Edward Ellsberg, OBE (November 21, 1891 – January 24, 1983) was an officer in the United States Navy and a popular author. He was widely known as "Commander Ellsberg".

Early years
Ellsberg was born in New Haven, Connecticut, and grew up in Colorado. He was one of the very few Jews who were accepted into the United States Naval Academy, which graduated him with a Bachelor of Science degree in 1914. He earned his Master of Science degree from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1920. He received an honorary Eng.D. from  University of Colorado at Boulder in  1929.

First service with the U.S. Navy
Ellsberg was commissioned in the navy in 1914 and served on active duty until 1926. He became an expert in undersea salvage and rescue. In 1926, he raised the navy submarine, S-51. For that success he was promoted to the rank of commander by an Act of Congress and awarded the Distinguished Service Medal by the Navy Department, since which time he has been popularly known as "Commander Ellsberg", regardless of his rank. Ellsberg described the raising of the S-51 in his 1929 book, On the Bottom.

On June 1, 1918, Ellsberg married Lucy Buck. In letters to her he signed his name as "Ned". Lucy Ellsberg bore their daughter Mary on  29 August 1921.

Return to civilian status

After leaving active duty, Ellsberg worked for the Tide Water Oil Company and began writing books about his exploits and about historical events.

In December 1927, Ellsberg volunteered for active duty to rescue survivors trapped in the sunken submarine S-4. The rescue efforts failed and Ellsberg returned home in early January 1928.

Ellsberg's 1931 book, Pigboats, inspired the 1933 movie, Hell Below, starring Robert Montgomery, Robert Young, Walter Huston, and Madge Evans.

His book Hell on Ice was adapted for an episode of Orson Welles's The Mercury Theatre on the Air that aired October 9, 1938, on CBS Radio. An adaptation was also presented on Welles's The Mercury Summer Theatre of the Air, broadcast August 9, 1946.

World War II naval service
Immediately after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, Ellsberg rejoined the navy. His first assignment was to conduct salvage operations at the newly liberated port of Massawa, Eritrea. Working in beastly heat with virtually no staff and poor administrative support, Ellsberg salvaged a large floating dry dock and several of the ships that had been sunk to block the harbor.

Ellsberg returned the port to operation and the ships salvaged were added to the Allies' merchant fleets. During his work in Massawa, Ellsberg reported to the Lend Lease coordinator in Cairo, Egypt, US Army Major General Russell Maxwell. Ellsberg renamed the SS Liebenfels, a large German freighter, salvaged and refitted at Massawa, the General Russell Maxwell. He described the salvage of the port of Massawa in his book Under the Red Sea Sun. Ellsberg was promoted to captain by presidential order on June 19, 1942. The next year he was awarded the Legion of Merit by U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt in honor of his salvage efforts in Massawa.

In Under the Red Sea Sun, Ellsberg complained that the American contractor that was assigned to give him administrative support was very unhelpful, but he did not name that company.  The company, Johnson, Drake & Piper, itself claimed credit for clearing the port in the privately printed book, "Middle East War Projects of Johnson, Drake & Piper, Inc., for the Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army, 1942–1943" (New York: Johnson, Drake & Piper, Inc., 1943). That book contains photographs and drawings showing wartime projects around the Middle East.

From Massawa, Ellsberg went to North Africa to become Principal Salvage Officer in that theater. He worked under Admiral Andrew Cunningham, the British officer commanding naval forces in the area. Ellsberg's activities were detailed in his book No Banners, No Bugles.

Ellsberg, worn out from constant work, was ordered home in early 1943 to recuperate.

After a time inspecting ship construction activities, Ellsberg was sent to England in time for the Normandy Invasion, where he was instrumental in setting up the Mulberry harbour off the Normandy Beach. He also prepared 89 damaged or superannuated ships for scuttling to make artificial harbors. That operation gained him great admiration in Britain where he was appointed an honorary Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE). Ellsberg described his experiences in his book, The Far Shore.

Retirement

He rose to the rank of rear admiral before he retired from active duty in 1951 to enjoy Maine and Florida with his wife of 33 years. He continued to write, to lecture, and to consult on engineering projects. He died in 1983 at the age of 91, and is buried in Willimantic, Connecticut.

Decorations
Rear Admiral Ellsberg's ribbon bar:

Publications
Writing was an Ellsberg hobby. He wrote many articles and reports. His books include the following:
Report on Salvage Operations: Submarine S-51. (Washington: US GPO, 1927)
On the Bottom. (New York: Dodd, Mead, and Company, 1929)
Thirty Fathoms Deep. Fiction, The first in a trilogy of salvaging gold from the Santa Cruz shipwreck, (New York: Dodd, Mead, and Company, 1930)
Pigboats. (New York: Dodd, Mead, and Company, 1931)Adapted for the movie Hell Below (1933)
S-54, Stories of the Sea. ( New York: Dodd, Mead, and Company, 1932)
Ocean Gold. The second in a trilogy of salvaging gold from the Santa Cruz shipwreck, (New York: Dodd, Mead, and Company, 1935)
Spanish Ingots. The third in a trilogy of salvaging gold from the Santa Cruz shipwreck, republished under the titles "Submarine Treasure" & "Treasure Below". (New York: Dodd, Mead, and Company, 1936)
Hell on Ice: The Saga of the 'Jeannette. (New York: Dodd, Mead, and Company, 1938)See the article on the USS Jeannette (1878)
Men Under the Sea. (New York: Dodd, Mead, and Company, 1939)
Treasure Below. (New York: Dodd, Mead, and Company, 1940)
Captain Paul. (New York: Dodd, Mead, and Company, 1941)I Have Just Begun To Fight!' the Story of John Paul Jones. (New York: Dodd, Mead, and Company, 1942)
Under the Red Sea Sun. (New York: Dodd, Mead, and Company, 1946)
No Banners, No Bugles. (New York: Dodd, Mead, and Company, 1949)
Cruise of the Jeannette, 1949, about the Jeannette Expedition
Passport for Jennifer. (New York: Dodd, Mead, and Compney, 1952)
Mid Watch, a Novel. (New York: Dodd, Mead, and Company, 1954)
The Far Shore. (New York: Dodd, Mead, and Company, 1960)

See related
John Alden. Salvage man : Edward Ellsberg and the United States Navy. (Annapolis, MD:  Naval Institute Press, 1998)
"Ellsberg, Edward".  The National Cyclopaedia of American Biography" (1942). F:116–117.
"Ellsberg, Edward 1891–".  Contemporary Authors, 5–8 (First Revision):347–348. 1969.
"Ellsberg, Edward 1891–".  Something About the Author, 7:78–79. 1975.
"Edward Ellsberg, Naval Salvage Expert, Dies" New York Times.  January 26, 1983. Page 17.

See also

Marine salvage

References

External links

Edward Ellsberg Official Website
Chapter 3 of the online History of Kagnew Station describes Ellsberg's work in Massawa.
 "Hell on Ice" (October 9, 1938) on the Mercury Theatre on the Air'' (Indiana University Bloomington)

1891 births
1983 deaths
Military personnel from Colorado
Military personnel from New Haven, Connecticut
Maritime writers
Jewish American military personnel
American military writers
20th-century American novelists
University of Colorado alumni
Massachusetts Institute of Technology alumni
United States Navy World War II admirals
United States Navy personnel of World War I
United States Naval Academy alumni
United States Navy rear admirals
Recipients of the Navy Distinguished Service Medal
Recipients of the Legion of Merit
Officers of the Order of the British Empire
American male novelists
Burials in Connecticut
20th-century American male writers
20th-century American non-fiction writers
American male non-fiction writers
20th-century American Jews

Edward Ellsberg


The Chicago White Sox are a Major League Baseball team who play on the South Side of Chicago, Illinois. The club is in the Central Division of the American League. They are managed by Pedro Grifol since 2023.

The White Sox won the 2005 World Series sweeping the Houston Astros in 4 games.   They won the World Series before in 1906 and 1917 before going into an 88-year championship drought.

The Chicago White Sox finished 2006 with a 90-72 record, four games out of first place after taking two of three from the Minnesota Twins in the final week of the season at the Metrodome in Minneapolis.

The Sox began major league play in 1901. They took their name from the original name of the Chicago Cubs. The Cubs had first been known as the Chicago White Stockings. By 1901, they were being called the Colts. That allowed the new American League team to adopt the old National League team colors.

The Sox first played at South Side Park. In mid-season 1910, they opened Comiskey Park, which was just a few blocks north of South Side Park. They played at Comiskey for over 80 years. In 1991 they opened a park now known as Guaranteed Rate Field, just across the street to the south of Comiskey Park, and have played their home games there ever since.

Other websites
Official Website

1901 establishments in the United States
1900s establishments in Illinois

Chicago White Sox


A light-second is a unit of length equal to the distance light in empty space travels in one second, and is exactly 299,792,458 meters.

The light-second is used in telecommunications, astronomy, and physics. In telecommunications, it measures how much time it must take to send a signal a certain distance.

References

Units of length
Light

Light-second


Paleobiology is a branch of science which studies animals, plants and microbes  buried in rock.  These stoney items are called fossils. Paleobiology  combines biology with the study of these fossils. There are several branches of paleobiology:

 Paleobotany – Study of ancient plants
 Paleozoology
 Micropaleobiology
 Paleobiochemistry
 Paleoecology – Uses fossils to learn about how the environment was long ago
 Taphonomy
 Paleoichnology
 Stratigraphic paleobiology
 Evolutionary developmental paleobiology – Studies how animals changed over time

History
Baron Franz Nopcsa von Felső-Szilvás started paleobiology in the late 19th century while working at the University of Vienna. He tried to learn how the animals lived, rather than merely put together their bones, as many geologists were doing at the time.

Branches of biology

Paleobiology


Half of a Yellow Sun is a novel by Nigerian author Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie. Published in 2006 by 4th Estate in London, the novel tells the story of the Biafran War through the perspective of the characters Olanna, Ugwu, and Richard.

It received critical acclaim and won the Women's Prize for Fiction in 2007. In 2013, it was adapted into a film of the same name.

Plot

The novel takes place in Nigeria prior to and during the Nigerian Civil War (1967–70). The effect of the war is shown through the relationships of five people's lives including the twin daughters of an influential businessman, a professor, a British expat, and a Nigerian houseboy. After Biafra's declaration of secession, the lives of the main characters drastically change and are torn apart by the brutality of the civil war and decisions in their personal lives.

The book jumps between events that took place during the early and late 1960s, when the war took place, and extends until the end of the war. In the early 1960s, the main characters are introduced: Ugwu, a 13-year-old village boy who moves in with Odenigbo, to work as his houseboy. Odenigbo frequently entertains intellectuals to discuss the political turmoil in Nigeria. Life changes for Ugwu when Odenigbo's girlfriend, Olanna, moves in with them. Ugwu forms a strong bond with both of them, and is a very loyal houseboy. Olanna has a twin sister, Kainene, a woman with a dry sense of humor, tired by the pompous company she runs for her father. Her lover Richard is an English writer who goes to Nigeria to explore Igbo-Ukwu art.

