Archuleta v. Hedrick, 365 F.3d 644 (8th Cir. 2004) was a pro se petition for a writ of habeas corpus filed in the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit in October 2002, appealing the dismissal of a case  brought by  defendant Benjamin Archuleta. Archuleta  had been found not guilty by reason of insanity of assault and subsequently ordered to be confined in a prison mental hospital by the United States District Court for the Western District of Missouri  after   his  successful insanity defense, as he was   evaluated by a psychiatrist as dangerous. His appeal challenged this confinement and "forced treatment", requested a withdrawal of his original insanity defense, and sought his unconditional release from custody.

The appellate court reversed the lower court's dismissal of the habeas corpus petition, saying that habeas corpus is a last resort remedy available to those without any other, and the case was remanded back to that court with the instructions to transfer the petition to another district court, the United States District Court for the District of Utah.

Facts of case
Benjamin Archuleta was charged with assaulting a federal official and found not guilty by reason of insanity (NGRI)  in the United States District Court for the District of Utah on July 23, 1999. Based on a psychiatric evaluation and the testimony of others, the court ruled that Archuleta's release posed a substantial risk of harm to others and ordered him committed to the United States Medical Center for Federal Prisoners in Springfield, Missouri. Although later Archuleta was conditionally released, his release was revoked on July 8, 2002 and he was recommitted to FMC Springfield until the time he was determined to be eligible for a conditional release by the hospital; such  release would be under court supervision.

Archuleta filed a pro se petition (a petition to represent himself) for habeas corpus relief (seeking relief for unlawful detention) in the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Western District of Missouri in October, 2002, requesting an  unconditional discharge and  release from confinement in the prison hospital.  He argued that the statute  under which  he was committed is unconstitutional because only a judicial unit, not an administrative one, can determine the length and conditions of his sentence and also whether his confinement after his successful NGRI  defense could exceed the sentence he would have received if found guilty under the law. He further argued  that his confinement in the prison facility far from the court was equal to "banishment and exile" and that "forced treatment" violated the Eighth Amendment. He also contested the finding that he had violated the terms of his conditional release, saying that he did not refuse the forced treatment "but for the exception of being late on taking his [anti-psychotic] medication... one day". He also requested to withdraw his insanity defense.

At the district court level, the counsel for both parties agreed to  court's interpretation of the pro se petition to focus on the issue of the involuntary administration of psychiatric medication.

Decision
The appellate court ruled that although Archuleta's post-acquittal confinement was constitutional under statute 18 U.S.C. § 4243,  it decided to  consider the unlawful detention question broadly as "substantial public interests are involved", as habeas corpus is a remedy  available when no other is available. It ruled the lower court erred in overlooking the seriousness of the grievance, as  the statute under which Archuleta was committed for involuntary treatment  did not prevent him "from establishing by writ of habeas corpus the illegality of his detention". Some issues, such as whether an insanity defense can be withdrawn upon appeal, have not been settled.

The court vacated the dismissal order and remanded the case back to the district court, instructing that court  to transfer the case to the U.S. District Court for the District of Utah, pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1406(a), a statute which provides that the appellate court in which a case is wrongly filed may either dismiss it, or in the interest of justice, transfer the case to any district in which it could have been brought.

Notes

External links

Mental health case law in the United States
Forensic psychology
United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit cases
2004 in United States case law
History of Springfield, Missouri
United States habeas corpus case law

Archuleta v. Hedrick


"Chicago" is a poem by Carl Sandburg about the city of Chicago that became his adopted home. It first appeared in Poetry, March 1914, the first of nine poems collectively titled "Chicago Poems". It was republished in 1916 in Sandburg's first mainstream collection of poems, also titled Chicago Poems.

Sandburg moved to Chicago in 1912 after living in Milwaukee, where he had served as secretary to Emil Seidel, Milwaukee's Socialist mayor. Harriet Monroe, a fellow resident of Chicago, had founded the magazine Poetry in 1912.  Monroe liked and encouraged Sandburg's plain-speaking free verse style, strongly reminiscent of Walt Whitman.  Chicago Poems established Sandburg as a major figure in contemporary literature.

Sandburg has described the poem as

The Chicago Poems and its follow-up volumes of verse, Cornhuskers (1918) and Smoke and Steel (1920), represent Sandburg's attempts to create an American version of social realism, writing expansive verse in praise of American agriculture and industry. All of these tendencies are manifest in "Chicago" itself. Then as now, the city of Chicago was a hub of commodities trading and a key financial center for agricultural markets. The city was also a center of the meat-packing industry and an important railroad hub; these industries are also mentioned in the poem.

One of Chicago's many nicknames, "City of the Big Shoulders," is taken from the poem's fifth line.

See also
 Chicago Poems

References

External links

Chicago in fiction
1916 poems
Poetry by Carl Sandburg
Works about Chicago

Chicago (poem)


A charitable remainder unitrust (known as a "CRUT") is an irrevocable trust created under the authority of the United States Internal Revenue Code  ("Code"). This special, irrevocable trust has two primary characteristics: (1) Once established, the CRUT distributes a fixed percentage of the value of its assets (on an annual or more frequent basis) to a non-charitable beneficiary (which may be the settlor of the trust); and (2) At the expiration of a specified time (which may be the death of the settlor), the remaining balance of the CRUT's assets is distributed to charity. The trustee determines the fair market value of the CRUT's assets at the time of contribution and thereafter on the applicable valuation date. The fixed annuity percentage must be at least 5% and no more than 50% of the fair market value of the assets in the corpus. The remainder (the amount expected to go to charity) must be at least 10% of the fair market value of the assets contributed to the CRUT. Code Section 664(d)(1) sets the federal income tax requirements for a charitable remainder unitrust.

For example, assume an individual, Mr. Smith, has $1 million of publicly traded stock and would like to establish a CRUT. Assume the CRUT is set up to pay the annuity to Mr. Smith over his lifetime. Mr. Smith selects a 10% CRUT. The CRUT will pay Mr. Smith 10% of its assets (initially $100,000) per year until Mr. Smith dies. At that time, any balance remaining in the CRUT will be distributed to charity. The term "unitrust" means the annuity percentage is fixed; the CRUT will distribute 10% of the value of the CRUT's assets each year, and the CRUT's value may increase or decrease over time.

History
Code  (authorizing CRUTs) was added to the Code in 1969, as part of the Tax Reform Act of 1969 (Pub. L. No. 91-172).

Requirements
A charitable remainder unitrust is a trust that meets both: (1) The applicable rules under state law for a valid Charitable Trust; and (2) the requirements outlined  in Code Section .

State Law Requirements

First, a CRUT is formed like any other kind of trust and must be valid under state law. Most states require CRUTs to be registered with the state. For example, California requires charitable trusts to be registered by filing a form CT-1 with the state attorney general. This is because the state attorney general represents the charitable interests involved with CRUT. However, California Govt. Code Section 12585(a)  provides that "A trustee is not required to register as long as the charitable interest in a trust is a future interest, but shall do so within 30 days after any charitable interest in a trust becomes a present interest."

Income Tax Requirements

Code Section 664 imposes the following requirements on CRUTs:

Fixed percentage payment
The CRUT must distribute a fixed percentage annuity to the non-charitable beneficiary. This percentage may not be less than 5 percent nor more than 50 percent of the net fair market value of the CRUT's assets. The CRUT's assets are valued annually, and the annuity amount is determined at that time. As may be seen, the amount of the annuity might vary from year to year, but the percentage always stays the same. For example, assume a 10% CRUT is established, and assume the value of its portfolio holdings in year 1 is $1 million. The annuity that year is $100,000. Assuming the portfolio drops in value, and in year 2 is worth $900,000. The annuity in year 2 will be reduced to $90,000 (10% of the value of the CRUT's assets).

The annuity must be distributed not less often than annually to one or more persons. The "person" may be an organization, however, it may not be a charity described in . The CRUT is usually set up so that an annuity is paid to the settlor of the trust. In the case of natural persons, payments may be made only to those who are living at the time of the creation of the trust. The annuity is paid to that non-charitable beneficiary for his or her lifetime, or for a fixed term of years (not to exceed 20 years).

No other payments
The CRUT may not distribute any of its assets to anyone other than the annuity recipient or the qualified charity beneficiary.  The CRUT may not let any of its assets be used for the benefit of anyone other than the annuity recipient, the qualified charitable beneficiary, or a charitable organization as described in section 170(c). Code Section 664(d)(2)(B).

Transfer remainder interest when termination of payments
Once the annuity period is over (i.e., at the death of the non-charitable beneficiary, or the expiration of the term of years), the remainder of the CRUT principal is distributed to charity. The charity must be an organization described in .

Portion of remainder interest in contributions to trusts
At least 10% of the statistical fair market value of each contribution of property to the trust, must be a part of the remainder interest that will pass to charity once the annuity term expires.

Treasury Regulations have imposed several other conditions relating to CRUTs:

NIMCRUTS

Treas. Reg. §1.664-3 authorizes CRUTs to be drafted so that the annuity can be the lesser of:

1.  The annuity percentage, multiplied by the fair market value of the CRUT's assets (i.e., the normal annuity amount); or

2.  The amount of the CRUT's "trust income" for the year.

This is known as a "net income CRUT", or NICRUT.  For example, assume a 10% CRUT holds $1 million in assets.  Assume the CRUT has only $70,000 of income that year.  A NICRUT would distribute $70,000, because that is lesser than the ordinary $100,000 annuity.

Furthermore, Treas. Reg. §1.664-3(a)(1)(i)(b)(2) allows the CRUT to pay a "makeup amount", which means if the trust income is lower than the selected fixed percentage, the trustee can distribute a "make up amount" from the trust's income in subsequent years. This is known as a "net income/makeup CRUT", or "NIMCRUT". For example, assume the NICRUT above distributed $70,000, and had $130,000 of trust income the following year. Assume the NICRUT included the makeup provision (making it a NIMCRUT). The NIMCRUT would distribute the $130,000 to the annuity beneficiary.

The IRS has issued a series of sample CRUT forms since 1989, the latest series in 2005, known as Revenue Procedures 2005-52, 2005-53, 2005-54, 2005-55, 2005-56, 2005-57, 2005-58, and 2005-59.  It is not recommended, however, that these sample forms be used verbatim and without any additional supplemented provisions.

Income, Gift, and Estate Tax Consequences

Charitable Deductions

A donor is entitled to a Charitable Deduction based on the present value of the remainder interest in a CRUT.  Regs. § 1.664-4(e)(3)and (4).  The method of determining the charitable deduction is complicated, and is generally stated in Treas. Regs. § 1.664-4(e)(3) and (4). Various factors are taken into consideration, including the adjusted payout rate, the value of the remainder interest, the age of the measuring life (the annuitant), the term of the CRUT, the date of trust creation, and federal interest rates.

