Ahvaz ( ) is a city in the Central District of Ahvaz County, Khuzestan province, Iran, and serves as capital of the county, the district, and the province. It is home to Persians, Arabs, Bakhtiaris, Dezfulis, Shushtaris, and others. Languages spoken in the area include Persian and Arabic, as well as  Luri (Bakhtiari) and different persian dialects such as Dezfuli, Shushtari and etc. Ahvaz's population is about 1,300,000 and its built-up area with the nearby town of Sheybani is home to 1,136,989 inhabitants.

At the 2006 National Census, its population was 969,843 in 212,097 households. The following census in 2011 counted 1,112,021 people in 288,271 households. The latest census in 2016 showed a population of 1,184,788 people in 331,556 households.

One of the two navigable rivers of Iran alongside the Arvand Rud (Shatt al-Arab), the Karun, passes through the middle of the city. Ahvaz has a long history, dating back to the Achaemenid period. In ancient times, the city was one of the main centers of the Academy of Gondishapur.

Ahvaz is famous for its beautiful bridges. The white bridge, the black bridge, the nature bridge and the cable bridge are the names of four of them.

Etymology
The word Ahvaz is a Persianized form of the Arabic "Ahwaz," which, in turn, is derived from an older Persian word. The Dehkhoda Dictionary specifically defines the "Suq-al-Ahvaz" as "Market of the Khuzis", where "Suq" is the Elamite word for market, and "Ahvaz" is a broken plural () of the form "af'āl" () of the word "Huz" or "هوز", which itself comes from the Persian Huz, from Achaemenid inscriptions where the term first appears. Thus, "Ahvaz" in Persian means "the Huz-i people", which refers to the Khuzi original inhabitants of Khūzestān.

The name of the region appears in medieval Syriac sources as  , literally meaning "land of the Huzis".

The term "Huz", meanwhile, is the Old Persian rendition of Suz (Susa-Susiana), the native Elamite name of the region. See Origin of the name Khuzestan and Elam#Etymology for more details.

History

Ancient history
Ahvaz is the analog of "Avaz" and "Avaja" which appear in the Achaemenid emperor Darius's epigraph. This word also appears in the Naqsh-Rostam inscription as "Khaja" or "Khooja".

First named Ōhrmazd-Ardašēr (Persian:  Hormozd ardeshir), Ahvaz was built near the beginning of the Sassanid dynasty on what historians believe to have been the site of the old city of Taryana, a notable city under the Persian Achaemenid dynasty, or the city of Aginis referred to in Greek sources where Nearchus and his fleet entered the Pafitigris. The city was founded either by Ardashir I in 230 (cf. Encyclopædia Iranica, al-Muqaddasi, et al.) or (according to the Middle Persian Šahrestānīhā ī Ērānšahr (shahrestān hā-ye Irānshahr)) by his grandson Hormizd I; the city's name either combined Ardashir's name with the Zoroastrian name for God, Ōhrmazd, or Hormizd's name with that of his grandfather. It became the seat of the province, and was also referred to as Hūmšēr. During the Sassanid era, an irrigation system and several dams were constructed, and the city prospered. Examples of Sassanid-era dams are Band-e Bala-rud, Band-e Mizan, Band-e Borj Ayar and Band-e Khak. The city replaced Susa, the ancient capital of Susiana, as the capital of what was then called Khuzestān.

The city had two sections; the nobles of the city lived in one part while the other was inhabited by merchants. When Arabs invaded the area in 640, the part of the city home to the nobility was demolished but the Hūj-ī-stānwāčār "Market of Khūz State", the merchant area, remained intact. The city was therefore renamed Sūq al-Ahwāz, "Market of the Khuz", a semi-literal translation of the Persian name of this quarter - Ahwāz being the Arabic broken plural of Hûz, taken from the ancient Persian term for the native Elamite peoples, Hūja (remaining in medieval khūzīg "of the Khuzh" and modern Khuzestān "Khuz State", as noted by Dehkhoda dictionary).

Medieval history
During the Umayyad and Abbasid eras, in Ahvaz flourished as a center for the cultivation of sugarcane and as the home of many well-known scholars. It is discussed by such respected medieval historians and geographers as ibn Hawqal, Tabari, Istakhri, al-Muqaddasi, Ya'qubi, Masudi, and Mostowfi Qazvini. Nearby stood the Academy of Gundishapur, where the modern-day teaching hospital is said to have been first established.

Ahvaz was devastated in the Mongol invasions of the 13th and 14th centuries and subsequently declined into a village. The dam and irrigation channels, no longer maintained, eroded and finally collapsed early in the 19th century. During this time Ahvaz was primarily inhabited by the original Khuzhis and a small number of Sabians. Although most Arab migrants fled the city, a few stayed. Some minor cultivation continued, while all evidence of sugarcane plantations is still going on in the Haft Teppe area north of Ahvaz, although ruins of sugarcane mills from the medieval era remained in existence. Several ruins of water mills also still remain in Shush and Shushtar.

Modern history
The seat of the province has, for most of its history, been in its northern reaches, first at Susa (Shush) and then at Shushtar. During a short spell in the Sasanian era, the capital of the province was moved to its geographical center, where the river town of Hormuz-Ardashir (modern Ahvaz). However, later in the Sasanian time and throughout the Islamic era, the provincial seat returned and stayed at Shushtar, until the late Qajar period. With the increase in the international sea commerce arriving on the shores of Khuzestan, Ahvaz became a more suitable location for the provincial capital. The River Karun is navigable all the way to Ahvaz (above which, the Karun flows through rapids). The town was thus refurbished by the order of the Qajar king, Naser al-Din Shah and renamed after him, Nâseri. Shushtar quickly declined, while Ahwaz/Nâseri prospered to the present day.

