Munkeliv Abbey () was a Benedictine abbey located at Nordnes in Bergen, Norway. It was one of the oldest monasteries in Norway, and also one of the wealthiest and best-documented. There are no visible remains today.

History
Munkeliv Abbey was founded as a Benedictine abbey by King Eystein I of Norway (Øystein 1 Magnusson, reigned 1103– 1123) in about 1110 and was dedicated to Saint Michael. The abbey was strategically positioned on the dominant height of Nordnes over the then newly established town of Bergen, with a view to encouraging the town's development. Its first centuries were successful and prosperous, but the arrival of the Black Death in the mid-14th century brought about a decline. In addition, the buildings suffered great damage in 1393 when the abbey was attacked by pirates known as the Victual Brothers (vitaliebrødrene). Thanks to its great wealth it managed to survive these catastrophes, but could not avoid a further decline.

In the 1420s it was taken over by the Bridgettines, with the Pope's approval, and was occupied as a double house by both monks and nuns. This was a very disturbed period: the abbey was again damaged by fire in 1455, when it was attacked by Hanseatic merchants pursuing Olav Nilsson, commander of the royal castle in Bergen, who had sought sanctuary in the abbey. Both Olav Nilsson and Leif Thor Olafsson, Bishop of Bergen, died during the attack. During the 1460s, the occupants of Munkeliv were obliged to seek shelter in Hovedøya Abbey in Oslo. The monastery was re-constructed by the Cistercian Order and reoccupied by the Bridgettines in 1480.

When the abbey was suppressed during the Protestant Reformation, the Bishop of Bergen took it over for his residence and used the church as the cathedral of Bergen. The entire building complex however was destroyed by fire in 1536. The monks' herb garden near Puddefjord was later cultivated by the Bergen pharmacist, Løveapoteket, for medicinal plants, until the surrounding areas were built up in the 19th century.

Site and buildings
The monastery remains today are beneath the open space known as "the Monastery" (Klosteret) at Nordnes, near numbers 2–6, and nothing is visible. Excavations of the site took place in 1857 and 1860, during which many extremely well crafted structural fragments were recovered. These artifacts are now in the Museum of Cultural History (Kulturhistorisk Museum), part of Bergen Museum. These include the well-known marble head of King Eystein I discovered by Nicolay Nicolaysen, supposedly the oldest-known portrait of a Norwegian. At that time there were still remains of walls above ground up to a height of roughly 2.4 metres, but these were demolished after the excavations.

The church was approximately 32 metres in length and 11 metres wide, consisting of a single aisle the same width as the choir, which ended in an apse at the east end and also a crypt. A west tower was added in the 13th century. The conventual buildings were to the south of the church. Presumably under the Bridgettines, who carried out extensive building alterations, the cloisters were incorporated into the church.

References

External links
 Norges kloster i middelalderen: Munkeliv
 Bergenskartet: Munkeliv Abbey Map of historical Bergen

Other sources
Gullbekk, Svein H.   (2009) Pengevesenets fremvekst og fall i Norge i middelalderen  (Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum Press)
 Lidén, Hans-Emil, and Magerøy, Ellen Maria  (1980) Norges kirker, Bergen (Oslo: Gyldendal, vol I, pp 150–57)
 Øye, Ingvild (ed.)  (1994) Bergen and the German Hansa  (Bergen: Bryggens Museum)

Bridgettine monasteries in Norway
Christian monasteries in Bergen
1110 establishments in Europe
Religious organizations established in the 1110s
12th-century establishments in Norway
16th-century disestablishments in Norway
Christian monasteries established in the 12th century
Benedictine monasteries in Norway
Monasteries dissolved under the Norwegian Reformation

Munkeliv Abbey


Mori Chack (森チャック Mori Chakku, born on March 23, 1973) is the artist name of a Japanese graphic designer, who was born in Sakai, Osaka, Japan. He is famous for his Chax product line, and especially the character Gloomy Bear, a 2 m tall, violent, pink bear that eats humans. Created in 2000, the design is an antithesis to the excessively cute products produced by Disney, Sanrio, and other companies. Mori Chack believes that humans and animals are incompatible, and an animal is wild by nature. This is expressed most pronouncedly by the Gloomy Bear, which is often shown blood stained and attacking humans. Gloomy Bear is also available in different colors with slightly different designs.

From the Cube Works press release:
 Gloomy, an abandoned little bear, is rescued by Pitty (the little boy). At first, he is cute and cuddly, but becomes more wild as he grows up. Since bears do not become attached to people like dogs by nature, Gloomy attacks Pitty even though he is the owner. So Gloomy has blood on him from biting and/or scratching Pitty. The Gloomy with blood is called Chax Colony Edition.

A segment on Gloomy Bear and a short interview with Mori Chack are featured in Episode 6 of Series 2 of the BBC Three series Japanorama. The topic of the episode was "Kawaii", which is Japanese for "cute".

Mori Chack also created other characters in a similar style, as for example Podolly, a sheep in a wolf skin, reversing the common phrase of a wolf in a sheep skin, and Kumakikai, a robo-gloomy with rockets for feet and a soft silver vinyl body. Often, his graphics also carry a political message, as for example the drawing of the Statue of Liberty, except the figure is holding a molotov cocktail and a sign with the question "Free?".

His products are famous in Japan. He also has an elder brother, and a younger sister, who also work in graphic design.

The character Gloomy Bear received a TV anime titled Gloomy the Naughty Grizzly in April 2021. A one-shot manga titled Gloomy Bear: Apocalyptic Love is set to be released on April 4, 2023.

References

External links
 Chax.cc official site, in Japanese and English
 Mori Chack on Vinyl-Creep

Art toys
People from Sakai, Osaka
1973 births
Living people
Japanese graphic designers

Mori Chack


Technosexuality is a word used to mean two things:

 Having a strong love of gadgets.  This is a joining of the two words "technophile" and "metrosexuality".  It was first used by Ricky Montalvo to describe someone who was in love with himself and his urban lifestyle, as well as gadgets such as mobile phones, PDAs, computers, software, and the web."
 A different word for robosexuality. This meaning of technosexuality is a join of "technophile" and "sexual".

Sometimes "technosexual" is used as an insult, implying that someone would prefer a sex toy to an actual sexual partner.

The Calvin Klein company trademarked the term technosexual in 2005.

i-wear
'i-wear' (or 'e-wear') is intelligent clothing that joins fashion with technology. i-wear was born out of the collaboration between European fashion designers and computer technicians. i-wear is a step made towards technologizing a person's fashion, and in this sense, a person can be more as a part of technosexuality.

Related pages
Robot
Robosexuality

Other websites
 Gore, Edward (2002). The Technosexuality, Pygmalionist & Mind Control Fetish FAQ 3.0 The Pygmalion Syndrome
Hughes, James (2003). The Future of Sex: What will happen when we can transcend erotic desire, romantic love and the human body?  Betterhumans
Miller, Katharine (2004). Enter the Technosexual  AlterNet
De Thézier, Justice (2006). Extreme Makeover Needed: Why and how transhumanists must transcend their nerdy aura  Transhumanity
Technosophy (2009) Technosophy Defined
Technology vs Technosophy (2014) Sophia`s Children

References

Human sexuality
Technology

Technosexuality


The flags of the U.S. states, territories and federal district exhibit a variety of regional influences and local histories, as well as different styles and design principles. Nonetheless, the majority of the states' flags share the same design pattern consisting of the state seal superimposed on a monochrome background, commonly blue.

The most recent current state flag is that of Mississippi (January 11, 2021), while the most recent current territorial flag is that of the Northern Mariana Islands (July 1, 1985).

Flags of the U.S. states and territories


An indispensable party (also called a required party, necessary party, or necessary and indispensable party) is a party in a lawsuit whose participation is required for jurisdiction or the purpose of rendering a judgment. In reality, a party may be "necessary" but not indispensable. For example, if they claim an interest in the litigation, that interest may be impeded if they are not joined. That does not transform them into an indispensable party unless their absence threatens some other party's interest. Often, an indispensable party is any party whose rights are directly affected by disposition of the case. Many jurisdictions have rules that provide for an indispensable party to be joined (brought into the case as a party) at the discretion of the judge, which is referred to as a nonjoinder of party. In some cases, the inability to join such a party means that the case must be dismissed. In the United States, this is outlined in the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, Rule 19.

Identifying an indispensable party
The indispensable party is often a prudential standing requirement.  That is, while the parties currently involved in litigation have an actual case or controversy, judges will not proceed without the indispensable party. This avoids potential double litigation and possibly inequitable outcomes. In determining whether a party is indispensable, courts generally look to three factors:
 Will the missing party's interests be harmed in some direct way by the outcome of the case?
 Does the missing party have an interest which would cause another party to the case to be subjected to multiple obligations?
 Can the court provide complete relief to the plaintiff without the presence of the missing party?

