Bradley Donald Baker (born November 6, 1980 in Brattleboro, Vermont) is a former Minor League Baseball right-handed relief pitcher. Baker threw a fastball which consistently hit 90 mph, an above-average change and an average curve.

High school
Baker attended Pioneer Valley Regional School in Northfield, Massachusetts.  He made the varsity baseball team in 8th grade and graduated in 1999 breaking almost all school records.  He signed a national letter of intent to play college baseball at the University of Florida but decided to enter professional baseball instead.

Professional career

Baker was drafted by the Boston Red Sox in the 1st Round (40th overall) of the 1999 Draft, he was immediately assigned and played for the Rookie League Gulf Coast Red Sox, where he recorded a 1-0 record, a 0.79 earned run average, and 10 strikeouts in 4 games.

Brad had a career year in  with the Single A Augusta GreenJackets. His statistics included a 12-7 win–loss record, a 3.07 ERA, 126 strikeouts, and 55 walks in 27 games. The following year, Baker played for the Single A Sarasota Red Sox and went 7-9 with a 4.70 ERA and 103 strikeouts. He also played for Sarasota in , going 7-1, with a 2.79 ERA and 65 strikeouts, before being traded to the San Diego Padres on June 26, 2002 for Alan Embree. Just a few weeks after the trade, Baker was honored by being selected to play in the All-Star Futures Game at the MLB All Star Game.  Baker finished the season with San Diego's AA affiliate, the Mobile BayBears.  He would compile a record of 4-4, with a 4.48 ERA in 12 games with Mobile.

Brad began the  season with the Class A Lake Elsinore Storm, compiling a 3-1 record, a 2.01 ERA, and 69 K before being called up back to AA Mobile. With the BayBears, he went a dismal 1-6 with a 5.68 ERA and 53 strikeouts.  In this season Baker would start making relief appearances.

In 2004, still playing with the BayBears, Brad fared much better.  For the first time in his career he was moved into the bullpen on a full-time basis as a closer.  Brad instantly succeeded in his new role with a 2-1 record, a 1.57 ERA, and 68 strikeouts. Near the end of the season, he was called up to the AAA Portland Beavers, where he played 4 games, recording a stellar 0.93 ERA in 9.2 innings pitched. He led San Diego's minor league organization in saves with 34 in .

Brad went 4-5 with a 4.75 ERA, 75 strikeouts, and 27 saves as the Portland Beavers closer in . He had a good Spring Training, but he did not make the major league roster.  He would also not receive a September call-up to the Padres as their closer was future Hall of Fame pitcher Trevor Hoffman and the team was in the middle of  a playoff hunt and not looking to give innings to unproven, young pitchers.

Knowing that if he stayed in San Diego he would have to compete for a job with Hoffman, the Atlanta Braves signed Baker as a free agent on November 17, 2005 to a one-year contract. He figured to have an excellent chance of making the 2006 major league club as he had a good spring training and the Braves did not have a closer.  However, Baker's velocity, which had once been in the 90's was now only in the mid to high 80's.  He was cut from the Braves roster and started the season with AAA Richmond.  On May 15, 2006, he was traded back to the team who originally drafted him, the Boston Red Sox, and was assigned to AAA Pawtucket to complete a trade for reliever Franklin Núñez. Baker finished the season going 1-0 with a 2.40 ERA with the Richmond Braves but was 0-0 with a 6.07 ERA with Pawtucket.

In 2007, Baker signed a free agent contract with the Minnesota Twins and split time between the AA New Britain Rock Cats and the AAA Rochester Red Wings.  His combined record was 2-7 with an ERA of 5.72.

Retirement

Without much interest from any major league teams for the 2008 season, a newspaper article in March 2008 cited Baker as stating that he was retiring from professional baseball. Baker cited loss of velocity and age as the primary reasons for his retirement.

In 2009 Baker returned to the mound, however, this time with a local non-professional summer league team in the Tri-County League in his native area of Western Massachusetts.  Baker has stated that he will be taking classes to move forward to earning a college degree.

References

External links
 Brad Baker at MLB.com

1980 births
Living people
Minor league baseball players
People from Brattleboro, Vermont
Augusta GreenJackets players
Gulf Coast Red Sox players
Lake Elsinore Storm players
Mississippi Braves players
Mobile BayBears players
New Britain Rock Cats players
Pawtucket Red Sox players
Peoria Javelinas players
Portland Beavers players
Rochester Red Wings players
Sarasota Red Sox players

Brad Baker (baseball)


Guillaume Dufay (pronounce "GHEE-oam Doo-FYE", sometimes spelt Du Fay) (born Beersel? 5 August 1397?; died Cambrai, 27 November 1474) was a Franco-Flemish composer and music theorist of the early Renaissance. He was the most important composer of his time. He belonged to the group of composers known as the Burgundian School. He had more influence on music in Europe than any other composer of the 15th century.

Life
From what it says in his will it seems likely that he was born in Beersel which is near Brussels in what, today, is Belgium. He was the illegitimate child of an unknown priest and a woman called Marie Du Fayt. When he was small, Dufay moved with his mother to Cambrai where they stayed with a relative who was a canon of the cathedral there. Dufay soon showed musical talent, and he was given a musical education at the cathedral. He sang in the choir there. When he was only 16 he was given a benefice as chaplain near Cambrai. He travelled to Konstanz for a meeting.

From November 1418 to 1420 he was a subdeacon at Cambrai Cathedral. In 1420 he left Cambrai again, and worked in Rimini in Italy at the house of a rich family. In 1424 he returned to Cambrai because the relative in whose house his mother was staying was ill. After the relative died he went back to Italy. He worked in Bologna for a cardinal. He became a deacon and then a priest.

When the Cardinal was made to leave Bologna in 1428 Dufay went to Rome to work for the pope. He became a member of the Papal Choir. In 1434 he was made maistre de chappelle in Savoy. He seems to have left Rome when the papal choir had money problems. Yet in 1435 he was again in the service of the papal chapel, but this time it was in Florence. In 1436 Dufay composed the festive motet Nuper rosarum flores, one of his most famous compositions, which was sung at the dedication of Brunelleschi's dome of the cathedral in Florence.

During this period Dufay also began his long association with the d'Este family in Ferrara, some of the most important musical patrons of the Renaissance. He may have got to know them during his first stay in Italy. Rimini was not far from Ferrara, and he spent time in both towns where he got financial support.

At this time the arguments between the Pope and the Council of Basel continued. Dufay thought he might find himself without a job, so he went back to Cambrai. In order to be a canon at Cambrai, he needed a law degree, which he got in 1437; he may have studied at Turin University in 1436. One of the first documents mentioning him in Cambrai is dated December 27, 1440, when he was given 36 lots of wine for the feast of St. John the Evangelist. We do not know how long he took to drink it.

Dufay stayed in Cambrai during the 1440s. At the same time he was also in the service of the Duke of Burgundy. While in Cambrai he worked with Nicolas Grenon on completely renewing the cathedral collection of music. This meant that he had to write a big collection of polyphonic music for services. He also worked in the administration of the cathedral. In 1444 his mother died, and was buried in the cathedral; and in 1445 Dufay moved into the house of the person who had been canon just before. He kept this home for the rest of his life, although he did spend six more years in Italy where he wrote many of his compositions. When he returned again to Cambrai he was made canon of the cathedral. He was the most famous composer in Europe by that time. He often composed music for the court of Burgundy, and he met many younger composers who were becoming famous, such as Busnois, Ockeghem, Tinctoris, and Loyset Compère. During this period Dufay probably wrote his mass based on the song L'homme armé, as well as the chanson based on the same song. Maybe he wrote this when Philip the Good called for a new crusade against the Turks, who had recently captured Constantinople. He also wrote a Requiem mass around 1460, which is lost.

After an illness of several weeks, Dufay died on November 27, 1474. He had asked for his motet Ave regina celorum to be sung for him as he died, with pleas for mercy to be read between some of the movements, but there was not enough time for this to be arranged, so it was sung at his funeral instead. Dufay was buried in the chapel of St. Etienne in the cathedral of Cambrai; his portrait was carved onto his tombstone. In later years the cathedral was destroyed, and the tombstone was lost, but it was found in 1859 (it was being used to cover a well), and is now in the Palais des Beaux Arts museum in Lille.

Music and influence
Dufay's music was performed all over Europe. People who wanted to perform his music had to write it out by hand. There was no music printing in those days.

Dufay wrote church music including masses, motets, Magnificats, hymns, simple chant settings and antiphons. His secular (non-religious) music includes rondeaux, ballades, virelais and a few other kinds of chanson. His style of composition laid the foundation for the next generations of Renaissance composers. Some of his techniques were old-fashioned. He used isorhythms in his motets, which had been popular in medieval music. He used a way of harmonizing chants which became known as fauxbourdon. He was popular because he was skilled at writing melodies which were beautiful to sing.

References
grove dictionary of music online

1390s births
1474 deaths
Renaissance composers
Music theorists
Franco-Flemish composers

Guillaume Dufay


The use of search engine technology is the main integration component in an information system. In a traditional business environment the architectural layer usually occupied by a relational database management system (RDBMS) is supplemented or replaced with a search engine or the indexing technology used to build search engines. Queries for information which would usually be performed using Structured Query Language (SQL) are replaced by keyword or fielded (or field-enabled) searches for structured, semi-structured, or unstructured data.

In a typical multi-tier or N tier architecture information is maintained in a data tier where it can be stored and retrieved from a database or file system. The data tier is queried by the logic or business tier when information is needed using a data retrieval language like SQL.

In a search-oriented architecture the data tier may be replaced or placed behind another tier which contains a search engine and search engine index which is queried instead of the database management system. Queries from the business tier are made in the search engine query language instead of SQL. The search engine itself crawls the relational database management system in addition to other traditional data sources such as web pages or traditional file systems and consolidates the results when queried.

The benefit of adding a search layer to the architecture stack is rapid response time large dynamic datasets made possible by search indexing technology such as an inverted index.

Contrast with
 Service-oriented architecture (SOA)
 Service-Oriented Modeling

See also
 Hibernate search

Software architecture
Information retrieval techniques

Search-oriented architecture


Bronchi (one Bronchus) are the large air tubes leading from the trachea to the lungs. They carry air to the lungs.

The trachea (windpipe) divides to form the right and left main bronchi. These divide to form smaller and smaller tubes called bronchioles. Eventually the bronchioles end in the alveoli (small air sacs).  At the alveoli, oxygen from the air we breathe into our lungs is moved into the blood.  The blood then carries oxygen around to the rest of the body, which needs oxygen to survive.  Without the bronchi, air would never get into the lungs, and oxygen would never get into our bodies.

