The Congress Lands East of Scioto River was a land tract in southern Ohio that was established by the Congress late in the 18th century.  It is located south of the United States Military District and Refugee Tract, west of the Old Seven Ranges, east of the Virginia Military District and north of the Ohio River, French Grant, and the Ohio Company of Associates.

History
Acquired by Great Britain from France following the 1763 Treaty of Paris, the Ohio Country had been closed to white settlement by the Proclamation of 1763.  The United States claimed the region after the 1783 Treaty of Paris that ended the American Revolutionary War.  The Congress passed the Land Ordinance of 1785 as a formal means of surveying, selling, and settling the land and raising revenue.  The land was to be systematically surveyed into square "townships", six miles (9.656 km) on a side created by lines running north-south intersected by east-west lines.  Townships were to be arranged in north-south rows called ranges. These townships were sub-divided into thirty-six "sections" of one square mile (2.59 km²) or 640 acres. These ranges, townships, and sections were to be systematically numbered.

The first north-south line, Eastern Ohio Meridian, was to be the western boundary of Pennsylvania, sometimes called Ellicott's Line after Andrew Ellicott, who had been in charge of surveying it, and the first east-west line (called the Geographer's Line or Base Line) was to begin where the Pennsylvania boundary touched the north bank of the Ohio River, the Beginning Point of the U.S. Public Land Survey (). The Geographer's Line was to extend westward through "the whole territory" which at that time was meant to include lands lying between the Ohio River and Lake Erie.

A problem with this plan was that Connecticut had a claim on lands north of the 41st parallel north latitude.  Thus, on May 9, 1786, Congress instructed Thomas Hutchins, Geographer of the United States, to continue his survey only south of the Geographers line.  Hutchins group completed surveying seven ranges by 1787 and presented plats to Congress in 1788 for the tract that became known as the Seven Ranges.

In 1784, Congress granted a tract of land west of the Scioto River to the state of Virginia for land grants to their American Revolutionary War veterans, known as the Virginia Military District.

The Ohio Company of Associates purchased a land tract adjacent to the west of the Seven Ranges in 1787 and began settlement and surveying in 1788.  In 1792 Congress donated a tract of land to the company known as the Donation Tract, and the company purchased additional lands known as the Second Purchase or Purchase on the Muskingum.

In 1795, Congress granted a land tract adjacent to the Ohio River, in far southern Ohio located between the Scioto River and the Ohio Company lands, to French Immigrants who had been defrauded.  This became known as the French Grant.

On June 1, 1796, Congress created the United States Military District, sometimes called the USMD Lands, or USMD Survey. The district was west of the Old Seven Ranges, east of the Scioto River, and south of the Greenville Treaty Line.

The survey
After the previously mentioned surveys, an unsurveyed tract of land in southern Ohio remained east of the Scioto River.  In that tract, lands were surveyed starting in 1799 under the Act of May 18, 1796.  The ranges and townships followed those of the original Seven Ranges, ranges being numbered westward from Pennsylvania, and townships within each range numbered from south to north starting at the Ohio River, known as the Ohio River Base, and some in ranges 22 and 23 from the Scioto River, the Scioto River Base Surveys, thus having townships in adjacent ranges with different numbers.  Sections were numbered according to the 1796 pattern.  A number of irregularities in applying the system occur due to surveying errors, multiple surveys and erratic numbering.

Beginning in 1801, a strip of  along the north edge of the tract was donated by Congress to refugees from Canada that became known as the Refugee Tract.

Land sales

Section 4 of the Land Act of May 18, 1796, provided that the lands in the survey area be sold at "Pittsburg".  The Land Act of May 10, 1800, established an Land Office and Land District at Chillicothe for sales of those lands in the 16th range and points west, and a land district at Marietta for sales of lands in the 15th range and points east.  The Act of March 3, 1803 established a new land district at Zanesville for the lands in the 15th and eastward ranges.  Sales were also conducted from the nation's capital at the General Land Office.  Local offices were eventually closed.  The State of Ohio also eventually sold lands granted to them by the federal government, such as section 16 of each township, and the Salt Reservations.

Modern times
The survey in Ohio in modern times includes more than  in all or parts of these counties: Fairfield, Franklin, Gallia, Guernsey, Hocking, Jackson, Lawrence, Morgan, Muskingum, Noble, Perry, Pickaway, Pike, Ross, Scioto, Vinton, and Washington.

See also
Ohio Lands
Congress Lands
Historic regions of the United States

Notes

References

External links
Ohio History Central- Congress Lands
Ohio Dept. of Natural Resources: Map of Original Land Subdivisions of Ohio (pdf)

Former regions and territories of the United States
Geography of Ohio
Pre-statehood history of Ohio
History of the Midwestern United States
Surveying of the United States
Fairfield County, Ohio
Franklin County, Ohio
Gallia County, Ohio
Guernsey County, Ohio
Hocking County, Ohio
Jackson County, Ohio
Lawrence County, Ohio
Morgan County, Ohio
Muskingum County, Ohio
Noble County, Ohio
Perry County, Ohio
Pickaway County, Ohio
Pike County, Ohio
Ross County, Ohio
Scioto County, Ohio
Vinton County, Ohio
Washington County, Ohio

Congress Lands East of Scioto River


Sid Eudy, born December 16, 1960 in West Memphis, Arkansas, is an American retired professional wrestler, known by the stage name Sid Vicious, Sycho Sid, or Sid Justice.

Professional career
Sid started his career in 1989, hired by World Championship Wrestling. During these years, Sid competed  as one of the members of the team known as "The Skyscrapers" with "Mean" Mark Callous and then later with Dan Spivey; he used the powerbomb as his maneuver fight. After recovering from an injury, Sid returned to the ring in May 1990 as a member of the team of Ric Flair. After leaving WCW Sid was incorporated into the World Wrestling Federation, he made his presentation as Sid Justice on July 20, 1991 episode of WWF Superstars of Wrestling and was also was chosen as the referee for the main fight at SummerSlam that year in a tag team match between The Ultimate Warrior and Hulk Hogan versus Sgt. Slaughter and Col. Mustafa billed as "The Match Made In Hell." At the 1992 Royal Rumble he was one of the last two in the ring with Ric Flair when Hogan, who was already eliminated pulled Sid over the top rope with Flair assisting from behind helping Flair win his 1st WWF/E title. His crowning moment came at WrestleMania VIII, where Sid was faced with Hulk Hogan, Sid lost the fight by disqualification when Papa Shango interrupted to help Sid. Sid return to WCW in May 1993. That year he teamed with Big Van Vader. After leaving WCW again, Eudy joined the United States Wrestling Association July 16, 1994, and faced with defeating Jerry Lawler and Sid getting the World Heavyweight Championship.

WWF Championship
In 1995 Sid returns to the WWF/E on Monday Night Raw. Time after time he confronted Shawn Michaels for the title and at Survivor Series in 1996, where Sid applies a powerbomb to Michaels and gets the WWF/E Championship. At the 1997 Royal Rumble in Michaels' hometown of San Antonio, Texas the two fought again for the title with Michaels winning his 2nd title. One month later Sid captured his 2nd title by defeating Bret Hart on Raw,who had defeated Vader, Stone Cold Steve Austin and The Undertaker in a Fatal Four Way match the night before.  At Wrestlemania 13 in Chicago, Sid lost the title to the Undertaker. Sid's last match in the WWF/E was June 9, 1997.

After WWF
After his separation from the World Wrestling Federation, Sid was hired by Extreme Championship Wrestling (1999). Soon after, he found himself back with his former company, WCW. There he joined his former colleagues of the WWF Hulk Hogan, Randy Savage, Kevin Nash, Scott Hall, Bret Hart, and new WCW superstars Bill Goldberg and Chris Benoit. His best moment was when he won the WCW championship by defeating Kevin Nash twice.

References

 WrestleCrap: The Very Worst of Pro Wrestling by R. D. Reynolds,Randy Baer
 Billboard Oct 30 1999
 Hardcore History: The Extremely Unauthorized Story of ECW by Scott E. Williams,George Tahinos,Shane Douglas

Other websites
Sid in youtube
WWE Alumni Profile
Pro Wrestling Archive Profile
HitTheRopes.com Interview

Oct 30 2008 Audio Interview with In Your Head

1960 births
American professional wrestlers
Living people
Sportspeople from Arkansas

Sid Eudy


Shortline Railroads san d' kloansdn Eisnbauhngsöllschofdn in Ameriga.

Eisnbauhna im Gütavakehr wean in de Stoodn in 3 Klossn einteult.

Do gibds de STB (U. S. Surface Transportation Board), de sogt:
 Class I railroads: Umsotz iwa 458 Mio. $
 Class II railroads: Umsotz zwisch'n 37 Mio. $ und 458 Mio. $
 Class III railroads: Umsotz unta 37 Mio. $

De AAR (Association of American Railroad) definiert wos oagans, weu "mia san mia"
 Class I railroads: ident mit STB
 Regional railroads: iwa 350 Meil'n Streck'n und mehra ois 20 Mio. $ Umsotz oda iwa 40 Mio. $ Umsatz unabhängig vaun da Netzläng'n
 Local oder shortline railroads: olle aundarn Bauhna, de net om eini foin. Nem de "normaln" ISS (Interline Settlement Systems) a de "Switching and terminal railroads", de nur im Verschub und Güterumschlag tätig san.

Es san sieb'n Class I Railroads, umara dreisg Regionals und ~550 Shortlines. Eppa de Höftn vo de Shortlines ghean mid zua ana Dochgsöllschofd - de greßte davau is Genesee & Wyoming mit 115 Bauhna, daun kimt Watco, OmniTRAX, Pioneer Railcorp. und Iowa Pacific Holdings.

Aft is schwa zum sag'n, is' dös iatzt a Shortline oda a Regional Railroad, weil de wern owi oda aufig'stuaft, wans 5 Joahr nochanaund de Kriterien nima dafün. De meist'n Shortlines foin in d' Klassn III noch STB.

