Ang Immaculate Heart of Mary Seminary maoy seminaryo sa Tagbilaran, Bohol sa Pilipinas.

Mga nahuman
Kini ang talaan sa mga iladong mga nakahuman ug propesor sa Seminaryo sa Putli nga Kasingkasing ni Maria (Immaculate Heart of Mary Seminary), Dakbayan sa Tagbilaran, Lalawigan sa Bohol.

Mga obispo
 Msgr. Juan de Dios Mataflorida Pueblos, D.D. - Bishop of Butuan
 Msgr. Zacarias Cenita Jimenez, D.D. - Former Bishop of Pagadian
 Msgr. Antonieto Dumagan Cabajog, JCL, D.D. - Bishop of Surigao
 Msgr. Alfredo Bacquial † - former Auxiliary Bishop of Davao
 Msgr. Crispin Barrete Varquez, D.D. - Bishop of Borongan, Eastern Samar
 Most Rev. Bernardito "Barney" Auza, JCL, STD, DD - Vatican Ambassador to the United Nations

Diocesan (Abroad)
 Fr. Manuel "Boboy" Curso - Pastor, Holy Angels Church , Colma, California, USA
 Fr. Eugene D. Tungol - Pastor, Church of the Epiphany , San Francisco, California, USA; Chairman of the Council of Priests of San Francisco
 Fr. Jovencio Ricafort - Pastor, Mater Dei Catholic Church , Chula Vista, California
 Fr. Roger Madrazo - Parish Priest, St. Francis de Sales Curch, Marsh Harbour, Abaco, Bahamas. Archdiocese of Nassau. http://www.ArchdioceseofNassau.org
 Fr. Clarito "Boy" Rara - Hospital Chaplain, Houston, Texas
 Fr. Bernard Rañoa - administrator of Sacred Heart Parish ,  Brawley, California
 Fr. Avelino "Val" Vale - Associate Pastor, St. Michael Church , Crowley, Louisiana
 Fr. Arnold Zamora - Star of the Sea Parish , San Francisco, California
 Rev. Blair Lope M. Sabaricos - Associate Pastor, Our Lady of the Sacred Heart Church, Church Point, Louisiana, USA
 Fr. Antonio Castro, STL - Pastor, St. Hyacinth Catholic Church, Archdiocese of Galveston-Houston, Texas
 Fr. José Roel Lungay - Pastor, St. Genevieve Church, Slidell, Louisiana
 Msgr. Floro Arcamo - Pastor, Star of the Sea Church , San Francisco, California
 Fr. Fernando "Dodong" Po - Parochial Vicar, Church of St. Elizabeth, Wyckoff, New Jersey
 Fr. Domingo Orimaco - Pastor, Our Lady of the Pillar Church , Half Moon Bay, California
 Fr. Alner Uy Nambatac  - Associate Pastor,  St. Hilary of Poitiers,  333 Twin Oaks Drive, Mathews, Louisiana 70394
 Fr. Edwin Tutor, Associate Pastor, St. Charles Parish, South San Diego, Imperial Beach, 990 Saturn Boulevard, San Diego, CA 92154
 Fr. Raymond Estillore, Missionary with Columban Fathers, Archdiocese of Santiago, Chile
 Fr. Deodoro "Along" Caga, Diocese of St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada
 Fr. Pio Sombilon, Diocese of Grand Falls, Newfoundland, Canada
 Fr. Alberic Bonje, Pastor, Greenacres and Walkerville Parish, Adelaide, South Australia
 Fr. Melquiades "Melky" Bayron, Diocese of Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
 Fr. Julian "Ian" Asucan, Diocese of Burlington, Vermont
 Fr. Cirino "Dodong" Buñao, Diocese of Rockville Centre, New York
 Fr. Cormac Lacre, Diocese of Sacramento, California
 Fr. Sherwin Colaste, Diocese of Sacramento, California
 Fr. Roland Pacudan, Diocese of Honolulu, Hawaii
 Fr. Arnulfo Tadena, Diocese of San Diego, California
 Fr. Nilo Nalugon, Diocese of San Angelo, Texas
 Fr. Arlou Buslon, Archdiocese of Newark, New Jersey

International religious orders
 Fr. Eliseo "Loloy/Katiw" Napiere, MSP - Missionary to Taiwan, Diocese of Taichung: Migrants' Chaplain at Center for Migrants' Concerns - Central Taiwan
 Fr. Gorgonio "Go" Llubit, MSP - Missionary to South Korea, Archdiocese of Seoul

Vatican Diplomatic Corps
 Archbishop Bernardito "Barney" Auza - Vatican Ambassador to the United Nations, New York
 Msgr. Edward Karaan - Secretary, Apostolic Nunciature in Morocco

CBCP
 Fr. Milan Ted Torralba, PhL, JCL - Executive Secretary of the Permanent Committee for the Cultural Heritage of the Church, Catholic Bishops' Conference of the Philippines

Local religious orders
 Fr. Socrates "Soc" Mesiona, MSP - The Father Moderator (or Superior) of the Mission Society of the Philippines

Diocesan (Philippines)
 Msgr. Pelagio Dompor † -  first Rector of IHMS, former Vicar of Tagbilaran (deceased)
 Fr. "Boy" Biliran, parish priest, Manila
 Fr. Joseph Biliran, parish priest, Diocese of Novaliches, Quezon City
 Fr. "Tiloy" Castino, Chaplain, Camp Crame, Quezon City
 Fr. Jude Besinga, Chaplain, Camp Crame, Quezon City
 Fr. Victor Emmanuel "Bobot" Clemen - Parish Priest, San Bartolome Parish, Novaliches Bayan, Diocese of Novaliches, Quezon City
 Fr. Simplicio "Peon" Apalisok, Jr. - former Parish Priest, Mount Carmel Parish, Project 6, Diocese of Cubao, Quezon City
 Fr. Emmanuel "Bobong" Gonzaga - Parish Priest, Davao City
 Fr. Zenon Ampong - Parish Priest, Davao City
 Fr. Jovilo "Jovil" Bongay - Parish Priest, Panacan, Davao City
 Fr. Victor "Bobot" Gilay - Parish Priest, San Pedro Cathedral, Davao City
 Msgr. Crisologo B. Manongas - Vicar General, Archdiocese of Zamboanga
 Msgr. Cirilo Darunday, Jr. - Parish Priest of Dao, Tagbilaran City
 Fr. Emigdio "Migs" A. Paredes - Chaplain, Veterans Memorial Medical Center, Quezon City
 Fr. Andres "Andy" Ayco - Parish Priest, Tagbilaran City
 Fr. Jose Perez - Director, St. Anthony's Academy, Carmen, Bohol
 Fr. Chito Lozada - Director, Social Action Apostolate, Diocese of Talibon
 Fr. Dale Duallo - Parish Priest, St. Anthony the Abbot Parish, Carmen, Bohol
 Fr. Junjun Tutor - Chancellor, Diocese of Talibon
 Msgr. Orencio Jubac - Parish Priest, St. Michael the Archangel Parish, Jagna, Bohol
 Fr. Pepe Gupita - Parish Priest, St. Joseph Parish, Lonoy, Jagna, Bohol
 Msgr. Ignacio Reyes, JCL, PhL - Parish Priest, Holy Trinity Cathedral Parish, Talibon, Bohol
 Fr. Mario Ombao - Parish Priest, Cabulao, Mabini
 Fr. Jones Pacudan, JCL - Parish Priest, Holy Child Parish, Anda, Bohol
 Fr. Eusebio Soliano - Parish Priest, St. Isidore Parish, Aguining, Pitogo, Bohol
 Fr. Jonas Redulla - Assistant Superintendent, Bohol Association of Catholic Schools (BACS II), Diocese of Talibon
 Fr. Ariel Lantaca - Parish Priest, Abachanan, Sierra Bullones, Bohol
 Fr. Donald "Bingbong" Boncales - Parish Priest, Biabas, Ubay, Bohol
 Fr. Jomari Gavas - Director, St. Isidore Academy, Trinidad, Bohol
 Fr. Asterio Felisilda - Director, Immaculate Academy, Duero, Bohol
 Fr. Adolfo Dagohoy, Jr. - Vice Chancellor, Diocese of Talibon
 Fr. Victor Allen "Bambam" Caresosa - Parish Vicar, Anda, Bohol

