a contemporary describes the Electress's physical attributes: "In her person, she is tall, her complexion was fair, her eyes large and expressive, both those and her hair were black; her mouth was small, with a fullness of the lips; her teeth were as white as ivory...."

She departed for Düsseldorf, her husband's capital, on 6 May 1691, accompanied by her younger brother, Gian Gastone. Johann Wilhelm surprised her at Innsbruck, where they officially married. The Palatinate Anna Maria Luisa arrived in was ravaged by the ongoing Nine Years' War, in which Louis XIV assaulted the Palatinate on behalf of his brother, Philippe of France, Duke of Orléans, occupying the city of Philippsburg in the process.

The Electress became pregnant in 1692; however, she miscarried. It is thought incorrectly by some historians that soon after arrival she contracted syphilis from the Elector, which they think explains why Anna Maria Luisa and Johann Wilhelm failed to produce any children. Anna Maria Luisa and Johann Wilhelm, notwithstanding, shared a harmonious marriage. The Electress spent her time enjoying balls, musical performances and other festivities. He commissioned a theatre for her where the comedies of French playwright Molière were performed. Because Anna Maria Luisa patronised many musicians, the contemporary Palatine court enjoyed regard as an international centre of music. She invited Fortunato Chelleri to court and appointed him maestro di cappella ("music teacher"). Agostino Steffani, a polymath, was sponsored by the Electress from his arrival in Düsseldorf, in 1703, until her return to Tuscany; the Conservatorio Luigi Cherubini library in Florence houses two editions of his chamber duets.

Anna Maria Luisa arranged a marriage for her younger brother at the instigation of their father: On 2 July 1697 Gian Gastone de' Medici married Anna Maria Franziska of Saxe-Lauenburg, heiress of the eponymous duchy, in Düsseldorf. Gian Gastone's wife repulsed him, and for that reason, they separated in 1708.

The same year as Gian Gastone's marriage, the Peace of Ryswick ended the Nine Years' War: French troops withdrew from the Electoral Palatinate and Johann Wilhelm received the County of Megen. Following the revocation of the Edict of Nantes, a document which had hitherto given rights to Calvinists, in 1685, 2,000 French Huguenots emigrated to the Electoral Palatinate. Johann Wilhelm, under criticism for his treatment of the Palatine Protestants from the Elector of Brandenburg introduced a Religionsdeklaration in 1705, which sanctioned religious freedom.

Tuscan succession

Cosimo III wished to alter the male-only Tuscan line of succession so as to allow the accession of his daughter, Anna Maria Luisa, in the event of a male-line succession failure. But his plan was met with fierce opposition from the European powers. Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor, Tuscany's nominal feudal over-lord, subscribed, but only if he should succeed her. Cosimo and she were at odds with the proposal. Without a concord in sight, the "Tuscan question" became dormant.

Some years later, as the question of the succession became more urgent, Cardinal Francesco Maria de' Medici, Cosimo III's brother, was released from his vows and coerced into marrying the incumbent Duke of Guastalla's elder daughter, Eleanor, in 1709. The Electress urged him to care for his health and "give us the consolation of a little prince." However, two years later, he died without issue, taking with him any hope of an heir.

Following the death of his heir apparent, Ferdinando, in 1713, Cosimo deposited a bill in the Senate, Tuscany's titular legislature, promulgating that if Cosimo and his new heir apparent, Gian Gastone, were to predecease the Electress, she would ascend the throne. Charles VI was furious; he replied that the Grand Duchy was an imperial fief and therefore he alone possessed the prerogative to alter the laws of succession. To complicate things further, Elisabeth Farnese, heiress of the Duchy of Parma, the second wife of Philip V of Spain, as a great-granddaughter of Margherita de' Medici, exercised a claim to Tuscany. In May 1716, Charles VI, who constantly changed his stance on the issue, told Florence that the Electress's succession was unquestioned, but added that Austria and Tuscany must soon reach an agreement regarding which royal house was to follow the Medici.

