Psmith, Journalist is a novel by P. G. Wodehouse, first released in the United Kingdom as a serial in The Captain magazine between October 1909 and February 1910, and published in book form in the UK on 29 September 1915, by Adam & Charles Black, London, and, from imported sheets, by Macmillan, New York, later that year.

The story was also incorporated into the US version of The Prince and Betty, published by W.J. Watt and Co., New York, on 14 February 1912. This combined the magazine versions of The Prince and Betty and Psmith, Journalist, and is a very different book from that published as The Prince and Betty in the UK.

It continues the adventures of the silver-tongued Psmith, one of Wodehouse's best loved characters, and his friend Mike Jackson.

Plot introduction
The story begins with Psmith accompanying his fellow Cambridge student Mike to New York on a cricketing tour. Through high spirits and force of personality, Psmith takes charge of a minor periodical, and becomes embroiled in a scandal involving slum landlords, boxing and gangsters – the story displays a strong social conscience, rare in Wodehouse's generally light-hearted works.

Plot summary

Mr Wilberfloss, editor of Cosy Moments magazine, is forced by ill-health to go away to the mountains for ten weeks of rest, leaving his subordinate Billy Windsor in charge. Pugsy Maloney, the office boy, brings in a cat he has rescued from some ruffians in the street, which he says belongs to his cousin, gang leader Bat Jarvis.

Psmith, accompanying his friend Mike on a cricketing tour, is complaining that he finds New York a little dull, especially with his companion frequently called on for cricketing duties. They meet Billy Windsor, dining in the same restaurant, when the cat escapes its basket, and Psmith helps soothe an irate waiter. Invited back to his place, there they meet and befriend Bat Jarvis, come to retrieve his cat. Perusing Cosy Moments, Psmith tells Windsor they must sack the current writers and rebuild the paper in a more exciting style, and volunteers to act as unpaid subeditor.

Wandering lost, Mike and Psmith find themselves in "Pleasant Street", a slum neighbourhood. Upset by the poverty they see, Psmith resolves to dedicate the energies of Cosy Moments to the issue. Next day, Mike heads off to Philadelphia, and Psmith arrives at the offices to find them besieged by angry contributors, whom he soothes and takes out to lunch. Returning, he sees Kid Brady, who has been complaining to Windsor that he cannot get a fair chance in the crooked world of New York boxing; they resolve to make the magazine his manager, and use it to boost his career.

They begin work, attacking the owner of the tenements and pushing Kid Brady, amongst other stirring pieces, and are soon visited by a Mr Francis Parker, a well-dressed representative of the tenement owner, who offers them bribes to stop the articles. That night, they are approached by an associate of Bat Jarvis, who tells them a large price is being offered to get rid of the duo, which Jarvis, grateful to them for returning his cat, has turned down. On their way home they are dogged by suspicious types.

Kid Brady, his career now on the up thanks to the paper, has his first big fight and wins handsomely. After the fight, the Cosy Moments boys hire Brady as "fighting editor", to protect them. He is needed soon after, when, in an alley outside the stadium, they are set upon by a gang of thugs. They chase them off, capturing one, a man named Jack Repetto, who reveals he is a member of Spider Reilly's "Three Points" gang. His comrades begin shooting, ruining Psmith's hat, but flee when the police arrive.

Finding the paper's distribution hit by thugs, Psmith realises they must up their game, and plans to use the tenement's rent-collector to track the owner. Pugsy Maloney tells them about an incident at "Shamrock Hall", neutral ground under protection of Bat Jarvis, where Dude Dawson insulted a prominent member of the Three Points' girl and used a crude racial epithet, after which Spider Reilly shot Dawson in the leg. The resulting inter-gang warfare leaves Cosy Moments unpestered for a time, and Psmith and Windsor head off to await the rent-collector in one of the tenement apartments.

The man, named Gooch, arrives, and they are trying to shake his employer's name out of him when Maloney reports the arrival of Spider Reilly, Repetto and other gang members. Sending Maloney to fetch Dude Dawson, Psmith and Windsor repair through a hatch to the roof with the rent-collector, holding out there until gang warfare draws their attackers away. They leave a man guarding the skylight, but Psmith finds a ladder, and they cross it to the next building and escape.

Windsor got the rent-collector to divulge a name, that of Stewart Waring, a candidate for city Alderman and former Commissioner of Buildings. After a pick-pocket nearly makes off with their signed proof of Waring's involvement, Psmith posts it back to the paper. Next day at the office, Brady is forced to leave their service to begin training for a fight, and Psmith hears that Windsor has been arrested for hitting a policeman, who was trying to arrest him as part of a raid on a gambling den. Psmith relates a similar experience, and they realise the gang has used the police to get them out of the way while they search for the paper.

With Brady away training and Windsor in prison for a month, Psmith decides it is time to call in a favour from Bat Jarvis. He takes Mike, returned from his match, to visit the cat-lover. Pretending Mike is an English cat expert, they win Jarvis round, and he and his henchman Long Otto stand guard on the office the following day. Repetto and two other Three Pointers burst in, and are chased off with a warning from Jarvis to leave Cosy Moments alone.

Later, Francis Parker appears again, and persuades Psmith to send Jarvis away so they can talk; a message arrives from Windsor asking Psmith to come help him, and Psmith jumps into a taxi, only to find himself kidnapped at gunpoint by Parker. They drive out into the country, but get a flat tyre; while it is being fixed, Kid Brady comes along, out jogging, and distracts Parker long enough for Psmith to overpower him and escape. Next day, Parker invites Psmith to a meeting with Waring, but Psmith refuses, insisting the great man come to him. He also receives a telegram from Wilberfloss the editor, saying he will return the following day.

Wilberfloss arrives with the old contributors, enraged at the changes in the paper; he threatens to contact the owner, but Psmith reveals that he himself owns the paper, having bought it a month previously. Waring appears, and threatens Psmith, but is forced to give him $5,000 to improve the tenements, plus three to replace his hat; Psmith restores Wilberfloss and the staff of Cosy Moments to their positions, Billy Windsor having been offered his previous job at the paper back at a fine salary.

Some months later, back in rainy Cambridge, Psmith hears that Waring lost his election, and that Kid Brady has won his chance at a title-fight, while Mr Wilberfloss has regained the paper's old subscribers.

Characters
 Psmith, an eccentric English dandy, on vacation from University
 Mike Jackson, his close friend, a cricketer on tour
 Bat Jarvis, the cat-loving leader of the "Groome Street" gang
 Long Otto, one of Jarvis' henchmen, a stringy, silent young man
 Spider Reilly, another gang boss, head of the "Three Points" gang
 Jack Repetto, a thug in Reilly's gang, with hair like Bat Jarvis
 Dude Dawson, head of the "Table Hill" gang, Reilly's main rival
 Mr Gooch, a well-dressed rent-collector of Pleasant Street
 Stewart Waring, Gooch's employer, a crooked politician and tenement-owner
 Francis Parker, a well-dressed but sinister crook in a tall-shaped hat
 Kid Brady, a promising light-weight boxer, from Wyoming
 Jimmy Garvin, boxing champ who the Kid hopes to face someday
 "Cyclone" Al. Wolmann, a long-armed boxer who takes on the Kid

The staff of Cosy Moments:

 Mr J. Fillken Wilberfloss, editor and guiding spirit of Cosy Moments
 Billy Windsor, sub-editor, who takes over in Wilberfloss' absence
 Mr. Benjamin White, owner of Cosy Moments, away in Europe for some time
 Pugsy Maloney, the office-boy at Cosy Moments, cousin to Bat Jarvis
 Mr Wheeler, the paper's business manager, who has never read an issue
 Luella Granville Waterman, writer of Moments in the Nursery
 Mr Waterman, her husband, a small round gentleman
 B. Henderson Asher, a man with a face like a walnut, who writes Moments of Mirth
 Reverend Edwin T. Philpotts, a cadaverous-looking man, who writes Moments of Meditation

Reworkings

The book published in the US in February 1912 under the title The Prince and Betty merges the plot of the version which had appeared a month earlier in Ainslee's magazine with the plot of Psmith, Journalist (which at that date had only appeared in The Captain magazine). The first eleven chapters of the book follow the plot of the magazine version, with John Maude and Betty Silver meeting and falling out in Mervo. From chapter twelve onwards the story mirrors Psmith, Journalist, with some changes.

Psmith becomes Rupert Smith, a Harvard alumnus (Psmith's first name is Rupert in Mike and Psmith in the City; it is not mentioned in Psmith, Journalist, and has changed to Ronald for his next appearance), although he retains Psmith's characteristic monocle, mode of speech and habit of referring to all and sundry as "Comrade". Smith is acting editor of the magazine, here renamed Peaceful Moments, edited by a Mr Renshaw and owned by Mr Benjamin Scobell. John Maude is an old friend of Smith; the paper hires Betty as secretary, and their love-hate relationship carries on from the first part of the story. The affairs of boxer Kid Brady, boosted by Smith, gangster Bat Jarvis, befriended by Betty, and the tenement scandal, taken up by Smith at Betty's instigation, are intermingled with the romance of Maude and Betty.

The two books were combined and rewritten once more, and released as a serial under the title A Prince for Hire in a periodical called The Illustrated Love Magazine in 1931. The parts were reassembled and published in book form by Galahad Books in 2003.

Publication history

In The Captain magazine, the story was illustrated by T. M. R. Whitwell. The first UK edition of the novel included twelve full page illustrations by Whitwell. The story was included in the 1974 collection The World of Psmith, published by Barrie & Jenkins, London.

One of the earliest known uses in print of the phrase "Elementary, my dear Watson" appeared in Psmith, Journalist. The exact phrase used in the book is "Elementary, my dear Watson, elementary". It appeared in the fourth part of the serial, published in January 1910. A similar phrase, "Elementary, my dear fellow, quite elementary", was used in the previous Psmith novel, Psmith in the City.

Critical reception

On 5 November 2019 BBC News included Psmith, Journalist on its list of the 100 most influential novels.

See also

Mike and Psmith had previously appeared in:

 Mike (1909)
 Psmith in the City (1910)

and returned in:

 Leave it to Psmith (1923).

