Silhak (실학) was a Korean teaching. It was very famous in the Joseun Dynasty. Sil means "actual" or "practical," and hak means "studies" or "learning". It also meant "practical learning", like teaching how to farm and about economy.

Creation
Silhak was first made when the Joseon Dynasty was having a hard time, and after Japan had made war with them. The people of Korea were very poor, and their economical situation was not good. Also, all the farmland had grown barren and it was very hard to farm. To prevent all of this trouble, instead of learning neo-Confucianism, some philosophers decided that a new education should be made to help the poor, and they named it Silhak.

Scholars
Kim Yuk, 1580–1658, introduced into Korea a new calendar, and supported technology.
Yi Su-gwang, 1563–1627, scholar-official who introduced Western science, religion, and social studies to Korea.
Yi Minseo, son of Yi Su-gwang
Heo Mok, 1595-1682
Yu Hyeong-won, 1622-1673, showing what is sometimes called the first generation of Silhak scholars and made a "public land system" where the state would give the land for the farmer to use.
Yi Seo-woo, 1633-1709,
Yi Ik, 1681–1764, of the second generation of Silhak scholars, founder of the Gyeongsechiyongpa (경세치용파 經世致用派 School of Administration and Practical Usage), helping economy, and government administration. This is known as the "equal field system" and was supposed to give enough land for each farmer to live. Yi Ik, different to the neo-Confucians, believed that subjects such as geography and mathematics could be real teachings.
An Jeong-bok, 1712–1791, student of Yi Ik.
Yun Hyu, 1617–1680
Park Se-dang, 1629–1703
Shin hoodam, 1702-1761
Park Ji-won, 1737–1805, center of the Iyonghusaengpa (이용후생파 利用厚生派 School of Profitable Usage and Benefiting the People), helped industry, commerce, and the introduction of foreign technology.
Sin Gyeong-jun, 1712–1781
Wi Baek-gyu, 1727–1798
Hong Dae-yong, 1731–1783, was a person who studied the space.
Yi Deok-mu, 1741–1793
Pak Je-ga, 1750–1815, was a part of the Northern School of Silhak and was particularly angry of the civil service tests (kwago), which was made to pick the most intelligent men to serve the government but had become corrupt and allowed unintelligent men into government.
Kim Jeonghui, 1786–1856, representing the Silsagusipa (실사구시파 實事求是派 School of Seeking Evidence)
Jeong Yak-yong, 1762–1836 (informally known as "Dasan"), leading the third wave of Silhak. Like a number of other Silhak scholars, he was interested in some Christian ideas. He suggested a "village land system," in which the village would hold its land in common and farm the land as a whole, while the products of the land would be divided based on the amount of labor. He wrote The Mind Governing the People (목민심서) and argued that a high social class order with the king at the top was not good.

References
Baker D (1999), A different thread: Orthodoxy, heterodoxy and Catholicism in a Confucian world, in JHK Haboush & M Deuchler (eds.), Culture and State in Late Chosŏn Korea. Harv. Univ. Press, pp. 199–230.

Korean culture

Silhak


Peter Driben (October 22, 1903 - September, 1968), an American pin-up artist, was perhaps one of the most productive pin-up artists of the 1940s and 1950s.  Although both Alberto Vargas and Gil Elvgren have extensive catalogues of work, neither came close to the output of Driben.  Driben's pinups delighted the American public from the beginning of World War II until the great baby boom of the 1950s.

Born in Boston, Driben studied at Vesper George Art School before moving to Paris (circa 1925).  While taking classes at the Sorbonne in 1925, he began a series of highly popular pen-and-ink drawings of the city's showgirls.  His first known pin-up was the cover to La Paree Stories in March 1934. By 1935, he was producing covers for Snappy, Pep, New York Nights, French Night Life and Caprice. Driben's popularity continued to rise in the late thirties with covers for Silk Stocking Stories, Gay Book, Movie Merry-Go-Round and Real Screen Fun.

Driben's career expanded into advertising with his move to New York in late 1936.  He created original three-dimensional die-cut window displays for Philco Radios, Cannon Bath Towels, and the Weber Baking Company.    Perhaps his most famous work being the original posters and publicity artwork for The Maltese Falcon. Peter Driben was also a close friend of publisher Robert Harrison, and in 1941 was contracted to produce covers for Harrison's new magazine Beauty Parade. Driben went on to paint hundreds of covers for that publication and for the other seven titles Harrison was to launch - Flirt, Whisper, Titter, Wink, Eyeful, Giggles, and Joker.  Driben would often have as many as six or seven of his covers being published every month.  Driben's work for Harrison established  him as one of America's most recognized and successful pin-up and glamour artists.  Just before he began to work for Harrison, Driben married the artist, actress and poet, Louise Kirby.

In 1944 he was offered the unusual opportunity, for a pin-up artist, of becoming the art director of the New York Sun, a post he retained until 1946. During the war, his popular painting of American soldiers raising the flag at Iwo Jima sparked a considerable amount of media attention.

In 1956, Driben and Louise moved to Miami Beach, where he spent his retirement years painting portraits (including one of Dwight D. Eisenhower) and other fine-art works, which were organized into successful exhibitions by his wife.  Driben died in 1968, Louise in 1984.

See also
The Great American Pin-Up, Martignette/Meisel (c)2002 Taschen GmbH ()
Peter Driben Bio, The Pin-up Files
American Art Archives
Peter Driben Pinup Art Sample

References

External links
Peter Driben artwork can be viewed at American Art Archives web site

Artists from Boston
Pin-up artists
University of Paris alumni
American illustrators
1968 deaths
1903 births
American expatriates in France

Peter Driben


Der fliegende Holländer (The Flying Dutchman) is an opera by Richard Wagner.  Wagner wrote the libretto himself.  The story comes from the legend of the Flying Dutchman, which is about the captain of a ship.  It is his fate  that he has keep sailing the sea, without ever going on to land, until Judgment Day.

The most important idea in the story as told by Wagner is redemption through love.  It was a favourite idea of Wagner, who used it a lot in his later operas.

Wagner conducted the first performance at the Semper Oper in Dresden, in 1843.  It is an early opera of Wagner, but it shows his mature style.  It is very different from the previous opera Rienzi which is still quite similar to operas that other composers were writing.  In Der fliegende Holländer the drama is very important.  Wagner uses a number of leitmotifs: musical ideas associated with particular characters and themes in the story. The leitmotifs are all introduced in the overture.  We hear the famous leitmotif of the ocean and then those of the Dutchman and of Senta, the girl he falls in love with.

Wagner originally wrote Der fliegende Holländer to be performed without any breaks (intermission).  Sometimes it is performed like that today, but Wagner also made a version with three acts.

Operas by Richard Wagner
1840s operas

The Flying Dutchman


Telemachos (or Latin Telemachus) is a person in Greek mythology. He is the son of Odysseus of Ithaca and Penelope. While Odysseus was trying return home, many believed him to be dead. Suitors surrounded his home, trying to claim Penelope as their wife. Athena came to Telemachus in disguise and gave him advice. She told him to search for evidence that his father was still alive. If he was alive he could force the suitors away. However, if he believed his father to be dead, he would let one of the suitors claim her. He gathered a search party and set out to question many of the people Odysseus served with in the war. He decided that his father was dead. Telemachos held a competition for the suitors to claim Penelope. Odysseus showed up in secret, won the competition and rejoined his family.

People in Greek mythology

Telemachus


The North River is a  river in the mountains and Shenandoah Valley of northern Virginia, the United States.  It joins the South River at Port Republic to form the South Fork Shenandoah River.

The river rises at  above sea level in western Augusta County, below Dyers Knob on Shenandoah Mountain along the Virginia-West Virginia border.  From the man-made Elkhorn Lake it flows south and then east through the George Washington National Forest. The river breaks out of the Allegheny Mountains at North River Gap and flows into the broad Valley of Virginia.  The river passes through the town of Bridgewater and flows southeast, joining the South River at Port Republic.  The Middle River, a major tributary, joins the North River just west of the town of Grottoes, four miles above the juncture with the South River.

Other towns along the river include Mount Solon, Stokesville, Sangersville, Natural Chimneys, Mount Crawford, and the village of North River.

The river is popular among canoeists, rafters and inner tubers. At one point during the 19th century barges shipped goods upstream via a canal/lock system.

Typical wildlife of the North River includes the great blue heron, wood duck, Canada goose, belted kingfisher, Baltimore oriole, painted turtle, common snapping turtle, largemouth bass, sun perch, catfish, eastern cottontail rabbit, white-tailed deer, raccoon, opossum, brown bats, freshwater clams, mink, tiger swallowtail and ebony jewelwing.

Typical plant life of the North River includes the cardinal flower, joe-pye weed, purple monkeyflower, great blue lobelia, bulrush, yellow iris, American sycamore, cottonwood, box-elder, silver maple, Virginia bluebells, and spring beauty.

See also
List of rivers of Virginia

References

Rivers of Virginia
Rivers of Augusta County, Virginia
Rivers of Rockingham County, Virginia
Tributaries of the Shenandoah River

North River (South Fork Shenandoah River tributary)


On a sailing vessel, a forestay, sometimes just called a stay, is a piece of standing rigging which keeps a mast from falling backwards.  It is attached either at the very top of the mast, or in fractional rigs between about 1/8 and 1/4 from the top of the mast.  The other end of the forestay is attached to the bow of the boat.

Often a sail is attached to the forestay.  This sail may be a jib or a genoa.  In a cutter rig, the jib or jibs are flown from stays in front of the forestay, perhaps going from the masthead to a bowsprit.  The sail on the forestay is then referred to as the staysail or stays'l.

A forestay might be made from stainless steel wire on a modern yacht, solid stainless steel rod, carbon rod, or ultra high molecular weight polyethylene (such as Spectra or Dyneema)  on a high-performance racing boat, and galvanised wire or natural fibers on an older cutter or square-rigged ship.

See also
 Backstay
 Shroud (sailing)

References

External links

Nautical terminology
Sailing rigs and rigging

Forestay


Karen Solie (born 1966) is a Canadian poet.

Born in Moose Jaw, Solie grew up on the family farm in southwest Saskatchewan. Over the years, she has worked as a farm hand, an espresso jerk, a groundskeeper, a newspaper reporter/photographer, an academic research assistant, and an English teacher. She currently resides in Toronto, Ontario.

Karen Solie's poetry, fiction and non-fiction have appeared in numerous North American journals, including Geist, The Fiddlehead, The Malahat Review, Event, Indiana Review, Arc Poetry Magazine, Other Voices, and The Capilano Review. She has also had her poetry published in the anthologies Breathing Fire (1995), Hammer and Tongs (1999), and Introductions: Poets Present Poets (2001). One of her short stories was featured in The Journey Prize Anthology 12 (2000). Solie's poem "Prayers for the Sick" won second place in Arc Magazine's 2008 Poem of the Year Contest.