Private and Government sector
 Mr. Charlito "Charlie" S. Ayco, Regional Program Officer, Habitat for Humanity International  (East / Southeast Asia Region)
 Mr. Manuel "Nox" Arcamo - Chief Information Officer (CIO), Ayala Foundation Consultant, UP-Ayala Technology Business Incubator ; former Filipiniana Manager, Filipinas Heritage Library
 Atty. Antonio "Jun" Amora, Jr. - Provincial Administrator, Provincial Government of Bohol
 Rene Relampagos, former Provincial Governor, Bohol, Philippines
 Charles N. Alferez, Excutive Director, DCMI, Dipolog City, Philippines
 Atty. Robert Glenn Campbell - California, USA
 Atty. Mitchell "Boloy" Boiser - President, IBP-Bohol
 Atty. Dexter Bernales - Ubay, Bohol
 Dr. Allan Magpayo - Tagbilaran City
 Atty. Ariel Halasan - (PMA Graduate) Officer, Philippine Navy, Armed Forces of the Philippines
 Atty. Doy Magdoza - Tagbilaran City
 Fr. Roberto Cajes - Priest and Lawyer,  Congressman, Second District of Bohol, Honorable Chairman of the Committee on Ethics and Privileges, House of Representatives
 Hon. Yves Yu † - Municipal Vice-Mayor, Calape, Bohol (deceased)
 Hon. Robert Peligro - Municipal Kagawad, Duero, Bohol
 Hon. Stephen Rances - Municipal Mayor, Mabini, Bohol

Education
 Fr. Jaime Cempron - Doctor of Philosophy, now happily married, Professor, De La Salle University
 Dr. Cesar Saloma, Chancellor, University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City
 Fr. Aloysius Cartagenas, STD - Professor, Seminario Mayor de San Carlos, Mabolo, Cebu City
 Fr. Glenn Alipoyo - Superintendent, Bohol Association of Catholic Schools or BACS
 Msgr. Ignacio Reyes, PhL, JCL - Superintendent, Bohol Association of Catholic Schools (BACS II), Diocese of Talibon
 Fr. Crisolito Geangan - present Rector of the Immaculate Heart of Mary Seminary, Tagbilaran City
 Engr. Vic B. Calag, Vice Chancellor for Administration, University of the Philippines Mindanao, Davao City
 Fr. Alberto Uy, STL - Professor, St. John Mary Vianney Seminary, Cagayan de Oro City

On Study Leave
 Fr. Milan Ted Torralba, PhL, JCL - MA in Cultural Heritage and Doctorate in Canon Law, University of Santo Tomas, Manila
 Mr. Leo Nalugon - Graduate School, University of Birmingham, England
 Fr. Niño Maconrey Supremo - Licentiate in Canon Law, University of Santo Tomas, Manila

Alumni associations
 Paring Bol-anon - Boholano priests in Bohol
 PB-USA - Paring-Bolanon in the USA
 BANGKÂ - (Bol-anon Alang sa Nagkahiusang KAtuyuan) the alumni association based in Manila
 TIPASÎ - the alumni association based in Tagbilaran
 Baboga - name adopted by the HS Batch '80 for their class

Mga reperensya

Galeriya sa hulagway

Katolisismo
Kristyanismo sa Pilipinas
Edukasyon sa Pilipinas
Bohol

Immaculate Heart of Mary Seminary


The Oomycota are a class in a huge phylum of eukaryotic microorganisms called the heterokonts. Oomycetes are a distinct phylogenetic line of fungus-like microorganisms.

They are not actually fungi, though some have filaments as fungi do. Like fungi, they are saprophytic and pathogenic. also like fungi, oomycetes rarely have septa, and if they do, they are scarce.

They are microscopic organisms that reproduce both sexually and asexually. Oomycetes are some of the most prolific pathogens of plants, causing devastating diseases such as potato blight and sudden oak death.

They are often referred to as water moulds (or moulds), although the water-loving nature which led to that name is not true of most species, which are terrestrial pathogens.

Reproduction

Most oomycetes produce two types of spores. The main dispersing spores are asexual, self-mobile spores called zoospores. These do chemotaxis toward a food source in surface water. A few oomycetes produce asexual spores that are distributed by wind. Oomycetes also produce sexual spores, called "oospores". These are translucent, double-walled, spherical structures which can survive harsh conditions.

Notes

Protista

Oomycete


Sonata Arctica is a Finnish power metal band from the town of Kemi, Finland. Created as a hard rock band named Tricky Beans, they later changed to Tricky Means and finally to Sonata Arctica, when they shifted to power metal. The current lineup consists of drummer Tommy Portimo, lead singer Tony Kakko, keyboardist Henrik Klingenberg, guitarist Elias Viljanen and bassist Pasi Kauppinen. All the musicians of the band's history except Portimo also acted as backing vocalists.

As of 2023, the band has released ten full-length albums (three via Spinefarm Records and seven via Nuclear Blast), their most recent being Talviyö on September 6, 2019.

Biography

Formation and early years (1996–1999)
The band was founded by drummer Tommy Portimo and guitarists Jani Liimatainen and Marko Paasikoski in Kemi. At the end of 1995, lead vocalist Tony Kakko was added and bassist Pentti Peura joined in early 1996. Originally named Tricky Beans, they played hard rock rather than the power metal with which they grew to fame. Kakko explained that when he was invited to join the band, Paasikoski said the band was going to play "a mixture of Megadeth and Spin Doctors". During their early career, they recorded three demos which were never sent to a recording label — Friend 'til the End, Agre Pamppers and PeaceMaker. According to Kakko, the band's first name was based on one of their early songs, which was "about a lady who was tricky and I didn't really know what I was talking about (laughs)". Their first show was about to take place but they were still unnamed, so they had to come up with something.

In 1997 the band changed their name to Tricky Means, and from that point until 1999 their style was thoroughly worked upon and ultimately was drastically changed, acquiring a strong emphasis on the keyboard melodies and relying on an easily distinguishable rhythm line maintained both by the bass and the guitar. Vocalist Tony Kakko developed a clean singing style which relies both on falsetto and tenor voices. Kakko has stated that the change of sound was influenced by fellow Finnish power metal band Stratovarius. At that time, Pentti Peura was fired and Marko Paasikoski left due to a lack of gigging. Two months later the band got signed to a three-album deal with Spinefarm, which left Marko displeased. The band finally changed their name to Sonata Arctica, because they thought they wouldn't be able to sell metal albums with the previous name and also because Spinefarm asked them to do so. "Sonata Arctica" was suggested by a friend of the band: "sonata" for the music and "arctica" for their home (Kemi, in Northern Finland).

In 1997, they recorded a demo entitled FullMoon in Kemi's Tico Tico Studios, which was their first real metal recording. The line-up consisted of Portimo, Liimatainen, Kakko and new bassist Janne Kivilahti (who started first as second guitarist). The demo was sent to Spinefarm Records by a friend of the band and a recording deal soon followed.

Ecliptica and Silence (1999–2002)

Later that year, Sonata Arctica's first single, entitled "UnOpened", was released in Finland. Soon after, the band had closed deals with labels from around the world, prior to the release of their debut album. The debut Ecliptica arrived by the end of 1999 and had a worldwide release. Tony Kakko then decided to focus on singing and the band began seeking a new keyboard player. Mikko Härkin (ex-Kenziner) was eventually invited to fill the position.

At the beginning of 2000, Sonata Arctica was chosen to support the well-known power metal band Stratovarius throughout their European tour. Marko Paasikoski returned to the band to play bass in the wake of Janne Kivilahti's departure after the tour. According to Kakko, Kivilahti left because he thought they weren't going anywhere and Paasikoski was their first choice as the new bassist since he left just before the band got their first record deal.

Throughout Winter 2000/2001, the band worked on composing and recording their next album — Silence — which was released in June 2001. An extensive tour followed, which included concerts throughout Europe (together with Gamma Ray) and Japan. In 2002 Sonata Arctica made its first incursion to America, putting on shows in Brazil and Chile. A live album entitled Songs of Silence was also released that year, consisting of gigs from their tour in Japan. By the end of 2002, Mikko Härkin left the band due to personal reasons.

