Charles VI (; ; 1 October 1685 – 20 October 1740) was Holy Roman Emperor and ruler of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy from 1711 until his death, succeeding his elder brother, Joseph I. He unsuccessfully claimed the throne of Spain following the death of his relative, Charles II. In 1708, he married Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, by whom he had his four children: Leopold Johann (who died in infancy), Maria Theresa (the last direct Habsburg sovereign), Maria Anna (Governess of the Austrian Netherlands), and Maria Amalia (who also died in infancy).

Four years before the birth of Maria Theresa, faced with his lack of male heirs, Charles provided for a male-line succession failure with the Pragmatic Sanction of 1713. The Emperor favoured his own daughters over those of his elder brother and predecessor, Joseph I, in the succession, ignoring the Mutual Pact of Succession he had signed during the reign of his father, Leopold I. Charles sought the other European powers' approval. They demanded significant terms, among which were that Austria close the Ostend Company. In total, Great Britain, France, Saxony-Poland, the Dutch Republic, Spain, Venice, States of the Church, Prussia, Russia, Denmark, Savoy-Sardinia, Bavaria, and the Diet of the Holy Roman Empire recognised the sanction. France, Spain, Saxony-Poland, Bavaria and Prussia later reneged. Charles died in 1740, sparking the War of the Austrian Succession, which plagued his successor, Maria Theresa, for eight years.

Biography

Early years
Archduke Charles (baptized Carolus Franciscus Josephus Wenceslaus Balthasar Johannes Antonius Ignatius), the second son of the Emperor Leopold I and of his third wife, Princess Eleonore Magdalene of Neuburg, was born on 1 October 1685.

Following the death of Charles II of Spain, in 1700, without any direct heir, Charles declared himself King of Spain—both were members of the House of Habsburg. The ensuing War of the Spanish Succession, which pitted France's candidate, Philip, Duke of Anjou, Louis XIV of France's grandson, against Austria's Charles, lasted for almost 14 years. The Kingdom of Portugal, Kingdom of England, Scotland, Ireland and the majority of the Holy Roman Empire endorsed Charles's candidature. Charles III, as he was known, disembarked in his kingdom in 1705, and stayed there for six years, only being able to exercise his rule in Catalonia, until the death of his brother, Joseph I, Holy Roman Emperor; he returned to Vienna to assume the imperial crown. Not wanting to see Austria and Spain in personal union again, the new Kingdom of Great Britain withdrew its support from the Austrian coalition, and the war culminated with the Treaties of Utrecht, Rastatt and Baden three years later. The former, ratified in 1713, recognised Philip as King of Spain; however, the Kingdom of Naples, the Duchy of Milan, the Austrian Netherlands and the Kingdom of Sardinia – all previously possessions of the Spanish—were ceded to Austria. To prevent a union of Spain and France, Philip was forced to renounce his right to succeed his grandfather's throne. Charles was extremely discontented at the loss of Spain, and as a result, he mimicked the staid Spanish Habsburg court ceremonial, adopting the dress of a Spanish monarch, which, according to British historian Edward Crankshaw, consisted of "a black doublet and hose, black shoes and scarlet stockings".

Charles's father and his advisors went about arranging a marriage for him. Their eyes fell upon Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, the eldest child of Louis Rudolph, Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel. She was held to be strikingly beautiful by her contemporaries.

Succession to the Habsburg dominions

When Charles succeeded his brother in 1711, he was the last male Habsburg heir in the direct line. Since Habsburg possessions were subject to Salic law, barring women from inheriting in their own right, his own lack of a male heir meant they would be divided on his death. The Pragmatic Sanction of 19 April 1713 abolished male-only succession in all Habsburg realms and declared their lands indivisible, although the Diet of Hungary only approved it in 1723.

Charles had three daughters, Maria Theresa (1717–1780), Maria Anna (1718–1744) and Maria Amalia (1724–1730) but no surviving sons. When Maria Theresa was born, he disinherited his nieces and the daughters of his elder brother Joseph, Maria Josepha and Maria Amalia. It was this act that undermined the chances of a smooth succession and obliged Charles to spend the rest of his reign seeking to ensure enforcement of the Sanction from other European powers.

Charles agreed to a demand from Britain that he close a trading company, (the Ostend Company), which was based in the Austrian Netherlands and that he himself founded in 1722.

Other signatories included Britain, France, the Dutch Republic, Spain, Russia, Denmark and Savoy-Sardinia but subsequent events underlined Prince Eugene of Savoy's comment that the best guarantee was a powerful army and full Treasury. His nieces were married to the rulers of Saxony and Bavaria, both of whom ultimately refused to be bound by the decision of the Imperial Diet and despite publicly agreeing to the Pragmatic Sanction in 1735, France signed a secret treaty with Bavaria in 1738 promising to back the 'just claims' of Charles Albert of Bavaria.

In the first part of his reign, the Habsburg monarchy continued to expand; success in the Austro-Turkish War (1716–1718), adding Banat to Hungary, and establishing direct Austrian rule over Serbia and Oltenia (Lesser Wallachia). This extended Austrian rule to the lower Danube.

The War of the Quadruple Alliance (1718–1720) followed. It too ended in an Austrian victory; by the Treaty of The Hague (1720), Charles swapped Sardinia, which went to the Duke of Savoy, Victor Amadeus II, for Sicily, the largest island in the Mediterranean, which was harder to defend than Sardinia. The treaty also recognised Philip V of Spain's younger son, Don Carlos (the future Charles III of Spain), as heir to the Duchy of Parma and Grand Duchy of Tuscany; Charles had previously endorsed the succession of the incumbent Grand Duke's daughter, Anna Maria Luisa, Electress Palatine.

Peace in Europe was shattered by the War of the Polish Succession (1733–1738),  a dispute over the throne of Poland between Augustus of Saxony, the previous King's elder son, and Stanisław Leszczyński. Austria supported the former, France the latter; thus, a war broke out. By the Treaty of Vienna (1738), Augustus ascended the throne, but Charles had to give the Kingdom of Naples to Don Carlos, in exchange for the much smaller Duchy of Parma and Grand Duchy of Tuscany.

The issue of Charles's elder daughter's marriage was raised early in her childhood. She was first betrothed to Léopold Clément of Lorraine, who was supposed to come to Vienna and meet Maria Theresa. Instead, he died of smallpox in 1723, which upset Maria Theresa. Léopold Clément's younger brother, Francis Stephen, then came to Vienna to replace him. Charles considered other possibilities (such as Don Carlos) before announcing the engagement to Francis. At the end of the War of the Polish Succession, France demanded that Francis surrender the Duchy of Lorraine (his hereditary domain), to Stanisław Leszczyński, the deposed King of Poland, who would bequeath it to France at his death. Charles compelled Francis to renounce his rights to Lorraine and told him: "No renunciation, no archduchess."

In 1737, the Emperor embarked on another Turkish War in alliance with Russia. Unlike the previous Austro-Turkish War, it ended in a decisive Austrian defeat. Much of the territory gained in 1718 (except for the Banat) was lost. Popular discontent at the costly war reigned in Vienna; Francis of Lorraine, Maria Theresa's husband, was dubbed a French spy by the Viennese.

Death and legacy

At the time of Charles's death, the Habsburg lands were saturated in debt; the exchequer contained a mere 100,000 florins; and desertion was rife in Austria's sporadic army, spread across the Empire in small, ineffective barracks. Contemporaries expected that Hungary would wrench itself from the Habsburg yoke upon his death.

The Emperor, after a hunting trip across the Hungarian border in "a typical day in the wettest and coldest October in memory", fell seriously ill at the Favorita Palace, Vienna, and he died on 20 October 1740 in the Hofburg. In his Memoirs Voltaire wrote that Charles's death was caused by consuming a meal of death cap mushrooms. Charles's life opus, the Pragmatic Sanction, was ultimately in vain. Maria Theresa was forced to resort to arms to defend her inheritance from the coalition of Prussia, Bavaria, France, Spain, Saxony and Poland—all party to the sanction—who assaulted the Austrian frontier weeks after her father's death. During the ensuing War of the Austrian Succession, Maria Theresa saved her crown and most of her territory but lost the mineral-rich Duchy of Silesia to Prussia and the Duchy of Parma to Spain.

Several recent authors have claimed that Charles had a number of sexual relationships with male courtiers, including his Master of the Horse, Prince Schwarzenberg, and a hunter's boy. The love of his life was Michael Joseph, Count Althann, a groom of the bedchamber, whom he called "my only heart, my comfort...my soul mate", and with whom he slept regularly. Althann's death in 1722, after a friendship of nineteen years, devastated him.

Emperor Charles VI has been the main motif of many collectors' coins and medals.  One of the most recent samples is high value collectors' coin the Austrian Göttweig Abbey commemorative coin, minted on 11 October 2006. His portrait can be seen in the foreground of the reverse of the coin.

