Some human richts organisations hae documentit a variety o abuses an atrocities carried oot bi the Sudanese govrenment ower the past several years. The 2009 Human Richts Report bi the Unitit States Department o State notit serious concerns ower human richts violations bi the govrenment an militia groups.

Abuses in conflict settings
Conflicts atween the govrenment an rebel groups—the civil war involvin north-sooth tensions, the Darfur conflict involvin Arab-tribesfowk tensions in the Darfur region in the wast—hae resultit in rape, torture, killins, an massive population displacements (estimatit at ower 2 million in 2007), earnin Sudan comparison tae Rwanda in the press. Thare hae an aa been several reportit cases o crucifixions carried oot in Sudan.

Accordin tae the Christian Science Monitor on Mairch 25, 2004:
The Darfur region war boils doun tae this: African tribes hae lang been at odds wi Arab groups in the region ower access tae guid land. Then, last year, twa airmed African groups began a rebellion against the Khartoum regime. The government respondit bi apparently givin military support tae Arab militias. There are reports o Sudanese military planes bombin villages, efter which Arab militias go in an rape an kill survivors.

Ethnic cleansin
The conflict haes been describit bi Mukesh Kapila, UN coordinator for Sudan, as ethnic cleansin, as Black Arab militias cairy oot seestematic massacres o tribesfowk in the Darfur region. Accordin tae Kapila, "The government haes a close knowledge o wha's goin on - an can influence the Arab militia." The UN estimates that 10,000 civilians in the Darfur region hae dee'd sicweys far, an ower 100,000 hae fled intae neighborin Chad.

References

Human richts bi kintra

Human richts in Sudan


The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights is a treaty made by the United Nations. It is to help civil rights get better.

The rights are listed in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. It is one of the most important treaties in international human rights law. The Covenant was adopted on 16 December 1966 with the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. It was put into force in 1976. The United Nations set up the Committee on Civil and Political Rights (CCPR) to carry out the treaty.

Main contents
Article 1. Right to self-determination.
Article 6. Right to life and on Genocide Convention.
Article 7. Free from torture and any inhuman treatments.
Article 8. Free from slavery and unfree labour.
Article 9. Right to personal security and protection from arbitrary arrest and detention. Right to demand remedy if proved innocent.
Article 10. The right to be treated with humanity and repected dignity while in detention.
Article 12. Freedom of movement, freedom to leave and to enter one's own country.
Article 14. The right to a fair trial and to be regarded as innocent until found guilty.
Article 16. Right to be recognized as a person before law.
Article 17. Right to privacy and protection from attack of honour.
Article 18. Freedom of thought, conscience and freedom of religion.
Article 19. Freedom of expression and freedom of speech but with special duty and responsibility not to harm others.
Article 20. prohibition of propaganda of war and any inciting of hatred and discrimination.
Article 21. Freedom of assembly.
Article 22. Right to association and trade union.
Article 23. Right to family and marriage with free will of each person (against forced marriage).
Article 25. Right to free and fair voting.
Article 26. Equality before law and protection from all discriminations by law.
Article 27. Right to minority groups and ethnic group and to use their own language.

Optional protocols
This Covenant has two optional protocols. One of them is to allow a citizen whose rights have been violated to claim before the CCPR. The other is to prohibit the death penalty. There are countries which ignore, or do not agree with, the optional protocols.

Related pages
Civil and political rights
Civil rights
International human rights law
Universal Declaration of Human Rights
Human rights

Other websites
International Covenant on Civil and political Rights

References
United Nations
Human rights


David Everett Ferrier (November 30, 1962 – December 6, 2014) was an American professional wrestler, better known by his ring name, "Gigolo" Jimmy Del Ray. Del Ray was best known for his appearances in the World Wrestling Federation (WWF) as one half of the Heavenly Bodies with his tag team partner, Tom Prichard.

Professional wrestling career

Early career (1985–1993)
Ferrier was trained by The Mighty Yankee and debuted in 1985 as "Jimmy Richland", which most thought was his real name. In the late 1980s, Del Ray joined Championship Wrestling from Florida as "Jomo Kenya". He later changed his ring name to "Jimmy Backlund" and formed a tag team with Brett Sawyer known as "The Playboys". The Playboys were awarded the vacant FCW Tag Team Championship on July 1, 1989. They held the titles until August 22, when they were defeated by the Nasty Boys. From 1989 to 1991 he worked in Japan for Frontier Martial-Arts Wrestling. On November 22, 1991, he worked for WWF as Jimmy Richland losing to The Skinner on a house show. In 1992, he worked for W*ING.

Smoky Mountain Wrestling (1993–1995)

In January 1993 Del Ray joined Smoky Mountain Wrestling (SMW), where he replaced Stan Lane as one half of the Heavenly Bodies with Tom Prichard. He was given the name Jimmy Del Ray because Lane was billed during his career as being from Delray Beach, Florida. The Heavenly Bodies were managed by James E. Cornette and won the SMW Tag Team Championship on three occasions. Cornette put the "Gigolo" moniker on his name as a play off his physique. While Del Ray was an agile and able wrestler at the time, he had a slightly pudgy midsection that shook, or "jiggled" when he did a taunting dance. Del Ray would work with SMW until the company shut down in December 1995.

World Wrestling Federation (1993–1995)

Along with Cornette, the Heavenly Bodies debuted in the World Wrestling Federation in 1993. They made their first televised appearance on the August 9, 1993 episode of Monday Night Raw, defeating Bobby Who and Mike Bucci. They made two more appearances on Raw that year; they were defeated by World Tag Team Champions The Steiner Brothers in a title match on August 30, and were victorious over Mark Thomas and Scott Taylor on August 4. At SummerSlam 1993 on August 30, the Heavenly Bodies faced the Steiner Brothers with the World Tag Team Championship on the line, but were defeated.

At the 1993 Survivor Series on November 24 in the Boston Garden, the Heavenly Bodies faced The Rock 'n' Roll Express for the SMW Tag Team Championship. Though the Rock 'N Roll Express appeared to have the match won, the Heavenly Bodies defeated them after Del Ray struck Robert Gibson with Cornette's tennis racket while the referee was distracted, enabling Prichard to pin Gibson and win the titles.

At WrestleMania X on March 20, 1994, in Madison Square Garden, the Heavenly Bodies defeated The Bushwhackers in a dark match. They returned to WWF television on the April 25 episode of Raw, defeating John Paul and Jason Headings.

At the 1994 Survivor Series on November 23, the Heavenly Bodies took part in a ten-man survivor match, teaming with Bam Bam Bigelow, Tatanka, and King Kong Bundy as Ted DiBiase's Million Dollar Team. The Million Dollar Team defeated their opponents, Guts and Glory (Lex Luger, Mabel, Adam Bomb, and the Smoking Gunns), although both Prichard and Del Ray were eliminated from the match. Prichard and Del Ray both participated in the 30 man Royal Rumble match on January 22, 1995. He was eliminated by British Bulldog. They made sporadic appearances on Raw over the next year, with their final appearance being a loss to The Smoking Gunns on the March 20, 1995 episode of Raw. Jimmy Del Ray lost a singles match to Bret Hart on Superstars on April 25, 1995. Del Ray's last WWF match was a loss to Intercontinental champion Shawn Michaels on RAW July 24, 1995.

United States Wrestling Association (1995)

After WWF, Del Ray and Prichard went to United States Wrestling Association where they defeated PG-13 (J. C. Ice and Wolfie D) to capture the USWA Tag Team Championship. They would feud with PG-13.

Extreme Championship Wrestling (1995–1996)

The Heavenly Bodies made several appearances in Extreme Championship Wrestling in December 1995 as members of Raven's Nest. At December To Dismember: Ultimate Jeopardy on December 9, the Heavenly Bodies faced Raven's enemies, the Public Enemy, in a tag team bout. The match had stipulations applying to the losers - if the Public Enemy lost, they would face one another later that night, while if the Heavenly Bodies lost, the Eliminators (members of Raven's Nest) would be forced to leave ECW, while their manager, Jason, would have his head shaved. Moreover, if the Heavenly Bodies were defeated, then Raven's valet, Beulah McGillicutty, would be forced to spend a week with Tommy Dreamer, while Raven's Nest member Stevie Richards would be locked in a steel cage for five minutes with the winners of the Ultimate Jeopardy match later that night. The Heavenly Bodies lost their match, leading to the enforcement of the aforementioned stipulations. Later that evening, Raven, Richards, the Eliminators, and the Heavenly Bodies faced Dreamer, the Pitbulls, and the Public Enemy in an ultimate jeopardy match. The match was won by Dreamer, who pinned Richards. Richards was subsequently locked in the cage with Dreamer's team, but Raven and his Nest attacked Dreamer's team before they could hurt him. Raven's Nest then attacked Dreamer's team until The Sandman drove them away.

After December to Dismember the Heavenly Bodies disbanded when Tom Prichard went back to WWF. Del Ray lost to Bubba Ray Dudley at House Party, while he was managed by Mr. Hughes.

World Championship Wrestling (1996–1997)
In October 1996, Del Ray joined World Championship Wrestling (WCW) as Jimmy Graffiti. Was part of the cruiserweight division and competed against Dean Malenko, Chris Jericho, Rey Mysterio, and Billy Kidman. He took part in the three ring battle royal at the 1996 World War 3 event on November 24. Del Ray remained in WCW until a knee injury forced him to retire in 1997.

Retirement (1997–2014)
After retiring, he worked as an instructor in Steve Keirn's Floridian professional wrestling school for several years, training wrestlers such as Buck Quartermain and Steve Madison, and managed a tag team known as The New Heavenly Bodies. Del Ray later retired from training wrestlers and started a hardwood flooring company named Ferrier's Fine Flooring Inc. in Tampa, Florida in March 2006. In September 2013, he registered another Tampa company called Ferrier's Flooring Inc.

Death
Ferrier, who lived in Valrico, Florida, died at the Tampa General Hospital on December 6, 2014. He was 52 years old. Ferrier had suffered a heart attack at the wheel of his truck on US 301 near the Florida State Fairgrounds. Two days later, WWE.com noted his death and offered condolences to his friends, family and colleagues.

Championships and accomplishments
Championship Wrestling from Florida
FCW Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Brett Sawyer
Wrestling International New Generations
W*ING World Junior Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
Florida Championship Wrestling / Pro Wrestling Federation
PWF Junior Heavyweight Championship (3 times)
Future Championship Wrestling
FCW Light Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
Independent Wrestling Association Mid-South
IWA Mid-South Light Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
Pennsylvania Championship Wrestling
PCW Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Tom Prichard
Pro Wrestling Illustrated
PWI ranked him 73 of the 100 best tag teams of the "PWI Years" with Tom Prichard in 2003
Smoky Mountain Wrestling
SMW Beat the Champ Television Championship (1 time)
SMW Tag Team Championship (3 times) – with Tom Prichard
Frontier Martial Arts Wrestling
AWA World Light Heavyweight Championship (2 times)
United States Wrestling Association
USWA World Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Tom Prichard

References

External links

1962 births
2014 deaths
20th-century professional wrestlers
American male professional wrestlers
People from Grove City, Pennsylvania
People from Valrico, Florida
Professional wrestlers from Pennsylvania
Professional wrestling managers and valets
USWA World Tag Team Champions
AWA World Light Heavyweight Champions
NWA Florida Tag Team Champions
SMW Tag Team Champions

Jimmy Del Ray


Natasha Gregson Wagner (born September 29 1970) is an American television and movie actress from Los Angeles. She is the daughter of actress Natalie Wood. She starred in the 1992 comedy Buffy the Vampire Slayer alongside Kristy Swanson. She also starred in the television series ER for several episodes.