Gift Tax Implications

The grantor/donor does not make a taxable gift if he or she is the recipient of the CRUT income for life or term of years.  However, the creation of a CRUT will have a gift tax consequence if an individual other than the grantor/donor (or his or her spouse) is the designated beneficiary of the CRUT income.

Estate Tax

 provides for a deduction from the value of the gross estate of a bequest for public, charitable, and religious purposes. Therefore, the amount of principal contributed to a CRUT is not considered for estate tax purposes. Furthermore, the corpus is not subject to probate.

Unrelated Business Taxable Income

If a CRUT has any unrelated business taxable income (UBTI), the trust is subject to a 100% excise tax on the UBTI, but retains its tax-exempt status.   UBTI is generally income earned from an active business. Prior to 2007, if a CRUT received UBTI it terminated its tax-exempt status and 100% of the trust income would be taxable.

WIFO

The annuity paid from the CRUT is taxable to the person receiving the payment. The annuity is taxed in the so-called "Worst-In, First-Out" (WIFO)method. Roughly, the annuity is taxed in the following order of the CRUTs income: ordinary income, capital gain, other income, and trust corpus. The trust's income, for the year it is required to be taken into account by the trust, is assigned to one of three categories: the ordinary income, the capital gains category, or the other income.

Tax Planning

CRUTs are used for a variety of reasons.  Often, CRUTs can be used to save income, gift, and/or estate tax.  Because the CRUT is a tax-exempt entity a CRUT can be used to sell highly appreciated assets at greatly reduced tax consequences.

For example, assume an individual purchases publicly traded stock for $50,000.00.  Assume that, over time, the stock appreciates in value to $1 million.  If this individual taxpayer were to sell the stock, the taxpayer would have a $950,000.00 capital gain for income tax purposes, and would be subject to a substantial capital gains tax (this example will assume a combined federal and state capital gains tax rate of 20%, or $190,000.00 of capital gains tax).
One tax planning idea would be for this individual to contribute the stock to a CRUT prior to the sale of the stock.  The CRUT would then sell the stock.  Assuming no other activity in the CRUT account, the $190,000.00 capital gains tax on the $950,000.00 gain would be paid over the lifetime of the taxpayer (without the CRUT, the taxpayer would have to pay the $190,000.00 all at once).  The taxpayer would receive an annuity from the CRUT based on the full $1 million of sales proceeds, rather than an annuity (or income stream) based on the $810,000.00 after-tax proceeds.

One possible concern for the taxpayer in the above situation is the risk of death shortly after setting up the CRUT.  In such instances, the CRUT proceeds would pay to charity before the taxpayer has received much benefit from the annuity.  In addition, at the taxpayer's death, the charity receives the assets that might have otherwise passed to children or other heirs.  Because of this, tax planners often suggest that their clients purchase life insurance, to be held separately from the CRUT.  Using life insurance mitigates the risk of early death.

For example, assume the same taxpayer above was to set up a CRUT and were to die quickly.  In such instances, the balance of the CRUT would pay to charity.  If this taxpayer purchased a $1 million life insurance policy, in the event of the taxpayer's premature death, the taxpayer's family would receive the $1 million life insurance proceeds and charity would receive the balance of the CRUT.

With proper planning, the life insurance proceeds received by the family would be free from all income tax and estate tax.
A CRUT is a potentially attractive alternative to the purchase of an annuity. Quarterly or annual payments to the beneficiary behave like an annuity, but they have the additional advantage of the deduction from income at the time of the creation of the CRUT. The extent of this advantage depends on the current income of the person who creates the CRUT; if income is high, the tax advantage can be substantial.

See also
 Charitable Remainder Annuity Trust
 Pooled income fund

References

External links
"Romney Avoids Taxes via Loophole Cutting Mormon Donations", Oct 29, 2012

Taxation in the United States
Wills and trusts
Charity in the United States

Charitable remainder unitrust


Die Hard with a Vengeance is a 1995 American action movie starring Bruce Willis and Samuel L. Jackson. It is the third movie in the Die Hard series.

Plot
A terrorist called Simon is out to kill John McClane. Simon blows up a building in New York City. He says that he will blow up another one unless the police do what he tells them to do. His first task is to have McClane to go Harlem and stand around for 15 minutes with a sign that says "I hate niggers" with his gun taped to his back so that he cannot reach it. A group of black men attack McClane. A shopkeeper named Zeus Carver saves McClane by grabbing the gun and getting into a taxicab.

The next task that Gruber has them do is to reach a pay phone. He then gives them a riddle and has them call back within 30 seconds to the right phone number (the answer to the riddle is the last four digits) or else the trash can full of explosives will be detonated. They call back with the right phone number but it is past 30 seconds. Carver and McClane duck out of the way as Gruber laughs.

The third task that Gruber sets for them is to reach the Wall Street subway station by 10:20 a.m. or else the station will be blown up. McClane and Carver steal a taxicab and cut through the park to reach the station in time. McClane stops at an earlier station and gets on the train. He then searches the train for the bomb and finds it. He throws it out of the cab car. Carver gets to the Wall Street station and picks up the phone, but because McClane is not there, Gruber says they did not follow his rules. The train rolls over the detonator and sets it off. The bomb explodes and destroys a large part of the station. McClane is injured but is alive.

The FBI come in and tell him that the man's name is Simon Gruber and that he is the older brother of the villain from the first movie, Hans Gruber. Simon calls in again and tells him that he has placed a bomb inside one of the schools in New York City. Any attempt to get the children out will result in the bomb being blown up. He tells McClane and Carver to head to a park. The entire police force goes out and starts to search every school to find the bomb.

With the police gone, Simon Gruber and a bunch of dump trucks come in. They kill the security guards and begin to steal the gold from the vault in the Federal Reserve Bank of New York. McClane and Carver arrive at the park and find another bomb. They use a five-gallon and three-gallon jug to make four gallons and put it on the weight to disable it. McClane catches a kid stealing something; the kid says that there's not a cop for miles around. McClane then goes to the Federal Reserve building and walks in. As Gruber's men escort him down, he asks them about lotto numbers and realizes that they are not the real cops and kills them.

McClane then drives a car out to intercept Gruber and his men. He has Carver go out to Yankee Stadium since that's what Gruber originally told them to do. Gruber drives into a aqueduct. McClane follows them in, but they flood it, causing a ton of water to rush out. McClane grabs a ladder and is sent flying into the air. Meanwhile, Carver went to Yankee Stadium and did not find anybody. Two of Gruber's men with sniper rifles are there to kill him, but decide to follow Carver instead since McClane is not with him. Carver is driving on a highway and sees McClane as he is thrown into the air. A car chase and gunfight take place as Gruber's men show up to try to kill them.

McClane and Carver find Gruber loading the gold onto a cargo boat in New York Harbor. After getting in, a few battles take place and Carver and McClane are captured by Gruber's men. They are then tied up and Gruber sets the fuse to blow the boat up. Before leaving, Gruber tosses McClane a bottle of aspirin. Gruber claims he is blowing up $100 billion of gold bullion but there is nothing inside; he is trying to make the value of gold higher by "destroying" the supply. McClane and Carver work their way out of the cuffs and jump to safety as the ship blows up.

They are rescued by the police. On the ship, McClane takes a quarter to call his wife. As he is being connected, he takes an aspirin, looks at the bottom, and realizes that Gruber is heading to Canada. They intercept him and fly a helicopter over his ship. In the ensuring fight, Gruber gets in his own helicopter and shoots and hits their helicopter, forcing them to land. McClane starts running to make Gruber shoot at him. He notices a bunch of power lines and shoots them. The lines fall on Gruber's helicopter and kill him.

Related pages
Die Hard
Die Hard 2
Live Free or Die Hard
A Good Day to Die Hard

Other websites

1995 action movies
1990s action thriller movies
1995 crime thriller movies
20th Century Fox movies
Die Hard movies
American heist movies
Movies about terrorism
Movies directed by John McTiernan
Movies composed by Michael Kamen
Movies set in New York City
Movies set in Quebec

Die Hard with a Vengeance


The Worshipful Company of Tin Plate Workers alias Wire Workers is one of the Livery Companies of the City of London. Tin craftsmen were originally part of the Ironmongers' Company, while the wire workers, who made wire objects such as cages, animal traps and fishhooks, were part of the Girdlers' Company. The two groups combined, and were incorporated by a Royal Charter in 1670. Now, the use of tin plate and steel wire does not remain work done by craftsmen, instead being performed by machines. Thus, the Company is no longer a trade association for craftsmen. Instead, it supports the industry through grants, as it does charities.

The Tin Plate Workers' Company ranks sixty-seventh in the order of precedence for Livery Companies. Its motto is Amore Sitis Uniti, Latin for Be United in Love.

External links
 The Tin Plate Workers' Company

Tin Plate Workers
1670 establishments in England

Worshipful Company of Tin Plate Workers


Wilhelm Richard Wagner (22 Mey 1813 in Leipzig – 13 Februar 1883 in Venice) wis an gey moyen German componer, muisic theorist, an essayist, maistlie kent for his grundbrakking symphonic-operas (or "music dramas"). His warks is byordinar for thair conteenous contrapuntal textur, rich harmonies an orchestration, an elaborate uiss o leitmotifs: themes pitten thegither wi parteeclar chairacters or seetiations. Wagner's chromatic muisical leid wis lik later oncomes in European classical muisic, includin unco chromaticism an atonality. He chynged muisical thocht throu his idea o Gesamtkunstwerk ("hail airt-wark"), epitomed bi his muckle fower-opera cycle Der Ring des Nibelungen (1876). His concep o leitmotif an integrated muisical expression wis a stieve fluence on monie 20t hunderyear film scores. Forby Wagner is an unco controversial feegur, baith for his muisical an dramatic innovations, an for his unco public expression o anti-semitic ideas.

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Richard Wagner


Dhaka is the capital and largest city of Bangladesh. Dhaka is a megacity, and has a population of 10.2 million residents as of 2022, and a population of over 22.4 million residents in Greater Dhaka. It is widely considered to be the most densely populated built-up urban area in the world.

It is located just north of the Buriganga River, a channel of the Dhaleswari River, in the south-central part of the country. Dhaka is Bangladesh's most populous city and is one of the largest metropolises in South Asia. Pop. (2001) city, 5,333,571; metro. area, 9,672,763; (2011) city, 7,033,075; metro. area, 14,543,124.

It was part of the Mughal Empire of Hindustan and served as the capital of the empire twice. Once from 1608 to 1639 and once from 1660 to 1704. After that, it became a part of the British Raj. Then it became a part of Pakistan as part of the Partition of India on 15 August 1947. Bangladesh was then called East Pakistan, and Dacca (Dhaka) became provincial capital of East Pakistan. In 1971, the new nation of Bangladesh was created.

Dhaka is home to Bangladesh Bank which is the country's central bank. Many multinational companies have offices in the city. The Dhaka Stock Exchange is one of the largest stock exchanges in South Asia.