Children

Heraldry

Ancestors

Male-line family tree

Notes

References
 Crankshaw, Edward: Maria Theresa, 1969, Longman publishers, Great Britain (pre-dates ISBN)
 Jones, Colin: The Great Nation: France from Louis XV to Napoleon, University of Columbia Press, Great Britain, 2002,
 Fraser, Antonia: Love and Louis XIV: The Women in the Life of The Sun King, Orion books, London, 2006,
 Mahan, J.Alexander: Maria Theresa of Austria, Crowell publishers, New York, 1932 (pre-dates ISBN)
 Kahn, Robert A.: A History of the Habsburg Empire, 1526–1918, University of California Press, California, 1992,
 Acton, Harold: The Last Medici, Macmillan, London, 1980,
 Browning, Reed: The War of the Austrian Succession, Palgrave Macmillan, 1995,

External links

Regnal titles

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1685 births
1740 deaths
18th-century Holy Roman Emperors
18th-century Aragonese monarchs
18th-century archdukes of Austria
18th-century kings of Sardinia
18th-century kings of Sicily
18th-century monarchs of Naples
Nobility from Vienna
Burials at the Imperial Crypt
Burials at St. Stephen's Cathedral, Vienna
Crown of Aragon
Knights of the Golden Fleece
Deaths from food poisoning
Grand Masters of the Order of the Golden Fleece
Pretenders to the Spanish throne
Sons of emperors
Children of Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor
Habsburg monarchs of Bohemia
Kings of Hungary
Kings of Croatia

Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor


Frederick Page (September 29, 1915 - December 23, 1997) was a Canadian executive for several ice hockey leagues and organizations. Page was born in Port Arthur, Ontario.

As president of the Canadian Amateur Hockey Association (CAHA), he helped bring amateur hockey teams to Europe for tours.  Later, he helped facilitate negotiations between the CAHA and the International Ice Hockey Federation (IIHF).  This would lead to Page being an executive vice president of the IIHF from 1969 to 1972.  Next, he helped start the Pacific Coast Junior Hockey League, which later merged with the British Columbia Junior Hockey League in 1997. Page was elected to the Hockey Hall of Fame in 1993.

Other websites

1915 births
1997 deaths
Hockey Hall of Fame inductees
People from Thunder Bay

Fred Page


Anthony Maxwell Rundle AO (born 5 March 1939 in Scottsdale, Tasmania) was the Premier of the Australian State of Tasmania from 18 March 1996 to 14 September 1998.  He succeeded Ray Groom and was succeeded himself by Jim Bacon. He is a Liberal who held the seat of Braddon between 1986 and 2002.  A former journalist, he is married to Caroline Watt. He has twin daughters from his first marriage.

Rundle was first elected as member for Braddon in 1986 and reelected in the 1989, 1992, 1996 and 1998 elections. He served as Speaker of the Tasmanian House of Assembly from 1988 to 1989.

During the 1996 election, Liberal Premier Ray Groom promised he would only govern if the Liberals kept their majority. At that election, the Liberals suffered a three-seat swing and lost their majority.  The Labor Party refused to enter into any agreement with the Greens, leaving a Liberal minority government backed by the Greens as the only realistic option.  Groom resigned rather than break his pre-election pledge, and Rundle was elected Liberal leader. He quickly reached an agreement with the Greens, allowing him to become Premier.

Government

During Rundle's minority government; unemployment rose and the state economy struggled. The Labor party exploited this in hopes of discrediting the Liberals' economic credibility. However, others simply blamed the bad economic conditions on lack of investment in the state for fear of minority government. In his government, Rundle granted the Greens offices, staff and more parliamentary resources.

He came under pressure from lobby groups to reduce the size of parliament, mostly for cost-cutting purposes. There were numerous proposals including having three multi-member seats in the Tasmanian House of Assembly electing nine members each. Others proposed abolishing the Tasmanian Legislative Council and merging some of its electorates into the House of Assembly. The Labor Party proposed a 40-member parliament with 25 members in the House of Assembly and 15 members in the Legislative Council. The Labor Party proposal was backed by many business groups and the Legislative Council as it would reduce the chance of a minority government. Rundle, however, refused to support Labor's proposal, as it was likely to lead to his downfall. One Liberal member, Bob Cheek, crossed the floor to support Labor's proposal; he was later forced to resign from his position as secretary for small business. The Rundle government was unable to get support from the Legislative Council for its alternatives and wasn't able to abandon the issue, so Rundle later decided to support Labor's bill. In a speech, Rundle stated, "While this new model isn't perfect, at least a party with 10% of the vote will no longer control the state" . The reduction in the size of parliament increased the required quota for election from 12.5% to 16.7% and made it more difficult for Green members to be elected. Rundle called an election immediately after declaring support for the move, knowing that the Greens would launch a no-confidence vote against him. Tasmanian Greens leader Christine Milne claimed Rundle had 'betrayed her trust to deliberately remove a group of Tasmanians from politics for the Liberals' own gain' .

After the size of parliament was reduced, Rundle lost the following 1998 state election and became the opposition leader. He held this position until July 1999 and retired just before the 2002 state election.

The Rundle government is credited for its numerous reforms; reforming gun laws, gay law reform, the Bass link initiative, signing the Regional Forests Agreement, a small move towards more conservation in Tasmania, and the handling of the Port Arthur massacre.

External links

  Proportional Representation Society of Australia - Parliamentary reform process.

References

Premiers of Tasmania
Members of the Tasmanian House of Assembly
Officers of the Order of Australia
1939 births
Living people
People educated at Launceston Church Grammar School
Speakers of the Tasmanian House of Assembly
Delegates to the Australian Constitutional Convention 1998
20th-century Australian politicians
Liberal Party of Australia members of the Parliament of Tasmania
Leaders of the Opposition in Tasmania
Treasurers of Tasmania
21st-century Australian politicians
People from Scottsdale, Tasmania

Tony Rundle


The Flytech Dragonfly is a remote-controlled flying toy manufactured by WowWee. The Dragonfly has been incorrectly billed as the world's first commercially available RC ornithopter (flapping wing aircraft). It was actually preceded by several other products, including Hobbytechnik's Skybird, Park Hawk, and Slow Hawk radio controlled ornithopters, and the Cybird radio-controlled ornithopter from Neuros.

The Dragonfly is made from lightweight but strong materials and has a crash-resistant structure. It is rechargeable and has multiple modes for beginner and advanced users. The Dragonfly is not a robot like the majority of WowWee's current products, such as the Robosapien and the Roboreptile. Replacement wings are available for purchase.

History
The Dragonfly was invented by Sean Frawley and Dan Getz who began experimenting with ornithopters while they were still teenagers. The four-winged design of the Dragonfly was based on a previous rubber-band-powered ornithopter kit designed by Nathan Chronister and manufactured by The Ornithopter Zone. It also uses the same flapping wing design as the DelFly. The newly available micro-sized motors and batteries developed for cellular telephones made it possible to build an electric-powered, radio-controlled version. Mr. Frawley has since earned a degree in aerospace engineering from Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University and now works for WowWee. The Dragonfly was first introduced at the January 2007 CES show in Las Vegas, and was being sold in RadioShack stores in the United States in February 2007.

Hardware

The Dragonfly is made of lightweight materials that are strong and crash-resistant.  Its gears and internal frame are made of Delrin.  These parts, and its other internal electronics, are protected by a body molded from Expanded Polypropylene.  Carbon fiber rods give the Dragonfly's wings strength, while Mylar film give them lift and thrust.  At 25 grams, its very light nature makes it easily susceptible to gentle wind currents.

The Dragonfly operates for approximately 5 to 10 (rarely 15) minutes on a single charge of its lithium polymer battery.  The Dragonfly recharges by plugging into its remote control unit, which itself requires 6 AA batteries. Charging time is about 20 minutes.

Other versions
FlyTech Dragonfly comes in multiple colors, blue and green are the most commercially available, while red/orange ones are less common.
One version of the Dragonfly is designed to resemble Barry B. Benson from the 2007 DreamWorks animated film Bee Movie.
A Toys-R-Us exclusive variant called the Hornet had a more wasp-like body.

References

Further reading
 Gizmodo article from January 6, 2007

External links

The Ornithopter Zone
Ornithopter Technologies – Sean Frawley's original company
FlyTech Dragonfly Home on RoboCommunity – The official WowWee Robotics user community
UK info site about the Flytech Remote Control Dragonfly
Video of Dragonfly flying filmed at half-speed
Fan-site, photo gallery, forums and review with pictures of Dragonfly
 Flytech Dragonfly Information page (plus YouTube video) it is a big fly
 Flytech Dragonfly Inventor Sean Frawley – a discussion of remarkable materials, painstaking development and that spark of inspiration.
 Review of the FlyTech Dragonfly by Craig Johnson of The LED Museum

Radio-controlled aircraft
2000s toys
Unmanned aerial vehicles of the United States
Entertainment robots
Robotic animals
Ornithopters
WowWee
Products introduced in 2007
Micro robots
Dragonflies

FlyTech Dragonfly


The macadamia nut is the fruit of a tree that first came from the east coast of Australia. There is
more than one kind of Macadamia tree. Only two kinds are grown for food.

The tree is an evergreen (stays green all year long). It grows up to  high. It has groups of small white flowers. It grows best in subtropical (wet and always warm) climates. It needs well-drained soil (water can flow away easily) and  of rain a year.

