Aceasta este o listă de adaptări după faimoasa nuvelă Colind de Crăciun a lui Charles Dickens

Adaptări

Teatru

Film

Cinematografie
 Scrooge, sau, Marley's Ghost (1901), un scurt-metraj britanic, acest film este cea mai vechi adaptare pentru ecran care s-a păstrat.
 A Christmas Carol (1908), cu Thomas Ricketts în rolul lui Scrooge.
 A Christmas Carol (1910) este un film mut de 10-minute cu Marc McDermott în rolul lui Scrooge și Charles Ogle în rolul lui Cratchit.
 Scrooge (1913), cu Sir Seymour Hicks și redenumit Old Scrooge pentru premiera în S.U.A. din 1926.
 The Right to Be Happy (1916), prima adaptare într-un film de lung-metraj, regizat de Rupert Julian, care interpretează și rolul lui Scrooge.
 A Christmas Carol (1923), produs in Marea Britanie cu Russell Thorndike, Nina Vanna, Jack Denton, și Forbes Dawson.
 Scrooge (1935), un film britanic, în care interpretează iar Seymour Hicks rolul Scrooge.
 A Christmas Carol (1938), cu Reginald Owen în rolul lui Scrooge și Gene Lockhart și Kathleen Lockhart în rolul cuplului Cratchit.
 Scrooge (1951), cu Alastair Sim în rolul lui Scrooge și Mervyn Johns și Hermione Baddeley în rolul cuplului Cratchit. La momentul primei sale difuzări, acest film a fost considerat de mulți drept un clasic, cea mai bună adapatare a poveștii realizată până atunci.
 It's Never Too Late (1953), adaptare italiană a romanului lui Dickens, cu Paolo Stoppa și Marcello Mastroianni.
 Scrooge (1970), adaptare musical film cu Albert Finney în rolul lui Scrooge și Alec Guinness în rolul Fantomei lui Marley.
 A Christmas Carol (1971), film scurt animat, câștigător al premiului Oscar, al lui Richard Williams, cu Alastair Sim reluând rolul lui Scrooge.
 Mickey's Christmas Carol (1983), film scurt animat cu diversele personaje Walt Disney (inclusiv personaje din Wind in the Willows, Robin Hood și The Three Little Pigs), cu Scrooge McDuck jucând, pe drept cuvânt, rolul lui Ebenezer Scrooge.
 Scrooged (1988), a remake in a contemporary setting with Bill Murray being a misanthropic TV producer who is haunted by the ghosts of Christmas. Directed by Richard Donner.
 The Muppet Christmas Carol (1992), featuring the various Muppet characters, with Michael Caine as Scrooge.
 A Christmas Carol (1994), an animated version produced by Jetlag Productions, written by Jack Olesker.
 A Christmas Carol (1997), an animated production featuring the voice of Tim Curry as Scrooge as well as the voices of Whoopi Goldberg, Michael York and Ed Asner.
 Christmas Carol: The Movie (2001), an animated version produced by Illuminated Films (Christmas Carol), Ltd/The Film Consortium/MBP; screenplay by Robert Llewellyn & Piet Kroon; with the voices of Simon Callow, Kate Winslet, and Nicolas Cage.
 Winnie the Pooh: Springtime with Roo (2004), an animated adaptation where Rabbit needs to be convinced by the story teller that he still likes Easter, by bringing him to the past, present and future pages in the story.
 A Christmas Carol (2006), a computer animated adaptation featuring anthropomorphic animals in the lead roles.
 Barbie in a Christmas Carol (2008), Barbie stars as the female version of Ebenezer Scrooge.
 A Christmas Carol (2009), o animație 3D în regia Robert Zemeckis, cu Jim Carrey care este Ebenezer Scrooge și cele trei fantome, de la Walt Disney Pictures și ImageMovers Digital. Premiera: noiembrie 2009 în Disney Digital 3D.

