Turkish Airlines Flight 981 (TK981/THY981) was a scheduled flight from Istanbul Yeşilköy Airport to London Heathrow Airport, with an intermediate stop at Orly Airport in Paris. On 3 March 1974, the McDonnell Douglas DC-10 operating the flight crashed into the Ermenonville Forest, outside Paris, killing all 346 people on board. The crash was also known as the Ermenonville air disaster. Flight 981 was the deadliest plane crash in aviation history until 27 March 1977, when 583 people perished in the collision of two Boeing 747s in Tenerife. It remained the deadliest single-aircraft accident until the crash of Japan Airlines Flight 123 on 12 August 1985, and the deadliest aviation accident without survivors until the Charkhi Dadri mid-air collision on 12 November 1996. It remains the deadliest single-aircraft accident without survivors, the first fatal and deadliest crash involving the McDonnell Douglas DC-10, the sixth deadliest aviation disaster altogether (including 9/11), and the deadliest aviation accident to occur in France. It is also the deadliest aviation incident that did not involve a Boeing 747 (not including 9/11).

The crash occurred when an incorrectly secured cargo door at the rear of the plane burst open and broke off, causing an explosive decompression that severed critical cables necessary to control the aircraft. To maximize the working space within the cargo hold, the cargo doors opened outwards, making them vulnerable to being forced open at high altitudes under normal in-flight pressure. To prevent this, a special latching system was used that locked shut under pressure when properly closed. To ensure the latches were properly positioned, a handle on the outside of the door pressed small metal pins into the latches; if the latches were in an improper location the pins would not align and the handle would not close.

In previous service, notably an incident that occurred on American Airlines Flight 96 in 1972, it had been noticed that it was possible to close the handle on DC-10 cargo doors despite the latches being in the wrong position. This was because the linkage between the handle and the pins was too weak and allowed the handle to be forced into the closed position. A minor change had been ordered to install a support plate for the handle linkage to make it stronger; manufacturer documents showed this work as completed on the aircraft involved in Flight 981, but the plate had not in fact been installed. It was also noted that the handle on the crash aircraft had been filed down at an earlier date to make it easier to close the door. Finally, the latching had been performed by a baggage handler who did not speak Turkish or English, the only languages provided on a warning notice about the cargo door's design flaws and the methods of compensating for them. After the disaster, the latches were redesigned and the locking system was significantly upgraded.

In the following investigation, it was found that a similar set of conditions, which had caused the failure of an aircraft floor following explosive decompression of the cargo hold, had occurred in ground testing in 1970 before the DC-10 series entered commercial service. The smoking gun was a memo from the fuselage's manufacturer, Convair (a division of General Dynamics), to McDonnell Douglas, in which the series of events that occurred on Flight 96, and fatally on Flight 981, was foreseen; it concluded that if these events occurred it would probably result in the loss of the aircraft. In spite of this warning, nothing was done to correct the flaw. The consequences of this were many, including – but not limited to – some of the largest civil lawsuits to that date.

Aircraft and crew

The aircraft, a DC-10 Series 10 (production designation Ship 29), was built in Long Beach, California, under the manufacturer's test registration  and leased to Turkish Airlines as  on 10 December 1972. It was powered by three General Electric CF6-6D turbofan engines. The plane was one of a group of five DC-10-10s owned by Mitsui, which intended to sell the planes to All Nippon Airways; however, the Japanese airline selected the Lockheed L-1011 TriStar, due to bribery by Lockheed. As a result, three of the planes went to Turkish Airlines and the remaining two went to Laker Airways.

The accident aircraft had 12 six-abreast first-class seats and 333 nine-abreast economy seats, for a total of 345 passenger seats. At the time of the accident, two people were seated in first class, while the economy class was fully occupied. The cockpit crew was Turkish. Flight 981's Captain was Nejat Berköz, age 44, with 7,000 flying hours. First Officer Oral Ulusman, age 38, had 5,600 hours of flying time. Flight Engineer Erhan Özer, age 37, had 2,120 flying hours experience.

Accident
Flight 981 departed from Istanbul at 07:57 local time and landed at Paris's Orly International Airport at 11:02 am local time, after a flight time of just over four hours. The aircraft was carrying 167 passengers and 11 crew members on its first leg, and 50 of these passengers disembarked in Paris. The flight's second leg, from Paris to London Heathrow Airport, was normally underbooked; however, due to a strike by British European Airways employees, and the indecisive result of the general election held in Britain earlier that week, many London-bound travelers, who had been stranded at Orly, were booked onto Flight 981, delaying the flight's departure by 30 minutes.

The aircraft left Orly Airport at 12:32, bound for Heathrow Airport, and took off in an easterly direction, before turning north. Shortly after takeoff, Flight 981 was cleared to flight level 230 () and started turning west towards London. Just after the aircraft passed over the town of Meaux, the rear left cargo door blew off and the sudden difference in air pressure between the cargo area and the pressurized passenger cabin above it, which amounted to , caused a section of the cabin floor above the open hatch to separate and be forcibly ejected through the open hatch, along with six occupied passenger seats attached to that floor section. The fully recognizable bodies of the six Japanese passengers who were ejected from the aircraft landed along with the rear cargo door were found in a turnip field near Saint-Pathus, approximately  south of the crash site. An air traffic controller noted that, as the flight was cleared to FL230, he had briefly seen a second echo on his radar that remained stationary behind the aircraft; this was likely the remains of the rear cargo door.

When the door blew off, the primary as well as both sets of backup control cables that ran beneath the section of floor that blew out were completely severed, destroying the pilots' ability to control the plane's elevators, rudder, and number two engine. The flight data recorder showed that the throttle for engine two snapped shut when the door failed. The loss of control of these key components resulted in the pilots losing control of the aircraft entirely.

The aircraft almost immediately attained a 20-degree pitch down and began picking up speed, while Captain Berköz and First Officer Ulusman struggled to regain control. At some point, one of the crew members pressed their microphone button broadcasting the pandemonium in the cockpit on the departure frequency. Controllers also picked up a distorted transmission from the plane and the aircraft's pressurization and overspeed warnings were heard over the pilots' words in Turkish, including the co-pilot saying, "the fuselage has burst!" As the plane's speed increased, the additional lift raised the nose again. Berköz was recorded calling out, "Speed!" and pushed the throttles forward in order to level off. Seventy-seven seconds after the cargo door gave way, the plane crashed into the trees of Ermenonville Forest, a state-owned forest at Dammartin's Grove () in the commune of Fontaine-Chaalis, Oise. At the point of impact, the aircraft was traveling at a speed of approximately  at a slight left turn, fast enough to disintegrate the plane into thousands of pieces. The wreckage was so fragmented that it was difficult to determine whether any parts of the aircraft were missing before it crashed. Post-crash fires were small because there were few large pieces of the aircraft left intact to burn. Of the 346 passengers and crew on board, only 188 bodies were identifiable (40 of which were identified visually), with rescue teams recovering some 20,000 body fragments in all.

Passengers and crew

167 passengers flew on the Istanbul to Paris leg, and 50 of them disembarked in Paris. 216 new passengers, many of whom were supposed to fly on Air France, British European Airways or Pan Am boarded TK 981 in Paris, resulting in a 30-minute departure delay. Some passengers cancelled their tickets because of delays or a lack of seats.

The majority of the passengers were British, including members of an amateur rugby team from Bury St Edmunds, Suffolk, who were returning from a Five Nations match between France and England.  Notable people on board were Briton John Cooper, who won silver medals in the men's 400 meters hurdles and the 4 × 400 meters relay at the 1964 Summer Olympics in Tokyo, and Jim Conway, general secretary of the British Amalgamated Engineering and Electrical Union. Group Captain Kenneth "Ken" Doran (DFC & bar) and his wife also lost their lives in this disaster. Ken Doran led the first RAF bombing raid on the 4th September 1939 against the German Navy.

Investigation

The French Minister of Transport appointed a commission of inquiry by the Arrêté 4 March 1974 and included Americans because the aircraft was manufactured by an American company. There were many passengers on board from Japan and the United Kingdom, so observers from those countries followed the investigation closely.

The Lloyd's of London insurance syndicate that covered Douglas Aircraft retained Failure Analysis Associates (now Exponent, Inc.) to also investigate the accident. In the company's investigation, it was noted that during a stop in Turkey, ground crews had filed the cargo door's locking pins down to less than a quarter of an inch (), when they experienced difficulty closing the door.  Subsequent investigative tests proved the door yielded to approximately  of pressure, in contrast to the  that it had been designed to withstand.

Cause

The passenger doors on the DC-10 are inward-opening plug doors, designed to prevent opening while the aircraft is pressurized. However, due to its large radius, a cargo hatch on the DC-10 could not open inside the fuselage without taking up valuable cargo space, so the hatch was designed to open outward, allowing cargo to be stored directly behind it. The outward-opening design presents the risk of the hatch being blown open by the pressure inside the cargo area if the latch were to fail during flight. To prevent this from happening, the DC-10 uses a latching system whose main security principle is an "over-center concept": four C-shaped latches mounted on a common torque shaft are rotated over latching pins ("spools") fixed to the aircraft fuselage. The rotating movement of the torque shaft is brought about by an electric actuator, through a linkage that includes a crankshaft that ensures the "over-center" position of the whole system. Due to the shape of the latches and the over-center design, when the latches are in the correct position, internal pressure on the hatch not only produces insufficient torque to open the hatch, but it also makes the whole system safer because the over-center safety principle is increased. The system has a hand crank provided as a backup.

To ensure this rotation was complete and the latches were in the proper position, the DC-10 cargo hatch design included a separate locking mechanism that consisted of small locking pins that slid behind flanges on the lock torque tube (which transferred the actuator force to the latch hooks through a linkage). When the locking pins were in place, any rotation of the latches would cause the torque tube flanges to contact the locking pins, making further rotation impossible. The pins were pushed into place by an operating handle on the outside of the hatch. If the latches were not properly closed, the pins would strike the torque tube flanges and the handle would remain open, visually indicating a problem. Additionally, the handle moved a metal plug into a vent cut in the outer hatch panel. If the vent was not plugged, the fuselage would not retain pressure, eliminating any pneumatic force on the hatch. Also, there was an indicator light in the cockpit, controlled by a switch actuated by the locking pin mechanism, that remained lit until the cargo hatch was correctly latched.