The nutmeat (the soft part inside the shell that can be eaten) is mostly a creamy white color. Sometimes it looks a bit yellow. It has a flavor that many people like. Macadamias are eaten roasted (cooked) by themselves. They are used in cookies, cakes, pastries, and candies. People use them like almonds and cashews as part of cooked meals. This is an Oriental style of cooking.

The first commercial orchard was started in Australia in the late 1880s. Commercial production started in Hawaii during the 1920s. Production later spread to California, Mexico, and other places with warm climate.

Macadamias are poisonous to dogs. A dog usually needs 24 to 48 hours to recover fully after eating macadamias.The plant is in the Proteaceae family of flowering plants.

References

Edible nuts and seeds

Macadamia nut


David Sztybel (born 2 February 1967) is a Canadian philosopher specializing in animal ethics.

Education and career
Sztybel was born in Toronto, Ontario. He obtained his BA in philosophy in 1991, his MA in 1994, and his PhD in 2000 – for a thesis entitled "Empathy and Rationality in Ethics" – from the University of Toronto.

He fulfilled an Advisory Research Committee Post-Doctoral Fellowship at Queen's University (2001-2002), held a fellowship at the Oxford Centre for Animal Ethics (2007–2011), and a research fellowship at the University of Vienna (2011 to present). Most of his work is related to animal rights.

Sztybel has been a vegan since 1988.

Research
Sztybel has developed a new theory of animal rights which he terms "best caring", as outlined in his paper "The Rights of Animal Persons". Criticizing conventional theories of rights based on intuition, traditionalism or common sense, compassion, Immanuel Kant's theory, John Rawls's theory, and Alan Gewirth's theory, Sztybel devises a new theory of rights for human and nonhuman animals. Sztybel bases his theory, in part, on the idea that sentient beings are ends-in-themselves, a theory of emotional cognition which verifies that some things really are good or bad for sentient beings. This is a non-utilitarian or "individuals-respecting" theory that defends the proposition that all sentient beings should be legally recognized as persons.

He is critical of utilitarianism and the traditional feminist ethics of care. He also takes issue with the traditional notion of animal welfare, which supports the use of animals if steps are taken to avoid "unnecessary" suffering, the parameters of which vary. Sztybel argues that we would never call the same treatment of humans, mentally disabled or otherwise, to be consistent with their welfare. He coined the term "animal illfare" to describe conventional animal treatment. He holds that true animal welfare would only entail wishing animals good (never anything avoidably malicious). He supports that fully realized substantial animal rights correspond to a significant respect for all sentient beings.

Sztybel contends that Singer's philosophy of animal liberation is not really about liberating animals in general; he accuses Singer of being a speciesist for defending the vivisection of animals on the ground that they have inferior cognitive capacities. In so doing, Singer is effectively sanctioning the harmful treatment of nonhuman animals on the basis of a species-characteristic which does not justify violent treatment.

He also provides a critique of the abolitionist views of Gary L. Francione and Joan Dunayer, who argue that animal rights supporters should not pursue a welfarist approach. A defense of suffering-reduction laws and a discussion of the logical problems of anti-welfarism are featured in Sztybel's article "Animal Rights Law: Fundamentalism versus Pragmatism".

See also
 List of animal rights advocates

Selected publications
"Animal Rights Law: Fundamentalism versus Pragmatism."  Journal for Critical Animal Studies 5 (1) (2007): 1-37. https://web.archive.org/web/20090205001448/http://www.criticalanimalstudies.org/JCAS/Journal_Articles_download/Issue_6/sztybel.pdf
"The Rights of Animal Persons." Animal Liberation Philosophy and Policy Journal 4 (1) (Spring 2006): 1-37. https://web.archive.org/web/20090106123436/http://www.criticalanimalstudies.org/JCAS/Journal_Articles_download/Issue_5/sztybel.pdf
 "Can the Treatment of Animals Be Compared to the Holocaust?"  Ethics and the Environment 11 (Spring 2006): 97-132.
 "A Living Will Clause for Supporters of Animal Experimentation."  Journal of Applied Philosophy 23 (May 2006): 174-189.
"Animal Rights: Autonomy and Redundancy." Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics 14 (3) (2001): 259-73.
"Taking Humanism Seriously: 'Obligatory' Anthropocentrism." Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics 13 (3/4) (2000): 181-203.
"Marxism and Animal Rights." Ethics and the Environment 2 (Fall 1997): 169-85.
Three articles for The Encyclopedia of Animal Rights and Animal Welfare, pp. 130–32. Edited by Marc Bekoff. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Publishing Group, 1998: "René Descartes", "Distinguishing Animal Rights from Animal Welfare", and "Jainism".
"How I Became Vegan" in Michael Lanfield The Interconnectedness of Life: We Are Interconnected. pp. 96. We Are Interconnected Films, 2015.

Notes

External links

 David Sztybel's Philosophy and Animal Rights Page

1967 births
21st-century Canadian philosophers
Bioethicists
Canadian animal rights scholars
Canadian veganism activists
Living people
Activists from Toronto
University of Toronto alumni

David Sztybel


Chard is a town in Somerset.  It is in the South Somerset District.  It is near the border of the county of Devon.

Chard is the birthplace of aviation.  It was in Chard, during 1848, that John Stringfellow (1799 - 1883), first demonstrated that powered flight was possible.

In 1685, Chard was one of the towns in which Judge Jefferies held some of the Bloody Assizes after the failure of the Monmouth Rebellion.  He stayed in The Choughs, a public house in Chard.

Towns in Somerset

Chard (Somerset)


The Tantō is a Japanese short sword or dagger.

The tantō's traditional overall length was 11.93 in (1 shaku, about 30 cm). The blade's length was about 5in to 12in (12 1/2 cm to 30 cm). Blades that were bigger (13 to 14 inches) were called ko-wakizashi, meaning "small short sword." The tantōs which varied from the traditional size were called O-tantō or Sunobi tantō.

The tantō was a weapon with a single-edged blade and a curved shape. It was designed for soft targets and was thought to be a hidden weapon of the samurai. It was extremely effective in close fighting.

The tantō appeared during the Heian Period (795-1192 A.D.) and developed as a weapon during the Kamakura Period (1192-1333 A.D.). At that time the tantō was not just a weapon but also a work of art. It was richly decorated using the most spread styles: hira-tsukuri and uchi-sori. Later, in the Nambokucho period (1336-1392 A.D), tantōs become longer than 15.75 inches (37 cm). Blades become thinner and broader and thus even more dangerous. Different styles developed and the shape changed. During the Muromachi Period (1336–1573 A.D.) the tantō becomes once more narrow-bladed.

By this time the quality of the blade was better. It was the time when professional smiths appeared and there were several styles of tantō making. The best known smiths were: Sukesada and Norimitsu (Bizen-den); Kanemoto and Kanesada (Mino-den); Muramasa and Masashige (Ise). The beginning of Edo period (1603-1867 A.D.) was a period of relative peace after Japanese unification and, although not so many were made, they were of good quality. The heat treated blade's edge (hamon) becomes more waved and so more beautiful.

A great number of tantōs were made in the last 700 to 800 years. Some of them were for civil use. Others were made especially for samurai. One of the classifications is based on the hand guard type:
 tantō with a guard called tsuba;
 tantō with an aikuchi style of guard;
 tantō with hamadashi style of guard.

The most popular of the three tantōs were aikuchi and hamadashi. This was because of the fact that these two types had a small guard and they were easier to hide and carry. The tantō was not widely used on the battlefield, so the guard was mostly unnecessary.

Other styles of tantō differed by the shape of the blade. The best known are:
 Hira-zukuri - with a flat, narrow and thick blade. This was designed for slashing and piercing blows.
 Shobu-zukuri - with a ridge line and with a blood groove.
 Moroha - a double edged and very rare tantō
 Kissaki-moroha-zukuri - with a very long and sharp point (o-kissaki)
 Kaikan - short tantō with small guards, usually carried by women.

When the tantō was used on the battlefield it was supposed to go through the armor of the opponent when he was close. The best tantōs for this were those with a long, narrow blade and with a thick spine. The blow was applied with the point directed under or through the armor. The tantō was usually carried in a wide cloth belt (obi) with the edge up and the handle turned to the right. In the samurai house the tantō was often placed with the wakizashi (short sword). Samurai women were taught to use the tantō in case they needed to defend themselves or, if violated, to take their own life.

It is also considered that tantōs of different type were used for suicide ritual (seppuku, also hara-kiri). Still, it was mainly used by women samurai whose suicidal ritual was to cut their own throat. The men samurai had a different ritual: they used a wakizashi sword for disembowelment.

Related pages
 Katana
 Samurai
 Wakizashi
 Naginata
 Nagamaki

Other websites
 History of Japanese sword polishing

Japanese swords

Tanto


"Be Good to Me" is a song on Ashley Tisdale's first album, Headstrong. "Be Good to Me" was the first song released off the album. It was released in the United States on December 25, 2006 and in South America in January 2007. The album version has rap vocals by David Jassy.