Other websites

Actors from Los Angeles
American movie actors
1970 births
Living people

Natasha Gregson Wagner


Juan Valdez (1938 - August 25, 2012) was a land grant activist who fired the first shot during a 1967 New Mexico courthouse raid that grabbed international attention & helped spark the Chicano Movement.

Biography
Valdez was born in 1938 in Rio Arriba County, New Mexico.

Heir to a northern New Mexico land grant, Valdez was 29 years old when he and a group of land grant advocates, led by Reies Lopez Tijerina, raided a Rio Arriba County courthouse in Tierra Amarilla. Their goal was to attempt a citizens' arrest of then-District Attorney Alfonso Sanchez over Hispanic land rights issues.

Valdez had gotten involved with Tijerina's group, known as Alianza Federal de Mercedes — an organization founded to help Mexican-American heirs to old Spanish land grants reclaim land that was illegally taken by white settlers and the U.S. government.

"Tijerina impressed me when he and most of the people who had walked from Albuquerque set up a camp and refused to leave," Valdez told retired lawyer Mike Scarborough in the book "Trespassers On Our Own Land," an oral history of the Valdez family. During the raid, it was Valdez who shot and wounded state police officer Nick Saiz after the officer went for his pistol and refused commands by Valdez to put his hands up. "It came down to, I shoot him or he was going to shoot me — so I pulled the trigger," Valdez said in the book. "Lucky for both of us, he didn't die." The raiders also beat a deputy and took a sheriff and reporter hostage. After holding the courthouse for a couple of hours, the armed group fled to the mountains as the National Guard and armored tanks chased them.

Valdez was convicted of assault but was later pardoned by Gov. Bruce King. The episode cemented Valdez & Tijerina's legacy among activists from the Chicano Movement of the 1970s who favored more radical methods of fighting discrimination over those of the moderate Mexican American civil rights leaders a generation before.

"He loved the attention," said daughter Juanita Montoya, 48. "He wanted people to know our history and what happened to our land." He died peacefully at his Canjilon ranch after recently suffering two heart attacks according to Montoya.

References

External links

American activists
1938 births
2012 deaths
People from Rio Arriba County, New Mexico

Juan Valdez (activist)


A loon is a bird that lives on water. It is  in the order Gaviiformes. This is an order of aquatic birds, the loons or divers and their closest extinct relatives.

Loons are the size of a large duck or a small goose.  Loons can be hard to find because they are shy around people.  The name "loon" is from the Scandinavian word for "clumsy". Loons are the state bird of Minnesota. Loons are found in most parts of North America (there are five North American  species) and northern Eurasia.  They enjoy cool climates in the summer and migrate to ocean coasts in the winter.

Loons can dive up to 200 feet underwater for food.  Their bodies are shaped for diving.  To dive better, they have solid bones (most birds' bones are hollow) and feet placed far back for swimming under the water. They have black (or grey)-and-white heads, pale breasts, and striped back feathers.

Loons can lay up to two eggs. The females are brownish in color which helps them blend into their surroundings.  Both the male and female parent take turns sitting on the eggs.  After hatching, they fly south when the weather gets cool.  The young loons spend three years in the south before returning to the north.

They are best known for their loud, trumpeting call. They also make melodic, wailing or laughing sounds.  Loons communicate to each other through their sounds.  They also communicate with humans and other animals through dance.  Loons warn others to stay away from their nests by dancing on the water.  Loons are protective parents and will dance to exhaustion and death to protect their eggs.  Raccoons, gulls, and skunks have been known to devour loon eggs.

Loons eat fish like sunfish, perch, and bullheads.  Loons do not chew their food.  They have elastic throats that allow the loon to swallow their food whole.  When they swallow fish, their throat expands to the size of the fish they eat so they do not choke.

Scientists band, or tag loons to try to understand more about them. Their life style is similar to the grebes, but they are a different group of birds.

Birds

Loon


Elytra  are the modified, hardened front wings of beetles and some bugs (Heteroptera). In most true bugs, the forewings are called hemelytra, as only the basal half is thickened while the apex is membranous.

Description
The elytra act as protective wing-cases for the hind wings underneath, which are used for flying. To fly, a beetle opens the elytra and then extends the hindwings, flying while still holding the elytra open, though some beetles in the families Scarabaeidae and Buprestidae can fly with the elytra closed.

In some groups, the elytra are fused together, and the insect is flightless. Some of the ground beetles (family Carabidae) are a good example of this.

References

Insects

Elytra


Assimilation in biology, is the combination of two processes which get nutrients for cells.

The first (in animals) is eating and digesting food. Food is absorbed and broken down. This is done by physical breakdown (chewing and stomach churning), then chemical breakdown by enzymes and acids) The results are absorbed into the bloodstream.

The second process of is the chemical alteration of substances in the bloodstream by the liver. Many compounds needed by cells are done by this second process. Both the liver and cellular secretions can be very specific in their action. This second process is where the absorbed food reaches the cells via the liver.

Examples of assimilation by plants
 Photosynthesis, the process whereby carbon dioxide and water are transformed into a number of  organic molecules in plant cells.
 Nitrogen fixation from the soil into organic molecules by symbiotic bacteria which live in the roots of certain plants, such as Leguminaceae.

Related pages
Biochemistry
Food
Digestion

Physiology

Assimilation (biology)


The New York Herald was a daily newspaper based in New York City. The paper was circulated from 1835 to 1924. The first issue of the paper was published by James Gordon Bennett, Sr. on May 6, 1835. By 1845, it was the most popular and most bought daily newspaper in the United States. In 1861, it had sold about 84,000 copies and called itself "the most largely circulated journal in the world." Bennett said that the point of newspapers "is not to instruct but to startle."

Bennett's politics influenced the articles in the Herald. He tended to be anti-Catholic, but not particularly anti-immigrant like most people who did not like the Catholics in New York at the time. During the American Civil War, it was a staunch supporter of the Democratic Party. When the Herald was still controlled by Bennett, it was considered to be the most sensationalist of the leading New York papers at the time.

Related pages
The New York Zoo hoax

Newspapers in New York City
1835 establishments in the United States
1924 disestablishments in the United States
1830s establishments in New York (state)
1920s disestablishments in New York (state)

New York Herald


Doctor Hannibal Lecter is a fictional serial killer. He is a character in books by the crime drama writer Thomas Harris. Several of these books have been made into movies. Lecter was also the main character in an NBC television show called Hannibal.

Lecter himself
Lecter is a cannibal, meaning that he eats people. He is also highly intelligent, so that he can talk to people in a way that makes them afraid or disturbed. He employs this unusual technique most famously in The Silence of the Lambs, a novel featuring him that was made into a movie starring Anthony Hopkins as Lecter. The movie became very popular, and won many awards.

Lecter is Lithuanian. He is cultured, and his reasons for killing people are often that he thinks they are annoying, rude or corrupt. He is a psychopath, a predator who does not feel empathy. Thus, he feels no guilt about his actions.

List of novels and movies
 Red Dragon (novel, 1981)
Manhunter (movie, 1986) Brian Cox as Lecktor (an unexplained name change), William Petersen as Will Graham and Dennis Farina as Jack Crawford.
Red Dragon (movie, 2002) Anthony Hopkins as Lecter, Ralph Fiennes as the killer, Edward Norton as Will Graham and Harvey Keitel as Jack Crawford.
Silence of the Lambs (novel, 1986)
Silence of the Lambs (movie, 1991) Hopkins as Lecter, Jodie Foster as Clarice Starling, Scott Glen as Jack Crawford and Ted Levine as the killer. Five major Academy Awards.
Hannibal (novel, 1999)
Hannibal (movie, 2001) Hopkins as Lecter, Gary Oldman as the killer, Julianne Moore as Clarice Starling, Ray Liotta as Paul Krendler and Giancarlo Giannini as Chief Inspector Rinaldo Pazzi.
Hannibal Rising (novel, 2006)
Hannibal Rising (movie, 2007) Gaspard Ulliel as young Hannibal and Gong Li as Lady Murasaki. She, his aunt, becomes his companion. Intended as a 'prequel' to the series, it portrays the early life of Hannibal, and how he became a killer.

History of the character

Red Dragon
Thomas Harris first wrote about Lecter in his novel Red Dragon, which shows how Hannibal Lecter was caught by the FBI, and ends up using his intelligence to help the agent who caught him catch another killer named Francis Dolarhyde. Will Graham, the agent who caught Lecter, is at first very offended by Lecter's demeanor, but comes to appreciate his help when Lecter gives him insight into the way Dolarhyde's mind works. Dolarhyde believes that he is a god, and that he is unaffected by laws and rules.

Two movies were based on this book. Manhunter (1986)  starred Tom Noonan as Dolarhyde and Brian Cox as Hannibal Lecktor. In Red Dragon (2002),  Anthony Hopkins played Hannibal Lecter and Ralph Fiennes played Dolarhyde.

Silence of the Lambs
Lecter returned in The Silence of the Lambs, the sequel to Red Dragon. The movie based on this book became very popular. The book is about an FBI agent named Clarice Starling (played by Jodie Foster in the movie), who, like Will Graham from Red Dragon, is trying to catch a serial killer, who calls himself "Buffalo Bill" because he skins his victims like buffalo. Starling makes a deal with Lecter in which she will try to get him transferred to another prison (Lecter hates his cell) if he will help her understand Buffalo Bill's mind. In the end, Starling catches Bill, but Lecter escapes from prison, fleeing to Africa.

Hannibal
Harris' next novel was Hannibal. It was a sequel to Silence of the Lambs. The book told the story about what happened to Hannibal Lecter after he escaped from prison. Lector was hiding in Italy. He used a false name and driver's license so he would not be caught. The book is about a victim of his, named Mason Verger. Verger survived when Lecter tried to eat his face. He now wants to get revenge on Lecter. Mason Verger captures Lecter. He tries to kill him with attack hogs, but Lecter escapes with the help of Clarice Starling. Lecter was again played by Hopkins in the 2001 movie.

