The Agreement on Agriculture (AoA) is an international treaty of the World Trade Organization. It was negotiated during the Uruguay Round of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, and entered into force with the establishment of the WTO on January 1, 1995.

History

Origins
The idea of replacing agricultural price support with direct payments to farmers decoupled from production dates back to the late 1950s, when the twelfth session of the GATT Contracting Parties selected a Panel of Experts chaired by Gottfried Haberler to examine the effect of agricultural protectionism, fluctuating commodity prices and the failure of export earnings to keep pace with import demand in developing countries.

The 1958 Haberler Report stressed the importance of minimising the effect of agriculture subsidies on competitiveness and recommended replacing price support with direct supplementary payments not linked with production, anticipating discussion on green box subsidies. Only more recently, though, has this shift become the core of the reform of the global agricultural system.

Historical context
By the 1980s, government payments to agricultural producers in industrialised countries had caused large crop surpluses, which were unloaded on the world market by means of export subsidies, pushing food prices down. The fiscal burden of protective measures increased, due both to lower receipts from import duties and higher domestic expenditure. In the meantime, the global economy had entered a cycle of recession, and the perception that opening up markets could improve economic conditions led to calls for a new round of multilateral trade negotiations. The round would open up markets in services and high-technology goods, ultimately generating much needed efficiency gains. In order to engage developing countries, many of which were "demandeurs" of new international disciplines, agriculture, textiles, and clothing were added to the grand bargain.

In leading up to the 1986 GATT Ministerial Conference in Punta del Este, Uruguay, farm lobbies in developed countries strongly resisted compromises on agriculture. In this context, the idea of exempting production and "trade-neutral" subsidies from WTO commitments was first proposed by the United States in 1987, and echoed soon after by the EU. By guaranteeing farmers continued support, it also neutralised opposition. In exchange for bringing agriculture within the disciplines of the WTO and committing to future reduction of trade-distorting subsidies, developed countries would be allowed to retain subsidies that cause "not more than minimal trade distortion" in order to deliver various public policy objectives.

Three pillars
The Agreement on Agriculture consists of three pillars — domestic support, market access, and export subsidies.

Domestic support
The first pillar of the Agreement on Agriculture is "domestic support". AoA divides domestic support into two categories: trade-distorting and non-trade-distorting (or minimally trade-distorting). The WTO Agreement on Agriculture negotiated in the Uruguay Round (1986–1994) includes the classification of subsidies by "boxes" depending on consequences of production and trade: amber (most directly linked to production levels), blue (production-limiting programmes that still distort trade), and green (minimal distortion). While payments in the amber box had to be reduced, those in the green box were exempt from reduction commitments. Detailed rules for green box payments are set out in Annex 2 of the AoA. However, all must comply with the "fundamental requirement" in paragraph 1, to cause not more than minimal distortion of trade or production, and must be provided through a government-funded programme that does not involve transfers from consumers or price support to producers.

The Agreement on Agriculture's domestic support system currently allows Europe and the United States to spend $380 billion a year on agricultural subsidies. The World Bank dismissed the EU and the United States' argument that small farmers needed protection, noting that more than half of the EU's Common Agricultural Policy subsidies go to 1% of producers while in the United States 70% of subsidies go to 10% of its producers, mainly agribusinesses. These subsidies end up flooding global markets with below-cost commodities, depressing prices, and undercutting producers in poor countries, a practice known as dumping.

Market access
Market access refers to the reduction of tariff (or non-tariff) barriers to trade by WTO members. The 1995 Agreement on Agriculture consists of tariff reductions of:
36% average reduction —  developed countries —  with a minimum of 15% per-tariff line reduction in next six years.
24% average reduction —  developing countries — with a minimum of 10% per-tariff line reduction in next ten years.
Least developed countries (LDCs) were exempt from tariff reductions, but they either had to convert non-tariff barriers to tariffs — a process called tariffication — or "bind" their tariffs, creating a ceiling that could not be increased in future.

Export subsidies
Export subsidies are the third pillar. The 1995 Agreement on Agriculture required developed countries to reduce export subsidies by at least 36% (by value) or by 21% (by volume) over six years. For developing countries, the agreement required cuts were 24% (by value) and 14% (by volume) over ten years.

Criticism
The Agreement has been criticised by civil society groups for reducing tariff protections for small farmers, a key source of income in developing countries, while simultaneously allowing rich countries to continue subsidizing agriculture at home.

The Agreement was criticised by NGOs for categorizing subsidies into trade-distorting domestic subsidies (the "amber box"), which have to be reduced, and non-trade-distorting subsidies (blue and green boxes), which escape discipline and thus can be increased. As efficient agricultural exporters press WTO members to reduce their trade-distorting "amber box" and "blue box" support, developed countries' green box spending has increased.

A 2009 book by the International Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development (ICTSD) showed how green box subsidies distorted trade, affecting developing country farmers and harming the environment. While some green box payments only had a minor effect on production and trade, others have a significant impact. According to countries' latest official reports to the WTO, the United States provided $76 billion (more than 90% of total spending) in green box payments in 2007, while the European Union notified €48 billion ($91 billion) in 2005, around half of all support. The EU's large and growing green box spending was decoupled from income support, which could lead to a significant impact on production and trade.

Third World Network stated, "This has allowed the rich countries to maintain or raise their very high subsidies by switching from one kind of subsidy to another...This is why after the Uruguay Round the total amount of subsidies in OECD countries have gone up instead of going down, despite the apparent promise that Northern subsidies will be reduced." Moreover, Martin Khor argued that the green and blue box subsidies can be just as trade-distorting — as "the protection is better disguised, but the effect is the same".<ref>TWN Statement on Agriculture at the UN ECOSOC High-Level Session"]  TWN, July 2003</ref>

At the 2005 WTO meeting in Hong Kong, countries agreed to eliminate export subsidy and equivalent payments by 2013. However, Oxfam argued that EU export subsidies comprise for only 3.5% of its overall agricultural support. United States, removed export subsidies for cotton which only covers 10% of overall spending.

on 18 July 2017 India and China jointly submitted a proposal to the World Trade Organization (WTO) calling for the elimination —  by developed countries — of the most trade-distorting form of farm subsidies, known in WTO parlance as Aggregate Measurement of Support (AMS) or 'Amber Box' support as a prerequisite   for consideration of other reforms in domestic support negotiations.

Mechanisms for developing countries
During the Doha negotiations, developing countries have fought to protect their interest and population, afraid of competing on the global market with strong developed and exporting economies. In many countries large populations living in rural areas, with limited access to infrastructure, farming resources and few employment alternatives. Thus, these countries are concerned that domestic rural populations employed in import-competing sectors might be negatively affected by further trade liberalization, becoming increasingly vulnerable to market instability and import surges as tariff barriers are removed. Several mechanisms have been suggested in order to preserve those countries: the Special Safeguard Mechanism (SSM) and treatment of Special Products (SPs).

Special Safeguard Mechanism
A Special Safeguard Mechanism (SSM) would allow developing countries to impose additional safety measures in the event of an abnormal surge in imports or the entry of unusually cheap imports. Debates have arisen around this question, some negotiating parties claiming that SSM could be repeatedly and excessively invoked, distorting trade. In turn, the G33 bloc of developing countries, a major SSM proponent, has argued that breaches of bound tariffs should not be ruled out if the SSM is to be an effective remedy. A 2010 study by the International Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development simulated the consequences of SSM on global trade for both developed and developing countries.

Special Products
At 2005 WTO Ministerial Conference in Hong Kong, WTO members agreed to allow developing countries to assign or make appropriate list of products for tariff lines as Special Products (SPs) based on "food security, livelihood security and rural development".

See also
 Agricultural policy of the United States
 Cairns Group
 Common Agricultural Policy
 Dumping (pricing policy)
 Peace Clause
 UN Sustainable Development Goals

References

External links
Text of the Agreement on Agriculture: html(1), html(2), doc, pdf
Institute for Agriculture and Trade Policy, Agreement on Agriculture Basics 2003.
Institute for Agriculture and Trade Policy, WTO Agreement on Agriculture: A Decade of Dumping, Feb 2005.
Devinder Sharma, The Indian Experience of Liberalisation of Agriculture, Aug 17, 2005.
Agricultural Subsidies in the WTO Green Box: Ensuring Coherence with Sustainable Development Goals , ICTSD, September 2009.
World Trade Organization and Agriculture: Selective Bibliography , prepared by Hugo H.R. van Hamel, Peace Palace Library
International Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development, Simulations on the Special Safeguard Mechanism: a look at the December 2008 Draft Agricultural Modalities , April 2010, by Raul Montemayor, Federation of Free Farmers Cooperatives, Inc. (FFFCI)
 Agritrade''[http://agritrade.cta.int/ website for ACP-EU agriculture and fisheries trade issues.
Agricultural Subsidies in the WTO Green Box: Ensuring Coherence with Sustainable Development Goals by Ricardo Meléndez-Ortiz, Christophe Bellmann, Jonathan Hepburn, September 2009.
WTO Negotiations on Agriculture and Developing Countries by Anwarul Hoda and Ashok Gulati, (2007) Johns Hopkins University Press

Agrarian politics
Agricultural economics
Agricultural treaties
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Agreement on Agriculture


Dwarf planet is the name used to classify some objects in the solar system. This definition was made on August 24, 2006 by the International Astronomical Union (IAU), and can be described as; a dwarf planet is a body orbiting the Sun that is big enough to round itself by its own gravity, but has not cleared its orbital path of other rival bodies. At the same meeting the IAU also defined the term planet for the first time. Some astronomers think that the term "dwarf planet" is too confusing and needs to be changed.

The nine dwarf planets, in order from their distance from the Sun are:
 Ceres (in the Asteroid belt)
 Orcus
 Pluto. Pluto was named by an 11-year-old girl because it was the initials of the astronomer who found it.
 Haumea
 Quaoar
 Makemake
 Gonggong
 Eris
 Sedna

The dwarf planets, unlike the terrestrial and gas giant planets, are in more than one region of the solar system. Ceres is in the asteroid belt. The high orbital eccentricity of Pluto puts it mostly outside Neptune's orbit, but partly inside. The others are in the trans-Neptune region.