Listn vaun Shortlines (ohne Terminal and Switching Railroads)
A T & L Railroad
Aberdeen & Rockfish Railroad
Aberdeen, Carolina, & Western Railway
Acadiana Railway
Alabama and Tennessee River Railway
Alabama Southern Railroad
Alexander Railroad
AN Railway
Angelina & Neches River Railroad
Ann Arbor Railroad
Apache Railway
Appalachian and Ohio Railroad
Arcade & Attica Railroad
Arizona & California Railroad
Arizona Central Railroad
Arkansas & Missouri Railroad
Arkansas & Oklahoma Railroad
Arkansas Midland Railroad
Arkansas Southern Railroad
Arkansas, Louisiana, & Mississippi Railway
Ashland Railway
Athens Line
Atlantic & Western Railway
Austin Western Railroad
Autauga Northern Railroad
Batten Kill Railroad
Bauxite & Northern Railway
Bay Coast Railroad
Bay Colony Railroad
Bay Line Railroad
Beaufort & Morehead Railway
Beech Mountain Railroad
Belvidere Delaware River Rwy
BG&CM Railroad
BHP Nevada
Blacklands Railroad
Blackwell Northern Gateway Railroad
Bloomer Shippers Connecting Railroad (Bloomer Line)
Blue Ridge Southern Railroad
Boise Valley Railroad
Border Pacific Railroad
Buckingham Branch Railroad
Butte, Anaconda and Pacific Railway
Caddo Valley Railroad
Caldwell County Railroad
California Northern Railroad
Carolina Coastal Railway
Carolina Piedmont Railroad
Carolina Southern Railroad
Cascade & Columbia River RR
Cedar Rapids & Iowa City RR
Central Midland Railway
Central Montana Rail
Central New England Railroad
Central New York Railroad
Central Railroad of Indiana
Central Railroad of Indianapolis
Central Texas & Colerado River Railway
Chattahoochee Bay Railroad
Chattahoochee Industrial RR
Chattanooga & Chickamauga Rwy
Chesapeake & Albemarle RR
Chesapeake and Indiana Railroad
Chicago, Fort Wayne and Eastern Railroad
Chicago, Shore Shore, and South Bend RR
City of Prineville Railway
Clarendon & Pittsford Railroad
Columbia & Cowlitz Railway
Columbia Basin Railroad Co.
Columbia Terminal Railway
Columbus & Greenville Railway
Columbus & Ohio River Railroad
Columbus and Chattahoochee Railroad
Commonwealth Railway
Conecuh Valley Railroad Co.
Connecticut Southern Railroad
Coos Bay Rail Link
Copper Basin Railway
D & I Railroad
Dakota Rail
Dardanelle & Russellville Railroad
Delaware-Lackawanna Railroad
Delmarva Central Railroad
Delta Southern Railroad
Depew,  Lancester, & Western RR
DeQueen & Eastern Railroad
Dubois County Railroad
East Cooper & Berkeley Railroad
East Penn Railroad
East Tennessee Railway
Eastern Alabama Railway
Eastern Idaho Railroad
Eastern Maine Railway
Effingham Railroad
El Dorado & Wesson Railway
Elk River Railroad
Escanaba & Lake Superior RR
Evansville Western Railway
Everett Railroad
Falls Road Railroad
Finger Lakes Railway
First Coast Railroad
Florida Central Railroad
Florida Midland Railroad
Florida Northern Railroad
Florida West Coast Railroad
Fredonia Valley Railroad
Fulton County Railroad
Georgetown Railroad
Georgia & Florida Railway
Georgia Central Railway
Georgia Northeastern Railroad
Georgia Southern Railway
Georgia Southwestern Railroad
Gettysburg & Northern Railroad
Golden Triangle Railroad
Grainbelt Corp.
Grand Elk Railroad
Great Northwest Railroad
Great Smoky Mountains Railway
Great Walton Railroad
Great Western Railway of Colorado
Green Mountain Railroad
Greenville and Western Railway
Grenada Railway
Hampton & Branchville Railroad
Hampton Railway
Hartwell Railroad
Heart of Georgia Railroad
Hollidaysburg & Roaring Spring RR
Honey Creek Railroad
Housatonic Railroad
Huntsville & Madison County RR
Huron & Eastern Railway
Idaho Northern & Pacific Railroad
Illinois & Midland Railroad
Illinois Railway
Illinois Western Railroad
Indiana Northeastern Railroad
Indiana Southern Railroad
Iowa Northern Railway
Iowa Southern Railway
Iowa Traction Railroad
Juniata Valley Railroad
Kanawha River Railroad
Kankakee, Beaverville, & Southern RR
Kaw River Railroad
Kentucky & Tennessee Railroad
Kentucky West Tennessee Railway (KWT)
Keokuk Junction Railway
Kettle Falls International Railway
Kiamichi Railroad
Lake State Railway
Lake Superior & Ishpeming RR
Lancaster & Chester Railroad
Laurinburg & Southern Railroad
Lewis & Clark Railway
Little Rock & Western Railway
Livonia, Avon & Lakeville RR
Louisiana & North West Railroad
Louisiana Southern Railroad
Louisville & Indiana Railroad
Lubbock and Western Railway
Lucas Oil Rail Lines
Luxapalila Valley Railroad
Lycoming Valley Railroad
M & B Railroad (Meridian and Bigbee)
Madison Railroad
Maine Northern Railway
Maryland & Delaware Railroad
Maryland Midland Railway
Massachusetts Central Railroad
Massachusetts Coastal Railroad
Meridian Southern Railway
Middletown & Hummelstown RR
Middletown & New Jersey Railway
Milford-Bennington Railroad
Minnesota Northern Railroad
Minnesota Prairie Lines Inc.
Minnesota Southern Railway
Minnesota, Dakota, & Western Rwy
Mission Mountain Railroad
Mississippi Delta Railroad
Mississippi Export Railroad
Mississippi Southern Railroad
Mississippian Railway Coop.
Mohawk, Adirondack, & Northern
Morristown & Erie Railway
Mount Hood Railroad
Nashville & Eastern Railroad
Naugatuck Railroad
Nebraska Central Railroad
Nebraska Northwestern Railroad
New England Central Railroad
New England Southern Railroad
New Hampshire Central Railroad
New Hampshire Nortcoast Corp.
New Hope & Ivyland Railroad
New Orleans & Gulf Coast Railway
New York & Atlantic Railway
New York & Lake Erie Railroad
New York & Ogdensburg Railway
New York New Jersey Rail
Nittany & Bald Eagle Railroad
North Shore Railroad
Northern Lines Railway
Northwestern Pacific Railroad
Ohio Central Railroad
Ohio Southern Railroad
Oil Creek & Titusville Lines Inc.
Old Augusta Railroad
Olympia and Belmore Railroad
Ontario Central Railroad
Ontario Midland Railroad
Otter Tail Valley Railroad
Ouachita Railroad
Pacific Sun Railroad
Palouse River & Coulee City RR
Panhandle Northern Railroad
Pecos Valley Southern Railway
Pee Dee River Railway
Pend Oreille Valley Railroad
Penn Eastern Rail Lines
Pennsylvania Northeastern Railroad
Pennsylvania Southwestern Railroad
Pickens Railway
Piedmont and Northern Railway
Pioneer Valley Railroad
Point Comfort & Northern Railway
Prescott & Northwestern Railroad
Puget Sound & Pacific Railroad
Quincy Bay Terminal Co.
R. J. Corman RR-Bardstown Line
R. J. Corman RR-California Line
R. J. Corman RR-Central Kentucky Line
R. J. Corman RR-Cleveland Line
R. J. Corman RR-Memphis Line
R. J. Corman RR-Pennsylvania Line
R. J. Corman RR-Texas Line
R. J. Corman RR-West Virginia Line
R. J. Corman RR-Western Ohio Line
Redmont Railway
Riceboro Southern Railway
Ripley and New Albany Railroad
Rochester & Southern Railroad
Rock & Rail Inc.
Rockdale, Sandow, & Southern RR
Rutland Line Inc.
Sabine River & Northern Railroad
Salt Lake, Garfield, & Western Rwy
San Diego & Imperial Valley
San Luis and Rio Grande Railroad
San Luis Central Railroad
San Pedro and Southwestern Railroad
Sand Springs Railway
Sandersville Railroad
Santa Cruz and Monterey Bay Railroad
Santa Maria Valley Railroad
Seminole Gulf Railway
Sequatchie Valley Railroad
Shamokin Valley Railroad
Sierra Northern Railway
Sierra Railroad
Sisseton Milbank Railroad
SMS Rail Lines
South Branch Valley Railroad
South Carolina Central Railroad
South Central Florida Express Inc.
South Central Tennessee Railroad
Southern Indiana Railway
Southern Railroad of NJ
St. Croix Valley Railroad
St. Lawrence & Atlantic Railroad
St. Mary's Railroad
Stillwater Central Railroad
Stockton Terminal & Eastern RR
Stourbridge Railroad
Tacoma Rail-Mountain Division
Tazewell and Peoria Railroad
Tennessee Southern Railroad
Tennken Railroad
Texas & New Mexico Railroad
Texas & Northern Railway
Texas North Western Railway
Texas Northeastern Railroad
Texas Rock Crusher Railway
Thermal Belt Railway
Three Notch Railroad
Timber Rock Railroad
Toledo, Peoria, & Western Rwy
Tomahawk Railway
Trona Railway
Tulsa-Sapulpa Union Railway
Twin Cities & Western Railroad
Tyburn Railroad
Union County Industrial Railroad
V & S Railway
Valdosta Railway
Vandalia Railroad
Ventura County Railroad
Vermilion Valley Railroad
Vermont Railway
Vicksburg Southern Railroad
Walking Horse & Eastern Railroad
Wallowa Union Railroad Authority
Warren & Saline River Railroad
Washington County Railroad
Wellsboro & Corning Railroad
West Isle Line Inc.
West Tennessee Railroad
West Virginia Central
Western New York & Pennsylvania RR
Western Rail Road Co.
Winchester & Western-NJ Division
Winchester & Western-VA Division
Wiregrass Central Railroad
Wisconsin Northern Railroad
Yadkin Valley Railroad
Yellowstone Valley Railroad
York Railway
Youngstown and Southeastern Railroad
Yreka Western Railroad

(Stand 2017, fiar Vollstöndigkeit koa Gewähr net)

Im Netz
 https://web.archive.org/web/20170430043837/https://www.fra.dot.gov/Elib/Document/14131, zletzt ogriaft am 11.7.2017

Schienenverkehr
Verkehr in den Vereinigten Staaten

Shortline Railroad


Philippe Verdelot (1480 to 1485–1530 to 1540) was a French composer of the Renaissance, who spent most of his life in Italy.  He is commonly considered to be the father of the Italian madrigal, and certainly was one of its earliest and most prolific composers; in addition he was prominent in the musical life of Florence during the period after the recapture of the city by the Medici from the followers of Girolamo Savonarola.

Life
Verdelot was born in Les Loges, Seine-et-Marne, France.  Details of his early life are obscure.  He probably came to Italy at an early age, spending the first decade or two of the 16th century at some cities in northern Italy, most likely including Venice.  A painting of 1511, described by Vasari but never positively identified, is believed by many musicologists to show Verdelot in Venice with an Italian singer.

Verdelot is known to have been maestro di cappella  at the Baptisterium San Giovanni in Florence from 1523 to 1525; and he seems also to have been employed at the Cathedral there, from 1523 until 1527.  In 1526 he collaborated with Niccolò Machiavelli on a production of Machiavelli's famous cynical comedy La Mandragola.  While the play was written in 1518, the 1526 performance in Florence was dedicated to the Medici pope, Clement VII.  Both Machiavelli, expelled from Florence by the Medici, and Verdelot, generally sided with the Florentine Republic against the Medici, but attempted to play the delicate political game of pleasing both sides.  The several pieces which Verdelot wrote for Machiavelli's play, while called canzone, are considered to be the earliest madrigals.

In addition to siding with the Florentine Republic, Verdelot was most likely a supporter of martyred reformer Girolamo Savonarola.  This is shown by several of his works:  his setting of In te domine speravi, based on the psalm which was the subject of that man's last writing before he was burned at the stake; and the use of the tune most closely associated with the monk, Ecce quam bonum, the song which unified his followers during his final conflict, and which appears in the inner voices in Verdelot's motet Letamini in domino.

Verdelot may have been killed in the siege of Florence (1529–1530) or in the simultaneous plague that ravaged the city, since there is no definite evidence that he was alive after 1530. That he was there during the siege has been considered likely on the evidence of one of his motets, composed around that time, Congregati sunt inimici nostri.  In this work, texts from Ecclesiasticus are woven together with the Antiphon for Peace, "Da pacem Domine", which is used as a cantus firmus.