2006 songs

Be Good to Me


Ace is a fictional character played by Sophie Aldred in the long-running British science fiction television series Doctor Who. A 20th-century Earth teenager from the London suburb of Perivale, she is a companion of the Seventh Doctor and was a regular in the series from 1987 to 1989. She is considered one of the Doctor's most popular companions.

Ace appeared in ten stories (32 episodes), and was the final companion in the original run of the classic series.

Doctor Who script editor Andrew Cartmel said that the character was written to be a "fighter and not a screamer". In the television series Ace reveals that her real given name is Dorothy. Her family name is never explicitly stated in the series but spin-off media refer to her as both Dorothy Gale and Dorothy McShane.

Character history
Ace is a 16-year-old human who first appears in the 1987 serial Dragonfire, where she is working as a waitress in the frozen food retail complex of Iceworld on the planet Svartos. She had been a troubled teen on Earth, having been expelled from school for blowing up the art room as a "creative statement". Gifted in chemistry (despite failing the subject at O-level), she was in her room experimenting with the extraction of nitroglycerin from gelignite when an explosion (later revealed to be a time-storm created by Fenric) swept her up and transported her to Iceworld, many years in the future. There, she meets the Doctor and his companion Mel. When Mel leaves the Doctor at the conclusion of the serial, he offers to take Ace with him in the TARDIS, and she happily accepts.

Ace suffered traumatic events in her childhood, including a bad relationship with her mother Audrey (the daughter of merchant seaman Frank William Dudman and his wife Kathleen, who served in the  Women's Royal Naval Service during World War II) and the racially motivated Molotov cocktail firebombing of her friend Manisha's flat when she was 13. Following the latter event, needing to lash out, she burned down a local abandoned Victorian house named Gabriel Chase after sensing the presence of the villain Light there and was put on probation. Consequently, Ace covered up her own fears and insecurities with a streetwise, tough exterior. Her weapons of choice included a baseball bat and a powerful explosive, disapproved of by the Doctor (who nonetheless found it useful on occasion), she called "Nitro-9", which she invented and mixed up in canisters she carried in her backpack.

Affectionately giving the Doctor the nickname of "Professor", Ace is convinced that he needs her to watch his back, and protects him with a fierce loyalty. In turn, the Doctor seems to take a special interest in Ace's education, taking her across the universe and often prompting her to figure out explanations for herself rather than giving her all the answers. However, the Seventh Doctor's increasing tendency to manipulate events and people (including her), even with what appears to be the best of intentions, results in several difficult moments in their relationship.

Under the Doctor's tutelage, Ace fights the Daleks in Remembrance of the Daleks, the Cybermen in Silver Nemesis, encounters the all-powerful Gods of Ragnarok in The Greatest Show in the Galaxy, the sadistic torturer Kandy Man in The Happiness Patrol, and many other dangers. She also faces the ghosts of her own past in Ghost Light and The Curse of Fenric, coming to terms with them and, ironically, creating them in the latter case thanks to the paradoxes of time travel. Over time, she starts to mature into a confident young woman, and her brash exterior ceases to be a front.

What the Doctor is aware of, but Ace is not, is that her arrival on Iceworld was no accident but part of a larger scheme stretching across the centuries and conceived by Fenric, an evil that had existed since the beginning of the universe. Ace is a "Wolf of Fenric", one of many descendants of a Norseman tainted with Fenric's genetic instructions to help free it from its ancient prison so it can evolve humans into the Vampiric Haemovores, and a pawn in the complex game between it and the Doctor. After Fenric is defeated in 1943, Ace continues to journey with the Doctor. At one point in the story, Ace offers to distract a guard so that the Doctor can free a prisoner. When the Doctor asks how she plans to divert the guard's attention she replies that she is "not a little girl". She proceeds to lead the guard away from his post by intriguing him with a combination of slightly suggestive innuendo towards the guard and cryptic musings about the Doctor's machinations. The scene suggests that she is aware of both her developed sexuality and the Doctor's manipulative tendencies.

The circumstances of Ace's parting of ways with the Doctor are not known, as the series went on hiatus in 1989 with the end of the very next serial, Survival, in which Ace is returned by the Doctor to Perivale but ultimately chooses to leave again with him. A painting seen in the extended version of Silver Nemesis suggests that at some point in her personal future Ace will end up in 18th or 19th century France. This idea is further explored in the novelisation of The Curse of Fenric and the Virgin New Adventures. The novelisation contains an epilogue not included in the televised serial, in which the Doctor visits an older Ace in 1887 Paris.

If the series had continued, the production team's intent was to have Ace eventually enter the Prydonian Academy on the Doctor's home planet of Gallifrey and train to be a Time Lord. The story Ice Time by Marc Platt, in which this would happen, was never made. When the Seventh Doctor is next seen in the 1996 Doctor Who television movie, he is travelling alone, with no reference made as to what had happened to Ace. In "The Power of the Doctor" (2022), it is said that Ace and the Doctor had some sort of "fallout" which led to her leaving, although what exactly happened is never clarified.

However, in The Sarah Jane Adventures story Death of the Doctor, Sarah Jane reveals to her companions that she has done research on some of the Doctor's companions. She mentions "that Dorothy something — she runs that charity, 'A Charitable Earth' ("ACE"). She's raised billions." In the same episode, the Eleventh Doctor reveals that his Tenth incarnation looked in on each of his former companions as he prepared for regeneration at the end of "The End of Time".

A promotional video made to advertise the Blu-ray release of Doctor Who's  twenty-sixth season shows Ace as the head of A Charitable Earth.

She appeared in "The Power of the Doctor" celebrating the BBC Centenary, alongside the returning former companion Tegan Jovanka, the two of them now having been hired by Kate Stewart to work as UNIT freelancers.

In Tales of the Tardis, Ace reunited with an aged Seventh Doctor and discussed their adventures. They also discussed the meeting with Fenric and both apologised to each other falling out.

Other appearances

Ace and the Seventh Doctor appeared twice more on television after Doctor Who was cancelled. The first occasion was in 1990, in a special episode of the BBC2 educational programme Search Out Science. In this episode, the Doctor acts as a quiz show host, asking questions about astronomy; Ace, K-9 and "Cedric, from the planet Glurk" are the contestants. The last appearance of Ace on British television was in the Dr Who TV special "The Power of the Doctor" (2022)  in Jodie Whittaker's final appearance as the Doctor.

Ace was also featured in the Doctor Who Magazine comic strip sporadically, one of the few television companions to appear in it.

The character is extensively developed in the New Adventures, a BBC-licensed series of novels from Virgin Books continuing on from Survival. Ace becomes more and more frustrated with the Doctor's manipulations; he forcibly separates her from a potential relationship with Robin Yeadon in Nightshade and sacrifices her lover Jan to defeat the alien Hoothi in Love and War by Paul Cornell, which proves to be the last straw. She leaves the TARDIS, joins Spacefleet and fights the Daleks for three years, later rejoining the Doctor and his new companion Bernice Summerfield in Deceit by Peter Darvill-Evans, older and more hardened. This development in the character was the result of a deliberate decision by Darvill-Evans as the editor of the line at Virgin to change Ace and her role in the ongoing narrative. It is first revealed in Blood Heat by Jim Mortimore that Manisha had died in the firebombing of her flat.

Ace's relationship with the Doctor remains strained for some time, boiling over in Blood Heat when the Doctor destroys an unstable parallel Earth (where Manisha is still alive) and under the influence of an alien creature she stabs him through one of his hearts in The Left-Handed Hummingbird. In No Future (also by Cornell) the Meddling Monk tries to manipulate her into betraying the Doctor, which she seemingly does, again stabbing him and leaving him alone on an ice planet. In reality she stabbed him with a pantomime knife from the TARDIS wardrobe and she is playing her own game (partly to teach him what it feels like to be manipulated). When the Monk and his chained Chronovore offer her a chance to return Jan to life, she refuses and rejoins the TARDIS crew, her issues with the Doctor resolved. In Set Piece by Kate Orman, Ace becomes stranded in Ancient Egypt and comes to realise that she can survive without the Doctor, but that she also increasingly sees the world as he does. At the book's end she leaves the Doctor again to become Time's Vigilante, using a short-range time hopper mounted on a motorcycle to patrol a particular segment of time; in effect doing what the Doctor does, but on a smaller scale. She appears in later books, notably Head Games, Happy Endings, and Lungbarrow.

Other spin-off media give contradictory versions of Ace's eventual fate. The comic strip in Doctor Who Magazine has Ace killed off just prior to the events of the 1996 television movie (Ground Zero, DWM #238-#242). In the webcast audio play Death Comes to Time, Ace inherits the mantle of the Time Lords when they become extinct.

Ace's first name is Dorothy, and production notes suggest that it was intended that her last name would be Gale, an allusion to The Wonderful Wizard of Oz, given the fact that she was transported to Iceworld via a time storm. In another contradiction, the novels (and, following their lead, Big Finish audio plays) have given Ace the last name of McShane. A sequence of BBC Books' Past Doctor Adventures set after Survival and written by Mike Tucker and Robert Perry used the "Dorothy Gale" name, as the authors were unaware of the name used in the New Adventures. This was eventually resolved to some extent when the novel Loving the Alien by Tucker and Perry saw the original Ace (Dorothy Gale) shot and killed, but replaced by an Ace from another universe whose real name is "Dorothy McShane". Loving the Alien also makes it clear that all the television episodes and Tucker/Perry novels occur before the New Adventures, thus reconciling the different ranges.

