Matthew McGinn (17 January 1928 – 5 January 1977) was a Scottish folk singer-songwriter, actor, author and poet. Born in Glasgow in 1928, McGinn was a prolific songwriter and is recognised as an influential figure in the British folk music revival of the late 1950s and early 1960s.

Biography
Matt McGinn was born in Ross Street at the corner of the Gallowgate in Calton, in the East End of Glasgow, on 17 January 1928. Born the eighth child of a family of nine, his formal education ended when he entered an approved school at the age of 12. Despite this, McGinn was, by his early 20s, recognised as a highly political charismatic debater of left-wing politics. On his release from approved school he worked in the Hillington factory of GKN, spending his spare time at evening classes and reading. He gained a Trade Union scholarship to study economics and political science at Ruskin College in Oxford when he was 31. After graduating, he trained to become a teacher at Huddersfield Teachers' Training College and went on to work as a teacher in Lanarkshire for three years before becoming the organiser of the Gorbals Adventure Playground.

McGinn joined the folk scene after winning a song contest with a song entitled "The Foreman O'Rourke". He met Pete Seeger in 1961 when Seeger was touring the British Isles. Seeger championed McGinn's music in the United States and arranged for him to be part of a concert performance at Carnegie Hall, where McGinn met a young Bob Dylan. His career in music began during the folk revival of the 1960s but, while others leaned towards what they perceived traditional music, McGinn carved his own niche as a humourist and playwright as well as a singer/songwriter. He was a prolific songwriter, drawing on his experiences of Glasgow life for much of his material. He was a communist, republican and trade unionist, and a member of the Communist Party of Great Britain. His performances in clubs and concert halls were hugely popular. McGinn's earliest recording was in 1962 when he was featured on the Folkways Records Revival in Britain, Vol. 1a collection compiled by Ewan MacColl. He was also featured, alongside Bob Dylan and Pete Seeger, on the Broadside Ballads Vol. 1 released in 1963.  McGinn was also included in the 2000 compilation The Best of Broadside 1962–1988, which was nominated for a Grammy in the Best Historical Album category in 2001.

Matt McGinn embraced the "Folk Song Revival" of the 60s and brought to this his talent as a poet, his humour and his wealth of knowledge and experience of the ordinary folk of Glasgow and West of Scotland. It was never his ambition to be a singer/songwriter but considered tunes and melodies as a vehicle to express and propagate his beliefs and politics.

Perhaps a recent description of him as a people's historian is fitting. McGinn brought together his musical abilities, perception, humour, knowledge, politics and personal experience, to leave a history in words and music of the life and times of Scottish people, in particular Glasgow and the West.

McGinn also wrote songs for children, one of which, "Little Ticks of Time," was frequently used in the BBC children's programme Play School and its offshoots such as Hokey Cokey. The song was also featured in the 2011 Franco-German film Goodbye First Love (French: Un amour de jeunesse) directed by Mia Hansen-Løve.  Well known recordings of McGinn include "Loch Lomond", ″The Rolling Hills of the Border″, ″I have seen the Highlands″, ″The Jeely Piece Song″ (written by another stalwart of Glasgow music, Adam McNaughtan), ″The Big Effen Bee″, ″Skinny Malinky Longlegs″, ″The Red Yo Yo″, ″Gallowgate Calypso″, ″The Ibrox Disaster″ and ″The Wee Kirkcudbright Centipede″.

McGinn's first novel about his time in approved school Fry the Little Fishes was first published in 1975 () 2nd edition re-issued 2013 ()

There is a wealth of information about McGinn, as well as the words and music of some of his songs in the book McGinn of the Calton, collated by Janette McGinn, and originally published by Glasgow District Libraries in 1987 ().

McGinn's songs are still performed by folk musicians in Scotland and America at tribute concerts. McGinn's songs have been recorded by Pete Seeger, The Weavers, Theodore Bikel, The Corries, Luke Kelly, The Chinese Man, The Ian Campbell Folk Group, Barry Dransfield  & Rachel Unthank and the Winterset, among others.

In Jim Hosking's 2018 movie An Evening with Beverly Luff Linn, McGinn's songs "Little Ticks of Time" and "Why Did I Ever Become a Football Referee?" are sung by Craig Robinson, performing alongside Matt Berry.

McGinn died on 5 January 1977 of smoke inhalation, aged 48 (12 days short of his 49th birthday), after falling asleep with a lit cigarette in his hand. The post mortem revealed that there was no trace of alcohol in McGinn's blood.

In January 2019 a blue plaque for McGinn was installed in the Calton district of Glasgow's East End.

Discography

A partial list of musical recordings:

The Iron Muse(A Panorama of Industrial Folk Song) 1963 Topic
 A thematic album which features Matt McGinn as one of the singers and a songwriter

Matt McGinn 1966 Transatlantic

Matt McGinn Again 1967 Transatlantic

"The Boys From Lisbon" (7-inch Single) 1968 Transatlantic

"I Have Seen The Highlands" & "I'll Be Coming Home To Glasgow" (7-inch Single) 1968 Transatlantic

Honesty Is Out of The Fashion 1968 Transatlantic

Little Ticks of Time 1969 Transatlantic

The Matt McGinn Sampler 1969 Transatlantic

Take Me Back to the Jungle 1971 RCA INTS

Tinny Can on My Tail 1972 RCA INTS

The Two Heided Man 1972 Emerald Gem

Magic Shadow Show (7-inch EP) 1973 Moonbeam

The Two Heided Man Strikes Again 1974 Emerald Gem

Screwtops Are Falling on My Head 1975 Pye

Ma Wee Auntie Sarah & Granda 1975 Pye

Currently available CDs

Revival in Britain Volume 1 (first side only, other side various artists  – compiled by Ewan MacColl in 1962)
The Best of Matt McGinn (comprising around 50% of McGinn's 1966–69 output on Transatlantic Records)
The Best of Matt McGinn Volume Two (comprising McGinn's albums Take Me Back to the Jungle (1971) and Tinny Can on My Tail (1972) plus 1 track from the Magic Shadow Show EP). (Now deleted)
The Return of the Two Heided Man (comprising most of the live albums The Two Heided Man (1973) and The Two Heided Man Strikes Again (1974))
On The Road From Aldermaston: Complete Transatlantic Recordings (1966-1969) (2017)

References

External links
 {http://www.heraldscotland.com/news/home-news/from-the-archive-matt-mcginn.2013012641}.
 mattmcginnofthecalton.com

Scottish male singer-songwriters
Scottish singer-songwriters
Scottish folk music
British folk music
1928 births
1977 deaths
Musicians from Glasgow
Scottish folk musicians
20th-century Scottish male singers
Rutherglen
People from Calton
British male singer-songwriters

Matt McGinn (Scottish songwriter)


The Palace of Justice (), colloquially nicknamed  ('the Bad/Ugly Palace'), is the seat of the Supreme Court of Cassation and the Judicial Public Library of Italy. It is located in the Prati district of Rome, facing , , , and .

History
Designed by the Perugia architect Guglielmo Calderini and built between 1888 and 1910, the Palace of Justice is considered one of the grandest of the new buildings which followed the proclamation of Rome as the capital city of the Kingdom of Italy. The foundation stone was laid on 14 March 1888 in the presence of Giuseppe Zanardelli, Minister of Justice and Keeper of the Great Seal, who had insisted on a prestigious location in the Prati district, where various other new court buildings were already going up.

The alluvial soil on which the building sits required a massive concrete platform to support the foundations. Despite this, instability problems developed after the Palace was completed, and settlement led to a need for a painstaking restoration project which was begun in 1970.

The excavations for the foundations unearthed several archaeological finds, including some sarcophagi. In one of these was found the skeleton of a young woman, Crepereia Tryphaena, together with a superbly crafted articulated ivory doll, now conserved in the  museum.

On 11 January 1911, twenty-two years after construction began, the building was officially opened in the presence of the King of Italy, Victor Emmanuel III.

The building's unusually large size, astonishing decorations, and long period of construction created the suspicion of corruption. In April 1912 a parliamentary commission was appointed to inquire into the matter and it presented its findings the following year. The affair gave rise to the building's popular and pejorative nickname of .

Description

Inspired by late Renaissance and Baroque architecture, the building is 170 meters by 155 in size and is completely covered with Travertine limestone. Above the façade looking towards the River Tiber it is surmounted by a great bronze quadriga, set there in 1926, the work of the sculptor Ettore Ximenes from Palermo. Ten large statues of notable jurists adorn the ramps before the main façade and the internal courtyard. The upper part of the façade looking onto the Piazza Cavour is ornamented with a bronze coat of arms of the House of Savoy. Inside the Hall of the Supreme Court, also known as the Great Hall (or on Calderini's plans as the Aula Maxima) are several frescoes, begun by Cesare Maccari (1840–1919), who became paralysed in 1909 while the work was unfinished. It was continued until 1918 by Maccari's former student Paride Pascucci (1866–1954).

Further reading
Alberto Manodori Sagredo, ed., La Corte di cassazione : le opere d'arte del palazzo di giustizia di Roma (Rome: Gangemi, 2007; )

References

External links

1911 establishments in Italy
Buildings and structures completed in 1911
Palaces in Rome
National supreme court buildings
Rome R. XXII Prati
Rome
Victor Emmanuel III of Italy

Palace of Justice, Rome


Timoniel M. Pérez (born April 8, 1975) is a former Major League Baseball (MLB) outfielder. Between 2000 and 2007, he played for the New York Mets, Chicago White Sox, St. Louis Cardinals, and Detroit Tigers. Prior to his MLB career, Pérez spent four seasons with the Hiroshima Toyo Carp of Nippon Professional Baseball.

Career

Hiroshima Toyo Carp
Pérez began his professional career by playing for the Hiroshima Toyo Carp of the Japanese Central League from 1996–1999. His best season in Japan was 1998, when he hit .296 in 98 games.

New York Mets
The New York Mets of Major League Baseball (MLB) signed Pérez as a free agent in 2000. A September 1 callup, he made his MLB debut on September 1 against the St. Louis Cardinals. He singled to center field as a pinch hitter against Cardinals reliever Dave Veres and was then thrown out trying to steal second. He hit a combined 12-for-40 in the 2000 National League Division Series and 2000 National League Championship Series.

In Game 1 of the 2000 World Series against the New York Yankees, Pérez committed a baserunning blunder that remains infamous among Mets fans. With Pérez on first base, Todd Zeile hit a long fly ball that Pérez thought to be a home run, causing him to slow down on the basepaths. However, the ball hit the top of the outfield wall and stayed in the park. Pérez's error in judgment caused him to be thrown out at home plate trying to score on the play. Overall, he played in 5 games in the World Series for the Mets, and had two hits in 17 at-bats.

After another brief period with the Triple-A Norfolk Tides in 2001, he became a Mets regular. From 2000–2003 with the Mets, Pérez played in 372 games and hit .276 with 18 homers and 114 runs batted in.