The Bangabhaban in Dhaka is the official residence and workplace of the President of Bangladesh. It is also home to the National Parliament House.

There are 52 universities in Dhaka. Dhaka College was started in 1841, making it the oldest institution for higher education in the city.

History
Dhaka's name is said to refer to the dhak tree, once common in the area, or to Dhakeshwari ("The Hidden Goddess"), whose shrine is located in the western part of the city. Although the city's history can be traced to the 1st millennium CE, the city did not rise to prominence until the 17th century, when it served as the capital of the Muslim Mughal dynasty of Bengal province (1608–39 and 1660–1704). It was the center of a flourishing sea trade, attracting English, French, Armenian, Portuguese, and Dutch traders.

Historic buildings of the Muslim period include Lal Bagh fort (1678) and its tomb of Bibi Pari (died 1684), wife of a governor of Bengal; the Bara Katra (great caravansary, a building historically used for sheltering caravans and other travelers; 1664); the Chhota Katra (small caravansary; 1663); and Husayni Dalan (a religious monument of the Shīʿite branch of Islam; 1642). Other 17th-century buildings include the Hindu Dhakeshwari temple and Tejgaon church, built by the Portuguese.

With the removal of the provincial capital to Murshidabad (1704) and the weakening of the muslin industry, Dhaka entered a period of decline. It passed under British control in 1765 and was constituted a municipality in 1864, but it continued to lose prominence until it was designated the capital of Eastern Bengal and Assam province (1905–12). During the early 20th century Dhaka served as a commercial center and seat of learning. Following the end of British rule, when the region became a part of Pakistan, it was named the capital of East Bengal province (1947) and of East Pakistan (1956). Dhaka suffered heavy damage during the war of independence in 1971 but emerged as the capital of Bangladesh.

Education
It has one of the best schools for students to study in and it is a very educational city. Dhaka has the largest number of schools, colleges and universities of any Bangladeshi city. The education system is divided into 5 levels: Primary (from grades 1 to 6), Junior (from grades 6 to 8), Secondary (from grades 9 to 10), Higher Secondary (from grades 11 to 12) and tertiary.[98] The five years of Primary education concludes with a Primary School Completion (PSC) Examination, the three years of Junior education concludes with Junior School Certificate (JSC) Examination, and next two years of Secondary education concludes with a Secondary School Certificate (SSC) Examination. Students who pass this examination proceed to two years of Higher Secondary or intermediate training, which culminate in a Higher Secondary School Certificate (HSC) Examination.[98] Education is mainly offered in Bengali, but English is also widely taught and used. Many Muslim families send their children to attend part-time courses or even to pursue full-time religious education alongside other subjects, which is imparted in Bengali and Arabic in schools, colleges and madrasas.Dhaka College is the oldest institution for higher education in the city and among the earliest established in British India, founded in 1841. Since independence, Dhaka has seen the establishment of numerous public and private colleges and universities that offer undergraduate and graduate degrees as well as a variety of doctoral programmes.

The Contemporary City
Since its establishment as the capital city, the population, area, and social and economic diversity of Dhaka have grown tremendously. Together with its river port of Narayanganj, 10 miles (16 km) to the south, Dhaka now is one of the most densely industrialized regions in the country. Traditional products include jamdani (fine-quality muslin), embroidery, silk, and jewelry. Among the city's major industries are jute processing and the manufacture of chemicals, pharmaceuticals, textiles, leather goods, ceramics, and electronics products. A strong export-oriented garment industry emerged in the late 20th century.

The area around Dhaka consists of a level plain bounded by the Meghna, Padma (Ganges [Ganga]), and Jamuna (Brahmaputra) rivers. The plain is crossed by a network of streams and rivers, the chief being the Dhaleswari, Buriganga, and Sitalakhya. Important crops are rice, jute, sugarcane, and oilseeds; there is also some cattle farming.

The city contains several universities, among which the University of Dhaka (1921), the Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology (1962), and Jahangirnagar University (1970) are prominent. Dhaka is also home to numerous government colleges, a nuclear-science training and research centre, the national library, a museum, and the national art gallery. In addition, the area includes the site of the ancient city of Vikramapura, former capital of the Pala rulers of Bengal (8th–12th century). Among Dhaka's more recent buildings of note are the Star Mosque (Tara Masjid), built in the Mughal architectural style in the early 19th century with later renovations; Curzon Hall at the University of Dhaka, erected at the beginning of the 20th century, combining Mughal and European influences; and the National Assembly Building (Jatiya Sangsad Bhaban), designed by architect Louis I. Kahn and completed in 1982.

Place to visit

 Ahsan Manzil Museum
 Lalbagh Fort
 National Parliament House
 Sonargaon
 Bangladesh National Museum

Dhaka-Agartala Bus
After years of negotiations, the Dhaka-Agartala bus was agreed upon on July 11, 2001. The bus connects Bangladesh with its eastern neighbor, the Indian state of Tripura. Tripura has a substantial Bengali population and indigenous peoples who have close commercial and cultural links with the people of eastern Bangladesh.

Gallery

References

Other websites
Dhaka in Banglapedia

Dhaka


Bienvenido F. Nebres  (born March 15, 1940) is a Filipino scientist, mathematician, and a Jesuit priest who was the longest-serving university president of the Ateneo de Manila University. He succeeded Joaquin G. Bernas in 1993, and served as University President until 1 June 2011. He currently sits as a member of the board of trustees of Georgetown University, Regis University, St. Edward School Foundation, Inc., the Asian Institute of Management (where he sits as Vice-Chair), and other colleges and universities in the Philippines. He is also a member of the board of directors of Philippine Long Distance Telephone Company, and is currently chairman of the Synergeia Foundation. He was also Provincial Superior of the Society of Jesus in the Philippines.

Nebres served as the Ateneo's university president for more than 18 years. His term was extended for him to lead the Ateneo through the completion of  key initiatives as well as its sesquicentennial celebration, and was again extended until June 1, 2011, after which he was succeeded by Jose Ramon Villarin as the Ateneo's university president.

Since his return to the Philippines in 1970 after graduate studies abroad, Nebres has worked on three major areas: teaching and development of mathematics and science in the Philippines and in Southeast Asia; administration in the university and in the Jesuit Order; and leadership in the socio-political concerns of the Philippines during the years of martial law and in the early years of democratic restoration. In the 1990s, he also became more involved in the business world, particularly in the relationships between universities and business and technology.

In 2011, he was named National Scientist of the Philippines upon the recommendation of the National Academy of Science & Technology.

Early life and education
Bienvenido Nebres was born in Baguio on March 15, 1940, and grew up in Bacnotan in La Union, Philippines. He studied at the Bacnotan Elementary School, and then moved to Christ the King College in San Fernando, La Union. His vocation to the priesthood came early, and soon enough he found himself at the Vigan seminary in Ilocos Sur. He wanted to become a priest because of a teacher who was a nun, her stories made him realize that it was a life worth living.  He finished high school at the San Jose Seminary, and then moved to the Sacred Heart Novitiate in Novaliches.

He did his early studies in classical studies and philosophy, completing his Bachelor of Arts degree in 1962 and his Master of Arts degree in 1963, both in Philosophy, at the Jesuit Scholasticate, Berchmans College in Cebu City, Philippines. He attended Stanford University in California from 1965 to 1970, wherein he completed his Master of Science and Ph.D. in mathematics. He completed his dissertation "Preservation Theorems and Herbrand Theorems for Infinitary Languages" in 1970 under the supervision of Solomon Feferman.

Teaching, development of mathematics and science in Southeast Asia
Nebres was founding President of the Mathematical Society of the Philippines in 1972. He was one of the founding officers of the Southeast Asian Mathematical Society (SEAMS) also in 1972. The SEAMS has continued activities among the Southeast Asian nations by supporting graduate programs, research, and mathematics education. Nebres was President of the SEAMS 1977-78 during its period of consolidating its network.

Nebres was also one of the founders of the consortium of the leading universities in Manila to develop Ph.D. programs in mathematics, physics and chemistry. The consortium has succeeded in developing a critical mass of scientists in these areas, has developed extensive links with scientists abroad (particularly in Australia and Japan), and is now the core of a large network of schools in the Philippines (more than 110 high schools as well as over 30 colleges and universities) which are supported by the Philippines' Department of Science and Technology as the leadership group for improving science and engineering education in the country.

From 1992 to 1998, Nebres was Chairman of the Project Advisory Group for a World Bank- and OECF-financed Engineering and Science Education Project of the Philippine Department of Science and Technology. From 1994 to 1998, he directed a team for the Philippine Department of Education on the development of education plans to strengthen elementary and secondary education in the poorest provinces of the country. He has served as Chair of the Technical Panel on Science and Mathematics of the Commission on Higher Education (CHED) since its inception and also chairs the CHED Technical Working Group for faculty development.

In 2012 he became a fellow of the American Mathematical Society.

As a Jesuit
Nebres was dean of the School of Arts and Sciences of the Ateneo de Manila from 1973 to 1980. He was also Rector of the Loyola House of Studies from 1980 to 1982. From 1983 to 1989, he served as Provincial Superior of the Jesuits in the Philippines.  Nebres was also President of Xavier University - Ateneo de Cagayan in Cagayan de Oro from 1990 to 1993. He was the longest serving President of the Ateneo de Manila University.

His main concerns apart from the regular duties of a university president are the strengthening of basic education and of science and technology in the Philippines. He currently leads the Ateneo through several key initiatives, such as: basic education development through the Ateneo Center for Educational Development (ACED) and the Ateneo Center for English Language Teaching (ACELT), among other Ateneo initiatives; public health development through the Ateneo's Leaders for Health Program as well as the establishment of the Ateneo School of Medicine and Public Health; housing and social development through leadership in initiatives such as Gawad Kalinga and Kalinga Luzon, where he is one of the key leaders; and leadership and good governance.

On July 28, 2008, Nebres celebrated his 52nd year as a Jesuit.

Society and politics
Nebres also worked to establish the Center for Community Services and the first conscientization and politicalization programs of the Ateneo de Manila in the 1970s. The students from these programs have become major contributors to social development in the Philippines. He also helped in the political programs of various parties and groups during the years of forming alternatives to the Ferdinand Marcos martial law regime. As  Provincial Superior of the Jesuits in the Philippines from 1983 to 1989, much of his work was to support and coordinate efforts on the part of the Church in the years prior to and immediately after the People Power Revolution in 1986. In 2006, Nebres merged the Center for Community Services with the Ateneo School of Government.