In June 1717, Cosimo declared his wish that the House of Este should succeed the Electress. Charles VI had previously offered the Grand Duke territorial compensation—in the form of the State of Presidi—if he chose quickly, but reneged. In 1718, Charles VI repudiated Cosimo's decision, declaring a union of Tuscany and Modena (the Este lands) unacceptable. Hereafter, a stalemate existed between them.

Return to Florence

The Elector Palatine died in June 1716. His widow, Anna Maria Luisa, returned to Florence in October 1717. Dowager Grand Princess Violante Beatrice, her brother Ferdinando's widow, and Anna Maria Luisa did not enjoy an amiable relationship. Upon hearing of Anna Maria Luisa's intention to return, Violante Beatrice prepared to depart for Munich, her brother's capital, but Gian Gastone wished her to stay, so she did. To keep the two ladies from quarrelling over precedence, Cosimo III defined Violante Beatrice's status just before the Electress's arrival by appointing her Governess of Siena.

On 4 April 1718 England, France and the Dutch Republic (and later Austria) selected Don Carlos of Spain, the elder child of Elisabeth Farnese and Philip V of Spain, as the Tuscan heir (with no mention of Anna Maria Luisa). By 1722, the Electress was not even acknowledged as heiress, and Cosimo was reduced to a spectator at the conferences for Tuscany's future. In the midst of this, Marguerite Louise, Anna Maria Luisa's mother, died. Instead of willing her valuables to her children, as prescribed by the 1674 agreement, they went to the Princess of Epinoy, a distant relative.

On 25 October 1723, six days before his death, Cosimo III distributed a final proclamation commanding that Tuscany shall stay independent; Anna Maria Luisa shall succeed uninhibited after Gian Gastone; the Grand Duke reserves the right to choose his successor. Unfortunately for Cosimo, Europe completely ignored it. Gian Gastone, now the Grand Duke, and Anna Maria Luisa were not on good terms. He despised the Electress for engineering his unhappy marriage with Anna Maria Franziska of Saxe-Lauenburg, while she detested his liberal policies: he repealed all of his father's anti-Semitic statutes and revelled in upsetting her. Consequently, the Electress was compelled to abandon her apartment in the left wing of the royal palace, the Pitti, for the Villa La Quiete. She refurbished La Quiete's house and gardens with the assistance of Sebastiano Rapi, the gardener of the Boboli Gardens, and the architects Giovanni Battista Foggini and Paolo Giovanozzi. In the period 1722–1725, the Electress embellished the villa further by commissioning twelve statues of various religious figures.

In spite of their mutual dislike, the Electress and Violante Beatrice attempted to improve Gian Gastone's poor public image together. Rumours abounded that the Grand Duke had died; it was a rarity for the public to see him. To dispel the said rumours, the Electress compelled him to make an appearance—his last one—in 1729, on the feast day of the patron saint of Florence, John the Baptist. The Ruspanti, Gian Gastone's morally corrupt entourage, hated the Electress; and she, them. Violante Beatrice tried to withdraw the Grand Duke from their sphere of influence by organising banquets. His conduct at these literally sent those in attendance scrambling for their carriages: he vomited repeatedly into his napkin, belched and told rude jokes. These distractions ceased upon Violante Beatrice's death in 1731.

In 1736, during the War of the Polish Succession, Don Carlos was banished from Tuscany as part of a territorial swap, and Francis III of Lorraine was made heir in his stead. In January 1737, the Spanish troops, who had occupied Tuscany since 1731, withdrew; 6,000 Austrian soldiers took their place.

Gian Gastone died from "an accumulation of diseases" on 9 July 1737, surrounded by prelates and his sister. Anna Maria Luisa was offered a nominal regency by the Prince de Craon, the Grand Duke's envoy, until Francis III could arrive in Florence, but declined. At Gian Gastone's demise, all the House of Medici's allodial possessions, including £2,000,000 liquid cash, a vast art collection, robes of state and lands in the former Duchy of Urbino, were conferred on Anna Maria Luisa. In regards to this, her most notable act was the Patto di Famiglia ("Family Pact"), signed on 31 October 1737. In collaboration with the Holy Roman Emperor and Francis of Lorraine, she willed all the personal property of the Medici's to the Tuscan state, provided that nothing was ever removed from Florence.