Chicago White Sox
Pérez was traded to the Chicago White Sox of the American League during spring training in 2004, in exchange for Matt Ginter. He was the fourth outfielder on their 2005 World Series championship team, only recording one at-bat in the series. In two seasons with the White Sox, he hit .235 in 179 games.

St. Louis Cardinals
On February 10, 2006, the Cincinnati Reds signed Pérez to a minor league contract, but he was traded to the St. Louis Cardinals on April 21. Timo began his time with the Cardinals in the minor leagues and was promoted to the major league team on June 2, 2006. In his first Cardinal at bat, he was hit in the head with a pitch. He split his time between the Cardinals and the Memphis Redbirds before being designated for assignment on August 23. He played in 23 games with the Cards and hit .194.

Detroit Tigers
On January 5, 2007, Pérez signed a minor league contract with the Detroit Tigers, and was called up on July 19, 2007 to replace the injured Marcus Thames. Pérez began the season with the Triple-A Toledo Mud Hens, where his play earned him a spot on the 2007 International League All Star Team. Pérez was named MVP of the Triple-A All-Star game after going 3-4 with 2 RBI and a run scored. At the time of his callup, he was leading the league in hits, runs, and doubles, and was second in batting average. Pérez was optioned back to Toledo on July 23, 2007. Then on August 28, 2007 he was recalled when designated hitter Gary Sheffield was placed on the 15-day disabled list.

Pérez was designated for assignment on November 30, 2007. He accepted an outright assignment to the minor leagues on December 7, 2007. The Tigers re-signed him on December 11, 2007, and placed him on the 40-man roster. He played with the Toledo Mud Hens for the entire 2008 Triple-A season and became a free agent at the end of the season, but re-signed with the Tigers in January 2009.

2009
He was released by the Tigers in April 2009 and signed with the Rojos del Águila de Veracruz of the Mexican League He played in 77 games with them and hit .323. On August 13, 2009, Perez signed with Independent Can-Am League team New Jersey Jackals. He played in 21 games for the Jackals and hit .338.

Los Angeles Dodgers

On January 28, 2010, Pérez signed a minor league contract with the Los Angeles Dodgers with an invite to spring training. He was assigned to the AAA Albuquerque Isotopes.

On July 7, 2010, he was released from his contract.

Philadelphia Phillies
Pérez signed a minor league contract with the Philadelphia Phillies on July 22, 2010 and was assigned to their AA affiliate in Reading, Pennsylvania.

Back with Detroit
Perez went back to Detroit on another minor league contract in 2011 and played with their AAA affiliate, the Toledo Mud Hens. In 2012, he played for the Long Island Ducks of the independent Atlantic League of Professional Baseball.

References

External links

1975 births
Living people
Albuquerque Isotopes players
Chicago White Sox players
Detroit Tigers players
Dominican Republic expatriate baseball players in Japan
Dominican Republic expatriate baseball players in Mexico
Dominican Republic expatriate baseball players in the United States
Hiroshima Toyo Carp players
Major League Baseball outfielders

Major League Baseball players from the Dominican Republic
Memphis Redbirds players
Mexican League baseball first basemen
Mexican League baseball left fielders
Mexican League baseball right fielders
New Jersey Jackals players
New York Mets players
Nippon Professional Baseball infielders
Nippon Professional Baseball outfielders
Norfolk Tides players
Sportspeople from Baní
Rojos del Águila de Veracruz players
St. Louis Cardinals players
St. Lucie Mets players
Toledo Mud Hens players

Timo Pérez


Mustafa Balel (born 1 September 1945) is a Turkish short story writer and novelist.

Balel was born in Sivas. After he graduated from Ankara Gazi Institute of Education, Department of French philology (1968), he did his master's at the University of Poitiers in France (1971-1972). Returned to Turkey, he worked as a teacher at high schools in Ardahan (1968-1970), Sivas (1972-1975) and Istanbul, and at the Atatürk Education Institute (1978-1980). He was a member of publication committee of Larousse Encyclopedia (1986-1992); Axis Encyclopedia (1997-2001) and published a story journal Öykü (1975-1976, 8 issues).

He had his stories, articles and translations published in the journals and in publications published in Yugoslavia, Bulgaria, France, Brazil, Iran and Romania. He translated several novels and short stories of the French language (Michel Tournier, Yann Queffélec, Pascal Bruckner, Jorge Semprún, Panait Istrati, Jean-Philippe Toussaint, Dragan Babić, Marlène Amar etc.), as well as poetry of the Turkish to French, among other (Eyes of Istanbul, 2014, from Ayten Mutlu; The street seeking the sea, 2015; Hilal Karahan)

In his stories, he attracted attention with his ability to combine contemporary story technique with his mastery of traditional narration along with a successful psychological analysis.
In his works, one notes that he indicates a structure conventionally matriarchal exist surreptitiously in a strictly patriarchal known society.

Mustafa Balel won the "Story Achievement Award" at the 12th Antalya Festival with his story Can Eriği (Plum, 1975) and the achievement award in the play competition held by the Turkish Opera and Ballet Foundation with his play Gün Vurgunu (The Day Hit, 1984).

Works
Short Story :
Kurtboğan (Monkshood, 1974),
Kiraz Küpeler (Cherry Earrings, 1977),
Gurbet Kaçtı Gözüme (Foreign Lands Get In My Eyes, 1983),
Le Transanatolien (Transanatolia, 1988, French, Paris ),
Turuncu Eleni (Eleni, the Orange Color, 1992 ).
Karanfilli Ahmet Güzellemesi (Praise for Ahmet With Carnation, 2005)
Etiyopya Kralının Gözleri (The eyes of the King of Ethiopia, 2011)
 Inițiatoarea (short stories in Romanian language, Editura Tracus Arte, Bucharest, 2014)
Novel :
Peygamber Çiçeği (Cornflower, 1981),
Asmalı Pencere (Window With the Grapevine, 1984).
پنجره‌ای به شاخسار تاک (Window With the Grapevine, roman in Persian, Peydayesh Publishing, Tehran, 2017)

Children's Novel :
Bizim Sinemamız Var (We Have Cinema, 1979),
Cumartesiye Çok Var mı? (Is it Long to Saturday?, 1981).
Nöbetçi Ayakkabıcı Dükkânı (Shoemaker's Store Open 24 hours, 2005).
Dedemin Bakır Koltukları (My Grandfather's Copper Seats, 2011).
Havlamayı Unutan Köpek (The Dog Who Forgets to Bark, 2012).
Ressamın Kedisi (Painter's Cat, 2014).
 جامه‌های سفیر (Costumes of the consul, roman in Persian, Hamshahri Collection, Tehran, 2015)
Children's Short Stories (Bilingual Books):
Berke'nin Badem Şekerleri / Berke's Almond Candies (2007)
Sincaplı Kalemtıraş / The Squirrel Pencil Sharpener (2007)
Renkli Tebeşirler / Colored Chalk (2007)
Kiraz Tokalı Kız / The Girl with the Cherry Barette (2007)
Piknikte / The Picnic (2007)

Travel Literature :
Bükreş Günleri (Days of Bucharest, 1985)
İstanbul Mektupları/Avrupa Yakası (Letters from İstanbul, 2009)
Lettres d'İstanbul / Rive européenne, Translated by Sevgi Türker-Terlemez, éditions A Ta Turquie, Nancy, 2016

External links
Official Personal website

1945 births
Living people
People from Sivas
Turkish novelists
Turkish translators
Translators to Turkish
Turkish children's writers

Mustafa Balel


Country Code: +375
International Call Prefix: 00 (was 8~10)
Trunk Prefix: 8

Belarus began using its own country code +375 in 1995. Before that it was part of the +7 international country code. The local numbering plan came from USSR.  It has changed little.

Geographic area codes were made based on previous 3-digit USSR area codes by removing the lead 0. Calling across areas still requires dialing trunk prefix 8 and waiting for dialtone after that.

Telephone numbers
Belarus

Telephone numbers in Belarus


Gizmo is a placeholder name for any small technological item. Similar names are gadget, widget, thingamajig, etc.
Gizmo may also mean:

In technology:
 The Gizmo or "Gizmotron", an effect unit for the electric guitar
 Gizmo key, found on certain flutes
 Gizmo5, a peer-to-peer Internet telephony and instant messaging software application
 Gizmodo, a technology website
 Gizmondo, a handheld gaming console
 Gizmo's, the popular moniker for techsupportalert.com, a freeware review site operated by journalist Ian Gizmo Richards.
 Gizmo, an OpenGL compiler used in Wavemetrics IGOR Pro software
 Gizmo, a bounding box used for manipulating objects in 3D modeling computer programs
 Gizmo, nickname of VoIP phone adapters that were used by SunRocket.
 Gizmo Pty Ltd, Australian IT Company based in major capital cities.
 GIZMO, a system developed for the automation of Solaris and Linux maintenance tasks
 Gizmo Central, software that includes modules like Gizmo Drive (mounts ISOs, encrypted hard drive images to a virtual drive), Gizmo Script (automates your PC and execute functions using scripts), Gizmo Database (a Query Analyzer and stored procedure analyzer), Gizmo Editor (colorizing text editor and hex/binary editor), and Gizmo Hasher (calculates hash values for files, folders, and drives).  Ariania Solution's Gizmo Central

In entertainment:
 The Gizmos, a 1970s proto-punk band from Indiana
 Gizmo Williams, a former kick returner in Canadian Football
 Gizmo!, a 1977 documentary film directed by Howard Smith
 Gadgets and Gizmos, a Canadian television show about technological devices
 Gizmo, a character in the comic strip Beetle Bailey by Mort Walker.
Gizmo The Air Brush Artist, Robert Greenough, Born Marville France, currently living in Ontario, Canada. Touring the Festivals of Ontario providing Air Brushed Tattoo's to Children and Adult's alike

In fiction:
 Gizmo (comics), a member of the H.I.V.E. Five in the Teen Titans animated series
 Gizmo (comic book), a 1986 comic book series created by Michael Dooney
 Gizmo Duck, a character in the DuckTales series
 Gizmo, a main character in the films Gremlins and Gremlins 2: The New Batch
 Don Gizmo, a character in the Fallout computer game

Gizmo


Purity means that a substance is all the same. There are no contaminants or other things added. The word also means no badness in a person's character.

Purity may also refer to:
An indication of the amount of other gases in a particular gas
Purity, a 1916 movie.
A measure of correlation between a system and its environment,
"Purity", a song by Slipknot on their debut self-titled album
Purity in Buddhism, a spiritual purity of character or essence
Purity Dairies, a dairy company in Nashville, Tennessee, United States
Purity Factories, a food processing company in St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada
Purity Distilling Company, an alcohol manufacturer involved in the Boston Molasses Disaster in the United States
Black oil (also known as Purity), a fictional alien virus in the TV series The X-Files
Purity, a former supermarket brand owned by Woolworths Limited
Purity, the colorfulness of a light source.