Winterheart's Guild and Reckoning Night (2003–2006)
In the search for another keyboardist, the band received many applications and two of them were invited for auditions. Since they were well aware of the candidates' ability, the band decided to pick the new member based on personality. To this end, they spent a night drinking with each of the potentials to find out which one would fit best into the band's personality and mentality. Henrik Klingenberg was eventually chosen and joined the band in time to take part in the tour that followed the release of Winterheart's Guild. With the end of their contract with Spinefarm Records, the band received invitations from most European recording labels and eventually opted for Nuclear Blast.

Their third album — Winterheart's Guild was recorded with the help of the seasoned keyboard player Jens Johansson from Stratovarius who recorded the keyboard solos, while Kakko took care of the basics. The album was released in 2003.

In early 2004, the band was chosen as the opener for Iron Maiden's Japanese tour. Additionally, Tommy Portimo became a father; his wife gave birth to a baby girl in March. Reckoning Night was recorded in three months and released in October, with Klingenberg introducing the use of the organ to the band. Both the single and the EP of this release remained on the top of the Finnish charts simultaneously for over six weeks. A promotional tour was to follow, but Sonata Arctica was invited by the popular Nightwish to join their European tour, and thus made a change of plans.

In early 2005, Nightwish invited the band to open the concerts of their North American tour. This tour eventually got cancelled, but the members of Sonata Arctica opted to still make a short tour, playing concerts in Canada and the United States. On October 21, 2005, Sonata Arctica opened for Nightwish at the Hartwall Areena, Helsinki.

In 2006, the band released a live CD and DVD entitled For the Sake of Revenge, which was recorded in Tokyo in February 2005. Then, Spinefarm Records released a compilation album to get the most out of their contract with the band, since Sonata Arctica had changed to another label. The compilation is entitled The End of This Chapter and was released in Japan in August 2005 and in Europe in May 2006.

A computer video game was also planned, based on Sonata Arctica characters and music. The name of the game was going to be Winterheart's Guild, after the album. The game was to be developed by Zelian Games, and was to be an Action-RPG in a style between Fallout and Diablo. The game was cancelled for unannounced reasons but a demo was shown at the Leipzig video game conference in 2006, featuring Henrik Klingenberg as the playable character. In December 2006, the band began recording their fifth studio album.

Unia and The Days of Grays (2007–2011)

On May 25, 2007, Unia was released. The album's first single, "Paid in Full", was released on April 27, 2007. On August 6, 2007, the band announced on their website that guitarist Jani Liimatainen had been asked to leave the band due to problems related to his conscription. He was replaced by Elias Viljanen who had already filled in for him in the band's Finnish and Japanese shows during the spring and summer.

In October 2007, Sonata Arctica headlined the ProgPower USA VIII. Later, the band supported Nightwish across their 2008 tour of the United States and Canada and headlined at the shows that Nightwish cancelled due to Anette Olzon's sudden severe sickness.

It was announced on September 4, 2008 that the band's first two albums would be re-released with bonus tracks by Spinefarm UK on October 6.
The Days of Grays was released on September 16, 2009 in Finland and September 22 in the USA. Henrik stated that the new album would be in the same vein as Unia, but not as complex and darker. Singles from this album include "Flag in the Ground" and "The Last Amazing Grays". On August 28, 2009, the music video of "Flag in the Ground" was released to the web. The limited 2CD European edition of the album featured many of the album tracks with all instruments performed by a symphony orchestra.

The band also toured with DragonForce for the third U.S. leg of the Ultra Beatdown. In early 2010 they engaged on an Australian tour with Ensiferum and Melbourne band Vanishing Point. In April 2010, Sonata Arctica embarked on their USA and Canada Headlining tour for The Days of Grays. In October they headlined in Chile in support of the same album.

Stones Grow Her Name (2011–2013)

In January 2011, the band hinted in an online interview for Metaleater magazine that they were writing songs for a new album while on their current tour. Elias is quoted as saying, "I've been working on some new riffs, quite dark. Tony's been stuck in his bed scratching notes about some girl and her 'Luna Lust'." Tommy states later, "We've just got back from Cozumel, we had a good time, had lots of beers, loads more sun and thought about putting a bit more Queen stuff back into the music again." In April, the band recorded a live DVD in Oulu, Finland, entitled Live in Finland, which was released on November 11, 2011 (11/11/11).

It was announced on February 20, 2012 through the official Sonata Arctica website that the new album entitled Stones Grow Her Name would be released on 18 May in Europe and 22 May in North America .

The Album's first single and video "I Have A Right" was released on April 18, the second single from the album, "Shitload of Money" was released on September 14.

The Stones Grow Her Name World Tour began in April with summer festivals until August. The band plans to spend the fall playing headline shows in Finland and then mainland Europe. Several shows have also been announced for North America in December.

Pariah's Child, The Ninth Hour and Talviyö (2014–2023)

In a June 2013 interview concerning Henrik Klingenberg's own band Silent Voices, Henrik confirmed Sonata Arctica would go into recording for their eighth studio album in September 2013. When pushed for more information, he assured jovially: "If it doesn't come out by next year, we're in big trouble!"
Concerning the progress and style of this new album, he also mentioned "The bulk of the album, we already have the demos ..." as well as "we want to focus on making songs that work live."

During rehearsals, Henrik mentioned on his blog that songs they were rehearsing for the new album seemed to hearken towards Sonata Arctica's earlier days. He also mentioned their plan to record a 10-minute track for the new album.

On August 26, 2013 the band officially announced on their Facebook page that Marko Paasikoski had left the band due to unsolvable issues with being part of a touring ensemble, and was replaced by bassist Pasi Kauppinen.
On January 9, 2014, the band officially announced via their official website that the band's next studio album, Pariah's Child, will be released on March 28, 2014.

Tony Kakko commented on the style of the new album as well as its album artwork upon the release announcement:

In summer 2014, the band re-recorded their first album, Ecliptica. It was released in October 2014. Tony stated that the band was hoping to record the songs in a manner faithful to the original, not in a manner that would completely change the feel of their original album.

On September 3, 2014, Ouergh Records announced a Sonata Arctica tribute album. The album, A Tribute to Sonata Arctica featured bands from across the globe covering Sonata Arctica songs, with a focus on newer bands that were influenced by Sonata Arctica. Prominent bands included: Xandria, Van Canto, Stream of Passion, Arven, Powerglove, and Timeless Miracle. The album was endorsed by Tony Kakko. The tribute album was released September 12, 2015.

In 2014, writer Marko J. Ollila released a biography of the band, titled simply Sonata Arctica. The book was published by Paasilinna Publishing Ltd. and was originally only in Finnish. An English translation was published on 5 December 2014 as an e-book. The book covered the band's history from its formations up to the 2014 re-record of Ecliptica. It also included a fictional short-story written by Kakko, which was the singer's debut as a writer.

On December 18, 2015, Sonata Arctica released a Christmas-themed single, Christmas Spirits.

In February 2016, the band announced their plans to start recording a new album and release it in the final quarter of 2016. In July 2016, they announced on their Facebook page that the yet-to-be-titled album was mixed. On July 21, they officially announced the album's title, album artwork, and release date on their Facebook page. Their ninth studio album, The Ninth Hour, was released on October 7, 2016. The artwork featured a future Utopian landscape with technology and nature in the balance.

In November 2018, the band revealed that they were working on a new album, which its production had finished in 2019. On June 21, 2019 they released a lyric video for "A Little Less Understanding" and revealed the name of the tenth studio album Talviyö which was released via Nuclear Blast on September 6, 2019.

Upcoming eleventh studio album (2023–present)
The band revealed their first single, "First In Line", on October 13, 2023, confirming that they were working on their upcoming eleventh studio album to be released in 2024.

Musical style and influences

When asked if the band identified themselves with power metal, melodic metal or none of them, Kakko stated:

In a 2007 interview with C.B.Liddell, Tony Kakko cited the English rock band Queen as his biggest musical influence.

He also cites Stratovarius' Visions.

