Georgy Aramovich Garanian (; 15 August 1934 – 11 January 2010) was an ethnic Armenian Russian jazz saxophone player, bandleader and composer. He was the People's Artist of Russia in 1993.

Born in Moscow, Garanian was trained at the Moscow Conservatory.  He was one of the first Russian musicians who attracted attention of Western world as part of the jazz from the USSR. He belonged to the first generation of Russian jazzmen who started to perform after World War II. As a musician (alto saxophone), conductor and composer he was the leader of country's best big bands: Melodia (1970s–1980s) and Moscow Big Band (1992–1995). He led the Municipal Big Band in the Southern Russian city of Krasnodar. He toured regularly as a trio with pianist Daniil Kramer and guitarist Aleksey Kuznetsov during the 1990s.

Garanian recorded more music than any other jazz musician in Russia, performed at many international jazz festivals (Finland, India, Indonesia, Cuba etc.), toured Germany, the United States, Japan, Australia, Sweden, France, Taiwan and many other countries. Frederick Starr wrote in his book about Russian jazz that Garanian is one of the best jazz musicians in Russia. Starr quoted famous American critic John Hammond, who heard George at the jazz festival in Prague, Czechoslovakia, — "Georgy Garanian is phaenomenal".  And person number one in jazz, Willis Conover, the host of "Voice of America" jazz program, invited him many times to participate at International jazz festivals in Hungary, Yugoslavia and other countries.

In the year 2000  Garanian was nominated to the Grammy Award  as a conductor of the famous Tchaikovsky orchestra for the double CD album "Oregon in Moscow", which had been made together with renowned American jazz group Oregon and produced by Pat Metheny Group's Steve Rodby.  In September 2004 on the main Square of Russia founded a pavement Star in honour of George Garanian as the sign of absolute recognition and gratitude for his contribution into Russia culture.

Georgy Garanian was always one of the most "sought after" musicians in Russia. He was the only jazz performer who granted the privilege to perform 4 concerts annually at Moscow Conservatory Great Hall (the most renowned classical venue in East Europe).

In March 2010 Georgy  Garanian Fund released the album "Jazz in Tuxedos" that was recorded  by suddenly gone in January Maestro George Garanian with "Moscow virtuosi" Chamber Orchestra and classical pianist Denis Matsuev. All the tracks in the album "Jazz in Tuxedos" suggest unique arrangements, that are originally made by  Garanian. Practically in every track there is George Garanian's alto sax solo and he is the conductor always. CD became popular right after it had come out as well as the new version of George Garanian's legendary manual "Basic foundation of variety and jazz arrangement".

He died from cardiac arrest in Krasnodar on 11 January 2010 at the age of 75.

References

External links

 Personal website
 Georgy Garanian – 75 years old
 Georgy Garanian

1934 births
2010 deaths
Russian jazz composers
Soviet film score composers
Soviet conductors (music)
Russian male conductors (music)
Honored Artists of the RSFSR
People's Artists of Russia
Recipients of the Order of Honour (Russia)
State Prize of the Russian Federation laureates
Russian people of Armenian descent
Soviet jazz musicians
Russian jazz musicians
Saxophonists
Bandleaders
Armenian jazz musicians
Burials at Vagankovo Cemetery
Recipients of the Order "For Merit to the Fatherland", 4th class
20th-century Russian male musicians
20th-century jazz composers
20th-century saxophonists
Moscow Conservatory alumni

Georgy Garanian


Hare scramble is a form of off-road motorcycle racing that varies in distance and time, with the riders completing multiple laps around a marked course through wooded or other rugged natural terrain.

Course
Hare scrambles are conducted on closed course tracks which can vary from  or more. The terrain is wooded and fairly rugged in order to test the riders' skills and endurance. The majority of the course consists of a wooded, single and double width trail, with occasional pasture and sand crossings. An event may incorporate a short portion of a pre-existing motocross track. The natural terrain tests the riders' abilities to navigate through obstacles such as creek beds, logs, hills, mud, rocks and ruts. Some trails are cut to  or less so motorcycle handlebars will not fit between trees, requiring special skills to navigate. The winner of each class is typically determined by who completes the most laps within a predetermined period of time. The most common time period for a hare scramble competition is 1, 2 or 3 hours.

A Grand National Cross Country (GNCC) is not a Hare Scramble; rather GNCC is wide open courses that are laid out to allow ATVs to run the same course as motorbikes. Conversely, Hare Scramble runs at a slower rate and is much tighter, requiring a different set of skills than GNCC.

Categorization

By riders' skills
The competitors are typically categorized by their relative skill levels and the displacement of their motorcycle's engine. For example, many hare scrambles categorize rider ability in three categories, A, B, and C; A being the highest skill level. The C class is usually riders who are in their first couple of years of competition or who compete infrequently. There is usually a point system that regulates a rider's progress from the entry level class on up to the top class. A very high level of skill is needed to progress through the various skill categories. Many riders never progress out of the C category of competition, and very few riders have the skill and determination to progress to the A category. There is a meta category AA (double A) that denotes an A rider that competes in Professional events.

By engine size
The categories based on engine size frequently use the following thresholds of engine capacity: 0-50cc, 66-85cc, 85-100cc, 124cc-200cc, 201-250cc, and larger than 250cc. Accordingly, a beginning rider on a 200cc motorcycle would likely compete in the 200C class, which denotes both the capacity of his or her motorcycle and the relative skill level of the competitor.

By rider's age
Once riders reach a certain age they are eligible to enter the "age classes" although they are not forced to: 30+ (30+), 35+ (Veteran), 40+ (Senior), 45+ (Super Senior), 50+ (Master), 55+ (Silver Master), 60+ (Golden Master). The age classes are then categorized by the skill categories as well, for example Vet B.

References

Dirt biking
Motorcycle racing by type
Off-road racing

Hare scramble


Atum was the creator of everything in ancient Egyptian mythology. He represented the very first history; nothing existed yet except for him. According to the myth, he rose up out of the chaotic waters of Nu and used his own female side to create Shu (air) and Tefnut (moisture). For a while, his two children were lost at sea. Atum sent his removable eye, the Udjat Eye, to go look for them.  When they returned, Atum cried tears of joy. Where these tears hit the ground is where men formed. Out of the two elements water and air, the other gods and goddesses were born. The Egyptians believed he was the father of all the gods.
Atum was first the partner of the earth then the partner of the setting sun.

Egyptian gods and goddesses

Atum


A Zed & Two Noughts is a 1985 film written and directed by Peter Greenaway. This film was Greenaway's first collaboration with cinematographer Sacha Vierny, who went on to shoot virtually all of Greenaway's work in the 1980s and 1990s, until Vierny's death. Greenaway referred to Vierny as his "most important collaborator". The film deals with twin zoologists who, after losing both their wives in a car accident, develop an obsession with animal decomposition.

Plot
Twin zoologists, Oswald and Oliver Deuce (Brian Deacon and Eric Deacon), are at work studying the behaviour of animals at a zoo when both their wives are killed in a car crash involving a large swan which crashes through the car windscreen. The woman who was driving the car, Alba Bewick (Andréa Ferréol), is not killed, but has a leg amputated.

Venus de Milo (Frances Barber), a prostitute and storyteller who plies her trade at the zoo, attempts to forge a relationship with the twins, ostensibly to help them recover from their loss. Meanwhile, Oswald and Oliver gradually become obsessed with images of growth and decay, watching videos on the origins of life and creating time-lapse video of decomposing life forms. They begin this latter task with a green apple, bitten into and rotting before their camera lens.

The twins' descent sees them become romantically involved with Alba, and increasingly attached to one another. Venus de Milo remains involved with them enough to observe their obsessions grow: they take to video-taping the decomposition of prawns, and they take a personal interest in Alba's childhood, going so far as to ask her to show them a field seen in a photograph on her bedside table. They become obsessed with snails, and they take advantage of their contacts at the zoo to create decomposition videos of more and more complex animals, moving gradually up the food chain. Excerpts from Sir David Attenborough's TV series Life on Earth, including his narration, are featured in the film.

Alba becomes a subject for the experiments of her surgeon, who eventually amputates her other leg, claiming it is putting stress on her spine. His true motive is to fashion Alba into a subject of his recreations of Johannes Vermeer paintings; Venus de Milo participates in this process, as well.

Ultimately, the Deuce brothers' obsession with decay leads them to the top of the food chain, and to a complex life-and-death negotiation with Alba herself. The brothers' project seems the only possible emotional investment for either of them, so Alba offers herself as the final specimen to be photographed in its decay. However her family intervenes before the brothers can claim her, so they are forced to find another way to create their final time-lapse video. They do so by returning to the field of Alba's childhood and setting up the necessary equipment to facilitate and capture their own decomposition. A huge infestation of snails covers the equipment and bodies, however, and finally shorts out the electrical system, halting their grand project.

Cast

Reception
The film received generally positive reviews, holding a 75% on aggregator Rotten Tomatoes from 20 reviews. Philip French of The Observer wrote, "The energy is immense, the appearance of the film consistently sleek and visually exciting." Jonathan Rosenbaum considers it to be "the boldest and arguably the best of Peter Greenaway's fiction features". Not all reviews were positive, however. Vincent Canby of The New York Times called it "pretentious, humorless and, worst of all, more boring than a retrospective devoted to television weather forecasts delivered over a 30-year period at 11 P.M., Eastern standard time."

Philip Hoffman's 1986 documentary film ?O, Zoo!: The Making of a Fiction Film was based in part around the making of A Zed & Two Noughts.

Soundtrack

Elements of Michael Nyman's score invoke the "Dies Irae" section from Heinrich Ignaz Franz Biber's Requiem ex F con terza minore. The "Angelfish Decay"/"Swan Rot"/"L'Escargot" theme was originally written for Childs Play, a dance work commissioned by Lucinda Childs. Performance of the soundtrack is credited to Nyman, Alexander Balanescu, Elisabeth Perry, Sarah Leonard and "The Zoo Orchestra". While the score is in the Michael Nyman Band's repertoire, particularly "Time Lapse" and "Prawn Watching", they do not perform on the soundtrack.  Musicians credited on the film's closing credits are (in alphabetical order) Arno Bons, Gerard Bouwhuis, Bas Dekker, Pieter Gouderjaan, Rob Hageman, John Helstone, Jan Jansen, Sofia Kiss, Henk Leether, Beverly Lund, Gerrit Oloeman, Jelle Schouten, Jorn Shroeder, Peter Stan, Win Steinman, Leo Van Oostron, Marien Van Staalen, Adri Van Velson, Peter Veenhuizen, Lene Te Voortwis, Frans Vreugdenhil, and Gerbrand Westveen.

