is a 1984 Super robot animated series created in a joint collaboration of TMS Entertainment and Intermedia Entertainment in association with MGM/UA Television. It was directed by veteran anime director Osamu Dezaki and features character designs by Akio Sugino. The series aired from September 8, 1984, to December 15, 1984, on Saturday mornings in the United States on ABC.

Series history
Mighty Orbots was developed from an idea pitched by Fred Silverman, possibly in response to the popularity of other robot-related properties. The original six-minute "pilot" featured a slightly different version of Mighty Orbots called Broots (pronounced "Brutes"). Rob and Ohno looked similar to their 'finished' selves, though definitively more late 70s-like. The Orbots, while having the same names as in the finished product, are subtly different, and obviously unfinished. Even their combined form aka "Super-Broots" would go through some more developmental evolution before becoming Mighty Orbots. It was produced by Tokyo Movie Shinsha and Intermedia Entertainment in association with MGM/UA Television for both the United States for the television broadcast and Japan via home video. Unlike many other shows of its kind, Mighty Orbots was not simply a translated Japanese import. The series was directed by anime industry veteran Osamu Dezaki with storyboard work by Dezaki's brother Satoshi Dezaki, character designs by Akio Sugino, and animation by Shingo Araki.

The main theme song used in the show introduction and throughout the series was created by Steve Rucker and Thomas Chase, with lead vocals provided by Warren Stanyer. The music was composed by Yuji Ohno.

The series lasted only a single season of thirteen episodes, mostly due to a lawsuit between the show's creators and toymaker Tonka, who accused them of causing brand confusion with their GoBots franchise's "Mighty Robots, Mighty Vehicles" advertising campaign. The episodes aired on ABC and some episodes were later released on VHS by MGM/UA Home Video. Despite its short run, the series has a dedicated fan base today. The series' narration was done by voice-actor Gary Owens, who was the voice of Hanna-Barbera's Space Ghost in the 1960s and Dynomutt, Dog Wonders human straight man Blue Falcon in the late 1970s.

Mighty Orbots is one of only a small number of Saturday morning cartoons to have a definite series finale: the final episode, "Invasion of the Shadow Star," ends with a sequence in which the SHADOW homeworld is destroyed and the arch-villain Umbra defeated "once and for all." This differs from most other animated series, where the villain always escaped to fight another day.
 Series plot

The 23rd Century, the future is a time of robots and aliens. The people of Earth have banded together along with several other peaceful alien races to promote peace throughout the galaxy, forming the United Planets. As part of the United Planets, the Galactic Patrol — a body of law-enforcers — works to maintain order, under the leadership of Commander Rondu.
However, a powerful criminal organization called SHADOW is out to destroy both the Galactic Patrol and the U.P. Led by Lord Umbra, a massive cyborg-computer, SHADOW employs sinister agents and incredible schemes to attack and someday rule over all corners of the known-galaxy.

There is one thing that helps to fight against SHADOW: ingenious inventor Rob Simmons — secretly a member of the Galactic Patrol — creates six special robots who can use their unique powers to battle against the forces of Umbra. Together, these robots can unite to form a giant robot called Mighty Orbots, to fight for truth, justice and peace for all.

 Characters
 Hero characters
 Rob Simmons – A brilliant inventor and scientist, he is the creator of Mighty Orbots and, as such, is also a secret member of the Galactic Patrol. In general, he poses as a mild-mannered robotics engineer and tinkers in his own laboratory complex (in some unnamed location) on Earth, but when needed, he uses a transformation matrix to change his regular lab clothes – called an Omni-Suit – into the uniform and helmet of his alter-ego, the Orbots Commander. It is by this alternate persona that the rest of the Galactic Patrol knows of him publicly, including Dia. Only Commander Rondu knows that the bespectacled Rob and the heroic Orbots Commander are the same.

 Rob has curly blond hair and blue eyes. He can summon the Orbots from their recharge chambers with a remote signal from a device he wears on his wrist. He pilots the Beam Car; a special vehicle that acts as a "command center" when linked up within Mighty Orbots' core body. From there, he and Ohno can operate Mighty Orbots with maximum effectiveness in battle.

 Voiced by Barry Gordon (English) and Yū Mizushima (Japanese)

 Commander Rondu – The primary leader of the Galactic Patrol, Rondu is of a race of alien humanoids who somewhat resemble Earth humans (save he has slanted eyes and pointed ears, similar to archetypal fantasy elves; It could also be a reference to the Vulcan species from Star Trek). Rondu is a calm, wise leader and – as it appears throughout the series – has been in charge of the Galactic Patrol for many years. He serves along with his daughter, Dia, who serves as a senior officer. Only Rondu knows about the Orbots Commander's secret identity, as well as the six robots (who apparently also have dual identities as well).

 Rondu has long silver-white hair and facial hair, and grey-white eyes. He exhibits formidable psionic powers; something that must be key to his race (since a space pirate named Shrike wanted to use his "unique life-force" to power a super-weapon in the episode "Raid on the Stellar Queen").

 Voiced by Don Messick (English) and Shozo Hirabayashi (Japanese)

 Dia Rondu – A senior officer and agent of the Galactic Patrol, Dia serves under her father's command, and is considered one of the "top" agents on the force. She is a good starship pilot and warrior, but occasionally finds herself in jeopardy, needing to be rescued by Mighty Orbots. She has a fascination and apparent love-interest in the Orbots Commander, but doesn't see his alter ego, Rob, as anything more than a good friend and fellow supporter for peace (she is unaware of the fact Rob and the Orbots Commander are the same).

 Dia has long, silver-white hair and dark eyes. Aside from being highly skilled in fighting, acrobatics and flying ships, Dia often captures agents of SHADOW in a force-field projector stored in a wrist band on her left arm. It is never said if she possesses the same psionic powers her father does. It is hinted at in "Operation: Eclipse", however, when she volunteers to aid her father in mental battle with Dreneon, who is a member of the same race working for Shadow.

 Voiced by Jennifer Darling (English) and Atsuko Koganezawa (Japanese)

 The Orbots
 Ohno Robotti – The first robot of the Orbots so named for her propensity to exclaim "Oh, no!" and quite possibly the leader of the team, Ohno resembles a small, female child in size and demeanor with the "mother hen" personality of a bossy little sister that can often get on the nerves of Rob and the others. Feisty, yet supportive in her role as Rob's assistant, Ohno helps keep the lab running and the rest of the team in line. At times, she feels neglected and unappreciated, but through thick and thin she's always there to lend the team a hand (and a nag when needed).

 Ohno's primary colors are pink, red and white. When Mighty Orbots forms its gestalt form, it is Ohno that completes the final circuit "link" that allows the full power of the giant robot form to come online. Without this vital piece, Mighty Orbots cannot become fully functional (a flaw that was exploited once by Umbra under the machinations of the Shadow Agent called Plasmus, in the episode "The Wish World"). If necessary, Ohno can operate the controls alone for basic functions, but combat is simply too demanding without the Commander on board. Ohno also carries the repair tools and recharge kit needed should the Orbots be caught off-world away from their base recharge chambers.

 Voiced by Noelle North (English) and Miki Ito (Japanese)

 Tor Robotti – A boastful, burly brute-sized male robot with a voice like Link Hogthrob, he is the strongest of the six team members. Although quite often portrayed as being a bit slow and with a very high opinion of himself, Tor had the ability to think on his feet during battles with SHADOW monsters and henchmen. Kind and supportive towards his friends, although often with a good-naturedly egotistical macho attitude that annoys his female teammates, Tor is the de facto vice leader of the Orbots, especially when Ohno is not leading them directly at the time, but he will take cues from the others when the situation merits it.

 Tor's primary colors are silver, red and blue. When forming the gestalt form of Mighty Orbots, Tor retracts his arms and legs into himself to form the central body and head.

 Voiced by Bill Martin (English) and Tessho Genda (Japanese)

 Bort Robotti – A gaunt-thin male robot with a nervous personality and a voice like Lou Costello, he is the one member of the team that is the most handy due to having been built with quick-change circuits and other abilities that allow Bort to reconfigure himself into literally any machine or device he can think of. Often showing a lack of confidence in himself, Bort is portrayed as being clumsy, indecisive and depressive. Yet, when the chips are down, Bort always comes through in the clutch for his team.

 Bort's primary colors are silver and blue. When forming the gestalt form of Mighty Orbots, he retracts into a boxy unit that forms the lower right leg. While connected, he can use his quick-change circuits to modify the hands of Mighty Orbots into a variety of offensive and defensive weapons.

 Voiced by Jim MacGeorge (English) and Ken Yamaguchi (Japanese)

 Bo Robotti – One of the three female robot team members, she is the most outgoing, assertive and confident female on the team. Sometimes she likes to play practical jokes, but at times they can backfire (like when she removed Crunch's appetite chip, only to have it broken when they needed it in the episode "Trapped on The Prehistoric Planet"). She is a caring soul and will do what she can to support her teammates. She has the ability to manipulate the elements—fire, water, wind, etc.—to use in a myriad of offensive and defensive effects (whirlwinds, water geysers, etc.).

 Bo's primary colors are pale yellow and orange. When forming the gestalt form of Mighty Orbots, she transforms to become the left arm, which forms a hand after it is connected to the main body. Through her connection, she can channel her elemental powers throughout the body of Mighty Orbots.

 Voiced by Sherry Alberoni (English) and Akari Hibino (Japanese)

 Boo Robotti – The third female team member and twin sister to Bo, she is the shyest member of the team and soft spoken, yet she can prove to be as brave as her twin in combat, even standing up for herself and others (especially when Bo's pranks go too far). Boo has the ability to manipulate light and energy in ways that would appear to be "magic"; she can turn herself and others invisible, create force fields, levitate objects and even teleport. She can also channel energy to form optical illusions and holograms.

 Boo's primary colors are white and yellow. When forming the gestalt form of Mighty Orbots, she transforms to become the right arm of the giant robot. Like Bo, she can channel her defensive abilities throughout the larger body, allowing it to benefit from all of her "magic" effects.

 Voiced by Julie Bennett (English) and Hitomi Oikawa (Japanese)

 Crunch Robotti – A stoutly robust (sic "chubby") male robot whose personality seems to be focused on one thing; simply put, Crunch loves to eat. His prime ability —coupled with his steel trap-like jaws and teeth —allows him to consume any materials available (metal, stone, glass, circuits, garbage, etc.) and digest it so it can be converted into energy. Often he's a subject of comic-relief due to his eating habits. Crunch seems simple-minded, but he does prove to have some brains, and is a good friend and a steadfast supportive personality.

 Crunch's primary colors are purple and black. When forming the gestalt form of Mighty Orbots, Crunch forms a boxy unit that forms the lower left leg. While connected, Crunch also serves as the back-up power source for the giant robot and at times will detach so he can consume any available items to give his team mates a much-needed power boost.