In the 19th century, "Ahwaz was no more than a small borough inhabited mainly by Sabeans (1,500 to 2,000 inhabitants according to Ainsworth in 1835; 700 according to Curzon in 1890)."

In the 1880s, under Qajar rule, the Karun River was dredged and re-opened to commerce. A newly built railway crossed the Karun at Ahvaz. The city again became a commercial crossroads, linking river and rail traffic. The construction of the Suez Canal further stimulated trade. A port city was built near the old village of Ahvaz, and named Bandar-e-Naseri in honor of Nassereddin Shah Qajar.

Oil was found near Ahvaz in the early 20th century, and the city once again grew and prospered as a result of this newfound wealth. From 1897 to 1925, the city of Ahwaz was in the hands of heshmatoddoleh Ghajar, who acted as governor and Sarhang Reza Gholi Khane Arghoon commander of Ghajari's army based in Khuzestan. Sheikh Khaz'al was recognized by Mozaffar ad-Din Shah Qajar as hereditary ruler of Mohammerah, Sardar Asad Bakhtiari as the most powerful leader of Khuzestan's Bakhtiaries. He had power and authority over most regions of Khuzestan, such as Dezful, Shushtar, Izeh, even Ahwaz and Amir mojahede bakhtiari in Ramhormoz and Behbahan. At this time, the newly founded Ahwaz was named Nâseri in honour to its founder Nassereddin Shah Qajar. Afterwards, during the Pahlavi period, it resumed its old name, Ahwaz. The government of the Khūzestān Province was transferred there from Shûshtar in 1926. The Trans-Iranian Railway reached Ahwaz in 1929 and by World War II, Ahwaz had become the principal built-up area of the interior of Khūzestān. Professional segregation remained well marked between various groups in that period still feebly integrated: Persians, sub-groupings of Persians and Arabs. Natives of the Isfahan region held an important place in retail trade, owners of cafes and hotels and as craftsmen.

Iraq attempted to annex Khūzestān and Ahvaz in 1980, resulting in the Iran–Iraq War (1980–1988). Ahwaz was close to the front lines and suffered badly during the war.

Iraq had pressed its claims to Khūzestān. Iraq had hoped to exacerbate ethnic tensions and win over popular support for the invaders. Most accounts say that the Iranian Arab inhabitants resisted the Iraqis rather than welcome them as liberators. However, some Iranian Arabs claim that as a minority they face discrimination from the central government; they agitate for the right to preserve their cultural and linguistic distinction and more provincial autonomy. See Politics of Khūzestān.

In 1989, the Foolad Ahwaz steel facility was built close to the town. This company is best known for its company-sponsored football club, Foolad F.C., which was the champion of Iran's Premier Football League in 2005.

In 2005 the city witnessed a series of bomb explosions. Many government sources relate these events to developments in Iraq, accusing foreign governments of organizing and funding Arab separatist groups. The Arab Struggle Movement for the Liberation of Ahwaz claimed credit for several of the bombings, including four bombs on 12 June 2005, that killed 8 people.

Gunmen killed at least 29 people in an attack on a crowd watching a military parade on 22 September 2018.

Bridges
There are 9 bridges over the Karun river.

Pol-e Siah (Black Bridge)

Black Bridge, also known as Victory Bridge, is the first bridge over of Ahvaz. The bridge was used in WWII to supply Allies in Soviet Union and it had a vast impact in Allies victory.

White Bridge

White Bridge (Persian: پل سفید), is an arch bridge completed on the 21st of September 1936 and inaugurated on the 6th of November 1936. The bridge remains a symbol of the city still today.

The other 7 bridges are :

Third bridge, Naderi bridge, Fifth bridge, Sixth bridge, Seventh bridge (also named Dialogue among civilizations bridge), Cable bridge, and Ninth bridge.

Location and roads
Ahvaz is located 100 km north-east of Abadan and is accessible via following routes in addition of a single runway airport:
Tehran-Khorramshahr national railway
 Ahvaz-Abadan expressway (145 km)
 Ahvaz-Andimeshk (152 km) expressway
 Ahvaz-Bandar Imam Khomeini freeway (175 km).

Ahvaz, being the largest city in the province, consists of two distinctive districts: the newer part of Ahvaz which is the administrative and industrial center, which is built on the right bank of the Karun river while residential areas are found in the old section of the city, on the left bank.

Climate

Ahwaz has a subtropical hot desert climate (Köppen climate classification BWh) with long, hot summers and cool, short winters. Summer temperatures are regularly at least , sometimes exceeding , with many sandstorms and duststorms common during the summer period. However, in winters, the minimum temperature can fall to around . Winters in Ahvaz have no snow. The average annual rainfall is around 230 mm. On June 29, 2017, the temperature reached . Furthermore, the dew point peaked at  which is unusually humid for the usual dry heat. Despite the fact that it has never snowed in Ahvaz, it has fallen down to  before.

People

According to the 2016 census, the city had an estimated population of 1.1 million people.

Languages

Based on a survey taken by the Iranian ministry of culture in 2010, the most common languages in Ahvaz are Persian (44.8%), Arabic (35.7%), and Bakhtiari (15.8%). Many Ahvazis are bilingual, speaking both Persian and one of the following languages/Dialects. The Arabic spoken in Ahvaz is a variety of Khuzestani Arabic. Another part of Ahvazis speak Bakhtiari dialect of Luri language. Modern Mandaic (or Mandae) language is also spoken among the Mandaeans of Ahvaz. It is a descendant of the Classical Mandaic language that has been partially influenced by Khuzestani Persian.