Solie was one of the judges for the 2007 Griffin Poetry Prize, judged the 2012 Walrus Poetry Prize, and was a judge for the Poetry in Voice Canadian high school poetry recitation competition. In 2014, she was named as a trustee to the Griffin Trust for Excellence in Poetry.

Her collection The Road in Is Not the Same Road Out was published in 2015.

In 2015, she won the Latner Writers' Trust Poetry Prize.

Her newest poetry book, The Caiplie Caves, was published in 2019.

Bibliography
Short Haul Engine (2001)  - winner of the 2002 Dorothy Livesay Poetry Prize, shortlisted for the 2002 Canadian Griffin Poetry Prize, the Gerald Lampert Award, and the ReLit Award
Modern and Normal (2005) - shortlisted for the 2006 Trillium Book Award for Poetry, longlisted for the 2006 ReLit Award
Pigeon (2009) - winner of the 2010 Canadian Griffin Poetry Prize, Pat Lowther Award and Trillium Book Award for Poetry
The Living Option (2013)
The Road In Is Not the Same Road Out (2015)
The Caiplie Caves (2019)
 A sharing economy, Granta #141: Special Canada, 2017, pp 114 – 115

References

External links
 Conversation with Karen Solie by The Poetry Extension

1966 births
Living people
Canadian women poets
People from Moose Jaw
Writers from Saskatchewan
21st-century Canadian poets
21st-century Canadian women writers

Karen Solie


Sir Malcolm Sargent (born Ashford, Kent, 29 April 1895; died London 3 October 1967) was an English conductor, organist and composer.  He was an extremely famous and popular conductor who had a lot of influence on music in England during his life.  He conducted many choirs, both amateur and professional, as well as orchestras.  He was the main conductor of the Henry Wood Promenade Concerts from 1948 to 1967.  He made the Last Night of the Proms into a very popular and joyful concert which today is enjoyed by millions of people worldwide on television.  He conducted the music of many British composers, helping them to become known to a wide public.

Life

Early years
Sargent was born in 1895 into a working-class family.  His father was a coal merchant at Stamford, Lincolnshire, who also played the organ.  Sargent grew up in Stamford and became involved in a lot of amateur music making.  He learned a lot about music from singing in church and playing the organ.  He took his ARCO organ diploma when he was only 16 and became an organ pupil at Peterborough Cathedral.  At 18 he got a job as organist at Melton Mowbray church.  In the same year he got a music degree from the University of Durham.

After conducting local choirs and orchestras he got the opportunity to conduct his own composition Impressions on a Windy Day with Henry Wood's Queen's Hall Orchestra, first at Leicester and then at the Proms in the Queen's Hall.  Wood encouraged him in his conducting.  He started to teach at the Royal College of Music and moved to London.  He conducted the Robert Mayer children's concerts and the Courtauld-Sargent concerts, a series which was aimed at people who had never been to concerts.  He conducted for Sergei Diaghilev's Ballets Russes and, in 1928 he became conductor of the Royal Choral Society, a job which he kept until his death.

Illness, and mid career

In 1932 he was very ill with tuberculosis, but he recovered during the next few years.  He often conducted the London Philharmonic Orchestra which had been formed in 1932 by Thomas Beecham.   He did not often conduct opera, but he did conduct at the Royal Opera House: in 1936 with Gustave Charpentier's opera Louise in 1936 and in 1954 the first performance of Walton's Troilus and Cressida.

As an orchestra conductor Sargent was not always popular.  He made many enemies with a remark he made in 1936 when he said that orchestral musicians should not have a secure "job for life" but should give their "lifeblood with every bar they played".  Sargent had only just recovered from a long illness himself, during which time the musicians had given him support, so they were very annoyed when he said this.

He was very popular in Australia and nearly took a job there, but when World War II started he decided he should work in his own country.  During the war, Sargent conducted the Hallé Orchestra in Manchester (1939-42) and the Liverpool Philharmonic (1942-48) and became a popular radio broadcaster with the BBC.  He helped the British people to keep their spirits up during the war by touring and giving many concerts and not asking for much money.  During one concert he was playing Beethoven's Symphony No. 7 when there was an air raid.  Sargent stopped the orchestra, calmed the audience by saying they were safer inside the hall than they would be outside, and started to conduct again.  The orchestra played extremely well that night.   In May 1941 Sargent conducted Elgar's Dream of Gerontius in an afternoon concert in the Queen's Hall.  That night the Queen's Hall was completely destroyed by a bomb.

In 1945, Arturo Toscanini invited Sargent to conduct the NBC Symphony Orchestra.  He gave four concerts, in which he included mostly British music.

The Proms and later years
Sargent was chief conductor of the Proms from 1948 until his death in 1967.  In 1950 he followed Sir Adrian Boult as conductor of the BBC Symphony Orchestra.  He held that job until 1957 when he became Chief Guest Conductor.  Everywhere that Sargent took the orchestra the audience were wild with excitement.  The orchestra became internationally famous.

Sargent was a very popular person at the Proms.  He made the Last Night (the last concert of each season) into an exciting celebration in which the audience waved flags and joined together to sing, hum and clap.  He conducted music by famous classical composers as well as British music by more recent composers.  However, he did not conduct modern experimental music.

During his time at the Proms foreign conductors such as Carlo Maria Giulini, Georg Solti, Leopold Stokowski, Rudolf Kempe, Pierre Boulez and Bernard Haitink were invited to perform.  There were also some foreign orchestras.

When the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra nearly had to come to an end after Beecham's death in 1961, Sargent worked hard to save the orchestra.  A lot of the players, who still remembered the remark he made in 1936, started to support him again.

By the mid-1960s Sargent was suffering from cancer.  He was too ill to conduct the Proms in 1967, but on 16 September, at the Last Night, to everyone's astonishment, he appeared at the end of the concert to talk to his audience.  He gave his baton to Colin Davis who took over his job.  Sargent looked very ill, and died two weeks later.

Achievement and reputation

Sargent received many honours.   He was knighted in 1947 and received the Royal Philharmonic Society gold medal in 1959.   His nickname was "Flash Harry" because he always dressed and behaved in a flashy style.  He was often known as "Britain's ambassador of music", because he often toured all over the world with his orchestras, conducting British music, especially the works of Elgar, Vaughan Williams, Holst and Walton.  If the professional musicians he worked with did not always like him, his audiences loved him and he was especially fond of the Promenaders.  At his memorial service in Westminster Abbey the whole of the nave was reserved for Promenade Season Ticket holders

References
The New Grove Dictionary of Music & Musicians, ed. Stanley Sadie, 1980;

1895 births
1967 deaths
British conductors
Gilbert and Sullivan

Malcolm Sargent


Pakistani nationalism refers to the political, cultural, linguistic, historical and religious expression of patriotism by people of Pakistan, of pride in the History of Pakistan, Culture of Pakistan, identity and Cultural heritage of Pakistan, and visions for its future.

Most of modern-day Pakistani nationalism is centered around a common Indo-Iranic identity and heritage of 99% of the population. Kashmiris, Sindhis, Balochis, Punjabis, Pashtuns and other minorities are mainly of Indo-Iranic stock. It also refers to the consciousness and expression of religious influences that help mould the national consciousness. Nationalism describes the many underlying forces that moulded the Pakistan Movement, and strongly continue to influence the Politics of Pakistan.

From a political point of view and in the years leading up to the independence of Pakistan, the particular political and ideological foundations for the actions of the Muslim League can be called a Pakistani nationalist ideology. It is a unique and singular combination of philosophical, nationalistic, cultural and religious elements.

Other websites

Politics of Pakistan
Nationalism

Pakistani nationalism


Orlando (or Roland; 1296–1361) was the second-eldest illegitimate son of Frederick II of Sicily by his concubine Sibilla di Sormella. During his father's reign, he lived in the shadows, but he rose to influence in the courts of his half-brother Peter II and his nephews, Louis and Frederick IV, especially as the leader of the Catalan party after the death of his brother Giovanni of Randazzo.

In 1339, he was present fighting the Angevins then trying to conquer Lipari. Taken captive, he was freed in November 1340 through the interference of a Sienese widow, Camiola Turinga, a woman he promised to marry. He never did and was considered highly ungrateful by contemporaries, including Boccaccio.

From 1343 to 1345, he was the governor of Palermo and in 1345, strategos of Messina. He supported the duke of Randazzo as regent during the reign of Louis and then supported his sister-in-law Elisabeth of Carinthia after the duke's death. He was sent as an ambassador to Sardinia on behalf of Peter IV of Aragon in 1353. He continued to help Elisabeth into the reign of his other nephew Frederick the Simple.

He was a soldier and a general during the last wars between the houses of Barcelona and Anjou for possession of Trinacria. He distinguished himself in the Battle of Aci and in defending Messina from the Angevins. In 1358, he reconquered the area from Vizzini to Avola. He died in a spring skirmish at Caltanissetta, during the war between Federico Chiaramonte and Francesco Ventimiglia. Orlando married Maria de Stromoncourt, and had four children: Alfonso, Federigo, Juan, and Sybilla.

All boys were Barons of Avola, Sicily only Juan had issue and their descendants, while Sybilla married into Maltese nobility Michele de Bava, Baron de Djar-il-Bniet in Dingli, Rabat, on the island of Malta and had issue.

Sources

Giunta, Francesco. "Aragona, Orlando d'." In Alberto M. Ghisalberti, ed. Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani. Rome, 1961.

1296 births
1361 deaths
Italian nobility
House of Barcelona (Sicily)
Military personnel killed in action

Orlando d'Aragona


Susan Sackett (born December 18, 1943) is an American author and screenwriter, best known for her involvement in the Star Trek franchise.

Early life and early career
Susan Sackett was born in New York City on December 18, 1943. She was raised in Connecticut and graduated from Hillhouse High School in New Haven. She received BA (1964) and MEd (1965) degrees from the University of Florida. After teaching elementary school in Miami for two years, she moved to Los Angeles, where she taught for a short time. She quit her teaching job to work in the entertainment industry, spending four years with the National Broadcasting Company (NBC) as a publicity assistant and commercial coordinator.

Writing career

In 1974, she began an association with Star Trek creator Gene Roddenberry, serving as his personal executive assistant for over 17 years until his death in October 1991. She also served as his production assistant on Star Trek: The Motion Picture and worked closely with him on the next five Star Trek films.  In addition, she served as production associate during the first five seasons of the television series Star Trek: The Next Generation.

Sackett and her writing partner, Fred Bronson, wrote the TNG episodes "Menage a Troi" (teleplay) and "The Game" (story credit only). Additionally, while working full-time as Roddenberry's assistant, Sackett wrote three books about Star Trek: Letters to Star Trek, Star Trek Speaks!, and The Making of Star Trek: The Motion Picture (with Roddenberry).