Track listing
"Angelfish Decay"
"Car Crash"
"Time Lapse"
"Prawn Watching"
"Bisocosis Populi"
"Swan Rot"
"Delft Waltz"
"Up for Crabs"
"Vermeer's Wife"
"Venus de Milo"
"Lady in the Red Hat"
"L'Escargot"

Produced by David Cunningham
Recorded at VARA Studio, Berry Street Studio and Olympic Studios
Mixed at Olympic Studios
Digital editing at Finesplice
Mastered by Tim Young and Michael J. Dutton

The album was issued on compact disc in the United States on 4 June 1991, with a new cover featuring Ferreol in-between the Deacons in bed, and the title spelled A Zed And Two Noughts. The original LP cover showed a zebra in a cage, as does the UK CD. A digitally remastered edition was released in the United States with the 1991 cover on 29 March 2004.

References

External links

  A Zed & Two Noughts at petergreenaway.org.uk
  Unofficial Peter Greenaway fan site

 A Zed and Two Noughts review at The Film Walrus

1985 films
1985 comedy-drama films
British comedy-drama films
Dutch comedy-drama films
English-language Dutch films
Films directed by Peter Greenaway
Films scored by Michael Nyman
1985 comedy films
1985 drama films
Films about twin brothers
1980s English-language films
1980s British films

A Zed & Two Noughts


In economics an expenditure is when a company buys fixed assets that will create a benefit in the future, or when the company upgrades existing assets so that they can be used for a longer time. This constitutes an investment, as the benefits of the use usually last much longer than the fiscal year. Depreciation also happens: the cost that the company took to upgrade or buy the assets will usually not be deducted directly, in one year; depending on the form of calculation used, a part of the cost will be deducted each year, as a form of expense.

Economics

Expenditure


Haile Selassie I ( born Tafari Makonnen July 23, 1892 - August 27, 1975) was the Emperor of Ethiopia from April 2, 1930 to September 12, 1974. He was Regent Plenipotentiary of Ethiopia from 1916 to 1930, when he was crowned Emperor of Ethiopia as one of the Solomonid dynasty. He fought against Italy, shortly before World War II. He was one of the founding fathers of the League of Nations and the United Nations and the 8th person to be recognized the Time Person of the Year.

Tafari was made into local governor of Sidamo in 1907 and Harar in 1911. In Harar, he had a huge following, but he agreed not to remove Lij Iyasu from power as regent in exchange for Iyasu not removing him as governor of Harer. However, Iyasu became a Muslim and broke his agreement by trying to remove Tafari as governor. Tafari said that he now did have to keep the agreement and so he removed Iyasu as regent.

Because Iyasu was a Muslim, the nobles replaced him with Empress Zauditu on September 27, 1916 and made Tafari regent. From to then on, Tafari controlled Ethiopia. He was made negus (king) in 1928 and was crowned "Haile Selassie I, King of Kings of Ethiopia, Conquering Lion of the Tribe of Judah, Elect of God" on November 2, 1930. His coronation was given widespread publicity throughout the world, especially in two TIME Magazine articles. The publicity created interest on the faraway island of Jamaica, where a belief in his divinity (Godliness) soon arose because of his titles, and he was seen as a symbol of black liberation.

In 1936, he left Ethiopia after an invasion by Benito Mussolini's Italy. The Emperor gave a speech at the League of Nations that asked the world to stop the Italians, but it failed to act. With the help of the British in World War II, he returned to Ethiopia in 1941. In 1963, the Emperor did everything he could to help start the Organisation of African Unity (OAU), with its headquarters in Addis Ababa. In 1966, he visited Jamaica, where he met the Rastafarian community of Jamaica.

On September 12, 1974, he was overthrown by a Marxist coup. He was said to have died of natural causes in August 1975, but evidence later showed that he had been murdered. However, many Rastafarians claim that he is still alive.

Foreign relations
Haile Selassie contributed Ethiopian troops to the United Nations operation in the Congo peacekeeping force during the 1960 Congo Crisis to preserve Congolese integrity, according to United Nations Security Council Resolution 143. On 13 December 1960, while Haile Selassie was on a state visit to Brazil, his Kebur Zabagna (Imperial Guard) forces staged an unsuccessful coup and briefly proclaimed Haile Selassie's eldest son, Asfa Wossen, as emperor. The regular army and police forces crushed the coup attempt since it lacked broad popular support; was denounced by the Ethiopian Orthodox Church; and was unpopular with the army, the air force, and thr police. The effort to depose the Emperor, however, had support among students and the educated classes. The coup attempt has been characterized as a pivotal moment in Ethiopian history, when Ethiopians "for the first time questioned the power of the king to rule without the people's consent". Student populations began to empathise with the peasantry and the poor and advocate on their behalf. The coup spurred Haile Selassie to accelerate reform, which was manifested in the form of land grants to military and police officials.

The Emperor continued to be a staunch ally of the West although he pursued a firm policy of decolonisation in Africa, which was still largely under European colonial rule. The United Nations conducted a lengthy inquiry regarding Eritrea's status, with each of the superpowers vying for a stake in the state's future. The British administrator suggested Eritrea's partition between Sudan and Ethiopia to separate Christians and Muslims. The idea was instantly rejected by Eritrean political parties, as well as the United Nations.

A UN plebiscite voted 46 to 10 to have Eritrea be federated with Ethiopia, which was later stipulated on 2 December 1950 in resolution 390 (V). Eritrea would have its own parliament and administration and be represented in what had been the Ethiopian PA, which would become the federal parliament. Haile Selassie would have none of the European attempts to draft a separate constitution under which Eritrea would be governed, and he wanted his own 1955 Constitution protecting families to apply to both Ethiopia and Eritrea. In 1961, the 30-year Eritrean Struggle for Independence began, followed by Haile Selassie's dissolution of the federation and shutting down of the Eritrean Parliament.

In September 1961, Haile Selassie attended the Conference of Heads of State of Government of Non-Aligned Countries in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. That is considered to be the founding conference of the Non-Aligned Movement.

In 1961, tensions between independence-minded Eritreans and Ethiopian forces culminated in the Eritrean War of Independence. The emperor declared Eritrea the fourteenth province of Ethiopia in 1962. The war would continue for 30 years. Haile Selassie and then the Soviet-backed junta that succeeded him attempted to retain Eritrea by force.

In 1963, Haile Selassie presided over the formation of the Organization of African Unity (OAU), the precursor of the today's African Union (AU). The new organization would establish its headquarters in Addis Ababa. In May that year, Haile Selassie was elected as the OAU's first official chairperson, a rotating seat. Along with Modibo Keïta of Mali, the Ethiopian leader would later help successfully negotiate the Bamako Accords, which brought an end to the border conflict between Morocco and Algeria. In 1964, Haile Selassie would initiate the concept of the United States of Africa, a proposition later taken up by Muammar Gaddafi.

On 4 October 1963, Haile Selassie addressed the General Assembly of the United Nations that referred to his address to his earlier speech to the League of Nations:Twenty-seven years ago, as Emperor of Ethiopia, I mounted the rostrum in Geneva, Switzerland, to address the League of Nations and to appeal for relief from the destruction which had been unleashed against my defenseless nation, by the fascist invader. I spoke then both to and for the conscience of the world. My words went unheeded, but history testifies to the accuracy of the warning that I gave in 1936. Today, I stand before the world organization which has succeeded to the mantle discarded by its discredited predecessor. In this body is enshrined the principle of collective security which I unsuccessfully invoked at Geneva. Here, in this Assembly, reposes the best – perhaps the last – hope for the peaceful survival of mankind.Emperor Haile Selassie standing in front of throne c. 1965
On 25 November 1963, the Emperor was among other heads of state, including French President Charles de Gaulle, ti traveed to Washington, DC, and attend the funeral of assassinated President John F. Kennedy.

In 1966, Haile Selassie attempted to replace the historical tax system with a single progressive income tax, which would significantly weaken the nobility, which had previously avoided paying most of their taxes. Even with alterations, the law led to a revolt in Gojjam, which was repressed although enforcement of the tax was abandoned. Having achieved its design in undermining the tax, the revolt encouraged other landowners to defy Haile Selassie.

A parade in honoir of Emperor of Ethiopia, Haile Selassie I, turns onto Pennsylvania Avenue from New York Avenue; crowds line the street. Washington, D.C 1963

While he had fully approved and assured Ethiopia's participation in UN-approved collective security operations, including Korea and Congo, Haile Selassie drew a distinction between it and the non-UN-approved foreign intervention in Indochina, consistently deplored it as needless suffering and called for the Vietnam War to end on several occasions. At the same time, he remained open toward the United States and praised it for making progress with civil rights legislation in the 1950s and the 1960s. He visited the US several times during those years.

Titles and styles
Main article: List of titles and honours of Haile Selassie

 23 July 1892 – 1 November 1905: Lij Tafari Makonnen
 1 November 1905 – 11 February 1917: Dejazmach Tafari Makonnen
 11 February 1917 – 7 October 1928: Le'ul-Ras Tafari Makonnen
 7 October 1928 – 2 November 1930: Negus Tafari Makonnen
 2 November 1930 – 12 September 1974: His Imperial Majesty Haile Selassie I, King of Kings, Lord of Lords, Conquering Lion of the Tribe of Judah, Elect of God and Light of the Universe.
 134th Christian ruler of Ethiopia ?
 On 21 January 1965, Haile Selassie I was venerated with the title of "Defender of the Faith" by the Patriarchs of the Oriental Orthodox Churches of the World.

National orders

 Chief Commander of the Order of the Star of Ethiopia (1909)
 Grand Collar of the Order of Solomon (1930)
 Grand Cordon of the Order of the Seal of Solomon
 Grand Cordon with Collar of the Order of the Queen of Sheba
 Grand Cordon of the Order of the Holy Trinity (Ethiopia)
 Grand Cordon of the Order of Menelik II
 Order of Fidelity

References

1892 births
1975 deaths
Rastafari
Time People of the Year
Recipients of the Decoration for Services to the Republic of Austria
Emperors of Ethiopia

Haile Selassie I


A molecular cloud is a kind of cloud in space. It has enough density and size so that molecules can form, usually molecules of hydrogen (H2). Molecular hydrogen is not easy to find. Instead astronomers use infrared telescopes and radio telescopes to look for CO (carbon monoxide). This lets them find the hydrogen molecules that are also there.

Molecular cloud

Molecular cloud


Nikolai Aleksandrovich Tikhonov (; ;  – 1 June 1997) was a Soviet Russian-Ukrainian statesman during the Cold War. He served as Chairman of the Council of Ministers from 1980 to 1985, and as a First Deputy Chairman of the Council of Ministers, literally First Vice Premier, from 1976 to 1980. Tikhonov was responsible for the cultural and economic administration of the Soviet Union during the late era of stagnation. He was replaced as Chairman of the Council of Ministers in 1985 by Nikolai Ryzhkov. In the same year, he lost his seat in the Politburo; however, he retained his seat in the Central Committee until 1989.