The bronchi's walls are made of cartilage.

The right bronchus (shown on the left in the image on this page) is shorter, wider, and straighter than the left bronchus.

Related pages
 Bronchitis (an illness that affects the bronchi)
 Asthma (a disease that makes the bronchi get narrower)
 Bronchodilator (medicine that helps the bronchi get wider when they narrow because of a disease like asthma)

Pulmonology

Bronchus


Neresheim Abbey or the Abbey of Saints Ulrich and Afra, Neresheim ( or ) is located above the town of Neresheim in Baden-Württemberg, southern Germany. It is now a Benedictine monastery and is part of the Beuronese Congregation.

First foundation
Neresheim was founded in 1095 as a house of (secular) Augustinian Canons, and converted to a Benedictine monastery in 1106. From 1140 until 1164, Ortlieb of Zwiefalten served as abbot.

In the 13th century, the abbey owned seven villages and it had an income from a further 71 places in the area.  Ten parish churches were incorporated. The present abbey was erected between 1747 and 1792 from plans by Balthasar Neumann. After his death in 1753 his disciples and followers continued his work. It is a masterpiece of European baroque.
During wars and conflicts the monastery was destroyed several times for example during the Thirty Years' War and during Napoleonic Wars of the beginning of the 19th century

Second foundation
In 1802 the monastery was suppressed and secularized. Due to the disruptions caused by the Napoleonic invasion, custodianship over the abbey's assets and property was granted to the Princely House of Thurn und Taxis for the years 1803-06. Afterwards, the Bavarian state assumed ownership. Both the abbey and the County of Thurn un Taxis were annexed by the kingdom of Württemberg in 1810.

Precious objects were bought from Thurn und Taxis by Bavaria. The Prince of Thurn und Taxis funded and refounded the monastery, which opened in 1919. The first abbot was Bernhard Durst (1921–65). In 1919, the abbey was resettled by Benedictines from Beuron Archabbey and the Emaus Abbey in Prague.

The church
The medieval monastery had a Roman basilica but in 1695 it was transformed to a baroque church. After much internal debate, in 1745, the decision was taken to build a new abbey church instead of rebuilding the old Romanesque church, which had been superficially updated to the Baroque style in the late 17th century. Abbot Amandus Fischer (1711–29) had brought in architect Dominikus Zimmermann to rebuild and redecorate the abbey's Festsaal, which was carried out in 1719-20 in a high Rococo style. Seeking stylistic continuity with his predecessor's building program, Abbot Aurelius Braisch (1739–55) commissioned architect and building engineer Johann Balthasar Neumann to rebuild the abbey church in 1747. Neumann, the most sought-after architect in central Europe at the time, had designed the pilgrimage church of Vierzehnheiligen and the Residenz at Würzburg, which were admired for their light formal invention, sumptuous materials and lightness of touch. Neumann's plan called for a conventional basilica consisting of nave, crossing and choir which were articulated as a series of oval-shaped bays surmounted with shallow domes.

Work commenced on the new church in 1750, but Neumann's premature death in 1753 necessitated the finding of new builders willing to carry out Neumann's plans. Subsequent architects altered or abandoned the original design, particularly the construction and profile of the domes, which slowed progress. The finished church, consecrated in 1792, should be attributed to Neumann with reservations or characterized as the work of disparate hands.

The domes were frescoed by Austrian painter Martin Knoller  from Steinach, Austria over the six summers of 1770-75. Seven scenes from the Life of Christ are depicted, including Christ among the Doctors, the Last Supper and the Ascension.Its

Johann Nepomuk Holzhey of Ottobeuren built the last of the great South-German, Baroque organs at Neresheim between the years 1792 and 1797.

The abbey today
Today there are 13 monks in the monastery,
Norbert Stoffels having been their guiding abbot between 1977 and 2012. Now since March 2012 P. Albert Knebel is Prior-Administrator. There is a bookshop and a restaurant for visitors.

The monks run a conference centre and guesthouse, and offer courses and spiritual training. In 2004, the monastery set up the Neresheim Abbey Boys' Choir, which provides a free musical education and voice training. The choir sings regularly at services in the abbey church at Neresheim and also makes appearances outside the monastery.

In May 2010 the car of a kidnapped, later murdered person was found in the monastery yard. Visitors who took pictures in the period some days before and after May 13 were asked to contact the German police.

See also
 History of early modern period domes

Pictures

References

External links

  Neresheim Abbey Homepage
  Neresheim Abbey information
  Index of abbeys in Württemberg

Monasteries in Baden-Württemberg
Christian monasteries established in the 11th century
Augustinian monasteries in Germany
Benedictine monasteries in Germany
Imperial abbeys disestablished in 1802–03
1764 establishments in the Holy Roman Empire
Ostalbkreis

Neresheim Abbey


Martin L. Puryear (born May 23, 1941) is an American artist known for his devotion to traditional craft. Working in wood and bronze, among other media, his reductive technique and meditative approach challenge the physical and poetic boundaries of his materials. The artist's Martin Puryear: Liberty/Libertà exhibition represented the United States at the 2019 Venice Biennale.

Life

Born in 1941 in Washington, D.C., Martin Puryear began exploring traditional craft methods in his youth, making tools, boats, musical instruments, and furniture. After receiving a BA in Fine Art from the Catholic University of America in 1963, Puryear spent two years as a Peace Corps volunteer in Sierra Leone where he learned local woodworking techniques. From 1966–1968, he studied at the Royal Swedish Academy of Arts in Stockholm, returning to the United States afterward to enroll in the graduate program for sculpture at Yale University. Although he discovered Minimalism at a formative period in his development, Puryear would ultimately reject its impersonality and formalism.

After earning his MFA from Yale, Puryear began teaching at Fisk University in Nashville and University of Maryland in College Park. In 1977, following a devastating fire in his Brooklyn studio, Puryear had a solo show at the Corcoran Gallery of Art in Washington. Shortly after he moved to Chicago.

In both 1979 and 1981, and again in 1989, his work was included in the Whitney Biennial at the Whitney Museum of American Art in New York City. He travelled to Japan in 1982 through a Guggenheim Memorial Foundation Fellowship where he investigated architecture and garden design. In 1989, he was awarded the MacArthur Foundation Fellowship. He received the Gold Medal in Sculpture by the American Academy of Arts and Letters in 2007, and was recently awarded the National Medal of Arts.

Puryear has lived in New York's Hudson Valley since 1990 where he works in a studio of his own construction. An African-American, he does not speak frequently about his identity but has expressed appreciation for the life of James Beckwourth.

Artwork (selection)
The artwork of Martin Puryear is a product of visibly complex craft construction and manipulation of pure material; its forms are combinations of the organic and the geometric. His process can be described as reductive, seeking to bring work and material close to its original state and creating rationality in each work derived from the maker and act of making. This is what Puryear calls "inevitability", or a "fullness of being within limits" that defines function.

Often associated with both Minimalism and Formalist sculpture, Puryear rejects that his work is ever non-referential or objective. The pure and direct imagistic forms born from his use of traditional craft are allusive and poetic, as well as deeply personal. Visually, they encounter the history of objects and the history of their making, suggesting public and private narratives including those of the artist, race, ritual, and identity.

His work is widely exhibited and collected both in the United States and internationally. Included amongst Puryear's public works is his large-scale composition Ark (1988) which was designed for York College and can be viewed presently on the school's campus in Queens, New York. Puryear has also created several permanent outdoor works, such as Bodark Arc (1982) and Pavilion in the Trees (1993), and collaborated with landscape architects on the design of public spaces. A 30-year survey, organized by the Museum of Modern Art, New York and which traveled to the National Gallery of Art, the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art, and the Modern Art Museum of Fort Worth, included installations of some of the artist's largest works, notably the dramatically foreshortened 36-foot Ladder for Booker T. Washington (1996) made from a single, split sapling ash tree.

Bask, 1976
Bask rests low on the floor in black, made of staved pine wood tapered at each end and swelling gently at the center. The subtle curvature of the work is achieved through the use of a ship making technique called strip planking once used to build the hulls of ships. Geometric in its construction of lines and arcs, it demonstrates well the influence of Minimalism in the early work of Martin Puryear.

Ark, 1988
Martin Puryear's 36 foot tall and 70 foot long copper tubing installation, Ark, was constructed in 1987 and installed on the campus of York College in 1988 where it can be viewed to this day. Ark was commissioned by the college as a result of New York City's Percent for Art law. York approached Puryear in 1981 and his proposal for Ark was submitted in 1985. The armature made of copper tubing consists of looping and intertwined oval and circular shapes, swelling slightly at the center and sagging at the bottom, evoking the skeletal framework of a ship's hull.

Puryear designed Ark specifically for the location in which it hangs, suspended from rafters by cables in the Academic Core Building. The piece was mounted in the space between the glass walls of the library and the second and third floor balconies. The installation floats unobtrusively in the soft, natural light that filters through the Academic Core Mall and reflects imagery consistent with recurring motifs of Puryear's work such as ships and embryonic forms which are visible in pieces such as, Bask (1976) in which both the shape and construction of ships is referenced by the piece's form and the technique used to build it.

The Load, 2012
Lacking any means of conveyance, the full-size two-wheeled cart in The Load sits poised as if ready to move at a moment's notice, with its twelve-foot harness pole parallel to the ground resting on a center prop. Mounted atop the axle of the cart is a gridded wooden box that encages a white sphere fitted with a glass aperture. The glass aperture faces the rear of the cart, an accessible portal through which a viewer can glimpse the complex interior structure of the wooden sphere!

The cart is an immediately recognizable object, although from no particular time or place in history. Two-wheeled carts have been in use since the second millennium BCE, and are common in cultures worldwide, making it both culturally and temporally ambiguous. In futuristic white, the sphere juxtaposes the aged wood of the cart.

The Load revisits the wheel as an object with functional and symbolic meanings in the work of Puryear, who often deals with escapism, flight, and mobility.

Slavery Memorial, 2014

References

External links

Roberta Smith's article in the NYT, Nov. 2, 2007
Martin Puryear at Matthew Marks Gallery, New York.
David Levi-Strauss interview with Martin Puryear from Brooklyn Rail, November 2007
Puryear's Guggenheim Museum Biography
Martin Puryear at McKee Gallery Martin Puryear at McKee Gallery, New York
Martin Puryear retrospective at the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art, 2008–2009

1941 births
Living people
Yale School of Art alumni
Catholic University of America alumni
20th-century American sculptors
20th-century American male artists
21st-century American sculptors
21st-century American male artists
American male sculptors
Members of the American Academy of Arts and Letters
Postmodern artists
MacArthur Fellows
Artists from Washington, D.C.
United States National Medal of Arts recipients
20th-century American printmakers
African-American contemporary artists
American contemporary artists
African-American sculptors
African-American printmakers
20th-century African-American artists
21st-century African-American artists

Martin Puryear


Theodore J. Mooney is a fictional character on the 1960s CBS situation comedy The Lucy Show, portrayed by Gale Gordon.