Jumping four years ahead, trouble is brewing between the Hausa and the Igbo people and hundreds of people die in massacres, including Olanna's beloved auntie and uncle. A new republic, called Biafra, is created by the Igbo. As a result of the conflict, Olanna, Odenigbo, their young daughter, whom they refer to only as "Baby", and Ugwu are forced to flee Nsukka, which is the university town and the major intellectual hub of the new nation. They finally end up in the refugee town of Umuahia, where they suffer and struggle due to food shortages, the constant air raids and the environment of paranoia. There are also allusions to a conflict between Olanna and Kainene, Richard and Kainene and between Olanna and Odenigbo.

When the novel jumps back to the early 1960s, we learn that Odenigbo has slept with a village girl, Amala, who then has his baby. Olanna is furious at his betrayal, and sleeps with Richard in a moment of liberation. She goes back to Odenigbo and when they later learn that Amala refused to keep her newborn daughter, Olanna decides that they would keep her.

During the war, Olanna, Odenigbo, Baby, and Ugwu live with Kainene and Richard, where Kainene was running a refugee camp. Their situation is hopeless, as they have no food nor medicine. Kainene decides to trade across enemy lines, but does not return, even after the end of the war a few weeks later. The book ends ambiguously, with the reader not knowing if Kainene lives.

Characters

Ugwu – The novel starts and ends with Ugwu. He is a village boy from Opi who later becomes a servant in Odenigbo's house. Under Odenigbo and Olanna's guidance, Ugwu is able to continue his education and his literary skills progress throughout the novel. He tries to maintain contact with his mother and sister, Anulika, back in his home village, and is constantly looking out for his mother's health and wellbeing.  His free time is often dominated by his love interests, which include Nnesinachi, Eberechi, and Chinyere. His life is violently interrupted when he is forcibly conscripted into the Biafran Army. There, he witnesses and participates in gruesome battles and a rape he was pressured into committing.

Odenigbo – Odenigbo starts the novel as Professor of Mathematics at Nsukka University. His strong opinions result in some characters labeling him as a "revolutionary". He favors socialism and tribalism to capitalism and Pan-Africanism or nationalism. After the war forces him to vacate his position at Nsukka University, Odenigbo becomes active in the war cause under Manpower Directorate .
His personal life is dominated by his relationship and later marriage to Olanna. He is the father of Baby, though Amala, not Olanna, is Baby's biological mother. Odenigbo also has a strong, albeit turbulent, relationship with his mother. "Mama" affects his relationship with Olanna, and Mama's death starts Odenigbo down a path of alcoholism and depression.

Olanna – Olanna is one of three characters through which the novel is told. She is the daughter of Chief Ozobia and twin of Kainene. Olanna was raised in Nigeria, and later attended university in the United Kingdom. She is described as "illogically beautiful," and her appearance often dictates how others treat her. For example, her parents try to offer sex with her as a bribe to help secure business deals. Consequently, her connection with her parents is weak and she gravitates towards her Aunt Ifeka and Uncle Mbaezi in Kano. Mohammed is her ex-boyfriend and Odenigbo is her husband, and she is the adopted mother of Baby.
Professionally, she is a Professor of Sociology at Nsukka University before the war begins. She later works as a school teacher in Umuahia and finally helps her sister care for refugees in Orlu.

Kainene – Kainene, Olanna's twin, seems to be at first very different from Olanna. She is the type of strong-headed woman, independent, cold, very calculated. Kainene lives in Port Harcourt, where she runs her father's business. Her father, very proud of her, tells one of his friends that she is "not just like a son, she is like two". In the beginning of the war, she is a war profiteer. However, after she witnesses the war's cruelty, she changes completely as a character and instead of running her father's business, she runs a refugee camp. She remains fearless and in the end decides to trade with the enemy, putting her life at risk.

Richard Churchill – Richard is an English writer who comes to Nigeria to explore Igbo-Ukwu art. At first he associates with other expats, especially Susan who becomes his girlfriend. However, once he meets Kainene at one of the parties Susan drags him to, he becomes fascinated with her. Richard moves to Nsukka where he teaches at the Nsukka University and attempts to write a book about the Igbo-Ukwu art. Olanna invites him to be part of Odenigbo's circle of intellectuals. Richard is glad to witness Biafra's birth, thinking it would actually make him Biafran. He starts writing a book about the war, but soon realizes that it is not his story to tell. Adichie has said in an interview that the idea of Richard came from Frederick Forsyth, a staunch supporter of Biafra: "Richard isn't at all like him, of course, but just the sense of an Englishman who became more Biafran than Biafrans themselves, was really an idea that came from him, Forsyth."

Ugwu's aunty – Cleaner at Nsukka University, she introduces Ugwu to Master Odenigbo.

Anulika – Anulika is Ugwu's sister. She is preparing to get married before the war, but a war-time tragedy changes her plans.

Nnesinachi – Ugwu's first crush from his village of Opi. Ugwu and Nnesinachi reconnect after the war.

Ugwu's mother – Ugwu's mother suffers from illness in Ugwu's home village of Opi. She seeks treatment in Nsukka with Odenigbo's help. Ugwu often worries about her during the war.

Miss Adebayo –Yoruba professor at Nsukka University. Sexual tension between Miss Adebayo and Odenigbo create an awkward relationship between Miss Adebayo and Olanna. As the war starts to break out, Miss Adebayo's ethnicity creates a gap between her and other professors.

Dr. Patel – Indian Professor at Nsukka University. Dr. Patel is a friend of Odenigbo and Olanna.

Professor Lehman –  American Professor at Nsukka University. Professor Lehman's views are often criticized by Odenigbo.

Professor Ezeka – Professor at Nsukka University who later becomes Director of Mobilization in the Biafran Army.

Okeoma – A friend of Olanna and Odenigbo in Nsukka. Okeoma is a renowned poet, as one point called, "the voice of our generation." He cites Olanna as his inspiration. Okeoma later becomes an officer in the Biafran Army and stops writing poems.

Edna – Olanna's neighbor in Nsukka. Edna is an African-American woman with strong opinions on racial and gender injustice.

Jomo – Jomo works as the gardener at both Richard's house and Odenigbo's house in Nsukka. He is one of Ugwu's first friends in Nsukka and is also often feuding with his rival, Harrison.

Harrison – Richard's houseboy. Harrison's talkative nature at first annoys Richard, and later gets him into trouble.

Chinyere – Works in a house near Master's in Nsukka. Maintains late night visits with Ugwu until the war starts.

Mama (Odenigbo's mother) – A village woman from Abba. She is opposed to the relationship between Odenigbo and Olanna because they are not officially married (no bride price paid yet) plus Olanna is an unnatural woman.

Amala – A village girl who works for Mama, Odenigbo's mother. To break up Olanna and Odenigbo Mama makes Amala sleep with Odenigbo. Amala gets pregnant but after giving birth, she refuses to take the child and sends her back to Mama.

Chief Okonji – Friend of Olanna and Kainene's parents. Chief Okonji claims a romantic interest in Olanna, but is thoroughly rebuffed by Olanna.

Chief Ozobia – Prominent businessman in Lagos and father to Olanna and Kainene. Chief Ozobia manipulates his daughters for financial benefit. He also keeps a mistress, and eventually leaves Nigeria during the war.

Olanna and Kainene's mother – Chief Ozobia's wife and mother of Olanna and Kainene. She does not have a strong relationship with her daughters, and her marriage with Chief Ozobi might be described as a pretense.

Uncle Mbaezi – Olanna's uncle, he is the brother of Olanna's mother. He lives with his family in Kano where he founded the Igbo Union Grammar School.

Aunty Ifeka – Uncle Mbaezi's wife. Aunty Ifeka gives guidance to Olanna, who isn't very close to her own mother.

Arize – Olanna's cousin, she is Uncle Mbaezi and Aunty Ifeka's daughter. Arize is eager find a husband and get married. Like her parents, she looks up to Olanna.

Mohammed – Olanna's ex-boyfriend. He is a handsome Hausa man. Even after she leaves him for Odenigbo, they remain on good terms and she frequently visits him until the war starts. During the war, he writes her letters but they feel very distanced.

Baby –  Olanna and Odenigbo's daughter. Amala is Baby's birth mother, but refuses to keep her. When Olanna sees her, she decides to adopt her. Baby's real name is Chiamaka, which means "God is beautiful." Kainene picked it but it is rarely used.

Susan Grenville-Pitts – Initially Richard's girlfriend. She lives in Nigeria but mainly associates with other expatriates or upper class Nigerians. Her racism towards Nigerians as well as her possessiveness towards Richard emerge periodically throughout the novel.

Major Madu – Lifelong friend of Kainene. Major Madu serves in first the Nigerian army and later in the Biafran army. He and Richard's relationship is strained due to the uncertainty of Madu's role in Kainene's life.

Special Julius – Army contractor. He becomes a frequent visitor of Odenigbo when they are in Umuahia.

Ekwenugo – Member of the Science group in the Biafran army. Ekwenugo meets Olanna and Odenigbo in Umuahia.

Mrs Muokelu – Co-teacher with Olanna at Umuahia. Olanna finds Mrs. Muokelu as manly and slightly judgmental. Mrs. Muokelu eventually stops teaching and starts trading across enemy lines.

Okoromadu – An old acquaintance of Olanna's, Okoromadu helps her get emergency supplies for baby in Umuahia.

Eberechi – Ugwu's love interest in Umuahia. Eberechi is exploited for her parents' benefit.

Alice – Odenigbo and Olanna's neighbor at their second place of residence in Umuahia. Alice seeks refuge in Umahia after being tricked by an Army Colonel. She is known as a recluse and avid pianist. Mystery shrouds her relationship with Odenigbo.

Father Marcel – Helps coordinate refugee relief with Kainene in Orlu. Father Marcel is later accused of impropriety by some of the refugees.

High-Tech – A young soldier and leader of Ugwu's reconnaissance unit. High tech's name refers to his commanders claiming he is more useful than a "high technology spying gadget".

Themes

War
The Nigerian Civil War (or the "Nigerian-Biafran War") started on 6 July 1967 and ended on 13 January 1970. The war broke out due to political and ethnic struggles, partly caused by the numerous attempts of the southeastern provinces of Nigeria to secede and form the Republic of Biafra. Political conflict between the Igbo, Yoruba, Hausa and Fulani people erupted into two deadly military coups. The Igbo tried to break away from Nigeria to become the Republic of Biafra, but were met with little support. From 1968 onward, the war fell into a form of deadlock, with Nigerian forces unable to make significant advances into the remaining areas of Biafran control. The Nigerian government cut off humanitarian aid to Biafra, resulting in hundreds of thousands of civilians dying from starvation and disease. Many lives and resources were lost during the war, including Adichie's grandfathers; and even today there are still tensions between the different ethnic and religious groups of Nigeria.

The story in Half of a Yellow Sun centres on the war. Adichie grew up in the aftermath the war: "The need to write about it came from growing up in its shadow. This thing that I didn't quite understand was my legacy. It hovered over everything." She has stated she believes that many of the issues that caused the war remain today. She further commented that the war is talked about "in uninformed and unimaginative ways", and that the war is as important to the Igbo people her book features today as it was then. Because none of the major political events were changed in the book, Adichie said that the book contained "emotional truth", and that the book showed the war had a significant impact upon the people of Nigeria.