 Voiced by Don Messick (English) and Ikuya Sawaki (Japanese)

 Villain characters
 Lord Umbra – The leader of SHADOW, Umbra is an artificial intelligence that is the size of a planet's core; often depicted as a large head with a mouth, a vestigial nose and five eyes. It is through his efforts, organizing through his minions and agents, that Umbra strives to conquer the galaxy. Operating from inside a massive base supercomputer of a sun called the Shadow Star, which essentially has a Dyson sphere, his network of informants and spies keep him abreast of any developments within the United Planets. The weaponry and defensive systems of the Shadow Star are so ominous that a direct assault by Galactic Patrol forces is considered to be out of the question. The Shadow Star can generate so much power that it is able to move under Umbra's direction, and any sector of space it occupies will be totally under Shadow control.

 Umbra himself has no real means of directly fighting his enemies, so he employs massive monsters, sinister aliens and elaborate plans to combat the threat of the Galactic Patrol and Mighty Orbots.

 Draconis the Tobor Commander – An agent of SHADOW, who works with Umbra in a diabolical plan to discredit and defeat the Orbots. He works with a duplicate, giant robot impostor, named Mighty Tobor, who resembles the assembled gestalt form of Mighty Orbots. Together, they first attack the peaceful peoples of the galaxy to make the Galactic Patrol believe that the Orbots have turned evil. Then, after the Orbots are put on trial and sentenced to 'life' on the Great Prison Planet, Draconis – who had managed to infiltrate the prison and put himself as the chief warden – would put the Orbots through grueling, demeaning and deadly tasks that would have destroyed them. However, Draconis and Tobor were exposed, and eventually defeated by Dia and the Orbots.
 Captain Shrike – The leader of a gang of space pirates, Captain Shrike lashes out against unsuspecting ships and travelers from within the Sargasso Star Cluster; wherein lies his secret base. He battled Mighty Orbots after he hijacked a starliner, the Stellar-Queen, to use her hyperdrive engine along with the life-force of Commander Rondu to create a super weapon.

 Shrike uses a cybernetic eye to control his Master Computer, as well as stun his foes with a stasis-ray. Using his Master Computer, Shrike used Rondu's life-force to create a creature called a Titan (which looked like a Japanese Oni), to battle Mighty Orbots.

 Shrike was the only villain who was not a member of SHADOW.

 Plasmus' – An alien shape-shifter, Plasmus was ordered by Umbra to find a weakness in Mighty Orbots so SHADOW could destroy them. Plasmus discovered that Ohno was a key to Mighty Orbots power, after he tricked her into traveling to the Wish World, where she was turned into a human girl. Plasmus later battled Mighty Orbots in the Emerald Nebula, in an attempt to defeat them, but was shoved into a hyper-warp and was never seen again.

 Plasmus could change his shape to resemble any type of non-robotic life form. He mostly traveled as a mass of gaseous, green/white vapor, which is what appeared as he transformed. As well, he could draw upon energy and matter to enlarge his strength and mass exponentially.

Episode list

Video releases
Victor Entertainment released the series in Japan via home video. On April 17, 2018, Warner Bros. Home Entertainment released the series on DVD via their Warner Archive label (via Turner Entertainment Co., the owner of pre-May 1986 MGM library) in North America.

References

External links
 Arioch's Mighty Orbots Page
 A review of the first VHS volume of Mighty Orbots

1980s American animated television series
1984 American television series debuts
1984 American television series endings
American Broadcasting Company original programming
American children's animated action television series
American children's animated space adventure television series
American children's animated science fantasy television series
Animated television series about extraterrestrial life
Animated television series about robots
Anime-influenced Western animated television series
Fictional sextets
Japanese children's animated action television series
Japanese children's animated science fantasy television series
Super robot anime and manga
Television series set in the 23rd century
English-language television shows
TMS Entertainment
Television series by MGM Television

Mighty Orbots


Close to the Edge peti je studijski album britanskog rock-sastava Yes. Diskografska kuća Atlantic Records objavila ga je 13. rujna 1972. Posljednji je album skupine objavljen tijekom sedamdesetih godina 20. stoljeća na kojem je svirao bubnjar Bill Bruford, koji ju je napustio i pridružio se King Crimsonu. Nakon popratne turneje za prethodni album Fragile članovi grupe otišli su u londonski studio Advision Studios da bi ondje snimili novi album, a ideje za pjesme počeli su snimati od veljače 1972. Na tom se uratku razvio glazbeni stil skupine – Jon Anderson i Steve Howe napisali su osamnaestominutnu naslovnu pjesmu, koja je tada bila najduža skladba sastava. Na drugoj se strani albuma nalaze pjesme And You and I i Siberian Khatru. Brufordu je snimanje albuma bilo prilično zahtjevno, zbog čega je odlučio napustiti skupinu nakon završetka snimanja.

Close to the Edgeom skupina je postigla svoj tada najveći uspjeh na tržištu. Uradak se pojavio na četvrtom mjestu ljestvice UK Albums Chart i trećem mjestu američke ljestvice Billboard 200; na potonjoj je ljestvici to najviše mjesto koje je skupina dosegla do danas. Dvodijelna skraćena inačica pjesme "And You and I" objavljena je u SAD-u i pojavila se na 42. mjestu Billboardove ljestvice Hot 100. Yes je podržao album svjetskom turnejom koja je trajala od 1972. do 1973., tijekom koje je održao više od 90 koncerata; na toj je turneji prvi put s grupom nastupao bubnjar Alan White. Godine 1998. album je postigao platinastu nakladu u SAD-u jer je ondje bio prodan u milijun primjeraka. Ponovno je objavljen 1994., 2003. i 2013.; na potonjoj se inačici nalaze prethodno neobjavljene pjesme, a cijeli je uradak remiksao Steven Wilson.

Pozadina
Do 1972. Yes su činili pjevač Jon Anderson, basist i prateći vokal Chris Squire, bubnjar Bill Bruford, gitarist Steve Howe i klavijaturist Rick Wakeman. U ožujku 1972. dovršili su šestomjesečnu turneju po Ujedinjenom Kraljevstvu i Sjevernoj Americi kojom su podržavali prethodni album Fragile (1971.). Skupina je 1. i 2. veljače 1972., u vrijeme dok se mogla odmoriti od turneje, rezervirala londonski studio Advision Studios da bi ondje snimila neke glazbene dijelove za novi album. Kad je turneja završila, članovi su se još jednom odmorili, a potom su u svibnju počeli uvježbavati nove pjesme u Una Billings School of Danceu u Shepherd's Bushu. Iako su određeni aranžmani u to vrijeme već bili osmišljeni i snimljeni, nijedna pjesma nije bila napisana do kraja, zbog čega su ih članovi sastava dovršili u studiju i potom ih naučili svirati. Nekoliko su puta aranžmani postali toliko složeni da su ih glazbenici već idućeg dana zaboravili, pa su zato počeli snimati svaku probu. Bruford je izjavio da naziv albuma odražava stanje u kojem se skupina tada nalazila.

Snimanje
Do lipnja 1972. Yes je napisao pjesme za album i vratio se u Advision da bi ih snimio. Eddy Offord, koji je radio sa sastavom još od albuma Time and a Word (iz 1970.) i bio zaslužan za zvuk na koncertima turneje Fragile, postao je ton-majstor i producent uratka; produkcijom se bavio i svaki član grupe. Offord je u studiju namjeravao ponovno stvoriti dobru atmosferu onih noći kad je grupa održavala dobre koncerte. Da bi to postigao, koncertnim je tehničarima rekao da u studiju izgrade veliku pozornicu; primijetio je da se zvuk Brufordovih bubnjeva odražavao od drvene platforme i da je skupina više zvučala kao na koncertu. U studiju se nalazila i struktura nalik kabini izrađena od drvenih daski; Howe je svirao u njoj da bi pojačao zvuk svoje gitare. Tijekom snimanja članovi skupine odlučili su iskoristiti određenu snimku za pjesmu, no shvatili su da je studijski čistač tu snimku bacio u smeće. Uslijedila je potraga za snimkom po kantama za smeće izvan studija; snimka je naposljetku pronađena i uvrštena na glavnu vrpcu.

Chris Welch, reporter Melody Makera i biograf skupine, otišao je u studio i promatrao snimanje. Izjavio je da se u zraku osjećala napetost, da su Bruford, Howe i Wakeman imali izljeve anarhije te da je došlo do nesuglasica nakon što je miksan jedan dio pjesme. Komentirao je da skupina nije radila kao skladna cjelina i da su samo Anderson i Howe znali kako bi album trebao zvučati, dok su ostali članovi uvrštavali svoje dijelove u tu veliku zvučnu slagalicu, a u oblikovanju ideja pomagali su im Squire i Offord. Welch je smatrao da su Wakeman i Bruford bili nevini promatrači. Jednom je prigodom Welch došao u studio da bi čuo dio dovršene glazbene dionice čiji je zvuk uređivan nekoliko dana. Čuo je tup udarac i vidio da je Offord od premorenosti zaspao na konzoli za miksanje, nakon čega je "magnetofonska vrpca počela reproducirati snimljenu glazbu nepodnošljive glasnoće".

Brufordu je pisanje pjesama za Close to the Edge i njihovo snimanje s ostalim članovima bilo naročito zahtjevno iskustvo; cijeli je proces nazvao mučnim i rekao je da je bio nalik "penjanju na Mount Everest". Postao je ogorčen na vedru, dijatonsku glazbu skupine i počeo je preferirati džezističke i improvizirane pjesme. Zbog toga je način pisanja pjesama i snimanja u skupini postao problematičan: odsvirao bi se svaki dio pjesme i potom bi se raspravljalo o njemu. Izjavio je: O svakom se glazbalu odlučivalo demokratski, svi su morali demokratski očitovati o svakoj stvari. Bilo je grozno, iznimno neugodno i nevjerojatno teško tako raditi. Bruforda su također počela razdraživati Squireova česta kašnjenja na probe i njegov način rada. Jednom je prigodom Bruford zaspao na sofi u studijskoj kontrolnoj sobi dok je Squire "proučavao nekoliko gumba na konzoli [za miksanje]" jer je želio otkriti koliko treba ujednačiti dionice za bas-gitaru; probudio se nekoliko sati poslije i vidio da se Squire "i dalje nalazi na istom mjestu te da i dalje razmišlja o tome kako su ta dva gumba namještena". Anderson je stalno poticao Bruforda na pisanje pjesama, na čemu mu je Bruford nekoliko godina poslije bio zahvalan, no do završetka albuma smatrao je da je dao sve od sebe na Close to the Edgeu i da nije mogao osmisliti bolje aranžmane. "Tada sam znao da mi je potrebno nešto svježeg zraka" i napustio je sastav.