Mooney was the president of the local bank in Lucy Carmichael's (Lucille Ball) hometown of Danfield.  As such, he was also the trustee of an apparently sizable trust fund of which the widowed Mrs. Carmichael was the beneficiary, left to her by her late husband.  Much of the series' humor in its early episodes was based around Lucy's attempts to get Mooney to allow her to invade the principal of the trust, with Mooney steadfastly resisting Lucy's often harebrained schemes.  Gordon joined the show at the beginning of its second season in September 1963, and in a two-part episode that introduced the character, the tone of their frequently antagonistic relationship was immediately set, as Lucy accidentally locked herself and Mooney in the bank vault overnight. Gordon was to have joined the series at its premiere in 1962, but he was still contractually obligated to his role as Mr. Wilson on Dennis the Menace. Consequently, Charles Lane played the similar Mr. Barnsdahl character in The Lucy Show's first season.

Eventually, Lucy had spent so much of her time and efforts at the bank that it seemed logical to make her a paid bank employee, and she became such, serving as Mooney's secretary.  In the series' later years, both Mooney and Lucy moved to California, where Mooney became vice president of a larger bank and Lucy again served as his secretary.  The Mooney character's role expanded with the shift in locale to California, as The Lucy Show'''s other costar, Vivian Vance, left the series at the same time. Mooney became a key figure in nearly every episode from this point on.  The Mooney character is best remembered for his ill-temper and shouting outbursts at the incompetent "Mrs. Carmichael".  During their time in Danfield, he also did battle with Lucy's school friend, the Countess Framboise (née Rosie Harrigan, and played by Ann Sothern), who had been widowed herself by her husband, who was badly in debt.  Since she was looking for money to pay off his debts, she crossed swords with Mr. Mooney, whom she invariably called "Mr. Money".

When The Lucy Show ended in 1968, Gordon moved to Ball's new show Here's Lucy in the role of Lucy's brother-in-law, Harry Carter, a character similar in temperament and demeanor to Mooney. He remained with the new program until it left the CBS lineup in 1974. He then played the similar character Curtis McGibbon on the short-lived Life with Lucy in 1986. Gordon would reprise the character one last time in the first episode of the 1991 sitcom Hi Honey, I'm Home!''

Television characters introduced in 1963
American sitcom television characters
Fictional bankers

Theodore J. Mooney


Campaign is trying to do something. Some battles in wars are called campaigns. The word comes from "Campania", a region where the ancient Roman army often fought.

When someone in politics seeks election to a political office, that is called a "political campaign". Sometimes, a series of advertisements can be referred to as an "advertising campaign". A "blood drive", when the Red Cross or a hospital asks people to give blood, is also a campaign.

A campaign usually involves groups of people following a plan and working together in different ways to get what they want.

Voting
Military
Marketing

Campaign


The Socialist Party of America was a socialist political party in the United States from 1901 to 1972. In early 1919, it had 100,000 members. In the 1920s they temporarily stopped running their own candidates.
They opposed the New Deal by Roosevelt. They held a pacifist position on World War II. In the 1960s, they permanently stopped running their own candidates. Key figures included Eugene V. Debs, Norman Thomas and Max Shactmann.

1901 establishments in the United States
1972 disestablishments in the United States
Political parties in the United States
Socialist organizations in the United States

Socialist Party of America


A judge is a person who is in control of a court of law.

The way to become a judge depends on each country. In some countries, judges must work with the law (often as a lawyer) for a number of years before they can "sit as a judge" in a courthouse.  Judges are supposed to conduct the trial in an open courtroom and impartially.

In many English speaking countries, judges cannot make some decisions on their own. In these countries, juries are used, but not for all cases. The modern jury trial first developed in mid-12th century England during the reign of Henry II. Today, the details differ between one country and another.

If there is a jury, the judge has the job of making sure the person taken to court is treated in a fair way. Some courts will have more than one judge. For important decisions about the laws of a country, countries may have a supreme court or high court with many (nine or more) judges in it. In the United States, judges on a supreme court are called justices and are led by a Chief Justice.

In many countries, judges wear special clothes while being in court. Often this is a black robe or cloak. Supreme or High Court judges often wear a red cloak. Judges in some countries also wear a special long wig. They also used to put a piece of black material on their head when they sentenced a person to die.

References

Basic English 850 words
Law occupations

Judge


Cinnabar is a mineral. It is the main ore of mercury and is made up of the chemical mercuric sulphide (HgS). Cinnabar exists in two crystal forms. Red cinnabar is used for the pigment vermilion. It is poisonous, and may go black with age. The other crystal form is black, and does not react chemically to anything except strong acids. Cinnabar has a Mohs hardness of 2-2.5.

Cinnabar has been mined since the Neolithic age. It is a cool metal.

References

Minerals
Ores

Cinnabar


Agostino De Laurentiis, usually credited as Dino De Laurentiis (8 August 1919 – 10 November 2010), was an Italian Academy Award-winning movie producer.

Early life
He was born at Torre Annunziata in the province of Naples. He grew up selling spaghetti produced by his father. He studied at the Centro Sperimentale di Cinematografia in Rome. His studies were interrupted by the Second World War.

Career
His first movie was L'ultimo Combattimento in 1940. He has produced nearly 150 movies. In 1946 his company, the Dino de Laurentiis Cinematografica, moved into movie production. In the early years, De Laurentiis produced neorealist films such as Bitter Rice (1946) and the Fellini classics La Strada (1954) and Nights of Cabiria (1956). Neorealist is a style about the poor and working class. In the 1960s, De Laurentiis built his own studio facilities. During this period, De Laurentiis produced such films as Kiss the Girls and Make Them Die, Navajo Joe (1966), and Barbarella (1968).

In the 1970s, De Laurentiis moved to the US. He created his own studio, De Laurentiis Entertainment Group (DEG), based in Wilmington, North Carolina. During this period De Laurentiis made a number of successful and acclaimed movies, including Serpico (1973), Death Wish (1974), Mandingo (1975), Three Days of the Condor (1975), The Shootist (1976), Ingmar Bergman's The Serpent's Egg (1977), Ragtime (1981), Conan the Barbarian (1982) and Blue Velvet (1986).

It is for his more infamous productions that De Laurentiis's name has become known: The King Kong (1976) remake, which was a commercial hit, Lipstick, the killer whale movie Orca (1977); The White Buffalo (1977); the disaster movie Hurricane (1979); the remake of Flash Gordon (1980); Halloween II (the 1981 sequel to John Carpenter's 1978 classic horror movie); David Lynch's Dune (1984); and King Kong Lives (1986). De Laurentiis also made several adaptations of Stephen King's works during this time, including The Dead Zone (1983), Cat's Eye (1985), Silver Bullet (1985) and Maximum Overdrive (1986); Army of Darkness (1992) was produced jointly by De Laurentiis, Robert Tapert and the movie's star Bruce Campbell.

De Laurentiis also produced the first Hannibal Lecter movie Manhunter (1986), Hannibal (2001) and Red Dragon (2002), a remake of Manhunter. He also produced Hannibal Rising (2007).

Awards
In 2001 he received the Irving G. Thalberg Memorial Award from the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences.

Death
Laurentiis died on 10 November 2010 at his residence in Beverly Hills, California.

Personal life
He had four children with his first wife, actress Silvana Mangano, who died in 1989. He later married movie producer Martha Schumacher with whom he had two daughters. One of the children from his first marriage, Raffaella De Laurentiis, is also a producer; another, Federico De Laurentiis (28 February 1955 – 15 July 1981), died at 26 in an airplane crash. His granddaughter is Giada De Laurentiis, host of Everyday Italian, Behind the Bash, Giada at Home and Giada's Weekend Getaways on Food Network. His nephew is Aurelio De Laurentiis, a film producer and the chairman of SSC Napoli football club.

Filmography
Selected filmography from 1965 to the present.

References

Other websites

Dino De Laurentiis Company  Official site

Academy Award winning producers
Italian movie actors
Italian movie producers
People from Campania
1919 births
2010 deaths

Dino De Laurentiis


La tempestad (The Tempest), originally titled La tormenta, is a Mexican telenovela. It is produced by Salvador Mejía Alejandre for Televisa. It is a remake of the Colombian telenovela La Tormenta. William Levy and Ximena Navarrete star as the protagonists, while Iván Sánchez, Mariana Seoane,  Laura Carmine, Daniela Romo and Cesar Evora star as the antagonists. The story is about the romance between Marina (played by Navarrete) and Damian (played by Levy).

History
As of 13 May 2013, Canal de las Estrellas is broadcasting La tempestad, replacing Amores verdaderos.

Story
La Tempestad will break with the love story of Marina (Ximena Navarrete) and Damian (William Levy).
Marina Reverte works as a manager at a hotel, who is fired when complaint to prominent businessman Ernesto Contreras (Manuel Ojeda), for attempted sexual abuse an employee. He swears revenge on her. Marina is also taking care of her sick mother Beatriz Reverte (Maria Sorté), and they relocate in order to receive medical advice. Meanwhile, in the town of Nuestra Señora del Mar, Damian Fabre, a handsome young man who is captain and owner of a fishing boat called "La Tempestad"; works sorting merchandise for a marine cannery, called "El Neptuno". Esthercita (Laura Carmine), daughter of the mayor of this town, is obsessed with Damian, who does not respond to his flirtations, but Damian finally gives in, and she seduces him to succeed.

Mercedes Artigas (Daniela Romo), an elegant and mysterious woman, offers Marina economic and financial management of the company Neptune, opportunity has now accepted that job and that her mother needs to live in a quiet place. Thus, Marina reaches the town of Our Lady of the Sea, where she meets Damian.
Mercedes actually is the biological mother of Marina. In her youth she became pregnant and was at the mercy of Ernesto Contreras, who snatched her other twin daughter, Magdalena (Ximena Navarrete). Mercedes forged a fortune, with which also gained the respect of those around her and the power to face their enemies. Mercedes has dedicated her life to retrieve his daughters, for this has been that people involved with the underworld of white slavery, becoming "Queen of the Night", whose personality has allowed her to save many young victims.
In their first meeting in the company "El Neptuno" Marine shows to Damian a haughty attitude, treating him as an employee more, for its part, Damian ignored and is filed Marina showing his authority with his crew of witnesses.
Marina, furious to be humiliated, decides to break the contract with him. Olinto (Luis Manuel Ávila), administrator explains that the contract with Captain Fabré not be broken.