Another book, Star Trek: The First 25 Years, also co-authored with Roddenberry, was purchased by Pocket Books, although not published due to the publisher's legal entanglements. Instead, it became the basis of the 1994 book, Star Trek: 'Where No One Has Gone Before': A History in Pictures, by J. M. Dillard. In the fall of 1993, Billboard Books published Prime-Time Hits, her third Billboard book, and Hollywood Sings! was released in 1995.

In 2002, her autobiography, Inside Trek: My Secret Life with Star Trek Creator Gene Roddenberry (Hawk Publishing Group) was released, detailing her decade-and-a-half-long romantic and intimate involvement with her mentor. In 2013, Amazon published a revised and updated eBook version for Kindle.

She is author of other books also related to the film and television industry, including You Can Be a Game Show Contestant and Win! (Dell Books, 1982; co-written with Cheryl Blythe). Following her own advice as outlined in the book, in 1986 Sackett went on Jeopardy!, ultimately winning $6,400 in cash and a trip to Honolulu. (These shows aired as the first two games of the third season, Sep 8 and 9, 1986.)

Sackett and Blythe also co-authored Say Goodnight, Gracie! – The Story of Burns and Allen (E. P. Dutton, 1986; paperback edition, Prima Publishing, 1989). A revised and updated eBook version for Kindle was released by Amazon in 2016.

In 1990, The Hollywood Reporter Book of Box Office Hits was published by Billboard Publications, with an updated and revised version released in 1995.

Humanism

Although raised as a Reform Jew, Sackett considers herself a secular humanist and has been active in Humanism since 1989. She was first introduced to secular humanism by Roddenberry after finding a copy of Asimov's Guide to the Bible on his desk. "I discovered that I was in line with this way of thinking without knowing there was a name for it". The two began attending conventions together and met prominent skeptics such as James Randi. From 2000 to 2010, she was president of Humanist Society of Greater Phoenix. For 13 years, she served on the board of directors of the American Humanist Association. She is also a member of Mensa International, the Academy of Television Arts & Sciences (ATAS), and the Writers Guild of America (WGA).

Since 2001, Sackett has been a certified humanist celebrant and performs naming ceremonies, weddings, and funeral ceremonies without traditional religious undertones.

In 2011, she was elected to the board of directors of Humanists International (formerly IHEU), serving six years on that board.

She resides in Arizona.

Books
 Inside Trek: My Secret Life with Star Trek Creator Gene Roddenberry, (Hawk Publishing Group, 2002),,
 Hollywood Sings!, (Billboard Books, 1995)
 Prime-Time Hits, (Billboard Books, 1993)
 Star Trek: The First 25 Years, (with Gene Roddenberry, purchased by Pocket Books but not published, 1991)
 The Hollywood Reporter Book of Box Office Hits, (Billboard Books, 1990)
 Say Goodnight, Gracie! – The Story of Burns and Allen, (with Cheryl Blythe, E.P. Dutton, 1986); paperback edition (Prima Books, 1989)
 You Can Be a Game Show Contestant and Win! (with Cheryl Blythe, Dell Books, 1982)
 The Making of Star Trek: The Motion Picture (with Gene Roddenberry, Pocket Books, 1980)
 Star Trek Speaks! (with Fred and Stan Goldstein, Pocket Books, 1979)
 Letters to Star Trek (Ballantine Books, 1977)

References

External links
Website of Susan Sackett

1943 births
American women screenwriters
Jewish American writers
Living people
Mensans
Screenwriters from Arizona
Screenwriters from Connecticut
Screenwriters from New York (state)
Secular humanists
Writers from New York City
21st-century American Jews
21st-century American women

Susan Sackett


A harmonic damper is a device connected to the free end of the crankshaft of an internal combustion engine. It is needed in engines with long crankshafts, such as straight-8 engines. It is used on most engines to reduce torsional vibrations that can occure at certain speeds.

Construction
The damper consists of an inner hub attached to the end of the crankshaft. A round mass is attached to the hub by an elastic material. This becomes a spring-mass-damper system. By selection of the damping material and the size of the mass, the damper can be made to quiet the torsional vibrations. The overall appearance is that of a thick disk.

Motors

Harmonic damper


Jutiapa is a depairtment o Guatemala that borders alang El Salvador an the Paceefic Ocean. The caipital is the ceety o Jutiapa. It haes a population o aboot 400,000, primarily o European an Indigenous extractions. The population is ethnically "ladinos" or "mestizos" (i.e. no Indians) in its majority. Jutiapa is the anerlie depairtment in Guatemala whose offeecial leid is Spainyie, wi nae indigenous indwallers. The depairtment is dividit intae seiventeen municipalities. Jutiapa is the kintra's sootheastmaist department. The main crops are sorghum, tobacco, ingan an corn. The climate is dry. An important attraction is the cattle fair. It is at 405 m abuin sea level.

The coat o airms contains the cornucopia seembolisin Jutiapa as the barn o the East, supplyin Guatemala wi maist o the grain consumit bi the fowk. The horse an the cow represent the cattle; the beuks staund for educational an cultural advances. In the backgrund sits La Cruz hill, the firm guardian o the depairtmental chief toun, wi the touer or antenna o a Jutiapa radio station. Ahint the hill float the clouds, the sky an the sun o Jutiapa, "The Sun Ceety". This coat o airms is placit on the banner atween twa laurel branches seembolisin the daily triumphs o the sons o Jutiapa. The banner is mainly white, showin in its centre the coat o airms adaptit an adroned, atween twa laurel branches.

Municipalities

 Agua Blanca
 Asunción Mita
 Atescatempa
 Comapa
 Conguaco
 El Adelanto
 El Progreso
 Jalpatagua
 Jerez
 Jutiapa
 Moyuta
 Pasaco
 Quezada
 San José Acatempa
 Santa Catarina Mita
 Yupiltepeque
 Zapotitlán

Freemit airtins
 Interactive depairtment map

Depairtments o Guatemala

Jutiapa Depairtment


The Missouri Theatre, is a concert and entertainment venue in downtown Columbia, Missouri, occupying most of a city block between 9th street between Locust and Elm Streets. It was designed after the Opéra Garnier by the Boller Brothers, built in 1928, and is on the National Register of Historic Places.  It is Columbia's only surviving pre-Depression movie palace and vaudeville stage.  In 2011, the University of Missouri began a three-year lease of the facility. The Missouri Theatre is the resident home of the Missouri Symphony Orchestra, and is also frequently used by University of Missouri and civic groups. As of July 1, 2014, The University of Missouri took over ownership of the Missouri Theatre. It is one of the main performance venues for the University of Missouri School of Music.

History
The theater opened on October 5, 1928.  It was built at a cost of over 400,000 dollars which is equivalent to over 4.5 million dollars today. Advertisements in the Columbia Daily Tribune proclaimed the "Formal Opening of your new Missouri Theatre—Friday Evening… A $400,000 Showhouse of Unrivaled Beauty and Extravagant Setting in Central Missouri. The Magnificent Splendor of This Palace of Amusement Will Dazzle and Thrill You."  Telegrams were received from The United Artist in Hollywood, as well as from actors such as Charlie Chaplin and Gloria Swanson, congratulating the managers of the theater. On opening night the performers included The Missouri Rockettes (later to become the Radio City Rockettes) and Jack Keith and his Missouri Orchestra.  It was rumored that Bob Hope also made an appearance.  The Theatre operated much in this fashion as well as a movie palace until 1953.

Because of its size and extravagance the Missouri Theatre was difficult to maintain and was leased to Commonwealth Theaters, Inc. in 1953 who operated it as a single-screen movie theater until 1983. In 1979 the building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places.  The advent of the multiscreen cinemas in Columbia lead to the eventually purchase of the theatre by the Missouri Symphony Society on January 7, 1988.

In 2002, the Missouri Symphony Society began plans to transform the Missouri Theatre into the Missouri Theatre Center for the Arts (MTCA). The Missouri Symphony Society experienced record-breaking success in 2005 with the Hot Summer Nights Music Festival as more than 11,200 music lovers attended concerts featuring Maestro Kirk Trevor, the Missouri Symphony Orchestra, and world-renowned guest artists throughout its eight-week summer season.

On July 28, 2007, the restoration of the Missouri Theatre began after the conclusion of the Hot Summer Nights Music Festival. The following summer, the fully restored Missouri Theatre Center for the Arts re-opened with Tony Bennett and the Hot Summer Nights Music Festival. The renovations included a new second floor with administrative offices and a 2,500 sq. ft. rooftop patio.

In 2011 Missouri Theatre became home to the University Concert Series, and acts as a recital and performance venue for many University of Missouri School of Music performance groups. The Box Office is operated by Event Production Services a department of Operation Auxiliary and Services in the division of Campus Operations at the University of Missouri.

Architecture

The interior of the building is ornate baroque and rococo style of the Louis XIV and XV periods. It was designed after the Paris Opera House by the Boller Brothers Architects of Kansas City, Missouri. Much original detail still exist, including Belgian marble wainscoting, plaster reliefs, stained glass and, one of the most notable features, an 1800-pound Italian auditorium chandelier featuring crystal prisms and etched panels.  At one time, the deep red carpet in the grand lobby had the Great Seal of Missouri  and the letter M woven into it.

Missouri Symphony Orchestra
Missouri Theatre is the home of mid-Missouri's only professional resident symphony orchestra, the Missouri Symphony Orchestra (MSO). Established by the Missouri Symphony Society in 1976, the MSO is composed of musicians from throughout the United States and around the world.

Through its annual eight-week season, the Hot Summer Nights Music Festival in June and July, and tours throughout the state and beyond, the Missouri Symphony Orchestra has been heralded by the Kansas City Star as an ensemble that performs with "energy and elan, as well as secure technique." Since 2001, the MSO has been directed by Maestro Kirk Trevor.

Arts Education
In addition to the Missouri Symphony Society's artistic programming, the Missouri Theatre hosts multiple arts education programs and organizations, including the:

 MOSS Youth Orchestra
 MOSS Junior Strings
 MOSS Children's Choir
 University Concert Series
 University of Missouri School of Music
 Plowman Chamber Music Competition
 True/False Film Festival

References

External links

https://concertseries.missouri.edu/

Sources

Buildings and structures in Columbia, Missouri
University of Missouri
University of Missouri School of Music
Theatres in Columbia, Missouri
Music venues in Columbia, Missouri
Cinemas and movie theaters in Missouri
Performing arts centers in Missouri
Boller Brothers buildings
Tourist attractions in Columbia, Missouri
Theatres on the National Register of Historic Places in Missouri
Theatres completed in 1928
National Register of Historic Places in Columbia, Missouri
National Register of Historic Places in Boone County, Missouri
Landmarks in Columbia, Missouri

Missouri Theatre (Columbia, Missouri)


In video games, first person means the player sees the game from the eyes of the character he or she is playing as. This is different than third person where the player watches what the character does from a in-game virtual camera. The player is supposed to feel like he or she is inside the character.