Similarities to American Airlines Flight 96

The cargo door design flaws, and the consequences of a likely aircraft floor failure in the event of in-flight decompression on the DC-10, had been noted by Convair engineer Dan Applegate in a 1972 memo. The memo was written after American Airlines Flight 96, being operated by another DC-10, experienced a rear cargo door failure similar to the one that occurred on Flight 981, also causing an explosive decompression. Fortunately, even though the pilots' ability to control Flight 96 was compromised by some severed underfloor cables in the damaged section of the plane, they were able to land in Detroit without further injuriesthough Applegate warned that a more severe outcome was likely when (not if) a similar incident happened on another DC-10.

The National Transportation Safety Board's (NTSB) investigation into Flight 96 determined that baggage handlers forced the locking handle closed, and the latches did not engage fully because of an electrical problem. The incident investigators discovered that the rod connecting the pins to the handle was weak enough that it could be bent with repeated operation and force, allowing the baggage handler to close the handle with his knee even when the pins interfered with the torque tube flanges. The vent plug and cockpit light were operated by the handle or the locking pins, not the latches, so, when the handle was stowed, both of these warning devices indicated that the door was properly closed. In the case of Flight 96, the plane was able to make a successful emergency landing because not all of the underfloor cables were severed, thus allowing the pilots limited control. This greatly contrasted with Flight 981, where all of the underfloor cables were severed in the decompression and the pilots completely lost control of the plane.

In the aftermath of Flight 96, the NTSB made several recommendations regarding the hatch design and the cabin floor. Primarily, it recommended the addition of vents in the rear cabin floor that would ensure that a cargo area decompression would equalize the cabin area, and not place additional load onto the floor. In fact, most of the DC-10's cabin floor had vents like these, only the rear section of the aircraft lacked them. Additionally, the NTSB recommended that upgrades to the locking mechanism and to the latching actuator electrical system be made compulsory. Despite this, the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) did not issue an Airworthiness Directive requiring these changes, instead reaching a gentlemen's agreement with McDonnell-Douglas to make some lesser changes to the hatch and no changes to the floor.

The Flight 981 aircraft, registration TC-JAV (also known as "Ship 29"), had been ordered from McDonnell-Douglas three months after the service bulletin was issued, and was delivered to Turkish Airlines three months later. Despite this, the changes required by the service bulletin (installation of a support plate for the handle linkage, preventing the bending of the linkage seen in the Flight 96 incident) had not been implemented. Through either oversight or deliberate fraud, the manufacturer construction logs showed that this work had been carried out. In addition, an improper adjustment had later been made to the locking pin mechanism on the Flight 981 aircraft, causing the locking pin travel to be reduced. This meant that the pins did not extend past the torque tube flanges, allowing the handle to be closed without excessive force (estimated by investigators to be around ) despite the improperly engaged latches. These findings concurred with statements made by Mohammed Mahmoudi, the baggage handler who had closed the door on Flight 981; he noted that no particular amount of force was needed to close the locking handle. Changes had also been made to the warning light switch mechanism, the unintended consequence of which was that the cockpit warning light would be extinguished even though the latches were not fully in place.

After Flight 96, McDonnell-Douglas added a small peephole that allows baggage handlers to visually inspect the pins to confirm they were in the correct position, and information placards to show the correct and incorrect positions of the pins. This modification had been applied to Flight 981's plane. However, Mahmoudi had not been instructed about the purpose of the indicator window; he had been told that as long as the door latch handle stowed correctly and the vent flap closed at the same time, the door was safely latched. Furthermore, the instructions on the plane regarding the indicator window were printed in English and Turkish, but Algerian-born Mahmoudi, who was fluent in three other languages, could read neither of these.

It was normally the duty of the Turkish Airlines flight engineer or chief ground engineer to ensure that all cargo and passenger doors were securely closed before takeoff. In the case of Flight 981 however, the airline did not have a ground engineer on duty at the time of the departure, and the flight engineer for Flight 981 failed to check the door. Although French media outlets called for Mahmoudi to be arrested, the crash investigators stated that it was unrealistic to expect an untrained, low-wage earning baggage handler, who could not read the warning notice, to be responsible for the safety of the aircraft.

Aftermath

Issues related to the latch of the DC-10 include human factors, interface design and engineering responsibility. The control cables for the rear control surfaces of the DC-10 were routed under the floor; therefore, a failure of the hatch resulting in a collapse of the floor could impair the controls. If the hatch were to fail for any reason, there was a high probability the plane would be lost. In addition, Douglas had chosen a new type of latch to seal the cargo hatch. This possibility of catastrophic failure as a result of this overall design was first discovered in 1969 and actually occurred in 1970 in a ground test, both of which McDonnell-Douglas knew about. This information, and the 1972 "Applegate Memo", came to light in the material supplied to the litigants after the 1974 crash. McDonnell-Douglas had ignored these concerns, because rectification of what Douglas considered to be a small problem with a low probability of occurrence would have seriously disrupted the delivery schedule of the aircraft, likely causing Douglas to lose sales to the then newly introduced direct competitor Lockheed L-1011 Tristar and the Boeing 747.

McDonnell-Douglas subsequently faced multiple lawsuits for the crash of Flight 981 by the families of the victims and others. In its defense during pretrial proceedings, McDonnell-Douglas attempted to blame the FAA for not issuing an airworthiness directive, Turkish Airlines for modification of the cargo door locking pins, and General Dynamics for an incorrect cargo door design. When it became clear that its defenses were unlikely to prevent a finding of liability, McDonnell-Douglas and Turkish Airlines and other associated parties settled out-of-court for an estimated $100 million (equivalent to $ million in ), including $80 million from McDonnell-Douglas, of which $18 million was paid by its insurer, Lloyd's of London.

After the crash of Flight 981, the latching system was completely redesigned to prevent them from moving into the wrong position. The locking system was mechanically upgraded to prevent the handle from being forced into the closed position without the pins actually being in place, and the vent door was altered to be operated by the pins, thereby indicating that the pins themselves, rather than the handle, were in the locked position. Additionally, the FAA ordered further changes to all aircraft with outward-opening doors, including the DC-10, Lockheed L-1011, and Boeing 747.  These changes included requiring vents be cut into the cabin floor to allow pressures to equalize in the event of a blown-out door, thus preventing a catastrophic collapse of the aircraft's cabin floor and other structures that could damage the control cables for the engine, rudder, and elevators.

Turkish Airlines continued using the "Flight 981" designator but for a different flight, Ercan to Antalya as of February 2023.

Similar accidents

Aircraft other than DC-10s have also suffered catastrophic cargo hatch failures. The Boeing 747 has experienced several such incidents, the most noteworthy of which occurred on United Airlines Flight 811 in February 1989, when a cargo hatch failure caused a section of the fuselage to burst open, resulting in the deaths of nine passengers who were blown out of the aircraft.

The NTSB's recommendations, issued following the earlier Flight 96 incident, were intended to reduce the risk of another hatch failure but were not implemented by any airline. As a result, the NTSB now communicates its recommendations for safety improvements directly to the FAA, which, though not obligated to take any subsequent action, may then issue Airworthiness Directives based on those recommendations.

Dramatization
The crash of Turkish Airlines Flight 981 was covered in 2008 in "Behind Closed Doors", a Season Five episode of the internationally syndicated Canadian TV documentary series Mayday, which also covers the similar 1972 incident on American Airlines Flight 96.

Footage of the incident appeared in the film Days of Fury (1979), directed by Fred Warshofsky and hosted by Vincent Price.

See also

List of notable decompression accidents and incidents
List of airliner crashes involving loss of control
Aloha Airlines Flight 243
Japan Air Lines Flight 123
United Airlines Flight 811
American Airlines Flight 96, a flight that suffered the same type of cargo door failure on a DC-10.
1975 Tân Sơn Nhứt C-5 accident

Note

References

Further reading
Destination Disaster, by Paul Eddy et al., Quadrangle, The New York Times Book Company, 1976. .
 The Last Nine Minutes, The Story of Flight 981, by Moira Johnston, Morrow, 1976. .
Air Disaster, Vol. 1, by Macarthur Job, Aerospace Publications Pty. Ltd. (Australia), 2001. , pp. 127–144.

External links

  Final Report (Archive, Alternate) – French Secretariat of State for Transport – Translation by the United Kingdom Department of Trade Air Accidents Investigation Branch, February 1976.
  Final Report (Archive, Alternate, Archive of Alternate) – Original report by French Secretariat of State for Transport (Secrétariat d'État aux Transports) – Posted by the Bureau of Enquiry and Analysis for Civil Aviation Safety (BEA)

Airliner accidents and incidents caused by design or manufacturing errors
Airliner accidents and incidents caused by in-flight structural failure
Airliner accidents and incidents involving in-flight depressurization
Aviation accidents and incidents in 1974
Aviation accidents and incidents in France
981
1974 in France
Accidents and incidents involving the McDonnell Douglas DC-10
March 1974 events in Europe
Aviation accidents and incidents caused by loss of control

Turkish Airlines Flight 981


উইলিয়াম ক্যাম্পবেল বা বিল ক্যাম্পবেল দ্বারা নির্দেশ করা হতে পারে:

কানাডা
 William Campbell (judge) (1758–1834), Scottish-born Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Upper Canada
 Lord William Campbell (c. 1731–1778), Scottish-born Royal Governor of Nova Scotia and South Carolina
 William A. Campbell (1873–1934), Alberta provincial politician
 William Wilfred Campbell (1858–1918), poet
 William Campbell (Canadian politician) (born 1929), Canadian House of Commons, 1979–1980
 William Bennett Campbell (1943–2008), former premier of Prince Edward Island
 William Campbell (Prince Edward Island politician) (1836–1909), farmer and political figure in Prince Edward Island
 William L. Campbell (1946–2005), film editor of Storm 1987