Sophie Aldred has voiced Ace for several audio plays produced by Big Finish Productions, alongside Sylvester McCoy as the Seventh Doctor and, in some stories, Lisa Bowerman as Bernice Summerfield or Philip Olivier as Hex Schofield. In one of these stories, The Rapture, Ace discovers that she has a brother named Liam, of whom she had no previous knowledge. As the more experienced traveller, Ace has developed a slightly flirtatious mentor-teacher relationship with Hex. How the audio plays tie in with the other media is not clear, and the continuity of the various lines may not match up with each other.

In 1996, Virgin's Doctor Who Books imprint published a hardback by Sophie Aldred and Mike Tucker entitled Ace!: The Inside Story of the End of an Era (). This book gives details of each serial featuring the character Ace, complete with many photographs and concept art. It also contains a list of other spin-offs in which the character of Ace appears and some of the conventions which Sophie Aldred attended, along with information about the planned Season 27, including Ace's departure. In 1998, BBV produced a number of audio adventures starring McCoy and Aldred as "The Professor" and "Ace". The plays were not licensed by the BBC, but the duo were clearly intended to be the same characters, to the extent that the BBC intervened, causing BBV to change the character names to "The Dominie" and "Alice".

The Reeltime Pictures video Mindgame features Sophie Aldred as "the Human", imprisoned with a Sontaran and a Draconian, the implication being that she is playing Ace, though for copyright reasons this could not be made explicit.

In 2018, Ace was confirmed to appear in Big Finish Production's audio drama based on Doctor Who spin-off Class, with Aldred reprising her role alongside the show's main cast. The story released that August.

In 2020, BBC Books published At Childhood's End (), a novel by Aldred featuring Ace, decades after her travels with the Doctor and now running the "A Charitable Earth" charity. The novel also features the Thirteenth Doctor and her companions. Like the charity, the title of the novel forms the acronym "ACE".

Legacy
The character of Ace has been cited as the first "modern" companion for the Doctor. One of the reasons is that her character was written to be more realistic, three-dimensional and to grow as a person throughout her run on the show.

List of appearances

Television

Season 24
Dragonfire
Season 25

Remembrance of the Daleks
The Happiness Patrol
Silver Nemesis
The Greatest Show in the Galaxy

Season 26

Battlefield
Ghost Light
The Curse of Fenric
Survival

30th anniversary charity special
Dimensions in Time
2022 specials
"The Power of the Doctor"

Audio dramas
Doctor Who: The Monthly Adventures

The Fearmonger
The Genocide Machine
The Shadow of the Scourge
Dust Breeding
Colditz
The Rapture
The Dark Flame
The Harvest
Dreamtime
LIVE 34
Night Thoughts
The Settling
No Man's Land
Nocturne
The Dark Husband
Forty-Five
The Prisoner's Dilemma
The Magic Mousetrap
Enemy of the Daleks
The Angel of Scutari
Project Destiny
A Death in the Family
Lurkers at Sunlight's Edge
Protect and Survive
Black and White
Gods and Monsters
1963: The Assassination Games
Afterlife
Revenge of the Swarm
Mask of Tragedy
Signs and Wonders
You Are the Doctor and Other Stories
A Life of Crime
Fiesta of the Damned
Maker of Demons
Shadow Planet / World Apart
The High Price of Parking
The Blood Furnace
The Silurian Candidate
Red Planets
The Dispossessed
The Quantum Possibility Engine
Muse of Fire
An Alien Werewolf in London
Dark Universe
The Flying Frenchmen / Displaced
The Grey Man of the Mountain

Doctor Who: The Lost Stories

Thin Ice
Crime of the Century
Animal
Earth Aid

Doctor Who: The Seventh Doctor Adventures

UNIT: Dominion (cameo)

Doctor Who: Novel Adaptations

Love and War
Theatre of War
All-Consuming Fire
Nightshade

Doctor Who: The New Adventures of Bernice Summerfield

Volume 1
Good Night, Sweet Ladies
Random Ghosts
The Lights of Skaro
Volume 2: The Triumph of Sutekh
The Pyramid of Sutekh
The Vaults of Osiris
The Eye of Horus
The Tears of Isis

Doctor Who: Special Releases

The Veiled Leopard
Destiny of the Doctor: Shockwave
The Light at the End
The Eighth of March: The Big Blue Book
The Legacy of Time: The Split Infinitive

Doctor Who: Short Trips

Police and Shreeves
Critical Mass
Seven to One
The Riparian Ripper
The Shadow Trader
Crystal Ball
Dark Convoy
Washington Burns
The Shrine of Sorrows
Forever Fallen
Doctors and Dragons
Dead Woman Walking

Gallifrey

Intervention Earth
Enemy Lines
Time War 1
Celestial Intervention
Soldier Obscura

Class: The Audio Adventures

In Remembrance

Torchwood: Monthly Range

The Red List
Death in Venice

Novels
Virgin New Adventures

Timewyrm: Genesys by John Peel
Timewyrm: Exodus by Terrance Dicks
Timewyrm: Apocalypse by Nigel Robinson
Timewyrm: Revelation by Paul Cornell
Cat's Cradle: Time's Crucible by Marc Platt
Cat's Cradle: Warhead by Andrew Cartmel
Cat's Cradle: Witch Mark by Andrew Hunt
Nightshade by Mark Gatiss
Love and War by Paul Cornell
Deceit by Peter Darvill-Evans
Lucifer Rising by Jim Mortimore and Andy Lane
White Darkness by David A. McIntee
Shadowmind by Christopher Bulis
Birthright by Nigel Robinson
Blood Heat by Jim Mortimore
The Dimension Riders by Daniel Blythe
The Left-Handed Hummingbird by Kate Orman
Conundrum by Steve Lyons
No Future by Paul Cornell
Tragedy Day by Gareth Roberts
Legacy by Gary Russell
Theatre of War by Justin Richards
All-Consuming Fire by Andy Lane
Blood Harvest by Terrance Dicks
Strange England by Simon Messingham
First Frontier by David A. McIntee
St Anthony's Fire by Mark Gatiss
Falls the Shadow by Daniel O'Mahony
Parasite by Jim Mortimore
Warlock by Andrew Cartmel
Set Piece by Kate Orman
Head Games by Steve Lyons
Happy Endings by Paul Cornell
The Death of Art by Simon Bucher-Jones
Lungbarrow by Marc Platt

Past Doctor Adventures

Illegal Alien by Mike Tucker and Robert Perry
The Hollow Men by Martin Day and Keith Topping
Matrix by Mike Tucker and Robert Perry
Storm Harvest by Mike Tucker and Robert Perry
Prime Time by Mike Tucker
Independence Day  by Peter Darvill-Evans
Relative Dementias  by Mark Michalowski
Heritage by Dale Smith
Loving the Alien by Mike Tucker and Robert Perry
The Algebra of Ice by Lloyd Rose
Atom Bomb Blues by Andrew Cartmel
The Colony of Lies by Colin Brake

Telos Doctor Who novellas
Citadel of Dreams by Dave Stone

Penguin Fiftieth Anniversary eBook novellas
The Ripple Effect by Malorie Blackman

BBC Books
At Childhood's End by Sophie Aldred

Short stories
"Question Mark Pyjamas", by Mike Tucker and Robert Perry (Decalog 2: Lost Property)
"Stop the Pigeon", by Mike Tucker and Robert Perry (Short Trips)
"uPVC", by Paul Farnsworth (More Short Trips)
"Monsters", by Tara Samms (Short Trips and Sidesteps)
"Storm in a Tikka", by Mike Tucker and Robert Perry (Short Trips and Sidesteps)
"Virgin Lands", by Sarah Groenewegen (Short Trips: Zodiac)
"Hymn of the City", by Sarah Groenewegen (Short Trips: The Muses)
"Cold War", by Rebecca Levene (Short Trips: Steel Skies)
"Ante Bellum", by Stephen Hatcher (Short Trips: Past Tense)
"Echo", by Lance Parkin (Short Trips: Life Science)
"A Rose By Any Other Name", by Jim Mortimore (Short Trips: Life Science)
"The Ghost's Story", by Trevor Baxendale (Short Trips: Repercussions)
"Last Rites", by Marc Platt (Short Trips: Monsters)
"These Things Take Time", by Samantha Baker (Short Trips: Monsters)
"Categorical Imperative", by Simon Guerrier (Short Trips: Monsters)
"A Yuletide Tail: Part One", by Dave Stone (Short Trips: A Christmas Treasury)
"A Yuletide Tail: Part Two", by Dave Stone (Short Trips: A Christmas Treasury)
"Six Impossible Things Before Breakfast", by Dan Abnett (Short Trips: A Day in the Life)
"The Heroine, The Hero and the Meglomaniac", by Ian Mond, (Short Trips: A Day in the Life)
"Presence", by Peter Anghelides (Short Trips: The History of Christmas)
"The Anchorite's Echo", by Scott Andrews (Short Trips: The History of Christmas)
"Natalie's Diary", by Joseph Lidster (Short Trips: Dalek Empire)
"The Report", by Gary Russell (Short Trips: Snapshots)
"But Once a Year", by Colin Harvey (Short Trips: The Ghosts of Christmas)
"The Tide and Time", by Neil Corry (Short Trips: Defining Patterns)
"One Card For The Curious", by Xanna Eve Chown (Short Trips: Defining Patterns)
"Seance", by John Davies (Short Trips: Defining Patterns)
"The Devil Like a Bear", by Brian Willis (Short Trips: Defining Patterns)
"Pierrot le Who?", by Andrew K Lawston (Shelf Life)