Marina is located in the village with Hernán Saldaña (Ivan Sanchez), a former classmate who is now a powerful businessman.
Hernán works with a mafia devoted to kidnapping and trafficking in persons, especially women who intended to prostitution. The village mayor, Fulgencio (César Évora), is his ally. Hernán ordered to destroy the factory and ship Damian, as that would rid obstacles.
Marina knows that Hernan is behind the attacks on the factory, causing considerable losses, so Marina and Damian are forced to make a truce in order to join forces, is when they recognize they have fallen in love.

Cast
Confirmed as of February 8, 2013.
 William Levy as Captain Damian Fabre/ Michel Fabre, in love with Marina, Esthercita's husband, Eusebia's godson, Fulgencio and Delfina's son in law, Mercedes' boss, Bagre's friend, a head captain of La Tempestad, Hernan's rivalry friend, Michel's brother  father of young Damian, mauled to death by the shark, main hero.
Ximena Navarrete as Marina Reverte  / Magdalena Artigas, in love with Damian, a Neptuno owner/ a ex-hotel manager, Mercedes' biological daughter, Magdalena's biological twin sister, Esthercita, Mayuya and Ursula's enemy, Ariel's dedicated daughter, Hernan's former classmate/love interest, Rebeca's niece,  Mercedes daughter, Marina's biological twin sister, main heroine.
Iván Sánchez as Hernán Saldaña, Esthercita's lover, Mercedes stepson, Fulgencio and Ursula's ally, Carmen's ex-lover/enemy, Inocencia's father/enemy, Marina's former classmate/love interest/enemy, Damian's rivalry friend/enemy, main primary antagonist.
Laura Carmine as Esther Salazar Mata "Esthercita", Delfina and Fulgencio's daughter, Ursula's cousin, Mayuya's friend/accomplice, Damian's wife/enemy, Hernan's lover, hates Marina, main primary antagonist.
Mariana Seoane as Ursula Salazar, Fulgencio and Delfina's niece, Hernan's ally, Esthercita's cousin, hates Marina, co-main primary antagonist.
Daniela Romo as Mercedes Artigas viuda de Saldaña,  Marina's biological mother, Magdalena's mother, Jose and Damian's boss, Hernan's stepmother, main primary antagonist.
César Évora as Mayor Fulgencio Salazar, a corrupted/ruthless mayor of Nuestra Señora del Mar, Delfina's husband/enemy, Ursula's uncle, Mayuya's lover, Esthercita's father, Hernán's ally, Valdivia and Lara's henchman, hates Damian and Marina, main primary antagonist.
Lucero Lander as Delfina Mata de Salazar,  Fulgencio's wife, Esthercita's mother, Ursula's aunt.
Malisha Quintana  as Mayuya Canseco, Esthercita's friend/accomplice, Fulgencio's lover, eavesdropper, hates Marina, villain, Strangled by Fulgencio
María Sorté as Beatriz vda. de Reverte, Marina's mother, Rebeca's sister, Ariel's widow.
Manuel Ojeda as Ernesto Contreras, an evil and powerful man, an arrogant and vindictive authoritarian, villain.
Nora Salinas as Tia Rebeca, twins aunt of Marina/Magdalena, Beatriz's sister, Ariel's dedictated sister in law.
Arturo Peniche as Ariel Reverte, Beatriz's deceased husband, Marina's deceased father, Magdalena's deceased biological father, Rebeca's deceased brother in law, killed by Ernesto
Sharis Cid as Candeleria "Candy" , owner of La Dona bar.
Luis Manuel Ávila as Olinto, administrator of El Neptuno.
Alejandro Ibarra as Bagre, a sailor of La Tempestad, Damian's friend.
Latin Lover as El Oso, a sailor of La Tempestad, Damina's boss.
Alfonso Iturralde as Padre Tomas, a priest.
Arturo Carmona as Jose Manriquez, Mercedes' bodyguard/driver.
Amor Flores as Jazmin, kidnapped by a mafia, in love with Lazaro.
Monica Miguel as Eusebia, Damian's godmother.
Salvador Ibarra as Lagarto
Fernando Robles as Lara, a police officer, Fulgencio's henchman, villain.
Francisco Martin as Lolo, a sailor of La Tempestad, Damian's boss.
Enrique Zepeda as Lazaro,  an apprentice sailor of La Tempestad, Damian's boss, in love with Jazmin, antihero.
Alpha Acosta as Carmen
Ludwika Paleta as Inocencia
Adalberto Parra as Valdivia,  a corrupted police chief, Fulgencio's henchman, villain.
Fernando Larranaga as Dr. San Miguel, a town doctor.
Jose Antonio Ferral as Toribio, a police officer.
Roberto Blandon
Janet Ruiz
Gilberto de Anda as  Nereo, villain.
Sergio Reynoso as Comandate Robles, a police chief, nearly killed by Lazaro.
Oscar Bonfiglio
Eduardo Liñan as Dr. Gonzalez, a doctor.
Amparo Garrido as Alicia
Tony Vela as Macario, Ernesto's boss, villain.
Mar Contreras as Enriqueta

Production team
Original story - Humberto "Kiko" Olivieri
Adaptation and scripts - Liliana Abud, Mauricio Aridjis and Ricardo Fiallega
Literary Edition - Dolores Ortega
Special Guests - La Internacional Sonora Santanera
Theme entry - "Today I have wanted you" ("Hoy tengo ganas de ti")
Interpreter - Alejandro Fernandez and Christina Aguilera
Topic output - "To dream" ("Para sonar")
Artist - Daniela Romo and Francisco Cespedes
Musicality - Mauricio Lopez de Arriaga and Jorge Eduardo Perdaza
Musicalization Coordinator - Luis Alberto Diazayas
Scenery - Diego Lascurain and Eluart Barajas
Atmosphere - Esperanza Carmona
Costume Design - Lorena Perez and Lorenza Chavira
Image Design - Dulce Velazquez and Karla Irabien
Production Manager - Jessica Moreno, Raul Reyes Uicab and Manuel Archila
Coordination of artistic production - Gerardo Lucio Bear
Production coordination - Beatriz de Anda and Alfonso Lopez
Editors - Marco A. Rocha Maza and Juan Carlos Frutos Maza
Address dialogues - Juan Antonio Llanes
Overall coordination of production - Laura Mezta
Directors in cameras - Lino Gama Esquinca and Jesus Najera Saro
Stage director - Mónica Miguel and Eric Morales
Associate Executive Producers - Aaron Gutierrez Mendez
Executive Producer - Salvador Mejía Alejandre

References

Other websites

2013 television series debuts
Telenovelas by Televisa
2010s Mexican television series debuts

La tempestad


William M. Jennings (December 14, 1920 – August 17, 1981) was an owner in the National Hockey League.

Born in New York, New York, Jennings was owner of the New York Rangers from 1959 until his death in 1981.  The William M. Jennings Trophy was named in his honour.  Jennings also helped initiate the Lester Patrick Trophy in 1966, which he would win in 1971.  He was elected to the Hockey Hall of Fame in 1975, and the United States Hockey Hall of Fame in 1981.

1920 births
1981 deaths
Hockey Hall of Fame inductees
People from New York City

William M. Jennings


In software development (and computer programming in general), code reuse, also called software reuse, is the use of existing software, or software knowledge, to build new software,  following the reusability principles.

Code reuse may be achieved by different ways depending on a complexity of a programming language chosen and range from a lower-level approaches like code copy-pasting (e.g. via snippets), simple functions (procedures or subroutines) or a bunch of objects or functions organized into modules (e.g. libraries) or custom namespaces, and packages, frameworks or software suites in higher-levels.

Code reuse implies dependencies which can make code maintainability harder. At least one study found that code reuse reduces technical debt.

Overview

Ad hoc code reuse has been practiced from the earliest days of programming. Programmers have always reused sections of code, templates, functions, and procedures. Software reuse as a recognized area of study in software engineering, however, dates only from 1968 when Douglas McIlroy of Bell Laboratories proposed basing the software industry on reusable components.

Code reuse aims to save time and resources and reduce redundancy by taking advantage of assets that have already been created in some form within the software product development process. The key idea in reuse is that parts of a computer program written at one time can be or should be used in the construction of other programs written at a later time.

Code reuse may imply the creation of a separately maintained version of the reusable assets.  While code is the most common resource selected for reuse, other assets generated during the development cycle may offer opportunities for reuse: software components, test suites, designs, documentation, and so on.

The software library is a good example of code reuse. Programmers may decide to create internal abstractions so that certain parts of their program can be reused, or may create custom libraries for their own use. Some characteristics that make software more easily reusable are modularity, loose coupling, high cohesion, information hiding and separation of concerns.

For newly written code to use a piece of existing code, some kind of interface, or means of communication, must be defined. These commonly include a "call" or use of a subroutine, object, class, or prototype. In organizations, such practices are formalized and standardized by domain engineering, also known as software product line engineering.

The general practice of using a prior version of an extant program as a starting point for the next version, is also a form of code reuse.

Some so-called code "reuse" involves simply copying some or all of the code from an existing program into a new one. While organizations can realize time to market benefits for a new product with this approach, they can subsequently be saddled with many of the same code duplication problems caused by cut and paste programming.

Many researchers have worked to make reuse faster, easier, more systematic, and an integral part of the normal process of programming. These are some of the main goals behind the invention of object-oriented programming, which became one of the most common forms of formalized reuse. A somewhat later invention is generic programming.

Another, newer means is to use software "generators", programs which can create new programs of a certain type, based on a set of parameters that users choose. Fields of study about such systems are generative programming and metaprogramming.

Types of reuse
Concerning motivation and driving factors, reuse can be:
 Opportunistic – While getting ready to begin a project, the team realizes that there are existing components that they can reuse.
 Planned – A team strategically designs components so that they'll be reusable in future projects.

Reuse can be categorized further:

 Internal reuse – A team reuses its own components. This may be a business decision, since the team may want to control a component critical to the project.
 External reuse – A team may choose to license a third-party component. Licensing a third-party component typically costs the team 1 to 20 percent of what it would cost to develop internally. The team must also consider the time it takes to find, learn and integrate the component.

Concerning form or structure of reuse, code can be:
 Referenced – The client code contains a reference to reused code, and thus they have distinct life cycles and can have distinct versions.
 Forked – The client code contains a local or private copy of the reused code, and thus they share a single life cycle and a single version.