References
Notes

Bibliography

External links

Free eBook of Psmith, Journalist at Project Gutenberg
Free eBook of The Prince and Betty (U.S. version) at Project Gutenberg
 Fantastic Fiction's page, with details of published editions, photos of book covers and links to used copies
The story of A Prince for Hire, in an article for The Guardian

Novels by P. G. Wodehouse
1915 British novels
British comedy novels
Novels about journalists
Works originally published in The Captain (magazine)
Novels first published in serial form
Novels about cricket
A & C Black books

Psmith, Journalist


Princess Marie Louise of Hanover and Cumberland (11 October 1879 – 31 January 1948) was the eldest child of Ernest Augustus, Crown Prince of Hanover, and Princess Thyra of Denmark, the youngest daughter of Christian IX of Denmark and Louise of Hesse-Kassel. Through her father, Marie Louise was a great-great-granddaughter of George III of the United Kingdom and Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz. She was a first cousin of Nicholas II of Russia, Constantine I of Greece, Christian X of Denmark, Haakon VII of Norway and Queen Maud of Norway and George V of the United Kingdom.

Marriage and children

Marie Louise married Prince Maximilian of Baden (1867–1929), her third cousin twice removed, on 10 July 1900 in Gmunden, Austria-Hungary. He was the son of Prince Wilhelm of Baden and his wife Princess Maria Maximilianovna of Leuchtenberg and became a first cousin twice removed of Napoleon III of France. Marie Louise and Maximilian had one daughter and one son:

Princess Marie Alexandra of Baden (1 August 1902 – 29 January 1944). Married Prince Wolfgang Moritz of Hesse-Kassel, a son of Prince Frederick Charles of Hesse-Kassel and Princess Margaret of Prussia. Marie Alexandra was killed in a bombing of Frankfurt by the Allies of World War II.
Berthold, Margrave of Baden (24 February 1906 – 27 October 1963). Married Princess Theodora of Greece and Denmark, a daughter of Prince Andrew of Greece and Denmark and Princess Alice of Battenberg. Prince Berthold was the brother-in-law of Philip, Duke of Edinburgh.

Ancestry

House of Hanover
House of Zähringen
1879 births
1948 deaths
British princesses
Hanoverian princesses
People from Gmunden
Princesses of Baden

Princess Marie Louise of Hanover


Mary Geneva Doud "Mamie" Eisenhower (November 14, 1896 – November 1, 1979) was the first lady of the United States from 1953 to 1961 as the wife of President Dwight D. Eisenhower.

Early life
She was born in Boone, Iowa. Her father was John Sheldon Doud. He became very rich after earning much money in meatpacking industry. For sometime, Doud family lived in Pueblo, Colorado. Then the family settled Denver, Colorado. There Mamie and her three sisters grew in a big house. The family had many servants. Her mother was a daughter of Swedish immigrants.

Marriage and family
In 1915, Mamie met Dwight D. Eisenhower. At that time, he was a young second lieutenant. On Valentine's Day in 1916 he gave her a ring as token of their engagement. On July 1, 1916, they married.

Their first son, Doud Dwight, was born in 1917. He died in 1921 of scarlet fever. A second son, John Eisenhower was born in 1922. He became an author, and also served as a U.S. ambassador to Belgium.

Their life was like any other family of army officers – moving from one place to another. Mamie once estimated that in 37 years, they shifted to at least 27 places. They lived in many places in the United States. They also lived near Panama Canal; in France; and in Philippines.

During the Second World War, "Ike" continued to rise in the army. She lived in Washington DC. After the Second World War, her husband became president of the Colombia University. They bought a farm at Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. It was the first home they had ever bought. Before becoming President of the United States, her husband also served as the commander of the of North Atlantic Treaty Organization

The First Lady
Mamie Eisenhower was the First Lady for eight years, from 1953 to 1961. She was a popular First Lady. She was a charming lady. She wore pretty dresses and jewelry. Many leaders from different countries came to the White House. They received a very good welcome.

Her recipe for "Mamie's million dollar fudge" was cooked by homemakers all over the country after it was printed in the news.

Later life
After retirement of her husband as the President of the United States, Mamie and her husband returned to Gettysburg. They lived there eight years retirement together. In 1969, her husband died. Mamie continued to live on the farm. She died on 1st November 1979. At the time of her death she was 82 years old. Her grave lies by the side of her husband's grave in a small chapel. The chapel is a part of the Eisenhower Library in Abilene, Kansas.

Popular culture
A park in southeast Denver, Colorado bears her name.

References

1896 births
1979 deaths
Dwight D. Eisenhower
First Ladies of the United States
People from Pueblo, Colorado
People from Iowa

Mamie Eisenhower


A shooter is a kind of video game. The aim of the game is to beat enemies by shooting (or otherwise killing) them. The enemies shoot back.

Many of the oldest computer games were shooters; the first video game ever made was a shooter called Computer Space.  And one of the first games that many people played was a shooter called Space Invaders.

There are lots of different kinds of shooter.  Now many people like first-person shooters.  But there are other kinds too.  In Japan many people play shooters where the enemies fire lots of bullets.  The bullets make beautiful patterns on the screen.  This kind of shooter is called a barrage shooter, bullet hell game or a curtain fire shooter.  It is also called by the Japanese name, danmaku. One of these games is Touhou. Another that combines bullet hell elements with an RPG is Undertale.

Types of video games
Video game genres

Shooter


A couch, sofa or settee is a kind of furniture that is designed to seat more than one person. It usually has a place to rest your arm on each side. Couches are normally found in the living room or in front of the TV.

In the 17th and 18th centuries, a couch was thought as a long, upward seat for resting on. One end would slope up high enough to provide a place for the head to rest.
Some late 18th-century kinds of couches had an arm running partly down one side, and this type continued to be made in England. In Greek places, there were flowing designs with all kind of elegant colors. Many of them had scrolled ends and short legs. The couch was later taken over by the overstuffed sofa during the Victorian age.

Expression
Because the couch is usually set in front of the TV, it is the main place where people usually sit and watch it. Lazy people would eventually seem to be stuck to it all the time. This person, a person who does not do a lot of physical activity, was called a "couch potato". This was also because potatoes do not move at all, and does not do anything but just sits there. This may also be considered as slang. Couch came from the word couche, which means, "a bed, lair," or from the word coucher, which means "to lie down."

Types
The most common types of couches in homes are the "love seats" for two, or the "sofa" for more than two.  Other couches include the divan or the "fainting couch", which usually does not have a back.  Couches are usually bought in a set together with cushions, which give them a bouncey and decorative comfortable touch.

References

 John Gloag, A Short Dictionary of Furniture rev. ed. 1962. (London: Allen & Unwin)

Other websites
 Etymology of "sofa"

Furniture

Couch


A book of hours is a breviary containing prayers, Psalms, antiphons, and other materials to be recited at the canonical hours. These books were popular during the Middle Ages for common use among the nobility and the clergy. One of the most famous is the Très Riches Heures du duc de Berry.

Books of the Roman Catholic Church

Book of hours


Biribol is a sport, which resembles an aquatic variation of volleyball.

It has originated in Brazil, in the city of Birigüi, in the 1960s by Prof. Dario Miguel Pedro. It showed up as a group game and as an alternative to the practice and the learning of swimming.

Field

Its game is played inside a pool which size is 8m length, 4m width and 1.30m depth (the depth must be this for the entire pool) with a net in the middle of the pool with 2.62m high for the male and with 2.40m high for the female practice.
The game space is constituted by 7m high measured from the surface of the water. There is also an attack area, delimited by a line which cross the pool by 1.25m from where the net is in each side. There are lines that delimit the service area, by the end of the pool, 1m from its length limit and other 0.8m from its width limit.

Rules

Game ball
The ball is specially crafted ball similar to that of water polo but with a smaller diameter. The ball weights approximately 100 grams more than the volleyball one and employs a "super grip" surface technology. The official game is played with four players on each side, but there is also the doubles modality, with two players on each side. Biribol is a highly recommended sport for working all muscle groups with practically no injury risks due to its no contact, low impact on joints nature. Biribol is also suited for all ages and genders, and is recommended for people with minor chronic injuries that feel discomfort or pain while playing other sports.

Game play

Matches are decided in best-of-three or best-of-five sets of 21 points, when the matches go up to the last set this set is disputed up to the 20th point instead, and a team needs at least two points of advantage in any circumstance to win a set. So if a 21-points set is drawn at 20x20, the match is extended to 22 points, and so on.

The ball can be touched with any part of the player's body, with open or closed hands. The pool's inside borders are neutral, meaning the ball is normally in play after touching them, points are scored when the ball hits the water in the opponents' side or the opponent team commits a fault. As in volleyball, each team can contact the ball no more than three times before the ball crosses the net, while consecutive contacts must be made by different players - except for contacts while blocking, which are not counted. Players also cannot touch the net or they commit a fault and a point is awarded to the opponent team. Unique to the sport is that there is no penetration under and over the net - it is even allowed to block a set being executed in the opponents' side -, the possibility of blocking serves and how there is no lifting (carrying) faults during spikes.

With its fast moving, highly accurate ball and 'closed quarters' action, Biribol is also an extremely competitive sport and enjoys a popularity similar to or greater than water volleyball in southern Brazil. There is currently a Brazilian National League  with teams from São Paulo, Minas Gerais, Mato Grosso do Sul, Goias and Paraná. There are many stages held in different cities of the country, and the Brazilian champion is known in the end of the year, after computing all points of the season. The sport has been reckoned officially in the state of São Paulo, and grows rapidly in the country.

Notes

External links
Brazilian Biribol Association

Water sports
Team sports
Ball games
Sports originating in Brazil

Biribol


Wallace Stanfield "Stan" Lane (born August 5, 1953) is an American retired professional wrestler and color commentator. He is best known for his appearances with the Continental Wrestling Association (CWA), Jim Crockett Promotions and World Championship Wrestling (WCW) in the 1980s. Primarily a tag team wrestler, Lane held championships including the AWA Southern Tag Team Championship, NWA United States Tag Team Championship, NWA World Tag Team Championship, and SMW Tag Team Championship as part of The Fabulous Ones, The Midnight Express, and The Heavenly Bodies.

Professional wrestling career

Championship Wrestling from Florida (1978–1980; 1986–1987)
Lane was trained by Ric Flair, debuting in 1978. He initially wrestled primarily for Championship Wrestling from Florida.