Misc

 Ace Returns! I The Collection: Season 26 Announcement Trailer I Doctor Who

Notes

References
David J. Howe, Mark Stammers Doctor Who: Companions 1995 Virgin Publishing
Haining, Peter Doctor Who: 25 Glorious Years (1988)

External links

Television characters introduced in 1987
Ace
Ace
Female characters in television
Ace
Teenage characters in television
Fictional characters from the 20th century
Fictional waiting staff
Fictional inventors

Ace (Doctor Who)


Grand opera is a term which is used to describe an opera with continuous music. It is a kind of opera that was popular in the 19th-century.  Grand operas are usually divided into four or five acts. There have large casts (many singers taking part) and large orchestras. There is a lot of scenery. The story is dramatic. It is usually a story about a hero from history. The term "Grand Opera" has often been used to describe the Paris Opéra from the late 1820s to around 1850, and sometimes to describe the Paris Opéra itself.

In a broader sense "Grand Opera" can be any large-scale opera from European countries.  During the 1830s and 1840s Giacomo Meyerbeer was thought to be the greatest composer of Grand Opera.

Opera genres
Opera terminology

Grand opera


The Teatro Colón (Spanish) (Columbus Theatre) in Buenos Aires, Argentina, is one of the world's best known opera houses.
In 2006 the theatre was closed so that work could be done to improve the inside of the building.  It reopened in 2010

There had been a theatre there in the middle of the 19th century.  The present building was opened in 1908.  The auditorium is horseshoe-shaped and has 2,487 seats.  The acoustics of the building are very good.  It is in the middle of Buenos Aires.

Many world famous conductors, composers and singers have appeared at the theatre.

Opera houses
Buildings and structures in Buenos Aires
19th-century establishments in Argentina

Teatro Colón


A music competition is an event in which people compete for prizes by performing music.  Music competitions can be for solo performers or for small or large groups such as orchestras, bands or choirs.  Some competitions are for young people who are starting to make a professional career in music.  Other music competitions may be for amateurs, which means that professional musicians are not allowed to compete.

The person who decides who is the winner is called the adjudicator.  Some big festivals have a team of several adjudicators who decide together on the winner.

The British and International Federation of Music Festivals organizes music competitions for amateurs in many parts of the British Isles.  Children and adults can take part, competing in classes for music, speech and drama and dance.  Competitions like these are often called "festivals" because the main reason for taking part is to enjoy performing rather than just to win.

There are many big international competitions for some of the most talented musicians from all over the world.  Winning a big competition can help a young musician to start a successful career.  Some people think it can also be a bad thing to win a big competition, especially for musicians who are still very young.  It may make them a star for a short time but they still have to get better and mature as a musician and a person.

Some of the most famous international music competitions are:
Leeds International Pianoforte Competition held in Leeds, England
International Tchaikovsky Competition held in Moscow
BBC Young Musician of the Year held in England.
Super Girl in China

In popular music one of the great European events is the Eurovision Song Contest.

Music competition


A trench is a long, narrow ditch.

Trench warfare has often been used in defense. Entrenched soldiers can be somewhat safe from enemy fire.  Trench warfare made World War I longer than expected.  The trench coat got its name from there.

Several kinds of trench exist:
 Utility trench has pipes, wires, or other infrastructure
 Road trench carries vehicles
 Military trench provides shelter for soldiers shooting at each other
 Oceanic trench: For example, the Mariana Trench
Rift valley
  Archaeological trench dug by archaeologists
Landforms
War

Trench


Houston County is a county in the state of Alabama, United States

It is the newest county in Alabama, as it was only created on 9 February 1903. It is named after the former state Governor George Smith Houston.

The county seat is Dothan.

Economy
Houston County is mostly agricultural. Peanuts, cotton and corn are the main things that are grown. Small grains, melons and vegetables are also grown a lot. Beef cattle, hogs and dairy cattle are the main animals farmed in the County.

1903 establishments in the United States
Alabama counties
20th-century establishments in Alabama

Houston County, Alabama


This article refers to the law of conservation of energy in physics. For energy resources sustainably, see: Energy conservation.

In physics, the conservation of energy is that energy can not be created or destroyed, it can only be changed from one form to another, such as when electrical energy is changed into heat energy. Formally, it says that the total amount of energy in an isolated system remains constant, although it may change forms, e.g. friction turns kinetic energy into thermal energy.  In thermodynamics, the first law of thermodynamics is a statement of the conservation of energy for thermodynamic systems.

From a mathematical point of view, the energy conservation law is a consequence of the shift symmetry of time; energy conservation is a result of the empirical fact that the laws of physics do not change with time itself. Philosophically, this can be stated as "nothing depends on time per se (time itself)".

Historical information
Ancient philosophers as far back as Thales of Miletus had the idea that there is some underlying substance of which everything is made. But that is not the same as our concept of "mass-energy" today (for example, Thales thought the underlying substance was water).
In 1638, Galileo published his analysis of several situations. This included the famous "interrupted pendulum". This can be described (in modernized language) as conservatively converting potential energy to kinetic energy and back again. However, Galileo did not explain the process in modern terms and had not understood the modern concept either. The German Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz during 1676-1689 attempted a mathematical formulation of the kind of energy which is connected with motion (kinetic energy). Leibniz noticed that in many mechanical systems (of several masses, mi  each with velocity vi ),

was conserved so long as the masses did not interact. He called this quantity the vis viva or living force of the system. The principle represents an accurate statement of the approximate conservation of kinetic energy in situations where there is no friction.

Meanwhile, in 1843 James Prescott Joule independently discovered the mechanical equivalent in a series of experiments. In the most famous, now called the "Joule apparatus", a descending weight attached to a string caused a paddle immersed in water to rotate.  He showed that the gravitational potential energy lost by the weight in descending was approximately equal to the thermal energy (heat) gained by the water by friction with the paddle.

Over the period 1840-1843, similar work was carried out by engineer Ludwig A. Colding though it was little-known outside his native Denmark.

Proof
It is easy to see that

which is also

Assuming that  and that , then

(Since )

Therefore, energy does not vary with time.

Related pages
 Conservation law
 Energy
 Thermodynamics

Sources

Modern accounts
Goldstein, Martin, and Inge F., 1993. The Refrigerator and the Universe. Harvard Univ. Press. A gentle introduction.

Stenger, Victor J. (2000). Timeless Reality. Prometheus Books. Especially chpt. 12. Nontechnical.
  ISBN  0-534-40842-7

Classic accounts

 ,  Chapter 8, "Energy and Thermo-dynamics"

Other websites
 MISN-0-158 The First Law of Thermodynamics  (PDF file) by Jerzy Borysowicz for Project PHYSNET.

Thermodynamics
Laws of physics

Conservation of energy


Paul Ross Jacobs is an American composer and musician, most known for his work with Meat Loaf and his band, Neverland Express.

Biography
Paul Ross Jacobs was born in New York City. He attended the Juilliard School and as a child, played at Carnegie Hall, on television and for Radio Free Europe. After watching The Beatles on The Ed Sullivan Show, he started playing guitar. He worked as a session musician during his high school years and later on with Meat Loaf, Roy Buchanan, and Edgar Winter.

Early career
Jacobs' association with the National Lampoon came through Christopher Guest, who had written a large chunk of the first National Lampoon album, Radio Dinner. Guest was working as a session musician and met Jacobs when they were both performing at the same session. Guest was developing his own songs at the time and asked Jacobs to contribute, and a musical association was born. When Guest was tapped for National Lampoon's Lemmings in 1973, he brought Jacobs on board.

Jacobs was musical director of the show and album Lemmings. As well as being musical director for the production, he played guitar and piano, and sang lead vocals on several songs.

He also appeared on the Lampoon album Goodbye Pop 1952-1976.

From comedy to rock
After serving as musical director and cast member of "The National Lampoon Show" Jacobs moved on from Lampoon-related activities and did a stint in the often-intertwined worlds of musical theater and rock and roll. In 1977, when Steinman staged a workshop production of his life-work "Neverland", Jacobs served as musical director and co-arranged the show's score. A year later, Jacobs joined Meat Loaf as a pianist and background vocalist. Later becoming album writer and guitarist.

Children's TV
In 1988, following his departure from active live touring with Meat Loaf, Jacobs and his wife began the task of writing songs for Sesame Street. As of 2008, they have written over 100. As of the early 2000s, Jacobs has served as musical director for the PBS show "Between the Lions" alongside his wife, Sarah Durkee, and they have won several Emmys for their work on that show, most recently the 2007 Emmy for "Best Original Song in an Animated Children's Series." Jacobs was nominated again for a Daytime Emmy Award for Best Music Direction and Composition in 2011.