Politics and identity in post-colonial Africa
The social gatherings at Odenigbo's house are full of debates on Africa's political future. Here, the usefulness of various forms of African governance are discussed amongst the Nigerian intelligentsia. One particularly noteworthy debate involves Odenigbo defending the tribe as the ideal unit for African, as other characters stress the need for pan-Africanism or nationalism. He is quoted as proclaiming: "the only authentic identity for the African is the tribe...I am Nigerian because a white man created Nigeria and gave me that identity. I am black because the white man constructed black to be as different as possible from his white. But I was Igbo before the white man came."

Role of Westerners in post-colonial Africa
Although there is a clear reference to Western influence in the Biafran War, a more subtle examination is found in Richard's character. Richard, although with good intentions, tries too hard to be part of first Nigeria, and later Biafra. His fascination with the culture and his wish to be part of Biafra leads to him speaking for Biafrans by attempting to write two novels, one about the art, and the second one about the Biafran war. Richard is unable to complete either, and concludes that these are not his stories to tell. However, he is effective when he writes about the war for the Western press, which actually helps Biafra's cause. Adichie herself has said in an interview, that "maybe [Richard's character] is my subtle way of slipping in my politics that maybe it's time that Africans wrote about Africa."

Relevance of academia in everyday life
Many of the main characters in Half of a Yellow Sun are professors, including Olanna and Odenigbo. Odenigbo regularly hosts fellow professors from Nsukka University for political discussions on the weekends. Over the course of the novel, Half of a Yellow Sun seems to criticize both these professors and their opinions. It does this by juxtaposing the high-minded political opinions of Odenigbo and his companions from the "Early Sixties" sections against the political realities of the "Late Sixties" sections. The novel also uses the same professors from the "Early Sixties" sections and puts them in the "Late Sixties" sections. Also, Kainene's business mind helps her successfully run a refugee camp, whereas Olanna and Odenigbo seem ineffectual. Adichie seems to emphasize the reality of action over the ephemeral nature of opinion.

Modus operandi of Western journalism
Half of a Yellow Sun is heavily critical of the Western media's coverage of the Biafran War. The rule of Western journalism is obvious when Richard meets with the foreign journalists: "Richard exhaled. It was like somebody sprinkling pepper on his wound: Thousands of Biafrans were dead, and this man wanted to know if there was anything new about one dead white man. Richard would write about this, the rule of Western journalism: One hundred dead black people equal one dead white person." Since it is clear that white journalists have a greater influence, Madu asks Richard to write about the war for the Western press: "They will take what you write more seriously because you are white. If you really want to contribute, this is the way that you can. The world has to know the truth of what is happening, because they simply cannot remain silent while we die."

Women empowerment
Although Half of a Yellow Sun does not have the conflict between a woman and patriarchy typical of feminist novels, it does show the agency of women. In one of the pivotal moments, Olanna is disappointed by Odenigbo's betrayal and goes to Kano to seek comfort from her family there. Aunty Ifeka says: "You must never behave as if your life belongs to a man. Your life belongs to you and you alone." Later on, even after forgiving Odenigbo, she confronts him about his betrayal and does not accept him justifying his actions by blaming his mother. On the other hand, when Olanna's father cheats on her mother, Olanna's mother does not confront him about it. She only asks Olanna to tell her father to do it more subtly.

Marriage
Marriage is a recurrent theme in Half of a Yellow Sun. For the most part of the novel, Olanna and Kainene both live with men without it being question of marriage. Olanna refuses to get married many times at first, fearing that marriage would "flatten [their bond] to a prosaic partnership." It is only during the war, when Odenigbo is invited to a town meeting in Abba and Olanna is not, that they talk again about marriage. Olanna accepts, but the wedding is done hastily and is interrupted by an air raid. Although Richard never asks Kainene to marry him, he does mention his wish for her to be his wife many times. Arize who is poor and uneducated, admires Olanna for postponing marriage but waits eagerly for a husband herself: "It is only women that know too much Book like you who can say that, Sister. If people like me who don't know book wait too long, we will expire." Adichie seems to be saying that marriage is a pragmatic choice and women who don't need to get married might choose not to even when their boyfriends are willing.

Reception

Half of a Yellow Sun received the 2007 Women's Prize for Fiction. The award is given annually for the best original full-length novel written by a woman in English; Adichie's prize amounted to £30,000. The novel was well received by critics and included in the New York Timess "100 Most Notable Books of the Year".

In a review for The Seattle Times, Mary Brennan called the book "a sweeping story that provides both a harrowing history lesson and an engagingly human narrative". The New York Times had a more mixed review of the book, noting that "at times Adichie's writing is too straightforward, the novel's pace too slack" but also that "whenever she touches on her favorite themes — loyalty and betrayal — her prose thrums with life." In Literary Review, William Brett wrote:  "Adichie lets the suspicion of horror take root first, and then allows it to sink in gradually. This kind of subtlety makes reading her an extraordinary, unsettling but ultimately satisfying experience." The Washington Post states: "Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie certainly lives up to the hype in her second novel, Half a Yellow Sun. She wowed us with this transcendent tale about war, loyalty, brutality, and love in modern Africa. While painting a searing portrait of the tragedy that took place in Biafra during the 1960s, her story finds its true heart in the intimacy of three ordinary lives buffeted by the winds of fate. Her tale is hauntingly evocative and impossible to forget." Rob Nixon's review addressed the historical side of the novel: "Half of a Yellow Sun takes us inside ordinary lives laid waste by the all too ordinary unraveling of nation states. When an acquaintance of Olanna's turns up at a refugee camp, she notices that – he was thinner and lankier than she remembered and looked as though he would break in two if he sat down abruptly. – It's a measure of Adichie's mastery of small things – and of the mess the world is in – that we see that man arrive, in country after country, again and again and again." Writing in The Guardian, Maya Jaggi called the book "a landmark novel". Aïssatou Sidimé from San Antonio Express-News called Adichie's writing "alluring and revelatory, eloquent, prize-winning Nigerian writer Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie is quickly proving herself to be fearless in the tradition of the great African writers." Nigerian writer Chinua Achebe commented: "We do not usually associate wisdom with beginners, but here is a new writer endowed with the gift of ancient storytellers," and said about Adichie: "She is fearless, or she would not have taken on the intimidating horror of Nigeria's civil war."

In 2019, Half of a Yellow Sun was ranked by The Guardian as the 10th best book since 2000.

On 5 November 2019, the BBC News included Half of a Yellow Sun on its list of the 100 most influential novels.

In November 2020, Half of a Yellow Sun was voted the best book to have won the Women's Prize for Fiction in its 25-year history.

In 2022, Half of a Yellow Sun was included on the "Big Jubilee Read" list of 70 books by Commonwealth authors, selected to celebrate the Platinum Jubilee of Elizabeth II.

Adaptation

A film adaptation written by playwright Biyi Bandele premiered at the Toronto International Film Festival in late 2013, and had its worldwide release in 2014. The film stars Chiwetel Ejiofor and Thandiwe Newton.

Bibliography

References

External links

Podcast of Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie discussing Half of a Yellow Sun on the BBC's World Book Club
The Archetypal Search for Kainene: Adichie's Half of a Yellow Sun: The Nigerian State and the Lost Biafran Dream by Abayomi Awelewa, Leeds African Studies Bulletin, 78 (2017).

Alfred A. Knopf books
Igboland in fiction
Nigerian English-language novels
2006 Nigerian novels
Nigerian novels adapted into films
Novels by Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie
Novels set during the Nigerian Civil War
Novels set in Nigeria
Novels set in the 1960s
Postcolonial novels
War novels
Women's Prize for Fiction-winning works

Half of a Yellow Sun


The Hoyts Group ialah sebuah syarikat Australia yang terdiri dari Hoyts Exhibition, Hoyts Distribution dan Val Morgan.

Hoyts Exhibition menguruskan 450 skrin di 40 kompleks pawagam Australia dan 9 di New Zealand; membuatnya rangkaian pawagam kedua terbesar Australia. Val Morgan, lengan periklanan pawagam Kumpulan Hoyts, mendominasi periklanan pawagam dengan lebih 95% saham pasaran. Akhir sekali, Hoyts Distribution ialah pengedar filem bebas terbesar di Australia; sebuah perniagaan yang berpusat pada pembelian hak, dan seterusnya pengurusan kepada, pengedaran filem bebas di Australia melalui teater, televisyen dan saluran hiburan rumah.

The Hoyts Group kini merupakan subsidiari yang dimilik penuh oleh Pacific Equity Partners yang berpangkalan di Sydney.

Dalam perniagaan pameran, yang merupakan bahagian terbesar The Hoyts Group, pesaing utama mereka ialah Village, Greater Union dan, pada tahap yang berkurangan, Wallis Cinemas, Palace Cinemas dan Dendy.

Sejarah

Pada permulaan abad ke-20-khususnya, di Melbourne pada 1908 seorang doktor gigi Dr Arthur Russell, yang, pada masa lapangnya, seorang pemain cornet dan seorang ahli ajaib, membeli suatu saham dalam sebuah sirkas pengembaraan Amerika, digelar Hoyts Circus, dan mengembara dengan mereka sebagai seorang penetap ahli ajaib. Selepas suatu pengurusan yang malang kewangannya, Russel kembali pada pekerjaannya sebagai seorang doktor gigi.

Undeterred, he leased the old St. Georges Hall in Bourke Street, Melbourne(later known as the Hoyts Esquire), and began showing short films on Saturday nights. Unlike his previous venture, it was successful, and as a result, he formed a new company called Hoyts Pictures Pty. Ltd. By the time he died at the end of World War I, Hoyts had expanded into the suburbs of Melbourne, and into Sydney.

Pada 1926, Hoyts and two other companies, Electric Theatres Pty. Ltd. and Associated Theatres Pty. Ltd., merged to become Hoyts Theatres Limited. In 1932, the Fox Film Corporation (now Twentieth Century Fox) secured a major shareholding in the company.

In August 1982, Twentieth Century Fox sold Hoyts to a group of four Melbourne businessmen. In April 1985, the Fink family brought out the other partners to become the sole owner. The Finks began to expand the company, into areas such as film distribution, home entertainment, and cinema operations in New Zealand, USA, South America and Europe.

In 1987, the corporation was restructured and two of the companies in the corporation were listed on the Australian Stock Exchange: Hoyts Media and Hoyts Entertainment. However, the company that owned the cinemas, Hoyts Cinemas, was not floated until 1996. The years between 1987 and 1996 saw considerable expansion, so that by 1994, Hoyts was the 10th biggest cinema chain in the world and was owned by an American investment company—Hellman and Friedman—directors and senior management, and the Australian company Lend Lease Corporation.