Televiziune
 An early television adaptation was broadcast live by DuMont's New York station WABD on 20 decembrie 1944.
 A 1947 live television version starred John Carradine as Scrooge.
 A 1948 live television adaptation which aired on Philco Television Playhouse starred Dennis King as Scrooge.
 A 1949 30-minute filmed television adaptation, reportedly notorious among modern critics for its cheap special effects,  starred Taylor Holmes as Scrooge with Vincent Price as the on-screen narrator.
 The story was dramatized twice, in 1950 and 1953, on Kraft Television Theatre (NBC).
 An adaptation of A Christmas Carol with Ralph Richardson as Scrooge was shown as a 30-minute filmed episode of NBC's Fireside Theatre in 1951.
A Christmas Carol (1954), a musical television adaptation starring Fredric March as Scrooge and Basil Rathbone as Marley was shown on the TV anthology Shower of Stars.  The adaptation and lyrics were by Maxwell Anderson, the music by Bernard Herrmann. The first version in color; March received an Emmy Award nomination for his performance.
The Stingiest Man In Town (1956), the second musical adaptation, starring Basil Rathbone and Vic Damone as, respectively, the old and young Scrooge. A live episode of the dramatic anthology series The Alcoa Hour.
 A 1958 episode of the half-hour anthology series Tales from Dickens again featured Rathbone as Scrooge, with Fredric March as narrator.
Mister Magoo's Christmas Carol (1962), an animated musical television special featuring the UPA character voiced by Jim Backus, with songs by Jule Styne and Bob Merrill. Other voices were provided by such actors as Jack Cassidy (as Bob Cratchit).
Mr. Scrooge, a 1962 CBC television musical adaptation, starring Cyril Ritchard (Peter Pan 's Captain Hook) as Scrooge, with Alfie Bass and Tessie O'Shea as Bob Cratchit and his wife.
 Carol for Another Christmas (1964), a TV-movie written by Rod Serling that recasts Scrooge as a wealthy isolationist bitter over his son's death in World War II. With Sterling Hayden, Eva Marie Saint, Ben Gazzara.
A Christmas Carol (1970), an animated television special directed by Zoran Janjic and produced by Australia's Air Programs and aired on CBS.  It was the first in a series titled Famous Classic Tales and sponsored by Kenner.
 "Scrooge Gets an Oscar" (1970), an episode of The Odd Couple had Oscar not being in the Christmas spirit while Felix tries to put together a play of Dickens's "A Christmas Carol" for some local children. Oscar falls asleep and dreams that he is Ebenezer Madison (Scrooge) and is shown what Christmas is really about by a ghost played by Felix. The poker-playing buddies appear as carollers who continue to gamble whilst carolling.
 In "Ebenezer Sanford", a 1976 episode of Sanford and Son, Fred is a Scrooge-like miser during the Christmas season and his friends try to get him to join into the Christmas spirit.  He falls asleep and dreams that he is visited by three spirits who show him the true meaning of Christmas.
A Christmas Carol (1977), an adaptation by the BBC with Sir Michael Hordern, who had played Marley's Ghost in two other versions, as Scrooge.
Rich Little's Christmas Carol (1978), a HBO television special in which impressionist Rich Little plays several celebrities and characters in the main roles.
The Stingiest Man In Town (1978), an animated made-for-TV musical produced by Rankin-Bass. Stars Walter Matthau as the voice of Scrooge and Tom Bosley as the narrator. Scrooge was drawn to physically resemble Matthau. This had originally been done as a live-action musical on television in 1956. This version, however, was not nearly as well received as the 1956 one.
An American Christmas Carol (1979), an adaptation starring Henry Winkler at the height of his fame from the television series Happy Days, where the story is set in Depression era New England, and the Scrooge character is named Benedict Slade.
Skinflint: A Country Christmas Carol (1979), an American country music inspired TV film starring Hoyt Axton as Cyrus Flint.
Bugs Bunny's Christmas Carol (1979), an animated television special featuring the various Looney Tunes characters, with the role of Scrooge going to Yosemite Sam.
Alvin and the Chipmunks adapted the basic storyline in a 1983 TV Special on NBC, Alvin's Christmas Carol. Alvin becomes a Scrooge-like chipmunk who only views Christmas as a time of getting. But Dave, Theodore and Simon show him that Christmas is a time of giving. Incidentally, Alvin's elderly neighbor on his paper route has a cat named Ebenezer.
"A Keaton Christmas Carol", a 1983 episode of Family Ties, has Alex P. Keaton in the "Scrooge" role. The Ghost of Christmas Past is portrayed by Jennifer Keaton, while The Ghost of Christmas Future is portrayed by Mallory Keaton.
Colind de Crăciun (A Christmas Carol) (1984), cu George C. Scott în rolul lui Ebenezer Scrooge, David Warner și Susanna York în rolurile soților Cratchit și Edward Woodward ca Fantoma Crăciunului Prezent. Scott (care-l interpretase pe Fagin cu doi ani înainte) a fost nominalizat la Premiul Emmy pentru interpretarea sa. Regizorul Clive Donner a fost editorul filmului Scrooge (1951),
Another Song For Christmas, a 1984 episode from the television series Highway to Heaven, starring Michael Landon, Victor French, and Geoffrey Lewis as "Honest Eddy" Barton, the Scrooge equivalent. Honest Eddy is a used-car salesman who was having a wonderful Christmas Eve (for him). He just sold an overpriced lemon to an elderly couple who can't afford it, fired his chief mechanic because he refused to set back the odometers, ordered his attorney to evict one of his tenants—an orphanage—on Christmas, and ordered his main butler to report for work on Christmas morning instead of spending it with his family. That night he is taken on a whirlwind tour of his past, present and future. He wakes up the next morning a changed man and sets out to repair the damage he's done before it ruins everyone's Christmas. Landon plays the role of the spirits of the Past and Future, while French plays the role of the Present. At the beginning of the episode Mark Gordon (French) is seen reading "A Christmas Carol".
A Jetson Christmas Carol (1985), Christmas themed episode of The Jetsons in which Cosmo Spacely is the "Scrooge" visited by three robotlike "ghosts" and the ghost of his deceased business partner, "Jacob Marsley". Astro, the Jetsons' pet dog, has a "Tiny Tim" like role, as he's about to die because of a faulty product and, money issues aside, the Jetsons can't find a veterinarian working at Christmas Seasons. The Ghost of Christmas Present, characterized at this story as a huge package (to make a pun on the word "present") fails to make Spacely care about it and Spacely only cares to save Astro when the Ghost of Christmas Yet to Come shows that, should Astro die because of the faulty product, which happens to be his, the Jetsons will sue him and become rich, while Spacely's life goes downhill. (His business go wrong, turning him poor, and his wife leaves him)
 X-Mas Marks the Spot (1986), a Christmas themed episode of The Real Ghostbusters in which ghostbusters Peter Venkman, Egon Spangler, Ray Stantz, and Winston Zeddmore unknowingly travel back in time to Christmas Eve 1837 and accidentally 'bust' the Ghosts of Christmas Past, Present, and Future as they talk to Scrooge.
 John Grin's Christmas Carol (1986), an African-American modernization of the story with Robert Guillaume as the Scrooge-like title character.
 Roland Rat's Christmas Carol (1986), starred Roland Rat as Roland Scrooge. It had Roland's Mother Iris as Mrs Scrachit. Blackadder's Christmas Carol (1988), un episod special de Crăciun situat cronologic între sezoanele 3 și 4 ale serialului Blackadder, cu Rowan Atkinson ca Ebenezer Blackadder și Robbie Coltrane ca Spiritul Crăciunului. Într-o noua viziune asupra povestirii, Blackadder este "cel mai amabil și mai bun" om din Anglia, dar majoritatea profită de bunătatea lui. Când Spiritul Crăciunului sosește pentru a-i arăta lui Blackadder purtarea contrară a strămoșilor săi, el începe să le admire înșelătoriile. Atunci când Blackadder descoperă că dacă va continua să ducă o viață plină de generozitate urmașul său va ajunge în cele din urmă sclavul urmașului servitorului său cel idiot Baldrick, iar devenind egoist și lacom urmașul său va ajunge să devină stăpânul universului, Blackadder decide că "băieții răi au parte de toată distracția", și se trezește a doua zi complet schimbat, devenind înșelător, complotist și răutăcios (așa cum a fost portretizat personajul în restul seriei).
 Scrooge: A Christmas Sarah (1990), a special Christmas pantomime episode of the British children's program Going Live! featuring presenter Sarah Greene as "Sarah Scrooge".
 A Little Miracle- 24 decembrie 1962 (1990), an episode of Quantum Leap has Sam Leaping in on Christmas Eve into the life of Reginald Pierson, valet to a wealthy contractor, who is in danger of losing his soul in an attempt to demolish a Salvation Army mission, so he can build his "Blake's Plaza." Seeing a similarity to the Dickens character, Sam and Al decide to "Scrooge" the greed out of the man. Their attempts to make him face his poor past and hard present fail so they take advantage of how the man's brainwaves allow him to "see" the holographic Al to have Al pose as the Ghost of Christmas Future, using the records of how the man's fortunes fail to convince him to change his ways.
 A Christmas Plotz. An Animaniacs Episode (1993) featuring Thaddeus Plotz in the main role.A Flintstones Christmas Carol (1994), animated adaptation featuring Fred Flintstone as 'Eboneezer Scrooge', Barney as 'Bob Cragit' and Mr. Slate as 'Jacob Marbley'.Northern Exposure used A Christmas Carol as the basis for its episode "Shofar, So Good" (1994), which depicts the Ghosts of Yom Kippur Past, Present, and Future visiting Dr. Joel Fleischman to encourage him to truly atone for his sins. Ebbie (1995), a television movie in which the role of Scrooge is played by a female with Susan Lucci as Elizabeth "Ebbie" Scrooge, the cold-hearted owner of a department store.
 "Huh Huh Humbug", a Beavis and Butthead Christmas special based on the story, with Beavis as Ebenzer Scrooge and Butthead as Jacob Marley.
 "Strike", the 18th episode of Season 2 on the cartoon series Mutant League, in which Zalgor Prigg plays the role of Scrooge, and his nightmares play the role of the Ghosts of Christmas.
 "A Solstice Carol", the 9th episode of season 2 on the television series Xena: Warrior Princess.  Xena and Gabrielle arrive in a kingdom where celebrating the Solstice is forbidden. Xena devises a plan to stop King Silvus (as Ebenezer Scrooge) from closing an orphanage. He is visited by three ghosts, who show him the error of his wicked ways. Ebenezer (1997), a Canadian TV production Western-themed version starring Jack Palance and Rick Schroder.Ms. Scrooge (1997), a television movie starring Cicely Tyson that aired on USA Network.Disney's 101 Dalmatians: The Series (1997) In the Christmas episode, A Christmas Cruella, the ghosts, Cadpig as Past, Rolly as Present and Spot as Yet to Come, show how Cruella comes to hate Christmas in her early life, what will happen when Anita Dearly is fired, as well as Cruella's future.An All Dogs Christmas Carol (1998), Charlie and his friends appear as the three ghosts to a Scrooge-like Carface in order to stop an evil plot.Colind de Crăciun (A Christmas Carol) (1999), un film de televiziune regizat de David Jones (scris ca David Hugh Jones), cu Patrick Stewart în rolul lui Ebenezer Scrooge. Inspirat dintr-un one-man show, dar prezentând o întreagă distribuție. Aceasta a fost prima versiunea a poveștii care a făcut uz de efecte speciale digitale. Stewart a fost nominalizat la Premiul Screen Actors Guild pentru interpretarea sa.A Christmas Carol (2000) A modern-day version starring Ross Kemp as Eddie Scrooge, an unscrupulous loan shark.A Diva's Christmas Carol (2000), a humorous adaptation by VH1 starring Vanessa Williams as bitchy diva Ebony Scrooge who is transformed into a kind-hearted soul. The ghost of Christmas future is portrayed by a television in her hotel room showing a future episode of VH1's Behind the Music about Ebony. Ebony is terrified at the engraving on her tombstone. That movie's Bob Cratchit is a fusion of two characters from the original novel. He's Ebony's employee like the original Bob Cratchit is Ebenezer's and he once was romantically involved with Ebony, turning him into a male counterpart to Ebenezer's lost love.A Carol Christmas (2003) Made-for-TV adaptation on the Hallmark Channel. Stars Tori Spelling as "Scroogette" TV host Carol Cartman. William Shatner makes a special appearance as the ghost of Christmas Present, and Gary Coleman as the ghost of Christmas Past.Karroll's Christmas (2004), a modern-day variant in which the ghosts visit the next-door neighbor of the "Scrooge" character by mistake.A Christmas Carol: The Musical (2004), starring Kelsey Grammer.A Sesame Street Christmas Carol (2006), a direct to DVD special featuring Oscar the Grouch in the Scrooge role.Bah, Humduck! A Looney Tunes Christmas (2006) the second Looney Tunes adaptation; this time, it features Daffy Duck as Scrooge.
 A Christmas Mikey (2006 television episode) Season one finale of Kappa Mikey, pitting Ozu in the role of Scrooge, and three Ghosts who resemble Japanese samurai.
"Dora's Christmas Carol Adventure" (2009), an episode of "Dora the Explorer" in which Swiper the Fox ends up on Santa Claus' naughty list and Dora helps Swiper visit his past and future to try and change.
"Nan's Christmas Carol" (2009), a special spin-off from The Catherine Tate Show.  Where nan is visited by the three ghosts.

(Of all the actors who have played different roles in versions of the story, it is possible that Basil Rathbone may hold the record, having appeared in three different ones on television and one on radio. He played Scrooge in three productions and Marley's Ghost in another. Meanwhile, Jerry Nelson may hold the record for playing the most diverse roles in a single version, since in A Muppet Christmas Carol'' he performs at least a dozen Muppet characters, including Marley (Statler), the Ghost of Christmas Present, and Tiny Tim (Robin).)

Radio

Parodii

Note

Adaptări
Charles Dickens
Filme de Crăciun

Listă de adaptări după Colind de Crăciun


Secretion is the process of releasing chemicals from a cell, or from a gland.

Eukaryotic cells have a highly evolved process of secretion.

Bibliography

 The Molecular Biology of the Cell 4th edition - Alberts et al.
 The Physiology and Biochemistry of Prokaryotic 2nd edition – David White
 Article by Kiera moser

Physiology

Secretion


Charles Rodway Clarke (born 21 September 1950) is a British Labour Party politician who held various Cabinet positions under Prime Minister Tony Blair from 2001 to 2006, lastly as Home Secretary from December 2004 to May 2006. Clarke was the Member of Parliament (MP) for Norwich South from 1997 to 2010.

Early life

The son of Civil Service Permanent Secretary Sir Richard Clarke, Charles Clarke was born in London. He attended the fee-paying Highgate School where he was Head Boy. He then read Mathematics and Economics at King's College, Cambridge, where he also served as the President of the Cambridge Students' Union.

A member of the Broad Left faction, he was President of the National Union of Students from 1975 to 1977. Clarke had joined the Labour Party by then and was active in the Clause Four group.  Clarke was the British representative on the Permanent Commission for the World Youth Festival (Cuba) from 1977 to 1978.

Local government
He was elected as a local councillor in the London Borough of Hackney, being Chair of its Housing Committee and Vice Chair of economic development from 1980 to 1986. He worked as a researcher, and later Chief of Staff, for Labour Party leader Neil Kinnock from February 1981 to 1992.