NASA's Dawn and New Horizons missions reached Ceres and Pluto, respectively, in 2015. Dawn had already orbited and observed Vesta in 2011.

There are many other dwarf planets in the solar system. Most of them are also Kuiper belt objects.

Discovery
 Ceres was found by Giuseppe Piazzi on January 1, 1801. Classified as a dwarf planet on September 13, 2006.
 Pluto was found by Clyde W. Tombaugh on February 18, 1930. Reclassified as a dwarf planet on August 24, 2006
 Haumea was found by a team led by Mike Brown on December 28, 2004. Accepted as a dwarf planet on September 17, 2008.
 Makemake was found by a team led by Mike Brown on March 31, 2005. Accepted as a dwarf planet on July 11, 2008.
 Eris was found by Mike Brown and his science team on January 5, 2005. Accepted as a dwarf planet on September 13, 2006.

References

Other websites
 Dwarf planet Citizendendium

Solar System

Dwarf planet


Glynn Motorsports is a former NASCAR Busch Series and Craftsman Truck Series team. The team was owned by businessman Scott Glynn before it filed for bankruptcy in January 2006.

Glynn made its debut in 2005 when it announced it would merge with Akins Motorsports to field the No. 58 Serta/Hickory Farms Dodge Charger driven by rookie Brent Sherman. Sherman had a ninth-place finish at Talladega Superspeedway, but was released midseason in favor of Regan Smith. The team soon picked up sponsorship from Samson Stone and Who's Your Daddy?, and Smith had eight top-twenty finishes and three top-five starts. He finished 33rd in points. The team also fielded a second car late in the year, the No. 92 driven by Tracy Hines and Clay Rogers.

The team's truck operation debuted at Mansfield Motorsports Park in the Truck series in 2005. Regan Smith drove the No. 65 Dodge Ram to a 22nd-place finish. He ran four races for Glynn in the trucks, his best finish a twentieth at The Milwaukee Mile. Clay Rogers ran six races for Glynn in the trucks as well, posting two top-ten finishes. Tim Fedewa finished out the year for the team, posting a tenth at Las Vegas Motor Speedway and three top-five starts.

During the offseason, Rogers was scheduled to run with Glynn in the Busch Series in 2006, but the team ran out of financing. The team's owners points were sold to MacDonald Motorsports, and the equipment was purchased by Carver Racing.

Auto racing teams established in 2005
Sports clubs and teams disestablished in 2006
Companies based in North Carolina
Defunct NASCAR teams
Auto racing teams in the United States
Defunct companies based in North Carolina

Glynn Motorsports


This is a list of Romanian composers.
 Anton Pann (1790s–1854), wrote Romania's national anthem
 Ciprian Porumbescu (1853–1883), 19th century composer
 George Enescu (1881–1955), 20th century composer, violinist, pianist; spent much of his career in France
 Grigoraş Dinicu (1889–1949), 20th century composer best known for his violin showpiece Hora staccato
 Martian Negrea (1893–1975), composer, teacher and conductor. His creation involves all musical formes and genres and is distinguished by a personal melodic inspiration.
 Sabin Dragoi (1894–1968), composer and folklorist, is one of pioneers of scientific gathering of Romanian folklore.
 Theodor Rogalski (1901–1954), composer, conductor and pianist, he had composed chamber and symphonic music. He is one of the biggest Romanian masters of orchestration.
 Paul Constantinescu (1909–1963), 20th century composer, best known for religious and vocal music, also wrote music for Romanian films
 Tiberiu Brediceanu (1877-1968)-was a Romanian composer and folklorist;
 Anatol Vieru (1926–1998), winner of the Herder Prize in 1986, his creation includes symphonic, chamber and choral music.
 Ion Ivanovici (1845-1902),was the composer of The Waves of Danube waltz;
 Gheorghe Cucu (1882-1932), was a Romanian folklorist and composer;
 Filaret Barbu (1903-1984), was a Romanian composer, well known for the operetta Ana Lugojana;
 Constantin Dimitrescu (1847-1928), was the composer of Peasant Dance.
 Ion Voicu (1923-1997), was a Romanian violinist;
 Sergiu Celibidache ( 1912-1996 )-was a Romanian composer and conductor;
 Constantin Silvestri (1913-1969),was a composer, who lived in England;
 Alexander Flechtenmacher (1823-1829),was not a Romanian composer, but lived in Romania; he composed the operetta Baba Harca
 Eduard Caudella (1841-1924)-wrote the first Romanian opera, Petru Rares
 Teodor Teodorescu -was the composer of the a cappella work Cucul
 Mihail Jora (1891-1971)-was the Parent of Romanian ballet;important works:Intoarcerea din adancuri, La piata etc.
 Dinu Lipatti (1917-1950) was a great Romanian pianist;
 Nicolae Kirculescu (1903-1985) was a Romanian musician. He composed theatre and film music, amongst which "Plutasul pe *Bistriţa", the theme of Teleenciclopedia.
 George Grigoriu (1927-1999) was the composer of The Waves of the Danube operetta;
 Nicolae Bretan (1887–1968) was an Romanian opera composer, also baritone, conductor and critic.
 Paraschiv Oprea (1937-2004) was a Romanian conductor, musician and composer;
 Cornel Trăilescu (1926-)is an Romanian opera composer and conductor.
 Doina Rotaru (1951-) is a Romanian composer of mostly orchestral and chamber works that have been performed throughout the world.
 Cristian Matei (1977-) is a Romanian composer. Matei studied at the National University of Music in Bucharest, film music composition.
 George Balint (1961-) is a Romanian composer.
 Vladimir Cosma (1940-) is a composer and violinist, born in Bucharest, Romania.
 Liviu Dănceanu (1954-)is a Romanian composer;
 Dimitrie Cuclin (1885-1978) was a Romanian classical music composer, musicologist, philosopher, translator, and writer.
 Valentin Gheorghiu (1928-) is a Romanian pianist and composer;
 Ludovic Bacs (1930-) is a Romanian composer, conductor and instrumentalist;
 Johnny Răducanu (1931-) is a Romanian jazz composer and conductor;
 Matei Socor (1908-1980) was a composer and musician;
 Mircea Hoinic (1910-1986) was a composer and conductor;
 Ionel Perlea (1900-1970)-was a Romanian composer and conductor;
 Cornel Ţăranu (1934-) is a Romanian composer from Cluj-Napoca;
 Bogdan Bradu (1968-) is a Romanian composer, singer and violinist;
 Octavian Nemescu (1940-) is a Romanian composer of orchestral, chamber, choral, electroacoustic, multimedia, metamusic, imaginary, and ritual works that have been heard throughout Europe and elsewhere.
 Pascal Bentoiu (1927-) is a Romanian Modernist composer.

Lists of composers

List of Romanian composers


Hawaii News Now (also abbreviated as HNN) is a news department shared by three television stations in Honolulu, Hawaii: CBS affiliate KGMB (channel 5), NBC affiliate KHNL (channel 13), and Telemundo affiliate KFVE (channel 6). The newscasts are produced by Gray Television, which owns KGMB, KHNL, and KFVE. It also has a partnership with KBFD, which uses KGMB's taped-on-the-field stories during KBFD's 11 p.m. Korean-language newscast with Korean language subtitles, and a radio partnership with KHKA.

Background

KGMB's news department started shortly after it signed on the air in 1952, and had the highest-rated of the Honolulu market's newscasts for most of its first 25 years; after sports director Joe Moore joined KHON-TV (channel 2) in 1978, KHON overtook KGMB for the lead, with KGMB's newscasts placing either second or third in the ratings for the next three decades. KHNL had run newscasts intermittently since signing on as independent station KTRG in 1962, it formed its longest-running news department to date in April 1995 as a Fox affiliate with the launch of a 9 p.m. newscast (that was simulcast on KFVE until January 1996, when it became exclusive to the latter station); KHNL added newscasts at 5, 6 and 10 p.m. during the summer and fall of 1995, with the addition of a weekday morning newscast after it joined NBC on January 1, 1996.

The origins of the three stations sharing their resources stemmed from the August 18, 2009, announcement that MCG Capital Corporation (then-owner of KGMB) and Raycom Media (owner of KHNL and, at the time, KFVE) had entered into a shared services agreement with Raycom as the senior partner. The combined operation was based at the KHNL/KFVE studios on Waiakamilo Road in Honolulu; KGMB vacated its longtime home on Kapiolani Boulevard. Though non-news programming would remain in place, the three stations would have a single news department dominated by former KGMB personalities. The arrangement also saw a channel swap, with the KGMB intellectual unit (call letters, CBS affiliation and programming) moving from PSIP channel 9 (UHF digital channel 23) to channel 5 (UHF digital channel 22) and the KFVE intellectual unit (including its MyNetworkTV affiliation) moving from 5 to 9.

The swap was structured so that the KFVE callsign was reassigned to the license held by MCG Capital for KGMB and the KGMB callsign was reassigned to the license held by Raycom for KFVE. In effect, Raycom swapped KFVE to MCG Capital in return for KGMB. In most cases, it would not be possible for one company to own two "big three" stations, since the Federal Communications Commission's duopoly rules do not allow common ownership of two of the four highest-rated stations in a market. However, the FCC only recognizes the ownership of facility ID's and not intellectual units; the overall viewership of KFVE, while on channel 5, fell outside the criteria defined by the FCC that would have otherwise barred a duopoly between KHNL and KGMB if facility IDs were traded as well.