Continental Wrestling Association (1981–1987)

In 1982, Stan Lane went to  The CWA in Memphis TN and formed a team called The Fabulous Ones with Steve Keirn. The team feuded with The Midnight Express, Jerry Lawler & Bill Dundee, The Sheepherders (Butch Miller & Luke Williams), Randy Savage & Leapin' Lanny Poffo and The Moondogs with whom they had a series of exceptionally bloody matches. They were also pioneers in the "MTV style" of promotion, creating promotional videos and spectacular entrances with their popular theme song "Everybody Wants You" by Billy Squier. The Fabulous Ones was actually started in Memphis by Jerry Jarrett & Jackie Fargo.

American Wrestling Association (1984–1986)
In 1984, the Fabulous Ones worked in Minnesota for American Wrestling Association. They were a popular tag team.

Jim Crockett Promotions / World Championship Wrestling (1987–1990)

In early 1987, Dennis Condrey left Jim Crockett Promotions abruptly, leaving former partner Bobby Eaton & manager Jim Cornette as a tag-team with only one member. Enter a man who Eaton was very familiar with and who was no stranger to tag-team wrestling, Stan Lane formerly of The Fabulous Ones. Lane and Eaton knew each other well from working against each other in the past and this showed as the new version of the Midnight Express jelled from the beginning. Early on, "Sweet" Stan added a deep radio "DJ voice" for manager Jim Cornette that would enrage the crowd.

In May 1987 the combination of Eaton and Lane proved to be a golden one as they won the NWA US Tag-Team titles (a title they would win three times during their time together). A year later the team was cheered on to victory as the Midnight Express won the NWA World Tag-Team Titles from Four Horsemen members Arn Anderson and Tully Blanchard (See also: Brain Busters) on September 10, 1988. This feat meant that they were the first tag-team to ever hold both the NWA World tag-team and NWA United States tag-team titles, a feat only the Steiner Brothers would go on to duplicate in 1991. The Express' run with the belts was a short one; they were defeated by The Road Warriors in a match that marked Hawk and Animal's first title reign.

Frustrated by their inability to win the tag belts in previous years, the Warriors and manager Paul Ellering had decided to return to their roots as violent thugs who would do anything to win. This new attitude soon paid off with a title victory over Lane and Eaton. On October 29, 1988, the Midnights' reign came to a quick and violent end in New Orleans. At the beginning of the match, Ellering brutally attacked Express manager Jim Cornette outside the ring. When Lane jumped in, the Warriors battered and bloodied Eaton, leaving Lane to fight both Hawk and Animal essentially on his own. Eaton was eventually able to tag in, but was quickly overwhelmed by Animal and pinned after a vicious clothesline.

Now the fan favorites the Midnight Express soon had to contend with a blast from the past, The Original Midnight Express as it consisted of Dennis Condrey and Randy Rose, who had teamed up before Condrey and Eaton became a team. During the November 5 episode of WCW Saturday Night, Jim Cornette (kayfabe) received an anonymous phone call, as the caller ridiculed Cornette over Eaton and Lane's loss of the NWA World Tag Team Championship to The Road Warriors on October 29. Cornette recognized the caller and basically asked him to come say it to his face. At that point, Dangerously and the Original Midnight Express hit the ring and proceeded to pummel Cornette and Stan Lane, who was wrestling in a singles match. By the time Bobby Eaton showed up, it was three on one. Cornette showed up the next week on TBS carrying his blood stained suit jacket and the feud was on.

The teams wrestled at Starrcade '88, but nothing was solved. The Midnights vs. Midnights would be the hottest feud in WCW for months, building up to a six-man tag match involving the managers on pay-per-view in February 1989. The one who got pinned would have to leave the promotion. However, WCW (the former Jim Crockett Promotions) was under new ownership and in transition at the time and many wrestlers were coming and going. At the last minute, Condrey decided to leave WCW. Jack Victory was brought in as his replacement and the match went forward, but at this point no one really cared.

Due to various booking issues, Jim Cornette and the Midnight Express left the promotion for a short while, around the time that Ted Turner brought out Jim Crockett and began promoting the federation as the National Wrestling Alliance / World Championship Wrestling. When the booking issues started to clear up, Cornette and the Midnight Express returned to the federation and a very strong tag-team division. One of those teams was The Dynamic Dudes (Shane Douglas and Johnny Ace), who admitted that the Midnight Express was one of their favorite teams and asked if Cornette would be their manager as well. Cornette agreed but the Midnight Express were not happy about it at all. After arguing, Jim Cornette stopped accompanying the Express to the ring, choosing to only manage the Dudes. At the Clash of Champions IX the two teams met with Jim Cornette in a neutral corner, forced to choose between the teams. The Express started out very aggressively, especially for a team that was supposed to be fan favorites and when the night was over the Midnight Express had once again established themselves as heels with Jim Cornette in their corner; Cornette had never stopped siding with the Express.

After their heel turn, the Midnight Express started feuding with Flyin' Brian and "Z-Man" Tom Zenk over the recently re-activated US Tag-Team titles, winning the gold from the young team in early 1990. The Midnight Express would lose the titles to The Steiner Brothers three months later.

After appearing at Halloween Havoc 1990, the Midnight Express split up when Cornette and Lane left the federation, due to conflicts with Jim Herd and booker Ole Anderson. For the first time in seven years there was no Midnight Express; it was the end of an era in tag-team wrestling.

United States Wrestling Association (1990–1991)
In December 1990, to fans' excitement, he reformed the Fabulous Ones with Keirn briefly in the United States Wrestling Association (USWA), with Cornette as their manager. On January 7, 1991, they won the USWA Tag Team titles, defeating Tony Anthony and Doug Gilbert. Three weeks later, on January 28, after a controversial match with Jeff Jarrett and Jerry Lawler, the titles were held up; a week later, on February 4, the rematch for the held-up titles was held and they lost the match and the titles to Lawler and Jarrett.

Independent circuit (1991–1992)
During 1991–1992, Lane competed in multiple independent wrestling organizations, including the Tri State Wrestling Alliance, the Global Wrestling Federation (GWF), the WWA, South Atlantic Pro Wrestling (SAPW), the AWF, the VWA, and the IWA. During his stay in the GWF he wrestled and lost to The Patriot in matches for the TV and North American heavyweight titles. During his stay in the AWF, Stan Lane competed against Paul Orndorff in the heavyweight title tournament, but lost in the final match, but Lane later won the title. Lane also held the tag team title with Jeff Collette in the VWA, and was managed by The Big Cheese during his time in the IWA.

Smoky Mountain Wrestling/World Championship Wrestling (1992–1993)

In 1992, Lane and Cornette went to Smoky Mountain Wrestling (SMW), to form a new team called "The Heavenly Bodies" with Tom Prichard. They also worked for World Championship Wrestling in early 1993. They feuded with The Rock 'n' Roll Express and won the tag team titles 5 times, until he retired from the ring after losing a loser leaves town match on May 15, 1993. Lane was replaced in the team by Jimmy Del Ray. He later went to work in Japan.

World Wrestling Federation (1993–1995)
Lane retired in 1993 and went to the World Wrestling Federation (WWF), as a member of the WWF's broadcast team. He began as a color commentator alongside Vince McMahon on WWF Superstars. He then went on to become the host of WWF Wrestling Challenge in 1994, where he worked with Ted DiBiase and Gorilla Monsoon. Lane also did voiceover work of matches that were taped exclusively for Coliseum Video. He worked with DiBiase and Monsoon for those also. He also worked as a commentator in Ted DiBiase's promotion, WXO.

Return to the Independent circuit (1999–2008)
Lane left the WWF in late 1995 and retired. Lane returned in the late-1990s and again reformed "The Fabulous Ones" for a few cards in Bert Prentice's NWA Wildside promotion to wild fan reception. In 2004, Lane wrestled on several shows with Condrey and Eaton in the independent promotions in the Mid-Atlantic area. He retired from all wrestling in 2008.

Personal life
Lane married Maria Burnette on June 30, 2007 on Siesta Key Beach in Sarasota, Florida.

The mother of Congresswoman Lauren Boebert filed multiple paternity suits between 1987 and 1990, alleging that Lane is Boebert's father. A paternity test Lane took in 1990 ruled him out as the father, and the suit was dismissed. In 2012, Boebert's mother sent the North Carolina State Bureau of Investigation a letter asking for further investigation, but there is no record that the bureau took any action. Social media and blog posts between 2008 and 2013 continued to allege that Lane is Boebert's father. The matter was settled in May 2023, when Lane took a second paternity test, which again ruled him out as the father.

Championships and accomplishments
American Wrestling Federation
AWF Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
Championship Wrestling from Florida
NWA Florida Tag Team Championship (3 times) - with Bryan St. John
NWA United States Tag Team Championship (Florida version) (2 times) - with Steve Keirn
Continental Wrestling Association
AWA Southern Tag Team Championship (16 times) - with Steve Keirn (14 times), Koko Ware (1 time), and Ron Bass (1 time)
Georgia Championship Wrestling
NWA Georgia Junior Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
Jim Crockett Promotions / World Championship Wrestling
NWA United States Tag Team Championship (3 times) - with Bobby Eaton
NWA World Tag Team Championship (Mid-Atlantic version) (1 time) - with Bobby Eaton
Memphis Wrestling Hall of Fame
Class of 2017
Pro Wrestling Illustrated
PWI Tag Team of the Year award in 1987 - with Bobby Eaton
Smoky Mountain Wrestling
SMW Tag Team Championship (5 times) - with Tom Prichard
Southwest Championship Wrestling
SCW World Tag Team Championship (1 time) - with Steve Keirn
United States Wrestling Association
USWA World Tag Team Championship (1 time) - with Steve Keirn
Virginia Wrestling Association
VWA Tag Team Championship (1 time) - with Jeff Collette
Wrestling Observer Newsletter
Wrestling Observer Newsletter Hall of Fame (Class of 2009) with Bobby Eaton as The Midnight Express
Wrestling Observer Newsletter award for Tag Team Of The Year (1987 and 1988) with Bobby Eaton as The Midnight Express

See also
 The Fabulous Ones
 The Heavenly Bodies
 The Midnight Express

References

External links

1953 births
20th-century professional wrestlers
21st-century professional wrestlers
American color commentators
American male professional wrestlers
Living people
NWA/WCW United States Tag Team Champions
NWA Florida Tag Team Champions
NWA United States Tag Team Champions (Florida version)
Professional wrestlers from North Carolina
Professional wrestling announcers
SMW Tag Team Champions
Sportspeople from Greensboro, North Carolina
WCW World Tag Team Champions

Stan Lane


The University of Toledo (UToledo or UT) is a public  research university in Toledo, Ohio. It is the northernmost campus of the University System of Ohio.  The university also operates a  Health Science campus, which includes the University of Toledo Medical Center, in the  West Toledo neighborhood of Toledo; a  satellite campus in the Scott Park neighborhood of Toledo; the Center for the Visual Arts is located in downtown Toledo at the Toledo Museum of Art; and a research and education facility, known as the Lake Erie Center, at Maumee Bay State Park.