Pjesme

Prva strana
Pjesmu Close to the Edge napisali su Anderson i Howe, a zajedno su napisali i njezin tekst. Budući da je trajala osamnaest minuta, u to je vrijeme bila najdulja Yesova pjesma. Andersona je prvo nadahnuće za pjesmu dobio u hotelskoj sobi tijekom turneje za Fragile dok je čitao Gospodara prstenova J. R. R. Tolkiena i pritom slušao šestu i sedmu simfoniju Jeana Sibeliusa, jednog od svojih omiljenih skladatelja. Tijekom slušanja potonje simfonije primijetio je da se njezina glavna tema pojavljuje usred skladbe, što je utjecalo na strukturu pjesme. Tu je skladbu proučavao do kraja turneje; usred turneje raspravljao je s Howeom o svojim idejama. Tijekom privremene stanke nastavili su pisati pjesmu u Howeovu stanu u Hampsteadu, tijekom čega je Howe osmislio stih Close to the edge, round by the corner, nadahnut životom u Batterseaju, području pored Temze. Anderson je odlučio temu i tekstove pjesme utemeljiti na romanu Siddhartha (iz 1922.) njemačkog pisca Hermanna Hessea; tekst pjesme izmijenio je "tri ili četiri" puta. Izjavio je da su to sve metafore. Stihovi za posljednju strofu nadahnuti su njegovim snom o "odlasku s ovog svijeta na drugi... no bio je to tako odličan osjećaj da se više nikad nisam bojao smrti".

Početak pjesme čini ponavljajuća snimka klavijature i zvukova iz prirode, među kojima su zvuk tekuće vode i ptičje pjesme snimljenih u prirodi; vrpca za tu snimku bila je dugačka više od 12 metara, a sama je snimka snimana dva dana. Anderson je u pjesmu odlučio uvrstiti ptičji pjev i instrumentalnu dionicu u dijelu pjesme pod imenom I Get Up, I Get Down nakon što je poslušao Sonic Seasonings (iz 1972.), album elektroničke ambijentalne glazbe Wendy Carlos. Nakon što je grupa održala turneju s fuzijskom grupom Mahavishnu Orchestra, Anderson je članovima skupine predložio da snime improviziranu dionicu s prethodno aranžiranim stankama, što im se činilo odvažnim. Ta je odluka jedan od razloga zašto skupina naglo počinje svirati bez prethodne najave. Cijela je pjesma sastavljena od više dijelova; Bruford je izjavio da su za nju napisani dijelovi od deset, dvanaest i šesnaest taktova.

Glazba u dijelu sa stihom Close to the edge, round by the corner izvorno je bila dio pjesme koju je Howe skladao nekoliko godina prije, a djelomično je utemeljena na najduljem danu u godini. Anderson i Howe dogovorili su se da će taj dio spojiti s Andersonovom skladbom Total Mass Retain. Howe je skladao još jednu pjesmu, čiji je srednji dio glazbene teme pretvoren u dio stavka I Get Up, I Get Down koji počinje stihom "In her white lace". Wakemanovu je solodionicu na orguljama Howe izvorno napisao za gitaru, ali je smatrao da bi bolje zvučala na orguljama. Odsvirana je na orguljama u londonskoj crkvi St Giles-without-Cripplegate. Skupina je snimila zadovoljavajuću snimku dionice nakon solodionice za orgulje, no kad ju je trebalo uvrstiti u konačni miks, Offord je na glavnu vrpcu uvrstio snimku za koju je mislio da je prava, a onu drugu bacio je u smeće s ostalim potrošenim vrpcama. Zbog toga se u pjesmi čuje da je vrpca izmijenjena – glavna je vrpca ostala takva jer je bilo nemoguće ponovno obraditi zvuk na isti način.

Druga strana
And You and I u početku je bila folk-pjesma koju je Anderson napisao s Howeom. Na njezinu su stilu i temi radili Howe, Bruford i Squire, pa je zato postala jedina pjesma na uratku čije je autorstvo, između ostalog, pripisano Brufordu i Squireu. Anderson je predstavio svoje ideje za pjesmu ostalim članovima dok je svirao akorde na gitari i pjevao tijekom dijela s prvim stihovima. Howeu se glazbena tema pjesme svidjela i želio je raditi na njoj. Kad je na turneji predstavio pjesmu, Anderson je izjavio da je njezino prvo ime bilo The Protest Song. U izvornom je obliku sadržavala i dulji završetak koji je Welch nazvao snažnim vrhuncem, ali se članovima skupine s vremenom više nije sviđao, pa su ga izrezali iz posljednje inačice. Anderson je izjavio da je pjesma slična hvalospjevu zbog "osjećaja sigurnosti koji nosi znanje da postoji netko... možda Bog". Stavak "The Preacher, the Teacher" osmišljen je tijekom jednog popodneva. Anderson je poručio ostalim članovima da bi taj dio pjesme trebao podsjećati na country, pa su Howe i Squire osmislili gitarske i basističke aranžmane za koje je Anderson izjavio da "tako slatko nadopunjuju".

Pjesma Siberian Khatru proizašla je iz Andersonove skice na akustičnoj gitari. Nije dovršio cijelu pjesmu, pa su ostali članovi radili na dijelovima za koje mu je trebala pomoć i raspravljali su o tome koji su rifovi najprikladniji za nju jer joj je bio potreban jedan dovoljno upečatljiv. Jedina je pjesma na albumu za koju je Wakeman naveden kao jedan od autora. Anderson je izjavio da pjesmu čini skup zanimljivih riječi, ali se ipak odnosi na snove o vedrim ljetnim danima. Izjavio je da riječ khatru u jemenskom dijalektu arapskog jezika znači 'kako želiš' ali da nije znao što znači dok nije zatražio nekoga da provjeri njezino značenje. Kad je Howe snimao posljednju gitarsku solodionicu, Offord je postavio jedan mikrofon uz pojačalo, a svojem je pomoćniku rekao da drugi mikrofon njiše po sobi da bi stvorio Dopplerov efekt.

Omot albuma
Omot Close to the Edgea dizajnirao je i ilustrirao Roger Dean, koji je također dizajnirao naslovnicu za Fragile (iz 1971.). Na tom se albumu prvi put pojavio poznati logotip skupine, a nalazi se na vrhu jednostavne naslovnice koju čini prijelaz iz crne u zelenu boju. Dean je u tajnosti osmislio dizajn prije nego što je skupina počela raditi na Close to the Edgeu. Skicirao ga je tijekom putovanja vlakom od Londona do Brightona vodeći se idejom da bi tri slova mogao dizajnirati tako da izgledaju zanimljivo. Dovršio je dizajn kad je stigao u Brighton. Naknadno je predložio da se na omot otisne srebrni tekst, no taj je prijedlog naposljetku odbačen. Deanov logotip nazvan je kaligrafijskim kolofonom.

Kad je počeo dizajnirati omot, Dean je želio da album izgledom podsjeća na pozlaćenu knjigu i da mu tekstura bude kožasta – tu je ideju nadahnula činjenica da je imao mnogo blokova za crtanje s kožnim uvezom. Nadahnuće za ilustracije dobio je kad je posjetio Haystacks, visoko brdo u Lake Districtu. Na njegovu je vrhu snimio fotografiju i promatrao je cirkna jezera ispod brda. Zamišljao sam jezero kao nešto veće [...]. Kako bi moglo opstati na samom vrhu planine? Na omotu se nalaze fotografije članova skupine i Offorda koje su snimili Dean i Martyn Adelman; Adelman je krajem šezdesetih godina 20. stoljeća svirao sa Squireom u skupini The Syn. Dean je tekstove pjesama i bilješke na omotu napisao ručno. Dean je o omotu naknadno rekao: Spojio sam nekoliko ideja. Radilo se o vodopadu koji se stalno opskrbljuje vodom i pada sa svih strana jezera, ali pitao sam se odakle bi dolazila ta voda. Želio sam sliku koja bi prikazala to.

Objava
Close to the Edge objavljen je 13. rujna 1972., tijekom trećeg mjeseca istoimene promidžbene svjetske turneje. Bio je to dotad najuspješniji uradak skupine na tržištu; popeo se do trećeg mjesta na ljestvici Billboard 200 u SAD-u i četvrtog mjesta na ljestvici UK Albums Chart. U nizozemskoj se pojavio na vrhu ljestvice albuma. Sjedinjene su Države unaprijed naručile 450 000 primjeraka albuma. Dana 30. listopada 1972. postigao je zlatnu nakladu u SAD-u za prodanih 500 000 primjeraka. Ahmet Ertegun, vlasnik Atlantic Recordsa, grupi je 20. studenoga predstavio tu nagradu u njujorškom restoranu, a Brian Lane, menadžer sastava, objavio je da je skupina s Atlanticom sklopila novi petogodišnji ugovor. Uradak je zahvaljujući daljnjoj prodaji 10. travnja 1998. postigao platinastu nakladu za milijun prodanih primjeraka.

Skupina je u SAD-u u listopadu 1972. objavila pjesmu And You and I kao dvodijelni singl. U Ujedinjenom Kraljevstvu pjesma je objavljena u cijelosti, a na B-strani nalazila se pjesma Roundabout. U prosincu te godine pojavila se na 42. mjestu Billboardove ljestvice Hot 100 u SAD-u. Skraćena inačica pjesme Total Mass Retain objavljena je na B-strani singla na čijoj se A-strani nalazila obrada pjesme "America" koju je popularizirala skupina Simon & Garfunkel; taj je singl objavljen 17. srpnja 1972.

Recenzije i nasljeđe
Close to the Edge dobio je pozitivne kritike. Dana 2. rujna 1972. u New Musical Expressu objavljena je uratku manje naklonjena recenzija Iana MacDonalda; izjavio je da skupina nije više na rubu [close to the edge], nego je prešla preko njega", ali je dodao da su njezini članovi svirali dok nisu ispustili dušu; komentirao je i da je tim albumom pokušala zapanjiti [slušatelje], ali je taj pokušaj rezultirao samo besmislom koji se ne može zapamtiti. Zaključio je: Na svakoj je razini, osim na uobičajenoj estetskoj, to jedan od najizvanrednijih albuma pop-glazbe dosad.

Henry Medoza u recenziji za The San Bernardino Sun napisao je da [j]oš od... Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Banda prva strana albuma nije izražavala tako cjelovite i uzbudljive glazbene ideje; dodao je i da je tim uratkom skupina postala još sofisticiranija. Pohvalio je vokalne harmonije i Brufordov dubok, nepravilan bas-bubanj na početku naslovne pjesme, ali je komentirao da je treći dio te pjesme najzanimljiviji zbog izmjene vokala te Wakemanovih orgulja koje zvuče kao iz snova i snažno. Za drugu je stranu izjavio da je manje inspirativna od prve, ali je pohvalio vokale i harmonije na objema pjesmama i izjavio da na pjesmi Siberian Khatru zvuče kao zasebno glazbalo.

U Lubbock Avalanche-Journalu objavljena je i pozitivna recenzija Jona Clemensa. Naslovnu je pjesmu nazvao virtualnim zvučnim putovanjem, izjavio je da se kreće brzo, glasno i divlje te da tijekom dijela I Get Up, I Get Down dolazi do savršenog kontrasta; također je pohvalio vokale tijekom tog dijela pjesme. Imao je visoko mišljenje o suradnji Howea i Wakemana, ali je upozorio na to da bi zbog čestih izmjena tempa slušatelj mogao zaboraviti na glazbu. U recenziji za San Mateo Times Peter J. Barsocchini komentirao je da su koncept [albuma] i izvedbe [pjesama] dobre, a da je naslovna pjesma najvjerojatnije najbolja pjesma u karijeri skupine. Za And You and I izjavio je da je zanimljiv spoj akustične i elektroničke glazbe koja je čvrsto [...] obrađena, dok je za Siberian Khatru rekao da je usporediva s albumom Fragile jer ne razvija stil skupine kao druge dvije pjesme.