Members

Current members
 Tommy Portimo – drums (1995–present)
 Tony Kakko – lead vocals (1996–present), keyboards (1996–2000, 2003, studio only: 2007–present)
 Henrik Klingenberg – keyboards, keytar, backing vocals (2003–present)
 Elias Viljanen – guitars, backing vocals (2007–present)
 Pasi Kauppinen – bass, backing vocals (2013–present)

Former members
 Jani Liimatainen – guitars, backing vocals (1995–2007), lead vocals, keyboards (1995–1996)
 Marko Paasikoski – bass (1995–1996, 2000–2013), guitars (1996–1997), backing vocals (1995–1997, 2000–2013)
 Pentti Peura – bass, backing vocals (1996–1998)
 Janne Kivilahti – bass, backing vocals (1998–2000)
 Mikko Härkin – keyboards, backing vocals (2000–2002)

Guest musicians
 Nik Van-Eckmann − spoken passages (2001, 2004)
 Timo Kotipelto − vocals (2001, 2012)
 Jens Johansson − keyboard solos (2003)
 Peter Engberg − acoustic guitars, bouzouki, viola caipira, banjo, chromaharp, cavaquinho, Q-chord (2007, 2012)
 Johanna Kurkela − female vocals  (2009)
 Pekka Kuusisto – violin  (2012)
 Lauri Valkonen – double bass (2012)

Timeline

Discography

Studio albums
Ecliptica (1999)
Silence (2001)
Winterheart's Guild (2003)
Reckoning Night (2004)
Unia (2007)
The Days of Grays (2009)
Stones Grow Her Name (2012)
Pariah's Child (2014)
The Ninth Hour (2016)
Talviyö (2019)

References

External links

 Sonata Arctica's official website
 Sonata Arctica's official fanclub
 Winterheart's Guild video game

Finnish heavy metal musical groups
Finnish power metal musical groups
Finnish progressive metal musical groups
Musical groups established in 1996
Nuclear Blast artists
1995 establishments in Finland
Finnish musical quintets

Sonata Arctica


Exile means being sent away from the country or area where you live.  People are usually exiled for political reasons or sometimes because they have committed a crime.  They may have said bad things about the rulers in that country or tried to get into power themselves. People are not exiled in democratic countries, but many famous people in history have been sent into exile.

Exile may mean that someone is sent out of the country, but sometimes they are sent to another part of the country (this is called "internal exile").  Sometimes people have made their own decision to leave their country as a protest against the way it was being ruled.  This is called "self-imposed exile".

In the Old Testament the Jews were exiled to Babylon.  In Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome people were often sent into exile.  For several centuries Russia (in the 20th century the Soviet Union) sent many people into exile, often to labour camps in Siberia.  Thousands of people from Europe including many famous people went to the United States when the Nazis came to power in Germany in the 1930s.

One famous person who was sent into exile was Napoléon Bonaparte who was exiled from France, first to Elba and then to Saint Helena after his defeat against the allied forces.

The cellist Pablo Casals went into self-imposed exile as a protest against the government of Francisco Franco. He said he would not come back until Spain was a democracy. But he never could, because he died two years before Franco.

Related pages
Government-in-exile
Political asylum

Punishments

Exile


Clive Wearing (born 11 May 1938) is a British former musicologist, conductor, tenor and keyboardist who developed chronic anterograde and retrograde amnesia in 1985. Since then, he has lacked the ability to form new memories and cannot recall aspects of his memories, frequently believing that he has only recently awoken from a comatose state.

Musical career
Clive Wearing is an accomplished musician who edited the works of Orlande de Lassus. Wearing sang at Westminster Cathedral as a tenor lay clerk for many years and also had a career as a chorus master and worked as such at Covent Garden and with the London Sinfonietta Chorus.

In 1968, he founded the Europa Singers of London, an amateur choir specialising in music of the 17th, 18th and 20th centuries. It won critical approval, especially for performances of the Monteverdi Vespers. In 1977, it gave the first performance in the Russian Cathedral of Sir John Tavener's setting of the Liturgy of St. John Chrysostom with Roderick Earle as bass soloist and subsequently made a recording (Ikon Records No. 9007). The Europa Singers also competed in the XXXII Concorso Polifonico Internazionale in Arezzo in 1984 and provided choruses for operas staged by the London Opera Centre, including Lully's Alceste and Mozart's Marriage of Figaro, which was performed at Sadler's Wells.

Wearing also organised The London Lassus Ensemble, designing and staging the 1982 London Lassus Festival to commemorate the composer's 450th Anniversary.

While he was working at the BBC, Wearing was made responsible for the musical content of BBC Radio 3 for much of 29 July 1981, the day of the royal wedding of Prince Charles and Diana Spencer. For that occasion, he chose to recreate, with authentic instruments and meticulously researched scores, the Bavarian royal wedding that took place in Munich on 22 February 1568. The music by Lassus, Padovano, de'Bardi, Palestrina, Gabrieli, Tallis and others was performed by the Taverner Consort, Choir and Players and the Natural Trumpet Ensemble of the Schola Cantorum Basiliensis, conducted by Andrew Parrott.

Amnesia
On 27 March 1985, Wearing, then an acknowledged expert in early music at the height of his career with BBC Radio 3, contracted herpesviral encephalitis, a herpes simplex virus that attacked his central nervous system. Since then, he has been unable to store new memories. He has also been unable to associate memories effectively or to control his emotions, exhibiting unstable moods.

Wearing developed a profound case of total amnesia as a result of his illness. Because of damage to the hippocampus (an area required to transfer memories from short-term to long-term memory), he is completely unable to form lasting new memories. His memory for events lasts between seven and thirty seconds. He spends every day 'waking up' every 20 seconds or so, 'restarting' his consciousness once the timespan of his short-term memory has elapsed. During this time, he repeatedly questions why he has not seen a doctor, as he constantly believes that he has only recently awoken from a comatose state. If he is engaged in conversation, he is able to provide answers to questions, but he cannot stay in the flow of conversation for longer than a few sentences and is angered if he is asked about his current situation.

Wearing remembers little of his life before 1985. He knows, for example, that he has children from an earlier marriage, but he cannot remember their names. His love for his second wife, Deborah, whom he married the year before his illness began, is undiminished. He greets her joyously every time they meet, believing either that he has not seen her in years or that they have never met before, even though she may have just left the room momentarily. When he goes out dining with his wife, he can remember the names of food, but he cannot link them with taste, as he forgets what food he is eating by the time it has reached his mouth.

In a diary provided by his carers, Wearing was encouraged to record his thoughts. Page after page was filled with entries similar to the following:
 8:31 AM: Now I am really, completely awake.
 9:06 AM: Now I am perfectly, overwhelmingly awake.
 9:34 AM: Now I am superlatively, actually awake.
Earlier entries were usually crossed out, since he forgot having made an entry within minutes and dismissed the writings. He did not know how the entries were made or by whom, although he did recognise his own handwriting. Wishing to record 'waking up for the first time', he still wrote diary entries in 2007, more than 20 years after he started them.

Wearing can learn new procedures and even a very few facts, not from episodic memory or encoding, but by acquiring new procedural memories through repetition. For example, having watched a certain video recording multiple times on successive days, he never had any memory of ever seeing the video or knowing the content, but he was able to anticipate certain parts of the content without remembering how he learned them.

Despite having no memory of specific musical pieces when they are mentioned by name and an extremely limited recall of his previous musical knowledge, Wearing remains capable of playing complex piano and organ pieces, sight-reading and conducting a choir.

In a documentary broadcast in 2005, Wearing was interviewed about the experience of his condition:
You're the first human beings I've seen, the three of you. Two men and one lady. The first ... people I've seen since I've been ill. No difference between day and night. No thoughts at all. No dreams. Day and night, the same – blank. Precisely like death.

Is it very hard?

No. It's exactly the same as being dead, which is not difficult, is it? To be dead is easy. You don't do anything at all. You can't do anything, when you are dead. It's been the same. Exactly.

Do you miss your old life?

Yes. But I've never been conscious to think that. So I've never been bored or upset. I've never been anything at all, it's exactly the same as death. No dreams even. Day and night, the same.

When you miss your old life, you say, 'Yes, I miss my old life', what do you miss?

The fact that I was a musician. And in love.

Reports
Wearing's wife Deborah has written a book about her husband's case entitled Forever Today.