The university was founded in 1872 in downtown Toledo as the Toledo University of Arts and Trades. It closed after six years. The city of Toledo took it over, reopening it in 1884 as the Toledo Manual Training School. The vocational school was developed as a university through the late 1800s.

In 1931 the university moved to its current location in the Ottawa neighborhood. Since its establishment, the university has physically expanded to include more than 100 major buildings with a combined area of more  and transformed its academic program from one for vocational and secondary education into a comprehensive research university. It is known for its curriculum in the science, engineering, and medical fields. It is classified among "R2: Doctoral Universities – High research activity".

The University of Toledo has over 100,000 living alumni and a current enrollment of more than 15,000 students. The university has more than 300 student organizations. Its athletic teams, called the Rockets, are members of the Mid-American Conference.

History

19th century
The University of Toledo began in 1872 as a private arts and trades school, offering subjects such as painting and architectural drawing. Jesup Wakeman Scott, a local newspaper editor, published a pamphlet in 1868 entitled "Toledo: Future Great City of the World." He believed that the center of world commerce was moving westward, and by 1900 would be located in Toledo. To prepare for such growth of industry and commerce, Scott donated 160 acres of land as an endowment for a university. The Toledo University of Arts and Trades was incorporated on October 12, 1872. The university's original mission was to "furnish artists and artisans with the best facilities for a high culture in their professions...." Scott died in 1874, a year before the university opened in an old church building downtown Toledo.

By the late 1870s the school was in financial trouble and, after thirty years in operation, the school closed in 1878. On January 8, 1884, the assets of the school became property of the city of Toledo. The school reopened under direction of the city as the Toledo Manual Training School. It offered a three-year program for students at least 13 years old who received both academic and manual instruction in the trades.

20th century

Jerome Raymond, the university's first president, expanded its offerings in the early 1900s by affiliating with the Toledo Conservatory of Music, the YMCA College of Law, and the Toledo Medical College. Raymond also created the College of Arts and Sciences. Despite the expansion, the school struggled financially and had various legal battles over control.

A. Monroe Stowe became president in 1914, and helped organize and stabilize the college. On January 30, 1914, the college became known as Toledo University. Stowe added to its offerings, founding the College of Commerce and Industry (later the College of Business Administration) in 1914, and the College of Education in 1916. During this period, enrollment grew from 200 students to around 1,500.

Along with the expanded academic offerings, extracurricular activities increased with the university's first intercollegiate athletic programs forming in 1915. Football was added in 1917. Other organizations formed, such as a student council and the university's first student newspaper, The Universi-Teaser, in 1919. The athletic programs received their nickname, the Rockets, in 1923 from a newspaper writer. He thought this name expressed the teams' playing style.

By the 1920s, Toledo University was a growing institution, limited only by the buildings that housed it. Classes were held in two downtown buildings, but both were too small. In 1922, the university moved into an automobile mechanics training facility that had been constructed for training of troops in World War I on the original Scott land. It had outgrown its first two downtown buildings.

Although twice the size of the old buildings, the location on the Scott land quickly became outdated after a 32 percent increase in enrollment created a shortage in classroom space. In 1928, Henry J. Doermann became president and initiated plans for a new campus. Doermann received his funding after a city bond levy passed by 10,000 votes. Doermann worked with a local architectural firm to design the new campus, using design elements of the universities of Europe. He and others hoped that the architecture would inspire students. Less than a year later, University Hall and the Field House were completed in the Collegiate Gothic style. Although enrollments remained stable during the Great Depression, Philip C. Nash, who became president following Doermann's sudden death, instituted drastic measures to cut costs, and made use of New Deal funds from President Franklin D. Roosevelt's administration to help pay for new construction and scholarships.

The entry of the United States into World War II dramatically affected the university, adding funding for new, expanded programs. The military contracted with university to offer war-training programs for both military and civilian personnel. Areas of study for civilians included: Engineering, Science and Management War Training program classes, and Civilian Pilot Training classes.

The military used the university to house and train a detachment of the 27th Army Air Crew. The U.S. Cadet Nurse Corps trained nurses for army field hospitals. The enrollment of women grew during the war and many student organizations reflected the changes. For instance, intercollegiate basketball and football were suspended while the university's Red Cross chapter, the first of its kind at a university, sponsored knitting sessions for students to make sweaters for soldiers.

After the war, the GI Bill of Rights helped veterans pay for college tuition following the war and over 3,000 veterans took advantage of the program at UT. In 1945, the university purchased surplus military housing for the veterans and moved it to campus. The complex, known as "Nashville", transitioned into married student housing until 1974 after the peak of veterans decreased.

In 1947, Wilbur W. White replaced Nash. White proposed a progressive ten-year development plan, but he died in 1950 before the new development was completed. The university, under new president Dr. Asa Knowles, continued White's plan and completed a new men's dormitory in 1952 and the new library in 1953. Educational programming for adult students was expanded and created the Greater Toledo Television Foundation to utilize television for educational purposes.

In 1958, Knowles met with Toledo City Council to secure a new plan for the future financing of the university, during the 1940s the 12 percent of the city's budget was allocated to the university and this percentage proved unsustainable. Council suggested that the university acquire financial assistance from the state of Ohio to relieve the city's financial burden.

Asa Knowles resigned the presidency that same year but William S. Carlson pursued the issue and three bills were introduced into the state legislature in 1959 to propose a student subsidy for the states three largest municipal universities, University of Toledo, along with the University of Akron and University of Cincinnati. The bills stalled but a $2 million levy was passed that same year to help sustain the university. Ohio's three largest municipal universities continued to push for financial assistance from the state and finally succeeded on July 1, 1967. The decision made the university a state university, after operating as a municipal university for over 80 years. In addition to subsidy for students, state support provided capital improvement money for campus building construction, the university changed its name to the University of Toledo.

The 1960s saw an increase of political and social activism on the UT campus. Like many universities, UT campus experienced frequent student protests. Students protested a variety of issues, ranging from a peaceful food riot in 1968 over the quality of food, to protests by students opposing the Vietnam War that lead to several arrests. In 1970, UT students remained peaceful following the Kent State shootings of protesters. UT experienced racial tension when a protest by African American students in May 1970 in response to Jackson State killings temporarily closed University Hall. Again, the UT protest ended peacefully when the university president met with the students.

UT celebrated its centennial in 1972 with a year of celebrations. Also that year, President Carlson retired, and Glen R. Driscoll was selected as new university president and began further expansion of the university with the addition of the Center for Performing Arts and Savage Hall in 1976, the Center for Continuing Education in 1978, and Stranahan Hall in 1984. The university replacing parking lots and the aging army barracks with Centennial Mall, a nine-acre landscaped mall in the center of campus. Construction began in 1985 on SeaGate Center in downtown Toledo as part of downtown's revitalization efforts. McMaster Hall was completed in 1987 and plans for the Student Recreation Center were made in 1990. That same year, the Greek Village and the Larimer Athletic Complex was completed and the Glass Bowl underwent renovations.

Frank E. Horton, former president of the University of Oklahoma, was selected thirteenth president in October 1988 and continued the growth of the university, fostered by the previous presidents. Horton began a large strategic planning effort and organized the growth of the university. To help achieve the plans, in 1993 the university launched a $40 million fund-raising campaign called UT40. During the mid-1990s, UT renovated commercial buildings at Dorr Street and Secor Road for classrooms. A new Academic Center and Residence Hall was built in 1992 to house the Honors Program. The Center for the Visual Arts at the Toledo Museum of Art was also finished that same year; followed by the International House Residence Hall and Nitschke Hall in 1995. And construction began in 1995 on a Pharmacy, Chemistry and Life Sciences complex on the main campus and a Lake Erie Research Center at Maumee Bay State Park. The 1990s also included significant growth in technology. The university joined OhioLINK, a statewide library network, in 1994. Computer labs and hook-ups in dorms and offices provided Internet access and the university established a homepage on the World Wide Web.

21st century

After a protracted protest by students, staff, faculty and community members, the board of trustees of the university agreed to include domestic partner benefits in the health care portion of the contract for faculty and staff with an effective start date of April 1, 2006. This development made the University of Toledo the first state university to begin covering domestic partners after the passage of Ohio Issue 1, several others had partner benefits before and continued them after the ban. The protest gained momentum after November 2004, when issue 1 was voted into law as an Ohio Constitutional amendment but began over a decade earlier with the work of several faculty members.

On March 31, 2006, Governor Bob Taft signed House Bill 478, which merged the University of Toledo with the Medical University of Ohio. The merger became effective on July 1, 2006. The institution retained the University of Toledo name, and the former Medical University of Ohio facilities are referred to as the Health Science Campus. Toledo became the third largest public university in Ohio in terms of its operating budget, as well as one of only 17 public universities in the country that has colleges of business, education, engineering, law, medicine and pharmacy. As a result of this merger, the College of Pharmacy will be one of only 45 American Colleges of Pharmacy located in an academic health science center.  The college's "Future of Pharmacy" campaign (2008–2010) was initiated to raise scholarship and equipment funds for the college's expansion into a new building on the health science campus, an expansion that will increase educational and research opportunities for students and faculty.  What used to be called the College of Arts and Sciences was divided into three colleges, including the College of Languages, Literature and Social Sciences, the College of Communications and the Arts, and the College of Natural Sciences and Mathematics.

Academics
The University of Toledo offers over 250 academic programs in a diverse and comprehensive range of studies. It is the sixth largest university in Ohio by enrollment, and offers a 20:1 student-to-faculty ratio and a median class size of 25.

National honor societies such as Phi Kappa Phi and Tau Beta Pi have chapters at UT. The university also offers several ways in which students can enrich their academic experience. These include the Honors College, study abroad, service learning, and undergraduate research.