Pollution
In 2011, the World Health Organization ranked Ahvaz as the world's most air-polluted city. The reason Ahvaz is so polluted is because of its oil industry. The pollution can be very dangerous, causing different types of diseases, and can be harmful to plants.

Transportation

Airport
Ahvaz International Airport (IATA: AWZ, ICAO: OIAW) (Persian: فرودگاه بین‌المللی اهواز) is an airport serving the city of Ahvaz, Iran.

Railway

Ahwaz railway station (Persian: ايستگاه راه آهن اهواز, Istgah-e Rah Ahan-e Ahvaz) is located in Ahvaz, Khuzestan Province.

 Ahwaz is accessible via freeways from Isfahan and Shiraz, and roadways to Tehran.
A metro urban railway system is being built by the Ahvaz urban railway. The system is planned to have a total of four lines. Line 1 will be a 23 km underground line with 24 stations.

Sport
Traditionally, Khuzestan province has been a major soccer hub in Iran. The city has two existing sport complexes: Takhti Stadium and the newly constructed Ghadir Stadium. There are several other smaller complexes for martial arts, swimming pools and gymnasiums. Also, a new privately owned stadium is currently under construction by Foolad F.C. in Ahvaz.

Football

Football is a major part of the city's culture. The abundant enthusiasm has made Ahvaz home to three Iranian major Football clubs: Foolad, Esteghlal Khuzestan are currently playing in the Persian Gulf Pro League, and Esteghlal Ahvaz is playing in Azadegan League.

Foolad have won the league on two occasions, the 2013–2014 season and the 2004–2005 season. Esteghlal Ahvaz finished runners–up in the league in the 2006–2007 season. In 2016, Esteghlal Khuzestan won the league for the first time.

A number of other teams such as Foolad B the second team of Foolad and Karun Khuzestan play in the 2nd Division.

Futsal
Ahvaz has also two teams in the Iranian Futsal Super League, which are Sherkat Melli Haffari Iran FSC and Gaz Khozestan FSC.

Colleges and universities
Ahvaz is also known for its universities as well as its role in commerce and industry. Ahvaz institutes of higher learning include:

 Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences
 Petroleum University of Technology
 Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz
 Islamic Azad University, Ahvaz Branch
Islamic Azad University - Science & Research Branch, Khuzestan
Institute for Higher Education ACECR Khouzestan
Payame Noor University of Ahvaz
Amiralmoemenin University
Rahnama Institute of Higher Education

Notable people

 Ahmad Mahmoud (1931–2002), Persian novelist
 Ali Sajadi Hoseini (1953–1994), filmmaker
 Ali Shamkhani (born 1955), Iranian Minister of Defense (1997–2005)
 Amir Taheri (born 1942), Iranian conservative author
 Ezzat Negahban (1926–2009), patriarch of modern Iranian archaeology
 Hamed Haddadi (born 1985), NBA basketball player
 Hamid Dabashi (born 1951), intellectual historian, cultural and literary critic
 Hamid Zangeneh, economist, author, and activist
 Hossein Kaebi (born 1982), national football player
 Hossein Karimi (born 1992), bodybuilder
 Jabbar Choheili (1923–2014), Mandaean priest
 Jalal Kameli Mofrad, national football player
 Manuchehr Shahrokhi, Professor of Finance, California State University; Editor, Global Finance Journal; Executive Director, Global Finance Association-Conference
 Meamar (born 1956), Iranian artist
 Mehdi Yarrahi (born 1981), Iranian Musician
 Mehrangiz Kar (born 1944), human rights activist
 Mohammad Ali Mousavi Jazayeri, former Wali-Faqih representative in Khuzestan, former Ahwaz Friday Imam
 Mohammad Hossein Adeli (born 1953), Iranian economist and diplomat
 Mohammad-Reza Eskandari (born 1960), Iran's former Minister of Agriculture
 Muhammad ibn Falah, theologian
 Parviz Abnar (born 1958), Iranian Sound recordist
 Patrick Monahan (born 1976), Irish Iranian comedian
 Saleh Hosseini, Translator, Critic, Professor of English Literature
 Siavash Ghomayshi (born 1945), Musician, Singer and Songwriter
 Sousan S. Altaie, PhD Scientific Policy Advisor, OIVD CDRH, FDA

Gallery

See also
 Ahvaz Field
 Choqa Zanbil
 Elam
 Gundeshapur
 History of Iran
 Khūzestān Province
 Mandaeism, Mandaic language
 Politics of Khūzestān
 Susa
 Takhti Stadium (Ahvaz)
 Rahian-e Noor
 Al-Ahvaz TV

References

External links

 Foolad Ahvaz Football Club

Arab settlements in Khuzestan Province

Ardashir I

Cities in Khuzestan Province

Iranian provincial capitals

Populated places in Ahvaz County

Ahvaz


Mining the Sky: Untold Riches from the Asteroids, Comets, and Planets, is a 1997 book by University of Arizona Planetary Sciences professor emeritus John S. Lewis that describes possible routes for accessing extraterrestrial resources, either for use on Earth or for enabling space colonization. Each issue or proposal is evaluated for its effects on humanity, physics and economic feasibility based on planetary science. For instance, Chapter 5 ("Asteroids and Comets in our Backyard") exhaustively catalogs the types of near-Earth objects (asteroids and extinct comets whose orbits intersect Earth's), assessing both the harms likely from possible collisions with Earth (the subject of Prof. Lewis's previous book, Rain of Iron and Ice) on the one hand, and their potential for profitable exploitation on the other.

