Long Island is an island of New York State. It may also be:

Antarctica
 Long Island (Antarctica), a small island off the Antarctic Peninsula

Antigua and Barbuda
 Long Island, Antigua, a small island off the coast of Antigua

Australia
 Long Island (New South Wales), an island in the Hawkesbury River north of Sydney, New South Wales
 Long Island (Whitsunday Islands), island in the Whitsunday Group, Queensland
 Long Island (Tasmania), island in eastern Bass Strait
 Long Island, Hogan Group (Tasmania), island in northern Bass Strait

Bahamas
 Long Island, Bahamas, an island in the Bahamas

Canada
 Long Island (British Columbia), on Harrison Lake
 Long Island (Frobisher Bay, Nunavut), off the coast of Baffin Island
 Long Island (Gull Lake), near Gravenhurst, Ontario
 Long Island (Hudson Bay, Nunavut), off the coast of Quebec
 Long Island (Nova Scotia)

Croatia
 Dugi otok (literally meaning Long Island), an island near Zadar, Croatia

Falkland Islands
 Bleaker Island, also called Long Island

Hong Kong
 Cheung Chau (literally meaning Long Island), a small island southwest of Hong Kong

Ireland
 Long Island, County Cork

Namibia
 Long Island, Namibia, two islands (North and South) of the Penguin Islands

New Zealand
 Long Island, Marlborough, an island in the Marlborough Sounds
 Long Island, Southland, an island in Fiordland

Papua New Guinea
 Long Island (Papua New Guinea)

Seychelles
 Long Island, Seychelles, one of the inner granitic islands of the Seychelles

Sri Lanka
 Long Island, Sri Lanka, another name for Delft Island or Nedun Theevu, Sri Lanka

United Kingdom
 Inchfad (meaning long island), Stirling
 Long Island (Dorset), Poole Harbour, Dorset, England
 Long Island (Hampshire), England
 Outer Hebrides in Scotland are sometimes referred to as "The Long Island" (An t-Eilean Fada)
 Long Island, County Down, a townland in County Down, Northern Ireland
 Long Island, County Fermanagh, a townland in County Fermanagh, Northern Ireland

United States
 Long Island AVA, New York wine region
 Long Island (Alaska), an island in the Alexander Archipelago of southeastern Alaska
 Long Island (Connecticut), a small island near Stratford in the Housatonic River
 Long Island, Florida, a barrier island in Florida
 Long Island, Kansas, a city in Phillips County
 Long Island, Maine, a town on an island of the same name in Cumberland County
 Long Island (Cecil County, Maryland) an island in Maryland
 Long Island (Maryland) an island in Maryland
 Long Island (Massachusetts), the longest island in Boston Harbor
 Long Island (Montana), an island in Lake Bowdoin
 Long Island (Tennessee), an island on the Holston River
 Long Island, Virginia, a town in Campbell County, Virginia
 Long Island (Washington), one of the San Juan Islands
 Long Island (Wisconsin), one of the Apostle Islands in Lake Superior
 Long Island City an area of Queens in New York

Other
 USS Long Island, the name of two United States Navy ships
Lon Gisland EP by Beirut

Long Island (disambiguation)


The Munchkins are natives of the fictional Munchkin Country in the Oz books by L. Frank Baum. They first appeared in the 1900 novel The Wonderful Wizard of Oz, in which they are described as wearing only blue.

The 1939 movie The Wizard of Oz, showed Munchkins as being much shorter than other residents of Oz. They are played by either adult  dwarfs (i.e., midgets) or children, dressed in brightly multicolored outfits, and their land is called Munchkinland.

On November 20, 2007, the Munchkins were given a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.

References

Characters in written fiction

Munchkin


Clifford Donald Simak (August 3, 1904 – April 25, 1988) was an American science fiction writer. He received three Hugo Awards and one Nebula Award.  He was named the third Grand Master by the Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America (SFWA) in 1977.

Biography
Simak was born in Millville, Wisconsin to parent's John Lewis and Margaret (Wiseman) Simak. He married Agnes Kuchenberg on April 13, 1929.  They had two children, Scott and Shelley. Simak attended the University of Wisconsin–Madison.  He later worked at various newspapers in the Midwest. He began to work with the Minneapolis Star and Tribune (in Minneapolis, Minnesota).  This went from 1939 to his retirement in 1976.

Writing career
Simak became interested in science fiction after reading the works of H. G. Wells as a child. He started writing for science fiction pulp magazines in 1931. The only science-fiction piece that he published between 1933 and 1937 was The Creator (Marvel Tales #4, March–April 1935).

In late 1937, Simak returned to science fiction.  He was a regular contributor to Astounding Stories during the Golden Age of Science Fiction (1938–1950). His first publications, such as Cosmic Engineers (1939), were in the style of the earlier superscience type. He soon made his own style, which is usually described as gentle and pastoral. During this period, Simak also published a number of war and western stories in pulp magazines. His best known novel may be City, a collection of short stories with a common theme of mankind's eventual leaving from Earth.

Simak continued to write award-nominated novels during the 1950s and 1960s. Helped by a friend, he continued writing and publishing science fiction and, later, fantasy, into his 80s.

Awards
 International Fantasy Award for best fiction book (1953) for City
 Hugo award for best novelette (1959) for The Big Front Yard
 Hugo award for best novel (1964) for Way Station
 Minnesota Academy of Science Award for distinguished service to science 1967
 First Fandom Hall of Fame award 1973
 Damon Knight Memorial Grand Master Award 1976
 Jupiter Award for best novel (1978) for A Heritage of Stars
 Hugo award for best short story (1981) for Grotto of the Dancing Deer
 Nebula award for best short story (1981) for Grotto of the Dancing Deer
 Locus Award for best short story (1981) for Grotto of the Dancing Deer
 Analog Analytical Laboratory award for best short story (1981) for Grotto of the Dancing Deer
 Bram Stoker Lifetime Achievement award 1988

References

1904 births
1988 deaths
Writers from Minnesota
Writers from Wisconsin
American science fiction writers
Hugo Award winning writers
Nebula Award winning writers

Clifford D. Simak


Kyriacos Triantaphyllides (born 3 September 1944, Palaichori) is a Cypriot politician and Member of the European Parliament (MEP) for the Progressive Party of Working People, sitting with the European United Left–Nordic Green Left group, on the European Parliament's Committee on Regional Development.

He is member of the Committee on Regional Development, for the Delegation for relations with Australia and New Zealand and also for the Delegation to the Euro-Mediterranean Parliamentary Assembly

He is a substitute for the Committee on Civil Liberties, Justice and Home Affairs, substitute for the
Delegation to the EU-Turkey Joint Parliamentary Committee.

Education
 1964-1966: Bachelor of Arts (BA) (University of Victoria, Wellington, New Zealand)
 1967: Diploma from teacher training college of Christchurch (New Zealand)

Career
 1968-1970: Teacher of English and Social Studies at Wanganui High School (New Zealand).
 1971-1973: Ministry of Employment and Social Affairs – Industrial Relations, Section Cyprus.
 1974-1982: Head of Personnel with the Cyprus Amaniandos Asbestos Works Limited.
 1982-1992: Senior public administration and personnel officer.
 1992-1996: Chief administrative officer.
 1992-2000: Deputy migration officer.
 2000-2004: Director-General in the Ministry of the Interior.
 1996-2000: Sub-Prefect of Famagusta.
 from 1990: Representative of Cyprus on Council of Europe committees.
 2003: Member of the Policy Committee of the Council of European Municipalities and Regions.
 1996-2000: Member of the Conference of Peripheral Maritime Regions of Europe.
 Ministry of the Interior representative in meetings and conferences at international level.
 1988-2004: Founder member of Palaichori local associations.

See also

2004 European Parliament election in Cyprus

External links

1944 births
Living people
Cypriot schoolteachers
Victoria University of Wellington alumni
Progressive Party of Working People MEPs
MEPs for Cyprus 2004–2009
MEPs for Cyprus 2009–2014

Kyriacos Triantaphyllides


Misak-ı Millî (, National Pact or National Oath) is the set of six decisions made by the last term of the Ottoman Parliament. Parliament met on 28 January 1920 and published their decisions on 12 February 1920.

The Ottoman Minister of Internal Affairs, Damat Ferid Pasha, made the opening speech of parliament due to Mehmed VI's illness. A group of parliamentarians called Felâh-ı Vatan was established by Mustafa Kemal's friends to acknowledge the decisions taken at the Erzurum Congress and the Sivas Congress. Mustafa Kemal said "It is the nation's iron fist that writes the Nation's Oath which is the main principle of our independence to the annals of history."

These decisions worried the occupying Allies, resulting in the Occupation of Constantinople by the British, French and Italian troops on 16 March 1920 and the establishment of a new Turkish nationalist parliament, the Grand National Assembly of Turkey, in Ankara. This also intensified the Turkish War of Independence against the Allies.

The six decisions of the Misak-ı Millî taken by the late Ottoman Parliament were later used as the basis for the claims of the Grand National Assembly in the Treaty of Kars and of the new Republic of Turkey in the Treaty of Lausanne.

National Oath

The future of the territories inhabited by an Arab majority at the time of the signing of the Armistice of Mudros will be determined by a referendum. On the other hand, the territories which were not occupied at that time and inhabited by a Turkish majority are the homeland of the Turkish nation.
The status of Kars, Ardahan and Batum may be determined by a referendum.
The status of Western Thrace will be determined by the votes of its inhabitants.
The security of Constantinople and Marmara should be provided for. Transport and free trade on the Straits of the Bosphorus and the Dardanelles will be determined by Turkey and other concerned countries.
The rights of minorities will be issued on condition that the rights of Muslim minorities in neighboring countries are protected.
In order to develop in every field, the country should be independent and free; all restrictions on political, judicial and financial development will be removed.

See also
Fourteen Points
Muhacir
Turkish minorities in the former Ottoman Empire
Minorities in Turkey
Turkmeneli
Neo-Ottomanism
Blue Homeland

References

 History Of The Turkish Republic

External links

Turkish War of Independence
Turkish words and phrases
1920 in the Ottoman Empire
Turkish irredentism

Misak-ı Millî


Vincenzo Bellavere (also Bell'haver, Bell'aver, Belaver) (c.1540-1541 – 29 August 1587) was an Italian composer of the Venetian School. While a fairly minor figure in the Venetian School, he was a competent composer of madrigals and wrote a few works in the grand Venetian polychoral style.