A common type of first person game is first-person shooter. In a first-person shooter the player can usually see his or her arms holding a gun or other weapon. Some games such as Call of Duty let the player look right down the sights of the gun to aim.

Many simulation games (or "sims") where the player controls a vehicle are first person. This includes most flight simulators and many racing video games. The player can often see the controls and instruments of the vehicle, such as the steering wheel and speedometer in a car or the joystick and altimeter in an airplane.

Video game design

First person (video games)


Founded in 1953, Motion Picture Sound Editors (M.P.S.E.) is an honorary society of motion picture sound editors. The society's goals are to educate others about and increase the recognition of the sound editors, show the artistic merit of the soundtracks, and improve the professional relationship of its members.  The society is not to be confused with an industry union, such as the I.A.T.S.E The current president is Bobbi Banks.

The names of active members of the MPSE will generally appear in film credits with the post-nominal letters "MPSE".

Membership requirements

The following are required for the membership application:

A three year list of credits as one (or more) of the following:
Sound editor
Sound designer
Dialogue editor
ADR editor
Sound effects editor
Foley artist
Music editor

Two active MPSE member sponsors
One letter of a sponsoring active MPSE member

The Golden Reel Awards

Started in 1953, the MPSE has annually presented awards to sound editors in the following categories:

Dialogue & ADR
Effects & Foley
Music

The categories are further broken down based on specific genres and between Feature Film's and Television shows.

There are also "other" categories that include Sound Editing in Computer Entertainment, the Career Achievement Award, and the Inaugural Filmmaker's Award. The MPSE also sponsors the Verna Fields Award for Sound Editing in a Student Film and the Ethel Crutcher Scholarship.

Other websites
Official MPSE Website

Movie organizations
1953 establishments

Motion Picture Sound Editors


Hula was an open source mail and calendar project based on open standards announced on February 15, 2005, by Novell.

History

Hula was an open-source effort sponsored by Novell and developed by Dave Camp, Dalton Valliere and Joe Gasiorek, amongst others.

Hula was derived from an existing product by the same software house, called NetMail, and retained many of the architectural features of that software. However, important components such as the mail store were intended to be re-developed to integrate new functionality (such as search) and new features (such as calendaring, using the calendar server protocol CalDAV).

Hula aimed to expand in three main directions:

 A calendaring tool
 A web-based rich mail client
 A search facility for all mail and calendar information within the server

It came with a web-based client to access information, but desktop applications were intended to be readily supported. Novell Evolution released with Hula support in version 2.6, and other clients were expected to support Hula closer to Hula's release.

On November 28, 2006, Novell announced that it would no longer have anyone work on it full-time.

On January 30, 2007, The Messaging Architects announced an agreement to acquire NetMail and take over leadership of the open source Hula Project from Novell.

Since late 2007, the Hula project website has been down. Before it disappeared, it announced the transfer, due to the move of Hula from Novell to The Messaging Architects.

With the future of Hula unclear to many, a software fork of the source code was used to create the independent Bongo Project. Activity on this fork also seems to have been abandoned. Hula/Bongo should not be confused with proprietary mobile phone games Bongo Thinks, Bongo Knows, and Ask Bongo, all of which rely on in-app payments and SMS text messaging.

See also

 Collaborative software
 List of personal information managers
 Ximian

References

External links

 Bongo Project

Free groupware
Free email software
Free personal information managers
Message transfer agents

Hula (software)


Multiple Working is the term used in the UK where more than one operational diesel or electric locomotives are coupled together under the control of one driver. The term can also apply when diesel or electric multiple unit trains are coupled together and also under the control of one driver. 'In tandem' is the term usually used in the UK when more than one diesel or electric locomotive are hauling a single train and under the control of a driver on each locomotive.

If the front locomotive of a pair in multiple has failed the driver can still control the rear locomotive for as long as air and electricity supplies are available on the failed locomotive.

Rail transport

Multiple working


Stephen Fox is a British clarinetist, saxophonist and clarinet maker, based in Richmond Hill, Ontario, Canada.

Born in England, Fox completed a master's degree in physics at the University of Saskatchewan before earning a  degree in clarinet performance.  He began a career in instrument repair in 1985 and started making clarinets in 1990. Fox makes modern soprano, basset, and bass clarinets, and basset horns.  In addition he makes tárogatós, and is one of only a handful of makers of reproduction historical clarinets in the world.  In 2006 he introduced the world's first Bohlen-Pierce clarinets.  Fox clarinets are played by Toronto Symphony Orchestra principal clarinetist Joaquin Valdepenas, Canadian big band leader Don Pierre, klezmer artist Kurt Bjorling of the band Brave Old World, Norwegian clarinetist Terje Lerstad, Binghamton University music professor Timothy Perry, Swiss multi-instrumentalist Peter A. Schmid, and many others in Europe, Japan, the United States, and Canada.  Fox also teaches musical instrument making at the Musikk Instrument Akademiet in Norway. As an instrumentalist, Fox performs and records with the chamber music groups Riverdale Ensemble and Ossia.

References

External links
 Stephen Fox Clarinets

British clarinetists
Clarinet makers
British male saxophonists
University of Saskatchewan alumni
Living people
21st-century saxophonists
21st-century clarinetists
21st-century British male musicians
Year of birth missing (living people)

Stephen Fox (clarinet maker)


Whittier is a city in Los Angeles County, California, USA.  It is near Pico Rivera, Santa Fe Springs, La Habra and La Mirada.  It is one of the oldest cities in the Los Angeles Area.  Early settlers included Manuel Nieto and Pio Pico.  In the 1880s, the land that is now Whittier was bought by Quakers, who named the city after John Greenleaf Whittier, a Quaker poet.  These Quakers started Whittier College.  In the early 1900s, Whittier was mostly orange groves, but became a suburb of Los Angeles after World War II. In 1987, a large earthquake hit the city, destroying many buildings and leading to a wave of civic activism.  This activism helped save many old buildings, including the Bank of America Building, the Southern Pacific Railroad Depot, and the Hoover Hotel.

The 2020 United States Census reported that Whittier had a population of 87,306.

Whittier's largest employers are Whittier College, Presbyterian Hospital, and Whittwood Mall.  There has been talk of new development on the site of Nelles School for Boys and in Uptown.  Besides Whittier College, Whittier has a community college, Rio Hondo College, five public high schools (Whittier, California, Pioneer, Santa Fe, and La Serna High), and several elementary and middle schools.

Many famous people have lived in Whittier, including Richard Nixon, who attended Whittier High and was a lawyer in the Bank of America Building.

References

Whittier, California


Mrs. Dalloway is a novel by Virginia Woolf published on 14 May 1925. It details a day in the life of Clarissa Dalloway, a fictional upper-class woman in post-First World War England. It is one of Woolf's best-known novels.

The working title of Mrs. Dalloway was The Hours. The novel began with two short stories, "Mrs. Dalloway in Bond Street" and the unfinished "The Prime Minister". The book describes Clarissa's preparations for a party she will host in the evening and the ensuing party. With an interior perspective, the story travels forwards and backwards in time, to construct an image of Clarissa's life and the inter-war social structure. The novel addresses the nature of time in personal experience through multiple interwoven stories.

In October 2005, Mrs. Dalloway was included on TIME Magazines list of the 100 best English-language novels written since its first issue in 1923.

Plot summary
Clarissa Dalloway goes around London in the morning, getting ready to host a party that evening. The nice day reminds her of her youth spent in the countryside in Bourton and makes her wonder about her choice of husband; she had married the reliable Richard Dalloway instead of the enigmatic and demanding Peter Walsh, and she "had not the option" to be with a female romantic interest, Sally Seton. Peter reintroduces these conflicts by paying a visit that morning.

Septimus Warren Smith, a First World War veteran suffering from deferred traumatic stress, spends his day in the park with his Italian-born wife Lucrezia, where Peter Walsh observes them. Septimus is visited by frequent and indecipherable hallucinations, mostly concerning his dear friend Evans who died in the war. Later that day, after he is prescribed involuntary commitment to a psychiatric hospital, he commits suicide by jumping out of a window.

Clarissa's party in the evening is a slow success. It is attended by most of the characters she has met throughout the book, including people from her past. She hears about Septimus' suicide at the party and gradually comes to admire this stranger's act, which she considers an effort to preserve the purity of his happiness.

Characters
Sir William Bradshaw
A famous psychiatrist to whom Septimus' physician, Dr. Holmes, refers Septimus. Bradshaw notes that Septimus has had a complete nervous breakdown and suggests spending time in the country as a cure.
Clarissa Dalloway
The 51-year-old protagonist of the novel. She is Richard's wife and Elizabeth's mother, and, while reminiscing about her past, spends the day organising a party that will be held that night. She is self-conscious about her role in London's high society. The character was based on Kitty Lushington.
Elizabeth Dalloway
Clarissa and Richard's 17-year-old daughter. She is said to look "oriental" and has great composure. Compared to her mother, she takes great pleasure in politics and modern history, hoping to be either a doctor or farmer in the future. She would rather spend time in the country with her father than attend her mother's party.
Richard Dalloway
Clarissa's practical, "simple" husband, who feels disconnected from his wife. He is immersed in his work in government.
Miss Kilman
Miss Doris Kilman, originally "Kiehlman", is Elizabeth's schoolmistress for history and is a born-again Christian. She has a degree in history and during the Great War was dismissed from her teaching job because "Miss Dolby thought she would be happier with people who shared her views about the Germans". She has a German ancestry and wears an unattractive mackintosh coat because she is uninterested in dressing to please others. She dislikes Clarissa intensely but loves to spend time with Elizabeth.
Sally Seton
A love interest of Clarissa's, with whom she shared a kiss, who is now married to Lord Rosseter and has five boys. Sally had a strained relationship with her family and spent substantial time with Clarissa's family in her youth. She once could be described as feisty, as well as a youthful ragamuffin, although she has become more conventional with age.
Lucrezia "Rezia" Warren Smith
Septimus' Italian wife. She is burdened by his mental illness and believes she is judged because of it. During most of the novel, she is homesick for her family and country, which she left to marry Septimus after the Armistice.
Septimus Warren Smith
A World War I veteran who suffers from "shell shock" and hallucinations of his deceased friend, Evans. Educated and decorated in the war, he is detached from society and believes himself to be unable to feel. He is married to Lucrezia, from whom he has grown distant.
Peter Walsh
An old friend of Clarissa's who has failed at most of his ventures in life. In the past, Clarissa rejected his marriage proposal. Now he has returned to England from India and is one of Clarissa's party guests. He plans to marry Daisy, a married woman in India, and has returned to try to arrange a divorce from his current wife.
Hugh Whitbread
A pompous friend of Clarissa's, who holds an unspecified position in the British Royal household. Like Clarissa, he places great importance on his place in society. Although he believes he is an essential member of the British aristocracy, Lady Bruton, Clarissa, Richard, and Peter find him obnoxious.