Billboard je u pozitivnoj recenziji istaknuo da je Yes došao do točke koja je svjetlosnim godinama udaljena od njegovih imitatora i svakako se ne radi o čudu od tri dana. Tapiserije zvuka koje tkaju slatki su djelići koji daju uvid u različite sudbine koje tek treba oblikovati, vremena koja blijede poput rosnih kapljica u izmaglici već napola zaboravljenih žudnji. Valja pohvaliti sve koji su radili [na tom albumu] i zahvaliti im jer to nije obično zvučno iskustvo, nego nadilazi medij i zove sva čula.

Dobio je i mnogo pozitivnih retrospektivnih recenzija. U recenziji za AllMusic Dave Thompson dao mu je pet od pet zvjezdica i nazvao ga je savršenim remek-djelom. U posebnom izdanju časopisa Q i Mojo iz 2005. Close to the Edge pojavio se na trećem mjestu popisa 40 Cosmic Rock Albums. Uvršten je i u knjigu 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die Roberta Dimeryja. U anketi Guitar Worlda, tijekom koje su čitatelji trebali izabrati stotinu najboljih gitarskih albuma svih vremena, Close to the Edge pojavio se na 67. mjestu. Sound & Vision uvrstio ga je na 32. mjesto popisa 50 najboljih albuma svih vremena. Također se pojavio na petom mjestu Rolling Stoneova popisa 50 najboljih prog rock-albuma svih vremena, a na popisu 500 najboljih albuma svih vremena istog časopisa zauzeo je 445. mjesto. U trećem izdanju knjige All Time Top 1000 Albums Colina Larkina album je uvršten na 130. mjesto. Pojavio se na prvom mjestu popisa 100 najboljih prog-albuma svih albuma časopisa Prog.

Reizdanja
Godine 1987. Atlantic Records reizdao je album na CD-u u Sjedinjenim Državama i Europi. Drugo je izdanje albuma 1994. digitalno remasterirao Joe Gastwirt. Godine 2003. Rhino i Elektra Records ponovno su ga objavili na CD-u u proširenoj i remasteriranoj inačici; na njoj se nalaze Yesov singl America iz 1972. i prethodno neobjavljene pjesme: druga verzija pjesme And You and I i rana proba pjesme Siberian Khatru.

Godine 2013. objavljene su dvije nove inačice albuma. Steve Hoffman iz Audio Fidelity Recordsa remasterirao je uradak za CD i Super Audio CD. Za diskografsku se kuću Panegyric Steven Wilson poslužio izvornim snimkama i miksao više inačica albuma; tako su nastali stereofonski miks iz 2013., miks prostornog zvuka 5.1 i izvorni stereofonski miks, a zajedno su objavljeni u paketu koji sadrži CD-ove, DVD-Audio i Blu-ray. Među dodatnim pjesmama nalaze se skraćene inačice pjesama za singlove, rani grubi miks pjesme Close to the Edge i instrumentalne inačice triju pjesama s albuma.

Brufordov odlazak i turneja
Nakon što je završilo snimanje albuma, Bruford je 19. srpnja 1972. napustio skupinu i pridružio se King Crimsonu. Članovima Yesa rekao je da, ako žele, može s njima otići na turneju i na njoj ostati do kraja godine, no Howe mu je poručio da ne odlazi na turneju jer više nije bio posvećen grupi. Howe je naknadno zažalio zbog te odluke i izjavio da bi mu bilo drago da je u to vrijeme s Brufordom uživo svirao pjesme s albuma. Zamijenio ga je Alan White iz Plastic Ono Banda i grupe Terryja Reida. Budući da je svirao na Close to the Edgeu ali je napustio sastav prije naknadne turneje, Bruford je morao podijeliti tantijeme s Whiteom; izjavio je da je Lane od njega tražio 10 000 dolara odštete zbog odlaska. Nekoliko je godina poslije White pristao vratiti svoj dio tantijema Brufordu na njegov zahtjev. White je sa skupinom imao jednu cjelovitu probu prije početka turneje 30. srpnja 1972.

Ta je turneja tad bila najveća svjetska turneja na koju je skupina ikad otišla. Trajala je od 30. srpnja 1972. do 22. travnja 1973. i tijekom nje Yes je održao 95 koncerata; počela je u Memorial Auditoriumu u Dallasu, a završila je u West Palm Beach Auditoriumu u West Palm Beach na Floridi. Audiosnimke i videosnimke s te turneje pojavile su se na koncertnom albumu Yessongs iz 1973. U prosincu 1972. snimljen je i nastup u londonskom Rainbow Theatreu.

Popis pjesama

Zasluge

Yes
Jon Anderson – vokali
Steve Howe – gitara, električni sitar, prateći vokali
Chris Squire – bas-gitara, prateći vokali
Rick Wakeman – klavijatura
Bill Bruford – bubnjevi, udaraljke

Ostalo osoblje
Eddy Offord – tonska obrada, produkcija
Mike Dunne – vrpce
Roger Dean – ilustracije, fotografija
Martin Adelman – fotografija
Brian Lane – koordinacija

Ljestvice

Izvori

Bibliografija

Albumi iz 1972.
Britanski glazbeni albumi

Close to the Edge


K band may refer to:
 K band (IEEE), a radio frequency band from 18 to 27 GHz
 K band (infrared), an atmospheric transmission window centred on 2.2 μm
 K band (NATO), a radio frequency band from 20 to 40 GHz

See also
 , a radio frequency band from 26.5 to 40 GHz
 , a radio frequency band from 12 to 18 GHz

K band


Suberites cranium est une espèce d'éponges de la famille des Suberitidae.

Distribution
L'espèce est décrite des fjords des côtes chiliennes, dans l'Océan Pacifique.

Taxinomie
L'espèce Suberites cranium est décrite en 2013 par Eduardo Hajdu, Ruth Desqueyroux-Faúndez, Mariana De Souza Carvalho, Gisele Lôbo-Hajdu et Philippe Willenz.

Voir aussi

Bibliographie

Références biologiques

Notes et références

Suberitidae
Espèce d'éponges (nom scientifique)

Suberites cranium


100309 Misuzukaneko este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
100309 Misuzukaneko este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Kuma Kogen de Akimasa Nakamura. Asteroidul prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 2,54 ua, o excentricitate de 0,18 și o înclinație de 3,9° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 100001-101000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1995
Centura de asteroizi

100309 Misuzukaneko


Halep çamı (Pinus halepensis), Pinaceae (çamgiller) familyasından Akdeniz bölgesine özgü bir çam türü.

Akdeniz ve Batı Asya: Fas, Cezayir, Tunus, Libya, İsrail, Ürdün, Suriye, Lübnan, Türkiye, Yunanistan, Arnavutluk, Karadağ, Bosna Hersek, Hırvatistan, İtalya, Malta, Fransa ve İspanya'da yayılış yapar. Akdeniz'de Fas ve İspanya'dan Yunanistan'a ve Libya kıyılarında Jabal al Akhdar'da ve İsrail, Ürdün, Lübnan ve Güneybatı Suriye'de görülür.

Ağaçlar 15–25 m boyunda olur ve 150 cm çap yapar. Genellikle olgun ağaçlarda yuvarlak veya düz tepeli ince bir taç oluşturacak şekilde bölünmüş tek yuvarlak gövdeli, düzensiz yatay, kalkık dallar, taç formu genellikle rüzgarla şekillendirilir, özellikle denize yakın yerlerde bulunur. İlk önce yumuşak gümüşi gri renkte kabuk, daha sonra mor-kahverengiye dönüşür, boylamasına olukludur ve pullu tabaklara bölünür. Dallar pürüzsüz, hafif çıkıntılı, gri-yeşildir. Kış tomurcukları konik, 8 mm uzunluğunda, pullar saçaklı ve çoğu zaman reflekslidir. 2 (–3) 5–12 cm × 1 mm demetteki iğne yapraklar, bükülmüş, kenarlar ince testere dişli, tüm yüzeylerde stomalı, dallar boyunca oldukça seyrek dizilmiştir. Yaprak demeti kılıfı kalıcıdır ancak kırılgandır. Kalın tohum kozalakları, pullu çiçek kümesi sapı, olgunlaşınca oval; kolye şeklinde, 6–12 × 4–7 cm, simetrik, kırmızıdan mor-kahverengiye, tek başına veya 2–3'lük halka halinde bulunur. Kozalakların olgunlaşması 3 yıl alır ve daha sonra dallarda uzun süre kalır. Kozalak pulları parlak, sarı veya kırmızı-kahverengi, yaklaşık 2.5 x 1.5 cm, kozalaklarının tohum taşıyan pullarının kaidesindeki çıkıntı (apofiz) baklavamsı (rombik); düz veya hafif kalkık ve omurgasız, dikensizdir. Tohum 5-6 mm uzunluğunda kanatları 2,5 cm kadardır.

Halep çamı, genellikle kızılçam (Pinus brutia) ile ilişkilendirilen ve çoğunlukla Batı Akdeniz bölgesinin kıyı bölgelerinde bulunan, hızlı büyüyen bir kozalaklı ağaçtır. Kuzey Afrika'daki en önemli orman türüdür ve Güney Fransa ve İtalya'da büyük ekolojik öneme sahiptir. Düzensiz şekli ve düşük odun kalitesi nedeniyle, tür özellikle ormancılık endüstrisinde kullanışlı değildir; ancak kağıt hamuru ve kağıt endüstrisinde ve ayrıca yakacak odun yapımında kullanılmaktadır.
Ağaç, dağılım alanında su sızmasını iyileştirme, kuru yamaçlarda toprak erozyonunu önleme ve rüzgar siperi görevi yapma gibi belirli ekosistem hizmetleri de sunmaktadır. Bu nedenlerden dolayı ağaç, birkaç ağaçlandırma programının anahtarı olmuştur.
Halep çamı, tüm alt tabakalarda ve Akdeniz bölgesindeki çoğu biyolojik iklimde yetişir. Sık orman yangınlarına maruz kalan sıcak bölgelerde iyi yetişen kuraklığa dayanıklı bir türdür. Bu tür yerlerde ağaç, dağlık alanlarda da yetişmesine rağmen, çoğunlukla alçak rakımlara dağılmıştır.

