Dina basa sapopoé, logika mangrupa tinimbangan nu dipaké pikeun ngahontal hiji kasimpulan/kacindekan tina sakumpulan sangkaan. Nu leuwih formal, logika mangrupa ulikan ngeunaan valid inference, nyaéta prosés ngahontal hiji kasimpulan/kacindekan tina sakumpulan sangkaan kalawan maké cara/jalan nu sistematis tur sohéh. Ceuk kasarna, kasohéhan ngandung harti nalika sakumpulan sangkaan boga ajén bener, mangka kasimpulanana ogé bener.

Di sagigireun éta, logika nyadiakeun rumus/resép pikeun tinimbangan, nyéta kumaha jalma—ogé mahluk pinter séjénna, mesin, jeung sistem—sakuduna méré alesan. Ngan, rumus modél kitu lain mataholang pikeun logika sorangan, tapi leuwih mangrupa larapan. Kumaha jalma sabenerna méré alesan biasana diulik dina widang séjén, kaasup psikologi kognitif.

Sacara tradisional, logika diulik minangka cabang tina filosofi. Mimiti panengah taun 1800-an logika geus umum diulik na matematik, jeung, nu leuwih mutahir, dina élmu komputer. Minangka élmu, logika nalungtik jeung ngagolongkeun struktur pernyataan jeung argumén sarta ngarancang skéma pikeun nyandikeunana. Ku sabab éta cakupan logika bisa lega pisan, kaasup tinimbangan ngeunaan probabiliti jeung kausaliti. Nu ogé diulik na logika nyéta struktur argumén salah jeung paradoks.

Cakupan logika
Nuturkeun tumuwuhna, loba bébédaan geus diwanohkeun kana logika. Bébédaan ieu disadiakeun pikeun nulungan ngaresmikeun rupa-rupa bentuk logika minangka élmu. Di handap ieu sababaraha bébédaan nu penting.

Tinimbangan deduktif jeung induktif

Sasakalana, logika ngan ngawengku tinimbangan deduktif ngeunaan naon-naon nu jadi akibat tina prémis nu aya. Ngan, perlu dicatet yén tinimbangan induktif—ulikan nurunkeun kacindekan umum nu bisa dipercaya tina observasi—kadang diasupkeun dina ulikan logika. Patali jeung éta, urang kudu ngabédakeun antara kasahéhan deduktif jeung induktif. Hiji inferensi sacara déduktif bakal sohéh lamun jeung ukur lamun heneuweuh situasi nu ngamungkinkeun sakabéh prémis bener sarta kasimpulannana salah. Ide kasohéhan déduktif bisa dinyatakeun sacara taliti keur sistim logika formal dina ide semantik nu gampang dipikaharti. Kasohéhan induktif dina sisi lianna nyaratkeun urang keur ngadefinisikeun generalisasi nu handal tina sababaraha set panalungtikan. Tugas nyayagakeun definisi ieu bisa dideukeutan dina sababaraha cara, sababaraha di antarana teu pati resmi dibandingkeun lianna; sababaraha definisi ieu bisa maké modél matematis probabilitas. Keur lolobana bagian, sawala urang ngeunaan logika ukur patali jeung logika déduktif.

Logika formal jeung informal
Somewhat arbitrarily, study of logic is divided into formal and informal logic.

Formal logic (sometimes called symbolic logic) approaches logic and in particular logical argument as a set of rules for manipulating symbols. There are two kinds of rules in any system of formal logic: Syntax rules and rules of inference. Syntax says how to build méaningful expressions; rules of inference say how to obtain true formulas from other true formulas. Logic also needs semantics, which says how to assign méaning to expressions. Formal logic encompasses a wide variety of logical systems. For instance, propositional logic and predicate logic are a kind of formal logic, as well as temporal logic, modal logic, Hoare logic, the calculus of constructions etc. Higher order logics refer to logical systems based on a hierarchy of types.

Informal logic is the study of logic as used in natural language arguments. Informal logic is complicated by the fact that it may be very hard to téase out the formal logical structure imbedded in an argument. Informal logic is also more difficult because the semantics of natural language assertions is much more complicated than the semantics of formal logical systems.

Following are more specific discussions of some systems of logic. See also: list of topics in logic.

Logika Aristotelian

The Prior Analytics was Aristotle's pioneering work establishing a system of logic and inference based on the forms of the premises and the conclusion. These rules were codified into various forms of syllogisms which, until recently at léast, were part of the standard high school curriculum in the West, much like euclidéan plane géometry. Aristotelian logic is sometimes referred to as formal logic because it specifically déals with forms of réasoning, but is not formal in the sense we use it here or as is common in current usage. It can be considered as a precursor to formal logic.

In the tradition of aristotelian logic is also term logic.

Logika matematis

Mathematical logic refers to two distinct aréas of reséarch: The first, primarily of historical interest, is the use of formal
logic to study mathematical réasoning, and the second, in the other direction, the
application of mathematics to the study of formal logic. At the
beginning of the twentieth century, philosophical logicians including
(Frege, Russell) attempted to
prove that mathematics could be entirely reduced to logic. The
reduction had limited success (for réasons which are well beyond the
scope of this article) but in the process, logic took on much of the
notation and methodology of mathematics. In the other direction, in the éarly 1930s, Kurt Gödel embarked on an ambitious program of considering logic and proof as an object of mathematical study, léading him to state far
réaching results on provability and modél théory such as the
incompleteness theorems of first order arithmetic. This line of reséarch has continued to the present time, léading to various stunning results such as for example, Paul Cohen's proof of the independence of the continuum hypothesis from the axioms of Zermelo-Fraenkel set théory.

Logika filosofis
Main article philosophical logic

Philosophical logic déals with formal descriptions of
natural language. Most philosophers assume that the bulk of "normal"
proper réasoning can be captured by logic, if one can find the right
method for translating ordinary language into that logic.
Philosophical logic is essentially a continuation of the traditional
discipline that was called "Logic" before it was supplanted by the
invention of Mathematical logic. Philosophical logic has a much
gréater concern with the connection between natural language and
logic. As a result, philosophical logicians have contributed a gréat
déal to the development of non-standard logics (e.g., free logics,
tense logics) as well as various extensions of classical logic (e.g.,
modal logics), and non-standard semantics for such logics (e.g.,
supervaluation semantics).

Multi-valued logic

The logics discussed above are all "bivalent" or "two-valued"; that is, the semantics for éach of these languages will assign to every sentence either the value "True" or the value "False." Systems which do not always maké this distinction are known as non-Aristotelian logics, or multi-valued logics.

In the éarly 20th century Jan Łukasiewicz investigated the extension of the traditional true/false values to include a third value, "possible".

Logics such as fuzzy logic have since been devised with an infinite number of "degrees of truth", e.g., represented by a real number between 0 and 1. Bayesian probability can be interpreted as a system of logic where probability is the subjective truth value.

Logic and computation

Logic is extensively used in the fields of artificial intelligence, and computer science.

In the 1950s and 1960s, reséarchers predicted that when human knowledge could be expressed using logic with mathematical notation, it would be possible to créate a machine that réasons, or artificial intelligence. This turned out to be more difficult than expected because of the complexity of human réasoning. Logic programming is an attempt to maké computers do logical réasoning and Prolog programming language is commonly used for it.

In symbolic logic and mathematical logic, proofs by humans can be computer-assisted. Using automated theorem proving the machines can find and check proofs, as well as work with proofs too lengthy to be written out by hand.

In computer science, Boolean algebra is the basis of hardware design, as well as much software design.

There are also various systems for réasoning about computer programs. Hoare logic is one the éarliest of such systems. Other systems are CSP, CCS, pi-calculus for réasoning about concurrent processes or mobile proceses. See also computability logic; this is a formal théory of computability in the same sense as classical logic is a formal théory
of truth.

Tempo ogé

Konsép logika
 proposisi analitik
 wangun argumén
 cogency
 college logic
 logika komputabilitas
 logika hibrid
 interpretability logic
 provability logic
 soundness
 kasohéhan
 ternary logic
Techniques and rules
 affirming the consequent
 deduction and induction
 disjunctive syllogism
 modus ponens
 modus tollens
Related Topics
 faith
 logika fuzzy
 game semantics
 sajarah logika
 lambda calculus
 set theory
 Important publications in logic

Logika

Logika


The Rev. John Graham (23 February 1794, Durham – 15 June 1865, Chester) was an English churchman and academic. He was master of Christ's College, Cambridge from 1830 to 1848 and Bishop of Chester from 1848 to 1865. Graham died at the Bishop's Palace, Chester, on 15 June 1865, and was buried in Chester cemetery on 20 June 1865. He tutored Charles Darwin at Cambridge from 1829 to 1830.

Life

Graham, only son of John Graham, managing clerk to Thomas Griffith of the Bailey, Durham, was born in Claypath, Durham. He was educated at Durham School, and at Christ's College, Cambridge
, where he attained high proficiency as a classical and mathematical scholar. In 1816 he graduated as fourth wrangler, and was bracketed with Marmaduke Lawson as chancellor's medallist, proceeding B.A. 1816, M.A. 1819, B.D. 1829, and D.D. by royal mandate in 1831. He was elected a fellow and tutor of his college in 1816, and on the resignation of Dr. John Kaye in 1830 was chosen Master of Christ's College.

In 1828 he was collated to the prebend of Sanctæ Crucis in Lincoln Cathedral, and six years afterwards to the prebend of Leighton Ecclesia in the same diocese. He served twice as vice-chancellor of the university — in 1831, and again in 1840. It was in the latter year that he admitted Lord Lyndhurst to the office of high steward of the university, and his speech on that occasion is printed in Cooper's Annals of Cambridge Ordained in 1818, he became rector of Willingham, Cambridgeshire in 1843. He was nominated chaplain to Prince Albert on 26 Jan. 1841, and in the contest for the chancellorship of Cambridge University, 27 Feb. 1847, he acted as chairman of the prince's committee. In 1848, on the translation of John Bird Sumner to the see of Canterbury, Graham received the vacant bishopric of Chester. His consecration took place in the Chapel Royal, Whitehall, on 14 May 1848, and on 16 June he was installed in Chester Cathedral. On the occasion of his leaving Cambridge the mayor and council of the town tendered him an address of congratulation on his appointment, the only instance in which a tribute of the kind had ever been offered by that body. The bishop was a liberal in politics, but seldom spoke or voted in the House of Lords. He was a member of the Oxford and Cambridge universities commission, and took an active part in its proceedings. His manner of life was simple. His leading idea was to preserve peace in the diocese; he could, however, be firm when occasion required. His conciliatory manner was extended to the dissenters of Chester. He thus gave some offence to the high church party.

On 25 Sept. 1849 he was appointed Clerk of the Closet to the queen, an appointment which he held to his death. He enjoyed the friendship of the prince consort and the respect of the queen. He died at the Palace, Chester, 15 June 1865, and was buried in Chester cemetery 20 June. In 1833 he married Mary, daughter of the Rev. Robert Porteous, by whom he had eight children, the eldest being the Rev. John Graham (1834–1873), registrar of the diocese of Chester.

Publications
 Sermons on the Commandments, 1826
 Sermons, 1827, 1837, 1837, 1841, 1845, 1855
 A Charge to the Clergy of the Diocese at the Primary Visitation of the Bishop of Chester, 1849

Some of his sermons are also to be found in the publications of the Church Missionary Society, the Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, the General Society for Promoting District Visiting, and the African Church Missionary Society.