Chair, Presidential Task Force on Education
On September 4, 2007, the Presidential Task Force on Education under the Office of the President named Nebres, chairman. Nebres will be joined by 4 others—Angeles University Foundation President Emmanuel Angeles, Philippine Chamber of Commerce and Industry President Donald Dy, Asian Institute of Management Professor Victor Limlingan, and former University of the Philippines president José Abueva. The 5 with Education Secretary Jesli Lapus, Romulo Neri, and Augusto Syjuco, complete the task force. Gloria Macapagal Arroyo signed Executive Order 635 on August 24 creating a presidential task force to assess, plan and monitor the entire educational system.

Frontline Leadership
On December 5, 2007, Nebres launched "Frontline Leadership," a book project of the Ateneo School of Government (sponsored by German foundation Konrad Adenauer Stiftung) was written by several authors. He stated: "I look forward to the future when the next President of the Philippines does not come from the Senate but from [the ranks of] mayors or governors; I do hope that a next generation of leaders will emerge and see local leadership as the wave of the future." The book narrates the performances of 4 former local officials, an unnamed female governor in the Visayas and one incumbent: Naga Mayor and Ramon Magsaysay awardee Jesse Robredo, former San Fernando, La Union Mayor Mary Jane Ortega, former Bulacan Gov. Josie de la Cruz, and former Surigao del Norte Gov. Robert Lyndon Barbers.

In business
Nebres sits on the boards of several companies as an independent director, most notably that of Philippine Long Distance Telephone Company (PLDT), where he has been a member from 1998 to 2012. His resignation on September 25, 2012, came in the wake of PLDT Chairman Manny Pangilinan's "disengagement" from the Ateneo due to "irreconcilable" differences of positions taken on controversial issues, particularly the Reproductive Health Bill in which the Catholic Church is against, and mining.

Recognition
 In 1981, Nebres was conferred the Ordre des Palmes Académiques for his contributions to the Philippine-French exchange especially in the field of mathematics by the French Republic.
 In 1992, he received an Honorary Doctor of Laws degree from the University of the Philippines for his work in promoting science and technology in the country. He was conferred an Honorary Doctor of Science degree by De La Salle University for his work in science and science education in 2004.
 In 1999, Nebres was inducted into the Alumni Hall of Fame of the Asian Activities Center of Stanford University "for his distinguished accomplishments and outstanding contributions to our community and society."
 In 2001, Nebres was accorded the rank of Officer in the National Order of Merit of the French Republic (Officier de L'Ordre National du Mérite). The decoration recognises his valuable "contribution to the development of scientific knowledge and education in the Philippines as well as his dedication to the promotion of relations between French and Philippine universities." The award was conferred by decree of the President of the French Republic upon the recommendation of the French Foreign Minister.

Nebres is also an honorary member of Phi Kappa Phi.

The Catholic Bishops Conference of the Philippines (CBCP) on June 15, 2008, stated that "Ateneo de Manila University president Bienvenido Nebres will be formally honored as among the DOST's "50 Men and Women of Science" July to September; the DOST Citation for Nebres described him as an "education icon," having reconciled the fields of science and religion with his work."

References

Sources
 Biography of the President, ateneo.edu, accessed 7 September 2006.
 Mass of Thanksgiving Homily: Fr. Nebres' Golden Jubilee in the Society of Jesus, ateneo.edu, accessed 7 September 2006.
 Fr. Bienvenido F. Nebres, SJ: mathematician and reformer by Queena Lee-Chua, Philippine Daily Inquirer 14 October 2006, accessed 16 October 2006

1940 births
Living people
People from La Union
Filipino educators
20th-century Filipino Jesuits
Academic staff of Ateneo de Manila University
Recipients of the Ordre des Palmes Académiques
National Scientists of the Philippines
Fellows of the American Mathematical Society
People from Baguio
People from Quezon City
Asian Institute of Management people
PLDT people
21st-century Filipino mathematicians
20th-century Filipino mathematicians
Presidents of universities and colleges in the Philippines
Jesuit scientists
21st-century Filipino Jesuits

Bienvenido Nebres


The term compound fruit is sometimes used when it is not clear which of several fruit types a fruit belongs to. A compound fruit is "composed of two or more similar parts".

A compound fruit may be:
 An aggregate fruit, in which one flower contains several separate ovaries, which grow together during development.
 A multiple fruit, in which several flowers, each with an ovary, develop into small fruits that grow together into a larger fruit.
 A simple fruit formed from a compound ovary.

Grapes grow in clusters, but are not compound fruits. Each grape is grown from one ovary in one flower, and they are not attached to one another.

References

Fruits

Compound fruit


Alliteration is when a sentence or phrase has words that start with the same sound. It is commonly used in advertising, poetry, headlines, and tongue-twisters. Basically the first consonant repeats itself throughout the sentence.

Alliteration is common for poetry. It was used one thousand years ago in Anglo-Saxon poems. A fine example is a strophe from The Rime of the Ancient Mariner by Samuel Taylor Coleridge:

 The fair breeze blew, the white foam flew,
 The furrow followed free;
 We were the first that ever burst
 Into that silent sea.

Robert Browning used alliteration many times, too. he employed it in the poem Summum bonum. This is a Latin expression and means "all the best".

 All the breath and the bloom of the year in the bag of one bee:

Alliteration is most commonly used in modern music but is also seen in magazine article titles, advertisements, business names, comic strip or cartoon characters, common sayings, and a variety of other titles and expressions.

One example of alliteration is "Sally sold sea shells by the sea shore". In Death Note, the pseudonym of the detective, L, is Ryuzaki Ryuga, his real name is L Lawliet.

Often, characters in books are named with alliteration. Many names in Harry Potter feature alliterations (for example, Godric Gryffindor, Helga Hufflepuff, Rowena Ravenclaw, and Salazar Slytherin). Similarly, in Hairspray, most characters' names feature alliterations (e.g. Tracy Turnblad, Link Larkin, Corny Collins, Dan Dougherty, Penny Pingleton, and Seaweed Stubbs).

Titles of books sometimes use alliteration, including the titles of all thirteen books (except the last one) in Lemony Snicket's A Series of Unfortunate Events. Author Jeff Lindsay's novels about serial killer Dexter Morgan all feature alliteration in their titles: for example, Darkly Dreaming Dexter. Another example is William Shakespeare's Love's Labour's Lost.

A common application of alliteration is in books intended for children learning about letters. Animalia by Graeme Base famously applies alliteration within a storybook, going in order through each letter of the English alphabet and providing many sentences with alliteration.
Places in books: Bat Barn, Terror Tombs, Vampire Village, etc.
Code names: The release names of the Linux distribution, Ubuntu (e.g. Breezy Badger, Hoary Hedgehog, Feisty Fawn, etc.).
Game Titles: Prince of Persia (also the tag: Prince of Persia – Warrior Within).

Brand Names and Alliteration
Companies company use this alliterative effect all the time. The major reason companies use this technique is to ensure that their brand name is memorable. Think, for example, of all of the famous and well known brands and companies that have used alliteration in their names:

•Dunkin' Donuts
•PayPal
•Best Buy
•Coca-Cola
•LifeLock
•Park Place
•American Apparel
•American Airlines
•Chuckee Cheese's
•Bed Bath & Beyond
•Krispy Kreme
•The Scotch and Sirloin
Famous People and Alliteration
Alliterative names can also help you stand out in the crowd and can make you more memorable. For example, both fictional characters and real people may stand out in your head as a result of the alliterative effect of their name. Think of:

•Ronald Reagan
•Sammy Sosa
•Jesse Jackson
•Michael Moore
•William Wordsworth
•Mickey Mouse
•Porky Pig
•Lois Lane
•Marilyn Monroe
•Fred Flintstone
•Donald Duck
•SpongeBob SquarePants
•Seattle Seahawks
•Katie Courec (Remember, alliterative words don't even necessarily have to start with the same letter, they simply have to have the same first sound).
 Pier Paolo Pasolini

Phrases and quotes
Finally, many famous phrases, quotes and saying also make use of alliteration:

•Busy as a bee
•Dead as a doornail
•Get your goat
•Give up the ghost
•Good as gold
•Home sweet home
•Last laugh
•Leave in the Lurch
•Living the life
•Look to your laurels
•Mad as a March hare
•Make a mountain out of a molehill
•Method to the madness
•Moaning Minnie
•Neck and neck
•Not on your nelly
•Out of order
•Pleased as punch
•Pooh-pooh
•Primrose path
•Right as rain
•Right roughshod
•Round Robin

Alliteration is commonly used since it adds interest to a sentence and can be a great way to help you remember names and phrases that you might other wide forget. Enjoy alliteration. It is a very fun and useful literary device.

References

Figures of speech

Alliteration


Tom Berenger (born Thomas Michael Moore; May 31, 1949) is an Emmy Award-winning American movie, television, stage, and voice actor who is known for his roles in Hatfields & McCoys, Platoon, Major League, Inception, and The Big Chill. He has won an Emmy Award and an Golden Globe Award.

Berenger was born on May 31, 1949 in Chicago, Illinois. He studied at the University of Missouri. Berenger was married to Barbara Wilson from 1976 until they divorced in 1984. Then he was married to Lisa Williams from 1986 until they divorced in 1997. Then he was married to Patricia Alvaran since 1998. He has six children.

References

Other websites

Tom Berenger Online

1949 births
Living people
American movie actors
American television actors
American stage actors
American voice actors
Actors from Chicago
Emmy Award winning actors
Golden Globe Award winning actors

Tom Berenger


The Cotswolds is a range of hills in central-southwest England, sometimes called the "Heart of England", a hilly area reaching over 300 m. The area has been designated as Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty. The highest point in the Cotswolds is Cleeve Hill at 330 m (1083 ft).

The Cotswolds lie within the current ceremonial counties of  Oxfordshire, Gloucestershire, Wiltshire, Somerset, Warwickshire, and Worcestershire. The county of Gloucestershire forms the largest area of the Cotswolds.

Description

The spine of the Cotswolds runs southwest to northeast through six counties, particularly Gloucestershire, Oxfordshire, and southern Warwickshire. The northern and western edges of the Cotswolds are marked by steep slopes down to the Severn valley and the River Avon, Avon. These are a result of the broken edge of the limestone layer. On the eastern boundary is the city of Oxford and on the west is Stroud. To the south towns as Cirencester, Lechlade, Tetbury, Beverston and Fairford mark the southern limit of this region.

In the Middle Ages, the wool trade made the Cotswolds prosperous. Some of this money was put into the building of churches. The area has a number of large, handsome Cotswold stone "wool churches".  The area is still wealthy and has attracted people who own second homes in the area, or have chosen to retire to the Cotswolds.

Typical Cotswold towns are Bourton-on-the-Water, Broadway, Burford, Chipping Norton, Cirencester, Moreton-in-Marsh, Stow-on-the-Wold and Winchcombe. The town of Chipping Campden is famous as the home of the Arts and Crafts movement, that was founded by William Morris at the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th centuries.

The Cotswold Way is a long-distance footpath about 103 miles long (166 km) running the length of the AONB, mainly on the edge of the Cotswold escarpement with good views over the Severn Valley and the Vale of Evesham.