Halep çamı çok geniş bir yayılış alanına (EOO) sahiptir ve başka yerlerde yerel olarak tehdit altında olduğu düşünülse de (Portekiz'de Algarve, İspanya'da Costa Brava) kereste için ekonomik kullanımı en azından doğal habitatında azaldığı için istikrarlı veya belki de genişlemektedir. Tür IUCN Kırmızı listesinde Asgari Endişe olarak listelenmiştir.<ref name="IUCN"

Halep Çamı, çalılık ve orman yangınlarının sık görüldüğü Akdeniz kıyılarının daha sıcak kısımlarında yetişir. Buna rağmen, tohum kozalakları sadece yarı serotindir ve güneşin sıcağında ateş olmadığında açılır. Kapalı meşcereler bulunmasına rağmen, daha çok güneşli tepeler ve deniz kıyısına inen yamaçlarda, en yaygın olarak kireçtaşı ve dolomit üzerinde, makilik veya garig bitki örtüsü içinde dağılmıştır. Uzun süre yangının olmadığı meşçerelerde meşe (Quercus suber, Q.ilex) istila eder ve sonunda hakimiyet kurar. Muhtemelen insan faaliyetlerinin neden olduğu artan yangın sıklığı, Halep çamına avantaj sağlar. Yükseklik aralığı deniz seviyesinden yakl. 1.700 m (Fas'ta).

Kıyı gelişimi, özellikle turistik konaklama için, yerel olarak yerleşim alanını (AOO) azaltmıştır. Yangınlar genellikle meşcereleri yok eder, ancak türler yangına uyarlanmıştır ve yangınlar çok sık olmadıkça yeniden oluşacaktır.

Çoğu ağacın boyutu ve şekli ve kalitesizliği nedeniyle Halep çamı odunu, kereste olarak çok az değere sahiptir. Şu anda yakacak odun olarak ve kömür yakmak için kullanılır, geçmişte maden aksesuarı, demiryolu traversleri ve telefon direkleri için hizmet ediyordu. Reçine bakımından zengindir ve hala bu ürün için yerel olarak kullanılır; Yunanistan'da bu amaçla tarlalar kurulmuştur. Cadı süpürgeleri bu çamda yaygındır ve Akdeniz ülkelerinde cüce çeşitlerinin kaynağı olabilir; türler genellikle daha kuzey enlemlerde dayanıklı değildir. Kuru yamaçlarda toprak erozyonunu durdurmak ve rüzgar kırmak amacıyla dikilmiştir. Güney yarımkürede kurulmuş olan çiftlikler, bu türün istilasına yol açmıştır; Avustralya, Yeni Zelanda ve Güney Afrika'da Halep çamı artık doğal ve çoğu zaman tür açısından zengin bitki örtüsünün yanı sıra tarım için kullanılan araziyi tehdit eden ciddi bir yabani bitkidir.

Doğu Akdeniz'de, Halep çamı ormanları reçine, yakacak odun ve orman balı üretimi ve ayrıca hayvancılık için önemlidir. "Akdeniz ülkelerindeki reçine toplama faaliyetleri, bazıları geçim sınırlarında çok az yaşayan orman topluluklarının refahında her zaman önemli bir rol oynamıştır. Bazı düşük gelirli bölgelerde, reçine toplama tek güvenilirdi (ve olmaya da devam etmektedir). Ayrıca reçine üreten ormanların çoğu topluluk ormanlarıdır ve üretim faydaları reçine topluluk kooperatiflerine gitmektedir.Bu ormanların bir diğer önemli yönü ise çok amaçlı ormancılığın uygulanması ve reçine toplama dışındaki diğer faaliyetlerin bir arada bulunmasıdır. , arıcılık gibi ... Örneğin, bir Halep çamı ağacından elde edilen gelir, ağacın ömrü boyunca reçineden elde edilen gelirin yalnızca % 2'sidir (ortalama büyüklükte bir ağaç, başına 3–4 kilogram reçine üretebilir. Ayrıca, aktif reçine üretimi yapılan ormanlarda orman yangınlarının daha düşük görülme sıklığına sahip olduğu gözlemlenmiştir, bu da komşu toplulukların aktif bir ilgiye sahip olmasından kaynaklanmaktadır.

Kaynakça

Asgari endişe altındaki bitkiler
Pinus
Çam
İstilacı bitki türleri
Peyzaj ağaçları
Afrika'daki bahçe bitkileri
Asya'daki bahçe bitkileri
Türkiye'deki odunsu taksonlar
Akdeniz florası
Fas florası
İspanya florası
İsrail'deki çevre
Lübnan florası
Suriye florası
Yunanistan florası
1768'de tanımlanan bitkiler

Halep çamı


Legitimacy, in traditional Western common law, is the status of a child born to parents who are legally married to each other, and of a child conceived before the parents obtain a legal divorce. Conversely, illegitimacy, also known as bastardy, has been the status of a child born outside marriage, such a child being known as a bastard, a love child, a natural child, or illegitimate. In Scots law, the terms natural son and natural daughter carry the same implications.

The importance of legitimacy has decreased substantially in Western developed countries since the sexual revolution of the 1960s and 1970s and the declining influence of Christian churches (especially Catholic and Anglican/Lutheran) in family and social life.

Births outside marriage now represent majorities in multiple countries of Western Europe and the Americas, as well as in many former European colonies. In many Western-influenced cultures, stigma based on parents' marital status, and use of the word bastard, are now widely considered dated.

Law
England's Statute of Merton (1235) stated, regarding illegitimacy: "He is a bastard that is born before the marriage of his parents."  This definition also applied to situations when a child's parents could not marry, as when one or both were already married or when the relationship was incestuous.

The Poor Law of 1576 formed the basis of English bastardy law. Its purpose was to punish a bastard child's mother and putative father, and to relieve the parish from the cost of supporting mother and child. "By an act of 1576 (18 Elizabeth C. 3), it was ordered that bastards should be supported by their putative fathers, though bastardy orders in the quarter sessions date from before this date. If the genitor could be found, then he was put under very great pressure to accept responsibility and to maintain the child."

Under English law, a bastard could not inherit real property and could not be legitimized by the subsequent marriage of father to  mother. There was one exception: when his father subsequently married his mother, and an older illegitimate son (a "bastard eignè") took possession of his father's lands after his death, he would pass the land on to his own heirs on his death, as if his possession of the land had been retroactively converted into true ownership. A younger non-bastard brother (a "mulier puisnè") would have no claim to the land.

There were many "natural children" of Scotland's monarchy granted positions which founded prominent families. In the 14th century, Robert II of Scotland gifted one of his illegitimate sons estates in Bute, founding the Stewarts of Bute, and similarly a natural son of Robert III of Scotland was ancestral to the Shaw Stewarts of Greenock.

In Scots law an illegitimate child, a "natural son" or "natural daughter", would be legitimated by the subsequent marriage of his parents, provided they had been free to marry at the date of the conception. The Legitimation (Scotland) Act 1968 extended legitimation by the subsequent marriage of the parents to children conceived when their parents were not free to marry, but this was repealed in 2006 by the amendment of section 1 of the Law Reform (Parent and Child) (Scotland) Act 1986 (as amended in 2006) which abolished the status of illegitimacy stating that "(1) No person whose status is governed by Scots law shall be illegitimate ...".

The Legitimacy Act 1926 of England and Wales legitimised the birth of a child if the parents subsequently married each other, provided that they had not been married to someone else in the meantime. The Legitimacy Act 1959 extended the legitimisation even if the parents had married others in the meantime and applied it to putative marriages which the parents incorrectly believed were valid. Neither the 1926 nor 1959 Acts changed the laws of succession to the British throne and succession to peerage and baronetcy titles. In Scotland children legitimated by the subsequent marriage of their parents have always been entitled to succeed to peerages and baronetcies and the Legitimation (Scotland) Act 1968 extended this right to children conceived when their parents were not free to marry. The Family Law Reform Act 1969 (c. 46) allowed a bastard to inherit on the intestacy of his parents. In canon and in civil law, the offspring of putative marriages have also been considered legitimate.

Since December 2003 in England and Wales, April 2002 in Northern Ireland and May 2006 in Scotland, an unmarried father has parental responsibility if he is listed on the birth certificate.

In the United States, in the early 1970s a series of Supreme Court decisions held that most common-law disabilities imposed upon illegitimacy were invalid as violations of the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. Still, children born out of wedlock may not be eligible for certain federal benefits (e.g., automatic naturalization when the father becomes a US citizen) unless the child has been legitimized in the appropriate jurisdiction.

Many other countries have legislatively abolished any legal disabilities of a child born out of wedlock.

In France, legal reforms regarding illegitimacy began in the 1970s, but it was only in the 21st century that the principle of equality was fully upheld (through Act no. 2002-305 of 4 March 2002, removing mention of "illegitimacy" — filiation légitime and filiation naturelle; and through law no. 2009-61 of 16 January 2009). In 2001, France was forced by the European Court of Human Rights to change several laws that were deemed discriminatory, and in 2013 the Court ruled that these changes must also be applied to children born before 2001.

In some countries, the family law itself explicitly states that there must be equality between the children born outside and inside marriage: in Bulgaria, for example, the new 2009 Family Code lists "equality of the born during the matrimony, out of matrimony and of the adopted children" as one of the principles of family law.

The European Convention on the Legal Status of Children Born out of Wedlock came into force in 1978. Countries which ratify it must ensure that children born outside marriage are provided with legal rights as stipulated in the text of this convention. The convention was ratified by the UK in 1981 and by Ireland in 1988.

In later years, the inheritance rights of many illegitimate children have improved, and changes of laws have allowed them to inherit properties. More recently, the laws of England have been changed to allow illegitimate children to inherit entailed property, over their legitimate brothers and sisters.

Contemporary situation
Despite the decreasing legal relevance of illegitimacy, an important exception may be found in the nationality laws of many countries, which do not apply jus sanguinis (nationality by citizenship of a parent) to children born out of wedlock, particularly in cases where the child's connection to the country lies only through the father. This is true, for example, of the United States, and its constitutionality was upheld in 2001 by the Supreme Court in Nguyen v. INS. In the UK, the policy was changed so that children born after 1 July 2006 could receive British citizenship from their father if their parents were unmarried at the time of the child's birth; illegitimate children born before this date cannot receive British citizenship through their father.

Legitimacy also continues to be relevant to hereditary titles, with only legitimate children being admitted to the line of succession. Some monarchs, however, have succeeded to the throne despite the controversial status of their legitimacy. For example, Elizabeth I succeeded to the throne though she was legally held illegitimate as a result of her parents' marriage having been annulled after her birth. Her older half-sister Mary I had acceded to the throne before her in a similar circumstance: her parents' marriage had been annulled in order to allow her father to marry Elizabeth's mother.

Annulment of marriage does not currently change the status of legitimacy of children born to the couple during their putative marriage, i.e., between their marriage ceremony and the legal annulment of their marriage. For example, canon 1137 of the Roman Catholic Church's Code of Canon Law specifically affirms the legitimacy of a child born to a marriage that is declared null following the child's birth.