His long association with Kinnock and with the general election defeat in 1992 was expected to handicap him in his career, but Clarke bounced back. He spent the mid-1990s away from national politics, working in the private sector – from 1992 to 1997, he was chief executive of Quality Public Affairs, a public affairs management consultancy – and subsequently emerged as a high flyer under the Labour leadership of Tony Blair.

Member of Parliament
Elected to the House of Commons in the Labour landslide of 1997, Clarke served just over a year on the back benches, before joining the government as a junior education minister in July 1998. He moved to the Home Office in 1999, and joined the Cabinet as Minister without Portfolio and Party Chair following  the 2001 general election.

Education Secretary
He returned to Education as Secretary of State on 24 October 2002, after the resignation of Estelle Morris. As Education Secretary, he defended Oxbridge, encouraged the establishment of specialist secondary schools, and allegedly suggested that the state should not fund "unproductive" humanities research.

In 2003, he said in a speech to University College, Worcester: "Universities exist to enable the British economy and society to deal with the challenges posed by the increasingly rapid process of global change." He explained:

He also oversaw the introduction of Bills to enable universities in parts of Britain to charge top-up fees, despite a Labour manifesto commitment that it would not introduce such fees and indeed had 'legislated to prevent them'.

Home Secretary
Following the first resignation of David Blunkett on 15 December 2004, Clarke was appointed  Home Secretary, one of the senior positions in the Cabinet.

He was swiftly at the centre of attention for his advocacy of proposals for countering terrorism. Critics suggest that his reforms to the judicial system undermine centuries of British legal precedent dating back to the 1215 Magna Carta, particularly the right to a fair trial and trial by jury. He was also criticised for the Identity Cards Act 2006, seen by some as serious infringement of privacy, but Clarke insisted that identity cards were necessary to combat terrorism.

During the 2005 British Presidency of the European Union, Clarke pressed other member states to pass a directive to require communications data to be stored for law enforcement purposes. The directive was criticised as infringing civil liberties and privacy, and critics also noted that the directive had been approved very quickly.

In 2006, Clarke scrapped an ex-gratia discretionary scheme under which compensation to those wrongly convicted of a criminal offence could be awarded. Professor John Spencer QC, of Cambridge University described the move as "monstrous".

Foreign prisoners scandal
On 25 April 2006 it emerged that 1,023 foreign prisoners had been freed without being considered for deportation. Among the offenders, five had been convicted of committing sex offences against children, seven had served time for other sex offences, 57 for violent offences and two for manslaughter. There were also 41 burglars, 20 drug importers, 54 convicted of assault and 27 of indecent assault.

Former Home Secretary David Blunkett supported Clarke but said that "heads should roll" over the scandal, though many of the releases had occurred during his period as Home Secretary. The Home Office later stated that 288 were released from prison between August 2005 and March 2006, which implied that prisoners continued to be released after the matter had been brought to the attention of the government.

Out of government
The foreign prisoners scandal led many to call for Clarke's resignation, not only from the opposition; Clarke reportedly offered to resign, but Tony Blair, the Prime Minister, refused to accept. However, in the wake of a poor Labour performance in the local council elections of 4 May 2006, Clarke was dismissed in a cabinet reshuffle, labelled biggest cabinet upheaval in the history of the Blair governments, and was replaced by Defence Secretary John Reid. Having reputedly turned down the offer of Defence Secretary by Tony Blair, Clarke became a backbencher.

At the end of June 2006, he did a series of interviews in which he criticised John Reid for claiming that the Home Office was "unfit for purpose", and that the Prime Minister ought to have defended him to enable him to continue seeing through the reforms he had initiated when first appointed to the post. However, he did state that although Tony Blair had lost his sense of purpose, he wanted to see Blair continue as PM.

In September 2006, Clarke took up a consultancy post with a leading London law firm, leading to speculation he anticipated not returning to frontline politics.

Labour leadership controversy
On 8 September 2006, Clarke gave an interview to the Evening Standard in which he criticised the 'presumption' that Gordon Brown would succeed Tony Blair as Prime Minister, helping trigger further disputes about the Labour leadership. Clarke said of Brown's reaction to the leadership crisis, "A lot of people are very upset and cross about that. It was absolutely stupid – a stupid, stupid thing to do." He named Alan Milburn as a politician who had the stature to be Prime Minister instead of Brown.

Clarke furthered his attack on Brown in an interview with The Daily Telegraph on the following day, accusing Brown of being "a control freak", "deluded" and "uncollegiate".

Clarke with Alan Milburn set up The 2020 Vision website to discuss the direction of the Labour party after Tony Blair ceased being prime minister. Some observers saw this as a way for Gordon Brown's political opponents to create an axis against him. The website has since closed.

On 23 March 2008, Clarke published a list of 35 Labour held constituencies vulnerable to other parties if fewer than 7,500 voters switched parties away from Labour. This was interpreted by many as an attempt to force a leadership change on the Labour party.

On 4 September 2008, Clarke once again attacked Gordon Brown's performance as leader of the Labour Party and Prime Minister, claiming that he only had "months" to improve or else should face a leadership contest. However, when asked whether he would stand as a "Stalking horse" to draw out stronger candidates, he confirmed that he would not.

On 1 May 2009, Clarke joined David Blunkett in criticising Gordon Brown's leadership and declared that he was "ashamed" to be a Labour MP, citing the Damian McBride scandal. In September 2009, Clarke gave a speech in which he said that Brown should stand down as Prime Minister to help the Labour Party avoid "a hammering" at the 2010 General Election.

Life after Parliament

Clarke lost his Parliamentary seat in the 2010 General Election by a margin of just 300 votes, and declared he was unlikely to stand again for Parliament.

On 20 September 2010, it was announced that Clarke had been appointed Visiting Professor to the School of Political, Social and International Studies at the University of East Anglia. The appointment was part-time and for an initial period of three years. Since November 2010, Clarke has also been Visiting Professor of Politics and Faith in the Department of Politics, Philosophy and Religion at Lancaster University. He is a Council Member of the European Council on Foreign Relations.

Clarke is a Senior Network Member at the European Leadership Network (ELN).

Too difficult box
Clarke introduced the idea of the "too difficult box"— an explanation why politicians often opt out of taking action to fix many serious political issues. It is focused on UK politics, but the book suggests that the principles apply to other countries. Clarke originally expounded his ideas in a series of lectures at the University of East Anglia in 2011. In 2014, he launched the book The 'Too Difficult' Box: The Big Issues Politicians Can't Crack. The introduction, conclusion and a chapter on immigration is written by Clarke. The rest of the book contains individual chapters (edited by Clarke) by past or current politicians or political commentators—each chapter covering a specific political issue considered to be in the too difficult box. Some reasons Clarke gives explaining why politicians find some issues too difficult to deal with are: difficulty identifying the problem; difficulty identifying the solution; difficulty working out how to implement a solution; difficulty overcoming vested interests; existing legal constraints; the lengthy process required to bring in legislation; and a lack of political energy.

Personal life
Clarke married Carol Pearson, granddaughter of August Maramaa in Hackney, London, in 1984. They have two sons, both born in Hackney: Christopher Richard Clarke (born 1987) and Matthew Jack Clarke (born 1990). Previously resident in Norwich, they now live in Cambridge. Clarke speaks Cuban Spanish (a legacy of his student links with Cuba), French, and German.

In 2004, he became a fellow of the Royal Statistical Society to acknowledge its contribution to education and in memory of his father, who had been a statistician. Clarke is an avid supporter of Norwich City Football Club.

In July 2018 he was awarded the honorary degree of Doctor of Civil Law (DCL) from the University of East Anglia.

References

External links

 Guardian Unlimited Politics – Ask Aristotle: Charles Clarke MP
 TheyWorkForYou.com – Charles Clarke MP
 BBC News – Charles Clarke profile 17 October 2002
 Interview on Meet The Writers, Monocle 24 with Georgina Godwin
 Charles Clarke takes a leading role in promoting animal protection.
 Charles Clarke interviewed on Blair, Europe and what Gordon Brown must do next.
 The Role of Courts in a Democracy: A Debate Video of Charles Clarke in a Public Debate for the Foundation for Law, Justice and Society, Oxford, 2011

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1950 births
Living people
Alumni of King's College, Cambridge
British Secretaries of State
British Secretaries of State for Education
Councillors in the London Borough of Hackney
Labour Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies
Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom
Presidents of the National Union of Students (United Kingdom)
People educated at Highgate School
Politicians from Hammersmith
Secretaries of State for the Home Department
UK MPs 1997–2001
UK MPs 2001–2005
UK MPs 2005–2010
British economists
Academics of the University of East Anglia
Fellows of the Royal Statistical Society

Charles Clarke


Plutonism (or Vulcanism) is the theory that the rocks forming the Earth were formed in fire by volcanic activity.

It was named after Pluto, the classical ruler of the underworld, or alternatively after Vulcan, the ancient Roman god of fire and volcanoes. The theory was first proposed by Abbé Anton Moro who had studied volcanic islands. It was subsequently developed by James Hutton as part of his Theory of the Earth published in 1788.

The Plutonists strongly disputed the Neptunist view that rocks had been formed by processes that no longer operated, instead supporting Hutton's uniformitarianism.

Geology
History of science

Plutonism


The temporal lobe is a region of the cerebral cortex that is under the Sylvian fissure on both cerebral hemispheres of the mammalian brain.

The temporal lobe is involved in auditory perception and is home to the primary auditory cortex. It is also important for the processing of semantics (meaning) in both speech and vision. The temporal lobe contains the hippocampus and plays a key role in the formation of long-term memory.