Death and legacy
The "Lorrainers," as the occupying forces were dubbed, were popularly loathed. The Viceroy, the Prince de Craon, whom the Electress disliked for his "vulgar" court, allowed the Electress to live undisturbed in her own wing of the Pitti, living in virtual seclusion, only on occasion receiving a select-number of guests under a black dais in her silver-clad audience room. She occupied herself financing and overseeing the construction of the Cappella dei Principi, started in 1604 by Ferdinando I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany—to the tune of 1,000 crowns per week, and she donated much of her fortune to charity: £4,000 per annum.  This is equivalent to £ in present-day terms. On 18 February 1743, Anna Maria Luisa de' Medici, Dowager Electress Palatine, died of an "oppression on the breast". Sir Horace Mann, 1st Baronet, a British resident in Florence, recalled in a letter that "The common people are convinced she went off in a hurricane of wind; a most violent one began this morning and lasted for about two hours, and now the sun shines as bright as ever..." The royal line of the House of Medici became extinct with her death. Her will, having been completed just months before, according to Sir Horace Mann, left £500,000 worth of jewellery to the Grand Duke Francis and her lands in the former Duchy of Urbino to the Marquis Rinuccini, her main executor and a minister under her father, Cosimo III. She was interred in the crypt that she helped to complete in San Lorenzo; although not entirely finished at the time of her death, her testament stipulated that part of the revenue of her estate should "be used to continue, finish and perfect...the said famous chapel San Lorenzo".

Anna Maria Luisa's single most enduring act was the Family Pact. It ensured that all the Medicean art and treasures collected over nearly three centuries of political ascendancy remained in Florence. Cynthia Miller Lawrence, an American art-historian, argues that Anna Maria Luisa thus provisioned for Tuscany's future economy through tourism. Sixteen years after her death, the Uffizi Gallery, built by Cosimo the Great, the founder of the Grand Duchy, was made open to public viewing.

In 2012 after concern caused by the 1966 Flood of the Arno River, her bones were exhumed.  A scientific examination found no traces of syphilis, which she had long been thought to have died from.

Ancestors

References

Notes

Citations

Bibliography

Acton, Harold (1980). The Last Medici. Macmillan.
Bertelli, Sergio (2003). The King's Body: Sacred Rituals of Power in Medieval and Early Modern Europe. Pennsylvania State University Press.
 Casciu, Stefano. (1993). Anna Maria Luisa de' Medici Elettrice Palatina: (1667–1743). Bruschi. .
Chelleri, Fortunato; Vavoulis, Vavoulis (2000). Keyboard Music. A-R Editions. .
Cont, Alessandro (2018). La Chiesa dei principi. Le relazioni tra Reichskirche, dinastie sovrane tedesche e stati italiani (1688–1763), preface of Elisabeth Garms-Cornides, Trento, Provincia autonoma di Trento , pp. 103–138, https://www.academia.edu/38170694/La_Chiesa_dei_principi._Le_relazioni_tra_Reichskirche_dinastie_sovrane_tedesche_e_stati_italiani_1688-1763_prefazione_di_Elisabeth_Garms-Cornides_Trento_Provincia_autonoma_di_Trento_2018
Crankshaw, Edward (1969). Maria Theresa. Longmans, Green & Co.
Diaz-Andreu, Margarita (2008). A World History of Nineteenth-Century Archaeology: Nationalism, Colonialism, and the Past. Oxford University Press. .
Hale, J.R. (1977). Florence and the Medici. Orion. .
Hibbert, Christopher (1979). The rise and fall of the House of Medici. Penguin.
Lawrence, Cynthia Miller (1997). Women and Art in Early Modern Europe: Patrons, Collectors and Connoisseurs. Pennsylvania State University Press. .
Mosco, Marilena (2004). The Museo degli argenti: collections and collectors. Giunti. .
Napier, Edward Henry (1846). Florentine History: from the Earliest Authentic Records to the Accession of Ferdinand the Third: Volume V. Moxon.
Otterness, Philip (2007). Becoming German: The 1709 Palatine Migration to New York. Cornell University Press. .
Pevitt, Christine (1997). The Man Who Would Be King: The Life of Philippe d'Orleans, Regent of France. Weidenfeld and Nicolson. .
Solari, Giovanna (1968). The House of Farnese: A Portrait of a Great Family of the Renaissance. Doubleday & Co.
Strathern, Paul (2003). The Medici: Godfathers of the Renaissance. Vintage. .
Timms, Colin (2003). Polymath of the Baroque: Agostino Steffani and His Music. Oxford University Press. .
Wilson, Peter (1998). German Armies: War And German Society, 1648–1806. Routledge. .
Young, G.F. (1920). The Medici: Volume II. John Murray.