Style
In Mrs Dalloway, all of the action, aside from the flashbacks, takes place on a day in "the middle of June" of 1923. It is an example of stream of consciousness storytelling: every scene closely tracks the momentary thoughts of a particular character. Woolf blurs the distinction between direct and indirect speech throughout the novel, freely alternating her mode of narration between omniscient description, indirect interior monologue, and soliloquy. The narration follows at least twenty characters in this way, but the bulk of the novel is spent with Clarissa Dalloway, Peter Walsh, and Septimus Smith.

Woolf laid out some of her literary goals with the characters of Mrs Dalloway while still working on the novel. A year before its publication, she gave a talk at Cambridge University called "Character in Fiction", revised and retitled later that year as "Mr. Bennett and Mrs. Brown".

Comparisons with Joyce's Ulysses
Mrs Dalloway is commonly thought to be a response to James Joyce's Ulysses, a text that is often considered one of the greatest novels of the twentieth century. Both novels use the stream of consciousness technique to follow the thoughts of two characters, one older and one younger, during one day in a bustling city. Woolf herself, writing in 1928, denied any deliberate "method" to the book, saying instead that the structure came about "without any conscious direction". In her essay "Modern Fiction", Woolf praised Ulysses, saying of the scene in the cemetery, "on a first reading at any rate, it is difficult not to acclaim a masterpiece." At the same time, Woolf's personal writings throughout her reading of Ulysses are abundant in criticisms. While in the initial reading process, she recorded the following response to the aforementioned passages,

"I... have been amused, stimulated, charmed interested by the first 2 or 3 chapters—to the end of the Cemetery scene; & then puzzled, bored, irritated, & disillusioned as by a queasy undergraduate scratching his pimples. And Tom, great Tom, thinks this on a par with War & Peace! An illiterate, underbred book it seems to me: the book of a self-taught working man, & we all know how distressing they are, how egotistic, insistent, raw, striking, & ultimately nauseating. When one can have cooked flesh, why have the raw? But I think if you are anaemic, as Tom is, there is glory in blood. Being fairly normal myself I am soon ready for the classics again. I may revise this later. I do not compromise my critical sagacity. I plant a stick in the ground to mark page 200"
 —D 2: 188–89

Woolf's distaste for Joyce's work only solidified after she finished reading it. She summed up her thoughts on the work as a whole:

"I finished Ulysses, & think it is a mis-fire. Genius it has I think; but of the inferior water. The book is diffuse. It is brackish. It is pretentious. It is underbred, not only in the obvious sense, but in the literary sense. A first rate writer, I mean, respects writing too much to be tricky; startling; doing stunts. I'm reminded all the time of some callow board schoolboy, say like Henry Lamb, full of wits & powers, but so self-conscious and egotistical that he loses his head, becomes extravagant, mannered, uproarious, ill at ease, makes kindly people feel sorry for him, & stern ones merely annoyed; & one hopes he'll grow out of it; but as Joyce is 40 this scarcely seems likely. I have not read it carefully; & only once; & it is very obscure; so no doubt I have scamped the virtue of it more than is fair. I feel that myriads of tiny bullets pepper one & spatter one; but one does not get one deadly wound straight in the face—as from Tolstoy, for instance; but it is entirely absurd to compare him with Tolstoy."
 —D 2: 199–200.

The Hogarth Press, run by her and her husband Leonard, had to turn down the chance to publish the novel in 1919 because of the obscenity law in England, as well as the practical issues regarding publishing such a substantial text.

Themes
The novel has two main narrative lines involving two separate characters (Clarissa Dalloway and Septimus Smith); within each narrative there is a particular time and place in the past that the main characters keep returning to in their minds. For Clarissa, the "continuous present" (Gertrude Stein's phrase) of her charmed youth at Bourton keeps intruding into her thoughts on this day in London. For Septimus, the "continuous present" of his time as a soldier during the "Great War" keeps intruding, especially in the form of Evans, his fallen comrade.

Time and secular living

Time plays an integral role in the theme of faith and doubt in Mrs Dalloway. The overwhelming presence of the passing of time and the impending fate of death for each of the characters is felt throughout the novel. As Big Ben towers over the city of London and rings for each half-hour, characters cannot help but stop and notice the loss of life to time in regular intervals throughout the story. For Septimus, who has experienced the vicious war, the notion of death constantly floats in his mind as he continues to see his friend Evans talking of such things.  The constant stream of consciousness perspective of the characters, especially Clarissa, serves as a distraction from this passing of time and the ultimate march towards death, but each character is constantly reminded of the inevitability of these facts. Further emphasizing the passage of time is the time-frame of the novel, which takes place in the course of a single day, like Joyce's Ulysses.

The idea that there can be meaning in every detail of life, and a deeper appreciation of life as a result, is emphasized by the constant connection of characters to memories and to simple ideas and things. Clarissa even feels that her job (throwing her parties) is to offer "the gift" of connectedness to the inhabitants of London. Woolf's writing style crosses the boundaries of the past, present and future, emphasizing her idea of time as a constant flow, connected only by some force (or divinity) within each person. An evident contrast can be found between the constant passing of time—symbolized by Big Ben—and the seemingly random crossings of time-lines in Woolf's writing. Yet, although these crossings seem random, they only demonstrate the infinite possibilities that the world can offer once it is interconnected by the individual character of each person.

Mental illness
Septimus, as the shell-shocked war hero, operates as a pointed criticism of the treatment of mental illness and depression. Woolf criticises medical discourse through Septimus' decline and suicide; his doctors make snap judgments about his condition, talk to him mainly through his wife, and dismiss his urgent confessions before he can make them. Rezia remarks that Septimus "was not ill. Dr Holmes said there was nothing the matter with him."

Woolf goes beyond commenting on the treatment of mental illness. Using the characters of Clarissa and Rezia, she makes the argument that people can only interpret Septimus' shell shock according to their cultural norms. Throughout the course of the novel Clarissa does not meet Septimus. Clarissa's reality is vastly different from that of Septimus; his presence in London is unknown to Clarissa until his death becomes the subject of idle chatter at her party. By never having these characters meet, Woolf is suggesting that mental illness can be contained to the individuals who suffer from it without others, who remain unaffected, ever having to witness it. This allows Woolf to weave her criticism of the treatment of the mentally ill with her larger argument, which is the criticism of society's class structure. Her use of Septimus as the stereotypically traumatised veteran is her way of showing that there were still reminders of the First World War in London in 1923. These ripples affect Mrs. Dalloway and readers spanning generations. Shell shock, or post traumatic stress disorder, is an important addition to the early 20th century canon of post-war British literature.

There are similarities in Septimus' condition to Woolf's struggles with bipolar disorder. Both hallucinate that birds sing in Greek, and Woolf once attempted to throw herself out of a window as Septimus does. Woolf had also been treated for her condition at various asylums, from which her antipathy towards doctors developed. Woolf committed suicide by drowning, sixteen years after the publication of Mrs Dalloway.

Woolf's original plan for her novel called for Clarissa to kill herself during her party. In this original version, Septimus (whom Woolf called Mrs. Dalloway's "double") did not appear at all.

Existential issues
When Peter Walsh sees a girl on the street and stalks her for half an hour, he notes that his relationship to the girl was "made up, as one makes up the better part of life."  By focusing on characters' thoughts and perceptions, Woolf emphasizes the significance of private thoughts on existential crisis rather than concrete events in a person's life. Most of the plot in Mrs Dalloway consists of realizations that the characters subjectively make.

Clarissa Dalloway is depicted as a woman who appreciates life. Her love of party-throwing comes from a desire to bring people together and create happy moments. Her charm, according to Peter Walsh, who loves her, is a sense of joie de vivre, always summarized by the sentence: "There she was."  She interprets Septimus Smith's death as an act of embracing life and her mood remains light, even though she hears about it in the midst of the party.

Feminism
As a commentary on inter-war society, Clarissa's character highlights the role of women as the proverbial "Angel in the House" and embodies sexual and economic repression and the narcissism of bourgeois women who have never known the hunger and insecurity of working women. She keeps up with and even embraces the social expectations of the wife of a patrician politician, but she is still able to express herself and find distinction in the parties she throws.

Her old friend Sally Seton, whom Clarissa admires dearly, is remembered as a great independent woman – she smoked cigars, once ran down a corridor naked to fetch her sponge-bag, and made bold, unladylike statements to get a reaction from people. When Clarissa meets her in the present day, Sally turns out to be a perfect housewife, having accepted her lot as a rich woman ("Yes, I have ten thousand a year"-whether before the tax was paid, or after, she couldn't remember...), married, and given birth to five sons.

Homosexuality
Clarissa Dalloway feels a strong friendship bond to Sally Seton at Bourton. Thirty-four years later, Clarissa still considers the kiss they shared to be the happiest moment of her life.  She feels about Sally "as men feel," but she does not regard these feelings as signs of same-sex attraction, rather as a very strong friendship.

Similarly, Septimus is haunted by the image of his dear friend Evans. Evans, his commanding officer, is described as being "undemonstrative in the company of women." The narrator describes Septimus and Evans behaving together like "two dogs playing on a hearth-rug" who, inseparable, "had to be together, share with each other, fight with each other, quarrel with each other...." Jean E. Kennard notes that the word "share" could easily be read in a Forsteran manner, perhaps as in Forster's Maurice. Kennard is one to note Septimus' "increasing revulsion at the idea of heterosexual sex," abstaining from sex with Rezia and feeling that "the business of copulation was filth to him before the end."

Adaptations

Dutch film director Marleen Gorris made a film version of Mrs Dalloway in 1997. It was adapted from Woolf's novel by British actress Eileen Atkins and starred Vanessa Redgrave and Natascha McElhone in the title role. The cast included Lena Headey, Rupert Graves, Michael Kitchen, Alan Cox, Sarah Badel, and Katie Carr.

{{Main|The Hours (novel)|l1=The Hours (novel)|The Hours (film)|l2=The Hours (film)|The Hours (opera)|l3=The Hours (opera)}}
A related 2002 film, The Hours depicts a single day in the lives of three women across generations affected by Mrs Dalloway: Woolf writing it in 1923, a Los Angeles housewife reading it in 1951, and a New York literary editor living it in 2001. Adapted from the novel of the same name by Michael Cunningham, the cast features Nicole Kidman as Virginia Woolf, Julianne Moore as housewife Laura, and Meryl Streep as editor Clarissa. Cunningham titled his novel The Hours after Woolf's working title for Mrs Dalloway. A 2022 opera with music by Kevin Puts and libretto by Greg Pierce was based on Cunningham's novel and the film.

Other appearances
Mrs Dalloway also appears in Virginia Woolf's first novel, The Voyage Out, as well as five of her short stories, in which she hosts dinner parties to which the main subject of the narrative is invited:

 "The New Dress": a self-conscious guest has a new dress made for the event
 "The Introduction": whose main character is Lily Everit
 "Together and Apart": Mrs Dalloway introduces the main protagonists
 "The Man Who Loved His Kind": Mrs Dalloway's husband, Richard, invites a school friend, who finds the evening uncomfortable in the extreme
 "A Summing Up": a couple meet in her garden

The stories (except for "The Introduction") all appear in the 1944 collection A Haunted House and Other Short Stories, and in the 1973 collection Mrs Dalloway's Party''.