References

1794 births
1865 deaths
Clergy from Durham, England
People educated at Durham School
Bishops of Chester
Alumni of Christ's College, Cambridge
Masters of Christ's College, Cambridge
Vice-Chancellors of the University of Cambridge
Clerks of the Closet
Burials at Chester Cathedral
19th-century Church of England bishops

John Graham (bishop)


Guru Kunju Kurup (1881–1970) was a Kathakali dancer from south Kerala, India.

Life

Born in a Poypallilkulam family of Thakazhi village of Kuttanad in present-day Alappuzha district, Kurup was initiated into Kathakali at the age of 13 by his own uncles Kochappi Panikker and Rama Panikker.

He later joined the famous Kaliyogam (repertory) of the renowned Mathur Kunhu Pillai Panikker, and subsequently had tutelage under gurus Champakulam Sankara Pillai and Thottam Sankaran Namboodiri. His grooming later under Vechur Ayyappa Kurup paved the way for his entry into the Kochi and Malabar belts.

Kunju Kurup's marriage with a relative of Palayil Karunakara Menon, a Kathakali exponent living near Palakkad in 1910, cemented his ties with central Kerala. Soon, he was made a tutor at the famous Kerala Kalamandalam following an invitation from its co-founder, poet Vallathol Narayana Menon. He later had brief stints as a Kathakali guru in Bangalore (1943) and Madras (or Chennai, in 1914, during which Mrinalini Sarabhai was his student), and later (1948–52) at Chembakassery Natana Kalamandalam in Ambalappuzha, his home territory.

Kunju Kurup, a Padma Bhushan awardee of 1971, wasn't exactly an exemplary tutor, but he had lot of fans as a performer. And they included the great Kalamandalam Krishnan Nair as well. He succeeded in creating fresh aesthetics of Kathakali acting-dancing through sublime presentation of rasa and bhava abhinaya. Kurup was renowned for his varied roles like Nala, Hamsam (swan), Rugmangada, Arjuna and Krishna besides minukku veshams such as Kuchelan, Brahmanan and Sundara Brahmanan. He also excelled in anti-hero roles like Ravana and Keechaka, besides the black-bearded Kaatalan.

Kurup was honoured with the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award for Kathakali in 1956 for his unique contributions to the four-century old classical dance-drama from the southern Indian state. He also won the Central Sangeet Natak Akademi fellowship in 1969.

References

Kathakali exponents
1881 births
1970 deaths
Malayali people
Dancers from Kerala
Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in arts
Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Fellowship
Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award
People from Alappuzha district
Recipients of the Padma Shri in arts
20th-century Indian dancers
19th-century Indian dancers
Indian male dancers

Guru Kunchu Kurup


Sanatruk (Latinized as Sanatruces) was a member of the Arsacid dynasty of Armenia who succeeded Tiridates I of Armenia as King of Armenia at the end of the 1st century. He was also King of Osroene (reigned 91–109), a historic kingdom located in Mesopotamia. Little or no information is available from either literary or numismatic sources regarding the successor of Tiridates. Through the collation of various Classical and Armenian sources, Sanatruk is assumed to have reigned around the start of the 2nd century. Certain scholars proposed that Sanatruk succeeded Tiridates between 75 and 110 but this hypothesis for which there is no explicit evidence has been rejected by others. His merits are praised by Arrian in his Parthica where he is equated with the most illustrious Greeks and Romans. Hagiographic tradition blames him for the martyrdom of the Apostle St. Thaddeus in Armenia, as well as his own daughter, St. Sandukht the Virgin. In 110 the throne of Armenia was held by Axidares, the son of the Parthian monarch of Atropatene, Pacorus II of Parthia who was deposed in 113 by Trajan. A number of sources have named Sanatruk as one of the leaders of the revolt against Trajan's occupation by 117.

Moses of Chorene writes that Sanatruk, while being a child was taken by a sister of King Abgar of Edessa - Avde from Edessa to Armenia through the Kordvats Mountains, where they were caught in a sudden snow storm. They spent three days battling the storm and the child survived thanks to a white coated animal that kept him warm. It is thought that the animal must have been a white dog based on the etymology of the name Sanatruk that was soon after bestowed on the child (San - accusative form of Armenian Շուն (shun: dog) and truk (truk: tribute/gift ultimately from Armenian tur: give). A literal English translation of Sanatruk would be "dog's gift".

See also

 Osroene

Bibliography

Notes

1st-century kings of Armenia
2nd-century kings of Armenia
1st-century births
2nd-century deaths
Kings of Osroene
Arsacid kings of Armenia

Sanatruk


The Questors Theatre is a theatre venue located in the London Borough of Ealing, west London. It is home of The Questors, a large theatre company which hosts a season of around twenty productions a year and is a member of the Little Theatre Guild of Great Britain and the International Amateur Theatre Association.

Activities
The Questors theatre club was founded in 1929 by a group of 17 amateur performers and friends,  and – pursuing an adventurous artistic policy led by one of the founders, Alfred Emmet – has grown into a vibrant theatre company. Since 2005, The Questors has had a public licence, changing it from a club theatre and enabling public sales of tickets. The company also runs Questors Academy which provides actor training and a youth theatre.

Site
In 1964 The Questors completed the construction of a new theatre building, which was opened by Queen Elizabeth the Queen Mother in April 1964, replacing the previous theatre building which had been converted from an old church. This new theatre's adaptable configuration was one of the first in a new wave of thrust stage theatres in Britain. In October 2014, to celebrate the fiftieth anniversary of the opening, it was renamed the Judi Dench Playhouse.

The site also contains a studio theatre (the Constantin Stanislavsky Room, built as a rehearsal room in 1960 and converted into a studio theatre in 1968), three rehearsal rooms (the Bernard Shaw Room built in 1958; the Michael Redgrave Room, opened in 1968, converted from part of the original Mattock Lodge; and the Alfred Emmet Room built in 1998), a scenery workshop, and a members' bar (The Grapevine, opened in 1959, converted from part of Mattock Lodge).

History
The original building on the site, Mattock Lodge, is a house dating from the early 1850s, owned from around 1895 by Father O'Halloran who built a small church on the land behind the house, and on his death willed all the property to Miss Ann Webb as life tenant, who then lived in the house with her sister.

In 1933 The Questors theatre club, looking for a permanent venue, were invited to share the old church premises by the Ealing Boy Scouts. In 1938 The Questors took over as the sole users of the old church building and, following the death of Miss Webb, bought the freehold of the complete site on 25 April 1952 for £8,500.

New plays
Throughout their history The Questors have regularly produced new plays, including an annual New Plays Festival from 1960 to 1977. They have staged three new plays by Rodney Ackland (The Dark River, 1943; The Diary of a Scoundrel, adapted from Ostrovsky, 1946; and The Other Palace, 1952), as well five new plays by James Saunders, four new plays by Dannie Abse, four new plays by David Mowat, and new plays by David Storey (Phoenix, 1984) and Ruth Prawer Jhabvala (Abode of Peace, 1984).

In September 1964, The Questors presented six one-act plays at the Forum-Theatre, Berlin. One of these was Guildenstern & Rosencrantz written and directed by Tom Stoppard. The cast included Peter Whelan as Guildenstern. The production was staged the following month at The Questors Theatre, and Stoppard subsequently expanded his one-act play into Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead.

Training
The Questors established a Student Group in 1946 to train actors. Initially it was a one-year part-time course, but since 1949 has offered two years of part-time training, based on the acting techniques of Constantin Stanislavski. The Questors also run a large youth theatre (which in 2013-14 had about 460 members) and evening classes for beginner actors, and since 2012 have worked in partnership with the University of West London to provide a BA Hons course in Technical Theatre Production.

Coarse acting

Writer Michael Green drew upon his experiences as an acting member of The Questors (from 1953) when he wrote his book The Art of Coarse Acting (published 1964) which he dedicated to The Questors. In 1972 The Questors hosted the World Coarse Acting Championship, and then took The Coarse Acting Show to the 1977 Edinburgh Festival Fringe and The Coarse Acting Show 2 to the 1979 Festival Fringe.The Coarse Acting Show 2 subsequently transferred to the Shaftesbury Theatre, London, where it was visited by the Prince of Wales. In 1984 The Questors presented the Third Great Coarse Acting Show at The Questors Theatre (which was again visited by the Prince of Wales), and in 1988 took Coarse Acting Strikes Back to the Edinburgh Festival Fringe.

Costume design

The artist Catherine Grubb has had a long association with The Questors, and provided costume design for a number of their productions.

Presidents
Among those who accepted an invitation between 1930 and 1944 to serve as The Questors' Presidents were Robert Atkins, Ion Swinley, Ben Webster, Gwen Ffrangcon-Davies and Margaret Webster. Subsequent presidents have been:
John Burrell (1944–52)
Tyrone Guthrie (1952–58)
Michael Redgrave (1958–85)
Judi Dench (1985–present)

Notable people
 Hainsley Lloyd Bennett
 Helen Blatch
 Brian Fogarty
 Jo Hartley
 Rahul Kohli
 Art Malik
 Alan Mehdizadeh

References

External links
http://www.questors.org.uk

Amateur theatre companies in London
Amateur theatre companies in England
Theatre companies in London
Theatres in the London Borough of Ealing
Community theatre
Little Theatre Guild of Great Britain

The Questors Theatre


Ba phéintéir Éireannach é Louis le Brocquy (10 Deireadh Fómhair 1916 go 25 Aibreán 2012) a rugadh i mBaile Átha Cliath.