External links

1667 births
1743 deaths
Nobility from Florence
17th-century Italian nobility
18th-century Italian nobility
Electresses of the Palatinate
Anna Maria
Anna Maria Luisa de' Medici
Anna Maria Luisa de' Medici
Countesses Palatine of Neuburg
Anna Maria Luisa
Duchesses of Berg
Burials at San Lorenzo, Florence
Daughters of monarchs

Anna Maria Luisa de' Medici


This is a list of rivers which are at least partially in Chad.

 Bahr Salamat - tributary of the Chari
 Chari (or Shari)- flows from the Central African Republic and into Lake Chad
 Logone - main tributary of the Chari
 Mayo Kébbi River - flows into the Bénoué
 Ouham - from the Central African Republic, a tributary of the Chari
 Batha River - flows into Lake Fitri
 Bragoto River - runs in southern Chad.
 Chita Ka River- runs through the north western tip

Chad
Chad
Geography of Chad

List of rivers of Chad


Hebron Yeshiva, also known as Yeshivas Hevron, or Knesses Yisroel, is a yeshiva (school for Talmudic study). It originated in 1924 when the roshei yeshiva (deans) and 150 students of the Slabodka Yeshiva, known colloquially as the "mother of yeshivas", relocated to Hebron.

Relocation of Slabodka Yeshiva to Palestine

A 1924 edict requiring enlistment in the military or supplementary secular studies in the yeshiva led a large number of students in the Slabodka yeshiva to relocate to the Land of Israel, at that time  Palestine under the British mandate. Rabbi Nosson Tzvi Finkel, also known as "Der Alter fun Slabodka" (The Elder of Slabodka), sent Rabbi Avraham Grodzinski to head this group and establish the yeshiva in Hebron. Upon Grodzinski's return to Slabodka, the Alter transferred the mashgiach ruchani responsibilities to him, and the rosh yeshiva duties to Rabbi Yitzchok Isaac Sher, and he moved to Hebron to lead the yeshiva there together with Rabbi Moshe Mordechai Epstein. Hebron was chosen over Jerusalem to avoid the influence of the conservative Old Yishuv. The Slabodka yeshiva in Europe ceased operation during the Holocaust. A branch was also established in Bnei Brak.

1929 Hebron massacre and relocation to Jerusalem

Twenty-four students were murdered in the 1929 Hebron massacre, and the yeshiva was re-established in the Geula neighbourhood of Jerusalem.

Eight of the victims were American citizens who had come to study in the yeshiva from American yeshivas such as Hebrew Theological College, Torah Vodaath and RIETS.

On the day of the 1929 massacre, HaRav Simcha Zissel Broide, who was appointed Rosh Yeshiva in 5721 (1960/61), was not in Chevron.

Despite a delay after the death of Rabbi Moshe Hebroni, the last of the previous generation, the yeshiva moved into a new and larger campus in the south-central Givat Mordechai neighbourhood in 1975. This yeshiva today has about 1300 students and is one of the most prestigious and influential Lithuanian yeshivohs in Israel. The current roshei yeshiva are Rabbi Dovid Cohen and Rabbi Yosef Chevroni.