Cotswold stone
The area has attractive small towns and villages built of  Cotswold stone (a yellow limestone). This limestone is rich in fossils. The stone  is a yellow oolitic Jurassic limestone. At the time, this was laid down in a warm tropical sea, about 177 million years ago. The latitude of Britain was about where North Africa is today. The stone is full of fossils such as stalked crinoids. A project is under way to collect examples for the Natural History Museum.

Historical structures
Sudeley Castle

References

Other websites
Cotswold District Council — The website of Cotswold District Council
Cotswolds Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty Website  (Countryside Agency)
Cotswold Journal Local Cotswolds news and information
Yate and Chipping Sodbury Guide  — A Guide to Yate, Chipping Sodbury on the Southern Edge of the Cotswold Escarpment
 Photos of Lower Slaughter in 3d (Anaglyphs)
Cotswold AONB Magic interactive map (slow on first load)

Warwickshire
Geography of England

Cotswolds


Taiwan is a medium-sized chain of islands in East Asia at 23°30" N, 121°00" E .  It runs through the Tropic of Cancer.  Also known as Formosa, it makes up most of the territories of the Republic of China (commonly known as Taiwan).

Formation
The island of Formosa (or Taiwan) was formed about 4.5 million years ago from a Geosyncline.  It is part of an island arc. It was formed when the Eurasian Plate slid under an old chain of volcanic islands in the Philippine Mobile Belt. At the northern end of the island, the Philippine Mobile Belt sank under the Eurasian Plate.

Physical boundaries
The main island makes up 99% of the Republic of China.  The other 1% is made up of smaller islands like Orchard Island and the Penghu Islands, along with far smaller islands. The chain is separated from mainland China by the Taiwan Strait which is 220 kilometers long.

Climate and terrain
The climate on the island is mostly ocean-like and changes very widely.  The south end of the island is humid (very watery) During the summer, typhoons are very common.  Most of the time, there are four each year.

The terrain of the island changes a lot.  In the west, plains and grasslands are common.  90% of the population lives in the west.  The highest point on Formosa is Jade Mountain at 3951.798 meters tall in the year 2003.

In the east of the island is mountainous terrain with thick forests and endemic (native-only) types of plants and animals such as the Formasan Black Bear and the Formosan Cypress. Many of these species are now endangered or extinct.

Major mountain ranges

There are many mountain ranges on the island of Formosa.
Central Mountain Range (中央山脈)- The Central Mountain Range connects Su-ao in the north of the island to Eluanbi in the south of the  island.  These mountains are made mostly of hard rock formations with are very slowly worn away.  These mountains are very rugged and hard to climb.  They range from 120 to 1200 meters (3,937 feet)
Xueshan Range (雪山山脈)- The Syue Mountain Range is northwest of the Central Mountain Range.  It starts at Sandiaojiao  in the northwest.  It gets taller as it goes southwest.  Its highest point is Syue Mountain, at 3,886 m (12,749 ft) high.
Yushan Range (玉山山脈)- The Yushan mountain range runs along the southwestern side of the Central Mountain Range. It includes Jade Mountain.
Alishan Mountain Range (阿里山山脈)- The Alishan Range is west of the Yushan Range.  It ranges from 1,000 meters and 2,000 meters (6,562 ft). Its highest peak is Data Mountain which is 2,663 meter (8,737 ft).
Haian Mountain Range (海岸山脈)- The East Coast Mountain Range goes north from the Hualien Range to  Taitung County in the south.  Most of the range is tall hills.  There are many streams that run through the mountain, but there is one large river.

Natural resources
The few natural resources are gold, copper, coal, natural gas, limestone, marble, and asbestos.  The island is 55% forest, 24% farmable lands, 15% miscellaneous, 5% pastures, and 1% crops.

Natural hazards
Earthquakes are the main natural hazards (problems).  More than 2,000 people have died from earthquakes.  The main environmental problems are air pollution and water pollution.

Maps of Taiwan

Geography of Taiwan

Geography of Taiwan


An Internet service provider, or ISP, maintains, installs and provides internet connection to residential or commercial areas. Some examples of ISP clients include - homes, coffee shops, hotels, libraries, offices. They usually charge a fee for installing the connection and a monthly fee for maintaining it.

The internet is basically a web of interconnected networks - which are maintained by a huge number of different ISPs. They keep connected around the world by giving their clients access to other ISP networks. This is called peering.

Many ISPs have other services such as e-mail and web hosting service.

ISPs offer different types of connections such as dial-up, DSL, through optical fiber wires, through a cable television connection, or wireless. Communications satellite connections are used mainly in remote areas. Dial-up is the slowest connection, while a direct fiber-optic connection is usually the fastest.

References

Internet service provider


George Rippey Stewart Jr. (May 31, 1895 – August 22, 1980) was an American historian, toponymist, novelist, and a professor of English at the University of California, Berkeley. His 1959 book, Pickett's Charge, a detailed history of the final attack at Gettysburg, was called "essential for an understanding of the Battle of Gettysburg".  His 1949 post-apocalyptic novel Earth Abides won the first International Fantasy Award in 1951.

Early life and university career
Stewart was born in Sewickley, Pennsylvania, to engineer George Rippey Stewart Sr., who designed gasworks and electric railways and later became a citrus "rancher" in Southern California, and Ella Wilson Stewart. The younger Stewart earned a bachelor's degree from Princeton University in 1917, an MA from the University of California, Berkeley, and his Ph.D. in English literature from Columbia University in 1922. He accepted a position in the English department at Berkeley in 1923.  After his father died, he dropped the "Jr." from his name.

Stewart was a founding member of the American Name Society in 1956–57. He once served as an expert witness in a murder trial as a specialist in family names. His best-known academic work is Names on the Land: A Historical Account of Place-Naming in the United States (1945; reprinted, New York Review Books, 2008). He wrote three other books on names: A Concise Dictionary of American Place-Names (1970), Names on the Globe (1975), and American Given Names (1979).  His scholarly works on the poetic meter of ballads (published under the name George R. Stewart, Jr.), beginning with his 1922 Ph.D. dissertation at Columbia, remain important in their field.

Works

As an author, Stewart's output was at once diverse, original, and important. Ordeal by Hunger, Pickett's Charge, and other works are examinations of American history, but are unusual in their probing of the interaction of human beings with their physical and social environments.  His greatest achievement as a novelist, Earth Abides, takes somewhat the same perspective, but in the context of a collapse of civilization, in which everything formerly taken for granted about civilization and the situation of human beings in their environment can no longer be assumed. This radically altered circumstance permitted Stewart to raise and examine issues rarely, if ever, tackled by other novelists.  East of Giants is historical fiction.  Man, An Autobiography is one of the very few works of speculative anthropology, in which he attempts to deduce how key developments in prehistorical civilization must have unfolded, and also offers a wealth of original and interesting insights into the character of early civilization.  Good Lives provides a series of biographical sketches with the end in view of determining what it is that makes for a good life, an undertaking having much in common with, say, Aristotle's Nicomachean Ethics.  Not So Rich as You Think (1968) was a prescient early essay in environmentalism (Rachel Carson's Silent Spring had been published only a few years earlier, in 1962, and had a much narrower focus).  Storm (1941) takes an immense storm as its protagonist, an extraordinary departure in itself, and again teases out the consequences for human beings of this large-scale environmental disruption.  Other works, such as Names on the Land and American Ways of Life offer other unique insights and perspectives not found anywhere else. Years of the City is somewhat marred by relatively poor characterization, but is among his most ambitious books thematically, as it is concerned with the factors that lead to the rise and decline of civilizations – a topic only someone as well-versed in history as Stewart could successfully explore.  A number of trends in contemporary America can be recognized as being among those leading to decline.  Indeed, in a sense, The Years of the City is even more prescient and insightful than, say, Orwell's 1984.

Taken together, this enlightening body of work provides a breadth and depth of perspective found elsewhere only in authors like Toynbee, the Durants, and Carroll Quigley, but in a far more palatable and accessible form.  Achievements of this stature might have earned Stewart a lasting reputation as one of America's greatest writers and men of letters. However, the significance of his output was largely overlooked during his lifetime, and is now almost forgotten.  Earth Abides was re-issued in 2020 with an introduction by Kim Stanley Robinson.

He is today known primarily for his only science fiction novel Earth Abides (1949), a post-apocalyptic novel, for which he won the inaugural International Fantasy Award for fiction in 1951. It was dramatized on radio's Escape and served as an inspiration for Stephen King's The Stand, as King has stated. The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction calls it "one of the finest of all Post-Holocaust/Ruined Earth novels".

His 1941 novel Storm, featuring as its protagonist a Pacific storm called "Maria," which inspired Alan Jay Lerner and Frederick Loewe to write the song "They Call the Wind Maria" for their 1951 musical Paint Your Wagon.

Storm was dramatized as A Storm Called Maria on the November 2, 1959, episode of ABC's Walt Disney Presents. Co-produced by Ken Nelson Productions, it blended newsreel footage of several different storms to represent the mega-storm in the novel and traced the storm from its origins in Japan to the coast of California. The cast included non-actors, among them the dam superintendent George Kritsky, the telephone lineman Walt Bowen, and the highway superintendent Leo Quinn.

Another novel, Fire (1948), and an historical work, Ordeal by Hunger (1936), also evoked environmental catastrophes.

Bibliography

 The Technique of English Verse  (1930)
Bret Harte: Argonaut and Exile (1931)
English Composition, A Laboratory Course,  (1936)
Ordeal by Hunger: The Story of the Donner Party (1936; rpt. 1992).
John Phoenix (1937)
East of the Giants (1938)
Doctor's Oral (1939)
Take your Bible in one hand;: The life of William Henry Thomes, author of A whaleman's adventures on land and sea, Lewey and I, The bushrangers, A gold hunter's adventures, etc., 1939
Storm (1941; rpt. 2003).
Names on the Land: an historical account of place-naming in the United States (1945; reprinted 1958, 1967 [Sentry paperback], 2008).
Man, An Autobiography (1946)
Fire (1948)
Earth Abides (1949; rpt. 2006).
The Year of the Oath (in collaboration) (1950)
Sheep Rock (1951)
The Opening of the California Trail: the story of the Stevens party by Moses Schallenberger, 1888; edited 1953
 U.S. 40: Cross Section of the United States of America (1953)
American Ways of Life (1954)
These Men My Friends (1954)
To California by Covered Wagon (1954). Reprinted as Pioneers Go West (1987)
The Years of the City (1955)
N.A. 1: The North-South Continental Highway (1957)
Pickett's Charge: A Microhistory of the Final Attack at Gettysburg, July 3, 1863, 1959 Revised in 1963.
The California Trail (1962)
Committee of Vigilance (1964)
Good Lives (1967)
Not So Rich as You Think (1968)
The Department of English at the University of California, Berkeley (1968)
A Concise Dictionary of American Place-Names (1970)
Names on the Globe (1975)
American Given Names (1979).