The new unified newscasts, titled Hawaii News Now, launched on October 26, 2009. On that date, the two stations began to jointly produce and simulcast weeknight 5 and 10 p.m. newscasts, while KHNL moved its 6 p.m. newscast to 5:30. KGMB continues to air a separate weeknight 6 p.m. newscast. The only times when KGMB and KHNL do not simulcast news programming are on weekdays during the 7 a.m. hour when KHNL airs NBC's Today, at 5:30 p.m. when KGMB airs the CBS Evening News and at 6 p.m. when KHNL airs NBC Nightly News. Weekday morning and weekend shows are simulcast on the two stations, but are subject to preemption on one of the stations due to network obligations. The local news schedule on KFVE remains unchanged. On June 22, 2020, Hawaii News Now began to broadcast its successful digital newscast 'This is Now' on KHNL-TV weekdays at noon. 'This is Now' is hosted by HNN reporter/anchor Ashley Nagaoka and award-winning HNN producer/director Jonathan Jared Saupe.

In 2011, the Honolulu Star-Advertiser formed a partnership with Hawaii News Now to combine stories, investigative reporting, political news researching and polling of issues that affects Hawaiians.

In May 2020, CBS Sports Radio affiliate KHKA began simulcasting Hawaii News Now broadcasts, as it shifted to a part time News/Information/Sports hybrid format with addition of CBS News Radio programming.

Controversy
The shared services agreement resulted in the termination of all but four members of KHNL's on-air staff and all of the technicians for KHNL's morning show when its newsroom merged with KGMB and the two began simulcasting newscasts on October 26, 2009. Seniority was guaranteed to technicians in the IBEW Local 1260 contract, but management stated that "new equipment nullifies any previous seniority", even though the technicians had installed and been operating the new equipment for over six months. The new hires had no prior experience operating the new equipment and had to be trained. The IBEW reps and heads were paid to turn a blind eye to the situation. Those let go had been with the station between 20 and 30 years, while those employed as little as six months were allowed to retain their jobs.

The combined merger, especially the newscasts in general, drew complaints from local media watchdog groups, who cite Raycom for trying to monopolize the market by operating three stations at once and limiting the editorial independence and viewer choices for news programming. This prompted several groups opposed to the merger such as Media Council Hawaii to file petitions with the Federal Communications Commission to end the arrangement.

Paul McTear, president of Raycom Media, has staunchly defended the SSA, stating it would "preserve three stations that provide important and valuable local, national and international programming to viewers in Hawaii." Further controversy over the SSA grew after a November 7, 2009, report in the Honolulu Star-Bulletin revealed that Raycom would pay MCG Capital Corporation $22 million (according to a filing with the Securities and Exchange Commission) – which, in effect, would constitute a sale of KGMB from MCG Capital to Raycom. Both companies did not mention any monetary exchanges during its August SSA announcement, only "assets." The FCC, in response to Media Council Hawaii's filing of an objection over the SSA, asked Raycom for detailed, unredacted agreements in relation to the SSA.

Notable current on-air staff
 Augie T. – Host

See also
 KGMB
 KHNL
 KFVE

References

External links

Mass media in Hawaii
Local news programming in the United States
2009 American television series debuts
Gray Television

Hawaii News Now


Paul Abraham Dukas (October 1, 1865 – May 17, 1935) was a French composer and teacher of classical music.

Early life
Paul Dukas was born in Paris to a Jewish father and Catholic mother. He was taught music by Théodore Dubois and Ernest Guiraud at the Conservatoire de Paris, where he became friends with the composer Claude Debussy. He then worked as a music critic and orchestrator.

Early works
Although Dukas wrote a lot of music, he destroyed many of his pieces because he was unhappy with them. Only a few are left. His first important surviving work is the Symphony in C (1896). This is in the style of Beethoven and César Franck. Like Franck's only symphony, Dukas' is in three movements not the usual four: Allegro non troppo, ma con fuoco; Andante espressive e fuoco; Allegro spiritoso.

In 1897 Dukas wrote another work for orchestra, L'apprenti sorcier (English: The Sorcerer's Apprentice) based on Goethe's poem "Der Zauberlehrling". A short version of The Sorcerer's Apprentice was used in the Walt Disney film Fantasia. Dukas's use of rhythm and his skill in writing for orchestras can be seen in both the Symphony in C and The Sorcerer's Apprentice.

Piano works
For the piano, Dukas wrote two complex and difficult works, a Sonata in E-flat minor (1901) and Variations, interlude and finale on a theme of Rameau (1902), again in the style of Beethoven and Franck. The Sonata has not been performed very often, but lately pianists, such as Marc-André Hamelin, have started to add it to their concerts. There are also two smaller works for piano solo.

Opera
The opera Ariane et Barbe-Bleue ("Ariadne and Bluebeard"), which he wrote between 1899 and 1907, has often been compared to Debussy's Pelléas et Mélisande. This is because it is similar in its musical style, and both operas are based on words by Maurice Maeterlinck. Dukas's last big work was the grand oriental ballet La Péri (1912). This is about a man who goes to the Ends of the Earth to find immortality, and finds a mythical Peri, holding The Flower of Immortality.

Because the opening of the ballet is very quiet, Dukas later added a short 'Fanfare pour preceder La Peri' which gave the usually noisy audiences time to settle in their seats before the main opera began.

Teacher
In later life, Dukas became well known as a music teacher, with many famous students including Joaquín Rodrigo, Manuel Ponce, Maurice Duruflé, Xian Xinghai, Olivier Messiaen, Jehan Alain, Carlos Chávez, and David Van Vactor. After Dukas died he was buried in the Père Lachaise cemetery in Paris.

Music

Piano
 Piano Sonata (1900)
 Variations, interlude et finale sur un thème de Rameau (1902)
 Prélude élégiaque sur le nom de Haydn (1906)
 La Plainte, au loin, du Faune (1920)

Orchestra
 Symphony in C Major (1896)
 The Sorcorer's Apprentice, a symphonic scherzo (1897)
 Villanelle for Horn & Orchestra (1906)
 Ariane et Barbe-bleue (1907)
 La Peri (1912)
 Sonnet de Ronsard, for Voice & Piano (1924)

References

1865 births
1935 deaths
20th-century French composers
Burials at Père Lachaise Cemetery
19th-century French composers

Paul Dukas


Alexi Kaye Campbell (born 1966) is a Greek-British playwright and actor. In 2009, his play The Pride was given the Laurence Olivier Award for Outstanding Achievement in an Affiliate Theatre.

Personal life
Alexi Kaye Campbell was born Alexi Komondouros in Athens, Greece, to a Greek father and British mother. The name Campbell comes from his mother's family.  He was brought up in Athens and went to Greek primary school, then Campion School and St Lawrence College, the British International schools in Athens. After graduating from Boston University with a degree in English and American Literature, Kaye Campbell went on to study acting at the Webber Douglas Academy of Dramatic Art in London.

Kaye Campbell has lived with his partner, the director Dominic Cooke since 1997.

Acting
Before turning to writing Kaye Campbell worked for many years as an actor. His work included seasons at the Royal Shakespeare Company (RSC) and with Oxford Stage Company, Chichester Festival Theatre, the Royal Court Theatre, Hampstead Theatre and with Shared Experience.

Writing
Alexi's first play  Death in Whitbridge was performed as a rehearsed reading at the Finborough Theatre in London as part of the Vibrant Playwrights Festival.

In November 2008 Kaye Campbell's second play, The Pride, was produced for the Royal Court Theatre Upstairs for which he was awarded The Critics' Circle Prize for Most Promising Playwright and the John Whiting Award for Best New Play. The production, directed by Jamie Lloyd, was also awarded a Laurence Olivier Award for Outstanding Achievement in an affiliate theatre. It starred Bertie Carvel, JJ Feild, Lyndsey Marshal and Tim Steed.

In January 2010 The Pride transferred to America and was produced for the MCC Theater in New York City, directed by Joe Mantello. The cast included Ben Whishaw, Andrea Riseborough, Hugh Dancy and Adam James. The play won the GLAAD award for Best New Play. Since then, 'The Pride' has been produced in many theatres worldwide, including in Australia, New Zealand, Japan, South Korea, Brazil, Italy, Sweden, Belgium, Greece, and Germany.

Kaye Campbell's third play, Apologia, was produced at The Bush Theatre in the summer of 2009, directed by Josie Rourke. Apologia was short-listed for The John Whiting Award and nominated for the Writers' Guild of Great Britain award for Best Theatre Play. 'Apologia' was also produced at the MTC Theatre in Melbourne, Australia, with Robyn Nevin playing the part of Kristin. It was also produced at the Bungakuza Theatre Company in Japan.

Kaye Campbell's fourth play The Faith Machine premiered at the Royal Court Theatre in August 2011 directed by Jamie Lloyd and starring Hayley Atwell and Ian McDiarmid. It was also produced at the Bungakuza Theatre in Tokyo.

His fifth play Bracken Moor premiered at the Tricycle Theatre, London in June 2013, directed by Polly Teale.

In Autumn 2013 a revival of The Pride, directed by Jamie Lloyd, enjoyed a successful run in the West End before embarking on a national tour.

His sixth play, Sunset at the Villa Thalia, premiered at the National Theatre in London in May 2016, in a production directed by Simon Godwin and starring Ben Miles, Elizabeth McGovern, Sam Crane and Pippa Nixon.

In August 2017 a revival of Apologia was produced at The Trafalgar Studios in London, directed by Jamie Lloyd and starring Stockard Channing. In September 2018 Apologia will also be produced at the Roundabout Theatre Company in New York.

Kaye Campbell's first film script, Woman in Gold, produced by BBC Films and The Weinstein Company, was directed by Simon Curtis and stars Helen Mirren and Ryan Reynolds. It was the highest earning independent film of 2015.