An area in the Sylvian fissure is the first place where auditory signals from the cochlea reach the cerebral cortex. This part of the cortex (primary auditory cortex) is involved in hearing. Other areas of the temporal lobes are involved in high-level auditory processing. In humans this includes speech, for which the left temporal lobe in particular seems to be specialized. Wernicke's area, which spans the region between temporal and parietal lobes, plays a key role (with Broca's area, which is in the frontal lobe). The functions of the left temporal lobe extends to comprehension, naming, verbal memory and other language functions.

The underside of the temporal lobes do high-level visual processing of faces and scenes. Front parts of this area are involved in object perception and recognition.

Deep inside the medial temporal lobes lie the hippocampus, which is essential for memory function – particularly the transfer from short to long term memory and control of spatial memory and behaviour.

References

Anatomy of the brain

Temporal lobe


The Himalayas are a mountain range in South Asia.

The west end is in Pakistan. They run through Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Sikkim and Arunachal Pradesh states in India, Nepal, and Bhutan. The east end is in the south of Tibet. They are divided into 3 parts Himadri, Himachal and Shiwaliks.

The 15 highest mountains in the world are in the Himalayas. The main ones are Mount Everest,  Annapurna, and Nanga Parbat. Mount Everest is the highest mountain on Earth, at 8,849 meters. Of the fifteen highest mountain peaks in the World, nine are in the Nepali Himalayas.

The word "Himalaya" means House of Snow in Sanskrit, an old Indian language. The Himalayas are so high that they kept the Indian and Chinese people separate from each other most of the time. India is a peninsula that is cut off from the rest of Asia by the mountains. It is often called the Indian subcontinent because it is larger and more isolated than other peninsulas.

North of the Himalayas is the Tibetan Plateau. It is called "the roof of the world". However, the Tibetan Plateau is very dry because the plateau and the mountains act as a gigantic rain shadow. The rain falls instead on the south side of the mountains. This has greatly influenced the climate of the Indian subcontinent. Not only does it block the extremely cold winter winds blowing from Central Asia from entering Subcontinent, it also forces the Bay of Bengal Monsoon branch to shed its moisture along NE and Northern Indian States, Bhutan, Nepal and Bangladesh.

Formation of the Himalayas
Geologically, the origin of the Himalayas is the impact of the Indian tectonic plate. This travels northward at 15 cm per year, and joined the Eurasian continent about 40-50 million years ago. The formation of the Himalayas resulted in the lighter rock of the seabeds of that time being lifted up into mountains. An often-cited fact used to illustrate this process is that the summit of Mount Everest is made of marine limestone.

The Indian plate is still moving north at 67 mm per year. Over the next 10 million years it will travel about 1,500 km into Asia. About 20 mm per year of the India-Asia convergence is absorbed by thrusting along the Himalaya southern front. This leads to the Himalayas rising by about 5 mm per year, making them geologically active. The movement of the Indian plate into the Asian plate also leads to earthquakes from time to time.

Wildlife
The Himalayas are very popular for tourists because it has a lot of wildlife. The types of plants and trees, which are common in the place, are Oak, Pine, Fir, Rhododendron, Birch, Juniper, and Deodar. Common animals, which are seen mostly in the different parts of the Himalayas, are snow leopards, blue sheep, musk deer, tigers, elephants, wild boar, and crocodiles. Even endangered species of animals and plants are also found there. In the north part of the Himalayas where the temperature falls below freezing point, animals cannot survive well. However, those who adapted can survive. During the cold winters most of the animals migrate to the lower regions of the Himalayas while others like the brown bear hibernate instead. The Yak is mostly seen in the cold desert. They are like wild ox and they are the largest animals in this region. In regions of Ladakh animals like Nyan, the wild and the most largest sheep are found.

Some of the major places for wildlife attractions in the Himalayas are:
 Jim Corbett National Park
 Namdhpha National Park
 The Royal Chitwan Park
 Kaziranga National Park
 Royal Bardia National Park
 Great Himalayan National Park

Five main rivers
The five main rivers of the Himalayas are the Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, Beas, and Satluj. The rivers are the main source of human and animal life in those areas.
 The river Jhelum came from a spring called Verinag, which is 80 km south of Srinagar. It is known worldwide for its nine bridges. It is a very wide river and the water is quite muddy and dirty due to pollution etc.
 The two rivers Chandra and Bhaga come together to form the Chenab River. The Chenab is in the Lahaur region of Himachal Pradesh. It came from the melted snow that was on the foot of the main range of Himalaya in the Spiti and Lahaur district. The lake of Chandra Tal also comes from these rivers.
 The Ravi River has come out in many love legends. The town of Chamba is on a mountain shelf on the right bank of the river. The region is famous for handicrafts like embroidered handkerchiefs, silver and leather craft and woodcarving.
 The valley of Kullu and Kangra is formed by river Beas. The main force of this river is from the south of Larji. There it enters the Mandi district and further still into Kangra. Its water increases to a great extent during the monsoon season so much so that it causes floods in the villages around it. The Pong Dam is made on the river to get hydroelectric power supply.
 The River Sutlej comes from the southern slopes of the mountain Kailash, near the lake of Mansarovar. It flows parallel to the Himalayas and in the end goes to the Shipki La Pass. It cuts through the Zanskar range, and makes a deep well part at the base of the Kinner Kailash.

References

Himalayas


Foot binding is an old Chinese custom of wrapping girls' feet with cloth in order to stop them from growing with age. Some Chinese legends say people started binding women's feet as early as the Shang dynasty (1700–1027 BCE). However, writing says that foot binding began at the court of the Song dynasty (960–1279 CE). It lasted until the early 20th century, when it was banned by the People's Republic of China.

Foot binding was a sign of social status. If a woman's feet were bound, it was a sign that she was a higher-class woman who did not have to do hard work. However, foot binding slowly spread to the lower classes who wanted to try and get a higher social status. By the 17th century, Chinese girls of all social statuses had their feet bound.

Some people think that Chinese women were forced to bind their feet in order to help their husbands feel sexual pleasure. Some people also see foot binding as insulting to women. But other people argue that this view is biased against the Chinese culture in favor of modern Western standards.

Foot binding usually tried to make the feet about  long, at most. Some drastic things were done at times to try to do this. Because of this, women who had their feet bound would usually be impaired, or damaged, for the rest of their lives. The physical consequences (or results) of foot binding stayed in Chinese society until very recently, especially for women in their 70s and 80s (according to a study published by the University of San Francisco}.

When the Manchuria created the Qing dynasty, the Manchurian emperors wrote many laws banning foot binding. However, the laws did not work very well. In 1874, the first anti-footbinding committee (meeting of people) was held in Shanghai by a British priest. After the collapse of the Qing dynasty, the republican government kept trying to stop foot binding. They gave fines (orders to pay money) to women who still had their feet bound after 1915. During the early 20th century, western fashion was affecting China more and more. The People's Republic of China eventually outlawed foot binding, although this was not very successful in actually ending the practice. According to Xinhua News Agency, the last factory to make shoes for bound-feet women stopped making those shoes in 1998, in Harbin, China.

References
 "Foot binding" Encyclopædia Britannica Online (2009). Encyclopædia Britannica. Accessed 8 June 2009.

Other websites
The lingering influence of foot binding
Painful Memories for China's Footbinding Survivors
History and the culture of the Song dynasty

Feet
History of China
Women
Chinese culture
Fashion

Foot binding


Francis William Pettygrove ( – October 5, 1887) was a pioneer and one of the founders of the cities of Portland, Oregon, and Port Townsend, Washington. Born in Maine, he re-located to the Oregon Country in 1843 to establish a store in Oregon City. Later that year he paid $50 for half of a land claim on which he and Asa Lovejoy laid out a town named Portland after the port city in Pettygrove's home state. Lovejoy preferred Boston, but Pettygrove won a coin toss giving him the right to choose the name.

Teamed with Benjamin Stark, who bought Lovejoy's half-interest in the town site in 1845, Pettygrove engaged in a highly profitable three-cornered trade between Portland, San Francisco, and Hawaii. Making money in his stores and warehouses, in trades of lumber, grain, and salted fish, and in real-estate deals, Pettygrove by 1848 was one of the richest men in the Oregon Territory. When the California Gold Rush drew potential laborers from Oregon and threatened Pettygrove's short-term prospects, he sold his assets in Portland and vicinity. In 1851 he joined with others to start a new town, Port Townsend, on Puget Sound in what became the U.S. state of Washington. He died at the age of 75 and was buried in Port Townsend.

Pettygrove was married to Sophia Roland, with whom he had at least two children, one of whom was named after Benjamin Stark. While living in Oregon, he belonged to the Pioneer Lyceum and Literary Club of Oregon City and served as jury foreman in a trial there related to the Cayuse War. Pettygrove Park in southwest Portland and Pettygrove Street in northwest Portland are named after him.

Early life
Pettygrove was born in Calais, Maine. Educated in Maine schools, he worked as a merchant's clerk in New York City before a company there sent him by ship in 1842 to Oregon City to open a store. Oregon City was then part of what was known as the Oregon Country, part of the Pacific Northwest. He and his wife, their child, as well as Pettygrove's sister Mary Charlotte Foster, her husband Philip Foster, and their four children, traveling on the Victoria, an A.G. & A.W. Benson vessel, reached their destination in 1843. Stopping first in Vancouver, Pettygrove arranged with the Hudson's Bay Company (HBC) for a schooner to take his store goods up the Willamette River to Oregon City. There Pettygrove established the agreed-upon store in partnership with George Abernethy. After building a warehouse in Oregon City, Pettygrove began trading in fur and wheat.

