Sir William Oliphant Hutchison LLD PRSA (2 July 1889 – 5 February 1970) was a Scottish portrait and landscape painter. He was an Honorary Member of the Royal Academy, President of the Royal Scottish Academy and a member of the Royal Society of Arts.

Life
Born in Kirkcaldy, Hutchison was a scholar at Kirkcaldy High School, and subsequently at Rugby School. He attended the Edinburgh College of Art between 1909 and 1912. On leaving he started the Edinburgh Group, holding exhibitions for three consecutive years, with Eric Robertson, Alick Riddell Sturrock, John Guthrie Spence Smith, Dorothy Johnstone, Mary Newbery, and David Macbeth Sutherland who later became Principal at Gray's School of Art in Aberdeen. Hutchison also worked and studied in Paris for a while, mainly painting portraits though also producing landscape and figure paintings.

Hutchison enlisted during the First World War serving with the Royal Garrison Artillery and being stationed in Malta, later being badly wounded in France. After demobilization in 1918, he and his wife occupied a studio flat in Edinburgh until 1921, before moving to London. Here he successfully worked as a portrait painter, exhibiting at the Royal Academy, becoming a member of the Savage Club, and enjoying a large circle of friends, mainly from the art world.

Hutchison was Director of the Glasgow School of Art from 1933 to 1943, from all accounts being an excellent director. Though a great traditionalist he encouraged those who tended to the avant-garde. The school maintained an interest in those staff and students serving during World War II, sending them gifts and cards.

In 1955 Hutchison was commissioned to paint Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh for the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh.

On leaving the Glasgow School of Art, Hutchison carried on with portraiture both in Edinburgh and London. A large exhibition of his work was held in London in 1964.

Hutchison served on numerous art-related bodies—he was a Committee member of The Edinburgh College of Art, the Board of Management of the Royal Scottish Academy, Director of The Glasgow School of Art, an Associate of The Royal Scottish Academy, President of The Glasgow Art Club, and Vice-president of The Scottish Modern Arts Association.

He served as President of the Royal Scottish Academy from 1950 to 1959 and was knighted in 1953.

He died on 5 February 1970 at his home at 30 Oakwood Court, Kensington, London.

He is buried in Collessie churchyard in central Fife in Scotland, just east of the church.

Personal life
He married Edward Arthur Walton's youngest daughter Margery in 1918. They raised two sons, Henry Peter (1919), and Robert Edward (1922), and a daughter (1935).

Hutchison was the son of Henry William Hutchison, of Kinloch, a Kirkcaldy business man, and Sarah Hannah Key, who raised a family of four sons and two daughters.

References

External links

1889 births
1970 deaths
Burials in Scotland
20th-century Scottish painters
Alumni of the Edinburgh College of Art
British Army personnel of World War I
People educated at Cargilfield School
People educated at Kirkcaldy High School
People educated at Rugby School
People from Kirkcaldy
Scottish male painters
Directors of the Glasgow School of Art
Royal Garrison Artillery soldiers
20th-century Scottish male artists
Military personnel from Fife

William Oliphant Hutchison


Genetic linkage occurs when alleles at different loci do not segregate at random. Mendel's second law is thus broken.

Genes are linked when they are on the same chromosome. They then tend to stay together during meiosis. Alleles for genes on different chromosomes are usually not linked, due to independent assortment of chromosomes during meiosis.

There is some crossing over of DNA during meiosis when the chromosomes segregate. So, alleles on the same chromosome can be separated and go to different daughter cells. There is a greater probability of this happening if the alleles are far apart on the chromosome, as it is more likely that a cross-over will occur between them. The relative distance between two genes can be calculated using the offspring of an organism showing two linked genetic traits. The percentage of offspring where the two traits do not run together is noted. The higher the percentage of offspring showing both traits, the closer on the chromosome the two genes are.

This was the first technique used for mapping genes on chromosomes. By working out the number of recombinants it is possible to obtain a measure for the distance between the genes. This distance is called a genetic map unit (m.u.), or a centimorgan and is defined as the distance between genes for which one product of meiosis in 100 is recombinant. A recombinant frequency (RF) of 1 % is equivalent to 1 m.u. A linkage map is created by finding the map distances between a number of traits that are present on the same chromosome, ideally avoiding significant gaps between traits to avoid the possibility of multiple crossovers.

Related pages
Meiosis
Chromosome

References

Classical genetics

Genetic linkage


A plate is a type of dish where food can be placed after being cooked for eating. Sometimes they are called dishes. They may be made out of ceramic, plastic, paper, or styrofoam.

A plate is also one of the broken pieces of lithosphere of the Earth.  These plates have irregular shapes. They lie and float on the upper mantle. They move very slowly in different directions. Their movement is driven by the convection currents in the magma.  A plate can contain both oceanic and continental crusts. Some contain oceanic crust only.

Basic English 850 words
Kitchenware

Plate


A sauna is a small room or building that is made hot. The heat of a sauna is calming and makes the person using it sweat. This is believed to help people be more healthy though it causes stress on the body by overheating. Today many countries and groups of people have different ways of heating and using a sauna. The temperature is often 80°C in Finnish saunas. The heat can be more than 100°C. Finnish and Swedish saunas have lower humidity (the air is less wet) to make this high heat comfortable.

The Turkish hammam has a high humidity (the air is more wet) and a lower temperature.

Today saunas can often be found at hotels and places for sports and exercise. In Finland, they are more common and are also often in private apartments and office
buildings.

In almost every house in Finland they have a sauna.

Common rules for public saunas
In some cultures, swimsuits must be worn in a sauna. In other cultures swimsuits are not be worn. Swimsuits are more often worn when men and women use a sauna together. Some saunas are only for men, or only for women. Some places have fixed times when each gender can use a sauna. Private saunas may have their own rules.

Areas where the sauna is used while nude
Germany
Austria
North-eastern Italy
Finland
Russia
Slovenia
Sweden
Croatia
Japan
Netherlands
Flanders
Estonia
Lithuania
Latvia

Areas where the sauna is used in a swimsuit or covered by a towel
France
United Kingdom
United States
Hungary
South America
Africa
Wallonia

Area where men and women do not sauna together
Russia
Japan

Areas where sitting on a towel is required
Germany
Austria
North-eastern Italy
Netherlands
Flanders

Related pages
Onsen
Sentō
 Jjimjilbang
Banya
Finnish culture
Hygiene

Sauna


Lorenzo da Ponte (10 March 1749 – 17 August 1838) was an opera librettist and poet. He is best known for having written the libretti for three of Mozart's operas, The Marriage of Figaro, Don Giovanni,  and Così fan tutte.

Biography
Da Ponte was born Emanuele Conegliano to Jewish parents near Venice, Italy. He became a Christian, and took the name Lorenzo da Ponte from the bishop who baptized him. He became a priest at the church of San Luca in Venice. He took Anzoletta Bellaudi as his mistress. They ran a brothel. Da Ponte was banished from Venice for 15 years. He went to Austria where he became court librettist to Emperor Joseph II.

About 1792, da Ponte married Ann Celestine Grahl. They had four children. When Joseph II died, da Ponte lost his job. He went to London. He got into debt, and went to the United States.  He ran a grocery store in Pennsylvania for a short time. He moved to New York City and opened a bookstore. He became the first professor of Italian literature at Columbia College. He produced Don Giovanni in New York in 1826. In 1828, da Ponte became a naturalized US citizen.

Da Ponte died in 1838 in New York. His funeral was held in New York's old St. Patrick's Cathedral. His final resting place is uncertain. All of da Ponte's libretti were adaptations of pre-existing plots, except L'arbore di Diana and Così fan tutte. His adaptations are of the highest order. The Don Giovanni character was given new life in da Ponte's hands. The character is now considered the archetypical libertine.

References
 Acocella, Joan, "Nights At The Opera: The Life of the Man who put Words to Mozart", The New Yorker, 8 January 2007
 Holden, Anthony, "The phoenix", ''The Guardian'' (London), 7 January 2007
Keats, Jonathan, "Lorenzo's Toil: How the Son of an Impoverished Leatherworker Came to Write Mozart's Libretti", Washington Post, 16 July 2006 — book review

1749 births
1838 deaths
19th-century American poets
American businesspeople
American Roman Catholics
Brothel owners and madams
Columbia University faculty
Italian businesspeople
Italian Jews
Italian poets
Italian Roman Catholic priests
Jewish American academics
Jewish American writers
Jewish businesspeople
Jewish sex industry people
Jews who converted to Christianity
Naturalized citizens of the United States
People from Veneto

Lorenzo da Ponte


The Hindu Kush is a range of mountains. It starts near Pamir in the north of Gilgit extending in the southwest deep into the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan, Tirich Mir is here.  On the west of this range is the Wakhan corridor of Afghanistan which separates Gilgit Agency from Tajikistan.  This tract of land was formed under an agreement between the governments of the Empires of Russia and Britain in 1890.  It was annexed with Afghanistan to serve as a neutral zone between the two empires.

The passes of Mintaka Pass, Kilik Pass, Chilinji Pass and Kuramber Pass are in the Hindu Kush range and connect Kashmir with the central Asian states.  Many rivers including the Chapursan River, Ishkuman River, Ghizar River, Gilgit River and Shandur River originate in the valleys of Hindu kush and ultimately join the Indus River.

Mountain ranges of Afghanistan
Mountain ranges of Pakistan

Hindu Kush


In gairdenin, an annual plant is a plant survivin juist for ae growin saison. Mony fuid plants is, or is grown as, annuals, includin virtually aw domesticatit grains. Some perennials an biennials is grown in gairdens as annuals for convenience, pairticularly gif thay arenae considered cauld hairdy for the local climate. Carrot, celery an parsley is true biennials that is uisually grown as annual crops for their edible ruits, petioles an leafs, respectively. Tomato, sweet tattie an bell pepper is tender perennials uisually grown as annuals.

Ornamental perennials commonly grown as annuals include impatiens, wax begonia, snapdragon, Pelargonium, coleus an petunia.

Plants
Gairden plants
Horticultur an gairdenin

Annual plant


An attorney general is the main legal advisor for governments. In some areas, he or she might be also in charge of law enforcement and public prosecutions.