Hannibal Rising
The final book in the series was Hannibal Rising. It shows Lecter as a child. It tries to explain why he is a murderous cannibal by describing the death of his family during World War II. The critics did not like Hannibal Rising as much as they liked the first three books. This was mainly because people thought that the story was unrealistic. They also felt it was not true to the characters. Thomas Harris has said in many interviews that he only wrote the book because he was afraid that someone else would write a book about Lecter as a child. This book was also the basis for a film of the same name, with Gaspard Ulliel as young Hannibal.

Impact on popular culture
The character of Hannibal Lecter has become very popular in American culture. This is mainly because he is so scary. Lecter is often thought to be one of the best movie villains of all time, next to Freddy Krueger and Norman Bates. AFI listed him at #1 on their list "Top 50 Movie Villains of All Time"

References

Characters in written fiction
Fictional characters introduced in 1981
Fictional European people
Fictional murderers
Fictional people with antisocial personality disorder
Movie characters

Hannibal Lecter


Mental confusion (often simply called confusion) is a symptom. People suffering from it have problems finding their way around in the world. They have troubles remembering who they are, where they are, or what time (or day of the week) it is. Additionally, they may have trouble remembering things or memorizing new things. This may be linked to problems focusing their attention. Confusion can also be a sign of someone being sick with various illnesses when it's coupled with things like fever, chills, or exhaustion.

Medical causes of confusion
Confusion can be caused by many different medical problems.

There are both acute and chronic causes of confusion.

Acute causes of confusion
Acute causes of confusion usually come on suddenly, and doctors may be able to fix some of them.

In medicine, the acronym AEIOU-TIPS is used to remember the most common causes of confusion that comes on suddenly (over hours or days, not years):
 Alcohol (being drunk) or Acidosis (having too much acid in the blood, which poisons the body)
 Environmental causes (like being very cold) or Epilepsy (being confused after a seizure)
 Infection (like meningitis, an infection of the brain's lining)
 Overdose (taking too much medicine or too many illegal drugs)
 Uremia (poisons building up in the blood because of kidney problems) or Underdose (not taking enough prescribed medicine)
 Trauma (injury, especially to the head)
 Insulin (confusion because of a blood sugar emergency - blood sugar is either too low or much too high)
 Psychogenic (when mental illness causes confusion)
 Stroke (when not enough blood and oxygen gets part of the brain)

Confusion can also happen when the brain is not getting enough blood and oxygen.  For example, this can happen because of:
 Low blood pressure (when the heart is not pumping hard enough to get blood and oxygen to the brain)
 If the heart is beating too slow, or too fast, or not regularly (making the heart unable to get blood and oxygen up to the brain)
 A breathing problem that makes it impossible to get enough oxygen into the body (like a bad asthma attack, or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD))

Chronic causes of confusion
Chronic causes of confusion usually come on less suddenly and last for a long time (months or years).  For example:
 Dementia or Alzheimer's disease can cause a person to be confused most of the time, or all of the time
 Traumatic brain injury, or any other kind of damage to the brain
 A brain tumor

References

Symptoms

Mental confusion


Tyndareos (or Latin Tyndareus) was a character in Greek mythology. He was the king of Sparta, and husband of Leda.

He was the father of Klytaimnestra and  Kastor. His wife Leda also had Helen and Polydeukes by the god Zeus.

Menelaos, husband of Helen, became the next king of Sparta after Tyndareos.

People in Greek mythology
Kings of Sparta

Tyndareus


Spencerville is an unincorporated community in northern Choctaw County, Oklahoma, United States. It is 12 miles northeast of Hugo, adjacent to the Pushmataha County border. The improved Ft. Smith to Ft. Towson military road of 1839 ran north–south through Spencerville after crossing the "Seven Devils" on its way southeast to Doaksville. This wagon road was heavily used by the U.S. Army from 1839 to 1848, especially during the war with Mexico.

Spencerville, named for U.S. Secretary of War John C. Spencer, was home to Spencer Academy, a Choctaw Nation boarding school for boys. The trace of the military road today serves as the access road from Spencerville 1/4 mile north to the site of old Spencer Academy. A large Oklahoma Historical Society marker identifies the site.

Spencer Academy was founded in 1844. It was here that Negro freedman "Uncle" Wallace Willis composed "Swing Low, Sweet Chariot". He was inspired by the Red River which reminded him of the Jordan and of the Prophet Elijah being taken to heaven by a chariot. Spencer Academy was operated on behalf of the Choctaw Indians by the Presbyterian Board of Missions.

Prior to Oklahoma's statehood Spencerville was in Towson County, Choctaw Nation—but was very close to the boundary with Cedar County. A United States post office operated at Spencerville, Indian Territory, from January 22, 1844 to July 22, 1847 and was established again on May 17, 1902. The community and its post offices took their name from the academy. The academy later relocated to Nelson, several miles to the west.

References

Unincorporated communities in Oklahoma
Unincorporated communities in Choctaw County, Oklahoma
Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma

Spencerville, Oklahoma


Eduardus M. House (natus 26 Iulii 1858 Hustoniae, mortuus 28 Martii 1938 Novi Eboraci) fuit delegatus Civitatum Foederatarum apud Deliberationem de pace componenda Lutetiae facta anno 1919.

 Participes deliberationis de pace componenda (1919)

Bibliographia
 What really happened at Paris; the story of the Peace Conference, 1918-1919, by American delegates; ed. E. M. House, C. Seymour. New York: Scribner, 1921.
Bok, E. W. In explanation. - House, E. M. Foreword. - Mezes, S. E. Preparations for peace. - Day, C. The atmosphere and organization of the Peace Conference. - Haskins, C. H. The new boundaries of Germany. - Lord, R. H. Poland. - Seymour, C. The end of the empire: remnants of Austria-Hungary. - Johnson, D. W. Fiume and the Adriatic problem. - Bowman, I. Constantinople and the Balkans. - Westermann, W. L. The Armenian problem and the disruption of Turkey. - Hudson, M. O. The protection of minorities and natives in transferred territories. - Scott, J. B. The trail of the Kaiser. - Lamont, T. W. Reparations. - Young, A. B. The economic settlement. - Gompers, S. The labor clauses of the treaty. - Hoover, H. The economic administration during the armistice. - Mayo, H. T. The Atlantic Fleet in the Great War. - Bliss, T. H. The problem of disarmament. - Miller, D. H. The making of the League of Nations. - House, E. M. The Versailles Peace in retrospect.

Nexus Externus
 Vita apud Handbook of Texas Online.

Nati 1858
Mortui 1938
Politici Civitatum Foederatarum
Incolae Texiae

Eduardus M. House


The Dundee derby is the name gied tae ony gemme atween the twa biggest fitbaa teams in Dundee: Dundee an Dundee Unitit.  The gemmes are usually played at either Tannadice Stadium or Dens Pairk, the twa stadiums bein separatit by yairds at maist.  So close are thay, that ane is veesible frae the ither.

Fitbaw derbies in Scotland

Dundee derby


The WWF Hardcore Championship is a former championship for World Wrestling Federation. The first champion was crowned when the championship was awarded to Mankind by Vince McMahon. It was defended always in some sort of Hardcore match due to its name. When Crash Holly won the title however, he started what became known as the 24/7 rule. Which means the title was being defended at all times. Anyone could surprise the title holder and pin him to become the new champion anywhere, as long as a Referee was present. The last official champion was Rob Van Dam when he won the title from Tommy Dreamer to unify the title with the WWF Intercontinental Championship.

History

24/7 rules

When Crash Holly  won the belt, he introduced the 24/7 rule which said the belt was to be defended at all times, as long as a referee was present. This allowed for many comic relief moments, such as the belt changing hands while the champion was asleep, and The Headbangers chasing Crash Holly around an amusement park in Brooklyn (Holly eventually escaped from a ball pit and ran from the building, still the champion).

Unification and retirement

The title was unified with the Intercontinental Championship on August 26, 2002, when Intercontinental Champion Rob Van Dam defeated Hardcore Champion Tommy Dreamer. This was one month after Van Dam defeated Jeff Hardy in a Ladder match to unify the Intercontinental and European Championships.

Other websites
 Official WWE Hardcore Championship history
 Solie.org WWF/WWE Hardcore Championship history

WWE

WWE Hardcore Championship


In Egyptian mythology, Osiris is the god of life, death, the flooding of the Nile, and the afterlife. He was the brother and husband of Isis. They had a son named Horus. Osiris was murdered by his brother Set because Osiris was the pharaoh, which Set wanted to be. Osiris was killed when Set tricked him into getting into a box, then poured lead onto the box to close it so Osiris could not get out of it. However, Isis brought Osiris back to life for one night. After Horus was old enough, he defeated Set and became the pharaoh. Osiris' mother was the goddess Nut, father Geb, sister Nephthys, and sister as well as wife Isis.

Osiris and Dionysus

By the Hellenic era, Greek awareness of Osiris had grown, and attempts had been made to merge Greek philosophy, such as Platonism, and the cult of Osiris (especially the myth of his resurrection), resulting in a new mystery religion. Gradually, this became more popular, and was exported to other parts of the Greek sphere of influence. However, these mystery religions valued the change in wisdom, personality, and knowledge of truth, rather than the exact details of the accepted myths on which their teachings were overlayed. Thus in each region that it was exported to, the myth was changed to be about a similar local god, resulting in a series of gods, who had originally been quite distinct, but who were now synonymous with Osiris. These gods became known as Osiris-Dionysus.

Why Egypt loved Osiris
Egyptian civilization loved Osiris because he was a wise and gentle king. He taught them law and order and led them away from savage practices like cannibalism and human sacrifice. Osiris also taught them the art of agriculture and the appropriate rites for worshipping the gods. When he was done civilizing the people in Egypt, he left the country to his wife Isis and made peace in many other places. When he finished his job he then returned to Egypt.

Purpose
Osiris was the god of the Underworld. He was also one of the Nine Gods. One of his duties as Lord of the Dead was to do the very last judgment of the Dead, and after that to protect people from the dangers of the Underworld. The transition between life and death must have been a great experience, but still perilous .

Appearance

Osiris was shown in the form of a mummified pharaoh. He wore a white atef crown with feathers on the side, and held a crook and flail; tools of a pharaoh. Osiris had green skin, symbolizing rebirth to the Egyptians.

References

Egyptian gods and goddesses
Afterlife
Mummies

Osiris


Cadaveric blood transfusion is the transfusion of blood from a dead body to a living person.

History
In 1929, surgeon Vladimir Shamov of Kharkiv, USSR, reported the experimental use of cadaveric blood and demonstrated the absence of toxicity. Russian surgeon Sergei Yudin pioneered the transfusion of cadaveric blood and performed this successfully for the first time on March 23, 1930. Yudin also reported his first seven clinical transfusions with cadaveric blood at the Fourth Congress of Ukrainian Surgeons at Kharkiv in September 1930. The discovery that cadaveric blood could be stored safely provided time for both serological tests and bacteriological examinations. Cadaveric blood was never used widely, even in Russia. From these studies, however, developed a variety of means and methods for the collection, preservation, and storage of blood for transfusion, all of which may be grouped under the umbrella term "blood bank". Although cadaver blood transfusion did not catch on in the United States, physician Bernard Fantus modified the Soviet idea by preserving blood from healthy living persons. Drawing on earlier work involving preservatives and anticoagulants, Fantus added the element of refrigeration and in 1937 established the first blood bank in the United States at Chicago's Cook County Hospital.