Oregon

In 1843, Pettygrove paid $50 for  of land owned by William Overton. The tract was along the Willamette River in a place known as The Clearing,  downstream of Oregon City. Pettygrove and Asa Lovejoy, who owned adjoining land, decided to create a town on part of the site. Strongly encouraged by John Couch, a sea captain who considered The Clearing a good site for a river port, they hired Thomas A. Brown in 1845 to plat the town. Brown and his assistant, James Terwilliger, a blacksmith, laid the town out more compactly than usual on a grid of 16 square blocks,  to a side. They allowed  public rights-of-way for north–south streets,  rights-of-way for east–west streets, and no alleys.  The short blocks and small rights-of-way created more corner lots than usual and reduced the amount of stump removal needed to create streets. A proliferation of tree stumps on unbuilt lots prompted a derisive nickname for the place, Little Stump Town.

Lovejoy and Pettygrove, who could not agree on a name for the town, held a best-two-of-three coin toss won by Pettygrove, who named the town after Portland, Maine. Had Lovejoy won, he would have named it after Boston, Massachusetts. The two men cleared trees and debris from the site. Pettygrove built a small log store near the river, hired a married couple to run it, and commissioned the building of a wharf. He also acquired a granary and boat landing at Champoeg, site of the Oregon Country's first provisional government.

In late 1845, Lovejoy sold his half-interest in the townsite (and his half-interest in a cattle herd he owned jointly with Pettygrove) to Benjamin Stark, who was the agent in charge of merchandise being shipped from Benson & Company, Pettygrove's supplier in New York, to Pettygrove's warehouse in Portland. Stark, the supercargo (cargo supervisor), arrived in Portland on Captain Nathaniel Crosby's Toulon. The three men then arranged to have Stark act as Pettygrove's supercargo on the Toulon, trading  lumber, wheat, salted fish, and other goods between San Francisco, Honolulu, and Portland. Adding a second ship, the Mariposa, for a short time they controlled much of the trade in and out of Oregon.

The two men engaged in projects by land as well as sea. Among these were construction of a wagon road on the east side of the Willamette between Portland and Oregon City and a wagon track along an  route, surveyed by Brown, between Portland and the farmlands of the Tualatin Plains to the west. To increase profits from cattle, Pettygrove built a slaughterhouse along the river and sold hides to Daniel H. Lownsdale, who had opened the first tannery on the Pacific Coast on a tract just west of the town site. Fiercely competitive, Pettygrove and Stark drove others, including Couch, who had his own store in Oregon City, out of business by monopolizing trade between Portland and Hawaii, charging high rates to import goods for others and raising the price of imported salt to gain control of the salmon trade.

In 1847, after the United States and the United Kingdom had negotiated a boundary treaty dividing the Oregon Country between them, thousands of pioneers entered the Oregon Territory, the part of the Oregon Country ceded to the U.S., most of them settling in the Willamette Valley. Meanwhile, after an apparent disagreement with Pettygrove, Stark returned temporarily to New England, and Pettygrove took control of the entire town site. By 1848, Pettygrove "was one of the wealthiest residents of the territory". . During that year, the California Gold Rush attracted so many men from Oregon that it caused an Oregon labor shortage. Seeing little hope of further short-term growth in Portland, Pettygrove began selling his assets. While Stark was out of town, Pettygrove sold the entire  townsite, including Stark's share, to Daniel H. Lownsdale for $5,000 worth of leather. This netted Pettygrove a one-hundredfold profit for his original $50 investment.

Washington
In 1851, Pettygrove and L.B. Hastings, another businessman, decided to establish a new town on the west side of the entrance to Puget Sound in the U.S. state of Washington. Scouting the area for a likely spot, they met Alfred A. Plummer and Charles Bachelder, who had filed land claims near a bay on the northeastern corner of the Olympic Peninsula. After the four agreed to found a city on this site, Pettygrove and Hastings returned to Oregon for their families and other settlers and returned to what became Port Townsend. Pettygrove died there in 1887 and is buried in Laurel Grove Cemetery.

Other interests, legacy
Pettygrove married Sophia Roland in 1842. By 1845 they had two children, the first of whom had been born in the Sandwich Islands (Hawaiian Islands), where they stopped on the way to Oregon. The second child, named Benjamin Stark Pettygrove, was the first boy of European descent born in Portland.

Pettygrove was a member of the Pioneer Lyceum and Literary Club in Oregon City. In May 1850, he was the jury foreman in the Oregon City trial and subsequent hanging of five men from the Cayuse tribe of Native Americans who were accused of murder committed during the Cayuse War.

Lovejoy and Pettygrove used a copper Matron Head penny, dated 1835, in their coin flip to determine Portland's name. Pettygrove bequeathed this penny to the Oregon Historical Society in his will.

Pettygrove Park, an  tract in downtown Portland, is named for him. It is one of two nearly adjacent parks developed in the 1960s in an urban renewal area. The same coin that Lovejoy and Pettygrove flipped to decide who should name the city was flipped to decide which park would be Lovejoy and which would be Pettygrove. Lovejoy Fountain Park, which features water cascades, is about  from Pettygrove Park, which features grass mounds, trees, paths, and stonework. Pettygrove Street in northwest Portland is also named for him.

See also
 History of Portland, Oregon

References

Works cited
Corning, Howard McKinley, ed. (1989) [1956]. "Pettygrove, Francis W." in Dictionary of Oregon History (2nd ed.). Portland, Oregon: Binford & Mort Publishing. .
Lansing, Jewel (2005) [2003]. Portland: People, Politics, and Power, 1851–2001 (1st paperback ed.). Corvallis, Oregon: Oregon State University Press. .
MacColl, E. Kimbark; Stein, Harry H. (1988). Merchants, Money, and Power: The Portland Establishment 1843–1913. Portland, Oregon: The Georgian Press. .
Snyder, Eugene E. (1979). Portland Names and Neighborhoods: Their Historic Origins (softcover ed.). Portland, Oregon: Binford & Mort Publishing. .

History of Portland, Oregon
Oregon pioneers
People from Portland, Maine
People from Calais, Maine
People from Port Townsend, Washington
1812 births
1887 deaths
Coin flipping

Francis Pettygrove


Cinnamomum is a genus of evergreen trees and shrubs. All of them belong to the same family as the laurel, Laurelaceae. The species in the genus have aromatic oils in their leaves and bark. There are over 300 species in the genus. They can be found in the tropical and subtropical regions of the Americas, Oceania, Asia and Australasia.

Well-known Cinnamomum species include Cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum,  also known as "true cinnamon" or Ceylon Cinnamon); Cassia (C. aromaticum or C. cassia), Camphor laurel (C. camphora), Saigon cinnamon (C. loureiroi, also known as Vietnamese cinnamon, Vietnamese cassia, or Saigon cassia), Malabathrum (C. tamala, also known as C. tejpata; tejpat or tej pat in Hindi; or, inaccurately, "Indian bay leaf").

Lauraceae

Cinnamomum


The Ottawa River is a river in Ontario and Quebec, Canada. Most of it is on the border of Ontario and Quebec. The city of Ottawa gets its name from this river.

Geography

The Ottawa River starts at Lake Capimitchigama in Quebec. It flows west to Lake Timiskaming, where it begins to define the border between Ontario and Quebec. From Lake Timiskaming the river flows southeast to Ottawa and Gatineau where it tumbles over the Chaudière Falls. The Rideau and Gatineau Rivers flow into the Ottawa River here. The Ottawa River drains into the Lake of Two Mountains and the St. Lawrence River at Montreal. The total length of the river is 1,271 km.

Rivers of Canada

Ottawa River


Racing is a kind of competition or contest where winning means doing or finishing something before the other contestants do.

Usually, a race involves people getting from one place to another. Running is a kind of racing where people try to be the first person to run from the where the race started to the goal or finish line. People also race in cars, boats, airplanes and other vehicles, and on animals like horses. Animals and machines can also race without people riding them. Often they race on a race track.

A race can also involve any other type of goal like eating.  An example is a hot dog eating race, where people try to eat more hot dogs than the other contestants.

Some contests are not races.

Sports

Racing


Samut Songkhram ( (Pronunciation)) is ane o the central provinces (changwat) o Thailand.

Neighborin provinces are (frae the sooth clockwise) Phetchaburi, Ratchaburi an Samut Sakhon. Local fowk caw Samut Songkhram Mae Klong. The province is the smawest o aw Thai provinces auriewise. Chang an Eng Bunker, the famous Siamese twins wur born here.

Etymology
The wird Samut oreeginates frae the Sanskrit wird Smudra meanin ocean, an the wird Songkhram frae Sanskrit Sangrama meaning war. Hence the name o the province literally means War Ocean.

Geography
Samut Songkhram is locatit at the mouth o the Mae Klong river tae the Gulf o Thailand. With several canals (khlong) the water o the river is spread through the province for irrigation. At the coast are mony lakes for producin sea salt. The sandbar Don Hoi Lot at the mouth o the river is famous for its endemic shell population o Solen regularis.

History
In the Ayutthaya period the aurie o Samut Songkhram wis kent as Suan Nok (Thai สวนนอก, Ooter garden) an wis admeenistrated bi Ratchaburi. Durin the reign o King Taksin it wis made a province. It wis the birth place o Queen Amarindra o Keeng Rama I, who an aa initiatit the name Suan Nok. The birth place o King Rama II in Amphawa destrict is nou a Memorial Pairk.

Seembols
The provincial seal shows a drum ower a river. The Thai wird for drum is klong, thus refers tae the Mae Klong river, as well as the auld name o the province, Mae Klong. On baith sides o the river coconut trees are displayed as ane o the main product o the province.

Provincial tree is Casuarina equisetifolia.

The provincial slogan is Ceety o Hoi Lot, Top Lychee, Keeng Rama II Memorial Pairk, the Mae Klong River, an Luangpho Ban Laem.