The Catholic Church is also changing its attitude toward unwed mothers and baptism of the children. In criticizing the priests who refused to baptize out-of-wedlock children, Pope Francis argued that the mothers had done the right thing by giving life to the child and should not be shunned by the church:

Nonmarital births

The proportion of children born outside marriage has been rising since the turn of the 21st century in most European Union countries, North America, and Australia. In Europe, besides the low levels of fertility rates and the delay of motherhood, another factor that now characterizes fertility is the growing percentage of births outside marriage. In the EU, this phenomenon has been on the rise in recent years in almost every country; and in eight EU countries, mostly in northern Europe, as well as in Iceland outside of the EU, it already accounts for the majority of births.

In 2009, 41% of children born in the United States were born to unmarried mothers, a significant increase from the 5% of half a century earlier. That includes 73% of non-Hispanic black children, 53% of Hispanic children (of all races), and 29% of non-Hispanic white children. In 2020, the proportion was almost similar, with 40.5% of children born in the United States being born to unmarried mothers.

In April 2009, the National Center for Health Statistics announced that nearly 40 percent of American infants born in 2007 were born to an unwed mother; that of 4.3 million children, 1.7 million were born to unmarried parents, a 25 percent increase from 2002. Most births to teenagers in the United States (86% in 2007) are nonmarital; in 2007, 60% of births to women 20–24, and nearly one-third of births to women 25–29, were nonmarital. In 2007, teenagers accounted for just 23% of non-marital births, down steeply from 50% in 1970.

In 2014, 42% of all births in the 28 EU countries were nonmarital. The percentage was also 42% in 2018. In 2018, births outside of marriage represented the majority of births in eight EU member states: France (60%), Bulgaria (59%), Slovenia (58%), Portugal (56%), Sweden (55%), Denmark and Estonia (both 54%), and the Netherlands (52%). The lowest percentage were in Greece, Cyprus, Croatia, Poland and Lithuania, with a percentage of under 30%.

To a certain degree, religion (the religiosity of the population - see religion in Europe) correlates with the proportion of non-marital births (e.g., Greece, Cyprus, Croatia have a low percentage of births outside marriage), but this is not always the case: Portugal (56% in 2018) is among the most religious countries in Europe.

The proportion of non-marital births is also approaching half in the Czech Republic (48.5%. in 2021), the United Kingdom (48.2% as of 2017) and Hungary (46.7% as of 2016).

The prevalence of births to unmarried women varies not only between different countries, but also between different geographical areas of the same country: for example, in Germany, there are very strong differences between the regions of former West Germany and East Germany with a non-religious majority. Significantly more children are born out of wedlock in eastern Germany than in western Germany. In 2012, in eastern Germany 61.6% of births were to unmarried women, while in western Germany only 28.4% were. In the UK, in 2014, 59.4% of births were non-marital in North East of England, 58.9% in Wales, 54.2% in North West England, 52.4% in Yorkshire and the Humber, 52% in East Midlands, 50.8% in Scotland, 50.4% in West Midlands, 48.5% in South West England, 45.5% in East of England, 43.2% in Northern Ireland, 42.9% in South East England, and 35.7% in London.

In France, in 2012, 66.9% of births were non-marital in Poitou-Charentes, while only 46.6% were in Ile-de-France (which contains Paris). One of the reasons for the lower prevalence of non-marital births in the metropolis is the high number of immigrants from conservative world regions. In Canada, in Quebec, the majority of births since 1995 onwards have been outside marriage. As of 2015, 63% of births were outside marriage in Quebec.

Traditionally conservative Catholic countries in the EU now also have substantial proportions of non-marital births, as of 2016 (except where otherwise stated): Portugal (52.8% ), Spain (45.9%), Austria (41.7%), Luxembourg (40.7%) Slovakia (40.2%), Ireland (36.5%), Malta (31.8%)

The percentage of first-born children born out of wedlock is considerably higher (by roughly 10%, for the EU), as marriage often takes place after the first baby has arrived. For example, for the Czech Republic, whereas the total nonmarital births are less than half, 47.7%, (third quarter of 2015) the percentage of first-born outside marriage is more than half, 58.2%.

In Australia, in 1971, only 7% of births were outside of marriage, compared to 36% in 2020. The proportion of births outside of marriage was the highest in the Northern Territory (59%) and the lowest in the ACT (28%).

Latin America has the highest rates of non-marital childbearing in the world (55–74% of all children in this region are born to unmarried parents). In most countries in this traditionally Catholic region, children born outside marriage are now the norm. Recent figures from Latin America show non-marital births to be 74% in Colombia, 70% in Paraguay, 69% in Peru, 63% in the Dominican Republic, 58% in Argentina, 55% in Mexico. In Brazil, non-marital births increased to 65.8% in 2009, up from 56.2% in 2000. In Chile, non-marital births increased to 70.7% in 2013, up from 48.3% in 2000.

Even in the early 1990s, the phenomenon was very common in Latin America. For example, in 1993, out-of-wedlock births in Mexico were 41.5%, in Chile 43.6%, in Puerto Rico 45.8%, in Costa Rica 48.2%, in Argentina 52.7%, in Belize 58.1%, in El Salvador 73%, in Suriname 66%, and in Panama 80%.

Out-of-wedlock births are less common in Asia: in 1993 the rate in Japan was 1.4%; in Israel, 3.1%; in China, 5.6%; in Uzbekistan, 6.4%; in Kazakhstan, 21%; and in Kyrgyzstan, 24%. However, in the Philippines, the out-of-wedlock birth rate was 37% in 2008–2009, which skyrocketed to 52.1% by 2015.

Covert illegitimacy

Covert illegitimacy is a situation which arises when someone who is presumed to be a child's father (or mother) is in fact not the biological father (or mother). Frequencies as high as 30% are sometimes assumed in the media, but research by sociologist Michael Gilding traced these overestimates back to an informal remark at a 1972 conference.

The detection of unsuspected illegitimacy can occur in the context of medical genetic screening, in genetic family name research, and in immigration testing. Such studies show that covert illegitimacy is in fact less than 10% among the sampled African populations, less than 5% among the sampled Native American and Polynesian populations, less than 2% of the sampled Middle Eastern population, and generally 1%-2% among European samples.

Causes for rise in non-marital births

The rise in illegitimacy noted in Britain throughout the eighteenth century has been associated with the rise of new employment opportunities for women, making them less dependent upon a husband's earnings. However, the Marriage Act 1753 sought to curb this practice, by combining the spousals and nuptials; and by the start of the 19th century, social convention prescribed that brides be virgins at marriage, and illegitimacy became more socially discouraged, especially during the Victorian era. Later in the 20th century, the social changes of the 1960s and 1970s started to reverse this trend, with an increase in cohabitation and alternative family formation. Elsewhere in Europe and Latin America, the increase in nonmarital births from the late 20th century on has been linked to secularization, enhanced women's rights and standing in society, and the fall of authoritarian dictatorships.

Before the dissolution of Marxist–Leninist regimes in Europe, women's participation in the workforce was actively encouraged by most governments, but socially conservative regimes such as that of Nicolae Ceausescu practiced restrictive and natalist policies regarding family reproduction, such as total bans on contraception and abortion, and birth rates were tightly controlled by the state. After the dissolution of those regimes, the population was given more choices on how to organize their personal lives, and in regions such as former East Germany, the rate of births outside marriage increased dramatically: as of 2012, 61.6% of births there were outside marriage. Far-right regimes such as those of Francoist Spain and Portugal's Estado Novo also fell, leading to the democratization and liberalization of society. In Spain and Portugal, important legal changes throughout the 1970s and 1980s included legalization of divorce, decriminalization of adultery, introduction of gender equality in family law, and removal of the ban on contraception.

In many countries there has been a dissociation between marriage and fertility, with the two no longer being closely associated—with births to unmarried couples, as well as childless married couples, becoming more common and more socially acceptable. Contributions to these societal changes have been made by the weakening of social and legal norms that regulate peoples' personal lives and relations, especially in regard to marriage, secularization and decreased church control of reproduction, increased participation of women in the labor force, changes in the meaning of marriage, risk reduction, individualism, changing views on female sexuality, and availability of contraception. New concepts have emerged, such as that of reproductive rights, though these concepts have not been accepted by all cultures. Under the notions of reproductive and sexual rights, individuals—not the state, church, community, etc.—shall decide whether and when individuals shall have children, their number and spacing, the circumstances under which individuals will or will not be sexually active, and their choice of intimate partners and type of relationship.

It is argued that in some places where the control of the church (especially the Roman Catholic Church) was traditionally very strong, the social changes of the 1960s and 1970s have led to a negative reaction of the population against the lifestyles promoted by the church. One of the explanations of the current high rates of unmarried cohabitation in Quebec is that the traditionally strong social control of the church and the Catholic doctrine over people's private relations and sexual morality has led the population to rebel against traditional and conservative social values; since 1995 the majority of births in this province are outside marriage, and as of 2015, in Quebec, 63% of children were born to unmarried women. The past few decades have seen decreased marriage rates in most Western countries, and this decrease has been accompanied by increased emergence of non-traditional family forms. Average marriage rates across OECD countries have fallen from 8.1 marriages per 1,000 people in 1970 to 5.0 in 2009.

Research on the situation in Bulgaria has concluded that

History

Certainty of paternity has been considered important in a wide range of eras and cultures, especially when inheritance and citizenship were at stake, making the tracking of a man's estate and genealogy a central part of what defined a "legitimate" birth. The ancient Latin dictum, "Mater semper certa est" ("The [identity of the] mother is always certain", while the father is not), emphasized the dilemma.

In English common law, Justice Edward Coke in 1626 promulgated the "Four Seas Rule" (extra quatuor maria) asserting that, absent impossibility of the father being fertile, there was a presumption of paternity that a married woman's child was her husband's child. That presumption could be questioned, though courts generally sided with the presumption, thus expanding the range of the presumption to a "Seven Seas Rule". But it was only with the Marriage Act 1753 that a formal and public marriage ceremony at civil law was required, whereas previously marriage had a safe haven if celebrated in an Anglican church. Still, many "clandestine" marriages occurred.

In many societies, people born out of wedlock did not have the same rights of inheritance as those within it, and in some societies, even the same civil rights.  In the United Kingdom and the United States, as late as the 1960s and in certain social strata even up to today, nonmarital birth has carried a social stigma. In previous centuries unwed mothers were forced by social pressure to give their children up for adoption. In other cases nonmarital children have been reared by grandparents or married relatives as the "sisters", "brothers" or "cousins" of the unwed mothers.

In most national jurisdictions, the status of a child as a legitimate or illegitimate heir could be changed—in either direction—under the civil law:  A legislative act could deprive a child of legitimacy; conversely, a marriage between the previously unmarried parents, usually within a specified time, such as a year, could retroactively legitimate a child's birth.

Fathers of illegitimate children often did not incur comparable censure or legal responsibility, due to social attitudes about sex, the nature of sexual reproduction, and the difficulty of determining paternity with certainty.

By the final third of the 20th century, in the United States, all the states had adopted uniform laws that codified the responsibility of both parents to provide support and care for a child, regardless of the parents' marital status, and gave non-marital as well as adopted persons equal rights to inherit their parents' property.  In the early 1970s, a series of Supreme Court decisions abolished most, if not all, of the common-law disabilities of non-marital birth, as being violations of the equal-protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. Generally speaking, in the United States, "illegitimate" has been supplanted by the phrase "born out of wedlock."