Purity


Sir Arthur Sullivan (13 May 1842 – 22 November 1900) was an English composer. In his lifetime people thought he was the best British composer, but nowadays his serious works are rarely heard. He worked with an author and poet called W. S. Gilbert, and together they wrote fourteen comic operas. Their names are always mentioned together: "Gilbert and Sullivan". Their operas were very popular a hundred years ago, and most still are. The most popular are The Mikado, H.M.S. Pinafore and The Pirates of Penzance. The two men were very different. They argued sometimes, but they worked together for 25 years, from 1871 to 1896.

Sullivan's serious works include one grand opera, two dozen orchestral and choral pieces, and many hymns and songs, including "Onward Christian Soldiers" and "The Lost Chord".

1842 births
1900 deaths
English composers
Romantic composers
Gilbert and Sullivan

Arthur Sullivan


Nathaniel Bliss (28 November 1700 – 2 September 1764) was an English astronomer of the 18th century, serving as Britain's fourth Astronomer Royal between 1762 and 1764.

Bliss studied at Oxford University and later became the Savilian Professor of Geometry. He made important meridian observations of a comet and a solar eclipse visible from Greenwich, and many of his observations proved useful in solving the longitude problem, and were bought by the Board of Longitude after his death.

Life
Nathaniel Bliss was born in the Cotswolds village of Bisley in Gloucestershire. His father, also named Nathaniel Bliss, was a clothier. Bliss studied at Pembroke College, Oxford. He graduated B.A. in 1720 and M.A. in 1723, and married shortly afterwards.

In 1736, Bliss became rector of St Ebbe's Church in Oxford. Supported by, among others; the 2nd Earl of Macclesfield (George Parker), Savilian Professor of Astronomy James Bradley and by William Jones, Bliss succeeded Edmond Halley as Savilian Professor of Geometry at Oxford University in February 1742 – being elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in May the same year. As Savilian Professor he lectured courses in arithmetic, algebra, plane and spherical geometry, the use of logarithms and surveying instruments.

In 1762 he succeeded Bradley to become the fourth Astronomer Royal, but held the post for only two years before his unexpected death.
He died in Oxford, but was buried close to Edmond Halley in St Margaret's churchyard in Lee in south-east London. As men of independent means, the first four Astronomers Royal including Bliss, were paid only a minimal salary. This situation changed when Nevil Maskelyne succeeded Bliss as Astronomer Royal upon his death –  Maskelyne commanded a salary of £350 per annum, permitting him to make the post his main occupation. In 2000 the International Astronomical Union named a crater on the Moon after Bliss, in commemoration of his position as Astronomer Royal.

Observations
George Parker, the Earl of Macclesfield, had established an observatory at Shirburn Castle. Working for and with the Earl of Macclesfield, Bliss made meridian observations of a comet approaching the sun in 1744 at Shirburn Castle and at Greenwich.  Bliss worked alongside James Bradley at the Royal Observatory in Greenwich and in June 1761, owing to the poor health of Bradley, he undertook the observations for the transit of Venus.

His assistant at the Royal Observatory was Charles Green, and upon his death, Green continued Bliss' work until the appointment of the next Astronomer Royal. In April 1764 Bliss made observations of an annular (solar) eclipse visible from Greenwich. Many of the observations made by Bliss were considered potentially useful for solving the longitude problem, important for cartography and ocean navigation, and were therefore bought by the Board of Longitude from his widow Elizabeth Bliss (née Hillman). His Greenwich observations were not published until 1805 when they were included as a supplement in an edition by Thomas Hornsby on the observations of Bradley.

References

Attribution

Further reading

External links
 Online catalogue of Bliss' working papers (part of the Royal Greenwich Observatory Archives held at Cambridge University Library)

1700 births
1764 deaths
18th-century British astronomers
18th-century English mathematicians
Alumni of Pembroke College, Oxford
Astronomers Royal
Fellows of the Royal Society
People from Bisley, Gloucestershire
Savilian Professors of Geometry
18th-century English Anglican priests

Nathaniel Bliss


The Dziwna () is a channel of the Oder River in northwestern Poland, one of three straits connecting the Oder Lagoon with the Bay of Pomerania of the Baltic Sea.  It separates the island of Wolin from the rest of the Polish mainland.  The other two channels are the Świna and the Peene.

About  in length, the Dziwna forms on the eastern end of the Szczecin Lagoon, near the town of Zagórze, Kamień County.  Flowing north, it passes the town of Wolin and then widens and forms a number of connected features.  Towards the west the main channel of the Dziwna forms the large Kamieński Lagoon (Polish: Zalew Kamieński).  To the east a side channel develops into the Zatoka Cicha (Quiet Bay, known as Die Maad before 1949), flows north through the strait of Promna as it approaches the city of Kamień Pomorski, then rejoins the Kamieński Lagoon.  Between these two channels stands the small, largely agricultural island of Chrząszczewo connected to Kamień Pomorski by a single bridge.

The Kamieński Lagoon reforms into the well-defined Zatoka Wrzosowska (Wrzosowska Bay), narrows, then flows past the coastal city of Dziwnów for just a few kilometers as the Dziwna again before finally reaching the Bay of Pomerania.

References

Channels of Europe
0Dziwna
Landforms of West Pomeranian Voivodeship
Straits of the Baltic Sea
Straits of Poland

Dziwna


Einbeck (; Eastphalian: Aimbeck) is a town in the district Northeim, in southern Lower Saxony, Germany, on the German Timber-Frame Road.

History

Prehistory
The area of the current city of Einbeck is inhabited since prehistoric times. Various artifacts have been unearthed in the city of Einbeck itself and in the little villages and lost villages around it over the years. They date back to the Paleolithic Era.

Medieval period
In the Early Middle Ages a number of villages existed along the river Ilme in the middle Leine valley before Einbeck was founded.  On January 1, 1158 Einbeck was first mentioned in a deed of Friedrich Barbarossa, which mentioned … in loco qui Einbike vocatur …. and related to a transfer of an estate in the 11th century. Count Udo of Katlenburg owned an estate on the bank of a brook, the Krummes Wasser (crooked water). His grandson founded the stift Sankt Alexandri, that subsequently developed into an important sanctuary. On the other side of this brook a market town developed at the end of the 12th century, mainly due to convenient access for traffic. A church was built there as well, the market church (St. Jacob). The floodplain between market and stift was filled in and covered with buildings. The market and stift were walled in and a moat was built. In 1252 Einbeck received a town charter and a town council was established. In 1279 the town received through its sovereign, Heinrich Mirabilis, an extension of its town charter. Einbeck was topographically extended and a town wall is mentioned that enclosed the market church St. Jacob and the stift St. Alexandri. St Jacob was (and is) located in the center of the city around the 'old market', St. Alexandri was built only some hundred meters away.  Extensions were called the 'new market', first mentioned 1389 as was the 'new town'. The new town received its own church, St. Mary, first mentioned 1318.

Beer
The city gained importance during the reign of the dukes of Grubenhagen. Smaller villages as Oldendorf or Tiedexen were deserted and inhabitants moved inside the city walls. Written evidence about the export of Einbecker beer dates back to 1351. The beer was brewed in larger houses that had the entitlement to brew. These houses are still easily identified through their arched wide doors, necessary to move in the brewing kettle, called a brewing pan. The organization of the process and the marketing of the beer was led by the city council.  Einbeck joined the Hanse in 1368 thus broadening the distribution area which now reached from Antwerp in the west to Riga in the east and from Stockholm in the north to Munich in the south.  In Munich the name Einbeck was mispronounced as "oan bock" (a billy goat), and when the ducal brewhouse copied the taste, Bock style beer was born.

Monasteries

In the 14th and 15th centuries a number of monasteries were created: Sisters of Maria and Magdalen, an Austin hermit monastery, and a monastery of the Order of the Poor Ladies. A system of sconces and towers were built outside the city walls as an early warning system against enemies. This time was a golden age for Einbeck and it was one of the largest cities in Northern Germany.

Modern period
In July 1540 the city of Einbeck was nearly completely destroyed by a fire, which was started by an arsonist. What role the religious upheaval following the very recently introduced reformation played is unknown. Convicted of the crime, the arsonist, Heinrich Diek, was tortured and died while being publicly displayed in an iron cage. This cage is still on display in the town hall. As the town had been quite wealthy before the fire, it was rebuilt very fast. Einbeck joined the Schmalkaldic League, a system of military defence of Lutheran princes and cities, which was a very costly exercise. In 1549 a fire once again swept through the city. This time the southern part of the city was mainly affected and 580 houses burned down. In 1580 the city council signed the Formula of Concord which completed reformation. In 1597 the plague took a huge death toll. During the Thirty Years' War the city was occupied by enemy troops during 1632 and 1641 and some hundred houses destroyed. During the Seven Years' War, (known as the French and Indian War in North America), the city gates were taken down and most of the city walls were destroyed.

This all led to times of economic and political vulnerability. As the neighbouring village Rotenkirchen developed into the administrative seat of the area, its sovereign was able to curb the autonomy of Einbeck. Later Einbeck became a garrison for infantry units, which eased its economic difficulties. During the Napoleonic Wars it became the administrative seat of the district of Einbeck from 1807 to 1813. In 1826 the area around St. Maria burned down, replaced by a new county courthouse "Amtsgericht". After Prussia won the war against the Kingdom of Hannover in 1866, barracks for the Prussian Army were built, now the 'New Town Hall' and administrative building of the city council. Einbeck initially resisted plans to connect itself to the railway line Hannover – Kassel, but in 1879 a line between Salzderhelden and Einbeck was built. In 1885 Einbeck was made seat of the newly formed county of Einbeck. Beginning in 1890 the bicycle manufacturing and trading company of August Stukenbrok developed into the largest mail order business in Germany, although it later went into receivership during The Great Depression in 1931. In 1896 the garrison was closed and the building used as a technical college until 1907.

Einbeck was hit hard by the economic difficulties following the end of World War I, and from 1930 on, its citizens leaned toward non-democratic parties. During the last free vote before Hitler took power, the National Socialists (NSDAP) had a share of 40.9% of the electorate in Einbeck. During the pogrom of November 1938 NSDAP followers set fire to the Synagogue in the Bismarckstraße. Of the 58 Jewish citizens of Einbeck; 21 emigrated outside of Germany, 32 were killed or died of disease in concentration camps, three committed suicide, and five have not been able to be traced. A month before German surrender, the city manager of Einbeck (without permission from his superiors) gave over the city to United States troops on April 9, 1945. This helped Einbeck to survive the war physically undamaged.

In 1946, the population of Einbeck doubled through the influx of displaced persons from the former Eastern territories of Germany, mainly from Silesia. This led to a boom in the construction of new residential houses and later, industrial buildings as well. Residential housing expanded the city in an easterly direction, while industrial building grew to the south. Some substantial companies did set up shop in Einbeck, the largest today (2023) being KWS.