To illustrate this potential, Lewis includes an order-of-magnitude estimate of the economic value of the smallest known metallic (M-type) near-Earth asteroid: 3554 Amun. With its diameter of 2 kilometers and assumed composition similar to typical iron-type meteorites, he calculated a mass of 3 (30 billion) tons and a 1996 market value of $8 trillion for its iron and nickel alone, another $6 trillion for its cobalt, and $6 trillion more for its platinum-group metals.
(Of course these numerical values must not be taken too seriously, partly due to the large variations in commodity prices with time, and even more because of the great impact on market prices such huge quantities of materials—especially precious materials—would inevitably have.  They merely serve to suggest that the economic benefits of obtaining such enormous resources would probably far exceed the costs involved in accessing them.)

In general, like previous space advocates such as Princeton's Gerard K. O'Neill, Lewis responds to the limits to growth on Earth with detailed plans to first ameliorate them by accessing space resources on Earth, followed by human space colonization of the entire Solar System. In this light, he asserts that "Shortage of resources is not a fact; it is an illusion born of ignorance". He claims that colonies built with the natural resources of the asteroid belt alone, including limitless space-based solar power, could eventually support a vast civilization of "several tens of quadrillion ()s of people". He closes the book with an assertion that this vast population could be a very good thing.  "Intelligent life, once liberated by the resources of space, is the greatest resource in the solar system ... the highest fulfillment of life is unbounded intelligence and compassion"

See also
 The Millennial Project: Colonizing the Galaxy in Eight Easy Steps by space advocate Marshall Savage
 The Case for Mars: The Plan to Settle the Red Planet and Why We Must by space advocate Robert Zubrin
 The High Frontier: Human Colonies in Space by Gerard K. O'Neill
 Space advocacy
 Outline of space technology
 Space colonization
 Space-based solar power
 Asteroid mining
 Space elevator
 Skyhook (structure)

References

External links
 Review of Mining the Sky on the National Space Society site.

Space advocacy
Space colonization literature
Asteroid mining
Mining in space

Mining the Sky


Newark Castle er ruinerne af en middelalderborg lige uden for byen St Monans, på østkysten af regionen Fife i Skotland.

Bygningen stammer sandsynligvis fra 1200-tallet, hvor den skotske kong Alexander 3. (1241 - 1286) tilbragte en del af sin barndom her. Siden gennemgik borgen flere ombygninger, og de nuværende ruiner stammer sandsynligvis fra en ombygning under David Leslies ejerskab i 1600-tallet og Sandilands-familien, som ejede det siden 1400-tallet via et ægteskab. Leslie var en prominent i den engelske og skotske brogerkrig. Han blev lord Newark efter krigene.

Sir William Burrell, der var skibsmagnat og samler af kunst og antikviteter, fattede interesse for borgen i 1800-tallet, og sir Robert Lorimer lavede en plan for restaureringen, men den blev aldrig fuldført, da ejeren, Mr. Baird fra Elie, ikke ønskede at sælge.

Borgen har været kendt under flere navne: Inverie, St Monans og St Monance, hvoraf sidstnævnte er den middelalderlige form af St Monan's.

Eksterne henvisninger

 St Monance Castle web site
 Fife Coastal Path website

Slotte i Fife

Newark Castle (Fife)


Le patronyme Brossollet peut désigner :
 Louis-Joseph Brossollet (1823-1898), officier de Marine et un navigateur français ;
 Guy Brossollet (1933-2015), auteur et essayiste français.

Homonymie de patronyme

Brossollet


1998 CONCACAF Altın Kupa, dördüncü CONCACAF Altın Kupa'tır. Katılan ülkeler Kuzey Amerika, Orta Amerika ve Karayipler'de bulunan ülkelerdir. 1 Şubat ve 15 Şubat 1998 tarihleri arası ABD'de gerçekleşmiştir.

Brezilya millî takımı CONCACAF dışında bir konfederasyondan olmasına rağmen davet edilerek turnuvada yer almıştır.

14 Şubat'ta Los Angeles'ta oynanan finalde, Meksika
ABD'yi 2-0 yenerek şampiyon oldu.

İlk Tur

A Grubu

Sonuç
1 Şubat 1998, Los Angeles

3 Şubat 1998, Miami

5 Şubat 1998, Miami

8 Şubat 1998, Los Angeles

9 Şubat 1998, Los Angeles

B Grubu

Sonuç
1 Şubat 1998, Oakland

4 Şubat 1998, Oakland

7 Şubat 1998, Oakland

C Grubu

Sonuç
1 Şubat 1998, Oakland

4 Şubat 1998, Oakland

7 Şubat 1998, Oakland

Yarı Final
10 Şubat 1998, Los Angeles

12 Şubat 1998, Los Angeles

A.G.= Altın gol

Üçüncülük
14 Şubat 1998, Los Angeles

Final

Gol krallığı
4 gol

 Paulo Wanchope
 Luis Hernández

3 gol
 Romário

2 gol

 Giovane Élber
 Juan Carlos Plata
 Paul Hall
 Cuauhtémoc Blanco
 Stern John
 Jerren Nixon
 Preki

1 gol

 Edmundo
 Austin Berry
 Wilmer López
 Roy Myers
 Allan Oviedo
 Luis Martén
 Eduardo Sebrango
 Edwin Westphal
 Carlos Pavón
 Marcus Gayle
 Fitzroy Simpson
 Andy Williams
 Ramón Ramírez
 Francisco Palencia
 Clint Marcelle
 Joe-Max Moore
 Eddie Pope
 Roy Wegerle
 Eric Wynalda

Dış bağlantılar
 1998 CONCACAF Altın Kupa detayları

1998 CONCACAF Altın Kupa


In organic chemistry, an acyl chloride (or acid chloride) is an organic compound with the functional group . Their formula is usually written , where R is a side chain.  They are reactive derivatives of carboxylic acids ().  A specific example of an acyl chloride is acetyl chloride, . Acyl chlorides are the most important subset of acyl halides.