Prominent alumni

 Yitzchak Abadi, Rosh Kollel, Kollel Ohel Torah
 Meyer Abovitz, av beis din in Russia
 Yehuda Amital, rosh yeshiva, Yeshivat Har Etzion (Gush Etzion, West Bank)
 Ratzon Arusi
 Eliyahu Bakshi-Doron, Sepharadi Chief Rabbi of Israel
 Simcha Zissel Broide, Rosh Yeshiva
 Meir Chadash, Mashgiach
 Aryeh Deri, leader of Israeli Shas party
 Menachem Elon, the former Deputy Chief of Israeli Supreme Court
 Baruch Mordechai Ezrachi, rosh yeshiva, Yeshiva Ateres Yisrael, Jerusalem
 Zalman Nechemia Goldberg
 Shlomo Goren, Ashkenazi Chief Rabbi of Israel
 Rene Gutman, Chief Rabbi, Strasbourg, France
 Yeshayahu Hadari, rosh yeshiva, Yeshivat Hakotel (Jerusalem)
 Yitzchak Hutner, rosh yeshiva, Yeshiva Rabbi Chaim Berlin (Brooklyn, New York)
 Shneur Kotler, rosh yeshiva, Beth Medrash Govoha (Lakewood, New Jersey)
 Dov Landau, rosh yeshiva, Slabodka yeshiva (Bnei Brak)
 Michel Yehuda Lefkowitz
 Raphael Pelcovitz, Rabbi Emeritus of the White Shul
 Yitzhak Peretz, Chief Rabbi of Ra'anana
 Aharon Pfeuffer, Rosh Yeshiva in London and Johannesburg, and known for his series on Kashrut
 Sholom Schwadron, Haredi rabbi and maggid
 Dov Schwartzman, rosh yeshiva, Yeshivas Beis HaTalmud (Jerusalem)
 Avraham Shapira, rosh yeshiva, Mercaz HaRav (Jerusalem)
 Moshe Shapiro, rabbi, Rosh kollel, and Rosh yeshiva, Yeshivas Shev Shmatsa
 Moishe Sternbuch, vice-president of the Rabbinical Court and the Ra'avad of the Edah HaChareidis (Jerusalem)
 David Yosef
 Moshe Yosef (rabbi)
 Yitzhak Yosef, Sepharadi Chief Rabbi of Israel
 Eliezer Waldenberg

See also
 1929 Hebron massacre
 Kovno Kollel
 Slabodka yeshiva (Bnei Brak)
 Yeshivas Knesses Yisrael (Slabodka)

References

External links

 Yeshiva of Slobodka, YIVO Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe

Slabodka yeshiva
1924 establishments in Mandatory Palestine
Jews and Judaism in Hebron
Lithuanian-Jewish culture in Israel
Musar movement
Orthodox Judaism in the West Bank
Orthodox yeshivas in Jerusalem

ru:Иешива «Слободка»
yi:סלאבאדקער ישיבה

Hebron Yeshiva


Kenny Albert (born February 2, 1968) is a sportscaster employed by MSG and Fox Sports. Kenny is the son of Marv Albert, a veteran basketball announcer.

Early work
In the 1990s, he was the voice of the Baltimore Skipjacks in the American Hockey League and the Washington Capitals in the NHL. He also called college basketball games for ESPN Plus and part-time games for the Washington Bullets. Albert was also the lead voice for NHL Radio. He also worked on Westwood One with Marv Albert, his dad, as a sideline reporter for Monday Night Football.

FOX Sports
He does NFL games for Fox and also called NHL games for Fox. He also called BCS games on Fox, mainly the Sugar Bowl and Orange Bowl and the 2011 Cotton Bowl Classic. Albert also works on occasional Major League Baseball games on Fox and does the same role when MLB television was picked up by Fox Sports 1.

Turner Sports
Starting in 2012, Albert began calling select NBA games for TNT.

MSG Network
Albert is also employed by MSG. He is the radio voice of the New York Rangers and calls select games for the New York Knicks. He also called high school basketball, college basketball, and games for New York Liberty.

Other work
Albert calls Washington Redskins preseason with Joe Theismann. He also filled in for TV coverage for the Washington Nationals and Baltimore Orioles. He called Ice Hockey at the 2002, 2006, and 2010 Winter Olympics and called NHL games for OLN, Versus, NBC, and NBC Sports Network.