In 1971 the villages Holtensen, Hullersen, Immensen, and Odagsen were incorporated into the city of Einbeck, while the county of Einbeck was disbanded in 1974. At the same time Einbeck incorporated further 27 villages from the old counties of Einbeck, Gandersheim, and Northeim. Einbeck is  administratively a 'Medium Centre', which means it provides services like high school, hospital' notary public, local court, etc. In 2005 a fire destroyed one historical building and damaged five more. Seven years later two more heritage-listed buildings were destroyed by fire.

On October 19, 2011, the city council adopted a resolution to incorporate the neighbouring community of Kreiensen beginning January 1, 2013.
Einbeck therefore is the legal successor of Kreiensen and it grew substantially again in terms of territory and population.

Geography
Einbeck has 46 municipalities, which were previously independent villages. The city lies directly south of the Hube (hills), where the Ilme flows into the Leine. In January 2013, the former municipality Kreiensen joined Einbeck.

Climate

Economy
Einbeck had various industries over time that came and went. Yet from very early on beer has been the product Einbeck is famous for over many centuries, still sold under the brand Einbecker Bier. Einbeck is the birthplace of bock beer, a beer with a high alcohol content. In medieval times a brewmaster from Einbeck was hired to brew "Einpöckisch Bier" in Munich. The name was corrupted and developed into "Oanpock", and subsequently into "Bock". The export of beer was a very important business so that in the harbour city of Hamburg Einbeck had its own distribution center (and pub), called the Eimbeck'sches Haus. A brewery is still operating in Einbeck under the name Einbecker Brewery. The company is listed on the Hanover Stock Exchange.

Another business in Einbeck has a very long tradition: Einbecker Blaudruck, a traditional way to print on fabric. The privately owned business was founded in 1638 and is the oldest business of the kind still in existence in Europe.

A worldwide business headquartered in Einbeck is KWS SAAT AG, listed in the German SDAX. It grew out of breeding seed for sugar beet and is now a full line seed supplier to the farming industry worldwide. KWS operates more than 60 subsidiaries worldwide with sales of close to 1 billion € and a total of 3,800 employees. The main research and development activities are based in Einbeck.

Kayser Automotive Systems is an international supplier of components for the car industry. Kayser is a family business headquartered in Einbeck. A branch of the car component supplier Dura Automotive Systems is active in Einbeck. E. Oppermann is a family controlled international belt webbing manufacturer. The chain manufacturer Renold has its German subsidiary in Einbeck. Kurt König is a service and sales company for building and construction machinery.

Politics

City council
A by-election was held on 20 January 2013 for the city council and all village councils due to the incorporation of the former community of Kreiensen into the city of Einbeck. The results were as follows:

Former city managers
 1948–1981 Heinrich Keim
 1981–1992 Georg Lampe
 1992–1997 Bernd Röll

Full-time mayors
 1 January 1998 until 31 October 2006: Martin Wehner (SPD)
 1 November 2006 until 24 January 2013: Ulrich Minkner (SPD)
 since 24 January 2013: Sabine Michalek (CDU)

Suburbs
Of the 32,000 inhabitants of Einbeck only about 15.000 live in the city of Einbeck, the next largest suburb is Kreiensen with about 2,500 inhabitants. The city of Einbeck began to incorporate the first neighbouring villages in 1971, a larger batch followed in 1974. In 2013 Einbeck incorporated Kreiensen which itself had previously incorporated 15 villages. So the geographical size of Einbeck is unusually large. In total Einbeck has 46 suburbs since 2013:

 Ahlshausen-Sievershausen
 Andershausen
 Avendshausen
 Bartshausen
 Bentierode
 Beulshausen
 Billerbeck
 Bruchhof
 Brunsen
 Buensen
 Dassensen
 Dörrigsen
 Drüber
 Edemissen
 Erzhausen
 Garlebsen
 Greene
 Haieshausen
 Hallensen
 Holtensen
 Holtershausen
 Hullersen
 Iber
 Immensen
 Ippensen
 Kohnsen
 Kreiensen
 Kuventhal
 Naensen
 Negenborn
 Odagsen
 Olxheim
 Opperhausen
 Orxhausen
 Rengershausen
 Rittierode
 Rotenkirchen
 Salzderhelden
 Strodthagen
 Stroit
 Sülbeck
 Vardeilsen
 Vogelbeck
 Voldagsen
 Volksen
 Wenzen

Culture

The historical center of Einbeck provides a nearly complete example of a late medieval town built in the half-timbered construction method. This is why Einbeck was made part of the  German Timber-Frame Road.

After the fire of July 1540, that nearly destroyed all residential buildings, the city was very swiftly rebuilt during the next 15 years. The year of construction is very often carved into the frames. This is why a very similar style of buildings is found in the center of the city. The old cellars or basements below the buildings, not affected by the fire,  were re-used to build the new houses in the same place. A very pretty example is the northern side of Tiedexer Straße, The wide arched doors, necessary to go in out with a wagon, can be seen here. More than half of these buildings had entitlements to brew.

Einbeck is famous for its piano stage. Every winter it hosts the international piano academy "Feuerwerk", every spring young pianists from all Germany compete in the Einbecker Klavierfrühling competition. Both events are established and led by the Lithuanian concert pianist and pedagogue Gintaras Januševičius. There are plenty of piano recitals hosted around the year, with both professional and amateur performers on stage. Since 2019 the city brands itself as "Klavierstadt" ("Piano City").

Houses and halls
 Market Square, the very center of the town, with
 Old Town Hall built in the 16th century, with its three towers, a historic hallmark of Einbeck
 Brodhaus (breadhouse) built in 1552; the site was used since 1333 as seat of the bakers' guild.
  The Ratsapotheke (pharmacy), dated 1590.
 Eicke's House has a rich sculptural façade ornamentation of Renaissance style, and is listed as a "Historical landmark of special national and cultural importance".
 Tiedexer Straße, a line of houses build at approximately the same time and in the same style, middle of the 16th century.
 The New Town Hall was built in 1868 as Prussian Barracks. It is currently (2013) used as administrative building of the city council since 1996. The carillon in the clocktower plays the same chime as Big Ben.
 Concert and culture house TangoBrücke started its concert series in 2008. Every Thursday the audience is treated to a classical recital, a jazz concert, or a tango event.

Churches

 Market church Sankt Jacobi (St James's), Lutheran, has a strong presence in the city center through its church tower, 65 meters high. It has a Romanesque baptismal font of sandstone, the oldest artifact in Einbeck
 Minster church Sankt Alexandri (St Alexander's), Lutheran, one of the largest gothic hall churches in the north of Germany
 St. Marien (St Mary's) Lutheran, consecrated 1968 (Old Building New Town Church Sankt Marien rebuild after a fire 1840 − 1846, demolished 1963)
 Jugendkirche Marie (Youth Church Marie),
 Parish Church "St. Josef" (St Joseph's), Roman Catholic
 Chapel "St. Spiritus", a medieval chapel, is now Greek Orthodox

Theater
Wilhelm-Bendow-Theater (Regular annual programmes through Kulturring Einbeck)

Museums, archives and library
 Town Museum: Stadtmuseum Einbeck, Steinweg 11/13, with newly designed "RadHaus" (bicycle museum). The historic archives of the town of Einbeck are stored in the building of the museum
 The Public Library is located adjacent to Stukenbrokpark
 The building of the old synagogue was restored by a local initiative and is a museum.
 Salzderhelden saltworks
 Kunsthaus
 PS Speicher ("Horsepower Storage"). A local initiative has started in 2011 to rebuild and restore a former granary to form a museum which does exhibit the largest collection of German motorcycles. The opening ceremony was on July 23, 2014.

Media
The local daily newspaper "Einbecker Morgenpost" is published Monday through Saturday. Einbecker Morgenpost has its own staff and content for local news and takes international and national pages from "Hannoversche Allgemeine Zeitung". There is an advertising paper for the Einbeck region called "Die Eule" distributed Wednesday and Sunday.

Schools

Primary
 Geschwister-Scholl-School Einbeck, All-day School
 Pestalozzischule Einbeck
 Primary School Teichenweg (Teichenwegschule), Einbeck
 Primary School Salzderhelden/Vogelbeck
 Leinetalschulen Drüber; Primary and Special School
 Primary School Dassensen/Holtensen
 Primary School Wenzen
 Primary School Kreiensen
 Primary School Greene

Secondary
 Geschwister-Scholl-Schule (Secondary Modern)
 Wilhelm-Bendow-Schule (Secondary Modern)
 Löns-Realschule (Secondary)
 Goetheschule Einbeck, Grammar School, All-day School

Vocational
 Berufsbildende Schulen Einbeck, with Grammar School for Economies, Technology, and Nutrition Science
 Krankenpflegeschule, Nurse's Training School

Parks
 Stiftsgarten north of the city center, used as garden by stift Sankt Alexandri. Located inside this park is the "Garden of many Generations". On the eastern side of the Stiftsgarten is the Mendelssohn music school using the Stukenbrokvilla, a residential building in the art nouveau fashion.
  Stukenbrokpark is an area northeast of the city center between city library and central coach terminal.
 The historic city walls are best preserved west of the city center in the areas Bäckerwall, Krähengraben, and Mühlenwall.
 The officers garden is located south of the city center close to the Diek Tower (remains of one of the city gates).

Monuments and memorials
 The Stukenbrok Memorial was built in memory of the founder of the mail order business August Stukenbrok. It is located in the east of the Stiftsgartens, which was an area once owned by Stukenbrok, next to the little pond.
 Memorial for Till Eulenspiegel, who is said to have lived in Einbeck for a while, on Market Square. As Eulenspiegel is a fictional person that is a surprising fact.
 War Memorial for the Franco-Prussian War 1870/1871 designed by Conrad Wilhelm Hase
 In 1998 locals erected a big concrete block called Stein des Anstoßes (Stumbling Stone) close to the Market Church on Market Square to remind everybody that the number of unemployed in Einbeck (2341 people) was far too high. The stone was to remain in place until the number of unemployed would be half its 1998 number. The stone could have been removed in October 2007.

 The Gasometer is a technical memorial in the city area.

Recurring events

 May 1: Einbecker Bluesfestival & Bock-Beer-Tapping
 May: Open Cross Country Race "Einbecker Bierstadtlauf"
 June: Foodfestival
 September: Vat-Pushing-Contest "Fassrollen"
 September: Pub-Music-Night
 October: City Festival "Eulenfest"
 November/December: Christmas Market on Market Square
 December: New Year's Eve Cross Country Race "Auf der Hube"

Notable people

 Conrad Wilhelm Hase (1818–1902), architect and conservationist, was honorary citizen
 Henry Mühlenberg, emigrated to Pennsylvania in 1742 and became the patriarch of the Muhlenberg family dynasty as well as the founder of the Lutheran church in the American colonies
 Friedrich Sertürner, discoverer of morphine (1804), opened his first pharmacy here

Sons and daughters of the city

 Wilhelm Bendow (1884–1950), actor
 Walter Bock (1895–1948), chemist
 Emil Reinecke (1933–2011), cyclist
 Friedrich Uhde (1880–1966), engineer and entrepreneur
 Ilse Everlien Berardo (born 1955), emigrated to the Autonomous Region of Madeira and became the Lutheran theologian and pastor of German-speaking Protestant Church on the archipelago. Member of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany.