In patent law, for example, a patent owner is an indispensable party to a patent infringement suit brought by an exclusive licensee against an alleged infringer. The patent owner's rights would be directly affected by a finding of invalidity or unenforceability of the patent claims. At the same time, if the patent owner is not a party to the case, the alleged infringer could be sued separately by the patent owner, and could end up having to pay two judgments for the same act of infringement.

Determining feasibility of joining indispensable party
Once it has been determined that a missing party is indispensable, the court must determine whether it is feasible to join that party to the case. In making this determination, the court will use the same analysis that it uses to determine whether it has jurisdiction over any party. Firstly, it must determine whether it can exercise personal jurisdiction over the party. Secondly, it must determine whether the exercise of personal jurisdiction will affect its subject matter jurisdiction. In diversity cases, which brought in federal court on the basis of all plaintiffs coming from different states as all defendants, joinder will not be deemed feasible if it destroys diversity.

Where the missing party can not be brought into the case, the court must determine whether it is possible to proceed without joining that party. If it is not possible to proceed, the case will be dismissed.

In some jurisdictions, the failure to join an indispensable party does not hinder the case. For example, the Commonwealth of Virginia does not recognize the doctrine of indispensable parties. Although a defendant may argue that the plaintiff has improperly failed to join a party that would conventionally be deemed indispensable and may seek to have the court attempt to join the missing party, if it is not feasible to join the missing party, the case will simply go on without it.

See also

References

United States civil procedure
American legal terminology
Civil procedure legal terminology

Indispensable party


Charles Edward Montague (1 January 1867 – 28 May 1928) was an English journalist, known also as a writer of novels and essays.

Biography
Montague was born and brought up in London, the son of an Irish Roman Catholic priest who had left his vocation to marry. He was educated at the City of London School and Balliol College, Oxford. At Oxford he gained a First in Classical Moderations (1887) and a Second in Literae Humaniores (1889). In 1890 he was recruited by C. P. Scott to The Manchester Guardian, where he became a leader writer and critic; while Scott was an M.P. between 1895 and 1906 he was de facto editor of the paper. He married Scott's daughter Madeline in 1898. While working at the paper, Montague became a supporter of Irish Home Rule.

Montague was against the First World War prior to its commencement, but once it started he believed that it was right to support it in the hope of a swift resolution. In 1914, Montague was 47, which was well over the age for enlistment. But in order to enlist, he dyed his white hair black to enable him to fool the Army into accepting him. H. W. Nevinson would later write that "Montague is the only man I know whose white hair in a single night turned dark through courage." He began as a grenadier-sergeant, and rose to lieutenant and then captain of intelligence in 1915. Later in the war, he became an armed escort for VIPs visiting the battlefield. He escorted such personalities as H.G. Wells and Bernard Shaw. After the end of World War I he wrote in a strong anti-war vein. He wrote that "War hath no fury like a non-combatant." Disenchantment (1922), a collection of newspaper articles about the war, was one of the first prose works to strongly criticise the way the war was fought, and is regarded by some as a pivotal text in the development of literature about the First World War. Disenchantment criticised the British Press' coverage of the war and the conduct of the British generals. Montague accused the latter of being influenced by the "public school ethos" which he condemned as a "gallant robust contempt for "swats" and for all who invented new means to new ends and who trained and used their brains with a will".

He returned to The Manchester Guardian, but felt that his role was diminishing as the years passed.  He finally retired in 1925, and settled down to become a full-time writer in the last years of his life.  He died in 1928 at the age of 61.

Montague was the father of Evelyn Montague, the Olympic athlete and journalist depicted in the 1981 film Chariots of Fire.

Media portrayal
Charles Edward Montague is one of the 14 main characters of the series 14 - Diaries of the Great War. He is played by actor David Acton.

Works
Dramatic Values (1911), reviews
The Morning's War (1913), a novel
Disenchantment (1922), essays [thoughts on the First World War]
Fiery Particles (1923), short stories
A Hind Let Loose (1924), a novel
The Right Place (1924), travel writing
Rough Justice (1926), a novel
Right off the Map (1927), a science fiction novel
Action (1928), short stories
A Writer's Notes on His Trade (1930)
"Two or Three Witnesses", a short story

Notes

References
C. E. Montague: A Memoir (1929) by Oliver Elton

External links

 C. E. Montague Papers at John Rylands Library, Manchester.

1867 births
1928 deaths
Writers from London
English essayists
20th-century English novelists
English male journalists
People educated at the City of London School
English people of Irish descent
British male essayists
English male novelists
20th-century British essayists
20th-century English male writers

Charles Edward Montague


A decompression chamber is a large container that divers can enter after they have surfaced to help their bodies return to normal atmospheric pressure. It is also called a "recompression chamber" or "hyperbaric oxygen therapy chamber".

When a diver returns to the surface too quickly, he can suffer from decompression sickness (also know as "the bends".) To prevent this divers would stop at various points as they returned toward the surface to allow their bodies to adjust to the pressure change.  If a driver uses a chamber, the diver will adjust in the chamber rather than stop at various depths underwater. This eliminates many of the risks of long decompressions underwater, in cold or dangerous conditions.

Diving

Decompression chamber


The Punch line was a famous ice hockey line for the Montreal Canadiens in the 1940s. It consisted of Elmer Lach at center, Toe Blake on left wing, and Maurice Richard on the right side.

During their time together, they led the Canadiens to two Stanley Cup victories. During the 1944–45 NHL season, the three finished first (Lach), second (Richard), and third (Blake) in scoring for the league. They would also form the forward line for the first all-star team in that same season. Richard would be the first team all-star right wing for all but one year while with Blake and Lach.

History

In the 1943–44 season, Montreal head coach Dick Irvin tried a line combination of Lach at centre, Maurice Richard on the right wing, and Toe Blake at left. This line became known as the Punch line and dominated the NHL for four seasons. In the first season of the Punch line, Lach played 48 games, scoring on average an assist per game; he also added 24 goals. At the conclusion of the season, Lach was named to the second All-Star team. He also won his first Stanley Cup, helping sweep the Chicago Black Hawks in the Stanley Cup Finals.

In the 1944–45 season, Lach played in all 50 games, picking up a league-leading 80 points, of which 26 were goals and 54 were assists. That season, linemate Maurice Richard became the first player in the NHL to score 50 goals in 50 games. That season, the Punch line amassed 220 points in total, an NHL record until the 1960s. Lach was presented the Hart Memorial Trophy as the league's Most Valuable Player, and was named to the first All-Star team, with Blake and Richard joining him.

After being eliminated by the Toronto Maple Leafs in the semi-finals in the previous season, Lach and the Canadiens won another Stanley Cup in the 1945–46 season. Lach led all players with 34 regular season assists, and was named once more to the second All-Star team. In the 1947–48 season, Lach became the first recipient of the Art Ross Trophy, after leading the league in points, with 61. The Punch line ceased to exist after Blake retired at the end of the season. All three members have been in the Hockey Hall of Fame since 1966, when Blake and Lach joined Richard, an inductee five years prior (1961). Blake would retire after the 1947–48 NHL season, but would later coach Richard on the famed Canadiens teams of the late 1950s that won five Stanley Cups in a row. Lach and Richard would later both set the record for most points in a career. Blake also was the Canadiens' coach for eight of the record eleven Cups won by Maurice Richard's younger brother, Henri.

See also
List of ice hockey line nicknames

References

External links
Plenty of 'Punch' left in Lach
The Golden Years: Toe Blake

History of the Montreal Canadiens
1943–44 NHL season
1944–45 NHL season
1945–46 NHL season
1946–47 NHL season
1947–48 NHL season
Nicknamed groups of ice hockey players

Punch line (ice hockey)


1602 was a common year.

Events
 3 January – Battle of Kinsale  – the battle happened on 3 January 1602 according to the Gregorian Calendar used by the Irish and Spanish forces in the battle, although, for the English who were still using the old Julian Calendar, the date of the battle was 24 December 1601
 February 14 – William Shakespeare First performance of Twelfth Night  on Candlemas
 March 20 – The Dutch East India Company is established as The United East India Company by the Dutch States-General
 May 15 – Bartolomew Gosnold becomes the first European to discover Cape Cod.
 June – James Lancaster's East India Company fleet arrives at Achin (now Aceh), Sumatra to deal with the local ruler. Having defeated Portugal's ally, the ruler is happy to do business, and Lancaster seizes a large Portuguese Galleon and loots it.
 November 8 – The Bodleian Library at the University of Oxford is opened to the public.
 December 11 – A surprise attack by forces under the command of the Duke of Savoy and his brother-in-law, Philip III of Spain, is repelled by the citizens of Geneva. (This actually took place after midnight, in the early morning of December 12, but commemorations/celebrations on Fête de l'Escalade are usually held on December 11 or the closest weekend.)
Ben Jonson writes Poetaster
William Shakespeare writes The Merry Wives of Windsor
 Persia and Spain conclude a defensive alliance and declare war on the Ottoman Empire
 In Praque, Florian Mathias performs the first successful bowel surgery – removes a dagger from stomach
 Jesuit missionary Jeronimo de Angeluin arrives in Japan
 A private trading company is established in Copenhagen, with the monopoly on the trade with Iceland.