He was born in the city of Kharkiv in 1905 to a Russian-Ukrainian working-class family; he graduated in the 1920s and started working in the 1930s. Tikhonov began his political career in local industry, and worked his way up the hierarchy of Soviet industrial ministries. He was appointed deputy chairman of the Gosplan in 1963. After Alexei Kosygin's resignation Tikhonov was voted into office as Chairman of the Council of Ministers. In this position, he refrained from taking effective measures to reform the Soviet economy, a need which was strongly evidenced during the early–mid-1980s. He retired from active politics in 1989 as a pensioner. Tikhonov died on 1 June 1997.

Early life and career
Tikhonov was born in the Ukrainian city of Kharkiv on  to a Russian-Ukrainian working-class family; he graduated from the St. Catherine Institute of Communications in 1924. Tikhonov worked as an assistant engineer from 1924 to 1926. Four years later, in 1930, Tikhonov graduated as an engineer, earning a degree from the Dnipropetrovsk Metallurgical Institute. From 1930 to 1941, Tikhonov worked as an engineer at the Lenin Metallurgical Plant in Dnipropetrovsk; he was appointed as the plant's Chief Engineer in January 1941.

It was during his stay in Dnipropetrovsk that he met Leonid Brezhnev, a future leader of the Soviet Union. Tikhonov joined the All-Union Communist Party (bolsheviks) in 1940 and by the end of the decade, had secured a job as a plant director. As a director, Tikhonov was able to show off his organisational skills; under his leadership the plant became the first in the region to reopen a hospital, organising dining rooms and restoring social clubs for workers caught up in the aftermath of the Eastern Front. Tikhonov was quickly promoted, and started working for the Ministry of Ferrous Metallurgy in the 1950s. Between 1955 and 1960 Tikhonov became a Deputy Minister of the Ministry of Ferrous Metallurgy, a member (and later chairman) of the Scientific Council of the Council of Ministers, and finally, a deputy chairman of the State Planning Committee. At the 22nd Party Congress Tikhonov was elected to the Central Committee as a non-voting member. At the 23rd party congress in 1966, Tikhonov was elected a member of the Central Committee. Tikhonov was awarded the Hero of Socialist Labour award for his first time.

During his tenure as Deputy Premier, Tikhonov was in charge of metallurgy and chemical industry; his responsibilities did not change with his ascension to the post of First Deputy Premier. However, he did provide a general coordination for heavy industry. When Alexei Kosygin, the Premier, was on sick leave in 1976 Brezhnev took advantage of his illness by appointing Tikhonov to the office of First Deputy Premier. As First Deputy Premier, Tikhonov was able to reduce Kosygin to a standby figure. Tikhonov was, however, one of the few who got along with both Brezhnev and Kosygin, both of them liked his candor and honesty. In 1978 Tikhonov was elected a candidate member of the Politburo and was made a voting member of the Politburo in 1979. Tikhonov was not informed of the decision to intervene in Afghanistan; the reason being his bad relationship with Dmitriy Ustinov, the Minister of Defense at the time.

Premiership (1980–1985)

Appointment and the 26th Congress
When Alexei Kosygin resigned in 1980, Tikhonov, at the age of 75, was elected the new Chairman of the Council of Ministers. During his five-year term as premier Tikhonov refrained from reforming the Soviet economy, despite all statistics from that time showing the economy was stagnating. Tikhonov presented the Eleventh Five-Year Plan (1981–85) at the 26th Party Congress, and told the delegates that the state would allocate nine million roubles for mothers who were seeking parental leave. In his presentation to the congress, Tikhonov admitted that Soviet agriculture was not producing enough grain. Tikhonov called for an improvement in Soviet–US relations, but dismissed all speculations that the Soviet economy was in any sort of crisis. Despite this, Tikhonov admitted to economic "shortcomings" and acknowledged the ongoing "food problem"; other topics for discussion were the need to save energy resources, boost labour productivity and to improve the quality of Soviet produced goods. Early in his term, in January 1981, Tikhonov admitted that the government's demographic policy was one of the weakest areas of his cabinet. In reality, however, he along with many others, were beginning to worry that not enough Russians were being born. The Era of Stagnation reduced the birth rate, and increased the death rate of the Russian population.

Under Andropov and Chernenko

Leonid Brezhnev awarded Tikhonov the Hero of Socialist Labour, after being advised to do so by Konstantin Chernenko. Upon Brezhnev's death in 1982, Tikhonov supported Chernenko's candidacy for the General Secretaryship. Chernenko lost the vote, and Yuri Andropov became General Secretary. It has been suggested that Andropov had plans of replacing Tikhonov with Heydar Aliyev. Historian William A. Clark noted how Aliyev, a former head of the Azerbaijani KGB, was appointed to the First Deputy Premiership of the Council of Ministers without Tikhonov's consent; however, Andropov's death in 1984 left Tikhonov secure in his office. Some Western analysts speculated that the appointment of Andrei Gromyko to the First Deputy Premiership, again without Tikhonov's consent, was a sign that his position within the Soviet hierarchy was weakened. Tikhonov was on a state visit to Yugoslavia when Gromyko was appointed to the First Deputy Premiership.

With his health failing, Andropov used his spare times to write speeches to the Central Committee. In one of these speeches Andropov told the Central Committee that Mikhail Gorbachev, and not Chernenko, would succeed him upon his death. His speech was not read out to the Central Committee plenum because of an anti-Gorbachev troika consisting of Chernenko, Dmitriy Ustinov and Tikhonov. During Andropov's last days, Tikhonov presided over the Politburo sessions, headed the 1984 Soviet delegation to the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance conference in East Berlin, conducted bilateral relations with the Eastern Bloc states, and hosted the Prime Minister of Finland when he visited the Soviet Union. In short, in-between Andropov's last days and Chernenko's rise to power, Tikhonov was the dominant driving figure of the Soviet Union. However, Tikhonov peacefully stepped away, and supported Chernenko's candidacy for General Secretary. When Chernenko died in 1985, Tikhonov tried, but failed, to find a contender to Gorbachev's candidacy to the General Secretaryship.

Gorbachev and resignation
Upon Gorbachev's ascension to power, Tikhonov was elected chairman of the newly established Commission on Improvements of the Management System. The title of chairman was largely honorary, and its de facto head was its deputy chairman, Nikolai Ryzhkov. On 23 May 1985 Tikhonov presented his development plan for 1985 to 1990, and up until 2000, the plan was criticised by co-workers, and Gorbachev told his colleagues that Tikhonov was "ill-equipped" for the Premiership. Tikhonov forecast estimated growth of 20–22 percent in Soviet national income, an increase of 21–24 percent in industrial growth and doubling Soviet agriculture output by 2000. As part of Gorbachev's plan of removing, and replacing, the most conservative members of the Politburo, Tikhonov was compelled to retire. Ryzhkov succeeded Tikhonov in office on 27 September 1985. His resignation was made official at a Central Committee plenum in September 1985. It is noteworthy that by the time of his resignation, Tikhonov was the oldest member of the Soviet leadership. Tikhonov was active in Soviet politics, albeit in a much less prominent role, until 1989 when he lost his seat in the Central Committee.

Later life and death
After his forced resignation from active politics in 1989, Tikhonov wrote a letter to Mikhail Gorbachev which stated that he regretted supporting his election to the General Secretaryship. This view was strengthened when the Communist Party was banned in the Soviet Union. After his retirement, he lived the rest of his life in seclusion at his dacha. As one of his friends noted, he lived as "a hermit" and never showed himself in public and that his later life was very difficult as he had no children and because his wife had died. Prior to the dissolution of the Soviet Union Tikhonov worked as a  State Advisor to the Supreme Soviet. Tikhonov died on 1 June 1997 and was buried at the Novodevichy Cemetery. Shortly before his death, he wrote a letter addressed to Yeltsin: "I ask you to bury me at public expense, since I have no financial savings."

According to Time magazine, Tikhonov was a "tried and tested yes man" who had very little experience in foreign and defence policy when he took over the Premiership from Alexei Kosygin. A bust dedicated to Tikhonov was erected in Kharkiv, his birthplace, but was dismantled following the Russian invasion of Ukraine. Tikhonov, when compared to other Soviet premiers, has made little impact on post-Soviet culture and his legacy is remembered by few today. During his lifetime Tikhonov was awarded several awards; he was awarded the Order of Lenin nine times, the Order of the Red Banner of Labour twice, one Red Star, two Stalin Prizes and several medals and foreign awards.

Decorations and awards
 Hero of Socialist Labour (1975, 1982)
 Nine Orders of Lenin
 Order of the October Revolution
 Two Orders of the Red Banner
 Order of the Red Star
 Stalin Prize;
 1st class (1943) – a radical improvement of the production of pipes and mortar ammunition
 3rd class (1951) – for the development and commercial production of seamless pipes of large diameter
 Doctor of Technical Sciences (1961)

References

Sources

 Tikhonov's Selected Speeches and Writings

1905 births
1997 deaths
Politicians from Kharkiv
Candidates of the Central Committee of the 22nd Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
Members of the Central Committee of the 23rd Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
Members of the Central Committee of the 24th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
Members of the Central Committee of the 25th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
Members of the Central Committee of the 26th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
Members of the Central Committee of the 27th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
Candidates of the Politburo of the 25th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
Members of the Politburo of the 25th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
Members of the Politburo of the 26th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
Heads of government of the Soviet Union
Members of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union
Soviet metallurgists
Soviet engineers
National Metallurgical Academy of Ukraine alumni
Heroes of Socialist Labour
Recipients of the Order of Lenin
Recipients of the Order of the Red Banner
Recipients of the Stalin Prize
Burials at Novodevichy Cemetery

Nikolai Tikhonov


The Treaty of Paris was signed on May 20, 1303, between England and France. In the Treaty of Paris (1259), Gascony was given to England, as a fief. On all occasions when there was a change of monarch in France or England, the vassal England had to give praise to its lord, France. Edward I of England did this, in the years 1272 and 1285, and also reminded France that it had the same duties. 1294, the treaty was broken. Philip IV of France occupied Guyenne, in Gascony. The English king made it an Allodial title, and was prepared to go to war over it.  Philip was only able to keep Guyenne until 1303. With the Treaty of Paris, Edward obtained Guyenne, as well as the cities of Bordeaux and Bayonne. Edward II of England gave allegiance to the French King, and married his daughter, Isabella.