In contrast, other jurisdictions (particularly western continental European countries) tend to favour social parentage over the biological parentage. Here a man (not necessarily the biological father) may voluntarily recognise the child to be identified as the father, thus giving legitimacy to the child; the biological father does not have any special rights in this area. In France, a mother may refuse to recognize her own child (see anonymous birth).

A contribution to the decline of the concept of illegitimacy had been made by increased ease of obtaining divorce. Before this, the mother and father of many children had been unable to marry each other because one or the other was already legally bound, by civil or canon law, in a non-viable earlier marriage that did not permit divorce. Their only recourse, often, had been to wait for the death of the earlier spouse(s). Thus Polish political and military leader Józef Piłsudski (1867–1935) was unable to marry his second wife, Aleksandra, until his first wife, Maria, died in 1921; by this time, Piłsudski and Aleksandra had two out-of-wedlock daughters.

Social implications

Nonmarital birth has affected not only the individuals themselves. The stress that such circumstances of birth once regularly visited upon families is illustrated in the case of Albert Einstein and his wife-to-be, Mileva Marić, who—when she became pregnant with the first of their three children, Lieserl—felt compelled to maintain separate domiciles in different cities.

Some persons born outside of marriage have been driven to excel in their endeavors, for good or ill, by a desire to overcome the social stigma and disadvantage that attached to it. Nora Titone, in her book My Thoughts Be Bloody, recounts how the shame and ambition of actor Junius Brutus Booth's two actor sons born outside of marriage, Edwin Booth and John Wilkes Booth, spurred them to strive, as rivals, for achievement and acclaim—John Wilkes, the assassin of Abraham Lincoln, and Edwin, a Unionist who a year earlier had saved the life of Lincoln's son, Robert Todd Lincoln, in a railroad accident.

Historian John Ferling, in his book Jefferson and Hamilton: The Rivalry That Forged a Nation, makes the same point: that Alexander Hamilton's non-marital birth spurred him to seek accomplishment and distinction. The Swedish artist Anders Zorn (1860–1920) was similarly motivated by his non-marital birth to prove himself and excel in his métier.

Similarly, T. E. Lawrence's biographer Flora Armitage writes about being born outside of marriage: "The effect on [T. E.] Lawrence of this discovery was profound; it added to the romantic urge for heroic conduct—the dream of the Sangreal—the seed of ambition, the desire for honor and distinction: the redemption of the blood from its taint."  Another biographer, John E. Mack, writes in a similar vein: "[H]is mother required of him that he redeem her fallen state by his own special achievements, by being a person of unusual value who accomplishes great deeds, preferably religious and ideally on an heroic scale. Lawrence did his best to fulfill heroic deeds. But he was plagued, especially after the events of the war activated his inner conflicts, by a deep sense of failure. Having been deceived as a child he was later to feel that he himself was a deceiver—that he had deceived the Arabs..." "Mrs. Lawrence's original hope that her sons would provide her personal redemption by becoming Christian missionaries was fulfilled only by [Lawrence's brother] Robert." Mack elaborates further: "Part of his creativity and originality lies in his 'irregularity,' in his capacity to remain outside conventional ways of thinking, a tendency which... derives, at least in part, from his illegitimacy. Lawrence's capacity for invention and his ability to see unusual or humorous relationships in familiar situations come also... from his illegitimacy. He was not limited to established or 'legitimate' solutions or ways of doing things, and thus his mind was open to a wider range of possibilities and opportunities. [At the same time] Lawrence's illegitimacy had important social consequences and placed limitations upon him, which rankled him deeply... At times he felt socially isolated when erstwhile friends shunned him upon learning of his background. Lawrence's delight in making fun of regular officers and other segments of 'regular' society... derived... at least in part from his inner view of his own irregular situation. His fickleness about names for himself [he changed his name twice to distance himself from his "Lawrence of Arabia" persona] is directly related... to his view of his parents and to his identification with them [his father had changed his name after running off with T. E. Lawrence's future mother]."

Christopher Columbus' first son, Diego Columbus (born between 1474 and 1480; died 1526), by Columbus' wife, Filipa Moniz Perestrelo, followed in his father's footsteps to become the 2nd Admiral of the Indies, 2nd Viceroy of the Indies, and 4th Governor of the Indies. Columbus' second son, Fernando Columbus (also known as Hernando; 1488–1539), was his out-of-wedlock son by Beatriz Enríquez de Arana and—while he grew up with a fair amount of power and privilege—due to the circumstances of his birth he never quite gained the prominence his father did. Hernando Columbus' biographer Edward Wilson-Lee says Hernando "always wanted to prove himself his father's son in spirit. [S]o he undertook th[e] extraordinary project [of] building a universal library that would [hold] every book in the world...  [H]e very much saw this as a counterpart to his father's desire to circumnavigate the world.... Hernando was going to build a universal library that would circumnavigate the world of knowledge." However, realizing that such a large collection of books would not be very useful without a way of organizing and distilling them, he employed an army of readers to read every book and distill it down to a short summary, or "epitome". The result was the Libro de los Epitomes (Book of Epitomes). Soon after Hernando's death in 1539 at age 50, this volume went missing for nearly 500 years—until in 2019 it was serendipitously discovered in a University of Copenhagen special collection. Many of the early printed publications that the Book of Epitomes summarizes are now lost; but thanks to the out-of-wedlock bibliophile Hernando Columbus, eager to emulate in his own way his father and "legitimate" half-brother, invaluable insights are becoming available into the knowledge and thought of the early Modern Period.

Violence and honor killings
While births outside marriage are considered acceptable in many world regions, in some parts of the world they remain highly stigmatized. Women who have given birth under such circumstances are often subjected to violence at the hands of their families; and may even become victims of so-called honor killings. These women may also be prosecuted under laws forbidding sexual relations outside marriage and may face consequent punishments, including stoning.

In fiction

Illegitimacy has for centuries provided a motif and plot element to works of fiction by prominent authors, including William Shakespeare, Benjamin Franklin, Henry Fielding, Voltaire, Jane Austen, Alexandre Dumas, père, Charles Dickens, Nathaniel Hawthorne, Wilkie Collins, Anthony Trollope, Alexandre Dumas, fils, George Eliot, Victor Hugo, Leo Tolstoy, Ivan Turgenev, Fyodor Dostoyevsky, Thomas Hardy, Alphonse Daudet, Bolesław Prus, Henry James, Joseph Conrad, E. M. Forster, C. S. Forester, Marcel Pagnol, Grace Metalious, John Irving, and George R. R. Martin.

Notables
Some pre-20th-century modern individuals whose unconventional "illegitimate" origins did not prevent them from making (and in some cases  helped inspire them to make) notable contributions to humanity's art or learning have included Leone Battista Alberti (1404–1472), Leonardo da Vinci (1452–1519), Erasmus of Rotterdam 1466–1536), Jean le Rond d'Alembert (1717–1783), Alexander Hamilton (1755 or 1757-1804), James Smithson (1764–1829), John James Audubon (1785–1851), Alexander Herzen (1812—1870), Jenny Lind (1820–1887), and Alexandre Dumas, fils (1824–1895).

See also

 Affiliation (family law)
 Anne Orthwood's bastard trial
 Bastard (Jewish law)
 Bastard (law of England and Wales)
 Childwite
 Colonial American bastardy laws
 Defect of birth
 Filiation
 Hague Adoption Convention
 Illegitimacy in fiction
 Legitimacy law in England and Wales
 Legitime
 Marks of distinction
 Nonmarital birth rates by country
 Non-paternity event
 Orphan
 Unintended pregnancy

References

Bibliography

Flora Armitage, The Desert and the Stars: a Biography of Lawrence of Arabia, illustrated with photographs, New York, Henry Holt and Company, 1955.
Andrzej Garlicki, "Piłsudski, Józef Klemens," Polski słownik biograficzny, vol. XXVI, Wrocław, Polska Akademia Nauk, 1981, pp. 311–24.
Shirley Foster Hartley, Illegitimacy, University of California Press, 1975.
Alysa Levene, Thomas Nutt & Samantha Williams, eds. Illegitimacy in Britain, 1700–1920. Palgrave Macmillan; 2005 [cited 24 September 2011]. .
John E. Mack. A Prince of Our Disorder:  The Life of T. E. Lawrence. Harvard University Press; 1998 [cited September 24, 2011]. .
Charles Simic, "You Laugh Uncontrollably" (review of Bohumil Hrabal, Mr. Kafka and Other Tales from the Time of the Cult, translated from the Czech by Paul Wilson, New Directions, 142 pp., $14.95 [paper]), The New York Review of Books, vol. LXIII, no. 8 (May 12, 2016), pp. 58–60.
Jenny Teichman. Illegitimacy: an examination of bastardy. Cornell University Press; 1982 [cited September 24, 2011]. .
Nora Titone, My Thoughts Be Bloody: The Bitter Rivalry between Edwin and John Wilkes Booth that Led to an American Tragedy, New York, Simon and Schuster, 2010 [cited September 24, 2011], .

External links
 Percentage of Births to Unmarried Mothers by State: 2014 (distribution of births outside marriage across the United States)
 Cuckolded fathers rare in human populations
 Ari Shapiro, "Christopher Columbus' Son Had an Enormous Library. Its Catalog Was Just Found", All Things Considered, NPR newscast, 24 April 2019
 The Psychological Effects of Being an Illegitimate Child - Low self-esteem, trust issues, and identity problems

Civil law (common law)
Extramarital relationships
Family law
Legitimacy law

de:Unehelichkeit

Legitimacy (family law)


é um filme japonês do género comédia romântica, realizado por Toshio Lee e escrito por Fumi Tsubota, com base num relato pessoal de um utilizador na versão japonesa do sítio Yahoo!. Foi protagonizado por Nana Eikura e Ken Yasuda, e estreou-se no Japão a 8 de junho de 2018.

Elenco
Nana Eikura como Chie Kagami
Ken Yasuda como Jun Kagami
Ryohei Otani como Soma Sano
Sumika Nono como Yumiko Sano
Kazuyuki Asano como Kanbara
Yukijiro Hotaru como Shinichi
Toru Shinagawa como Yokoyama

Ligações externas

Filmes em língua japonesa
Filmes do Japão de 2018
Filmes de comédia romântica do Japão
Filmes de comédia romântica da década de 2010
Filmes sobre famílias
Filmes baseados em mangás

Ie ni kaeru to tsuma ga kanarazu shinda furi wo shite imasu.


Rotas, Mapas e Dentes (Glenn Martin, DDS no original) é um série de desenho animado adulto stop-animation estadunidense-canadense produzido por Tornante Animation e Cuppa Coffee Studios, em associação com Rogers Communications. Rotas, Mapas e Dentes foi Nick na quarta série original do Nite (a primeira foi Hi Honey, I'm Home!, a segunda foi Fatherhood e a terceira foi Hi-Jinks). A série estreou em 17 de agosto de 2009 na Nickelodeon's nos Estados Unidos. Foi também transmitido em América Latina pela FilmZone.