1602


In biological taxonomy, a domain (also superregnum, superkingdom, or empire) is a taxon in the highest rank of organisms, higher than a kingdom.

Domain (or its synonyms) is the most inclusive of these biological groupings. The arrangement of taxa reflects the fundamental evolutionary differences in the genomes. There are several modern alternative domain classifications of life. Among them are:
 The 'two-empire' system, with top-level groupings of Prokaryota (or Monera) and Eukaryota empires.
 The six-kingdom system with top-level groupings of Protista, Archaebacteria, Eubacteria, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia.
 The three-domain system of Carl Woese, introduced in 1990, with top-level groupings of Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukaryota domains.
After defining Archaea as a new domain, Woese redrew the taxonomic tree. His three-domain system is based upon genetic relationships. It divides life into 23 main divisions in three domains: Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya. Archaea are neither bacteria nor eukaryotes. Looked at another way, they are prokaryotes that are not bacteria.

Related pages
 Phylogenetics
 Taxonomy

Taxonomy

Domain (biology)


James McGirr, JP (6 February 1890 – 27 October 1957) was the Labor Premier of New South Wales from 6 February 1947 to 3 April 1952.

A Catholic, McGirr was the seventh son of John Patrick McGirr, farmer and Irish immigrant, and Mary McGirr, whose maiden name was O'Sullivan. Born in Parkes, New South Wales, he grew up on a dairy farm near that town. Educated mostly at St Stanislaus College, Bathurst, he was later apprenticed to his brother Greg McGirr, a pharmacist at Parkes. He soon forfeited his apprenticeship to work in stockyards for a while, but had to give up that work when he was thrown from a horse and seriously injured.

Subsequently, he resumed his apprenticeship and attended the University of Sydney; he was registered as a pharmacist in 1913. Employed by Washington H. Soul Pattinson in Pitt Street, he later opened a pharmacy in Parkes, specialising in veterinarians' prescriptions. Later still, he operated pharmacies in partnership with his brother in two Sydney suburbs: Marrickville and Kings Cross.

Parliamentary career
McGirr followed his brothers Greg and Patrick into ALP politics and joined the Parkes branch of the party in 1906. In 1922, Greg vacated his seat as a member of the Legislative Assembly for Cootamundra, and stood successfully for a Sydney electorate. He managed to get Jim endorsement on the party ticket for Cootamundra and he was duly elected. Due to local party opposition in 1925, he was obliged to find another seat in 1925; and he successfully contested Cumberland in western Sydney. In 1927, proportional representation was abandoned and Cumberland was abolished. He then stood for Bankstown, which he held until 1950. From 1950 to 1952 he was the member for another western Sydney constituency, namely, Liverpool.

When the Lang Government came to power, McGirr became Minister for Health from November 1930 to June 1931. He was Minister for Local Government from June 1931 to May 1932 and became Minister for Transport in March 1932. On 13 May 1932, the Governor Sir Philip Game dismissed Lang and installed Bertram Stevens as Premier. The United Australia Party (UAP) won the subsequent election.

In October 1932 McGirr married Valerie Cecilia Armstrong. Lang continued to lead the New South Wales branch of the Labor Party, which had effectively seceded from the Federal Labor Party, when Lang's supporters sided with the UAP to bring down the Scullin Labor government in November 1931. McGirr continued to be a loyal supporter of Lang throughout the 1930s, even though Lang Labor did not win any elections. When Lang left the party to found the Australian Labor Party (Non-Communist) in April 1940, McGirr and six other parliamentarians followed him. However, they returned to the Labor Party before the May 1941 election that brought William McKell's government to power.

McGirr became Minister for Local Government and Housing in the new Government, the only one of the ex-Langite faction appointed to Cabinet. He failed to make significant progress on local government amalgamation; but he did establish the Housing Commission of New South Wales, which became an important state body dealing with the post-World War II and post-Depression housing shortage. As a result, he was given sole responsibility for housing in 1944.

Premiership
In 1947, Prime Minister Ben Chifley named McKell as Governor-General of Australia, initiating a struggle between, on one side, Bob Heffron (supported by the Party Executive, McKell, many urban members, and many radical members) and, on the other side, McGirr (supported mainly by ex-Langite, rural and Catholic members). Eventually McGirr won by just two votes. He became Premier on his 57th birthday.

Decent, humane, well-liked, and personally free from corruption, McGirr as Premier was a great procrastinator, and delayed many proposals. Even after the ALP won the 1947 state election, McGirr proved unable to increase significantly the representation of his supporters in the Cabinet as a whole.

An ambitious public works program, which McGirr had promised in the 1947 campaign, was disrupted by post-war shortages and strikes. He also publicly threatened to resign because the party organisation had disendorsed four members of the Legislative Assembly for failing to follow the party's dictates in a vote for the Upper House. Subsequently, though, he withdrew his resignation threat, leaving him looking weak.

The 1950 election produced such a big anti-ALP swing that it left the government depending for its survival upon the votes of two of the disendorsed members, who had won their seats as independents. Consequently, McGirr had to deal with the independents as well as a cabinet full of factional opponents. On 2 April 1952, he resigned from the Premiership; Joseph Cahill succeeded him. He afterwards took up a controversial appointment as Chairman of the Maritime Services Board.

McGirr died of a coronary occlusion on 27 October 1957, at Homebush, inner-western Sydney. He was survived by his wife Valerie Cecilia, daughter Margaret, and two sons, Patrick and James. His niece Trixie Gardner became a Conservative politician in the United Kingdom and is the only Australian woman to have been made a life peeress of the UK parliament, as Baroness Gardner of Parkes.

Notes

1890 births
1957 deaths
 Australian people of Irish descent
Australian Roman Catholics
University of Sydney alumni
Members of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly
Premiers of New South Wales
Treasurers of New South Wales
Australian Labor Party members of the Parliament of New South Wales
20th-century Australian politicians
20th-century Australian businesspeople
People from Parkes, New South Wales

Jim McGirr


Johann Christoph Demantius (15 December 1567 – 20 April 1643) was a German composer, music theorist, writer and poet.  He was an exact contemporary of Monteverdi, and represented a transitional phase in German Lutheran music from the polyphonic Renaissance style to the early Baroque.

Life
He was born in Reichenberg (now Liberec, in the Czech Republic, north of Prague near the border with Germany), and probably received his early training there, though little information is available about his early life.  By the early 1590s he was in Bautzen, where he wrote a school textbook, and in 1593 he received a degree from the University of Wittenberg. In 1594 he moved to Leipzig, and in 1597 he acquired the post of Kantor at Zittau, where he probably taught the young Melchior Franck.

His next post, one he held for the rest of his life, was as Kantor to Freiberg Cathedral.  While he was able to keep his position, the Thirty Years' War was disruptive to his life, and most of his children, of four different marriages, died due to the hardships imposed by the war.

Works
Demantius was a hugely prolific composer, though many of his works have been lost.  Stylistically he was a successor to Lassus, who was also working in Germany during the first part of Demantius's life.  He wrote most of his music before the Thirty Years' War; it is probable that the hardships of the war, including lack of performing musicians, made it difficult to compose and publish.

In the realm of sacred music Demantius wrote motets, masses, Magnificat settings, psalm settings, hymns, and a splendid setting of the St. John Passion, one of the most significant passion settings of the late Renaissance.  This work, for six voices, is considered to be the last in the development of the German motet passion; those composed later were to be of the more dramatic kind, culminating in the St John Passion of J.S. Bach.  Demantius's setting includes a setting of Isaiah chapter 53 in addition to the usual text from the Gospel of St. John.

His motets are of a late Renaissance type, and all Lutheran; some are in German and others Latin.  They are conservative in that they avoid some of the Italian Baroque innovations such as the concertato style and the basso continuo, both of which were becoming widely used in Germany by 1610; but he also created a highly individual musical language using traditional forms and means, quite distinct from the Palestrinian polyphony adopted by the other composers of the time commonly regarded as "conservative."

He also wrote secular music, both vocal and instrumental, including threnodies, dances, epithalamia, and numerous other occasional works.  Most likely he wrote the poetry for his own music.

As a music theoretician he is famous for compiling the first dictionary of musical terms in the German language.  He also published a textbook for teaching music in school, Forma musices, in 1592, at Bautzen.