In 1996, Hoyts Cinemas was floated and in 1999, the late Kerry Packer's private family company, Consolidated Press Holdings, bought the chain for $620 million (AUD$745.3 million). After that, Hoyts began to sell off cinemas. This trend began in 1999 when their Polish operations were sold, and in 2000 when their UK operations were also sold. In 2003, Hoyts sold its Hoyts America operations to Regal Entertainment Group.

In 2004, it joined forces with Village Roadshow and AHL to bail out Val Morgan Cinema Advertising, eventually taking their stake to 100% in 2005. In December that year, PBL and West Australian Newspapers purchased the company from Consolidated Press Holdings.

Hoyts currently has Australia's largest multiplex cinema screen, located in Hoyts cinema 5, Blacktown, Sydney NSW it measures 28 metres across.

On March 29, 2007, Hoyts opened their latest cinema in Sylvia Park , in Auckland, New Zealand - featuring what is now the largest 35 mm film screen in the world and bean bag seating.

In September, 2007, PBL and WAN sold each of their 50% shares in the Hoyts Group to Sydney-based private equity firm Pacific Equity Partners. The sale valued the company at $AU440 million.

In October 2008, Hoyts announced a takeover bid for Australian Multiplex Cinemas (AMC). The purchase did not proceed although Hoyts still hopes to return to Queensland, where previously they had theatres in Brisbane and a three cinema complex in Surfers Paradise on the Gold Coast under their name.

Digital Cinema capital investment plans
Hoyts Exhibition has announced plans to replace all film equipment with Digital Cinema equipment within an ambitious 18 month window, in preparation for the sale of the Hoyts group. The modernization of the equipment to the current Hollywood mandated Digital Cinema standard, is expected to cost the group somewhere in the order of 30 million AUD. This amount is subsidized by the Virtual Print Fee received from the participating Hollywood Studios. This 30M AUD cost is also expected to be offset by the significant reduction in staffing requirements (exhibitors in the USA are claiming a 90% reduction in projection staff post modernization). If Hoyts follow through with their capital investment plans, they stand a chance of relinquishing their position as the lowest capital investor in the Australian cinema exhibition industry.

Hoyts 100 year celebration
Contrary to as claimed, the Hoyts group is actually 103 years old this year. Due to the group transferring ownership six times, and the habitual turn over of senior staff that comes with each new owner, no senior staff remain with any significant knowledge of the group's history beyond what is contained on this wikipedia page! Previous to this celebration, the celebrations were held on the 6th year of the decade.

Hoyts Distribution
Hoyts Distribution is the film distribution arm of the company. It existed in its own right in the 1980s-early 1990s, and was later merged with the distribution operations of Columbia Tristar and 20th Century Fox. In 2002, the company was brought back to life, distributing primarily films produced by Nine Films and Television, Channel 9's film production arm, and major independent studios, such as Lions Gate Entertainment.

Hoyts Exhibition
Hoyts Exhibition, the largest and most well-known arm of The Hoyts Group, manages cinemas in five Australian states; the Australian Capital Terrirtory, New South Wales, South Australia, Victoria and Western Australia.

Hoyts Exhibition also operates 8 cinemas across New Zealand.

Lokasi di Australia

Asterisk indicates IMAX installation in 2008.

Lokasi di New Zealand

Lokasi lama di New Zealand
Hoyts Lower Hutt 5-plex, opened in 1993, closed on 6 February 2008. The building will become the new home of the Lower Hutt Baptist Church.

Hoyts also operated the MidCity 5-plex from 1990 until it closure in May 2003. The site was later redeveloped into Conservation House, the headquarters of the Department of Conservation.

Hoyts also operated Movieland 5-plex (Rotorua) and Movieland 4-plex (Invercargill) both from 1993 to 2005 (Both taken over by Reading Cinemas); Movieland 3-plex (Timaru) 1997 to 2000 (taken over by Independent operator); Whangaparaoa 5-plex from 1996 to 1999 (taken over by Berkeley Group)

Bluewater
Hoyts were the original operator of the multi-screen cinema at the Bluewater shopping mall in the UK, having been signed up by Bluewater developer Lend Lease Corporation (also an Australian firm). Hoyts also operated the 'Gallery' upmarket subsection to the Bluewater cinema. A couple of years later, Hoyts decided to exit the UK market to concentrate on their operations in Australia and New Zealand, as the Bluewater site was their only UK operation, making the operation uneconomical. Showcase Cinemas, an established UK cinema operator, took over operation of the Bluewater cinema, though retained much of the fabric, layout and design that had been introduced by Hoyts, including The Gallery. (Showcase also operate the Cinema de Lux brand of upmarket cinema but as of 2009 have not introduced this branding to the Gallery at Bluewater).

Val Morgan

Val Morgan holds the advertising rights to virtually all advertising screens in Australia and almost all screens in New Zealand. In Australia, this includes the circuits of Hoyts, Greater Union, Village, Birch Carroll & Coyle, Wallis, Reading Cinemas, Australian Multiplex Cinemas, Skycity Cinemas, Regent Cinemas and the majority of independent cinemas.

In addition to on-screen advertising, Val Morgan is involved in such cinema-based advertising opportunities as co-branding, poster boxes, foyer displays and live advertisements.

Through a joint-venture with Motivate Publishing, the Gulf's leading publisher of magazines and books, Val Morgan has recently expanded its operations into the United Arab Emirates, representing the advertising interests of many key cinemas in the region.

Hiburan rumah
Pada 1980an dan awal 1990an, Hoyts mengoperasikan operasi tempatan RCA-Columbia Pictures Home Video, digelar RCA-Columbia Pictures-Hoyts Home Video. Ia kemudian digelar Columbia Tristar Hoyts Home Video, tetapi Hoyts kemudian gugur dari operasi bisnes. Pembebasan Pengedaran Hoyts telah diedarkan pada video dan DVD oleh Sony Pictures Home Entertainment.

Ada juga empat imprint yang syarikat ini telah ada: First Release Home Entertainment, Video Box Office, Magic Window (children's videos) dan RCA-Columbia Pictures International Video.

Hoyts juga mempunyai usaha sama dengan Polygram, menubuhkan Hoyts Polygram Video pada sekitarnya masa yang sama apabila usaha sama mereka dengan RCA-Columbia Pictures Home Video. Pembebasan mereka yang dikenali adalah versi filem pada jalur komik Footrot Flats, berjudul Footrot Flats: The Dog's Tale.

Rujukan

Pautan luar
 Hoyts Cinemas Australia
 Hoyts Cinemas New Zealand
 Hoyts Distribution online
 Val Morgan Australia

Rangkaian pawagam dan teater Filem
Rangkaian pawagam di Australia
Syarikat berpangkalan di Sydney

Hoyts


The Sibylline Books were a collection of prophecies in rhyme written in Greek. The legendary king of Rome, Tarquinius Superbus bought them from a Sibyl (a kind of prophetess), and the prophecies used to be consulted in times when great danger happened in the history of the Roman Empire.

History
The books were also known to the Greeks. They were kept in the Temple of Apollo at Gergis on Mount Ida (near Troy in Asia Minor) in the 7th century BC, and said to be written by the Hellespontine Sibyl. From there, it passed to Erythrae (in eastern Asia Minor) and was called the work of the Erythraean Sibyl. It seems that this collection travelled from there to Cumae, Italy and from there to Rome.

According to Virgil in the Aeneid, Aeneas had consulted the Cumaean Sibyl before he travelled to the lower world. The story of how king Tarquinius bought them from the Cumaean Sibyl was a famous legend. She offered to sell Tarquin a collection of nine books of prophecy, but he refused the price, so she burnt three. After that she offered to sell the six remaining books for the same price. He refused again and she burnt another three. Finally he bought these three remaining books for this price so they would not be destroyed, and put them in the temple of Jupiter in Rome.

The books were given to the trust of two Roman patricians (nobles). Beginning in 367 BC, ten keepers - five from the patricians and five from the common citizens - were appointed for them. After this (possibly the time of Sulla, 88-78 BC), the number of keepers was increased to fifteen. The job of these keepers was to consult the books on what was the right action or ceremony to escape from threats. Even so, they would not reveal the prophecies themselves, but only tell the action or ceremony needed.

The influence of the books brought eastern gods such as Apollo, the "Great Mother" Cybele, and Ceres, as well as Greek pagan beliefs, into the Roman pagan religion.

Because the verses were written in Greek, the keepers would always be helped by two Greek translators. The books were destroyed when the Temple of Jupiter burned down in 83 BC. Because of this, the Roman Senate sent messengers in 76 BC to find similar prophecies and replace them. The prophecies were gathered especially from Troy, Erythrae, Samos island, 'Africa' (that is, modern Tunisia), and from Sicily and Tibur in Italy. After they brought the new collection to Rome, Roman priests separated what they thought was true, but threw others out of the collection.

The Roman Emperor Augustus in 12 BC moved them to the Temple of Apollo, when they were studied and a new copy was made. They stayed there until 405 AD. It is said that at that time, Stilicho, who fought for the teachings of Arianism, burnt them.

Modern scholars believe these books are not the same as the Sibylline Oracles that were often quoted by early Christian writers from the 2nd century through the 5th century AD. It is certain that when one Christian writer, Athenagoras of Athens, wrote A Plea for the Christians to Emperor Marcus Aurelius in around 176 AD, at a time when Christians were being punished by the pagan Roman Empire, he quoted word-for-word from these Oracles that are known today. Quoting them along with writings by Homer and Hesiod, he wrote many times that "these books are all known to Caesar" (the Emperor). The Sibylline Books were still to be found in the Temple of Apollo at Rome at this time, so it is thought possible that at least some of these Sibylline Oracles were partly the same.

70 lines agreed to be from the real Sibylline Books were quoted in the 2nd century Book of Marvels by Phlegon of Trales. This quote speaks about the birth of a hermaphrodite, and ceremonies for sacrificing to idols.

Consultations recorded in history

 238 or 240 BC: The 'Flower Games' (Ludi Florales) were started on the Books' advice.
 216 BC: When Hannibal, the Carthaginian general, destroyed a Roman legion at the battle of Cannae, the Books were consulted and on their advice, two Greeks and two Gauls were buried alive in the market of Rome.
 204 BC: In the Punic Wars, the Roman commander Scipio Africanus, on the Books' advice, brought the idol of Cybele from Pessinos and introduced her worship to Rome.
 63 BC: A noble named Cornelius tried to take control in Rome because of a prophecy.
 44 BC: A prophecy that only a king could defeat Parthia caused rumors that Julius Caesar, head of the Roman Republic, wanted to become a king.
 In the reign of Tiberius (14-37 AD), when the Tiber river flooded in Rome, one priest suggested that the Books be consulted, but Tiberius refused, because he thought they should stay secret.
 AD 271: The Books were consulted after the Romans were defeated by the Germanic tribe Alamanni at the battle of Placentia.
 312: When the opposing generals Maxentius and Constantine I got ready to fight the Battle of the Milvian Bridge, Maxentius consulted the Sibylline Books and lost, while Constantine changed his faith from the pagan religion to that of the Christians, and won.