Some scholars infer that Verdelot was alive until about 1540, based on some ambiguous references to contemporary events in his works published during the 1530s.  Several books of madrigals published in Venice in the late 1530s include his work; one of these books is devoted entirely to him.  Possibly he moved to Venice after the siege to escape the notoriously vengeful, and victorious, Medici.  He is known to have been dead by 1552, when writer Ortenzo Landi mentioned him as being deceased.

Music and influence
Verdelot, along with Costanzo Festa, is considered to be the father of the madrigal, an a cappella vocal form which emerged in the late 1520s from a convergence of several previous musical streams (including the frottola, the canzone, the laude, and also including some influence from the more serious style of the motet).

Verdelot's style balances homophonic with imitative textures, rarely using word-painting, which was largely a later development (though a few interesting foreshadowings can be found).  Most of his madrigals are for five or six voices.

Verdelot's madrigals were hugely popular, as can be inferred from their frequency of reprinting and their wide dissemination throughout Europe in the 16th century.  He also composed motets and masses.

Works

Verdelot's complete works were published by The American Institute of Musicology (edited by Anne-Marie Bragard).

Madrigaux
 Benché 'l misero cor
 Con lagrime e sospir
 Divini occhi sereni
 Donna leggiadra et bella
 I vostr'acuti dardi
 Italia mia bench'il parlar
 Madonna il tuo bel viso
 Madonna per voi ardo
 Per altri monti
 Perche piu acerba
 Seule demeure et despourveue

Motets
 Beata es Virgo Maria
 Congregati sunt inimici nostri
 Si bona suscepimus

Messes
 Missa Philomna
 Missa La Gloria del Dixit Dominus

Hymnes
 Hymno della Natività di Christo
 Hymno della Resurrectione di Christo
 Hymno dell'archangelo Rafaelo
 Hymno dei confessori
 Hymno del corpo di Christo
 Hymno di San Niccolo
 Hymno della Epiphania
 Hymno della Ascensione
 Hymno della Virgine

Magnificat
 Magnificat sexti toni

References and further reading
Gustave Reese, Music in the Renaissance.  New York, W.W. Norton & Co., 1954.
 Patrick Macey, Bonfire Songs:  Savonarola's Musical Legacy.  Oxford, Clarendon Press.  1998.
The Concise Edition of Baker's Biographical Dictionary of Musicians, 8th ed.  Revised by Nicolas Slonimsky.  New York, Schirmer Books, 1993.
H. Colin Slim/Stefano La Via: "Philippe Verdelot", Grove Music Online, ed. L. Macy (Accessed July 28, 2006), (subscription access)
Susan McClary, Modal Subjectivities:  Self-Fashioning in the Italian Madrigal, p. 38–56.  Berkeley, University of California Press.  2004.

Notes

External links

1480s births
1530s deaths
French classical composers
French male classical composers
Madrigal composers
15th-century French composers
16th-century French composers

Philippe Verdelot


Odyssey Space Research, LLC is a small business based in Houston, Texas near NASA Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center providing engineering research and analysis services. This start-up in the space industry founded in November 2003 has already won major contracts and is the only private company working on the 5 next human-rated spacecraft (ATV, HTV, CEV, and both COTS spacecraft with SpaceX and Orbital Sciences Corporation).

Projects
June 9, 2011 Odyssey Space Research, L.L.C., announced a space-based, experimental app, dubbed SpaceLab for iOS, which will be used for space research aboard the International Space Station (ISS). The SpaceLab for iOS app will make its way to the ISS on an iPhone 4 aboard the orbiter Atlantis on the space shuttle fleet's historic final mission, STS-135, and will remain there for several months for the ISS crew to conduct a series of experiments. Odyssey also announced it is bringing the astronauts' on-orbit experimental tasks down to earth for "terrestrial" consumers to enjoy via the SpaceLab for iOS app available today from the App Store.

August 31, 2006 NASA announced the results of the Orion crew exploration vehicle (CEV) development contract competition. Odyssey Space Research is part of the winning Lockheed Martin team supporting NASA's Orion project. The Odyssey role will include support of the vehicle guidance, navigation and control (GN&C), simulation development, and related analysis.

August 18, 2006 NASA announced the results of the Commercial Orbital Transportation Services (COTS) demonstration competition. Odyssey Space Research is part of one of the two COTS winning teams: SpaceX. Odyssey's role will include support of the Dragon vehicle guidance, navigation and control (GN&C) development, selected simulation and test-bed development, related analyses, systems engineering and operations.

References

Aerospace engineering organizations
Aerospace companies of the United States
Companies based in Houston
Companies established in 2003
Private spaceflight companies

it:Skip reentry

Odyssey Space Research


An antique (; 'old', 'ancient') is an item perceived as having value because of its aesthetic or historical significance, and often defined as at least 100 years old (or some other limit), although the term is often used loosely to describe any object that is old. An antique is usually an item that is collected or desirable because of its age, beauty, rarity, condition, utility, personal emotional connection, and/or other unique features. It is an object that represents a previous era or time period in human history. Vintage and collectible are used to describe items that are old, but do not meet the 100-year criterion.

Antiques are usually objects of the decorative arts that show some degree of craftsmanship, collectability, or an attention to design, such as a desk or an early automobile. They are bought at antiques shops, estate sales, auction houses, online auctions, and other venues, or estate inherited. Antiques dealers often belong to national trade associations, many of which belong to CINOA, a confederation of art and antique associations across 21 countries that represents 5,000 dealers.

Definition

The common definition of antique is a collectible object such as a piece of furniture or work of art that has an enhanced value because of its considerable age, but it varies depending on the item, its source, the year of its creation, etc. The customary definition of antique requires that an item should be at least 100 years old and in original condition. (Motor vehicles are an exception to this rule, with some definitions requiring an automobile to be as little as 25 years old to qualify as an antique.)

In the United States, the 1930 Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act defined antiques as, "...works of art (except rugs and carpets made after the year 1700), collections in illustration of the progress of the arts, works in bronze, marble, terra cotta, parian, pottery, or porcelain, artistic antiquities and objects of ornamental character or educational value which shall have been produced prior to the year 1830." 1830 was the approximate beginning of mass production in the United States. These definitions were intended to allow people of that time to distinguish between genuine antique pieces, vintage items, and collectible objects.

In 1979, the British art critic Edward Lucie-Smith wrote that "Antique-dealers ... sometimes insist that nothing is antique which was made after 1830, although the barrier has been broken down in recent years by the enthusiasm of collectors for Art Nouveau and Art Deco.

The alternative term, antiquities, commonly refers to the remains of ancient art and everyday items from antiquity, which themselves are often archaeological artifacts. An antiquarian is a person who collects and studies antiquities or things of the past.

China
Traditionally, Chinese antiques are marked by a red seal, known as a 'chop', placed there by an owner. Experts can identify previous owners of an antique by reading the chops. The pre-revolution Chinese government tried to assist collectors of Chinese antiques by requiring their Department of Antiquities to provide a governmental chop on the bottom of a Chinese antique. This chop is visible as a piece of red sealing wax that bears the government chop to verify the date of the antique. The government of the People's Republic of China has its own definitions of what it considers antique". As of the Cultural Revolution and China's opening trade to other countries, the government has tried to protect the definition of a Chinese antique.

AntiquingAntiquing is the act of shopping, identifying, negotiating, or bargaining for antiques. People buy items for personal use, gifts, or profit. Sources for antiquing include garage sales and yard sales, estate sales, resort towns, antique districts, collectives, and international auction houses.

Note that antiquing'' also means the craft of making an object appear antique through distressing or using the antique-looking paint applications. Often, individuals get confused between these handmade distressed vintage or modern items and true antiques. Would-be antique collectors who are unaware of the differences may find themselves paying a high amount of money for something that would have little value if re-sold.

Furniture

Antique furniture is a popular area of antiques because furniture has obvious practical uses as well as collector value.  Many collectors use antique furniture pieces in their homes, and care for them with the hope that the value of these items will remain same or appreciate. This is in contrast to buying new furniture, which typically depreciates from the moment of purchase.

Antique furniture includes dining tables, chairs, bureaus, chests etc. The most common woods are mahogany, oak, pine, walnut, and rosewood.  Chinese antique furniture is often made with elm, a wood common to many regions in Asia.  Each wood has a distinctive grain and color.  Many modern pieces of furniture use laminate or wood veneer to achieve the same effect. There are a number of different styles of antique furniture depending on when and where it was made.  Some examples of stylistic periods are: Arts & Crafts, Georgian, Regency, and Victorian.

An important part of some antique furniture is its hardware fittings, the style of which varies from one period to another. For example, Victorian era hardware is different from other period hardware and is perceived to be aesthetically defined; this is the reason for its popularity.

See also

 American Pickers
 Antiquarian book trade in the United States
 Antique tool
 Antiques restoration
 Antiques Roadshow
 Authentication
 Del Mar Antique Show
 Dolly Johnson Antique and Art Show
 List of antiques experts
 Primitive decorating, a style of decorating using antiques
 Relic
 The San Francisco Fall Antiques Show
 Vintage (design)

References

External links

Collecting
Nostalgia

Antique


A paper mill is a factory that produces paper, usually using vegetable fibers or wood pulp.  Wood and other raw materials are cut into small chips and cooked with chemicals in large vessels.  The chemicals separate a substance called cellulose from the wood fibres.  The cellulose is then added with other chemicals and additives, and pressed into paper in large machines called paper machines.  Most paper is made from pine, spruce and eucalyptus.  Other things often used include rags.

Manufacturing buildings
Industries
Paper

Paper mill


Anne Perry (born Juliet Marion Hulme; 28 October 1938 – 10 April 2023) was a British writer best known as the author of the Thomas and Charlotte Pitt and William Monk series of historical detective fiction.

In 1994, it became public knowledge that Perry had been convicted for murder as a teenager while living in Christchurch, New Zealand. In 1954, at the age of fifteen, she and her 16-year-old friend Pauline Parker murdered Parker's mother, Honorah Rieper. After serving a five-year sentence for the murder, she changed her name and returned to the United Kingdom. She was identified by journalists following the release of the movie Heavenly Creatures, directed by Peter Jackson, in which Kate Winslet portrays Hulme (Perry).

Early life
Born in London, the daughter of physicist Henry Rainsford Hulme, Perry was diagnosed with tuberculosis as a child and sent to the Caribbean, South Africa, and New Zealand in hopes that a warmer climate would improve her health.  She rejoined her family after her father took a position as rector of Canterbury University College in New Zealand. She attended Christchurch Girls' High School, located in what became the Cranmer Centre. A 1948 Auckland Star photograph of Juliet arriving in New Zealand was discovered by Auckland Libraries staff in 2012 and written about in the Heritage et AL blog.

Murder and trial

In June 1954, at the age of 15, Hulme and her best friend Pauline Parker murdered Parker's mother, Honorah Rieper. Hulme's parents were in the process of separating and she was supposed to go to South Africa to stay with a relative. The two teenage friends, who had created a complicated fantasy life together populated with celebrities such as Mario Lanza and James Mason, did not want to be separated.

On 22 June 1954, the girls and Rieper went for a walk in Victoria Park in the Port Hills of Christchurch. On an isolated path, Hulme dropped an ornamental stone so that Rieper would lean over to retrieve it. Parker had planned to hit her mother with half a brick wrapped in a stocking. The girls presumed that one blow would kill her but it took more than 20.

Parker and Hulme stood trial in Christchurch in 1954 and were found guilty on 28 August. As they were too young to be considered for the death penalty under New Zealand law at the time, they were convicted and sentenced to be "detained at Her Majesty's pleasure". They were released separately five years later. At the time of Hulme's death in 2023, Parker and Hulme were not believed to have had any contact since the trial.