যুক্তরাষ্ট্র
 William Campbell (American football) (born 1991), American football offensive guard
 William Campbell (California politician) (1935-2015), American politician
 William Campbell (business executive) (1940–2016), former CEO of Intuit
 William Campbell (film actor) (1923–2011), American film and television actor
 William Campbell (filmmaker), television and film producer, documentary filmmaker, and photojournalist
 William Campbell (general) (1745–1781), Virginia militia general in the American Revolution
 William Campbell (Medal of Honor, 1838) (1838–?), American Civil War sailor and Medal of Honor recipient
 William Campbell (Medal of Honor, 1840) (1840–1919), American Civil War soldier and Medal of Honor recipient
 William Campbell (NY surveyor) (c. 1767–1844), American physician and politician from New York, of Cherry Valley, Otsego County
 William A. Campbell (Tuskegee Airman) (1917–2012), African American pilot
 William B. Campbell (1807–1867), governor of Tennessee
 William C. Campbell (golfer) (1923–2013), former president of the United States Golf Association
 William D. Campbell (1907–1995), world leader of the Boy Scouts
 William Edward Campbell, better known as William March (1893–1954), American soldier and novelist
 William Henry Campbell (college president) (1808–1890), President of Rutgers College, 1862–1882
 William Hunter Campbell (1839–1862), Ohio civilian who worked for the Union Army during the American Civil War
 William J. Campbell (Illinois politician) (1850–1896), American politician (23rd Lieutenant Governor of Illinois)
 William Joseph Campbell (1905–1988), U.S. federal judge
 William M. Campbell, president of Discovery Networks U.S.
 William S. Campbell (1884–1972), American film director
 Billy Gilbert (silent film actor) (William V. Campbell, 1891–1961), American silent film actor
 William W. Campbell (New York) (1806–1881), U.S. congressman from New York
 William W. Campbell (New York state senator) (1870–1934), American lawyer and politician from New York
 William Wallace Campbell (1862–1938), American astronomer
 William Wildman Campbell (1853–1927), U.S. Representative from Ohio
 Bill Campbell (baseball) (born 1948), former Major League Baseball pitcher
 Bill Campbell (California politician) (born 1942), Republican politician from California
 Bill Campbell (gridiron football) (1920–1974), American player of gridiron football
 Bill Campbell (illustrator), illustrator for the Hawk Model Company
 Bill Campbell (mayor) (born 1953), former mayor of Atlanta, Georgia
 Bill Campbell (sportscaster) (1923–2014), sportscaster in the Philadelphia area
 Billy Campbell (born 1959), American actor sometimes referred to as William O. Campbell or Bill Campbell
 Billy Campbell (baseball) (1873–1957), baseball player
 Billy Campbell (TV executive) (born 1959), American TV executive producer
 Will D. Campbell (1924–2013), American Baptist minister

যুক্তরাজ্য
William Campbell (d. July 5, 1779) killed in battle at West Haven, Connecticut
 William Campbell, 2nd Baron Stratheden and Campbell (1824–1893), British peer and Liberal politician
 William Robert Campbell (fl. 1860s), first British colonial Inspector General of Police of Ceylon (Sri Lanka)
 William Campbell (missionary) (1841–1921), Presbyterian missionary to Taiwan
 William Pitcairn Campbell (1856–1933), British Army general during World War I
 Willie Campbell (golfer) (1862–1900), Scottish golfer
 William Campbell (footballer) (1865–?), Scottish forward with various clubs including Preston North End, Darwen and Newton Heath
 William Campbell (Everton footballer) (1865?–?), Scottish centre half in Everton F.C.'s 1890–91 English League Championship winning team
 William Campbell (metallographer) (1876–1936), English metallurgist
 William Charles Campbell (1889–1958), World War I fighter pilot
 Willie Campbell (footballer) (c. 1900–?), Scottish footballer
 Billy Campbell (footballer, born 1920), Scottish footballer (Greenock Morton FC, Scotland national team)
 Billy Campbell (footballer, born 1944), Northern Irish footballer (Sunderland AFC, Dundee FC, Motherwell FC, Northern Ireland national team)
 Junior Campbell (William Campbell, born 1947), musician & composer
 William Campbell (Scottish musician) (fl1990s), Scottish musician

অস্ট্রেলিয়া
 William Campbell (Australian politician) (1810–1896), Victorian pastoralist and politician
 William Campbell (New South Wales politician) (1838–1906), New South Wales politician
 William Henry Campbell (Queensland politician) (1846–1919), Queensland politician and newspaper editor/proprietor
 Bill Campbell (footballer, born 1883) (1883–1954), Australian rules footballer for Fitzroy
 Bill Campbell (footballer, born 1904) (1904–2007), Australian rules footballer for North Melbourne
 Bill Campbell (Australian politician) (1920–1996), Victorian politician
 William Alexander Campbell (born 1961), Australian vascular surgeon and former Wallabies rugby player

অন্যান্য
 Willie Campbell (hurler) (born 1918), Irish hurler
 William Campbell (sport shooter) (born 1919), Irish Olympic sport shooter
 উইলিয়াম সি. ক্যাম্পবেল (বিজ্ঞানী) (জন্ম ১৯৩০), আইরিশ বায়োকেমিস্ট ও নোবেল পুরস্কার বিজয়ী
 William John Campbell, Creole mayor of Freetown, Sierra Leone
 William Rickarby Campbell (1840–1918), New Zealand Presbyterian minister
 William Stuart Campbell, Paul McCartney lookalike who according to urban legend took McCartney's place in the Beatles after the latter's alleged death, see Paul is dead

উইলিয়াম ক্যাম্পবেল


Eutrophication is what a water-based ecosystem does when too many nutrients are added to it. Eutrophication is mainly caused by two nutrients, phosphorus and nitrogen. These are normally brought to aquatic ecosystems as runoff from fertilized agricultural areas, erosion from river banks, river beds, clearing of land (deforestation), or sewage that ends up in aquatic environments. The major consequence of eutrophication are algal blooms.

Water pollution
Environmental chemistry

Eutrophication


Elliott Wilford Sproul (December 28, 1856 – June 22, 1935) was a U.S. Representative from Illinois.

Biography
Born in Apohaqui, Kings County, New Brunswick, Canada, Sproul attended the public schools. He moved to Boston, Massachusetts in 1879 and to Chicago, Illinois in 1880, and engaged in the building and contracting business. He was naturalized in 1886. He served as member of the Chicago City Council 1896–1899. He served as delegate to the 1920 Republican National Convention. He served as member of the board of directors of the Chicago Public Library 1919–1921.

Sproul was elected as a Republican to the Sixty-seventh and to the four succeeding Congresses (March 4, 1921 – March 3, 1931). He was an unsuccessful candidate for reelection in 1930 to the Seventy-second Congress. He resided in Chicago until his death there on June 22, 1935. He was interred in Mount Hope Cemetery in Chicago, Illinois.

References

1856 births
1935 deaths
People from Kings County, New Brunswick
Canadian emigrants to the United States
Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Illinois
Chicago City Council members
Burials at Mount Hope Cemetery (Chicago)

Elliott W. Sproul


Dosa is a dish from the Indian subcontinent. It is usually made using rice that is ground into a batter, but can also be made using other ingredients like semolina. The batter is put on a hot flat pan and formed into a circle to cook.

Dosa or dosai is a basic part of the diet of people from South India, but can also be found all across the Indian subcontinent.

Indian food

Dosa (food)


Helmut Kuhne (born 6 September 1949, in Soest) is a German politician who served as a Member of the European Parliament from 1994 until 2009. He is a member of the Social Democratic Party of Germany, part of the Socialist Group.

During his time in parliament, Kuhne sat on the European Parliament's Committee on Foreign Affairs. He was also a member of the Delegation for relations with the United States.

Education
 1973: Graduate in sociology

Career
 1974-1994: Worked at Lippstadt Protestant Grammar School and in various adult education establishments, latterly as research assistant at the Regional Institute for School and Further Education, North Rhine-Westphalia, in Soest
 Since October 2000, taught intermittently at the Faculty for Social Sciences, Ruhr University, Bochum
 1974-1978: Chairman of the Young Socialists, Western Westphalia district
 1978-2000: Member of the Western Westphalia SPD District Executive
 1984-1994: Member of Soest District Council
 1991-1999: Member of the WDR Broadcasting Council

External links

1949 births
Living people
MEPs for Germany 2004–2009
Social Democratic Party of Germany MEPs
MEPs for Germany 1994–1999
MEPs for Germany 1999–2004

Helmut Kuhne


A complex sentence is a sentence with two or more of dependent sentences and independent sentences mixed together by subordinating conjunctions, such as "although," "after," "until," "while," or "when'".

For example:
"Before the curtain rose, Nick came out and took a bow."

In this sentence, "before" is a subordinating conjunction. "Before the curtain rose" is a dependent sentence. With its subordinating conjunction, it joins the independent sentence by being smoothly contacted by its meaning.  But without this independent sentence,"Nick came and took a bow", the dependent sentence cannot stay by itself. "Before the curtain rose" cannot stay by itself without an independent sentence joined together by adding a subordinating conjunction.

Sentences

Complex sentence


A status register, flag register, or condition code register (CCR) is a collection of status flag bits for a processor. Examples of such registers include FLAGS register in the x86 architecture, flags in the program status word (PSW) register in the IBM System/360 architecture through z/Architecture, and the application program status register (APSR) in the ARM Cortex-A architecture.

The status register is a hardware register that contains information about the state of the processor. Individual bits are implicitly or explicitly read and/or written by the machine code instructions executing on the processor. The status register lets an instruction take action contingent on the outcome of a previous instruction.

Typically, flags in the status register are modified as effects of arithmetic and bit manipulation operations. For example, a Z bit may be set if the result of the operation is zero and cleared if it is nonzero. Other classes of instructions may also modify the flags to indicate status. For example, a string instruction may do so to indicate whether the instruction terminated because it found a match/mismatch or because it found the end of the string. The flags are read by a subsequent conditional instruction so that the specified action (depending on the processor, a jump, call, return, or so on) occurs only if the flags indicate a specified result of the earlier instruction.

Some CPU architectures, such as the MIPS and Alpha, do not use a dedicated flag register. Others do not implicitly set and/or read flags. Such machines either do not pass implicit status information between instructions at all, or they pass it in an explicitly selected general purpose register.

A status register may often have other fields as well, such as more specialized flags, interrupt enable bits, and similar types of information. During an interrupt, the status of the thread currently executing can be preserved (and later recalled) by storing the current value of the status register along with the program counter and other active registers into the machine stack or some other reserved area of memory.