Biography
Nothing is known about him prior to his appearance in Padua in 1567 as an organist at Crosieri Cathedral. That same year he tried to gain the prestigious job as first organist of the cathedral there. In 1568 he acquired the position of primary organist at the Scuola Grande di San Rocco, a Venetian establishment almost as prestigious as St. Mark's; he held this post until 1584 at which time he returned to Padua to take the post at the cathedral that he at first failed to win. In December 1585 he was fired from his job in Padua, probably because of an unexcused absence, but he returned to Venice to become organist of yet another Venetian church, Santo Stefano. In 1586 he became first organist at St. Mark's, the position just vacated by Andrea Gabrieli; thus he was first organist alongside Giovanni Gabrieli, who was second organist.  Unfortunately Bellavere died after only holding this post for nine months.

Bellavere was a talented composer and could have become a major member of the Venetian school, had his career not been cut short; possibly he died fairly young, though reliable information on his age is missing.

Works
Bellavere wrote, besides keyboard works (being an organist), choral works, notably madrigals in a light style reminiscent of Andrea Gabrieli, as well as four motets and two settings of the Magnificat.

His last music shows a progressive use of the multiple choir and instrument group style that was to make Giovanni Gabrieli famous, and which is the hallmark of the Venetian School.

References and further reading
 "Vincenzo Bellavere," in The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, ed. Stanley Sadie. 20 vol.  London, Macmillan Publishers Ltd., 1980.
 Eleanor Selfridge-Field, Venetian Instrumental Music, from Gabrieli to Vivaldi.  New York, Dover Publications, 1994.
 Denis Arnold/Serena Dal Belin Peruffo: "Vincenzo Bellavere", Grove Music Online ed. L. Macy (Accessed November 13, 2005), (subscription access)
HOASM - biography & discography

External links

1540s births
1587 deaths
Cathedral organists
Italian classical composers
Italian male classical composers
Italian classical organists
Male classical organists
Renaissance composers
Venetian School (music) composers

Vincenzo Bellavere


Guitar Hero II is a music video game, released for the PlayStation 2 on November 7, 2006 and the Xbox 360 on April 3, 2007. It is the sequel to Guitar Hero. The game features a guitar-shaped controller that allows players to simulate the playing of rock music. Much like the original game, Guitar Hero II was very successful and helped the Guitar Hero series become a cultural phenomenon. The game features artists such as Aerosmith, Nirvana, Foo Fighters, Rage Against the Machine and Guns N' Roses.

2006 video games
PlayStation 2 games
Xbox 360 games
Guitar Hero

Guitar Hero II


Switching Channels is a 1988 comedy starring Kathleen Turner, Burt Reynolds and Christopher Reeve. This movie got mixed reviews and was a commercial failure when it came out. This movie was like The Front Page, which was remade as His Girl Friday. This was released in March of 1988.

The movie got mixed reviews from the critics.

The movie was nominated for two Golden Raspberry Awards: Burt Reynolds for Worst Actor and Christopher Reeve for Worst Supporting Actor.

1988 movies
1988 comedy movies
American comedy movies
Movies based on plays
English-language movies
Movies directed by Ted Kotcheff

Switching Channels


BT-Epoxy (BT short for Bismaleimide-Triazine resin) is one of a number of thermoset resins used in printed circuit boards (PCBs). It is a mixture of epoxy resin, a common raw material for PCBs and BT resins. This is in turn a mixture of bismaleimide, which is also used as a raw material for PCBs and cyanate ester. Three cyano groups of the cyanate ester are trimerized to a triazine ring structure, hence the T in the name. In presence of a bismaleimide, the double bond of the maleimide group can copolymerize with the cyano groups to heterocyclic 6-membered aromatic ring structures with two nitrogen atoms (pyrimidines). The cure reaction occurs at temperatures up to 250 degrees C, and is catalyzed by strongly basic molecules like Dabco (diazabicyclooctane) and 4-DMAP (4-dimethylaminopyridin). Products with very high glass transition temperatures (Tg)- up to 300 degrees C -  and very low dielectric constant can be obtained. These properties make these materials very attractive for use in PCBs, which are often subjected to such conditions.

References

Synthetic resins

BT-Epoxy


Whaleyville is a neighborhood of Suffolk, Virginia, United States.  It was formerly an incorporated town located in southern Nansemond County, Virginia. Whaleyville is located midway between the former county seat at downtown Suffolk and the North Carolina border along U.S. Route 13.

Whaleyville is part of the region popularly known as Hampton Roads. The community is represented on Suffolk City Council by Council Member LeOtis Williams.

The Great Dismal Swamp is located a few miles east of Whaleyville.

Etymology
Whaleyville was named for another town of the same name, Whaleyville, Maryland, located on the Delmarva Peninsula north of Virginia's Eastern Shore. There, Seth Mitchell Whaley (1821–1901) was born and grew up. He was active in the lumber mill business in Maryland.

History
In 1877, Seth M. Whaley bought a farm in the southern portion of Nansemond County, Virginia and opened a sawmill nearby. He worked in cooperation with Jackson Brothers Lumber Company, which was established in the new village of Whaleyville, Virginia. Soon what became called the "Big Mill" was operating 24 hours a day.

Between 1885 and 1902, the Suffolk and Carolina Railway, a narrow gauge railroad was built from Suffolk through Whaleyville south to Edenton, North Carolina. A branch line extended from Beckford Junction (on the Suffolk-Edenton section) to Elizabeth City, North Carolina. Renamed the Virginia and Carolina Coast Railroad in 1906, it became part of the regional Norfolk and Southern Railway, a predecessor of the modern Norfolk Southern Corporation. Ports on the railroad at Suffolk at Nansemond Wharf on the Nansemond River and Elizabeth City on the Pasquotank River each offered Whaleyville a means to ship its lumber and produce of local farmers.

The long-distance Norfolk and Carolina Railroad was also built nearby in 1884 to connect what became the north-south main line of the Atlantic Coast Line Railroad with the towns and cities of Suffolk, Portsmouth and Norfolk.

At the new mill town of Whaleyville, new stores were built. In 1907, the Bank of Whaleyville opened. A high school was added in 1915.

The Lumber Mill at Whaleyville closed in 1919, and moved to Fayetteville, North Carolina. Many residents also made the move. Lumber continued to be harvested locally, but the area became more dependent upon agricultural activities. However, despite losings it biggest employers, the community preserved. According to a local source, "In 1928. Whaleyville had 500-600 residents, a cotton gin, peanut storage warehouses, two churches, and one of the best consolidated schools in Nansemond County."

Whaleyville was long located in Nansemond County. Records indicate it was formally incorporated by the General Assembly as a town between 1950 and 1973.

Nansemond County was one of a number of localities in southeastern Virginia which underwent change in their political structure between 1952 and 1967, resulting in the current large independent cities where counties and smaller cities and towns had largely been in the past. In 1972, Whaleyville merged with Nansemond County and that county's other incorporated town, Holland, to form the independent city of Nansemond.  Only two years later, Nansemond merged with the former seat of Nansemond County, Suffolk, to form the present-day city of Suffolk.

Although Whaleyville is now politically located within a modern city, it is still surrounded substantially by a farms and woodland. Local Whaleyville residents strive to maintain a small town setting as one of the widely diverse types of communities in Suffolk, which at , is the largest geographically in Virginia.

Transportation
During the Great Depression, the Norfolk and Southern Railway (N&S) abandoned its line through Whaleyville, and sold its local tracks and facilities near the port in Suffolk to the Virginian Railway. In 1967, the Atlantic Coast Line Railroad (ACL) merged with the Seaboard Air Line Railroad, (SAL) forming the Seaboard Coast Line Railroad (SCL). Both had served Suffolk. Among many parallel tracks considered redundant by the new SCL, the ACL trackage near Whaleyville was also abandoned.

The predecessor agency of the Virginia Department of Transportation was created in 1906. Road building began in 1909. In 1932, the secondary roads in Nansemond County were added to the state system under the Byrd Road Act. After bearing such State Highway numbers as 506, 53, and 37, the main highway through Whaleyville was designated U.S. Route 13.

On July 1, 2006, the City of Suffolk assumed control of its roads including those in the Whaleyville area from the Virginia Department of Transportation.

As part of the Suffolk 2026 Comprehensive Plan, the city plans to bypass  Whaleyville. US 13 (along with NC Highway 11) is a strategic highway corridor in North Carolina towards Greenville.

Historical sites
 Seth M. Whaley's home is still standing on Whaleyville Boulevard. The home is now occupied by private owners.
 Whaleyville United Methodist Church was founded in 1884 for the mill workers and the people of the area. The church is still in use and two stained glass windows bear benefactor S.M. Whaley's name.
 The bank building erected in 1907 by T.O. Knight is still standing. In its 100th year, members of the Whaleyville Historical Society are working with the City of Suffolk, which owns the building, to possible open a Whaleyville Museum there. The bank building is currently housing a restaurant.

See also
 Suffolk, Virginia

References

Boroughs of Suffolk, Virginia
Suffolk, Virginia communities
Former municipalities in Virginia
Populated places disestablished in 1972

Whaleyville, Virginia


The Galyat region is an area roughly 50–80 km north-east of Islamabad, Pakistan, on both sides of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa-Punjab border. The word Galyat is the plural of the Urdu word gali, which means an alley between two mountains on both sides of which there are valleys and it is not the highest point in the range. Many of the towns in the area have the word gali as part of their names. These are popular summer-holiday destinations in Pakistan. Murree, one of the most popular hill stations of Pakistan, is the largest town of the Galyat area.

Localities in the Galyat
 Ayubia (Khyber Pakhtunkhwa)
 Bara Gali (Khyber Pakhtunkhwa)
 Bhurban (Khyber Pakhtunkhwa)
 Changla Gali (Khyber Pakhtunkhwa)
 Charra Pani (Punjab)
 Dunga Gali (Khyber Pakhtunkhwa)
 Ghora Gali (Punjab)
 Khaira Gali (Punjab)
 Khanspur (Khyber Pakhtunkhwa)
 Murree (Punjab)
 Nathia Gali (Khyber Pakhtunkhwa)
 Thandiani (Khyber Pakhtunkhwa)

Regions of Pakistan

Galyat


The 2006  sale of the Shinawatra family's share of Shin Corporation (ShinCorp) to Temasek Holdings caused great controversy in Thailand.  The sale was in response to long-standing criticisms that the Shinawatra family's holdings created a conflict of interest for Thai Prime Minister Thaksin Shinawatra.  Criticisms of the sale focused on the insistence by Thaksin and a compliant government that the transaction was exempt from capital gains tax (as per Revenue Department and Stock Exchange of Thailand regulations, later determined by Thai courts not to be legal), the fact that the Thai company was sold to a Singaporean company, and the fact that the Thai law regarding foreign investments in the telecom sector had been amended just prior to the sale (although the amendment had been proposed since 2001). Thaksin's sale also impacted holdings, among other parties, of the Crown Property Bureau that had an investment in Siam Commercial Bank that held ShinCorp stock.