Admeenistrative diveesions
The province is subdividit intae 3 destricts (amphoe). The destricts are further subdividit intae 38 communes (tambon) an 284 veelages (muban). There is ane toun (thesaban mueang) an three tounships (thesaban tambon).

Cultur

Festivals
The Fair in Honour of King Rama II is held in early Februar at the King Rama II Memorial Park in Amphoe Amphawa. There are performances, a demonstration o traditional Thai desserts, fowk plays, ootdoor classical Thai masked dance.

The Lychee Fair is held frae aroond the end o Mairch till early Aprile in Amphoe Amphawa (subject to the produce of each year).

The Luangpho Ban Laem Fair is held atween 13-19 Aprile at Wat Phetsamut Worawihan in Amphoe Mueang Samut Songkhram.

The Sunset at Don Hoi Lot Fair and Board Sliding Competition is held in May at Don Hoi Lot in Chuchi village, Mu 4, Tambon Bang Chakreng, Amphoe Mueang Samut Songkhram.

The Khao Yai Pomelo Fair is held yearly at the end o August.

The Annual Long Boat Race is held on Loy Krathong Day at Wat Rat Peng in Amphoe Mueang Samut Songkhram.

The Mackerel Eating and Mae Klong Famous Products Festival is held in front o Ceety Hall in December.

References

Provinces o Thailand

Samut Songkhram Province


The Eifel is a mountain range mostly in Germany. The northern part is in the state of North Rhine-Westphalia. The southern part is in the state of Rhineland-Palatinate.

The very eastern part of Belgium (the High Fens and most of the German-speaking Community of Belgium) and the northern part of Luxembourg (the Oesling) are considered to be both parts of the Ardennes and parts of the Eifel.

The western border of the Eifel is at the Belgian and Luxembourgian Ardennes. The eastern border is at the Westerwald across the Rhine River. The southern border is at the Hunsrück across the Moselle River. The northern border is at the lower regions of the Rhineland.

Characteristics
The Eifel has hills up to about . They are made of slate and other stones. The highest hill is the Hohe Acht with an altitude of .

Few people live in the mountain range. It has many trees, reservoirs and rivers.

The biggest settlement is the city of Aachen at the northern edge.

Because of its elevation, temperatures are low.

Division
The Eifel is divided into:
 West Eifel (Westeifel): western part, partly in Belgium and Luxembourg
 East Eifel (Osteifel): central and eastern part
 Venn Foreland (Vennvorland): in the very northwest (around Aachen)

Language
Languages spoken in the Eifel are German, and in the Belgian and Luxembourgian parts besides German also French.

Three Central Franconian dialects of German are spoken in the Eifel:
 Ripuarian in the North Rhine-Westphalia part and bordering Belgium
 Moselle Franconian dialects in the Rhineland-Palatinate part and bordering Belgium
 Luxembourgish in Luxembourg and bordering Belgium

Geography of Luxembourg
Geography of North Rhine-Westphalia
Geography of Rhineland-Palatinate
Liège (province)
Mountain ranges of Germany
Wallonia

Eifel


The International Boundary and Water Commission () is an international body created by the United States and Mexico in 1889 to apply the rules for determining the location of their international boundary when meandering rivers transferred tracts of land from one bank to the other, as established under the Convention of November 12, 1884.

The organization was created as the International Boundary Commission by the Convention of 1889 between the United States and Mexico. It was given its present name under the 1944 "Treaty relating to the Utilization of Waters of the Colorado and Tijuana Rivers and of the Rio Grande".  Under these agreements, the IBWC has a U.S. section and a Mexican section, headquartered in the adjoining cities of El Paso, Texas, and Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua. The U.S. section is administered by the Department of State, and  the Mexican part by the Secretariat of Foreign Relations.

Administration

Some of the rights and obligations administered by the IBWC include:
Distribution between the two countries of the waters of the Rio Grande and of the Colorado River
Regulation and conservation of the waters of the Rio Grande for their use by the two countries by joint construction, operation, and maintenance of international storage dams and reservoirs and plants for generating hydroelectric energy at the dams
Protection of lands along the river from floods by levee and floodway projects
Solution of border sanitation and other border water quality problems
Preservation of the Rio Grande and Colorado River as the international boundary
Demarcation of the land boundary

The U.S. and Mexican commissioners meet at least weekly, alternating the place of meetings, and are in almost daily contact with one another. Each section maintains its own engineering staff, a secretary, and such legal advisers and other assistants as it deems necessary.

The border and water treaties
The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo of 2 February 1848 fixed the international boundary between El Paso – Ciudad Juárez and the Gulf of Mexico. The Gadsden Purchase Treaty of 30 December 1853 extended the southern boundary of New Mexico and Arizona southwards to enable the United States to construct a railroad to the west coast along a southern route and to resolve a question arising from the 1848 Treaty as to the location of the southern boundary of New Mexico. Temporary commissions were formed by these boundary treaties to perform the first joint mission of the governments of the United States and Mexico, which was to survey and demarcate the boundary on the ground in accordance with the treaties. Another temporary commission was created by the 1852 Boundary Convention (29 July), which surveyed and increased the number of monuments marking the land boundary westward from El Paso and Ciudad Juárez. As settlements sprang up along the boundary rivers and the adjoining lands began to be developed for agriculture in the late 19th century, questions arose as to the location of the boundary when the rivers changed their course and transferred tracts of land from one side of the river to the other. The two governments, under the 1884 Border Convention (12 November), adopted certain rules designed to deal with such questions.

By the 1889 Border Convention (1 March), the two governments created the International Boundary Commission (IBC), to consist of a United States section and a Mexican section. The IBC was charged with the application of the rules of the 1884 Convention, for the settlement of questions arising as to the location of the boundary when the rivers changed their course. That convention was modified by the Banco Convention of 20 March 1905 to retain the Rio Grande and the Colorado River as the boundary.

The 1906 Boundary Waters Convention (21 May) provided for the distribution between the United States and Mexico of the waters of the Rio Grande above Fort Quitman, Texas, for the 143-km (89-mile) international boundary reach of the Rio Grande through the El Paso–Juárez Valley. This convention allotted to Mexico  annually of the waters of the Rio Grande to be delivered in accordance with a monthly schedule at the headgate to Mexico's Acequia Madre just above Ciudad Juárez. To facilitate such deliveries, the United States constructed, at its expense, the Elephant Butte Dike in its territory. The convention includes the proviso that in case of extraordinary drought or serious accident to the irrigation system in the United States, the amount of water delivered to the Mexican canal shall be diminished in the same proportion as the water delivered to lands under the irrigation system in the United States downstream of Elephant Butte Dike.

In the 1933 Border Convention (1 February), the two governments agreed to jointly construct, operate, and maintain, through the IBC, the Rio Grande Rectification Project, which straightened and stabilized the 249-km (155-mile) river boundary through the highly developed El Paso–Juárez Valley. The project further provided for the control of the river's floods through this valley. Numerous parcels of land (174) were transferred between the two countries during the construction period, 1935 – 1938.  At the end, each nation had ceded an equal area of land () to the other.

The Treaty relating to the utilization of waters of the Colorado and Tijuana Rivers and of the Rio Grande of 3 February 1944 distributed between the two countries the waters of the Rio Grande from Fort Quitman to the Gulf of Mexico, and the waters of the Colorado River. Of the waters of the Rio Grande, the treaty allocates to Mexico:
All of the waters reaching the main channel of the Rio Grande from the San Juan and Alamo Rivers, including the return flows from the lands irrigated from those two rivers
Two-thirds of the flow in the main channel of the Rio Grande from the measured Rio Conchos, Rio San Diego, Rio San Rodrigo, Rio Escondido, and Rio Salado, and the Arroyo de las Vacas, subject to certain provisions
One-half of all other flows occurring in the main channel of the Rio Grande downstream from Fort Quitman

The treaty allocates to the United States:
All of the waters reaching the main channel of the Rio Grande from the Pecos and Devils Rivers, Goodenough Spring, and Alamito, Terlingua, San Felipe and Pinto Creeks.
One-third of the flow reaching the main channel of the river from the six named measured tributaries from Mexico, and provides that this third shall not be less, as an average amount in cycles of five consecutive years, than  annually
One-half of all other flows occurring in the main channel of the Rio Grande downstream from Fort Quitman

The 1944 treaty further provided for the two governments to jointly construct, operate, and maintain on the main channel of the Rio Grande the dams required for the conservation, storage, and regulation of the greatest quantity of the annual flow of the river to enable each country to make optimum use of its allotted waters. The treaty also provides that of the waters of the Colorado River, Mexico is to receive:
A guaranteed annual quantity of  to be delivered in accordance with schedules formulated in advance by Mexico within specified limitations
Any other waters arriving at the Mexican points of diversion under certain understandings

To enable diversion of Mexico's allotted waters, the treaty provided for the construction by Mexico of a main diversion structure in the Colorado River, below the point where the California–Baja California land boundary line intersects the river. It also provided for the construction at Mexico's expense of such works as may be needed in the United States to protect its lands from such floods and seepage as might result from the construction and operation of the diversion structure.

In the 1944 treaty, the two governments agreed to give preferential attention to the solution of all border sanitation problems. This treaty entrusts the IBWC (the renamed  International Boundary Commission of the 1889 Convention) with the application of its terms, the regulation and exercise of the rights and obligations which the two governments assumed thereunder, and the settlement of all disputes to which its observance and execution may give rise. The treaty also provides that the IBWC study, investigate, and report to the governments on such hydroelectric facilities as the IBWC finds should be built at the international storage dams and on such flood control works, other than those specified in the treaty, that the IBWC finds should be built on the boundary rivers, the estimated cost thereof, the part to be built by each government, and to be operated and maintained by each through its section of the IBWC.