In United Kingdom, attorneys general are called Law Officers of the Crown.

Attorney general


Axel Heiberg Island is the 31st biggest island in the world and Canada's 7th biggest island. According to Statistics Canada, it has an area of 43 178 km² (16,671 square miles).

The Inuit people have lived on Axel Heiberg Island in the past, but no one has lived there by the time it was named by Otto Sverdrup, who explored it around 1900. He named it after Axel Heiberg, manager of the Norwegian Ringnes brewery which sponsored the expedition. Other explorers visited the island during the early 20th century, during which time it was claimed by Norway until 1930. It is now part of Nunavut, Canada.

Islands of Canada
Arctic islands

Axel Heiberg Island


Council in general means a body that has the right to give advice or to administer.

It could also mean:

In politics:
 Borough Council, a form of local government in the United Kingdom
 City council, a form of local government
 Community council, the most local official representative bodies in Scotland and Wales
 Council (country subdivision), a local government area in Australia
 County council, a council that governs a county in the British Isles
 Municipal council, a subdivision of France
 Town council, a democratically elected form of government for small municipalities or parishes

Specific organizations:
 Council (Boy Scouts), a non-profit private corporation within Boy Scouts of America
 Council of the European Union
 United Nations Security Council

Places:
 Council, Alaska
 Council, Idaho

In other fields:
 Ecumenical council, a meeting of the bishops of the whole church convened to discuss and settle matters of Church doctrine and practice
 "The Council" (Enterprise episode), a third-season episode of Star Trek: Enterprise
 Workers' council, a council composed of working class or proletarian members
 Works council, a "shop-floor" organization representing workers

Related pages
 Privy Council (disambiguation page)

Council


Cleveland is a city in northern Eastern Ohio, United States. It is home to over 400,000 people. It was named for General Moses Cleaveland in 1796, but according to legend a mistake in a local newspaper left out the first "a" in its name, which is why it is spelt like it is today. Its metropolitan area makes it the largest urban division in the state.

During the 19th century, Cleveland's location at the mouth of the Cuyahoga River and Great Lakes port helped make it an important industrial center of the central United States. During World War II, the city became a center of manufacturing and industry, but deindustrialization caused a decline after that. Cleveland had a major revival in the 1980s and 1990s: The Playhouse Square theaters were restored, new skyscrapers like the BP Building and the Key Tower were built, new stadiums were built, and the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame was opened on the lakefront. After a smaller decline in the 2000s, Cleveland has begun to make another comeback.

Cleveland is home to the Great Lakes Brewing Company and Cleveland Orchestra.

Many professional sports teams make their home in or near Cleveland. They include the Cleveland Indians, who play baseball; the Cleveland Browns, who play football; and the Cleveland Cavaliers, who play basketball. Both the Indians and the Cavaliers have their games at the Gateway District in Downtown while the Browns have a stadium on the shores of Lake Erie. The city's sports teams are known for having not won a major championship from the 1964 NFL Championship Game to the 2016 NBA Finals. The city also hosted the Cleveland Grand Prix IndyCar race until 2008.

Economy
In the past, Cleveland's economy relied on steel mills and manufacturing. Both are still a major part of the city today, but heavy industry in the area is much smaller than it once was. The city is known today for being a big center for medicine and medical technology, and the Cleveland Clinic is one of the most important hospital systems in the country.

Some major large companies are headquartered in the city, including Sherwin Williams Paint, Cliffs Natural Resources, and Key Bank.

Culture
Cleveland is a big center for the performing arts, and is the home of Playhouse Square, the second largest theater district in the United States (the largest is Lincoln Center). The complex was built in the 1920s, and after being closed down were restored and reopened in the 1980s.

The Cleveland Orchestra is considered one of the world's finest, and is one of the "Big Five" in the United States. It plays at Severance Hall, in the University Circle neighborhood. It has a major rock music scene, and is home to the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, which is located on the lake in a building designed by IM Pei, a famous architect.

A diverse city, it has vibrant Italian, Irish, African American, Polish, Hungarian, Slovak, Czech, Puerto Rican, Romanian, Jewish, Croatian, and Greek communities, among many others.

References

Other websites
 City Of Cleveland Home Page
 Greater Cleveland Convention and Visitors Bureau
 Encyclopedia Of Cleveland History
 Cleveland, Ohio Citizendium

County seats in Ohio

Cleveland


The wax thermostatic element was invented in 1934 by Sergius Vernet (1899–1968). Its principal application is in automotive thermostats used in the engine cooling system. The first applications in the plumbing and heating industries were in Sweden (1970) and in Switzerland (1971).

Wax thermostatic elements transform heat energy into mechanical energy using the thermal expansion of waxes when they melt. This wax motor principle also finds applications besides engine cooling systems, including heating system thermostatic radiator valves, plumbing, industrial, and agriculture.

Automotive thermostats
The internal combustion engine cooling thermostat maintains the temperature of the engine near its optimum operating temperature by regulating the flow of coolant to an air cooled radiator. This regulation is now carried out by an internal thermostat. Conveniently, both the sensing element of the thermostat and its control valve may be placed at the same location, allowing the use of a simple self-contained non-powered thermostat as the primary device for the precise control of engine temperature. Although most vehicles now have a temperature-controlled electric cooling fan, "the unassisted air stream can provide sufficient cooling up to 95% of the time" and so such a fan is not the mechanism for primary control of the internal temperature.

Research in the 1920s showed that cylinder wear was aggravated by condensation of fuel when it contacted a cool cylinder wall which removed the oil film. The development of the automatic thermostat in the 1930s solved this problem by ensuring fast engine warm-up.

The first thermostats used a sealed capsule of an organic liquid with a boiling point just below the desired opening temperature. These capsules were made in the form of a cylindrical bellows. As the liquid boiled inside the capsule, the capsule bellows expanded, opening a sheet brass plug valve within the thermostat. As these thermostats could fail in service, they were designed for easy replacement during servicing, usually by being mounted under the water outlet fitting at the top of the cylinder block. Conveniently this was also the hottest accessible part of the cooling circuit, giving a fast response when warming up.

Cooling circuits have a small bypass path even when the thermostat is closed, usually by a small hole in the thermostat. This allows enough flow of cooling water to heat the thermostat when warming up. It also provided an escape route for trapped air when first filling the system. A larger bypass is often provided, through the cylinder block and water pump, so as to keep the rising temperature distribution even.

Work on cooling high-performance aircraft engines in the 1930s led to the adoption of pressurised cooling systems, which became common on post-war cars. As the boiling point of water increases with increasing pressure, these pressurised systems could run at a higher temperature without boiling. This increased both the working temperature of the engine, thus its efficiency, and also the heat capacity of the coolant by volume, allowing smaller cooling systems that required less pump power. A drawback to the bellows thermostat was that it was also sensitive to pressure changes, thus could sometimes be forced shut again by pressure, leading to overheating. The later wax pellet type has a negligible change in its external volume, thus is insensitive to pressure changes. It is otherwise identical in operation to the earlier type. Many cars of the 1950s, or earlier, that were originally built with bellows thermostats were later serviced with replacement wax capsule thermostats, without requiring any change or adaption.

This most common modern form of thermostat now uses a wax pellet inside a sealed chamber. Rather than a liquid-vapour transition, these use a solid-liquid transition, which for waxes is accompanied by a large increase in volume.  The wax is solid at low temperatures, and as the engine heats up, the wax melts and expands. The sealed chamber operates a rod which opens a valve when the operating temperature is exceeded. The operating temperature is fixed, but is determined by the specific composition of the wax, so thermostats of this type are available to maintain different temperatures, typically in the range of 70 to 90°C (160 to 200°F). Modern engines run hot, that is, over 80 °C (180 °F), in order to run more efficiently and to reduce the emission of pollutants.

While the thermostat is closed, there is no flow of coolant in the radiator loop, and coolant water is instead redirected through the engine, allowing it to warm up rapidly while also avoiding hot spots. The thermostat stays closed until the coolant temperature reaches the nominal thermostat opening temperature. The thermostat then progressively opens as the coolant temperature increases to the optimum operating temperature, increasing the coolant flow to the radiator. Once the optimum operating temperature is reached, the thermostat progressively increases or decreases its opening in response to temperature changes, dynamically balancing the coolant recirculation flow and coolant flow to the radiator to maintain the engine temperature in the optimum range as engine heat output, vehicle speed, and outside ambient temperature change.  Under normal operating conditions the thermostat is open to about half of its stroke travel, so that it can open further or reduce its opening to react to changes in operating conditions. A correctly designed thermostat will never be fully open or fully closed while the engine is operating normally, or overheating or overcooling would occur.

Engines which require a tighter control of temperature, as they are sensitive to "Thermal shock" caused by surges of coolant, may use a "constant inlet temperature" system. In this arrangement the inlet cooling to the engine is controlled by double-valve thermostat which mixes a re-circulating sensing flow with the radiator cooling flow. These employ a single capsule, but have two valve discs. Thus a very compact, and simple but effective, control function is achieved.

The double-valve thermostat may also regulate the flow of coolant to the carburettor: as long as the temperature of the coolant is relative low, the carburettor will be warmed up, so further speeding up the warming up of the engine.

The wax used within the thermostat is specially manufactured for the purpose. Unlike a standard paraffin wax, which has a relatively wide range of carbon chain lengths, a wax used in the thermostat application has a very narrow range of carbon molecule chains. The extent of the chains is usually determined by the melting characteristics demanded by the specific end application. To manufacture a product in this manner requires very precise levels of distillation.

Types of elements

Flat diaphragm element
The temperature sensing material contained in the cup transfers pressure to the piston by means of the diaphragm and the plug, held tightly in position by the guide. On cooling, the initial position of the piston is obtained by means of a return spring.
Flat diaphragm elements are particularly noted for their high level of accuracy, and therefore mainly used in sanitary installations and heating.

Squeeze-push elements
Squeeze-Push elements contain a synthetic rubber sleeve-like component shaped like the 'finger of a glove' which surrounds the piston. As the temperature increases, pressure from the expansion of the thermostatic material moves the piston with a lateral squeeze and a vertical push. As with the flat diaphragm element, the piston returns to its initial position by means of a return spring. These elements are slightly less accurate but provide a longer stroke.