Broadcasting partners
Brian Baldinger
Daryl Johnston
Tony Siragusa
Mark Grace
Tim Green
Ron Pitts
Dave Maloney
Joe Theismann
Anthony Munez

Horse Racing broadcasters
Olympic Games broadcasters
College football broadcasters
National Hockey League broadcasters
National Football League broadcasters
Major League Baseball broadcasters
National Basketball Association broadcasters
College basketball broadcasters
1968 births
Living people

Kenny Albert


ISO 732 is an ISO standard for medium format photographic film.  The second (1982) edition of the standard specified the dimensions for 127, 120 and 620 roll film, backing paper and film spools.  The third (1991) edition dropped specifications for the 127 and 620 roll films, which had become largely obsolete in the photography industry and added specifications for 220 roll film.  The current (2000) edition incorporates the now withdrawn standard ISO 1048 on identification of exposed roll films.

120, 220, and 620 film are closely related formats, using film rolls of the same width, while 127 film is smaller in width.  The formats and their names predate ISO standardization and were developed by Kodak.

References
 ISO order page for ISO 732:1982
 ISO order page for ISO 732:1991
 ISO order page for ISO 732:2000

Film formats
00732

ISO 732


Impeachment is a way to remove government officers from office in some countries.

Impeachment in the United States is how the House of Representatives brings charges against either the President, the Vice President, or any federal officer for misconduct alleged to have been committed. Most impeachments in the United States have been of judges.

Impeachment is like an indictment (something that the prosecutor needs to get before a trial). Someone is impeached when a legislature votes to do that. Later, there is another vote on whether or not to convict, which is like guilty or not. The second vote may be by the same people who did the impeachment, or someone else as in a bicameral legislature. Several different types of office holders may be impeached, but cases against the President or leader of a country usually attract the most attention.

Two well-known heads of state who were impeached and removed from office were Brazilian president Dilma Rousseff in 2016 and South Korean president Park Geun-hye in 2017. Three American presidents were impeached: Andrew Johnson, Bill Clinton and Donald Trump, Donald Trump was officially impeached two separate times by the house of representatives. None were removed from office. President Richard Nixon resigned from the office of President before the House could impeach him, resulting in him being the only U.S. president to resign.

Related pages
 List of Category:Impeached officials removed from office

Politics

Impeachment


The 2007 Scottish Parliament election was an election held on 3 May 2007 to elect members to the Scottish Parliament.

Going into the election, the Scottish Labour Party had the largest number of seats and had a coalition agreement with the Scottish Liberal Democrats with Jack McConnell as First Minister. The Scottish National Party won 47 seats in the election, which was the largest number of seats for any party in the election, but was not enough to form a majority government. The Scottish National Party then formed a minority government with Alex Salmond as First Minister.

This was the first time since the 1964 UK General Election in which the Labour Party did not get the highest number of votes in Scotland and it also gave the Scottish National Party it's largest ever number of votes. The final results were: Scottish National Party (47 Seats), Scottish Labour Party (46 Seats), Scottish Conservative Party (17 Seats), Scottish Liberal Democrats (16 Seats) and the Scottish Green Party (2 Seats). Parties which had won seats in the 2003 Scottish Parliament election including the Scottish Socialist Party and the Scottish Senior Citizens Party, lost all of their seats.

Voting system

Scotland is divided into 73 constituencies with roughly the same number of people in each one. Each of these constituencies elects one Member of the Scottish Parliament (MSP) using the First Past the Post voting system. These 73 constituencies are grouped into eight regions. Each of these regions elects seven MSPs using proportional representation which means that the total number of MSPs is 129.

Party leaders

Scottish National Party - Alex Salmond

Scottish Labour Party - Jack McConnell

Scottish Conservative Party - Annabel Goldie

Scottish Liberal Democrats - Nicol Stephen

Scottish Green Party - Robin Harper / Shiona Baird

Next election

The next election to the Scottish parliament was held on 5 May 2011.