References and further reading
 Walter Blankenburg, "Christoph Demantius".  The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, ed. Stanley Sadie.  20 vol.  London, Macmillan Publishers Ltd., 1980.
 Walter Blankenburg/Dorothea Schröder: "Christoph Demantius", Grove Music Online, ed. L. Macy (Accessed July 3, 2007), (subscription access)
 Gustave Reese, Music in the Renaissance.  New York, W.W. Norton & Co., 1954.
 Manfred Bukofzer, Music in the Baroque Era.  New York, W.W. Norton & Co., 1947.

References

External links

1567 births
1643 deaths
17th-century classical composers
17th-century people from Bohemia
German male classical composers
Renaissance composers
German music theorists
German Baroque composers
German classical composers
Classical composers of church music
People from the Electorate of Saxony
German Bohemian people
German people of German Bohemian descent
Musicians from Liberec
Writers from Liberec
17th-century male musicians

Christoph Demantius


Trish Deseine is an Irish food writer and cookbook author; she was born in Northern Ireland, and moved to Paris in 1987.

Writings and TV programmes
In 2000 she was approached by the French publisher, Marabout, to write a cookbook. Her first book Petits plats entre amis was published in 2001 and won the Ladurée and SEB prizes. Her second book, Je veux du chocolat! (2002) won a World Gourmand Cookbook Award and has sold over 500,000 copies to date.

Subsequent books have included Mes petits plats préférés (2003); Fêtes maison (2003) about party food; J'en veux encore (2004) about food for children and Du caramel plein la bouche (2005). For Marabout also, Deseine has produced small format books – Les apéros de Trish, Trifles, Best of Chocolate and Bonbons Forever.  Ma petite robe noire et autres recettes (October 2006) explores the connection between wardrobe staples and food (basics, vintage, classics, accessories, etc.). It won the 2007 Prix la Mazille at Périgueux, making Deseine the first non-French writer to receive the prize. A book for the English-speaking market – Nobody Does It Better – which celebrates the best in contemporary French cooking was published by Kyle Cathie in early 2007.

Her first English-language TV series, the twelve part RTÉ/BBC co-production Trish's Paris Kitchen was broadcast in Ireland in 2008 and in the UK in 2009 on UKTV Food. Two further series, Trish's Country Kitchen and Trish's Mediterranean Kitchen were broadcast on RTE, Good Food Channel and BBC Lifestyle. Her second English language book Trish's French Kitchen was published alongside the series in September 2008.

She also produces sweet recipes for French ELLE. Her book Grande table, petite cuisine was published in France in September 2012. Her book The Paris Gourmet (La Gourmande) was published in September 2013.

Selected works
Petits plats entre amis (2001) Marabout,
Je veux du chocolat! (2002) Marabout,
Mes petits plats préférés (2003) Marabout,
Fêtes Maison (2003) Marabout,
J'en veux encore! (2004) Marabout,
Du caramel plein la bouche (2005) Marabout,
Ma Petite robe noire et autres recettes (2006) Marabout,
The Paris Gourmet: Restaurants, Shops, Recipes, Tips (2013), Paris: Flammarion. Flammarion Chic Lifestyle,

References

External links
https://www.trishdeseineireland.com/
Deseine: the Irishwoman who is France's Nigella
Trish Deseine Goes Home. The Food Programme, BBC Radio 4, 8 November 2015

1964 births
Living people
Alumni of the University of Edinburgh
French food writers
Women cookbook writers
People educated at the Belfast Royal Academy
Writers from Belfast
Cookbook writers  from Northern Ireland

Trish Deseine


Julia Kristeva (; ; born 24 June 1941) is a  Bulgarian-French philosopher, literary critic, semiotician, psychoanalyst, feminist, and, most recently, novelist, who has lived in France since the mid-1960s.  She is now a professor emeritus at the  University Paris Diderot. The author of more than 30 books, including  Powers of Horror, Tales of Love, Black Sun: Depression and Melancholia, Proust and the Sense of Time, and the trilogy Female Genius, she has been awarded Commander of the Legion of Honor, Commander of the Order of Merit, the Holberg International Memorial Prize, the Hannah Arendt Prize, and the Vision 97 Foundation Prize, awarded by the Havel Foundation.

Kristeva became influential in international critical analysis, cultural studies and feminism after publishing her first book, Semeiotikè, in 1969. She has published a large amount of academic work including books and essays which address intertextuality, the semiotic, and abjection, in the fields of linguistics, literary theory and criticism, psychoanalysis, biography and autobiography, political and cultural analysis, art and art history. She is important in structuralist and poststructuralist thought.

Kristeva is also the founder of the Simone de Beauvoir Prize committee.

Life
Kristeva was born in Sliven, Bulgaria. Her parents were Christian. Her father was a church accountant. Kristeva and her sister attended a Francophone school run by Dominican nuns. Kristeva learned about the work of Mikhail Bakhtin. Kristeva went on to study at the University of Sofia. While a postgraduate there she got a research fellowship that let her move to France in December 1965, when she was 24. She continued her education at several French universities, studying under Lucien Goldmann and Roland Barthes, among other scholars. On August 2, 1967, Kristeva married the novelist Philippe Sollers, né Philippe Joyaux.

Kristeva taught at Columbia University in the early 1970s. She is still a Visiting Professor.  She has also published under the married name Julia Joyaux.

Work
After joining the 'Tel Quel group' founded by Sollers, Kristeva mostly worked on the politics of language and became an active member of the group. She trained in psychoanalysis, and earned her degree in 1979. In some ways, her work can be seen as trying to adapt a psychoanalytic approach to poststructuralist criticism. For example, her view of the subject, and its construction has some things in common with Sigmund Freud and Lacan. However, Kristeva rejects any understanding of the subject in a structuralist sense. Instead, she describes the subject as always "in process" or "on trial".  In this way, she contributes to the poststructuralist critique of essentialized structures, while preserving the teachings of psychoanalysis. She travelled to China in the 1970s and later wrote About Chinese Women (1977).

The "semiotic" and the "symbolic"
One of Kristeva's most important contributions is that signification is composed of two elements: the symbolic and the semiotic. That use of semiotic is different from the discipline of semiotics founded by Ferdinand de Saussure. Augustine Perumalil explained that Kristeva's "semiotic is closely related to the infantile pre-Oedipal referred to in the works of Freud, Otto Rank, Melanie Klein, British Object Relation psychoanalysis, and Lacan's pre-mirror stage." It is an emotional field that is related to the instincts in the gaps and sounds of language rather than in the denotative meanings of words. According to Birgit Schippers, the semiotic is associated with music, poetry, rhythm, and that which lacks structure and meaning. It is closely tied to the "feminine" and shows the state of the pre-Mirror Stage infant that has not yet developed independently.

In the Mirror Stage, the child learns to tell the difference between self and other. The child begins a process of sharing cultural meaning, known as the symbolic. In Desire in Language (1980), Kristeva describes the symbolic as the development of language in the child to become a "speaking subject" and to develop a sense of identity separate from the mother. This process of separation is known as abjection. The child must reject and move away from the mother in order to enter into the world of language, culture, meaning, and the social. This realm of language is called the symbolic and is different from the semiotic that is associated with the masculine, the law, and structure. Kristeva thinks differently from Lacan. She thinks that even after entering the symbolic, the subject continues to move back and forth between the semiotic and the symbolic. Therefore, the child does not form a fixed identity. The subject is permanently "in process". Because female children continue to identify to some degree with the mother figure, they are especially likely to retain a close connection to the semiotic. This continued identification with the mother may result in what Kristeva refers to in Black Sun (1989) as melancholia (depression), because female children both reject and identify with the mother figure at the same time.

It has also been suggested (e.g., Creed, 1993) that the degradation of women and women's bodies in popular culture (and particularly, for example, in slasher films) emerges because of the threat to identity that the mother's body poses: it is a reminder of time spent in the undifferentiated state of the semiotic, where one has no concept of self or identity. After abjecting the mother, subjects retain an unconscious fascination with the semiotic, desiring to reunite with the mother, while at the same time fearing the loss of identity that accompanies it. Slasher films thus provide a way for audience members to safely reenact the process of abjection by vicariously expelling and destroying the mother figure.

Kristeva uses Plato's idea of the chora, meaning "a nourishing maternal space" (Schippers, 2011). Kristeva's idea of the chora may mean: a reference to the uterus, as a metaphor for the relationship between the mother and child, and as the time before the Mirror Stage.

Kristeva is also known for working on intertextuality.

Anthropology and psychology
Kristeva argues that anthropology and psychology, or the connection between the social and the subject, do not represent each other, but rather follow the same logic: the survival of the group and the subject. Furthermore, in her analysis of Oedipus, she claims that the speaking subject cannot exist on his/her own, but that he/she "stands on the fragile threshold as if stranded on account of an impossible demarcation" (Powers of Horror, p. 85).

In her comparison between the two disciplines, Kristeva claims that the way in which an individual excludes the abject mother as a means of forming an identity, is the same way in which societies are constructed. On a broader scale, cultures exclude the maternal and the feminine, and by this come into being.