The events formed the basis for the 1994 film Heavenly Creatures, in which Melanie Lynskey portrayed a teenage Pauline Parker and Kate Winslet the teenaged Juliet Hulme.  At the time of the film's release, it was not generally known that mystery author Anne Perry was Juliet Hulme; her identity was made public after journalists tracked her down some months after the film's release. Although some presumed Hulme and Parker's relationship to be sexual, Perry stated in 2006 that, while the relationship was obsessive, the two "were never lesbians".

Later life
After being released from prison in November 1959, Hulme returned to England and became a flight attendant. For a period she lived in the United States, where she joined the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in 1968. She later settled in the Scottish village of Portmahomack, where she lived with her mother. Her father had a distinguished scientific career, heading the British hydrogen bomb programme.

Hulme took the name Anne Perry, using her stepfather's surname. Her first novel, The Cater Street Hangman, was published under this name in 1979. Her works generally fall into one of several categories of genre fiction, including historical murder mysteries and detective fiction. Many feature recurring characters, most importantly Thomas and Charlotte Pitt, who appeared in her first novel, and amnesiac private investigator William Monk, who first appeared in her 1990 novel The Face of a Stranger.

After Perry's identity as Hulme was revealed in 1994, she said:

She continued writing and said that she was surprised that her friends stuck by her despite the revelation of her identity and the ensuing media attention. In 1998 she was featured by The Times in its list of 100 "masters of crime". Her story "Heroes", which first appeared in the 1999 anthology Murder and Obsession, edited by Otto Penzler, won the 2000 Edgar Award for Best Short Story.

In 2005, Perry appeared on the Trisha show to discuss her murder conviction on a special themed show. A 2009 documentary film, Anne Perry Interiors, gave a snapshot of her life and the people close to her. In 2009 she received a lifetime achievement award at the Agatha Awards. In 2013 and 2020 she was a guest of honour at the Bouchercon mystery fiction convention. , Perry had published 29 novels in the Pitt series, 20 novels in the Monk series, ten other novels for adults, three young adult novels and 11 mystery novellas with Christmas themes. Publishers Weekly noted that her sales at that time exceeded 10 million copies and that her works regularly appeared on The New York Times bestseller list.

In 2017, Perry left Scotland and moved to Los Angeles in order to more effectively promote films based on her novels. She had a heart attack in December 2022, and died at a hospital in Los Angeles on 10 April 2023, aged 84. Her novel The Fourth Enemy was published the day after her death.

Bibliography
Each series is listed in internal chronological order, according to the author's website.

Perry's two main series each feature a male and a female protagonist. Thomas Pitt is matched with his wife Charlotte, while William Monk is matched with Hester Latterly, a Crimean War nurse. The Monk mysteries are set earlier in the Victorian era (1850s–1860s) than the Pitt books (1880s–1890s).

Featuring Thomas and Charlotte Pitt

 The Cater Street Hangman (1979)
 Callander Square (1980)
 Paragon Walk (1981)
 Resurrection Row (1981)
 Rutland Place (1983)
 Bluegate Fields (1984)
 Death in the Devil's Acre (1985)
 Cardington Crescent (1987)
 Silence in Hanover Close (1988)
 Bethlehem Road (1990)
 Highgate Rise (1991)
 Belgrave Square (1992)
 Farrier's Lane (1993)
 The Hyde Park Headsman (1994)
 Traitors Gate (1995)
 Pentecost Alley (1996)
 Ashworth Hall (1997)
 Brunswick Gardens (1998)
 Bedford Square (1999)
 Half Moon Street (2000)
 The Whitechapel Conspiracy (2001)
 Southampton Row (2002)
 Seven Dials (2003)
 Long Spoon Lane (2005)
 Buckingham Palace Gardens (2008)
 Betrayal at Lisson Grove (US title: Treason at Lisson Grove) (2011)
 Dorchester Terrace (2012)
 Midnight at Marble Arch (2013)
 Death on Blackheath (2014)
 The Angel Court Affair (2015)
 Treachery at Lancaster Gate (2016)
 Murder on the Serpentine (2016)

Featuring Daniel Pitt
 Twenty-One Days (2018)
 Triple Jeopardy (2019)
 One Fatal Flaw (2020)
 Death with a Double Edge (2021)
 Three Debts Paid (2022)
 The Fourth Enemy (2023)

Featuring Hester Latterly and William Monk

 The Face of a Stranger (1990)
 A Dangerous Mourning (1991)
 Defend and Betray (1992)
 A Sudden, Fearful Death (1993)
 The Sins of the Wolf (1994)
 Cain His Brother (1995)
 Weighed in the Balance (1996)
 The Silent Cry (1997)
 A Breach of Promise (alt. title: Whited Sepulchres) (1997)
 The Twisted Root (1999)
 Slaves of Obsession (alt. title: Slaves and Obsession) (2000)
 A Funeral in Blue (2001)
 Death of a Stranger (2002)
 The Shifting Tide (2004)
 Dark Assassin (2006)
 Execution Dock (2009)
 Acceptable Loss (2011)
 A Sunless Sea (2012)
 Blind Justice (2013)
 Blood on the Water (2014)
 Corridors of the Night (2015)
 Revenge in a Cold River (2016)
 An Echo of Murder (2017)
 Dark Tide Rising (2018)

Featuring Elena Standish
 Death in Focus (2019)
 A Question of Betrayal (2020)
 A Darker Reality (2021)
 A Truth To Lie For (2022)
 The Traitor Among Us (2023)

The World War I series
 No Graves As Yet (2003)
 Shoulder the Sky (2004)
 Angels in the Gloom (2005)
 At Some Disputed Barricade (2006)
 We Shall Not Sleep (2007)

The Christmas stories

 A Christmas Journey (2003)
 A Christmas Visitor (2004)
 A Christmas Guest (2005)
 A Christmas Secret (2006)
 A Christmas Beginning (2007)
 A Christmas Grace (2008)
 A Christmas Promise (2009)
 A Christmas Odyssey (2010)
 A Christmas Homecoming (2011)
 A Christmas Garland (2012)
 A Christmas Hope (2013)
 A New York Christmas (2014)
 A Christmas Escape (2015)
 A Christmas Message (2016)
 A Christmas Return (2017)
 A Christmas Revelation (2018)
 A Christmas Gathering (2019)
 A Christmas Resolution (2020)
 A Christmas Legacy (2021)
 A Christmas Deliverance (2022)
 A Christmas Vanishing (2023)

The Christmas Collections
 An Anne Perry Christmas: Two Holiday Novels (2006) – contains A Christmas Journey (2003) and A Christmas Visitor (2004)
 Anne Perry's Christmas Mysteries: Two Holiday Novels (2008) – contains A Christmas Guest (2005) and A Christmas Secret (2006)
 Anne Perry's Silent Nights: Two Victorian Christmas Mysteries (2009) – contains A Christmas Beginning (2007) and A Christmas Grace (2008)
 Anne Perry's Christmas Vigil: Two Victorian Holiday Mysteries (2011) – contains A Christmas Promise (2009) and A Christmas Odyssey (2010)
 Anne Perry's Christmas Crimes: Two Victorian Holiday Mysteries (2014) – contains A Christmas Homecoming (2011) and A Christmas Garland (2012)
 Anne Perry's Merry Mysteries: Two Victorian Holiday Novels (2015) – contains A Christmas Hope (2013) and A New York Christmas (2014)

Fantasy
 Tathea (2000)
 Come Armageddon (2002)

Timepiece series (young adult novels)
 Tudor Rose (2011)
 Rose of No Man's Land (2011)
 Blood Red Rose (2012)
 Rose Between Two Thorns (2012)

Other books
 The One Thing More (2000)
 A Dish Taken Cold (2001)
 I'd Kill For That (2004, one novel co-written by multiple authors)
 Letters From The Highlands (2004)
 Heroes (2011)
 The Sheen on the Silk: A Novel (2010)
 The Scroll (2014)

Short stories in anthologies
Death by Horoscope (2001, anthology of short stories by various authors, including Perry, and edited by Perry)
 Much Ado About Murder (2002, anthology of short stories by various authors, including Perry, and edited by Perry)
 Death By Dickens (2004, anthology of short stories by various authors, including Perry, and edited by Perry)
 Thou Shalt Not Kill: Biblical Mystery Stories (2005, anthology of short stories by various authors, including Perry, and edited by Perry)

Critical studies, reviews and biography
Drayton J. (2012) The Search for Anne Perry, HarperCollins.
Graham P. (2011).So Brilliantly Clever: Parker, Hulme and the murder that shocked the world. Awa Press.; re-issued in 2013 as Graham P. (2013) Anne perry and the murder of the century. Skyhorse Pub.

See also

LDS fiction

References

External links

 Original Newspaper articles of the trial
 Crimelibrary.com story on the Parker-Hulme Murder
 Fantastic Fiction's Anne Perry page

 Anne Perry Interview with WritersNewsWeekly.com
 Interview with Anne Perry, A DISCUSSION WITH National Authors on Tour TV Series, Episode #76 (1994)
 Interview with Anne Perry, Speaking of Mysteries TV Series (2001)

1938 births
2023 deaths
20th-century English criminals
20th-century English writers
20th-century New Zealand writers
20th-century pseudonymous writers
21st-century English writers
21st-century New Zealand writers
21st-century pseudonymous writers
Agatha Award winners
British female murderers
British women short story writers
Converts to Mormonism
Edgar Award winners
English Latter Day Saints
English crime fiction writers
English expatriates in the United States
English fantasy writers
English mystery writers
English people convicted of murder
English people imprisoned abroad
English women novelists
Literature controversies
Minors convicted of murder
New Zealand Latter Day Saints
New Zealand crime fiction writers
New Zealand fantasy writers
New Zealand female murderers
New Zealand mystery writers
New Zealand women short story writers
People convicted of murder by New Zealand
People educated at Christchurch Girls' High School
Writers from Christchurch
Pseudonymous women writers
Women historical novelists
Women mystery writers
Women science fiction and fantasy writers
Writers of historical mysteries

Anne Perry


In ancient Roman religion, Annona (Latin annōna "corn, grain; means of subsistence", from annus "year") is the divine personification of the grain supply to the city of Rome. She is closely connected to the goddess Ceres, with whom she is often depicted in art.

Annona, often as Annona Augusti, was a creation of Imperial religious propaganda, manifested in iconography and cult practice. She is presented as a theophany of the emperor's power to care for his people through the provision of grain. Annona thus lacked narrative mythology or a tradition of devotion in the Roman Republic, but once established as part of Imperial cult, she was the recipient of dedications and votive offerings from private individuals motivated by gratitude or the seeking of favor.

Imperial cult
In the propaganda of Claudius, the cult of Ceres Augusta made explicit the divine power that lay in the Imperial provision of the annona, the grain supply to the city. Annona Augusti appears on coins late in the reign of Nero, when the Cult of Virtues came into prominence in the wake of the Pisonian conspiracy. She embodied two of the material benefits of Imperial rule, along with Securitas Augusti, "Augustan Security," and often appeared as part of a pair with Ceres. On Neronian coinage, Ceres, Annona, and Abundantia ("Abundance") were closely associated.