2007 in the United Kingdom

2007 elections
2000s elections in the United Kingdom
Politics of Scotland
2000s in Scotland
May 2007 events

2007 Scottish Parliament election


Rungstedlund, also known as the Karen Blixen Museum, is a country house in Rungsted on the Øresund coast just north of Copenhagen, Denmark, notable for its association with the author Karen Blixen, who lived there for most of her life. She was born on the estate in 1885, and returned there after her years in Kenya, chronicled in her 1937 book Out of Africa, to do most of her writings. The property is today managed by the Rungstedlund Foundation as a writer's house museum.

History
The property traces its history back to 1520 when it was owned by the Crown. The oldest part of the current house dates from about 1680 when it was a combined inn and agricultural estate. Notable guests who stayed at the inn include Ludvig Holberg and Johannes Ewald.  Ewald lived there from 1773 to 1775 and wrote many of his poems, including The Delights Of Rungsted. An Ode. The locale also inspired him for The ´Fishermen, a singspiele remembered for Kong Christian stod ved højen mast, the Danish royal anthem.

The inn closed in 1803.  Aron David, who owned it from 1821 to 1868, merged it with the adjoining properties Rungstedgaard, Sømandshvile og Folehavegaard.

In 1879 the estate was purchased by Wilhelm Dinesen, father of Karen Blixen, and after his marriage to Ingeborg Westenholz in 1881 they took up residence there. At that time the estate consisted of four wings but two burned in 1898 and were never rebuilt.

Karen Blixen spent her childhood at Rungstedlund and took up residency there again after she returned from Africa in 1931. She lived there until her death in 1962 and did most of her writings in the Ewald Room. She is interred in the park.

In 1958 Karen Blixen and her siblings founded the Rungstedlund Foundation which was to own and manage the estate after her death. The Karen Blixen Museum was founded in 1991.

Karen Blixen Museum

Karen Blixen's home has been preserved largely unchanged with its original furniture, decor and book. The museum also features a complete collection of her oil paintings. The museum also hosts special exhibitions about the author's life and writings.
In 2013 the Karen Blixen Museum joined the Nordic museum portal CultureNordic.com.

Other uses
Rungstedlund is also the home of Danish Academy, which Karen Blixen co-founded in 1960 together with other Danish intellectuals. The house also hosts the award ceremony of the annual Rungstedlund Award on Karen Blixen's birthday. The grounds are used for a traditional Danish Saint John's Eve event with a bonfire and speeches.

Rungstedlund Park
The park covers an area of 16.6 hectares. Most of the grounds have been laid out as a bird sanctuary. There are also flower gardens where every day during the summer season fresh flowers are cut for decorating the house.

Karen Blixen's grave is located at the foot of Ewald's Mound.

See also
 Karen Blixen Museum (Kenya)
 Dinesen-Motzfeldt-Hettinger Log House

References

External links

Houses in Hørsholm Municipality
Museums in the Capital Region of Denmark
Historic house museums in Denmark
Blixen, Karen
Literary museums in Denmark
Museums established in 1991
1991 establishments in Denmark
Listed buildings and structures in Hørsholm Municipality
Buildings and structures in Denmark of the Dinesen family
Karen Blixen

Rungstedlund


Prana is the vital air or breath of the human body in Hinduism. It is also the vital, life-sustaining force of both the individual body and the universe. Its was first written about in the Upanishads. Prana is in all living forms, but is not itself the soul.

The word prana means "breath" in Sanskrit.

In yoga, prana is divided into different type. There are said to be five pranas or vital currents. They are called prana, apana, vyana, udana and samana.

Hinduism
Yoga

Prana


Umberto Menotti Maria Giordano (28 August 186712 November 1948) was an Italian composer, mainly of operas. His best-known work in that genre was Andrea Chénier (1896).

He was born in Foggia in Apulia, southern Italy, and studied under Paolo Serrao at the Conservatoire of Naples. His first opera, Marina, was written for a competition promoted by the music publishers Casa Sonzogno for the best one-act opera, remembered today because it marked the beginning of Italian verismo. The winner was Mascagni's Cavalleria rusticana. Giordano, the youngest contestant, was placed sixth among seventy-three entries with his Marina, a work which generated enough interest for Sonzogno to commission the staging of an opera based on it in the 1891–92 season.