Other websites
 An article about the Sibylline Books
 The Sibylline Oracles known to early Christians, translated from Greek

Roman mythology
Religious texts

Sibylline Books


The Long March is the  retreat of Mao Zedong and the Communists in 1934-35. The communists went to their stronghold away from Chiang Kai-shek and the Nationalists. Here they were able to join together and start fighting again to beat the Nationalists. They trekked 6,000 miles over 370 days, and only 8,000 survived out of 100,000 people. However, because they had survived such a difficult trial together the survivors were very dedicated and created a more cohesive group. Mao Zedong rose up as a leader during this time.

The long march was over 12400 km, in one year.  About 300,000 people started, and fewer than 10% finished.  They climbed some mountains more than 4000 meters high,

Background
Before the Long March, China had two sides: the nationalists and the communists. Both sides wanted to rule the country. This brought the Chinese Civil War. Chinese nationalists used 500,000 soldiers to remove the communists from Jiang Xi. They failed four times before. Now the nationalists changed the way to attack the communists, using encirclement (make a circle around the enemy army) to stop them from running away. The Communists leader Borgu tried to fight 500,000 soldiers face to face. But the problem is that the Jianxi communists just had 86,000 soldiers and more than half of them just had a broadsword and no guns. They failed to push the nationalist army back, so they tried to go to meet another communist army in Shaanxi.

How it changed China's history
The Long March was an important event in Chinese history. It made the China communists army survival and change the way they fight the capitalism. The communists also choose Mao Zedong to became the leader of the communists and all the red armies in china (china communists army), They should listen Mao Zedong to fight. It was a point for the communists decide fight and live in the countryside and use guerrilla to fight with the nationalists.

The Long March also made the nationalists follow the communists and kill some local warlord leaders so they controlled more parts of China. They followed the communists all the way to ShaanXi and killed a lot of red army soldiers so that after World War II, the communists had very few soldiers. They took four years to get more soldiers so they could win the civil war.

Different opinions about the march's result
The communists' believed they won by making a lot of soldiers survive and successfully meet the Communists party in Shaanxi. They also said it is so successful to run away from 100,000 soldiers encirclement and about 200,000 soldiers  hunt between the long march.

The Nationalists' thought they were successful because the communists were running away from the battle and were forced to move to the other side of China. They killed at least half of the Red Army soldiers in China.

The reason they have different opinions is because their goals were very different: the Communists just wanted to survive the Nationalist army's attack. The Nationalists' goal was to destroy the Red Army in Jian Xi, making the communists weaker than before. It took the communists four years to rebuild their army and win the civil war.

References

1934
1935
1930s in China

Long March


is a fictional main character in the Kid Icarus game series. He is the angel bodyguard of Palutena. He also appeared in the Super Smash Bros. series.

Games
Kid Icarus (1986)
Kid Icarus: Of Myths and Monsters (1991)
 Kid Icarus: Uprising (2012)

Other appearances
Captain N: The Game Master
Super Smash Bros. Brawl

Small appearances
 Tetris (NES) - 1989 - Pit is playing a violin when the player wins Game B on Speed 9, Height 0.
 F-1 Race (Game Boy) - 1990 - Before Course 8, Pit cheers for the player. He also appears in the end of the race.
 Super Smash Bros. Melee (GameCube) - 2001 - He appears as a trophy.
 WarioWare: Twisted! (Game Boy Advance) - 2005 - In one of 9-volt's games, the player directs Pit left or right to dodge snakes and eggplants thrown at the player. Pit is also seen on the cover of the Kid Icarus record box. The theme for Kid Icarus is an unlockable record in the game. When the cursor is placed on it, the text describing it says, "This is the closest thing to a sequel you're gonna get! Har har!"
WarioWare: Smooth Moves (Wii) - 2007 - In the conducting game, Pit is playing a cello. The theme is one of the songs which is conducted.

Character design
Pit is based on Icarus and Eros (also known as Cupid), figures from Greek mythology. The clothes that he wears and the fact that he is an angel resembles Perseus, Bellerophon, and Hercules, the last also being an archer. His looks have changed very little over the years, having always included things that have to do with classical antiquity (such as the chiton and sandals). His weapon is the bow and arrow. In Of Myths and Monsters, Pit first received a crown of laurel, as well as revealing his eye color, blue. In Super Smash Bros. Brawl, Pit is seen wearing an exomis. On the official Super Smash Bros. Brawl website, it is said that Pit is an angel that cannot normally fly. Much like Samus Aran from the Metroid series and Link from The Legend of Zelda (series) series, Pit did not talk much in Super Smash Bros. Brawl, either.

As part of changing the character, the designers of Super Smash Bros. Brawl saw it fit to change his character design (looks) by combining parts of his looks from the promotional artworks of both Kid Icarus titles with new ideas. Pit now appears older than the child-age designs from older games and now has a more anime/manga-like appearance, although he still seems to have a childish voice in the Japanese version. In The English version of Super Smash Bros. Brawl, he has a deeper-sounding teenaged voice. Nintendo has described the redesign as "a giant leap forward in his evolution". It is also said on the Smash Bros. Dojo that one of Pit's color changes is black, a "Fallen Angel color" choice. This new look had became popular among most nintendo fans. It will be used for the upcoming Kid Icarus Uprising.

Other websites
Pit's character biography  at the official Super Smash Bros. Brawl website.
The first Super Smash Bros. Brawl trailer , as seen at E3 2006, at the game's official website.
Pit's descent from Angel Land  on Super Smash Bros. Brawl official website

Nintendo video game characters

Pit (Kid Icarus)


The Athens Concert Hall (Greek: Μέγαρον Μουσικής Αθηνών, Mégaron Mousikis Athinon) is a concert hall located on Vasilissis Sofias Avenue in Athens, Greece.

The Hall was inaugurated in 1991 with two halls.  Since then it has been augmented with two more halls and now has a total of four: two large and two smaller ones. The Hall has optimal facilities for opera performances, and some operas are presented every season.

The Megaro Moussikis station of the Athens Metro is just outside the Hall, on Line 3.

The design of the 8,000 square meters floor was performed by Christopher Alexander; the process of designing and laying the floor and its result are described in his work The Nature of Order: An Essay on the Art of Building and the Nature of the Universe.

Performance venues and other facilities
The Christos Lambrakis Hall (named after the ex-president of the "Friends of Music" Society, Christos Lambrakis, and previously called "Friends of Music" Hall) was designed by  Heinrich Keilholz whose plan was altered later to its existing by architect Helias Skourbelos and the acoustics were developed by Theodore Timagenis. It has a capacity of 1,961, and is used for concerts and recitals. It also holds the biggest pipe organ in Greece, with 6,080 pipes, constructed by Klais Orgelbau.
The Dimitris Mitropoulos Hall (named after the conductor, Dimitri Mitropoulos), which has a capacity of 494 and is usually used  for Chamber Music and dance performances.

In 2004 the International Conference Centre opened at the Athens Concert Hall, adding:
The Alexandra Trianti Hall (named after lieder singer Alexándra Triántē), which has a capacity of 1,750 and is used for operas, ballet and other musical performances,
The Nikos Skalkottas Hall (named after composer Nikos Skalkottas), a smaller hall for concerts and conferences, and
The Lilian Voudouri Music Library of Greece, established in 1995. It currently incorporates 126,000 titles and multimedia resources.

See also

 List of concert halls

References

External links
 Athens Concert Hall, official website

Concert halls in Athens
Music venues completed in 1991
1991 establishments in Greece

Athens Concert Hall


Claude Gay, often named Claudio Gay in Spanish texts, (18 March 1800 – 29 November 1873), was a French botanist, naturalist and illustrator. This explorer carried out some of the first investigations about Chilean flora, fauna, geology and geography. The Cordillera Claudio Gay in the Atacama Region of Chile is named after him. He founded the Chilean National Museum of Natural History, its first director was another Frenchman Jean-François Dauxion-Lavaysse.

Research and travels
He first went to Paris to study medicine, but he quickly abandoned this idea to become a researcher in natural history. In 1828, he went to Chile to teach physics and natural history at a college in Santiago. In 1829, he accepted a position as a researcher for the Chilean government to carry out a scientific survey of the country.

He returned to France in 1832, and gave his collections to the Muséum national d'histoire naturelle in Paris.

He returned to Chile in 1834 and explored the country again for four years.  After having visited Peru in 1839, he lived in Santiago, where he wrote the multi-volume Historia fisica y politica de Chile.  In 1841, Chile conferred the Chilean nationality to him, and his opus work was published by the Chilean government between 1844 and 1871.

Gay returned to France in 1843, and in May, 1856, he was elected a member of the French Academy of Sciences. He made a journey through Russia and Tartary from 1856 to 1858. At the end of 1858, he was sent by the French Academy of Sciences to study the mining system of the United States. He returned to France in 1860, and in 1863, he journeyed to Chile for the last time.

Honours

 Awarded Grande Médaille d'Or des Explorations by the Société de Géographie, 1845
 Titular of the French Légion d'honneur
 Corresponding member of the Muséum national d'histoire naturelle (Paris)
 Elected to the French Academy of Sciences in 1856.

He is commemorated in the name of a number of plants and animals, including the flower Montiopsis gayana and the rufous-bellied seedsnipe Attagis gayi.

The journal of the Botanical Society of Chile, Gayana. Botánica, is named in his honour and published by the Universidad de Concepción, Chile.

Works

 Noticias sobre las islas de Juan Fernandez, Valparaiso, 1840
 Historia física y política de Chile, Paris, 1844–1848
 Origine de la pomme de terre, Paris, 1851
 Atlas de la historia física y política de Chile, Paris, 1854
 Triple variation de l'aiguille d'amiante dans les parties Ouest de l'Amerique, Paris, 1854
 Carte générale du Chili, Paris, 1855
 Considérations sur les mines du Pérou, comparées aux mines du Chili, Paris, 1855
 Notes sur le Brasil, Buenos Ayres, et Rio de Janeiro, Paris, 1856
 Rapport à l'académie des sciences sur les mines des États-Unis, Paris, 1861

References

Sources

Marie-Louise Bauchot, Jacques Daget & Roland Bauchot, «Ichthyology in France at the Beginning of the 19th Century: The "Histoire Naturelle des Poissons" of Cuvier (1769–1832) and Valenciennes (1794–1865)» in Collection building in ichthyology and herpetology, T.W. Pietsch, W. D. Anderson (dir.), American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists, 1997: 27-80.

Further reading
"Claudio Gay," in Tom Taylor and Michael Taylor, Aves: A Survey of the Literature of Neotropical Ornithology, Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Libraries, 2011.

External links

French taxonomists
1800 births
1873 deaths
Knights of the Legion of Honour
Members of the French Academy of Sciences
French emigrants to Chile
Naturalized citizens of Chile
People from Draguignan
19th-century French botanists

Claude Gay


A polyamide is a polymer made of amides which are joined by peptide bonds. Examples for polyamides that occur naturally are proteins, such as wool and silk. It is also possible to artificially produce polyamides, one growth-step at a time. Examples for artificially-made polyamides are nylons, aramids and Sodium poly(aspartate).