Catalóga (roghnaithe)
 London: Gimpel Fils, Louis le Brocquy, Watercolours, May 20 - June 14, 1947. Text by Denys Sutton.
 Dublin: The Victor Waddington Galleries, Paintings and Tapestries by Louis le Brocquy, December 1951
 Los Angeles: Esther Robles Gallery, Louis le Brocquy, May 23 - June 20, 1960.
 Zürich: Galerie Leinhard, Louis le Brocquy, January 1961. Text by Robert Melville [French trans.].
 London: Gimpel Fils, Louis le Brocquy, September 12 - October 10, 1961. Text by Herbert Read.
 Dublin: Municipal Gallery of Modern Art [Arts Council/An Chomhairle Ealaíon], Louis le Brocquy, A Retrospective Selection of Oil Paintings 1939 - 1966, November 8 - December 11, 1966. Texts by Francis Bacon; Anne Crookshank 'Louis le Brocquy'; Jacques Dupin 'The Paintings of 1964 - 1966' [French trans.].
 Belfast: Ulster Museum, Louis le Brocquy, A Retrospective Selection of Oil Paintings 1939 - 1966, December 19 - January 1, 1967. ASIN: B0006CH5G4
 Zürich: Gimpel & Hanover Galerie, Louis le Brocquy, Bilder 1967 - 1968, January 12 - February 12, 1969. Texts by Anne Crookshank, Jacques Dupin, Herbert Read, Robert Melville [German].
 New York: Gimpel Weitzenhoffer, Louis le Brocquy, April 27 - May 15, 1971.
 St. Paul: Fondation Maeght, Louis le Brocquy, March 9 - April 8, 1973. Texts by Claude Esteban 'Histoire Calcinée'; Jacques Dupin 'Louis le Brocquy' [French].
 London: Gimpel Fils Gallery, Louis le Brocquy, October 1–26, 1974. Text by John Montague 'The Later le Brocquy' [including Italian trans.]. ASIN: B0007AJR34
 Dublin: Dawson Gallery, Louis le Brocquy, Studies Towards an Image of W.B. Yeats, November 26 - December 13, 1975. Text by le Brocquy 'Studies Towards an Image of W.B. Yeats'.
 Paris: Musée d'Art Moderne de la Ville, Louis le Brocquy, A la Recherche de W.B. Yeats. Cent Portraits Imaginaires, October 15 - November 28, 1976. Texts by Jacques Lassaigne; John Montague 'Les visages de Yeats'; le Brocquy 'A la recherche de Yeats'.
 Genoa: Galleria d'Arte San Marco dei Giustiniani, Genova, Louis le Brocquy, Studies Towards an Image of James Joyce, November 12 - December 7, 1977. Texts by le Brocquy 'Studies towards an Image of James Joyce'; John Montague 'Jawseyes' [including Italian trans.]. ASIN: B0007BIC1G
 New York: Gimpel Weitzenhoffer, Louis le Brocquy, Studies Towards an Image of James Joyce, September - October 1978.
 Montreal: Waddington Galleries, Louis le Brocquy, Studies Towards an Image of James Joyce, November 1978.
 Barcelona: Galeria Maeght, Louis le Brocquy, 88 Studies Towards an Image of Federico García Lorca, October 1978. Text by Claude Esteban 'Arqueologia del rostro' [Spanish - French].
 Paris: Galerie Jeanne-Bucher, Louis le Brocquy, Images de W. B. Yeats, James Joyce, Samuel Beckett, Federico García Lorca, Auguste Strindberg, Francis Bacon, November 27 - December 27, 1979. Text by Michael Peppiatt 'Louis le Brocquy' [French]. ISBN 2-85562-003-1
 Albany: New York State Museum, Louis le Brocquy and the Celtic Head Image, September 26 - November 29, 1981. Texts by Kevin M. Cahill; Proinsias MacCana 'The Cult of Heads'; Anne Crookshank 'Louis le Brocquy'. ASIN: B000PT8ZJE
 Zürich: Gimpel-Hanover Galerie, Louis le Brocquy, études vers une image de William Shakespeare, January 14 - February 19, 1983. ISBN 2-85562-012-0
 Charleroi, Belgium: Palais des Beaux-Arts, Louis le Brocquy, October 23 - November 28, 1982. Texts by Serge Faucherau 'La Peinture de Louis le Brocquy'; Proinsias MacCana 'Le culte des têtes'.
 Melbourne: Westpac Gallery [Per National Gallery of Victoria], Louis le Brocquy, Images, 1975–1987, May - June 1988.
 Antibes: Musée Picasso, Louis le Brocquy, Images, 1975–1988, July 1 - September 15, 1989. Texts by Danièle Giraudy, Michael Gibson, John Montague, Bernard Noël, Robert Melville, Seamus Heaney, Richard Kearney [French].
 Kamakura, Japan: Museum of Modern Art, Kanagawa, Louis le Brocquy, Images Single and Multiple, 1957–1990, January 5 - February 3, 1991. Texts by Brendan Kennelly 'A Peering Boy'; Dorothy Walker 'Images, Single and Multiple 1957 - 1990'; Seamus Heaney 'Holding the Eye'; John Russell 'Louis le Brocquy'; Tadayasu Sakai 'Notes for a Discussion of Louis le Brocquy' [English/Japanese].
 Dublin: Irish Museum of Modern Art, Louis le Brocquy, Paintings 1939 - 1996, October 16, 1996 - February 16, 1997. Texts by Declan McGonagal; Alistair Smith 'Louis le Brocquy: On the Spiritual in Art'. ISBN 1-873654-46-4
 London: Agnew's, Louis le Brocquy, Aubusson Tapestries, May 3–29, 2001. Preface by Mark Adams. Texts by le Brocquy 'Artist's Notes'; Seamus Heaney 'le Brocquy's Táin'; Dorothy Walker 'Le Brocquy's Tapestries'.
 Cork: Crawford Municipal Art Gallery, Louis le Brocquy, Procession, October 10 - November 15, 2003. Text by Peter Murray 'Eros and Thanatos, Louis le Brocquy's Procession paintings'.
 Limerick: The Hunt Museum, Louis le Brocquy Allegory and Legend, June - September 2006. Text by Yvonne Scott 'Allegory and Legend'. ISBN 0-9520922-5-5
 Paris: Galerie Jeanne-Bucher, Louis le Brocquy, Radiance, 'Retrospective à l'occasion de son 90ème anniversaire', October 12 - November 10, 2006. Texts by Jean-François Jaeger and Louis le Brocquy, 'Notes on my painting'.
 London: Gimpel Fils, Louis le Brocquy. Homage to his Masters, November 24 -January 13, 2007. Text by James Hamilton, 'Ireland's Prospero of Painting: Celebrating the Sixty Year Partnership between Louis le Brocquy and Gimpel Fils'. ISBN 1-899421-09-9
 Dublin: National Gallery of Ireland, Louis le Brocquy, Portrait Heads: 'A celebration of the artist's 90th birthday', November 4 - January 13, 2007. Texts by Colm Tóibín 'Louis le Brocquy, A Portrait of the Artist as an Alchemist'; Dr. Síghle Bhreathnach-Lynch '"Behind the Billowing Curtain of the Face". Louis le Brocquy's Portrait Heads'; Pierre le Brocquy 'Chronology: The Head Series'. ASIN: B001X644OI
 Dublin, Dublin City Gallery The Hugh Lane. Louis le Brocquy and his Masters. Early Heroes, Later Homage, 14 January - 30 March 2007. Texts by Barbara Dawson 'Unfailing Eye', Louis le Brocquy 'Artist's Note', Mick Wilson 'To look, and then to look again, once more', Pierre le Brocquy 'Chronology: First Works'. ISBN 1-901702-24-3

Nótaí agus tagairtí

Naisc sheachtracha
 LeBrocquy.com - Suíomh oifigiúil
 Artfacts.net - Louis le Brocquy
 Artprice.com - Louis le Brocquy

Daoine a rugadh i 1916
Básanna in 2012
Péintéirí Éireannacha
Baill d'Aosdána
Daoine Éireannacha de bhunadh na Fraince
Daoine as Baile Átha Cliath
Táin Bó Cúailnge

Louis le Brocquy


current banner o the Republic o Sooth Africae wis adoptit on 27 Aprile 1994, at the beginnin o the 1994 general election, tae replace the banner that haed been uised syne 1928.  The new naitional banner, designed bi State Herald Frederick Brownell, wis chosen tae represent the new democracy.

The banner haes horizontal bands o reid (on the tap) an blue (on the bottom), o equal width, separatit bi a central green baund which splits intae a horizontal "Y" shape, the airms o which end at the corners o the hoist side (an follae the flag's diagonals). The Y embraces a black isosceles triangle frae which the airms are separatit bi nairae yellae baunds; the reid an blue baunds are separatit frae the green baund an its airms bi nairae white stripes. The stripes at the flee end are in the 5:1:3:1:5 ratio.

In blazons (a vexillological description uisin flag terminology), the Sooth African flag is describit as  "per pall fesswise gules, sable and azure, a fesswise pall vert fimbriated argent, Or an argent."

Design an seembolism

Accordin tae offeecial South African govrenment information, the South African flag is "a synopsis o principal elements o the kintra's flag history."  Awtho different fowk mey attribute personal symbolism tae the individual colours or colour combinations, "nae universal seembolism shoud be attached tae ony o the colours."  The ae seembolism in the flag is the V or Y shape, which can be interpretit as "the convergence o diverse elements athin Sooth African society, takin the road ahead in unity.

Frae time tae time explanations o the meanings or seembolism o the flag's colours are published in various media, includin offeecial government publications an speeches bi government officials.

Three o the colours — black, green an yellow — are foond in the flag o the African Naitional Congress. The ither three — red, white an blue — are uised in the modern banner o the Netherlands an the banner o the Unitit Kinrick; the colours white an blue wur an aa foond in the auld banner o Sooth Africae.
Umwhile Sooth African Preses F.W. de Klerk, who proclaimed the new flag on 20 Aprile 1994, statit in his autobiography, The Last Trek: a New Beginning, that chili red wis chosen instead o plain red (which Anglo-Africans woud hae preferred) or orange (as Afrikaners woud hae preferred).

Colour

References

Naitional seembols o Sooth Africae
Naitional seembols bi nation
Sooth Africae

Sooth African heraldry

Banner o Sooth Africae


Jennifer Warnes (born March 3, 1947) is an American singer. She first became famous during the late 1960s, and was a regular performer on The Smothers Brothers Comedy Hour. She performed alongside Leonard Cohen in his 1984 album Various Positions.

In the late 1970s, she had hit records including "Right Time of the Night" and "I Know a Heartache When I See One". In the 1980s, she sang duets with Joe Cocker ("Up Where We Belong") and Bill Medley ("(I've Had) The Time of My Life"), which were also hits. The singer was born March 3, 1947.

1947 births
Living people
Singers from Los Angeles

Jennifer Warnes


Beryl is a cyclosilicate, and is the second main ore of beryllium metal. It is sometimes found as very, very large crystals, as much as 18 m. (59 ft.) long. Colored clear beryl is often used for jewelry, including emerald (green), aquamarine (bluegreen), bixbite (red), morganite (pink), and heliodor (golden).

Gemstones
Minerals

Beryl


A henagon (or monogon) is a shape in geometry. It is like a polygon, except that it only has one side and one corner (vertex). Henagons are considered to be impossible to draw, using Euclidean geometry. This is because the single side would go to infinity.

Since it only has one side, there is only one angle. Therefore, all henagons are considered regular shapes.

1

Henagon


कार्दियाक अरिदमिया छगु अवस्थातेगु पुचः खः। थुकिलि नुगःयागु मसल कन्ट्र्याक्सन इरेगुलर वा सामान्य स्वया तच्व वा म्हो जुइ। थ्व अवस्था मंकायागु लागि कार्डियाक डिसरिदमिया प्राविधिक कथलं पायछि खंग्व खः, छये धासा अरिदमिया धागु रिदम हे मदुगु अवस्था खः। छुं कार्दियाक अरिदमियां मनूया प्राण वनेफु व थन्यागु अरिदमियातेत मेदिकल इमर्जेन्सीया रुपय् कायेगु या। मेमेगु अरिदमियां धाःसा नुगः भाराभारा मिंगु चाइगु, नुगः याकनं संगु चाइगु आदि लक्षण क्यनिगु या।

फ्रिक्वेन्सी तच्व वा म्हो
नुगः छगू मिनेतय् १००कः तक्क मिनिगु या। प्रति मिनेत सच्छि स्वया अप्व मिनिगु नुगःया अवस्थायात त्याकिकार्दिया धाइ। नुगः मिनिगु ल्याया मनूया आयुनाप नं स्वापू दु। ल्याम्ह बलय् नुगः प्राकृतिक रुपं हे बुराबिलय् स्वया याकनं मिनिगु या। नुगःया गति नुगलय् दयाच्वंगु साइनस नोद (sinus node) धाःगु थासं निर्धारित याइ। म्ह तच्वलं संकिबिलय्, दसु व्यायाम याइबिलय् नुगःया साइनस नोदं थःगु वैद्युतीय ज्या तच्वयेकी। थ्व कथं छुं कारणवश नुगःया गति तःच्वैगु अवस्थायात साइनस त्याकिकार्दिया(sinus tachycardia) धाइ। अरिदमिया धाःगु अवस्थाय् असाधारण रुपय् नुगः तःच्वलं मिनेफु व थ्व अवस्था प्राणघातक जुइफु। If the ventricles of the heart experience one of these tachycardias for a long period of time, there can be deleterious effects. Individuals may sense a tachycardia as a pounding sensation of the heart, known as palpitations. If a tachycardia lowers blood pressure it may cause lightheadedness or dizziness, or even fainting (syncope). If the tachycardia is too fast, the pump function of the heart is impeded, which may lead to a sudden death.