Toledo is a public university and is governed by a board of trustees, and the Ohio Board of Regents, both appointed by the Governor of Ohio. The board is composed of 14 members, and is currently chaired by Joseph H. Zerbey, IV. The board members, which are unpaid community members, delegates its executive power to the president. The current interim president is Gregory Postel.

The University of Toledo is composed of the following colleges and schools:

 College of Adult and Lifelong Learning
 College of Arts and Letters
 College of Business and Innovation
School of Healthcare Business Enterprise and Innovation
 College of Health and Human Services
 Judith Herb College of Education
 College of Engineering
 College of Graduate Studies
 College of Health Sciences
 College of Law
 College of Medicine and Life Sciences
School of Biomarkers and Advanced Simulation
 College of Natural Sciences and Mathematics
School of Green Chemistry and Advanced Renewable Energy
 College of Nursing
 College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science
 College of Visual and Performing Arts
 Jesup W. Scott Honors College
 UT Online

Research

The university has the University of Toledo Research Enterprise and a number of research centers and institutes.

Located at Maumee Bay State Park, the Lake Erie Center supports interdisciplinary research involving environmental problems affecting the Great Lakes.

The UT Polymer Institute, part of the College of Engineering, supports research in polymers and plastic technology.

The Wright Center for Photovoltaics Innovation and Commercialization (PVIC) was created in January 2007 with an $18.6 million grant from the Ohio Department of Development and $30 million from federal agencies, universities and industrial partners to perform research involved establishing science and technology platforms, employing second and third generation photovoltaics (PV) materials, and devices tailored for applications in clean electricity generation. The three primary locations of the Wright Center for Photovoltaics Innovation and Commercialization (PVIC) include The University of Toledo, Ohio State University, and Bowling Green State University.

The center's research is focused on improving large area materials and devices, increasing the efficiency of solar technologies, and lowering production costs – with the ultimate goal of increasing the number of solar-powered electrical generation systems in homes, businesses, and utilities, as well as supporting the nation's defense and aerospace needs for advanced solar energy systems.

In 2012, the University of Toledo joined as partner members of the Lowell Discovery Telescope (formerly Discovery Channel Telescope).

Student body

Athletics

The University of Toledo's athletic teams play as the Rockets, and uniforms sport the colors midnight blue and gold. The university's sports teams play in the Mid-American Conference. The Rockets football team holds eleven Mid-American Conference championships, in 1967 (co-champion with Ohio) 1969, 1970, 1971, 1981, 1984, 1990 (co-champs with Western Michigan), 1995, 2001, 2004, 2017, and 2022.

Toledo Rockets football played in the 2010 Little Caesars Pizza Bowl on December 26, 2010, against Florida International. Toledo lost the game 34–32. Toledo played in the 2015 Go Daddy Bowl against Arkansas State on Jan 5, 2015. The Rockets won 63–44.

In the season of 2009, the men's tennis team finished 2nd in regular season with a 17–10 record, and reached the finals of the MAC tournament for the first time in 35 years.

The Toledo Rockets men's basketball team was the 2006–07 Mid-American Conference champion under Head Coach Stan Joplin, a former star player for the Rockets during the late 1970s, and was an assistant coach from 1984 to 1990. He was fired after slumping to an 11–19 record in 2007–08. The team received an NCAA Award For High Academic Performance Toledo tied for third-best APR mark in nation and MAC for second straight year. The University of Toledo men's basketball program ranks at the top of the Mid-American Conference for a second straight year in the National Collegiate Athletic Association's Academic Performance Rating (APR).  Toledo's 994 rating was tied for third place among all NCAA Division I men's basketball programs and trails only Columbia and Davidson.

In Spring 2011, the University of Toledo women's basketball team won the WNIT, becoming the first MAC team in any sport to win a National Championship in modern times.

The women's cross country has won four MAC Championships (2001, 2002, 2010, 2011) and three MAC Runner-up finishes (2003, 2005, 2009).  The women's cross country team finished 21st at the NCAA Championships in 2011 and 28th at the NCAA Championships in 2010.  The women's track team also finished as the 2012 MAC Indoor and Outdoor Runner-up.

The University of Toledo has two official mascots, Rocky the Rocket and Rocksy the Rockette. Rocky was introduced in 1966, and Rocksy was introduced in 2011. UT also has an official spirit crew known as Blue Crew.  The University of Toledo Rocket Marching Band performs a pre-game show and halftime show at all home football games in the Glass Bowl.

Bowling Green rivalry
Toledo's principal football rivals are the Falcons of Bowling Green State University. The two teams formerly played for a trophy each year known as the Peace Pipe, a prize that originated in basketball but progressed to football in 1980. Due to NCAA regulations and an agreement between the two schools, new to the rivalry will be the "Battle of I-75" trophy, a bronze trophy awarded to the winner of the game. Toledo now leads the series, and Toledo currently has been dominating the series going 10-1 in the last eleven meetings, recently including a 66–37 blowout win at Bowling Green's home field, Doyt Perry Stadium.

Club sports
The University of Toledo also has a number of club sports under the direction of the university's Division of Student Affairs. Club sports receive funding from the university as student organizations, associated expenses in the sports are often supplemented by students' pay-to-play dues and fundraising activities. Club sports offered by UT include: bowling, women's basketball, crew, cross country, men's ice hockey, men's and women's lacrosse, quidditch, sailing, men's soccer, table tennis, tennis, track and field, men's and women's ultimate disc, fencing, men's and women's volleyball,  water polo, and wrestling.

A few recent accomplishments of the University of Toledo Sport Clubs include three straight individual wrestling national championships from 2006 to 2008; three Midwest-Collegiate Sailing Association Championships in 1950, 2008, and 2009; 2 Inter-Collegiate Sailing Association National Championship appearances in 2008 and 2009; 2 Inter-Collegiate Sailing Association National Keelboat Championship appearances in 2021 and 2022; a NIRSA Open Division Soccer National Championship in 1996; and an American Collegiate Hockey Association (ACHA) Division I National Championship in 1992.

Ice hockey
The Toledo Rockets men's ice hockey team is a member of the American Collegiate Hockey Association (ACHA) Division II. Besides belonging to the ACHA, the team is also an original member of a conference known as the Tri-State Collegiate Hockey League (TSCHL) which was established in 2010. The team plays a 30–35 game schedule against other club teams in the region.

Notable alumni, faculty and staff

Notes

References

External links

 University of Toledo Athletics website

1872 establishments in Ohio
Buildings and structures in Toledo, Ohio
Education in Toledo, Ohio
Educational institutions established in 1872
University of Toledo
Tourist attractions in Toledo, Ohio

University of Toledo


Pellagra is a disease caused by a lack of niacin (vitamin B3). Niacin is found in most foods. A person can die from pellagra if it is not treated. The main results of pellagra can be remembered as "the four D's": diarrhea, dermatitis, dementia, and death.Some symptoms of pellagra according to a few sources are abdominal cramping,depression,diarrhea,headache,loss of appetite,mucus membrane inflammation,dilated cardiomyopathy. It is also caused due to cellular deficiency of niacin, chronic alcoholism or gastro-intestinal malabsorption. It can be prevented by adequate intake of niacin or foods rich in vitamin B3 and dietary advice to vulnerable groups.

Vitamin deficiencies

Pellagra


The Marquesas Islands are a group of islands in the pacific ocean. They are a part of French Polynesia. The islands are located south of the Equator, about 1.600 km northeast of Tahiti. The total land area is 1274 km². In 2012, 9264 people lived on the Marquesas Islands.

The Marquesas consist of fourteen bigger islands  and a number of smaller ones. They are commonly split into two groups: A northern one with the main islands Nuku Hiva, Ua Pou and Ua Huka, and a southern one, made of Hiva Oa, Tahuata and Fatu Hiva.

The islands are of volcanic origin; there are high mountains and deep valleys on many islands. The climate is hot, with an average temperature of 28 degrees centigrade, and a lot of rainfall. Tropical rainforest grows on many islands,

Islands of French Polynesia
Archipelagos

Marquesas Islands


DeltaSync was a proprietary Microsoft communications protocol for synchronizing web services with offline clients. It was switched off by Microsoft on 30 June 2016.

Windows Live Hotmail was connected to offline clients using DeltaSync; Outlook Connector and the Windows Live Mail client use it for offline access. Microsoft pushed for this protocol instead of POP3 or IMAP4 for supporting various advanced features, like contacts, calendar, and notes synchronization. Using the DeltaSync protocol, Microsoft intended to provide a common platform for any compatible device to implement a client which can two-way synchronize mail, contacts, calendar, and notes.

History
In January 2007, Microsoft announced DeltaSync as the replacement for WebDAV. In April 2008, Microsoft sent an email warning that WebDAV would no longer be supported after 30 June 2008. However, in May 2008, Microsoft stated that it would be "postponing the transition deadline previously announced" to allow customers more time to "evaluate alternative solutions". In June 2009, Microsoft announced that WebDAV support would finally end on 1 September 2009.

Format details

The DeltaSync compression code produces a stream with a four byte magic number of "HU01", followed by the stream header.

HU01 header

Following this header is a series of compressed data blocks with the following structure.

SCBH header

This is followed by 256 bytes of decompression table and finally the actual compressed data.

Discontinuation
Since Microsoft migrated the Outlook.com mail to use a structure based on Office 365, the DeltaSync protocol was discontinued on 30 June 2016, and mail will not be able to be synced using Windows Live Mail after that time. Google's Gmail and some other providers' mail services still work with DeltaSync.
Although DeltaSync has sunk, Microsoft's Windows Live Mail 2011 and 2012 continue to work with Hotmail e-mail accounts, by using IMAP (or, less effectively, POP) in place of DeltaSync.

See also
 Windows Live Hotmail
 Windows Live Mail
 Microsoft Office Outlook
 Microsoft Office Outlook Connector

References

External links
Daniel Parnell is reverse engineering DeltaSync
Daniel Parnell has released the source for DeltaSync decompression code
another person reverse engineering DeltaSync
Independently-supported Java implementation of DeltaSync

Windows Live

DeltaSync


A county (Polish: powiat, pronounced "povyat"; plural, powiaty) is the Polish  second-level unit of  administration, equivalent to a county, district or prefecture in other countries.  A county is part of a larger unit called a "voivodship" (in Polish, województwo. One would call it in English "province").