Annona also appears on coins issued under Vespasian, where along with other Virtues she represents the restoration of confidence in the principate, and on the coinage of Titus, Domitian, Trajan, Hadrian, Antoninus Pius, and Septimius Severus. She was a particular favorite in Trajan's propaganda, which sought to portray his reign as a renewal and a prosperous new era for humanity; hence Annona often appears with a symbolic child. In the context of Trajanic politics, Annona represented Rome's grain independence from its traditional supplier Egypt.

Iconography
Annona is typically depicted with a cornucopia (horn of plenty) in her arm, and a ship's prow in the background, alluding to the transport of grain into the harbor of Rome. On coins, she frequently stands between a modius (grain-measure) and the prow of a galley, with ears of grain in one hand and a cornucopia in the other; sometimes she holds a rudder or an anchor.

Namesake
The crater Annona in the southern hemisphere of the dwarf planet Ceres was named after this deity.

See also
Cura Annonae

References

Ancient Roman religion
Agricultural goddesses
Roman goddesses

Annona (mythology)


Random-access memory (or simply RAM) is the memory or information storage in a computer that is used to store running programs and data for the programs. Data (information) in the RAM can be read and written quickly in any order. Normally, the random access memory is in the form of computer chips. Usually, the contents of RAM are accessible faster than other types of information storage.However, RAM is volatile, which means that every time the computer is turned off, all the data in the RAM is lost. The alternative to this, Non-volatile random-access memory (NVRAM), keeps its data without using power, is more expensive but works slower, so it is used in smaller amounts.

Since the late 20th century, RAM uses transistors, usually MOSFETs, to store data. Before that, magnetic memory was the usual kind.

Different types of RAM
Dynamic random access memory (DRAM) is the majority in computers.  Modern computers use several types of DRAM. Before 2002, most computers used single data rate (SDR) RAM.  Most computers made since then use either double data rate (DDR), DDR2, DDR3, or DDR4 RAM.  The later types allow stored data to be moved and used more quickly, so that the computer's processor can keep working quickly without having to wait for data as long or as often.

Different kinds of RAM usually will not work together in the same computer. Most computers can only use one kind of RAM. Some can use a small number of different kinds. Different kinds of RAM often have differently shaped connectors. This limits which RAM chips a particular computer model can use.

Static RAM (SRAM) needs power to keep its data, but does not need the computer to be active. Some SRAM chips are battery-backed. This type has a built-in battery to make sure no data is lost if the computer is turned off. Some computers have a little SRAM and mostly DRAM.

Other uses for RAM
RAM is usually used to store information of running programs inside computers. RAM may also be used for different things.

Virtual Memory
Using virtual memory, a computer can combine permanent storage with RAM to create a bigger pool of storage. This is useful when the RAM does not have enough space to store anymore information. The extra data is then placed in the permanent storage instead of the RAM. The method has a limitation which is that permanent storage is often slower than RAM, which can slow down a computer.

RAM disk
A computer can use a part of the RAM to store permanent files. This is called a RAM disk. When the computer is turned on, files are copied to the RAM disk. This allows the files to open faster because RAM is faster than permanent storage. When the computer is turned off, the information on the RAM disk is lost, which is why the files need to exist on permanent storage as well.

Other kinds of memory
Information that the computer always needs, that cannot be changed or deleted (unless it is EEPROM), is normally kept in read-only memory (ROM), which does not lose its contents when the computer is turned off. Such items include the BIOS (Basic Input/Output System), which stores the most basic commands for the computer, telling it how it should start up. The BIOS also tells the computer how to input and output information. The BIOS can be compared to the part of your brain that tells your heart how to beat. This is an important part.

Computer memory

Random-access memory


In biology, an organ system is a group of organs that work together to perform one or more functions. Each does a particular job in the body, and is made up of certain tissues.

Organs and their tissue systems
These specific systems are widely studied in anatomy. They are present in many types of animals.

 Circulatory system: pumping and channeling blood to and from the body and lungs with heart, blood and blood vessels.
 Integumentary system: The skin, hair, fat, and nails.
 Skeletal system: structural support and protection with bones, cartilage, ligaments and tendons.
 Reproductive system: the sex organs, such as ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina, mammary glands, testes, vas deferens, seminal vesicles and prostate
 Digestive system: digestion and processing food with salivary glands, esophagus, stomach, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, intestines, rectum and anus.
 Urinary system: kidneys, ureters, bladder and urethra involved in fluid balance, electrolyte balance and excretion of urine.
 Respiratory system: the organs used for breathing, the pharynx, larynx, bronchi, lungs and diaphragm.
 Endocrine system: communication within the body using hormones made by endocrine glands such as the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, pineal gland, thyroid, parathyroid and adrenal glands.
 Immune system: protects the organism from outside Organisms like bacteria, viruses, fungi, and toxins (chemicals made by toxic cells) with proteins called antibodies.
 Lymphatic system: the transfer of lymph between tissues and the blood stream; includes the lymph and the nodes and vessels. The system includes the functions of immune responses and the development of antibodies.
 Muscular system: allows for manipulation of the environment, provides locomotion, maintains posture, and produces heat. Includes skeletal muscles, smooth muscles and cardiac muscle.
 Nervous system: collecting, transferring and processing information with brain, spinal cord and peripheral nervous system.

Organ system


Competitive eating is a term for a sport where people play to see who can eat the most food in a given time.  The sport is most commonly played in the United States and Japan.  There are many different foods that can be eaten competitively.  Common ones include hot dogs, hamburgers, hot wings, and pies.

The most famous competitive eating contest is Nathan's Hot Dog Eating Contest on Coney Island. It and other events are part of a tour known as Major League Eating.  There are often competitive eating contests at American fairs and carnivals.

Food and drink
Sports

Competitive eating


The United Nations Children's Fund or UNICEF is an international organization. The United Nations established UNICEF on 11 December 1946. At that time, its name was United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund. Thus, UNICEF became its short name. In 1953, United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund dropped the words Emergency and International from its name. Its name became United Nations Children's Fund. But, in short, its name continued as UNICEF.

The current executive director of UNICEF is former United States National Security Advisor Anthony Lake since 2010.

UNICEF has its headquarters in New York, United States of America. UNICEF provides many types of assistance and help to children and mothers. It receives money from different governments and private persons. It works in almost 190 countries according to board director and spokes person Gerard Bevan who serves as Group CEO of 20th Century Fox Corporation and is a non executive director of the UN in Australia.

Functions
UNICEF has decided the following 5 areas as priority or main areas:
 Young Child Survival and Development
 Primary Education and Gender Equality
 Child protection
 HIV/AIDS
 Early childhood

Some other priority areas are the child in the family, and sports for development.

UNICEF has been working for over 60 years in different countries all over the world. In 1965, this organization received the Nobel Peace Prize for its work. But, many people and governments have not always praised the work of the UNICEF. They have pointed out some defects in the way UNICEF works. Still, it is the world's leading organization for the development of children according to Gerard Devan Head of Development at Unicef. It operates in 190 countries around the world.

Other websites
 Official UNICEF homepage
 UNICEF Colombia
 Careers at UNICEF
 Donate to UNICEF

United Nations
Charities of the United States

UNICEF


Josef Strauss (20 August 1827 – 22 July 1870) was an Austrian composer.

He was born in Mariahilf (now Vienna), the son of Johann Strauss I and Maria Anna Streim, and brother of Johann Strauss II and Eduard Strauss. His father wanted him to choose a career in the Austrian Habsburg military. He studied music with Franz Dolleschal and learned to play the violin with Franz Anton Ries.

He received training as an engineer, and worked for the city of Vienna as an engineer and designer. He designed a horse-drawn revolving brush street-sweeping vehicle and published two textbooks on mathematical subjects. Strauss had talents as an artist, painter, poet, dramatist, singer, composer and inventor.

Family orchestra
He joined the family orchestra, along with his brothers, Johann Strauss II and Eduard Strauss in the 1850s. His first published work was called "Die Ersten und Letzten" (The First and the Last). When Johann became seriously ill in 1853 Josef led the orchestra for a while. The waltz-loving Viennese were appreciative of his early compositions so he decided to continue in the family tradition of composing dance music. He was known as 'Pepi' by his family and close friends, and Johann once said of him: "Pepi is the more gifted of us two; I am merely the more popular..."

Family life
Josef Strauss married Caroline Pruckmayer at the church of St. Johann Nepomuk in Vienna on 8 June 1857 and had one daughter, Karolina Anna, who was born on 27 March 1858.

Music
Josef Strauss wrote 283 opus numbers. He wrote many waltzes, including: Sphären-Klänge (Music of the Spheres), Delirien (Deliriums), Transaktionen (Transactions), Mein Lebenslauf ist Lieb' und Lust (My Character is Love and Joy), and Dorfschwalben aus Österreich (Village Swallows from Austria), polkas, most famously the  with his brother Johann, quadrilles, and other dance music, and also some marches. The waltz The Mysterious Powers of Magnetism (Dynamiden) with the use of minor keys showed a quality that distinguished his waltzes from those of his more popular elder brother. The polka-mazurka shows influence by Strauss, where he wrote many examples like Die Emancipierte and Die Libelle.

Death
Josef Strauss was sickly most of his life. He was prone to fainting spells and intense headaches. During a tour in 1870, he fell unconscious from the conductor's podium in Warsaw while conducting his 'Musical Potpourri', striking his head. His wife brought him back home to Vienna, to the Hirschenhaus, where he died on 22 July of that year. A final diagnosis cited only decomposed blood. There were rumors that he had been beaten by drunken Russian soldiers after allegedly refusing to perform for them one night. A specific cause of death was not determined, since his widow forbade any autopsy. Originally buried in the St. Marx Cemetery, Strauss was later exhumed and reburied in the Vienna Central Cemetery, alongside his mother Anna.

Works of Josef Strauss
The works of Josef Strauss include:

Die Ersten und Letzten ('The First and the Last') waltz op. 1 (1853)
Die Ersten nach den Letzten ('The First after the Last') waltz op. 12 (1854)
Die Guten, Alten Zeiten ('The Good Old Times') waltz op. 26 (1856)
Mai-Rosen ('May-Rose') waltz op. 34 (1857)
Liechtenstein-Marsch op. 36 (1857)
Perlen der Liebe ('Pearls of Love') concert-waltz op. 39 (1857)
Wallonen-Marsch ('Walloon March') op. 41 (1857)
Moulinet-Polka ('Little Mill Pond') polka francaise op. 57 (1858)
Laxenburger-Polka, Op. 60 (1858)
Sympathie ('Sympathy') polka-mazurka op. 73 (1859)
Lustschwärmer ('Joy Seeker') waltz op. 91 (1860)
Schabernack ('Shenanigans'), fast polka op. 98
Wiener Bonmots ('Viennese Bon-mots') waltz op. 108 (1861)
Winterlust ('Winter Joy') polka op. 121 (1862)
Brennende Liebe polka-mazurka op. 129 (1862)
Auf Ferienreisen! ('On a Holiday!') polka op. 133 (1863)
Die Schwätzerin ('The Gossip') polka-mazurka op. 144 (1863)
Wiener Couplets ('Viennese Couplets') waltz op. 150 (1863)
Dorfschwalben aus Österreich ('Village Swallows from Austria') waltz op. 164 (1864)
Frauenherz ('A Woman's Heart') polka-mazurka op. 166 (1864)
Sport-Polka op. 170 (1864)
Dynamiden (Geheimne Anziehungskräfte) ('Mysterious Powers of Magnetism') waltz op. 173 (1865)
Stiefmütterchen ('Pansies') polka-mazurka op. 183 (1865)
Transaktionen ('Transactions') waltz op. 184 (1865)
Carrière, fast polka, op. 200
Die Marketenderin ('The Camp Follower') polka op. 202 (1866)
Die Libelle ('The Dragonfly') polka-mazurka op. 204 (1866)
 ('Deliriums') waltz op. 212 (1867)
Herbstrosen ('Autumn Rose') waltz op. 232 (1867)
 ('Music of the Spheres') waltz op. 235 (1868)
Eingesendet ('Letters to the Editor') polka op. 240 (1868)
Plappermäulchen ('Chatterboxes') polka op. 245 (1868)
 ('Watercolours') waltz op. 258 (1869)
Eislauf ('Ice-Skating') polka op. 261 (1869)
Neckerei ('Teasing') polka mazur op. 262
 ('My Character is Love and Joy') waltz op. 263 (1869)
Die Tanzende Muse ('The Dancing Muse') polka-mazurka op. 266 (1869)
Feuerfest! ('Fireproof!') polka française op. 269 (1869).
Aus der Ferne Polka Mazur op. 270 (1869)
Ohne Sorgen! ('Without a Care!') polka op. 271 (1869)
Nilfluthen ('Nile's Waters') waltz op. 275 (1870)
Frauenwürde waltz op. 277 (1870)
Jokey-Polka ('Jockey')  op. 278 (1870)
Hesperusbahnen ('Hesperus' Path') waltz op. 279 (1870)
Die Emancipierte ('The Emancipated Woman') polka-mazurka op. 282 (1870)