Workers

 Gintaras Januševičius (born 1985), pianist and music director
 Georg Knorr (1859–1911) student in Einbeck, engineer
 Georg Schambach (1811–1879), Germanist, high school director in Einbeck
 Johann Friedrich Unger (1716–1781), mayor of Einbeck and inventor

GAPP
For many years, the city's high school has had an exchange programme, known as GAPP or German-American Partnership Program, with Roy High School and Ogden High School (Utah) in Utah. Every other year Einbeck students fly to Roy in October to spend two weeks with host families and attend Roy and Ogden High Schools. After their two-week stay the German students travel to places in the US such as Moab, Las Vegas and California. The Roy and Ogden High students visit Einbeck every other year during their summer break.

Since 2002, Einbeck has been a twin town with Keene, New Hampshire, USA. A delegation of high school football (soccer) players, coaches and city officials visited Keene on July 1, 2010 and spent a week touring the city, playing exhibition games and watching the World Cup with the locals.

Twin towns

Einbeck is twinned with:

 Thiais, France (1962)
 Artern, Germany (1990)
 Patschkau, Paczków, Poland (1992)
 Keene, United States (2002)
 Wieselburg, Austria (1987)

Transport

Road
There is direct access to Federal Highway "B 3" Bundesstraße 3 running in a north–south direction, connecting Hannover to Kassel, each about  away. Until the 1994 "B 3" ran through the city centre, but there is now a bypass open.

Access to National Motorway "A 7" Bundesautobahn 7 is about  away. "A 7" connects Flensburg, on the German/Danish border, with Reutte in Austria and roughly runs in a north–south direction as well.

Rail
The Einbeck-Salzderhelden station is located on the Hanoverian Southern Railway part of the main North–South railway between Hanover and Kassel. Services run at approximately hourly intervals.

The larger railway station in Einbeck is Kreiensen, which provides in addition to the services mentioned above, train connections to the West (Holzminden, Altenbeken) and North East (Seesen, Goslar, Brunswick).

In 2018 the railway station Einbeck Mitte in the city centre of Einbeck reopened after 34 years. Today there is an hourly train service between Einbeck Mitte and Salzderhelden and six additional through services between Einbeck Mitte and Göttingen in both directions.

The closest high speed train station is Göttingen, about  away. Göttingen can be reached from Salzderhelden in hourly intervals.

Einbeck has a small railway company, Ilmebahn, which runs rail freight services.

Bus
Einbeck is part of a transport association in the South of Lower Saxony, VSN, which connects virtually all smaller villages with the cities in South Lower Saxony. Ilmebahn, the local transport company runs local bus services, as does RBB (Regionalbus Braunschweig).

Air
The next international airport is Hannover Airport, with connections to major European cities. This airport can be reached by train. A smaller airport mainly for holiday travelers Kassel-Calden is about  away.

References

External links

 Official site
 Website of the brewery
 Website of Einbecker Blaudruck
 Website of KWS Saat
 Website of Kayser Automotive
 800 photos of Einbeck
 Metropolitan region Hannover-Braunschweig-Göttingen-Wolfsburg

Towns in Lower Saxony
Northeim (district)
Members of the Hanseatic League
Holocaust locations in Germany

Einbeck


The Norfolk Coast Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty is a protected landscape in Norfolk, England.  It covers over 450 km2 of coastal and agricultural land from The Wash in the west through coastal marshes and cliffs to the sand dunes at Winterton in the east.  It was designated AONB in 1968, under the National Parks and Access to the Countryside Act 1949.

The area includes; Hunstanton, Wells-next-the-Sea, Blakeney, Sheringham, Cromer and Mundesley. The AONB boundary on the seaward side is the mean low water mark, corresponding to the limit of the planning authority of its local authority partners. The terrain behind the coast is rolling chalk land and glacial moraine, including the almost 300 foot (90m) high Cromer Ridge.

Nature reserves in the area include two National Nature Reserves, Blakeney Point and the Winterton Dunes (one of the country's finest dune systems). The Heritage Coast stretch of the AONB is a Site of Special Scientific Interest, a candidate Special Area of Conservation (SAC) and a Special Protection Area. The Peddars Way and Norfolk Coast Path National Trail pass through the AONB.

Threats
East of Weybourne there is severe coastal erosion. Managed retreat is likely to be the long-term solution to rising sea levels along much of the rest of the North Norfolk coast,

References

External links
 Norfolk Coast AONB Website

Environment of Norfolk
Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty in England
Protected areas established in 1968
Protected areas of Norfolk

Ramsar sites in England

Norfolk Coast AONB


The Sympathetic nervous system is part of the autonomic nervous system. It becomes more active when you are stressed.  It is a part of the "fight or flight" response.  The sympathetic nervous system can increase heart rate; make bronchial passages wider; decrease motility (movement) of the large intestine; make blood vessels narrower; increase peristalsis in the esophagus; cause pupil dilation, piloerection (goose bumps) and perspiration (sweating); and raise blood pressure.

Related pages
 Parasympathetic nervous system
 Enteric nervous system

Nervous system

Sympathetic nervous system


The Locrians (, Locri) were an ancient Greek tribe that inhabited the region of Locris in Central Greece, around Parnassus. They spoke the Locrian dialect, a Doric-Northwest dialect, and were closely related to their neighbouring tribes, the Phocians and the Dorians. They were divided into two geographically distinct tribes, the western Ozolians and the eastern Opuntians; their primary towns were Amphissa and Opus respectively, and their most important colony was the city of Epizephyrian Locris in Magna Graecia, which still bears the name "Locri". Among others, Ajax the Lesser and Patroclus were the most famous Locrian heroes, both distinguished in the Trojan War; Zaleucus from Epizephyrian Locris devised the first written Greek law code, the Locrian code.

Mythology
In Greek mythology, the Locrians were the descendants of Locrus, great-grandson of Deucalion and Pyrrha, the founders of the Greek race. According to some traditions, Deucalion was a native of the Locrian city of Opus, thus the Locrians are said to have been the first tribe to be called "Hellenes". Some ancient writers supposed the name of the Locrians to be derived from an ancient king of the Leleges, the prehistoric residents of Locris, named Locrus, and Dionysius of Halicarnassus mention that "Locrians" is the later name of the Leleges, in the way that many ancient writers inaccurately identified several Greek tribes with the aboriginal peoples of Greece.
It is argued that the word "locros" means "branch" and that the "Locrians" was not a specific nation but the various "branches", ie the tribes, participating in an alliance / amphictyony.

History and distribution
The Locrians are said to have arrived in southern Greece in the late 2nd millennium BC from their homeland on Pindus, when the Greek tribes moved southwards. In historical times, the Locrians were divided into two distinct tribes, differing from each other in customs, habits and civilization. Of these, the eastern Locrians, called the Opuntian and Epicnemedian, dwelt on the eastern coast of Greece, opposite the island of Euboea, while the western Locrians, called Ozolian or Esperian, dwelt on the Corinthian gulf and were separated from the former by Mount Parnassus and the whole of Doris and Phocis.

It is likely that Locrian territory once extended from sea to sea, then was divided as a result of the immigration of the Phocians and Dorians. The most famous colony of the Locrian tribe was the city of Epizephyrian Locri, founded in the 7th century BC in Magna Græcia, which exists until today as Locri. According to Strabo the founders were the Ozolian Locrians, from the region of Amphissa.

In the 6th century BC, the Locrians had a series of conflicts with the neighbouring tribes. Only the Opuntian Locrians are mentioned by Homer; they were the more ancient and the more civilized. The Ozolian Locrians, who are said to have been a colony of the former, are not mentioned in history until the time of the Peloponnesian War, and are even then represented as a semi-barbarous people. That was the last mention of the Ozolian Locrians, as they suffered the defeat from Corinth later and they stopped having a distinct identity in the 4th century BC. The Opuntian Locrians, who are mentioned to have taken part in the battle of Thermopylae between the Greeks and the Persians, were attacked by various tribes which devastated their country and only some of their towns preserved the Locrian identity in the 3rd century BC.

Culture
The Locrians around Thermopylae were the first to have been called Hellenes.  Later the name expanded to include the other Greek tribes through the Amphictionia of Delphi, to which they belonged, and their religion.  The most famous of their heroes were Ajax the Locrian, best known as Ajax the Lesser, son of Oileus; and Patroclus, son of Menoetius and best friend of Achilles.  Elements of Ajax worship have been found in Euboea, Pontus, the Aegean islands, Asia Minor, Peloponnesus, Kerkyra, Epirus, southern Italy, and northern Africa; which means that the Locrian civilization was widely extended in the ancient Greek world.  In Greek mythology, the Locrians are closely related to the Phocians and Eleans.

James M. Redfield, professor of Classics at the University of Chicago, in his book The Locrian Maidens: Love and Death in Greek Italy, states that the Locrians of Epizephyrian Locri had a special way to treat the sex difference.  Although the Locrians hardly viewed men and women as equals, women held special religious rights, which men could gain access to only by marrying them.  Locrian women became the vehicles for the transmission of status, and marriage maintained the social order of a traditional oligarchy.

Ajax the Lesser

The national hero of the Locrians was Ajax the Locrian, who led the 40 Locrian ships to Troy, to take part in the Trojan War. Locrians respected him so much, that after his death they kept a place for him in their phalanx, thinking that he will always fight with them. On the other side, Ajax's actions resulted in his death according to Greek mythology, while the Locrian tribe suffered from the anger of the gods.

The curse
According to Lycophron, in his work Alexandra, for this crime of their national hero, the Locrians had to send two unmarried maidens to the temple of Athena at Ilion of Athens for 1,000 years, where they should live until they died. After their death, they would not be given a decent burial, while for each maiden who died, another one must be sent into the temple by night, and she would be stoned to death if seen.

The goddess is referred to as "Athena Ilias", a name not necessarily derived from Ilion, but maybe from the family deity Oileus, the father of Ajax and the ancestral hero of the Locrians. She could have protected the maidens during their period of initiation.

Callimachus mentions that the curse fell upon Locris three years after the Trojan war, which led to the beginning of the tribute at the command of the Delphic oracle. According to Apollodorus, after the command of the Delphic oracle, two maidens were sent to Ilion, and their duty was to clean the temple. After their death, they were replaced, while the tribute ended after a thousand years with the end of the Phocian War, which destroyed Naryca, the town that supplied the maidens. Aelian says that the plague, fell upon Locris after the Locrians failed to send the yearly tribute that the oracle demanded. Demetrius of Scepsis knows that the maidens were sent for the first time "when the Persians were already in control", so after 547 BC.