The sale of Shin Corporation to Temasek Holdings
On 23 January 2006, the Thai Telecommunication Act (2006) became effective, raising the limit on foreign holdings in telecom companies to 49 percent. The act replaced the Telecom Business Law, which took effect in November 2001, that put the foreign investment cap at 25 percent. At the time, AIS was 49 percent owned by the Shinawatra family. Competitors DTAC and TA Orange were 40 percent owned by Norway's Telenor and 49 percent owned by France's Orange. The law was not retroactive, thus DTAC and TA Orange criticised the government for discriminating against foreign investors and urged it to increase the cap.

On Monday, 23 January 2006, the Shinawatra family sold its remaining 49.6 percent stake in Shin Corporation to two nominees of Temasek Holdings (Cedar Holdings and Aspen Holdings). The Shinawatra and Damapong (Potjaman's maiden name) families netted about 73 billion baht (about US$1.88 billion). In accordance with Thai tax laws, they did not have to pay capital gains tax.

In an unrelated transaction, the two families had earlier not paid taxes when Thaksin transferred shares to his sister Yingluck Shinawatra and his wife, Potjaman Shinawatra, transferred shares to her brother . The tax exemption was granted on grounds that the transfer, at a par value of 10 baht, took place through the stock market.

Although the tax exemption was legal, the sale drew heavy criticism over Thaksin's ethics on the grounds that Shin Corp, a dominant player in Thailand's information technology sector, would be sold to an investment arm of the Government of Singapore.

The transaction was conducted via several holding companies, including Cypress Holdings, Kularb Kaew, and Cedar Holdings. Cypress Holdings, a unit of Temasek, owned 49 percent of the shares of Kularb Kaew, but had 90 percent of the voting rights. Kularb Kaew owned 41.1 percent of Cedar Holdings. Cedar Holdings held a 54.54 percent stake in Shin Corp. Indirectly, Kularb Kaew also directly owned another 22.4 percent of Shin Corp.

Investigation
The Thailand Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) investigated the transaction. "The investigation concluded that Prime Minister Thaksin Shinawatra and his daughter Pinthongta are clear from all wrongdoing," said SEC secretary-general Thirachai Phuvanatnaranubala on 23 February 2006. However, the SEC did find that Thaksin's son, Panthongtae, violated rules with regard to information disclosure and public tender offers in transactions between 2000 and 2002. He was fined six million baht (about US$150,000). "The case is not severe because Panthongtae did inform the SEC but his report was not totally correct" said the SEC's deputy chief Prasong Vinaiphat.

Allegations of insider trading by the Shinawatra family, Shin Corporation Corp executives, and major shareholders were also investigated.  No irregularities were found.

Controversy
The transaction made the prime minister the target of accusations that he was selling an asset of national importance to a foreign entity, and hence selling out his nation. The Democrat Party spokesman called Thaksin worse than Saddam Hussian for not protecting the Thai economy from foreigners: "Dictator Saddam, though a brutal tyrant, still fought the superpower for the Iraqi motherland." Supporters, however, counter that Thailand's mobile phone industry is highly competitive, and that little criticism was raised when the Norwegian firm Telenor acquired Total Access Communications, the country's second largest operator. Democrat Party leader Abhisit Vejjajiva had criticised Thaksin earlier for not sufficiently opening up the Thai telecom sector to foreigners. Supporters further counter that the complete sale of Shin Corporation by the Shinawatra-Damapong families had been a long-standing demand of some public groups, as it would allow Thaksin to undertake his duties as prime minister without accusation of conflicts of interest.

The controversy surrounding the sale gave additional momentum to an already-planned anti-Thaksin rally, which took place on 4–5 February at the Royal Plaza, near the parliament building and the royal palace. At least 20,000 protesters, led by media figure Sondhi Limthongkul, gathered demanding the resignation of the prime minister, and submitted a petition to the Privy Council chairman General Prem Tinsulanonda and the Office of His Majesty's Principal Private Secretary, intended for King Bhumibol Adulyadej. Rallies also took place in several southern provinces.

The resulting political turmoil forced Thaksin to order the dissolution of the lower house on 24 February 2006.

Use of nominees
Kularb Kaew and Cedar Holdings were holding companies used to acquire Shin Corp. Kularb Kaew was, in turn, owned by a small group of Thai nominee shareholders, including Pong Sarasin, a son of the former Thai prime minister and the brother of Arsa Sarasin, King Bhumibol's principal private secretary. Other owners of Cedar are Temasek and Siam Commercial Bank, in which King Bhumibol's Crown Property Bureau has a controlling stake. SCB also played a crucial role advising and providing financial support for the deal.

This use of local nominees of foreign owners was attacked by some anti-Thaksin groups as a method to get around laws limiting foreign ownership of Thai companies. Subsequent investigations found that Thai nominees owned 24.1 percent of all shares on the Thai stock exchange, and up to 36 percent of all shares in the technology sector. Efforts to clamp down on use of Thai nominees could potentially cause a significant outflow of capital from Thailand.

After the coup
On 16 October 2006, nearly a month after a military junta overthrew the government of Thaksin Shinawatra in a coup, Temasek issued a statement to signal the eventual reduction in its holding in Shin Corp. However, the government said that it would continue with its legal action to follow up on its investigation of whether Kularb Kaew is a nominee of Temasek.

Chairman Pong Sarasin was later removed from the board of directors, and replaced by Tongnoi Tongyai, the private secretary of Crown Prince Maha Vajiralongkorn. The Crown Prince's office later declared that Tongyai had never been the secretary of the crown prince, but was only a low ranking officer in the office.

The junta's interpretation of the Foreign Business Act of 1999, which defines nominees and limits foreign investment in Thai companies, could have far reaching consequences for foreign investment in Thailand.

5th arrest warrant
Supreme Court Criminal Division for Holders of Political Positions Judge Pongphet Vichitchonchai (of a nine-judge panel, with the concurrence of Justice Pornpetch), on 15 October 2008, issued a fifth arrest warrant against Thaksin, for failure to appear at the hearing of his "Sale of Shin Corporation to Temasek Holdings" case, due to self-imposed exile in London.

References

External links
 Ample Rich Scandal
 CNN news report  (audio clip)
 www.korbsak.com (in Thai)
 Shin Corp Sale on 2Bangkok.com
 Overview Articles Temasek and the use of nominees in the takeover of Shin Corp

Intouch Holdings
Thaksin Shinawatra
2006 scandals
2006 in Thailand
Temasek Holdings
Political history of Thailand
Trials in Thailand
Controversies in Thailand
2006 mergers and acquisitions


Sinterklaas (also called Sint Nicolaas) is a traditional Winter holiday figure in Dutch-speaking Europe (The Netherlands and Flanders), and is also well known in the former Dutch colonies. Every year he is celebrated in The Netherlands, one day before Saint Nicholas died (5 December) and on (6 December) in Belgium. His helper and best friend is Black Peter. Sinterklaas is the basis of the mythical holiday figure of Santa Claus in the United States. Sinterklaas has nothing to do with Christmas. Christmas will also be celebrated in the Netherlands as well as in Belgium, so Santa Claus is not the same as Sinterklaas (in the Netherlands). Sinterklaas arrives from Spain in a boat and has a white horse that can walk across rooftops. Every little kid puts his shoe at the chimney (or the window) and sings a song, when the kid goes to sleep sinterklaas comes and puts a present in the shoe.
.

Dutch culture
Belgian culture
Flanders

Sinterklaas


The Zapatista Army of National Liberation (EZLN; ) is a political and militant group based in –Chiapas, the southernmost state of Mexico. Its members are called the Zapatistas. They advocate for libertarian socialism, environmental sustainability and indigenous rights.

It is led by the indigenous people of the Chiapas Mountains. The name Zapatista refers to Emiliano Zapata who was a leader of the Mexican Revolution of 1910. The group was formed in the 1980s and led a large rebellion in 1994. Where it captured a small region of Mexico and was granted control over it.

Subcomandante Insurgente Marcos
Though the movement has many leaders, both women and men, Marcos has become the unofficial spokesperson for the movement. This is because he is very well educated, a good public speaker, and has written letters to and worked with writers and intellectuals from all over the world. He signs almost all of his letters with "Subcomandante Marcos, from the mountains of the southeast of Mexico." He is wearing a ski-mask in every picture and video of him and ski-masks have become a symbol of the EZLN in Mexico, as the majority of its supporters also wear them. Followers of the EZLN also paint murals of Marcos in his mask and Emiliano Zapata to show their support.

Rebel Autonomous Zapatista Municipalities
Since 1994, the Zapatistas have been in control of a region in Southern Chiapas. The Zapatistas created a 'Council of Good Government' which is a direct democracy representing between 120,000 to 300,000 people. The economy is made up of a coordinated network of communal stores, worker cooperatives and family farms. Their autonomous government provides low-interest loans, free education and universal health care. The Zapatistas mainly produce corn, beans, coffee, bananas, sugar, cattle, chicken, pigs and clothing. The Mexican military has attacked communities several times with drones, infantry and helicopters.

References

Chiapas
Political organizations
Rebel militia groups
Rebellions in North America
Nationalist organizations in North America
1994 establishments in North America
1990s establishments in Mexico

Zapatista Army of National Liberation


Fatal Attraction is an American thriller movie directed by Adrian Lyne. It stars Michael Douglas, Glenn Close and Anne Archer.

Plot
Douglas plays attorney Dan Gallagher, who lives in Manhattan with wife Beth (played by Archer) and their six-year-old daughter Ellen (played by Ellen Hamilton Latzen). He has a fling with 36-year-old Alex Forrest (played by Close). Alex has borderline personality disorder and self-harms. When Dan ends the affair, she refuses to accept it and reacts with hatred against him and later tells him she is pregnant. Despite him moving to Bedford, New York, she stalks him and uses violence. Dan then approaches the police for a restraining order against her, but the lieutenant claims that he cannot violate Alex's rights without probable cause and must own up to his own adultery.

One day, when Dan and his family are out, Alex kills Ellen's pet rabbit and leaves it on their stove to boil. After this, Dan confesses to the affair and of Alex's pregnancy. Beth then kicks Dan out, but not before he calls Alex to tell her of Beth's knowledge of the affair. Beth then warns Alex that "if you (Alex) ever come near my family again, I'll (Beth) kill you".  The next day, unbeknownst to Beth and Dan, Alex arrives at Ellen's school and picks her up, taking her to a theme park. Beth, in a panic, drives around searching for Ellen and rear-ends a car, resulting in her being hospitalised. Alex takes Ellen home and asks her for a kiss on the cheek. After Beth is released from hospital, she forgives Dan and they return home.