Under the terms of the 1944 treaty, the two governments reached agreement for the solution of the international problem of the salinity of the Lower Colorado River (30 August 1973), and the IBWC submitted and the two governments approved "Recommendations for the Solution of the Border Sanitation Problems" (24 September 1979).

The Chamizal Convention of 29 August 1963 resolved the nearly 100-year-old boundary problem at El Paso and Ciudad Juárez. Known as the Chamizal Dispute, this involved some  of territory that were transferred from the south to the north bank of the Rio Grande by movement of the river during the latter part of the 19th century. By this convention, the two governments gave effect to a 1911 arbitration award under 1963 conditions. The convention provided for the relocation by the IBWC of the 7 km (4.4 miles) of the channel of the Rio Grande so as to transfer a net amount of 176.92 ha (437.18 acres) from the north to the south side of the river.  U.S. President Lyndon Johnson met Mexican President Adolfo López Mateos in El Paso on 24 September 1964 to commemorate the ratification of the Chamizal Convention.

The 1970 Boundary Treaty (23 November) resolved all pending boundary differences and provided for maintaining the Rio Grande and the Colorado River as the international boundary. The Rio Grande was re-established as the boundary throughout its 2,019-km (1,254 mile) limitrophe section. The treaty includes provisions for restoring and preserving the character of the Rio Grande as the international boundary where that character has been lost, to minimize changes in the channel, and to resolve problems of sovereignty that might arise due to future changes in the channel of the Rio Grande. It provides for procedures designed to avoid the loss of territory by either country incident to future changes in the river's course due to causes other than lateral movement, incident to eroding one of its banks and depositing alluvium on the opposite bank. This treaty, too, charged the IBWC with carrying out its provisions.

The Boundary Treaty of 1970 transferred  of Mexican territory to the U.S., in areas near Presidio and Hidalgo, Texas, to build flood-control channels. In exchange, the U.S. ceded  to Mexico, including five parcels near Presidio, the Horcon Tract containing the little town of Rio Rico, Texas, and Beaver Island near Roma, Texas. The last of these transfers occurred in 1977.

On November 24, 2009, the U.S. ceded six islands in the Rio Grande to Mexico, totaling . At the same time, Mexico ceded three islands and two cuts to the U.S., totaling . This transfer, which had been pending for 20 years, was the first application of Article III of the 1970 Boundary Treaty. In recent years, the IBWC has been criticized as an institutional anachronism, bypassed by modern social, environmental, and political issues. The U.S. section has been described as secretive, beholden to special interests, and indifferent to environmental problems. The State Department has attempted to distance itself from responsibility for the U.S. section, even disclaiming jurisdiction, notwithstanding numerous statutes to the contrary. Critics, including the agency's employees, say poor leadership has led to deteriorating levees, dams, and water-treatment facilities.

There has long been tension between the two countries over the quality of Colorado River waters flowing to Mexico, including the salinity of irrigation waters discharged into the river at the southern boundary. In 1970, Mexican President Luis Echeverria threatened to bring the salinity dispute to the International Court of Justice. After intense negotiations, the matter was settled by delsalinization works pursuant to Minute 242, International Boundary and Water Commission, United States and Mexico, TIAS 7708 (1973).

See also
Title 22 of the Code of Federal Regulations
International Boundary Wastewater Treatment Plant developed by the IBWC
U.S.-Mexico border for a detailed treatment of the various conventions and treaties overseen by the IBWC
Colorado River Compact
Falcon International Reservoir
Amistad Reservoir
New River (California) U.S.-Mexico river, reported as most polluted in North America

References

Sources

Robert J. McCarthy, Executive Authority, Adaptive Treaty Interpretation, and the International Boundary and Water Commission, U.S.-Mexico, 14-2 U. Denv. Water L. Rev. 197(Spring 2011) (also available for free download at https://ssrn.com/abstract=1839903).

External links
 Official site – United States
 Official site – Mexico
 Bibliography on Water Resources and International Law Peace Palace Library
 Comprehensive history and critique of IBWC
Archival films from the IBWC collection on the Texas Archive of the Moving Image

1889 establishments in the United States
1889 establishments in Mexico
Colorado River
Intergovernmental organizations established by treaty
Mexico–United States border
Mexico–United States relations
Organizations established in 1889
Rio Grande
United States Department of State
Boundary commissions


Damien Rice (born 7 December 1973) is an Irish singer-songwriter, musician and record producer. He plays guitar, piano, clarinet and percussion. Some call his music Brit-pop (British pop music) but he says his music is  alternative rock. He is known as a singer and song writer who wrote sad but beautiful songs for on popular movie and television programs. The Blower's Daughter is his representative song. It was used in the 2004 move Closer. His music is often used in ice skating. Recently, Rice was given "special thanks" in the end credits of the Academy Award winning 2007 Irish musical movie Once. The movie starred fellow Irish musician Glen Hansard.

He was born 7 December 1973 and raised in Celbridge, County Kildare Ireland. Before he started his own solo-career, he was a member of the rock band Jupiter which later became Bell X1. In this band, he released 2 singles and 1 album. However, Rice became disenchanted with the label and left the band to pursue a solo career. When he start his own career, he form a band with new members. For example, Lisa Hannigan is famous for featuring Damien Rice's songs like Cold water, 9 crimes and so on.

So far, he has released two studio albums: O in 2002, and 9 in 2006. And he also has released EPs B side in 2004. In 2002, his album was a strong commercial success and won the Shortlist Music Prize. After that, his second studio album 9 released not only in Ireland but also Europe and North America.

Rice is also known for his charity work. He helped the Burma Campaign to free Burmese democracy movement leader Aung San Suu Kyi. Rice and Hannigan recorded a charity song, campaigning for her release, called Unplayed Piano, which they performed at the 2006 Nobel Peace Prize Concert in Oslo. In 2008 he participated in a music album called Songs for Tibet which is an initiative to support Tibet and to underline the human rights situation in Tibet.

1973 births
Living people
Irish guitarists
Irish rock musicians
Irish singer-songwriters
Pianists
Record producers
Rock guitarists

Damien Rice


In chemistry, a nitride is a compound of nitrogen with a less electronegative element, attached together in a specific way. Nitrides are a large class of compounds with a wide range of properties and applications.

Most of the names for nitrides follow a simple pattern: the name of the element attached to the nitrogen, then "nitride". So, GaN would be gallium nitride.

There are some exceptions, however, for the compounds that has had a usual name before. For example, NH3 is not called hydrogen nitride, even if it is the most simple of this class of molecules, but it is still commonly called ammonia.

Nitrogen compounds
Ions

Nitride


Wallie Amos Criswell (December 19, 1909 – January 10, 2002), was an American pastor, author, and a two-term elected president of the Southern Baptist Convention from 1968 to 1970. As senior pastor of the First Baptist Church of Dallas for five decades he became widely known for expository biblical preaching at a popular level, and is regarded as a key figure in the late 1970s "Conservative Resurgence" within the Southern Baptist Convention.

Early life
Criswell was born in Eldorado in Jackson County in southwestern Oklahoma to Wallie Amos and Anna Currie Criswell. It was not uncommon at the time for boys to be named with initials, and he was simply called "W. A.". In later years when a full name was required for his passport Criswell supplied his father's first and middle names. Criswell grew up in Texline in Dallam County, the most northwesterly community in the Texas Panhandle, where his cowboy-barber father moved the family in 1915.

At age ten, young W. A. professed faith in Christ at a revival meeting led by the evangelist Reverend John Hicks. Two years later Criswell publicly committed his life to the gospel ministry.  Criswell was licensed to preach at the age of seventeen and soon thereafter held part-time pastorates at Devil's Bend and Pulltight, Texas. While attending Baylor University in Waco, Texas, from 1928 to 1931 he ministered in Marlow, White Mound, and  Pecan Grove, the latter in Fort Bend County, Texas. During his graduate and post-graduate years, including a Ph.D. at the Southern Baptist Theological Seminary in Louisville, Kentucky, Criswell was the pastor of Baptist churches in Mount Washington in Bullitt County near Louisville and Oakland in Warren County near Bowling Green, Kentucky.  After completing his degrees, Criswell in 1937 accepted the pastorate of the First Baptist Church of Chickasha in Grady County in central Oklahoma. In 1941, he moved to First Baptist Church of Muskogee in eastern Oklahoma. In 1935, Criswell married the former Bessie Marie "Betty" Harris (1913-2006), the pianist of the Mount Washington church and an education graduate of Western Kentucky University in Bowling Green. Their daughter Mabel Ann was born in Chickasha in 1939. Mabel Ann possessed an exceptional operatic voice and recorded three albums of sacred music in the late 1960s and early 1970s, two with the Ralph Carmichael orchestra. She died in 2002, some six months after her father's passing.

First Baptist Church of Dallas

In 1944 Criswell was called to replace George Washington Truett as the pastor of the First Baptist Church in Dallas.  He would spend the remainder of his life at First Baptist, preaching more than four thousand sermons from its pulpit. During his tenure membership grew from 7,800 to 26,000, with weekly Sunday School attendance in excess of 5,000. The church expanded to multiple buildings covering five blocks in downtown Dallas, eventually becoming the largest Southern Baptist church in the world. The popular evangelist Billy Graham joined the church in 1953, became a close friend of the Criswell family, and remained a member of the Dallas congregation for 55 years.