Properties
The stroke is the movement of the piston in relation to its starting point. The ideal stroke corresponds to the temperature range of the elements. According to the type of element, it can vary from 1.5 mm to 16 mm.

The temperature range lies between the minimum and maximum operating temperature of the element. Elements can cover temperatures ranging from -15 °C to +120 °C. Elements may move in proportion to the temperature change over some part of the range, or may open suddenly around a particular temperature depending on the composition of the waxes.

Hysteresis is the difference noted between the upstroke and down stroke curve on heating and cooling of the element. Hysteresis is caused by the thermal inertia of the element and by the friction between the parts in motion.

See also
 Thermostatic radiator valve
 Thermostatic mixing valve

References

External links
 Vernatherm  - Thermal Actuators - and other Thermostatic Fluid Controls - Rostra Vernatherm
 ThermalActuators.com - Thermal Actuators - & Mechanical Function Information & Products - Thermal Actuators
 Vernet.fr - Thermostatic Elements Cartridges Thermostats Electrothermic Actuator
 Raymot.com - Wax thermostatic elements page
 Ysnews.com - Vernet founded leading Yellow Springs company
 Vernay - 1946 Vernet founded Vernay Laboratories
 thermal-actuators.com - Automotive | TU-POLY

Transducers
Auto parts
Temperature control

Wax thermostatic element


British Railways Class D3/7 were diesel shunters built from May 1939 through to July 1942 by the London, Midland and Scottish Railway at their Derby Works. Like the earlier British Rail Class D3/6, they had the English Electric 6K diesel engine of . But a big change was having a "Jackshaft" type of connection between engine and wheels (like a diesel mechanical shunter). These were given LMS numbers 7080–7119. Ten were loaned to the War Department in 1941, and sold to the WD the following year. All ten survived the war; six were then sold to Egyptian Railways and four to Italian State Railways (Ferrovie dello Stato—FS).

London, Midland and Scottish Railway locomotives
D3/7
C locomotives

British Rail Class D3/7


Reed-Solomon error correction is a forward error correction code. It works by  oversampling a polynomial constructed from the data. The polynomial is evaluated at several points, and these values are sent or recorded. Sampling the polynomial more often than is necessary makes the polynomial over-determined. As long as it receives "many" of the points correctly, the receiver can recover the original polynomial even in the presence of a "few" bad points.

Reed-Solomon codes are used in many different kinds of commercial applications, for example in CDs, DVDs and Blu-ray Discs, in data transmission technologies such as DSL & WiMAX, and broadcast systems such as DVB and ATSC.

Overview
Reed-Solomon codes are block codes. This means that a fixed block of input data is processed
into a fixed block of output data. In the case of the most commonly used R-S code (255, 223) – 223 Reed-Solomon input symbols (each eight bits long) are encoded into 255 output symbols.
 Most R-S ECC schemes are systematic. This means that some portion of the output codeword contains the input data in its original form.
 A Reed-Solomon symbol size of eight bits was chosen because the decoders for larger symbol sizes would be difficult to implement with current technology. This design choice forces the longest codeword length to be 255 symbols.
 The standard (255, 223) Reed-Solomon code is capable of correcting up to 16 Reed-Solomon symbol errors in each codeword. Since each symbol is actually eight bits, this means that the code can correct up to 16 short bursts of error due to the inner convolutional decoder.

The Reed-Solomon code, like the convolutional code, is a transparent code. This means that if
the channel symbols have been inverted somewhere along the line, the decoders will still
operate. The result will be the complement of the original data. However, the Reed-Solomon
code loses its transparency if virtual zero fill is used. For this reason it is mandatory that the
sense of the data (i.e., true or complemented) be resolved before Reed-Solomon decoding.

In the case of the Voyager program R-S codes reach near optimal performance when concatenated with the (7, 1/2) convolutional (Viterbi) inner code. Since two check symbols are required for each error to be corrected, this results in a total of 32 check symbols and 223 information symbols per codeword.

In addition, the Reed-Solomon codewords can be interleaved on a symbol basis before being
convolutionally encoded. Since this separates the symbols in a codeword, it becomes less likely
that a burst from the Viterbi decoder disturbs more than one Reed-Solomon symbol in any one
codeword.

Basic idea
The key idea behind a Reed-Solomon code is that the data encoded is first visualized as a polynomial. The code relies on a theorem from algebra that states that any k distinct points uniquely determine a polynomial of degree at most k-1.

The sender determines a degree  polynomial, over a finite field, that represents the  data points. The polynomial is then "encoded" by its evaluation at various points, and these values are what is actually sent. During transmission, some of these values may become corrupted. Therefore, more than k points are actually sent. As long as enough values are received correctly, the receiver can deduce what the original polynomial was, and decode the original data.

In the same sense that one can correct a curve by interpolating past a gap, a Reed-Solomon code can bridge a series of errors in a block of data to recover the coefficients of the polynomial that drew the original curve.

History
The code was invented in 1960 by Irving S. Reed and Gustave Solomon, who were then members of MIT Lincoln Laboratory. Their seminal article was entitled "Polynomial Codes over Certain Finite Fields."  When it was written, digital technology was not advanced enough to implement the concept. The first application, in 1982, of RS codes in mass-produced products was the compact disc, where two interleaved RS codes are used. An efficient decoding algorithm for large-distance RS codes was developed by Elwyn Berlekamp and James Massey in 1969. Today RS codes are used in hard disk drive, DVD, telecommunication, and digital broadcast protocols.

Computer science
Mathematics

Reed–Solomon error correction


True West is a guitar band, often considered part of the Paisley Underground. Singer Gavin Blair and guitarists Richard McGrath and Russ Tolman are the nucleus of the group.

History

Origins
Originally from California's Sacramento Valley, True West were contemporaries and friends with Los Angeles bands such as The Dream Syndicate, Green on Red, Rain Parade, Thin White Rope, and The Long Ryders. From 1979 to 1981, Gavin Blair and Russ Tolman had been bandmates in The Suspects, a Davis-based band, with a pre-Dream Syndicate Steve Wynn and Kendra Smith.

In 1981, Tolman joined a band in Davis called The Meantime, which included Sean O'Brien, Rick Gates, and Kevin Vanderhoof (now Kevin Wilkins). The Meantime released a 7" self-titled EP with three songs, one of which was produced by David Gates of the band Bread.

The Meantime changed its name to True West later in 1981, at Tolman's urging. O'Brien left True West in January 1982, and apart from Tolman, the band had changed personnel completely by the time they recorded True West's first single.

Recording career
True West first gained attention for their guitar work in 1982 with a cover of the Syd Barrett/Pink Floyd song "Lucifer Sam," creating a psychedelic effect by placing the same song backwards on the B-side, titled "Mas Reficul." True West soon came to the attention of music writers in the East Coast, U.K., and Europe as part of the West Coast neo-psychedelic movement dubbed the Paisley Underground. However, the twin lead guitar interplay of McGrath and Tolman distinguished them from other Paisley groups.

Their 1983 self-released five song EP, co-produced by Russ Tolman and Steve Wynn, enabled the band to tour the U.S. non-stop, coming to the attention of Television guitarist Tom Verlaine, who took them to upstate New York's Bearsville Studios to record demos for EMI America. More attention from the music press followed with True West being singled out in the March 29, 1984 Rolling Stone magazine feature entitled "Rock & Roll Rookies: Ten Bands You'll Be Hearing From Soon."

September 1984 saw the release of the band's first album Drifters. While not as gritty and psychedelic as the band's debut (which by this time had been re-released as an eight-song mini-LP called Hollywood Holiday), Drifters, with its folk-rock influences, was dubbed "guitar poetry" by Rolling Stone scribe David Fricke.

Other 1980s luminaries started noticing the band, such as Prince, who passed along the word after one Minneapolis show that he was greatly impressed with guitarist McGrath's lyrical leads.

True West landed in London in April 1985 amidst what the U.K. music press had declared "The American Invasion," which had been kicked off a few months earlier by the arrival of R.E.M. Suddenly, England couldn't get enough of American guitar bands and True West made the front pages of the big three music publications of the day: the NME, Melody Maker, and Sounds. Several major labels came courting with talk of production by Steve Lillywhite (U2, XTC), but problems with their work permits did not allow the band to make scheduled appearances on The Old Grey Whistle Test and other British TV that would have pushed them over the top and into the arms of a waiting major, unlike other Paisley Underground bands. After a successful tour of the European continent, the band returned to the U.S. to write and prepare to record their third album.

However, as soon as they were home, R.E.M. invited True West to join them for the 17-date western U.S. and Canada portion of the Athens combo's 1985 Fables of the Reconstruction tour. Playing venues such as Seattle's Paramount Theatre, L.A.'s Greek Theatre and Irvine Meadows put True West in front of the largest audiences of their career.

Breakup
Two years of constant touring and several disappointing close brushes with a major label recording contract had taken their toll on the band, and True West called it quits in the summer of 1985. Tolman started a successful solo career and the band decided to reform without Tolman shortly after and go on to record and release their third album Hand Of Fate the next year. However, in 1987, bassist Kevin Staydohar (who had also been a member of Central Valley pioneers Thin White Rope) died of a heart valve infection.

In the following years, guitarist Richard McGrath was a member of Wall of Voodoo frontman Stan Ridgway's band and joined singer Gavin Blair to release two albums as The Fool Killers, which released a collection in 1989 called Out Of State Miracle. Russ Tolman recorded eight solo albums, the most recent released in 2019.

Reunion
True West reformed in 2006, with original members Tolman, McGrath, and Blair, along with new members drummer Jim Huie and bassist Ian Barrett and began to tour for a series of concert dates, continuing several times a year through at least 2009.

On June 5, 2007, Atavistic Worldwide/Touch And Go Records released Hollywood Holiday Revisited, a CD collection of True West's first two albums Hollywood Holiday and Drifters.