Most tachycardias are not dangerous. Anything that increases adrenaline or its effects on the heart will increase the heart rate and potentially cause palpitations or tachycardias. Causes include stress, ingested or injected substances (ie: caffeine, alcohol--see Holiday heart syndrome), and an overactive thyroid gland (हाइपरथाइरोइडिजम). Individuals who have a tachycardia are often advised to limit or remove exposure to any causative agent.

स्लो रिदम वा ब्र्याडिकार्डिया (६० बीट प्रति मिनेट स्वया म्हो) अप्व याना ज्यान पाइगु जुइमखु, तर थुकिलिं सिम्प्टमतः क्येने फु। When it causes symptoms implantation of a permanent pacemaker may be needed.

Either dysrhythmia requires medical attention to evaluate the risks associated with the arrhythmia.

फिब्रिलेसन
A serious variety of arrhythmia is known as fibrillation. The muscle cells of the heart normally function together, creating a single contraction when stimulated. Fibrillation occurs when the heart muscle begins a quivering motion due to a disunity in contractile cell function. Fibrillation can affect the atrium (atrial fibrillation) or the ventricle (ventricular fibrillation); ventricular fibrillation is imminently life-threatening.

एट्रियल फिब्रिलेसन छगु quivering, chaotic motion in the upper chambers of the heart, known as the एट्रिया. Atrial fibrillation is often due to serious underlying medical conditions, and should be evaluated by a physician. It is not typically a medical emergency.

Ventricular fibrillation occurs in the ventricles (lower chambers) of the heart; it is always a medical emergency. If left untreated, ventricular fibrillation (VF, or V-fib) can lead to death within minutes. When a heart goes into V-fib, effective pumping of the blood stops. V-fib is considered a form of cardiac arrest, and an individual suffering from it will not survive unless cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and defibrillation are provided immediately.

CPR can prolong the survival of the brain in the lack of a normal pulse, but defibrillation is the intervention which is most likely to restore a more healthy heart rhythm. It does this by applying an electric shock to the heart, after which sometimes the heart will revert to a rhythm that can once again pump blood.

Almost every person goes into ventricular fibrillation in the last few minutes of life as the heart muscle reacts to diminished oxygen or general blood flow, trauma, irritants, or depression of electrical impulses themselves from the brain.

इम्पल्सयु मूल
When an electrical impulse begins in any part of the heart, it will spread throughout the myocardium and cause a contraction; see Electrical conduction system of the heart. Abnormal impulses can begin by one of two mechanisms: automaticity or reentry.

अटोम्याटिसिटी
Automaticity refers to a cardiac muscle cell firing off an impulse on its own. Every cardiac cell has this potential: if it does not receive any impulses from elsewhere, its internal "pacemaker" will fire off an impulse after a certain amount of time. A single specialized location in the atrium, the sinoatrial node, has a higher automaticity (a faster pacemaker) than the rest of the heart, and therefore is usually the one to start the heartbeat.

Any part of the heart that initiates an impulse without waiting for the sinoatrial node is called an ectopic focus, and is by definition a pathological phenomenon. This may cause a single premature beat now and then, or, if the ectopic focus fires more often than the sinoatrial node, it can produce a sustained abnormal rhythm. Rhythms produced by an ectopic focus in the atria, or by the atrioventricular node, are the least dangerous dysrhythmias; but they can still produce a decrease in the heart's pumping efficiency, because the signal reaches the various parts of the heart muscle with slightly different timing than usual and causes a poorly coordinated contraction.

Conditions that increase automaticity include sympathetic nervous system stimulation and hypoxia. The resulting heart rhythm depends on where the first signal begins: if it is the sinoatrial node, the rhythm remains normal but rapid; if it is an ectopic focus, many types of dysrhythmia can result.

रि-एन्ट्री
Re-entrant dysrhythmias occur when an electrical impulse travels in a circle within the heart, rather than moving outward and then stopping. Every cardiac cell is able to transmit impulses in every direction, but will only do so once within a short period of time. Normally the impulse spreads through the heart quickly enough that each cell will only respond once, but if conduction is abnormally slow in some areas, part of the impulse will arrive late and will be treated as a new impulse, which can then spread backward. Depending on the timing, this can produce a sustained abnormal rhythm, such as atrial flutter, a self-limiting burst of supraventricular tachycardia, or the dangerous ventricular tachycardia.

By analogy, imagine a room full of people all given these instructions: "If you see anyone starting to stand up, then stand up for three seconds and sit back down." If the people are quick enough to respond, the first person to stand will trigger a single wave which will then die out; but if there are stragglers on one side of the room, people who have already sat down will see them and start a second wave, and so on.

Diagnosis
Cardiac dysrhythmias are often first detected by simple but nonspecific means: auscultation of the heartbeat with a stethoscope, or feeling for peripheral pulses. These cannot usually diagnose specific dysrhythmias, but can give a general indication of the heart rate and whether it is regular or irregular. Not all the electrical impulses of the heart produce audible or palpable beats; in many cardiac arrhythmias, the premature or abnormal beats do not produce an effective pumping action and are experienced as "skipped" beats.

The simplest specific diagnostic test for assessment of heart rhythm is the electrocardiogram (abbreviated ECG or EKG). A Holter monitor is an ECG recorded over a 24-hour period, to detect dysrhythmias that may happen briefly and unpredictably throughout the day.

SADS
SADS, or sudden arrhythmia death syndrome, is a term used to describe sudden death due to cardiac arrest brought on by an arrhythmia. The most common cause of sudden death in the US is coronary artery disease. Approximately 300,000 people die suddenly of this cause every year in the US. SADS can also occur from other causes. Also, there are many inherited conditions and heart diseases that can affect young people that can cause sudden death. Many of these victims have no symptoms before dying suddenly.

Causes of SADS in young people are long QT syndrome, Brugada syndrome, Catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia ("arrythmia"-causing, "right ventricle"-involving, pre-cancerous malformation(bad-growth)).

आपालं खनेदैगु कार्डियाक डिसरिदमियातेगु धलः
 एट्रियल अरिदमिया
 एट्रियल फिब्रिलेसन
 एट्रियल डिसरिदमिया
 प्रिम्याच्युर एट्रियल कन्ट्र्याक्सन
 एट्रियल फ्लटर
 सुप्राभेन्ट्रिकुलर ट्याकिकार्डिया
 सिक साइनस सिन्ड्रम
 भेन्ट्रिकुलर अरिदमिया
 भेन्ट्रिकुलर फिब्रिलेसन
 भेन्ट्रिकुलर डिसरिदमिया
 प्रिम्याच्युर भेन्ट्रिकुलर कन्ट्र्याक्सन
 पल्सलेस इलेक्ट्रिकल एक्टिभिटी
 भेन्ट्रिकुलर ट्याकिकार्डिया
 असिस्टोल
 जंक्सनल डिसरिदमिया
 प्रिम्याच्युर जंक्सनल कन्ट्र्याक्सन
 जंक्सनल ट्याकिकार्डिया
 हार्ट ब्लक
 First degree heart block
 Second degree heart block
 Type 1 Second degree heart block, also known as Mobitz I or Wenckebach
 Type 2 Second degree heart block, also known as Mobitz II
 Third degree heart block, also known as complete heart block

एन्टी अरिदमिक थेरापीतः
There are many classes of antiarrhythmic medications and many individual drugs within these classes. See the article on antiarrhythmic agents.

Dysrhythmias may also be treated electrically. Cardioversion is the application of electrical current across the chest wall to the heart and it is used for treatment of supraventricular or pulsed ventricular tachycardia. Defibrillation differs in that it is used for ventricular fibrillation and pulseless ventricular tachycardia, and more electricity is delivered with defibrillation than with cardioversion. In cardioversion, the recipient is either sedated or lightly anesthetized for the procedure. In defibrillation, the recipient has lost consciousness so there is no need for sedation.

Electrical treatment of dysrhythmia includes cardiac pacing. Temporay pacing may be done for very slow heartbeats, or bradycardia, from drug overdose or myocardial infarction. A pacemaker may be placed in situations where the bradycardia is not expected to recover.

Atrial fibrillation can also be treated through a procedure, e.g. pulmonary vein isolation. This is performed by a cardiologist who specializes in electrophysiology and is done percutaneously with catheters. Alternatively, a maze procedure can be performed through cardiothoracic surgery.

Transvenous catheter ablation is established as a curative treatment for many arrhythmias. Using Image Integration Guided Catheter Ablation it is possible to know the precise location of the catheter in relation to the cardiac anatomy. The CartoMergeTM mapping system from Biosense Webster integrates pre-procedural computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance (MR) images with electroanatomic maps has recently been approved for patient care.

फ्याटी एसिड

Fatty acids play an important role in the life and death of cardiac cells because they are essential fuels for mechanical and electrical activities of the heart

श्रोत

स्वया दिसं
 एन्टीअरिदमिक एजेन्ट
 कृतिम पेसमेकर
 नुगयागु एलेक्ट्रिकल् कन्डक्सन सिस्टम
 इम्प्लान्टेबल कार्डियोभेन्टर-डिफिब्रिलेटर

पिनेयागु स्वापूतः
 Arrhythmia information from Seattle Children's Hospital Heart Center
 SADS Foundation
 Cardiac Risk in the Young (UK)

Cardiac electrophysiology
Medical emergencies

कार्दियाक अरिदमिया


The tiger salamander is a species of mole salamander.  Another name for this  salamander is the eastern tiger salamander.

Description
Eastern tiger salamanders are big, with a normal length of 6–8 inches (15–20 cm). They can grow up to 14 inches (36 cm) in length. Grown-ups are usually spotted with grey, green, or black, and have large eyes. They have short mouths, big necks, strong legs, and long tails. They eat small insects and worms.  Sometimes, grown ups eat small frogs and baby mice

Adults are almost never seen in open fields and often live in holes that are usually 2 feet from the top. Tiger salamanders almost always stay on land as adults, and usually only return to the water to lay eggs. But also they live in both land and water. They also like to swim, even if they are on land. They also are good swimmers. Like all ambystomatids, they are extremely loyal to their birthplace, and will travel long distances to go back. However, a single tiger salamander has only a 50% chance of laying eggs more than once in its lifetime. Males bump a female to initiate mating, and then deposit a spermatophore on the lake bottom. The female picks up the packet and deposits the now-fertilized eggs on vegetation. Large-scale captive breeding of Tiger salamanders has not been accomplished, for unknown reasons.

The larvae are entirely aquatic, with large gills on the outside and a big tail fin that begins just behind the head.  Arms are grown within a short time of coming out of their egg. Some larvae metamorphose quickly. These are known as 'small morph adults'. Other larvae, especially in ancestral pools and warmer climates, may not metamorphose until fully adult size. These large larvae are usually known as waterdogs, and are used many times in the fishing bait and pet trade. Some populations may not metamorphose at all, and become sexually mature while in their larval form. These are the neotenes, and are particularly common where terrestrial conditions are bad.

Conservation status
While remaining common in many places, tiger salamander numbers have gone down compared with old levels. One of the threats to them is wetland (habitat) destruction. Since they tend to breed in semipermanent wetlands, baby tiger salamanders often experience mass deaths in association with pond drying.