Common flags
This is a list of the most common CPU status register flags, implemented in almost all modern processors.

Other flags
On some processors, the status register also contains flags such as these:

CPU architectures without arithmetic flags
Status flags enable an instruction to act based on the result of a previous instruction. In pipelined processors, such as superscalar and speculative processors, this can create hazards that slow processing or require extra hardware to work around them.

Some very long instruction word processors dispense with the status flags. A single instruction both performs a test and indicates on which outcome of that test to take an action, such as Compare a with b and Jump to c if Equal. The result of the test is not saved for subsequent instructions.

Another alternative to the status register is for processor instructions to deposit status information in a general-purpose register when the program requests it. MIPS, AMD 29000, DEC Alpha, and RISC-V are examples of architectures that provide comparison instructions that store the comparison result in a general-purpose register, as a single bit or a numeric value of 0 or 1. Conditional branches act based on the value in the general-purpose register.

Usually, comparison instructions test equality or signed/unsigned magnitude. To test for other conditions, a program uses an equivalence formula. For example, MIPS has no "carry bit" but a program performing multiple-word addition can test whether a single-word addition of registers overflowed by testing whether the sum is lower than an operand:

        # alow = blow + clow
	addu	alow, blow, clow
        # set tmp = 1 if alow < clow, else 0
	sltu	tmp, alow, clow
	addu	ahigh, bhigh, chigh
	addu	ahigh, ahigh, tmp
The sltu instruction sets tmp to 1 or 0 based on the specified comparison of its two other operands. (Here, the general-purpose register tmp is not used as a status register to govern a conditional jump; rather, the possible value of 1, indicating carry from the low-order addition, is added to the high-order word.)

This scheme becomes less convenient when adding three or more words, as there are two additions when computing b + c + tmp, either of which may generate a carry, which must be detected with two sltu instructions.  Fortunately, those two carries may be added to each other without risk of overflow, so the situation stabilizes at five instructions per word added.

See also
 Control register
 CPU flag (x86)
 Flag field

References

Control flow
Central processing unit
Digital registers

Status register


Cecil Doggette (born November 15, 1970, in Queens, New York) is a former Arena Football League Defensive specialist. He played college football at Hudson Valley Community College and West Virginia.

In his career, Doggette played for the Columbus Destroyers, Detroit Drive, Arizona Rattlers, Grand Rapids Rampage, and various National Football League and NFL Europe teams.

High school years
Doggette attended Bayside High School in Queens and was a standout in football and track.

Personal life
Cecil is married to former West Virginia University gymnast, Becky Doggette (née Morrison). The couple have four children, Brooklyn (b. 1994), Sydney or known as 'Makarri' (b. 2000), Jayla (b. 1997) and Cecil 'CJ' (b. 2004).

The family reside in Pickerington, Ohio.

College career
Doggette first attended Hudson Valley Community College in Troy, New York. He then transferred to West Virginia University where he was a two-year starter.

In 1990, Doggette's first season at West Virginia, he recorded 22 tackles. He also forced two fumbles and recovered another. In 1991, he broke the school single-season record of pass break-ups with nine in the first three games of the season. He finished the season with 29 tackles.

Professional career

National Football League (1992)
Doggette went unselected in the 1992 NFL Draft, however, he was signed by the San Diego Chargers.

Arena Football League (1993)
After his stint with the San Diego Chargers, Doggette left the NFL joined the Arena Football League. He signed with the Detroit Drive, where he played five games, recording 6.5 tackles and one interception. He also played a playoff game, recording 3.5 tackles.

NFL (1994)/WLAF (1995-1997)
After the  season, Doggette signed a one-year contract with the New York Jets in . In , the Jets allocated him to the Frankfurt Galaxy of the World League. He helped Frankfurt win the World Bowl Championship that season as the special teams MVP.

Then, in , Doggette attended training camp with the Dallas Cowboys, but returned to the Galaxy for the 1996 season instead. He finished the season with 40 tackles, 12 pass break-ups and four interceptions. In 1998, Doggette was signed to the Practice Squad of the Buffalo Bills.

Return to the Arena Football League
On June 28, 1995, Doggette signed with the Arizona Rattlers of the Arena Football League, after the NFL Europe season ended. He played in only four games, in  but recorded 17.5 tackles and three pass break-ups. He left the Rattlers after the 1995 season to return to the NFL Europe for the 1996 season.

Final season in the World Leaguge
After the 1997 season, Doggette left the Galaxy, when he was named All-World League for the consecutive season. He set a single-game record with six pass break-ups against the London Monarchs that season.

He finished his Galaxy career second on the all-time career list with 29 pass break-ups and single-season with 14 break-ups.

Full-time Arena Football League player

Arizona Rattlers
In week seven of the  season, Doggette performed well in the playoffs, recording 18.5 tackles and eight pass break-ups. In the ArenaBowl XI, he recorded four tackles against the Iowa Blackhawks. In 1998, he played in all fourteen games of the season. He led the Rattlers with 50 tackles and 19 pass break-ups. He also recorded two interceptions and fumble recoveries. In the playoffs, he recorded 3.5 tackles, an interception, a forced fumble, a fumble recovery, and four pass break-ups. After the season, he signed with the Buffalo Bills practice squad.

In , Doggette finished the season by being named All-Arena. He led the team with 54 tackles, 16 pass break-ups, and six interceptions on the season. His six interceptions were second in the league. In two playoff games, Doggette recorded 12.5 tackles and five pass break-ups. Then, in , he again led the team in tackles with 66, pass break-ups with 23, and interceptions with four. He also had four forced fumbles and one recovery. In three playoff games, he recorded 16 tackles, two pass break-ups and an interception.

For the  season, he led the team with 61 tackles and five interceptions. He also had 13 pass break-ups, and nine tackles and three pass break-ups in the playoffs. On March 25, 2002, Doggette re-signed with the Rattlers. In  season, he only played 10 games, but still earned second-team All-Arena honors after recording team-highs 56 tackles, three interceptions, and 15 pass break-ups. It would be the fifth consecutive season that Doggette led his respective team in tackles. He recorded 12 tackles, four pass break-ups, and an interception in the playoffs, up to the ArenaBowl XVI loss.

Grand Rapids Rampage
After the 2002 season Doggette signed with the Grand Rapids Rampage. In , he led the team in tackles for the sixth consecutive season. His 64.5 tackles ranked as the third most in Rampage history. He also recorded four interceptions, returning one for his lone career touchdown, and 13 pass break-ups.

Doggette's  season was the best statistical season of his career. He set career-highs with 76 tackles and 29 pass break-ups, leading the league in both categories. His season pass break-ups were the fourth most all-time in league single-season history. His tackles were also a Rampage record and became the franchise leader in tackles (141.5) and pass break-ups (43). He also became the all-time AFL career leader in pass break-ups on May 22, against the Carolina Cobras with 136 in his career. He finished the season by being named All-Arena and being named Defensive Player of the Game four times throughout the season. In , his last season with the Rampage, he totaled 29 tackles and nine pass break-ups.

Columbus Destroyers
In , Doggette played his final season with the Columbus Destroyers. He finished the season second on the team in tackles with 63 and pass break-ups with 10, also recording an interception. In the final home game of his career, he set a season-high 14 tackles against the Tampa Bay Storm. In the final game of his career, he totaled six tackles, one pass break-up, and a fumble recovery. Doggette announced his retirement on May 1, at the conclusion of the season.

NFL Youth Flag Football
In the fall of 2008 Doggette embarked on a new venture. He started the Ohio Youth Flag Football Association (NFL OHIO) now named GameTime SportZ. GameTime SportZ now services families in Ohio, Indiana and Virginia.

Doggette's Kids F.I.R.S.T programs are a huge it with the parents and kids. From Draft Party's to Super Bowls, GameTime SportZ provides the absolute best kids sporting environment around.

References

External links
 Columbus Destroyers' player bio

1970 births
Living people
Players of American football from Queens, New York
American football defensive backs
West Virginia Mountaineers football players
Detroit Drive players
Frankfurt Galaxy players
Arizona Rattlers players
Grand Rapids Rampage players
Columbus Destroyers players
Bayside High School (Queens) alumni

Cecil Doggette


Finished goods are goods that have completed required manufacturing process and are ready to be fitted/mixed/processed with final product.  The final product itself could also be called finished goods.
Examples: cars, clothing, food, furniture etc.

Manufacturing
In manufacturing there are three different sorts of stuff:

Raw material
Work in process
Finished goods

Something bought as a "raw material" is used to manufacture a product.  A thing that is not completed during the manufacturing process is called "work in process".  When the manufacturing of the thing is completed but it is not yet sold or distributed to the end-user, it is called a "finished good".

"Finished good" is a relative term. Finished goods of a supplier can be the raw material of the buyer. For example, a paper mill sells paper to a book publisher who uses it as raw material.

Reference

Factors of production

Finished goods


Gillingham Football Club is a professional association football club based in the town of Gillingham, Kent, England. The only Kent-based club in the Football League, the "Gills" play their home matches at Priestfield Stadium. The team competes in League Two, the fourth tier of the English football league system, in the 2023–24 season.

The club was founded in 1893 as New Brompton Football Club, a name retained until 1912, and played in the Southern League before joining the Football League in 1920.  After 18 unsuccessful seasons, Gillingham were voted out of the league in favour of Ipswich Town at the end of the 1937–38 season, and returned to the Southern League.  The club was voted back into the Football League in 1950, when it was expanded from 88 to 92 clubs. Twice in the late 1980s Gillingham came close to winning promotion to the second tier of English football, but a decline then set in and in 1993 they narrowly avoided relegation to the Football Conference. Between 2000 and 2005, Gillingham were in the second tier of the English football league system for the only time in their history, achieving a club record highest league finish of eleventh place in 2002–03.

The club originally played in black and white striped shirts but switched to blue shirts in the 1930s. The club crest has traditionally depicted the white horse symbol of the county of Kent.  Priestfield Stadium has been the club's home ground throughout its existence; it once held up to 30,000 fans but in the modern era the capacity is less than half that figure.  The club has twice won the championship of English football's fourth tier, in the 1963–64 and 2012–13 seasons, under managers Freddie Cox and Martin Allen respectively.