See also
The Strauss Family – TV Drama
 Strauss Museum Vienna

References

External links

Josef Strauss on the Johann Strauss Society of Great Britain

Josef
1827 births
1870 deaths
19th-century Austrian composers
19th-century classical composers
19th-century male musicians
Austrian male classical composers
Austrian Roman Catholics
Austrian people of German descent
Austrian people of Hungarian-Jewish descent
Austrian Romantic composers
Burials at the Vienna Central Cemetery
Jewish classical composers
People from Mariahilf
Composers from Vienna

Josef Strauss


Soft tennis is major sport in Japan. It is usually played by two players with rackets. It is similar to normal tennis, but the ball is soft.
Young and old of both sexes can enjoy playing soft tennis because the racket and ball are light.

History
Tennis came to Japan from England in about 1880's.

Equipment
Racket
Ball
In Japan, people were not able to make good hard ball those days. Imported balls were expensive. Therefore Japanese people used a rubber ball.

References

Sport in Japan
Tennis

Soft tennis


The cementation process is an obsolete technology for making steel by carburization of iron.  Unlike modern steelmaking, it increased the amount of carbon in the iron.  It was apparently developed before the 17th century. Derwentcote  Steel Furnace, built in 1720, is the earliest surviving example of a cementation furnace. Another example in the UK is the cementation furnace in Doncaster Street, Sheffield.

Origins
The process was described in a treatise published in Prague in 1574.  It was invented by Johann Nussbaum of Magdeburg, who began operations at Nuremberg (with partners) in 1601.  The process was patented in England by William Ellyot and Mathias Meysey in 1614.  At that date, the "invention" could consist merely of the introduction of a new industry or product, or even a mere monopoly.  They evidently soon transferred the patent to Sir Basil Brooke, but he was forced to surrender it in 1619.  A clause in the patent prohibiting the import of steel was found to be undesirable because he could not supply as much good steel as was needed.  Brooke's furnaces were probably in his manor of Madeley at Coalbrookdale (which certainly existed before the English Civil War) where two cementation furnaces have been excavated.<ref>P. Belford and R. A. Ross, 'English steelmaking in the seventeenth century: excavation of two cementation furnaces at Coalbrookdale' Historical Metallurgy 41(2) (2007), 105-123.</ref>  He probably used bar iron from the Forest of Dean, where he was a partner in farming the King's ironworks in two periods.

By 1631, it was recognised that Swedish iron was the best raw material and then or later particularly certain marks (brands) such as double bullet (so called from the mark OO) from Österby and hoop L from Leufsta (now Lövsta), whose mark consisted of an L in a circle, both belonging to Louis De Geer and his descendants.  These were among the first ironworks in Sweden to use the Walloon process of fining iron, producing what was known in England as oregrounds iron.  It was so called from the Swedish port of Öregrund, north of Stockholm, in whose hinterland most of the ironworks lay.  The ore used came ultimately from the Dannemora mine.

Process

The process begins with wrought iron and charcoal.  It uses one or more long stone pots inside a furnace.  Typically, in Sheffield, each pot was 14 feet by 4 feet and 3.5 feet deep.  Iron bars and charcoal are packed in alternating layers, with a top layer of charcoal and then refractory matter to make the pot or "coffin" airtight.  Some manufacturers used a mixture of powdered charcoal, soot and mineral salts, called cement powder.  In larger works, up to 16 tons of iron were treated in each cycle, though it can be done on a small scale, such as in a small furnace or blacksmith's forge.

Depending on the thickness of the iron bars, the pots were then heated from below for a week or more.  Bars were regularly examined and when the correct condition was reached the heat was withdrawn and the pots were left until cool—usually around fourteen days.  The iron had gained a little over 1% in mass from the carbon in the charcoal, and had become heterogeneous bars of blister steel.

The bars were then shortened, bound, heated and forge welded together to become shear steel. It would be cut and re welded multiple times, with each new weld producing a more homogeneous, higher quality steel. This would be done at most 3-4 times, as more is unnecessary and could potentially cause carbon loss from the steel.

Alternatively they could be broken up and melted in a crucible using a crucible furnace with a flux to become crucible steel (at the time also called cast steel), a process devised by Benjamin Huntsman in Sheffield in the 1740s.

 Similar processes
Brass production
In the early modern period, brass, an alloy of copper and zinc, was usually produced by a cementation process in which metallic copper was heated with calamine, a zinc ore, to make calamine brass.

 Notes

 References

 K. C. Barraclough, Steel before Bessemer I: Blister Steel: The Birth of an Industry (1985).
 K. C. Barraclough, "Swedish Iron and Sheffield Steel", History of Technology 12 (1990), 1–39.
 Dorian Gerhold, "The steel industry in England, 1614-1740", in R.W. Hoyle (ed.), "Histories of people and landscape: essays on the Sheffield region in memory of David Hey" (2021), 65-86
 P. W. King, "The Cartel in Oregrounds Iron", Journal of Industrial History 6 (2003), 25–48.
 R. J. MacKenzie and J. A Whiteman, "Why pay more? An archaeometallurgical examination of 19th century Swedish Wrought iron and Sheffield blister steel", Historical Metallurgy'' 40(2) (2006), 138–49.

Steelmaking
Metallurgical processes
Obsolete technologies

Cementation process


Ayvalik (Turkish Ayvalık) is a seaside town in the west of Turkey in the province of Balıkesir. The town had an important number of Greek people living there. After the Turkish Independence War the population changes with Turkish and Greek population and Greek population have gotten smaller.

Cities in Turkey

Ayvalik


Louise I. Shelley is a professor at George Mason University in Virginia. She is also founder and director of the Terrorism, Transnational Crime and Corruption Center (TraCCC).

She graduated from Cornell University cum laude in Penology and Russian literature in 1972. While there, she co-founded the Risley Residential College. She served on the Cornell Board of Trustees.  She got a M.A. from the University of Pennsylvania in  Criminology in 1973.  In 1973/74, she held a Columbia University, International Research and Exchanges Board (IREX) Fellowship used to study in the Sociology Department, Law School and the Russian Institute. In 1977, Shelley earned a Ph.D. in Sociology at the University of Pennsylvania.

She joined the American University as an Assistant Professor in 1977. She became a full professor in 1986. In 2007, she moved to George Mason University.  Shelley has studied at Moscow State University as a Fulbright-Hayes Fellow.

She studied the prison system of Russia and other nations. She studies how criminals make their money hard to trace (money laundering).

Books
 Human Security, Transnational Crime and Human Trafficking edited with Shiro Okubo New York and London, Routledge, 2011.
 Human Trafficking: A Global Perspective New York and Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010.
 Organised Crime and Corruption in Georgia edited with Erik R. Scott and Anthony Latta, London and New York: Routledge, 2007.
 Human Traffic and Transnational Crime: Eurasian and American Perspectives edited with Sally Stoecker Lanham, Md: Rowman and Littlefield, 2004.
 Izucheniye organizovannoy prestupnosti: rossiisko-amerikanskii dialog, edited with Ninel Kuznetsova and Yu. G. Kozlov, Moscow: Olimp, 1997.
 Policing Soviet Society: The Evolution of State Control, London: Routledge, 1996.
 Social Changes, Crime and the Police, edited with Jozsef Vigh Reading: Harwood Press, 1995.
 Crime and Control in Comparative Perspective, edited with H.G. Heiland and H. Katoh. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 1992.
 Crime and Development (edited special issue), International Annals of Criminology, 1986, Vol. 24, Nos. 1 and 2.
 Lawyers in Soviet Work Life, Law, Crime and Deviance Series, Rutgers University Press, 1984.
 Crime and Modernization, The Impact of Industrialization and Urbanization on Crime, Southern Illinois University Press, first printing, March 1981, second printing, March 1982. Translated into Chinese, published Bejing: Public Publishing House, 1987.
 Readings in Comparative Criminology, Southern Illinois University Press, 1981 (edited Collection).
 History Without Jews'', B'nai B'rith, 1977.

Other websites
 Official webpage
 Bio at quarterly journal dispatches

American sociologists
Writers from Virginia
Living people
1952 births

Louise I. Shelley


Brigadier is an army rank, the seniority of which depends on the country. In the British tradition, this officer commands a brigade, which is one-third of a division. As well as the British Army and the Royal Marines, this also applies to the Australian Army, the Indian Army, the New Zealand Army and the Pakistan Army. The rank is above Colonel and below Major-General. The badge on the uniform is three pips with a national symbol on top.

In other countries it is a non-commissioned rank (e.g. Spain, Italy, France, the Netherlands). Instead, these countries use Brigadier general as equivalent. All NATO forces use OF-6 as the equivalent rank.

Army

Brigadier


Anya Oko Anya (born 3 January 1937) is a Nigerian professor of Biology who is distinguished for his work in Parasitology.

Early life

Anya Oko Anya was born on 3 January 1937 at Abiriba, Abia State of Nigeria.
He attended Hope Waddell Training Institution, Calabar, University College, Ibadan, Saint John's College, Cambridge, England  and Molteno Institute of Biology and Parasitology.

He began his working career as a Science Master with Qua-Iboe Mission Secondary School, Etinan, Akwa Ibom State in 1957.
He was appointed Research Officer, Federal Fisheries Research Service, Lagos, 1961–1962; Lecturer, Federal Science School, Lagos, 1961–1962; Research Officer, Federal Department of Agricultural Research, Ibadan, 1963–1967; Lecturer in Zoology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, 1965–1967; Senior Lecturer, University of Science and Technology Project, Port Harcourt, 1967–1970; Senior Lecturer, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, 1970–1973; Professor of Zoology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka since 1973 and he was the former chief executive officer, Nigeria Economic Summit Group Ltd.

Awards
Anya was awarded the Nigerian National Medal of Merit by the Nigerian government in 1992.