Plays
Death in Whitbridge (2008) – Finborough Theatre, London
The Pride (2008) – Royal Court Theatre Upstairs, London, 2008; MCC Theater, New York, 2010; Crucible Theatre (Studio Theatre), Sheffield, 2011
Apologia (2009) – The Bush Theatre, London, 2009; Laura Pels Theatre, NYC, 2018
The Faith Machine (2011) – Royal Court Theatre Downstairs, London, 2011
Bracken Moor (2013) – Shared Experience & Tricycle Theatre, London, 2013
Sunset at the Villa Thalia (2016) National Theatre, London, 2016

Films
Woman in Gold (2015)

Awards and nominations

External links
 The Standard
 The Guardian
 Take Pride in an Ideal Metro
 'Campbell Leads Court Slate' Variety
 'The Pride @ The Studio' Sheffield Theatres
 https://www.indiewire.com/article/the-20-highest-grossing-indies-of-2015-a-running-list-1

Living people
Greek dramatists and playwrights
Greek people of British descent
Greek screenwriters
Boston University College of Arts and Sciences alumni
Alumni of the Webber Douglas Academy of Dramatic Art
Greek LGBT writers
Writers from Athens
British LGBT dramatists and playwrights
1966 births
Greek male writers
Male dramatists and playwrights
British male screenwriters
21st-century Greek male writers
21st-century British screenwriters
21st-century Greek dramatists and playwrights
21st-century British LGBT people

Alexi Kaye Campbell


The Karaikal Ammaiyar Temple is the Hindu temple in Karaikal of Pondicherry Union territory, India. It is dedicated to goddess Karaikal Ammaiyar, one of the 63 nayanmars of Shaiva. She is one of the renowned goddess in Karaikal.The earliest findings of Carnatic Music poetry were told to be sung by Karaikal Ammaiyar in praise of Lord Shiva in Thiruvalangadu, a village.

History
The temple of Karaikal Ammaiyar was constructed by Malaiperumal Pillai in the year 1929. Malaiperumal Pillai was born in Karaikal in the year 1890 and dead in 1937.The Ammaiyar temple has the sanctums for goddess Karaikal Ammaiyar, Lord Somanathar (Lord Shiva) & Lord Vinayaka.

Important festivals
The mangani (Mango) festival celebrated is the most famous festival in Karaikal.On the month of Aani(June-July), this festival is celebrated every year. This was since Lord Shiva in procession as Bikshatadanamurthi came to the world begging. In Karaikal, Ammaiyar gave him a mango and curd rice. The festival is considered spiritual because it is said that the women participating in the festival and eating the mango thrown, will be given the boon of child.

References

Hindu temples
Temples in India
Karaikal District
1929 establishments
1920s establishments in India
Buildings and structures completed in the 20th century

Karaikal Ammaiyar Temple


A black box, in science and engineering, is a box whose inside working is not known.

It is a device, system or object with input and output.  There is no knowledge of its internal workings. The way it works is "opaque" (black).  Almost anything might be referred to as a black box: a transistor, an algorithm, or the human brain.

Ashby expains that the term arose when a decision had to be made about opening an engineering box. The question was whether to return the box for repair, or just scrap it. Could this be decided without opening the box? There can be many reasons why a complex system cannot be repaired in the field, and even opening up some systems is a big deal. The question also comes up in surgery on brain damage patients. The more that can be discovered before operating, the better.p86

The opposite of a black box is a system where the inner components or logic can be seen. It is sometimes known as a clear box, a glass box, or a white box.

References

Engineering
Systems

Black box


A motorcycle (an aa cawed a  motorbike, bike, or cycle) is a single-track, ingine-pouered, motor vehicle. Motorcycles vary considerably depending on the task for which they ar designed, such as lang distance travel, navigatin congestit urban traffic, cruisin, sport an racin, or off-road conditions.

Motorcycles ar ane o the maist affordable forms o motorised transport in mony parts o the warld an, for maist o the warld's population, they ar an aa the maist common type o motor vehicle. There ar aroond 200 million motorcycles (includin mopeds, motor scooters an ither pouered twa an three-wheelers) in uise warldwide, or aboot 33 motorcycles per 1000 fowk. This compares tae aroond 590 million caurs, or aboot 91 per 1000 fowk. Maist o the motorcycles, 58%, ar in the developin kintras o Asie—Soothren an Eastren Asie, an the Asie Pacific kintras, excludin Japan—while 33% o the caurs (195 million) ar concentratit in the Unitit States an Japan. Indie wi an estimatit 37 million motorcycles/mopeds wis hame tae the lairgest number o motorised twa wheelers in the warld. Cheenae came a close seicont wi 34 million motorcycles/mopeds.

Motorcycles

Motorcycle


The Apen Scrow Oaffis o Norlin Airlann (appearently Ulster Scots for the Public Record Office o Northren Ireland, or PRONI) is seetuate in Belfast, Northren Ireland. It is an executive agency o the Depairtment o Cultur, Airts an Leisur (DCAL).

The Public Record Office o Northren Ireland is hailly different frae ither archival institutions in the Unitit Kinrick by its lane combination o private an offeecial records an registers. The Record Office isna the Northren Ireland equeevalent or eemitation o ony Great Breetain or Republic o Ireland archival institution.

It brings thegither the functions an responsibeelities o a reenge o institutions: it is at the ae time Public Record Office, Manuscripts Depairtment o a National Librar, Coonty Record Office for the sax coonties o Northren Ireland, an hauder o a lairge reenge o private records. This reenge o remit, cleekin, amang ithers, central an local govrenment, the kirks an the private sector, is lane tae Northren Ireland.

Govrenment o Northren Ireland
Ulster Scots leid

Apen Scrow Oaffis o Norlin Airlann


Rutherfordium is a chemical element. It has also been named eka-hafnium and unnilquadium. It has the symbol Rf and has the atomic number 104. It is a very radioactive element that does not exist in nature. It has to be made. Rutherfordium is the first transactinide element.. The isotope that has the longest half-life is 265Rf. Rutherfordium-265 only has a half life of about 13 hours.

The amount of rutherfordium that has been made is not enough to give much information about it. The element has no present uses. It is thought that the chemistry of rutherfordium will be like the chemistry of hafnium.

History
Rutherfordium was named after Ernest Rutherford. It was reported that it was first made in 1964 at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research at Dubna, Russia. The scientists reported that they bombarded a different chemical element 242Pu with the element 22Ne. The neon-22 particles were accelerated to an energy of 113 to 115 MeV. They claim they detected nuclear fission tracks in a special type of glass with a microscope showing that a new element was there.

In 1969 scientists at the University of California, Berkeley made rutherfordium by banging together 249Cf and 12C at very high energies. These scientists said that when they tried to make rutherfordium in the same way as the scientists at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research none of the element was produced.

The scientists at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research claimed that it was first detected in Dubna. They thought it should be named dubnium (Db) or kurchatovium (Ku) for Igor Vasilevich Kurchatov (1903-1960).

The scientists at the University of California, Berkeley thought it should be named rutherfordium (Rf).

The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) decides the name of elements that should be used by everyone. They used unnilquadium (Unq) as a temporary name. Unnilquadium is the systematic element name meaning "one-zero-four" in Latin. In 1997 they resolved the dispute and used the current name of rutherfordium. The chemical element with atomic number 105 was named dubnium.

Related pages
 Periodic table
 List of common elements

References
 Los Alamos National Laboratory Rutherford

Other websites

 WebElements.com - Rutherfordium

Transition metals
Synthetic elements

Rutherfordium


War is the third studio album by Irish rock band U2, released in 1983.

The band's first album, Boy is about childhood and the second album, October is about spirituality. This album is about war and politics. This is because of songs like "Sunday Bloody Sunday". The album was named War because of what was happening in the world while they were recording. Bono said that "everywhere you looked, from the Falklands to the Middle East and South Africa, there was war."

War sold well for the band right away. Michael Jackson's album, Thriller fell from the top of the charts. War became U2's first album in the United Kingdom to reach #1. It was not well liked by British critics at first, but over the years has gained approval.

Recording
U2 began recording War in May 1982.  Bono and his bride Alison, had just been married. The band took a break while Bono and Alison went on a honeymoon in Jamaica. But Bono worked on the lyrics for the upcoming album while on vacation.

Track listing
All of the songs and the lyrics were written by U2.

 Sunday Bloody Sunday - 4:38
 Seconds - 3:09
 New Year's Day - 5:38
 Like a Song… - 4:48
 Drowning Man - 4:12
 The Refugee - 3:40 (produced by Bill Whelan)
Two Hearts Beat as One - 4:00
 Red Light - 3:46
 Surrender - 5:34
 40 - 2:36

People
U2
Bono – lead vocals, additional guitar
The Edge – guitar, piano, lap steel, backing vocals, lead vocals on "Seconds," bass and guitar on "40"
Adam Clayton – bass, except on "40"
Larry Mullen Jr. – drums

Others
Kenny Fradley – trumpet on "Red Light"
Steve Wickham – electric violin on "Sunday Bloody Sunday" and "Drowning Man"
The Coconuts: Cheryl Poirier, Adriana Kaegi, Taryn Hagey, Jessica Felton – backing vocals on "Like A Song…", "Red Light", and "Surrender"

References

U2 albums
1983 albums
Island Records albums
Rock albums
Punk albums

War (U2 album)


Inkjet transfer or inkjet photo transfer is a technique to transfer a photograph or graphic, printed with an inkjet printer onto textiles, cups, CDs, glass and other surfaces.

A special transfer sheet, usually ISO A4 size, is printed on with a regular inkjet printer. The photo has to be printed as a mirror image (except for some transfer sheets for dark materials).

T-shirt transfer

It is often a requirement of "homemade" garments (adhesive-based transfers) that they are washed inside out, only in cold water, sometimes by hand, and not be tumble dried. The heat from washing or drying conventionally, or from ironing over the transfer area, can damage the transfer or cause it to separate. These attributes generally make them less practical for frequent wear than purchased items.

The second type of transfer paper is merely a substrate which ink is deposited onto, from which it is sublimated directly into the t-shirt fibers (requires at least 50% polyester fabric).  The main advantages of this process are permanence and lack of a rough adhesive on the surface of the fabric.  This technique is used commercially, and not easily reproduced at home, since a heat press is required to heat the inks to their sublimation temperature (over 200°F) evenly.