The result was Mala vita, a gritty verismo opera about a labourer who vows to reform a prostitute if he is cured of his tuberculosis. This work caused something of a scandal when performed at the Teatro Argentina, Rome, in February 1892. It played successfully in Vienna, Prague and Berlin and was re-written as Il Voto a few years later, in an attempt to raise interest in the work again.

Giordano tried a more romantic topic with his next opera, Regina Diaz, with a libretto by Giovanni Targioni-Tozzetti and Guido Menasci (1894), but this was a failure, taken off the stage after just two performances.

Giordano then moved to Milan and returned to verismo with his best-known work, Andrea Chénier (1896), based on the life of the French poet André Chénier. Fedora (1898), based on Victorien Sardou's play, featured the rising young tenor Enrico Caruso. It was also a success and is still performed today. His later works are much less known, but occasionally revived and in the case of La cena delle beffe (based on the play of the same title by Sem Benelli) recognised by musicologists and critics with some respect. He died in Milan at the age of 81.

The most important theater in his home town of Foggia has been dedicated to Umberto Giordano. A square in Foggia is also named after  him and contains several statues representing his most famous works.

Operas
 Marina (1888)
 Mala vita (21 February 1892, Teatro Argentina, Rome)
 Regina Diaz (5 March 1894, Teatro Mercadante, Naples)
 Andrea Chénier (28 March 1896, Teatro alla Scala, Milan)
 Fedora (17 November 1898, Teatro Lirico, Milan)
 Il Voto (revision of Mala Vita) (6 September 1902, Teatro Bellini, Naples)
 Siberia (19 December 1903, Teatro alla Scala, Milan, rev. 1927)
 Marcella (9 November 1907, Teatro Lirico, Milan)
 Mese mariano (17 March 1910, Teatro Massimo, Palermo)
 Madame Sans-Gêne (25 January 1915, Metropolitan Opera, New York)
 Giove a Pompei (6 July 1921, Teatro La Pariola, Rome)
 La cena delle beffe (20 December 1924, Teatro alla Scala, Milan)
 Il re (12 January 1929, Teatro alla Scala, Milan)
 La festa del Nilo (incomplete)

References

1867 births
1948 deaths
19th-century classical composers
19th-century Italian male musicians
20th-century classical composers
20th-century Italian composers
20th-century Italian male musicians
Italian classical composers
Italian male classical composers
Italian opera composers
Italian Romantic composers
Male opera composers
Members of the Royal Academy of Italy
People from Foggia
Pupils of Paolo Serrao

Umberto Giordano


Sedir Island (), also known as Cleopatra Island, is a small island in the Gulf of Gökova of southeastern Aegean Sea off the coast of Ula, part of Muğla Province of Turkey. It is famous for its beach made from seashells. It is said that this organic sand was brought by ships from the Red Sea especially for Cleopatra and contemporary research supports this legend. Each grain of sand is a perfect sphere, for this reason the beach is heavily protected by the government to prevent any sand being removed from the beach. According to legend, Anthony and Cleopatra swam here and the sands were brought by ships from North Africa. It has been said that this type of sand can only be found in Egypt.

See also
 List of islands of Turkey

References

External links
 Images of Sedir Island
 Sedir Island-Cleopatra Beach

Islands of Turkey
Islands of Muğla Province

Sedir Island


The British Rail (BR) Class 50 is a diesel locomotive built from 1967–68 by English Electric at their Vulcan Foundry Works in Newton-le-Willows. Fifty of these locomotives were built to haul express passenger trains on the, then non-electrified, section of the West Coast Main Line between Crewe, Carlisle and Scotland. They were originally hired from English Electric Leasings, not being purchased outright by BR until around 1973. Under the pre-1968 classification system these locomotives were known as the English Electric Type 4. The class were affectionately nicknamed "Hoovers" by rail enthusiasts because of their distinctive engine sound, caused by the centrifugal air filters originally fitted. These proved unreliable, and were later removed, but the "Hoover" nickname stuck.

50

British Rail Class 50