Related species
The California tiger salamander (Ambystoma californiense), the barred tiger salamander (Ambystoma mavortium), and the plateau tiger salamander (Ambystoma velasci), were all once subspecies of A. tigrinum, but are now separate species. Genetic studies made it right to break up the first A. tigrinum population, even though there is some hybridization between the groups.

The Axolotl is also a relative of the tiger salamander.

Sources
 Hammerson et al. (2004). Ambystoma tigrinum. 2006. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN 2006. www.iucnredlist.org. Retrieved on 12 May 2006. Database entry includes a range map and justification for why this species is of least concern.
 LeClere, 2006 Iowa Herpetology Species account, photo and range map of the Tiger Salamander in Iowa

Other websites
National Geographic Page
California Tiger Salamander

References

Salamanders
Animals of North America

Tiger salamander


John Bosley Ziegler (ca. 1920–1983) — known as John Ziegler and Montana Jack —  was the American physician who originally developed the anabolic steroid Methandrostenolone (Dianabol, DBOL) which was released in the USA in 1958 by Ciba. He pioneered its athletic use as an aid to muscle growth by bodybuilders, administering it to U.S. weightlifting champion Bill March of the York Barbell Club in 1959 when he was the physician to the U.S. Weightlifting team. It was banned by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) under the Controlled Substances Act.  In later life he was outspoken against its use in sport, saying "It is bad enough to have to deal with drug addicts, but now healthy athletes are putting themselves in the same category. It's a disgrace. Who plays sports for fun anymore?" Ziegler suffered from heart disease, which he partially ascribed to his experimentation with steroids, and he died from heart failure in 1983.

Biography

Early life
Ziegler was born in the Midwestern United States but he returned to his family roots in southern Pennsylvania and graduated from Gettysburg College in 1942. He was descended from three generations of doctors going back to the American Civil War, and his father had been both practicing physician and a scientist who had discovered the salt tablet.

He served as an officer in the United States Marine Corps in the Pacific in World War II, where he suffered extensive bullet wounds. His experience of surgery and convalescence lead to a speciality in recuperative medicine at the University of Maryland Medical School. He served his internship and residency at Marine hospitals in Norfolk Virginia and Mobile Alabama, before completing a two-year residence in neurology at Tulane University School of Medicine in New Orleans. In 1954 after he settled in Olney, Maryland he specialized in the treatment of handicapped and seriously injured patients whilst conducting part-time chemistry research at Ciba Pharmaceuticals in Summit, N.J.

He became an enthusiastic weightlifter who pumped iron at the York Barbell Club, which was at the center of American fitness training thanks to its owner Bob Hoffman. Hoffman had competed with Joe Weider and Charles Atlas for the title of Mr America and wrote the book Weight Lifting in 1939. Ziegler's scientific credentials supplemented Hoffman's bodybuilding theories. Ziegler befriended weightlifter and bodybuilder champion John Grimek who was employed by Hoffman.

Developing anabolic steroids
In October 1954, Ziegler, went to Vienna with the American weightlifting team. There he met a Russian physicist who, over "a few drinks", repeatedly asked "What are you giving your boys?" When Ziegler returned the question, the Russian said that his own athletes were being given testosterone. Returning to America, Ziegler tried weak doses of testosterone on himself, on the American trainer Bob Hoffman and on three lifters, John Grimek, Jim Park and Yaz Kuzahara. All gained more weight and strength than any training programme would produce, but there were side-effects. With the research assistance of Ciba Pharmaceuticals, Ziegler began to look for synthetic substance that would mimic testosterone. Working at CIBA allowed Ziegler access to books and records from Germany where experiments with testosterone had been carried out by the Nazis, and which had been confiscated by the United States after the war. Ziegler sought a drug without after-effects and hit on an anabolic steroid, methandrostenolone (Dianabol, DBOL), made in the U.S. in 1958 by Ciba.

Ziegler gave Dianabol to the entire U.S. Olympic weightlifting team in Rome in 1960, but they still lost to the Soviets. He gave up experimentation with athletes when he learned that some who had taken 20 times the recommended dose of Dianabol had developed a liver condition. He was quoted in Science in 1972 saying "I lost interest in fooling with IQ's of that caliber. Now it's about as widespread among these idiots as marijuana." In later years Ziegler regretted introducing AAS to athletes. He recollected "but I wish to God now I'd never done it. I'd like to go back and take that whole chapter out of my life."

See also
 Ergogenic use of anabolic steroids
 Doping in sports

References

External links
 The Man Behind the Juice - Fifty years ago, a doctor brought steroids to America. By Justin Peters
 Doc Ziegler By Bill Starr

1983 deaths
American sports physicians
American medical researchers
University of Maryland, Baltimore alumni
Tulane University alumni
Year of birth unknown
Gettysburg College alumni
People from Olney, Maryland
American rehabilitation physicians
Year of birth uncertain

John Bosley Ziegler


An electron configuration is the arrangement of electrons within an atom. The electron configuration describes where the electrons are inside orbitals. The structure of the Periodic table of elements is partly based on electron configuration.

There are four kinds of electron configurations: s, p, d, and f orbitals. Each orbital can house a maximum of 2 electrons. S orbitals are roughly sphere-shaped, p orbitals are polar and shaped like a dumbbell, d orbitals are usually shaped like a four-leaf clover, and f orbitals form a mathematically complex shape. Orbitals can have different energy levels. For example 1s is a low energy sphere-shaped orbital while 3s is a higher energy sphere-shaped orbital. An atom can have more than one orbital; in fact, all except hydrogen do. Similarly, atoms can have more than one of each kind of orbital.

The electron configurations fill up with electrons in an unchanging order. They describe how the electrons behave and orbit the nucleus.

Chemistry

Electron configuration


Red-Headed Woman is a 1932 American pre-Code romantic comedy film, produced by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, based on the 1931 novel of the same name by Katharine Brush, and a screenplay by Anita Loos. It was directed by Jack Conway and stars Jean Harlow as a woman who uses sex to advance her social position. During the course of the film, Harlow's character breaks up a marriage, has multiple affairs, has premarital sex, and attempts to kill a man.

Plot
Lillian "Lil" Andrews (Jean Harlow) is a young woman, living in Ohio, who will do anything to improve herself. She seduces her wealthy boss William "Bill" Legendre Jr. (Chester Morris) and cleverly breaks up his marriage with his loving wife Irene (Leila Hyams). Irene reconsiders and tries to reconcile with Bill, only to find he has married Lil the previous day.

However, Lil finds herself shunned by high society, including Bill's father, Will Legendre, Sr. (Lewis Stone), because of her lower-class origins and homewrecking. When Charles B. Gaerste (Henry Stephenson), a nationally known coal tycoon and the main customer of the Legendres' company, visits the city, Lil thinks she has found a way to force her way into the highest social circles. She seduces Charles, then blackmails him into throwing a party at her mansion, knowing that no one would dare offend him by not showing up. It seems a social coup for Lil, until her hairdresser friend and confidante Sally (Una Merkel) points out that all the guests have left early to attend a surprise party for Irene (who lives across the street).

Humiliated, she decides to move to New York City, even if it means a temporary separation from her husband. Will Sr. finds Lil's handkerchief at Gaerste's place and correctly guesses what Lil has done. He shows his evidence to his son, who hires detectives to watch Lil. They find that she is conducting not one, but two affairs, with Charles and his handsome French chauffeur Albert (Charles Boyer). Bill shows Charles damning photographs.

When Lil learns that Charles has found out about her, she returns to Bill, only to find him with Irene. Furious, she shoots him, but he survives and refuses to have her charged with attempted murder. However, he does divorce her, and remarries Irene. Two years later, he sees her again, at a racetrack in Paris, in the company of an aged Frenchman. He discreetly hides Irene's binoculars. In the final scene, Lil and her elderly companion get into a limousine driven by Albert.

Cast
 Jean Harlow as Lillian "Lil"/"Red" Andrews Legendre
 Chester Morris as William "Bill"/"Willie" Legendre, Jr.
 Lewis Stone as William "Will" Legendre, Sr.
 Leila Hyams as Irene "Rene" Legendre
 Una Merkel as Sally
 Henry Stephenson as Charles B. "Charlie"/"C.B." Gaerste
 Charles Boyer as Albert
 May Robson as Aunt Jane
 Harvey Clark as Uncle Fred

Production

The film proved difficult from its inception. F. Scott Fitzgerald and Marcel de Sano were originally hired to collaborate on creating a script adapted from Katherine Brush's 1931 novel. Fitzgerald initially turned down MGM's offer as their offer of $750 per week was not satisfactory; producer Irving Thalberg, however, raised the sum to $1,200 since he wanted Fitzgerald's name on the project. Fitzgerald then objected to working with de Sano, insisting that he work alone, but he was forced to comply. The two quickly experienced a falling out, but still finished the script in five weeks. Despite all this effort, however, Thalberg was concerned that the original story and the first draft of a script by Fitzgerald and de Sano was too serious, and offered the job of rewriting it to Anita Loos, instructing her to provide something that was more fun and playful and with a greater emphasis on comedy.  MGM then hired Anita Loos, who completed rough and revised drafts of the script between January and February 1932. (Both scripts are currently owned by Yale University at The Beinecke Rare Book & Manuscript Library.)

Red-Headed Woman was filmed at MGM Studios in Culver City, California. MGM's "English House" and "New York Street" backlots – both located in Lot 2 – were primary filming locations for the production.

Before casting Harlow, MGM considered casting Clara Bow as Lillian Andrews, who originally agreed to take the part but objected to the "future services" option demanded by the studio. Screenland (June 1932) (pg.60) also noted that Colleen Moore was considered for the part. In its April 12, 1932 issues, however, Motion Picture magazine (pg.11) reported seeing Jean Harlow at the premiere of the film Grand Hotel sporting red, "titian hair", suggesting she was involved in the production. The "Modern Screen" gossip column in The Hollywood Times confirmed these suspicions in May 1932 stating: "Guess who is going to be MGM's 'Red-Headed Woman'? No other than that famous platinum blonde, Jean Harlow. They will either have to get a new title for the picture, or a very large bottle of very extra red henna for Jean's crowning glory." The opening scene of the film shows Harlow's character getting her hair dyed red. The film's first line of dialogue is "So gentlemen prefer blondes, do they? Ha!" The film, in fact, was Jean Harlow's first film after having left Hollywood for a few months following a fall-out with Howard Hughes, as reported by Screenland.

Although uncredited, Jean Harlow's husband Paul Bern was the film's production supervisor.

Prior to the film's release, producer Thalberg worked with the Will Hays Office to shore up the censor's approval. Of particular concern were several scenes in which Harlow was partially undressed or making obvious sexual advances. Thalberg eventually agreed to seventeen cuts. Despite this fact, the film still received a number of complaints from cinema patrons.

Reception
Critical response to Red-Headed Woman was overwhelmingly positive. McCarthy of the Motion Picture Herald wrote: "Sexy, racy, bristling with snappy dialogue, funny, [Red-Headed Woman] is loaded with dynamite that can be dynamic entertainment, or an explosion of objections unless you handle it properly and with all the finesse and ability that your showmanship experience commands." The September 1932 edition of Screenland also gave the film a glowing review, writing: "The film [Red-Headed Woman] follows Katherine Brush's novel with satirical improvements by Anita Loos, who, fed up with blondes, gives red-headed women their due... See this for sheer amusement. Jean plays a mean part so cleverly that you can't help liking this wild red-headed woman." Along with this review, Screenland chose Red-Headed Woman as one of the six best pictures of the month and named Harlow's performance "one of the ten best portrayals of the month." (September 1932, pp. 356–357).