Nomenclature
Where the acyl chloride moiety takes priority, acyl chlorides are named by taking the name of the parent carboxylic acid, and substituting -yl chloride for -ic acid. Thus:

When other functional groups take priority, acyl chlorides are considered prefixes — chlorocarbonyl-:

Properties
Lacking the ability to form hydrogen bonds, acyl chlorides have lower boiling and melting points than similar carboxylic acids. For example, acetic acid boils at 118 °C, whereas acetyl chloride boils at 51 °C. Like most carbonyl compounds, infrared spectroscopy reveals a band near 1750 cm−1.

The simplest stable acyl chloride is acetyl chloride; formyl chloride is not stable at room temperature, although it can be prepared at –60 °C or below.

Acyl chlorides hydrolyze (react with water) to form the corresponding carboxylic acid and hydrochloric acid:
RCOCl  + H2O -> RCOOH + HCl

Synthesis

Industrial routes
The industrial route to acetyl chloride involves the reaction of acetic anhydride with hydrogen chloride:
(CH3CO)2O + HCl -> CH3COCl + CH3CO2H

Propionyl chloride is produced by chlorination of propionic acid with phosgene:
CH3CH2CO2H + COCl2 -> CH3CH2COCl + HCl + CO2

Benzoyl chloride is produced by the partial hydrolysis of benzotrichloride:
C6H5CCl3 + H2O -> C6H5C(O)Cl + 2 HCl

Similarly, benzotrichlorides react with carboxylic acids to the acid chloride. This conversion is practiced for the reaction of 1,4-bis(trichloromethyl)benzene to give terephthaloyl chloride:
C6H4(CCl3)2  +  C6H4(CO2H)2  ->  2 C6H4(COCl)2 +  2 HCl

Laboratory methods: thionyl chloride
In the laboratory, acyl chlorides are generally prepared by treating carboxylic acids with thionyl chloride (). The reaction is catalyzed by dimethylformamide and other additives.

Thionyl chloride is a well-suited reagent as the by-products (HCl, ) are gases and residual thionyl chloride can be easily removed as a result of its low boiling point (76 °C).

Laboratory methods: phosphorus chlorides
Phosphorus trichloride () is popular, although excess reagent is required.  Phosphorus pentachloride  () is also effective,  but only one chloride is transferred:
RCO2H + PCl5  ->  RCOCl + POCl3 + HCl

Laboratory methods: oxalyl chloride
Another method involves the use of oxalyl chloride:
RCO2H + ClCOCOCl ->[DMF]  RCOCl + CO + CO2 + HCl
The reaction is catalysed by dimethylformamide (DMF), which reacts with oxalyl chloride to give the Vilsmeier reagent, an iminium intermediate that which reacts with the carboxylic acid to form a mixed imino-anhydride. This structure undergoes an acyl substitution with the liberated chloride, forming the acid anhydride and releasing regenerated molecule of DMF. Relative to thionyl chloride, oxalyl chloride is more expensive but also a milder reagent and therefore more selective.

Other laboratory methods
Acid chlorides can be used as a chloride source.  Thus acetyl chloride can be distilled from a mixture of benzoyl chloride and acetic acid:
CH3CO2H + C6H5COCl ->  CH3COCl + C6H5CO2H

Other methods that do not form HCl include the Appel reaction:
RCO2H + Ph3P + CCl4 -> RCOCl + Ph3PO + HCCl3
Another is the use of cyanuric chloride:
RCO2H  + C3N3Cl3  ->  RCOCl  + C3N3Cl2OH

Reactions
Acyl chloride are reactive, versatile reagents. Acyl chlorides have a greater reactivity than other carboxylic acid derivatives like acid anhydrides, esters or amides:

Nucleophilic reactions
Acid chlorides are useful for the preparation of amides, esters, anhydrides.  These reactions generate chloride, which can be undesirable. Acyl chlorides hydrolyze, yielding the carboxylic acid:

This hydrolysis is usually a nuisance rather than intentional. Acyl chlorides are used to prepare acid anhydrides, amides and esters, by reacting acid chlorides with: a salt of a carboxylic acid, an amine, or an alcohol, respectively.

Mechanism
The alcoholysis of acyl halides (the alkoxy-dehalogenation) is believed to proceed via an SN2 mechanism (Scheme 10). However, the mechanism can also be tetrahedral or SN1 in highly polar solvents (while the SN2 reaction involves a concerted reaction, the tetrahedral addition-elimination pathway involves a discernible intermediate).

Bases, such as pyridine or N,N-dimethylformamide, catalyze acylations. These reagents activate the acyl chloride via a nucleophilic catalysis mechanism. The amine attacks the carbonyl bond and presumably first forms a transient tetrahedral intermediate, then forms a quaternary acylammonium salt by the displacement of the leaving group. This quaternary acylammonium salt is more susceptible to attack by alcohols or other nucleophiles.

The use of two phases (aqueous for amine, organic for acyl chloride) is called the Schotten-Baumann reaction. This approach is used in the preparation of nylon via the so-called nylon rope trick.

Conversion to ketones
Carbon nucleophiles such as Grignard reagents, convert acyl chlorides to ketones, which in turn are susceptible to the attack by second equivalent to yield the tertiary alcohol. The reaction of acyl halides with certain organocadmium reagents stops at the ketone stage.  The reaction with Gilman reagents also afford ketones, reflecting  the low nucleophilicity of these lithium diorganocopper compounds.

Reduction
Acyl chlorides are reduced by lithium aluminium hydride and diisobutylaluminium hydride to give primary alcohols. Lithium tri-tert-butoxyaluminium hydride, a bulky hydride donor, reduces acyl chlorides to aldehydes, as does the Rosenmund reduction using hydrogen gas over a poisoned palladium catalyst.