His story was told in a 1986 documentary entitled Equinox: Prisoner of Consciousness, in which he was interviewed by Jonathan Miller. Neurologist Oliver Sacks mentions the documentary in his book The Man Who Mistook His Wife for a Hat. An updated story was told in the 2005 ITV documentary The Man with the 7 Second Memory (although Wearing's short-term memory span can be up to 30 seconds).

He was also featured in the 1988 PBS series, The Mind, in Episode 1, In Search of the Mind. A follow-up episode was aired in 1998 on the second edition of The Mind as Life Without Memory: The Case of Clive Wearing.

He also appears in the 2006 documentary series Time, where his case is used to illustrate the effect of losing one's perception of time.

His story was also told in episode No. 304 – 'Memory and Forgetting' on the show Radio Lab on New York Public Radio, WNYC.

He appears in Eric Kandel's holiday lectures on the Howard Hughes Medical Institute.

Sacks wrote about Wearing himself in a chapter in his 2007 book, Musicophilia: Tales of Music and the Brain, and an article in The New Yorker titled "The Abyss".

Sam Kean also discussed Wearing's life in the twelfth chapter of his 2014 book, The Tale of the Dueling Neurosurgeons.

Wearing's story was also featured on an episode of the TLC series Medical Incredible.

See also

Other neurological trauma/damage cases
 Henry Molaison (Patient H.M.)
 Phineas Gage
 Kent Cochrane (Patient K.C)
 Scott Bolzan
 S.M. (patient)

Other areas
 Anterograde amnesia
 Cognitive neuropsychology

References

External links
 Article in The Observer magazine on Clive Wearing, January 2005
 Article in The New Yorker, September 2007

 The Man With The Seven Second Memory (Amnesia Documentary) on channel Real Stories on YouTube, posted Aug 13, 2016.

People with amnesia
1938 births
Living people
People with brain injuries
English musicologists
English tenors
English conductors (music)
British male conductors (music)
English keyboardists
English people with disabilities
21st-century British conductors (music)
21st-century British male singers

Clive Wearing


Bad Ronald is a 1974 American made-for-television horror thriller film directed by Buzz Kulik and starring Scott Jacoby, Pippa Scott, John Larch, Dabney Coleman and Kim Hunter. It is based on the novel of the same title by Jack Vance.

Plot
Ronald Wilby (Scott Jacoby) is a socially inept, awkward high school youth with budding artistic talent and a predilection for fantasy, who is often ridiculed for his behavior and mannerisms. His overprotective mother, Elaine (Kim Hunter), needs surgery and plans for Ronald to become a doctor and cure her illness. Ronald's father has not been heard from in years, having divorced his mother and agreeing to terminate his parental rights in exchange for not having to pay child support.

One afternoon, while asking out Laurie Matthews (Shelley Spurlock), Ronald is rejected and then ridiculed by her friends. As he returns home, he accidentally knocks over her younger sister Carol (Angela Hoffman). Carol, like Laurie, taunts Ronald. He pushes her over, inadvertently killing her when she strikes her head on a concrete block. He buries the body and confesses to his mother. Fearing the police will not believe that it was accidental, Ronald and his mother wallpaper the door frame to the downstairs bathroom and convert the closed-off space to a living quarters for Ronald, with a concealed trapdoor in the pantry through which Ronald can escape in an emergency. The plan is for him to hide in the room until the incident blows over. Mrs. Wilby tells the police that Ronald ran away.

Ronald's mother pays attention to what neighbors, particularly the nosy Mrs. Schumacher (Linda Watkins), and others are saying about the girl's disappearance and tells Ronald that when it's safe, he can return to a normal life. One afternoon, she is taken into a hospital for gallbladder surgery, from which she unexpectedly dies. In the meantime, Ronald has created a fantasy world in his head consisting of a prince and a princess that live happily until an evil duke appears and a struggle begins.

Shortly after Mrs. Wilby's death, the house is sold to the Wood family, consisting of a mother (Pippa Scott), father (Dabney Coleman) and three teenage daughters: Babs (Cindy Fisher), Althea (Cindy Eilbacher) and Ellen (Lisa Eilbacher).
As Ronald needs food and begins to crave human interaction, disappearances of food and odd noises are experienced by the new family.

Babs, the youngest of the Wood daughters, becomes identified with Ronald's princess and he identifies himself as the prince. Duane Matthews (Ted Eccles) (who is well liked by the family), oldest daughter Ellen's boyfriend and brother of the Matthews girls, becomes identified with the evil duke that threatens their happiness. Ronald's goal is to "regain" his princess and remove anything, including the members of her family, that stops his dream from becoming reality. During this time, neighbor Mrs. Schumacher sees Ronald and dies of a heart attack from the shock; fearing the police will blame him, Ronald buries her too.

Mr. and Mrs. Wood make plans to go out of town for a couple of days, leaving the girls on their own. Ronald confronts Babs when she is alone in the house and tells her she is his princess. She flees to Mrs. Schumacher's house next door (unaware of her demise), but Ronald locks her in the basement and forges a note for her sisters to find, claiming she has run away. Both Ellen and Althea are skeptical of the note, but the police refuse to do anything. Ronald later attacks Duane when he is alone in the house. He knocks him out, binds and gags him, and hides him in his hidden living space. The police now suspect something is wrong and advise Ellen and Althea to check into a hotel; they refuse.

Shortly after the police leave, the girls hear noises downstairs as Duane tries to free himself and fights with Ronald. Althea notices one of the many peepholes Ronald has drilled. When she approaches it, she sees Ronald's eye staring back at her and screams in terror as Ronald breaks through the wall. The police, who have been watching the house, hear the screams and rush back. Ronald is captured as he tries to flee, crying out for his mother. Babs is found after escaping from Mrs. Schumacher's basement, and Duane is found in the living space, both shaken but not seriously harmed.

Cast
 Scott Jacoby as Ronald Wilby
 Pippa Scott as Mrs. Wood
 John Larch as Sgt. Lynch
 Dabney Coleman as Mr. Wood
 Kim Hunter as Elaine Wilby
 John Fiedler as Mr. Roscoe
 Linda Watkins as Mrs. Schumacher
 Cindy Fisher as Babs Wood
 Cindy Eilbacher as Althea Wood
 Lisa Eilbacher as Ellen Wood
 Ted Eccles as Duane Matthews
 Roger Aaron Brown as Sergeant Carter
 Aneta Corsaut as Mrs. Matthews
 Angela Hoffman as Carol Matthews
 Karen Purcill as Wanda (as Karen Purcil)
 Shelley Spurlock as Laurie Matthews
 Lesley Woods as Aunt Margaret

Reception
In his book What Were They Thinking? The 100 Dumbest Events in Television History, author David Hofstede ranked the movie at #90 on the list.

It has also been noted as one of professional wrestling manager Jim Cornette's favorite movies.

Home media
The film was released on VHS in the 1980s and reissued on DVD in August 2009, as part of the manufacture-on-demand Warner Archive Collection.  It was later released on Blu-ray on October 9, 2018.

See also
 List of American films of 1974
 List of horror films of 1974
 The Boy, also featuring a troubled boy who murders a young girl and is then hidden by parents in the walls of his house.

References

External links

1970s psychological thriller films
1974 television films
1974 films
1974 horror films
American horror television films
Films directed by Buzz Kulik
Films scored by Fred Karlin
Films based on American novels
ABC Movie of the Week
1970s American films

Bad Ronald


Cerium is a chemical element with an atomic number of 58. This means that the nucleus of cerium has 58 protons in it. The atomic mass of cerium is 140.12. The chemical symbol of cerium is Ce and it is a member of the lanthanide group.

Properties
Cerium is a grey, shiny or lustrous metal. At room temperature cerium is a solid. It melts and becomes a liquid at 798oC and boils and becomes a gas at 3424oC. It burns in air to form a compound with one cerium atom and two oxygen atoms. 0.0046% of the Earth's crust is cerium which means that it is quite common - more common than Tin and Lead and nearly as common as zinc

Discovery
Cerium was first found in Sweden in 1803 by Berzelius and Hisinger and Klaproth in Germany. Because it is very reactive, it was not purified until 1875 in Washington DC. Cerium was named after the asteroid or minor planet Ceres which was first seen two years earlier in 1801.