Locrian maidens had the appearance of a Greek mourner, as they went to Ilion barefoot, wearing only one garment and their hair was loose or cut. Cut hair symbolizes maturity for both sexes and plays a part in marriage rituals, while loosened or cut hair are required in other cults such as to Demeter and Dionysus, and bare feet in other as well. In addition to these, loosened hair and bare feet are signs of a witch.

These maidens were not given proper burials, as most of them were burnt on a pyre of barren branches and the ashes were thrown to the sea. This kind of pyre was used in Greece to burn criminals and the barren trees were used to burn portents and prodigies, while criminals were hanged from these trees. Locrian maidens were seen as marginal beings and scapegoats, separated from normal life, a feature of rites of passage. The three stages of rites of passage are separation, marginalization and reincorporation, and according to this, the maidens left for Ilion, spent a year there and returned home. In Epizephyrian Locri, maidens were prostituted as a reminder and punishment for a certain act. Ancient basis for prostitution was that girls would marry earlier than their coevals and foreigners would complete the rites. The completion of the rites enhances the status of girls.

In the middle of the 6th century, this cult became more epic focused and centered on the expiation for the crimes of Ajax. As a result, later generations forgot its significance and put an end to this tribute; but a Greek inscription, discovered in Locris at the end of the nineteenth century, proves that the Locrians continued to send out pairs of maidens until the 3rd century BC.

See also
Ozolian Locris
Opuntian Locris
Locri in Italy, Magna Graecia

References

External links
Mara Dabrishus - Oxford Readings in Greek Religion, Locrian Maidens (by Fritz Graf)

Ancient tribes in central Greece
Locris
Greek tribes

Locrians


Superhuman means something that is beyond what people are naturally able to do. It is a word most used in fiction such as superhero comic books, but also sometimes in science fiction and fantasy movies and books.

Any character in books or movies that is much stronger than any real person, or can do things such as fly like Superman, is said to be superhuman or to have superhuman powers.

The word "superhuman" may also mean something that is not human but can do something that humans cannot, like a robot that can think faster than a person can.

Fiction

Superhuman


In filmmaking and video production, a crane shot is a shot taken by a camera on a moving crane or jib. Filmmaker D. W. Griffith created the first crane for his 1916 epic film Intolerance, with famed special effects pioneer Eiji Tsuburaya later constructing the first iron camera crane which is still adapted worldwide today. Most cranes accommodate both the camera and an operator, but some can be moved by remote control. Crane shots are often found in what are supposed to be emotional or suspenseful scenes. One example of this technique is the shots taken by remote cranes in the car-chase sequence of the 1985 film To Live and Die in L.A. Some filmmakers place the camera on a boom arm simply to make it easier to move around between ordinary set-ups.

History

D. W. Griffith designed the first camera crane for his 1916 epic film Intolerance. His crane measured 140 feet tall and ascended on six four-wheeled railroad trucks. In 1929, future special effects pioneer Eiji Tsuburaya constructed a smaller replica of Griffith's wooden camera crane without blueprints or manuals. Although his wooden crane collapsed shortly after its completion, Tsuburaya created the first-ever iron shooting crane in October 1934, and an adaptation of this crane is still used worldwide today.

Camera crane types

Camera cranes may be small, medium, or large, depending on the load capacity and length of the loading arm. Historically, the first camera crane provided for lifting the camera together with the operator, and sometimes an assistant. The range of motion of the boom was restricted because of the high load capacity and the need to ensure operator safety. In recent years a camera crane boom tripod with a remote control has become popular. It carries on the boom only a movie or television camera without an operator and allows shooting from difficult positions as a small load capacity makes it possible to achieve a long reach of the crane boom and relative freedom of movement. The operator controls the camera from the ground through a motorized panoramic head, using remote control and video surveillance by watching the image on the monitor. A separate category consists of telescopic camera cranes. These devices allow setting an arbitrary trajectory of the camera, eliminating the characteristic jib crane radial displacement that comes with traditional spanning shots.

Large camera cranes are almost indistinguishable from the usual boom-type cranes, with the exception of special equipment for smoothly moving the boom and controlling noise. Small camera cranes and crane-trucks have a lightweight construction, often without a mechanical drive. The valves are controlled manually by balancing the load-specific counterweight, facilitating manipulation. To improve usability and repeatability of movement of the crane in different takes, the axis of rotation arrows are provided with limbs and a pointer. In some cases, the camera crane is mounted on a dolly for even greater camera mobility. Such devices are called crane trolleys. In modern films robotic cranes allow use of multiple actuators for high-accuracy repeated movement of the camera in trick photography. These devices are called tap-robots; some sources use the term motion control.

Manufacturers
The major supplier of cranes in the cinema of the United States throughout the 1940s, 1950s, and 1960s was the Chapman Company (later Chapman-Leonard of North Hollywood), supplanted by dozens of similar manufacturers around the world. The traditional design provided seats for both the director and the camera operator, and sometimes a third seat for the cinematographer as well. Large weights on the back of the crane compensate for the weight of the people riding the crane and must be adjusted carefully to avoid the possibility of accidents. During the 1960s, the tallest crane was the Chapman Titan crane, a massive design over 20 feet high that won an Academy Scientific & Engineering award.

During the last few years, camera cranes have been miniaturized and costs have dropped so dramatically that most aspiring film makers have access to these tools. What was once a "Hollywood" effect is now available for under $400. Manufacturers of camera cranes include ABC-Products, Cambo, Filmotechnic, Polecam, Panther and Matthews Studio Equipment, Sevenoak, and Newton Nordic.

Camera crane technique
Most such cranes were manually operated, requiring an experienced boom operator who knew how to vertically raise, lower, and "crab" the camera alongside actors while the crane platform rolled on separate tracks. The crane operator and camera operator had to precisely coordinate their moves so that focus, pan, and camera position all started and stopped at the same time, requiring great skill and rehearsal. On the back of the crane is a counter weight. This allows the crane to smooth action while in motion with minimal effort.

Notable usage

 D. W. Griffith's Intolerance (1916) featured the first ever crane shot for a film.
 Atsuo Tomioka's 1935 film The Chorus of a Million featured the first iron camera crane, which was created and employed in the film in 1934 by Eiji Tsuburaya.
 Leni Riefenstahl had a cameraman shoot a half-circle pan shot from a crane for the 1935 Nazi propaganda film Triumph of the Will.
 A crane shot was used in Orson Welles' 1941 film Citizen Kane. Welles also used a crane camera during the iconic opening of Touch of Evil (1958). The camera perched on a Chapman crane begins on a close-up of a ticking time bomb and ends three-plus minutes later with a blinding explosion.
 The Western High Noon (1952) had a famous crane shot. The shot backs up and rises, in order to show Marshal Will Kane totally alone and isolated on the street.
 The 1964 film by Mikhail Kalatozov, I Am Cuba contains two of the most astonishing tracking shots ever attempted.
 In his film Sympathy for the Devil, Jean-Luc Godard used a crane for almost every shot in the movie, giving each scene a 360-degree tour of the tableau Godard presented to the viewer. In the final scene, he even shows the crane he was able to rent on his limited budget by including it in the scene. This was one of his traits as a filmmaker — showing off his budget — as he did with Brigitte Bardot in Le Mepris (Contempt).
 The closing take of Richard Attenborough's film version of Oh! What a Lovely War begins with a single war grave, gradually pulling back to reveal hundreds of identical crosses.
 The 1980 comedy-drama film The Stunt Man featured a crane throughout the production of the fictitious film-within-a-film (with the director played by Peter O'Toole).
 The television comedy Second City Television (SCTV) uses the concept of the crane shot as comedic material. After using a crane shot in one of the first NBC-produced episodes, the network complained about the exorbitant cost of renting the crane. SCTV writers responded by making the "crane shot" a ubiquitous symbol of production excess while also lampooning network executives who care nothing about artistic vision and everything about the bottom line. At the end of the second season, an inebriated Johnny LaRue (John Candy) is given his very own crane by Santa Claus, implying he would be able to have a crane shot whenever he wanted it.
 Director Dario Argento included an extensive scene in Tenebrae where the camera seemingly crawled over the walls and up a house wall, all in one seamless take. Due to its length, the tracking shot ended up being the production's most difficult and complex part to complete.
 The 2004 Johnnie To film Breaking News opens with an elaborate seven-minute single-take crane shot.
 Director Dennis Dugan frequently uses top-to-bottom crane shots in his comedy films.
 A camera crane panoramic master interior live shot opens The Late Late Show with James Corden after the pre-recorded exterior aerial-shot.
 Jeopardy! uses a crane to pan the camera over the audience.

See also
 Technocrane, a telescopic camera crane
 U-crane, a gyro-stabilized car-mounted telescopic camera crane

References

Articles containing video clips
Cinematic techniques
Film and video technology
Cranes (machines)

Crane shot


A headset is a headphone with a microphone. People can listen to sound with headphone and can record sound with a microphone. A headset is easy to use because it can be used without hands, just like a telephone. A person only needs to put the headset on his/her head and then can talk with a mic. Many people use headsets at the computer so they can converse and type easily. Headsets normally have only one speaker like a telephone, but also can be made with speakers for both ears.

New type of Headset
Nowadays there are wire headset and wireless headset, which means there's no wire between the computer and the headset.  It works by radio waves.  A wireless headset can be put in a pocket or a bag easily due to its small size.  This can be used for soundproofing.

History
The inventor of the headset is Nathaniel Baldwin, but his version could not be sold to people. The second headset is the US Army's headset for airplane pilots in World War I.

How headsets work?
Headset is made up of two parts. They are input part and output part. From input part, headset receive sound signal. And from output part, headset receive sound signal and generate sound.

Audio technology

Headset


The Twenty-second Amendment to the United States Constitution was an addition to the United States Constitution that put a limit on how many times a person could be elected to be President. A person is limited to being elected twice, or once if they have already served more than two years as President. Congress passed the amendment on March 1947. It was ratified on February 27, 1951.

History
The President of the United States is elected to have that position for a period, or "term", that lasts for four years. The Constitution had no limit on how many times a person could be elected as president. The nation's first president, George Washington chose not to try to be elected for a third term. This suggested that two terms were enough for any president. Washington's two-term limit became the unwritten rule for all Presidents until 1940.

In 1940, President Franklin D. Roosevelt won a third term. He also won a fourth term in 1944. Roosevelt was president through the Great Depression of the 1930s and almost all of World War II. He held approval ratings in the mid-50% to the low 60% ranges over his many years in office. Roosevelt died of a cerebral hemorrhage in April 1945, just months after the start of his fourth term. Soon after, Republicans in Congress began the work of creating Amendment XXII. Roosevelt was the first and only President to serve more than two terms.

The amendment was passed by Congress in 1947, and was ratified by the states on 27 February 1951. The Twenty-Second Amendment says a person can only be elected to be president two times for a total of eight years. It does make it possible for a person to serve up to ten years as president. This can happen if a person (most likely the Vice-President) takes over for a president who can no longer serve their term. If this person serves two years or less of the preceding President's term, they may serve for two more four-year terms. If they served more than two years of the last President's term, the new President can serve only one full four-year term. Under the language of the amendment, the President at the time of its ratification (Harry S. Truman) was exempt from the two-term limitation. Truman served nearly all of Roosevelt's unexpired fourth term and then was elected President once, serving his own four year term.