Names
Most Polish counties are named after their capital city, or county seat.
If a county seat has a double-barreled name, as with "Maków Mazowiecki," the county may become either "Maków County" or "Maków-Mazowiecki County."  Due, in all but the first case, to the existence, respectively, of two "double-barreled" county seats with the identical noun name, the corresponding adjectives "bielski," "grodziski," "ostrowski" and "tomaszowski" each denote two distinct counties.

History and functioning

Some Polish urban communes constitute administrative entities called the "urban county" (powiat grodzki), similar in local administration and self-governance to "land counties." An average county (the largest being the powiat of Białystok) comprises 5 – 8 communes. The largest urban county, in terms of population and area, is the city of Warsaw.

The history of Polish counties goes back to the second half of the 14th century. They remained the basic units of territorial organization in Poland, then in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, until the latter's total dismemberment by its neighbors in 1795.

In the 19th century, the county continued to function in the part of Poland that had been incorporated into the Russian Empire ("Congress Poland"), and as the Polish equivalent of the German "Kreis" in the German-governed Grand Duchy of Poznań.

After Poland regained independence in 1918, the county again became the basic territorial unit throughout Poland. Powiats (counties) were abolished in 1975 in favor of a larger number of voivodships, but were reintroduced in 1999.  There are now 314 "land counties" (powiat ziemski) and 65 "urban counties" (powiat grodzki), more formally "municipalities with county status" (miasto na prawach powiatu).

Government of Poland

Powiat


The Autobiography of Mark Twain or Mark Twain's Autobiography is a book by Mark Twain, (the pen name of Samuel Langhorne Clemens). It has many stories about his life in it. Twain did not write and publish the book in the usual way. He told the stories and they were written down for him. The book was published in November 2010, one hundred years after his death.

Documents and preparation
According to Harriet Smith, editor of the book, some of the manuscripts of Twain's autobiography are handwritten by him but most are transcripts of what he said. These were created on typewriters by helpers such as his secretaries and his youngest daughter. There are three versions of much of the autobiography, including the original.  There was a copy used to send 25 sections of the book, one at a time, to be published in North American Review. Then a copy was used for Albert Paine's 1924 edition of the book. Clemens proofread them all. Into his vocal dictations, he often inserted earlier manuscripts he wrote and also letters, newspaper clippings and other documents.

In Harriet Smith's 2010 edition, Clemens instructions are not always followed. For example, she did not insert his article about the survivors of the sunken ship in his February 20, 1906 dictation. Also, she did not include in the January 12, 1906 dictation the illustrated magazine about his 70th birthday dinner. Mistakes that were made are just pointed out in the book's explanatory notes instead of being changed to be correct. She has made some changes to bad spelling and adding missing prepositions to fix the grammar. She does not correct grammar when the text would lose the spoken style. For example, she believes ". . . the world's sympathy and compassion are with her, where it belongs" is bad grammar but does not correct it.

Reviews
Larry Rohter in his July 9, 2010 review in The New York Times describes Twain as a Colonel Sanders without the chicken who told stories, whose books Huck Finn and Tom Sawyer he had to read in high school. In writing his autobiography, Twain spoke his recollections and opinions to his secretary for a more natural, frank, colloquial tone than if he had written them down. Twain died on April 21, 1910. He was 74 years old. The content of his 500,000 word autobiography is being published in the random order he wrote it, and that is the way he wanted it to be. Previous editions of the work have put things in chronological order. They have also censored it for interest and propriety. This edition, published over 100 years after his death, has the material in the order he wrote it and uncensored. The University of California Press is publishing it in three volumes. Five percent of the first volume was never published before, and about fifty percent of all three volumes was never published before. Twain claims some shocking things, such as the elder Rockefeller paying taxes on only 2.5 million of his fortune and a U.S. Army overkill against six hundred Philippine savages resisting U.S. imperialism. In Twain's boyhood in Missouri, he was not aware there was anything wrong about slavery. When Cleveland was U.S. President, Twain met him in the White House and got the First Lady's autograph. Twain resented his publisher and an inventor for fleecing him, and also a rude landlord, from when he lived in Italy in 1904.

Julie Bosman's review on November 19, 2010, in The New York Times said the book is a four-pound, 500,000-word, $35.00 doorstopper more political than Twain's previous works. The content is nonlinear although very readable. It seems like a reader could flip the book open at random to any part of it and not worry about plot. The book includes 200 pages of end notes. At first the publisher planned to print 7,500 copies. However, because it was being published a century after Twain's death, as he wanted it to be, the book got in the news. Before the book's November 15th publication date,  magazines including Newsweek, Playboy, and Harper's ran excerpts from the book. The book was quickly sold out and back-ordered. The publisher was University of California Press. A girl with them said, "We feel like, wow . . . people are interested in a 736-page scholarly tome about Mark Twain." They rushed to send copies to bookstores in time for the holidays. The publisher hired a small printer in Michigan to print the books. They worked overtime producing 30,000 copies a week and got bigger trucks to bring the books to the warehouses. Instead of 7,500 copies, the book got on best seller lists with over 275,000 copies in November 2010. The book was the biggest success the University of California Press had in sixty years.

Mark Twain Project Online
Mark Twain Project Online, www.marktwainproject.org, intends to include for scholars critical editions of what Mark Twain wrote as well as for general readers editions of his most important works. For example, the site already includes an electronic edition of Autobiography of Mark Twain, Volume I..

References
Twain, Smith, & others (2010) Autobiography of Mark Twain, Volume I. Berkeley & Los Angeles, CA: University of California Press.  www.ucpress.edu

American autobiographies
Books by Mark Twain

Autobiography of Mark Twain


Root beer is a sweet soda. It is traditionally made using sassafras or sarsaparilla as the main flavor.

It does not have caffeine, though some root beer makers add caffeine. It can be carbonated or non-carbonated. Modern, commercially produced root beer is generally sweet, foamy, carbonated, nonalcoholic, and flavoured using artificial sassafras flavouring.

Soft drinks

Root beer


Day by Day is an American sitcom television series created by Andy Borowitz and Gary David Goldberg, which aired on NBC from February 29, 1988 to June 4, 1989. It stars Douglas Sheehan, Linda Kelsey, Christopher Daniel Barnes, Julia Louis-Dreyfus, Courtney Thorne-Smith, and Thora Birch in her television debut role.

Synopsis
The show centers on Brian and Kate Harper, a married couple with two successful careers (Brian as a stockbroker, Kate as a lawyer) and a teenage son named Ross. After the couple had a second child, their daughter, Emily, they decided to quit their jobs because they had missed all the best times of Ross growing up and decided not to make the same mistake with Emily.

With that thought in mind, they decided to open a daycare center in their home. The episodes mixed stories about the daycare center with those about Ross and his friends. At first, Ross wasn't too enthusiastic about the idea of his father and mother being at home all the time, because he loved his independence and girl-chasing. He was more than a bit put out with all the bonding his dad wanted to do now.

Louis-Dreyfus played Eileen Swift, their materialistic next-door neighbor who was also once a business associate of Brian's. She didn't much like the idea of the Harpers running a day care center, and often tried to persuade them both to return to their former careers, always to no avail. Eileen, who was single and childless, was prone to make some very sarcastic quips about the children's activities, but Brian and Kate didn't let it bother them.

Thorne-Smith played the baby's nanny Kristin, who also worked in the daycare center. Kristin was perhaps the reason that Ross relented about his parents running the day care center; he had a crush on her.

Day by Day was connected to another NBC series, Family Ties. The family patriarch, Brian Harper (played by Sheehan) was a college roommate of Steven Keaton (Michael Gross). A total of 33 episodes were produced.

"A Very Brady Episode"
The episode titled "A Very Brady Episode" aired on February 5, 1989, and reunited six cast members from The Brady Bunch – Ann B. Davis, Florence Henderson, Christopher Knight, Mike Lookinland, Maureen McCormick, and Robert Reed.

In this episode, Ross is lectured by Brian and Kate about his poor study habits. Ross's explanation that he was watching a Brady Bunch marathon only angers his parents more, and he is warned to shape up. Ross bemoans his predicament, noting Mike Brady would never yell at him because he had flagging grades.

Ross falls asleep, and finds himself in the opening credits of The Brady Bunch., where he dreams that he is the Bradys' long-lost son, Chuck. After he gets his hair permed at Mike's suggestion, he visits with the various family members (except Greg, Jan, and Cindy), who reprise some of the scenes in the Bradys' most famous episodes ("Chuck" and Marcia running against each other for class president, "Chuck" being bullied by Buddy Hinton episode, etc.)

After "Chuck" gets some advice about his poor grades from Mike, the family begins to repeat their dialogue. "Chuck" wonders what's amiss, and Carol explains what he's seeing is a rerun. Everything becomes chaotic and Ross wakes up, vowing to improve his study habits.

Christopher Daniel Barnes, who played Ross on the series, would later portray Greg Brady in The Brady Bunch Movie and A Very Brady Sequel.

Cast
Douglas Sheehan as Brian Harper
Linda Kelsey as Kate Harper
Christopher Daniel Barnes as Ross Harper
Julia Louis-Dreyfus as Eileen Swift
Courtney Thorne-Smith as Kristin Carlson
Thora Birch as Molly

Episodes

Season 1 (1988)

Season 2 (1988–89)

Syndication
After the show's initial run, reruns were shown on the Lifetime Television network and TV Land for several years.

Home media
One episode of the series has been released to DVD in the November 5, 2013 "Family Ties: The Complete Series" DVD boxset release. The episode included is "Trading Places", which featured a crossover between Family Ties and Day by Day, wherein Steven Keaton dropped Andy off for daycare with the Harpers.

References

External links

1988 American television series debuts
1989 American television series endings
1980s American sitcoms
Crossover television
English-language television shows
NBC original programming
Television series by CBS Studios
American television spin-offs
Television series about families
Television series by Ubu Productions
Television series created by Gary David Goldberg
Television series created by Andy Borowitz
Television shows set in Philadelphia

Day by Day (American TV series)


Franco Cristaldi (3 October 1924 – 1 July 1992) was an Italian film producer, credited with producing (or co-producing) feature films from the 1950s to the 1990s.

Career
In 1946 Cristaldi founded Vides Cinematografica in Turin. This production company initially produced short and documentary films, and would later be renamed to Cristaldifilm in the 1980s.