A concert DVD called The West Is History (2011), which contains a five-camera shoot of a 2007 live performance from the House Of Blues in Anaheim, CA, plus vintage video from a 1983 San Francisco performance and a 1985 Nuremberg, Germany show, was released on January 24, 2012, by Atavistic Video (distributed by MVD).

In 2009, True West played at a festival in Norway called Down On The Farm, which also featured Stan Ridgway.

The band released the 3CD set Kaleidoscope of Shadows: The Story So Far on their Bring Out Your Dead label in 2021. It contains all three of the band's studio albums, including for the first time on CD Hand of Fate. Also included are six demos from 1985, bonus tracks from the Hand of Fate sessions, along with many live recordings of the band. It was compiled by True West drummer Jim Huie and noted author and reissue producer Pat Thomas (musician).

Discography

Albums
 Hollywood Holiday (1983, New Rose & 1984, PVC/Passport)
 Drifters (1984, PVC/Passport)
 Hand of Fate (1986, CD Presents)

Reissues
 Hollywood Holiday Revisited (Atavistic, 2007)
 Kaleidoscope of Shadows: The Story So Far 3CD (2021, Bring Out Your Dead)

EPs
 True West – 12" 33⅓ (1983, Bring Out Your Dead Records)

Singles
 "Lucifer Sam"/"Mas Reficul" (1982)

Videography
 The West Is History: Live at The House of Blues (DVD, 2011)

References

External links

Alternative rock groups from California
Musical groups from Davis, California
1981 establishments in California
1987 disestablishments in California
Musical groups established in 1981
Musical groups disestablished in 1987

True West (band)


Forecasting is studying and saying what is likely to happen in the future. It is similar to predicting, but usually forecasting is done with scientific methods. Forecasting can be done for many different things, like weather forecasting (predicting the weather) or economy forecasting.  Science cannot know the future for sure, so forecasters try to identify the most probable events, and sometimes they are wrong.

Future

Forecasting


Ackworth School is an independent day and boarding school located in the village of High Ackworth, near Pontefract, West Yorkshire, England. It is one of seven Quaker schools in England. The school (or more accurately its Head) is a member of the Headmasters' and Headmistresses' Conference and SHMIS. The Head is Anton Maree, who took over at the beginning of the 2014–2015 academic year. The Senior Deputy Head is Nancy Newlands-Melvin and the Deputy Head is Jeffrey Swales.

The school has a nursery that takes children aged 2 1/2 to 4, a Junior School (known as Coram House) that takes children age 5 to 11, and the Senior School for students aged 11 to 18. The boarding facilities cater for pupils from 11 years of age.

Originally it was a boarding school for Quaker children. Today most of the school's pupils are day pupils. There are more than 20 different nationalities in the boarding houses.

Most of today's pupils are not Quakers, but the school retains a strong Quaker ethos and is able to offer means-tested Bursary awards to children from Quaker and non-Quaker families. There is a very short Quaker-style silence at assembly and before meals. Once a week the School meets for a longer Meeting for Worship.

History
The school was founded by John Fothergill and others in 1779 as a boarding school for Quaker boys and girls. Prior to the school's foundation, the buildings housed a foundling hospital created by Thomas Coram.

School life

Houses
The school has four houses: Woolman, Gurney, Penn and Fothergill. Penn, Gurney and Woolman were all famous Quakers, and John Fothergill was the founder of the school. Every pupil is assigned to one of the four houses at the start of their time at the school for inter-house events, which include sport, music, drama, poetry and art.

Students are also divided for meals according to their houses.

Uniform
The school uniform consists of grey trousers, grey socks, light blue shirt, navy school tie, and navy-blue blazer for boys, and navy skirt, blue-and-white-striped blouse, and navy blazer for girls.

The sixth form students wear their own suitable 'business style' clothing.

Music
The school has a strong musical tradition. In 1995, a purpose-built music facility was built on the site of one of the old boarding houses, comprising a recital hall with seating for 180, 14 practice rooms, 2 classrooms, a music library and a recording studio. Summer schools are sometimes held there during school holidays.

In January 2019, Ackworth School became the 15th member of the All-Steinway Group of Schools.

Boarding
Boarders live together in an amalgamated boarding house. Until 1997, the school timetable included Saturday morning lessons, leaving Wednesday afternoons free, providing a more-balanced week for boarders. The changing demographic of the school has led to this being phased out.

Sixth Form
Sixth formers have free periods during which they are encouraged to study.

Charity Week
Each year in the week before October half term is Ackworth's Charity Week. Two charities, one national and one international, are chosen for which the school then raises money through a series of events. Included within these events are cake stalls, auctions, concerts and the sale of doughnuts and hot dogs. One event involves putting sixth formers in stocks and allowing younger students to throw water at them.

One of the most-popular events of Charity Week is the staff/sixth-form entertainment. The sixth form and certain members of staff are encouraged to prepare a series of sketches to entertain younger students. In the middle of the event, a fund-raising activity occurs, where the sixth form raise money from the other students.

On 18 October the school celebrates Founder's Day, the day on which in 1779 the school was founded. The whole school gathers in the Meeting House and sings the Founder's Day Hymn before each year group departs on a day trip, usually a walk.

Union with other Quaker schools
In 2007, the National Quaker Choral Festival was held at the school, where pupils from Quakers schools all over England came to sing in a large choir to Karl Jenkins' "The Armed Man".

On 28 March 2009, the Bridge Film Festival — which had been held at Brooklyn Friends School, located in Brooklyn, New York, for the last nine years — was held at the school. It is a Quaker film festival in which students make a film which is judged and prizes are awarded. The school entered the 2008 festival, sending several students to Brooklyn Friends School to witness the festival. For the 2009 festival, student Simon Waldock prepared a film about the history of the school; the film involved an interview with a former scholar from the 1950s. The film did not win but was commended by judges.

Notable alumni
The school's former pupils are called Ackworth Old Scholars. There is an active Old Scholars Association, with an annual Easter gathering in the school. Notable Old Scholars include:
Kweku Adoboli (born 1980), investment banker, convicted in the 2011 UBS rogue trader scandal
Lindsey Fawcett (born 1979), actress known for her role in ITV's Bad Girls
Henry Ashby (1846–1908), paediatrician
Henry Ashworth (1794–1880), cotton master
John Gilbert Baker (1834–1920), botanist
Geoffrey Barraclough (1908–1984), historian
Sir Henry Binns (1837–1899), prime minister of Natal, 1897–1899
William Arthur Bone (1871–1938), chemist fuel technologist
Henry Bowman Brady (1835–1891), naturalist and pharmacist
John Bright (1811–1889), politician
Basil Bunting (1900–1985), poet
Peter Christopherson (1955–2010), musician, video director and designer
Susanna Corder (1787–1864), educationist and Quaker biographer
Alfred Darbyshire (1839–1908), architect
Philip J Day (born 1959), documentary filmmaker
Henry Doubleday (1810–1902), starch manufacturer and comfrey cultivator
William Farrer Ecroyd (1827–1915), worsted manufacturer and politician
George Edmondson (1798–1863), headmaster of Queenwood Hall
Thomas Edmondson (1792–1851), inventor of the first railway-ticket printing machine
Sarah Stickney Ellis (1799–1872), writer and educationist
James Fearnley (born 1954), musician and member of The Pogues
Arthur Charles Fox-Davies (1871–1928), heraldist
Francis Frith (1822–1898), photographer
   Dominic Harrison (born 1997) Musician. Performing as Yungblud
   Marie Hartley (1905–2006), artist, writer, photographer and historian
William Howitt (1792–1879), writer
Sir Philip Hunter (born 1939), educationist
Sir Joseph Hutchinson (1902–1988), geneticist and professor of agriculture
William Allen Miller (1817–1870), chemist
John Howard Nodal (1831–1909), journalist and dialectologist
Jacob Post (1774–1855), Quaker religious writer
Sir James Reckitt (1833–1924), starch, blue and polish manufacturer
Anna Richardson (1806–1892), philanthropist, abolitionist and pacifist
Elizabeth Robson, (1771–1843), Quaker minister
Sanil Sachar (1992-), Indian author and poet
Jane Smeal (1801-1888), abolitionist
Sir Arthur Snelling (1914–1996), diplomat
Joseph Southall (1861–1944), painter and pacifist
Patric Standford (1939–2014), musical composer
Henry Tennant (1823–1910), general manager of the North Eastern Railway, 1870–1891
Kathleen Tillotson (1906–2001), literary scholar
Thomas Thomasson (1808–1876), cotton master
Samuel Tuke (1784–1857), philanthropist and asylum reformer
Benjamin Barron Wiffen (1794–1867), biographer
Jeremiah Holmes Wiffen (1792–1836), poet and translator
James Willstrop (born 1983), squash player
James Wilson (1805–1860), economist, founder of The Economist, politician, and financial member of the Council of India, 1859–1860
Rosie Winterton (born 1958), former Labour Chief Whip
Fiona Wood (born 1958), burns-treatment pioneer, Australian of the Year
Sarah Woodhead (born 1851), first (Girton College) woman to be awarded an Oxbridge degree – the equivalent of Senior Optime in Mathematics (1873)
Thomas William Worsdell (1838–1916), steam-locomotive engineer
Wilson Worsdell (1850–1920), railway engineer

Arms

See also
List of Friends Schools
Grade I listed buildings in West Yorkshire
Listed buildings in Ackworth, West Yorkshire

References

Further reading
 Ackworth School Annual Reports.
 Ackworth School, Then and Now: Ackworth School Bicentenary Exhibition Catalogue. (Pub. 1979).
 Alphabetical list of scholars 1779–1979.  Prepared by Arthur G. Olver, typescript.
 The Cupola: The Ackworth School Magazine, West Yorkshire Archives, Wakefield.
 Foulds, V.E. (1991). Ackworth School.
 Foulds, V.E. (1979). So Numerous a Family: 200 Years of Quaker Education at Ackworth.
 Thompson, H. (1879). A History of Ackworth School.
 Vipont, Elfrida (1959). Ackworth School: from its Foundation in 1779 to the Introduction of Co-Education in 1946. Lutterworth Press (London).
 Linney, Geo. F. (1853). The History of Ackworth School.