Criticism and problems
Since 1985, there have been many attempts to either change or remove this amendment. This began when Ronald Reagan was serving his second term as President. Since then, changes have been tried from both Democrats and Republicans. No changes have been made.

There is some debate about how this amendment works with the 12th Amendment. The 12th Amendment limits who can become Vice-President to only people who meet the requirements of being President. The central question in this debate is whether the 22nd Amendment is imposing requirements on eligibility for holding the office of President or if it is merely imposing requirements on being elected to the office of President.

One side of the debate argues that the 22nd Amendment explicitly uses the language "No person shall be elected" and is therefore issuing guidance on elections.  The existence of other means of assuming the office (as enumerated in the 20th Amendment, Section 3 and the 25th Amendment) lends support to this argument.

The other side of the debate argues that the 12th Amendment, in describing how elections are to be carried out, is enumerating additional requirement for holding the office of President.  In support of this side of the argument is the fact that the requirements for holding the office of President are not restricted to Article 2 (where the main requirements like age and citizenship are listed).  For example, impeachment is described in Article 1, Section 3 and upon impeachment, conviction, and removal from office a person becomes ineligible to hold the office in the future.  Similarly, the 14th Amendment establishes a requirement that a President must not have fought against the United States or given aid and comfort to its enemies. These amendments suggest a pattern of enumerating additional requirements for the presidency and proponents of this side of the debate would argue that the 22nd Amendment was intended to add yet another requirement.

Since no president who has served two terms has ever tried to be vice-president, this situation has not yet been decided by the courts.

People affected
Harry S Truman became President because of the death of Roosevelt. He served most of Roosevelt's last term as President. This would have limited him to being elected only one time, but he was not affected since the amendment did not affect the person who was the current President when the amendment was originally proposed by Congress. Since this provision could only have applied to Truman, it was an obvious effort not to limit him. Truman did win the election in 1948 but ended his try to be President in 1952 before the election began.

Dwight D. Eisenhower was elected President in 1952 and won a second term in 1956. He therefore became the first President not allowed to run again because of the amendment.

Lyndon B. Johnson is the only president so far who could have served more than 8 years under this amendment. He became President in 1963 after John F. Kennedy was assassinated. He served the last 14 months of Kennedy's term. Because this was less than two years, he was allowed to be elected for two additional terms. He won the first term in 1964, but chose not to run for a second full term before the elections in 1968.

Richard M. Nixon became the second person not allowed to run again for President when he won the elections in 1968 and 1972, but he was forced to resign due to the Watergate scandal 19 months into his second term. Gerald Ford became President in 1974 after Nixon left office. Ford served the last 29 months of Nixon's term. This meant he could only be elected as president once, but he lost the election to Jimmy Carter in 1976 and did not try to become President again.

Ronald Reagan became the third President to be not allowed to run again after he won the elections in 1980 and 1984.

Out of the U.S. Presidents that are still alive as of , Bill Clinton, George W. Bush, and Barack Obama cannot be elected again because of this amendment. All of them were elected twice. Jimmy Carter, Donald Trump and Joe Biden can be elected president again as they have been elected only once.

Text of the 22nd Amendment
 This section is the text of the amendment in its original English. It is not in Simple English.

Section 1. No person shall be elected to the office of the President more than twice, and no person who has held the office of President, or acted as President, for more than two years of a term to which some other person was elected President shall be elected to the office of President more than once. But this Article shall not apply to any person holding the office of President when this Article was proposed by Congress, and shall not prevent any person who may be holding the office of President, or acting as President, during the term within which this Article becomes operative from holding the office of President or acting as President during the remainder of such term.

Section 2. This Article shall be inoperative unless it shall have been ratified as an amendment to the Constitution by the legislatures of three-fourths of the several States within seven years from the date of its submission to the States by the Congress.

References

22


In climbing, the first climb to reach the top of a mountain is called first ascent.
The risks for the climbers are often very high, because the way to the top is not known. That is why first ascents are often carefully recorded as part of the history of a mountain and usually mentioned in books about that mountain.

Some use the words "last ascent" as a joke for a way that was no pleasure and no one wants to do it like the first climbers.

Other websites
 Alpinist Magazine Peter Mortimer's First Ascent. Issue - 17

Rock climbing

First ascent


Anne Marie d'Orléans (27 August 1669 - 26 August 1728) was a niece of Louis XIV and was the wife of Victor Amadeus II of Sardinia. She was the mother-in-law of Philip V of Spain and the Dauphin of France. She was known as Anna Maria in her husbands kingdom.

Youth
She was born at the Château de Saint-Cloud. Her mother died when she was ten months old. A year later, her father remarried Elizabeth Charlotte of the Palatinate. Her half-brother Philippe d'Orléans, the future Regent of France. Her stepmother described her as one of the most amiable and virtuous of women.

Marriage

Anne Marie d'Orléans' proxy marriage to Víctor Amadeus II took place at Versailles on 10 April 1684. Louis XIV gave her a dowry of 900,000 livres. She met her husband at Chambéry the following 6 May which were followed by another wedding ceremony. She was the mother of eight children. Anne Marie loved her husband greatly but he soon turned his attentions to his mistresses, one being the famous Jeanne Baptiste d'Albert de Luynes. Anne Marie's eldest child, Marie Adélaïde of Savoy, was sent to Versailles as a young girl in order to learn her future role as queen of France, but she died in 1712. Her husband had two further children with Jeanne Baptiste d'Albert de Luynes, his mistress from 1689 till 1700. Nonetheless, when he fell ill with smallpox, she nursed him until his recovery.

In November 1701, her third daughter, Maria Luisa, then barely thirteen years old, married Philip V of Spain. In 1706, during the siege of Turin by French forces under the command of her half-brother Philippe d'Orléans, and Spanish forces from her cousin Philip V of Spain, she and her sons, Victor Amadeus and Carlo Emanuele, were forced to flee the city.

Queen consort

As a result of his aid in the War of the Spanish Succession Victor Amadeus II was made King of Sicily in 1713 under the Treaty of Utrecht which ended the war. However Victor Amadeus II was forced to exchange Sicily for the less important kingdom of Sardinia in 1720. As queen, Anne Marie used the Royal Palace of Turin as well as the Villa della Regina which was her own property. Queen Anne Marie died of heart failure at her villa on 26 August 1728, the day before her 59th birthday. She is today buried at the Basilica of Superga in Turin being moved there in 1786 by her son Victor Amadeus III. Her husband, Víctor Amadeus II, abdicated in favour of his son in 1730, and died two years later having married a commoner.

Jacobite succession

From 1714 to 1720, Anne Marie d'Orléans was the heiress presumptive to the Jacobite claim to the thrones of England, Scotland, and Ireland. These claims were held at the time by James Francis Edward Stuart (son of James II) upon the death of his half-sister, Queen Anne. Anne Marie was displaced as his heir by the birth of the Old Pretender's son, Charles Edward Stuart ("Bonnie Prince Charlie") in  December 1720. Through Anne Marie descend the current post-Stuart legitimist claims of the Jacobites to the English and Scottish thrones.

Issue

Marie Adelaide of Savoy (1685-1712) married Louis, Duke of Burgundy and was the mother of Louis XV of France.
Maria Anna of Savoy (1687-1690) died in infancy.
Maria Luisa of Savoy (1688-1714) married Philip V of Spain and had issue,
Stillborn daughter (1691).
Victor Amadeus, Prince of Piedmont (1699-1715) died unmarried.
Charles Emmanuel III of Sardinia (1701-1773) married Anne Christine of Sulzbach and had issue, married Polyxena of Hesse-Rotenburg and had issue, married Elisabeth Therese of Lorraine and had issue.
Emanuele Philibert of Savoy (1705-1705) Duke of Chablais died in infancy.

Titles, styles, honours and arms

Titles and styles

27 August 1669 – 30 August 1679: Her Royal Highness Mademoiselle de Valois
30 August 1679 – 10 April 1684: Her Royal Highness Mademoiselle
10 April 1684 – 22 September 1713: Her Royal Highness The Duchess of Savoy
22 September 1713 – 24 August 1720: Her Majesty The Queen of Sicily
24 August 1720 – 26 August 1728: Her Majesty The Queen of Sardinia

Other websites

1669 births
1728 deaths
People from Saint-Cloud
Dukes and Duchesses of Savoy
Kings and Queens of Sardinia
House of Savoy
House of Orléans
House of Bourbon
Deaths from heart failure
French royalty
Burials at the Basilica of Superga

Anne Marie d'Orléans


Jean-François Antonioli (b. Lausanne, February 25, 1959) is a Swiss pianist, conductor and piano pedagogue.

Studied piano at Conservatoire de Lausanne and Conservatoire de Paris (with Pierre Sancan). Further studies include those with Bruno Seidlhofer in Vienna  and Carlo Zecchi in Rome.

Performed solo or with orchestra in many musical centres in Europe, North America and Asia. He took part at international music festivals as Montreux-Vevey, Lucerne, Bad Ragaz, Radio-France in Montpellier, Jeunesse Festival at the Vienna Konzerthaus, The Merano Festival in Italy, Dubrovnik Summer Festival, Pecs Napok in Hungary, Enescu and Lipatti in Bucharest, Lanaudičre in Montréal, Québec Festival d'Eté, Birmingham Festival of Arts, Wolf Trap in Washington and others.

He has recorded more than 20 CDs. His most famous recording are those of Debussy's 24 Preludes, works of Ferruccio Busoni, Joachim Raff and Arthur Honegger. For the recording of Frank Martin's works for piano and orchestra he was awarded by the French "Grand Prix International du Disque de l'Académie Charles Cros" in Paris in 1986.

From 1993 to 2002 he held a position of a Principal Guest Conductor of the Timișoara Philharmonic Orchestra in Romania with which he toured many European countries. He specialized in performance of complete Mozart Piano Concertos, combining conducting and playing the solo part at the same time.

His orchestral recordings are highly appreciated, awarded and praised by critics worldwide. They include Concertos by Mozart, works of Jean Perrin, Carl Maria von Weber, Ferruccio Busoni, Arthur Honegger and Jean Cras.

Both as pianist and conductor, he premiered many important works of contemporary composers.

He has been juror at several major international piano competitions and regularly teaches masterclasses for young pianists.

He is a full-time professor at the Conservatoire de Lausanne – Haute Ecole de Musique where he holds position of the Head of the Piano department.

External links
 Official website
 Antonioli's biography at Classics Abroad
 (in French) Conservatoire de Lausanne
 Genealogy on Pianists Corner
 Playlist on Pianists Corner

1959 births
Living people
Swiss pianists
Swiss male musicians
Conservatoire de Paris alumni
Academic staff of the École Normale de Musique de Paris
Lausanne Conservatory alumni
Musicians from Lausanne
21st-century pianists
21st-century male musicians

Jean-François Antonioli


Abram Duryée (; April 29, 1815 – September 27, 1890) was a Union Army general during the American Civil War, the commander of one of the most famous Zouave regiments, the 5th New York Volunteer Infantry. After the war he was New York City Police Commissioner.