Later work
In 2000, Jacobs won the Van Cliburn Institute Amateur Piano Concerto Competition.

References

External links
 dramaticpublishing.com feature

Living people
Juilliard School alumni
Daytime Emmy Award winners
National Lampoon people
Neverland Express members
Sesame Street crew
21st-century American composers
Songwriters from New York (state)
American male pianists
American male composers
American male singers
21st-century American pianists
21st-century American male musicians
Year of birth missing (living people)

Paul Jacobs (composer)


Giovanna Mezzogiorno (; born 9 November 1974) is an Italian theatre and film actress.

Early life
Mezzogiorno was born in Rome, 9 November 1974, a daughter of actors Vittorio Mezzogiorno and Cecilia Sacchi. She grew up watching her parents on set. At first, she wanted to become a ballerina, and she studied dancing for 13 years. After her father's death when she was 19, Mezzogiorno moved to Paris, where she attended the stages by Arianne Mnouchkine and worked for two years at the Peter Brook Workshop. She made her stage debut with the role of Ofelia in Qui est là, based on Shakespeare's Hamlet. The play toured various European cities. She received the Premio Coppola-Prati 1996, the jury was presided over by theatre critic Franco Quadri.  One year later, she made her film debut in Il viaggio della sposa (The Bride's Journey), written by and starring Sergio Rubini. Mezzogiorno was awarded the Targa d'Argento as the New Talent in Italian Cinema, she was also given the Grolla d'oro, and the Globo d'Oro by the Foreign Press Association and the Premio Flaiano as Best Actress of the 1997 - 1998 season.

Career

In 1998, Mezzogiorno starred in the film Del perduto amore directed by Michele Placido, with Fabrizio Bentivoglio and Sergio Rubini (she was awarded the Nastro d'Argento, the Ciak d'Oro and Premio Pasinetti as best actress in a starring role) and, for the Italian National Television Network RaiDue, in a film made-for-TV Più leggero non basta ("A lighter burden to bear") in the role of a young girl with muscular dystrophy, directed by Elisabetta Lodoli with Stefano Accorsi.

In 1999, Mezzogiorno played the role of Silvia, daughter of Enzo Tortora by whose mistaken conviction the film was inspired. The film Un uomo perbene with Michele Placido and Mariangela Melato, was directed by Maurizio Zaccaro. In that same year, she worked in Asini, directed by Antonello Grimaldi, with celebrated Italian comedian Claudio Bisio.

In 2000, she travelled between Prague and Paris for work in the TV miniseries Les Miserables, directed by Josée Dayan, with Gérard Depardieu and John Malkovich. She worked in Denmark in Nobel, directed by Fabio Carpi, with Héctor Alterio. In Italy, she worked with Puglielli in Tutta la conoscenza del mondo ("All There Is to Know"), and then, L'ultimo bacio ("The Last Kiss") directed by Gabriele Muccino with Stefano Accorsi and Stefania Sandrelli (winning the Premio Flaiano). With the success of this last movie Giovanna become really famous in Italy.

In 2001, Mezzogiorno appeared in the film Malefemmene with Ángela Molina and directed by Fabio Conversi, in the role of Francesca, who was imprisoned following a judicial error and came into contact with the reality of friendship and attachment which she had never imagined possible. She also worked on Stai con me, with Adriano Giannini and directed by Livia Giampalmo, in the role of a mother of twins.

In 2002, she worked on the set of Ilaria Alpi - Il più crudele dei giorni, in the role of the protagonist, directed by Ferdinando Vicentini Orgnani (the film tells the tragic and dark story of the Italian TV journalist killed in Mogadiscio). She also starred in France in the Holocaust-period TV drama Entrusted, directed by Giacomo Battiato, with Klaus Maria Brandauer, Thomas Brodie-Sangster and Steven Moyer, based on Loup Duran's best-seller. In Italy, she starred in the film La finestra di fronte ("Facing windows") directed by Ferzan Özpetek, costarring Massimo Girotti and Raoul Bova. This film, critically acclaimed and a box office success, earned her a lot of awards: the David di Donatello, the Ciak d'Oro, the Nastro d'Argento, the Globo d'oro by the Foreign Press, the Flaiano Award, the Karlovy Vary Award as "Best Actress in a Leading Role".

Mezzogiorno starred in the film L'amore ritorna, directed by Sergio Rubini, costarring Fabrizio Bentivoglio and Margherita Buy. She also worked in France, on the set of her first comedy: Au secours, j'ai 30 ans, directed by Marie-Anne Chazel, with Pierre Palmade.

In 2004, Mezzogiorno worked in the TV movie Virginia (La monaca di Monza), directed by Alberto Sironi. She then returned to the theatre, working with the director Piero Maccarinelli in 4.48 Psicosi, written by Sarah Kane.

In 2005, La bestia nel cuore ("Don't Tell"), directed by Cristina Comencini, was an Academy Award candidate for Best Foreign Language Film, earning Mezzogiorno one of the most important international prizes for an actress: the Coppa Volpi, previously won by Shirley MacLaine, Gong Li, Isabelle Huppert, Catherine Deneuve and Sophia Loren.

In 2006, Mezzogiorno acted in AD Project, a sci-fi thriller by Eros Puglielli, and acted in "Lezioni di Volo" ("Flying Lessons") by Francesca Archibugi.

In 2007, she appeared as Leila, a sexy thief, in the black comedy Notturno Bus ("Night Bus"), directed by Davide Marengo and starring Valerio Mastandrea and Ennio Fantastichini.

She travelled to Colombia to become Fermina Daza, the principal female character from Love in the Time of Cholera based on the book written by Nobel Prize winner Gabriel García Márquez and directed by Mike Newell (Four Weddings and a Funeral).

After appearing in two films shot in 2008, Sono Viva and Palermo Shooting by Wim Wenders, in 2009 she achieved great international success with Vincere by Marco Bellocchio, selected for the official competition in Cannes and a solid candidate for the final award.

Mezzogiorno narrated and produced a documentary to celebrate the career of her father Vittorio, 15 years after his sudden death in 1994.

She was a member of the jury at the Cannes Film Festival in May 2010. In January 2011, she was rewarded with the National Society of Film Critics Award for Best Actress 2010 for her role in Vincere.

In 2017, Mezzogiorno appeared in the role of Adriana in the film called Napoli velata (Naples in Veils).

Personal life
On the set of the film Lighter is not Enough (1998) she met Stefano Accorsi, who became her long-time partner. On the set of Vincere she met the driver Alessio Fugolo, whom she married in 2009 in Griante with a civil ceremony. She has two sons, Leone and Zeno, born 26 August 2011.

Filmography

References

External links
Saverio Ferragina press agent

1974 births
Living people
20th-century Italian actresses
21st-century Italian actresses
Actresses from Rome
David di Donatello winners
Italian film actresses
Italian stage actresses
Nastro d'Argento winners
Ciak d'oro winners
Volpi Cup for Best Actress winners
People of Campanian descent
People of Venetian descent

Giovanna Mezzogiorno


Fermentation is when a cell uses sugar for energy without using oxygen at the same time.

'Fermentation' also describes growing microorganisms on a growth medium. This is done to get a chemical product. French microbiologist Louis Pasteur studied fermentation and its microbial causes. The science of fermentation is known as zymology.

Yeast is an organism that ferments.  When yeast ferments sugar, the yeast uses sugar and produces alcohol.  The process uses the coenzyme NAD: In metabolism, NAD helps redox reactions, carrying electrons from one reaction to another. Fermentation is a less efficient form of respiration than oxidative respiration (respiration using oxygen).

The ethyl alcohol produced by yeast is used to make beverages or biofuel. Yeast can be also used to grow bakery products like bread and cakes faster. In some cases yeast might be used to speed up the process of creation of wine.

Other cells make vinegar or lactic acid when they ferment sugar.  In a different way, the fermentation process can continue and turn the alcohol into vinegar i.e. acetic acid.

Types of fermentation
When yeast ferments, it breaks down the glucose (C6H12O6) into ethanol (CH3CH2OH) and carbon dioxide (CO2).
 Ethanol fermentation always produces ethanol and carbon dioxide. It is important in bread-making, brewing, and wine-making.
 Lactic acid fermentation produces lactic acid. It happens in muscles of animals when they need lots of energy fast. The pain of a cramped muscle is caused by the build-up of lactic acid. The pain eases as the product is taken away by the blood supply.

Other websites
 Fermentation (biochemistry) -Citizendium

Fermentation

Fermentation


The watter cycle, forby kent as the hydrologic cycle or the H2O cycle, describes the conteenous movement o watter on, abuin an ablo the surface o the Yird. The mass watter on Yird remains fairly constant ower time but the pairtitionin o the watter intae the major reservoirs o ice, fresh watter, saline watter an atmospheric watter is variable dependin on a wide range o climatic variables. The watter moves frae ane reservoir tae anither, sic as frae river tae ocean, or frae the ocean tae the atmosphere, bi the pheesical processes o evaporation, condensation, precipitation, infiltration, runaff, an subsurface flow. In sae daein, the watter gangs throu different phases: liquid, solit (ice), an gas (vapour).