14th century in France
1300s in England
Paris 1303
1303
May events

Treaty of Paris (1303)


The Coat o Airms o Bolivie haes a central cartouche surroondit bi Bolivian banners, muskets, laurel branches, an haes an Andean condor on tap.

The central cartouche haes a border wi ten starns in the bottom, which seembolise the nine Departamentos an the umwhile province Litoral that wis taken ower bi Chile in 1879, an the name o Bolivie in the tap section.  Athin the border the siller muntain Potosí — recognised bi a mine entrance — is depictit, wi a sun risin abuin it, an wi an alpaca staundin next tae a tree an some wheat. The alpaca staunds on a plain that contrasts wi the muntain. The muntain an its contrast wi the plains are indicative o the geography o Bolivie. The alpaca is the naitional ainimal, an the items next tae it are seembolic o the resoorces o the naition.

Aroond the shield thare are three Bolivian banners on each side. Behind these are twa pairs o crossed rifles that seembolise the struggle for unthrildom. Next tae the muskets thare are an axe an a reid Phrygian huid, which is the seembol o leeberty an freedom. The laurel branches are seembolic o peace, an the condor perched upon the shield is seembolic o a willingness tae defend the naition an its leeberty.

In some depictions o these coat o airms, the twa pairs o muskets are replaced bi twa cannons.  Ither depictions an aa hae mair realistic seembols in the shield.

Freemit airtns
Bolivia could put coca leaves on coat of arms, Reuters.com

Naitional seembols o Bolivie
Bolivie

Coat o airms o Bolivie


The Potala Palace (Tibetan: ཕོ་བྲང་པོ་ཏ་ལ་) was a fortress in the city of Lhasa, in Tibet. It was used as the Dalai Lama's winter palace from 1649 to 1959. The palace is named after Mount Potalaka, Avalokiteśvara's home.

The 5th Dalai Lama ordered the construction for this fortress after one of his spiritual advisors showed that the site had good potential and was good as a government building.

Palaces in Asia
Buildings and structures in Tibet
Lhasa

Potala Palace


Master Chief Petty Officer John-117 is a fictional person.  He is the main protagonist of the Halo video game series. He is also called Master Chief, or Spartan-117.

Master Chief is a player character in Halo: Combat Evolved, Halo 2, Halo 3, Halo 4, Halo 5: Guardians and Halo Infinite.  He also is also featured in several novels and other games in the Halo series.

The character is never seen without his green-colored armor and helmet. He is one of the most recognizable characters from Halo. Several action figures of the character are available.

Fictional characters introduced in 2001
Halo characters
Video game protagonists

Master Chief


Set construction means building the scenery for the performance of a play in a theatre or for the filming of a movie or a television programme.

There are several stages in the building of a set and, for a large project, many people may be needed.  The set designer has to design the set.  A model will be built to show what the set will look like.  Drawings are made.

The technical director or production manager will look at the designs and decide whether they are what he wants and whether there is enough money to built it.  Then a master carpenter will tell the people who work for him what they have to do.  There will be carpenters, plasterers, welders, painters and, perhaps, several other craftsmen.

Theater

Set construction


Dag Solstad (born 16 July 1941) is a Norwegian novelist, short-story writer, and dramatist whose work has been translated into 20 languages. He has written nearly 30 books and is the only author to have received the Norwegian Literary Critics' Award three times.

His awards include the Mads Wiel Nygaards Endowment in 1969, the Nordic Council's Literature Prize in 1989, for Roman 1987 and the Brage Prize in 2006 for Armand V. Solstad is among Norway's top-ranked authors of his generation. His early books were considered somewhat controversial, due to their political emphasis (leaning towards the Marxist–Leninist side of the political spectrum). Dag Solstad lives part-time in Berlin and part-time in Oslo.

Personal life
Solstad was born in Sandefjord to merchant Ole Modal Solstad and Ragna Sofie Tveitan. His first marriage was to Erna Irene Asp, from 1968. From 1983 to 1990 he was married Tone Elisabeth Melgård. In 1995 he married journalist Therese Bjørneboe, and is thus son-in-law of writer Jens Bjørneboe.

Selected works

In 16.07.41 (2002), he tells the story in the first-person narrative, of his long and frequent walks through the streets of Berlin. However, the story is at the same time a journey in pursuit of a father-son relationship.

T. Singer (1999) is a story about a 34-year-old librarian who leaves Oslo in search of a satisfying and anonymous life in a smaller town.  He marries a single mother and at first feels contented in his invisible role as husband and stepfather.  However, after two years, Singer files for divorce; she is later killed in a car accident.  He returns to Oslo with his stepdaughter where they live together but lead separate lives.  Singer broods and becomes very alone yet feels content in the fact that he has chosen an enigmatic lifestyle.  This book contains philosophical and existential observations of someone seeking to authenticate their identity through chosen isolation rather than social integration.

Medaljens forside (1990) is a book on the history of the industrial construction and engineering company Aker Kværner, but the author insists it should nevertheless be considered as a novel, with the Aker company as its main character.

His 1982 novel Gymnaslærer Pedersens beretning om den store politiske vekkelse som har hjemsøkt vårt land was adapted for the screen in 2006 by Hans Petter Moland as Gymnaslærer Pedersen.

Other writings and assessment

With fellow novelist Jon Michelet, Solstad has published a book after each of the FIFA World Cups in 1982, 1986, 1990, 1994 and 1998. The books blend analytic reporting with political and cultural commentary, and are contributions to genuine literature.

Solstad has also published various essays and articles, both for literary magazines and newspapers, and selections of these have been collected and published in three separate volumes.

In her PhD thesis Why So Big? A Literary Discourse Analysis of Dag Solstad's Authorship (University of Oslo, 2009), Inger Østenstad argues from different perspectives that Solstad is Norway's greatest contemporary writer, and uses a version of Dominique Maingueneau's discourse theory to analyse the components of oeuvre, reception, para-text and meta-text that in Solstad's case contribute to his established greatness. Peter Handke, Karl Ove Knausgaard and Per Petterson, three contemporary writers, regard Solstad highly for his literary excellence.

Novels
 Irr! Grønt! – (1969)
 Arild Asnes, 1970 – (1971)
 25. septemberplassen – (1974)
 Svik. Førkrigsår – (1977)
 Krig. 1940 (War. 1940) – (1978)
 Brød og våpen (Bread and Weapons) – (1980)
 Gymnaslærer Pedersens beretning om den store politiske vekkelse som har hjemsøkt vårt land – (1982)
 Forsøk på å beskrive det ugjennomtrengelige – (1984)
 Roman 1987 (Novel 1987) – (1987)
 Medaljens forside (The Front of the Medal) – (1990)
 Ellevte roman, bok atten (Novel 11, Book 18) – (1992)
 Genanse og verdighet (Shyness and Dignity) – (1994)
 Professor Andersens natt (Professor Andersen's Night) – (1996)
 T. Singer – (1999)
 16/07/41 – (2002)
 Armand V. Fotnoter til en uutgravd roman (Armand V. Footnotes from an unexcavated novel) – (2006)
 17. roman (Novel 17) − (2009)
 Det uoppløselige episke element i Telemark i perioden 1591-1896 : roman (2013)
 Tredje, og siste, roman om Bjørn Hansen (2019)

Awards and prizes
 Mads Wiel Nygaard's Endowment 1969
 Norwegian Critics Prize for Literature 1969, for Irr! Grønt!
 Språklig samlings litteraturpris 1982
 Nordic Council's Literature Prize 1989, for Roman 1987
 Norwegian Critics Prize for Literature 1992, for Novel 11, Book 18
 Dobloug Prize 1996
 Gyldendalprisen 1996
 Brage Prize Honorary Award 1998
 Norwegian Critics Prize for Literature 1999, for T. Singer
 Vestfolds Litteraturpris 2001
 Aschehoug Prize 2004
 Brage Prize 2006, for Armand V. Fotnoter til en uutgravd roman
 Swedish Academy Nordic Prize 2017

References

External links
Dag Solstad's biography and bibliography at Aschehoug Agency
Dag Solstad at Forlaget Oktober
Solstad bibliography : literature by and on Dag Solstad (National Library of Norway)

Reviews

Dag Solstad, The Art of Fiction No. 230 – interview with Ane Farsethås in The Paris Review, Issue 217, Summer 2016
Marginal Men Take Center Stage in the Novels of Dag Solstad – James Wood in The New Yorker, 15 October 2018. Published in the print edition of 22 October 2018 issue, with the headline "Not Important."
Novel 11, book18 – Paul Binding in The Independent, 12 December 2008
Shyness and Dignity – Boyd Tonkin in The Independent, 28 November 2006

Norwegian essayists
Norwegian Critics Prize for Literature winners
1941 births
Living people
Dobloug Prize winners
20th-century Norwegian novelists
21st-century Norwegian novelists
Norwegian dramatists and playwrights
Norwegian male short story writers
Nordic Council Literature Prize winners
People from Sandefjord
20th-century Norwegian short story writers
21st-century Norwegian short story writers
20th-century essayists
21st-century essayists
20th-century Norwegian male writers
21st-century Norwegian male writers

Dag Solstad


Christian Augustus Siebe (known by his middle name; 1788 – 15 April 1872) was a German-born British engineer chiefly known for his contributions to diving equipment.

Contribution to diving

In the 1830s the Deane brothers asked Siebe to make a variation of their smoke helmet design for underwater use. Later they turned to him to produce more helmets for diving operations. Expanding on improvements already made by another engineer, George Edwards, Siebe produced his own design; a helmet fitted to a full length watertight canvas diving suit. The real success of the equipment was a valve in the helmet.

Colonel Charles Pasley, leader of the Royal Navy team that used Siebe's suit on the wreck of  suggested the helmet should be detachable from the corset, giving rise to the typical standard diving dress which revolutionised underwater civil engineering, underwater salvage, commercial diving and naval diving.

The company that carried his name Siebe Gorman Ltd was founded by him and his son-in-law, Gorman.

He is commemorated by a blue plaque on his former home in Denmark Street, London.

Other inventions
Besides his contributions to diving he also invented:
a rotating water pump patented in 1828,
A paper making machine,
a Dial weighing scale,
an ice-making machine.

Siebe won many medals at the Great Exhibition in 1851 and the Paris Exhibition in 1855.

He died 15 April 1872 of chronic bronchitis, at his London home. He was buried at the West Norwood Cemetery.