History

Early years

The local success of a junior football side, Chatham Excelsior F.C., encouraged a group of businessmen to meet with a view to creating a football club which could compete in larger competitions. New Brompton F.C. was formed at the meeting, held on 18 May 1893.  The founders also purchased the plot of land which later became Priestfield Stadium.  The new club played its first match on 2 September 1893, losing 5–1 to Woolwich Arsenal's reserve side in front of a crowd of 2,000.  New Brompton were among the founder members of the Southern League upon its creation in 1894, and were placed in Division Two. They were named Champions in the first season (1894–95) going on to defeat Swindon Town in a test match to win promotion.

In the seasons that followed, the club struggled in Division One, finishing bottom in the 1907–08 season, avoiding relegation only due to expansion of the league. Whilst the club's league performance was disappointing, the side did manage a famous cup victory over Football League First Division Sunderland and held Manchester City to a draw before losing in the replay.  In 1912 the directors passed a resolution to change the club's name to Gillingham F.C., and the team played under this name throughout the 1912–13 season, although the change was not officially ratified by the shareholders until the following year.  The team finished bottom of Division One in the 1919–20 season but for a third time avoided relegation, due to the subsequent elevation of all Southern League Division One clubs to form the new Football League Division Three.

First spell in the Football League
In the first season of the newly created Football League Division Three, the 1920–21 season, Gillingham again finished bottom, and in the years to follow there was little improvement on this, the club continually finishing in the lower reaches of the bottom division. In 1938 the team finished bottom of the Third Division (South) and were required to apply for re-election for the fifth time since joining the league. This bid for re-election failed, with Gillingham returning to the Southern League and Ipswich Town being promoted in their place. Gillingham quickly established themselves as one of the stronger sides in the league, winning a local double of the Kent League and Kent Senior Cup in the 1945–46 season.  In the 1946–47 season the team won both the Southern League Cup and the Southern League championship, during which they recorded a club record 12–1 victory over Gloucester City.  The Gills also won the league title in 1948–49.

Return to the Football League
In 1950, plans were announced to expand the Football League Division Three (South) from 22 to 24 teams and, taking into account their local success in the interim, Gillingham were re-elected to the Football League with a landslide vote.  The team spent eight seasons in Division Three (South) before the restructuring of the league system for the 1958–59 season saw them placed in the newly created Fourth Division. They remained in this division until 1964, when manager Freddie Cox led them to promotion, winning the first championship in the club's history. The team finished the season level on 60 points with Carlisle United, but with a fractionally better goal average (1.967 against 1.948).

After relegation back to the Fourth Division in 1970–71, the Gills were soon promoted back to the Third Division in the 1973–74 season. After this the club seemed to find its level in Division Three, regularly mounting a challenge for promotion which ultimately fell short each time, coming particularly close to promotion in 1986–87 when they reached the play-offs only to lose in the final to Swindon Town.  During this period the club produced future stars Steve Bruce and Tony Cascarino, who was famously bought from non-league Crockenhill in exchange for a set of tracksuits.

In 1987, the Gills hit the headlines when, on consecutive Saturdays, they beat Southend United 8–1 and Chesterfield 10–0, the latter a club record for a Football League match. Just a few months later, however, manager Keith Peacock was controversially sacked, and within 18 months the club had fallen into Division Four.  The ensuing spell in the lower division brought little success, and in the 1992–93 Division Three campaign the Gills narrowly avoided relegation to the Football Conference.

Recent highs and lows

Beset with financial problems, the club went into administration in January 1995, and by the end of the 1994–95 season faced the threat of being expelled from the Football League and closed down.  In June 1995, however, a London-based businessman, Paul Scally, stepped in and bought the club.  He brought in new manager Tony Pulis, who led Gillingham to promotion in his first season, finishing second in the old Division Three (now Football League Two).  In 1999 the Gills made the play-offs but lost in the final to Manchester City. The Gills were 2–0 up with less than two minutes left only to see City score twice, the equaliser in injury time, and go on to win 3–1 in a penalty shoot-out.  Soon after the play-off loss, Pulis was sacked for gross misconduct, and Peter Taylor appointed manager.  In the 1999–00 season Gillingham qualified for the play-offs again, where they faced Wigan Athletic in the final at Wembley Stadium. The game finished 1–1 after 90 minutes, but, thanks to goals in extra time from substitutes Steve Butler and Andy Thomson, the Gills won 3–2 and were promoted to Division One for the first time.

Taylor then left to manage Leicester City, and Andy Hessenthaler was appointed as player-manager.  He led the club to their best ever league finish of eleventh in the 2002–03 season, but the following season saw the club narrowly avoid relegation on goal difference. Hessenthaler resigned as manager in November 2004, and new boss Stan Ternent was unable to prevent the Gills' relegation to League One. At the end of the 2007–08 season the club was relegated again, this time to League Two,  but an immediate return to the third level was secured via the play-offs after beating Shrewsbury Town in the final.  In the 2009–10 season, however, the Gills slipped into the bottom four on the last day, and were relegated back to League Two, having failed to win a single away game in the league all season.  This resulted in manager Mark Stimson having his contract terminated, and Andy Hessenthaler was appointed as manager of the club for the second time.  At the start of the 2012–13 season Hessenthaler was replaced by Martin Allen, who led the club to promotion as League Two champions in his first season in charge. However, shortly after winning League Two, Allen was sacked in what many saw as a surprise after a poor start to the season.  The club remained in League One from 2013 up until 2022, with a best finish of ninth, achieved in the 2015–16 season.  In the 2021–22 season, Gillingham were relegated back into League Two.  In December 2022, Florida-based property tycoon Brad Galinson acquired a majority shareholding in the club, with Scally retaining minority ownership. In January 2023 the club confirmed that Galinson would also take on the position of Chairman.

Stadium

The Gills have played at Priestfield Stadium throughout their existence.  The ground was originally purchased by the founders of the club through an issue of 1,500 £1 shares. Sources differ on whether the ground was named after the road on which the land stood, Priestfield Road, or whether the road was named after the ground; if the latter is the case then the origin of the ground's name is unknown. The ground was extensively developed prior to the 1930s, but there was then little change until the late 1990s and the arrival of Paul Scally as chairman. Three of the four stands were demolished and rebuilt between 1995 and 2000. The fourth stand, known as the Town End, was demolished to make way for a new stand, to be named the Brian Moore Stand after television sports commentator Brian Moore, who was a well-known Gills fan, but the club's financial situation has not allowed the new stand to be built.  A temporary stand was erected in 2003 and remains in place as of 2022.  From 2007 until 2010 the stadium was officially named KRBS Priestfield Stadium as part of a sponsorship deal with the Kent Reliance Building Society.  In 2011 it was rebranded again, this time, to MEMS Priestfield Stadium under another such agreement.

At its peak in the 1940s the official capacity of the stadium was listed as "between 25,000 and 30,000" but subsequent redevelopments, the removal of terraces and building of new facilities have seen this reduced to a current capacity of 11,582. In the 2018–19 season, the most recent to be completed in full with full crowd capacity permitted, the average attendance at home matches was 5,128. The ground has also hosted home fixtures of the England women's national football team.  The club's training ground is Beechings Cross, in Grange Road, Gillingham. In 2012 the club was involved in a dispute with the local council, who alleged that Gillingham owed over £30,000 in unpaid bills relating to the training facility.

Colours and crest

Although Gillingham have long been associated with the colours blue and white, the original New Brompton side wore a strip consisting of black and white striped shirts with black shorts.  In 1913 the black and white strip was dropped in favour of red shirts with blue sleeves, emblazoned with the borough's coat of arms.  The striped shirts returned after World War One, before finally being replaced with the now-familiar combination of plain blue shirts and white shorts in 1931.  More recent years have seen several variations on the blue and white colour scheme. In the late 1990s the team wore blue and black striped shirts, recalling the original New Brompton stripes.  In the summer of 2003 it was controversially announced that the club's first choice shirts for the following season would be predominantly white, rather than blue. The announcement received such a hostile response from supporters that the white strip was replaced by one featuring blue and black hoops, which had originally been earmarked as the team's third choice kit.  In March 2010 the club announced a return to the black and blue stripes for the 2010–11 season.  In recognition of the centenary of the renaming of the club, the 2012–13 kit was red with blue sleeves and collar, and the club's crest was replaced by the town's crest. After winning the League Two title in 2012–13, the club gave season ticket holders the chance to vote on what colours the club would play in for the 2013–14 season, with the fans choosing to return to a blue and white kit. Blue and white, or blue with black stripes, have been used since.

The club's current crest is a shield divided vertically into halves of black and white stripes and solid blue, reflecting the club's original and modern kits. On the blue half is the county emblem of Kent, a white horse rampant, albeit slightly altered from its normal form as its mane is stylised into the letters of the word "Gills". This side has been sometimes given a red or pink background, to coordinate with away kits featuring those colours. The club's motto, which appears on a scroll below the crest, is Domus clamantium, the Latin for "the home of the shouting men", a traditional epithet associated with the town of Gillingham.  In keeping with the crest, the club's mascot, Tommy Trewblu, takes the form of a horse.  He first appeared at a match against Macclesfield Town in October 1998.

The first sponsor's name to appear on Gillingham shirts was that of Italian home appliance manufacturers Zanussi, who sponsored the club in the mid-1980s. Subsequent sponsors have included Chatham Maritime, Medway Toyota, Cannon Tool Hire, Invicta FM, Kool, Medway News, SeaFrance, MHS Homes Group, Kent Reliance Building Society, Automatic Retailing, MEMS Power Generation, and Medway Council.

Players

Current squad

Former players

Player of the Season
Gillingham's Player of the Season award is voted for by the club's supporters. It was first introduced in the 1968–69 season.

Club officials

As of April 2023

Management

Technical staff

Managers

For the first three years of the club's existence, team matters were handled by a committee. In 1896 William Ironside Groombridge, the club's secretary, took sole charge of team affairs to become Gillingham's first recognised manager.  Former England international Stephen Smith was appointed as full-time manager in 1906, but left in 1908, with Groombridge once again taking on team responsibilities. Groombridge was associated with the club, as manager and secretary, for over 25 years. When the club was admitted to the Football League in 1920, Robert Brown was appointed as manager, but he resigned a month later before the season had even begun.  His replacement, Scotsman John McMillan, thus became the first manager to take charge of the team in a Football League match.