Feminist
Kristeva has been called an important leader of French feminism together with Simone de Beauvoir, Hélène Cixous, and Luce Irigaray. Kristeva has had a strong influence on feminism and feminist literary studies in the US and the UK. She has also influenced thinking about contemporary art. But her relation to feminist groups and movements in France has been very controversial. Kristeva made a famous statement about three types of feminism in "Women's Time" in New Maladies of the Soul (1993). She rejected the first two types, including that of Beauvoir. Some people think she completely rejects feminism. Kristeva proposed an idea of multiple sexual identities against concepts of "unified feminine language".

Against identity politics
Kristeva says American feminist academics have misunderstood her writings. According to Kristeva, it was not enough to take language apart to find its hidden meaning. History, individual psychic and sexual experiences also tell us how to understand language. This is a  post-structuralist approach. It helped some social groups to find the source of their oppression in the language that they used. However, Kristeva believes that it is harmful to think of collective identity as more important than individual identity. She thinks that politics that makes sexual, ethnic, and religious identities the most important thing is ultimately totalitarian.

Novelist
Kristeva wrote some novels that are like detective stories. The books have mystery and suspense, but readers also find ideas from her theoretical projects.  Murder in Byzantium has themes from orthodox Christianity and politics. She called it "a kind of anti-Da Vinci Code".

Honors
Kristeva won the Holberg International Memorial Prize in 2004. She won the 2006 Hannah Arendt Prize for Political Thought. She has also received Commander of the Legion of Honor, Commander of the Order of Merit, and the Vaclav Havel Prize.

Scholarly reception
Roman Jakobson said that Kristeva was very good at asking questions in a way that interested people even if they disagreed with her

Roland Barthes comments that Julia Kristeva changes the place of things. He says that she always destroys your last prejudice and that she turns authority against itself."

Ian Almond criticizes Kristeva's ethnocentrism. He repeats Gayatri Spivak's conclusion that Kristeva's book About Chinese Women has problems. Almond says it has the same discrimination and bias as in the eighteenth century. Also, he says that Kristeva wrote about two thousand years of history that she does not know well. Almond also thinks that Kristeva's ideas about the Muslim world, culture, and believers are too simple. He adds that Kristeva ignores Muslim women and pays too much attention to the Rushdie fatwa.

Some writings
Séméiôtiké: recherches pour une sémanalyse, Paris: Edition du Seuil, 1969. (English translation: Desire in Language: A Semiotic Approach to Literature and Art, Oxford: Blackwell, 1980.)
La Révolution Du Langage Poétique: L'avant-Garde À La Fin Du Xixe Siècle, Lautréamont Et Mallarmé. Paris: Éditions du Seuil, 1974. (Abridged English translation: Revolution in Poetic Language, New York: Columbia University Press, 1984.)
About Chinese Women. London: Boyars, 1977.
 Powers of Horror: An Essay on Abjection. New York: Columbia University Press, 1982.
The Kristeva Reader. (ed. Toril Moi) Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1986.
In the Beginning Was Love: Psychoanalysis and Faith. New York: Columbia University Press, 1987.
Black Sun: Depression and Melancholia. New York: Columbia University Press, 1989.
Strangers to Ourselves. New York: Columbia University Press,1991.
Nations without Nationalism. New York: Columbia University Press, 1993.
New Maladies of the Soul. New York: Columbia University Press, 1995.
 "Experiencing the Phallus as Extraneous." parallax issue 8, 1998.
Crisis of the European Subject. New York: Other Press, 2000.
Reading the Bible. In: David Jobling, Tina Pippin & Ronald Schleifer (eds). The Postmodern Bible Reader. (pp. 92–101). Oxford: Blackwell, 2001.
Female Genius: Life, Madness, Words: Hannah Arendt, Melanie Klein, Colette: A Trilogy. 3 vols. New York: Columbia University Press, 2001.
Hannah Arendt: Life is a Narrative.  Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2001.
Hatred and Forgiveness. New York: Columbia University Press, 2010.
The Severed Head: Capital Visions. New York: Columbia University Press, 2011.
Marriage as a Fine Art (with Philippe Sollers). New York: Columbia University Press, 2016.

Novels
The Samurai: A Novel. New York: Columbia University Press, 1992.
The Old Man and the Wolves. New York: Columbia University Press, 1994.
Possessions: A Novel. New York: Columbia University Press, 1998.
Murder in Byzantium. New York: Columbia University Press, 2006.
Teresa, My Love: An Imagined Life of the Saint of Avila. New York: Columbia University Press, 2015.

Other books about Julia Kristeva:
 Irene Ivantcheva-Merjanska,  Ecrire dans la langue de l'autre. Assia Djebar et Julia Kristeva. Paris: L'Harmattan, 2015.
 Jennifer Radden, The Nature of Melancholy: From Aristotle to Kristeva, Oxford University Press, 2000.
 Megan Becker-Leckrone, Julia Kristeva And Literary Theory, Palgrave Macmillan, 2005.
 Sara Beardsworth, Julia Kristeva, Psychoanalysis and Modernity, Suny Press, 2004. (2006 Goethe Award Psychoanalytic Scholarship, finalist for the best book published in 2004.)
 Kelly Ives, Julia Kristeva: Art, Love, Melancholy, Philosophy, Semiotics and Psychoanalysis, Crescent Moon Publishing Édition, 2010.
 Kelly Oliver, Ethics, Politics, and Difference in Julia Kristeva's Writing, Routledge Édition, 1993.
 Kelly Oliver, Reading Kristeva: Unraveling the Double-bind, Indiana University Press, 1993.
 John Lechte, Maria Margaroni, Julia Kristeva: Live Theory , Continuum International Publishing Group Ltd, 2005.
 Noëlle McAfee, Julia Kristeva, Routledge, 2003.
 Griselda Pollock (Guest Editor) Julia Kristeva 1966-1996, Parallax Issue 8, 1998.
 Anna Smith, Julia Kristeva: Readings of Exile and Estrangement, Palgrave Macmillan, 1996.
 David Crownfield, Body/Text in Julia Kristeva: Religion, Women, and Psychoanalysis, State University of New York Press, 1992.

References

Other websites

 Holberg Prize
 Interview with Julia Kristeva in Exberliner Magazine
 Julia Kristeva: A Bibliography by Hélène Volat
 Goodnow, Katherine J.(2015). Kristeva in Focus: From Theory to Film Analysis Berghahn Books.

1941 births
Living people
French feminists
French literary critics
Feminist writers
Continental philosophers
Columbia University faculty
Bulgarian writers

Julia Kristeva


Yuri Matveyevich Mikhaylov () (born 25 July 1930 in Ulitino, Russia – died 15 July 2008 Tver, Russia) was a speed skater who competed for the Soviet Union.

Born in the village of Ulitino in Staritsky District of Tver Oblast, Yuri Mikhaylov took up boxing when he was young and in 1949, he became champion of Kalininsky District of Tver Oblast. At the country's Junior Championships, he then won a bronze medal and it seemed that Mikhaylov had a nice future in boxing ahead of him. Besides liking boxing in itself, Mikhaylov also very much liked the exercises his trainer made him do, which included elements of athletics, bicycle racing, gymnastics, and more. But then his trainer left and Mikhaylov's new trainer forced him to do only boxing exercises. This made Mikhaylov lose interest in boxing.

Mikhaylov then decided to try skating. Originally, he skated only to keep occupied doing something that would exercise his muscles, but he soon fell in love with skating and became obsessed, dreaming about skating and unable to refrain from skating even a single day. But in 1951, he had to join the army. In the army, he was bored and he missed skating, drawing pictures of skates in letters he wrote. After having been demobilised, Mikhaylov, even more obsessed with skating than before, trained furiously and made up for all the skating he had missed while in the army.

He soon started to win medals at regional championships and he made his debut at the Soviet Allround Championships in 1954, skating only his favourite distance (the 1500 m) in which he finished 4th. Early 1955, during races on the Medeo rink of Alma-Ata, he finished 2nd on the 1500 m behind Yevgeny Grishin who won the 1500 m in a new world-record time. At the Soviet Allround Championships that year, Mikhaylov finished 6th, while finishing second on the 1500 m behind Boris Shilkov.

Mikhaylov's best year came in 1956. During races in Davos, he broke Grishin's 1500 m world record. At the 1956 Winter Olympics in Cortina d'Ampezzo, he participated in the 500 m, but he fell and did not finish. Two days later was the day of his favourite distance, the 1500 m and – ten days after Mikhaylov had become the 1500 m world record holder – he watched Grishin finish his 1500 m in a new world-record time of 2:08.6. In the next pair, Mikhaylov equalled Grishin's time and they shared Olympic gold. Later that year, he won silver at the Soviet Allround Championships, finishing first on the 1500 m. Although Mikhaylov remained active as a skater until 1961, he won no more major medals.