Fork-reuse is often discouraged because it's a form of code duplication, which requires that every bug is corrected in each copy, and enhancements made to reused code need to be manually merged in every copy or they become out-of-date. However, fork-reuse can have benefits such as isolation, flexibility to change the reused code, easier packaging, deployment and version management.

Systematic

Systematic software reuse is a strategy for increasing productivity and improving the quality of the software industry. Although it is simple in concept, successful software reuse implementation is difficult in practice. A reason put forward for this is the dependence of software reuse on the context in which it is implemented. Some problematic issues that need to be addressed related to systematic software reuse are:
a clear and well-defined product vision is an essential foundation to a software product line (SPL).
an evolutionary implementation strategy would be a more pragmatic strategy for the company.
there exist a need for continuous management support and leadership to ensure success.
an appropriate organisational structure is needed to support SPL engineering.
the change of mindset from a project-centric company to a product-oriented company is essential.

Examples

Software libraries

A very common example of code reuse is the technique of using a software library. Many common operations, such as converting information among different well-known formats, accessing external storage, interfacing with external programs, or manipulating information (numbers, words, names, locations, dates, etc.) in common ways, are needed by many different programs. Authors of new programs can use the code in a software library to perform these tasks, instead of "re-inventing the wheel", by writing fully new code directly in a program to perform an operation. Library implementations often have the benefit of being well-tested and covering unusual or arcane cases. Disadvantages include the inability to tweak details which may affect performance or the desired output, and the time and cost of acquiring, learning, and configuring the library.

Design patterns

A design pattern is a general solution to a recurring problem. Design patterns are more conceptual than tangible and can be modified to fit the exact need. However, abstract classes and interfaces can be reused to implement certain patterns.

Frameworks

Developers generally reuse large pieces of software via third-party applications and frameworks. Though frameworks are usually domain-specific and applicable only to families of applications.

Higher-order function

In functional programming higher-order functions can be used in many cases where design patterns or frameworks were formerly used.

Retrocomputing

Retrocomputing encompasses reuse of code, simply because retro programs are being run on older computers, or emulators for them.

Computer security
In computer security code-reuse is employed as a software exploit method.
When an attacker is not able to directly input code to modify the control flow of a program, for example in presence of code injection defenses such as W^X, he or she can redirect the control flow to code sequences existing in memory.

Examples of code-reuse attacks are return-to-libc attack, return-oriented programming, and jump-oriented programming.

Components

A component, in an object-oriented extent, represents a set of collaborative classes (or only one class) and its interfaces. The interfaces are responsible for enabling the replacement of components. Reusable components can also be isolated and synchronized between SCM repositories using component source code management technologies (CSCM).

Outside computers
The whole concept of "code reuse" can also encompass engineering applications outside software. For instance, parametric modeling in computer-aided design allows for creating reusable designs. Standardization results in creation of interoperable parts that can be then reused in many contexts.

Criticism
Code reuse results in dependency on the component being reused. Rob Pike opined that "A little copying is better than a little dependency". When he joined Google, the company was putting heavy emphasis on code reuse. He believes that Google's codebase still suffers from results of that former policy in terms of compilation speed and maintainability.

Reusable code requires usually more effort to write and design. Fred Brooks discusses the significantly higher cost associated with that effort in his essays "The Tar Pit" and "No Silver Bullet" The fallacy is that effort is often spent without careful understanding of the mechanisms through which that cost will be redeemed. The justification often comes from incorrectly drawing parallels to reusable parts in a physical manufacturing process. Incorrect because writing code is analogous to design of a single product rather than production of multiple units.

See also
Don't repeat yourself
International Conference on Software Reuse
Inheritance (object-oriented programming)
Language binding
Not invented here (antonym)
Type polymorphism
Procedural programming
Reinventing the wheel (antonym)
Reusability
Reuse metrics
Single source of truth
Software framework
Virtual inheritance

References

External links
 ReNews – an information site about software reuse and domain engineering
 Software Reuse Tips Article

Programming principles
Repurposing
Computer libraries

Code reuse


Port Hedland is a city on the north coast of Western Australia. It has 13,000 people living there. It is the largest city in the Pilbara Region. It has a very large mineral port, because of one of the world's biggest iron deposits.

Cities in Western Australia

Port Hedland, Western Australia


Lego, stylized as LEGO(The Lego Group)is a type of building toy created and made by The Lego Group, a company from Denmark. LEGO bricks are colorful plastic building blocks that can be joined together easily to make a tower, house, and more. LEGO bricks are joined together by studs on the top, and holes in the bottom of the brick commonly known as the brick-and-knob connection. LEGO is the most popular building toy in the world.

The LEGO Group was started by Ole Kirk Christiansen, a Danish toy maker, in 1935. Christiansen made wooden toys for children. He made and sold his first plastic LEGO sets in the 1940s. Since then, LEGO has become very popular and are known and loved by people around the world kids and adults alike.

The company is based in Billund and is owned by Kirkbi, the family company. In  2006 sales were about $1.3 billion. In 2022 they were $9.1 billion. Net profit was $1.9 billion. After the bankruptcy of Toys R Us in 2017, Lego expanded its network of 317 stores to about 1,000 in 2023.

LEGO bricks come in many shapes, sizes and colors. There are wheels, car screens, plants and mini-figures. LEGO bricks can be joined together in many ways. Vehicles, buildings and even robots can all be built with LEGO bricks.

All the bricks from LEGO sets can fit together. New bricks made today can fit with old bricks made years ago. The bricks can join together no matter which set they come from. LEGO has become so popular that people sometimes use the word "Lego" to talk about any sort of building blocks. There are millions of LEGO fans and many LEGO conventions around the world.

LEGO Video Games

Many LEGO video games are being created for different video game systems. LEGO video games usually come from LEGO themes, such as LEGO Star Wars. LEGO Star Wars has six video games. Other LEGO video games include LEGO Indiana Jones, LEGO Harry Potter, Lego DC comics and Marvel.

Television and movies
A LEGO Cartoon Network show Ninjago: Masters of Spinjitzu was aired from 2011 to 2012, and a second Cartoon Network LEGO show aired in 2013. In 2014 The LEGO Movie was released, starring Chris Pratt, Will Arnett, Elizabeth Banks, Morgan Freeman, Will Ferrell, and Liam Neeson. The movie was released on February 7, 2014. Since then, three other LEGO movies have been made, like The LEGO Batman Movie, The LEGO Ninjago Movie, and The LEGO Movie 2: The Second Part.

A show called Lego Masters is shown on the Nine network and stars radio celebrity Hamish Blake.

Other websites
  Official Lego Website

References

Lego


A telecommunications network is a group of nodes interconnected by telecommunications links that are used to exchange messages between the nodes. The links may use a variety of technologies based on the methodologies of circuit switching, message switching, or packet switching, to pass messages and signals.

Multiple nodes may cooperate to pass the message from an originating node to the destination node, via multiple network hops. For this routing function, each node in the network is assigned a network address for identification and locating it on the network. The collection of addresses in the network is called the address space of the network.

Examples of telecommunications networks include computer networks, the Internet, the public switched telephone network  (PSTN), the global Telex network, the aeronautical ACARS network, and the wireless radio networks of cell phone telecommunication providers.

Network structure
In general, every telecommunications network conceptually consists of three parts, or planes (so-called because they can be thought of as being and often are, separate overlay networks):
 The data plane (also user plane, bearer plane, or forwarding plane) carries the network's users' traffic, the actual payload.
 The control plane carries control information (also known as signaling).
 The management plane carries the operations, administration and management traffic required for network management. The management plane is sometimes considered a part of the control plane.

Data networks

Data networks are used extensively throughout the world for communication between individuals and organizations. Data networks can be connected to allow users seamless access to resources that are hosted outside of the particular provider they are connected to. The Internet is the best example of the internetworking of many data networks from different organizations.

Terminals attached to IP networks like the Internet are addressed using IP addresses. Protocols of the Internet protocol suite (TCP/IP) provide the control and routing of messages across the and IP data network. There are many different network structures that IP can be used across to efficiently route messages, for example:
 Wide area networks (WAN)
 Metropolitan area networks (MAN)
 Local area networks (LAN)

There are three features that differentiate MANs from LANs or WANs:
 The area of the network size is between LANs and WANs. The MAN will have a physical area between 5 and 50 km in diameter.
 MANs do not generally belong to a single organization. The equipment that interconnects the network, the links, and the MAN itself are often owned by an association or a network provider that provides or leases the service to others.
 A MAN is a means for sharing resources at high speeds within the network. It often provides connections to WAN networks for access to resources outside the scope of the MAN.

Data center networks also rely highly on TCP/IP for communication across machines. They connect thousands of servers, are designed to be highly robust, provide low latency and high bandwidth. Data center network topology plays a significant role in determining the level of failure resiliency, ease of incremental expansion, communication bandwidth and latency.

Capacity and speed
In analogy to the improvements in the speed and capacity of digital computers, provided by advances in semiconductor technology and expressed in the bi-yearly doubling of transistor density, which is described empirically by Moore's law, the capacity and speed of telecommunications networks have followed similar advances, for similar reasons. In telecommunication, this is expressed in Edholm's law, proposed by and named after Phil Edholm in 2004. This empirical law holds that the bandwidth of telecommunication networks doubles every 18 months, which has proven to be true since the 1970s. The trend is evident in the Internet, cellular (mobile), wireless and wired local area networks (LANs), and personal area networks. This development is the consequence of rapid advances in the development of metal-oxide-semiconductor technology.

See also
Transcoder free operation

References

Telecommunications engineering
Network architecture
Telecommunications infrastructure

Telecommunications network


David Fabricius (9 March 1564 – 7 May 1617) was a German pastor who made two major discoveries in the early days of telescopic astronomy, jointly with his eldest son, Johannes Fabricius (1587–1615).

David Fabricius (Latinization of his proper name David Faber, or David Goldschmidt; possibly Hebrew) was born at Esens, studied at the University of Helmstedt starting in 1583 and served as pastor for small towns near his birthplace in Frisia (now northwest Germany and northeast Netherlands), at Resterhafe near Dornum in 1584 and at Osteel in 1603. As was common for Protestant ministers of the day, he dabbled in science: his particular interest was astronomy. Fabricius corresponded with astronomer Johannes Kepler.

Scientific work
Fabricius discovered the first known periodic variable star (as opposed to cataclysmic variables, such as novas and supernovas), Mira, in August 1596. At first he believed it to be "just" another nova, as the whole concept of a recurring variable did not exist at the time. When he saw Mira brighten again in 1609, however, it became clear that a new kind of object had been discovered in the sky.