Birth and early years
Duryée was born in New York City to a family of soldiers of French Huguenot ancestry. His grandfather fought in the American Revolutionary War, and his father and two uncles were officers during the War of 1812. Graduating from the grammar school at Columbia College, Abram worked as a merchant and became wealthy as a mahogany importer in New York. In 1833, he joined the New York State Militia, serving in the 142nd New York Regiment. He moved on to the 27th Regiment (the 7th today) five years later. Starting as a private, he eventually rose to Colonel of the regiment in 1859. During his time in the militia, he led the regiment in the Astor Place Riot and was wounded twice. When he resigned his commission in 1859, it was against the protests of his colleagues.

Civil War

Just after the start of the Civil War, Duryée raised a new regiment, the 5th New York Volunteers, in less than a week. He became its colonel on May 14, 1861. It was one of the several Zouave units that were formed in the mid-19th century. "Duryée's Zouaves", as they became known, fought at Big Bethel. Duryée was appointed brigadier general, on August 31, 1861, to rank from that date. President Abraham Lincoln submitted the nomination to the U.S. Senate on December 21, 1861, and the Senate confirmed the nomination on February 3, 1862. Duryée was given command of a brigade in the division under General James B. Ricketts. He later fought in the Battle of Cedar Mountain, Second Battle of Bull Run, and several others. At the Battle of Antietam, he succeeded Ricketts as division commander, when the latter was wounded. He was not afraid to be in the thick of the action; he was wounded at Second Bull Run, South Mountain, and Antietam.

After Antietam, Duryée went on a short leave of absence, and, when he returned,  was disheartened to find his brigade under the command of Brig. Gen. John Gibbon, who was his junior by date of rank. He resigned on January 5, 1863, after the army rejected his claims to his old command. Despite this, on July 20, 1866, President Andrew Johnson nominated Duryée for appointment to the brevet grade of major general of volunteers, to rank from March 13, 1865, and the U.S. Senate confirmed the nomination on July 26, 1866. He was also elected by the 71st New York Infantry Regiment as their colonel and as Brigadier General by the 4th New York Brigade, both of which he declined.

Later career
In 1873, Duryée was appointed New York City Police Commissioner. During his tenure as police commissioner, on January 13, 1874, Duryée led a force of 1,600 policemen to suppress a labor protest in Tompkins Square Park. Although there were no notices in sight to inform the crowd that the meeting's permit had been revoked, Commissioner Duryée led a squad of patrolmen into the crowd and ordered protestors to disperse. Police immediately began to attack the crowd using batons and mounted police charges. Samuel Gompers later described the scene in his memoirs, writing that "mounted police charged the crowd on Eighth Street, riding them down and attacking men, women, and children without discrimination. It was an orgy of brutality. I was caught in the crowd on the street and barely saved my head from being cracked by jumping down a cellarway." 46 protestors were arrested by the police, and ten were later arraigned on charges of assault and battery against police officers, aiding and inciting a riot, or with charges of "meeting and talking wildly in the streets." Speakers for the New York Committee of Safety, the organizers of the Tompkins Square protest, condemned Commissioner Duryée for having "charged his police upon inoffensive workingmen like so many 'bulldogs.'" Duryée defended the police's use of force: "It was the most glorious sight I ever saw the way the police broke and drove the crowd. Their order was perfect as they charged with their clubs uplifted."

In 1884, Duryée served as dockmaster.

Abram Duryée died in New York and is buried in Green-Wood Cemetery, Brooklyn.

Family
Gen. Duryee and his wife, Caroline Elizabeth Allen Duryee (1820–1905), had five children. His son Jacob Duryée (1839 – 1918), who was also a lieutenant colonel in the Civil War, and who was nominated by President Andrew Johnson on July 5, 1867, for appointment to the brevet grade brigadier general of volunteers to rank from March 13, 1865, which the U.S. Senate confirmed on July 19, 1867. Gen. Duryee's other children were Adelaide Allen Duryee (c. 1842–1911), Caroline Antoinette Duryee (1845–1918), William Allen Duryee (1850–1852), and Cordelia Wetmore Duryee (1854–1891).

See also

List of American Civil War generals (Union)

Notes

References
 Eicher, John H., and Eicher, David J., Civil War High Commands, Stanford University Press, 2001, .
 Warner, Ezra J., Generals in Blue: Lives of the Union Commanders, Louisiana State University Press, 1964, .

External links
 Green-Wood Cemetery Burial Search

1815 births
1890 deaths
Union Army generals
Military personnel from New York City
People of New York (state) in the American Civil War
Burials at Green-Wood Cemetery
American people of French descent

Abram Duryée


Y Byd (The World) was an attempt to launch the first Welsh language daily newspaper. It was scheduled to be published five days a week, from Monday to Friday, as of Monday 3 March 2008. However, on 15 February 2008, the proposed newspaper's owners, Dyddiol, abandoned the plans, citing 'insufficient' funding from the Welsh Assembly Government.

Publication was initially held up by the need to find sufficient subscribers, causing several delays to proposed launch dates. Prior to the cessation of its plans, £300,000 worth of subscriptions had been placed and staff were being employed. The company was hoping to attract 5,000 subscribers ahead of the planned launch. The paper was due to employ 24 people from headquarters in Machynlleth and receive funding from Powys County Council.

The editor for Y Byd was due to be Aled Price, a former BBC Cymru journalist, with Catrin Rogers, a local newspaper editor in London, deputising.

The paper would have cost 70p daily, with Friday's copy — which would have included a weekend supplement — retailing at £1.20.

Y Byd abandoned

On 5 February 2008, the Welsh Assembly minister for the Welsh language, heritage and culture Plaid Cymru's Rhodri Glyn Thomas, announced a subsidy grant of £200,000 to Welsh-language newspapers and magazines every year for the next three years. However, the grant was considerably short of £600,000 (for the first year) hoped by the owners of Y Byd.

Prior to this announcement, a review into the Welsh-medium press by the Welsh Language Board concluded that there was not enough evidence for a viable daily newspaper in the Welsh language.

On 15 February 2008, a statement by Dyddiol announced that plans for Y Byd had been abandoned. In the statement, Ned Thomas, the chairman of Dyddiol criticised the Assembly government for not meeting a pledge to expand funding and support for Welsh-language press. The editor of Y Byd, Aled Price resigned following the funding announcement by Rhodri Glyn Thomas.

The company is now said to be considering other options for Welsh-language press.

See also
 List of newspapers in Wales
List of Celtic-language media
Lá Nua - Irish language daily, based in Belfast (7,000 circulation)

References

External links
 Y Byd website
 Y Byd website
 Welsh language paper is unveiled, BBC News Online, 20 June 2007

Newspapers published in Wales
Welsh-language newspapers
2006 establishments in Wales

Y Byd


Showtime Scandinavia (generally referred to simply as Showtime) was a television channel broadcasting action movies to the Nordic countries operated by NonStop Television. Its name and logo was licensed by Showtime Networks Inc., owners of the American Showtime. The two channels however do not share any programme content.

Showtime Scandinavia was closed on 15 July 2015.

In September 2022, Showtime reentered the Scandinavian market with the introduction of SkyShowtime.

History
NonStop Television received a license for a channel with the working title NonStop Film in January 2004 when the government awarded new licenses for the terrestrial network (DTT). The channel was put into the new fifth multiplex that covered 50 percent of the country.

The channel was named Showtime and started broadcasting at 18:00 hrs. (CET) on 30 September 2004. It was then available from Boxer TV Access (DTT in Sweden), Canal Digital satellite throughout the Nordic countries and cable services.

In 2005, the channel became available in the basic analogue package for the Canal Digital cable viewers in Norway.

In February 2006, the Swedish government took back Showtime's terrestrial license. NonStop Television were however awarded a new license for a channel called Nonstop Filmfestival (working title). The channel was named Silver and replaces Showtime in May 2006.

Content
The programming consists almost entirely of action movies (and programmes about movies) dating from the 1970s to more recent days.

Movies are delivered by several distributors, such as Buena Vista International Television, Fox, MGM, Paramount and Universal.

Subtitling is available in Norwegian, Swedish, Danish and Finnish.

Availability
According to NonStop, the channel is available to approximately 1 million households as of April 2006.

Via satellite, the channel is distributed through Canal Digital. As of 2006, the channel is added as a bonus when buying both the Canal+ and Family package. The channel isn't (as of 2006) available through Viasat.

Showtime is available through many cable distributors, including Canal Digital, Com Hem (Sweden), HTV (Finland), TDC (Denmark) and UPC (Sweden and Norway).

Since December 2009 the same NonStop Television has started also a "Showtime Baltics" channel in Estonia, which in 2010 should start to operate in Latvia and Lithuania as well.

References

Pan-Nordic television channels
Defunct television channels in Sweden
Defunct television channels in Norway
Defunct television channels in Denmark
Defunct television channels in Finland
Television channels and stations established in 2004
Television channels and stations disestablished in 2015

Showtime Scandinavia


The Tonight Show is a popular late night television talk and comedy show in the United States. It appears on the NBC television network. The show started in 1954 and was hosted by Steve Allen. In 1957, Jack Paar became the host, with Ernie Kovacs hosting on some nights.

In 1962, Johnny Carson took over and stayed until 1992, with announcer Ed McMahon as sidekick, and Doc Severinsen as bandleader. Carson, McMahon, and Severinsen retired from The Tonight Show in 1992, when Jay Leno became host. Leno left the show in 2009, and Conan O'Brien (of Late Night and Saturday Night Live fame) became host from June 2009 to January 2010 before leaving due to controversy with The Tonight Show'''s timeslot. Jay Leno became the host of the show again on March 1, 2010. Leno retired in 2014 when Jimmy Fallon took over.

2009 timeslot controversy

In late 2009, NBC said that they would be moving the Jay Leno Show to 11:35 PM, the time usually slotted for The Tonight Show. The Jay Leno Show would be 30 minutes long. The Tonight Show would be moved to 12:05 AM, but would still be a full hour long. NBC did this because Jay Leno and Conan O'Brien were not getting enough viewers, and they believed that moving The Jay Leno Show to late night would increase their prime time viewers.

After being told this, Conan O'Brien said that he would be leaving The Tonight Show. He said that he believed that moving the show to 12:05 would ruin it, and that it would be unfair to Late Night'', which would have been moved to 1:05 AM. The deal was made that O'Brien would receive $33 million and that his staff of almost 200 people would receive $12 million. Conan O'Brien's last show aired on January 22, 2010.

1954 television series debuts
1950s American television series
1960s American television series
1970s American television series
1980s American television series
1990s American television series
2000s American television series
2010s American television series
American television talk shows
NBC network shows

The Tonight Show