World records
Over the course of his career, Mikhaylov skated two world records:

Source: SpeedSkatingStats.com

References

 Yuri Mikhaylov at SpeedSkatingStats.com
 Legends of Soviet Sport: Yuri Mikhalylov

1930 births
2008 deaths
People from Staritsky District
Russian male speed skaters
Soviet male speed skaters
Olympic speed skaters for the Soviet Union
Speed skaters at the 1956 Winter Olympics
Olympic gold medalists for the Soviet Union
Olympic medalists in speed skating
World record setters in speed skating
Medalists at the 1956 Winter Olympics
Sportspeople from Tver Oblast

Yuri Mikhaylov


Hulda-Hrokkinskinna is one of the kings' sagas. Written after 1280, it relates the history of the Norwegian kings from Magnús góði, who acceded to the throne in 1035, to Magnús Erlingsson, who died in 1177.

The saga is based on Snorri Sturluson's Heimskringla but supplemented by prose and poetry from a version of Morkinskinna which is no longer extant.  Hulda-Hrokkinskinna is especially valuable in places where the preserved Morkinskinna manuscript is defective. It preserves eight verses of skaldic poetry found nowhere else by the poets Arnórr Þórðarson, Þjóðólfr Arnórsson, Bölverkr Arnórsson and Þórarinn stuttfeldr.

The saga is preserved in two manuscripts. Hulda ("the hidden manuscript") or AM 66 fol. is an Icelandic manuscript from the last part of the 14th century. It consists of 142 leaves while the first six (the first quire) are lost. Hrokkinskinna ("wrinkled parchment") or GKS 1010 fol. is an Icelandic manuscript from the beginning of the fifteenth century. Its first 91 leaves contain the text of Hulda-Hrokkinskinna while its last four leaves, added in the 16th century, contain an incomplete version of Hemings þáttr Áslákssonar. The text of Hulda is better than that of Hrokkinskinna.

Hulda-Hrokkinskinna contains a number of þættir.

Þorgríms þáttr Hallasonar
Hrafns þáttr Guðrúnarsonar
Hreiðars þáttr
Halldórs þáttr Snorrasonar
Auðunar þáttr vestfirzka
Brands þáttr örva
Þorsteins þáttr sögufróða
Þorvarðar þáttr krákunefs
Sneglu-Halla þáttr
Odds þáttr Ófeigssonar
Stúfs þáttr
Gísls þáttr Illugasonar
Ívars þáttr Ingimundarsonar
Gull-Ásu-Þórðar þáttr
Þinga þáttr

The text of Hulda-Hrokkinskinna was printed in the sixth and seventh volumes of Fornmanna sögur in 1831 and 1832. As of 2006, the saga has not been published again. The Danish scholar Jonna Louis-Jensen has done extensive work on Hulda-Hrokkinskinna. In 1968, she published a facsimile edition of Hulda and in 1977 a critical analysis of the saga. She has almost completed a new critical edition of the saga.

References

References
 Andersson, Theodore M. and Kari Ellen Gade (editors and translators) (2000). Morkinskinna: The Earliest Icelandic Chronicle of the Norwegian Kings (1030-1157). Cornell University Press.
 Berger, Alan J. (2002). "Heimskringla is an abbreviation of Hulda-Hrokkinskinna" in Arkiv för nordisk filologi 2001:65-9. ISSN 0066-7668
 Thunberg, Carl L. (2011). Särkland och dess källmaterial [Serkland and its Source Material]. Göteborgs universitet. CLTS. .
 Fornmanna sögur VI
 Fornmanna sögur VII
 Hulda-Hrokkinskinna
 Hulda
 Hrokkinskinna
 Jonna Louis-Jensen

Further reading
 Louis-Jensen, Jonna (1977). Kongesagastudier: Kompilationen Hulda-Hrokkinskinna. Reitzel, Copenhagen.

Kings' sagas

Hulda-Hrokkinskinna


Sense and Sensibility is a novel by Jane Austen. It was her first novel, and was published in 1811. The novel is mostly about two sisters, Elinor and Marianne Dashwood, and their life and loves. The story takes place in southern England in the 1790s.

Austen paid to have the book published. The publisher got a commission on sales. She made a profit of £140 (almost £5,000 in 2008 currency) on the first edition, which sold all 750 printed copies by July 1813. A second edition was advertised in October 1813.

Characters in Sense and Sensibility

Henry Dashwood – a rich gentleman who dies at the beginning of the story. He is not able to leave an inheritance to his second wife and their three daughters. He asks John, his son by his first wife, to help provide some money for them to live on.

Mrs. Dashwood – the second wife of Henry Dashwood.  She is now left very poor when her husband dies. Much like her daughter Marianne, she shows her emotions easily.

Elinor Dashwood – the sensible and quiet oldest daughter of Mr. and Mrs. Henry Dashwood. She becomes fond of Edward Ferrars, the brother-in-law of her older half-brother, John. She feels responsible to take care of her family, so she thinks about them more than about herself.

Marianne Dashwood – The romantic and eagerly expressive second daughter of Mr. and Mrs. Henry Dashwood. She is the object of the attentions of Colonel Brandon and Mr. Willoughby. She is attracted to the young and good-looking Willoughby and does not think much about the older, more reserved Colonel Brandon.

Margaret Dashwood – the youngest daughter of Mr. and Mrs. Henry Dashwood. Also romantic and well-tempered but not expected to be as smart as her older sisters when she grows older.

John Dashwood – the son of Henry Dashwood by his first wife.

Fanny Dashwood – the wife of John Dashwood, and sister to Edward and Robert Ferrars.

Sir John Middleton – a distant relative of Mrs. Dashwood who, after the death of Henry Dashwood, invites her and her three daughters to live in a cottage on his property. Middleton, his wife, and their children are visited by his mother-in-law, Mrs. Jennings. He and Mrs. Jennings are a jolly and gossipy pair, taking an active interest in the romantic affairs of the young people around them and trying to encourage good matches for them.

Lady Middleton – The proper and idle wife of Sir John Middleton, she is mostly concerned with mothering her four spoiled children.

Edward Ferrars – The elder of Fanny Dashwood's two brothers. He forms an attachment to Elinor Dashwood. Years before meeting the Dashwoods, Ferrars proposed to Lucy Steele, the niece of his tutor. The engagement has been kept secret because he   is expecting that his family would not allow him to marry Miss Lucy Steele.

Robert Ferrars – the younger brother of Edward Ferrars and Fanny Dashwood.

Mrs. Ferrars – Fanny Dashwood and Edward and Robert Ferrars' mother. A bad-tempered, vain woman who embodies all the foibles demonstrated in Fanny and Robert's characteristics. She is determined that her sons should marry well.

Colonel Brandon – a close friend of Sir John Middleton. In his youth, Brandon had fallen in love with his father's ward, but was prevented by his family from marrying her because she was intended for his older brother. He was sent abroad to be away from her, and while gone, the girl suffered numerous misfortunes partly as a consequence of her unhappy marriage, finally dying penniless and disgraced, and with a natural daughter, who Colonel Brandon takes in.

John Willoughby – a nephew of a neighbour of the Middletons, a dashing figure who charms Marianne.

Charlotte Palmer – the daughter of Mrs. Jennings and the younger sister of Lady Middleton, Mrs. Palmer is very pretty and cheerful but empty-headed and laughs at inappropriate things, such as her husband's continual rudeness to her and to others.

Mr. Palmer – the husband of Charlotte Palmer who is running for a seat in Parliament in spite of his idleness and rudeness.

Lucy Steele – a young, distant relation of Mrs. Jennings, who has for some time been secretly engaged to Edward Ferrars. She carefully develops her friendship with Elinor Dashwood and with Mrs. John Dashwood. She is manipulative and scheming

Anne/Nancy Steele – Lucy Steele's elder sister.

Miss Sophia Grey – a rich heiress who Mr. Willoughby marries after he is disinherited in order to retain his comfortable lifestyle.

Lord Morton – the father of Miss Morton

Miss Morton – a rich woman whom Mrs. Ferrars wants her eldest son, Edward, to marry

Mr. Pratt – an uncle of Lucy Steele.

References

Other websites

Sense and Sensibility - Full text with audio and translations.

1810s books
Books by Jane Austen
English novels
Fiction set in the past
Works about marriage
Works about sisters
Works about widowhood

Sense and Sensibility


Tjoet Nja Meuthia (15 February 1870 – 24 October 1910), also known as Tjut Meutia or Cut Meutia, was an Indonesian national heroine.

Life
Meutia was born in 1870 in Perlak, Aceh.  When she grew into adulthood, she married Teuku Sam Searah. They divorced not long afterward.

Against the Dutch
Cut Nyak Meutia's new husband was Cut Muhammad or Teuku Cik Tunong. Differing from his brother, Cut Muhammad did not obey the Dutch because he didn't accept their colonization of Aceh. Cut Muhammad and his wife worked hand in hand with the Acehnese to fight against the Dutch.