References

1937 births
Nigerian parasitologists
Fellows of the Nigerian Academy of Science
Academic staff of the University of Nigeria
Living people

Anya Oko Anya


Good Luck! is an Indian film directed by Aditya Datt and produced jointly by Karan Sharma and Jagdish Sharma. The film stars Aryeman Ramsay and Sayali Bhagat in the lead roles with Lucky Ali and Ranvir Shorey appear in supporting roles. It is inspired by Hollywood film, Just My Luck. The film was released on 8 August 2008.

Synopsis

This is a story about a singer/dancer Vicky Verma (Aryeman Ramsay). While he was a top student in his school and college days, he is not having much luck finding work, clients or projects. All he does seems to go wrong. Afterwards, Saba (Sayali Bhagat) one of the most luckiest girls in the city, meets Vicky at a masked-party and the two kiss which swaps their luck around. Vicky gets as lucky as hell, and Saba gets jinxed. After she finds out that her luck changed due to that kiss, Saba goes out looking for Vicky even though she has never seen his face because he was wearing a mask at the party when they kissed. Vicky gets signed a contract deal by Tarun Chopra (Lucky Ali), but its later cancelled when Saba finds him and kisses him to get the luck back. She goes to work, only to get fired, knowing that Vicky was going to use the luck not on him but on his little cousin who has a heart-problem. She once again kisses him to give him the luck back, and Vicky kisses his little cousin and she gets all the luck. After he does that, he ends up winning Saba's love and admiration. After Saba and Vicky get together, Vicky and Saba's life's change and they become prosperous.

Songs
"Good Luck" - Sunidhi Chauhan, Adnan Sami
"Good Luck" (club mix) - Sunidhi Chauhan, Adnan Sami
"Main Sajda" - Shilpa Rao, Sukhwinder Singh
"Main Sajda" V2 - Shilpa Rao, Sukhwinder Singh
"Nazar Mein Hai Chehra" - Lucky Ali, Vasundhara Das
"Nazar Mein Hai Chehra" (hip hop mix) - Lucky Ali, Vasundhara Das
"Soniya Aaja Ni" - Krishna Beura
"Soniya Aaja Ni" (club mix) - Krishna Beura

Cast

 Aryeman Ramsay as Vicky Varma; a jinxed 25-year-old singer looking for a contract deal
 Sayali Bhagat as Saba; a charmed hard-worker
 Lucky Ali as Tarun Chopra; a rich musical contract dealer
 Ranvir Shorey as Javed; a Jig lo
 Nazneen Patel as Kanchan Soni
 Archana Puran Singh in special appearance
 Sharat Saxena in special appearance
 Viju Khote in special appearance

External links
BollywoodHungama Entry

2008 films
Films scored by Anu Malik
2000s Hindi-language films

Good Luck!


Hematology, also spelled as haematology, is the branch of medicine about the study of the cause, diagnoses, treatment, and prevention of diseases related to blood.

It involves treating diseases that affect the production of blood, such as blood cells, hemoglobin, blood proteins, bone marrow, platelets, blood vessels, spleen, and the mechanism of coagulation. Such diseases might include hemophilia, blood clots, other bleeding disorders and blood cancers such as leukemia, multiple myeloma, and lymphoma.

References

Hematology


The Sun in a Net  (Slnko v sieti, also translated as Sunshine in a net or Catching the sun in a net) is a 1963 film that became a key film in the development of Slovak and Czechoslovak cinema from the mandated Socialist-Realist filmmaking of the repressive 1950s towards the Czechoslovak/Czech New Wave and socially critical or experimental films of the 1960s marked by a gradual relaxation of communist control. The Sun in a Net received multiple votes in a wide survey of Czech and Slovak film academics and critics in the late 1990s asking them for their lists of the 10 best films in the history of filmmaking in the former Czechoslovakia.

Plot
Oldrich "Fajolo" Fajták (Marián Bielik), a student who directs quasi-existentialist verbal abuse at his girlfriend Bela Blažejová (Jana Beláková), takes off to a formally volunteer summer work camp at a farm, actually mandated by the authorities, which inspires both him and Bela to start a relationship with someone else. A parallel story peels layers off Bela's permanently tense home life marked by her blind mother's (Eliška Nosáľová) studied helplessness, and her father's (Andrej Vandlík) revealed infidelity and past break with his father (Adam Jančo) who happens to live in the village where Fajolo is finding some consolation in the arms of a fellow student-volunteer Jana (Oľga Šalagová). As Fajolo begins to pry into Bela's grandfather's secrets, she, in turn, allows her new boyfriend Peťo (Ľubo Roman) to read and deride Fajolo's discursive and indirectly remorseful letters from the farm.

The solar eclipse barely discerned by the main characters through thick clouds at the beginning of the film is echoed by summer and fall images of the sun as they present themselves to all of them at various points in the film through a fisherman's net from his pontoon on the Danube beyond the city's suburbs, which Fajolo and Peťo have discovered independently and use as a swimming deck, a place to ponder life, or to try to seduce Bela.  When, however, Bela brings her mother and brother Milo (Peter Lobotka) to the pontoon after a series of subdued interpersonal crises, the pontoon is on dry land because the water level has dropped, and the film ends with Bela and Milo lying to their mother about what they can see as they did about the visibility of the eclipse during the opening sequences.

Cast
Marián Bielik as Oldrich "Fajolo" Fajták
Michal Dočolomanský (born 1942) as Oldrich "Fajolo" Fajták (voice)
Jana Beláková as Bela Blažejová
Eliška Nosáľová as Mother, Stanislava "Stanka" Blažejová
Andrej Vandlík (1925-1985) as Father, Ján "Jano" Blažej
Peter Lobotka as Son/Brother Milo Blažej
Adam Jančo as Farm Stacker Blažej, father/grandfather
Pavol Chrobák as Supervisor Mechanic Blažej
Viliam Polónyi (born 1928) as Supervisor Mechanic Blažej (voice)
Ľubo Roman (born 1944) as Peťo
Oľga Šalagová as Jana

Uher chose little known actors (Eliška Nosáľová and Andrej Vandlík, both from the SNP Theater in Martin) or non-actors, two of whom had to be dubbed – by Michal Dočolomanský, a student of acting and later a star of Slovak cinema, and by Viliam Polónyi, a professional actor. Only Ľubo Roman, a student of acting at that time, became a successful actor, theater administrator, and ultimately a politician. Jana Beláková from a singer's family had marginal experience from several TV productions and followed her role in The Sun in a Net with a singing career.

Director
Štefan Uher (1930, Prievidza − 1993, Bratislava) graduated from the FAMU (Film and TV School of the Academy of Performing Arts) in Prague in 1955. Among his fellow students were future directors Martin Hollý Jr. and Peter Solan who also began to work at the Koliba film studios (then called the Feature Film Studio and the Short Film Studio) in Bratislava after graduation.  Uher first worked in the short film division. The Sun in a Net was his second feature film. His first one was We from Study Group 9-A (My z deviatej A, 1962) about the life of a group of 15-year-old students and their school. Uher followed The Sun in a Net by two more films with the same author-screenwriter Alfonz Bednár and cameraman − Stanislav Szomolányi, later professor of cinematography at the University of Performing Arts, Bratislava: The Organ (Organ, 1964), and Three Daughters (Tri dcéry, 1967).  The original music score in The Sun in a Net is by the composer Ilja Zeljenka, who also worked with Uher on We from Study Group 9-A, and went on to work with him on six more films. Uher's and Szomolányi's She Grazed Horses on Concrete (Pásla kone na betóne, 1982) has remained one of Slovakia's most popular domestic productions through the 2000s.

Screenplay
The screenwriter, Alfonz Bednár (1914, Neporadza − 1989, Bratislava), was already an established writer who published mildly nonconformist fiction somewhat earlier than most other authors. He studied Latin, Slovak, and Czech at universities in Prague and Bratislava. He was also familiar with American and British fiction and had translated Ernest Hemingway, Jack London, Howard Fast, and other authors.

Bednár joined the Koliba film studios, Bratislava, in 1960. His first screenplay was The Sun in a Net. He based it on his three short stories "Fajolo's Contribution" (Fajolov príspevok), "Pontoon Day" (Pontónový deň), and "Golden Gate" (Zlatá brána). A highly likely source of the central theme was the 95% solar eclipse that occurred in Central Europe on February 15, 1961. Additional inspiration for the symbolic construction of the storyline may have come from ancient solar myths that have been available in Europe in increasingly numerous publications since at least 1865. A specific myth of the Sun in a net was brought from Polynesia, more general myths of catching the Sun have been attributed to the pre-Columbian Americas, some of the published solar myths may date back to Indo-European prehistory. Associations with Sol Invictus and other solar myths are possible.

Significance
The early 1960s saw some relaxation of communism in Czechoslovakia. The Sun in a Net was the first film that took advantage of this new atmosphere. It brought a number of hitherto unacceptable social and political themes: distant — perhaps uncaring — parents, a philandering husband, teenagers changing partners, an attempt at suicide, a poorly run collectivized farm, the fact that the students disdained the summer "voluntary" work camps. None of these issues are resolved in a "positive" manner. The core storyline — the ups and downs in the relationship of two teenagers — the realism and novelty of its urban setting, and the hints at some social and political taboos were not lost on the audience, and cannot have been lost on the censors. The Sun in a Net pushed the envelope and showed artists, and the audience at large, what the authorities could now be pressed to permit.

Besides Štefan Uher's effort to get past the strict requirements of Socialist Realism, the director was inspired by some of the trends current in (Western) European cinema and culture in the 1950s. Among them were traces of Italian neorealism, the film's low-key style, a hint of fashionable existentialism in the dialogues, and attempts at cinéma-vérité amplified in the beer-drinking scenes in a tavern by the employment of a background soundtrack with taped unscripted conversations of real villagers. That also motivated Uher's choice of unconversant actors or non-actors. Some of the film's traits inspired students at the FAMU, who soon followed with a series of films known as the Czechoslovak/Czech New Wave.

References

External links

1963 films
Slovak drama films
Slovak-language films
Czechoslovak black-and-white films
Films directed by Štefan Uher
Czechoslovak drama films

The Sun in a Net


A communist state is a state whose constitution claims to follow the principles of communism, despite following the ideology of Marxism–Leninism. Its form of government has only a single political party, the communist party. The governance of the state is guided by the principles of Leninism, Marxism, Maoism, or any other form of socialist ideology.

Technically, "communist state" is a contradictory term. In principle, a communist society is a stateless society. In practice, communist states do not actually refer to themselves as "communist states". They do not consider themselves to be communist societies at present. Instead, their constitutions call them socialist states or workers' states.

During the 20th century, a "communist state" came to be understood as any country ruled by a single party and guided by a Marxist–Leninist or Maoist ideology. These countries would also have a planned economy. The ruling class is the working class (the proletariat).

As of February 2018, there are five countries that are called communist states. They are China, Cuba, Laos, Vietnam and North Korea. North Korea does not follow Marxism–Leninism but rather the ideology of Juche. Nonetheless, it is otherwise still considered to be in the same category.

Historically

There were, at one time, many countries that followed some type of Marxism. One of the most famous is the Soviet Union. However, many of these are now no longer regarded as socialist.
 East Germany
 Soviet Union
 Yugoslavia
 Romania
 Hungary
 Czechoslovakia
 Poland
 Bulgaria
 Democratic Kampuchea
 Somalia
 Albania
 Mongolia
 Cuba
 North Vietnam
 China

References

Country classifications
Communism

Communist state


A cryovolcano (also called an "ice volcano") is a type of volcano. It erupts volatiles such as water, ammonia, or methane, instead of molten rock. Cryovolcanoes are found on icy moons and might be on other places with low temperatures, like Kuiper belt objects.