References

External links

 Mrs. Dalloway at SparkNotes
 Mrs. Dalloway at the British Library

 Character in Fiction

1925 British novels
1920s LGBT novels
Books with atheism-related themes
British novels adapted into films
Hogarth Press books
Modernist novels
Novels by Virginia Woolf
Novels set in London
Dalloway, Clarissa
Dalloway, Clarissa
Novels set in one day
British LGBT novels
Novels about post-traumatic stress disorder
Novels about suicide
Asexuality
Stream of consciousness novels

Mrs Dalloway


James Douglas "Jim" Morrison (December 8, 1943 – Julie 3, 1971) wis an American sangster, sangwriter, an poet, best remembered as the lead sangster o the Doors. Due tae his lyrics, wild personality, performances, an the dramatic circumstances surroondin his life an daith, Morrison is regairdit bi creetics an fans as ane o the maist iconic an influential frontmen in rock muisic history.

References

1943 births
1971 daiths
Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inductees
Fowk frae Alexandria, Virginie
20t-century American male actors
20t-century American sangsters
20t-century American poets
American baritones
American expatriates in Fraunce
American male film actors
American male sangster-sangwriters
American fowk o Inglis strynd
American fowk o Erse strynd
American fowk o Scots strynd
American rock sangsters
American rock sangwriters
American male sangwriters
Coontercultur o the 1960s
Florida State Varsity alumni
Militar brats
Obscenity controversies in muisic
Fowk frae Melbourne, Florida
Fowk frae Topanga, Californie
Psychedelic drog advocates
Recipients o American gubernatorial pairdons
Sangsters frae Florida
Sangwriters frae Florida
The Doors members
UCLA Film School alumni
Buirials at Père Lachaise Seemetry
Daiths in Fraunce
Daith conspiracy theories

Jim Morrison


In economics, a cartel is a group of formerly independent companies who overtly agree to work together. The objectives of cartels are to increase their profits or to stabilize market sales. They do this by fixing the price of goods, by limiting market supply or by other means. Monopolies are not cartels, because in a monopoly there is only one independent company. Cartels are bad for the economy in general and for their customers who are overcharged. Cartels usually occur in oligopolies, where there are a small number of players that control the majority of supply in a market.

Besides the sellers' cartel just described, buyers may also form cartels to suppress the price of a purchased input. Another type of cartel is the bidding ring. In bid rigging potential suppliers form an agreement as to which of them will win a supply contract at a price above the competitive price and, if one of them wins, then agree to a rule for sharing the extra profits among themselves. Bid rigging is most common among construction firms trying to get a government building project.

Overview
People of the same trade seldom meet together, even for merriment and diversion, but the conversation ends in a conspiracy against the public, or in some contrivance to raise prices.
Adam Smith, The Wealth of Nations, 1776

A survey was done of hundreds of published economic studies and legal decisions of antitrust authorities. It found that the median price increase achieved by cartels in the last 200 years is 25%. Private international cartels (those with participants from two or more nations) had an average price increase of 28%. Domestic cartels averaged 18%. Less than 10% of all cartels in the sample failed to raise market prices.

In general, cartel agreements are difficult to negotiate because potential members typically have different ideal collusive prices. Once formed, cartels tend to be economically unstable, primarily because there is a profit incentive for members to cheat by selling at below the agreed price or selling more than the production quotas set by the cartel (see also game theory). Cheating on prices is difficult for cartel members to observe, so more successful cartels often agree to fix their market quotas, share verifiable information about those shares, and agree in advance on some mechanism to punish members that exceed their quotas. This has caused many cartels that attempt to set product prices to be unsuccessful in the long term. Empirical studies of 20th century cartels have determined that the mean duration of discovered cartels is from 5 to 8 years. However, once a cartel is broken, the incentives to form the cartel return and the cartel may be re-formed. Publicly-known cartels that do not follow this cycle include the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC).

Price fixing is often practiced internationally. When the agreement to control price is sanctioned by a multilateral treaty or protected by national sovereignty, no antitrust actions may be initiated. Examples of such price fixing include oil whose price is partly controlled by the supply by OPEC countries. Also international airline tickets have prices fixed by agreement with the IATA, a practice for which there is a specific exception in antitrust law.

International price fixing by private entities can be prosecuted under the antitrust laws of more than 100 countries. Examples of prosecuted international cartels are lysine, citric acid, graphite electrodes and bulk vitamins.

Other websites
 International Cartel History Site
The Food and Global Agricultural Cartels of the 1990s
Price-Fixing Overcharges

References
John M. Connor, Global Price Fixing: 2nd edition: Studies in Industrial Organization No. 24. Heidelberg: Springer (2007).
Stocking, George W. and Myron W. Watkins. Cartels in Action. New York: Twentieth Century Fund (1946).
Levenstein, Margaret C. and Valerie Y. Suslow. What Determines Cartel Success? Journal of Economic Literature 64 (March 2006): 43-95.
Market failure

Cartel


మొగ్గ (Bud) పత్రాలకు, పుష్పాలకు పూర్వ రూపం.

మొగ్గలలో రకాలు
Buds are often useful in the identification of plants, specially for woody plants in winter when leaves have fallen. Buds may be classified and described according to different criteria : location, status, morphology, function.
Botanists commonly use the following terms :

 for location,
 terminal, when located at the tip of a stem (apical is equivalent but rather reserved for the one at the top of the plant),
 axillary, when located in the axil of a leaf (lateral is equivalent but some adventitious buds may be lateral too),
 adventitious, when occurring elsewhere, for example on trunk or on roots (some adventitious buds may be former axillary ones reduced and hidden under the bark, other adventitious buds are completely new formed ones),

 for status,
 accessory, for secondary buds formed besides a principal bud (axillary or terminal),
 dormant, for buds whose growth has been delayed for a rather long time (the term is usable for buds resting during winter or dry season, but is rather employed for buds waiting undeveloped for years),
 pseudoterminal, for an axillary bud taking over the function of a terminal bud (characteristic of species whose growth is sympodial : terminal bud dies and is replaced by the closer axillary bud, for examples beech, persimmon, Platanus have sympodial growth),

 for morphology,
 scaly or covered, when scales (which are in fact transformed and reduced leaves) cover and protect the embryonic parts,
 naked, when not covered by scales,
 hairy, when also protected by hairs (it may apply either to scaly or to naked buds),

 for function,
 vegetative, if only containing vegetative pieces : embryonic shoot with leaves (a leaf bud is the same),
 reproductive, if containing embryonic flower(s) (a flower bud is the same),
 mixed, if containing both embryonic leaves and flowers.

మూలాలు

వృక్ష శాస్త్రము

మొగ్గ


The Mariana Islands (also the Marianas; up to the early 20th century sometimes called Islas de los Ladrones meaning "Islands of Thieves") are a group of islands made up by the summits of 15 volcanic mountains in the western Pacific Ocean.

They are the southern part of a seamount range that goes on for 1,565 miles (2,519 km) from Guam to near Japan. The Marianas are the northernmost islands of a larger island group called Micronesia. The Marianas have a total land area of 396 square miles (1026 km²) and are composed of two administrative units:
Guam is a US territory
the Northern Mariana Islands (including the islands of Saipan, Tinian and Rota) comprise a Commonwealth of the United States .

The first European to discover the island group was Ferdinand Magellan in 1521. In 1667 Spain formally claimed them, and named them after Spanish queen consort and later regent Mariana of Austria.

Islands of Oceania
Island insular areas of the United States
Micronesia
Archipelagos

Mariana Islands


The Ladies' Home Journal is an American women's magazine that is published through Meredith Corporation. The magazine first appeared in February 1883, and went on to eventually become one of the leading women's magazines in the United States during the 20th century. LHJ hit 1 million subscribers around 1907. It went quarterly in 2014.

American women's magazines
Monthly magazines
Fashion magazines

Ladies' Home Journal


Karl Muck, (his first name is sometimes spelt Carl, his surname rhymes with "book") (born Darmstadt,  22 October 1859; died Stuttgart,  4 March 1940) was a German conductor.  He was one of the greatest conductors of his day, especially famous for his conducting of operas by Richard Wagner.

Early life
Karl Muck's father was a Bavarian politician and amateur musician.  After his school years he studied music at the Conservatory in Würzburg.  He also studied classical philology at the University of Heidelberg.  In 1877 he continued his music studies in Leipzig, learning the piano with Carl Reinecke.  His first public performance was in 1880, the year in which he graduated with a doctorate, playing the piano in the Piano Concerto by Xaver Scharwenka at the Leipzig Gewandhaus.

Career
Soon he spent all his time conducting operas.  He conducted in Zürich, Salzburg, Brno and Graz, and got a conductor's job in Prague and later in Berlin.  He conducted the operas of Wagner's Ring Cycle with great success as well as many performances of Parsifal. In 1912 he became the conductor of the Boston Symphony Orchestra, and from 1922 until he retired in 1933 he conducted the Hamburg Philharmonic Orchestra.

Muck was one of the first conductors to be internationally famous for travelling about conducting orchestras in many parts of the world.  He was a strict conductor who thought it was very important that the players should do exactly what the composer asks for in the score.

He was imprisoned in the United States during World War I, because of his support for Germany and because he refused to conduct the Star Spangled Banner.  After the war he was sent away and not allowed to return to America.  After his death a square in Hamburg was named after him, although in 1997 it was renamed "Johannes Brahms Square" because Muck had praised Adolf Hitler.

References

1859 births
1940 deaths
German conductors
People from Darmstadt

Karl Muck


Dina statistik, rankits titik data tina susunan data nu ngandung jejer skalar sederhana nyaéta nilai ekspektasi tina order statistik dina standar  sebaran normal corresponding to data points in a manner determined by the order in which the data points appéar.

This is perhaps most réadily understood by méans of an example.  If an i.i.d. sample of six items is taken from a kasebar normal population with nilai ekspektasi 0 and varian 1 and then sorted into incréasing order, the expected values of the resulting order statistics are:

Suppose the numbers in a data set are

 65,  75,  16,  22,  43,  40.

The corresponding ranks are

 5,  6,  1,  2,  4,  3,

i.e., the number appéaring first is the 5th-smallest, the number appéaring second is 6th-smallest, the number appéaring third is smallest, the number appéaring fourth is 2nd-smallest, etc.  One réarranges the expected normal order statistics accordingly, getting the rankits of this data set:

A graph ploting the rankits on the horizontal axis and the data points on the vertical axis is a rankit plot or normal probability plot.  Such a plot is necessarily nondecréasing.  In large samples from a normally distributed population, such a plot will approximate a straight line.  Substantial deviations from straightness are considered evidence against normality of the distribution.