Um dos criadores do programa foi Eric Fogel, que teve sucesso criando a série Celebrity Deathmatch da MTV claymation.

O show estreou em 18 de março de 2010 na Sky1 no Reino Unido e na Irlanda. A segunda temporada estreou em 11 de junho de 2010. O show terminou em 7 de novembro de 2011 e continuou a ir ao ar até 30 de setembro de 2012.

Enredo
Depois de incendiar acidentalmente sua casa em Freeland, Pensilvânia, o pai amoroso e dentista Glenn Martin, DDS leva sua família - sua linda esposa Jackie, seu filho de 13 anos de idade, viciado em hormônios, Conor, seu terno de 11 anos de idade. filha Courtney, a super-realizadora assistente de Courtney, Wendy, e Canine (o cachorro da família que tem um ânus enorme, que Glenn na sequência de abertura chama de coração) – em uma viagem pelo país para fortalecer seus laços familiares.

Elenco e personagens

 Kevin Nealon como Dr. Glenn Campbell Martin, um dentista viajante otimista que sonha em se aproximar de sua família. É Doutor em Cirurgia Dentária .
 Catherine O'Hara como Jackie Robinson Martin, esposa de Glenn e mãe de Conor e Courtney. Ela é frequentemente estressada com os problemas envolvidos na criação de uma família em um trailer.
 Peter Oldring como Conor Martin, o filho de treze anos dos Martins. Ele está passando pela puberdade e é hormonal. Ele também tende a ser alvo de quedas devido à sua falta de jeito. Ele também tem uma queda por Wendy, mas sempre é rejeitado.
 Jackie Clarke como Courtney Martin, a filha de onze anos dos Martins, que age como uma mulher de negócios adulta. Ela é competitiva, franca e arrogante.
 Judy Greer como Wendy Park (nome verdadeiro Bon Wa-Fo) é assistente e funcionária de Courtney. Ela nasceu na Coreia do Norte. Sua idade não é clara; Glenn se referiu a ela como uma adolescente, mas mais tarde ela afirma ter treze anos.
 Canine, o cachorro dos Martins que tem um ânus enorme.

Desenvolvimento
O ex-presidente-executivo da Paramount e da Disney, Michael Eisner, que investiu seu próprio dinheiro para produzir o episódio piloto, o apresentou a Nick no Nite em vez de à ABC. Eisner foi citado dizendo que a decisão foi baseada no registro de Nick at Nite de programas estimulantes.

O show tem uma sensibilidade dos anos 1970, incluindo o design do Winnebago, que é conduzido por todo o país. Foi supostamente inspirado no filme de 1971 da ABC, In Search of America, estrelado por Jeff Bridges como um abandono da faculdade que dirigia um Winnebago pelo país com sua família.

Prêmios e indicações
Em dezembro de 2009, o show foi indicado ao Annie Award de Melhor Produção de Televisão Animada.

Em novembro de 2010, o show ganhou dois Gemini Awards de Melhor Série Animada e Melhor Direção de Série Animada (Cuppa Coffee/Ken Cunningham por "The Tooth Will Set You Free").

Glenn Martin, DDS recebeu críticas mistas a negativas dos críticos, ganhando 48/100 do Metacritic com base em 9 comentários após a estreia da série. A Variety escreveu: "Apesar das contribuições de Eric Fogel (Celebrity Deathmatch da MTV), Glenn Martin não é tão ruim quanto visitar o dentista, mas não é muito melhor do que ficar sentado na sala de espera. Posicionado como uma paródia de comédias clássicas, Glenn Martin começa mal ao incorporar uma trilha de riso, que apenas destaca algumas das deficiências na escrita."

O Los Angeles Times escreveu: "Ainda assim, exceto pelos quartos traseiros do cachorro, eu gosto da aparência dele. (Eric Fogel do Celebrity Deathmatch da MTV supervisiona a animação.) Os materiais da imprensa indicam que os Martins visitarão Las Vegas, Yellowstone, Mall of America e Hollywood em futuras aventuras e, como fã da forma, estou interessado em ver o que os animadores farão deles."

O escritor do New York Daily News, David Hinkley, deu ao programa 4 de 5 estrelas, chamando-o de "sátira com humor mordaz".

O Boston Globe o chamou de "fofo, digno de risadinhas e apenas um pouquinho perigoso".

O Detroit News escreveu que o show está "cheio de risadas de fim de semana suficientes para ajudá-lo a rir no fim de semana".

O site Shakefire.com classificou o show como"A-".

Controvérsia
Em novembro de 2009, Maura Buete, uma mãe da Flórida, ficou indignada com o fato de a série conter referências sexuais, apesar de ser exibida em um horário das 20h, imediatamente após o programa infantil Bob Esponja Calça Quadrada. Em resposta a várias reclamações dos pais, a Nickelodeon (cujo porta-voz David Bittler afirmou que as reclamações eram mínimas) mudou o show para as noites de sexta-feira às 22h30 p.m.

Ligações externas

Programas de televisão em língua inglesa
Programas de televisão dos Estados Unidos que estrearam em 2009
Programas de televisão do Canadá que estrearam em 2009
Programas de televisão dos Estados Unidos encerrados em 2011
Programas de televisão do Canadá encerrados em 2011
Desenhos animados dos Estados Unidos
Desenhos animados do Canadá
Desenhos animados da década de 2000
Desenhos animados da década de 2010
Sitcoms dos Estados Unidos
Sitcoms do Canadá

Rotas, Mapas e Dentes


Ghal Kalan es una ciudad de la India en el distrito de Moga, estado de Punyab.

Geografía
Se encuentra a una altitud de 226  a 173 km de la capital estatal, Chandigarh, en la zona horaria UTC +5:30.

Demografía
Según estimación 2010 contaba con una población de 9 946 habitantes.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Localidades de Punyab (India)

Ghal Kalan


Die Liste der denkmalgeschützten Objekte in Kamenín enthält die zwei nach slowakischen Denkmalschutzvorschriften geschützten Objekte in der Gemeinde Kamenín im Okres Nové Zámky.

Denkmäler

Legende

Einzelnachweise

!
Kamenin


VH1 Europe, cunoscut și ca VH1 European, a fost un canal TV muzical de la Viacom International Media Networks Europe, bazat pe canalul american cu același nume. Această versiune a VH1 este foarte diferită față de varianta americană, deoarece a rămas un canal special pentru muzică, având o mare varietate de emisiuni pe o bază zilnică sau săptămânală. VH1 Europe a fost în 2013 singurul canal major în Europa Vestică ce emitea în format 4:3 în timp ce ceilalți emiteau în 16:9. Încă din mai 2014, VH1 Europe emite în 16:9.

A apărut pentru prima dată în Regatul Unit în 1994 și versiunea ce emitea în UK a fost distribuită în toată Europa. Oricum, canalul pan-european s-a lansat oficial în 2002, după ce a devenit un canal separat de postul britanic VH1 UK.

Pe 7 octombrie 2020 la 13:28, VH1 Europe și-a schimbat grafica în cea pe care o folosește VH1 Italia din 2018. Noul slogan este Sing It Loud!. De asemenea, de când s-a schimbat grafica, informațiile despre numele artistului și ale melodiei sunt acum arătate pentru cea mai mare parte a duratei melodiei, în loc de început și sfârșit.

Versiunea HD a canalului VH1 Europe s-a lansat pe 7 octombrie 2020. Această versiune a înlocuit VH1 HD în Brazilia și America Latină.

În data de 1 august 2021, VH1 Europe a fost înlocuit cu MTV 00s.

Ultima melodie difuzată a fost Dani California, de la Red Hot Chili Peppers.

Programare
Începând din 1 septembrie 2020, odată cu restructurările făcute de Viacom în ceea ce privește canalele de muzică, VH1 a devenit un post al anilor 2000. Emisiunile difuzate de VH1 sunt:

Songs of the Century
Class of 2000-2019
We Love The: 00s
Guess the Year
Artist: The Hits (with new musicians)
Top 50
Shuffle
Hits Don't Lie
Rewind: 2000

Semnalul Pan-European

Note

Televiziuni desființate din România
Fondări în 1994
Desființări în 2021

VH1 Europe


La 1-fenilpiperazina es un compuesto químico con un grupo fenilo unido a un anillo de piperazina. El sufijo '-piprazola' se utiliza a veces en los nombres de los medicamentos para indicar que pertenecen a esta clase.

Un número de derivados de la fenilpiperazina son fármacos, incluyendo:

 Productos farmacéuticos
 Antrafenine - Antiinflamatorio
 El aripiprazol - antipsicóticos
 Ciprofloxacino - Antibióticos
 Dapiprazol - bloqueador alfa
 Dropropizina - Antitusivo
 Etoperidona - Antidepresivos
 Itraconazol - antifúngica
 Ketoconazol - antifúngica
 Levodropropizina - Antitusivo
 Mepiprazole - ansiolíticos
 Naftopidil - antihipertensivo
 Nefazodona - Antidepresivos
 Niaprazine - Hypnotic
 Oxipertina - antipsicóticos
 Posaconazol - antifúngica
 Trazodona - Antidepresivos
 Urapidil - antihipertensivo
 Vesnarinone - cardiotónico

 Productos químicos de investigación
 Acaprazine - ansiolíticos
 Batoprazine - Serenic
 Bifeprunox - antipsicóticos
 BRL-15, 572 - serotoninérgica
 CSP-2503 - ansiolíticos
 DMPP - nicotínico
EGIS-12, 233 - serotoninérgica
 Elopiprazole - antipsicóticos
 Eltoprazine - Serenic
 Enpiprazole - ansiolíticos
Ensaculin - Nootrópico
Flibanserina - Afrodisíaco
 Fluprazine - Serenic
 Flesinoxan - Antidepresivos
Lorpiprazole - ansiolíticos
 Naphthylpiperazine - serotoninérgica
 Pardoprunox - antiparkinsoniana
 PRX-00023 - Antidepresivos
 S-14, 506 - serotoninérgica
 S-14, 671 - serotoninérgica
 S-15, 535 - serotoninérgica
 SB-258, 585 - serotoninérgica
 SB-271, 046 - serotoninérgica
 SB-357, 134 - serotoninérgica
 SB-399, 885 - serotoninérgica
 Sonepiprazole - dopaminérgica
 Tolpiprazole - ansiolíticos
 Vilazodone - Antidepresivos
 CAMINO-100, 135 - serotoninérgica
 CAMINO-100, 635 - serotoninérgica

 Drogas de diseño
 DCPP - serotoninérgica
 mCPP - serotoninérgica
 MeOPP - serotoninérgica
 PCPP - serotoninérgica
 pFPP - serotoninérgica
 TFMPP - serotoninérgica

Véase también
 Benzilpiperazina
 Difenilpiperazina
 Difenilmetilpiperazina
 Piridinilpiperazina
 Pirimidinilpiperazina
 Derivado químico (en inglés)

Referencias

Piperazinas

Fenilpiperazina