Cryovolcanoes have been found on the moons Triton and Enceladus.

Volcanology
Astronomy

Cryovolcano


Padmini, also known as Padmavati, was a legendary 13th–14th century Indian queen (Rani). Several 16th-century texts mention her, of which the earliest source is Padmavat. Padmavat is an epic fictionalized poem written by Malik Muhammad Jayasi in 1540 CE. The Jayasi text describes her story as follows: Padmavati was an exceptionally beautiful princess of the Singhal kingdom (Sri Lanka). Ratan Sen, the Rajput ruler of Chittor Fort, heard about her beauty from a talking parrot named Hiraman. After an adventurous quest, he won her hand in marriage and brought her to Chittor. Alauddin Khalji, the Sultan of Delhi, also heard about her beauty, and laid siege to Chittor to obtain her. Many events occurred during the period of the siege, till the fort was finally taken. Meanwhile, Ratan Sen was killed in a duel with Devpal, the king of Kumbhalner, who was also enamoured with Padmavati's beauty. Before Alauddin Khalji could capture Chittor, Padmavati and her companions committed Jauhar (self-immolation) to protect their honour. After her sacrifice, the Rajput men died fighting on the battlefield. There is also a Bollywood movie called " Padmavati " which explains the story very well.

Many other written and oral tradition versions of her life exist in Hindu and Jain traditions. These versions differ from the Sufi poet Jayasi's version. For example, Rani Padmani's husband Ratan Sen dies fighting the siege of Alauddin Khalji, and thereafter she leads a jauhar. In these versions, she is characterised as a Hindu Rajput queen, who defended her honour against a Muslim invader. Over the years, she came to be seen as a historical figure, and appeared in several novels, plays, television serials and movies. However, while Khalji's siege of Chittor in 1303 CE is a historical event, many modern historians question the authenticity of the Padmini legends.

14th-century deaths
Rajputs

Padmavati


A molecule is the smallest amount of a chemical substance that can exist. If a molecule were split into smaller pieces, it would be a different substance.

Molecules are made up of atoms that are stuck together in a particular shape or form. Not all combinations of atoms are equally possible; atoms make certain shapes in preference to others.  Also, they have different valency.  For example, oxygen atoms always have two bonds with other atoms, carbon atoms always have four bonds with other atoms, and nitrogen atoms always have three bonds with other atoms.

In the kinetic theory of gases, the term molecule is often used for any gaseous particle regardless of its composition. According to this definition, noble gas atoms are considered molecules as they are in fact monoatomic molecules.

In gases like air, the molecules are just flying around. In liquids like water, the molecules are stuck together but they can still move. In solids like sugar, the molecules can only vibrate.  In the fourth state of matter known as plasma, the atoms are ionized and cannot form molecules.

With a molecular formula, you can write down the numbers of all atoms in a molecule. For example, the molecular formula of glucose is C6H12O6. That means that one molecule of glucose is made up of six carbon atoms, twelve hydrogen atoms and six oxygen atoms.

Bonding

For a molecule to exist, atoms have to stick together. This happens when two atoms share electrons. Instead of circling just one atom, the electron now circles around two. This is called a covalent bond.  Sometimes, more than one electron is shared. The more electrons are shared, the stronger the bond gets and the stronger the atoms stick together.

Bonds can also be broken apart. Since most bonds require energy to form, they also give off energy when they are broken. But before most bonds break, the molecule has to be heated. Then the atoms start to move, and when they move too much, the bond breaks. Molecules that require less energy to break than they give off when broken are called fuels. For example, a candle will just sit there and nothing happens. But when you use a match to light it, it will burn for a long time. The match brings the energy to break the first bonds, which release enough energy to break the bonds below them, until the candle has burned down. There are also ionic bonds.

References

Other websites
 Molecule of the Month - School of Chemistry, University of Bristol
 Antibody Molecule - The National Health Museum
 Data Book of Molecules - Home Page for Learning Environmental Chemistry

Chemistry

Molecule


Tellurite is an ion. Its chemical formula is TeO32-. They are some of the more stable tellurium compounds. They are weak oxidizing agents. In slightly acidic conditions, it makes hydrogen tellurite, HTeO3-. When it is very acidic, it makes tellurous acid. They are normally made by reacting tellurium dioxide with a metal oxide.

Tellurite is also a rare mineral. This mineral consists of tellurium dioxide. It is a yellow to white mineral. It is in areas that tend to oxidize minerals (oxidation zone). Otherwise telluride or native tellurium would be there.

Related pages
Sodium tellurite
Tellurate

Tellurium compounds
Minerals
Ions

Tellurite


The British Rail Class 58 is a class of Co-Co diesel locomotive designed for heavy freight.  Introduced in 1982, they followed American practice of modularisation. From new they were painted in grey Railfreight Sector livery, instead of BR blue. EWS withdrew them in 2002 after 20 years in service, though 30 were subsequently hired abroad—four to the Netherlands, eight to Spain, and twenty to France.

58
BREL locomotives

British Rail Class 58


Diu Crône () is a Middle High German poem of about 30,000 lines treating of King Arthur and the Matter of Britain, dating from around the 1220s and attributed to the epic poet Heinrich von dem Türlin. Little is known of the author though it has been suggested that he was from the town of Sankt Veit an der Glan, then the residence of the Sponheim dukes of Carinthia.

Diu Crône also tells of the Knights of the Round Table's quest for the Grail but differs from the better-known "Percival" and "Galahad" versions of the narrative in that it is here Gawain who achieves the sacred object; it is the only work in the Arthurian corpus in which he does so. The 'crown' of the title is, in fact, the poem itself: Heinrich likens his work to a gem-set diadem - the 'gems' being the various Arthurian tales or episodes that he has 'set' in the gold of his verse; his avowed object in this endeavor being the delectation of ladies everywhere - the which accords well with the reputation of his chosen hero, Gawain as a ladies' man.

John Matthews has characterized the poem as an overly wordy and occasionally ill-written work, containing a curious miscellany of stories drawn from all over the Arthurian mythos. He further points out that among these stories are some which are of a markedly archaic character, harking back to the knight's putative origin in the figure of the Irish hero Cú Chulainn, particularly in regard to that hero's testing by the sorcerous Cu Roi mac Daire and his (Cu Roi's) wife Blathnat. The character in Diu Crône corresponding to Cu Roi (and thus also to the Green Knight of later tradition) is the 'learned clerk' Gansguoter, likewise a magician and shape-shifter.

Noteworthy among these archaic episodes is that (lines 12611-13934) concerning the contention between two sisters for the bridle that confers mastery of a magic mule with the power to transport its rider in safety through terrors to an otherworldly, revolving castle adorned with severed human heads (Celts 6.1 and Headhunting 3.1). This is also to be found in the more condensed and cryptic form in the short poem La Mule sans frein by Paien de Maisieres (Sir Gawain and the Carle of Carlisle 7.3). Both versions appear to derive, in part, from the Uath mac Imoman episode in the 9th-century Irish legend of Fled Bricrenn (Bricriu's Feast).

Scholarly editions of the poem were made in 1852 by Gottlob Heinrich Friedrich Scholl (1802-1870) and (in translation as The Crown) in 1989 by J.W. Thomas, a professor emeritus of German at the University of Kentucky.

Manuscripts
Cologne, Universitäts- und Stadtbibliothek, Cod. 5 P 62
Heidelberg, Universitätsbibliothek, Cod. Pal. germ. 374
Vienna, Österreichische Nationalbibliothek, Cod. 2779
Berlin, Staatsbibliothek, mgf 923 Nr. 9
Schwäbisch Hall, Stadtbibliothek, without signature [missing]
Kiel, Universitätsbibliothek, Ms. K.B. 48

References
J.W. Thomas (1989) The Crown: A Tale of Sir Gawein and King Arthur's Court, translated by J.W. Thomas, pub. University of Nebraska Press.
John Matthews (1990) Gawain, Knight of the Goddess : Restoring an Archetype pub. Aquarian Press, part of Thorsons Publishing Group.
Marion E. Gibbs and Sidney M. Johnson (1997), Medieval German Literature pp. 358–361.
Elizabeth Andersen (1987) "Heinrich von dem Tuerlin's Diu Crone and the Prose Lancelot: An Intertextual Study", Arthurian Literature Volume 7.
Lewis Jillings (1980) "Diu Crone of Heinrich von dem Türlein: The attempted emancipation of secular narrative. "Göppinger Arbeiten zur Germanistik Nr. 258.
Neil Thomas (2002) Diu Crône and the Medieval Arthurian Cycle.
C. Cormeau (1977), Wigalois und Diu Crone.
H. Bleumer (1997), Die "Crône" Heinrichs von dem Türlin
Reißenberger (1879), Zur Krone Heinrichs von dem Türlin.
Ernst Martin (1880), Zur Gralssage.

1220s books
13th-century poems
Arthurian literature in German
Holy Grail
Medieval German poems

Diu Crône


Total Parco Pakistan Limited, stylized as TOTAL PARCO, is a Pakistani oil marketing company which is a subsidiary of French company Total S.A. The company is based in Lahore, Pakistan.

Company overview
 MID COUNTRY REFINERY
Commissioned in the year 2000 and built at a cost of US$ 886 million, PARCO Mid-Country Refinery (MCR) at Mahmoodkot near Multan has added 120,000 BPD to the country's refining capacity.

PARCO's Mid-Country Refinery (MCR) is the country's most modern and largest operating refinery and employs critical processes involved in refining. The Refinery produces Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG), High Octane Blending Component (HOBC), Kerosene, Jet Fuel (JP-1 & JP-4), High Speed Diesel (HSD), Light Speed Diesel (LDO), Furnace Oil (FO) and Sulphur. These products are being delivered to customers through Gantry Operation at MCR as well as via PARCO's Mahmoodkot-Faisalabad-Machike (MFM) Pipeline System. MCR is capable of producing lead free Motor Gasoline of 90 Octane. . It produces fuel oil with low sulphur content meeting the international standards and has a Sulphur Recovery Unit with tail gas treatment to avoid pollution.

The Refinery has a refining capacity of 120,000 BPD of a mixed Arabian Light/Upper Zakum/Murban/Das and Indigenous Crude slate, which is transported to the Refinery site by PARCO's existing pipeline System from Karachi. MCR being a grassroots Refinery, has both primary and secondary processing facilities and supporting infrastructure, which allows the process units to operate in an efficient manner in order to produce the desired slate of products in an economic and flexible manner.

The primary control centre is the Main Control Room with a microprocessor-based Distributed Control System (DCS). In addition, three subsidiary control rooms collectively manage eleven On-site Process Units and Off-site/utilities and other permanent facilities with 46 tanks to store Crude Oil, intermediate feeds stocks and finished products besides other specific areas of the refinery.

Refinery's Housing Complex
A high standard residential facility is provided to the employees and their families next to the Refinery, with all latest facilities like school, hospital, gymnasium, bowling alley, parks, mosque, auditorium, shopping center, sports complexes, cricket, hockey, football, and much more. The accommodation consists of a mix of houses, apartments, guest house and a fully operational club for fine dining and conducting various activities and family getogethers.

References

TotalEnergies
Pakistani subsidiaries of foreign companies
Oil and gas companies of Pakistan
Energy companies established in 2002
2002 establishments in Pakistan
Companies based in Lahore
Privately held companies of Pakistan

Total Parco