Criswell was an early pioneer of the modern megachurch phenomenon and introduced a number of innovations at First Baptist Dallas that became a model for growing churches all over the country.  By the early 1950s he had hired professionally trained educational directors for each age group of the church, organized a sophisticated multi-level Sunday School program, added a full-time business manager to the staff, and broadened the church into a youth and family life center featuring a bowling alley, skating rink, and gymnasium with a track and basketball court.  He greatly expanded the church's long-standing Silent Friends ministry, creating for the deaf their own Sunday School, Training Union, Vacation Bible School, and summer camp ministries. His vigorous outreach efforts to the community included sponsoring thirty-seven inner city missions, a crisis pregnancy center, the Good Shepherd and Dallas Life Foundation ministries for the homeless and disadvantaged, Spanish-language chapels, and extensive television and radio ministries.  Church services were locally televised as early as January 1951 and eventually were carried on stations nationwide.

Criswell's accomplishments include helping to engineer the conservative resurgence of the Southern Baptist convention, a transition  which began in the late 1970s. He was awarded eight honorary doctorates in addition to his earned postgraduate degree.  He published fifty-four books, including an annotated Criswell Study Bible (in later editions the Believers Study Bible and Holy Bible, Baptist Study Edition, Thomas Nelson Publishers), and founded both Criswell College with its radio station KCBI, and First Baptist Academy.

At Criswell's request in 1988 a search committee was formed to identify and call a new pastor.  On Thanksgiving Sunday evening 1990 First Baptist called Joel C. Gregory as pastor, following the unanimous recommendation of the pastor search committee and the deacons. Gregory became pastor while Criswell took the title "Senior Pastor."  At the Wednesday evening service on September 30, 1992, Gregory announced his resignation, indicating that the intended succession of Criswell had not taken place. Gregory subsequently wrote Too Great a Temptation (Summit Group, 1994) describing his experiences during this period.

In 1993 First Baptist called O. S. Hawkins as pastor and Criswell entered semi-retirement as pastor emeritus. He continued to preach at conferences, First Baptist's annual pre-Easter series, Sunday school and college lectures, and occasional Sunday morning messages for the remainder of the decade.

Death
Criswell died quietly at the home of longtime friend Jack Pogue on January 10, 2002, at the age of 92.

His death made national headlines, and as a farewell honor the city of Dallas closed off the U.S.-75 North Central Expressway for the celebrated pastor's funeral cortege.

Influence
Well-known pastor and author Rick Warren recounts his call to full-time ministry as a 19-year-old student at California Baptist College, when in November 1973 he and a friend skipped classes and drove 350 miles to hear Criswell preach at the Jack Tar Hotel in San Francisco. Warren stood in line to shake hands with Criswell afterwards.

Warren went on to found the Saddleback Church in California, one of the most recognized ecumenical churches in the country, with weekly attendance in excess of 20,000. In his book, The Purpose Driven Church, Warren referred to Criswell as the "greatest American pastor of the twentieth century."

Audio recordings of Criswell's preaching began in December 1953, and over 4000 of his expository sermons are available free of charge in audio, video, and searchable transcript form at the W. A. Criswell Sermon Library website, one of the largest online collections by a single pastor in the world. It is sponsored and maintained by the non-profit W. A. Criswell Foundation which also supports Criswell College.

Southern Baptist Convention presidency

From 1969 to 1970 Dr. Criswell served as president of the Southern Baptist Convention, the largest non-Roman Catholic denomination in the United States, with some 16 million members. During the twenty years that followed he was perhaps the most popular preacher at evangelism and pastors' conferences in America, and also preached extensively in mission fields worldwide.

Theology
Criswell's theology is best described as conservative and evangelical. He believed in Biblical inerrancy, the eternal security of the believer, and Jesus Christ as the authority of spiritual truth and the sole path to salvation of sinful mankind.  Unlike his predecessor George W. Truett, Criswell preached dispensational premillennialism and the pretribulation rapture of the church.

Politics

Segregation

While he never spoke in support of racial segregation in his sermons and was not opposed to integration in principle, Criswell was at first critical of the Supreme Court's decision in Brown v. Board of Education and of federal intervention against de jure southern segregation. In 1956 he made an address denouncing forced integration to a South Carolina evangelism conference, and a day later to the South Carolina legislature. In it, he was particularly critical of the National Council of Churches and the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, calling on his co-religionists to resist these "two-by scantling, good-for-nothing fellows who are trying to upset all of the things that we love as good old Southern people and as good old Southern Baptists" and referring to the intimidation of "those East Texans  ... [such] that they dare not pronounce the word chigger any longer. It has to be cheegro."

Taken aback by negative reactions to his remarks in the press, Criswell did not publicly address the issue again for over a decade, claiming he was "a pastor, not a politician." However, upon his 1968 election as president of the Southern Baptist Convention and the SBC's endorsement of racial equality and desegregation, Criswell announced to the press, "Every Southern Baptist in the land should support the spirit of that statement. We Southern Baptists have definitely turned away from racism, from segregation, from anything and everything that speaks of a separation of people in the body of Christ." Criswell's first sermon after his election as SBC president in 1968 was titled "The Church of the Open Door," emphasizing that his church already had many non-white members and was open to all regardless of race. He asserted publicly, "I don't think that segregation could have been or was at any time intelligently, seriously supported by the Bible.
"Never in my life did I believe in separating people on the basis of skin pigmentation.  Racism was, is, and always will be an abomination in the eyes of God, and should be in the eyes of God's people.  And where we who call the name of Christ have knowingly or unknowingly contributed to racism in any form, we have sinned and need to beg God's forgiveness."

Presidential elections

In 1960 Criswell published an article attacking the appropriateness of Roman Catholics to serve as president, titled "Religious Freedom, the Church, the State, and Senator Kennedy."  The address, the text of which is available from the Kennedy Library archives, stoked the concern of some Protestants preceding the presidential election, to which Senator Kennedy responded in a speech on religious freedom and the separation of church and state.  In 1976, Criswell supported the election of the Republican U.S. President Gerald R. Ford Jr., an Episcopalian, rather than the Southern Baptist Democratic nominee, former Georgia Governor Jimmy Carter.

Abortion

Questioned in 1973 about the Supreme Court's decision in Roe v. Wade Criswell replied, "I have always felt that it was only after a child was born and had a life separate from its mother that it became an individual person, and it has always, therefore, seemed to me that what is best for the mother and for the future should be allowed." Criswell later became a staunch opponent of the procedure.

Selected works
Acts, an Exposition. Zondervan 0-310-22880-8
Acts: In One Volume. Zondervan 0-310-43840-3
Baptism, Filling and Gifts of the Holy Spirit. Zondervan 0-310-22751-8
Basic Bible Sermons on the Cross. Thomas Nelson 0-8407-1102-6
The Christ of the Cross. Crescendo 0-89038-020-1
The Compassionate Christ. Crescendo 0-89038-025-2
Confessions of a Happy Christian. Pelican 0-88289-400-5
Criswell's Guidebook For Pastors. Broadman & Holman 0-8054-2360-5
The Criswell Study Bible. Thomas Nelson 0-84070-452-6
Did Man Just Happen. Moody 0-8024-2212-8
Expository Sermons on Revelations. Zondervan 0-310-22840-9
Expository Sermons on the Book of Daniel. Zondervan 0-310-22800-X
Great Doctrines of the Bible. Vol. 1: Bibliology. Zondervan 0-310-43930-2
Great Doctrines of the Bible: Vol. 2: Christology. 0-310-43860-8
Great Doctrines of the Bible: Vol. 3: Ecclesiology. Zondervan 0-310-43900-0
Great Doctrines of the Bible: Vol. 4: Pneumatology. Zondervan
Great Doctrines of the Bible: Vol, 5: Soteriology. Zondervan
Great Doctrines of the Bible: Vol. 6: Christian Life and Stewardship. Zondervan 0-310-43950-7
Great Doctrines of the Bible: vol. 7: Prayer/Angelology. Zondervan 0-310-43960-4
Great Doctrines of the Bible: Vol. 8: Eschatology. Zondervan 0-310-43830-6
Holy Bible: Baptist Study Edition. Thomas Nelson 0-7852-5838-8
Isaiah: An Exposition. Zondervan 0-310-22870-0
The Social Conscience of W. A. Criswell. Crescendo 0-89038-039-2
Standing on the Promises: The Autobiography of W. A. Criswell. W Pub Group 0-8499-9038-6
Welcome Back, Jesus!. Broadman 0-8054-1939-X
Why I Preach That the Bible Is Literally True. Broadman & Holman 0-8054-1260-3
With a Bible in My Hand. Broadman & Holman 0-8054-1520-3

See also

List of Southern Baptist Convention affiliated people
Southern Baptist Convention
Southern Baptist Convention Presidents

References

External links

 The W. A. Criswell Sermon Library
About W. A. from W. A. Criswell.com
Transcript, "The Church of the Open Door," June 9, 1968
"The Baptist Pope", Christianity Today, March 2002
BP New Release and Tribute upon Criswell's Death
"Fundamentalist Baptists celebrate purge of moderates," Spartanburg Herald-Journal, June 8, 1991
 Criswell College

1909 births
2002 deaths
20th-century American academics
20th-century American male writers
20th-century American non-fiction writers
20th-century Baptist ministers from the United States
Activists from Texas
American anti-abortion activists
American male non-fiction writers
Baptists from Kentucky
Baptists from Oklahoma
Baptist writers
Critics of the Catholic Church
Dispensationalism
Heads of universities and colleges in the United States
New Right (United States)
Old Right (United States)
People from Bullitt County, Kentucky
People from Chickasha, Oklahoma
People from Dallam County, Texas
Writers from Dallas
Clergy from Dallas
People from Jackson County, Oklahoma
People from Warren County, Kentucky
Religious leaders from Louisville, Kentucky
Southern Baptist Convention presidents
Southern Baptist ministers
Southern Baptist Theological Seminary alumni
Texas Republicans
Writers from Muskogee, Oklahoma

W. A. Criswell