Uses
Cerium is not often used as a metal since it quickly reacts with the air and tarnishes. Its most common use is as the 'flint' in a lighter, because it easily produces a spark when it is struck with another metal. Cerium is sometimes used in alloys because it often makes the alloy more heat resistant. Cerium is also used in special glass, ceramics and self-cleaning ovens.

Oxidation
Cerium reacts in two ways to produce cerous compounds or salts and ceric compounds. Cerous salts have an oxidation number of 3 and ceric salts have an oxidation of 4.

Isotopes
Cerium has many isotopes. Four of them are found in nature instead of having to be made,
 Cerium-136 which has 58 protons and 78 neutrons in its nucleus and is radioactive
 Cerium-138 which has 58 protons and 80 neutrons and is stable
 Cerium-140 which has 58 protons and 82 neutrons and is stable
 Cerium-142 which has 58 protons and 84 neutrons and is radioactive.
Cerium-140 (88.5% of all cerium) and Ce-142 (11.1%) are the most common. The average of the weights of each isotope is what give cerium its atomic mass of 140.12.

Related pages
 Periodic table
 List of common elements

Lanthanides

Cerium


Erik Jean-Louis Worm (26 April 1900 – 17 October 1962) or simply Louis was a Danish tennis player. He was a three-time Danish national singles and mixed doubles champion (1922, 1923, 1924) and a two times doubles champion (1922, 1925) Apart from being a Danish champion he was the Austrian champion as well. In club level competitions he represented the Boldklubben af 1893. Worm was a runner-up for the Monaco tournament (now known as the Monte-Carlo Masters) in both singles and doubles.

Early life
Erik Worm was born on April 26, 1900, in Copenhagen to Wilhelm Worm.

Tennis career
1920-1930
Worm entered the last edition of the World Hard Court Championships in 1923 and advanced in the third round losing to count Manuel de Gomar. Between 1922 and 1925 he held the Danish Championships on numerous occasions collecting 8 titles altogether. In 1926 in his first oversees final in the Buffalo tennis and squash club invitational tournament he partnered with two-time singles champion Manuel Alonso for the doubles event, eventually falling to the home favorites Arnald Jones and George Lott. In February 1927 he reached the finals of the New Courts of Cannes mixed contest with Elizabeth Ryan. Next week at the Gallia L.T.C. of Cannes tournament came short in both doubles championship matches; in mixed with Ryan to Henri Cochet and Eileen Bennett and the men's with René Gallèpe to Cochet-Charles Aeschlimann. In June at the inaugural of the newly built Margaret Island courts of Budapest the Hungary Davis Cup team hosted an international meeting with Denmark with the latter team victorious. The score was 3-2, Worm beat Imre Takáts in four sets. In March 1928 at the Menton Cup he paired with Phyllis Satterthwaite and marched to the semifinal match against Cochet-Bennett with the latter team advancing to the final round. He took revenge on Cochet and his partner Salm in the doubles final where he and Kehrling won in straights The two of them went to the final of the singles where the Hungarian doubles partner beat him in a fierce fight.

In April 1928 he found success in several tournaments throughout Europe, the Beausite mixed trophy with Ryan from Cochet and Satterthwaite (Worm also was a contender for the men's doubles), the Beaulieu tournament against George Lyttleton-Rogers and  the Pforzheim mixed doubles event in July again alongside Ryan. Next year he defended his Menton doubles title with Kehrling against the Italian duo of Giorgio de Stefani and Alberto del Bono. Although the defending champions split for the mixed and faced each other at the final with Kehrling making a good decision by choosing Cilly Aussem, while Worm and Satterthwaite finished second. In the April edition of the Monte-Carlo tournament Worm clinched the title by beating Junior Monaco champ Wilbur Coen. In mixed O'Connell and Elizabeth Ryan overcame Worm and Satterthwaite. In May George Lyttleton-Rogers had a clean victory over Worm in the singles last four of the L.T.C. Beaulieu tournament. He was more successful in the doubles where he and Jack Hillyard became the Riviera champions after eliminating the Austrian Davis-Cup partners Hermann Artens and Ludwig Salm-Hoogstraeten. And in the follow-up mixed rematch of O'Connell-Ryan and Worm-Satterthwaite the Danish-Briton team equalized the tally. O'Connell and Worm met again in the mixed final of the Montreux tournament at Switzerland, where they played with Muriel Thomas and the returning Cilly Aussem respectively, but the latter team hadn't found his form yet. Then he toured the Weimar Republic and brought home several titles including the ones from Wiesbaden in doubles with Hector Fisher (also a singles runner-up versus Fisher), the Berlin Blau—Weiss doubles with Fisher (also a singles runner-up versus Franz-Wilhelm Matejka).
1930
In January 1930 at the Monte Carlo Country Club Bill Tilden and Charles Kingsley started off the season with the Monegasque doubles title victory over Worm and Brame Hillyard. The same month at the New Courts of Cannes Worm and George Lyttleton-Rogers lost to Tilden and Kingsley again. The next week at Gallia L.T.C. Worm and Joan Ridley had a shot at the mixed title but were stopped again by Tilden and Aussem. Then in February at the Carlton L.T.C. of Cannes doubles contest Paul Barrelet de Ricou and Worm met and lost to the two members of the Four Musketeers Jacques Brugnon and Henri Cochet. In the quarterfinals of the mixed draw in an encounter between Satterthwaite-Worm and Aussem-Tilden, chair umpire A. Wallis Myers became so upset of Tilden's attitude towards him after he overruled a service that he left the court. Official organizers' efforts to find another umpire remained unsuccessful as the match continued without chair or line umpire. In the end Tilden's team won the match in three sets. In March in their second Menton title defense attempt Kehrling and Worm lost in the semis to Tamio Abe and Aeschlimann when the title-holders were already serving for the match.  Hughes and Ryan prevented Worm and Satterthwaite in the mixed to claim their first Menton crown. In Beaulieu Worm and his recurring mixed partner Satterthwaite was unable to defend their title and ceded it to Pat Hughes and Violet Owen. In the South of France Championships the doubles were decided between Irishman Rogers and Worm and their opponents Tilden-Coen with the American visitors leaving with the title. In June he found a good partner in Tilden and became German Champions after winning the doubles at the Pfings-Turnier of the Rot-Weiss Club in Berlin.
Later years
Worm began the year 1931 with forming a new doubles team with Charles Aeschlimann with whom they were victors at the L.T.C. de Juan-les-Pins and Beausite L.T.C. Cannes. They met at the singles finals of the former championships where the Swiss champion defeated Worm in straights. Then Worm toured Switzerland, in Geneve singles final he was beaten by Antoine Gentien while in the Lucerne doubles final he and Georges Glasser were beaten by John Olliff and Jean Lesueur and last in the Basel international tournament he clinched the mixed title and almost attached the singles to it but lost to Hector Fisher. In June in Germany he was a two-times runner-up in mixed and men's doubles in Bad Neuenahr and a mixed runner-up in Wiesbaden. In the Monaco tournament Beaumont Trophy Worm and Hillyard were forfeited the game to Kehrling and Artens.

In the very first tournament of the year 1932 at the Beaulieu doubles title match George Lyttleton-Rogers and Vladimir Landau was triumphant after a five set meeting with Aeschlimann and Worm. In March at the Menton mixed doubles finals Worm and Satterthwaite failed for the fourth time and succumbed to the French couple of André Martin-Legeay and Simonne Mathieu .

Personal life
In January 1923 Worm secretly married theatre actress Alice Macy Beers in New York City daughter of William Hanford Beers. The couple lived in Denmark between 1917-1924. Later they moved to the United States and until his death in 1962 he lived in New York City.

Notes
 Worm usually used the alias "Louis" when registering for tournaments.

References

External links

1900 births
1962 deaths
Danish male tennis players
Sportspeople from Copenhagen
Tennis players from New York City
20th-century Danish people

Erik Worm


Wallington was an ancient hundred in the northeast of the historic county of Surrey, England. The majority of its area has been absorbed by the growth of London; with its name currently referring to the district of Wallington. Its former area now corresponds to the London Borough of Sutton, the majority of the London Borough of Croydon and parts of the London Borough of Merton as well as parts of the Districts of Epsom and Ewell, Reigate and Banstead and Tandridge in Surrey.