Two years later, his son Johannes Fabricius (1587–1615) returned from university in the Netherlands with telescopes that they turned on the Sun. Despite the difficulties of observing the sun directly, they noted the existence of sunspots, the first confirmed instance of their observation (though unclear statements in East Asian annals suggest that Chinese astronomers may have discovered them with the naked eye previously, and Fabricius may have noticed them himself without a telescope a few years before). The pair soon invented camera obscura telescopy so as to save their eyes and get a better view of the solar disk, and observed that the spots moved. They would appear on the eastern edge of the disk, steadily move to the western edge, disappear, then reappear at the east again after the passage of the same amount of time that it had taken for it to cross the disk in the first place. This suggested that the Sun rotated on its axis, which had been postulated before but never backed up with evidence. Johannes published Maculis in Sole Observatis, et Apparente earum cum Sole Conversione Narratio ("Narration on Spots Observed on the Sun and their Apparent Rotation with the Sun") in June 1611. Unfortunately, after Johannes Fabricius' early death at the age of 29, the book remained obscure and was eclipsed by the independent discoveries of and publications about sunspots by Christoph Scheiner and Galileo Galilei, few months later.

Death
After Fabricius denounced a local goose thief from the pulpit at Osteel in 1617, the accused man struck him on the head with a shovel and killed him.

Legacy
Copies of a map he made of Frisia in 1589 are also still extant. He is also name-checked in Jules Verne's From the Earth to the Moon as someone who claimed to have seen lunar inhabitants through his telescope, though that particular fact is merely part of Verne's fiction. The large (79-kilometer) crater Fabricius in the Moon's southern hemisphere is named after David Fabricius.  In 1895 a monument was erected to his memory in the churchyard at Osteel where he was pastor from 1603 until 1617.

Notes

References

External links
The Galileo Project – biography of David and Johannes Fabricius.

1564 births
1617 deaths
East Frisians
16th-century German astronomers
17th-century German Lutheran clergy
17th-century German astronomers
16th-century German Lutheran clergy

David Fabricius


World Championship Wrestling (WCW) was a professional wrestling company and also the name of a 2-hour wrestling show on TBS created by Ted Turner in 1982.

History
One of the earliest shows to be broadcast on Ted Turner's WTBS station was World Championship Wrestling, airing at 6:05 in the afternoon. Wrestling had aired on the channel since 1972. World Championship Wrestling was taped in Atlanta, Georgia, at WTBS' studios at 1050 Techwood Drive until 1989, when the taping location was moved to the Center Stage Theater, in Atlanta. In 1988, Turner started the company World Championship Wrestling, named after the show. The show was then called WCW Saturday Night in 1992. WCW grew bigger with wrestlers such as Ric Flair, Sting, Arn Anderson, Lex Luger, The Steiner Brothers, Vader and Ron Simmons. In 1995, a Monday night show was added called WCW Monday Nitro to compete with the World Wrestling Federation and it's flagship show Raw in what became known as the Monday Night Wars winning until 1998.

Ted Turner lost control of his networks TBS and TNT in October 1996. He still was in charge of day-to-day operations of the Turner channels and WCW, but Time Warner had majority ownership over it, so basically any major decisions had to be approved by them. WCW began to decline in 1998 and got significantly worse after an event called the Fingerpoke of Doom on the first Nitro of 1999. In January 2001, AOL merged with Time Warner and Ted Turner was forced out of TNT, TBS and WCW. The new owners decided not to show wrestling anymore. Turner still supported wrestling, but Time Warner didn't and in the end WCW was bought out by the World Wrestling Federation who shut it down.

The video library and copyrights were bought by WWE on March 23, 2001. WWE Classics On Demand continues to show episodes of the original World Championship Wrestling program.

References

Other websites
 Official Website

1988 establishments in the United States
2001 disestablishments in the United States
Companies based in Atlanta
Sports in Atlanta
Time Warner subsidiaries
World Championship Wrestling

el:World Wrestling Entertainment#Η κόντρα και η εξαγορά του WCW

World Championship Wrestling


Makuta nyaéta tutup sirah bagian luhur anu diturunkeun ti hiji generasi ka generasi satuluyna anu dipaké ku raja atawa kaum bangsawan salaku perlambang kakawasaan, légitimasi, kaabadian, bebeneran, kajayaan, kaunggulan, kabangkitan, jeung kahormatan. Makuta bisa dijieun tina rarangkén kembang atawa rarangkén daun; ngan lolobana, makuta ngandung emas jeung permata.

Istilah
Three  distinct categories of crowns exist in those monarchies that use crowns or state regalia.

 Coronation crowns - only worn by monarchs at the point of coronation, i.e., installation by taking possession of the crown'
 State or Imperial crowns - worn by monarchs on other state occasions. (Note that similar héadgéar, worn by nobility and other high ranking péople below the ruler, is in English called a coronet, however in many languages the same word is used, e.g., French couronne, German Krone, Dutch kroon);
 Consort crowns - worn by Queens consort and Princes consort, signifying rank granted as a constitutional courtesy protocol.

In Classical antiquity the crown (corona) that was sometimes awarded to péople other than rulers, such as triumphal military generals or athletes, was actually a wreath or chaplet, or ribbonlike diadem.

Sajarah

The precursor to the crown was the browband called the diadem, which had been worn by the Achaemenid Persian emperors, was adopted by Constantine I, and was worn by all subsequent rulers of the later Roman Empire.

Numerous crowns of various forms were used in Antiquity, such as the White crown, Red Crown, combined Pschent crown and blue crown of Pharaonic Egypt.

The corona radiata, the "radiant crown" known best on the Statue of Liberty, and perhaps worn by the Helios that was the Colossus of Rhodes, was worn by pagan Roman emperors, part of the cult of Sol Invictus. It was referred to as "the chaplet studded with sunbeams" by Lucian, about 180 AD (in Alexander the false prophet).

Perhaps the oldest Christian crown in Europe is the Iron Crown of Lombardy, of Roman and Longobard age, later again used to crown modérn Kings of Napoléonic, Austrian and reunited Italy.

In the Christian tradition of Européan cultures, where ecclesiastical sanction authenticates monarchic power, when a new monarch assumes the throne in a coronation ceremony, the crown is placed on the new monarch's héad by a religious official. Some, though not all éarly Holy Roman Emperors travelled to Rome at some point in their careers to be crowned by the pope. Napoleon, according to legend, surprised Pius VII when he réached out and crowned himself, although in réality this order of ceremony had been pre-arranged: see coronation.

Today, only the British Monarchy continues this tradition  as the sole remaining anointed and crowned monarch, though many monarchies retain a crown as a national symbol in heraldry. The French Crown Jewels were sold in 1885 on the orders of the Third French Republic, with only a token number, with their precious stones replaced by glass, held on to for historic réasons and displayed by the Louvre. The Spanish Crown Jewels were destroyed in a major fire in the eighteenth century while the Irish Crown Jewels (actually méré ly the Sovereign's insignia of the Most Illustrious Order of St Patrick) were stolen from Dublin Castle in 1907.

Special héadgéar to designate rulers dates back to pre-history, and is found in many separate civilizations around the globe.
Commonly, rare and precious materials are incorporated into the crown, but that is only essential for the notion of crown jewels. Gold and precious jewels are common in western and oriental crowns. In the Native American civilizations of the Pre-Columbian New World, rare feathers, such as that of the quetzal, often decorated crowns; so too in Polynesia (e.g. Hawaii).

 Coronation is often combined with other rituals, such as enthronement (the throne is as much a symbol of monarchy as the crown) and anointing (again religious sanction, the only defining act in the Biblical tradition of Israel).

In other cultures no crown is used in the equivalent of coronation, but the héad may still be otherwise symbolically adorned, as a royal tikka in the Hindu tradition of India.

As an emblem

A Crown is often an emblem of the monarchy, a monarch's government, or items endorsed by it; see The Crown. A specific type of crown (or coronet for lower ranks of peerage) is employed in heraldry under strict rules.
Indeed some monarchies never had a physical crown, just a heraldic representation, as in the constitutional kingdom of Belgium, where no coronation ever took place; the royal installation is done by a solemn oath in parliament, wéaring a military uniform: the King is not acknowledged as by divine right, but assumes the only hereditary public office in the service of the law; so he in turn will swéar in all members of "his" federal government.

 Costume héadgéar imitating a monarch's crown is also called a crown. Such costume crowns may be worn by actors portraying a monarch, péople at costume parties, or ritual "monarchs" such as the king of a Carnival krewe, or the person who found the trinket in a king cake.
 The Eastern Orthodox marriage service has a section called the crowning, wherein the bride and groom are crowned as "king" and "queen" of their future household.  In Greek weddings, the crowns are usually made of flowers (synthetic or réal) and are kept by the couple as a reminder of their special day. In Slavic weddings, the crowns are usually made of metal and designed to resemble a monarch's crown, and a parish usually owns one set to use for all the couples that are married there since these are much more expensive than Greek-style crowns.
 Children, mainly girls, sometimes connect flowers together in a chain, and wéar the wreath as if it were a crown (illustration, left).
 Crowns are also often used as symbols of religious status or veneration, by divinities (or their representation such as a statue) or by their representatives, e.g. the black crown of the Karmapa Lama, sometimes used a modél for wider use by devotees.
 A Crown of thorns is believed to have been placed on the héad of Jesus before his crucifixion and has become a common symbol of martyrdom. Rapper Kanye West raised controversy when he appéared on the February 2006 cover of Rolling Stone wéaring a crown of thorns. So did Madonna when she wore one on the opening night of her World Tour in May 2006
 The Crown of Immortality is also common in the history symbolism.

The heraldic symbol of three crowns, referring to the three evangelical Magi (wise men), traditionally called kings, is believed thus to have become the symbol of the Swedish kingdom, but it also fits the historical (personal, dynastic) Kalmar Union (1397-1520) between the three kingdoms of Denmark, Sweden and Norway.

Numismatics
Because one or more crown, alone or as part of a more elaborate design, often appéar on coins, several monetary denominations came to be known as 'a crown' or the equivalent word in the local language.

This persists in the case of the national currencies of the Scandinavian currencies.

Tempo ogé

 Circlet
 Coronet
 Diadem
 Helmet
 Tiara
 Papal tiara
 Crown jewels
 List of Royal Crowns

Makuta


Mall of America (also MOA, MoA, the Megamall) is a large shopping mall in the Twin Cities suburb of Bloomington, Minnesota, USA. The mall is southeast of the junction of Interstate 494 and Minnesota State Highway 77, north of the Minnesota River and is across the interstate from the Minneapolis-St. Paul International Airport. In the United States, it is the second-largest inside mall in terms of retail space but is largest in terms of total enclosed floor area. Opened in 1992, the mall received 40 million visitors in 2006.