Dan attacks Alex in her apartment and nearly strangles her to death. He stops, but then Alex attacks him with a kitchen knife. He overpowers her, but puts the knife down and leaves, with Alex leaning on the kitchen counter, smiling. Dan approaches the police about having her arrested and they start searching for her. While Beth is preparing a bath for herself, Alex appears with the knife and explains her resentment of Beth, all the while fidgeting and resulting in her cutting her leg, before attacking her. The screaming attracts Dan's attention and he wrestles Alex into the bath, seemingly drowning her. Alex then emerges from the water swinging the knife. Beth then shoots her to death. After Dan is finished talking to the police, he goes upstairs where Beth is waiting for him, they then embrace and proceed upstairs as the camera focuses on a picture of the family.

Other websites

1987 crime thriller movies
1987 horror movies
1980s horror thriller movies
Adultery in movies
American crime thriller movies
American horror thriller movies
Borderline personality disorder in fiction
English-language movies
Movies about stalking
Movies directed by Adrian Lyne
Movies set in New York (state)
Movies set in New York City
Movies composed by Maurice Jarre
Pregnancy movies

Fatal Attraction


Bek or Bak (Egyptian for "Servant") was the first chief royal sculptor during the reign of Pharaoh Akhenaten. His father Men held the same position under Akhenaten's father Amenhotep III; his mother Roi was a woman from Heliopolis.

Bek grew up in Heliopolis, an important cult centre of the sun god Ra. The young prince Amenhotep (who became the pharaoh Akhenaten) had a palace here, and it is likely that his religious views were formed in part by the Heliopolitan teachings. Bek followed his lord to Akhet-Aten, the city founded by Akhenaten. He oversaw the construction of the great temple statues of the king and the opening of the Aswan and Gebel es-Silsila stone quarries, from where the stone was transported.

A stela found in Aswan, made around the 9th regnal year of Akhenaten shows Men and his son Bek with the pharaohs they serve. On the right side Men stands before the statue of Amenhotep III. The statue is very likely to be one of the colossi of the pharaoh that was made by Men. This side of the stela reflects the traditional artistic style of the 18th Dynasty, and the only indication of the Amarna Period is that the name "Amenhotep" is left out, instead of it the pharaoh's throne name "Nebmaatre" is repeated, in order to avoid having to mention the god Amun whose cult was forbidden. On the left side of the stela Bek is shown before Akhenaten, who makes offerings to his god Aten; according to the inscription the depicted scene is set in the Great Temple of the Aten. A typical feature of Amarna era pictures, the rays of Aten end in hands. Aten's and Akhenaten's name was later chiseled out.

On the stela Bek states that he is "the apprentice whom His Majesty taught". It is likely that he oversaw the making of the statues which show Akhenaten and his family in an overly naturalistic style, breaking with the idealised depiction that tradition demanded.

A stela (now in Berlin) shows Bek with his wife Taheret. This is possibly the first self-portrait in history. The inscription of this stela also mentions him being taught by Akhenaten. A drawing of Akhenaten, which depicts the pharaoh and Aten and is likely to have been made in the early years of his reign, is possibly Bek's work. This picture shows Aten with a falcon-headed man, which was an attribute of Ra.

Some other sculptors of the Amarna Period are also known by name, including Thutmose and Yuti, sculptor of Queen Tiye.

Sources

External links
 Information and images

Ancient Egyptian sculptors
People of the Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt
14th-century BC Egyptian people

Bek (sculptor)


Lake retention time (also called the residence time of lake water, or the water age or flushing time) is the calculated average time that water (or a dissolved substance) spends in a lake. At its simplest this figure is the result of dividing the lake volume by the flow in or out of the lake. It describes the amount of time that is needed for a substance to flow in and out of a lake.

Lakes

Lake retention time


World War II was a global military conflict. It is also called Second World War. It was the joining of what started off as two separate conflicts. The first began in Asia as the Second Sino-Japanese War. The other began in Europe in 1939 with the German invasion of Poland.

This global conflict split the majority of the world's nations into two opposing military alliances. On one side was the Allies. On the other was the Axis powers. It involved the mobilization of over 100 million military personnel. This made it the most widespread war in history. It placed the participants in a state of "total war". The distinction between civil and military resources were eliminated. This resulted in the complete activation of a nation's economic, industrial, and scientific capabilities for the purposes of the war effort. Over 60 million people, the majority of them civilians, were killed, making it the deadliest conflict in human history. The financial cost of the war is estimated at about a trillion 1944 U.S. dollars worldwide, making it the most costly war in capital as well as lives.

The Allies won. The result was the United States and Soviet Union emerged as the world's two leading superpowers.

During this conflict 464 United States military personnel received the Medal of Honor, 266 of them posthumously. Seventeen of these were Japanese-Americans fighting in both Europe and the Pacific. Additionally, the only recipient for the United States Coast Guard received the Medal for his actions during this war.

The Medal of Honor was created during the American Civil War. It is the highest military decoration presented by the United States government to a member of its armed forces. The recipient must have distinguished themselves at the risk of their own life above and beyond the call of duty in action against an enemy of the United States. Due to the nature of this medal, it is commonly presented posthumously.

A

 N.B. A  in the citation indicates that the award was given posthumously.

Notes

References

World War II

List of Medal of Honor recipients for World War II


A circular letter of credit was a letter of credit issued by a bank or related financial institution to a private person, usually an individual of means, which enabled that person to draw funds from correspondent banks while traveling. This was considered safer than carrying large sums of cash. Early examples of the use of personal letters of credit can be found as far back as the Renaissance and they became more standardized by the latter half of the 18th century. Circular letters of credit were widely used until the 1970s. However, with the advent of modern electronic banking, ATMs, debit cards, and credit cards, they have largely fallen into disuse.

Such letters were often issued on special paper with formal lettering and designs to discourage counterfeiting. The circular letter of credit generally consisted of two or three separate items. The first being the actual letter addressed to correspondent banks stating the amount of funds that can be drawn. The reverse of the letter usually contained space to record the drawing of funds against the letter and the current balance. The second item was a list of correspondent banks in the area where the letter holder expected to be traveling. And the third was a signature card which was expected to be presented for comparison when drawing funds. Also referred to as a "letter of indication," it may have contained additional information such as a description of the letter bearer intended to add a level of security. Travelers were advised to keep the letter and signature card separate from one another as a precaution against theft.

Banks typically charged around 1% of the value of the letter for its issuance. Circular letters of credit were in many ways similar to circular notes which were in turn a precursor to later traveler's cheques. Because of the expense involved, most financial institutions had minimum values for which they would issue such letters. In the 19th century in the United States this was typically $500.

See also
Banking
Letter of credit
Travel

References

External links
The Circular Letter of Credit
The Scientific American Handbook of Travel (1910 ed.)

Banking
Credit
International travel documents

Circular letter of credit


Piardoba Airfield is an abandoned airfield in India, located 6.6 miles (10.7 km) S of Bishnupur, West Bengal, Bankura District in the state of West Bengal, India.

History

During World War II, the airfield hosted the United States Army Air Force 462d Bombardment Group prior to its deployment to the Mariana Islands.

Piardoba  was originally designed for Consolidated B-24 Liberator use.  In 1943 it was designated as a Boeing B-29 Superfortress base for the planned deployment of the United States Army Air Forces XX Bomber Command to India.   Advance Army Air Forces echelons arrived in India in December 1943 to organize the upgrading of the airfield and thousands of Indians labored to upgrade the facility for Superfortress operations.  It was one of four B-29 bases established by the Americans in India.

Piardoba was designated to be the home of the 462d Bombardment Group, with initially four B-29 Squadrons 768th, 769th, 770th and 771st.  Support elements of the group included the 9th, 10th, 11th and 12th Bomb Maintenance Squadrons; the 13th Photo Lab, and the 86th Air Service Group.

The 462d arrived at the base on 7 April 1944 after completing B-29 transition training at Walker AAF, Kansas.  The deployment to India took almost three weeks, consisting of traveling to Morrison Field, Florida, then south through the Caribbean to Natal, Brazil.    From Brazil the South Atlantic was crossed arriving in West Africa and re-assembling at Marrakesh, Morocco.   The group then flew north and west from Morocco through Algeria and Egypt, before arriving at Karachi.  By the time the group arrived at Piardoba, the month-long trip had taken its toll on the aircraft and personnel.

The 462dth was part of the Operation Matterhorn project of XX Bomber Command, the bombing of the Japanese Home Islands.   In order to reach Japan, the B-29s of the group needed to stage operations from Kuinglai (Linqiong) Airfield (A-4), a forward base just to the southwest of Chendu in south-central China.

However, in order to stage missions and operate from Kuinglai, the group need to transport supplies of fuel, bombs, and spares needed 1,200 miles to the airfield.  Six round trips were necessary to deliver enough fuel for one airplane to mount a combat mission from China - an impractical logistics concept for an aerial campaign.

Almost immediately upon arrival in India, engine fires caused the grounding of all of the groups B-29s.  The cause was that the B-29's R-3350 engine had not been designed to operate at ground temperatures higher than 115 degrees F, which were typically exceeded in India. Modifications had also to be made to the aircraft and after these modifications, B-29 flights to India were resumed.

The first combat mission by the group took place on June 5, 1944, when squadrons of the 462d took off from India to attack the Makasan railroad yards at Bangkok, Thailand. This involved a 2261-mile round trip, the longest bombing mission yet attempted during the war.

On June 15 the group participated in the first American Air Force attack on the Japanese Home Islands since the Doolittle raid in 1942, a raid on Yawata. Operating from bases in India, and at times staging through fields in India and China, the group struck transportation centers, naval installations, iron works, aircraft plants, and other targets in Japan, Thailand, Burma, China, Formosa, and Indonesia. From a staging base in Ceylon, the 462d mined the Moesi River on Sumatra in August 1944 during Operation Boomerang. Received a Distinguished Unit Citation for a daylight attack on iron and steel works at Yawata, Japan, in August 1944.

The 462d evacuated staging fields in China in January 1945 due to the Japanese offensive in South China which threatened the forward staging bases, but continued operations from India, bombing targets in Thailand and mining waters around Singapore.    However, by late 1944 it was becoming apparent that B-29 operations against Japan staged out of the bases in Chengtu were far too expensive in men and materials and would have to be stopped. In December 1944, the Joint Chiefs of Staff made the decision that Operation Matterhorn would be phased out, and the B-29s would be moved to newly captured bases in the Marianas in the central Pacific.

On 26 February 1945, the 462d Bombardment Group flew south to Ceylon, then southeast across the Indian Ocean to Perth in Western Australia.  Flying north through New Guinea,  it reached its new home at West Field, Tinian, in the Mariana Islands on 4 April where it and its parent 58th Bombardment Wing came under the command of the new XXI Bomber Command.

With the departure of the B-29s to the Marianas, Piardoba Airfield was turned over to the Tenth Air Force.   The 33d Fighter Group moved to the airfield on 5 May 1945 after being withdrawn from Combat.    The group left its P-38s and P-47s at the airfield for disposal, with the personnel returning to the United States.    The unit was inactivated in mid-November.