See also
 Tropical cyclone naming
 George R. Stewart Peak

References

Sources
"Scott, Donald, The Life and Truth of George R. Stewart;  A Literary Biography of the Author of EARTH ABIDES". .
"George R. Stewart, toponymist", Names, Volume 24, 1976, pp. 77–85.

Audio
 OTR Network Library: Escape: "Earth Abides", parts one and two
 Two short radio episodes from Storm (1941): "Valley Rain" and "Final Success". California Legacy Project.

External links

American Name Society biography of Stewart by William Bright
Tribute website GeorgeRStewart.com
Donald M. Scott's essay on George R. Stewart, on the U. S. Route 40 website
Extensive list of publications by and about George R. Stewart
U.C. Berkeley interviews with George R. Stewart on the writing process
Guide to the George Rippey Stewart Papers at The Bancroft Library
  Stewart weblog by Stewart Biographer Donald M. Scott

1895 births
1980 deaths
People from Sewickley, Pennsylvania
American academics of English literature
20th-century American novelists
American male novelists
American science fiction writers
Environmental fiction writers
Novelists from Pennsylvania
Toponymists
Writers from the San Francisco Bay Area
20th-century American male writers
20th-century American non-fiction writers
American male non-fiction writers
Princeton University alumni
University of California, Berkeley alumni
Columbia Graduate School of Arts and Sciences alumni

George R. Stewart


John Linton Gardner,  (born Manchester,  2 March 1917; died Liss, Hampshire,  12 December 2011) was an English composer of classical music.  He is particularly remembered for his church music, especially for his setting of the carol Tomorrow shall be my dancing day.

Early life and education
Gardner was born in Manchester, England and brought up in Ilfracombe, North Devon. His father was a doctor and amateur composer who was killed while fighting at the end of the First World War.

Gardner went to school at Eagle House and Wellington College and studied at Exeter College, Oxford.  He enjoyed jazz, but concentrated on classical music and soon started to compose.   An Intermezzo for Organ was published by Oxford University Press in 1936.  In the same year he got an organ scholarship to Exeter College, Oxford.  He got to know the composer Arthur Benjamin and dedicated his Rhapsody for Oboe and String Quartet (1935) to him.   At Oxford he became friendly with Theodor Adorno with whom he played piano duets.

Career
Gardner went to Repton School to teach music, but after two terms World War II started and he joined the RAF.  He conducted the RAF band and played the piano for the dance band.  He enjoyed playing jazz and started a swing band.  Later in the war he was a navigator in the fighting.

After the war Gardner got a job as repetiteur at the Royal Opera House.  He rejected all the music he had composed (although he did not throw it away) and started again by calling his next piece his opus 1.  His First Symphony was numbered opus 2.  It was a mature work and made him famous.  He resigned from his job at the opera house and he had time to concentrate on composing.  He wrote Cantiones Sacrae for the Three Choirs Festival in 1952 and an opera The Moon and Sixpence which was performed at Sadler's Well in 1957.

In 1956 he was invited by Thomas Armstrong to teach at the Royal Academy of Music. For 30 years he was professor of harmony and counterpoint there.  A few years later he also had a part-time job as Director of Music at St Paul's Girls' School in London, where Gustav Holst and Herbert Howells had taught.

Gardner wrote a lot of music for his pupils and also worked on holiday programs.  He composed a total of about 300 works.  The carol Tomorrow shall be my Dancing Day is particularly famous.  It has a lively rhythm with time signatures that keep changing.

Awards
He was made a Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in 1976.

Personal life
He married in 1955 and had one son and two daughters.

Other websites and references
John Gardner at Oxford University Press
John Gardner official website
"John Gardner - Obituary, The Independent, 26 Dec 2011 p.47.

1917 births
2011 deaths
20th-century English composers
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
Musicians from Manchester
World War II people
British military people
21st-century English composers
Academics of the Royal Academy of Music

John Gardner (composer)


The books of the Bible that are considered canonical number 24 for Jews, 66 for Protestants, 73 for Catholics, and 78 for most Orthodox Christians. In addition to these, many versions of the Bible contain books which have not been considered canonical by their publishers, called apocrypha. All these books have different lengths from a single page of modern type to dozens of pages. All but the shortest are divided into chapters, generally a page or two in length.

Bible

Chapters and verses of the Bible


Head in the Clouds is a 2004 Canadian-British war drama film written and directed by John Duigan. The original screenplay focuses on the choices young lovers must make as they find themselves surrounded by increasing political unrest in late-1930s Europe. The film was a critical and box office failure.

Plot
In Paris in the year 1924, a young 14-year-old Gilda Bessé, the daughter of a French aristocrat and an emotionally unstable American mother, is told by a fortune teller that the life line on her palm does not extend past the age of 34. Years later, on a rainy night in 1933, Gilda stumbles into the room of Guy Malyon, an Irishman who is a first-year scholarship student at Cambridge University. She has had a lover's quarrel with one of the dons, and rather than turn her out into the storm, Guy gallantly allows her to spend the night. Later, they become lovers, but the two are separated when Gilda's mother dies and she opts to leave England. A few years later, Guy sees her as an extra in a Hollywood film, and shortly after he coincidentally receives a letter from her inviting him to visit her in Paris, where she is working as a photographer.

Guy discovers that Gilda is living with the Spanish-born nursing student/model Mia and has a lover, whom she quickly discards when Guy moves in. The trio are enjoying their unusual living arrangement, but world events are beginning to affect their existence. It is the height of the Spanish Civil War, and idealistic Guy, a long-time supporter of the army of the Second Spanish Republic, is determined to do what he can to help them as Francisco Franco's nationalists gain strength. Mia, too, is anxious to come to the aid of her native land. Gilda, however, has no interest in politics or anything else that might disrupt her life of luxury, and pleads with the two to ignore the conflict, but they feel compelled to act and depart for Spain.

By January 1938, Guy becomes a soldier, while Mia becomes a nurse and tends to the wounded. They cross paths one night and, before sleeping with Guy, Mia confesses she was Gilda's lover. In the morning, her ambulance is destroyed by a land mine, resulting in Mia's death as well as the ambulance driver's. A few months later in July 1938, Guy returns to Paris, where he is ignored by Gilda, who feels his abandonment of her was a form of betrayal.

Six years later, Guy is working as a spy with the underground in occupied Paris under the auspices of British intelligence. He learns that Gilda has taken Nazi Major Franz Bietrich as a lover and visits her in their old apartment, where the two make love. The following morning, she tells him their affair is over and the two can never see each other again. D-Day is approaching, and Guy throws himself into his work. One day he arrives at a café to meet a contact, but instead is approached by Gilda, who has overheard her German lover plotting a trap and has come to help him escape in cleric's clothing she has concealed in the restaurant's washroom. That night, he and his associates destroy a rail station, but only Guy manages to elude the German soldiers.

Guy returns to London, where he discovers Gilda joined the Resistance a few years earlier. With the occupation of Paris having come to an end, he realizes that the locals, who had long regarded Gilda as a Nazi sympathizer and traitor, will seek revenge. As he returns to Paris to find her, Guy is unaware that Bietrich has been killed in Gilda's apartment and that she has been taken captive by a mob intent on avenging the deaths of their loved ones. She is finally killed by a local Resistance fighter to avenge the death of his sister, whom Bietrich killed. In Gilda's ransacked apartment, Guy reads the last letter written by her to him.

Cast
Charlize Theron as Gilda Bessé
Jolyane Langlois as  14 Year old Gilda
Penélope Cruz as Mia
Stuart Townsend as Guy Malyon
Thomas Kretschmann as Sturmbannführer (Major) Franz Bietrich
Steven Berkoff as Charles Bessé
David La Haye as Lucien
Karine Vanasse as Lisette
Gabriel Hogan as Julian Elsworth
John Jorgensen as Django Reinhardt
Christine Solomon as Parisian Woman #2

Production
The film was shot in London, Cambridge, Montreal, and Paris.

The soundtrack included "Parlez-moi d'amour" by Jean Lenoir, "Blue Drag" by Josef Myrow, "Minor Swing" by Stéphane Grappelli and Django Reinhardt, "Big Jim Blues" by Harry Lawson and Mary Lou Williams, "La rumba d'amour" by Simon Rodriguez, "Vous qui passez sans me voir" by Charles Trenet and Jean Sablon, "My Girl's Pussy" by Harry Roy and performed by John Duigan and "La litanie à la vierge" by Francis Poulenc.

The film featured John Jorgenson as Django Reinhardt; Jorgenson was discovered by the film's music coordinator and consultant, Scottpatrick Sellitto. His reproduction of Django's playing was applauded throughout the world by many critics and the media. This led to the formation of the John Jorgenson Quintet. The score was by Terry Frewer and won best score award in the 2005 Genie Awards.

The film opened on ten screens in the United States and earned $46,133 its opening weekend. It grossed a total of $398,278 in the US and Canada and $3,112,327 in other markets for a total worldwide box office of $3,510,605.

Critical reception

Head in the Clouds received negative reviews. On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 16% based on 91 reviews, with an average rating of 4.3/10. The website's critical consensus says "Head in the Clouds aspires to soapy melodrama, but gets lost in its own lather, never mining romance from its central love affair or achieving authenticity in its period setting." In his review in The New York Times, Stephen Holden said, "The strength of [Charlize Theron's] go-for-broke performance only underlines the weaknesses of the film . . . [which] plays like an entertaining compilation of Hollywood's favorite World War II clichés" and added, "Could it be that Hollywood's six decades of replaying the Good War has left us with nobility fatigue? At least Head in the Clouds is not the debacle of Charlotte Gray and other epic-manqués. But if World War II is to continue to mean anything anymore, it has to be reimagined as a real event, not a deluxe, romantically spiced-up newsreel."

Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times said the film "is silly and the plot is preposterous, but it labors under no delusions otherwise. It wants to be a hard-panting melodrama, with spies and sex and love and death, and there are times when a movie like this is exactly what you feel like indulging."

In the San Francisco Chronicle, Walter Addiego called it "a glossy, stiff melodrama . . . a mixture of Casablanca and Cabaret, or possibly Hemingway and Henry Miller, and finally, it doesn't work, in part because the erotic content seems self-conscious and force-fit. In fact, if not for the presence of Charlize Theron, it's hard to imagine this film would have attracted anywhere near the kind of attention it's gotten . . . she's not at all bad, but her role as a young American heiress and libertine feels recycled from scores of other movies."

Peter Travers of Rolling Stone awarded it one out of a possible four stars and described it as "a World War II melodrama of epic silliness and supreme vapidity . . . This spark-free film has no place to go on [the cast's] resumes except under the heading of Cringing Embarrassment."