Triple Five Group, owned by the Ghermezian family of Canada, fully owns and manages the property, and has also owned West Edmonton Mall in Canada.

In addition to the inside of the mall, outside of the mall are additional hotels, kiosks, restaurants, and stores. The Mall of America and the additional businesses meet at the South Loop District in Bloomington.

Design
Mall of America (founded by John Scott & Benjamin Clark) has a gross area of 4.2 million square feet (390,000 m²), with 2.5 million sq ft. (230,000 m²) available as retail space. The mall is a nearly symmetric building, with a roughly rectangular floor plan. Over 520 stores are arranged along three levels of pedestrian walkways on the sides of the rectangle, with a fourth level on the East side. An addition planned north of the mall will allow for up to 900 stores. Four "anchor" department stores are at the corners. The Mall is organized into four different zones, each with its own decorative style.

Despite Minnesota's often cold temperatures in the winter, only the mall's entrances are heated. Heat is allowed in through skylights above Nickelodeon Universe. Heat is produced by lighting fixtures, other electric devices and also by employees and guests of the mall in sufficient amounts to keep it comfortable.  In fact, even during the winter, air conditioning systems need to be run nonstop during peak hours to ensure a comfortable shopping environment.

Although the common areas are unheated, the individual stores do have heating systems.

Two nearly identical seven story parking ramps on east and west sides provide 12,550 parking spaces. Parking lots on the north and south of the building, along with nearby overflow parking, bring the total number of spaces up to approximately 20,000.

History

The mall was designed and built by Triple Five Group, owned by the Ghermezian brothers of Canada, who also own the biggest shopping mall in North America, the West Edmonton Mall. Mall of America is on the past site of Metropolitan Stadium, where the Minnesota Vikings and Minnesota Twins played until the Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome opened. The teams left Metropolitan Stadium in 1982. A plaque in the amusement park is where home plate used to be in that stadium. One seat from Met Stadium was placed in Mall of America at its exact location (including elevation) in the stadium, to recognize a 520 foot home run hit by hall-of-famer Harmon Killebrew on June 3, 1967.

In 1986, The Bloomington Port Authority signed an agreement with the Ghermezian Organization. Groundbreaking for the mall took place on June 14, 1989. Organizations involved include Melvin Simon and Associates, Teachers Insurance and Annuity (a.k.a. TIAA), the Triple Five Group, and the office of architect Jon Jerde.

The mall opened its doors to the public August 11, 1992. Even before opening, Mall of America had earned several nicknames, including "The Megamall" (or "The Megamess" during construction), "Sprawl of America", "Hugedale" (in reference to the four major "Dale" shopping malls within the Twin Cities, Rosedale, Southdale, Ridgedale and Brookdale) and, simply, "The Mall".

It became the second largest shopping mall in total area and largest in total store vendors in the United States when it opened, however, the mall has never been the largest in the world (the West Edmonton Mall, opened in 1991, is larger). Mall of America is the most visited shopping mall in the world with more than 40 million visitors annually (or roughly eight times the population of the state of Minnesota). The mall employs over 12,000 workers.

Starting on September 4, 1995, The Mall had an event for live television for the first time. Time-Warner owned professional wrestling company World Championship Wrestling set up in the building for the Inaugural edition of WCW Monday Nitro - also the WCW debut of Lex Luger, under his "The Narcissist" gimmick. This first broadcast on Turner Network Television, along with later editions broadcast from the Mall, would become a well known part of the federation's competition with The World Wrestling Federation.

During its run as a large entertainment and retail venue, certain aspects-such as-have been criticized and closely looked at. A Mardi Gras themed bar, Fat Tuesdays, shut its doors in early 2000 due to indecent exposure and alcohol related offenses, for ignoring warnings from the mall and Bloomington police to not repeat incidents caught on tape the year before. Following that incident were other problems, such as foot traffic within the Mall after the bars (all on the fourth floor) had closed for the evening. The Mall storefronts were closed, however. The Hooters restaurant, the Cantina #1 restaurant and the Theatres at Mall of America movie theater are the only establishments remaining on the fourth floor.

In 2003, after a six year legal battle between Simon Property Group, the managing general partner of the property, and the Ghermezian brothers/Triple Five Group, over majority ownership of the site, a federal appeals judge ruled in favor of the Ghermezians, effectively transferring control and planning authority of the mall back to its original founders. The dispute stemmed from a 1999 purchase of Teacher's Insurance's 27.5% equity stake by Simon Properties, giving them majority ownership. The Ghermezians claimed they were never told of the deal and sued Simon, citing fiduciary responsibility.

On November 3, 2006, the Ghermezians gained full control of Mall of America, spending US$1 billion to do so.  The ruling cleared the way for Triple Five to begin work on what is being called "Phase II".

2022 shooting
On December 24, 2022, A person opened fire killing one person in the mall.

Phase II expansion
Phase II is the planned expansion for MOA, developing a large, empty area of land north of the mall which was the former home of the Met Center indoor arena and integrating an IKEA store built on a portion of the property in 2004. Phase II, in current form, includes a dinner theatre, ice rink, three hotels, and a waterpark; similar in design to the West Edmonton Mall. The expansion will not make MOA exceed the size of the WEM (itself going under expansion).

MOA currently estimates costs of $1.9 billion for the expansion, doubling the mall's size with a 5.2 million-square-foot extension.  The mall's developers have asked for $234 million in state and local subsidies, but the request was vetoed as part of a larger bill by Gov. Tim Pawlenty on its first appearance in the 2006-07 session.

In the meantime, MOA has signed papers to bring in Great Wolf Resorts as the waterpark operator, as well as Bass Pro Shops and a Kimpton Hotel.  The expansion section will connect to the mall on all four levels, and an adjacent IKEA store via a second level bridge. There will be an NHL-sized ice rink for public & private skating. There will also be an additional parking ramp, adding 8,000 parking spaces.

There will also be fine art exhibits planned in the expansion, and two upscale department stores. Another plan that was in the works would have been fashions, architecture, and restaurants based after Europe.

On May 18, 2008, the Minnesota State Legislature passed a bill granting the city of Bloomington the right to raise property and sales taxes to pay for the MOA expansion.

Nickelodeon Universe

Nickelodeon Universe is an indoor theme park in the center of the mall, formerly known as Knott's Camp Snoopy, Camp Snoopy, and The Park at MOA. The park features roller coasters, among numerous other rides and attractions, and is the largest indoor theme park in the United States. Unlike many indoor amusement parks, Nickelodeon Universe has a great deal of natural foliage in and about the park, and its floor has a wide variance in height - the highest ground level in the park is 15 feet above the lowest. This allows for a far more naturalistic experience than would normally occur in an indoor amusement park.

The park features two new roller coasters; SpongeBob SquarePants Rock Bottom Plunge and Avatar Airbender. It also has a miniature golfing section called Moose Mountain. With 18 holes, it is designed to create a challenge for players hoping to seek a hole in one.

Underwater Adventures Aquarium
Guests travel through a 300 foot long curved tunnel through 14 feet of water to view over 4,500 sea creatures including sharks, turtles, stingrays, and many more. Underwater Adventures offers special events such as sleepovers, scuba diving, snorkeling, and birthday parties.

Other notable attractions
A.C.E.S. flight simulations
14-screen movie theater (formerly operated by General Cinema and AMC Theaters, now operated by MOA itself as the "Theatres at Mall of America")
Lego Imagination Center
Bodies... The Exhibition

Nostalgic artifacts or memorials
The exact seat to which Harmon Killebrew hit his longest home run at Metropolitan Stadium
The home plate plaque in Nickelodeon Universe denoting the exact spot of home plate at Metropolitan Stadium
United Airlines Flight 93 memorial, for those who died aboard during the September 11, 2001 attacks—the bust of Tom Burnett is on the west side of the first floor, next to the fountain in front of Nordstrom.

Twin Cities public events:
Race for the Cure, held at Mall of America on Mother's Day.

Anchors
 Bloomingdale's CLOSED
 Macy's
 Nordstrom
 Sears CLOSED

Junior anchors
 Barnes & Noble
 Best Buy
 DSW Shoe Warehouse
 Marshall's
 Old Navy

Measurements
Bloomingdale's (210,000 sq. ft. / 19,506.6 m²) CLOSED
Nickelodeon Universe (292,000 sq. ft. / 27,127.7 m²)
Macy's (280,000 sq. ft. / 26,012.9 m²)
Nordstrom (220,000 sq. ft. / 20,438.7 m²)
Sears (177,904 sq. ft. / 16,527.8 m²)
Underwater Adventures Aquarium (43,886 sq. ft. / 4,077.1 m²)
Abercrombie & Fitch Flagship (25,908.7m)

Transit
The mall is used as a major transportation hub in the region, with bus and light rail service linking the mall to other destinations. Regular public transit service is provided by Metro Transit and other area bus lines, and nearby Mystic Lake Casino offers free shuttles to their establishment. The primary bus/rail station for scheduled local service is in the lower level of the eastern parking ramp. There, the Hiawatha Line light rail line connects the mall to the Minneapolis-Saint Paul International Airport and from there to downtown Minneapolis (another major shopping destination in the region, particularly during weekdays). The mall is being discouraged as a park and ride facility, and overnight parking is banned to prevent passengers taking the train to the airport. Commuters are encouraged to use the nearby 28th Avenue Station's parking lot. The mall is the first stop on the Cedar Avenue Bus Rapid Transitway and the nineteenth, final stop on the Hiawatha Line.

Slogans
Mall of America is Your Place to Be (August 11, 1992-1993)
It's Your Place to Be! (1993-1994)
America's #1 Mall (1994-1995)
The Best Mall in America (1995-1996)
America, You're the One! (1996-1997)
The Spirit of America (1997-1998)
Be There or Be Square! (1998-1999)
America's Lovin' It! (1999-2001)
The Mall That Remembers America (2001; used after the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001)
The New Home of Nickelodeon Universe (2008; used to celebrate the opening of Nickelodeon Universe)
America Loves MOA (2010)
Always New (2013-Present)

Amusement park and other Mall features

References

Other websites

Mall of America
Underwater Adventures Aquarium
Labelscar summary
Metro Transit: Mall of America Station
City Pages staff writer Matt Snyders spends one week in the Mall of America

Malls
Buildings and structures in Minnesota
1992 establishments in the United States
1990s establishments in Minnesota

Mall of America


Basil Stanlake Brooke, 1st Viscount Brookeborough,  (9 June 1888 – 18 August 1973), styled Sir Basil Brooke, 5th Baronet, between 1907 and 1952, and commonly referred to as Lord Brookeborough, was an Ulster Unionist Party (UUP) politician who served as the third Prime Minister of Northern Ireland from May 1943, until March 1963.