References

 Shamov VN and Kostriukov M. Questions of homoplasty from the cadaver. Blood transfusion from cadaver, Trudi Ukrain. Suezda. Khir. 1929;18:184.
 Shamov WN. The transfusion of stored cadaver blood Lancet 1937; 2, August 7:306-309
 Judine S. La transfusion  du sang de cadavre á l'homme. Paris: Masson et Cie, 1933.
 Yudin S. Transfusion of stored cadaver blood. Practical consideration: The first thousand cases. Lancet 1937;2:361 - 6.
 Yudin S. Transfusion of cadaver blood. JAMA 1936;106:997-9.
 Swan H, Schechter D. The transfusion of blood from cadavers. A historical review. Surgery 1962;52:545 - 1962.
 Kilduffe R, DeBakey M. The blood bank and the technique and therapeutics of transfusion. St. Louis: The C.V.Mosby Company, 1942, pp.196-197
 Kevorkian J, Marra JJ. Transfusion of Human Corps Blood without Additives.Transfusion. 1964;4:112-7.

Transfusion medicine
Russian inventions
Soviet inventions
Health in the Soviet Union

Cadaveric blood transfusion


Rubidium chloride is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is RbCl. It is composed of rubidium and chloride ions. It is similar to other alkali metal halides, such as sodium chloride. It is made by reacting rubidium hydroxide with hydrochloric acid. It has several medicinal uses, including fighting cancer and depression, medical research, and medicine.

Related pages
Rubidium oxide
Potassium chloride
Rubidium nitrate

Chlorine compounds
Rubidium compounds

Rubidium chloride


Roman law is the name used for a system of laws used by the Roman Empire. It started with the twelve tablets of civil law, . After the law code ordered by  it continued as Byzantine law. Roman law is the foundation of most legal systems in Europe, and its former colonies, and it influenced many other countries.

Ancient Roman law

Roman law


Eli C. D. Shortridge (March 29, 1830 – February 4, 1908) was an American politician who was the third Governor of North Dakota from 1893 to 1895. Shortridge was the first governor to live in the executive mansion.

Biography
Born Eli Charles Daniel Shortridge, he was the eighth of nine children born to Levi and Elizabeth Love Shortridge. Shortridge was born in Cabell County (in modern-day West Virginia; the county was still a part of Virginia at the time of his birth), and grew up in Monroe County, Missouri. He completed his education at an academy located near Paris, Missouri. He moved to Larimore, North Dakota with his family, second wife Anna Burton and twin daughters, in 1882.

Career
Shortridge ran for governor ten years later in 1893 on a fusion ticket composed of Populists, Democrats, and the Farmers' Alliance, who merged into a single Democratic-Independent Party. The new party was very successful, but very short-lived; the party dissolved soon after Shortridge's retirement.

During his administration, Shortridge approved the issuance of $50,000 in bonds to construct the south wing of the state capitol and approved the purchase of an executive mansion for the governor's residence. He also supported an appropriation for a state elevator at Duluth, Minnesota. An out-of-state terminal elevator was not constructed largely due to a provision requiring North Dakota sovereignty over any elevator site. The bill passed, but the provision that Minnesota or Wisconsin would have to cede sovereignty over the site created an unacceptable situation for both states. Governor Shortridge retired from office after one term. He was appointed clerk of the General Land Office at Devils Lake, North Dakota.

After the death of Anna, Shortridge married a third time to Dorcas Virginia Brady and they had five children.

Death
Shortridge died on February 4, 1908, and is interred at Devil's Lake Cemetery, Devil's Lake, North Dakota.

References

External links
Biography for Eli C. D. Shortridge from the State Historical Society of North Dakota website.
 State Historical Society of North Dakota

Democratic Party governors of North Dakota
1830 births
1908 deaths
People from Cabell County, West Virginia
People from Monroe County, Missouri
People from Grand Forks County, North Dakota
19th-century American politicians

Eli C. D. Shortridge


Manuae is an uninhabited atoll in the southern group of the Cook Islands, 100 kilometres south-east of Aitutaki. It is administratively part of Aitutaki, but does not belong to any district or tapere of Aitutaki. It is, however, part of Arutanga-Reureu-Nikaupara Constituency.

Manuae is a true atoll sitting on the peak of a submerged volcano which descends 4000 meters to the ocean bed. It is made of two horseshoe-shaped islets, Manuae to the west and Te Au O Tu to the east, with a total area of 6.17 km²on either side of a lagoon about 7 km x 4 km. Manuae has an area of 2.1 km², and Te Au O TU of 3.9 km². The lagoon is 13 km² in size, shallow and subject to large shifting sand banks. A coral reef surrounds the atoll and there is no passage through the reef.

The island is a marine park and is an important breeding ground for seabirds and marine turtles in the Central Pacific. The offshore waters of Manuae are good fishing grounds.

Captain James Cook sighted Manuae on September 23 1773. It was the first of the Cook Islands he voyaged to. Initially he named it Sandwich Island but changed it to Hervey Island in honor of Augustus Hervey, 3rd Earl of Bristol, then a Lord of the Admiralty when he decided instead give the name of "Sandwich Islands" to the Hawaiian Islands. This name was later corrupted to Hervey's Island, or Hervey's Isle, and later applied to the entire southern group, as the Hervey Islands.  This name remained popular until 1824 when the islands were renamed the Cook Islands by the Russian cartographer von Krusenstern, in honor of Capt. Cook who had died in 1779.

In April/May 1965 the population briefly increased to 120 when the island was visited by six expeditions (from Australia, N.Z., Japan, U.K., U.S.A. and U.S.S.R.) to observe the total solar eclipse of 1965 May 30.

Norwegian author Erlend Loe writes humorously about an expedition to Manuae in his 1999 novel "L".

The island once supported a small copra industry with a settlement established next to the small reef passage less than one kilometer northeast of Turakino, the westernmost point of the atoll.  The passage, at the sea entrance, is less than 4 metres wide and in a swell is exceedingly dangerous without local knowledge.

The island has an airfield that has been out of use for several years.
Fishermen from Aitutaki occasionally organise trips to Manuae. All regulations applicable to Aitutaki, apply to Manuae as well.

The population peaked with 32 at the 1956 census, but twenty years later the island was abandoned:

1956: 32
1961: 18
1966: 16
1971: 2
1976: -

References

Cook Islands
Atolls

Manuae (Cook Islands)


Jimmy Donal "Jimbo" Wales (born August 7 or 8, 1966) is an American Internet entrepreneur and a co-founder and promoter of Wikipedia.

Wales was born in Huntsville, Alabama, United States. He attended The Randolph School and a university-preparatory school, and then earned bachelor's and master's degrees in finance. While in graduate school, he taught at two universities. Wales later took a job in finance, and worked as the research director of a Chicago futures and options firm for several years. In 1996, he and two partners founded Bomis, a web portal that targeted males, and which hosted, and provided the initial funding for, the peer-reviewed encyclopedia Nupedia (2000–2003) and its successor, Wikipedia.

In 2001, together with Larry Sanger and others, Wales helped launch Wikipedia, a free, open content encyclopedia which enjoyed rapid growth and popularity. As Wikipedia's public profile grew, Wales became the project's promoter and spokesman. Wales is historically cited as a co-founder of Wikipedia, though he has disputed the "co-" designation in declaring himself the sole founder. Wales serves on the Board of Trustees of the Wikimedia Foundation, the non-profit charitable organization which operates Wikipedia. He holds its board-appointed "community founder" seat. In 2004, he co-founded Wikia, a privately owned, free Web-hosting service, with fellow Wikimedia trustee Angela Beesley.

Wp/srn

Jimmy Wales


Behaviour therapy is used for a number of methods of psychotherapy. Ivan Pavlov found that it is possible to "learn" how to react to a stimulus. His method is known as classical conditioning today. Behaviour therapy tries to use this knowledge to change the behaviour of people. In that way, people "learn" how to cope with their fears, for example. In a similar manner, people can be helped to cope with a number of mental disorders. One well known kind of behaviour therapy is exposure therapy: People with fears are "exposed" to them, and learn how to cope. As an example, someone who is afraid of spiders will be exposed to spiders.

Therapy

Behaviour therapy


The Venona project was a long time secret plan which started in February 1943 by the United States Army Signal Intelligence Service. The project was transferred to the National Security Agency and had many names. However, VENONA was the last name that was used. The word VENONA is usually in capital letters (VENONA) but some writings use lowercase letters (Venona). VENONA was made to decrypt secret communications of Soviet intelligence agencies including NKVD, KGB and GRU. Decryption was possible because the encrypting one-time pads were reused.

The Venona project was most famous for the Julius and Ethel Rosenberg case known as LIBERAL and it ended in both of them being executed. VENONA exposed other spies including Klaus Fuchs and Alger Hiss.

In July 1995, the first six documents were shown which included had 49 messages about the Soviets trying to get information on the United States atomic bomb and the Manhattan Project. In the next five more years, about 3,000 VENONA messages were made public.

Related pages
 Cryptanalysis
 KGB
 Cold War
 McCarthyism

References

20th century in the United States
National Security Agency

Venona project


The Island Yacht Club is a proprietary yacht club in Toronto, Ontario Canada. The club is located on  of land on Mugg's Island, one of the islands in the Toronto Islands. The club is accessible from April to October using the club's private boat from downtown. The club has its own marina providing docking and marine services to members. Since 2015, it has been owned by Blockhouse Bay Management Company.

Facilities
Facilities provided by the club include a clubhouse, tennis courts, nature trail and pool. Social activities include holiday buffets and barbecues, sailing lessons and camps, family and children's activities. Dockage is available for both power and sailboats. The clubhouse incorporates a dining room, bar, lounge, locker rooms and a children's club annex. The east side of Mugg's Island is a bird sanctuary.

The  clubhouse was designed for "people who would rather be outside" by Montgomery Sisam Architects in 2006. It won the Ontario Association of Architects Design of Excellence. This clubhouse was built to replace the original clubhouse, which burned down in June 2004.

History
The Island Yacht Club was founded in 1951 by a small group of Jewish sailing enthusiasts.

According to an article by Pierre Berton published in Maclean's Magazine on November 1, 1948: "Segregation by race at which Canadians are apt to look askance when it is practiced in the southern United States, is just as strong in the Canadian social world as it is in the economic world. There are golf clubs which make no bones about the fact that they won't accept Jewish members, college fraternities and sororities, which exclude Jewish students. Members of these clubs have argued that in private, social organizations they should be allowed to choose the people they associate with."