Technique
The transfer sheet is placed ink side down (usually) onto a t-shirt or fabric and ironed (without steam) onto the cloth.  Some transfer sheets change color to signal that the transfer is finished. To create a glossy effect with adhesive-based transfers, the transfer sheet is removed after it has been cooled down. To create a matte effect, it is peeled off while still hot.

Photographic processes
Paper
Computer printing

Inkjet transfer


Niall Shanks (18 January 1959 13 July 2011) was an English philosopher and critic of intelligent design.

Career

Shanks was born in Cheshire, England, was educated at Rossall School, and later at the University of Leeds and the University of Liverpool.  Shanks left England for Canada in 1981 and earned his PhD at the University of Alberta, Canada in 1987. Shanks moved to the United States in 1987. For a number of years Shanks was a member of the Department of Philosophy at East Tennessee State University, where he also held positions in the Department of Biological Sciences and the Department of Physics and Astronomy.  He then moved to Wichita State University where he was the Curtis D. Gridley Professor in the History and Philosophy of Science.

Shanks served a term as President (2008–09) of the Southwest and Rocky Mountain Division of the American Association for the Advancement of Science; He was vice-president and board member of Americans For Medical Advancement for ten years; and an honorary board member of Internet Infidels.  In 1993 he served a term as President of the Tennessee Philosophical Association. He died on 13 July 2011.

Shanks' early research interests were focused on issues in the philosophical foundations of quantum mechanics.  He later wrote about the case against Intelligent Design and actively defended evolution. Beginning in the 1990s he explored the implications of evolutionary biology for biomedical research and was actively involved in this until his death.  Shanks was also interested in the history of medicine and the role played by medicine in the scientific revolutions of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.

Research

Quantum theory
Shanks early work was focused on so-called hidden-variables theory of non-relativistic elementary quantum mechanics, and the problem of the construction of classical models (models exhibiting the properties of determinateness and determinism) for quantum measurement statistics.  Shanks argued that the various no-hidden-variables proofs rested on questionable assumptions which a classical modeller could plausibly deny.  Shanks would later argue that local deterministic models were indeed possible for the puzzling quantum spin correlation statistics that were used to characterise Bell's Theorem (a modern incarnation of the Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen paradox EPR paradox).  Shanks' essay, "Quantum Mechanics and Determinism" (Philosophical Quarterly, 1993, vol. 43, 170:20–37) summarises his arguments in an accessible manner.  At this point in time, working with W. David Sharp, Shanks examined some puzzles concerning counterfactual interpretations of quantum mechanics.  This work culminated in the Sharp and Shanks proof that counterfactual interpretations of quantum spin measurements could not be reconciled with the validated predictions of quantum mechanics.

Animals, science and animal science
Shanks has explored the role played by animal experimentation in the contexts of anatomy and physiology during the renaissance.  He has argued that animal experimentation provided a crucial driving force behind the method of analysis and synthesis that would come to play a central role in the emergence of the physico-chemical sciences in the 17th and 18th centuries.  According to Shanks, the development of modern science flows from physik (i.e., medicine) to physics, and not the reverse as is commonly supposed.  Physics would ultimately come to have profound implications for physiology, and these matters are explored by Shanks in his work on the writings of the great 19th century French physiologist, Claude Bernard.  In the course of his explorations of the implications of the study of animals for the modern scientific view of the world, Shanks has explored the issue of animal consciousness and the question as to what, if anything, science can teach us about the mental lives of animals.  Shanks has argued that there is no straightforward fact of the matter to settle disputes between those who have a very generous view of the mental lives of animals (for example, in some versions of cognitive ethology derived from the work of Donald Griffin), and those who favour minimalistic cognitive estimates (for example, some species of behaviorism).  Shanks has argued that disputes about these matters hinge not on appeals to the facts, but rather on disputes about what the relevant facts are, and where these disputes do not themselves admit of a straightforward factual resolution.

Creationism
Shanks was a staunch defender of evolutionary biology and a vehement opponent of creationism (and its recent incarnation in the form of intelligent design theology). Shanks argued that the intelligent design movement is rooted in bad science, bad theology and a radical right-wing social agenda.  His views may be found in his book, God, The Devil and Darwin. Shanks conducted numerous public debates with creationists and advocates of intelligent design, including Duane Gish, William Dembski, Paul Nelson (creationist) and Michael Behe. Shanks is an advocate of methodological naturalism and has argued against drawing supernatural conclusions on the basis of either biological complexity or puzzles in cosmology concerning the fine-tuned universe.  In addition to evolution, Shanks emphasised the role played by self-organization in a purely naturalistic account of biological and cosmological phenomena.

Evolution and medicine
Shanks made contributions to debates on topics in what may be broadly characterised as evolutionary medicine.  It is now generally recognised that the implications evolutionary biology for medicine must be taken into account if modern medical inquiry is to be placed on a sound theoretical foundation.  The great population geneticist Theodosius Dobzhansky once remarked that "nothing in biology makes sense except in the light of evolution."  This is especially true of modern medicine.  Shanks has argued that evolutionary biology is highly important when considering the so-called prediction problem in biomedical research.  It has become common scientific practice in research in toxicology, drug development, pathology and therapeutics to explore human biomedical phenomena by performing experiments on nonhuman animals and then extrapolating the results to humans (animals play many roles in biomedical research, but one important role is as predictors of human biomedical phenomena).  Shanks claims that a prediction problem exists due to the fact that humans and their nonhuman models have taken divergent evolutionary trajectories, and are thus not qualitatively identical systems (once compensation has been made for purely quantitative differences in body weight, for example).  Put bluntly, the prediction problem boils down to this: if mice are not men writ small, under what conditions do we expect experimental results on mice to have informational value for human biomedical phenomena?  Two of Shanks' essays have generated some interest in this puzzle.

Publications
 Brute Science: Dilemmas of Animal Experimentation, co-authored with Hugh LaFollette. London: Routledge, 1996.
 Idealization in Contemporary Physics, N. Shanks (Ed.). Amsterdam: Rodopi, 1998.
 Logic, Probability and Science, N. Shanks and R.B. Gardner (Eds.). Amsterdam: Rodopi, 2000.
 Animals and Science: A Guide to the Debates. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, 2002.
 God, the Devil, and Darwin: A Critique of Intelligent Design Theory. New York: Oxford University Press, 2004.
 Animal Models in the Light of Evolution, co-authored with C. Ray Greek. Boca Raton, FL: Brown Walker 2009.

In addition, Shanks has written over fifty scholarly articles and is also the author of numerous book reviews.

References

1959 births
2011 deaths
English philosophers
English sceptics
Canadian philosophers
Critics of creationism
People educated at Rossall School
University of Alberta alumni

Niall Shanks


Saint Alberto Hurtado Cruchaga, S.J. was a Jesuit priest who was canonized (recognized as a Catholic saint) on October 23, 2005, by Pope Benedict XVI.

He was born Luis Alberto Hurtado Cruchaga on January 22, 1901, in Viña del Mar, Chile.  He was of Basque origin.

As well as being a Jesuit priest, he was also a lawyer, social worker, and writer.  He founded the Hogar de Cristo Foundation.  In Chile, he was popularly known as Padre Hurtado (which means "Father Hurtado" in Spanish).

He died from cancer on August 18, 1952 in Santiago, Chile.  In 2005, Pope Benedict XVI canonized him.

Early life and education
Alberto's father died when he was four years old.  After this, his mother had to sell, at a loss, their modest property in order to pay the family's debts.  Because the family was so poor, Alberto and his brother had to go to live with relatives and were often moved from one family member to another.

However, Alberto got a scholarship that allowed him to study at the famous all-boys Jesuit school of St. Ignacio, Santiago.  He studied there from 1909 to 1917.  At the parish and school, Hurtado assisted in the office and was librarian.  During this time, he also volunteered at the Parroquia Nuestra Señora de Andacollo, a Catholic parish and school in a poor neighborhood of Santiago.

Fernando Vives, a teacher at the St. Ignacio school, was one of the most important people in Hurtado's life.  Even during Vives' exile in Spain (1918–1935), they stayed in contact with each other.  Vives was a great influence on Hurtado.

Law school and military service
From 1918 to 1923, Hurtado attended the Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile.  He studied in its law school and wrote his thesis on labour law.  He had to interrupt his education because he was required to serve in the military.  However, he was able to go back to school afterward, and earned his degree early in August 1923.

Priesthood and studies
Rather than starting a career in law, Hurtado entered the Jesuit novitiate in 1923.

In 1925, he went to Córdoba, Argentina, where he studied humanities.

In 1927 he was sent to Barcelona, Spain, to study philosophy and theology, but because of the suppression of the Jesuits in Spain in 1931, he went on to Belgium and continued his studies in theology at Louvain. He was ordained a priest there on 24 August 1933, and in 1935 obtained a doctorate in pedagogy and psychology.

Canonization
Hurtado was canonized on October 23, 2005, by Pope Benedict XVI, becoming his country's second saint.

1901 births
1952 deaths
Chilean people
Jesuits
Christian saints

Alberto Hurtado


Itch (Latin: pruritus) is an unpleasant sensation that leads to the desire or reflex to scratch. Itch has many similarities to pain and both are unpleasant sensory experiences but their behavioral response patterns are different. Pain creates a reflex withdrawal while itch leads to a scratch reflex. Nerve fibers for itch and pain both are in the skin, but information for them is sent centrally in two distinct systems that both use the same nerve bundle.

Historically, the sensations of itch and pain have not been considered to be independent of each other until recently where it was found that itch has several features in common with pain but has important differences.

Causes

The feeling of itchiness can be caused by a movement of hair or the release of a chemical (histamine) from cells under the skin. Itchiness is regarded as protective, as it helps creatures remove parasites that land on their skin.