Also, Piardoba saw the arrival of Headquarters, Tenth Air Force from Myitkyina, Burma on  15 May.   The headquarters echelon remained at the base until moving to Wujiaba Airport near Kunming, China effective 1 August.

Piardoba Airfield officially closed on 26 September 1945, being turned over to the British colonial government.    The postwar history of the airfield is unclear, however today the  large, sprawling wartime airfield is abandoned and in disrepair, with abandoned hardstands and taxiways visible on aerial images.    Little no wartime structures still exist, although it appears that some small villages have taken over the former billeting areas.

See also

 Operation Matterhorn

References

 Maurer, Maurer (1983). Air Force Combat Units Of World War II. Maxwell AFB, Alabama: Office of Air Force History. .

Airfields of the United States Army Air Forces in British India
Defunct airports in India
Airports in West Bengal
Bankura district
Airports established in 1942
1942 establishments in India
20th-century architecture in India

Piardoba Airfield


Flowblade Movie Editor is a free and open-source video editing software for Linux.

The project was started by lead developer Janne Liljeblad in 2009 and has been active since. The source code is currently hosted on GitHub.

Flowblade employs a film-style insert editing model as workflow with similar design approach as Avid. In insert editing clips are generally placed tightly after other clips when they are inserted on the Timeline. Edits are fine tuned by trimming in and out points of clips or by cutting and deleting parts of clips.

Flowblade builds most of its functionality using media framework MLT. Other MLT video editors are KDEnlive and Shotcut.

Other used libraries include Frei0r effects and LADSPA. Flowblade supports all of the formats supported by FFmpeg or libav (such as QuickTime, AVI, WMV, MPEG, and Flash Video, among others), and also supports 4:3 and 16:9 aspect ratios for both PAL, NTSC and various HD standards, including HDV and AVCHD.

Features list
 Editing with 4 move tools, 3 trim tools, 4 methods to add clips on the Timeline and drag'n'drop functionality. Max.9 combined video and audio tracks available.
 Image compositing with 6 compositors and mix, zoom, move and rotate animations capability.
 Image and audio filtering with 50+ image filters and 30+ audio filters.
 Supported editable media types include most common video and audio formats, depending on installed MLT/FFMPEG codecs, bitmap and vector graphics and numbered frame sequences.
 Built-in title tool.
 G'MIC effects tool
 Unlimited keyframing for animatable clip attributes.
 Output encoding can done to most common video and audio formats
 User interface has been translated to several languages, including Spanish, French, Italian, Hungarian and German.

See also

 List of video editing software

References

External links

Free software programmed in Python
Free video software
Linux-only free software
Software that uses PyGObject
Video editing software
Video editing software that uses GTK

Flowblade


The Scottish Highlands is a historic region of Scotland. It is the area to the north of the Highland Boundary Fault. The fault separates the hard igneous and metamorphic rocks to the north from the softer sedimentary rocks of the Scottish Lowlands in the south.

The Highlands are divided in two parts. The Great Glen divides the Grampian Mountains to the southeast from the Northwest Highlands.

Population
The area is generally sparsely populated, with many mountain ranges, and includes the highest mountain in the British Isles, Ben Nevis.

Before the 19th century the Highlands was home to a larger population but, for several reasons, the area is now one of the most sparsely populated in Europe. The average population density in the Highlands and Islands is lower than that of Sweden, Norway, Papua New Guinea and Argentina.

The reasons for the low population include the harsh nature of the land. Also, the outlawing of the traditional Highland way of life after the Jacobite Rising of 1745, the infamous Highland Clearances, and mass migration to urban areas during the Industrial Revolution all had their effects.

People from this region are traditionally called highlanders.

Religion
Like the Scottish islands, the Highlands are a stronghold of Protestant churches. There is the Kirk (the national Presbyterian Church of Scotland), but the Wee Frees (Free Church of Scotland, several versions) are the typical religion of the Highlands and Islands. Old-style observance of the Sabbath is typical of these areas.

Geography of Scotland

Scottish Highlands


Idioma de Signos Nicaragüense, or Nicaraguan Sign Language, is a sign language that was spontaneously invented by deaf schoolchildren in Nicaragua in the 1970s and 1980s.  The language developed when the Sandinist government of Nicaragua created the first (elementary) school for deaf people, in the 1970s. The language is of special interest to linguists, because it allows them to study how languages develop.

In the 1970s, the deaf people of Nicaragua rarely met. They lived isolated lives and used simple gestures to communicate with their friends and family. In 1977, a special programme for the deaf was started in a suburb of Managua. At first, fifty children took part. When the Sandinist came to power, the number of pupils rose to hundred. In 1980, a vocational school for deaf people was opened in another part of Managua. In 1983, both schools together had about 400 pupils.

The teaching was centered on lip reading and the use of a hand alphabet. This was mostly unsuccessful, because most pupils had trouble spelling words in this way. The children were cut off from their teachers, and used recreational breaks, and free time spent together to create a system that allowed them to communicate with each other. Gestures and signs used at home were used to create a pidgin. Later the pidgin developed into a Creole language. The first step, that is to say the pidgin is called Lenguaje de Signos Nicaragüense (LSN) today. Pupils who left the school before the creole language was created, continue to use the pidgin.

The staff of the school missed the fact that a language was developing before their eyes. All they saw were some mimics, and the failure to learn Spanish. As they did not know what the pupils were saying, they asked for help. In 1986, Judi Kegl, an expert on the topic of American Sign Language was asked to help. When she analysed the language, she found out that the pidgin NSL had been made more complex by the younger pupils — it now included a fixed grammar, and the arrangement of verbs. Today, this extended form is known as ISN.

Other websites
 5 minute PBS documentary video showing examples of Nicaraguan Sign Language (QuickTime and RealPlayer formats).
 http://www.unet.maine.edu/courses/NSLP/
 http://cf.linguistlist.org/cfdocs/new-website/LL-WorkingDirs/forms/langs/LLDescription.cfm?code=NCS
 https://www.nytimes.com/library/magazine/home/19991024mag-sign-language.html
 http://www-news.uchicago.edu/citations/04/041014.coppola-ct.html

Nicaragua
Sign languages

Nicaraguan Sign Language


The Mexico City administrative buildings are two buildings on the south side of the Zócalo in Mexico City divided by the avenue Avenida 20 de Noviembre. They house offices of the governing authority of Mexico City. The building to the west of 20 de Noviembre is the older one and has been the site of city administration since the Conquest.  The one to the east is newer, built in the 20th century.

Federal District

Similar to other capital cities, like Washington, D.C., Mexico City is considered as belonging to the nation, rather than being part of a particular state.  What is now the federal district used to be principally part of the State of Mexico until 1824, when the Mexican Congress decided to put the capital in Mexico City. At the time, the State of Mexico had its headquarters in the old Palace of the Inquisition (Now the Museum of Medicine) but then had to move to Texcoco. The government of Mexico City and the Federal District are one and the same, causing Mexicans to use the terms interchangeably. While it is still considered under federal jurisdiction, recently, changes have been made, such as the allowing of direct elections of the Chief or "mayor" of the District.

Original town hall

The first local authority in New Spain was the ayuntamiento (district council) of Villa Rica in Veracruz, established where Hernán Cortés came ashore in the early 16th century. The governing council moved to Coyoacán, near Mexico City, after the fall of the Aztec city Tenochtitlan. The ayuntamiento moved here after the first town hall was built between 1526 and 1532, with the first recorded council meeting here in 1526. It was built as a fortress against the Indians, who were forbidden to settle in the area. It had a large meeting room, a scrivener's room to keep records, another for accounting, and audience hall, a chapel and a sacristy. This building also housed a government-controlled butchers and granary Since then, the governing body and building have gone by several names including the "Casas Consistoriales", the "Casas de Cabildos", the "Palacio de la Diputación", the "Sala de Cabildos" and the "Consejo Consultivo de la Ciudad." The building was expanded in 1582.

In 1582, a jail was added, the first such in New Spain. Other functions were added to the building such as a coin-making facility, a foundry and residences. This building was destroyed, along with the National Palace in the famine uprising in 1692 . As the building burned, its archives were saved by Carlos de Sigüenza who, with the help of friends and paid servants threw them out of the windows as the building burned, saving records going back to 1524 In 1714, viceroy Fernando de Alencastre, 1st Duke of Linares ordered the building reconstructed. Work began in 1720 under viceroy Baltasar de Zúñiga, 1st Duke of Arión, who managed to have the portals built. The rest of the building was completed in 1724 under viceroy Juan de Acuña, marqués de Casafuerte. The official corn and meat markets located here were abolished and the free market was allowed to take control of these commodities. This resulted in a bustling market in what was the Alley of the Diputación, now 20 de Noviembre. However, these stalls disappeared by 1888.

In 1910, the building was remodeled for the upcoming centennial of Independence by architect Manuel Gorozope and engineer Guillermo Beltrán. The remodeled building was inaugurated on 16 September (independence day) 1910. However, remodeling work went on from 1912 to 1930 with the addition of the main staircase, the library and the archives, even though work was periodically halted because of the Mexican Revolution. In 1921, another floor was added as well as square towers on the corners on both sides of the main facade. This front facade has talavera tile murals with the coats of arms of Coyoacán, where the ayuntamiento was before here, of the founding of Mexico City, of Christopher Columbus, of Hernán Cortés, of Mexico City as authorized by Charles V and of Villa Rica de la Vera Cruz. In some places, some of the foundations of the original building can still be seen. In 1948, the district council moved from here to the new building built next door, but it moved back here in 1997.

The exterior of the building is topped by two square corner towers, each containing three small arches, whose balustrade appears to spill over the pediments and the eagles that overlook the Zocalo.

The interior has large powerful arches, with richly decorated moulding at the main entrance. These lead to a double arcade covering a monumental staircase created by architect Alvaro Aburto. On each side of the stairwell are two patios surrounded by arches and columns. The left patio is done in Venetian-style mosaics with images fruits and vegetables as well as large pitchers. The right side patio is home to the Salon de Cabildos, which was recently restored and open for public viewing. It was the place that the city council traditionally convened to settle local disputes. The entry hall to the Salon contains a gallery of portraits of all 62 Spanish viceroys.

Edificio de Gobierno building

This building is next to the National Palace and the Supreme Court building. After demolition of the old colonial-period Portal de las Flores in 1935,  the current structure was built between 1941 and 1948 and designed to fit in with the rest of the architecture of the Zocalo, as well as to be symmetrical with the "old" Palace of the Ayuntamiento next door. The Portal de las Flores (Portal of the Flowers), named so either because its original owner's name was Flores, but since later it housed markets selling fresh flowers, vegetables and fruit from outlying areas, it is commonly held as the origin of the name This Portal was rebuilt in 1724 and remained the site of markets and stores until the 19th century. The 18th century building was demolished in 1935, helping to open up 20 de Noviembre Street and clearing way for the current building.