External links
ackworthschool.com, Ackworth School's official website

Internet archive: List of boys and girls admitted to Ackworth School: during the 100 years from 18th of 10th month, 1779, to the centenary celebration on the 27th of 6th month, 1879, published 1879

People educated at Ackworth School
Co-educational boarding schools
Educational institutions established in 1779
Private schools in the City of Wakefield
Member schools of the Headmasters' and Headmistresses' Conference
Organizations established in 1779
Quaker schools in England
1779 establishments in England

Ackworth School


Godmanstone (or Godmanston) is a village and civil parish in the county of Dorset in southern England, situated approximately  north of the county town Dorchester. Its name means Godman's Farm and it is sited by the River Cerne amongst chalk hills of the Dorset Downs. Dorset County Council's latest (2013) estimate of the parish population is 130. In the 2011 census the population of Godmanstone parish combined with the small adjoining parish of Nether Cerne was 156.

Godmanstone used to have a pub—The Smiths Arms—which claimed to be the smallest in Britain. The story attached to the claim was that the original licence was granted by King Charles II when he requested that the village smith serve him a glass of porter. The smith refused because he had no licence, so Charles granted him one on the spot and was served his drink. The licence only applied to the smithy; adjacent living quarters, subsequently used by drinkers, were larger. The business has since closed.

Francis Cottington, 1st Baron Cottington (ca.1579–1652) came from Godmonston. He was the English lord treasurer and ambassador and leader of the pro-Spanish, pro-Roman Catholic faction in the court of Charles I.

The parish church is partly Norman, chiefly perpendicular, with a tower; and was recently repaired.

References

External links
 Flight of Prince Charles from Worcester

Villages in Dorset

Godmanstone


The current Mitsubishi Colt is a supermini built by Mitsubishi Motors at their NedCar plant in the Netherlands, using the same underpinnings as its sister car, the now discontinued Smart Forfour. Mitsubishi has used the name twice previously, first as the marque of a series of kei cars and subcompact cars in the 1960s, and then as the export version of the Mitsubishi Mirage hatchback in the 1980s and 1990s. The Chrysler Corporation, Mitsubishi's longtime partner, also used the name in the 1970 when it rebadged the second generation Mitsubishi Galant as Dodge Colt and Plymouth Colt captive imports for the United States market.

Colt

Mitsubishi Colt


Kvant-2 (; English: Quantum-II/2) (77KSD, TsM-D, 11F77D) was the third module and second major addition to the Mir space station. Its primary purpose was to deliver new science experiments, better life support systems, and an airlock to Mir. It was launched on November 26, 1989 on a Proton rocket. It docked to Mir on December 6. Its control system was designed by the NPO "Electropribor" (Kharkiv, Ukraine).

Description

Kvant-2 was the first Mir module based on the TKS spacecraft (77k module). Kvant-2 was divided into three compartments. They were the EVA airlock, the instrument/cargo compartment, and the instrument/experiment compartment. The instrument/cargo compartment could be sealed off and act as an extension or a back-up to the airlock. Before Kvant-2 docked to the station, EVAs had to be carried by depressurizing the docking node on the Core Module. Kvant-2 also carried the Soviet version of the Manned Maneuvering Unit for the Orlan space suit. It delivered the Salyut 5B computer which was an improvement over the Argon 16B computer already on the station. Kvant-2 had a system for regenerating water from urine and a shower for personal hygiene. It carried six gyrodynes to augment those already located in Kvant-1. Unlike Kvant-1, Kvant-2's gyrodynes were only accessible from the exterior which made replacement of failed ones more difficult.

Scientific equipment on Kvant-2 included a high-resolution camera, spectrometers, X-ray sensors, the Volna 2 fluid flow experiment, and the Inkubator-2 unit which was used for hatching and raising quail. A list of experiments and equipment follows:
ARIZ X-ray spectrometer
ASPG-M scan platform carrying ITS-7D IR spectrometer (using the Czech sensor platform first used on Vega spacecraft).
Cosmic dust detectors
Gamma 2 spectrometer package
Ikar EVA unit
Inkubator 2 - bird egg incubator
KAP-350 topographic camera
MKF-6MA Earth resources film camera - 6 spectral bands. Provided by East Germany.
MKS-M2 optical spectrometer
Phaza AFM-2 spectrometer
Spektr-256 spectrometer
Sprut 5 charged particle spectrometer (installed 1991).
TV cameras
Volna 2 propellant tank demonstration (250 kg)

Gallery

References

External links

Russian Space Web
Encyclopedia Astronautica
Gunter's Space Page - information on Kvant-2

Mir
Spacecraft launched in 1989

Kvant-2


Declan O'Rourke (born April 26, 1976) is a singer-songwriter from Kinvara, Ireland.

Career

Early career to 2010
At the age of 13, when living in Australia with his family, O'Rourke was given his first guitar by a priest in Kyabram who recognised his potential and love for music, hence the title of his debut album Since Kyabram, released in October 2004.

The album's launch took place over three sold-out nights in Whelan's of Wexford St, Dublin and was broadcast live on national radio. Since Kyabram entered the official Irish album charts at Number 5 and was the only new Irish entry in the Top 75 album chart that week. Since Kyabram quickly went gold, then achieved double-platinum status. Since the release of the album, O'Rourke has completed multiple sell-out nationwide Irish tours, the second of these culminating in a full capacity show in Dublin's Olympia Theatre in March 2005.

O'Rourke has been among the few solo performers selected to appear on both the second and third TV series of Other Voices. O'Rourke tracks were included on the No. 1 selling compilations Even Better than the Real Thing Vol. 2 and Even Better than the Real Thing Vol. 3 in aid of The National Children's Hospital in Tallaght and Tsunami Relief Fund.

O'Rourke performed at the first Irish Woodstock in Inistioge, Kilkenny. He has played guitar on stage with Bic Runga on her European tour, Snow Patrol on the UK and Irish legs of their 2006 tour, including performances at Wembley Arena and their sold-out December performance at the old Point Theatre in Dublin.  O'Rourke opened multiple shows for Planxty during the come-back concerts at Vicar Street, Dublin.  He performed on the same bill as Bob Dylan for three consecutive shows while playing guitar with Paddy Casey.  O'Rourke played guitar for Snow Patrol during their Oxegen Festival performance in Ireland in July 2007. Snow Patrol's lead singer, Gary Lightbody, gave a very positive review of O'Rourke's second album, a preview copy of which, he revealed, the band had been listening to backstage.

O'Rourke attracted praise from Paul Weller for his song "Galileo (Someone Like You)" (co-written by Seamus Cotter) which he cited in an interview with Q Magazine as the song he most wished he'd written from the past twenty years; he later included O'Rourke's recording of the song on an album of his favourite songs included with a special edition of the magazine dedicated to him.  Weller invited O'Rourke to perform at the 100 Club in London.  And, on his recent mini-residency at the Olympia Theatre, Dublin, Weller invited O'Rourke on stage as a special guest to perform a duet of "Galileo".  Other notable fans of O'Rourke are Rolling Stones guitarist, Ronnie Wood, Chris Rea, and Paul Brady who describes O'Rourke as a "most talented singer-songwriter... [possessing] a rich, soulful, musical voice and a brilliant instrumental ability".  Eddi Reader once said that he was "one of the finest songwriters on the planet".

In October 2007 Declan released his second album, Big Bad Beautiful World after performing selected tracks on Irish radio.  Big Bad Beautiful World beat its forerunner by debuting at number 4 in the Irish charts, but unlike Since Kyabram it was released in Ireland alone. O'Rourke released two singles from the album, the title track 'Big Bad Beautiful World' and 'Whatever Else Happens', both of which are performance standards for him.  Following the album release, O'Rourke was nominated for Best Irish Male at the 2008 Meteor Ireland Awards. O'Rourke completed limited tours of South-Eastern Australia in 2008 and 2009, finishing the latter tour with a sold-out performance at Sydney's The Basement venue, which was filmed for later broadcast by ABC Australia.

In October 2010, O'Rourke was invited to open shows for American singer-songwriter John Prine in Virginia.  Since 2006, in addition to Prine and Snow Patrol, O'Rourke has completed tours with Paulo Nutini, Paul Weller, Paul Brady, The Cardigans, and Nizlopi, among others.

Mag Pai Zai to Arrivals
In April 2011, O'Rourke released his third studio album. Mag Pai Zai under his own label, Rimecoat Records. It topped the success of his first two albums, holding its own in Ireland's Top 10 Album Charts for four consecutive weeks, and made 'Album of the Week' on BBC Radio Scotland and RTE Radio 1. 'A Little Something,' the album's first single climbed to no. 2 in Today FM's Top 40 Singles Charts. Mag Pai Zai also made it into The Irish Times' '101 Irish Albums to Hear Before You Die.'
The album title is the phonetic representation of 'Magpie's Eye', a term that appears in the track, Langley's Requiem. It is based on the true story of the Collyer brothers, a pair of hermits in New York, who in the 1940s were found dead amid mountains of rubbish they had hoarded in their Harlem brownstone.

In 2013, Mag Pai Zai was released in the US, becoming O'Rourke's first release stateside. The album garnered attention from national media outlets, The Wall Street Journal, Spin, American Songwriter, Travel & Leisure, NPR's World Café and USA Today. American Songwriter streamed the entire album upon its release.

From Oct 2014 to Sept 2015, O'Rourke decided to try something completely new, releasing a brand new track every month exclusively to subscribers of his mailing list and followers on social media platforms.  He called the project Howlin' Lowly Moons.

O'Rourke released his fourth studio album Gold Bars in the Sun in late 2015. The album was the artist's first Vinyl release. Gold Bars in the Sun was largely composed of songs featured in the Howlin' Lowly Moons project, and included 'Lets Make Big Love' a duet with John Prine.

In October 2016 O'Rourke released, In Full Colour, the culmination of his previous work spanning a dozen sold-out concerts over 10 years, performing with the accompaniment of a full Orchestra. The fifth studio album consists of 16 tracks, all backed by the RTE Concert Orchestra. It reflects the evolution, and journey his songs have taken as a result of these highly energised, sold-out concerts, and includes re-imagined, re-recorded, versions of some of the artist's most popular material, along with brand new songs including the acclaimed 'Children of 16'. The record, released on the 'Maiesta Music' record label, and distributed by Warners, reached the highest chart position yet for O'Rourke in the Irish charts, climbing as high as number 3.