Itching can be caused by:
Food poisoning
Xerosis. This is the most common cause, frequently seen in winters.   Associated with older age, frequent bathing in hot showers or baths, and high temperature and low humidity environments.
 Skin conditions (such as psoriasis, eczema, sunburn, athlete's foot, hidradenitis suppurativa and many others). Most are of an inflammatory nature.
 Insect bites, such as those from mosquitos or chiggers.
 Allergic reactions to contact with specific chemicals, such as Urushiol from Poison Ivy or Poison Oak.
 Hodgkin's disease
 Jaundice (bilirubin is a skin irritant at high concentrations)
 Polycythemia, which can cause generalized itching due to increased histamine
 Scabies or infection with lice or worms
 Thyroid illness
 Shaving, which may irritate the skin
 Diabetes Mellitus
 Dandruff (an unusually large amount of flaking is associated with this sensation)
 Iron deficiency anemia
 Parasitic infections
 Psychiatric
 Medication:
 Allergy - (due to reaction of an individual's immune system to certain chemical compounds)
 Photodermatitis – (sun)light reacts with chemicals in the skin, leading to the formation of irritant metabolites
 Directly (e.g. morphine and other opiates)
Cholestasis
 Related to pregnancy:
 Pruritic Urticarial Papules and Plaques of Pregnancy (PUPPP)
 Gestational pemphigoid

Treatment

A variety of over-the-counter and prescription anti-itch drugs are available.  Some plant products have been found to be effective anti-pruritics, others not.  Non-chemical remedies include cooling, warming, soft stimulation.

Sometimes scratching relieves isolated itches, hence the existence of devices such as the back scratcher.  Often, however, scratching can intensify itching and even cause further damage to the skin, dubbed the "itch-scratch-itch cycle".

References
 Andrew D, Craig AD (2001). Spinothalamic lamina I neurons selectively sensitive to histamine: a central neural pathway for itch. Nature Neuroscience Jan;4(1):9-10.
 National Cancer Institute (2003) "Pruritus" Retrieved Aug. 22, 2005.

Symptoms

Itch


Jean Tardieu (born in Saint-Germain-de-Joux, Ain, 1 November 1903, died in Créteil, Val-de-Marne, 27 January 1995) was a French artist, musician, poet and dramatic author.

Life and career
He earned a degree in literature and worked for a publishing house. He published several poetry collections in the 1930s before starting to write for the stage. After World War II, Tardieu entered the world of radio and worked his way to head of dramatic programming and then director of programs at France-Music. The quality and success of French National Public Radio after World War II has been attributed largely to Jean Tardieu.

He was married to pteridologist Marie Laure Tardieu.

Tardieu's works mingled with the ideals of the French New Theatre and used comedy to pick apart more traditional theatre. He is often associated with the Theatre of the Absurd.

Some of his work has been translated into English, including:
 The Underground Lovers, and other experimental plays
 Going...Going...Gone! The Client Dies Twice: Three Plays (Black Apollo Press, )
 The River Underground: Selected Poems & Prose

Some of his work is present in Julio Cortázar's 1963 novel Rayuela (Hopscotch). Tardieu's work is included in Chapter 152, entitled "The Abuse of Consciousness".

The end of his poem «Monsieur interroge Monsieur» is quoted in Jean-Luc Godard's Film Socialisme.

The French composer Germaine Tailleferre of Les Six, who was a harp student of Tardieu's mother Caroline Luigini and who first met Tardieu as a child, set several of Tardieu's poems to music notably in the "Concerto des Vaines Paroles" for Baritone Voice, Piano and Orchestra and in the cycle "Trois Poèmes de Jean Tardieu" for Voice and Piano.

He was a great friend of Jean René Bazaine who turned his poem L'Ombre, la branche into a fine illustrated art book.( Maeght Éditeur, 1977: 150 ex. with 16 colored litho's, 50 ex. with three added litho's.)

References

1903 births
1995 deaths
People from Ain
Lycée Condorcet alumni
20th-century French dramatists and playwrights
20th-century French poets

Jean Tardieu


A stapler is an office tool that is used to place thin items such as paper together. It uses a small piece of wire (a staple) to put them together. The ends of the staple are pointed and go into the paper. There is also a chain of stores called Staples, which sell office supplies.

When you press the stapler down, it will release a staple. The staple is pressed into the paper, and then bent. That way the pieces of paper get stuck together.

Tools

Stapler


The Paneuropean Picnic (also spelled Pan-European Picnic) was an event that took place on the border between Austria and Hungary near Sopron, Hungary. The event took place on August 19, 1989.

The event
The event was planned to be a peaceful demonstration. Both countries agreed to open a gate in the border fence, between Sankt Margarethen im Burgenland (near Eisenstadt), and Sopronkőhida (Steinambrückl) on the Hungarian side of the border.

The leaders of the time were Otto von Habsburg and the Hungarian minister, Imre Pozsgay. The person who did the actual cutting of the border fence was the general secretary of the International Paneuropean Union, Walburga Habsburg Douglas. The gate was to be symbolically opened for three hours.

More than 600 citizens of the German Democratic Republic took the chance to cross into the west once the Iron Curtain was opened. They had been told about the event by its organizers. At that time, the Hungarian border police still had orders to shoot anyone trying to cross the border illegally. However, they acted carefully and did not shoot at the fleeing people, this time.

The number of people who actually crossed the border to enter the west was only a few hundred on that first day. On the following days, the border was watched more closely, due to orders by the Hungarian government. Therefore, a smaller number of people managed to flee then. Hungary opened its borders to citizens of East Germany on 11 September 1989.

Remembering the event
Today, the Paneuropean Picnic is seen as one of the important events that led to the end of the German Democratic Republic and the Cold War, the fall of the Iron Curtain, and the unification of the two German states.
The event is celebrated every year on 19 August on the spot where the border was opened.

Today, artwork made by Hungarian artists is at the place where the fence was cut. It shows a partly opened door.

In 1996, a 10 meter statue was built in Fertőrákos near Sopron. It was made by Gabriela von Habsburg. It shows a piece of barbed wire. From far away, it looks like a cross.

Other websites
Central Europe Review  - Hungary remembers the picnic that tore down the Iron Curtain.
 Paneuropean Picnic, the end of the division of Europe - Shows the event on the website of the Paneuropean Union. Also has images of the invitation fliers.
 An account of the situation, as seen from the border-town St. Margarethen

1989 in Europe
20th century in Austria
20th century in Hungary

Paneuropean Picnic


James F. Brennan (born April 17, 1952) is an American politician. He is a former Democratic member of the New York State Assembly, representing the 44th Assembly District (Brooklyn).

Biography
Brennan was elected to the Assembly in 1984, from the 51st Assembly District, which included the neighborhoods of Park Slope and Sunset Park. In 1992, due to redistricting, Brennan's district radically changed. He subsequently ran and defeated fellow incumbent Joni Yoswein in the new 44th Assembly District, which includes the neighborhoods of Flatbush, Kensington, Park Slope and Windsor Terrace.

He  chaired four committees during his career: six years as Chair of the Assembly Standing Committee on Mental Health and Developmental Disabilities, one year as Chair of the Assembly Committee on Oversight, Analysis, and Investigation, and Chair of the Assembly Committee on Cities. He most recently was the Chair of the Committee on Corporations, Authorities and Commissions.

Brennan has won three national awards as a State legislator. The first, in 1996, was given by the National Alliance for the Mentally Ill for Brennan's leadership in the fight for parity in mental and physical health benefits. The second was given by the National Conference of State Legislators in 2007, for an investigative report directed by Brennan as Chair of the Committee on Investigation. The report concerned how the Pataki administration undermined services for the severely disabled as a result of the closure of a Medicaid office serving those clients in the fall of 2004.

In 1998 and 1999, Brennan helped win funding for 5,000 new units of housing for the mentally ill in New York State. As Chair of the Cities Committee, Brennan authored two new laws in 2007, to improve public health and safety in construction and development in New York City—one cracking down on the filing of fraudulent building plans to the New York City Department of Buildings, and the other compelling the acquisition of insurance for excavations that might damage adjacent properties.

Brennan also helped create the Restore New York program, a statewide effort to help distressed areas in cities by having the State pay to clear abandoned or vacant residential or commercial property with $300 million in funding.

Brennan is also the author of the Expansion of the Real Property Partial Tax Exemption to low and moderate-income senior citizens in co-ops and condos.

He is an attorney, a graduate of Yale University and Brooklyn Law School.

References

External links

Project Vote Smart: Interest Group Ratings
Biography: New York State Democratic Committee
Gotham Gazette's Eye On Albany: New York State Assembly: District 44
Brennan's response to the 2008 Candidate Questionnaire for State Senate and Assembly from the 504 Democratic Club of New York City

1952 births
Living people
Politicians from Brooklyn
Democratic Party members of the New York State Assembly
Brooklyn Law School alumni
Yale University alumni
21st-century American politicians

James F. Brennan


An Off-by-one error is a logic error that often occurs in Computer programming and that often involves the checking of boundary conditions.

A fencepost error (occasionally called a telegraph pole or lamp-post error) is a specific type of off-by-one error. The following problem illustrates the error:

The intuitive answer 10 is wrong. The fence has 10 sections, but 11 posts.

The reverse error occurs when the number of posts is known and the number of sections is assumed to be the same. The actual number of sections is one less than the number of posts.

More generally, the problem can be stated as follows:

The correct answer may be n − 1, n, or n + 1, depending on the conditions. The precise problem definition must be carefully considered, as the setup for one situation may give the wrong answer for other situations.  Fencepost errors come from counting things rather than the spaces between them, or vice versa, or by neglecting to consider whether one should count one or both ends of a row.

Off by one errors often occur with loops. If there are a number of fields, eg. in an array, and there is a loop over the array, an off-by-one error means that either there is one iteration too few to cover all elements, or one too many. In the first case, one element of the array is left out, in the second the index of the array will be outside its dimensions. The second error usually leads to an runtime error, because the program checks the size of the data structure, and sees that there are too few elements for the iteration. The first error is more problematic, because it usually is not detected. All that may point to the error is that one element is not initialized or does not have the expected value.

Computer science

Off-by-one error


Manasses of Hierges was an important crusader and constable of the Kingdom of Jerusalem. He was lord of Ramla from 1150 to 1152.