History
The hundred contained the parishes of Addington, Beddington, Carshalton, Chaldon, Cheam, Coulsdon, Croydon, Mitcham, Morden, Sanderstead, Sutton and Woodmansterne.

In Surrey it was bounded by Brixton hundred to the north, Kingston hundred and Copthorne hundred to the west, Reigate hundred and Tandridge hundred to the south. In the east its boundary was with the Bromley and Beckenham hundred of Kent.

In 1831, the hundred occupied . In 1840, most of the hundred was included in the expanded Metropolitan Police District by the Metropolitan Police Act 1839.

In 1851 the hundred is recorded as comprising a First division of  and a population of 22,343 and Second division of  and a population of 11,607. The population in 1861 is recorded as 46,686.

Replacement

The hundreds of England declined in administrative use because of the rise of various ad hoc boards. In 1883, Croydon, the most populous part of the hundred, became a Municipal borough and in 1889 it became the County Borough of Croydon autonomous from other local administration. Under the Local Government Act 1894, the remainder of the hundred came under the administration of the Croydon Rural District.

With the expansion of London at the beginning of the 20th century, parts of the rural district were separated off as Urban districts and the rural district was abolished in 1915 and its area divided into a number of new urban and rural districts. These districts or their successors were abolished or modified by the London Government Act 1963 to create the London boroughs which are still in place today.

See also
 Medieval Surrey
 Surrey hundreds

References

History of the London Borough of Merton
History of the London Borough of Sutton
History of the London Borough of Croydon
History of local government in London (pre-1855)
Hundreds of Surrey

Wallington Hundred


Monster is a 2003 American crime drama movie. It is a true story about female American serial killer Aileen Wuornos. Wuornos is played by Charlize Theron. She received an Academy Award for her role. The movie also features Christina Ricci as Wuornos' girlfriend. The movie was directed by first time director Patty Jenkins.

Other websites

2003 crime drama movies
2000s LGBT movies
Academy Award winning movies
2000s American biographical movies
American crime drama movies
American LGBT movies
American serial killer movies
Antisocial personality disorder in fiction
Borderline personality disorder in fiction
2000s English-language movies
Female buddy movies
LGBT crime movies
LGBT drama movies
Movies set in Florida
Movies set in the 1980s
Movies set in the 1990s
American independent movies
Movies directed by Patty Jenkins

Monster (movie)


Kollam (Malayalam:കൊല്ലം) (known to the Portuguese as Quilon, pronounced koy-lon) is a city and a municipal corporation in Kollam district in the Indian state of Kerala. It is  north of the state capital Thiruvananthapuram (Trivandrum). It is also the headquarters of the Kollam District, one among the 14 districts in Kerala. To the south is Thiruvananthapuram district, to the north is Pathanamthitta and Alappuzha, to the east is Tamil Nadu and to the west by the Arabian Sea.

Cities in Kerala
Kollam district

Kollam


Natural numbers, also called counting numbers, are the numbers used for counting things. Natural numbers are the numbers small children learn about when they first started to count. Natural numbers are always whole numbers (integers excluding negative numbers) and often exclude zero, in which case one is the smallest natural number. The set of natural numbers can be represented by the symbol .

There is no largest natural number. The next natural number can be found by adding 1 to the current natural number, producing numbers that go on "forever". There is no natural number that is infinite in size. Any natural number can be reached by adding 1 enough times to the smallest natural number.

Non-natural numbers
The following types of numbers are not natural numbers:
 Numbers less than 0 (negative numbers), for example, −2 and −1
 Fractions, for example, ½ and 3¼
 Decimals, for example, 7.675
 Irrational numbers, for example,  and   (pi)
 Imaginary numbers, for example,  (i)
 infinity, for example,  and
0 (if not included as a natural number)

Basic operations

 Addition; The sum of two natural numbers is a natural number.

 Multiplication: The product of two natural numbers is a natural number.

 Ordering: Of two natural numbers, if they are not the same, then one is bigger than the other, and the other is smaller.  m = n or m > n or m < n
 if l > m then l + n > m + n
 if l > m and l > 0 then l x n > l x m
 Zero is the smallest natural number: 0 = n or 0 < n
 There is no largest natural number n < n + 1

 "Subtraction": If n is smaller than m then m minus n is a natural number. If n < m then m - n = p.
 if l - m = n then l = n + m
 if n is greater than m, then m minus n is not a natural number
 if l = m - n and p < n then l > m - p

 Division: If  then

 Mathematical induction: If these two things are true of any property P of natural numbers, then P is true of every natural number
 if P is true of 1
and if P of n then P of n+1
then P is true of all natural numbers

Special natural numbers

Even numbers: If n = m x 2, then n is an even number
 The even numbers are 0, 2, 4, 6, and so on. Zero is the smallest (or first) even number.
Odd numbers: If n = m x 2 +1, then n is an odd number
 A number is either even or odd but not both.
 The odd numbers are 1, 3, 5, 7, and so on.
Composite numbers: If n = m x l, and m and l are not 0 or 1, then n is a composite number.
 The composite numbers are 4, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12, 14, 15, 16, 18, 21 and so on.
Prime numbers: If a number is not 0, 1, and not a composite number, then it is a prime number.
 The prime numbers are 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17 and so on. Two is the smallest (or first) prime number. Two is the only even prime number.
 There is no biggest prime number.
Square numbers: If n = m x m, then n is a square. n is the square of m.
 The squares are 0, 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49 and so on.

How to write it
 or  is the way to write the set of all natural numbers. Because some people say 0 is a natural number, and some people say it is not, people use the following symbols to talk about the natural numbers:

Related pages
 1 (number)
 Integer
 Zero
Number theory
Integers

References

Natural number


Salon Mazal () was an infoshop in Tel Aviv, Israel. Its purpose was to spread information and raise awareness of issues related to social change, including human rights, animal rights, the environment, globalization, social and economic oppression, consumerism, feminism and gender issues. It ran by an open, non-hierarchical collective of volunteers at 32 Yitzhak Sadeh Street, Tel Aviv.

Activities
Salon Mazal had a lending library, a shop and a space for meetings, lectures, workshops and film screenings. Occasionally there are other projects on various topics of interest, such as youth group meetings, Arabic lessons, DIY workshops, a reading group of anarchist texts.

The lending and reference library stocks several thousand books on subjects related to social change, of which roughly half are in English. The idea behind it is to enable people to read books without encouraging them to buy, thus creating an alternative to the existing consumer culture. Salon Mazal prints and publishes materials on a variety of subjects, including  a DIY guide, a guide on wise consumerism, a translated booklet on permaculture, translated anarchist texts, booklets on feminism for men and women.

Workshops, lectures, film screenings, group discussions and meetings on different subjects are held several times a week, open to the public and are free of charge. Salon Mazal also provides a space for study, organization, meeting, planning and working on initiatives and projects for social change, free of charge. Groups who have used the space over the years for their meetings include Anarchists Against the Wall, Indymedia, One struggle, Woman for Woman, Kelaf (The Lesbian Feminist Community), A garden for Peace, The Coexistence Forum in the Negev, The Community Advocate, Shatil - Mixed Cities Project, The Center for Alternative Knowledge and The Committee against House Demolition, the Alternative youth summer camp, New Profile.

Store
Salon Mazal was one of the distribution points for fair trade products in Israel (coffee, cocoa and olive oil), which was sold at the shop. The market for these products is still very small in Israel, mainly due to lack of awareness. They also offer olive oil from Palestinian farmers in Tulkarm and olive oil soaps from Palestinian farmers in Budrus. The products are imported by Green Action and their production avoids the exploitation of workers or environmental degradation. In addition, they distribute flyers and booklets on fair trade and hold lectures on the subject.

The infoshop is one of the only places in Israel where self-made products and self-published books can be distributed. People are encouraged to sell their products, including artwork, books, poetry books, homemade jams, deodorants, self made political T-shirts and other products made by individuals. In this way the infoshop encourages local, non-industrial production and supports local independent producers.

References

External links
 Salon Mazal's official Blog
 "Anarchists, Idealists and Ecologists", The Green Prophet, December 30, 2007 by Karin Kloosterman

Anarchist organizations in Israel
Anti-racist organizations in Israel
Arab Israeli culture in Tel Aviv
Buildings and structures in Tel Aviv
DIY culture
Feminism in Israel
Human rights organizations based in Israel
Infoshops
Libraries in Israel
Political organizations based in Israel
Shops in Israel
Year of establishment missing
Year of disestablishment missing

Salon Mazal


A hailstone is a round ball of ice which falls out of a storm cloud. About 5,000 hailstorms a year in the United States of America make hail 3/4 of an inch or larger.