The outside of the building has relatively sober decoration with windows framed in white stone, parapets with windows and square columns. The "mini-balconies" of the windows are done in wrought iron and the corners of the third floor have estipite columns. In 1985 this building suffered damages due to the Mexico City earthquake and was remodeled and restructured. A plaque inside the building commemorate that works.

The interior of the vestibule is simple dominated by the main stairwell. This stairwell contains two large murals depicted the history of Mexico from the pre-Hispanic period to just past the Revolution. Both were painted by Carlos Montuy in 1986 .

When the current edifice was being built, they found the remains of the house of Doña Marina or La Malinche and that of the wife of treasurer Alonso de Estrada. Further down, they found a "tlachtli" or Aztec ball game field, a chacmool and other archeological finds.

Government offices

A number of Federal District department or secretariats are housed in the two buildings.  In the original building are housed the "Jefatura de Gobierno" (offices of the Chief of the District), the Secretaría de Gobierno (Secretariat of the Government), and the "Secretaría de Medio Ambiente" (Secretariat of the Environment). In the newer building are housed the "Oficialia Mayor" (Government Oversight), the Secretaría de Desarrollo Social (Secretariat of Social Development), the Secretaría de Obras y Servicios (Secretariat of Works and Services) and the Secretaría de Protección Civil (Secretariat of Civil Protection).

Politics and culture

The Chief of the Federal District since 2018 is Claudia Sheinbaum. While the Old Town Hall is overshadowed by the National Palace and Mexico City Cathedral, it has been the scene of some political and social events. In December 2007, microbus operators protested there for a number of days until District Chief Marcelo Ebrard promised to meet with them about their demands for higher tariffs.  In the same year, the city sponsored a light show projected onto the side of the building, representing different eras in Mexico City's history. It was called "Mexico DF: una historia en luz" (Mexico, Federal District: a history in light). The show included images and music. President of Spain José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero visited the old Palace in 2007 as well, praising Mexico City as the vanguard of social change for the country as he was given the keys to the city.

References

External links

1520s establishments in Mexico
1526 establishments in New Spain
Buildings and structures in Mexico City
Colonial Mexico
Government buildings in Mexico
Historic center of Mexico City
History of Mexico City
Landmarks in Mexico City
National Monuments of Mexico
Palaces in Mexico
Spanish Colonial architecture in Mexico

Mexico City administrative buildings


Dina élmu fisika jeung téknik listrik, istilah cutoff frequency luhur atawa handap, frékuénsi juru, jeung bréak frequency ngagambarkeun hiji wates dina réspon frékuénsi hiji sistem di mana énergi nu asup kana sistem kasebut mimiti diaténuasi atawa malah dipantulkeun lain ditransmisikeun. Conto umumna:

a cutoff frequency of an idéal lowpass, highpass, bandpass or Band-stop filter, i.e. discrete point in the magnitude transfer function, a frequency where a passband and a stopband meets.
the passband frequency limits of an electronic circuit such as a filter or an amplifier, i.e. the point in the filter specification where the transition band and the passband meets; defined as the 3 dB cutoff frequencies, i.e. the lowest or the highest frequency for which the output of the circuit deviates less than typically 3 dB from the nominal passband value.
the stopband corner frequencies or limit frequencies of a filter, i.e. the point where the transit band and the stopband meets; either the lowest or the highest frequency for which the attenuation is larger than the required stopband attenuation, which for example may be 30 dB or 100 dB.
the upper or lower 3 dB cutoff frequencies of a communication channel. In the case of a waveguide or an antenna, this corresponds to the lower and upper cutoff wavelengths respectively.
the 3 dB cutoff frequency of a signal spectrum, for example of a baseband signal or a passband signal.

The cutoff frequency can also refer to the plasma frequency, or to some concepts related to renormalization in quantum field theory.

Electronics

In electronics, cutoff frequency or corner frequency is the frequency either above which or below which the power output of a circuit, such as a line, amplifier, or electronic filter is  the power of the passband. Because power is proportional to the  square of voltage, the voltage signal is  of the passband voltage at the corner frequency. Hence, the corner frequency is also known as the −3 dB point because  is close to −3 decibels. A bandpass circuit has two corner frequencies; their geometric mean is called the center frequency.

Communications

In communications, the term cutoff frequency can méan the frequency below which a radio wave fails to penetrate a layer of the ionosphere at the incidence angle required for transmission between two specified points by reflection from the layer.

Waveguides

The cutoff frequency of an electromagnetic waveguide is the lowest frequency for which a mode will propagate in it. In fiber optics, it is more common to consider the cutoff wavelength, the maximum wavelength that will propagate in an optical fiber or waveguide. The cutoff frequency is found with the characteristic equation of the Helmholtz equation for electromagnetic waves, which is derived from the electromagnetic wave equation by setting the longitudinal wave number equal to zero and solving for the frequency.  Thus, any exciting frequency lower than the cutoff frequency will attenuate, rather than propagate.  The following derivation assumes lossless walls.  The value of c, the speed of light, should be taken to be the group velocity of light in whatever material fills the waveguide.

For a rectangular waveguide, the cutoff frequency is

where  are the mode numbers and a and b the lengths of the sides of the rectangle.

The cutoff frequency of the TM01 mode in a waveguide of circular cross-section (the transverse-magnetic mode with no angular dependence and lowest radial dependence) is given by

where  is the radius of the waveguide, and   is the first root of , the bessel function of the first kind of order 1.

For a single-mode optical fiber, the cutoff wavelength is the wavelength at which the normalized frequency is approximately equal to 2.405.

Mathematical analysis

The starting point is the wave equation (which is derived from the Maxwell equations),

which becomes a Helmholtz equation by considering only functions of the form

Substituting and evaluating the time derivative gives

The function  here refers to whichever field (the electric field or the magnetic field) has no vector component in the longitudinal direction - the "transverse" field.  It is a property of all the eigenmodes of the electromagnetic waveguide that at léast one of the two fields is transverse. The z axis is defined to be along the axis of the waveguide.

The "longitudinal" derivative in the Laplacian can further be reduced by considering only functions of the form

where  is the longitudinal wavenumber, resulting in

where subscript T indicates a 2-dimensional transverse Laplacian.  The final step depends on the géometry of the waveguide.  The éasiest géometry to solve is the rectangular waveguide.  In that case the remainder of the Laplacian can be evaluated to its characteristic equation by considering solutions of the form

Thus for the rectangular guide the Laplacian is evaluated, and we arrive at

The transverse wavenumbers can be specified from the standing wave boundary conditions for a rectangular géometry crossection with dimensions a and b:

where n and m are the two integers representing a specific eigenmode.  Performing the final substitution, we obtain

which is the dispersion relation in the rectangular waveguide. The cutoff frequency  is the critical frequency between propagation and attenuation, which corresponds to the frequency at which the longitudinal wavenumber  is zero. It is given by

The wave equations are also valid below the cutoff frequency, where the longitudinal wave number is imaginary. In this case, the field decays exponentially along the waveguide axis.

Tempo ogé
Frékuénsi angulér
Full width at half maximum
High-pass filter
Low-pass filter
Konstanta wanci
Éfék Miller

Rujukan

Tumbu kaluar
Calculation of the center frequency with geometric mean and comparison to the arithmetic mean solution
Conversion of cutoff frequency fc and time constant τ
Mathematical definition of and information about the Bessel functions

Dasar telekomunikasi

Cutoff frequency


The salt marsh moth or acrea moth (Estigmene acrea) is a North American moth.  It is in the family Arctiidae.  The caterpillar is known as the 'salt marsh caterpillar'.

Description

The head and thorax are white.  The abdomen is yellow-orange with a row of black spots.  The fore wing (the top wing) is white with a variable amount of black spots (some individuals do not have these spots).  The hind wing (the bottom wing) is yellow-orange in males.  It is white in females.  Both sexes have 3-4 black spots or blotches on their hind wings.  The wingspan ranges from 4.5 to 6.8 cm.

Flight
This moth may be seen from May to August.  It is seen all year in southern Florida and southern Texas.

Life cycle

The eggs are a yellowish color.  They are laid in clusters on the host plant leaves.  The Salt Marsh Caterpillar is highly variable in color.  It ranges from pale yellow to dark brownish-black.  It has many soft hairs.  The hairs are longer towards the end of the body.  The thoracic and abdominal segments have a few rows of either orange or black warts.  The chrysalis hibernates in a cocoon.

Host plants
Here is a list of host plants that the salt marsh caterpillar feeds on:

 Cabbage
 Cotton
 Juglans sp. - walnut
 Malus domestica - Apple
 Nicotiana tabacum - Tobacco
 Pisum sativum - Pea
 Solanum tuberosum - Potato
 Trifolium sp. - clover
 Zea mays - Corn

References

Arctiidae

Estigmene acrea


A liqueur is a sweet-tasting alcoholic drink. It is often flavored with fruits, herbs, spices, flowers, seeds, roots, plants, barks, and sometimes cream. The word liqueur comes from the Latin word liquifacere which means "to dissolve." This is because the flavors are dissolved to help make the liqueur. In some parts of the world, liqueurs are sometimes called cordials.

Liqueurs have been around for many centuries. They are related to the herbal medicines that monks used to make. Liqueurs were made in Italy as early as the 13th century, and were used during signings of treaties during the Middle Ages.

Varieties
Most liqueurs have 15 to 30% alcohol content but may have an alcohol content as high as 55%.

Types of liqueurs include: fruit liqueur, cream liqueur, coffee liqueur, chocolate liqueur, schnapps liqueur, brandy liqueur, anise liqueur, nut-flavoured liqueur, and herbal liqueur.

Liqueurs can be enjoyed many ways. They are commonly drank by themselves, poured over ice, with coffee, or mixed with cream or other mixers to create cocktails. They are often served with dessert or as a dessert. Liqueurs may also be used in cooking.

Reference

Other websites
 Page about most types of liqueurs

Alcoholic spirits

Liqueur


Cáo Xuěqín ( ; ); (4 April 1710 — 10 June 1765) was a Chinese novelist and poet  during the Qing dynasty.  He is best known as the author of Dream of the Red Chamber, one of the Four Great Classical Novels of Chinese literature. His given name was Cáo Zhān  () and his courtesy name was Mèngruǎn ().

Family
Cao Xueqin was born to a Han Chinese clan that was brought into personal service (as booi aha or bondservants of Cigu Niru) to the Manchu royalty in the late 1610s. His ancestors distinguished themselves through military service in the Plain White Banner () of the Eight Banners and subsequently held posts as officials which brought both prestige and wealth.

After the Plain White Banner was put under the direct jurisdiction of the Qing emperor, Cao's family began to serve in civil positions of the Imperial Household Department.