The word rankit was introduced by the statistician Chester Bliss (not to be confused with the politician Chester Bliss Bowles).

Statistika

Rankit


The AIM-7 Sparrow (Air Intercept Missile) is an American medium-range semi-active radar homing air-to-air missile operated by the United States Air Force, United States Navy, United States Marine Corps, and various other air forces and navies. Sparrow and its derivatives were the West's principal beyond visual range (BVR) air-to-air missile from the late 1950s until the 1990s. It remains in service, although it is being phased out in aviation applications in favor of the more advanced AIM-120 AMRAAM.

The early Sparrow was intended primarily for use against larger targets, especially bombers, and had numerous operational limitations in other uses. Against smaller targets, the need to receive a strong reflected radar signal made it difficult to achieve lock-on at the missile's effective range. As the launching aircraft's own radar needed to be pointed at the target throughout the engagement, this meant that in fighter-vs-fighter combat the enemy fighter would often approach within the range of shorter-range infrared homing missiles while the launching aircraft had to continue flying towards its target. Additionally, early models were only effective against targets at roughly the same or higher altitudes, below which reflections from the ground became a problem.

A number of upgraded Sparrow designs were developed to address these issues. In the early 1970s, the RAF developed the Skyflash version with an inverse monopulse seeker and improved motor, while the Italian Air Force introduced the similar Aspide. Both could be fired at targets below the launching fighter ("look-down, shoot down"), were more resistant to countermeasures, and were much more accurate in the terminal phase. This basic concept then became part of the US Sparrows in the M model (for monopulse) and some of these were later updated as the P model, the last to be produced in the US. Aspides sold to China resulted in the locally produced PL-11. The Japan Self-Defense Forces also employ the Sparrow missile, though it is being phased out and replaced by the Mitsubishi AAM-4.

The Sparrow was also used as the basis for a surface-to-air missile, the RIM-7 Sea Sparrow, used by a number of navies for air defense. Fired at low altitude and flying directly at its target, though, the range of the missile in this role is greatly reduced because of the higher air density of the lower atmosphere. With the retirement of the Sparrow in the air-to-air role, a new version of the Sea Sparrow was produced to address this concern, producing the larger and more capable RIM-162 ESSM.

Development

Sparrow I

The Sparrow emerged from a late-1940s United States Navy program to develop a guided rocket weapon for air-to-air use. In 1947 the Navy contracted Sperry to build a beam-riding version of a standard  HVAR, the standard unguided aerial rocket, under  Project Hotshot. The weapon was initially dubbed KAS-1, then AAM-2, and — from 1948 on — AAM-N-2. The airframe was developed by the Douglas Aircraft Company. The diameter of the HVAR proved to be inadequate for the electronics, leading Douglas to expand the missile's airframe to  diameter. The prototype weapon began unpowered flight tests in 1947, and made its first aerial interception in 1952.

After a protracted development cycle the initial AAM-N-2 Sparrow entered limited operational service in 1954 with specially modified Douglas F3D Skyknight all-weather carrier night fighters. In 1956, they were joined by the McDonnell F3H-2M Demon and Vought F7U Cutlass fighter aircraft. Compared to the modern versions, the Sparrow I was more streamlined and featured a bullet-shaped airframe with a long pointed nose.

Sparrow I was a limited and rather primitive weapon. The limitations of beam-riding guidance (which was slaved to an optical sight on single-seater fighters and to radar on night fighters) restricted the missile to attacks against targets flying a straight course and made it essentially useless against a maneuvering target. Only about 2,000 rounds were produced to this standard.

Sparrow II

As early as 1950 Douglas examined equipping the Sparrow with an active radar seeker, initially known as XAAM-N-2a Sparrow II, the original retroactively becoming Sparrow I. In 1952 it was given the new code AAM-N-3. The active radar made the Sparrow II a "fire and forget" weapon, allowing several to be fired at separate targets at the same time.

By 1955 Douglas proposed going ahead with development, intending it to be the primary weapon for the F5D Skylancer interceptor. It was later selected, with some controversy, to be the primary weapon for the Canadian Avro Arrow supersonic interceptor, along with the new Astra fire-control system. For Canadian use and as a second source for US missiles, Canadair was selected to build the missiles in Quebec.

The small size of the missile forebody and the K-band AN/APQ-64-radar limited performance, and it was never able to work in testing. After considerable development and test firings in the U.S. and Canada, Douglas abandoned development in 1956. Canadair continued development until the Arrow was cancelled in 1959.

Sparrow X
A subvariant of the Sparrow I armed with the same nuclear warhead as the MB-1 Genie was proposed in 1958 but was cancelled shortly thereafter.

Sparrow III

Concurrently with the development of the Sparrow I, in 1951 Raytheon began work on a semi-active radar-homing version, the AAM-N-6 Sparrow III. The first of these weapons entered United States Navy service in 1958.

The AAM-N-6a was similar to the -6, but used a new Thiokol liquid-fuel rocket engine for improved performance. It also included changes to the guidance electronics to make it effective at higher closing speeds. The -6a was also selected to arm the Air Force's F-110A Spectre (F-4 Phantom) fighters in 1962, known to them as the AIM-101. It entered production in 1959, with 7500 being built.

With a reversion to a Rocketdyne solid-fuel motor, the AAM-N-6b started production in 1963. The new motor significantly increased the maximum range to  for head-on attacks.

During this year the Air Force and Navy agreed on standardized naming conventions for their missiles. The Sparrows became the AIM-7 series. The original Sparrow I and aborted Sparrow II became the AIM-7A and AIM-7B, despite both being out of service. The -6, -6a, and -6b became the AIM-7C, AIM-7D, and AIM-7E respectively.

25,000 AIM-7Es were produced and saw extensive use during the Vietnam War, where its performance was considered disappointing. The mixed results were a combination of reliability problems (exacerbated by the tropical climate), limited pilot training in fighter-to-fighter combat, and restrictive rules of engagement that generally prohibited BVR (beyond visual range) engagements. The Pk (kill probability) of the AIM-7E was less than 10%; US fighter pilots shot down 59 aircraft out of the 612 Sparrows fired. Of the 612 AIM-7D/E/E-2 missiles fired, 97 (or 15.8%) hit their targets, resulting in 56 (or 9.2%) kills. Two kills were obtained beyond visual range.

In 1969 an improved version, the E-2, was introduced with clipped wings and various changes to the fuzing. Considered a "dogfight Sparrow", the AIM-7E-2 was intended to be used at shorter ranges where the missile was still travelling at high speeds, and in the head-on aspect, making it much more useful in the visual limitations imposed on the engagements. Even so, its kill rate was only 13% in combat, leading to a practice of ripple-firing all four at once in hopes of increasing kill probability. Its worst tendency was to detonate prematurely about 1,000 feet ahead of the launching aircraft, but it also had many motor failures, erratic flights, and fuzing problems. An E-3 version included additional changes to the fuzing, and the E-4 featured a modified seeker for use with the F-14 Tomcat.

Vietnam War (1965–1973) records

Post Vietnam
Improved versions of the AIM-7 were developed in the 1970s in an attempt to address the weapon's limitations. The AIM-7F, which entered service in 1976, had a dual-stage rocket motor for longer range, solid-state electronics for greatly improved reliability, and a larger warhead. Even this version had room for improvement, leading British Aerospace and the Italian firm Alenia to develop advanced versions of Sparrow with better performance and improved electronics as the BAe Skyflash and Alenia Aspide, respectively.

The most common version of the Sparrow today, the AIM-7M, entered service in 1982 and featured a new inverse monopulse seeker (matching the capabilities of Skyflash), active radar proximity fuse, digital controls, improved ECM resistance, and better low-altitude performance. It was used to good advantage in the 1991 Gulf War, where it scored many USAF air-to-air kills. Of 44 missiles fired, 30 (68.2%) hit their intended targets resulting in 24/26 (54.5%/59.1%) kills. 19 kills were obtained beyond visual range.

The AIM-7P is similar in most ways to the M versions, and was primarily an upgrade for existing M-series missiles. Changes were mainly to the software, improving low-level performance. A follow-on Block II upgrade added a new rear receiver allowing the missile to receive mid-course correction from the launching aircraft. Plans initially called for all M versions to be upgraded, but currently P's are being issued as required to replace M's lost or removed from the inventory.

The final version of the missile was to have been the AIM-7R, which added an infrared homing seeker to an otherwise unchanged AIM-7P Block II. A general wind-down of the budget led to it being cancelled in 1997.

The Sparrow is now being phased out with the availability of the active-radar AIM-120 AMRAAM, but is likely to remain in service for several years.

Variants

Foreign versions

Canada

As part of the Avro Canada CF-105 Arrow program, Canadair (now Bombardier) partnered with Douglas Aircraft Company in the development of the Sparrow II (AAM-N-3/AIM-7B).  After Douglas dropped out of this program, Canadair continued on with it until the termination of the Arrow project.

The AAM-N-3 Sparrow II was unique in that it had a fully active radar guidance system. This combined both a radar transmitter and receiver in the missile, making it unnecessary for the pilot to keep the aircraft aimed at the target after firing the missile, unlike Semi-active radar homing (SARH) missiles which require continuous radar-assisted guidance throughout flight. This allowed the aircraft that fired the AAM-N-3 to turn away, prosecute other targets, and/or escape from potential retaliatory missiles fired by the enemy aircraft during the time it took for the Sparrow to reach its target. Despite the significant advantages of this design over SARH guidance, all subsequent models of the Sparrow use semi-active radar homing.

To accommodate the active radar guidance system, the AAM-N-3 Sparrow II had a much greater volume than its predecessor. Its size would subsequently set the precedent for all future Sparrow variants.

In 1959, Canadair had completed five missiles based on airframes from Douglas, and built two models from scratch, when the program was cancelled with the cancellation of the Arrow.

Italy

The Italian company Finmeccanica (now Leonardo S.p.A.), Alenia Difesa licensed the AIM-7E Sparrow technology from the US, and produced its own version.
Later in the 1980s, Alenia started to produce an improved version of the AIM-7 called the Aspide. Compared to the AIM-7E, it received an improved new monopulse guidance system that allowed for a better hit ratio and easier targeting of enemies at low altitude with ground-clutter confusion.
It also received a new and more powerful engine and new control surfaces. These control surfaces were each independent of the others, giving the missile greatly improved maneuverability over the AIM-7E and the English Skyflash that still used dependent control surfaces.

People's Republic of China

The PL-11 and HQ-6 is a family of Chinese missiles developed by the Shanghai Academy of Science and Technology, largely based on the Italian Aspide version of the Sparrow missile.

Soviet Union
The Soviet Union acquired an AIM-7 in 1968 and a Vympel team started copying it as the K-25. The missile did not enter production as the R-23 was thought to have better versatility, range, signal processing logic, and immunity to interference. K-25 work ended in 1971, but analysis of the Sparrow was later used to inform the design of the Vympel R-27, particularly the servomechanisms and movable wings.