In 1939, a year after the club was voted back out of the Football League, Archie Clark took over as manager, and was still in charge when the club was elected back to the Football League in 1950. Clark remained in the job until 1957. Freddie Cox took over in 1962 and led the club to the Football League Fourth Division championship in the 1963–64 season, making him the first manager to win a Football League divisional title with the club. Basil Hayward was sacked in 1971 after the club was relegated back to the Fourth Division in the 1970–71 season, but his successor Andy Nelson led the club to promotion back to Division Three three years later before controversially resigning.

Tony Pulis took over in 1995, with Gillingham once again in the bottom division, and managed the club to promotion in his first season in charge. Three years later he led the team to the Second Division play-off final, but was sacked immediately after this after being accused of gross misconduct. Peter Taylor replaced him and took the club to a second consecutive play-off final, where Gillingham gained promotion to the second tier of English football for the first time.  In 2013 Martin Allen became the second manager to lead the Gills to a divisional title in the Football League, as the team won the championship of League Two.  The team is currently managed by Neil Harris, who was appointed in January 2022.

Chairmen
The following have been chairman of the club's board of directors:

Honours
Sources:

Leagues

 Third Division / League One  (level 3)
Play-off winners: 2000
Play-off finalists: 1987, 1999

 Fourth Division / League Two (level 4)
Champions: 1963–64, 2012–13
Runners-up: 1973–74, 1995–96
Play-off winners: 2009

 Southern League
Champions: 1946–47, 1948–49
Runners-up 1947–48

 Southern League Division Two
Champions: 1894–95

 Kent League
Champions: 1945–46

 Thames & Medway Combination
Champions: 1898–99, 1899–1900

Cups
Southern League Cup
Winners: 1946–47

 Kent League Cup
Winners: 1945–46

 Kent Senior Cup
Winners: 1945–46, 1947–48
Runners-up (5): 1938–39, 1948–49, 1949–50, 1994–95, 2014–15

Statistics and records

Goalkeeper Ron Hillyard holds the record for Gillingham appearances, having played 657 matches in all competitions between 1974 and 1990, while the record for appearances solely in the Football League is held by another goalkeeper, John Simpson, with 571 between 1957 and 1972. Brian Yeo is the club's all-time leading league goalscorer, having scored a total of 136 goals between 1963 and 1975.  He also jointly holds the club record for the most Football League goals scored in a single season, having scored 31 goals in the 1973–74 season, equalling the record set by Ernie Morgan in 1954–55.  The highest number of goals scored by a player in a single game at a professional level is the six registered by Fred Cheesmur against Merthyr Town in April 1930.  The highest transfer fee received by the club is £1.5 million for Robert Taylor, paid by Manchester City in 1999, and the highest fee paid by Gillingham is £600,000 for Carl Asaba, signed from Reading in 1998.

The club's record home attendance is 23,002, for an FA Cup match against Queens Park Rangers on 10 January 1948, a record which will almost certainly never be broken unless the club relocates to a larger ground, given that Priestfield Stadium's current capacity is approximately half that figure.  The team's biggest ever professional win was a 10–0 defeat of Chesterfield in September 1987,
although they had previously registered a 12–1 win against Gloucester City in the Southern League in November 1946. The Gills hold the record for the fewest goals conceded by a team in the course of a 46-game Football League season, set in the 1995–96 season, during which goalkeeper Jim Stannard kept 29 clean sheets.

Rivalries
The 2003 Football Fans Census revealed that no other team's supporters considered Gillingham to be among their club's main rivals. Millwall are considered to be the closest the Gills have to local rivals. Swindon Town are seen by many fans as the club's biggest rivals, stemming from bad-tempered matches between the teams in the past.  While Swindon fans generally do not consider Gillingham among their biggest rivals, there was violence when they met at Priestfield in the 2005–06 season, their first meeting since a promotion play-off match in 1987.  Following their promotion in 1989, Maidstone United became Kent's second League side. A rivalry with Gillingham developed over the following seasons, until Maidstone's financial troubles forced them to resign from the League in 1992. A minor rivalry between Gillingham and Fulham has developed arising from the death of a Fulham fan who was killed during a clash between both sets of fans outside Priestfield Stadium in March 1998.

In popular culture
In 1956, comedian Fred Emney filmed a scene for his sitcom Emney Enterprises prior to the start of a match between Gillingham and Brighton & Hove Albion. The footage featured the overweight Emney, wearing a flat cap and monocle and smoking a cigar, dribbling the ball past the entire Gills defence and scoring a goal.  The 2005 film Green Street makes use of action sequences filmed during a match between Gillingham and West Ham United, although the dialogue states that the team playing West Ham is Birmingham City to align with the narrative of the film.  A film entitled The Shouting Men, released in March 2010, centres on a group of Gillingham fans and features scenes shot at Priestfield.

See also
Brian Moore's Head Looks Uncannily Like London Planetarium – webzine devoted to the club, which previously existed from 1988 to 2006 as a paper fanzine. Named in honour of the club's most famous supporter, the late commentator Brian Moore.
Gillingham W.F.C. – independent women's football club formerly affiliated to Gillingham F.C.

Notes

References

External links

Official club website

1893 establishments in England
Association football clubs established in 1893
Football clubs in England
English Football League clubs
Gillingham, Kent
Southern Football League clubs
Sport in Medway
Football clubs in Kent
Companies that have entered administration in the United Kingdom

Gillingham F.C.


A Children's Hearing is a legal hearing for children in Scotland. It is part of the country's justice and welfare systems. It takes into account the fact that children who commit crimes need the same sort of care as those who are victims of an offence or neglect. Only if a child has committed a serious crime will they be sent for trial in a normal court. For most cases they are sent to a children's panel. A panel is made up of three adults, with at least one member of each gender. The child's parent or guardian and their social worker will also be present at a hearing.

The hearing or meeting usually happens around a table. The panel members are given information and reports and the child's circumstances are fully discussed before the panel reaches their decision. It's unlike a regular hearing because the child can speak at any time during the meeting.

A child may be sent to a children's hearing because they have committed a crime, because they have been neglected or because they have not been not attending school. Often, a children's reporter will refer a child to a panel. These reporters gather information on a child from teachers, social workers, or police and decide whether or not to refer them to a panel. A children's reporter will be made aware of a vulnerable child by a referral. A referral is a notification from anyone (neighbour, teacher, police) about a child they think needs legal intervention.

Panel members are very important in a child's life as they make many important decisions for the child. They are specially trained to deal with children and their families. At the end of the hearing they can decide to put a child in foster care, to send them to a children's home, residential school or secure accommodation, to tag them, or to keep the child with their parents and put them under the supervision of a social worker. However, the panel can not punish a child in any way: they can not inflict a fine upon the child or their parents.

Other websites
 - Wiki about Children's Panels

Children
Scots law

Children's Hearing


A Pacific hurricane is a tropical cyclone that forms in the northeastern part of the Pacific Ocean. For organizational purposes, the Pacific Ocean is divided into three parts: the eastern (North America to 140°W), central (140°W to the International Date Line), and western (west of the Date Line). A Pacific hurricane, then, is a tropical cyclone in the northern Pacific Ocean east of the Date Line. Tropical cyclones that form in the western north Pacific are called typhoons. This separation between the two basins is convenient, however, as tropical cyclones rarely form in the central north Pacific and few ever cross the dateline.

Related pages
Tropical cyclone
Atlantic hurricane

Pacific Ocean
 Pacific

Pacific hurricane


Audrey ("Mickey") Patterson (September 27, 1926 — August 23, 1996) was the first African-American woman to win an Olympic medal; she won a bronze medal in the 200-meter dash at the 1948 Olympic Games in London.

Biography
Patterson was born in New Orleans to Lionel Patterson and Josephine Nero Patterson. She attended Danneel Elementary School and Gilbert Academy, where she developed a passion for running. She earned a scholarship to Tennessee State University in Nashville and graduated from Southern University in Baton Rouge, Louisiana.

Unbeaten as a prep and college competitor, she was a star in the 100- and 200-meter races and 400-meter relay and a national and international champion in the two individual events. She won the 200-meter race at the U.S. Olympic trials in 1948, making her one of nine black American female track athletes to compete at the London Games.  She was 22 when she won her Olympic medal, covering the 200 meters in 25.2 seconds, the same time as Shirley Strickland of Australia. It took officials 45 minutes to decide that Miss Patterson would get the bronze medal; Strickland was placed fourth. Fanny Blankers-Koen of the Netherlands, considered the greatest female Olympian of her time, won the race, earning her third gold medal of the 1948 games.  In receiving the bronze medal, Patterson is distinguished as the United States' first African-American woman to win an Olympic medal.  A few days later Alice Coachman won a gold medal at the high jump.  The London games were also the first time, the 200 meter distance race was included for women competitors.

In 1965, she founded Mickey's Missiles, a track club for girls 6 to 18. Boys joined the group several years later. It grew from three members its first year to more than 125 and produced Olympic sprinters Jackie Thompson, who competed in the 200-meter race in 1972, and Dennis Mitchell, who ran in the 100-meter dash in 1988, 1992 and 1996.  She managed the U.S. women's track team that toured the Soviet Union and Germany in 1969 and coached the team that competed against a Russian squad in Texas in 1974. In 1982, she founded the Martin Luther King Freedom Run in San Diego.

Patterson was named the Woman Athlete of the Year by the Amateur Athletic Union in 1949.  She served as First Vice President of the Amateur Athletic Union, Director of the Pacific Southwest Association and the YMCA, Governor of the Western District of the National Association of Negro Business and Professional Women, and a member of the Urban League, NAACP and 1984 Olympic Spirit Team.  She received the San Diego Woman of the Year and Press Club Headliner awards.  In 1978, she was inducted into the Greater New Orleans Sports Hall of Fame.  Soon after, she was inducted into the Louisiana Sports Hall of Fame at the Superdome.

She married Ronald Tyler, and settled in San Diego.  She was the mother of two sons, Herbert Hunter and Gerald Hunter, and two daughters, Cynthia Lowery and Andrea Nelson. Patterson died on August 23, 1996, in National City, California.