In October 2017, a song cycle 15 years in the making  was released, chronicling stories of the great Irish famine. A culmination of 25 books on the history of Irish workhouses and one of Ireland's darkest histories, Chronicles of the Great Irish Famine featured some of the best musicians the Irish traditional music world has to offer. Mick McGoldrick, Dermot Byrne, Floriane Blancke, Jack Maher, Chris Herzberger, Catriona Frost, Rob Calder and John Sheahan all feature on the album.

Notable recordings by other artists

Scottish singer Eddi Reader recorded "Galileo (Someone Like You)" for her 2007 album Peacetime and O'Rourke's anthem "Love is the Way" on her 2009 album Love is the Way.
Jacqui Dankworth, daughter of Jazz legends Cleo Laine and the late Sir John Dankworth recorded O'Rourke's "Galileo (Someone Like You)" for her 2009 album Back To You.
Swedish pop singer Peter Jöback recorded O'Rourke's "(I Can See) A Little Something" for his eleventh studio album East Side Stories released in 2009.
Josh Groban recorded "Galileo (Someone Like You)" on his fifth studio album Illuminations released in November 2010. In November 2011 the album This is the Moment recorded by Paul Byrom, formerly of Celtic Thunder, included "Galileo (Someone Like You)."

In 2016, Christy Moore interpreted Declan's song, 'Lightning Bird Wind River Man' featuring the track on his album, 'Lily' released by Sony Records.

Discography
Since Kyabram (2004)
Big Bad Beautiful World (2007)
Mag Pai Zai (2011)
Howlin' Lowly Moons (One Song Per Month Project) (2014)
Gold Bars in the Sun (2015)
In Full Colour (2016)
Chronicles of the Great Irish Famine (2017)
Arrivals (2021)

References

External links
Official website

Living people
Irish male guitarists
Irish male singer-songwriters
Irish singer-songwriters
Musicians from Dublin (city)
1972 births
21st-century Irish  male singers
21st-century guitarists

Declan O'Rourke


JZR Trikes is a UK producer of traditionally-styled, motorcycle-engined trikes in kit form.

History

From their workshop in Darwen, Lancashire, John Ziemba Restorations began to market the JZR in 1990. Some 320 JZR's were produced up until 1998 when there was a production hiatus until 2000. It continues in production today.

The Car

JZR was inspired by the early Morgan Aero three-wheelers and more recent cars like the Triking. The kit comprised a square tube steel chassis with a galvanized floorpan and body sides.  The upper body consisted of GRP panels.  There were two rear body styles: the "barrel back" which allowed a spare tyre to be mounted at the rear; and the curved "beetle back".

Power could come from a variety of engines. Initially the Honda CX 500 V-twin was used. Later Honda's CX 650, CX 500/650 turbo and Pan-European ST1100 V4 and Moto Guzzi's 850 and 1000 V-twins were added. Even the Harley-Davidson motor has been fitted to some examples, using a Ford Cortina gearbox and clutch. The power was transferred to the rear via shaft drive.

The front suspension used the spindles and disc brake assemblies of the Ford Cortina Mk IV/V, with bespoke wishbones and coil over dampers.  The Ford Escort Mk II supplied the rack and pinion steering rack. At the rear, the donor Moto Guzzi or Honda motorcycle suspension was used with its twin coil over dampers, brakes, and transfer case.

See also
 List of car manufacturers of the United Kingdom

External links
 JZR Pilots Association

Kit car manufacturers
Three-wheeled motor vehicles

JZR Trikes


Print may mean:

 Printing, mostly using a printing press
 Printing press, printing with moveable metal type, see also Letterpress printing
 Publishing, the distribution of printed works or other information
 Print run, the number of copies that will be printed of a forthcoming book
 Printmaking, various processes for producing multiple copies of works of art by printing
 Old master print, a product of printmaking, such as an engraving, etching or woodcut, in the European (as opposed to e.g. Asian) tradition, especially those made before 1830
 Textile printing
 Input/output, computer output on a screen or on paper
 Computer printer, a device to put ink on paper
 Photographic print, i.e. photograph or photo
 Print (filmmaking), e.g. distribution print
 A BASIC (programming language) programming language command that generates text in text modes.
 Print (magazine), a bimonthly magazine about visual culture and design
 Print server, a computer or device that is connected to one or more printers and to a network.

Print


Juxtaposition is an act or instance of placing two elements close together or side by side. This is often done in order to compare/contrast the two, to show similarities or differences, etc.

Speech
Juxtaposition in literary terms is the showing contrast by concepts placed side by side. An example of juxtaposition are the quotes "Ask not what your country can do for you; ask what you can do for your country", and "Let us never negotiate out of fear, but let us never fear to negotiate", both by John F. Kennedy, who particularly liked juxtaposition as a rhetorical device. Jean Piaget specifically contrasts juxtaposition in various fields from syncretism, arguing that "juxtaposition and syncretism are in antithesis, syncretism being the predominance of the whole over the details, juxtaposition that of the details over the whole". Piaget writes:

In grammar, juxtaposition refers to the absence of linking elements in a group of words that are listed together. Thus, where English uses the conjunction and (e.g. mother and father), many languages use simple juxtaposition ("mother father"). In logic, juxtaposition is a logical fallacy on the part of the observer, where two items placed next to each other imply a correlation, when none is actually claimed. For example, an illustration of a politician and Adolf Hitler on the same page would imply that the politician had a common ideology with Hitler.  Similarly, saying "Hitler was in favor of gun control, and so are you" would have the same effect. This particular rhetorical device is common enough to have its own name, Reductio ad Hitlerum.

Mathematics
In algebra, multiplication involving variables is often written as a juxtaposition (e.g.,  for  times  or  for five times ), also called implied multiplication. The notation can also be used for quantities that are surrounded by parentheses (e.g.,  or  for five times two). This implicit usage of multiplication can cause ambiguity when the concatenated variables happen to match the name of another variable, when a variable name in front of a parenthesis can be confused with a function name, or in the correct determination of the order of operations.

In mathematics, juxtaposition of symbols is the adjacency of factors with the absence of an explicit operator in an expression, especially for commonly used for multiplication:  denotes the product of  with , or  times . It is also used for scalar multiplication, matrix multiplication, function composition, and logical and. In numeral systems, juxtaposition of digits has a specific meaning. In geometry, juxtaposition of names of points represents lines or line segments. In lambda calculus, juxtaposition  denotes function application. In physics, juxtaposition is also used for "multiplication" of a numerical value and a physical quantity, and of two physical quantities, for example, three times  would be written as  and "area equals length times width" as .

Arts

Throughout the arts, juxtaposition of elements is used to elicit a response within the audience's mind, such as creating meaning from the contrast. In music, it is an abrupt change of elements, and is a procedure of musical contrast. In film, the position of shots next to one another (montage) is intended to have this effect. In painting and photography, the juxtaposition of colours, shapes, etc, is used to create contrast, while the position of particular kinds of objects one upon the other or different kinds of characters in proximity to one another is intended to evoke meaning. Various forms of juxtaposition occur in literature, where two images that are otherwise not commonly brought together appear side by side or structurally close together, thereby forcing the reader to stop and reconsider the meaning of the text through the contrasting images, ideas, motifs, etc. For example, "He was slouched gracefully" is a juxtaposition. More broadly, an author can juxtapose contrasting types of characters, such as a hero and a rogue working together to achieve a common objective from very different motivations.

See also
Juxtaposed controls
Literary foil

References

External links

Rhetorical techniques

Juxtaposition


Piltdown Man (Eoanthropus dawsoni) was once thought to be a "missing link" between man and ape. The first Piltdown fragments were discovered in 1912. Thereafter, over 500 scientific essays were written on the Piltdown Man in a 40-year period. The discovery was proven to be a deliberate hoax in 1953.

The fossil remains
Piltdown Man consisted of two human skulls, an orangutan jaw, an elephant molar, a hippopotamus tooth, and a canine tooth from a chimpanzee. Sir Kenneth Oakley has determined the human skulls to be approximately 620 years old. They may have belonged to Ona Indians from Patagonia, as the skulls were unusually thick. Thick skulls are a common trait among Ona Indians. The orangutan jaw is around 500 years old, perhaps from Sarawak. The elephant molar is thought to be from Tunisia. The hippopotamus tooth is thought to have come from Malta or perhaps Sicily. The canine tooth belonged to a Pleistocene Chimpanzee. The Piltdown remains were purposefully scattered around a quarry in Piltdown, England, so that they could be "discovered" later as evidence for evolution and the development of man from ape. The skulls had been treated with acid. All of the fossil remains were stained with an iron sulfate solution. The canine tooth was painted brown and patched with bubble gum. The molars were filed down. The portion of the orangutan jaw that connected the jaw to its skull was carefully broken so as not to show evidence that this jaw did not belong to a human skull.

The perpetrators
The Piltdown Man hoax is thought to have been perpetrated by Charles Dawson, an archaeologist, geologist and fossil collector for the British Museum. However, no one is quite certain who was involved. There are a number of other suspects, including Sir Arthur Smith Woodward, Keeper of the British Museum's Natural History department, and Pierre Teilhard de Chardin, a paleontologist and Jesuit theologian.

References
 The Times, November 21, 1953; November 23, 1953
 The hoax exposed: The Piltdown Forgery by Joseph Weiner 1954
 The case against Smith: The Piltdown Man by Ronald Millar 1972
 The Dawson evidence: Unraveling Piltdown by John Evangelist Walsh 1996

Fossils
Hominins
Hoaxes

Piltdown Man


The Nintendo Virtual Boy was a mostly portable (easily moved) game console which had two screens that showed only red and black graphics. To use the system, one had to put one's face close to the system so that each eye could see only one screen. By showing each eye a different image, the system could create a 3D effect.