The beginning of a hailstorm
A hailstone begins as a small water drop or a round snow pellet in a cloud. The drop grows by collecting many cloud drops. The little drop is blown by a strong wind inside the cloud to where it meets with some extremely cold water drops. These supercooled drops are still liquid water even though the temperature is below freezing. When the little drop mixes with these extremely cold drops, they join, and the little drop has now become a hailstone.

The little hailstone is thrown up inside the cloud, still collecting other cold drops. The hailstone gets bigger and bigger until it goes to the top of the cloud. Then, because there is no more wind, it falls back down through the cloud. While it is falling it gets even bigger as it bangs into more supercooled drops. If it goes down very fast it can hit the earth at up to 90 mph (144 kph), bouncing like popcorn. If the hailstone hits dirt, it can actually bury itself.

Hailstone sizes

The biggest hailstone recorded in the United States weighed 1.67 pounds (0.75 kg), and was 5.5 inches (14 cm) across. It fell near Coffeyville, Kansas, on September 3, 1970. The biggest recorded hailstone in the world was 4.2 pounds (almost 2 kilograms). It fell in Kazakhstan in Asia.

Hailstones are made of many rings of clear, cloudy ice. The rings show different amounts of freezing on the hailstone. The cloudy ice is because it freezes so quickly, trapping many small air bubbles. The clear rings are made by slow freezing of the water, which lets bubbles escape.

Hail damage and protection

Hail does a very great amount of damage every year. Even small hail with strong winds can crush a field of wheat flat in a few minutes. It sometimes breaks windows, and can dent cars and roofs. Big hailstones can hurt and even kill small animals.

Because hail damages crops, there has been many efforts to stop hail. In the 16th century, farmers used to shoot cannons at thunderstorms, thinking this would destroy the hail. Cloud seeding (trying to make rain by putting dry ice crystals or a kind of smoke in clouds) is the more recent way, but it is expensive and we do not know for sure how well it works. To this day, there is no proved way of stopping hailstorms.

Related pages
Ice pellets
Sleet (disambig page)

References

Other websites

Hail Research Information Center
Hail factsheet
The Economic Costs of Hail Storm Damage  NOAA Economics
https://stormmaps.com/pages/hail-impact-reports  NOAA Economics
 Images
Hail and hailstorms
Major hail event in Brazil
NOAA Hail Reports on Google map (non commercial)

Severe weather

Hailstone


The theory of computation is a branch of mathematics. Generally it is seen as belonging to computer science. The field of study of this subject is to see if a certain problem can be solved by a computer. If this is the case, then the question is to know if it can be solved in an efficient way.

There are two major branches in it. The first is computability theory. It looks to see if a certain problem can be solved by a computer. Since this is a theoretical field of study, no real computers are used. They are replaced by a system called the Turing machine.

Once it is known if such a solution exists, computer scientists want to know if it can be found, and perhaps how it can be improved. This field of study is covered by the complexity theory. That theory has developed concepts to compare different methods of solving a problem to one another. Such methods are usually called algorithms. This is similar to comparing cooking recipes and seeing which of two recipes is easier to do.

Fields of mathematics
Theoretical computer science

Theory of computation


Sir Malcolm Leslie Rifkind (born 21 June 1946) is a British Conservative Party politician. He hold cabinet positions in the governments of Margaret Thatcher and John Major. He was the Chairman for the Intelligence and Security Committee and the Member of Parliament (MP) for the constituency of Kensington.

Malcolm Rifkind was born in Edinburgh into a Jewish family from Lithuania. He first became a Conservative MP at the February 1974 General Election for the constituency of Edinburgh Pentlands. He was first made a cabinet minister in 1979 and served constantly through 18 years of Conservative government.

His cabinet posts included:

Minister of Home Affairs and the Environment at the Scottish Office (1979 - 1983)
Minister of State at the Foreign Office (1983 - 1986)
Secretary of State for Scotland (1986 - 1990)
Secretary of State for Transport (1990 - 1992)
Secretary of State for Defence (1992 - 1995)
Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs (1995 - 1997)

At the 1997 General Election, Malcolm Rifkind lost his seat to the Labour Party. He tried but failed to regain the seat at the 2001 General Election and re-entered parliament in 2005 as the MP for Kensington. Rifkind left parliament in 2015.

References

1946 births
Living people
Conservative Party (UK) MPs
Members of the British House of Commons for Scottish constituencies
Jewish British politicians
Members of the British House of Commons for English constituencies
Politicians from Edinburgh
UK MPs 1974
UK MPs 1974–1979
UK MPs 1979–1983
UK MPs 1983–1987
UK MPs 1987–1992
UK MPs 1992–1997
UK MPs 2005–2010
UK MPs 2010–2015
Secretaries of State for Scotland

Malcolm Rifkind


Work It Out is a funk song written by American singer-songwriter Beyoncé Knowles and The Neptunes members Pharrell Williams and Chad Hugo (who produced the track) for the soundtrack to the 2002 film Austin Powers in Goldmember—in which she plays Foxxy Cleopatra—and was later featured on the non-U.S. editions of Knowles' solo debut album, Dangerously in Love (2003). Released as a single in June 2002, it failed to chart on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100, but did experience moderate success on the Billboard Hot Dance Club Play chart, debuting at number forty-nine and later peaking at number eleven. Nevertheless, it was a relative hit in European countries such as the United Kingdom and Norway, where it reached number seven and number three respectively. The music video for the song was directed by Matthew Rolston. This funky number features Chad Hugo on the saxophone.

Official versions
 "Work It Out" (a capella)
 "Work It Out" (instrumental)
 "Work It Out" (demo version)
 "Work It Out" (radio edit)
 "Work It Out" (new radio edit)
 "Work It Out" (alternative bridge version)
 "Work It Out" (Azza's Nu Soul mix)
 "Work It Out" (Blow Your Horn dub)
 "Work It Out" (Charlie's Nu NRG mix)
 "Work It Out" (Goldmember Shagadelic mix)
 "Work It Out" (H&D Nu Rock mix)
 "Work It Out" (Maurice's Nu Soul mix)
 "Work It Out" (Rockwilder remix) (featuring Redman)
 "Work It Out" (T - Gray remix)
 "Work It Out" (D. Elliot remix)
 "Work It Out" (Victor Calderone mix)
 "Work It Out" (K.O. Ragga mix)
 "Work It Out" (K.O. Underworld dub)
 "Work It Out" (Illicit Planets of Universe mix)
 "Work It Out" (Vibelicious club mix)
 "Work It Out" (RC Groove Nu Electric mix)
 "Work It Out" (Jared Jones Vibelicious club mix)

References

Beyoncé songs
2002 songs

Work It Out


Ryūjin (Japanese 龍神 "dragon god", also called Rinjin and Owatatsumi) was the god of the sea in Japanese mythology. He was a dragon, a symbol of the power of the ocean, had a very big mouth, and could transform into human shape. Ryūjin lived in Ryūgū-jō, his palace under the sea built out of red and white coral, from where he was believed to control the tides with magical tide jewels. Sea turtles, fish and jellyfish were Ryūjin's servants.

Ryūjin was the father of the beautiful goddess Otohime who married the hunter prince Hoori. The first Emperor of Japan, Emperor Jimmu, is said to have been a grandson of Otohime and Hoori's. This means, Ryūjin is believed to be one of the ancestors of the Japanese imperial dynasty.

A legend about Ryūjin is the story about how the jellyfish lost its bones. This story tells that once, Ryūjin wanted to eat monkey's heart, and sent the jellyfish to get him a monkey. The monkey managed to escape from the jellyfish by telling him that he had put his heart in a jar in the forest, and offered to go and get it. When the jellyfish came back and told Ryūjin what had happened, Ryūjin became so angry that he beat the jellyfish until its bones were all broken.

Other websites
 Ryūjin  at the Encyclopedia Mythica.

Japanese folklore
Japanese mythology
Shinto

Ryūjin