Polymers

Polyamide


The Sea of Marmara, also known as the Sea of Marmora or the Marmara Sea, is the inland sea that connects the Black Sea to the Aegean Sea. It separates Turkey's Asian and European parts. The Bosphorus strait connects it to the Black Sea and the Dardanelles strait to the Aegean.  The Sea has an area of 11,350 km² (280 km x 80 km) with the greatest depth reaching 1,370 m.

Geography
The salinity of the sea averages about 22 parts per thousand.  This is slightly greater than that of the Black Sea but only about two-thirds that of most oceans. The water is much more saline at the sea-bottom, averaging salinities of around 38 parts per thousand — similar to that of the Mediterranean Sea. Water from the  Susurluk, Biga (Granicus) and Gonen Rivers reduces the salinity of the sea.

There are two major island groups known as the Princes' and Marmara islands.

The south coast of the sea includes the Gulf of Izmit, the Gulf of Gemlik and the Gulf of Erdek.

The North Anatolian fault, which has started many major earthquakes in recent years, such as the 1999 İzmit earthquake, runs under the sea.

References

Other websites

Waterways
Mediterranean Sea
Sea of Marmara

Sea of Marmara


Pipo de Clown (English: Pipo the Clown) is a clown who became very popular on Dutch television.  The character was created by Wim Meuldijk.  The actor who took the part of Pipo de Clown was Cor Witschge (1925-1991).  The television series started in 1958 and was shown until 1980.

In the television programmes Pipo lives with his wife Mamaloe (pronounce: "Mamaloo") and their daughter Petra in a gypsy-style caravan.  They say that they travel all over the world.

Recently new films have been made about Pipo de Clown.

Here are some of Pipo's famous sayings:

 Sapperdeflap! (Pipo expressing surprise)
 Hou 's even vast, Mamaloe! (Hold this a moment, Mamaloe!)
 Dag vogels, dag bloemen, dag kinderen (Hello (or Goodbye) birds, hello flowers, hello children)

Clowns
Dutch television programmes

Pipo de Clown


Ashkenazi Jews / Ashkenazic Jews / Ashkenazim are Jews who originally lived in northern and eastern Europe. They once lived in the area of Rhineland and France and after the crusades they moved to Poland, Lithuania and Russia. In the 17th century, avoiding persecution, many Jews moved to and settled in Western Europe.

Scientists believe that Ashkenazi Jews originally came from the Land of Israel and initially went to Italy, France, and Germany. Later, during pogroms in the middle ages, mainly in Germany, they fled to Poland and Lithuania, and from there they spread over the rest of Eastern Europe. They then adopted the Yiddish language.

After that, two terms, Ashkenazi and Sephardi Jews, became commonly used: The former indicates the Jews who worshiped in the German way and spoke Yiddish, the latter indicates the Jews who worshiped in the Spanish way and spoke the Ladino language. They differ in language (pronunciation), cultural tradition and worship style.

During World War II, about 6 million Jews, 5 million of whom were Ashkenazi, were killed in the Holocaust. The Holocaust destroyed or greatly reduced the large Jewish communities and the Yiddish language in Europe. Many of the surviving Ashkenazi Jews emigrated to countries such as Israel, Canada, Argentina, Australia, and the United States after the war.

As of 2018, Ashkenazim are around 75% of the 14.6 million Jews of the world. They are also the mainstream of Israeli politics. Famous Ashkenazim are Albert Einstein, George Gershwin, Gustav Mahler, Franz Kafka.

Related pages
 Maghrebi Jews
 Mizrahi Jews
 Sephardi Jews

References

Jewish communities
Jewish ethnic groups

Yiddish language

Ashkenazi Jews


Ludwig Kohl-Larsen (born Ludwig Kohl; 5 April 1884 in Landau in der Pfalz – 12 November 1969 in Bodensee) was a German physician, amateur anthropologist, and explorer.

Biography
In 1911, he traveled as ship's doctor with Wilhelm Filchner to Antarctica, but did not participate in the expedition to the Weddell Sea due to appendicitis. At South Georgia he cured himself out and met his wife, the daughter of Carl Anton Larsen, the founder of the whaling station at Grytviken. During the First World War, he was a government doctor working in Micronesia. In 1928, he visited South Georgia with his wife and the cameraman Albert Benitz to lead the first scientific expedition to the island.

In 1931, he joined the Nazi Party, and later undertook, partly on behalf of the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, expeditions to Tanganyika Territory in search of "primitive man". In 1938/1939, he discovered Australopithecus afarensis at Laetoli, without realizing the importance of his find. He also collected folklore of the Hadza and Isanzu.
He and his wife Margit performed excavations at the Mumba cave where they found a numerous Middle Stone Age artifacts. He attempted to prove that all people have a common origin, but that African peoples remained in the state of primitive man, while the Aryan race had developed. Such 'scholarship' was at odds with most anthropological concerns of the day in Africa.

In 1939, Kohl-Larsen became Professor of Ethnology at the University of Tübingen. He lost his position in the course of denazification after the war, but worked from 1949 at the Institute of Early History in Tübingen.

Due in part to his politics, but also to dubious scholarship, Kohl-Larsen is not highly regarded amongst contemporary East Africanists.

Bibliography
 Kohl-Larsen, Ludwig (1941): Die Issansu, Ackerbauer und Viehzüchter im abflußlosen Gebiet Deutsch-Ostafrikas. Medizin und Kult. Veröffentlichung der Reichsstelle für den Unterrichtsfilm. Reichsstelle für den Unterrichtsfilm.
  The book is a collection of Hadzabe myths about giants, also some tribe myths about culture heroes, and anecdotical tales.
 Kohl-Larsen (1956): Das Zauberhorn—Märchen und Tiergeschichten der Tindiga. Das Gesicht der Völker. Kulturkreis Ostafrikanische Steppenjäger. Dichtung der Kindiga. (Eisenach und Kassel)
 Kohl-Larsen (1958): Wildbeuter in Ostafrika: Die Tindiga, ein Jager und Sammlervolk. Berlin: Dietrich Reimer Verlag.
 Kohl-Larsen (1991): Der Mann, der Lucy's Ahnen fand: Lebenserinnerungen und Materialien herausgegeben von Erich Renner. (Landau 1991) bes. 15, 'Wir suchen die Tindiga' 172-186

External links
German National Library on Kohl-Larsen

1884 births
1969 deaths
Amateur anthropologists
German anthropologists
German explorers
German male non-fiction writers
20th-century German historians
20th-century German physicians
People from Landau
20th-century anthropologists
Nazi Party members
German ethnologists
Explorers of Africa
Naval surgeons
People of former German colonies

Ludwig Kohl-Larsen


A tide is the periodic rising and falling of Earth's ocean surface caused mainly by the gravitational pull of the Moon acting on the oceans. Tides cause changes in the depth of marine and estuarine (river mouth) waters. Tides also make oscillating currents known as tidal streams (~'rip tides'). This means that being able to predict the tide is important for coastal navigation. The strip of seashore that is under water at high tide and exposed at low tide, called the intertidal zone, is an important ecological product of ocean tides.

The height of tides varies somewhat with the phases of the Moon. At New Moon and Full Moon, tides are higher because the Sun's tidal force adds to the Moon's. This is called "spring tide".

Two tides a day
In most places, there are two tides a day. They each have a high point (the high tide) and a low point (the low tide). We speak of a "flood tide" coming in towards high tide, and an "ebb tide" going out towards low tide.

The period of the tide is about 12 hours and 25.2 minutes, exactly half a tidal lunar day.

The Moon orbits the Earth in the same direction as the Earth rotates on its axis, so it takes slightly more than a day—about 24 hours and 50 minutes—for the Moon to return to the same location in the sky.  During this time, it has passed overhead once and underfoot once, so in many places the period of strongest tidal forcing is the above-mentioned, about 12 hours and 25 minutes.  This is analogous to the minute hand on a watch crossing the hour hand at 12:00 and then again at about 1:05½ (not at 1:00).

Because a gravitational field weakens with distance, the Moon's gravity exerts a slightly stronger pulling force on the side of the Earth facing the Moon, and a slightly weaker force on the opposite side.  The Moon thus tends to "stretch" the Earth slightly along the line connecting the two bodies. The solid Earth deforms a bit, but ocean water, being fluid, is free to move much more in response to the tidal force, particularly horizontally. As the Earth rotates, the magnitude and direction of the tidal force at any particular point on the Earth's surface change constantly; although the ocean never reaches equilibrium—there is never time for the fluid to "catch up" to the state it would eventually reach if the tidal force were constant—the changing tidal force nonetheless causes rhythmic changes in sea surface height.

Other things, such as atmospheric pressure and the Sun's gravity, also affect the tides, but in most places those things do much less than the Moon's gravity does.

Related pages
 Aquaculture
 Tidal energy

References

Other websites
 Oceanography: tides by J. Floor Anthoni (2000).
 Myths about Gravity and Tides  by Mikolaj Sawicki (2005).
 Tidal Misconceptions  by Donald E. Simanek.
 Our Restless Tides: NOAA's practical & short introduction to tides.
 Tides and centrifugal force: Why the centrifugal force does not explain the tide's opposite lobe (with nice animations).

Tide predictions
 National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)
 Graphical Tide Calendars
 WWW Tide and Current Predictor
 XTide Tide Prediction Server
 Earth tides calculator
 Tides: Why They Happen -- Beaufort County Library
 Department of Oceanography, Texas A&M University

Oceanography

Tide


Dina tiori probabiliti, memorylessness nyaéta sipat penting sebaran probabiliti: sebaran eksponensial sarta sebaran geometrik.

Discrete memorylessness

Suppose X is a discrete random variable whose values lie in the set { 0, 1, 2, ... } or in the set { 1, 2, 3, ... }.
The probability distribution of X is memoryless precisely if for any x, y in { 0, 1, 2, ... } or in { 1, 2, 3, ... }, (as the case may be), we have

It can réadily be shown that the only probability distributions that enjoy this discrete memorylessness are geometric distributions.  These are the distributions of the number of independent Bernoulli trials needed to get one "success", with a fixed probability p of "success" on éach trial.

Example and motivation for the name memorylessness

For example, suppose a die is thrown as many times as it takes to get a "1", so that the probability of "success" on éach trial is 1/6, and the random variable X is the number of times the die must be thrown.  Then X has a géometric distribution, and the conditional probability that the die must be thrown at léast four more times to get a "1", given that it has alréady been thrown 10 times without a "1" appéaring, is no different from the original probability that the die would be thrown at léast four times.  In effect, the random process does not "remember" how many failures have occurred so far.

A frequent misunderstanding

Memorylessness is often misunderstood by students taking courses on probability: the fact that P(X > 16 | X > 12) = P(X > 4) does not méan that the events X > 16 and X > 12 are independent; i.e., it does not méan that P(X > 16 | X > 12) = P(X > 16).  To summarize: "memorlessness" of the probability distribution of the number of trials X until the first success méans

It does not méan

(That would be independence.  These two events are not independent.)