See also
Siebe Gorman

References

External links

Historical Diving Society

1788 births
1872 deaths
British marine engineers
British underwater divers
Burials at West Norwood Cemetery
Deaths from bronchitis
Diving engineers
Place of birth missing

Augustus Siebe


Carmarthenshire ( or Sir Gâr) is a unitary authority in the sooth wast o Wales an ane o thirteen historic coonties. It is the third lairgest in Wales. The three lairgest touns are Llanelli, Carmarthen an Ammanford.  The county toun an admeenistrative centre o Carmarthenshire is Carmarthen an the maist muckle dounset is the aurie in an aroond the toun o Llanelli.

Wi its fertile land an agricultural produce, Carmarthenshire is kent as the "Garden o Wales".

History
Carmarthenshire haes its early ruits in the region umwhile kent as Ystrad Tywi (Vale o [the river] Tywi) an pairt o the Principality o Deheubarth durin the Heich Middle Ages, wi the court at Dinefwr.

Follaein the Edwardian Conquest o Wales, the region wis reorganizit bi the Statute o Rhuddlan in 1284 intae Carmarthenshire.

Carmarthenshire haes been spelt in ither weys in the past, includin:
Carmardenshire
Caermarthenshire
Caermardi / Caermardī
Caermaridunum / Caermaridvnvm

Govrenment

Carmarthenshire became an admeenistrative coonty wi a coonty cooncil takkin ower functions frae the Quarter Sessions unner the Local Govrenment Act 1888.  Unner the Local Govrenment Act 1972, the admeenistrative coonty o Carmarthenshire wis abolished on 1 Aprile 1974 an the aurie o Carmarthenshire became three destricts athin the new coonty o Dyfed : Carmarthen, Dinefwr an Llanelli.  Unner the Local Govrenment (Wales) Act 1994, Dyfed wis abolished on 1 Aprile 1996 an the three destricts unitit tae form a unitary authority which haed the same bundaries as the oreeginal Carmarthenshire.  In 2003, follaein a local campaign, the Clunderwen commonty cooncil aurie wis transferred tae Pembrokeshire.

Geography

The coonty is bundit tae the north bi Ceredigion, tae the east bi Powys, Neath Port Talbot an Swansea, tae the sooth bi the Atlantic Ocean an tae the wast bi Pembrokeshire.  The surface generally is upland an muntainous. Fforest Fawr an Black Mountain extend intae the east o the coonty an the Cambrian Mountains intae the north. The sooth coast contains mony fishin veelages an sandy beaches. The heichest pynt is Fan Brycheiniog, 2,525 feet (770 m). (awtho the main summit is in Powys).  Carmarthenshire is the lairgest historic coonty bi aurie in Wales.

It is drained bi several important rivers, especially the Towy, which flows intae the Bristol Channel, an its several tributaries, such as the River Cothi. The Towy is the langest river flowin entirely athin Wales an is notit for its trout an salmon fishin. Ither rivers include the Loughor (which forms the eastren bundary wi Glamorgan), an the Gwendraeth Fawr.

Principal touns are Ammanford, Burry Port, Carmarthen, Kidwelly, Llanelli, Llandeilo, Newcastle Emlyn, Llandovery, St. Clears, Whitland an Pendine.  The principal industries are agricultur, forestry, fishin an tourism. Awtho Llanelli is bi far the lairger toun in the coonty, the coonty toun remains in Carmarthen, mainly due tae its central location.

Demography
Carmarthenshire haes a population o 178,000.  Accordin tae the 2001 census, 39% o the population could speak, read, an write Welsh, an 64% wur able tae dae at least ane o the follaein: speak, read, or write Welsh, or unnerstaund the spoken leid.

Places o interest

See an aw
 Leet o places in Carmarthenshire for an alphabetical leet o touns an veelages.
 Fowk frae Carmarthenshire for a leet o notable fowk frae the coonty.

References

External links
 Carmarthenshire county council
 Carmarthenshire offeecial site frae South West Wales Tourist Buird
 Genuki: Research sources for Carmarthenshire

Coonties o Wales
Historic coonties o Wales
Principal auries o Wales

Carmarthenshire


The Brights is a group that was started by Paul Geisert and Mynga Futrell to make a name that sounds good for people who have views on life based on nature (naturalistic worldviews). They did not like that names like "atheist" and "non-believer" sounded bad to some people and they wanted a word that sounded better to these people.

Paul Geisert chose the word "bright." Mynga Futrell says a bright is a person who has views on life that are free of more-than-natural (supernatural) ideas. She says these persons' morals come from their views on life.

Well-known brights
 Richard Dawkins
 Daniel Dennett
 Penn Jillette and Teller
 James Randi
 Richard Roberts
 Michael Shermer

Criticism

Some people, both religious and non-religious, do not like the Brights using the word "bright" in this way. They believe it suggests that people with views on life based on nature are smarter than those with other views on life. However, this is not why the name was chosen; it tries to show that people with views based on nature are "looking on the bright side" of life.

Other websites
 The Brights' Net – The originating hub of the Brights' Constituency
 Brights' Movement Forums
 Brights Online  – a brights' activist website
 Who Are The Brights? – by the co-founders of the Brights' Net
 The Bright Stuff – Daniel Dennett in the New York Times, 12 July 12 2003
 A Bright New World – Erik Strand in Psychology Today, Jan/Feb 2004
 Not Too "Bright"  - a review of the term 'bright' by Chris Mooney for CSICOP

Lifestyles

Brights


Ivan Vladimirovitch Chtcheglov (Russian: Ива́н Влади́мирович Щегло́в; 16 January 1933 – 21 April 1998), also known as Gilles Ivain, was a French political theorist, activist and poet, born in Paris to Russian parents.

Biography

Family background
Ivan was the son of Vladimir Chtcheglov, a revolutionary sentenced to two years imprisonment following the 1905 Revolution. After his release, Vladimir left the Russian Empire with his wife Hélene Zavadsky. After originally staying in Belgium for three years, the couple moved to Paris in 1910, where Vladimir continued work as a taxi driver. He was active in the CGT and involved in the 1911 drivers strike.

Activities
Ivan wrote Formulaire pour un urbanisme nouveau (Formulary for a New Urbanism) in 1953, at age nineteen under the name Gilles Ivain, which was an inspiration to the Lettrist International and Situationist International. The following quotation from the text was used as the inspiration for the famous Manchester nightclub, the Haçienda:

"And you, forgotten, your memories ravaged by all the consternations of two hemispheres, stranded in the Red Cellars of Pali-Kao, without music and without geography, no longer setting out for the hacienda where the roots think of the child and where the wine is finished off with fables from an old almanac. That's all over. You'll never see the hacienda. It doesn't exist.

The hacienda must be built."

He and his friend Henry de Béarn planned to blow up the Eiffel Tower with some dynamite they had stolen from a nearby building site, because "its reflected light shone into their shared attic room and kept them awake at night." He was arrested at Les Cinq Billards on Rue Mouffetard  in Paris and committed to a mental hospital by his wife, where he was subdued with insulin and shock therapy, and remained for 5 years. He died in 1998.

Further reading

References

External links
Formulary for a New Urbanism
Archives Ivan Chtcheglov

1933 births
1998 deaths
Writers from Paris
Political philosophers
Psychogeographers
French people of Ukrainian descent
20th-century French poets
French male poets
20th-century male writers
French male non-fiction writers
20th-century French male writers

Ivan Chtcheglov


In mathematics, a hyperbola is a type o smuith curve, lyin in a plane, defined bi its geometric properties or bi equations for which it is the solution set.  A hyperbola haes twa pieces, cried connectit components or branches, that are mirror images o ilk ither an resemble twa infinite bows.  The hyperbola is ane o the fower kinds o conic section, furmed bi the intersection o a plane an a double cone.  (The other conic sections are the parabola, the ellipse, an the circle; the circle is a special case o the ellipse). If the plane intersects baith halves o the double cone but daes nae pass through the apex o the cones then the conic is a hyperbola.

Conic sections
Analytic geometry
Curves

Hyperbola


Sultan Yusef ben Hassan (1882–November 17, 1927) (Arabic:السلطان يوسف بن الحسن) ruled the French Protectorate o Morocco frae 1912 till his daith in 1927. Born in the ceety o Meknes tae Sultan Hassan I, he inheritit the throne frae his brither, Sultan Abdelhafid, who abdicatit efter the Treaty o Fez (1912), which made Morocco a French protectorate. He wis a member oi the Alaouite Dynasty.

Yusef's reign wis turbulent an markt wi frequent uprisings against Spain an Fraunce. The maist serious o these wis a Berber uprisin in the Rif Mountains, led bi Abd el-Krim. Though this originally began in the Spainyie-controlled aurie in the north o the kintra, it reached tae the French-controlled aurie till a coalition o Fraunce an Spain finally defeatit the rebels in 1925. Tae ensure his awn safety, Yusef moved the court frae Fez tae Rabat, which haes served as the caipital o the kintra iver since.

Yusef's reign came tae an abrupt end when he dee'd suddenly o uremia in 1927. He wis succeedit bi his son Mohammad.

Honours
Order o Blood o Tunisie
Grand Cross o the Legion d'Honneur o Fraunce-1912
Knight Grand Cross o the Order o St Michael an St George (GCMG)-1917
Grand Cross o the Order o Saints Maurice an Lazarus o the Kinrick o Italy
Grand Cordon o the Order o the Croun o Belgium
Grand Cross o the Order o Isabella the Catholic o the Kinrick o Spain
Grand Cordon o the Order o Muhammad Ali o the Kinrick o Egyp

See an aa
 Leet o rulers o Morocco
 History o Morocco
 Sultan

References an links
 Morocco Alaoui dynasty
 History of Morocco

Alaouite dynasty
Sultans o Morocco
1882 births
1927 daiths
Knichts Grand Cross o the Order o St Michael an St George
Grand Crosses o the Order o the Croun (Belgium)
Fowk frae Meknes

Yusef o Morocco


W.G. Grace MRCS, LRCP (William Gilbert Grace, 18 July 1848 – 23 October 1915) was an English physician and cricketer.

Grace, always known as 'W.G.', was one of the greatest players, and was important in the development of the sport. He played first-class cricket for a record-equalling 44 seasons, from 1865 to 1908, during which he captained England, Gloucestershire County Cricket Club, the Gentlemen, MCC, the United South of England Eleven and several other teams. He came from a cricketing family. In 1880 W.G. with E.M. Grace, one of his elder brothers, and Fred Grace, his younger brother, was the first time three brothers played together in Test cricket. His father and a cousin were also good players.

Right-handed as both batsman and bowler, Grace dominated the sport during his career. His technical innovations and enormous influence had a lasting effect. An outstanding all-rounder, he excelled at batting, bowling and fielding. It is for his batting that he is most renowned. Usually opening the innings, he was admired for his mastery of all strokes: his level of expertise was said by contemporary reviewers to be unique. He generally captained the teams he played for at all levels because of his skill and tactical know-how, and his dominant personality.