It was in this social climate that Carl Keyfetz was retained in the spring of 1951 to obtain a Provincial Charter for a Social Club to be located on Mugg's Island that would be dedicated to the promotion of "yachting, badminton, squash, tennis, bowling, skating, swimming, curling and other games of sport and to arrange matches and competitions of every nature and to offer or grant and contribute towards prizes awards and distinctions".

A lease for a parcel of land on Muggs Island –  deep by  along the water – was negotiated with the City of Toronto government. On October 16, 1951 an organizing meeting was held at the home of Cecil Yolles with Jack and Estelle Morris, Bill Ackerman, Bob Singer, Dick Lorie, Bert Jacobs, Mel Gould, Eon Gilmore, Norm Kirzner, Leo Perkel, Dr. S. Leibel, Cecil Yolles, Denny Yolles, Dr. Bernard "Bunny" Willinsky, John Bussin, Joe Kitz, Barney Alper, Ben Dunkelman, Irving Gould and Mark Speyer in attendance. The first directors were John Bliss, salesman; Irving and Malville Gould, managers and Carl Keyfetz, solicitor.

Only qualified and proven sailors were to be allowed to fly the IYC burgee. Training was mandatory. A Disciplinary Committee was established under the chairmanship of the Sailing Master with power to penalize, fine or expel members who did not conform with government regulations or any regulations that the club might, from time to time, see fit to pass. With Johnny Bussin responsible for seamanship instruction, Bunny Willinsky sharing his knowledge of boat handling and safety at sea and Irving Gould in charge of navigation and chart work, all members were expected to become qualified skippers so that they would not injure themselves or embarrass the rest of the members or the club. In addition to "fostering sportsmanship and seamanship among Jewish youth and its members", the club was to provide "social facilities to all visiting yachtsmen" and to "foster a better understanding between Jewish and Gentile yachtsmen". The first Commodore of the Island Yacht Club and a major force for the growth of the club was Dr. Bunny Willinsky. Membership peaked at 350 in the 1970s and has steadily dropped since then.

The fundamental issue of whether or not it was to be an exclusively "Jewish yacht club" was addressed and decided quickly. Notwithstanding the way that others had treated them, the answer from the founders was a principled and emphatic "no". At a meeting on February 4, 1952 "upon motion regularly made and seconded, it was unanimously decided that all applications for membership from persons of other than the Jewish faith would be given the same consideration as all other applications." This was a first for private clubs in Toronto and a policy that continues to this day.

The clubhouse was built in 2006 to replace the original clubhouse, which burned down in June 2004. The original clubhouse housed the formal dining room, bar, cafeteria style snack bar, where Friday nights were movie night; men's and ladies' locker rooms with saunas and lounges, the Junior Club where young sailors and children of members could relax with their peers and the Sailor's Lounge where you could often find members playing cards or relaxing, either inside the lounge, or outside on the deck.  Although some of these activities have been discontinued (e.g., movie night) there is an active youth program that helps cement the club as a family-oriented facility. Other adult activities include Weekday Mah Jong, tennis tournaments, adult sail, canoeing and kayaking.

By 2014, the club was experiencing a decline in membership numbers and severe financial challenges.   In 2015 it re-emerged as Spoke on the Water, a division of the proprietary Spoke Club. Several years later, the Spoke Club itself closed.

Club features
 Social and boating memberships
 Docks for both power and sailboats
 Marine services including secure winter storage
 Sailboats and kayaks for member use
 Four tennis courts
 Heated outdoor swimming pool- with supervised hours
 Men's and women's locker rooms
 Family and children's programs & activities
 Supervised children's playground, arts & crafts house and playhouse
 Casual and gourmet dining and social areas
 Meeting and catering facilities
Private tender to the club from 539 Queen's Quay W. Toronto

References

Yacht clubs in Canada
1951 establishments in Ontario
Sport in Toronto
Toronto Islands

Island Yacht Club


"We seek him here, we seek him there, / Those Frenchies seek him everywhere. / Is he in heaven?--Is he in hell? / That demmed, elusive Pimpernel."
—Sir Percy Blakeney (ch.12)

The Scarlet Pimpernel is a clessic adventur novelle bi Baroness Emmuska Orczy, set in throu the French Revolution. It wis first setten furth in 1905, an is seen as a precursor tae the spy feection an the superhero genres. It gied rise tae monie sequels, an haes been adaptit monie times for televeesion an film.

Breetish novelles adaptit intae films
Feectional Inglis fowk
Feectional swuirdsmen

The Scarlet Pimpernel


Urania is an Italian science fiction magazine published by Arnoldo Mondadori Editore since 10 October 1952. The current editor is Giuseppe Lippi.

History

The first issue featured the novel The Sands of Mars by Arthur C. Clarke (as Le sabbie di Marte). The original name of the series was I Romanzi di Urania ("Urania's novels"), to differentiate it from another magazine with the same name (but popularly known as Urania Rivista, "Urania Magazine"), which featured only short stories. The latter, however, lasted only 14 issues, and Romanzi di Urania soon took the simpler name, which still holds today. Short story collections were thenceforth published in the main series, which at its height had a weekly periodicity with a circulation of 160,000 copies a month. Since the very beginning Urania has been indeed the best selling SF magazine of Italy, also introducing to Italian readers some famed authors like Isaac Asimov, Alfred Elton van Vogt, Robert A. Heinlein, J. G. Ballard, Philip K. Dick and many others. The first editor was Giorgio Monicelli (brother of movie director Mario Monicelli): Monicelli is credited with the invention of the word fantascienza, meaning science-fiction in Italian. From 1964 to 1985 novels and short stories were selected by the renowned Italian writers and intellectuals Carlo Fruttero and Franco Lucentini, who also appeared in the magazine with a few short stories written under pseudonyms. Their successor was Gianni Montanari, who worked for the magazine until 1990.

Most of the novels and short stories were from American and British authors (with some French novels in the 1950s). Italian authors appeared uncredited, only under pseudonyms. Starting from the late 1980s, Italian SF writers are a more frequent presence. The competition of Premio Urania ("Urania Award") was launched in 1990, open to all previously unpublished Italian novels from famous or unknown authors. The winner is awarded with publication in the magazine. The first winner was Vittorio Catani with his Gli universi di Moras (Urania #1120). In 1994 Urania published the first novel by now-world-famed Valerio Evangelisti, who had won the Premio Urania for that year with Nicholas Eymerich, inquisitore. Other winners include Nicoletta Vallorani and Massimo Mongai.

Cover artists
First covers were by Carlo Jacono and Kurt Caesar, but the "golden era" of the magazine was marked by the renowned Dutch painter Karel Thole, who introduced his unparalleled, bizarre medley of surrealism, horror, classical citations and sense of humour. Other outstanding cover artists who worked for Urania were Vicente Segrelles from Spain (1988–1991) and Oscar Chichoni from Argentina (1990s). Current cover artist is Franco Brambilla.

Spin-offs
The magazine sprung a great deal of spin-off series, mostly short-lived and ceased today:
 Millemondi, which started in the 1970s with 3/4 monthly periodicity. Currently ongoing, it reprints famous novels by greatest SF authors which have been already published in the main series. Sometimes it houses previously unpublished collections of short stories.
 Urania Argento ("Silver Urania") was a monthly series started in 1995 with covers by Oscar Chichoni and more lengthy, previously unpublished novels: it lasted 14 numbers.
Urania Blu of 1984 was intended to reprint major short-stories collections and other works (including a collection of articles about science fiction by Isaac Asimov), but had a run of only 4 numbers.
Urania Biblioteca was another series of reprints with irregular periodicity.
Classici Urania (now ceased) was a monthly reprint of the best novels and anthologies of the main series.
Urania Fantasy was a monthly series dedicated to fantasy titles (1988–1995): it was canceled after 79 numbers. It has been resumed discontinuously in 2001–2006 (9 issues, with numbering starting again from 1). A new number 1 (featuring Robert E. Howard's stories about Kull) was published in April 2008.
Urania Collezione started in 2003 and is still monthly outgoing: it is similar to Classici Urania but has revised translations (until 1980s novels were extensively abridged) and (in the first numbers) a different packaging.
Epix (rechristened Urania Epix starting from issue no. 10), a monthly launched in 2009. It housed horror, fantasy and fantastic novels or anthologies, mainly by Italian authors. It ceased after 15 numbers.

For many years Urania included a comic strip section: main titles were B.C. by Johnny Hart, The Wizard of Id, by the same Hart and Brant Parker and Catfish by Bollen & Peterman.

See also
 List of magazines in Italy
 Science fiction magazine
 Fantasy fiction magazine
 Horror fiction magazine

References

External links
www.mondourania.com Site with all the covers of Urania and sister series
www.uraniamania.com Site of Italian collectors of Urania
Science Fiction Project - Free Culture Site with infos and covers of the Urania collection

1952 establishments in Italy
Italian-language magazines
Monthly magazines published in Italy
Science fiction magazines published in Italy
Magazines established in 1952
Science fiction magazines established in the 1950s
Arnoldo Mondadori Editore

Urania (magazine)


In some eastern religions, a Satguru (or Sadguru) is a person who is considered to have achieved enlightenment, and who can help others to achieve the same. The word means "true teacher" in Sanskrit (), sat meaning "true" and a guru meaning "teacher". The title means that his students have faith that the guru can be trusted and will lead them to moksha, nirvana or inner peace. It is based on a long line of Hindu understandings about the importance of the guru.

Ancient and  traditional sources
In  the Guru Gita, Shiva says to Parvati:

The body, the senses, the Prana, wealth, one's own relations, the self, wife etc., all these should be surrendered to the Satguru. (38)
One who cuts asunder, for the disciple, the eight kinds of attachment (doubts, pity, fear, shyness, censure, position in society, high birth and wealth), by the sword of mercy and bestows absolute Bliss is called Satguru. (57)
Just as the ocean is the king of waters, the Param Guru(Satguru) is the King among Gurus. (179)
A Param Guru is free from attachment, etc.; peaceful, always contented in Himself, independent, and one who considers the status of *Brahma and Vishnu like a blade of grass. (180)
One who is independent at all times and places, who possess an unshakable mind and always blissful, who experiences the homogenous essence of the Self, such a one is the Param Guru. (181)
One who is free from the feeling of duality and non-duality, who shines by the light of His self-realization, who is able to destroy the deep darkness of ignorance, and is omniscient, He is a Param Guru. (182)
By whose mere Darshan, one attains calmness, cheerfulness, and peace and steadfastness, and peace of mind, such a one is Param Guru. (183)
One who looks upon his own body as a corpse, and his Self as the non-dual Brahman, and who has killed the infatuation for  wealth and women, such a person is a Param Guru. (184)
Family traditions, wealth, strength, shastras, relatives, brothers, - none of these are useful to you at the time of death. Satguru is the only saviour. (188)

The Kularnava Tantra (XIV/65) states,
"It is very rare to find a Satguru who can give Shaktipat and rare to find a disciple worthy of receiving it.  One gets such a Guru only as a result of past meritorious actions."