In the 1950s, Cristaldi changed his attention to feature films and moved to Rome. During his long career, he worked with directors and screenwriters such as Francesco Rosi, Pietro Germi, Mario Monicelli, Federico Fellini, Luchino Visconti, and Giuseppe Tornatore. A noted film producer from some years in his native Italy, some of Cristaldi's most successful films internationally included The Name of the Rose and Nuovo cinema Paradiso. (The former winning a César and two BAFTAs, and the latter winning several BAFTAs, the Grand Prix at Cannes, and Best Foreign Language Film at the 62nd Academy Awards).

In 1977 Cristaldi was elected president of the International Federation of Film Producers Associations, and was a member of the jury at the 1984 Cannes Film Festival.

Personal life
Cristaldi was born in Turin, Italy in 1924, and studied at university for a time before focusing his interests on cinema.

He was first married to Carla Simonetti with whom he had a son, Massimo. He applied to the Vatican to have this marriage annulled, and from 1966 lived with actress Claudia Cardinale. Cristaldi claimed to have married Cardinale, but she refuted this, saying he threw a marriage party, without ever officially marrying her. He mentored Cardinale through her own film career, producing many of her films, until their separation in 1975. In 1983, he married Eritrean actress Zeudi Araya, who starred in several Cristaldi-produced films.

Franco Cristaldi died in Montecarlo in 1992, survived by his wife Zeudi, son Massimo, and adopted son Patrick, the son of Claudia Cardinale.

Selected filmography
 A Hero of Our Times, (1955)
 Mio figlio Nerone, (1956)
 Le notti bianche, (1957)
 A Man of Straw, (1958)
 Big Deal on Madonna Street, (1958)
 Kapò, (1959)
 Piece of the Sky, (1959)
 Ghosts of Rome, (1961)
 The Assassin, (1961)
 Divorce, Italian Style, (1961)
 Seduced and Abandoned, (1964)
 Vaghe stelle dell'Orsa, (1965)
 Alibi, (1969)
 The Red Tent, (1969)
 Oh, Grandmother's Dead, (1969)
 L'udienza, (1971)
 Lady Caroline Lamb, (1972)
 Amarcord, (1973)
 Christ Stopped at Eboli, (1979)
 Café Express, (1980)
 E la nave va, (1983)
 The Name of the Rose, (1986)
 Nuovo cinema Paradiso, (1988)

References

External links

Italian film producers
1924 births
1992 deaths
Film people from Turin
David di Donatello winners
Nastro d'Argento winners
Filmmakers who won the Best Foreign Language Film BAFTA Award

Franco Cristaldi


The Oregon Territory is the name that was applied first to the unorganized Oregon Country claimed by both the United States and Britain (but normally referred to as the Oregon Country). In 1846 the two countries agreed to split this territory. The organized U.S. territory formed from the southern part was also called "Oregon Territory" when it existed, between 1848 and 1859.

The Territory of Oregon was organized on August 14, 1848, by an act of Congress out of the U.S. portion of the Oregon Country below the 49th parallel north. It originally included all of the present-day states of Idaho, Oregon and Washington, as well as Montana west of the Continental Divide, and Wyoming west of the Continental Divide and north of the 42nd parallel north—the northern border of the Mexican Cession.

The first territorial capital was in Oregon City. The capital was later moved to Salem in 1851.

In 1853, the portion of the territory north of the lower Columbia River and north of the 46th parallel east of the river was organized into the Washington Territory.

On February 14, 1859, the territory entered the Union as the U.S. state of Oregon within its current boundaries. The remaining eastern portion of the territory (the portions in present-day southern Idaho and western Wyoming) was added to the Washington Territory.

In 1861 and then 1863, portions to the east were organized into the Nebraska Territory and Idaho Territory (respectively.)

References

19th century in the United States
History of Oregon
History of Idaho
History of Washington (state)
History of Montana
19th century in Wyoming
Former territories of the United States
Oregon Trail

Oregon Territory


Chevrolet Monte Carlo was a car produced by Chevrolet from 1970 through 1988 and 1995 through 2007. Beginning with the fifth generation the Monte Carlo became the replacement for the Lumina coupé, when the Lumina was discontinued GM opted for a new look which gave the car its own unique look. The car was later refreshed and made to look like a coupé version of the 2006 Impala. The model was discontinued in 2007, Chevrolet Camaro replaced the car as Chevrolet's entry level coupé. However, GM has stated the possibility of a future Monte Carlo.

1970s automobiles
1980s automobiles
1990s automobiles
2000s automobiles
Monte Carlo

Chevrolet Monte Carlo


Magnus Haraldsson (Old Norse: Magnús Haraldsson; c. 1135 – c. 1145) was a King of Norway from 1142 until his death around 1145, reigning together with three of his brothers. He was a son of Harald IV Gille of Norway by an unknown concubine.

Magnus was born sometime after 1130, when his father arrived in Norway. He was raised by the chieftain Kyrpinga-Orm at Støle in Sunnhordland. He does not appear to have been taken as king after his father's death together with his brothers Sigurd and
Inge. He first appears in the sagas in 1142, when Harald's oldest son, Eystein, came from Scotland and became king, together with Magnus. In a poem by the skald Einar Skuleson, all the four are counted as kings at the same time. In contrast to his three brothers who are praised for deeds as warriors, Magnus is said to "make peace between the men". According to the sagas, Magnus had poor feet, and he became sick and died at a young age. He has later generally not been listed in Norwegian regnal lists. He appears in some lists, however.

References

1130s births
1145 deaths
12th-century Norwegian monarchs
Norwegian civil wars
Medieval child monarchs
Norwegian people of Irish descent

Magnus Haraldsson of Norway


Staffordshire (abbreviated Staffs) is a county in the West Midlands region of England. The county town is Stafford. Part of the National Forest is there. It is next to the counties of Cheshire, Derbyshire, Leicestershire, Warwickshire, West Midlands, Worcestershire and Shropshire.

The largest city in ceremonial Staffordshire is Stoke-on-Trent.

Places of interest

Other websites
Staffordshire County Council
Staffordshire Past Track - Historical archive about the county
The story of a Staffordshire Home Guard Battalion, 1940-1944
Staffordshire Photographs
Staffordshire Tourism website

Ceremonial counties of England

Staffordshire


Der Richard Lounsbery Award (Prix Richard Lounsbery) ist ein seit 1979 von der National Academy of Sciences der Vereinigten Staaten und der französischen Académie des Sciences vergebener Wissenschaftspreis im Bereich Biologie und Medizin.

Der Preis soll den wissenschaftlichen Austausch zwischen Frankreich und den Vereinigten Staaten fördern. Er wird abwechselnd an junge französische und US-amerikanische Wissenschaftler in Anerkennung außerordentlicher wissenschaftlicher Leistungen vergeben. Zusätzlich zu dem eigentlichen Preisgeld von 50.000 US-Dollar (Stand 2013) wird dem Preisträger eine Geldsumme zur Verfügung gestellt, die ihm einen Forschungsaufenthalt in dem jeweils anderen Land erlaubt. Der Preisträger soll auch im Partnerland einen Vortrag halten.

Der Richard Lounsbery Award wurde von Vera Lounsbery zur Erinnerung an ihren verstorbenen Gatten Richard Lounsbery gestiftet. Die Richard Lounsbery Foundation mit Sitz in Washington, D.C. unterstützt den neben dem Richard Lounsbery Award internationale Forschungsprojekte und -kooperationen, insbesondere zwischen Frankreich und den Vereinigten Staaten.