Family and pedigree
The dates of his birth and death are unknown, as indeed are the details of his life outside the period spent in Jerusalem. Manasses was the son of Hodierna of Rethal and Héribrand III of Hierges. His maternal grandfather was Hugh I of Rethel and maternal uncle was Baldwin II of Jerusalem. He married Helvis of Ramla, widow of Barisan of Ibelin, in around 1150. This allowed Manasses to establish himself in the east not only with the favour of his royal relatives but also with much land and money. On behalf of Helvis, he ruled Ramlah and Mirabel, and virtually the entire southern part of Palestine, with the exception of the Lordship of Ibelin, which was inherited by Helvis and Barisan's son Hugh of Ibelin. Manasses and Helvis had two daughters, one of whom may have been born after his exile in 1152.

Crusades
Manasses arrived in Jerusalem around 1140 and was appointed  constable of Jerusalem, the highest office of the kingdom, by his cousin Queen Melisende after the death of her husband King Fulk in 1143. As constable, he was in command of the army, and was sent to relieve the siege of Edessa in 1144. He did not arrive in time and the city fell to Zengi. In response to the fall of Edessa, the Second Crusade arrived in Jerusalem in 1148. Manasses was present at the Council of Acre that year when they decided to attack Damascus, but the siege of Damascus was a failure and the crusade dispersed.

According to William of Tyre, Manasses "is said to have conducted himself very haughtily. He assumed an insolent attitude of superiority towards the elders of the realm and refused to show them proper respect." With his newfound power, he made many enemies among the more established older nobles, and Melisende's son Baldwin III especially hated him for keeping him out of government and alienating him from his mother. Manasses supported Melisende against Baldwin III when Baldwin attempted to claim full power in 1152. Baldwin had himself crowned separately and the kingdom was divided between him and Melisende, with Melisende keeping Jerusalem and Nablus in the south and Baldwin ruling from Acre and Tyre in the north. Baldwin appointed a constable of his own, Humphrey II of Toron, and soon invaded the south. He forced Manasses to surrender his castle of Mirabel, and captured Jerusalem from Melisende. Manasses was exiled and permanently replaced as constable by Humphrey.

References

William of Tyre, A History of Deeds Done Beyond the Sea, trans. E.A. Babcock and A.C. Krey. Columbia University Press, 1943
Steven Runciman, A History of the Crusades, vol. II: The Kingdom of Jerusalem. Cambridge University Press, 1952
Hans E. Meyer, "Studies in the History of Queen Melisende of Jerusalem", Dumbarton Oaks Papers 26 (1972)

Christians of the Second Crusade
Lords of Ramla
12th-century deaths

Manasses of Hierges


Julián Padrón (September 8, 1910 - August 2, 1954) was a Venezuelan writer. He wrote for books, newspapers and magazines.

Story about Julián Padrón
Julián Padrón was born on  September 8, 1910. He was from San Antonio, a small town from Monagas, Venezuela. When he was a little boy, he went to private schools in Cumaná. After Padrón went to a secondary school called Andrés Bello in Caracas. In 1929 Julián Padrón got a degree of secondary education in Philosophy.

In 1935 Padrón got 2 degrees:
 A degree of Lawyer
 A degree of Doctor in Political Science (a person who has knowledge about the science of government).

Padrón got the first degree at the Supreme Court, a place where judges work. The Supreme Court is in the Federal District. He got the second degree at the Central University of Venezuela, a place of learning. In 1944 Padrón got, at that university, a degree to be a Diplomat and a Consul (a Diplomat and a Consul are persons who are the representatives of a country in other countries).

In 1929 Julián Padrón wrote for the magazine Elite. In 1935 Julián Padrón, Arturo Uslar Pietri, Pedro Sotillo and Bruno Plá made the magazine El Ingenioso Hidalgo for a short time. In 1936 Padrón made and wrote for the newspaper Unidad Nacional. From 1945 to 1947 he wrote for the newspaper El Universal. He wrote for other newspapers and magazines.

Julián Padrón had these jobs:

 He was the leader of the Asociación de Escritores Venezolanos, an organisation that is the representative of writers from Venezuela. Padrón was the leader of this organisation in 1937 and in 1940.
 He created and was the manager of the Asociación de Escritores Venezolanos' Magazines.
 He had the direction of a committee of the Athenaeum (an organisation that does works about writings) of Caracas in 1940.
 He had the direction of the magazine Shell from 1952 to 1954.

Julián Padrón died in Caracas on August 2, 1954.

Writings
Julián Padrón did this group of writings:

Novels (books of long stories)
 La Guaricha (1934)
 Madrugada (1939)
 Clamor Campesino (1945)
 Primavera Nocturna (1950)
 Este Mundo Desolado (1954)
Short Stories
 Candelas de verano (1937)
Dramatical Comedy
 Fogata (1938)
Short Comic Play
 Parásitas Negras (1939)

In 1940 Padrón and Arturo Uslar Pietri did Antología del Cuento Moderno Venezolano. It was a book that was an anthology (a group of writings) by people from Venezuela. In 1945 Padrón did other book in the anthology Cuentistas Modernos.

Source
This book has a short biography (story) about Julián Padrón:
 Padrón, Julián (1984): La Guaricha. Ediciones Amon C.A., Caracas. (Biblioteca de Temas y Autores Monaguenses; Colección Guácharo; Reediciones y Biografías).

1910 births
1954 deaths
Venezuelan writers
Monagas

Julián Padrón


Anton Praetorius (1560 in Lippstadt – 6 December 1613 near Heidelberg) was a German Calvinist pastor, theologian and writer.

Life and writings

Anton Praetorius was the son of Matthes Schulze. He later changed his name to Praetorius.
Praetorius wrote a poem about the Heidelberg Wine Barrel in the Heidelberg Castle in city of Heidelberg in October 1595.

In 1596 he worked as a pastor in the church in Birstein near Frankfurt am Main in Hesse. There Praetorius worked for a prince and wrote church songs and books of religion in the year 1597.

Fight against the chase of witches

Praetorius fought against torture and against the hunting of witches. Some women were accused of being witches. People thought that witches can do harm to others. So these women were arrested and put in prison.

In 1597 Anton Praetorius protested against the torture of women accused of witchcraft.

Praetorius was so shocked about the torture of the accused woman that he demanded a stop. His protest was successful.

In 1598 he wrote a book to protest against torture and the prosecution of witches. The book was published again in 1602, 1613 and in 1629. Praetorius described the terrible situation of the prisoners and protested against torture.

Theological argument against witchcraft
Praetorius was a Protestant minister. He believed that man can do either good or bad things. However, God chooses certain people to do certain things. Those things can be good or bad. According to Praetorius, witchcraft can only be a fall from the favour of God, and a pact with the devil. But, neither the devil nor sorcerers can do more than is in their nature (and predestination). God will punish those who are witches or sorcerers. This however, does not give human courts a right to put those to death, they believe are guilty of the crime of witchcraft. For Praetorius, witchcraft cannot exist, because it is beyond the faculties of either man or the devil. It is also against Nature.

Bibliography (in German)

 Hartmut Hegeler: Anton Praetorius, Kämpfer gegen Hexenprozesse und Folter, (fighter against the persecution of witches and against torture) Unna, 2002
 Hartmut Hegeler und Stefan Wiltschko: Anton Praetorius und das 1. Große Fass von Heidelberg, (the 1. Great Wine Barrel in the Castle of Heidelberg) Unna, 2003
 Anton Praetorius, De Sacrosanctis Sacramentis novi foederis Jesu Christi, Eine reformatorische Sakramentenlehre von 1602 über die hochheiligen Sakramente des Neuen Bundes Jesu Christi (teachings about the sacraments) Lateinische Originalschrift (the original writing in Latin with a translation into German, translated by Burghard Schmanck), herausgegeben und übersetzt von Burghard Schmanck, Bautz Verlag, Nordhausen 2010,

Other websites
 http://www.bautz.de (Biographisch-Bibliographisches Kirchenlexikon, Verlag Traugott Bautz)
 http://www.anton-praetorius.de   biography and literature about Anton Praetorius
 http://www.rzuser.uni-heidelberg.de/%7Ecd2/drw/F3/praetor/o02wid.htm  reprinted text of the "Bericht" of Praetorius 1613
 http://www.theology.de/praetorius.htm    Biography including coulored pictures
 http://news.genealog.de/rheinhessen/dittelsheim-hessloch/anton-praetorius-teil1.shtml  Praetorius as pastor in Dittelsheim (with pictures)
 http://www.sfn.uni-muenchen.de/hexenverfolgung/art784.htm   biography
 http://126.96.36.199/hd/content/titleinfo/281386   (Latin text of De Sacrosanctis Sacramentis, 1602, Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Sachsen-Anhalt)

1560 births
1613 deaths
Calvinists
German Christian clergy
German Protestants
German theologians
Writers from North Rhine-Westphalia

Anton Praetorius


For the novella by Thomas Mann see Der Tod in VenedigDeath in Venice is an opera by Benjamin Britten. It is based on the story Death in Venice (Der Tod in Venedig'') by the German writer Thomas Mann.

The libretto (words) for the opera was written by Myfanwy Piper. It was the last opera that Britten wrote. It was first performed at Snape Maltings near Aldeburgh, England on June 16, 1973. Britten was too ill to conduct it himself. The main part of Aschenbach was sung by Sir Peter Pears.

The story of the opera
The story is supposed to take place in the year 1911. It starts in Munich, and then moves to Venice. The opera is divided into two acts.

Act I

Aschenbach is a famous German writer. He is getting old and starting to find it difficult to think of new ideas for stories. As he is walking in Munich he stops in front of a cemetery. He sees a traveller who is obviously from another country. This makes him think he ought to travel somewhere to get new ideas for his books.

He takes a boat to Venice. On the boat he watches a group of young people. Their leader is showing off. Aschenbach realizes that, although their leader looks young, he is in fact old. He has dressed in clothes and used make-up to make him look young. Aschenbach does not like him.