In the Upanishads, five signs of satguru (true guru) are mentioned.

In the presence of the satguru; Knowledge flourishes (Gyana raksha); Sorrow diminishes (Dukha kshaya); Joy wells up without any reason (Sukha aavirbhava); Abundance dawns (Samriddhi); All talents manifest (Sarva samvardhan).

According to Satguru Sivaya Subramuniyaswami, a Hindu Satguru is always a sannyasin, an unmarried renunciate.

Related pages
 Guru
 Guru-shishya tradition
 Parampara
 Sampradaya

References

Hinduism

Satguru


A luthier is a person who repairs guitars, violins, violas, cellos, double basses, and other wooden stringed instruments. These instruments need regular adjustments and minor repairs, especially straightening the bridge. As well, sometimes instruments are damaged in accidents, and a luthier has to use wood glue, broken pieces, and clamps to repair the instrument. Luthiers also have the ability to create wooden stringed instruments, mostly classic string family instruments.

The French word lutherie is referred to the art to build wooden instruments. The word luthier comes from the French word luth, luth comes from the Arabian word al-`ūd (العود), this last word means lute, although its generic meaning is the wood. The German word for luthier is luther, that word has became also in a name (Martin Luther King) and in a last name (Martin Luther)

References

Occupations

Luthier


Reasons to Be Pretty (stylized in all-lowercase) is a play by Neil LaBute, his first to be staged on Broadway. The plot centers on four young working class friends and lovers who become increasingly dissatisfied with their dead-end lives and each other. Following The Shape of Things and Fat Pig, it is the final installment of a trilogy that focuses on modern-day obsession with physical appearance.

Productions
Produced by MCC Theater and directed by Terry Kinney, the play premiered at the off-Broadway Lucille Lortel Theater on June 2, 2008 and ran through July 5. The cast included Piper Perabo, Pablo Schreiber, Alison Pill, and Thomas Sadoski.

Ben Brantley of The New York Times thought the play "has an adolescent awkwardness at times that is the opposite of the contrived jigsaw-puzzle precision associated with Mr. LaBute... The relatively easygoing sprawl of reasons to be pretty allows his characters to talk naturally and at leisure as they ponder their own often less-than-pretty natures. In the course of these conversations, you realize anew what a sensitive ear Mr. LaBute has for the uncommonness in common speech — of the individuality within everyday language — and for how people of all levels of education and eloquence use words as instruments of power... What makes this play resonate is less its Big Theme — beauty (or lack thereof) and its discontents — than how that theme illuminates the insecurities of people who don't feel they have much to offer the world... reasons to be pretty is in part about learning to listen. If it stumbles in illustrating this lesson, it also opens its author's ears to a new, richly human music."

The Broadway production, also directed by Kinney, began previews at the Lyceum Theatre on March 13, 2009, opened on April 2, 2009 and closed on June 14, 2009 after 85 performances. The cast included off-Broadway cast members Thomas Sadoski and Piper Perabo joined by Marin Ireland and Steven Pasquale.

In reviewing the Broadway production for the New York Times, Brantley said, "Even more than when I saw it last June, reasons flows with the compelling naturalness of overheard conversation" and concluded, "It's never easy to say what you mean, or to know what you mean to begin with. With a delicacy that belies its crude vocabulary, reasons to be pretty celebrates the everyday heroism in the struggle to find out."

In 2011 it was produced in London at the Almeida Theatre with a cast including UK actress Billie Piper, Kieran Bew, Siân Brooke and Tom Burke. It opened to critical acclaim on the press night, November 17, 2011, with reviewers claiming it 'was one of the best theatre productions' they had seen in 2011.

The  Australian premiere took place in May 2012 at the Darlinghurst Theatre in Sydney, directed by National Institute of Dramatic Arts graduate James Beach and starring Andrew Henry.

The first Canadian production was presented in Montreal, at Théâtre La Licorne, from November 19 to December 14, 2012 with Quebec French translation by David Laurin and direction by Frédéric Blanchette. The cast of l'obsession de la beauté included Anne-Élisabeth Bossé, Maude Giguère, David Laurin and Mathieu Quesnel.

Reasons to Be Pretty has also been put up in San Francisco at San Francisco Playhouse where it opened on March 26.

LaBute wrote a sequel to the play, Reasons to be Happy, which premiered in June 2013 at the Lucille Lortel Theatre in an MCC Theater production. It features the same four characters several years later, and starred Jenna Fischer, Josh Hamilton, Leslie Bibb and Fred Weller.

Awards and nominations

Original Broadway production

References

External links
Reasons to Be Pretty official website
Reasons to Be Pretty character portraits by danscape

2008 plays
Off-Broadway plays
Broadway plays
Plays by Neil LaBute

Reasons to Be Pretty


Clean Slate is a 1994 American comedy film directed by Mick Jackson. The film stars Dana Carvey as a private investigator who is the key witness in a murder case. After suffering a head injury, however, he has developed a rare form of amnesia that causes him to forget anything that happened to him the previous day, which makes it hard for him to know whom to trust, or if he even knows them at all. Valeria Golino, James Earl Jones, Michael Murphy, Michael Gambon, Bryan Cranston, and Kevin Pollak co-star.

Plot
Maurice Pogue has retrograde amnesia, a form of amnesia that prevents him from remembering anything that happened to him the day before. He realizes from a recording he made for himself the previous night (Sunday) – to keep himself in the know – that he is a private investigator in Los Angeles, and acquired the condition after being injured during a case. Pogue tells himself not to reveal his condition to anyone, as he is the key witness in the case against the man responsible for his amnesia. Appearing on the recording is a strange woman, Sarah Novak, who informs him she has been living under the alias Beth Holly in San Francisco, and she has come to L.A. because she is being blackmailed. The police then come to Pogue's office, and take him to what turns out to be his birthday party. He tells his friend Dolby that he's seen Sarah, and learns from Dolby that Sarah is dead. While at the party, Pogue also meets Anthony Doover, his doctor – the only person who knows of Pogue's condition.

Two henchmen take him from the party to meet Philip Cornell, the man Pogue is to testify against. Cornell offers Pogue a large sum of money to deny witnessing Cornell's involvement in the crime. On re-examining his files at the office, Pogue learns that Sarah was once Cornell's lover, who decided to testify against Cornell lest he kill her because of her knowledge of his illegal activities. Sarah hired Pogue to protect her but was killed by a car bomb, the same bomb that caused his amnesia. That night, Pogue meets Sarah at a fashion show she is modeling in. She tells him the girl that was killed in the explosion was a double, and that someone is threatening to tell Cornell she is still alive. Sarah also tells Pogue about a valuable coin Cornell stole from the L.A. County Museum, which she in turn stole from him. Sarah tells Pogue that she gave him the coin the morning before the explosion; Pogue cannot remember. The only clue the two have about the coin's location is one word Pogue said when Sarah gave it to him: "Baby".

The next morning, Pogue has forgotten everything again. Cornell shows up to his office to get Pogue's sworn statement but Pogue, mistaking Cornell for his landlord, gives him a check for rent. Pogue tries throughout the day to figure out where the coin is but doesn't find any answers. Later on, he meets with Sarah; she stays at his place for the night and they make love. Pogue wakes up the following day remembering everything from the day before. Through learning his dog is Baby, he recalls that he hid the coin in its collar. He takes Sarah to a pay phone to call the people who are blackmailing her; Pogue notices that her handwriting is not the same as on the note the coin was wrapped in. Thus realizing she cannot really be Sarah Novak, he switches the coin without her knowledge. He then follows her and finds that Doover and she set up the scam to get the coin. When Doover says they'll have to start all over again after they failed to get the coin, the woman posing as Sarah refuses to go through with it again. That night, while sitting in Pogue's car outside his office, the woman reveals into one of Pogue's recorders that she is really Beth Holly, whom Doover had hired because of her resemblance to Novak. Cornell's men then kidnap Beth when they see her in the car.

On Thursday morning, Cornell, who has figured out that Pogue has the coin, abducts Pogue and takes him to his home, where he attempts to torture him to give up the coin. Pogue and Holly escape, and rush to Cornell's trial. During the trial, Pogue falls back in his chair and hits his head, then suddenly regains his memory. He tells Beth that he put the coin in a parking meter and she speeds off to get it. Pogue then gives his testimony against Cornell, which prompts Cornell to change his plea in the case. Pogue finds Beth back at his apartment and the story ends when the two kiss and go inside.

Cast
 Dana Carvey as Maurice L. Pogue
 Valeria Golino as Sarah Novak / Beth Holly
 Jayne Brook as Paula
 Olivia d'Abo as Judy
 Michael Gambon as Philip Cornell
 James Earl Jones as John Dolby
 Michael Monks as Lieutenant Willis
 Michael Murphy as Dr. Anthony Doover
 Angela Paton as Shirley Pogue
 Kevin Pollak as Donald Rosenheim
 Vyto Ruginis as Hendrix
 Gailard Sartain as Judge Block
 Christopher Meloni as Bodyguard #2
 Bryan Cranston as Club Official

Release
Clean Slate debuted in 1,457 theatres across the United States on May 6, 1994. The film grossed $3,136,130 during its opening weekend, ranking number four at the box office. In its second week, though released in 17 more theatres, it made $1,498,602, more than a 50% drop in gross income. The film eventually grossed a total $7,355,425 in the United States.

It was released on DVD in the US on October 8, 2002 and Blu-ray on March 22, 2016.

Soundtrack
The CD soundtrack composed by Alan Silvestri was released by Music Box Records.

Reception
On Rotten Tomatoes it has an approval rating of 19% based on 16 reviews, with an average rating of 4.1/10. At Allmovie, the film received a 1.5 out of 5-star rating. Audiences surveyed by CinemaScore gave the film a grade B+ on scale of A to F.

David Nusair of Apollo Guide stated, "You're virtually guaranteed to have forgotten it by the following morning."  Brian Lowry of Variety wrote that although the film has "a few inspired comic moments", it is a rehash of Groundhog Day.  Caryn James of The New York Times wrote that it is "perfectly pleasant to sit through, but always feels as if it's about to become funnier than it is".  Peter Rainer of the Los Angeles Times wrote that it does not live up to its good premise.

See also

 List of American films of 1994
 Memento

References

External links

1994 films
1990s fantasy comedy films
1990s comedy mystery films
American fantasy comedy films
American comedy mystery films
American detective films
Films about amnesia
Films shot in Los Angeles
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer films
Films scored by Alan Silvestri
Films directed by Mick Jackson
Films produced by Richard D. Zanuck
1994 comedy films
The Zanuck Company films
1990s English-language films
1990s American films

Clean Slate (1994 film)


An igloo  is a shelter (a place for people to stay warm and dry) made from blocks of snow placed on top of each other, often in the shape of a dome like half of a hollow ball. They were used in winter as temporary shelters by hunters when they were away from their regular homes.