Acylation of arenes
With Lewis acid catalysts like ferric chloride or aluminium chloride, acyl chlorides participate in Friedel-Crafts acylations, to give aryl ketones:

Because of the harsh conditions and the reactivity of the intermediates, this otherwise quite useful reaction tends to be messy, as well as environmentally unfriendly.

Oxidative addition
Acyl chlorides react with low-valent metal centers to give transition metal acyl complexes.  Illustrative is the oxidative addition of acetyl chloride to Vaska's complex, converting square planar Ir(I) to octahedral Ir(III):
IrCl(CO)(PPh3)2  +  CH3COCl  ->  CH3COIrCl2(CO)(PPh3)2

Hazards
Low molecular weight acyl chlorides are often lachrymators, and they react violently with water, alcohols, and amines.

References

Functional groups

Acyl chloride


Za glumicu, pogledajte Devayani (glumica), a za plesačicu, Devayani (plesačica).
U hinduističkoj mitologiji, Devayani (sanskrt देवयानी, Devayānī) božica je te kći gurua Shukre i njegove supruge Jayanti (kći kralja bogova Indre). Devayani se udala za kralja Yayatija (ययाति) te su njihovi sinovi Yadu i Turvasu.

Brak
Na pikniku u šumi, Devayani je bila sa svojom prijateljicom Sharmishthom te su susrele Yayatija, koji je došao loviti. Devayani je odvela Yayatija svom ocu, kojem je rekla da bi se za Yayatija htjela udati. Shukra je na to pristao, ali je također rekao Yayatiju da bi se trebao brinuti i za Sharmishthu jer je princeza, no s njom ne bi smio imati spolni odnos. Yayati je potom oženio Devayani, koja mu je rodila dvojicu sinova.

Izvori i bilješke

Hinduističke božice

Devayani


est le cinquième album studio du chanteur canadien The Weeknd, sorti le  sous les labels XO et Republic Records.

Alors que l'acteur canadien Jim Carrey officie comme narrateur, l'album contient des collaborations avec Tyler, The Creator et Lil Wayne. The Weeknd produit l'album avec notamment Max Martin, la Swedish House Mafia et Oneohtrix Point Never.

Dawn FM est présenté comme une suite du précédent album studio de l'artiste, After Hours (2020). Ces deux albums seront interprétés dans la tournée mondiale After Hours til Dawn Stadium Tour.

Historique

Singles
Le premier single extrait de l'album, Take My Breath, a été dévoilé le . Le titre s'est notamment classé à la  place du Billboard Hot 100 et dans le Top 10 dans une vingtaine de pays. Le clip est sorti le jour de la sortie du single.

Sacrifice, deuxième single de l'album, est sorti sur les radios françaises, le 7 janvier 2022 et sur les radios américaines, le 11 janvier 2022.

Out of Time, troisième single de l'album, est sorti sur les radios urbaines contemporaines américaines pour adultes, le 25 janvier 2022.

Pochettes
La pochette standard de Dawn FM montre The Weeknd âgé, symbolisant le thème de l'album qui est la rédemption et l'abandon des regrets. Des éditions collector limitées proposent quatre pochettes alternatives créées par Robert Beatty.

Liste des titres

Notes
 Jim Carrey apparait sur Dawn FM, Out of Time et Phantom Regret by Jim.
 A Tale by Quincy contient une apparition vocale de Quincy Jones.
 Every Angel is Terrifying contient une apparition vocale de Josh Safdie.

Samples
 Sacrifice contient un sample de I Want to Thank You d'Alicia Myers.
 Out of Time contient un sample de Midnight Pretenders d'Aran.

Clips vidéos

 Take My Breath : 6 août 2021
 Sacrifice : 7 janvier 2022
 Gasoline : 11 janvier 2022
 Out of Time : 5 avril 2022
 How Do I Make You Love Me? : 22 juillet 2022
 Is There Someone Else? : 7 janvier 2023

Classements et certification

Classements hebdomadaires

Certifications

Notes et références

Liens externes

Album de The Weeknd
Album musical sorti en 2022
Album numéro un au Canada
Album numéro un au Royaume-Uni
Album numéro un au UK Hip Hop and R&B Chart
Album numéro un aux Pays-Bas
Album numéro un en Australie
Album numéro un en Finlande
Album numéro un en Irlande
Album numéro un en Norvège
Album numéro un en Nouvelle-Zélande
Album numéro un en Suède
Album numéro un en Suisse
Album produit par Max Martin
Album publié par Republic Records
Album publié par XO

Dawn FM


Nailsworth is a town and civil parish in the Stroud District in Gloucestershire, England, lying in one of the Stroud Valleys in the Cotswolds, on the A46 road (the Roman Fosse Way),  south of Stroud and about  north-east of Bristol and Bath. The parish had a population of 5,794 at the 2011 census.

History

Nailsworth in ancient times was a settlement at the confluence of the Avening Valley and the Woodchester Valley, on the Nailsworth Stream, and from the 1st or 2nd centuries CE on the Roman Fosse Way. Among many notable historic medieval buildings in the area are Beverston Castle and Owlpen Manor. Nailsworth Town Hall, built as a chapel for a dissenting congregation, was completed in 1867.

In the modern era, Nailsworth was a small mill town and centre for brewing. It was connected directly to the UK national rail network between 1867 and 1947, as the terminus of the Stonehouse and Nailsworth Railway.

Amenities
These days Nailsworth is visited in the summer by walkers. It holds a farmers' market every fourth Saturday in the month. Local events such as the market and the Nailsworth Festival are still announced by a town crier.