During the Kangxi Emperor's reign, the clan's prestige and power reached its height. Cao Xueqin's grandfather, Cao Yin (), was a childhood playmate to Kangxi while Cao Yin's mother, Lady Sun (), was Kangxi's wet nurse. Two years after his ascension, Kangxi appointed Cao Xueqin's great-grandfather, Cao Xi (), as the Commissioner of Imperial Textiles () in Jiangning (present-day Nanjing), and the family relocated there.

When Cao Xi died in 1684, Cao Yin, as Kangxi's personal confidant, took over the post. Cao Yin was one of the era's most prominent men of letters and a keen book collector. Jonathan Spence notes the strong Manchu element in the lives of these Imperial Household bond servants. They balanced the two cultures: Cao Yin took pleasure in horse riding and hunting and Manchu military culture, but was at the same time a sensitive interpreter of Chinese culture to the Manchus. By the early 18th century, the Cao clan had become so rich and influential as to be able to play host four times to the Kangxi Emperor in his six separate itinerant trips south to the Nanjing region. In 1705, the emperor ordered Cao Yin, himself a poet, to compile all surviving shi (lyric poems) from the Tang dynasty, which resulted in The Complete Poems of the Tang.

When Cao Yin died in 1712, Kangxi passed the office over to Cao Yin's only son, Cao Yong (). Cao Yong died in 1715. Kangxi then allowed the family to adopt a paternal nephew, Cao Fu (), as Cao Yin's posthumous son to continue in that position. Hence the clan held the office of Imperial Textile Commissioner at Jiangning for three generations.

The family's fortunes lasted until Kangxi's death and the ascension of the Yongzheng Emperor to the throne. Yongzheng severely attacked the family and in 1727 confiscated their properties, while Cao Fu was thrown in jail. This was ostensibly for their mismanagement of funds, though perhaps this purge was politically motivated. When Cao Fu was released a year later, the impoverished family was forced to relocate to Beijing. Cao Xueqin, still a young child, lived in poverty with his family.

Life

Almost no records of Cao's early childhood and adulthood have survived. Redology scholars are still debating Cao's exact date of birth, though he is known to have been around forty to fifty at his death. Cao Xueqin was the son of either Cao Fu or Cao Yong. It is known for certain that Cao Yong's only son was born posthumously in 1715; some Redologists believe this son might be Cao Xueqin. In the clan register (), however, Cao Yong's only son was recorded as a certain Cao Tianyou (). Further complicating matters for Redologists is the fact that neither the names Cao Zhan nor Cao Xueqin—names that his contemporaries knew him by—can be traced in the register.

Most of what we know about Cao was passed down from his contemporaries and friends. Cao eventually settled in the countryside west of Beijing where he lived the larger part of his later years in poverty selling off his paintings. Cao was recorded as an inveterate drinker. Friends and acquaintances recalled an intelligent, highly talented man who spent a decade working diligently on a work that must have been Dream of the Red Chamber. "Born in the prosperous, finally degenerate." Cao Xueqin's family fate has changed from the status like blooming of flowers to the state of decline, making him deeply experience the sorrow of life and the ruthlessness of the world, and also get rid of the mundanity and narrowness of his original social class. The trend of decadence also brought disillusionment and sentimentality. His tragic experience, his poetic emotion, his spirit of exploration, and his sense of innovation are all cast into "Dream of the Red Chamber". They praised both his stylish paintings, particularly of cliffs and rocks, and originality in poetry, which they likened to Li He's. Cao died some time in 1763 or 1764, leaving his novel in a very advanced stage of completion. (At least the first draft had been completed, some pages of the manuscript were lost after being borrowed by friends or relatives.) He was survived by a wife after the death of a son.

Cao achieved posthumous fame through his life's work. Dream of the Red Chamber is a vivid recreation of an illustrious family at its height and its subsequent downfall, and the novel was "semi-autobiographical" in nature. A small group of close family and friends appeared to have been transcribing his manuscript when Cao died quite suddenly in 1763–4, apparently out of grief owing to the death of a son. Extant handwritten copies of this work—some 80 chapters—had been in circulation in Beijing shortly after Cao's death and scribal copies soon became prized collectors' items.

In 1791, Cheng Weiyuan () and Gao E (), who claimed to have access to Cao's working papers, edited and published a "complete" 120-chapter version. This was its first woodblock print edition. Reprinted a year later with more revisions, this 120-chapter edition is the novel's most printed version. Many modern scholars question the authorship of the last 40 chapters of the novel, whether it was actually completed by Cao Xueqin.

To this very day, Cao continues to be influential on new generations of Chinese novelists and poets, such as Middle Generation's An Qi, who paid homage to him in her poem To Cao Xueqin.

See also

Chinese literature
List of Chinese authors

Notes

References
Liu, Shide, "Cao Xueqin". Encyclopedia of China, 1st ed.
Chen, Weizhao, A History of Redology (Hongxue Tongshi), Shanghai People's Publishing Press, 2005. (《红学通史》, 陈维昭, 上海人民出版社, 2005年)

External links

1710 births
1765 deaths
18th-century Chinese novelists
18th-century Chinese poets
Chinese male novelists
Dream of the Red Chamber
Poets from Jiangsu
Qing dynasty novelists
Qing dynasty poets
Writers from Nanjing

Cao Xueqin


Hans Wilhelm (born September 21, 1945) is a German-American writer, children's book author and illustrator, and artist. Hans Wilhelm has written and/or illustrated over 200 books – mostly for children. They have been translated in more than thirty languages and have won numerous international awards and prizes. Many of them have been made into animated television series. Presently there are over forty two million books by Hans Wilhelm in print. Some of his best-known books include "I'll Always Love You", "Bunny Trouble" series, "Tyrone The Horrible" series, "Waldo" series, and the "Noodles" books.

Wilhelm was born in Bremen, (Germany) where he grew up. Following his studies of art and business, he moved for 12 years to South Africa where he worked, painted, and was an acting member of a satirical theater group. His writing career began when he embarked on a two-year trip around the world where he lived in Bali, Spain, England and many other places.

He's also host to the "Life Explained" video series, which aims to visually explain a number of spiritual phenomena from his personal point of view.

Books by Wilhelm (selected)
I'll Always Love You
The Trapp Family Book (also TV series)
Bunny Trouble (series)
Tyrone the Horrible (series)
Waldo (book and TV series)
Wake Up, Sun (written by David L. Harrison)
What Does God Do?
The Bremen Town Musicians
Dinofour (series) written by Steve Metzger
Holiday Cats (series, written by Jean Marzollo)
Noodles book series
The Book of Courage
and 200 more.

Art
Wilhelm's art is in permanent collections of the Mazza Museum, the Dodd Center of University of Connecticut, the Kerlan Collection at University of Minnesota, and the De Grummond Children's Literature Collection of University of Southern Mississippi.

Awards
The Trapp Family Book was named Best Book of the Year by Eltern magazine, Germany. Tales From the Land Under My Table was selected by Time magazine as one of the best Best Children's Book of the Year. Blackberry Ink (written by Eve Merriam) received the Parent's Choice Award. A New Home – A New Friend received the Children's book Award from the International Reading Association. Blackberry Ink (written by Eve Merriam), The Funniest Knock-Knock Book Ever, and Let's Be Friends Again were chosen as one of Child Study Association of America's Children's Book of the Year. What Does God Do? was awarded the Gold Medallion Book Award by the Evangelical Christian Publishers Association.

References

Biographies published in:
Something About The Author, Volume 135, Publishers: The Gale Group, Detroit, MI, copyright 2003
Something About The Author, Autobiography Series, Volume 21, Publishers: Gale Research, Detroit, MI, copyright 1996
Contemporary Authors, Volume 48, Publishers: Gale Research, Detroit, MI, copyright 1995
The Address Book of Children's Authors and Illustrators, By Howard Bount, Jr. Publishers: T.S. Denison & Company Inc. Minneapolis MS, copyright 1994
Meet the Authors and Illustrators, Volume 2, By Deborah Kovacs and James Preller, Publishers: Scholastic Inc., New York, copyright 1993
Something About the Author, Volume 58, Publishers: Gale Research, Detroit, MI, copyright 1990

External links
Scholastic.com
Hans Wilhelm's Official site
Life Explained series

1945 births
Living people
West German emigrants
Expatriates in Indonesia
Immigrants to the United States
Writers from Bremen (city)
People from Fairfield County, Connecticut
American children's writers
American illustrators
American male writers

Hans Wilhelm


The 10th Ward is a division of the city of New Orleans, Louisiana. It is one of the 17 Wards of New Orleans.

The 10th Ward is one of the city's Uptown wards, formerly the old Faubourg Lafayette annexed by New Orleans in 1850s.

Boundaries
The roughly wedge-shaped Ward stretches back from the Mississippi River. The lower boundary is Felicity Street, across which is the 1st Ward, then Martin Luther King Boulevard (formerly Melpomene Street), across which is the 2nd Ward. The upper boundary is First Street, across which lies the 11th Ward.

Cityscape and landmarks
Near the river the Ward includes part of the Lower Garden District and the former location of America's first experiment with large-scale public housing, started here in 1937, when, as part of the New Deal, President Roosevelt signed the loan to commence construction of the St. Thomas Housing Project. In Central City it includes the Oretha Castle Haley commercial district.

The 10th Ward has been home to such notables as jazz musicians Buddy Bolden and George Brunies.

References

10
Wards

10th Ward of New Orleans


Angela Georgina Burdett-Coutts, 1st Baroness Burdett-Coutts (21 April 1814 – 30 December 1906), born Angela Georgina Burdett, was a noted nineteenth century philanthropist.  She was the daughter of Sir Francis Burdett, 5th Baronet and Sophia Coutts, daughter of Thomas Coutts the banker. In 1837 she became the wealthiest woman in England when she inherited her grandfather's fortune of nearly three million pounds sterling.  At the same time she got a Royal Licence (permission from the monarch) to join her father's and grandfather's surnames and become Angela Burdett-Coutts.

Lady Burdett-Coutts did not mary until she was 67. She married her 29-year-old secretary, the American born William Lehman Ashmead Bartlett, who later became MP for Westminster on 12 February, 1881. Her new husband changed his surname to Burdett-Coutts. Lady Burdett-Coutts had no children.

Philanthropy
She gave away most of her wealth, setting up on scholarships, endowments, and giving to a wide range of charitable causes. One of her earliest was to establish, with the novelist Charles Dickens, Urania Cottage, a home that helped young women who had 'turned to a life of immorality'including theft and prostitution.

Among many gifts to churches, she also personally endowed the bishoprics of Cape Town, and Adelaide (1847), and the founding bishopric of British Columbia (1857). The money from these endowments was invested to help pay for the Bishop's expenses.