Awards and nominations
Genie Award for Best Achievement in Cinematography (Paul Sarossy, winner)
Genie Award for Best Achievement in Costume Design (Mario Davignon, winner)
Genie Award for Best Achievement in Music - Original Score (Terry Frewer, winner)
Genie Award for Best Achievement in Editing (Dominique Fortin, winner)
Genie Award for Best Achievement in Art Direction/Production Design (Jonathan Lee and Gilles Aird, nominees)
Genie Award for Best Achievement in Overall Sound (Pierre Blain, Michel Descombes, Gavin Fernandes, and Marcel Pothier, nominees)
Genie Award for Best Achievement in Sound Editing (Guy Pelletier, Marcel Pothier, Guy Francoeur, Antoine Morin, and Natalie Fleurant, nominees)
Canadian Society of Cinematographers Award for Best Cinematography in a Theatrical Feature (Sarossy, winner)
Jutra Award for Best Costume Design (Davignon, nominee)
Milan International Film Festival Award for Best Film (winner)

References

External links
Official website

2004 films
2000s war drama films
2000s historical films
2004 LGBT-related films
British historical films
British romantic drama films
British war drama films
British LGBT-related films
Canadian romantic drama films
Canadian LGBT-related films
Canadian war drama films
English-language Canadian films
2000s English-language films
Bisexuality-related films
Films directed by John Duigan
Films set in 1924
Films set in 1933
Films set in 1938
Films set in the 1940s
Films set in Paris
Films set in London
Films set in Spain
LGBT-related drama films
Spanish Civil War films
British World War II films
Tango films
Cultural depictions of Django Reinhardt
2004 drama films
Sony Pictures Classics films
Canadian World War II films
2000s Canadian films
2000s British films
Films set in the University of Cambridge

Head in the Clouds (film)


Camp Funston was a U.S. Army training camp during World War I located on Fort Riley, southwest of Manhattan, Kansas. American soldiers were there in France in the spring of 1918. Camp Funston was the largest of the 16 camps. The camp was to help soldiers for the military. The money the camp got was $10 million. The camp was . There was space for the commander (officer) to rest. The ground was divided into 4 blocks each by .  The camp could fit 2,000 people in it. There were 3 theaters, a large pool, a barbershop, restaurants, clothing stores, and an arcade (a place with lots of stores on one side). The west division of the camp was where the troops stayed from Kansas, Missouri, and Colorado.

One of the people in charge of the camp was Leonard Wood. He trained all of the troops. Each of the malls, stores, and restaurants paid money back to the camp to help the camp have money.

In March 1918, a sickness called the Spanish flu went to just about everyone in the camp.

References

United States Army
World War I

Camp Funston


Mount Stromlo Observatory (MSO) just outside of Canberra, Australia, is part of the Research School of Astronomy and Astrophysics at the Australian National University (ANU).

History
The observatory was built in 1924 as The Commonwealth Solar Observatory. Mount Stromlo had already been used for observations in the previous decade, with a small observatory being built in 1911 by Pietro Baracchi using the Oddie telescope. The dome built to house the Oddie telescope was the first Commonwealth building built in the new Australian Capital Territory. Until World War II, the observatory specialised in solar and atmospheric observations. During the war the workshops made gun sights, and other optical equipment. After the war, the observatory began stellar and galactic astronomy and was renamed The Commonwealth Observatory.

When ANU began in 1946 in nearby Canberra, they shared staff and started graduate studies. In 1957 the Mount Stromlo Observatory became part of the ANU.

Bushfire
On January 18, 2003, a huge bushfire hit Canberra and Mount Stromlo. The observatory was surrounded by a plantation pine forest. Five telescopes, workshops, seven homes and the historic administration building were destroyed. The only telescope to escape the fires was the 1868 15-centimetre Farnham telescope. Some items from the fire are on display in the National Museum of Australia. They include a melted telescope mirror and a piece of melted optical glass (flint). The latter has pieces of charcoal and wire fused into it from the fierce heat of the fire.

Rebuilding is largely completed and the Observatory is now a major partner in the construction of the Giant Magellan Telescope. A copy of the Oddie telescope has been put on display at the observatory.

Research
The MACHO project found the first example of the gravitational lensing of one star by another, known as Gravitational microlensing, in 1993 (Alcock et al. 1993; Paczynski 1996). This discovery was made by repeated imaging of the Magellanic Clouds with the 50-inch Great Melbourne Telescope using a mosaic of 8 2048 by 2048 pixel CCDs. The camera was made by the Centre for Particle Astrophysics in California (CFPA). At the time it was the largest digital camera ever built (Frame & Faulkner 2003). Between July 1992 and December 1999, the MACHO project made over 200 billion stellar measurements. The data was studied at the observatory and at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory.

Brian Schmidt, an astrophysicist at Mount Stromlo, led an international group, the High-z Supernova Search Team, which looked at the rate of change of the Cosmic Expansion using type Ia supernovae. In 1998, the team discovered that cosmic expansion was accelerating, which was the opposite of the current theory. This universal acceleration means that dark energy must exist. The discovery was named the top science breakthrough of 1998 by Science magazine. In 2011, Brian Schmidt shared the Nobel Prize in Physics with Saul Perlmutter and Adam Riess for finding the evidence for the accelerating Universe.

The 2dF Galaxy Redshift Survey, co-led by Matthew Colless, began the largest galaxy red shift survey of its time. It was based at the Anglo-Australian Observatory (AAO) using the 3.9m Anglo-Australian Telescope between 1997 and 11 April 2002. The survey measured more than 245,000 galaxies. With the Sloan Digital Sky Survey, this provided the measurements of large scale structure in the low-redshift Universe.

Advanced instrumentation
The workshops at Mount Stromlo Observatory have built two instruments for the Gemini Telescope. This includes the near infrared integral field spectrometer, NIFS, used on Gemini-North, and the adaptive optics imager for Gemini-South, GSAOI. The NIFS was destroyed in the bushfires of 18 January 2003 and had to be rebuilt.

A new rapid survey telescope, SkyMapper, is under construction. SkyMapper will be built at the ANU's other observatory (Siding Spring) and operated remotely from Mount Stromlo.

Location

Mount Stromlo Observatory is at an altitude of  above sea level on Mount Stromlo.

References

Alcock, C. et al. 1993, Nature, 365(6447), 621-623Paczynski, B. 1996, Annu. Rev. Astro. Astrophys., 34(1), 419-459
Stromlo An Australian Observatory by Tom Frame and Don Faulkner, Allen and Unwin 1993,

Other websites
ANU Website
Research School of Astronomy and Astrophysics at the ANU
SkyMapper  Website.
Mt. Stromlo. SLR Global Performance Report Card
Most important of all has been the scientific output of the Observatory
The Legacy of Mt Stromlo

Observatories in Australia
Buildings and structures in Canberra
1924 establishments
1920s establishments in Australia

Mount Stromlo Observatory


Samantha "Sam" Roddick (born 1 July 1971) is the founder of Coco de Mer, a British lingerie brand and retail store. She is the daughter of Body Shop founder and activist Anita Roddick.

Early life and education
Roddick is the younger daughter of Anita and Gordon Roddick. She was educated at Summerlea Primary School and then at Frensham Heights in Surrey until she was asked to leave at age 16. She gained only two O-Levels due to having undiagnosed dyslexia. On leaving Frensham, the mother of a schoolmate suggested she work with her in Nepal, which is where her activism began.

Early activism
Roddick's early activism included talks, fundraisers and projects worldwide. In addition, she set up Cockroach, a youth magazine; and taught art in Vancouver. Roddick backed the Women's Equality Party's campaign to encourage women to vote in the UK's 2016 referendum on its membership of the EU.

Coco de Mer

In December 2001, Roddick opened Coco de Mer in Covent Garden's Monmouth Street with an evening hosted by Dave Stewart, and a fly-poster campaign by Saatchi and Saatchi. In 2004 Roddick was prevented from registering the Coco de Mer name as a trade mark by French fashion designer Coco Chanel, the lawsuit citing the similarity in product range and name.

In 2011 the brand was purchased by British sex shop Lovehoney. In April 2014 former La Perla brand director Lucy Litwack was appointed as managing director of the company. Cristina Ceresoli was also brought on to be interim Chief Marketing Officer.

The name comes from the coco de mer palm tree of the Seychelles, which has the largest seed in the world. The seed is said to resemble a woman's buttocks.

Bondage For Freedom
Bondage for Freedom was founded in 2008, focusing on fighting for human and environmental rights. It had worked on a number of projects, including the 1994 Rwandan genocide; the release of the "Angola Three"; preventing sex-trafficking; and colony collapse disorder.

Television
Roddick is an advisor on The Joy of Teen Sex.

References

External links

1971 births
Living people
English businesspeople
People from Rustington
English women in business
People educated at Frensham Heights School
People with dyslexia

Sam Roddick


The Pontifical Catholic University of Paraná (, PUCPR) is a private, not-for-profit Catholic university. The main campus is located in Curitiba, the capital city of the State of Paraná, Brazil. There are four additional campuses located in the cities of Londrina, Maringá, São José dos Pinhais and Toledo. It is maintained by APC (Associação Paranaense de Cultura), an organization run by Marist Brothers. The Catholic Archbishop of the city of Curitiba is the ceremonial chancellor of the university.

The Curitiba campus was the first to be established and houses five academic units: the Center for Biological and Health Sciences, the Center for Exact Sciences and Technology, the Center for Juridical and Social Sciences, the Center for Humanities and Theology, and the Business School. The main buildings of the campus are the central library, which manages the integrated library system (ILS), research labs, classrooms and lecture halls, a 570-seat theater, a pilot plant, and a sports complex. The Museum of Zoology, with a collection of over 6,000 specimens and an Herbarium with approximately 7,000 preserved plant specimens are located on the Curitiba Campus.

There are more than 30,000 students in 60 undergraduate and over 150 postgraduate courses. Over 80% of the faculty possess a master's or doctoral degree. There are 22 graduate courses, at master's and doctoral levels: Health Sciences, Law, Animal Science, Urban Management, Philosophy, Theology, Business Administration, Mechanical Engineering, Dental Health, Production Engineering, Education, Informatics and Health Technology.

References

External links

Universities and colleges established in 1960
1960 establishments in Brazil
Pontifical universities in Brazil


Length overall (LOA, o/a, o.a. or oa) is the maximum length of a vessel's hull measured parallel to the waterline. This length is important while docking the ship. It is the most commonly used way of expressing the size of a ship, and is also used for calculating the cost of a marina berth (for example, £2.50 per metre LOA).

LOA is usually measured on the hull alone. For sailing ships, this may exclude the bowsprit and other fittings added to the hull. This is how some racing boats and tall ships use the term LOA. However, other sources may include bowsprits in LOA. Confusingly, LOA has different meanings. "Sparred length", "Total length including bowsprit", "Mooring length" and "LOA including bowsprit" are other expressions that might indicate the full length of a sailing ship.