They were most often built in places where a lot of snow covers the land for weeks or months at a time, such as the far north of Canada and Greenland. Most igloos are built by native Inuit people (sometimes called Eskimoes). As they learned to build them better, sometimes people would build larger igloos that would last longer and hold more people, even for dancing.

Accommodations

Igloo


The term Bird goddess was coined by Marija Gimbutas with relation to figurines attributed to the neolithic Vinca culture. These figurines show female bodies combined with a bird's head. The interpretation as "goddess" is part of Gimbutas' program of feminist archaeology depicting the European neolithic as a "gynocentric" culture which would be ousted by the "patriarchal" Indo-European cultures with the onset of the Bronze Age.

Griffen (2005)  claims to have discovered a sign for the bird goddess in the Vinča signs.

Gimbutas also identified a "Lady of the Beasts" (the female analogon of Pashupati), a bear goddess and a snake goddess.

See also
Augur
Horus
Leda (mythology)
Language of the birds

Literature
Gimbutas, Marija and Campbell, Joseph, The Language of the Goddess, Thames & Hudson (2001)

Goddesses
Legendary birds

Bird goddess


Geoje is a city in South Gyeongsang province, just off the coast of the port city of Busan, South Korea. Daewoo Shipbuilding & Marine Engineering (former Daewoo Shipyard) in Okpo and Samsung Heavy Industries (SHI) in Gohyeon are both located on Geoje Island. The city also offers a wide range of tourist sights. The city is made up of a number of islands, of which by far the largest is Geoje Island. There are multiple
dong in the city: Jangpyeongdong, Okpo-dong and Gohyeon.

Cities in South Korea

Geoje


The Fall of Man (also called "The Story of the Fall" or "The Fall") is the story in the book of Genesis in the Torah (Old Testament) of when Adam and Eve, in God's eyes, lost their innocence. Genesis says that Adam and Eve ate from the Tree of Knowledge even after God told them it was not allowed. Adam and Eve lost their innocence and were thrown out of the Garden of Eden, where the Tree of Knowledge was. In Christian religion, all of man lost their innocence because Adam and Eve disobeyed God and had to be punished, so man can now tell good from bad and life from death.

The Fall, for many Christians, means humans can not make themselves holy enough to get into Heaven when they die. It is only possible to get into heaven because Jesus Christ sacrificed himself.

Beliefs
Judaism, Christianity and Islam believe the story of the Fall is the truth, but each explains it differently.

Islam
Islam says the Fall was just a historic event and did not change human nature at all. It says Adam and his wife were thrown out of the Garden of Eden and forced to work and suffer because Adam ate from the Tree of Knowledge. But God still gave others who were still loyal to him the chance to get into Heaven.

Judaism
According to Jewish tradition, Adam and Eve had the free will to rebel against God's first commandment. One of God's first commandments was not to eat from the fruits of the Tree of Knowledge in the Garden of Eden. Adam and Eve ate from its fruits and had to pay a price. They were thrown out of the Garden of Eden, which is called Paradise, and they had to suffer and work to survive. Adam and Eve also became "like God" when they ate the fruit from the tree. They got the gifts of knowledge, wisdom, and self-awareness—things that seperate humans from animals. Judaism teaches that eating the fruit was disobedience, but not sin. Unlike Christianity, Judaism teaches that sin can not be inherited, and that people do not inherit Original Sin. If a sin is committed, you may pray directly to God and ask for forgiveness, and if the sin has affected another person, you may also ask their forgiveness. Judaism says every person can get to heaven and be—once more—near to God. You do not have to be Jewish to get into heaven.

Judaism teaches these things about The Fall:
 God loves all people.
 People are basically good.
 People should use God's gifts well. God's gifts are:
 Life on earth
 Free will
 Knowledge
 Self-awareness
 Human virtues
 Jews must take extra care to use these gifts well.
 Jews must be lovingly loyal to God. That is, they must loyally carry the burden that comes from knowing Judaism, and must joyfully obey God.

Christianity

Christians generally believe that everyone who is related to Adam is born with sin and would never make it into Heaven. Jesus, who was related to Adam only through Jesus' mother, had no sin, and died to remove the sins of those who believe in him. They believe that whoever believed in Jesus Christ was given a "second chance" to get back into Heaven, shown in John the Apostle's Gospel: "...God loved the world so much that he gave his only Son, so that everyone who believes in him would not be lost but have eternal life." (John 3:16, ERV) Different types of Christianity have slightly different ways of viewing the fall and salvation through Jesus. You can see the different views below.

Catholicism
Catholicism believes that people are born sinful, but have free will, and so they can clean themselves of their sin and can get into Heaven after the grace of God has changed them so that they want to do that; without this "first grace" the sinful people do not want to "go to Heaven".

Calvinism and Puritanism
Calvinists believe that God chooses the humans who were going to go to Heaven and those who were not. Humans do not get a choice in "spiritual matters".

Puritans took this one step farther. Puritans said that humans could do nothing to be able to get to Heaven. They said that no matter how good a person was, if he had not been chosen by God at birth, he would not go to Heaven. However, one could lose the right to go to Heaven by being bad.

Protestants believe that when Jesus sacrificed himself, he made man free from sin forever. Other people believe that when Jesus sacrificed himself, man was free from sin but he was not certain that he would still get into Heaven.

Liberal Christianity
Some Christians say that the story of The Fall in Genesis 3 never happened but is just a myth or story that the Israelite people used to show that the relationship that man had with God is gone.

This view is quite neutral towards history. It says Bible stories that man failed in the Garden of Eden and needed to be saved are explanations of deeper spiritual truths. Some also say that Jesus Christ was God trying to start a new relationship with man.

Eastern Orthodox
Eastern Orthodoxy believes that a son is not guilty of the sins of his father (so sin is not passed down from Adam). They believe that men and women are forced to sin because of the world around them and thy have to try and resist if they want to go to Heaven. But they still believe that Adam caused all humanity to have to work for this. The emphasis on free will is great: even the sinful people can be saved through synergy with God's grace.

Pelagianism
Pelagianism says that humans are capable of freely choosing good or bad decisions without God's help and that humans are not born with Adam's sin.

Mormonism
Mormonism believes that The Fall was part of a plan thought up by God so that His children could get into Heaven.

Mormons say that when Adam ate from the Tree of Knowledge it was not wrong, but was just a "demotion", like going from one good job to another, less good job. A step down but progressing in a forward direction. Mormons refer to The Fall as a Transgression. For Mormons a sin is the act of doing something contrary to the known will of God and to do so willing with full knowledge. Transgression, on the other hand, is the violation of a law or rule. So for Mormons, all sins (willfully disobedience) are transgressions but not all transgressions (violations) are sins. Since Adam didn't have knowledge of good and evil before partaking of the forbidden fruit, so his act was a transgression of the law, not a sin against the law.
Before eating the fruit, Adam could never die. Because he could never die, he could never go to heaven. Eating the fruit made it so that Adam could die, so that later he could go to heaven. It also made it so that Adam and Eve could have children, so that everyone would have a chance to live, die, and go to heaven. Mormons say that if one follows the Plan of Salvation, that person can go to heaven. Mormons believe that:
 Men will be punished for their own sins, and not for Adam's transgression.
 Through the Atonement of Christ, all mankind may be saved, by obedience to the laws and ordinances of the Gospel.
 The first principles and ordinances of the Gospel are:
 Faith in the Lord Jesus Christ
 Repentance
 Baptism by immersion for the remission of sins
 Laying on of hands for the gift of the Holy Ghost.

Unification Church
Unification Church believe that Adam and Eve had sexual relations before they were married, and so they got thrown out of the Garden of Eden. They believe that a Blessing Ceremony can "wash" this sin away.

Unity Church
The Unity church believes that "The Fall of Man" has an important meaning but that it is not a true historic event.

Unitarian Universalism
Unitarian Universalists believe that people are inherently good, and that it is their most precious gift, free will, that allows people to sometimes act wrongly, rather than predestination or external temptation.  The Fall is story, metaphor, allegory, not a history.

The Fall in books
Philip Pullman wrote a series called His Dark Materials and he says in the book that The Fall was a good thing. It was when humans became free to learn. Pullman believes that it is not worth being innocent if the price is not knowing the truth.

C.S. Lewis wrote a book called Perelandra where Adam and Eve were on the planet Venus rather than the classic Garden of Eden.

Albert Camus wrote a book called The Fall where a man tells another man in a bar in Amsterdam called "Mexico City" why he did not want to rescue a man who was trying to kill himself by jumping off a bridge into a canal.

In the manga (or comic-book) Neon Genesis Evangelion, The Fall is often talked about, and at the end, an attempt to clean Adam's sin is performed and a new genesis is started.

Related pages
 Garden of Eden

References

Other websites

 The Fall of Man Genesis 3:1

 The Genesis Pursuit: The Lost History of Jesus Christ - A textual and scriptural examination of the Fall of Man and its relationship to the gospels, the coming of Jesus Christ and why Christ had to die.

Old Testament

Fall of Man


Lake Banook is a freshwater lake located in Dartmouth within the Halifax Regional Municipality in Nova Scotia, Canada.  It is home to three sprint canoe and kayak clubs, two rowing clubs, and a dragon boat club. It also has a claim to be the birthplace of ice hockey.

Location

Lake Banook's eastern shore is bordered by Prince Albert Road (part of Trunk 7) and its western shore fronts Crichton Park, a residential neighbourhood.  At the south end of the lake is a lock mechanism leading to Sullivan's Pond.  At the north end of the lake a bridge carries the Highway 111 expressway, informally known as the Dartmouth Circumferential Highway over its waters.  The bridge also serves as a dividing line between Lake Micmac, also referred to as Second Lake.

Birch Cove Beach is the only beach on the lake that is currently supervised.   Another beach, Graham's Grove, was closed in the early-1990s, as a result of poor water quality stemming from the construction of the nearby "Mic Mac Par-clo" (partial clover-leaf), a large interchange connecting Highway 111, Trunk 7, and Route 318, which replaced the rotary previously on the site.

Lake Banook has undergone many modifications. It was originally approximately two meters shallower than its current depth, after being dammed during the construction of the Shubenacadie Canal in the early 19th century. When the water rose, it submerged a small island.  During improvements for the 1989 Junior World Championships, the top section of the paddling course was dredged to meet depth standards. The fill was used to expand nearby Graham's Grove Park, and the former access road still remains underwater.  There have been shoreline modifications for recreational beaches, private waterfront, boat docks, and municipal pipelines. Some natural shoreline remains at the north end of Brookdale Crescent Park, the north end of Birch Cove, and parts of Grahams Grove.

History

Lake Banook is named for the Mi'kmaq phrase for "first lake", as it is the first lake in the system that later became the Shubenacadie Canal.  The Mi'kmaq people were the first to navigate the waters of Lake Banook, which contributed to the naming of Lake Micmac, Mic Mac Mall, and Mic Mac AAC.