UK

British Aerospace (BAe) licensed the AIM-7E2 technology in the 1970s, producing the Skyflash missile. Skyflash used a Marconi XJ521 monopulse seeker together with improvements to the electronics. It was powered by the Aerojet Mk52 mod 2 rocket engine (later by the Rocketdyne Mk38 mod 4). Skyflash entered service with the Royal Air Force (RAF) on their Phantom FG.1/FGR.2 in 1978, and later on the Tornado F3. Skyflash was also exported to Sweden for use on their Viggen fighters.

An upgraded version with active radar seeker, called Active Sky Flash, was proposed by BAe and Thomson-CSF, but did not receive funding because the RAF opted for other missiles.

Design
The Sparrow has four major sections: guidance section, warhead, control, and rocket motor (currently the Hercules MK-58 solid-propellant rocket motor). It has a cylindrical body with four wings at mid-body and four tail fins. Although the external dimensions of the Sparrow remained relatively unchanged from model to model, the internal components of newer missiles represent major improvements, with vastly increased capabilities. The warhead is of the continuous-rod type.

As with other semi-active radar guided missiles, the missile does not generate radar signals, but instead homes in on reflected continuous-wave signals from the launch platform's radar. The receiver also senses the guidance radar to enable comparisons that enhance the missile's resistance to passive jamming.

Principle of guidance

The launching aircraft illuminates the target with its radar. In 1950s radars, these were single-target tracking devices using a nutating horn as part of the antenna, thereby sweeping the beam in a small cone. Signal processing is applied to determine the direction of maximum illumination, thereby developing a signal to steer the antenna toward the target. The missile detects the reflected signal from the target with a high-gain antenna in a similar fashion and steers the entire missile toward closure with the target. The missile guidance also samples a portion of the illuminating signal via rearward-pointing waveguides. The comparison of these two signals enabled logic circuits to determine the true target reflection signal, even if the target were to eject radar-reflecting chaff.

Operators

See also
 List of missiles
 1963 United States Tri-Service rocket and guided missile designation system

Comparable Missiles
 AIM-54 Phoenix
 R-27
 Super 530

Notes

References

Footnotes

Bibliography

 McCarthy Jr., Donald J. MiG Killers, A Chronology of U.S. Air Victories in Vietnam 1965-1973. 2009; Specialty Press, USA.  .

External links

 Aero Arrow Recovery Canada
 Designation-Systems.Net

AIM-7
Military equipment introduced in the 1950s
Raytheon Company products

AIM-7 Sparrow


"Human Nature" is a song by the American singer-songwriter Michael Jackson. It was written by Steve Porcaro and John Bettis. It was the fifth song from his sixth solo record Thriller. "Human Nature" was released on July 3, 1983. It was a moderate hit in America and other countries. This song has been covered, performed and sampled by other musicians.

1983 songs
Pop songs
Michael Jackson songs

Human Nature (Michael Jackson song)


Ansaldo was one of Italy's oldest and most important engineering companies, existing for 140 years from 1853 to 1993.

History

19th century foundation

The company was founded in 1853 as Gio. Ansaldo & C. S.A.S. by renowned players in the Genoese business world, such as Giovanni Ansaldo, Raffaele Rubattino, Giacomo Filippo Penco and Carlo Bombrini. Until the end of the 19th century, the company focused on manufacturing and repairing railway components, quickly becoming a 10,000-worker company with seven factories, and starting to expand into sectors such as shipbuilding and mechanical works in general.

20th century expansion and dissolution

In 1904, Ansaldo was bought by Ferdinando Maria Perrone who, along with his sons Mario and Pio, bound the name of the Perrone family to the history of the company. Over the next twenty years, he aimed at making Ansaldo fully independent both in the ironworks and weapon-making areas, thanks to strong vertical integration. The onset of World War I was of obvious potential benefit to the company, though Italy was initially neutral. Ansaldo advocated for Italian entry into the war, both directly and by funding political groups that supported the war, such as Benito Mussolini's proto-Fascist movement.

The efforts paid off when Italy entered the war. In 1914 the company was worth 30 million lire, but its market value grew to 500 million in 1918. When the company issued shares in the summer of 1918 worth 400 million lire Ansaldo employed 80,000 workers, had dozens of factories and controlled companies such as A. Cerpelli & C., Banca industriale Italiana, Cantieri Officine Savoia, Dynamit Nobel, Gio.Fossati & C., Lloyd Italico, Nazionale di Navigazione, Pomilio, Società Idroelettrica Negri, and Transatlantica Italiana.

Following a financial crisis with its largest creditor, Banca Italiana di Sconto, and problems in reconverting factories after the end of World War I, the Perrone family abandoned the company in 1921, and the Banca d'Italia led a consortium to save it from bankruptcy.  Company strategies were drastically sized down, and during the 1920s, even though electro-mechanical productions grew significantly, Ansaldo found itself in such dire difficulties that it finally entered the control of the Istituto per la Ricostruzione Industriale (IRI), under which the company found new life and growth, partly thanks to the new war effort during fascism.  The main figure in this rebirth, the engineer Agostino Rocca, reconfigured the structure and organisation of the company during his tenure as chief executive officer from 1935 to the end of World War II.  War contracts indeed led to a significant growth: Ansaldo had 22,000 employees in 1939, and 35,000 in 1943.

After the end of World War II, conversion to peacetime production again caused problems for the company. In 1948, IRI entrusted the company to Finmeccanica, which operated several reorganisation measures during the 1950s and 1960s, such as the relinquishing of all shipbuilding activities to Italcantieri of Trieste in 1966. From that year, Finmeccanica further engaged Ansaldo within its activities, and in 1980 they formed Italy's largest thermo-electric group. In 1993, Ansaldo ceased to exist as an independent entity, having been completely absorbed by Finmeccanica.

Aftermath in the 21st century
Some companies controlled by Leonardo S.p.A. still bear the Ansaldo family name:
 Ansaldo Energia, involved in building electric power plants, based in Genoa.
 Ansaldo Caldaie, involved in building fired Steam Generators. Sofinter Group (Private Company located in Gallarate, Italy).
 Ansaldo Ricerche, involved in nuclear fusion technology, founded in 1987 by merging various research and development departments of Ansaldo and Nucleare Italiana Reattori Avanzati; it takes part in the international ITER project.
 Ansaldo Fuel Cells, founded in 1993 as a spin-off of the former, devoted to fuel cells.
 Ansaldo Nucleare, founded in 1989 by merging Ansaldo Meccanico Nucleare and Nucleare Italiana Reattori Avanzati; in 1999, it was absorbed by Ansaldo Energia, but in 2005 it was re-founded as a separate company, although 100%-controlled by Ansaldo Energia.
 Nidec ASI (formerly Ansaldo Industrial Systems). Former Finmeccanica Company, sold to the Japanese Nidec Group, in 2012 Nidec acquired Ansaldo Sistemi Industriali SpA. and becomes Nidec ASI S.p.A. Nidec ASI is a manufacturer of electric motors, their products are found in electrical engineering, electric motors and generators, control systems and automation for industrial applications. Nidec ASI is headquartered in Milan and has different subsidiaries in Italy in Genoa, Montebello Vicentino, Monfalcone and abroad in China, France, Germany, Romania, Russia, Japan and Singapore.

Products

Aircraft production

Ansaldo Baby (1915) single seat biplane reconnaissance floatplane, a British Sopwith Baby built under licence with minor changes
Ansaldo A.1 Balilla (1917) Single-engine one-seat biplane fighter aircraft
Ansaldo SVA.1 (1917) Single-engine one-seat biplane utility aircraft
SVA.2 Production version of SVA.1
SVA.3 Fast-climbing interceptor version of SVA.2
SVA.4 Production version of SVA.2 equipped for reconnaissance
SVA.5 Production version of SVA.2
SVA.6 Prototype bomber version of SVA.2
SVA.8 Single prototype (purpose unknown)
SVA.9 Two-seat unarmed reconnaissance version with larger wings
SVA.10 Armed version of SVA.9
Ansaldo A.120 Parasol reconnaissance fighter
Ansaldo A.300 (1919) Single-engine two-seat biplane utility aircraft.  Three-seat versions were also built for reconnaissance use.
Ansaldo AC.1 () designation for imported French Dewoitine D.1 single-engine two-seat parasol-wing fighter
Ansaldo AC.2 (1922) licence-built French Dewoitine D.1
Ansaldo AC.3 (1924) licence-built French Dewoitine D.9 (a development of the D.1)
Ansaldo AC.4 (1927) AC.2 with 420 hp (313.2 kW) FIAT A.20 engine.

Ships

, cruiser built for the Regia Marina, 1899
, battleship built for the Regia Marina, 1911
, built for the Navigazione Generale Italiana, 1926
, cruiser built for the Regia Marina, 1930
, cruiser built for the Regia Marina, 1930
, cruiser built for the Regia Marina, 1930
, built for the Italian Line, 1931
, cruiser built for the Regia Marina, 1934
, cruiser built for the Regia Marina, 1935
, battleship built for the Regia Marina, 1937
, aircraft carrier built for the Regia Marina, 1941
, Ansaldo Shipyards of Genoa, 1951
, built for the Italian Line, 1960
, built for the Italian Line, 1965

Armored vehicles

 Ansaldo Armored Car (1925)
  Fiat-Ansaldo CV-33 (1935 )
 L3/35
 Autoblindo Fiat-Ansaldo
 L6/40 tank (designed by Ansaldo, manufactured by Fiat, 1940- )
 M13/40 tank
 M14/41 tank
 M15/42 tank
 P26/40 tank

Rolling stock

Locomotives
 D.341
 D.345
 E.424
 D.443
 E.402
 E.428
 E.491
 E.492
 E.636
 E.656

See also

 Finmeccanica
 Ansaldo Energia
 Ansaldo STS
 AnsaldoBreda

References

External links
 Fondazione Ansaldo —, devoted to documenting Ansaldo in Italian industrial history.
 Stedo.it:  Gio. Ansaldo & C. history—
 Official Leonardo website
 - Ansaldo Energia website
 - Ansaldo Ricerche website
 - Ansaldo Fuel Cells website
 - Ansaldo Nucleare website
 - Ansaldobreda website
 - Ansaldo Boiler website
 - Sofinter Group website

Defence companies of Italy
Defunct manufacturing companies of Italy
Ansaldo
Engineering companies of Italy
Shipbuilding companies of Italy
Conglomerate companies of Italy
Multinational companies headquartered in Italy
Design companies established in 1853
Manufacturing companies established in 1853
Non-renewable resource companies established in 1853
Manufacturing companies disestablished in 1993
Non-renewable resource companies disestablished in 1993
1853 establishments in the Kingdom of Sardinia
1993 establishments in Italy
AnsaldoBreda
Italian brands
Sampierdarena

Gio. Ansaldo & C.