LOD
Often used to distinguish between the length of a vessel including projections (e.g. bow sprits, etc.) from the length of the hull itself, the Length on Deck or LOD is often reported. This is especially useful for smaller sailing vessels, as their LOA can be significantly different from their LOD.

LOH
In ISO 8666 for small boats, there is a definition of LOH, or length of hull. This may be shorter than a vessel's LOA, because it excludes other parts attached to the hull, such as bowsprits.

LWL
Another measure of length is LWL (loaded waterline length) which is more useful in assessing a vessel's performance. In some cases (particularly old yachts or vessels with bowsprits) LWL can be considerably shorter than LOA.

See also
 The National Register of Historic Vessels
 Length between perpendiculars

References

Citations

Sources

Ship measurements

Length overall


For the thoroughbred racehorse see Nearctic (horse).

The Nearctic is one of the eight terrestrial ecozones dividing the Earth's land surface.

In ecology, an ecozone is a large land mass that contains many terrestrial ecoregions, each of which has unique plants and animals.

The Nearctic ecozone covers most of North America, including Greenland and the highlands of Mexico.

Southern Mexico, southern Florida, Central America, and the Caribbean islands are part of the Neotropic ecozone, together with South America.

The World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) divides the Nearctic into four Bioregions, defined as "geographic clusters of ecoregions that may span several habitat types, but have strong biogeographic affinities, particularly at taxonomic levels higher than the species level (genus, family)."

Other websites
 Map of the ecozones
 Nearctica, the natural world of North America

References
 Flannery, Tim 2001. The eternal frontier: an ecological history of North America and its peoples. Grove Press, New York.
 Ricketts, Taylor H., Eric Dinerstein, David M. Olson, Colby J. Loucks et al. 1999. Terrestrial ecoregions of North America: a conservation assessment. Island Press, Washington DC.

Ecozones

Nearctic


Shangrila Lake or Lower Kachura Lake is a part of the Shangrila resort. It is about 20 minutes from Skardu (nearly 2,500 m or 8,200 feet) town.

It is a popular tourist destination, and has a unique restaurant that is built on the fuselage of an aircraft that had crashed nearby.

Shangrila was established in 1983 with the opening of the first Resort Hotel in Skardu, Baltistan. It was named "heaven on earth" because of its spectacular beauty,and breathtaking view and peaceful atmosphere. Shangrila Resort Hotel was founded by the late Brig.(Retd) Muhammad Aslam Khan, the first commander of the Northern Scouts who liberated the Northern Areas in 1948.

Shangrila was named after a book titled "Lost Horizon" by James Hilton. In the novel, the author narrates a tale in which an aeroplane crash landed near a riverbed, in the early 1920s. The surviving passengers came across some Buddhist monks from a nearby temple and sought their help. They were taken to a beautiful lamasery filled with a variety of fruits and flowers. The monks looked quite young, although they claimed to be hundreds of years old. The idyllic place was called Shangri-la, a Chinese word meaning "Heaven on earth".

Lakes of Pakistan

Shangrila Lake


Oldboy is a 2003 movie by Park chan-wook. This movie is based on the 1997 Japanese comic book. It is a mystery action movie about the contest of Oh Dae-su who was confined in private jail for 15 years (even he does not know why he was caged) and Lee woo-jin who confined Oh because of revenge. This movie deals especially and in detail with human hatred and revenge, and uses nice visual techniques to deal with sensational material.

The movie was nominated for many international movie festivals. It won 31 awards including Best Director at the Cannes Film Festival in 2004.

References

2003 movies
Korean-language movies

Oldboy


Manowar ar a hivy metal/pouer metal baund frae Auburn, New York in the Unitit States. They ar weil kent in the metal wurld fer scrievin leerics wi an emphasis on fantasy, meethologie an the metal sub-cultur, as weil as fer being ane o the maist influential baunds on the pouer metal scene. They are cryed efter the "Man o' War", a kynd o warship uist in the 17t century.

Historie
Joey DeMaio wis warkin as a bass tech/ pyrotech fer Black Sabbath whan he met up wi a guitarist wha cryed himsel "Ross the Boss" (he wis in a baund kent as Shakin Street, wha wer supportin Sabbath at the tyme). They jammed thegithir an decidit tae form a baund, fer whilk they recruitit Eric Adams as singer an Donny Hamzik on the drums forbye. They warked tae mak an epic metal soond, a soond whilk foond its wie ontae their first album, Battle Hymns (1980) an haes bydit in their muisic evir syne. The debut album wisnae as "metal" as thet later wark, wi sum sangs on it haen a mair "haird rock" feel tae thaim, bot the baisic framewark wis in place, an the endin sang Battle Hymn is muisically an leerically teepical o the baund's ootpit in monie wies. On this album, Manowar became the ainlie baund tae record muisic wi Orson Welles, wha narratit the sang Dark Avenger (Welles wad cum bak tae Manowar fer tae record narratin on the Into Glory Ride album in 1982 an anithir sang cryed Defender whilk wis rewarked fer the Fighting the World album in 1987).
The baund wis jyned bi drummer Scott Columbus fer their seicond album, Into Glory Ride (1982). Their offeecial biography thrieps that his style o playin wis sae "viscous" that it wad cowp normal drum kits an sae special anes haed tae be made oot o steel fer him tae uise. This is teepical o monie o Manowar's thriepins (ithirs include that they signed their recorddin contrack in their ain bluid, that fowk hae dee'd at their shaws frae the volume etc. Naebodie kens whithir or no thir stories is true, bot they hae helped tae big the image o Manowar).
Ane o Manowar's thriepins whilk can be supportit is the title o Wurld's Loodest Baund, a raicord they hauld an hae broken thrie tymes. The Guinness Book of World Records haulds that they ance played at 160 decibels, whilk is as lood as a jet engyne!
Custom soond graith wis bigged fer the baund bi John "Dawk" Stillwell, whilk helpit thaim tae achieve their gey muckle soond.
Ower the years, Manowar's soon haesna chynged a wheen, tho it haes been notit bi monie fans an critics that on recent albums the elements o clessical muisic (orchestras, quiers, symphonic interludes etc.) are becummin mair important at the expense o the strauchtforrit metal sangs whilk made the baund their name.

Image
Manowar wer weil kent in the 1980s fer their leither an furs image whilk they teuk on tae match the epic, battle relatit themes o their leerics. This lead tae album kivers sic as this ane , whilk hae fer obvious reisons become a tairget o fun amang metal fans the day, espeecialy on internet forums an sic like. Nou the baund ar aulder an dinnae wear sic claes as in the auchties, bot still keep tae leither, motorcycles an lang hair in a mair teepical (an less obviously camp) metal style.

Influences
Accordin tae the baund's offeecial wabstaid, Manowar foond a wheen o tift frae the wark o famous clessical componer Richard Wagner, wha bassist DeMaio thrieps wis "The faither o heavy metal". Forbye the baund also tak muisical tift frae clessic metal baunds sic as Black Sabbath (Manowar wad sumtymes thriep in eirlie interviews that forbye thaimsels, Sabbath war the ainlie "true metal" baund aroond).
Leericaly they tak tift frae fantasy novels an buiks, sic as Conan the Barbarian an sic like.

Magic Circle Music
Fer tae tak mair control o their muisic, recordin, distribuitin, merchandise etc. DeMaio foondit a raicord label cryed Magic Circle Music in 2002. The main reison fer this, accordin tae singer Eric Adams, wis acause o unfair treatment o the baund bi raicord labels in the past, and tae prevent ithir baunds frae dreein the same; as weil as tae ensure the maist hie quality o production. Ithir acks on the label include Rhapsody of Fire, Holy Hell an the solo wark o Rhapsody of Fire guitarist Luca Turilli.

Line-up

Current members
 Eric Adams - Vocals
 Joey DeMaio - Bass Guitars / Guitars/ Keybuirds
 Karl Logan - Guitars / Keybuirds
 Scott Columbus - Drums an Percussion

Umwhile members
 Ross the Boss - Guitar
 David Shankle - Guitar
 Carl Canedy - Drums
 Donny Hamzik - Drums
 Rhino (real name Kenny Earl Edwards) - Drums

Discography

Albums
 Battle Hymns (1982)
 Into Glory Ride (1983)
 Hail to England (1984)
 Sign of the Hammer (1984)
 Fighting the World (1987)
 Kings of Metal''' (1988)
 The Triumph of Steel (1992)
 Louder Than Hell (1996)
 Warriors of the World (2002)
 Gods of War (2007)
 Battle Hymns MMXI (2010)
 The Lord of Steel (2012)
 Kings of Metal MMXIV (2014)
 Into Glory Ride Imperial Edition MMXIX (2019)
 Hail To England Imperial Edition MMXIX (2019)

 Live
 Hell on Wheels (1997)
 Hell on Stage (1999)
 Gods of War Live (2007)

 Compilations
 Manowar Kills (1992)
 The Hell of Steel: Best of Manowar (1994)
 Anthology (1997)
 The Kingdom of Stee' (1998)
 Steel Warriors (1998)

 Singles/EPs
 "Defender" (1983)
 "All Men Play On Ten" (1984)
 "Blow Your Speakers" (1987)
 "Herz Aus Stahl" (1988)
 "Metal Warriors" (1992)
 "Defender" (1994)
 "Return of the Warlord" (1996)
 "Courage" (1996)
 "Courage Live" (1996)
 "Number 1" (1996)
 "Live in Spain" (1998)
 "Live in Portugal" (1998)
 "Live in France" (1998)
 "Live in Germany" (1998)
 "Warriors of the World United" (2002)
 "Warriors of the World United Part 2" (2002)
 "An American Trilogy/The Fight for Freedom" (2002)
 "Dawn of Battle" (2002)
 "King of Kings (included in "Hell on Earth Part IV") (2005)
 "The Sons of Odin" (EP) (2006)
 "Thunder in the Sky" (EP) (2009)
 "The Lord of Steel Live" (EP) (2013)
 "The Final Battle I" (EP) (2019)

 VHS/DVDs

 Secrets of Steel (VHS) (1993)
 Hell on Earth Part I (DVD) (2001)
 Fire and Blood (DVD) (2002)
 Warriors of the World United (Mini DVD/CD) (2002)
 Hell on Earth Part III (DVD) (2003)
 Hell on Earth Part IV (DVD) (2005)
 The Day the Earth Shook - The Absolute Power (DVD) (2006)
 Magic Cicle Fesival (DVD) (2007)
 Live in Kavarna (DVD) (2007) (TBA)
 Magic Circle Festival Volume 1 (DVD) (2007)
 Magic Circle Festival Volume 2 (DVD) (2008)
 Hell on Earth Part V'' (DVD) (2009)

External links

 Offeecial Wabstaid
 Offeecial Mobile Blog o Manowar
 The loudest band in the world

American hivy metal muisical groups

Manowar