Grace qualified as a medical practitioner in 1879. Because of his medical profession, he was nominally an amateur cricketer but he is said to have made more money from cricket than any professional. He was a very competitive player. Although he was one of the most famous men in England, he was also one of the most controversial on account of his gamesmanship and his financial skill.

He took part in other sports: as a young man he was a champion 440 yard hurdler, and also played football for the Wanderers.  In later life, he developed enthusiasm for golf, lawn bowls and curling.

Test cricket began in 1877, when Grace was already 28. He made his debut in 1880, scoring England's first-ever Test century against Australia. He played for England in 22 Tests through the 1880s and 1890s, all of them against Australia. He was an automatic selection for England at home, but his only Test-playing tour of Australia was that of 1891–92.

Grace's most significant Test was England v Australia in 1882 at The Oval. Thanks to Spofforth, the 'demon bowler', who took 14 wickets in the match, Australia won by 7 runs and the legend of The Ashes was born. Grace scored only 4 and 32, and he was held responsible for "firing up" Spofforth. This came about through a piece of gamesmanship by Grace when he made an unsporting, but legal, run out of one of the Australian batsmen.p137 Grace died of a heart attack.

References

1848 births
1915 deaths
Deaths from myocardial infarction
English cricketers
Sportspeople from Gloucestershire
English physicians

W.G. Grace


Charles Franklin Tabor (June 28, 1841 – March 3, 1915) was an American lawyer and politician.

Life
He was born on June 28, 1841, in St. Joseph County, Michigan, to Silas Tabor ( – 1863) and Betsey E. (Russell) Tabor.

In 1843, the family removed to Newstead, New York. He was educated at academies in Clarence and Williamsville, Buffalo suburbs, and at the seminary in Lima. In 1861, he went to Buffalo, New York, to study law in the office of Humphrey & Parsons, and was admitted to the bar in 1863.

On December 24, 1863, he married Phebe S. Andrews, and their daughter was Georgia E. Tabor.

In 1868 he formed a partnership with Judge Thomas Corlett, and six years later, when Judge Corlett retired, formed a partnership with William F. Sheehan. Tabor was a member of the New York State Assembly (Erie Co., 4th D.) in 1876 and 1877. In 1888, John Cunneen and Edward E. Coatsworth were admitted to the firm under the name of Tabor, Sheehan, Cunneen & Coatsworth. In 1895, Tabor became the senior member of the law firm of Tabor & Wilkie.

In 1881 and 1882 he was Supervisor of Lancaster, New York, where he resided from 1867 to 1883 when he removed to Buffalo. He was an excise commissioner of Erie County for three years.

As a Democrat, he was New York Attorney General from 1888 to 1891, elected in 1887 and 1889. He vacated the charter of the Sugar Trust of New York on the ground that it was a monopoly. As attorney-general he also had charge of the litigation which involved the constitutionality of the electrocution law and succeeded in obtaining a decision from the U. S. Supreme Court to the effect that the law was constitutional and valid. He also obtained from that court an affirmation of a decision of the New York Court of Appeals in the case of the Home Insurance Company, that corporations were liable to taxation on their capital stock although that stock consisted of government bonds, otherwise exempt.

In 1899 he ran for justice of the New York Supreme Court, but was defeated.

He died on March 3, 1915, at his home in Buffalo, New York, at age 74.

References

1841 births
1915 deaths
New York State Attorneys General
People from St. Joseph County, Michigan
People from Erie County, New York
Town supervisors in New York (state)
Democratic Party members of the New York State Assembly
People from Keeseville, New York
19th-century American politicians

Charles F. Tabor


The Bréguet-Richet Gyroplane was an early French experimental quadcopter rotary-wing aircraft developed by Bréguet Aviation.

Design and development
The Gyroplane No.I was one of the earliest attempts to create a practical rotary-wing aircraft.  It was designed  by the Bréguet brothers with help from Professor Charles Richet. The aircraft had an uncovered open steel framework with a seat for the pilot and a powerplant at the centre.  Radiating from the central structure were four wire-braced tubular steel arms, each bearing a superimposed pair of four-bladed rotors.  To eliminate the torque effect, two rotor sets were driven clockwise and two counter-clockwise.

Operational service
On 29 September 1907, the Gyroplane No.I was flown for the first time, albeit to an elevation of only . It was not a free flight, as four men were used to steady the structure. It was neither controllable nor steerable, but it was the first time that a rotary-wing device had lifted itself and a pilot into the air. It later flew up to 1.52 m (4.99 ft) above the ground. The design was improved and the Gyroplane No.II appeared the following year. No.II had two two-blade rotors of 7.85 m (25.75 ft) diameter and also had fixed wings. Powered by a 41 kW (55 hp) Renault engine, it was reported to have flown successfully more than once in 1908. No.II was damaged in a heavy landing and was rebuilt as the No.IIbis. It flew at least once in April 1909 before being destroyed when the company's works were badly damaged in a severe storm.

Specifications (No.I)

See also

References

Notes

Bibliography
 Young, Warren R. The Helicopters. "The Epic of Flight". Chicago: Time-Life Books, 1982. .

Gyroplane
1900s French experimental aircraft
1900s French helicopters
Aircraft first flown in 1907
Quadrotors
Single-engined piston helicopters

Bréguet-Richet Gyroplane


Kaunas Jazz is an annual international jazz festival in Kaunas, Lithuania. It started in 1991, soon after Lithuania declared re-establishment of independence from the Soviet Union. The festival experienced difficulties at first, due to a shaky economic situation, but it is now the biggest and most popular jazz festival in Baltic states. In the beginning it was held only in the spring (late April), but it now features a small series in fall and another series just before Christmas. The festival strives to include many different styles and genres of jazz.

Artists from over 20 countries have participated in the festival, including Al Di Meola, John Scofield, Niels-Henning Ørsted Pedersen, Elvin Jones, Jan Garbarek, Charles Lloyd, Bobo Stenson, Nils Landgren, Courtney Pine, Marc Copland, John Abercrombie, Palle Mikkelborg, Nils Petter Molvaer, David Sanborn, Mike Stern, Trilok Gurtu, Bobby Previte, Greg Osby, and Chico Freeman.

External links
 Official website
 Baltic Times article on jazz in Lithuania
 Description at Europe Jazz Network

Jazz festivals in Lithuania
Events in Kaunas
Recurring events established in 1991
Music in Kaunas
1991 establishments in Lithuania
Annual events in Lithuania

Kaunas Jazz


Agra is a city in the northern state of Uttar Pradesh, India. The city is famous for being the capital  of the Mughal emperors from 1526 to 1658. It is a major tourist destination for its many Mughal-era buildings such as Tāj Mahal, Agra Fort and Fatehpūr Sikrī, all three of which are  UNESCO World Heritage Sites.

Climate
Agra is on the Indo-Gangetic plain and has a continental climate, with long, hot summers from April to September. During summers dry winds blow in this region. The monsoon months from July to September see about 69 cm of rainfall annually. Winters are from November to February. Agra is best visited in the months of October, November, February and March, when the average temperature are between 16 and 25 Celsius.

Demographic
In the 2001 Indian census, Agra had a population of 1,326,000. Males consist of 53% of the population and females consist of 47% of the population. 11% of the population is under 6 years of age. The main language used by the people in Agra is Hindi followed by English and Urdu.

History
Agra has a rich history, seen in the monuments around the city. Though the heritage of Agra city is linked with the Mughal dynasty, many other rulers also contributed to the rich past of this city. Modern Agra was founded by Sikandar Lodhi in the 16th century. Babar (founder of the Mughal dynasty) also stayed for sometime in Agra and introduced the concept of square Persian-styled gardens here. Emperor Akbar built the Agra Fort and Fatehpur Sikri near Agra. Fatehpur Sikri remained its capital for around fifteen years after which the city was left isolated in mysterious circumstances. Jahangir beautified Agra with palaces and gardens despite spending most of his time in Kashmir.

Agra's greatest time came when Shahjahan ascended to the throne of Mughal Empire. He marked the greatest point of Mughal architecture. He built the Taj Mahal in memory of his favourite wife Mumtaz Mahal. In his later years, Shahjahan shifted his capital to the new city of Shahjahanabad(Delhi) and ruled from there. Shahjahan was removed in 1658 by his son, Aurangzeb who kept him as prisoner in the Agra Fort. Aurangzeb shifted the capital back to Agra before his death. After the death of Aurangzeb, Mughal Empire could not reach its peak and many regional kingdoms emerged. The post-Mughal era of Agra saw the rule of the Jats, Marathas and finally the British taking over the city. After British Raj ended, Agra became part of independent India.

Local transportation
Auto Rickshaw and Cycle Rickshaw are the main transportations in Agra and are available all around the city.

There are City buses but they are infrequent.

Polluting vehicles are not allowed near Taj Mahal, so one needs to take electric Autos or Tanga(Tonga) from a few kilometers outside the Taj Mahal.

Places of interest
Taj Mahal

Agra's Taj Mahal is one of the most famous buildings in the world. It is well known for its reason to be built for Shah Jahan's favorite wife, Mumtaz Mahal. It is one of the Seven Wonders of the world, and one of three World Heritage Sites in Agra.

Completed in 1653, the Tāj Mahal was built by the Mughal king Shāh Jahān as the grave for his beloved wife, Mumtāz Mahal. It was built in white marble. It is perhaps India's most fascinating and beautiful monument. This perfectly symmetrical monument took 22 years (1630-1652) of hard labour and 20,000 workers, masons and jewellers to build. Along with the building there is landscaped gardens. The architect who built the monument is named Persian architect, Ustād 'Īsā. The Tāj Mahal is located on the bank of the Yamuna River which can be observed from Agra Fort.

Agra Fort and Fatehpur sikri are some other noteworthy places of interest.

Other websites

 Agra: Things to do & Attractions

Agra district
Cities in Uttar Pradesh

Agra


The Trans-Siberian Railway or Trans-Siberian Railroad is a set of railways that goes from Moscow and European Russia to the Russian Far East provinces, Mongolia, China and the Sea of Japan.

Because Russia is such a big country, travel from one end and the other is an important problem. In the 1890s, the Russians began building the longest railway in the world to connect Moscow to the Pacific Ocean. Before the railway was built, the trip took about a year along very rough roads. One reason for building the "Trans-Sib" was military: to transport troops to the East in order to protect the country against Japan and China. Another reason was to transport food from the farming areas of south-western Siberia to the people in the European part of Russia. Many cities and industries are built up along the route of the Trans-Siberian Railway. In 1900, it connected with the West Siberian Railway.