Continuous memorylessness

Suppose that rather than considering the discrete number of trials until the first "success", we consider continuous waiting time T until the arrival of the first phone call at a switchboard.  To say that the probability distribtuion of T is memoryless méans that for any positive real numbers s and t, we have

The only difference between this and the discrete version is that instéad of requiring s and t to be positive (or, in some cases, nonnegative) integers, thus achieving discreteness, we allow them to be réal numbers that are not necessarily integers.

It can be shown that the only probability distributions that enjoy this continuous memorylessness are the sebaran eksponensial.

Probability distributions

Memorylessness


Second Alcibiades (also called Alcibiades II or Alcibiades minor) is a text in Ancient Greek. It is a dialogue. Originally, it was attributed to Plato, but today it is thought Plato was not the author. In the dialogue, Socrates talks to the young Alcibiades. Alcibiades later became a successful statesman and general. The two people talk about philosophical aspects of prayer. The starting point of the question is how prayer should be performed correctly, and what to pray for.

Classical Greek literature
5th-century BC books

Second Alcibiades


Silkroad Online () is a fantasy MMORPG set in the 7th century AD, along the Silk Road between China and Europe.  The game requires no periodic subscription fee, but players can purchase premium items to customize or accelerate gameplay.

Gameplay
Silkroad Online is noted for its "Triangular Conflict System" in which characters may select one of three jobs, trader, hunter, or thief to engage each other in player versus player combat. Thieves attack traders who are protected by hunters. Hunters kill thieves getting experience to level up to a higher level of hunter. Traders complete trade runs which gives experience to increase their trader level, and thieves kill traders and hunters to level up. Thieves can also steal goods dropped by traders to take to the thieves' den in exchange for gold and thief experience.

In the Legend I update for Silkroad, the European classes and areas were introduced to the International servers, in Legend II, Fortress War was introduced. In fortress war, guilds fight to take hold of a fort which gives them the ability to raise taxes and hold some prestige over other guilds. In Legend III, Roc Mountain was added and the level cap was increased to 90. In addition, 9th Degree Armor and Weapons was added for both races. In Legend III+, the Bandit Fortress was added to iSRO, as well as Devil's Spirit silk dress.

In March 2009, Legend IV was introduced to the international version of Silkroad. Included in Legend IV are 10th degree weapons and armor for both European and Chinese characters. Also included was Ch'in Tomb, with monsters ranging from level 70 to 100. To enter the tomb, a character must be level 70 or above. The new unique monster added in Legend IV was Medusa, a level 105 snake from Greek mythology.

Players are given the option to create either a Chinese or European character.  Each of the races has its own advantages, disadvantages, cities, weapons, armor and classes.

Requirements
The listed requirements are a 1Ghz processor, 2GB of RAM, 4GB of HDD (install is only 1.55GB though) and VGA of 3D speed over GeForce FX 5600 or ATI9500

Reviews
In April 2005, Silkroad Online received a score of 8.4 ("nice") out of 10.0 from GameSpot Korea.  The reviewer praised the game's three-way player versus player system, character customization, and berserker mode, but found the quests and storyline lacking.

References

External links

Official sites and resources
Korean servers official website
International servers official website

Articles
Silkroad Online Fortress Wars, mmorpg.com article.

2005 video games
Active massively multiplayer online games
Fantasy massively multiplayer online role-playing games
Massively multiplayer online role-playing games
Video games developed in South Korea
Windows games
Windows-only games

Silkroad Online


The Naitional Emblem (Naitional Seembol) o Thailand features the Garuda, a figure frae baith Buddhist an Hindu meethology. In Thailand, this figure is uised as a seembol o the ryal faimily an authority. This version o the figure is referred tae as Krut Pha, meanin " actin as the vehicle (o Vishnu)." The Naitional Emblem is an aa the Emblem o the Keeng o Thailand.

The Garuda forybe features in the coat o airms o Indonesie an the ceety o Ulan Bator (the caipital o Mongolie). The coat o airms o Indonesie is different frae that o Thailand in ane respect, acause Emblem o Thailand disnae featur a heraldic shield.

History
In 1873, King Chulalongkorn designed a coat o airms for uise in Siam (the auld name for Thailand), in the wastren heraldic style. Fowerty year later, he decidit that the coat o airms wis too wastrenized an lacked ony image o the Garuda (which the kings o the Ayutthaya Kinrick haed uised as seembol o thair pouer).

He then ordered his brither Prince Naris tae mak a new emblem in place o the coat o airms. At first, Naris haed designed an emblem featurin Garuda, Naga an Vishnu inside a circle. The emblem wis uised for a short while afore the king suggestit Naris removed the images o Vishnu an Naga.

Efter Chulalongkorn's reign, King Vajiravudh ordered Phra Dhevabhinimit () tae create a new emblem. The new ane featurt Chulalongkorn's emblem, but encircled it tae create an ooter rim, that contained the ryal ceremonial name. Upon coronation o a new king, the ryal emblem is chynged tae correspond wi the name o the new king. Efter the abdication o King Prajadhipok in 1935, King Ananda Mahidol succeedit tae the throne, but he wis never crouned, sae a new emblem wis no creatit an Chulalongkorn's emblem wis uised insteid o the ither ane.

The day, an image o Garuda athoot the circle aroond it is uised as the emblem o Thailand. It is printit at the tap o offeecial documents an letters. Garuda sculptures is gien bi the king as a ryal warrant tae ony reliable an lawful companies wha made trade contract wi ryal hoosehauld an request sae.

Thailand
Naitional seembols o Thailand

Emblem o Thailand


Hammels is an area within Rockaway Beach on the Rockaway Peninsula in the New York City borough of Queens.  It is located west of Arverne and east of Seaside, and is centered on Beach 84th Street. Its main thoroughfare is Beach Channel Drive. The New York City Subway's  travels through the neighborhood on the IND Rockaway Line. The Hammel Houses, a public housing project built in 1954, is located in the neighborhood.

History
Hammels was named for a local landowner, Louis Hammel (1836-1904). It originated as a summer community based on a series of boardwalks that ran between the Bay and Ocean shores. This was followed by a hotel, the Eldert House, that was kept by Garret Eldert and faced the bay on the east side of what today is Beach 85th Street. In August 1869, Louis Hammel leased the hotel. The New York, Woodhaven & Rockaway Railroad ran within a few feet of the hotel as a trestle was erected across the bay in 1880. The hotel gave an easement for construction of the "Hammels" station, which was used as the name for the entire community.

A dock in front of the hotel on the Bay side, known as Fifth Landing, was a regular stop for boats of the Iron Steamboat Company. As the Rockaway resorts declined, residency changed to permanent residents. In 1897, Hammels merged with Hollands and was incorporated as the Village of Rockaway Beach. The following year, Rockaway Beach became part of the City of Greater New York when the five boroughs consolidated into a single city and New York City was created.

References

Populated coastal places in New York (state)
Neighborhoods in Rockaway, Queens

Hammels, Queens


George Marshall Cohen (August 4, 1919 – April 18, 1999) was an American painter and art professor. He was a member of the Chicago-based Monster Roster group of artists and taught art at Northwestern University.

Early life and education
Cohen was born on August 4, 1919, in Chicago. He studied at the School of the Art Institute of Chicago, where he was awarded the Isaacs Scholarship in 1938–1939 and the Coolbaugh Scholarship in 1939–1940. He also served as the President of the Art Students League of New York in 1940.

Cohen's academic career was interrupted between 1941 and 1946 while he served in the U.S. Army with the 63rd Reconnaissance Troop in the European Theatre of Operations. After completing his BFA at the Chicago Art Institute in 1946, Cohen briefly attended Drake University, where he studied Liberal Arts. At the University of Chicago, he completed residence work toward an MA and a PhD in the History of Art from 1946 to 1948.

Career
In 1948, Cohen joined the Northwestern University faculty as an instructor of art. He was promoted to assistant professor of art in 1952 and to associate professor in 1958. He became a full professor in 1963, a position he held until his retirement in 1984, when he became professor emeritus. As guest professor or guest artist, Cohen also taught at the Contemporary Art Workshop in Chicago in 1951, the Institute of Related Art in Wilmette in 1951, the Evanston Art Center from 1951 to 1952, the Institute of Design, Illinois Institute of Technology from 1956 to 1957, and the Minneapolis Museum of Art, 1963.

At Northwestern University, Cohen was a President's Fellow and Distinguished Faculty Lecturer. His numerous awards included the Copley Award, the National Foundation of the Arts Award, a Ford Arts Council Award, a Guggenheim Fellowship and the State of Illinois 150th Anniversary Award.

Cohen wrote many articles and reviews for various publications. He had many one-person shows and participated in numerous invitational exhibitions. His work can be found in permanent collections, including the Museum of Contemporary Art, the Museum of Modern Art in New York, the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art, the Carnegie Mellon Museum in Pittsburgh, the Minneapolis Museum of American Arts and the Hirschhorn Collection in Washington, D.C.

Personal life
Cohen was married to the painter Constance Teander Cohen (February 11, 1921 – February 14, 1995). They often showed their work together in exhibits. He had a son, Paul E. Cohen and two daughters, Frances Tietov and Susan Evans. Cohen and his wife, lived in an Evanston 19-century house filled with paintings, books, and musical instruments (two of their three children, Susan and Frances, are professional classical musicians).

Artistic practice
Cohen worked in oils and mixed media. A Northwestern University faculty profile describes Cohen as "a surrealist" who "combines the metaphysical with the sensuous to express new realities of space, time, and the human figure". Cohen was a founding member of the Museum of Contemporary Art in Chicago. In the mid-fifties, he was also a part of a "new Chicago School" that included artists Leon Golub, June Leaf and Cosmo Campoli. They organized annual "Momentum Exhibitions" that caught the notice of New York critics. (See clippings from Art News, October 1955; Arts, January 1955.)

George Cohen became known in the forties and fifties for his paintings and board constructions with objects and mirrors affixed to them. He is considered a major influence on and harbinger of the Chicago Imagists, as well as an important contributor nationally to developments in painting in the fifties and sixties. He received many awards and prizes, including the National Endowment for the Arts and the Guggenheim, and his art is owned by private and corporate collectors as well as the Museum of Modern Art in New York, the Art Institute of Chicago, and the Carnegie Institute in Pittsburgh. One of his key works, "The Serpent Chooses Adam and Eve" was at the '59 Invitational. After a 1960 trip to Rome, Cohen was influenced by Etruscan and Italian art.

Cohen showed many years with the Zabriskie Gallery and the Charles Alan Gallery in New York and with Richard L. Feigen in Chicago and New York. His most recent museum show was in 1981 at the Art Institute of Chicago, and in 1982 he exhibited his paintings at the Frumkin Struve Gallery in Chicago.

References

Further reading
http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0425/is_n1_v53/ai_15383221

External links
Smithsonian archive
Northwestern archive

Modern painters
American surrealist artists
American Figurative Expressionism
1919 births
1999 deaths
School of the Art Institute of Chicago alumni
20th-century American painters
American male painters
University of Chicago alumni
20th-century American male artists

George Cohen (artist)


The Grampian Mountains or Grampians  are one of the three major mountain ranges in Scotland, occupying a considerable portion of the Scottish Highlands in northeast Scotland. They occupy almost half the land-area of Scotland.