References

1926 births
1996 deaths
American female sprinters
Olympic bronze medalists for the United States in track and field
Athletes (track and field) at the 1948 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 1948 Summer Olympics
African-American female track and field athletes
Track and field athletes from New Orleans
20th-century African-American women
20th-century African-American sportspeople
20th-century American people
Olympic female sprinters

Audrey Patterson


Music has tonality if it uses the notes of a major or minor scale. Such music is tonal. It is in a particular "key". Nearly all Western music is tonal.

All tonal music is based on a major or minor scale. If the tune "Twinkle, twinkle little star" is played starting on the note C, the notes of a C major scale will be used. The note C will sound like the home note (the "tonic") and, indeed, the tune finishes on a C. The tune could have started on any other note (C sharp, D, E flat, E etc.) but a knowledge of scales would be needed as some sharps or flats (black notes) will be required. When singing the tune there is no need to think about the sharps and flats: the singer does them quite naturally.

A piece of tonal music will usually modulate after a while. This means that it changes key. But the music will not sound finished until it goes back to the original key. If one sings The Star-Spangled Banner and stops after the words "our flag was still there" the song sounds as if it has stopped in mid-air. It will not sound finished until it goes back to the first key in the last two lines.

Most Western music from about 1600 onwards is based in a major or minor key. This system of tonality was used by all the great composers up to the 20th century and in popular music and most folk music. Listening to a symphony by Beethoven is like going on a journey through various key areas, always returning to the original tonic at the end. In some cases, such as Beethoven's Fifth Symphony, it may start in the minor and finish in the major. This is because minor keys can sound disturbed, full of tension, but major keys sound happier and more relaxed.

The opposite of "tonality" is atonality. An atonal piece is one where there is no feeling of a home key. Playing lots of random notes and of chromatic scale will sound atonal. Schoenberg was one of the most famous composers of atonal music. Of course, his music is not just random notes (although it may sound like it to the listener at first), so he had to find another way of giving his music shape. That is why he invented the twelve-tone system.

Music theory

Tonality


A bodystocking  or body stocking is a one-piece skin-tight garment that covers the torso, legs and sometimes the arms of the wearer. It is a foundation garment or an article of lingerie usually made from a sheer fabric similar to that used for stockings or pantyhose, or from fishnet, lace or an opaque material, or a variation of these materials. A bodystocking differs from a unitard, which is worn as an outfit or article of clothing, and a leotard, which is used as a practice garment or performance costume for acrobats, gymnasts and other similar performers. Designed to be revealed, but not to be too revealing, bodystockings may be worn as undergarments by performers such as belly dancers and exotic dancers.

Description

Oftentimes bodystockings are made of sheer fabric and are worn with or without undergarments such as a bra. Bodystockings normally come in only two sizes, especially when they use stretch material. A body stocking may be worn for the smooth line it gives or because it cannot become untucked from trousers or a skirt. When worn as underwear, it is usually not worn with other underwear. It may be worn with panties for extra coverage or a bra for extra support. Sheer body stockings are too revealing to be worn alone.

Opaque bodystockings can be worn in place of tights and a blouse. Bodystockings also come in fishnet, lace and satin, the latter which may just consist of the top portion of the bodystocking, allowing it to be worn underneath a suit jacket to serve as a blouse. These types of bodystockings are also made sheer, enabling the wearer to wear a more revealing outfit coupled with sheer coverage for line smoothing.

Bodystockings are put on through the neck, in a similar technique to putting on a pair of tights: the body and arm sections are rolled down and then the legs are scrunched up like stockings; one would put one foot in and pull the stocking part up, and then the same on the other leg; from the waist, the bodystocking is pulled up over the torso to the chest, and then the arms are scrunched up and put on in same way as the legs; and the garment is then adjusted as required, and any ribbons and fasteners tied.

Due to its design, and its close-fitting and one-piece aspect, the wearer may have to remove the bodystocking  for excretion, but crotchless bodystockings are also available. If a bodystocking is a foundation garment, any over clothing will also need to be removed.

History

It is unclear when the first bodystocking was made or when it was first worn.

The first notable occasion was when American actress Adah Isaacs Menken wore one in 1861 in the play Mazeppa, based on Byron's "Mazeppa", in which she played a Ukrainian man who was tied nude to the back of a wild horse by his enemies. In the scene Menken wore a flesh coloured bodystocking to preserve her modesty while giving the illusion of nudity. The practice created controversy.

A body stocking was used in a tableau vivant style short film The Birth of the Pearl (1901), which featured an unnamed long-haired young model wearing a flesh-coloured body stocking in a direct frontal pose and provided a provocative view of the female body.

Other problematic roles which have sometimes been facilitated by wearing a flesh-coloured body-stocking are those of Eve in Biblical dramas and Lady Godiva in carnivals.

Gallery

See also

 Bodysuit
 Zentai

References

20th-century fashion
21st-century fashion
Fetish clothing
Lingerie
One-piece suits
Sportswear

Bodystocking


The Nationalist Party of Australia was an Australian political party.  It began on 17 February 1917 when the conservative Commonwealth Liberal Party and the National Labor Party (NLP) joined together. The Nationalist Party held government until 1929. It was the major opposition to the Labor party. In 1931 it joined with a group who left the Labor Party led by Joseph Lyons and became the United Australia Party. This was the basis of the Liberal Party of Australia which began in 1944.

History
In October 1915 Prime Minister Andrew Fisher retired. The Australian Labor Party (ALP) chose Billy Hughes to be the new leader and Prime Minister. He was a strong supporter of Australia's participation in World War I. After a visit to Britain in 1916 he decided that conscription was necessary to get enough soldiers for the Australian army. Most of his party, especially the trade unions, did not support conscription. There were also many Irish Roman Catholics in the Labor Party who did not want to support the British government. This was because of the British government's actions against the Irish Easter Uprising of 1916. In October Hughes held a plebiscite to get support to start conscription, but the plebiscite was narrowly defeated. Melbourne's Catholic Archbishop, Daniel Mannix, was his main opponent on the conscription issue. Hughes continued to argue in favour of conscription. This produced a deep and bitter split within the Australian community, as well as within the members of his own party.

On 15 September 1916 NSW branch of the Labor Party forced Hughes from the Labor Party. When the Federal Parliamentary Labor caucus met on 14 November 1916, there was a lot of argument. Hughes and 24 other Labor members walked out. The remaining 43 members passed a motion of no confidence in the leadership. This removed Hughes and the other members from the ALP.

Hughes and his followers formed a new party, the National Labor Party. They were able to govern with support from Joseph Cook and his Commonwealth Liberal Party.  In February 1917, the two groups joined to form the Nationalist Party, with Hughes as leader and Cook as deputy leader.  The Nationlists, with Liberal and Labor members, were able to present an image of national unity.

In May 1917 the Nationalists won a huge electoral victory. At this election Hughes abandoned his working-class seat of West Sydney, and was elected for Bendigo in Victoria. Hughes had promised to resign if his Government did not win the power to conscript. A second vote was held in December 1917, but was again defeated, this time by even more votes. Hughes resigned as Prime Minister but, as he was the leader of the majority party, the Governor-General, Sir Ronald Munro Ferguson, immediately asked him to be Prime Minister again. Hughes was able to remain as Prime Minister while keeping his promise to resign.

Hughes and the Nationalists governed on their own until the elections of 1922. The new Country Party gained quite a few seats in the House of Representatives. The Nationalists did not have a majority to govern and needed Country Party support. However, the Country Party did not like Hughes' rural policy. Their leader, Earle Page said he would not serve under him. Many in the Nationalist Party did not fully support Hughes, suspecting he was still really a socialist. Page's demand finally gave them an excuse, and without support Hughes was forced to resign in January 1923. Former Treasurer Stanley Bruce was chosen as leader, and quickly entered into a coalition with the Country Party. The price, however, was high. The Country Party demanded five seats in cabinet (out of 11), including the Treasurer's post and the deputy Prime Minister position for Page. However, Bruce agreed rather than force another election.  This was the start of the traditional coalition of non-Labor parties.

Under Bruce's leadership the Nationalists became much more conservative. The Nationalist-Country coalition won a huge victory in 1925.  It was reelected in 1928, though with a significantly less support. In 1929 when Bruce tried to bring in new laws to change the industrial arbitration system, this was too much for Hughes. He and his supportes voted against the laws, and the government, no longer controlling a majority, called an early election.

The Coalition was defeated, even Bruce even lost his own seat. He was succeeded as leader by former Attorney-General John Latham. The Nationalists were never a real force in Australian politics again. Having only ever been in government they were not prepared for a role in opposition.  However in 1931, a group of Labor Party members led by Joseph Lyons, left the ALP to join the conservatives. They formed a new group, the United Australia Party (UAP). Most of the UAP were former Nationalists, but they chose Lyons as leader and Prime Minister  The UAP replaced the Nationalists as the main conservative anti-Labor Party.

Young Nationalists Organisation
Around 1929 Robert Menzies, a member of the Victorian Parliament, joined with Wilfrid Kent Hughes to form the Young Nationalists Organisation. Menzies was its first President.

The organisation kept its name when even when the Nationalists became the UAP. Half the UAP members elected in the 1932 Victorian state election were Young Nationalists. In 1932 the Premier, Sir Stanley Argyle, included three of them in his eight-person cabinet, including Menzies as Deputy Premier.

Later, when Menzies founded the Liberal Party of Australia, he invited delegates from the Young Nationalists to attend. The Young Nationalists followed the UAP into the Liberal Party, and Menzies formed the Young Liberals to replace them.

Leaders
William Morris Hughes 1917-1922
Stanley Bruce 1922-1929
John Latham 1929-1931

References

Australian Dictionary of Biography - Billy Hughes
Australian Dictionary of Biography - Stanley Bruce
Australian Dictionary of Biography - John Latham

Political parties in Australia
1917 establishments
1910s establishments in Australia
1930s disestablishments in Australia

Nationalist Party of Australia


Stanislao Mattei, O.F.M. Conv. (10 February 1750, in Bologna – 17 May 1825, in Bologna), was an Italian Conventual Franciscan friar who was a noted composer, musicologist, and music teacher of his era.