Transport in Russia
Rail transport in Asia
Rail transport in Europe

Trans-Siberian railway


Events
 The term thoroughbred was first used in the United States in an advertisement in a Kentucky gazette to describe a New Jersey stallion called Pilgarlick.
 January 18 – Third Pacific expedition of Capt. James Cook, with ships HMS Resolution and HMS Discovery, first see O'ahu then Kaua'i in the Hawaiian Islands, which he names the "Sandwich Islands".
 February 5 – South Carolina becomes the first state to ratify the Articles of Confederation.
 February 6 – American Revolutionary War: In Paris the Treaty of Alliance and the Treaty of Amity and Commerce are signed by the United States and France beginning official recognition of the new republic.
 February 23 – American Revolutionary War: Baron von Steuben arrives at Valley Forge, Pennsylvania and begins to train the Continental Army.
 July 10 – American  Revolutionary War: Louis XVI of France declares war on the United Kingdom of Great Britain.
 July 27 –  American Revolution: First Battle of Ushant – British and French fleets fight to a standoff.
 August 26 – Triglav, at 2,864 metres above sea level the highest peak of Slovenia, was ascended for the first time by four brave men: Luka Korošec, Matevž Kos, Štefan Rožič and Lovrenc Willomitzer on Sigismund Zois's initiative.
 September – The Massachusetts Banishment Act, providing punishment for Loyalists, is passed.
 November 26 – In the Hawaiian Islands, Captain James Cook becomes the first European to discover Maui.
 France introduced the first state-controlled brothel.
 The first settlement was made in the area of what is now Louisville, Kentucky by 13 families under Col. George Rogers Clark.
 Phillips Academy, the most prestigious secondary boarding school in the United States, was founded by Samuel Phillips Jr.

1778


古代近東或古近東(英文:ancient Near East)是早期文明的發源地,即今中東一帶:美索不達米亞(今伊拉克、土耳其東南部及敘利亞東北部)、古埃及(縱然埃及大部分地理上屬於非洲東北部)、古伊朗(埃蘭、米底、帕提亞及古波斯)、安那托利亞/小亞細亞(今土耳其及亞美尼亞)、 黎凡特 (今敘利亞、黎巴嫩、以色列、巴勒斯坦國及約旦)、塞浦路斯及阿拉伯半島。

古代近東見於近東考古學及古代史的研究。古代近東始於前4千年蘇美爾文明的興起,至於何時終結,眾說紛紜:有指歷經銅器時代及鐵器時代;亦有指直至前6世紀阿契美尼德王朝或前4世紀的亞歷山大大帝的征服為止。

古代近東被視為文明的發源地。該地域最早實行全年集約農業;向世界最傳播最早的書寫系統;先後發明陶輪、車輪及水車輪;建立最早的中央集權政府、法典及帝國;推行社會階級、奴隸制;發動戰爭;以及為天文學及數學等領域奠基。

参考文献

外部連結
The History of the Ancient Near East — A database of the prehistoric Near East as well as its ancient history up to approximately the destruction of Jerusalem by the Romans ...
Vicino Oriente — Vicino Oriente is the journal of the Section Near East of the Department of Historical, Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences of Antiquity of Rome 'La Sapienza' University. The Journal, which is published yearly, deals with Near Eastern History, Archaeology, Epigraphy, extending its view also on the whole Mediterranean with the study of Phoenician and Punic documents. It is accompanied by 'Quaderni di Vicino Oriente', a monograph series.
Ancient Near East.net — an information and content portal for the archaeology, ancient history, and culture of the ancient Near East and Egypt
Freer Gallery of Art, Smithsonian Institution The Freer Gallery houses a famous collection of ancient Near Eastern artefacts and records, notebooks and photographs of excavations in Samarra (Iraq), Persepolis and Pasargadae (Iran)
The Freer Gallery of Art and Arthur M. Sackler Gallery Archives The archives for The Freer Gallery of Art and Arthur M. Sackler Gallery houses the papers of Ernst Herzfeld regarding his many excavations, along with records of other archeological excavations in the ancient Near East.
Ancient Near East.org—a database of the prehistoric Near East as well as its ancient history up to approximately the destruction of Jerusalem by the Romans
Archaeowiki.org—a wiki for the research and documentation of the ancient Near East and Egypt
ETANA  — website hosted by a consortium of universities in the interests of providing digitized resources and relevant web links
Resources on Biblical Archaeology
Ancient Near East Photographs This collection, created by Professor Scott Noegel, documents artifacts and archaeological sites of the ancient Near East; from the University of Washington Libraries Digital Image Collection
Near East Images  A directory of archaeological images of the ancient Near East
Bioarchaeology of the Near East  An Open Access journal

近東
西亞

古代近東


A minority or subordinate group is a group that does not make up most of the population of a society. For example:  minor group of religion, race, language, LGBT, and persons with disabilities.

A minority is not always a minority of numbers — it may be any group that is not normal with respect to a leading group in terms of social status, education, employment, wealth, and political power, and can be an object of discrimination. For example, women may be considered a minority even if there are as many women as men because they have less power than men.

International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights by United Nations protects the right of minority group in Article 27 and Council of Europe also affirms protection for them.

Related pages
Discrimination
Declaration of Montreal
Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities
Ethnic group
Minority rights

Human rights
Sociology
Demography

Minority group


San Pietro in Montorio (Saint Peter on the Golden Mountain) is a church in Rome, Italy, which includes in its courtyard the Tempietto, a small commemorative martyrium (tomb) built by Donato Bramante.

History
The Church of San Pietro in Montorio was built on the site of an earlier 9th-century church dedicated to Saint Peter on Rome's Janiculum hill. It serves as a shrine, marking the supposed site of St. Peter's crucifixion.

In the 15th century, the ruins were given to the Amadist friars, a reform branch of the Franciscans, founded by the Blessed Amadeus of Portugal, who served as confessor to Pope Sixtus IV from 1472. The church was rebuilt through the generous funding of Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain. It was consecrated in 1500 by Pope Alexander VI.

It is a titular church, whose current title holder, since 1 March 2008, is James Francis Cardinal Stafford.

Interior

The church is decorated with artworks by prominent 16th- and 17th-century masters.

Until 1797, Raphael's final masterpiece, the Transfiguration graced the high altar. At the start of the Napoleonic period, the altarpiece was expropriated by treaty by the French.  it is now in the Vatican pinacoteca. The altar currently displays a copy by Cammuccini of Guido Reni's Crucifixion of St. Peter (also now in Vatican museum). Although there is no grave marker, tradition has it that Beatrice Cenci—executed in 1599 for the murder of her abusive father and made famous by Percy Bysshe Shelley, among others—is buried below the high altar.

The first chapel on the right contains Sebastiano del Piombo's Flagellation and Transfiguration (1516–24). Michelangelo, who had befriended Sebastiano in Rome, supplied figure drawings that were incorporated into the Flagellation.

The second chapel has a fresco by Niccolò Circignani (1554), some Renaissance frescoes from the school of Pinturicchio, and an allegorical sibyl and virtue attributed to Baldassarre Peruzzi.

The fourth chapel has a ceiling fresco by Giorgio Vasari.

The ceiling of the fifth chapel contains another fresco, the Conversion of St. Paul, by Vasari. The altarpiece is attributed to Giulio Mazzoni, while the funerary monument of Pope Julius III and Roberto Nobili are by Bartolomeo Ammannati. Also buried in the chapel is Julius III's scandalous 'nephew', Cardinal Innocenzo Ciocchi Del Monte.

The last chapel on the left contains a Baptism of Christ, attributed to Daniele da Volterra, and stucco-work and ceiling frescoes by Giulio Mazzoni.

A pupil of Antoniazzo Romano frescoed the third chapel with the Saint Anne, Virgin, and Child.

Dirck van Baburen, a central figure of the Dutch Caravaggisti, painted the Entombment for the Pietà Chapel, which is indebted to Caravaggio's example. Baburen worked with another Dutch artist, David de Haen in this chapel. The two other paintings, The Mocking of Christ and The Agony in the Garden are variously attributed to either or both of the artists.

The second chapel on the left, the Raimondi Chapel (1640), was designed by Gian Lorenzo Bernini. It includes Francesco Baratta's Saint Francis in Ecstasy and sculptures by Andrea Bolgi and Niccolò Sale.

Irish chieftains' tombs

At the high altar are two tombs: that of Hugh O'Neill, The O'Neill, 2nd Earl of Tyrone and his son Hugh who predeceased him, and the tomb shared by Rory O'Donnell, 1st Earl of Tyrconnell, and his brother Cathbharr, both of them younger brothers of Red Hugh O'Donnell.

These fled Ireland in 1607. Rory, Lord Tyrconnell, died in 1608, his brother Cathbharr ("Calfurnius" in the inscription) and Hugh, the son of the Great Earl, died in 1609. The cause of death in all cases was fever, probably malaria. Their tombs are covered with marble inscribed slabs with coloured borders, crests and shields. They are about 12 feet from the altar on the left as you face it and are normally covered by a carpet.

Lord Tyrone himself died in 1616 and was buried in the church with much less solemnity. The original simple tombstone was lost in about 1849, but the text of the short inscription was copied: "D.O.M. Hugonis principis ONelli ossa" (Dedicated to God the Best and Greatest. The bones of Prince Hugh O'Neill). In 1989, Tomás Cardinal Ó Fiaich laid a new marble plaque with the same inscription in approximately the original place.

The Tempietto

The so-called Tempietto (Italian: 'small temple') is a small commemorative tomb (martyrium) designed by Donato Bramante, possibly built as early as 1502 in the courtyard of San Pietro in Montorio. Commissioned by Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain, the Tempietto is considered a masterpiece of High Renaissance Italian architecture.

After spending his first years in Milan, Bramante moved to Rome, where he was recognized by Cardinal Giuliano della Rovere, the soon-to-be Pope Julius II. In Rome, Bramante was able to study the ancient monuments firsthand. The temple of Vesta at Tivoli was one of the precedents behind the Tempietto. Other antique precedents Bramante was able to study in Rome include the circular temple of the banks of the Tiber, Temple of Hercules Victor, believed at the time to be a temple of Vesta. However, circular churches had already been employed by early Christians for martyriums, like Santa Constanza, also in Rome. Bramante would have been aware of these early Christian precedents, and as a result, the Tempietto is circular.

The Tempietto is one of the most harmonious buildings of the Renaissance. The temple was constructed from bearing masonry. The circular temple supports a classical entablature, and was framed in the shadowy arch of the cloister. It is the earliest example of the Tuscan order in the Renaissance. The Tuscan is a form of the Doric order, well suited for strong male gods (such as Hercules) so Tuscan was well suited for St. Peter's. It is meant to mark the traditional exact spot of St. Peter's martyrdom, and is an important precursor to Bramante's rebuilding of St. Peter's.