In 1899 Teuku Cik Tunong led a successful attack against the Dutch. In the beginning, the Dutch troops were at a loss as to what to do. In the following two years, however, Cik Tunong and his troops had not made any movements. The Dutch thought that they might have lost their spirit. Yet in 1901, Teuku Cik Tunong and his troops made a sudden attack and succeeded in destroying the Dutch defense there.

For his success, Teuku Cik Tunong was soon appointed District Chief of Keureutoe by the Sultan of Aceh. From 1901 to 1903 Teuku Cik Tunong had been the commander of some battles in the northeast of Aceh. There, he and his troops killed 10 of soldiers of the Dutch and seized 67 guns from them. Mubin and Pang Gadeng, two surrendered spies, had made Cut Nyak Meutia and her husband successful in the battles.

In 1905, Teuku Cik Tunong was caught by the Dutch and put in jail and was shot dead by them the following year.

The death of Teuku Cik Tunong had made Cut Nyak Meutia struggle alongside the new commander, Pang Nanggroe, who was her last husband. Pang Nanggroe was also killed in the battle on 26 September 1910. His death made Cut Nyak Meutia the new commander, with only 45 men and 13 guns left.

Cut Nyak Meutia was found by the Dutch in September 1910 at her hideaway in Paya Cicem. She resisted capture, wielding a rencong. She was killed when the Dutch troops shot her in the head and chest.

Legacy

She is now seen as a symbol of pride among Indonesian women, along with other heroines such as Raden Ayu Kartini and Cut Nyak Dhien. On 2 May 1964 she was proclaimed a National Hero of Indonesia.

She is featured on the 1,000 Indonesian Rupiah note series 2016 and 2022, as part of the National Heroes series. The Cut Meutia train in Aceh is named after her, as well as a small park in Jakarta that inspired the name of a street and a mosque adjacent to it.

See also
 Aceh
 National Hero of Indonesia

References

External links
(Indonesian)
 Cut Nyak Meutia (1870–1910), Pahlawan Kemerdekaan Nasional | Ensiklopedi Tokoh Indonesia at www.tokohindonesia.com
 Jagoan! Orang Indonesia (Pahlawan) at www.jagoan.or.id

1870 births
1910 deaths
National Heroes of Indonesia
Women in war in Indonesia
Women in 19th-century warfare
Women in war 1900–1945
People from the Dutch East Indies
People from the Aceh Sultanate

Cut Nyak Meutia


Ireland is mostly the Republic of Ireland (which does not have a monarchy) and partly Northern Ireland (whose monarch is Charles III). Northern Ireland is part of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, a constitutional monarchy. Until the 20th century, all Ireland had a constitutional monarchy and was a part of the United Kingdom since 1801. Monarchies were in existence through most of the history of Ireland.

In the High Middle Ages, the Gaelic kingdoms of Ireland ended when the Normans invaded Ireland. Ireland became a fief of the Papal States (the government of the Pope). The King of England's government started to control many of the lands of Ireland. This continued until the English Reformation, when the Kingdom of England got full ownership of Ireland. The Kingdom of Ireland came into existence in the reign of Henry VIII. Henry VIII was the first to be both King of England and King of Ireland.

The Kingdom of Ireland started in 1542. Before 1603, Ireland shared a monarch with the Kingdom of England (but not with the Kingdom of Scotland) in a personal union. When Henry VIII's daughter Elizabeth I died in 1603, James VI and I became the first to be King of Ireland, King of England, and King of Scotland in a three-kingdom personal union. Between 1603 and 1707, the Kingdom of Ireland shared the monarchs of the Kingdom of Scotland and the Kingdom of England. Anne was the Queen of Ireland when the United Kingdom of Great Britain came into existence in 1707. Anne was Queen of Ireland and Queen of Great Britain. Between 1707 and 1801, the Kingdom of Ireland shared the British monarchy with the United Kingdom of Great Britain. (During the government of Oliver Cromwell, the British Isles became a republic: the Commonwealth of England, Scotland, and Ireland.) George III was King of Ireland when the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland came into existence at the start of 1801. George III was the first to be king of the new kingdom, which combined the whole British Isles (except the Isle of Man) into one kingdom for the first time.

In December 1922, most of Ireland left the United Kingdom to become part of the Irish Free State, a dominion within the British Empire; the rest, Northern Ireland, remained within the United Kingdom. In 1937, after George V died, the Free State changed its laws to give the British monarchs much less power. In April 1949, the Republic of Ireland stopped having a monarchy entirely, and left the Commonwealth of Nations. Since then, the only part of Ireland to have a monarchy is Northern Ireland (because it is part of the United Kingdom). Elizabeth II was the former queen, but passed in 2022. Charles, Prince of Wales was named the King of England in September 2022.

References

Ireland
Monarchy
Northern Ireland
British royalty

Monarchy of Ireland


The Lodge Corollary was a corollary to the Monroe Doctrine. Proposed by Henry Cabot Lodge and ratified by the U.S. Senate in 1912, it forbade any foreign power or foreign interest of any kind from acquiring sufficient territory in the Western Hemisphere as to put that government in "practical power of control." As Lodge argued, the corollary reaffirmed the basic right of nations to provide for their safety and extended the principles behind the Monroe Doctrine beyond colonialism to include corporate territorial acquisitions as well.

The proposal was a reaction to negotiations between a Japanese syndicate and Mexico for the purchase of a considerable portion of Baja California including a harbor considered to be of strategic value, Magdalena Bay. After the ratification of the Lodge Corollary, Japan disavowed any connection to the syndicate, and the deal was never completed.

External links
 Lodge's defense of the corollary before the 62nd Congress

Monroe Doctrine
Foreign policy doctrines of the United States
1912 in the United States
1912 in international relations

Lodge Corollary


Evert Sodergren (July 19, 1920 – June 8, 2013) was a leading studio furniture maker based in Seattle.  He taught for many years in the School of Art at the University of Washington.

Evert Sodergren was born and raised in Seattle.  He is a fourth generation woodworker in his family.  At age 15, he started working in his father's furniture shop and learned the basics of furniture making and cabinetry.  After high school he took evening classes in production drafting and worked as a drafter during World War II.  In 1947, when his father returned to Sweden, Sodergren continued the business on his own.

Sodergren was very interested in the modern furniture being made in Scandinavia in the 1940s and 1950s, and turned away from the historical modes his father had followed.  Sodergren was influenced by the work of Hans Wegner, Bruno Mathsson, Finn Juhl, and George Nelson.  In the 1950s his work began to be exhibited in the Pacific Northwest and then across the United States.

Sodergren joined the faculty of the School of Art at the University of Washington in 1951, and taught furniture for nearly 30 years.

Sodergren's influence and example helped shape the studio furniture movement in the Pacific Northwest.  He was an early participant in the development of Seattle's Northwest Gallery of Fine Woodworking (which continues today as Northwest Woodworkers Gallery).

Further reading

 "Evert Sodergren" in Edward S. Cooke Jr., Gerald W.R. Ward, and Kelly H L'Ecuyer, The Maker's Hand: American Studio Furniture, 1940-1990, Museum of Fine Arts, Boston MA, 2003.
 "Evert Sodergren" in Works in Wood by Northwest Artists, Portland Art Museum, Portland OR, 1976.
 Scott Landis, "Design in Context:  Woodworkers of the Northwest," in Fine Woodworking Design Book Five Taunton Press, Newtown CT, 1990.

External links
 Evert Sodergren at Northwest Woodworkers Gallery
  Evert Sodergren video on Seattle Channel
 Evert Sodergren at Living Treasures project
The Seattle Times Obituary

1920 births
2013 deaths
American woodworkers
American furniture designers
American furniture makers
Pacific Northwest artists
Artists from Seattle
Educators from Seattle
University of Washington faculty

Evert Sodergren


Hula is a type of dancing from Hawaii.

Hula is a word in the Hawaiian language.  Male dancers and female dancers can both dance hula. A long time ago, hula dance was used only in special ceremonies. Now, hula dance is mainly for entertainment.

A hula dancer usually wears a grass skirt or a leaf skirt, a flower necklace (called "lei" in Hawaiian), and sometimes a flower in the hair.

Traditionally, the hula dancer dances to a chant (a poem that is sung to a rhythm). The chanter beats his or her hand on a gourd (dried, empty squash) to create the rhythm.

There are many kinds of hula dance. For example, the Hawaiian hula dance style is slow and the Tahitian hula dance style is fast.

Dances
Culture of Hawaii

Hula


Kronos (, Krónos; , Cronus), is the leader of the Titans and the Titan of time in Greek mythology.

The son of Gaia (Mother Earth) and Ouranos (Father Sky), he was the youngest of his brothers. At the urging of Gaia, Kronos castrated his father, Ouranos, with a sickle and overthrew him, ruling the cosmos as king during the so-called Golden Age. Kronos married his sister Rhea, and sired the first generation of the Olympian gods: Hestia, Demeter, Hera, Hades, Poseidon, and Zeus.