The granite fountain in Edinburgh, with a statue of Greyfriars Bobby, was erected by Baroness Burdett-Coutts.
 She also established the National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children (NSPCC) in 1883, the Westminster Technical Institute in 1893 and was closely involved with the Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (RSPCA).

Other roles and charitable projects included:
President, British Beekeepers Association 1878–1906
President of the Ladies Committee of the RSPCA (England/Scotland).
Church bells for St Paul's Cathedral
Cotton gins for Nigeria
Drinking fountains for dogs
Help for Turkish peasants and the refugees of the 1877 Russo-Turkish War, receiving the order of the Medjidieh, the only time it was conferred on a woman
Housing schemes for the working-class along the lines of contemporary model dwellings companies.
Lifeboats in Brittany, France
The London Ragged School Union
A sewing school for women in Spitalfields when the silk trade declined
Soup kitchens
Support organisations for the aboriginal peoples of Australia and for the Dayaks of Borneo
The Temperance Society
Promotion of the fishing industry in Ireland by helping to start schools and provide boats; she also advanced £250,000 in 1880 for supplying seed to the impoverished tenants
Placement of hundreds of destitute boys in training ships for the navy and merchant service
Financing the first archaeological survey of Jerusalem in 1864 to improve its sanitation
Prominent supporter of the British Horological Institute at a crucial time in its history, due to her acquaintance with John Jones, a BHI founder
In 1858 donated £500 to the Cotton Supply Association and contributed an annual subscription of £100 for five years. Ten years letter she donated another £500 to the Association.
In 1864 purchased more than one hundred Greek manuscripts (532-546) from Janina (Epirus), transported to England between 1870 and 1872 and presented them to Sir Roger Cholmely's School, they were housed at the Highgate, in London
Commissioned a monument for St Pancras Old Church, containing the names of many people whose bodies had been dug up from the churchyard to make space for the railway.

In 1871, in recognition of her charity work, Queen Victoria made her a peer on her own under the title Baroness Burdett-Coutts, of Highgate and Brookfield in the County of Middlesex., although as a woman she was not a member of the House of Lords. On 18 July 1872 she became the first woman to be presented with the Freedom of the City of London at the Guildhall and in 1874 was Edinburgh's first woman Burgess, also being presented with the Freedom of that city.

Death
Lady Burdett-Coutts died of acute bronchitis at her house in Stratton Street, Piccadilly. By the time of her death she had given more than £3 million to good causes. She was buried on 5 January 1907 near the West Door in the nave of Westminster Abbey. The barony became extinct on her death.

Legacy
Charles Dickens dedicated his novel Martin Chuzzlewit to her and she had many royal and eminent friends. The book Flashman's Lady by George MacDonald Fraser makes reference to Angela Burdett-Coutts (fictional) love interest for James Brooke (The White Rajah); and his rejection of her due to his physical affliction.

References

Other websites

Angela Georgina Burdett-Coutts at the Victorian Web
Article on Angela Burdett-Coutts from Anglicans Online

1814 births
1906 deaths
Infectious disease deaths in London
Deaths from bronchitis
People buried in Westminster Abbey
People with foods named after them
British philanthropists

Angela Burdett-Coutts


Vasily Lvovich Pushkin (; 27 April 1766 – 20 August 1830) was a minor Russian poet best known as an uncle of the much more famous Alexander Pushkin.

Vasily Pushkin was born in Moscow, Russian Empire. During his early years, he served in Russia's Leib Guard Izmailovo Regiment, retiring with the rank of poruchik. Between 1803 and 1804 Pushkin lived abroad, mainly in Paris.

Pushkin was a neoclassical poet and was indifferent to the then-popular romantic movement. In his poem "Captain Khrabrov", Pushkin mocked romanticism. He was a follower of light poetry, and wrote numerous songs, epistles, and epigrams in the manner of Horace, Tibullus, or Catullus. He also translated several poems of La Fontaine and other French poets.

Vasily Lvovich had a sudden burst of creativity in 1810 and 1811, when he wrote his best polemical verse, including a humorous masterpiece, A Dangerous Neighbour (1811), set in a bawdyhouse. Buyanov, the main character of the poem, became a household name; Alexander Pushkin mentioned him in Eugene Onegin. Pushkin the younger did not take his uncle's poetry seriously; at the age of 22 he apprehended that the posterity will ascribe A Dangerous Neighbour to his own juvenilia:

All his works are not worth his Buyanov; and what will happen to him in posterity? I'm extremely afraid that my cousin [i.e., Buyanov] will be taken for my son... [Pushkin's letter to Peter Vyazemsky, 2 January 1822].

Due to interest in his nephew, Vasily Pushkin's works were re-published numerous times; the last and most complete collection is "V. L. Pushkin. Poems", M. Hyperion, 2005. .

References

Russian male poets
Nobility from the Russian Empire
1766 births
1830 deaths
18th-century military personnel from the Russian Empire
19th-century writers from the Russian Empire
19th-century poets
Russian male novelists
Russian male dramatists and playwrights

Vasily Pushkin


Rawmarsh (locally ) is a large village in the Metropolitan Borough of Rotherham, in South Yorkshire, England. Historically within the West Riding of Yorkshire, it is  north-northeast from Rotherham town centre and  south-southwest of Swinton. The village also forms part of the Sheffield Urban Area. The Rawmarsh ward of Rotherham MBC had a population of 13,389 at the 2011 Census. Rawmarsh also contains other output areas from neighbouring wards giving it a population of 18,498 in 2011 and 18,535 in 2014.

History

Etymology
The name has gone through many changes since being recorded as "Rodemesc" in the Domesday Book and "Raumersche" in 1355. The name is thought to be of dual origin, "Rode" is from the Old Norse for "red", and Mesc from "Old English" meaning "Marsh". This led to "Red Marsh", from its situation in the Permian System of red sandstones and marls which run through the area. Localised clays outcrop and the area was formerly known for its potteries.

Origins and development
At the beginning of the 20th century Rawmarsh was described as "an increasing parish" and included the outlying hamlets of Parkgate, Stubbin and Upper Haugh. In 1851 the population was 2,533 but 50 years later this had increased to 14,587. In 1961, the population was 19,700 but, forty years later, at the 2001 census it had reduced to 17,443. Rawmarsh has laid claim to the title of being the largest village in England; however this claim is unsubstantiated and there are indeed many settlements that make this claim.

Primarily a residential area, Rawmarsh is known for its church, Rawmarsh St Mary's Parish Church, which dominates the view at the top of Rawmarsh Hill. There has been a church in the town since Norman times (c.1127) but the earliest recorded rector was William de Sutton who was instituted on 6 June 1227. The current church was completed in 1838 when the tower was increased in height and the rest rebuilt, James Pigott Pritchett being the architect. In 1869, the tower began to collapse and was rebuilt incorporating features of the original Norman doorway. In 1894 the sanctuary was enlarged and the vestry, organ chamber and north porch were added. The present sanctuary was repaved in 1977 in memory of Canon Scovell, who is also remembered as a street name in the town; the font is Perpendicular in style and is from the old church. More recently restoration work was undertaken in 2003. The church contains two monuments of interest: one to Lady Middleton and her children (1667) who lived for a time at Aldwarke Hall, and the other to John Darley of Kilnhurst (1616).
The Parish Church of Christ Church, Parkgate, separated from Rawmarsh in 1868, was brought back in the early 1960s. There are other churches: St. Nicolas, Ryecroft (1928) and a selection of 'Free' churches, Spiritualists, Roman Catholic and Quakers.

Industry

In the past the coal and steel industries were major employers in the area. Coal had been mined in the Haugh area from the mid-15th century and in the Parkgate area of the village since around 1700, mostly from small pits under the ownership of Earl Fitzwilliam. Deeper mining came in the mid-19th century, the town becoming ringed with collieries, Warren House and Warren Vale to the north, Stubbin, later followed by New Stubbin together with its railway, the Stubbin incline, linking it to the Greasbrough Canal taking up the western side and near the River Don in Parkgate, adjacent to each other and the two mainline railways serving the town Aldwarke Main and Roundwood. The last three collieries mentioned being the last of these to close, the last, New Stubbin closing in 1978.

To the south of Rawmarsh is Parkgate, a suburb which had streets of terraced houses for the local workforce and which was dominated by the Park Gate Iron and Steel Company's works. This complex of two large blast furnaces and Siemens open hearth furnaces and ancillaries was closed in the late 1970s the land remained derelict until it was redeveloped as several large retail complexes in the late 1980s.
Steel making is now concentrated at Aldwarke (New Site) which, when built in the early 1960s had Kaldo converters to take advantage of a supply of 'blast furnace metal' but now has electric melting capacity, the furnaces being transferred from Templeborough Works, Rotherham to provide the steel. Roundwood, the 11" mill as it is known because of the maximum rolling size, also remains open, both plants with a reduced workforce.

In the 18th century pottery was also made in the town; there are several references in places and street names within the area: Claypit Lane is an example.

Transport
Rawmarsh, and neighbour Parkgate were formerly served by two railway stations, both some distance from the village centre. Parkgate and Aldwarke, on the former Great Central Railway line between Sheffield and Doncaster was the furthest away, being situated off Aldwarke Lane and was the first to close, in October 1951. The station on the Midland Railway line between Sheffield and Leeds was called Parkgate and Rawmarsh and closed in January 1968. The nearest rail station now is Swinton railway station.

Road transport services were provided, from 1907 when trams were introduced, by the Mexborough and Swinton Traction Company. In 1929 trolleybuses took over, the major routes being from Rotherham, through Rawmarsh to Mexborough (Route A to Adwick Road), Conisbrough (Route B to Brook Square) with three routes terminating in the township; Rawmarsh via Green Lane (Route S) which made an end-on connection and had a turning circle at the junction of Kilnhurst Road and Main Street with the route to Kilnhurst Road (Route K). There was also a short route used at busy periods to Parkgate (Route P). Motor buses were introduced with the building of the Monkwood estate in the late 1950s and to Kilnhurst via the N.C.B. estate at Sandhill. The last trolleybus ran in March 1961. Routes have been rationalised, the company fully integrated into the Yorkshire Traction and in 2005 into the Stagecoach Group. Rawmarsh is now served by Parkgate Tram-Train stop, offering regular routes into Sheffield.

The local area is serviced by a local shopping centre, five churches and nine schools – notably Rawmarsh Community School which was featured in national news after a very small number of parents rebelled against the school's Jamie Oliver-style lunches.

Media
Young employee services (1969) British Steel, Parkgate, Rotherham

See also
Listed buildings in Rawmarsh

References

 Rawmarsh Urban District Council, Official Handbook 1961

External links

St. Mary's Church - website of the church atop Rawmarsh Hill which serves Rawmarsh and Parkgate

Villages in South Yorkshire
Unparished areas in South Yorkshire
Geography of the Metropolitan Borough of Rotherham

Rawmarsh