The way the system displayed images was not by LCDs, as some would think. At the time, LCDs could not be used because they had two problems when they were first tested on the console: they would blur if anything moved on the screen, and users would see double instead of depth. Instead, a vertical line of 224 very bright, but very small, LEDs was used for each eye. These LEDs flashed on and off very fast in certain patterns. This line of LEDs was then magnified by a lens, and a vibrating mirror would reflect each line at a certain time into each eye, creating a full image due to the human eye's persistence of vision. Unfortunately, due to the quick flashing of the LEDs, many users felt sick, became dizzy, or had headaches after playing for a long time. To help this, an "automatic pause" feature was added, which stopped the game play every 30 minutes for the player to rest his or her eyes.

The Virtual Boy was first sold in 1995, but was not popular. Consumers did not like the console's high price, monochrome graphics, eye and neck strain, and need for a stand for the system to rest on. Many were saving money for the soon-to-be-sold Nintendo 64. Nintendo lowered the price many times, but the system did not sell well and was discontinued (Nintendo stopped making them) in 1996. Only 22 games were released in Japan and North America. The Virtual Boy sold 770,000 units.

Popular games for the system include Mario Tennis and Virtual Boy Wario Land (known as Wario Cruise in Japan). A full list of games for the system can be found here.

References

Nintendo video game consoles
Handheld video games

Virtual Boy


The Finnmark Act () of 2005 transferred about 96% (about 46,000 km2) of the area in the Finnmark county in Norway to the inhabitants of Finnmark. This area is managed by the Finnmark Estate agency.

The Finnmark Estate is managed by a board of directors with six members. Three of these are appointed by the Sami Parliament of Norway, and three by the Finnmark County Council. The leader of the board is elected by the Sami Parliament and the County Council in alternating years.

Background
The background for the Finnmark Act is the Sámi people's fight for their rights to manage their land and culture. In 1978 the Norwegian Water Resources and Energy Directorate published a plan that called for the construction of a dam and hydroelectric power plant that would create an artificial lake and inundate the Sami village of Máze. This plan was met by a strong opposition from the Sámi, and resulted in the Alta controversy. As a result of the controversy, the Norwegian government held meetings in 1980 and 1981 with a Sámi delegation appointed by the Norwegian Sámi Association, the Sámi Reindeer Herders' Association of Norway and the Norwegian Sámi Council. The meetings resulted in the establishment of the Sámi Rights Committee addressing Sámi legal relations, that proposed among other things the establishing the Sami Parliament, and finally the adoption of the Finnmark Act in 2005.

The Sámi rights to lands, waters and resources were strengthened after 1990, when Norway recognized the Sámi as an indigenous people by adapting the ILO convention 169 concerning Indigenous and Tribal Peoples in Independent Countries. The convention states that rights for the indigenous peoples to land and natural resources are recognized as central for their material and cultural survival. In addition, indigenous peoples should be entitled to exercise control over, and manage, their own institutions, ways of life and economic development in order to maintain and develop their identities, languages and religions, within the framework of the States in which they live.

Purpose
Traditionally the Norwegian authorities had a view that the nomadic Sámi use of land, water and natural resources did not establish any formal legal rights. The basis for the Finnmark act is that "the Sámis, through protracted traditional use of the land and water areas, have acquired individual and/or collective ownership and right to use lands and waters in Finnmark County."

The Finnmark act attempts to strengthen the Sámi rights, by giving the entire population of Finnmark greater influence of the property in the county. However, the act does not cover fishing rights in saltwater, mining, or oil rights.

An important element of the act is discussion and recognition of existing rights of use and ownership of land. For this purpose a commission and tribunal have been set up. The foundation of this work is the principles of established custom and immemorial usage. (ibid.)

See also
Hålogalandsallmenningen

References

External links
Finnmarkseiendommen
Finnmarksloven

Sámi peoples
Finnmark
Law of Norway
Forestry in Norway
Environmental law

Finnmark Act


Tchintabaraden (var. Tchin-Tabaraden, Tchin Tabaraden) is a town and commune located in the Azawagh area of Niger, in the north of the Tahoua Region.It is the capital of the region's Tchintabaraden Department.  It is the market center for the Iwellemmedan Tuareg. The first insurrectionist movement for the autonomy of Tenere, the Tuareg region in central-north and western Niger, began here and in nearby Abalagh in 1985. In the neighboring oasis of In-Gall, the Cure Salee, or "the festival of the nomads", is held annually.

The name means "valley of the young girls". It was so named due to the former practice of all of the young women and girls going to the large well in town to draw water daily.  With running water, this is no longer a needed ritual.

References

Tuareg
Tahoua Region
Communes of Niger

Tchintabaraden


A. J. Watson (May 8, 1924 – May 12, 2014) was a car builder and chief mechanic from 1949 through 1984 in the Indianapolis 500, winning the race six times as a car builder. Rodger Ward won 18 races driving Watson cars.

A native of southern California, Watson came to Indianapolis in 1948 but missed the race.  He returned the following year with a home-built car that failed to qualify.  For the next 11 years, his cars not only qualified but were leaders in many years.

From 1955 to 1958 he was associated with the John Zink team, and from 1959 on with Bob Wilke. His first win as a car builder came in 1956 when Pat Flaherty drove the John Zink entry to victory in that year's Indy 500. Watson had won the previous year as a crew chief for Bob Sweikert. Watson's cars dominated the race through 1964.  Although he continued entering cars for another two decades, he was never able to regain the commanding position of his heyday.

In 1964, with many teams following Lotus's example and moving to rear-engined "funny cars", Watson built a pair of cars based on Rolla Vollstedt's successful car.  These worked reasonably well but could not reproduce the success he had with his front-engined "roadsters".  He built monocoque rear-engined cars in 1966 and 1967 with ever-decreasing success.

From 1969 until 1977, Watson ran Eagles and then built a small series of highly derivative new "Watson" cars in 1977, 1978 and again in 1982 based on Lightning and March designs before retiring. He is frequently listed on the Indy 500 entry sheet as the "race strategist" for PDM Racing, though his role with the team is largely honorary. He died on May 12, 2014, at the age of 90.

Career awards
 He was inducted in the National Sprint Car Hall of Fame in 1993.
 He was inducted in the Motorsports Hall of Fame of America in 1996.

References

External links

 Legendary Mechanic Celebrating 50th Year at Indy

1924 births
American racecar constructors
Auto racing crew chiefs
Formula One constructors (Indianapolis only)
Indianapolis 500
International Motorsports Hall of Fame inductees
2014 deaths
National Sprint Car Hall of Fame inductees
People from California
Sportspeople from California

A. J. Watson


Geysir (sometimes known as The Great Geysir) is a geyser in Iceland. It is in the Haukadalur valley, Iceland. It is the oldest known geyser and one of the world's most impressive ones. The English word geyser comes from Geysir. Geysir is on the slopes of Laugarfjall hill at . The Strokkur geyser is about 400 metres south of Geysir.

Eruptions at Geysir can send boiling water up to 60 metres in the air. However, eruptions may be infrequent. In the past, they have in the past stopped altogether for years at a time.
Geysers

Geography of Iceland

Geysir


Andrew William Stanfield (December 29, 1927 – June 15, 1985) was an American sprinter and Olympic gold and silver medallist.

Biography
Andy Stanfield  born in Washington, D.C., but moved to Jersey City as a child. He graduated from Lincoln High School in 1946, where he was already a talented athlete, excelling in the sprints and long jump. After his army service, Stanfield entered Seton Hall University in 1948. The following year, he won his first of a long list of national titles. His list includes six AAU titles (1949: 100 and 200 m; 1950: 60 y; 1951: long jump; 1952: 200 m; 1953: 220 y) and nine IC4A titles (both indoor and outdoor). He was coached by Johnny Gibson, a former world record holder in 400 m hurdles.

Internationally, the 200 m was Stanfield's strongest distance. In 1951, at the ICAAAA Championships, Stanfield—in the outside lane—won the Turn 220-Yard Dash in 20.6. The Turn-220 had never been commonly contested in the US. 220s were normally raced on "NoTurn" or "Straight" courses. In 1951 the IAAF commenced to establish world records for the Turn-200-Meters: the initial listing accepted was by Willie Applegarth of Great Britain in 21 1/5, set in London in 1914. That spring of 1951, Stanfield's Intercollegiate 220-Yard Dash in 20.6 was established by the IAAF as a new World-Record for the 200 m with 20.6 (220 yards is more than one meter longer than 200 meters).

Then, there was no "official" world record for the Turn-220. But in the United States, Ralph Metcalfe was generally agreed to have the American record at 21-flat set in Berlin 1933 (no wind). Then Jack Wierhauser of Stanford University clocked 20.9 (no wind) in 1936 at a US Olympics Trials at Randalls Island. Jesse Owens clocked 20.7 at the Berlin '36 Games with wind. Barney Ewell, at the US Nationals in 1939 at Lincoln, Nebraska, on the partial bend course on that track, clocked what was likely an AAU record of 21.1, but that course was never well-delineated. At the 1948 US Olympic Trials, Mel Patton beat Barney Ewell, both clocked in 20.7 (no wind). None of these were ratified for the simple reason that the IAAF did not distinguish between records made on a turn from those on a straight.

Stanfield would equal this performance twice, running 20.6 in 1952 and 1956. The '56 performance occurred at the AAU Championships, where Stanfield finished 2nd behind Thane Baker, the champion. As the world record holder, Stanfield in 1952 was not a surprise winner of the gold medal at the 1952 Summer Olympics, equalling the Olympic Record in the final. As a member of the American 4 x 100 m relay team, Stanfield won a second Olympic gold medal. He attempted to defend his 200 m title in the 1956 Games, but lost it, finishing second to Bobby Morrow.

Stanfield was a member of Alpha Phi Alpha fraternity.