Over the past decade the small town centre has been reinvigorated. Besides numerous restaurants and cafes, it now contains a number of shops, including bakers, a delicatessen with a fishmonger, a hardware store, butchers, craft shops, bookshops, art galleries and a gardening shop. Nailsworth is a Fairtrade Town and twinned with the French town of Lèves, with which it enjoys an exchange visit in alternate years.

Nailsworth remains connected by regular public transport; it is the terminus of the hourly Stagecoach Gold bus route 63 from Gloucester via Stroud.

St George's Church

Built on the higher ground at the centre of town, St George's was consecrated in November 1900. Before 1895, the Church of England had provided for Nailsworth through several neighbouring parishes. The new church, which can now seat 500, was designed in the Early English style by M. H. Medland of Gloucester. Lack of funds, however, meant that the church originally consisted only of a nave, aisles and south porch, without a chancel or tower. The large entrance was originally designed as a tower, but the elevated ground was found to be too unstable to support the weight, resulting in the unusual porch.

The clock tower was constructed on the steep grass bank by the church, known as the clock on stilts, before finding its final resting place some yards away, by the present-day Nailsworth roundabout. At that time it was hidden behind a shop that sold the hard-worked local mill wool. Those walking up the steps from Mortimer Gardens can still see two of what remains of the stilts which used to hold the clock.

The chancel, Lady Chapel, and vestries dedicated to the memory of those who died in World War I, were added in 1939. A church tower was never added. In 1980 a large extension to the vestries was accomplished, turning them into a parish room. The church has no churchyard.

Three of the stained-glass windows in the south aisle, depicting St Luke, St Paul and St Barnabas, are by Charles Eamer Kempe. Three others depict St Richard of Chichester, St George and St Martin of Tours. A further window, by Herbert Bryans, shows Anna the Prophetess (Luke 2:36–38) The East window was designed by Peter Strong and installed in 1977. On the west wall is a mural painted by Sir Oliver Heywood in 1985, showing community life in the town.

Christ Church and Tabernacle Church

The Baptist chapel at Shortwood was rebuilt in 1837. Despite emigration of over 80 members to Adelaide 1838–1840, the adult congregation was at least 1,000 in 1851. In 1864 a dispute over a new minister led to the secession of some members, who opened a new chapel in 1868, in Bristol Road. This was known as Nailsworth Tabernacle Church. In 1910 the community rejoined the original Baptist church.

In 1967 the Shortwood congregation united with the Forest Green Congregationalists to form a new Christ Church, Nailsworth. Services alternated for some years with the Lower Forest Green Chapel, but the chapel in Newmarket Road, after modernisation, became the permanent place of worship in 1972. In that year Christ Church joined the new United Reformed Church, though retaining links with the Baptist Union. It had a membership of 147 in 1973.

Governance
An electoral ward in the same name exists. This mainly covers Nailsworth, but also stretches south to Horsley. The total ward population at the 2011 census was 6,614.

Twinned
Nailsworth is twinned with Lèves, France.
On November 27, 2019, Nailsworth signed a Friendship Agreement with the Village of Perry, New York, United States of America.

Sport and recreation
Forest Green Rovers is the premier football club in Nailsworth and plays in the EFL League Two at The New Lawn stadium in Forest Green. After winning the 2017 National League Play-off Final the club were promoted to League 2, making Nailsworth the smallest settlement ever to host an English Football League team. They were crowned League 2 champions in 2022, but immediately relegated from EFL League One the following season. The town also has a non-League football club, Shortwood United F.C. at the Meadowbank Ground in Shortwood. It plays in the , part of the tenth tier of the English football league system.

Media
Local TV coverage is provided by BBC West and ITV West Country. Television signals are received from either of the one local relay transmitters (Nailsworthand Stroud). Local radio stations are BBC Radio Gloucestershire on 95 FM and Heart West on 103 FM. The Stroud News and Journal is the weekly local newspaper that serves the town.

Notable people

In birth order:
Mary Deverell (1731–1805), sermon writer, poet and playwright, died here.
Joseph Edkins (1823–1905), translator and missionary to China, was born here.
W. H. Davies (1871–1940), Newport-born tramp poet, lived here from the mid-1920s until his death.
John Furnival (1933–2020), artist of visual and concrete poetry who lived most of his life near Nailsworth.
Michael Bichard, Baron Bichard (born 1947), civil servant, is from Nailsworth.
Pete Reed (born 1981), Olympic rower, was brought up in Nailsworth.

See also
Moschatel Press

References

External links

Nailsworth Town Council web site
BBC archive film of Nailsworth from 1985
Stroud Voices (Nailsworth filter) – oral history site

Towns in Gloucestershire

Nailsworth


كان جيروم ديفيد سالينجر (1 يناير 1919-27 يناير 2010) كاتبًا أمريكيًا اشتهر بروايته الحارس في حقل الشوفان.

نشر سالينجر العديد من القصص القصيرة في مجلة ستوري في أوائل الأربعينات قبل أن يخدم في الحرب العالمية الثانية. عام 1948 نُشرت قصته التي نالت استحسان النقاد «يوم مثالي لسمك البنانفيش» في مجلة النيويوركر التي نُشر فيها أيضًا العديد من أعماله اللاحقة.

نُشرت الحارس في حقل الشوفان عام 1951 ولاقت نجاحًا باهرًا فوريًا، إذ كان تصوير سالينجر للاغتراب الاجتماعي لدى المراهقين وفقدان البراءة من خلال بطل الرواية هولدن كولفيلد مؤثرًا، خصوصًا بين القراء المراهقين. اشتهرت الرواية وغدت مصدر جدل على نطاق واسع.