Preisträger
 1979 Michael S. Brown, Joseph L. Goldstein: For their work in cholesterol biosynthesis.
 1980 François Morel: For his work on the physiology of the kidney.
 1981 Philip Leder: For his series of notable contributions in molecular genetics, which help to explain the means by which genetic information is organized and used to direct the synthesis of specific cell products.
 1982 Pierre Chambon, Jean Pierre Changeux: For their work on fundamental structures of genetic material and of the nervous system.
 1983 Günter Blobel: For his work in uncovering the molecular interactions that control the traffic of newly synthesized proteins in eukaryotic cells, for his incisive experiments, and for the beauty of the findings by which he established these interactions.
 1984 Maxime Schwartz: For his genetic and biochemical analysis of the maltose system of E.Coli, which paved the way for the solution of a series of fundamental problems in molecular biology.
 1985 Martin Gellert, Thomas Maniatis: For their seminal contributions to our understanding of the structure and function of DNA, which were essential and fundamental to the development of recombinant DNA techniques.
 1986 André Capron, Jacques Glowinski: For their fundamental work, which has contributed to the treatment of parasitic and neurological diseases.
 1987 Alfred G. Gilman, Martin Rodbell: For their discoveries regarding the proteins and mechanisms that mediate cellular responses to the binding of ligands to cell surface receptors.
 1988 François Cuzin: For his original contributions in the elucidation of the mechanisms involved in malignant cell transformation, in particular, demonstration of the necessary contribution of two oncogenes.
 1989 Richard Axel: For his discoveries elucidating gene structure in animal cells.
 1990 Jean Rosa: For his contributions, which have opened a new road in the control of oxygen transport in the blood and the treatment of the first worldwide genetic plague, drepanocytosis.
 1991 Harold Weintraub: For elucidating a molecular mechanism by which a single regulatory gene can lead to a program of cell differentiation.
 1991 Marc W. Kirschner: For elucidating key steps in the cell cycle, chromosome movement, cell cycle timing, nucleus breakdown and reformation, and microtubule control of cell polarity and mitosis.
 1992 Philippe Ascher, Henri Korn: For their discoveries of the mechanisms of synaptic transmission. Philippe Asher furthered knowledge regarding the properties of glutamate receptors which play an important role in trials, and Henri Korn brought to light the elementary liberation of neurotransmitter in quanta form in the central nervous system of vertebrates.
 1993 Stanley B. Prusiner, Bert Vogelstein: For their distinct and exciting discoveries about the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative and malignant diseases. This award is given as a celebration of the power of modern molecular medicine.
 1994 Jean-Louis Mandel: For his work in human genetics and in particular for his discovery of the mutation of fragile X. This new type of mutation has now been found at the origin of the diseases.
 1995 Douglas A. Melton: For showing how cells and tissues differentiate during vertebrate development through studies on localized mRNAs in eggs and the genes that induce mesoderm and neural tissue.
 1996 Daniel Louvard, Jacques Pouysségur: For their contributions to the study of the regulation of cell division and differentiation.
 1997 James E. Rothman: For his dissection of the biochemical mechanisms by which proteins are transferred from one cellular compartment to another and to the outside world. These mechanisms are important in neurotransmission, tissue biogenesis, and hormonal secretion.
 1998 Pascale Cossart: For her fundamental discoveries in microbiology dealing with mechanisms of bacterial entry and intracellular host motility.
 1999 Elliot M. Meyerowitz: For his pioneering contributions to the molecular genetics of plant architecture, which have practical implications for agriculture.
 2000 Miroslav Radman: For his contribution to the discovery of the molecular mechanisms implicated in the replication and repair of DNA, in particular, the discovery of a key enzyme of the DNA repair mechanism.
 2001 Elaine Fuchs: For her fundamental insights into structure and function of cytoskeletal proteins and the relation of these proteins to human genetic diseases.
 2002 Denis Le Bihan: For his work on the invention and development of nuclear magnetic resonance imaging of brain diffusion and perfusion. The method he developed permits in vivo mapping of nerve fiber bundles and has multiple applications in both medical pathology and cognitive science fields.
 2003 Carol W. Greider: For her pioneering biochemical and genetic studies of telomerase, the enzyme that maintains the ends of chromosomes in eukaryotic cells.
 2004 Brigitte Kieffer: For her pioneering work on the molecular neurobiology of opioid-controlled behaviors, the results of which have very important implications for the treatment of pain, drug abuse, and emotional disorders.
 2005 John Kuriyan: For his critical role in revealing the structural mechanisms underlying processivity in DNA replication and the regulation of tyrosine kinases and their interacting target proteins.
 2006 Catherine Dulac: For her major contributions in the perception and behavioral translation of pheromones in mammals.
 2007 Xiaodong Wang: For his pioneering biochemical studies on apoptosis, which have elucidated a molecular pathway leading into and out of the mitochondrion and to the nucleus.
 2008 Jean-Laurent Casanova: For his contributions to the understanding the genetic basis of the predisposition to viral and bacterial diseases of childhood, which have important clinical implications for the diagnostic and management of infectious diseases.
 2009 Cornelia I. Bargmann: For her extraordinarily inventive and successful use of molecular and classical genetics to probe the individual nerve cell basis of behavior in C. elegans.
 2010 Gérard Karsenty: For his work on the molecular mechanisms that underlie the formation and the remodeling of bone.
 2011 Bonnie L. Bassler: For her pioneering discoveries of the universal use of chemical communication among bacteria and the elucidation of structural and regulatory mechanisms controlling bacterial assemblies.
 2012 Olivier Pourquié: For his work in embryonic patterning in vertebrates and particularly in the genetic and developmental mechanisms that control segmentation.
 2013 Karl Deisseroth: For pioneering the technology called optogenetics in which insertion of a single bacterial protein into a neuron allows exquisite control of the neuron with light.
 2014 Frédéric Saudou: For his major contributions to the understanding of molecular and cellular mechanisms causing Huntington's disease. His findings represent a seminal discovery in the understanding of Huntington's disease and an important step towards a future therapeutic strategy.
 2015 Hopi Hoekstra: For her work probing the molecular basis of how adaptation to novel selective pressures establishes and sustains diversity during evolution. Her tour-de-force transdisciplinary studies have illuminated a fundamental mechanism by which complex behaviors can evolve through multiple genetic changes each affecting distinct behavioral modules.
 2016 Bruno Klaholz: For his work in Structural Biology (by X-ray diffraction and cryo-electron microscopy methods) on the regulation of gene expression at both the transcriptional level (structures of the nuclear receptors to retinoic acid and vitamin D) and the protein translation level (initiation and termination complexes, and the structure of the human ribosome).
 2017 Pardis C. Sabeti: For groundbreaking contributions to genetics and global health, including development of new methods to study evolutionary selection in humans and viruses, creation of new collaborative models for combatting emerging diseases across disciplinary and national borders, and leadership of global efforts to increase data sharing in pandemics including Ebola and Lassa Fever.
 2018 Yohanns Bellaïche: En reconnaissance de ses travaux sur la régulation génétique et mécanique qui sous-tend la prolifération des tissus, leur homéostasie et leur réparation dans des conditions physiologiques et pathologiques.
 2019 Jay Shendure: For his pioneering work and leadership in the second wave of genomics that is transforming genetics and medicine. Through his development of exome sequencing and other novel technologies, he has defined new paradigms for implicating Mendelian disease genes, interpreting genetic variation, and single cell profiling of developmental lineages and gene regulation in whole organisms.
2020 Marie Manceau: For the outstanding research she is carrying in the field of evolutionary developmental biology unraveling pattern formation and evolution in birds.
2021 Feng Zhang: For pioneering achievements in the field of genome editing, including the discovery of novel CRISPR systems and their development as molecular tools.
2022 Claire Wyart: For her outstanding research on the Sensory interface between the central nervous system and cerebrospinal fluid that controls our posture and movements.
2023 Michelle Monje: For her groundbreaking discoveries that neuronal activity promotes adaptive myelination important for cognition, and that neuronal activity drives malignant glioma progression through neuron-to-glioma synapses and paracrine factors. These contributions have elucidated new perspectives in neuroscience and pioneered the field of cancer neuroscience.

Weblinks
 Richard Lounsbery Award bei der National Academy of Sciences (nasonline.org)
 Prix Richard Lounsbery bei der Académie des Sciences (academie-sciences.fr)
 Richard Lounsbery Award bei der Richard Lounsbery Foundation (rlounsbery.org)

Biologiepreis
Medizinpreis
Auszeichnung der Académie des sciences
Auszeichnung der National Academy of Sciences
Erstverleihung 1979
Beziehungen zwischen Frankreich und den Vereinigten Staaten

Richard Lounsbery Award


Baughan was a British cyclecar and motorcycle manufacturer in business from 1920 until 1936. Founded in 1920 in Harrow, Middlesex, from 1921 the company moved to Stroud, Gloucestershire. After motorcycle production finished the company continued in general engineering and plastics.

H.P. Baughan
Henry P. "Harry" Baughan was a well-known motorcycle trialist and organiser of such in the 1920s, many of which were close to his childhood home of Stroud, Gloucestershire; although he himself at the time lived in Harrow, Middlesex whilst working as an aircraft engineer. From these sporting beginnings - at a time when making and experimenting with motorcycles was considered a normal, almost home-based art - Baughan began to make his own machines.

Production
In the 1920s, he had made his own first four-wheel cyclecar, powered by an air-cooled JAP V twin. Asked by fellow competitors to make them a similar machine, he productionised it through use of a JAP or water-cooled Blackburne V-twin, of either 998 or 1097 cc. Drive was to the rear wheels through a Sturmey-Archer three-speed-and-reverse gearbox and chain final drive. The chassis had a wheelbase of  with suspension by quarter elliptic leaf springs all round. Lightweight two-seat open bodies were fitted. Car production finished in 1925, but new cars were still listed for sale up to 1929. It is not known how many cars were made, but at least one survives.

After his own success in motorcycle trials in the early 1930s, Baughan began to make a range of trial-optimised motorcycles until 1936. Although a production template existed, each machine was a bespoke per-customer fitment. Powered again using either Blackburne or mainly JAP V-twins, ranging in size from 250 to 500 cc, each used qd real-wheel. Production is believed to have been small.

As World War II approached, and with his own sporting success ad that of his machines fading, Baughan focused his skills on the production of aircraft parts.

Post-World War II
Baughan Ltd continued to exist into the new millennium as a producer of plastics processing equipment. They manufactured a large range of equipment including single screw extruders and 2-roll mills, with much still in use today. The company was eventually acquired by the now defunct Rondol Technology Ltd, a Staffordshire-based manufacturer of polymer processing equipment.

See also
 List of car manufacturers of the United Kingdom

References

Defunct motor vehicle manufacturers of England
Vehicle manufacturing companies established in 1920
Vehicle manufacturing companies disestablished in 2003
Motorcycle manufacturers of the United Kingdom
Motorcycle trials
Cyclecars
Companies based in Stroud, Gloucestershire
British companies established in 1920
British companies disestablished in 2003

Baughan


These terms describe two classes of an electrocyclic reaction (a type of organic chemical reactions). In a conrotatory mode, the substituents located at the ends of a conjugated double bond system move in the same (clockwise or counterclockwise) direction during ring opening or ring closure.  In a disrotatory mode, they move in opposite directions.

An example is the conversion of trans-cis-trans-2,4,6-octatriene to cis-dimethylcyclohexadiene (top of figure).  The orbital mechanics of the reaction needs a disrotatory mode.  The orbital symmetry of the octatriene's highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) requires for the end pi orbitals to move in opposite directions to form the correct symmetry found in the sigma bond.

Thermal rearrangements of all conjugated systems containing 4n + 2 pi electron are stereospecific. This is based on preservation of orbital symmetry in the highest occupied molecular orbital. Systems containing 4n pi electrons show the opposite conrotatory mode. This is also true for rearrangements of 4n + 2 pi (where n is a whole number) electrons driven by light (photoinduced).  Photoinduced rearrangements of 4n pi electron systems (where the number of electrons is divisible by 4) follow the disrotatory rule.

The Woodward–Hoffmann rules summarize the above different reactions.

The following picture also shows the difference between conrotatory and disrotatory reactions:

References

 Carey, Francis A.; Sundberg, Richard J.; (1984). Advanced Organic Chemistry Part A Structure and Mechanisms (2nd ed.). New York N.Y.: Plenum Press. .
 March Jerry; (1985). Advanced Organic Chemistry reactions, mechanisms and structure (3rd ed.). New York: John Wiley & Sons, inc.

Chemical reactions

Conrotatory and disrotatory


Vineet Rai is a former Indian Administrative Service officer and Revenue Secretary in the Government of India. Rai was voted one of The 25 Most Powerful women in Business in India in 2020.

Early life
Rai completed her schooling at Sardar Patel Vidyalaya in New Delhi and subsequently studied history at Miranda House, and Brandeis University on a Wien International Scholarship.

Career
An officer of the 1968 IAS batch of the Union Territories cadre, Rai is the first women to hold the post of Revenue Secretary in the Ministry of Finance. She was appointed in June 2003 and held the post till September 2004.

Previously, Rai has held posts in the Ministry of Urban Development, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare and Ministry of Home Affairs in the Union Government.

She also worked in various state administrations and public sector undertakings.

References

External links
 Article on Rediff

Indian civil servants
Indian women civil servants
1944 births
Living people

Vineeta Rai