Biogeochemical cycle
Forms o watter
Hydrology
Soil pheesics
Watter

Watter cycle


Manufacturing is producing goods out of raw materials. It is a branch of industry. It includes making big, complicated things that need many steps to finish, and small, simple things. Often machines are involved in manufacturing.

In the past, products were made by handicraft workers using tools and manual labor. In modern times, most manufacturing jobs were replaced by automated machines, which made the products much faster and in turn - cheaper than humans could.

Other websites
 How Everyday Things Are Made
 Engineers Edge
 Manufacturers Alliance
 Logistics Quarterly
 National Association of Manufacturers

Related pages
 Flexible manufacturing system

References

Economics

Manufacturing


Gerald Joseph "Gerry" Mulligan (April 6, 1927 – January 20, 1996) was an American jazz saxophonist, clarinetist, composer and arranger. Though Mulligan is primarily known as one of the leading baritone saxophonists in jazz history – playing the instrument with a light and airy tone in the era of cool jazz – he was also a notable arranger, working with Claude Thornhill, Miles Davis, Stan Kenton, and others. Mulligan's pianoless quartet of the early 1950s with trumpeter Chet Baker is still regarded as one of the more important cool jazz groups. Mulligan was also a skilled pianist and played several other reed instruments.  Mulligan reportedly had a relationship with actress Judy Holliday until she died in 1965, and with actress Sandy Dennis from 1965 until they broke up in 1976.

Discography

As leader
1950:  The Gerry Mulligan Quartet/Gerry Mulligan with the Chubby Jackson Big Band - The big band sides are from 1950, the band led by bassist Jackson included Howard McGhee, Zoot Sims, and trombonist J. J. Johnson. The quartet sides, with Chet Baker were recorded at two sessions in 1952.
1951:  Historically Speaking
1951: Mulligan Plays Mulligan - Mulligan's first session as leader
1953: The Original Quartet With Chet Baker -2-CD collection of the recordings of the pianoless quartet with Chico Hamilton for Pacific Jazz
1953:  Konitz Meets Mulligan (with Chet Baker)
1954: Gerry Mulligan quartet: Pleyel Concert - (2 CD, with Bob Brookmeyer (v.trb.), Red Mitchell (b), Frank Isola (d)
1956:  At Storyville ( Quartet, live in Boston, Mulligan plays piano on some tracks,
1957:  Reunion with Chet Baker
1957: Mulligan Meets Monk (with Thelonious Monk as co-leader)
1957:  Blues in Time (Quartet with Paul Desmond Verve records, released on CD as Gerry Mulligan/Paul Desmond Quartet)
1957: Getz Meets Mulligan in Hi-Fi (with Stan Getz (t.sax), Lou Levy (p), Ray Brown (b), Stan Levey (d).
1958: Jazz Giants '58 (Verve)
1958:  What Is There to Say?
1959:  Gerry Mulligan Meets Ben Webster (with Ben Webster (t.sax), Jimmy Rowles (p), Leroy Vinnegar (b), Mel Lewis (d).
1960:  Gerry Mulligan and the Concert Jazz Band at the Village Vanguard (with a big band driven by drummer Mel Lewis)
1962: Live at the Olympia Paris
1962: The Gerry Mulligan Quartets -  Complete Studio Rec. with Bob Brookmeyer (v.trb & p) /Chet Baker (trp), Bill Crow/Henry Grimes (b), Gus Johnson/Dave Bailey (d).
1963: Jeru (with Tommy Flanagan, Ben Tucker, Dave Bailey)
1963: The Great Gerry Mulligan (Crown Records)
1963: Night Lights (with trumpeter Art Farmer, Bob Brookmeyer (v.trb), Jim Hall (g).
1964: Feelin' Good (Limelight Records)
1964: Complete Studio Recordings- The Gerry Mulligan Sextet with  Art Farmer, Bob Brookmeyer, Jim Hall (g), Bill Crow (b), Dave Bailey (d).
1965: If You Can't Beat 'Em,Join 'Em, (Limelight Series)
1970: Live at the Berlin Philharmonie (with the Dave Brubeck Trio)
1971: Age of Steam Gerry Mulligan and his Orchestra
1974: Summit with Ástor Piazzolla (bnd), Angel Pocho Gatti (p), Giuseppe Prestipino (Pino Presti) (elb), Tullio De Piscopo (d), Umberto Benedetti Michelangeli (1st violin) and Strings Orchestra.
1974: Gerry Muligan/Chet Baker: Carnegie Hall Concert (with Chet Baker (trp), Ed Byrne (trb), Bob James (p), John Scofield (g), Ron Carter (b), Harvey Mason (d), Dave Samuels (vb).
1976: Gerry Mulligan meets Enrico Intra  with Enrico Intra (p), Giancarlo Barigozzi (f), Sergio Farina (g), Pino Presti (b),  Tullio De Piscopo (d)
1990: Lonesome Boulevard1992: Re-Birth of the Cool1993: Billy Taylor and Gerry Mulligan: Live at MCG (live, with pianist Billy Taylor at Manchester Craftsmen's Guild (MCG) in Pittsburgh)
1993:  Paraiso with Brazilian singer Jane Duboc
1995:  Dragonfly'' The final recordings

American composers
musicians from New York City
American jazz musicians
Deaths from surgical complications
1927 births
1996 deaths

Gerry Mulligan


Thomas Graves (c. 1580–1635) was one of the original Adventurers (stockholders) of the Virginia Company of London, and one of the very early Planters (settlers) who founded Jamestown, Virginia, the first permanent English settlement in North America. He was also the first known person named Graves in North America. Captain Thomas Graves is listed as one of the original Adventurers as "Thomas Grave" on page 364, Records of the Virginia Company of London, vol. IV.

Graves arrived in Virginia in October 1608 on the ship Mary and Margaret with Captain Christopher Newport's second supply.  He paid 25 pounds for two shares in the London Company and thereby was entitled to .

Captain Thomas Graves settled at Smythe's Hundred, situated on the north shore of the James River ten miles from Jamestown.  Governor George Yeardley placed Graves in charge of Smythe's Hundred on May 30, 1618, after one man killed another in a fight.

Capt. Thomas Graves was a member of the First Legislative Assembly in America, and, with Mr. Walter Shelley, sat for Smythe's Hundred when they met at Jamestown, Virginia on July 30, 1619. His name appears on a monument to the first House of Burgesses which stands at Jamestown today.

Smythe's Hundred was abandoned after the Indian uprising of 1622.  The next record of Captain Graves showed him living on the Eastern Shore of Virginia by February 16, 1624.

On February 8, 1627, Captain Francis West, Governor of Virginia, ordered that Thomas Graves have a commission to command the Plantation at Accomac.  Graves was the second Commander.  As an "Ancient Planter" he received one of the first patents there on March 14, 1628, consisting of .  He lived on Old Plantation Creek, now in Northampton County, Virginia, and served as Commissioner for Accomac Shire in 1629.

Captain Graves and three others represented the Eastern Shore in the Assembly of 1629‑30. He served again as a burgess in 1632. Because he was designated as "Esquire" on January 6, 1635, he may have been a member of the Council.

Captain Thomas Graves, Esquire, was recorded as being a Justice at a court held for Accomac on April 13, 1635.

He died between November 1635, when he witnessed a deed, and January 5, 1635/6, when suit was entered for Mrs. Graves concerning theft by a servant.  He was survived by his wife, Katherine, and six children:  John, Thomas, Ann, Verlinda, Katherine and Francis.

His daughter, Verlinda, eventually married governor of Maryland, William Stone, and his daughter Anne married Harvard's headmaster Nathaniel Eaton, and had at least one son named James Eaton. A descendant of Gov. Stone and Verlinda was Founding Father Thomas Stone, a signatory of the declaration of independence, and nephew of Founding Father Daniel of St. Thomas Jenifer.

References

External links
Descendants of Captain Thomas Graves
Graves Family Association
Thomas Graves at the Jamestowne Society
AMERICA'S OLDEST LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY and Its Jamestown Statehouse Edited by Charles E. Hatch. Jr. Revised 1956
Graves Family Association

1580s births
1635 deaths
House of Burgesses members
17th-century American landowners
English emigrants

Thomas Graves (burgess)


Miranda is one of Uranus' moons. It is the smallest, and the one which has the least rotation time. Gerard Kuiper discovered it in 1948, February 16th and named it after Miranda, Prospero's daughter in William Shakespeare's play The Tempest. Sometimes it is also called Uranus V.

It's one of Uranus' strangest moons. Its complex surface may indicate partial melting of its interior, with icy material drifting to the surface.

The probe Voyager 2 made some photos in 1986. These are the only images that exist, so far. Geologically, it is the most active body in the Uranus system. The grooves and troughs reach depths of a few kilometers (or miles) and expose materials of different albedos (reflectivity). The features suggest a long, complex geologic evolution of this satellite.

Gallery

Uranus' moons

Miranda (moon)