Given all the transformations of Renaissance and Baroque Rome that were to follow, it is hard now to sense the impact this building had at the beginning of the 16th century. It is almost a piece of sculpture, for it has little architectonic use. The building greatly reflected Brunelleschi's style. Perfectly proportioned, it is composed of slender Tuscan columns, a Doric entablature modeled after the ancient Theater of Marcellus, and a dome. Bramante planned to surround the building with concentric rings of colonnades, the columns of which would have been radially aligned to those of the Tempietto, but this plan was never executed.

References

Sources

 Freiberg, Jack (2014), "Bramante's Tempietto, the Roman Renaissance, and the Spanish Crown", New York, Cambridge University Press, 2014.
Fortunato, Giuseppe (2010) "The Role of Architectural Representation in the Analysis of the Building: The 3d Survey of San Pietro in Montorio's Temple in Rome", atti del "X Congreso Internacional expresiòn gràphica aplicada a la edificacìon, Alicante, Editorial Marfil", S.A., .
  Satellite Photo The Tempietto is the circular dome in the center, enclosed tightly by the cloister of San Pietro in Montorio. Just west is the white hemicircle of the Acqua Paola.

External links
High-resolution 360° Panoramas and Images of San Pietro in Montorio | Art Atlas
High-resolution 360° Panoramas and Images of Tempietto | Art Atlas

Roman Catholic churches completed in 1500
Pietro in Montorio
Pietro in Montorio
Renaissance architecture in Rome
Church buildings with domes
Donato Bramante church buildings
Churches of Rome (rione Trastevere)

San Pietro in Montorio


Blowouts are sandy depressions in a sand dune ecosystem (psammosere) caused by the removal of sediments by wind.

Commonly found in coastal settings and margins of arid areas, blowouts tend to form when wind erodes patches of bare sand on stabilized vegetated dunes. Generally, blowouts do not form on actively flowing dunes due to the fact that the dunes need to be bound to some extent, for instance by plant roots. These depressions usually start on the higher parts of stabilized dunes on account of the more considerable desiccation and disturbances occurring there, which allows for greater surface drag and sediment entrainment when the sand is bare. Most of the time, exposed areas become quickly re-vegetated before they can become blowouts and expand; however, when circumstances are favourable, wind erosion can gouge the exposed surface and create a tunneling effect which increases local wind speed. A depression may then develop until it hits a non-erodible substrate, or morphology limits it. The eroded substances climb the steep slopes of the depression and become deposited on the downwind side of the blowout which can form a dune that covers vegetation and lead to a larger depression; a process that helps create parabolic dunes.

Vegetation
Although there is a wide variety of vegetation that live in dune environments around the world, most plant species play a key role in determining whether blowouts will form or not by the result of how strong their protective skins can suppress erosion and how capable some pioneer species can repress further erosion if a dune becomes exposed.

Protective skin

In the first case, the primary objective for the protective skin is to resist disturbances that will form open exposures and create blowouts. To prevent erosion, vegetation helps reduce shear stress by covering the surface and mechanically binding soil together.  The protective skin is composed of vegetation that is above and below ground surface and decomposing plant litter. Additionally, the protective skin can also be composed of a wide variety of species that could constitute environments like grasslands and forest.  However, if the climate changes, it can directly influence the health of the vegetation, which can make the skin fragile; nevertheless, the rate of change may take some time and may be different for stabilized dunes in different environments.

Pioneer species

Once disturbances destroy a portion of the protective skin, the exposure can expand and erode other portions of the skin; however, some vegetation, such as pioneer species, can settle in an opening and prevent any further expansion and deflation. Even though a few plants species can be classed as colonizers, these plants tend to withstand high rates of sediment deposition and poor nutrient conditions in the blowout. Moreover, if a blowout does form, the deposited material that travels out of the depression can either continue to become deposited at a greater rate than pioneer vegetation can grow, or become stabilized again. Mostly due to changes in the climate, colonizer species heavily rely on conditions of the environment, which can change dramatically unlike the vegetation in the protective skin.

Coastal sand dunes are found just inland from a beach, and are formed as the wind blows dry sand inland beyond the beach. It follows that this can only happen when there is an area of reasonably flat land inland from the beach. In time, this rather inhospitable surface will be colonised by pioneer species. These species (e.g. marram grass) will stabilise the dunes and prevent them moving any more. The process of plant succession will eventually see these dunes converted to woodland (depending on the climate) and a mature soil will have formed.

Blowouts provide an important habitat for flora and fauna.

Disturbances
Disturbances are general phrases which define a cause that creates an exposure in the vegetative skin to eventually form a blowout formation. Rather than being described as events, disturbances are terms which describe the rate at which breaches create an opening and expand, yet there are numerous types of disturbances that can penetrate the protective vegetative skin. Despite the fact that many factors could influence blowout formations, disturbances usually have three characteristics which determine if a depression will form and expand. The first property states that disturbances must have a penetration magnitude greater than the toughness of the protective vegetative skin. Simply put, if the breach cannot remove the shielding vegetation, then wind erosion cannot create a depression in stabilized dunes. The second property asserts that sediment transportation in an exposure would be limited if exposure's spatial coverage is too small. Presuming that the opening is very compacted, the fetch length would also be very cramped which does not allow much sediment particles to be moved out of the exposure. Lastly, the third property exclaims that spatial configuration of the disturbed openings greatly influences the fetch length and sediment transportation in the exposure. If there were numerous disturbed patches that borderline each other in a downwind direction, wind erosion may be capable of removing and transporting large amounts of sediment particles, which could create blowouts. Thus, although the scale of the disturbances does assist in blowout formation, these characteristics generally help dictate if Aeolian processes can create a depression or not.

Airflow dynamics and morphology
Once an exposure has been spawned, the morphology of the blowout depends on the interaction of wind speed and direction with the stabilized dune's vegetation and topography. There is a wide range of blowout types that form depending on these factors; however, the scientific community mostly utilizes two types of blowouts: trough and saucer. Although there is no obvious reason why one type is formed rather than another in a particular region, saucer blowouts generally have semicircular and saucer shapes while trough blowouts have more elongated shapes with deep deflation basins and steeper slopes. Nevertheless, both types of blowouts have structures that can affect wind flow within the basin.

In troughs, the structure's topography can accelerate flows and form jets that result in maximum erosion along the deflation basin floor and laterally expand the slopes of the blowout. Additionally, when the wind flows on top of the blowout's lateral walls, sediment transport is at its maximum in the middle axis of the trough depositional lobe, leading to formation of a parabolic dune. Although some studies like Hesp and Pringle (2001) noted that wind flow that was oblique to the blowouts' orientation became pulled into the depression due to a zone of low pressure at the deflation basin and was steered parallel to the orientation of the trough blowout. However, in Smyth, Jackson, and Cooper's study (2014), little evidence supported that wind flow was being steered along the axis of the blowout, but rather the flow remained constant in the direction that it was flowing before or showed other characteristics like turbulent separated flows.

Saucer blowouts indicate a deceleration of wind flow along the deflation basin as the structure widens over time by reversing flows eroding the sides and expanding upwind. Due to rapid deceleration, saucers tend to form short, wide, radial depositional slopes. When wind flow enters a saucer shape blowout, the wind speed decreases upon entering the blowout and accelerates at the downwind side of the formation. A zone of separation develops along the lee slope as the wind enters the blowout and decrease in speed, yet it accelerates again as it re-attaches at the basin and flow up to the depositional lobe, where sand becomes evacuated.

Even though they are more influences blowout structures have on their morphology, both types basically tend to have deflation basins eroded until they reach their non-erodible base level. A study conducted by Hesp (1982) indicates that depositional length is not correlated with the eroded depth but rather the blowout width. In other words, as the depositional lobe increases, the blowout width also increases by a ratio of 1:2 to 1:3 in saucer blowouts and 1:4 in trough blowouts.

See also

References

External links

Aeolian landforms
Depressions (geology)
Erosion
Geomorphology

Blowout (geomorphology)


Façonnable is a high-end men's and women's clothing brand founded in Nice, France by Jean Goldberg in 1950. It is currently owned by M1 Group holding company of Beirut, Lebanon.

History
The first shop, situated in rue Paradis in Nice, was opened by French master tailor, Jean Goldberg . The store was frequented by film stars in need of bespoke tuxedos and gowns for events such as the annual Cannes Film Festival.

Jean Goldberg's store gained great notoriety across the French Riviera, dressing stars of the era such as Tony Curtis and Cary Grant in Goldberg's unique style of classic tailoring with a modern twist. In 1961 Goldberg retired, his son Albert Goldberg took over the Nice workshop.

Albert Goldberg learnt the art of cutting and finishing. He created a new fashion footprint shifting it to the prêt-à-porter (ready to wear) market. After a visit to New York's Brooks Brothers store, Albert Goldberg produced a collection of ready to wear outfits for men and renamed the business 'Façonnable', a variation of the word "Façonner" (English: "to shape").

In 1973, boutiques were opened along the Cote d'Azur in Monte Carlo, Cannes, Saint-Tropez, and in Marseilles. Throughout the 1970s, Goldberg began to collaborate with large American and European companies such as Sebago, Alden and Van's to create a shoe collection. In 1975, Albert Goldberg worked with Loro Piana, the duo creating "Façorain", an invisible membrane allowing cashmeres and luxury wools to be wind and waterproof whilst retaining their texture and breathability.

The first Parisian boutique opened in 1984. In 1987, the brand diversified, releasing a collection of sunglasses and optical wear. In 1988, the chain entered into a distribution agreement with US department store chain Nordstrom. Façonnable released a line of wristwatches in 1990.

Façonnable opened its first US boutique at 689 Fifth Avenue in New York City in October 1993. The French fashion house launched a unique collection geared for the modern, American woman. Two further US boutiques were opened in 1997 located on the West Coast. Following the success of its American women's collection, Façonnable released the range for general sale across Europe in 1999.

Ownership
Façonnable SAS was owned by the Goldberg family until the company was sold to Nordstrom Inc. in 2000 in a cash and stock deal worth $170 million. In September 2007, Lebanese private equity group M1 Group agreed to acquire Façonnable from Nordstrom Inc., for €152.985m Euro (US$210m).

M1 Group is a holding company based in Beirut, Lebanon. It was founded over forty years ago by Taha Mikati and his politically active brother Najib Mikati, the current and former Lebanese Prime Minister. The M1 Group covers a range of industries, including real estate, telecommunication, energy, aviation, cement and banking. M1 Group's CEO is Azmi Mikati.

References

External links

High fashion brands
Luxury brands
Suit makers
Clothing companies established in 1950
French companies established in 1950
French brands

Façonnable