In fear of a prophecy that told of him being overthrown by his own children, Kronos swallowed each of them as soon they were born. Only the youngest, Zeus, managed to escape this fate and, after freeing his siblings, waged war against Kronos and the other Titans. During this Titanomachy, the Olympians emerged victorious, and Kronos himself was cast into Tartarus. In some versions, Kronos was later freed by Zeus and became ruler of the Elysian Islands.

In popular culture
Kronos appears as the main antagonist in Rick Riordan's Percy Jackson and the Olympians series.

Other websites

Titans

Kronos


Crooked House is a British supernatural drama TV series which aired on BBC Four in December 2008.

The three-part series was broadcast on consecutive nights from 22 to 24 December 2008. It was written and co-produced by actor and writer Mark Gatiss, who found fame in the BBC series The League of Gentlemen. The three linked episodes form an anthology story, influenced by the writings of M. R. James and Amicus horror movies, and a Māori death-mask belonging to Gatiss. They concern the ghostly secrets of fictional Geap Manor, a recently demolished Tudor mansion.

The first story, "The Wainscoting", is set in the late 18th century. Gatiss plays a museum curator who is given a strange door-knocker, which inspires him to share his dark researches into the Manor. The first tale related the story of Joseph Bloxham, who buys and improves the Manor after capitalising on an investment which ruined his fellow speculators. Strange noises are heard behind the newly installed wainscoting, the wood of which came from the gallows known as 'Tyburn Tree'.

The second story, "Something Old", takes place in the 1920s, where, at the Manor, a lavish costume ball is being held. During the ball young Felix de Momery announces his engagement to Ruth, much to the surprise and annoyance of his grandmother and his friends, Billy and Katherine. The young couple's future seems to be inextricably linked with another tragic wedding day and a ghostly bride who haunts the corridors.

In the third episode, "The Knocker", Ben himself discovers that, even though demolished, Geap Manor continues to cast a long shadow. Recently split from his girlfriend, he finds the cosy blandness of his modern house suddenly altered by events from the distant past, and by the sinister figure of Sir Roger Widdowson.

The cast included Mark Gatiss, Julian Rhind-Tutt, Ian Hallard, Philip Jackson, Lee Ingleby, Jean Marsh, Samuel Barnett, Daniela Denby-Ashe, Anna Madeley, Andy Nyman, Jennifer Higham, and illusionist Derren Brown. The series was directed by Damon Thomas.

This is not to be confused with Agatha Christie's murder mystery novel of the same name, which was adapted into a film in 2017 starring Glenn Close.

References

External links

Interview with Mark Gatiss at Digital Spy
Review at The Independent
Review at the Leicester Mercury

2008 British television series debuts
2008 British television series endings
2000s British drama television series
British supernatural television shows
BBC television dramas
2000s British television miniseries
British horror fiction television series
Television episodes written by Mark Gatiss
Television series by Endemol
Television series by Tiger Aspect Productions
English-language television shows
Television shows set in Berkshire
British fantasy drama television series
2000s British horror television series

Crooked House (TV series)


Selene is also another name for the moon

Selene () is the goddess of the Moon in Greek mythology. She is the daughter of the Titans Hyperion and Theia. She is the sister of Helios, god of the Sun, and Eos, goddess of the dawn. She is often shown driving her chariot across the night sky, drawn by a team of winged horses. Many other goddesses, such as Artemis and Hecate, were associated with the moon, but only Selene was regarded as the personification of the Moon itself. Her Roman equivalent is Luna.

Etymology
The etymology of Selene is unknown, but if the word is from Greek, it is probably connected to the word selas, meaning "light". Boreion Selas is the Greek name for Aurora Borealis. The word selenology, the study of the geology of the Moon, comes from her name. The chemical element Selenium was also named after Selene.

Depictions
In post-Renaissance art, Selene is shown as a beautiful woman with a pale face. She is sometimes riding a silver chariot (cart) pulled by oxen or a pair of horses. Often, she is shown riding a horse or bull, wearing robes and a half-moon on her head and carrying a torch.

Mythology

Genealogy
In the old pre-Olympian genealogy of the gods, Helios, the sun, is Selene's brother: after her brother, Helios, finishes his trip across the sky, Selene, freshly washed in the waters of the Earth-circling Ocean, begins her own trip as night falls upon the earth, which becomes lit from the light of her head and golden crown. When she is growing after mid-month, it is a "sure token and a sign to mortal men". Her sister, Eos, is goddess of the dawn. Eos also carried off a human lover, Cephalus, which is like a myth of Selene and Endymion.

As a result of Selene becoming one with Artemis, later writers sometimes said Selene was a daughter of Zeus, like Artemis, or of Pallas the Titan. In the Homeric Hymn to Hermes, with its list of people's fathers, she is "bright Selene, daughter of the lord Pallas, Megamedes' son."

Lovers
The Apollonius of Rhodes tells how Selene loved a mortal, the handsome hunter or shepherd—or, in the version Pausanias knew, a king— of Elis, named Endymion, from Asia Minor. He was so beautiful that Selene asked Zeus to grant him eternal sleep, she learned from her sister never to ask for eternal life or be left with a grasshopper in her hands so he would never leave her: her asking permission of Zeus is as an Olympian change to an older myth: Cicero Tusculanae Disputationes recognized that the moon goddess had done it by herself. Another story says Endymion made the decision to live forever in sleep. Every night, Selene went down behind Mount Latmus near MiletusPausanias geographerPausanias . Selene had fifty daughters, the Menae, by Endymion, including Naxos, the nymph of Naxos Island. The protected place of Endymion at Heraclea by Latmus|Heraclea on the southern slope of Latmus is a horseshoe-shaped room with an entrance hall and pillared front court.

Though the story of Endymion is the best-known one today, the Homeric hymn to Selene tells that Selene also had a daughter by Zeus, Pandia, the "utterly shining" full moon. According to some sources, the Nemean Lion was her child as well. She also had a brief relationship with Pan, who seduced her by wrapping himself in a sheepskin and gave her the yoke of white oxen that drew the chariot in which she is shown in sculptures, with her windblown veil above her head like the arching canopy of sky. In the Homeric hymn, her chariot is drawn by long-maned horses.

Luna

The Roman moon goddess, Luna, had a temple on the Aventine Hill. It was built in the sixth century BC, but was destroyed in the Great Fire of Rome when Nero was king. There was also a temple to Luna Noctiluca ("Luna that shines by night") on the Palatine Hill. There were parties in honor of Luna on March 31, August 24 and August 29.

Trivia
 The main character in Underworld and Underworld: Evolution is a woman named Selene who is a vampire. She is played by Kate Beckinsale.
 The Selene is a secret ship in the Playstation game Einhänder.
 Selene is the name Lanfear uses when she approaches Mat, Perrin, and Rand to talk about glory, in the Wheel of Time series written by Robert Jordan
 She was depicted in the 2017 reboot of Ducktales, on Ithiquack, with Zeus and Storkcules.

References

Titans

Selene


East Malaysia or Malaysian Borneo, is a term used to refer to the Malaysian section of Borneo. One of Southeast Asia's major islands. Major provinces in the region are the Malaysian provinces of Sabah and Sarawak. It is located north of Indonesian Borneo or "Kalimantan", and southwest of the Philippines. Also, the tiny country of Brunei is nearly landlocked by Malaysia.

References

Geography of Malaysia

East Malaysia


Thermoregulation is the ability o an organism tae keep its body temperatur within certain boondaries, even when the surroondin temperatur is very different. A thermoconformin organism, bi contrast, simply adopts the surroondin temperatur as its ain body temperatur, thus avoidin the need for internal thermoregulation. The internal thermoregulation process is ane aspect o homeostasis: a state o dynamic stability in an organism's internal condeetions, maintained far frae equilibrium wi its environment (the study o such processes in zoology haes been cried physiological or physiological ecology).

Human homeostasis
Ainimal physiology
Heat transfer

Mathematics in medicine

Thermoregulation


An orchestra pit is the space where an orchestra plays in a theatre or opera house.  The actors or singers are on the stage, and the orchestra pit is normally lower than the stage so that the audience can watch the play or opera.  Depending on where they sit, the audience may just be able to see the heads of the musicians in the orchestra pit.  It is important that singers can see the conductor so that they can watch the beat out of the corner of their eye.  Opera houses nowadays often have close-circuit television monitors at the sides so that singers can watch the conductor even when they are not facing him.

The orchestra pit in the Bayreuth Festspielhaus is unusual.  This opera house was designed by the composer Richard Wagner for the performance of his own operas.  He did not want the audience to be able to see the orchestra at all, so it is very low.  The orchestra members do not have to dress up in ties and jackets because they cannot be seen anyway.

Theater

Orchestra pit