References

External links

1927 births
1985 deaths
American male sprinters
World record setters in athletics (track and field)
Athletes (track and field) at the 1952 Summer Olympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 1956 Summer Olympics
Olympic gold medalists for the United States in track and field
Seton Hall Pirates men's track and field athletes
Sportspeople from Jersey City, New Jersey
Track and field athletes from Washington, D.C.
Track and field athletes from New Jersey
Medalists at the 1956 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 1952 Summer Olympics
Olympic silver medalists for the United States in track and field
USA Outdoor Track and Field Championships winners
USA Indoor Track and Field Championships winners
United States Army soldiers
Lincoln High School (New Jersey) alumni

Andy Stanfield


Saint Catherine of Alexandria, also known as Saint Catherine of the Wheel and The Great Martyr Saint Catherine (Greek ) is a Christian saint and martyr. She is believed to have been a well-known scholar in the 4th century. In the 15th century it was claimed she had spoken to Joan of Arc. The Orthodox Church venerates her as a "great martyr", and in the Catholic Church she is traditionally revered as one of the Fourteen Holy Helpers.

Catherine was the daughter of Costus, a pagan governor of Alexandria. She announced to her parents that she would only marry someone who was more beautiful, intelligent and rich than herself. In addition, that person needed to have a better social status than she had. Eventually, she discovered Christ. "His beauty was more radiant than the shining of the sun, His wisdom governed all creation, His riches were spread throughout all the world."

She was a martyr, because she died for her beliefs in God. According to legend, she was supposed to die on a breaking wheel, but the wheel broke as soon as she touched it, so her head was cut off instead. Because of this, her main symbol is the spiked wheel, which is known as a Catherine wheel. The Catholic Church of St. Catherine, one of the first Catholic churches built in Russia, was named after her.

Other websites
 Pagbilao Church  - Saint Catherine of Alexandria Church
 Iconographical Themes in Art - Saint Catherine of Alexandria

References

280s births
305 deaths
People from Alexandria
Christian saints

Catherine of Alexandria


Received Pronunciation (or RP, or BBC English) is the name given to the standard accent of English used by the British Broadcasting Corporation. It is used most often in the south of England, and by some people all over Britain. It is more often called Standard English.

Foreign students of British English learn this kind of English at school.  The British pronunciation of words given in dictionaries is in Received Pronunciation. Received Pronunciation is used because the 20th century saw the coming of radio and television. Before then, regional dialects were more used. Education beyond elementary level was not available for most people. Schooling ended at 12 in 1910, and at 14 as late as 1950. Until about 1960 in England, most people lived near where they were born. Regional accents were strong in the West and North of England.

The study of RP is about pronunciation only. Other terms, such as Standard English, the Queen's English, Oxford English, and BBC English, are also concerned with grammar, vocabulary, and style.

Features
Received Pronunciation is non-rhotic.  This means that in words ending with an 'r', for example car, the final 'r' is not pronounced.
Many words have long vowel sounds.  For example, the 'a' in 'bath' rhymes is the same as in 'far', not the same as in 'cat'.

There are other features which need a training in phonology to be properly understood. Avoidance of the glottal stop would be one example.

British English

de:Britisches Englisch#Received Pronunciation

Received Pronunciation


Joseph Chamberlain (8 July 1836 – 2 July 1914), was an important businessman and a politician. He worked to improve education, and cities. He was a Member of Parliament from 1876 to 1914, and Colonial Secretary (controlling British colonies) from 1895 to 1903. His son Austen won the Nobel Peace Prize and another son Neville was Prime Minister from 1937 to 1940.

Early life
Chamberlain was born in Camberwell in London. His father had a successful shoe company. Joseph was a good student, and won prizes at school in French and mathematics. He left school when he was 16 years old, and became an apprentice in his father's company. When he was 18, he moved to Birmingham to work in his uncle's screw company. He worked for the company until he was 38, and the company became very successful.

Early political life
Chamberlain was a Unitarian, a Christian who believes Christ was an example of the way to live life, but was not divine (not a part of God). Unitarians try to work to help society. There were many problems in Birmingham after the industrial revolution, and many men were not allowed to vote. In 1868 Chamberlain helped a liberal man to become the Member of Parliament for Birmingham. In 1869, he started a group working for free primary education for all children.

In November 1869, he became a member of Birmingham City Council. There he worked for cheaper land prices for rural (countryside) workers, and became very popular. In 1873 he became the Mayor of Birmingham. He bought the gas companies and water companies for the city, so people were able to have clean and safe water. He made parks, roads, schools museums and built new houses for poor people.

In June 1876 he became the Member of Parliament (MP) for Birmingham. In parliament he worked to unite radical M.P.s (MPs that wanted change) against the Whig party who were in power. His work helped William Ewart Gladstone to become Prime Minister in 1880. Chamberlain often spoke about education in parliament.

Government life
In 1880, Chamberlain became the President of the Board of Trade, the government minister working to improve trade. He made laws to help other cities to buy private companies, as he had done in Birmingham. He worked to make rents cheaper in Ireland, which was a British colony. At that time, many people believed that Ireland should have its own parliament, but many other people, including Chamberlain strongly disagreed. Chamberlain worked to help trade unions, but warned against socialism, saying that it would bring class war.

In 1885, Lord Salisbury, a conservative, became prime minister, and Chamberlain was no longer in government. The Conservative government made many changes that pleased Chamberlain, including free education for all children. Because Chamberlain and many other liberals disagreed with the Liberal Party about Ireland, Chamberlain made a new party, the Liberal Unionists. The Liberal Unionists shared power with the Conservatives against the Liberal party from 1886, but Chamberlain was not in the government.

Colonial Secretary
In June 1895, Chamberlain became Colonial Secretary of the government, controlling what happened in British Colonies. Because many European countries, especially Germany and France were growing stronger, Chamberlain wanted all countries in the British Empire to work together. He also wanted Britain to take more land in Africa. He built a railway along a part of the river Niger to help the British Royal Niger Company to grow. This land, together with the area Sokoto, became modern Nigeria in 1901.

Chamberlain also wanted Britain to control South Africa. He asked for more British soldiers in South Africa. He asked many British colonies to help, and in return helped Australia to get its own constitution. The Boers (Dutch farmers) did not want Britain to control their land, and in 1899 they attacked the British. This was the start of the Second Boer War. At first, Britain had problems fighting the Boers, but in 1900 the British became stronger.

In Autumn 1900, Britain had a General Election. Chamberlain asked people to vote for (choose) the same government (with Prime Minister Salisbury) to help win the war. Because Chamberlain was very popular, many people voted for the government, and they stayed in control. Chamberlain helped Winston Churchill to become a Member of Parliament.

In May 1902, Britain won the Second Boer War. Chamberlain visited South Africa to try to help make a better relationship between the two countries. Back in Britain, he also spoke to Zionist Jews (Jews who wanted their own country) and spoke about giving land in Kenya to them. This plan was never realised. Chamberlain tried to make an alliance with Germany, but when this did not work he made an alliance between France and Britain. This was called the Entente cordiale, and ended hundreds of years of fighting between the two countries.

Later life
Chamberlain believed that the countries in the British Empire should do business with each other to become strong. To do this, Britain needed to tax imports (goods from other countries). This was called Tariff Reform. The government disagreed, so Chamberlain resigned from (quit) the government. He worked with other MPs to ask for Tariff Reform.

In 1906, just after his 70th birthday, Chamberlain had a stroke that made him very sick. He could not work hard, so his son, Austen Chamberlain (who was also an MP) helped him with his work. He died of a heart attack on the 2nd July 1914.

Memorials

The city of Birmingham changed a lot because of Chamberlain's work. There are many places in Birmingham that have Chamberlain's name. Birmingham University, which he helped to start, has a clock tower with his name. Chamberlain Square in the centre of Birmingham also has a memorial for him.

Other websites
Highbury Hall
Imperial Union and Tariff Reform: Speeches Delivered from May 15 to Nov. 4, 1903 by Joseph Chamberlain
The Radical Programme By Joseph Chamberlain
Mr. Chamberlain's Defence of the British Troops in South Africa Against the Foreign Slanders

Businesspeople from London
1836 births
1914 deaths
Liberal Party (UK) MPs

Joseph Chamberlain


SIMATIC is the name of an automation system which was developed by the German company Siemens. The automation system controls machines used for industrial production. This system makes it possible for machines to run automatically. Depending on the needed function of the machine you have to upload the right program on your Simatic unit. This unit is kept in a control cabinet near the machine.

Function
Simatic is similar to a digital computer which can store and run programs. The Simatic also has some inputs and outputs. The running program on the Simatic controls these inputs and outputs. Both are connected by electrical wires with the machine. That makes a communication between the Simatic and any machine possible. As the case may be the inputs and outputs are set on a "High" signal or on a "Low" signal by the program. These are different electrical definitions. Finally these signals are important if an action in the machine happens or not.

Example for different signals at the output to a motor:

 "High" signal: motor is starting
 "Low" signal: motor is stopping

Example for different signals at the input coming from a thermometer in the machine:

 "High" signal: temperature exceeded the limit
 "Low" signal: temperature is still allowed

Communication
There are basically two ways of communication:

From the machine to the Simatic

In the machine, there are sensors. A sensor gives information about different situations in the machine. For example, how fast the motor rotates, what the temperature is or when the current action is completed. All this information is necessary for the program. The sensors give out an electrical signal, each signal goes by wire on an input of the Simatic unit. So the program knows what´s going on in the machine. This is very important, because now the program can perform the next correct step in its sequence. For example, if the temperature of the motor is too high, the program has to know it. Now the program will switch off the motor.

From the Simatic to the machine

In the machine, there are actuators. They cause a wanted motion, action or forming. Examples for actuators are a motor, a heater or a light. If the program says that it´s time to switch on the light in the machine, the right output of the Simatic unit will be set. That means that an electrical signal at the output goes by wire to the machine and switches on the light.

The name Simatic

The name Simatic is a registered trademark of the company Siemens, since 1958. Simatic connects "Siemens" and "Automatic" in one word.

Product lines

Siemens developed four different product lines so far:

 1958 Simatic Version G
 1973 Simatic S3

 1979 Simatic S5

 1995 Simatic S7

Used Software

Every automation system needs a program to control a machine. To create a program you need a software. Siemens created their own software for their products.

 The Simatic S5 product line is programmed by the software Step5.

 The Simatic S7 product line is programmed by the software Step7 or in TIA Portal (totally integrated automation).

References
http://www.automation.siemens.com/simatic/portal/index_76.htm
http://w1.siemens.com/entry/cc/en/

SIMATIC