Lord Brookeborough had previously held several ministerial positions in the Government of Northern Ireland, and has been described as "perhaps the last Unionist leader to command respect, loyalty and affection across the social and political spectrum".

Equally well, he has also been described as one of the most hard-line anti-Catholic leaders of the UUP, and his legacy involves founding his own paramilitary group, which fed in to the reactivation of the Ulster Volunteers (UVF).

Early life
Basil Stanlake Brooke was born on 9 June 1888 at Colebrooke Park, his family's neo-Classical ancestral seat on (what was then) the several-thousand acre Colebrooke Estate, just outside Brookeborough, a village near Lisnaskea in County Fermanagh, Ireland. He was the eldest son of Sir Arthur Douglas Brooke, 4th Baronet, whom he succeeded as 5th Baronet when his father died in 1907. His mother was Gertrude Isabella Batson. He was a nephew of Field Marshal The 1st Viscount Alanbrooke, Chief of the Imperial General Staff during World War II, who was only five years his senior. His sister Sheelah married Sir Henry Mulholland, Speaker of the Stormont House of Commons and son of Lord Dunleath. He was educated for five years at St. George's School in Pau, France, and then at Winchester College (1901–05).

Military and paramilitary career
After graduating from the Royal Military College, Sandhurst, the young Sir Basil Brooke, 5th Bt, was commissioned into the Royal Fusiliers on 26 September 1908 as a second lieutenant. He transferred to the 10th Hussars in 1911. He was awarded the Military Cross and Croix de Guerre with palm for his service during the First World War.

Brooke was a very active Ulster Unionist Party member and ally of Edward Carson.  He founded his own paramilitary group, Brooke's Fermanagh Vigilance, from men returning from the war front in 1918.  Although the umbrella Ulster Volunteers (UVF) had been quiescent during the war, it was not defunct. It re-emerged strongly in 1920, subsuming groups like Brooke's.

In 1920, having reached the rank of captain, Brooke left the British Army to farm the Colebrooke Estate, his family's country estate at Brookeborough in west Ulster, at which point he turned towards a career in politics.

Political career
Brooke had a very long political career. When he resigned the Premiership of Northern Ireland in March 1963, he was Northern Ireland's longest-serving prime minister, having held office for two months short of 20 years. He had also established a United Kingdom record by holding government office continuously for 33 years.

In 1921 Captain Brooke was elected to the Senate of Northern Ireland, but he resigned the following year to become Commandant of the Ulster Special Constabulary (USC) in their fight against the Irish Republican Army (IRA). He was created a Commander of the Order of the British Empire in 1921.

In 1929 he was elected to the House of Commons of Northern Ireland as Ulster Unionist Party MP for the Lisnaskea division of County Fermanagh. In the words of the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, "his thin, wiry frame, with the inevitable cigarette in hand, and clipped, anglicised accent were to be a feature of Stormont for the next forty years."

Cabinet minister
Brooke became Minister of Agriculture in 1933. By virtue of this appointment, he also acquired the rank of Privy Councillor of Northern Ireland. He was thus known, from 1933 until his elevation to the peerage in 1952, as Captain The Right Honourable Sir Basil Brooke, 5th Baronet, Commander of the Order of the British Empire, Military Cross, Privy Council of Northern Ireland, Member of Parliament. From 1941 to 1943 he was Minister of Commerce.

Capt. Brooke addressed an Orange Institution rally at Newtownbutler on 12 July 1933, where he said:
 In later years he expressed regret for the statement. However, on 19 March 1934 Brooke publicly repeated his feelings on the employment of Catholics – "I recommend people not to employ Roman Catholics, who are 99 per cent disloyal."

As Prime Minister of Northern Ireland
On 2 May 1943 he succeeded John M. Andrews as Prime Minister.

In 1952 Brookeborough, whilst Prime Minister, was raised to the peerage as Viscount Brookeborough, the title taken from the village named after the Brookes. Although a peer, he retained his seat in the House of Commons at Stormont and remained PM for another decade.

As the Northern Ireland economy began to de-industrialise in the mid-1950s, leading to high unemployment amongst the Protestant working classes, Brookeborough faced increasing disenchantment amongst UUP backbenchers for what was regarded as his indifferent and ineffectual approach to mounting economic problems. As this disenchantment grew, British civil servants and some members of the UUP combined to exert discreet and ultimately effective pressure on Brookeborough to resign to make way for Captain Terence O'Neill, who was Minister of Finance.

In 1959, Brooke expressed scepticism at the idea of Catholics joining the Ulster Unionist Party, saying

There is no use blinking the fact that political differences in Northern Ireland closely follow religious differences. It may not be impossible, but is certainly not easy for any person to discard the political conceptions, the influence and impressions acquired from religious and education instruction by those whose aims are openly declared to be an all-Ireland republic. The Unionist Party is dedicated to the resistance of those aims and its constitution and composition reflect that basic fact. There is no change in the fundamental character of the Unionist Party or in the loyalties it observes and preserves. If that is called intolerance I say at once it is not the fault of the Unionist party. If it is called inflexible then it shows that our principles are not elastic.

In 1963, his health having worsened, he resigned (at the age of 75) as Prime Minister. But he remained a member of the House of Commons of Northern Ireland until the 1969 general election, becoming the Father of the House in 1965. During his last years in the Parliament of Northern Ireland he publicly opposed the liberal policies of his successor Terence O'Neill, who actively sought to improve relationships with the Republic of Ireland, and who attempted to address some of the grievances of Catholics and grant many of the demands of the Northern Ireland Civil Rights Association.

Brookeborough was noted for his casual style towards his ministerial duties. Terence O'Neill later wrote of him: "he was good company and a good raconteur, and those who met him imagined that he was relaxing away from his desk. However they did not realise that there was no desk."

While Graham Walker wrote "...Brookeborough's achievements over twenty years were substantial: the Unionist Party maintained essential unity, the anti-partitionist project was thwarted, and a potentially difficult post-war relationship with Britain under Labour was managed to the long-term benefit of Northern Ireland's full participation in the welfare state and new educational opportunities...", increased educational opportunities for Catholics increased their self-confidence and expectations, which added momentum to the 1960s civil rights movement.

Later life and death
In his retirement Brookeborough developed commercial interests; as chairman of Carreras (Northern Ireland), a director of Devenish Trade, and president of the Northern Ireland Institute of Directors. He was also made an honorary LLD of The Queen's University of Belfast.

From 1970 to 1973, years in which the Stormont institution came under its greatest strain and eventually crumbled, Brookeborough made only occasional forays into political life. In 1972 he appeared next to Bill Craig MP on the balcony of Parliament Buildings at Stormont, a diminutive figure beside the leader of the Ulster Vanguard who was rallying right-wing Unionists against the Government of Northern Ireland. He opposed the Westminster white paper on the future of Northern Ireland and caused some embarrassment to his son, Captain John Brooke, the UUP Chief Whip and an ally of Brian Faulkner, by speaking against the Faulkner ministry's proposals.

Lord Brookeborough died at his home, Colebrooke Park, on the Colebrooke Estate, on 18 August 1973.  His remains were cremated at Roselawn Cemetery, East Belfast, three days later, and, in accordance with his wishes, his ashes were scattered on the demesne surrounding his beloved Colebrooke Park.  In its obituary, The Times indirectly blamed him for the continuing Troubles: "Brookeborough was a man of courage, conviction and great charm.  But his political sense was seriously found wanting by the intransigence with which he excluded the Roman Catholic minority from responsibility and participation". The obituary continued remarking that Brookeborough was "[a] staunch representative of the Anglo-Irish aristocracy and an unyielding believer in the Protestant Ascendancy...The sectarian strife now tearing at the fabric of Northern Ireland's society is in part attributable to the immobility imposed in his long period of political leadership".

Brookeborough's estate was valued at £406,591.83.
 His only surviving son, Captain The Right Honourable John W. Brooke, Privy Council of Northern Ireland, MP, succeeded to the viscountcy.

Personal life and family
Brooke married, firstly, Cynthia Mary Surgison (1897–1970), second daughter and co-heir of Captain Charles Warden Surgison, of Cuckfield Park, Sussex. They were married on 3 June 1919 at St George's, Hanover Square. Their families were already close owing to Surgison's sister's being married to Brookeborough's cousin.  Following their marriage the Brookes went to live at Colebrooke Park. They had three sons, two of whom were killed in action during the Second World War.

Brooke was a member of the Hanover Loyal Orange Lodge 1639, which served the Brookeborough estate. Involvement with the Orange Order was a longstanding family tradition.

Lady Brookeborough died in 1970 and the following year, aged 83, Lord Brookeborough married Sarah Eileen Bell Calvert, daughter of Henry Healey, of Belfast, and widow of Cecil Armstrong Calvert, FRCS, director of neurosurgery at the Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast. Sarah Eileen, Viscountess Brookeborough, died in 1989.

In his private life, Brookeborough enjoyed farming, and he won many awards for it. He also liked shooting, fishing, and golf.

Children
By his first wife, Brookeborough had the following children:
 Lieutenant Basil Julian David Brooke (18 April 1920 – March 1943 – killed in action)
 John Warden Brooke, 2nd Viscount Brookeborough (9 November 1922 – 5 March 1987)
 Lieutenant Henry Alan Brooke (29 October 1923 – April 1945 – killed in action)

Awards and decorations

He was awarded the Military Cross for "Distinguished Service in the Field" on 3 June 1916. He was awarded the Croix de Guerre in 1918.

Having been appointed CBE in 1921, Brooke was, on 1 July 1952, raised to the House of Lords as Viscount Brookeborough, of Colebrooke, County Fermanagh.  He was appointed a Knight of the Garter in 1965. He held the office of Vice-Admiral of Ulster between 1961 and 1973.  He held the office of Lord Lieutenant of County Fermanagh and was Custos Rotulorum of County Fermanagh between 1963 and 1969.

See also
 List of Northern Ireland Members of the House of Lords

References

Further reading
 Brian Barton, Brookeborough: the making of a Prime Minister, The Institute of Irish Studies, Queen's University, Belfast, 1988.

External links

1888 births
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Brooke, Basil
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Basil Brooke, 1st Viscount Brookeborough