Hockey was played on Lake Banook as early as 1827, and certainly by 1850, though the game was then known as both rickets and wicket.  Dartmouth is one of several locales around the world that claim the title of "Birthplace of Hockey." In 1864 Starr manufacturing of Dartmouth, located less than a kilometer from Lake Banook, began producing the world's first modern iceskates.  Starr skates, first used on the lakes of Dartmouth including Lake Banook, later became a popular choice for elite ice hockey players, being worn by 6 out of 7 members of the 1902 Stanley Cup Champions Montreal Hockey Club. The Starr company produced ice skates into the 1930s. In the days before refrigerators, the lake was a source of ice for the residents of both Halifax and Dartmouth.

Since 1903, with the formation of the Banook Canoe Club, Lake Banook has been home to many competitive and recreational canoeists, kayakers, and rowers.  Dartmouth has more paddlers per capita than anywhere else in Canada.

Sport

Lake Banook is home to three sprint canoe/kayak clubs, clustered at the south end of the lake: Banook Canoe Club, Senobe Aquatic Club, and Mic Mac Amateur Aquatic Club. This arrangement is unique in Canada, and has led to a longstanding and healthy competitive rivalry between clubs. All three clubs have developed multiple Olympians, National Champions, and World Championship team members.

The lake is outfitted with an international-calibre 1000-metre sprint canoe and kayak race course during the summer months. The course spans nine racing lanes of nine metres in width, with the 1000-metre start line at the north end of the lake, and the finish line at the south end. On the western shore, a three-story judges tower is elevated above the lake at the finish line, allowing officials to judge the finishes of races. The course is used for numerous local and national competitions every year. Lake Banook has also hosted many world-class competitions, including the canoe/kayak and rowing events at the inaugural Canada Summer Games in 1969, the World Junior Canoe Sprint Championships in 1989, the Senior World Canoe Sprint Championship in 1997, the World Canoe Marathon Championship in 2000, and the Senior World Sprint Championships in 2009. Lake Banook played host to the Senior World Sprint Championships for the third time in 2022. No other venue outside of Europe has hosted the Senior World Sprint Championship on more occasions.

The lake is also used for local rowing competitions, and hosts both the Mic Mac AAC rowing club and the independent North Star Rowing club. The course is not ideal for national or international competitions in rowing, as its restricted length does not enable 2000-metre races.

As dragon boat paddling exploded in popularity, a fifth boat club was founded in the northeast corner of Lake Banook. Dragon Boat East offers year-round training programs for members and other dragon boat services. Lake Banook is the site of Halifax's annual dragon boat competition and festival.

Notes

References
2009 ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships official website
Soil & Water Conservation Society of Metro Halifax (SWCSMH)
Shubenacadie Canal
Hockey's Home: Halifax-Dartmouth
 Banook Canoe Club: History

Dartmouth, Nova Scotia
Sport in Dartmouth, Nova Scotia
Lakes of Nova Scotia
Landforms of Halifax, Nova Scotia
Landforms of Halifax County, Nova Scotia

Lake Banook


A Bantustan (also known as a Bantu homeland, black homeland, black state, or simply homeland) was a territory set aside for South Africa's black inhabitants during apartheid. Ten Bantustans were established in South Africa and ten more in South West Africa (now Namibia), with the goal of creating nation states for the black tribes of Africa. The term Bantustan comes from Bantu (meaning "people" in the Bantu languages) and -stan (meaning "land" in Persian).

The founders of apartheid tried hard to make the Bantustans recognised internationally, but this never happened, and most blacks did not like the Bantustans. They were unpopular because:

The borders of the Bantustans were drawn to exclude valuable land.
The large number of reassigned citizens combined with the small size of the Bantustans meant that a lot of people had to share small amounts of land, compared to how people lived in the rest of South Africa.
Becoming citizens of the new territories meant losing citizenship of South Africa, where the majority of candidates for reassignment of citizenship lived and worked. This would cause them to lose what few rights and privileges they had as citizens of South Africa.

The Bantustans were dissolved in 1994 and their territory incorporated into the Republic of South Africa. From 1994, most parts of the country were redivided into new provinces.

List of Bantustans

Bantustans in South Africa

 Transkei (declared independent on 26 October 1976)
 Bophuthatswana (declared independent on 6 December 1977)
 Venda (declared independent on 13 September 1979)
 Ciskei (declared independent on 4 December 1981)
 Gazankulu
 Lebowa
 QwaQwa
 KaNgwane
 KwaNdebele
 KwaZulu

Lesotho and Swaziland were not Bantustans, but former British colonies granted independence by Great Britain and internationally recognised.
Four of the South African Bantustans, Transkei, Bophuthatswana, Venda, and Ciskei  (also called the "TBVC States") were granted independence from South Africa, but were never internationally recognised. The other six had a high amount of autonomy.

Bantustans in South West Africa

Bushmanland
Damaraland
East Caprivi (self-rule 1976)
Hereroland (self-rule 1970)
Kaokoland
Kavangoland (self-rule 1973)
Namaland
Ovamboland (self-rule 1973)
Rehoboth
Tswanaland

Beginning in 1968, ten Bantustans were established in South West Africa. Unlike the Bantustans in South Africa, only four Bantustans in South West Africa were granted autonomy, and none were granted independence. The Bantustans were abolished in May 1989 in the transition to independence.

20th century in South Africa
1994 disestablishments
20th-century disestablishments in South Africa
1990s disestablishments in Africa

Bantustan


Admiral Arthur Phillip RN (11 October 1738 – 31 August 1814) was a British naval officer. Phillip was made Governor of New South Wales, the first European colony in Australia, which is now the city of Sydney.

Early life
Arthur (Kriddler) Phillip was born in Moscow, Russia in 1738. His father was a German-born language teacher, Jacob Phillip. His mother, Elizabeth Breach, was English, and the widow of a navy captain. Phillip went to a school for poor boys at the Greenwich Hospital. At the age of 13 he joined the merchant navy. Phillip joined the Royal Navy at 15. He saw action during the Seven Years' War in the Mediterranean at the Battle of Minorca in 1756. In 1762 he was promoted to Lieutenant. When the war ended in 1763 he was put on half pay. He got married and became a farmer in Lyndhurst, Hampshire. He separated from his wife about six years later.

In 1774 Phillip joined the Portuguese Navy as a captain. He served in the Spanish-Portuguese War, 1776–1777. Phillip took a group of convict ships from Portugal to Brazil. This trip was a success because not many people died. This may have been one of the reasons Phillip was asked to led the expedition to Australia. In 1778 England was at war again, and Phillip was recalled to active service. In 1779 he was given his first command, the ship  Basilisk. He was promoted to captain in 1781, and given command of the Ariadne. In 1782 he was captain of the Europe with his friend Philip Gidley King as his lieutenant. They sailed to India. In 1784 he was back on half pay in England. He spent time in southern France and in 1786 was doing survey work for the Royal Navy.

The First Fleet
In October 1786, Phillip was made Governor of New South Wales. The British government wanted to start a penal colony (prison) on the east coast of Australia. Phillip knew about farming, and had taken prisoners to Brazil for the Portuguese. This made him a good choice to be leader. Phillip had a very hard time getting the ships ready for the eight month sea voyage to Australia. He had to take everything that the new colony might need. Phillip had no real idea of what he might find when he got there. There wasn't much money to buy things. He wanted people who knew about farming, building and making things, but this was rejected. Most of the 772 convicts (prisoners) were thieves from the city area of London. Phillip also took a group of marines (soldiers) and small group of officers who were to help him run the new colony.

The First Fleet, of 11 ships, sailed on 13 May 1787. The first ship, HMS Supply,  reached Botany Bay on 18 January 1788. Phillip soon decided that this site, picked by Sir Joseph Banks, was not suitable. It had poor soil, no safe place to leave the ships, and no drinking water. Phillip decided to go north to Port Jackson. On 26 January 1788 (this day is now called Australia Day) the marines and convicts landed at Sydney Cove. It was a successful trip, as only 40 convicts had died. Phillip named Sydney after Lord Sydney.

Sydney Cove

The first years of the settlement were very hard. They only had the supplies they brought with them. They had to start growing their own food, but the soil around Sydney was poor. They didn't know about the climate, how much rain or when it would fall for example. Very few of the convicts knew anything about farming or growing food. They did not have enough farming tools. The convicts did not want to be farm workers. The colony was in danger of starvation for long time. The soldiers, who didn't like being given orders in many cases, did not think it was their job to make the convicts work. Phillip had to put some convicts in charge (overseers) to get the other convicts working. This was the start of the process of making some convicts free which led to the reforms of Lachlan Macquarie after 1811. As Governor of the new settlement, Phillip had complete power over the eastern half of Australia.

Phillip had respect from the Aboriginal people because he was missing a front tooth. This tooth was the same tooth that they knocked out as part of their initiation ceremonies.

Phillip soon had problems with the soldiers in the penal colony. Life in Sydney was difficult, without proper houses and not enough food. The officer in charge of the soldiers, Major Robert Ross, wanted to give up the settlement and go back to England. Ross complained about Phillip and wrote letters to the government in England about him. The soldiers thought they should be given land and other benefits. They thought they should be given more food than the convicts, but Phillip believed everyone should have an equal share. Ross and the soldiers believed that they were in Australia to protect the settlement from being attacked by other countries. They did not think that their work included guarding the convicts. Ross who was a soldier, did not think he should have to take orders from Phillip, who was a navy man. In March 1790, Phillip finally sent Ross to be in charge of the colony on Norfolk Island. The British government continued to send out convicts, there were over 4000 in Sydney by 1792. Food still needed to be brought in as the colony could not yet grow enough. Phillip began giving small grants of land to ex-convicts to start farms around Parramatta, New South Wales.

Return to England
On 11 December 1792 Phillip left to go back to England. He needed medical treatment for a pain in his side. The pain was kidney pain from eating so much salted food. He planned to return to Australia, but on medical advice he resigned as Governor and stayed in England. He married Isabella Whitehead in 1794. He eventually got better and in 1796 returned to the navy as a captain. He was in charge of the Alexander, and later the 74 gun battleship, Swiftshore. In January 1799 he was made a Rear Admiral of the Blue, and put in charge of the Sea Fencibles. Their job was to defend England against Napoleon. He retired from active service in 1805. He had a number of strokes which left him partly paralysed. He died at Bath, on 31 August 1814, after falling from a third floor window. He was buried at the church of St.Nicholas, Bathampton.

Lost

In 2007 Geoffrey Robertson QC found that Phillip's remains are no longer in the church. It is not known where they are. It is believed they were lost while the church was being repaired in the 1970s. Robertson believes that it is an insult to Phillip that he wasn't buried in one of England's cathedrals. He wants the remains of Phillip found and brought back to Australia.

References

Other websites
 Arthur Phillip's instructions from the British Government
 Arthur Phillip in South America, and why the First Fleet was so welcomed on the way to Botany Bay

1738 births
1814 deaths
British admirals
Governors of New South Wales
Politicians from London

Arthur Phillip