The Grampians extend southwest to northeast between the Highland Boundary Fault (south) and the Great Glen (north). This includes the Cairngorms and the Lochaber hills. The range includes Ben Nevis (the highest point in the British Isles at 1,344 metres above sea level) and Ben Macdui (the second highest at 1,309 metres).

The mountains are composed of granite, and metamorphic rocks such as gneiss, marble, schists and quartzite. The other major mountain ranges in Scotland are the Northwest Highlands and the Southern Uplands.

References

Mountains of Scotland

Grampian Mountains


Space Paranoids is a first-person shooter arcade game appearing and featured in the 1982 movie Tron. According to the plot, it was created by Kevin Flynn but the code was stolen and released by ENCOM and the villain Ed Dillinger. In the movie Flynn is seen playing the game in his arcade.

An actual playable game based on what appears in the movie was designed and released by 42 Entertainment, a company that specializes in alternate reality games, for the 2009 San Diego Comic-Con International. Instead of being credited to its real developer, it is credited to "Encom" (the fictional company in the Tron films) with a release date of 1982; the high score record holder is supposedly "Flynn" (the main character in Tron).

Overview
The object of the game is to go through the levels and score as many points as possible by destroying Recognizers, tanks and stationary gun turrets.

The game is designed to look and feel like its movie appearance: for this, the controls of the arcade version are a joystick and a trackball

Technical details
The game is based on the Unity game engine which allows it to run from the browser, provided that the appropriate browser extension is installed. The default controls for the online version are a keyboard and mouse, but if it is downloaded to play offline, it will be possible to configure it for joystick support, full screen and custom resolutions.

Space Paranoids opened online on May 6, 2010.

References

External links
 Description of "Flynn Lives" viral campaign

2009 video games
Arcade video games
Arcade-only video games
Fictional video games
First-person shooters
Retro-style video games
Trackball video games
Tron video games
Video games developed in the United States

Space Paranoids


John Campbell Ross (11 March 1899 - 3 June 2009) was the last living Australian World War I veteran.

Born in Newtown, Victoria, a suburb of Geelong, Ross served as a wireless operator in the First Australian Imperial Force, enlisting in January 1918, but never left Australia or saw active service. He later went on to serve in the Second World War as a corporal with the 20th Battalion, Volunteer Defence Corps.

His wife, Irene (née Laird), had been deceased by several decades before Jack Ross's death. He is survived by a son, Robert, a daughter, Peggy Ashburn, four grandchildren- Janette, Heather, Kay, and John - and nine great-grand children.

On 11 November 1998, Jack Ross had been awarded the 80th Anniversary Armistice Medal to mark the end of World War I. Jack also had been awarded the Centenary Medal for doing his share to the Australian society in the 100 years since the federation.

The death of William Evan Allan in October 2005 left Ross as the last Australian digger from World War I. However Claude Choules, a World War I veteran who served for Britain, lived in Western Australia. Ross became Australia's oldest man at the age of 108, on 12 June 2007, upon the death of Frank Scarrabelotti. Following the death of 112 year old E. Beatrice Riley, he was verified as the oldest person in Australia.

Ross celebrated his 110th birthday with chocolates and cake and a commemorative letter from the Prime Minister of Australia Kevin Rudd.

As a civilian, Ross worked for Victorian Railways until he retired in 1964. Ross died peacefully in his sleep at approximately 4 am. at the Golden Oaks Nursing Home in Bendigo on 3 June 2009, aged 110.

1899 births
2009 deaths

John Campbell Ross


An Antiplatelet drug is a drug that acts against blood clotting. The blood contains platelets, which will stick together, and close an open wound. In some cases, they also stick together in the bloodstream, and form blood clots. Such blood clots cause Strokes and Heart attacks. Another type of drug that prevents clotting is called anticoagulant. Anticoagulants cannot be used to prevent blood clotting in the arteries. Antiplatelet drugs are commonly used in the prevention of strokes and heart attacks. Acetylsalicylic acid, commonly known as Aspirin, is one of them.

Drugs

Antiplatelet drug


The Lancashire Heeler is a small breed of dog developed for use as a drover and herder of cattle. The Lancashire Heeler is listed by the Kennel Club (UK) as an endangered breed.

Description

Appearance
The coat is harsh and smooth with an undercoat which keeps the dog dry in all weathers. It may have a slight mane round the neck in winter. The dog is usually black and tan, but liver and tan is now recognised by the Kennel Club. They are slightly longer than height at withers, usually measures between  at the shoulder and weighs . Ears can be tipped or erect.

Personality

It is alert, friendly, energetic, intelligent, playful and a pleasant companion. Personality can range from lazy and playful to energetic and talkative. It is generally a very strong dog that likes to participate in a variety of activities, and can carry a ball or object the size of itself. The Lancashire Heeler is friendly towards its owners and passers-by on the street but may be aggressive towards an unknown character on their territory.

Health
The Lancashire Heeler has a life expectancy of 12–15 years or more. The three most common serious conditions that can affect Heelers are Collie eye anomaly, Primary lens luxation and Persistent pupillary membranes. As well as these eye conditions, dogs of this breed may suffer from Patella luxation.

History

The origin of breed are unknown, however it is accepted that a type of Welsh Corgi was used to drive livestock to the north west of England from Wales. In the Ormskirk area, a type of black and tan terrier called the Manchester Terrier was introduced which resulted in what is now known as the Lancashire Heeler. The breed has been known in its home county for over a hundred and fifty years as a general purpose farm dog, capable of both ratting and herding cattle.

Gwen Mackintosh began to breed Heelers in the early 1960s. Together with other enthusiasts, she established the Lancashire Heeler Club  in 1978, with the club setting a breed standard and register. Recognition by The Kennel Club followed in 1981. Mackintosh would continue to serve as the club's president until her death in 1992.

The breed was recognised as a vulnerable native breed by The Kennel Club in 2006, which means that annual registration figures are 300 or less for the breed. In 2006, 173 Heelers were registered in the UK, in 2007 this had decreased further to 146. In 2016, the FCI added the breed to the list of provisionally accepted breeds.

Activities
Lancashire Heelers can compete in dog agility trials, obedience, Rally obedience, showmanship, flyball, and herding events. Herding instincts and trainability can be measured at noncompetitive herding tests. Lancashire Heelers exhibiting basic herding instincts can be trained to compete in herding trials.

See also
 Dogs portal
 List of dog breeds

References

External links

Dog breeds originating in England
FCI breeds
Herding dogs
Rare dog breeds
Vulnerable Native Breeds

Lancashire Heeler


A form constant is one of several geometric patterns which are recurringly observed during hypnagogia, hallucinations and altered states of consciousness.

History

In 1926, Heinrich Klüver systematically studied the effects of mescaline (peyote) on the subjective experiences of its users. In addition to producing hallucinations characterized by bright, "highly saturated" colors and vivid imagery, Klüver noticed that mescaline produced recurring geometric patterns in different users. He called these patterns "form constants" and categorized four types: lattices (including honeycombs, checkerboards, and triangles), cobwebs, tunnels, and spirals.

In 1988 David Lewis-Williams and T.A. Dowson incorporated the form constant into his Three Stages of Trance model, the geometric shapes comprising the visuals observed in the model's first stage.

Precipitants

Klüver's form constants have appeared in other drug-induced and naturally occurring hallucinations, suggesting a similar physiological process underlying hallucinations with different triggers. Klüver's form constants also appear in near-death experiences and sensory experiences of those with synesthesia. Other triggers include psychological stress, threshold consciousness (hypnagogia), insulin hypoglycemia, the delirium of fever, epilepsy, psychotic episodes, advanced syphilis, sensory deprivation, photostimulation, electrical stimulation, crystal gazing, migraine headaches, dizziness and a variety of drug-induced intoxications. These shapes may appear on their own or with eyes shut in the form of phosphenes, especially when exerting pressure against the closed eyelid.

It is believed that the reason why these form constants appear has to do with the way the visual system is organized, and in particular in the mapping between patterns on the retina and the columnar organization of the primary visual cortex. Concentric circles in the retina are mapped into parallel lines in the visual cortex. Spirals, tunnels, lattices and cobwebs map into lines in different directions. This means that if activation spreads in straight lines within the visual cortex, the experience is equivalent to looking at actual form constants.

Author Michael Moorcock once observed in print that the shapes he had seen during his migraine headaches resembled exactly the form of fractals. The diversity of conditions that provoke such patterns suggests that form constants reflect some fundamental property of visual perception.

Cultural significance

Form constants have a relationship to some forms of abstract art, especially the visual music tradition, as William Wees noted in his book Light Moving in Time about research done by German psychologist Heinrich Klüver on the form constants resulting from mescaline intoxication. The visual and synaesthetic hallucinations this drug produced resembles, as Wees noted, a listing of visual forms employed in visual music:

These form-constants provide links between abstraction, visual music and synaesthesia. The cultural significance of form constants, as Wees notes in Light Moving in Time is part of the history of abstract film and video.

The practice of the ancient art of divination may suggest a deliberate practice of cultivating form constant imagery and using intuition and/or imagination to derive some meaning from transient visual phenomena.

Psychedelic art, inspired at least in part by experiences with psychedelic substances, frequently includes repetitive abstract forms and patterns such as tessellation, Moiré patterns or patterns similar to those created by paper marbling, and, in later years, fractals. The op art genre of visual art created art using bold imagery very like that of form constants.

In electroacoustic music, Jon Weinel has explored the use of altered states of consciousness as a basis for the design of musical compositions.  His work bases the design of sonic materials on typical features of hallucinatory states, and organises them according to hallucinatory narratives.  As part of this work, form constants feature prominently as a basis for the design of psychedelic sonic and visual material.

See also

Biosemiotics

References

Sources

Blackmore, Susan. Dying to Live: Near-Death Experiences. Buffalo, NY: Prometheus Books, 1993.
Cytowic, Richard E., The Man Who Tasted Shapes.
Ermentrout, G.B. and  Cowan, J.D., "A mathematical theory of visual hallucination patterns."  Biol. Cybernet. 34 (1979), no. 3, 137–150.

External links
Text from "Hallucinogens and Creativity" page by Susan Opar
"Spontaneous pattern formation in large scale brain activity: what visual migraines and hallucinations tell us about the brain"; online video of lecture by Jack Cowan
"Spontaneous pattern formation in the primary visual cortex"
 free version of "What Geometric Visual Hallucinations Tell Us about the Visual Cortex"

Hallucinations
Symptoms and signs of mental disorders
Psychedelia
Divination
Visual motifs
Psychedelic drug research
Vision

Form constant


Bass instrument amplification is an amplifier used for bass guitars, double bass and similar instruments. It makes the sound they make louder. It is different from other types of amplification systems because it is difficult to reproduce low-frequency sounds (bass). Bass amps need strong loudspeakers, and a relatively larger speaker cabinet. Speaker cabinets for bass instrument amplification usually have larger (or more) loudspeakers than those used for the amplification of other instruments. The loudspeakers themselves must also be sturdier to handle the higher power levels.

Electronic musical instruments
Music technology

Bass amplifier