Red-Headed Woman opened in France as La Belle Aux Cheveux Roux and in Spain as La Pelirroja. Zárraga, a reporter for Cine-Mundial, (September 1932, p. 585), a Spanish-language magazine, wrote: "Red-Headed Woman was predestined to triumph. Step-by-step [Harlow] succeeded, and the secret of her success was not precisely in her statuary beauty, nor in her famous platinum-colored hair: it was, above all, in her disturbing way of kissing..."  The film was banned in the United Kingdom.

References

External links

1932 films
1932 romantic comedy films
American romantic comedy films
American black-and-white films
Films based on American novels
Films directed by Jack Conway
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer films
Films with screenplays by Anita Loos
1930s English-language films
1930s American films

Red-Headed Woman


A safe is a container where people can put important things to protect them from fire, theft, or both. A safe is usually a box-shaped container with a lock. One that is designed to protect things from just fire may not have a lock or may have only a simple lock or padlock hasp. Some only open at the correct time of day. Safes are usually heavy and made of a strong substance such as steel. They are designed to be very difficult to open with crowbars, hammers, drills, lock picks, and other tools.

Safes are available in many different security levels. These range from ones made to protect from common burglars to those made to protect from professional thieves and spies. Fire ratings are usually based on how long the safe can be in a common structure fire before the inside of the safe reaches 175 degrees Celsius. This is the temperature at which paper and wood are destroyed. The fire rating usually ranges from 15 minutes up to 3 hours. Some safes are also waterproof, which protects the contents from flood and from getting wet when a fire is put out by firefighters. A large safe that is part of a building is called a vault. Vaults have usually one or more rooms.

Security
Containers

Safe (container)


Laurel Gand is a superheroine appearing in DC Comics, primarily as a member of the Legion of Super-Heroes in the 30th and 31st centuries under the name Andromeda. She was created as a replacement for Supergirl in post-Crisis on Infinite Earths Legion continuity. She was also inspired by elements of Superman's supposed descendant Laurel Kent (who, in post-Crisis, pre-Zero Hour continuity, was revealed to be a Manhunter android).

Fictional character biography

Pre-Zero Hour

Following her death in the Crisis on Infinite Earths limited series, Supergirl was removed from mainstream DC continuity, endangering the status of every Legion story featuring the Girl of Steel. After the events of Legion of Super-Heroes (vol. 4) #4-5 (February–March 1990), the sorceress Glorith supplants the Time Trapper as reality's master of time manipulation, resulting in several alterations in Legion continuity. In the new timeline, the 30th century native Laurel Gand replaces 20th century native Supergirl in Legion history; all of Kara Zor-El's appearances are said to have been appearances by Laurel.

The pre-Zero Hour Laurel was similar to the pre-Crisis Supergirl in that she was a distant relative of the Glorithverse's Superboy analogue, Valor, and was born on an asteroid called Ricklef II (as opposed to the Krypton remnant Argo City). Also, upon arriving on Earth she had posed as a shy, bookish young woman with glasses. As a child, Laurel fought off a Khundian attack force threatening to invade Daxam (the planet of her ancestry), but not before the Khunds slaughtered her parents and other inhabitants of the Ricklef II research station. Living in exile on Earth and fearing further vengeance from the Khunds, Laurel jumped at the chance to join the Legion of Super-Heroes.

Where the pre-Crisis Supergirl had been romantically linked to Brainiac 5, so too was Laurel Gand. Laurel and Brainy eventually parted ways, and after the "Five Year Gap", it was revealed (much to Brainiac's dismay) that Laurel had married Rond Vidar and borne a daughter, Lauren. Laurel spent her years away from the Legion, singlehandedly beating Khundian forces back from the United Planets systems, and rejoined the reunited Legionnaires when her husband Rond disappeared while on a mission to rescue the White Witch from Mordru. Laurel proved a tremendous asset to the new Legion during the war against Earthgov and the Dominators. When the mysterious "Batch SW6" doppelgänger Legion appeared, the younger SW6 Laurel soon distinguished herself from her adult counterpart by taking on the codename "Andromeda" and wearing a colorful gold-and-black costume. It is unknown whether the adult Laurel ever used "Andromeda" (or any other codename) during her own youth in the Legion.

The adult Laurel stayed with her Legion when it was forced to go underground to fight corruption in the Science Police. Tragically, Laurel was killed by a terrorist bomb during one of the renegade Legion's early missions. Shortly thereafter, Laurel, her younger self, and the rest of the Legions were erased from history, following the Zero Hour reboot.

Post-Zero Hour

Laurel Gand spent most of her early life in a xenophobic Daxamite White Triangle community, being indoctrinated in the "horrors" of interspecies co-operation before the Triangle's political clout led her to become the Daxamite representative in the Legion. Away from Daxam's red sun, she gained powers similar to Superman's, but the race-wide hypersensitivity of Daxamites to lead meant that even minuscule amounts could prove fatal, even to a powered-up Daxamite, forcing her to wear a transuit at all times. This did not trouble her, since it meant she never had to actually touch any non-Daxamites.

Her Triangle-derived beliefs hampered her effectiveness as a Legionnaire, thanks to her reluctance to physically engage with any enemies, but the real problems started after she let several Triangle members go free after a mugging, shortly after which they beat and almost killed Triad. Angered more for their defiance of her than for the beating, when she was ordered away to prevent the Composite Man gaining her powers, she flew after them. Immediately, they tore her transuit and directly exposed her to lead, and she barely managed to turn them over to the Science Police before crashing through the walls of Legion HQ.

While Brainiac 5 worked on devising an anti-lead serum, he confronted her about her beliefs. After discovering the serum which Vril Dox II, his direct ancestor, had created for Valor and tailoring it to her genetic structure to allow it to work properly on her (much to her surprise, as she had been taught that all members of the same race were identical), Brainiac 5 forced her to confront the fact that he wasn't her inferior before giving her the serum. While this was happening, however, Shrinking Violet discovered a White Triangle necklace in her room and connected it to the group which had assaulted Triad and destroyed Trom, telling the rest of the team.

Confined to quarters after an unsuccessful attempt by Cosmic Boy to have her removed from the team, she used her super-senses to see Ambassador Roxxas gloating, but he managed to bully her into giving him the anti-lead serum. Taking it himself and giving it to four other Daxamites, they proceeded to cause mass destruction on Earth. When Andromeda herself confronted Roxxas over what he was doing and had made her do, she was almost defeated when Violet began thrashing around in his head, before coming out and telling Andromeda to take him down. As she pummelled him repeatedly, he destroyed the covering of an "atomic furnace", and both were thought to have died in the resulting inferno (causing Brainiac 5 severe depression). Only Cosmic Boy was told that she had survived and voluntarily exiled herself to Planet Hell.

Later, she was brought out of this exile by Live Wire, after Cosmic Boy had told him where she was as part of a way to build up a "Legion Rescue Squad", and she was awed by Valor (who later called himself M'onel), himself being another member. She he declined to rejoin the Legion after the Squad had served its purpose, preferring to head off into deep space. She eventually joined a religious convent.

After the events of Infinite Crisis, Earth-247, the home of the Post-Zero Hour Legion, was destroyed. Andromeda appears in Final Crisis: Legion of 3 Worlds, battling Superboy-Prime along with M'onel (Valor) and Superman. Later, in the fifth issue, her pre-Zero Hour younger and older counterparts are called to battle the Time Trapper, alongside dozens of other Legionnaires from alternate realities. She survives the battle and leaves with the 247 Legion to try to rescue more survivors from destroyed universes.

Powers and abilities
Generally, the abilities of Laurel Gand (and other Daxamites) are identical to those of Superman and other natives of the planet Krypton (super-strength; speed; flight; X-ray, heat, microscopic or telescopic vision powers; invulnerability and super hearing), with three major exceptions:

1. She is vulnerable to the inert element lead instead of the radioactive element Kryptonite. Lead poisoning is fatal to Daxamites, and Laurel is kept alive only through ingestion of anti-lead serum, such as the one modified by Brainiac 5.

3. In her two pre-"Zero Hour" incarnations, red star radiation would not rob Laurel of her powers, as it would with most Daxamites and Kryptonians.

In other media
 Laurel Gand as Andromeda makes a cameo appearance in the Superman: The Animated Series episode "New Kids In Town".
 Laurel Gand as Andromeda appears in Justice League Adventures #28.

See also
Alternative versions of Supergirl

External links
A Hero History Of Andromeda/Laurel Kent

References

Comics characters introduced in 1990
Characters created by Keith Giffen
DC Comics characters who can move at superhuman speeds
DC Comics characters with superhuman senses
DC Comics characters with superhuman strength
DC Comics extraterrestrial superheroes
DC Comics female superheroes
Fictional characters with slowed ageing
Fictional characters with X-ray vision
Fictional characters with nuclear or radiation abilities
Fictional characters with air or wind abilities
Fictional characters with ice or cold abilities
Fictional characters with absorption or parasitic abilities
Fictional characters with energy-manipulation abilities
Fictional characters with fire or heat abilities

Laurel Gand


Lingerie is a term for women's underclothes. In advertising, it suggests fashionable and alluring undergarments. Materials include silk, cotton, polyester, satin, nylon and lace.

The 20th century brought big changes in women's underwear. The idea of lingerie as a visually appealing undergarment was developed in the late nineteenth century by Lady Duff-Gordon of 'Lucile'. She was a pioneer in developing lingerie that freed women from more restrictive corsets.

The word
The word lingerie comes from linge, meaning 'washables' in French. Faire le linge is "do the laundry" in French.

Brassieres (also known as bras), knickers and negligees are basic examples of female lingerie.

References

Underwear

Lingerie


Les Poupées de Paris (The Dolls of Paris) was a musical puppet show created, produced and directed by Sid and Marty Krofft, that toured the United States throughout the 1960s.

History
Puppeteers Sid and Marty Krofft had had a successful career on stages in America and Europe throughout the 1950s.  One morning, Sid awoke with the idea to create a show with his marionettes for adults only, complete with music, comedy, horror, celebrities and topless puppets.

Nat Hart, a maître d'hôtel at the Flamingo Hotel, became a fan of the Krofft's work during repeated viewings of their shows at the hotel. Hart approached the Kroffts one day and announced that he was going to open a club, and he asked the Kroffts to put together a puppet show as an attraction for the new club.

The resulting show, which came to be known as Les Poupées de Paris, was modeled after the Paris revues Lido and Folies Bergère.  The Kroffts opened the show at their newly built theater the Gilded Rafters in the San Fernando Valley, California in October 1961, though the show was later relocated to P.J.'s, a 200-seat dinner theatre in Los Angeles.

In addition to original characters, many of the puppets were modeled after celebrities. The Kroffts had previously been the opening act for entertainers like Judy Garland and Sammy Davis Jr., so they were able to get many celebrities to record voices for their puppets.  Some of these puppets included Pearl Bailey, Milton Berle, Cyd Charisse, Gene Kelly, Liberace, Jayne Mansfield, Tony Martin, Phil Silvers, Loretta Young, and Mae West, whose puppet appeared topless. A handful of puppets were unofficially modeled after other celebrities (Pelvis Essley), and several weren't created specifically for the show — their Frankenstein, Dracula and Madame Jenkins Foster puppets all made brief appearances in the 1957 television pilot Here's Irving.