Life
Mattei was born in Bologna, then part of the Papal States, to a family of artisans. At the local Church of St. Francis, he became a pupil of the famed musician, Friar Giovanni Battista Martini, O.F.M. Conv., a member of the Franciscan community attached to the church. He also followed Martini's example and entered the Conventual Franciscans. Following his period of novitiate, he was named his mentor's assistant and substitute conductor of the famed girls choir at the church and succeeded him in that position upon his death in 1784.

Mattei continued as choir director at the Church of St. Francis until 1809. He then moved briefly to Padua, where he served in that function for the Basilica of Saint Anthony of Padua, operated by his religious Order. This situation was temporary, however as he soon returned to Bologna, where he became the music director at the Church of St.  Petronius.

During the occupation of Italy by the French Revolutionary Army, the friary was suppressed and the community of friars scattered. Mattei then went to live with his mother, supporting himself by giving private instruction.

Music
Mattei's music bears a close resemblance to the style of composition of Martini, his mentor.

Mattei himself composed over 300 works of sacred music, a body of work which remains largely unpublished. He also composed some secular vocal pieces and symphonies. In 1804 he was appointed as a professor at the Liceo Musicale di Bologna (now the Conservatorio Giovanni Battista Martini), where he had among his pupils Gaetano Donizetti, Yevstigney Fomin, Angelo Mariani, Giuseppe Vianesi, Francesco Morlacchi, Luigi Felice Rossi, Gioachino Rossini, Giovanni Tadolini, and Christian Theodor Weinlig.

Selected works
 Oratorio - La passione di Gesù Cristo 1792

References

1750 births
1825 deaths
18th-century Italian Roman Catholic priests
19th-century Italian Roman Catholic priests
19th-century Italian male musicians
Italian Classical-period composers
Italian male classical composers
Italian musicologists
Italian music theorists
Conventual Friars Minor
Musicians from Bologna
Pupils of Giovanni Battista Martini

Stanislao Mattei


Regression toward the mean simply means that, following an extreme random event, the next random event is likely to be less extreme. Regression toward the mean was first described by Francis Galton. He found that offspring of tall parents tended to be shorter. Also, offspring of shorter parents tended to be taller. Galton stated that processes that did not follow regression towards the mean would quickly go out of control.

History
In 1886, Galton published a paper  called Regression towards mediocrity in hereditary stature.  In the paper, he observed that extreme characteristics (e.g., height) in parents are not passed on completely to their offspring. Rather, the characteristics in the offspring regress towards a mediocre point. Today, this point is called  the mean. By measuring the heights of hundreds of people, he was able to quantify regression to the mean, and estimate the size of the effect. Galton wrote that, "the average regression of the offspring is a constant fraction of their respective mid-parental deviations". This means that the difference between a child and its parents for some characteristic is proportional to its parents' deviation from typical people in the population. If its parents are each two inches taller than the averages for men and women, on average, the child will be shorter than its parents by some factor times two inches. Today, this factor has been calculated to be  one minus the regression coefficient.  For height, Galton estimated this coefficient to be about two thirds: the height of an individual will measure around a midpoint that is two thirds of the parents' deviation from the population average.

Observation
Galton used the term regression to describe an observable fact in the inheritance of multi-factorial quantitative genetic traits: namely that the offspring of parents who lie at the tails of the distribution will tend to lie closer to the centre, the mean, of the distribution. He quantified this trend, and in doing so invented linear regression analysis. This is the starting point for much of modern statistical modelling. Since then, the term "regression" has taken on different meanings, and it may be used by modern statisticians to describe phenomena of sampling bias which have little to do with Galton's original observations in the field of genetics.

Galton's explanation for the regression phenomenon he observed is now known to be incorrect. He stated: "A child inherits partly from his parents, partly from his ancestors. Speaking generally, the further his genealogy goes back, the more numerous and varied will his ancestry become, until they cease to differ from any equally numerous sample taken at haphazard from the race at large." This is incorrect, since a child receives its genetic makeup exclusively from its parents. There is no generation-skipping in genetic material: any genetic material from earlier ancestors than the parents must have passed through the parents. The phenomenon is better understood if we assume that the inherited trait (e.g., height) is controlled by a large number of recessive genes. Exceptionally tall individuals must be homozygous for increased height mutations on a large proportion of these loci. But the loci which carry these mutations are not necessarily shared between two tall individuals, and if these individuals mate, their offspring will be on average homozygous for "tall" mutations on fewer loci than either of their parents. In addition, height is not entirely genetically determined, but also subject to environmental influences during development, which make offspring of exceptional parents even more likely to be closer to the average than their parents.

In sharp contrast to this population genetic phenomenon of regression to the mean, which is best thought of as a combination of a binomially distributed process of inheritance (plus normally distributed environmental influences), the term "regression to the mean" is now often used to describe completely different phenomena in which an initial sampling bias may disappear as new, repeated, or larger samples display sample means that are closer to the true underlying population mean.

References

Other websites
 Regression Toward the Mean

Regression toward the mean


The British Embassy in Berlin () is the United Kingdom's diplomatic mission to Germany. It is located on 70-71 Wilhelmstraße, near the Hotel Adlon, in Berlin. The current ambassador is Jill Gallard.

Palais Strousberg

Before moving to the Wilhelmstraße, the British mission used, among others, the building at Leipziger Platz 12 and the ), from 1797 to 1803. The original building at 70 Wilhelmstraße, known as the Palais Strousberg and designed by August Orth, was built in 1868 by the railway magnate Bethel Henry Strousberg. In December 1884, the United Kingdom bought the site after renting it for some years after Strousberg's bankruptcy and the subsequent sale of the building to Hugo zu Hohenlohe-Öhringen in 1876. Wilhelmstraße was then a centre for the German government, being the location of the Imperial Chancellery and the Foreign Ministry.

When diplomatic relations were broken off at the outbreak of World War I, the building stood empty. Surviving a fire during the upheavals of the 1919 revolution, it was reoccupied in 1920 when Edgar Vincent d'Abernon became ambassador. At the beginning of World War II, relations were broken off again. The building was heavily damaged by Allied bombing during the war and was demolished in 1950. The title to the land nevertheless remained in the possession of the United Kingdom.

Cold War era
 Between 1949 and 1990, Germany was divided. The British Ambassador to the Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany) was based in Bonn, the capital city of that state. The British embassy to the German Democratic Republic (East Germany) was situated near to the old embassy, at Unter den Linden 32-34.

Post-reunification building

Upon reunification in 1990, the German government returned the seat of government from Bonn to Berlin. Accordingly, the British government decided to reoccupy the Wilhelmstraße site, despite the German Foreign Office no longer being located on this street. An architectural competition was held, and won by the practice of Michael Wilford and Partner (see also Manuel Schupp). Ground was broken at the site on 29 June 1998 by Derek Fatchett MP, and the new building opened by Queen Elizabeth II on 18 July 2000.

Architecture
The British embassy is the first, and to date, only embassy in Germany to be built under a private finance initiative. Arteos, a Bilfinger Berger owned special purpose entity, financed and were to operate the embassy building for 30 years. A further 30-year extension is possible, following which the building will revert to British government ownership. In December 2006, Bilfinger sold their interest in the embassy to the UK firm Secondary Market Infrastructure Fund.

Conscious of the necessity for modern embassies to forge good and open relationships with the German public, Wilford endowed the main floor with a café, library and restaurant. The security zone used to begin on the fourth floor but, with the perceived increased risk from terrorists, the site is now totally secured, and the intended public spaces are no longer freely accessible.

Events
On 10 August 2021, British and German authorities arrested an embassy security guard for passing documents to Russian intelligence for money. The guard, a 57-year-old British locally-hired contract worker, was named as David Smith. MI5, the Metropolitan Police's Counter Terrorism Command, the BKA (German federal police), and various prosecutors had investigated the man for months prior to his arrest in Potsdam. On 17 February 2023, Smith was sentenced to 13 years and two months in prison.

See also
 List of diplomats of the United Kingdom to Germany

References

This article contains material that was originally translated from the German Wikipedia article Britische Botschaft in Berlin.
That article contains the following references:-
 Thomas Michael Krüger, Florian Bolk: Britische Botschaft Berlin. Broschüre (32 Pages),
 Ulf Meyer: Bundeshauptstadt Berlin, jovis Verlag, Berlin, 1999,

External links

British embassy Berlin
Photograph of the old embassy

Government buildings completed in 2000
Buildings and structures in Berlin
Germany–United Kingdom bilateral relations organisations
United Kingdom
Berlin
Michael Wilford buildings

Embassy of the United Kingdom, Berlin


A suburb is an area of a town or city, a little away from Downtown, where there are fewer big buildings and mainly houses, schools and shops. Such places are called suburban areas or suburban districts. Sometimes, the suburbs cover a very large area. The suburbs are part of the metropolitan area and may be legally part of the main city.

Since the Industrial revolution, urbanization has spread very quickly and far. Transport in the form of trams, buses, trains and cars allows commuting from distant homes to work in the inner city. This led to the growth of suburbs as residential areas. Housing commonly includes Detached houses and semi-detached houses and flats. Houses are built farther apart than in the inner city and there is often space for gardens and parks.

As cities grow outwards, they begin to take over the surrounding countryside. Authorities have created Green belts on the undeveloped land around a city to prevent urban sprawl and to prevent the towns and cities merging into one. They also encourage development within the town, and protect the countryside. The need for new houses, particularly large detached and semi-detached houses in pleasant surroundings, means that some areas of green belt land have been built on and others are threatened. That's because it is cheaper to build on empty land than to redevelop brownfield sites in older parts of the town or city.

Related pages
 Suburbanisation - how suburbs are created

Urban geography
Types of settlements

Suburb


Jane Irwin Harrison (July 23, 1804 – May 11, 1846) was the First Lady of the United States for a very brief period. She was married to William Henry Harrison Jr. William was the son of William Henry Harrison, ninth President of the United States. As the daughter-in-law of the president, she acted as the First Lady for about a month in 1841. She acted as his official hostess during his brief tenure in office, which lasted for a month in 1841. President's wife Anna Harrison was very ill, and she could not go out of their home in Ohio, when her husband moved to take up the presidency.

1804 births
1846 deaths
First Ladies of the United States
People from Pennsylvania

Jane Irwin Harrison