In Venice he is takes a gondola, but the boatman does not take him where he wants to go. Aschenbach argues at first, but the boatman does not take any notice.

Aschenbach arrives at the hotel. In the hotel he watches the people coming down to dinner. Suddenly he sees Tadzio. Tadzio is a young Polish boy who is unbelievably beautiful. Aschenbach realizes it is stupid for him to feel love for the boy, but he cannot get the boy out of his mind.

Aschenbach watches Tadzio playing on the sandy beach. When he notices that the boy (like many Polish people) hates the Russian guests, he realizes that the boy is not quite perfect after all.

Aschenbach walks along the streets of Venice. Everywhere beggars are asking him for money. There is a horrible smell coming from the water of the canals. Aschenbach decides to leave Venice. The hotel manager is very sorry that he going so soon. Tadzio walks past Aschenbach. Aschenbach goes to the train station, but his luggage has been put on the wrong train, so he goes back to the hotel. He is annoyed, but he is also pleased because he can see Tadzio again.

Aschenbach sits in his chair on the beach, watching Tadzio and his friends play. It makes him think of the Greek gods. The boys do different sports on the beach: running, long jump, discus, javelin and wrestling. Tadzio wins easily. Aschenbach wants to congratulate him, but when the chance comes he cannot speak.

Act II
Aschenbach realizes that he loves the boy. He goes to the barber for a shave. The barber tells him that lots of people in Venice are getting sick. Aschenbach wants to know whether it is something serious, but the barber says it is nothing to worry about.

Aschenbach is being rowed on the water. He can smell disinfectant. There are notices in the streets warning people to be careful of the sickness. In a German newspaper he reads that the sickness in Venice is cholera. It says that all German people should leave the city and return home. Aschenbach does not want the Polish family to leave Venice. He does not want them to know about the cholera. He follows then to a café and to church, but he still cannot find the courage to speak to them. After dinner the guests watch a group of actors. Aschenbach notices that Tadzio, like himself, cannot laugh at their jokes.

Lots of the hotel guests are leaving. An English clerk tells him that lots of people in the city have Asiatic cholera. He tells him he ought to leave immediately before they stop everyone from leaving the city.

Aschenbach decides to warn Tadzio's mother of the danger of the illness, but he just cannot do it. He has a dream about the Greek gods. When he awakes he realises that these wild thoughts about Tadzio have gripped him. He cannot do anything about it.

Again Aschenbach watches as Tadzio and his friends play a game on the beach; they soon leave. Aschenbach goes to the barber. He asks him to try to make him beautiful and young. When he goes on a gondola he realises he is just like the old man he saw on the boat. He follows the Polish family. Tadzio starts to walk separately from his family. He waits for Aschenbach and looks straight at him, but Aschenbach turns away. He is pleased that Tadzio does not let his mother notice what happened. Aschenbach is alone again, and buys some strawberries. They are not fresh. He thinks about the Greek gods again, and about the relationship between a writer and what he writes about.

The hotel manager organizes the departure of the last guests. The Polish family are leaving. Aschenbach watches Tadzio and another boy playing on the beach. The game gets rough, and the other boy pushes Tadzio's face into the sand. Aschenbach tries to get up to help him, but he is too weak to get out of his chair. Tadzio is left alone on the beach. He gives Aschenbach a sign to follow him, but Aschenbach slumps back in his chair and dies. Tadzio continues walking far out into the sea.

The cast and the music

The part of the boy Tadzio is a dancing part. He and his family never speak or sing in the opera.

All the different characters that Aschenbach meets: the man by the cemetery, the old man dressed as a young man, the gondolier, the hotel manager, the barber, the leader of the actors and the voice of the God Dionysus are really like one character. They are sung by the same singer, a bass-baritone. Apart from him and Aschenbach (a tenor) the only other solo singer in the opera is the voice of Apollo, sung offstage by a countertenor as the boys play sport on the beach. There are several choruses: the groups of young people, hotel staff, actors, church choir and tourists.

The whole sound of the opera is written with the voice of Peter Pears in mind. Britten's music is partly tonal but also uses twelve-tone music and gamelan music from the Far East. When Aschenbach sings recitative (telling the story) he is just accompanied by the piano. Britten deliberately uses a limited number of musical sounds. This gives the opera a specially expressive character, particularly in the beautiful ending.

Compositions by Benjamin Britten
1970s operas
1973

Death in Venice (opera)


James Prudhomme (June 6, 1921 – July 14, 1984), was a Canadian professional wrestler, better known by the ring names Brute Bernard or Jim 'Brute' Bernhard.

He spent much of his career wrestling as part of a tag team with Skull Murphy. He competed for several wrestling promotions associated with the National Wrestling Alliance (NWA). He also worked for the Australia-based World Championship Wrestling (WCW) as well as the World Wide Wrestling Federation (WWWF). He died of a gunshot while cleaning a rifle in 1984.

Career

Early career
Bernard was discovered by wrestling promoter Jack Britton, who convinced him to become a wrestler. He made his debut in 1957, competing in Ontario. He initially wrestled under his real name, but he later took on the name Brute Bernard. He also competed as in Detroit for a promotion run by Ed Farhat. He teamed up with fellow Canadian wrestler Skull Murphy throughout the 1960s. Their first championship came on May 16, 1963, when they won the WWWF United States Tag Team Championship. They held the title belts for almost six months before dropping them to Killer Kowalski and Gorilla Monsoon on November 14. They then began competing for Championship Wrestling from Florida, an NWA territory. They participated in a tag team tournament and won the vacant Florida version of the NWA World Tag Team Championship in 1964. Bernard and Murphy feuded with Hiro Matsuda and Duke Keomurka over the belts and traded the belts back and forth before losing them to Matsusa and Keomurka for good. Bernard and Murphy worked for World Championship Wrestling in 1966, where they won the IWA World Tag Team Championship twice.

Texas
Murphy remained in Australia, while Bernard returned to the United States to compete for World Class Championship Wrestling in Texas. He defeated Fritz Von Erich, patriarch of the Von Erich family for the Texas version of the NWA United States Heavyweight Championship in March 1967. That year, he had four more title reigns, as he won the NWA Texas Brass Knuckles Championship twice and teamed with his manager Mike Paidousis to win the NWA American Tag Team Championship twice.

Later career
Bernard and Murphy reunited in Australia, where they won the IWA World Tag Team Championship twice more in 1968 and 1969. They also competed for Jim Crockett Promotions in the Carolinas, where they participated in a series of "battle of the bullies" matches. These bouts went against the tradition of having faces (fan favorites) competing against heels (villains), as Bernard and Murphy competed against fellow heels the Blond Bombers (Swede Hanson and Rip Hawk).

Murphy died of a heart attack on March 23, 1970. Bernard took on a new partner, Larry Hamilton, and the pair won the NWA Atlantic Coast Tag Team Championship in October 1971. They also competed in Texas, where they won the NWA American Tag Team Championship.

Bernard continued to wrestle in Australia and won the NWA Austra-Asian Heavyweight Championship by defeating Spiros Arion on November 4, 1972. He held the belt for three weeks before dropping it back to Arion. He also won the country's World Brass Knuckles Championship twice. Back in Jim Crockett Promotions, he formed a tag team with Jay York. They had rivalries with the team of George Scott and Nelson Royal as well as the Anderson family (Gene and Ole). Bernard and York were managed by Beauregarde, who also teamed with them in six-man matches. Bernard and York won the NWA Mid-Atlantic Tag Team Championship by defeating Scott and Royal on November 26, 1973 but lost the belts to the Andersons one month later.

Bernard wrestled for several promotions in his final years as a wrestler. He returned to Detroit, where he competed as The Brute. He also teamed with Frank Morrell in Texas to win the NWA Western States Tag Team Championship in 1977. He returned to the Carolinas and wrestled for Jim Crockett Promotions until he was released due to his age. He continued to wrestle occasionally; in his final match, he refused to go along with the scripted finish. The referee, Dave Routh, declared the result a double countout. Bernard got upset in the locker room and attacked Routh. He broke Routh's nose and was fired as a result.

Personal life
Bernard was married to female professional wrestler Betty Joe Hawkins. He died in 1984 of a self-inflicted gunshot; it was not determined if his death was a suicide or an accident. One story states that Bernard was playing Russian roulette.

Championships and accomplishments
Big Time Promotions
Big Time Television Championship (1 time)
Championship Wrestling from Florida
NWA World Tag Team Championship (Florida version) (2 times) - with Skull Murphy
Mid-Atlantic Championship Wrestling
NWA Atlantic Coast Tag Team Championship (1 time) - with Larry Hamilton
NWA Mid-Atlantic Tag Team Championship (1 time) - with Jay York
NWA Big Time Wrestling
NWA American Tag Team Championship (3 times) - with Mike Paidousis (2) and The Missouri Mauler (1)
NWA Brass Knuckles Championship (Texas version) (2 times)
NWA United States Heavyweight Championship (Texas version) (1 time)
North American Wrestling Alliance
NAWA Brass Knuckles Championship (1 time)
Western States Sports
NWA Western States Tag Team Championship (1 time) - with Frank Morrell
World Championship Wrestling (Australia)
NWA Austra-Asian Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
IWA World Tag Team Championship (5 times) - with Skull Murphy
World Brass Knuckles Championship (Australia version) (2 times)
World Wide Wrestling Federation
WWWF United States Tag Team Championship (1 time) - with Skull Murphy

References

External links
Profile at Online World of Wrestling

1921 births
1984 deaths
Canadian male professional wrestlers
Deaths by firearm in Canada
Accidental deaths in Canada
Firearm accident victims
20th-century professional wrestlers
WCWA Brass Knuckles Champions
NWA World Tag Team Champions (Florida version)
NWA Austra-Asian Heavyweight Champions
IWA World Tag Team Champions (Australia)
World Brass Knuckles Champions
WWWF United States Tag Team Champions
WCWA World Heavyweight Champions
WCWA World Tag Team Champions

Brute Bernard