The show was a success, and became a key attraction at the Seattle World's Fair in 1962, the New York World's Fair in 1964-1965, and the San Antonio HemisFair '68 in 1968.  The lavish production cost $200,000 to produce; the elaborate sets took three months to install and included a revolving theatre, elevators, an ice-skating rink and waterfall.  The Reverend Billy Graham caught the premiered World's Fair performance of the show and immediately denounced it, complaining that the "women don't wear bras".  He failed to mention that the "women" were puppets.  This anti-endorsement, coupled with a write-up in Time magazine, resulted in the show taking in record crowds — the Kroffts claimed that tickets were scalped, and the performances were so packed that they couldn't let in personal friends.  "Be sure to mention it's dirty, that will give them the picture," Marty explained.

The show traveled around the country for the remainder of the decade and was seen by an estimated nine and a half million people.

Television
Although there was a common practice of filming live shows to be broadcast as American television specials, Les Poupées de Paris was a bit too risque to air on television.  However, the Kroffts did appear on several popular television shows to promote their live show, including The Jack Paar Show (November 1961) and The Bell Telephone Hour (December 8, 1964).

Les Poupées led to a brief stint on The Dean Martin Show.  In 1964, producer of The Dean Martin Show caught Les Poupées de Paris at the New York World's Fair, and recruited the Kroffts to create a puppet segment on Martin's variety show that captured the essence of Les Poupées.  This was their first break into television, but it was to be short-lived; the Kroffts were fired after eight episodes because Martin felt he was being upstaged by the puppets.

Soundtrack
A soundtrack album was released by RCA Records in 1965. The album was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Engineered Recording – Special or Novel Effects, but it lost out to The Chipmunks Sing the Beatles Hits.

Track listing
 Overture - Joe Reisman
 Bonsoir - Anne Farge and Janine Forman
 Les Poupees de Paris - Cyd Charisse
 The Bathtub Scene (Bing Crosby, Frank Sinatra and Janine Forman
 Don't Say Paris, Say Paree - Gene Kelly
 You Can't Make It Anywhere - Pearl Bailey
 Let's Be Frank, Mr. Frankenstein - Joey Forman (Bela Lugosi) and Guy Marks (Boris Karloff)
 The Lab - Loretta Young
 The Mad Doctor and the Creature - Paul Frees
 I Can't Wait to Take You Home to Mother - Milton Berle & Jane Keane
 The Kook Spooks (Instrumental) - Joe Reisman
 It's a Living - Liberace, Jayne Mansfield & Lance Legault (as "Pelvis Essley")
 The Opera Singer - Edie Adams
 The Ice Skater (On the Wings of Romance) - Chorus
 Love is a Bore - Pearl Bailey
 Sadie Fats - Merry Williams
 Love Is a Bore (reprise) - Pearl Bailey
 The Circus (Grand Finale) - Phil Silvers & Tony Martin

Footnotes and references

External links
Joe Reisman Scores, 1945-1986 Music Division, New York Public Library for the Performing Arts.

1961 musicals
Sid and Marty Krofft
Century 21 Exposition
1964 New York World's Fair
Plays featuring puppetry

Les Poupées de Paris


The Woman's World was a Victorian women's magazine published by Cassell between 1886 and 1890, edited by Oscar Wilde between 1887 and 1889, and by Ella Hepworth Dixon from 1888.

Foundation
In the late nineteenth century, the market for periodicals was growing, and interest from women, who had always been the larger part of the market for fiction, increasing. Cassell and Co. launched a new magazine, The Lady's World in October 1886, intended to appeal to an aspirant middle-class audience of lady readers. It concentrated on fashion and trends among high society. Impressed by Wilde's journalism on the Pall Mall Gazette, Wemyss Reid, the General Manager of Cassell & Co., wrote to Wilde in April 1887, enclosing several copies of the magazine. Wilde replied interestedly and suggested possible changes to the magazine. In May, he signed a contract for the editorship to work two mornings a week and paid a weekly salary of £6.

Wilde's editorship
Wilde persuaded the publisher to change the title to The Woman's World, the change of description indicated it positioned itself towards an emerging class of educated women reflecting their changing place in society: Wilde designed it as "the first social magazine for women". Stephen Calloway and David Colvin characterized the change as one which eliminated connotations of "bas-bourgeois snobbery and reflected his advanced views on female emancipation". The titular change was part of a wider strategy of focusing more on what women "think and feel" and not exclusively on what they wear.

Wilde managed to entice contributions from well-known writers and distinguished figures including, Elisabeth of Wied (the Queen of Romania), Princess Christian and Marie Corelli. He even asked Queen Victoria to submit poems, but was refused. The magazine continued to publish articles on high society trends and fashion, but with a more artistic slant. Sarah Bernhardt wrote an essay on "The history of my tea gown", and Wilde offered to write an article in her name about her American tour. Charles Ricketts also contributed.

Wilde wrote a column of literary notes and responses to readers. At one point he had to defend himself against early animal rights activists who objected his promotion of the "wearing of dead animals" in his fashion notes.

Wilde soon tired of his editorial work and often failed to turn up for work or attend meetings with the publishers. As a result, he was dropped as editor, but the magazine was unable to continue without him.

Bibliography
Clayworth, A. (1997) "The Woman's World: Oscar Wilde as Editor" Victorian Periodicals Review, Vol. 30, No. 2 (Summer, 1997), pp. 84–101. Johns Hopkins University Press on behalf of the Research Society for Victorian Periodicals

References

External links

Defunct women's magazines published in the United Kingdom
Monthly magazines published in the United Kingdom
Magazines established in 1886
Magazines disestablished in 1890
Oscar Wilde

The Woman's World


A pulse (or heartbeat) is a throbbing of blood vessels as blood goes through them. You can feel someone's pulse in their wrist, thumb or neck, where vessels are closer to the skin. A normal pulse is below 100 beats per minute. Our pulse quickens when we exercise because the muscles being used need more oxygen. Unusually fast or slow or irregular pulse might mean sickness.

There are normally four heart sounds. Two of them, S1 and S2, can be heard with a stethoscope. Two other sounds, S3 and S4, can not be heard, but they can be seen using a machine called a phonocardiograph.

Pulses is a term for peas, beans and lentils.

Cardiovascular system

Pulse


Bernabé Cobo (born at Lopera in Spain, 1582; died at Lima, Peru, 9 October 1657) was a Spanish Jesuit missionary and writer. He played a part in the early history of quinine by his description of cinchona bark; he brought some to Europe on a visit in 1632.

He was a thorough student of nature and man in Spanish America. His long residence (61 years), his position as a priest and, several times, as a missionary, gave him unusual opportunities for obtaining reliable information. The Spanish botanist Cavanilles gave the name of Cobaea to a genus of plants belonging to the Polemoniaceae of Mexico, Cobaea scandens being its most striking representative.

Life

He went to America in 1596, visiting the Antilles and Venezuela and landing at Lima in 1599. Entering the Society of Jesus, 14 October 1601, he was sent by his superiors in 1615 to the mission of Juli, where, and at Potosí, Cochabamba, Oruro, and La Paz, he laboured until 1618. He was rector of the college of Arequipa from 1618 until 1621, afterwards at Pisco, and finally at Callao in the same capacity, as late as 1630. He was then sent to Mexico, and remained there until 1650, when he returned to Peru.

Works

He wrote two works, one of which is incomplete. It is also stated that he wrote a work on botany in ten volumes, which, it seems, is lost.

Of his main work, to which biographers give the title Historia general de las Indias, and which he finished in 1653, only the first half is known and has appeared in print (four volumes, at Seville, 1890 and years succeeding). The remainder, in which he treats, or claims to have treated, of every geographical and political subdivision in detail, was either never finished, or is lost.

His other book appeared in print in 1882, and forms part of the History of the Inca Empire mentioned, but he made a separate manuscript of it in 1639, and so it became published as Historia de la fundación de Lima,  a few years before the publication of the principal manuscripts.

The History of the Inca Empire may, in American literature, be compared with one work only, the General and Natural history of the Indies by Oviedo. On the animals and plants of the continent, it is more complete than Nieremberg, Hernandez, and Monardes. In regard to the pre-Columbian past and vestiges, Cobo is, for the South American west coast, a source of primary importance, for close observations of customs and manners, and generally accurate descriptions of the principal ruins of South America.

References

Torres Saldamando, Antiguos Jesuitas del Peru (Lima, 1882);
Cabanilles, Discures sobre algunos botanicos españoles del siglo XVII in the Anales de historia natural (Madrid, 1804).

Notes

External links
Catholic Encyclopedia article

1582 births
1657 deaths
17th-century Spanish Jesuits
Spanish Roman Catholic missionaries
Roman Catholic missionaries in Peru
Roman Catholic missionaries in New Spain

Bernabé Cobo


Can't Be Tamed is the third album made by American singer Miley Cyrus. The album has twelve songs including three singles.

Songs
Liberty Walk
Who Owns My Heart
Can't Be TamedEvery Rose has Its Thorn
Two More Lonely People
Forgiveness and Love
Permanent December
Stay
Scars
Take Me Along
Robot
My Heart Beats For Love

The singles from the album are in bold.

 Development and singles
"Can't Be Tamed" is Cyrus's first single. It was released May 18th, 2010. "Can't Be Tamed" had good reviews from critics. The song peaked at number eight on the Billboard Hot 100 and reached its highest peak at number five on both the Irish Singles Chart and New Zealand Singles Chart. The music video is Cyrus performing with backup dancers throughout a museum. Cyrus is first trapped in a giant cage, being watched by people in the audience as they were trying to see the rare creature 'Adias Cyrus' she then escapes and trashes the museum. She has promoted "Can't Be Tamed" by performing it at several places, including a performance on Britain's Got Talent'' and the critics had negative ratings and reviews. The song is also a part of Cyrus' second world tour, Gypsy Heart Tour.

"Who Owns My Heart" is Cyrus' second single. It was released on October 22, 2010. Cyrus described it as a "total dance track" with a cool idea. Cyrus' "Who Owns My Heart" is a club-oriented song that speaks of meeting a potential love on the dance floor. The song tries not to proceed to question, "Who owns my heart? Is it love or is it art?" Bill Lamb of About.com thought that, despite its beat, the overall sound of "Who Owns My Heart" is faceless and dull. The video starts with Cyrus asleep, blindfolded on a mattress in a bedroom. She wakes up and shakes on the mattress. Following, Cyrus goes to a bathroom, her outfit is a white tank top, white boy shorts, a fishnet hair wrap, rollers, and heavy metal jewelry. While in the bathroom scenes, Cyrus sings as she sits on the edge of a bathtub and prepares herself for a party. When the chorus comes on, Cyrus appears shaking in the backseat of a limousine, costumed in a low-cut gold halter top, black hot pants, a black jacket with shoulder pads, and big hair. Once arrived at the mansion party, she is first seen dancing on top of a big, wooden table. In continuing after, Cyrus dances with multiple people on the dance floor. Cut-scenes feature Cyrus in all prior scenes or dancing with others in the mansion's study. The video finishes with Cyrus back in her bedroom, once again waking up.

"Every Rose Has Its Thorn" is Cyrus' third single. It was a single on June 11th, 2011. It was made by Poison in 1988. Miley's version is one minute and 29 seconds shorter than Poison's official song. Hollywood Records released Cyrus' cover in June 2011, and a music video was created and released in 2010.

2010 albums
Miley Cyrus albums

Can't Be Tamed


Bathley is a village and civil parish in the Newark and Sherwood district of Nottinghamshire, England, north-west of Newark-on-Trent. According to the 2001 census it had a population of 246. Bathley is recorded in the Domesday Book as Badeleie.

As Bathley does not have a hall of any sort, the Crown Inn public house is used for family parties, christenings and funerals as well as Parish Council meetings.

The local Parish Council currently comprises:

David Adam BRADLEY

Brian Walter CROSS

James Henry HAWKINS

Dominic HENEGHAN

Hilary HENEGHAN

Julie Darlene PULFORD

Madeleine REED

See also
Listed buildings in Bathley

References

External links

Villages in Nottinghamshire
Newark and Sherwood

Bathley


John Maxwell Coetzee (born 9 February 1940) is a South African-Australian novelist, essayist, linguist, literacy critic, activist and translator. He won the 2003 Nobel Prize in Literature. He has won the Booker Prize twice for The Life and Times of Michael K (1983) and Disgrace (1999). He writes his works in English, Afrikaans and Dutch. He moved to Australia in 2002 and became a citizen in 2006.

Coetzee was born in Cape Town to Afrikaner parents. He studied at the University of Texas at Austin and the University of Cape Town. He lives in Adelaide, South Australia with his partner Dorothy Driver. He was married to Philippa Jubber from 1963 to 1980. They had two children, son Nicholas (died 1989) and daughter Gisela.

References

Other websites

1940 births
Living people
Animal rights activists
Australian activists
Australian Nobel Prize winners
Australian novelists
Australian critics
Australian essayists
Australian linguists
Naturalised citizens of Australia
People from Adelaide
People from Cape Town
South African Nobel Prize winners
South African writers
Australian translators
White South African people

J. M. Coetzee


The Boston Red Sox are an American baseball team from Boston, Massachusetts that play in Major League Baseball. They have nine World Series championships, most recently in 2018. The Red Sox are a member of Major League Baseball's American League East Division and of the American League itself. The Red Sox have played at Fenway Park since 1912

One of the American League's eight charter franchises, the club was founded in Boston in 1901. They had no real nickname, but were often called the Boston Americans because they played in the American League. Their first home field was the Huntington Avenue Grounds. They met the Pittsburgh Pirates in the first modern World Series, and defeated the Pirates in an upset.

In 1907, the Boston National League team stopped using red as their team color. The Americans team color had been blue. The next year, 1908, the Americans adopted red as their color, and officially became the Boston Red Sox.

In 1918, the team won its fifth World Series, and then went into one of the longest championship droughts in baseball history. The Red Sox won the World Series in 1903, 1912, 1915, 1916, 1918, 2004, 2007, 2013, and 2018; they won the pennant, but lost the World Series in 1946, 1967, 1975, and 1986.

The Curse of the Bambino

Many thought their championship drought between 1918 and 2004 was caused by the "Curse of the Bambino", said to have been caused by the trade of Babe Ruth to the New York Yankees in 1920. The drought was ended, and the "curse" reversed in 2004, when the team won their sixth World Series Championship.

To get to the 2004 World Series, they beat the Yankees in the 2004 American League Championship Series; they lost the first three games to the Yankees, but then, facing elimination, they won the next four games and thereby won the ALCS. That was, and still is, the first and only time an MLB team has won a seven-game playoff series after losing the first three games.

After the ALCS, the Red Sox swept the St. Louis Cardinals to win their first World Series since 1918 (86 years) in 2004.

Other facts

They share a large and very famous rivalry with the New York Yankees. They also share a notably smaller rivalry with the Tampa Bay Rays because of the 2008 American League Championship Series and because of various on-field fights and disputes.

References

Other websites

 "Official" Red Sox Nation Website
 The Remy Report  Jerry Remy's Sox Page
 Boston Red Sox official website

1901 establishments in the United States
1900s establishments in Massachusetts

Boston Red Sox


Each Time I Kill is the final film that was written and directed by Doris Wishman. It was shot in 2002 shortly before Wishman's death from lymphoma, and post-production on the teen horror thriller was completed in October 2006. Tiffany Paralta stars as Ellie Saunders, a shy high school senior who finds a magical locket which will allow her to exchange one physical feature with anyone she murders.

The director of photography was longtime Wishman collaborator C. Davis Smith, and cameo appearances were made by The B-52's frontman Fred Schneider and scream queen Linnea Quigley.

Each Time I Kill received its world premiere on March 30, 2007, at the New York Underground Film Festival and was also selected by the Philadelphia International Gay & Lesbian Film Festival.

References

External links

2007 films
2007 horror films
2000s English-language films
Films directed by Doris Wishman
2000s American films

Each Time I Kill


Mount Hebo Air Force Station (ADC ID: M-100, NORAD ID: Z-100) is a closed United States Air Force General Surveillance Radar station. It is located  east-southeast of Hebo, Oregon, located at the top of  Mount Hebo. It was closed in 1980.

Facilities
The station was  from the Pacific Ocean and some  east of the coastal community of Hebo. Due to local orographic lift of the predominant westerly Pacific airflow, Mount Hebo is often rainy, windy, cold, and snowy. Three giant Air Force radomes, about  in diameter and  high, were destroyed by the elements: the first was constructed in 1962 and was destroyed by high winds during the Columbus Day Storm on 12 Oct 1962 while yet incomplete; the second was built in 1963 and was destroyed by lightning and high winds in Jan 1964; the third was a different design and constructed in 1965, but it eventually succumbed to the winds in 1968. The top of Mount Hebo is usually under a few feet of snow during the winter.

Mount Hebo Air Force Station was a vital part of the Air Force Semi Automatic Ground Environment (SAGE) computer supported system for air defense. Available electronic equipment was able to support the detection, identification and destruction of enemy aircraft. This was accomplished by communications between the SAGE computers at Adair Air Force Station in Oregon and McChord Air Force Base in Washington, the radar and communications systems at Mount Hebo, and interceptor aircraft such as the supersonic F-106 Delta Dart.

Primary radar systems at Mt Hebo AFS included the FPS-24 search radar, and the FPS-26A and FPS-90 height finder radars. The FPS-26A was modified between 1967 and 1970 into the FSS-7 Sea launched ballistic Missile (SLBM) sensor and tracking radar. When the third FPS-24 radome was destroyed in 1968, the FPS-24 was replaced by an FPS-27 search radar with a smaller radar antenna and radome. Connectivity to the SAGE system was through the FST-2B. Ground to air radio communications were provided in two ways. First was digital data sent to the aircraft (F-106) via the GKA-5 digital data link system's modified GRT-3 UHF radio. Second was voice communications using the sites analog single channel GRT-3 transmitters, GRR-7 receivers and GRC-27 multi-channel (transmit and receive capable) UHF radios. All radio equipment was located at the Ground-to-Air Transmitter Receiver (GATR) site. The largest building on the radar site was the ,  FPS-24 radar tower. Surrounding this tower was a Radome Support Structure with a ,  radome to protect the 85.5-ton FPS-24 antenna from snow, ice, and high winds.

In addition to the main facility, Mount Hebo operated several AN/FPS-14 Gap Filler sites:
 Washougal, WA   (M-100A)
 Philomath, OR   (M-100B)

Supporting infrastructure at the Mt Hebo AFS included 27 family homes in a housing area about 2.5 miles below the main site. A Ground-to-Air Radio site was about 3 miles to the east on Little Hebo. A paved access road led from the town of Hebo and climbed over 3000 feet in 8.5 miles with many curves and steep sections. Separate water systems were provided for the main site and the housing area. Separate sewer systems supported the main site, housing area, and GATR site. A power station with four 1000 kW diesel driven generators was available. Storage tanks were available for water at the main site and housing area. Diesel fuel storage tanks were available on the main site.

Special purpose vehicles were assigned to support Mt Hebo AFS. Two 4-wheel drive 40 passenger buses were used primarily for taking children to and from schools in Hebo and Cloverdale. An ambulance was available for emergencies. For winter weather conditions there was an arctic snow weasel with tracks, a towable 100 gallon water tank, a snow blower, 2 snow plows, a front end loader, and a road grader.

Personnel
Mount Hebo was the home of the 689th Radar Squadron. Squadron responsibilities included operation and maintenance of the installed radar and communications equipment, and various support activities including food service, supply, power production, civil engineering, administration, transportation and personnel services.   Available facilities included buildings for the radar and communications, barracks for personnel, family housing, a power plant, dining hall, gym, motor pool, and support activities. The radar station was like a small town.

The 689th Radar Squadron was originally assigned to the SAGE Portland Air Defense Sector. Later it was realigned with the 25th Air Division SAGE at McChord AFB. Higher headquarters included the Fourth Air Force and Air Defense Command. Later, Detachment 2 of the 14th Missile Warning Squadron was activated at Mount Hebo to operate missile-warning radar.

Deactivation
Between 1954 and 1972,  of land were acquired by the Air Force from private parties, the United States Forest Service (USFS), and the General Services Administration (GSA) for use as the Mount Hebo aircraft warning and control radar station. Between 1972 and 1987, the Air Force declared the property excess and the land was transferred to the GSA for disposal. The land is currently under the jurisdiction of the USFS (Siuslaw National Forest, Hebo Ranger District), U.S. Department of Energy, and private parties. Before its final disposal, the GSA contracted to demolish the Air Force buildings.

The Air Force equipment and facilities at Mount Hebo have been removed and the site returned to its natural state, except for an access road.

There is a memorial plaque for the organizations and personnel at the radar station. It reads

In addition, the Siuslaw National Forest (US Forest Service) unveiled an Interpretive Sign atop Mt Hebo on Aug 8, 2014. Former personnel assigned to Mt Hebo AFS attended and made comments. This sign is entitled SEARCHING THE SKIES MT. HEBO AIR FORCE STATION. This sign has text, photos, and a timeline from 1953 to 2000. The sign is positioned to overlook the present meadow where the radar towers were once located. Further details about this sign are found at the External Links for the Tillamook Headlight Herald (Aug 14, 2014), and on the Online Air Defense Radar Museum - Radomes, Inc.

See also
 List of USAF Aerospace Defense Command General Surveillance Radar Stations

References

  A Handbook of Aerospace Defense Organization 1946 - 1980,  by Lloyd H. Cornett and Mildred W. Johnson, Office of History, Aerospace Defense Center, Peterson Air Force Base, Colorado, page 161 verified 1 March 2015 {http://www.usafpatches.com/pubs/handbookofadcorg.pdf]
 Information for Mount Hebo AFS, OR

External links
Online Air Defense Radar Museum memorabilia, roster, documents, photos, equipment history, etc.
Photograph of Mount Hebo while active overlooking Pacific Ocean
Under the command of Lt. Col. Walter O. Reil in mid-1960s
Mt Hebo AFS from the north airborne view from north
 Tillamook Headlight Herald, "Air Base Vets to Reunite in Tillamook This Weekend" (10-12 Sep 2010)
 Tillamook Headlight Herald, "Siuslaw National Forest, Mt. Hebo Interpretive Sign" (14 Aug 2014)
 Online Air Defense Radar Museum - Radomes, Inc., ""

Aerospace Defense Command military installations
Semi-Automatic Ground Environment sites
Installations of the United States Air Force in Oregon
Buildings and structures in Tillamook County, Oregon
Yamhill County, Oregon
1957 establishments in Oregon
1979 disestablishments in Oregon
Military installations established in 1957
Military installations closed in 1979

Mount Hebo Air Force Station