أدت شهرة الحارس في حقل الشوفان إلى لفت الانتباه العام ودراستها بشكل تفصيلي. أصبح سالينجر منعزلًا بعض الشيء وقلّ نشره لأعمال جديدة. نشر بعد الحارس في حقل الشوفان مجموعة قصصية صغيرة، تسع قصص (1953)، ومجلد يحتوي على رواية صغيرة وقصة قصيرة، فراني وزوي (1963)، ومجلد يحتوي على روايتين، شعاع عالي النظير، نجارون وسيمور: مقدمة (1963). ظهرت آخر أعماله المنشورة، وهي رواية قصيرة بعنوان «هابورث 16، 1924»، في مجلة النيويوركر في 19 يونيو عام 1965. بعد ذلك، تصارع سالينجر مع اهتمام وانتباه لم يطلبه بما في ذلك معركة قانونية في الثمانينات مع كاتب السيرة إيان هاملتون والإصدار في أواخر التسعينيات من المذكرات التي كتبها شخصان مقربان منه: جويس ماينارد، عشيقة سابقة؛ ومارغريت سالينجر، ابنته.

حياته
نشأ في البرونكس وبدأ كتابة القصص القصيرة في المدرسة الثانوية. ونشر العديد في أوائل الأربعينيات قبل أن يشارك في الحرب العالمية الثانية. في 1948 نشر قصته المُزكاة (يوم مثالي لسمك الموز), في مجلة الـ نيويوركر. وفي 1951 نشر (الحارس في حقل الشوفان) التي جنت نجاحاً شعبياً سريعاً.
ولد جيروم في منهاتن بـ نيويورك، والدته ماري جيليتش كانت نصف اسكتلندية نصف أيرلندية. ووالده صول سالينغر كان يهودياً من أصل بولندي وعمل ببيع جبن كشروت. غيّرت أمه اسمها إلى ميريام وتحوّلت إلى اليهودية. ولم يعلم جيروم أنها لم تك يهودية في الأصل إلا بعد حفل الـ بار متسفا الخاص به. ولدى جيروم شقيقة واحدة هي دوريس.

داوم سالينغر في المدارس الحكومية في الجانب الغربي بمنهاتن. ثم انتقل إلى مدرسة مكبري الخاصة في الصف التاسع والعاشر. مثّل العديد من المسرحيات المدرسية وأظهر موهبة درامية رغم معارضة والده لأن يصبح جيروم ممثلاً. التحق بأكاديمية وادي فورغ العسكرية في وين بـ بنسلفانيا. وهناك كتب قصصه (تحت الغطاء) في حجرته ليلاً على مصباح ضئيل. ثم التحق بجامعة نيويورك 1936, وغادر الربيع التالي. في الخريف ذاته دفعه والده لتعلم تجارة اللحوم. وأُرسل ليعمل في شركة في فيينا. النمسا.
وغادرها قبل وقوعها في أيدي النازيين بشهر. في آذار 1938 داوم في كلية أورسينوس في بنسلفانيا لفصل دراسي واحد فقط. في 1939 حضر درساً مسائياً للكتابة في جامعة كولومبيا. يلقيه وايت بورنيت المحرر بمجلة ستوري. ووفقاً لبورنيت. سالنيغر لم يظهر نفسه إلا في الأسابيع القليلة قبل نهاية الفصل الدراسي الثاني. حيث، حسب قوله. «عاد فجأة إلى الحياة». وأكمل ثلاث قصص قصيرة. وأُخبر أن قصصه محكمة وجيدة. ونُشر له في مجلة ستوري.

في 1941. بدأ سالينغر يرسل قصصاً للـ نيويوركر. والتي رفضت سبعة من قصصه. من بينها (غداء لثلاثة) و(أنا ذهبت للمدرسة مع هتلر)، لكنها قبلت قصته (عصيان ماديسون). وهي قصة عن مراهق غير مبال بأحداث ما قبل الحرب. مما جعلها غير قابلة للنشر حتى 1946. خاصة مع أحداث الهجوم الياباني على ميناء بيرل هاربور.

الحرب العالمية الثانية
عام 1942، بدأ سالينجر بمواعدة أونا أونيل، ابنة الكاتب المسرحي يوجين أونيل. على الرغم من اعتقاد سالينجر أن أونا مهووسة بذاتها وأنانية بشكل لا يوصف، لكنه تواصل معها بشكل جيد وكتب لها العديد من الرسائل الطويلة. انتهت علاقتهما عندما بدأت أونا بمواعدة تشارلي شابلن، الذي تزوجته في نهاية المطاف. في أواخر عام 1941 عمل سالينجر لفترة وجيزة على متن سفينة سياحية في منطقة بحر الكاريبي، وعمل مديرًا للأنشطة وربما كمؤدي ترفيهي لفترة وجيزة هناك أيضًا.

بدأ سالينجر بتقديم القصص القصيرة لمجلة النيويوركر في نفس العام. رفضت المجلة في ذلك العام سبع قصص من قصصه القصيرة، بما فيها غداء لثلاثة أشخاص، مونولوغ فور إيه ووتري هاي بول وارتدت المدرسة مع أدولف هتلر. في ديسمبر عام 1941، قُبل نشر «سلايت ريبيليون أوف ماديسون» وهي قصة تدور أحداثها في منهاتن عن مراهق ساخط يدعى هولدن كولفيلد مصاب «بقلق ما قبل الحرب». عندما نفذت اليابان الهجوم على بيرل هاربور في ذلك الشهر، أصبحت الرواية غير قابلة للنشر مما أحبط سالينجر. كتب لاحقًا في كتاب شعاع عالي النظير، نجارون وسيمور: مقدمة (1963): «أعتقد أنني سأكره سنة 1942 ما حييت، من باب المبادئ العامة وحسب»، ولم تُنشر القصة في النيويوركر حتى عام 1946. في ربيع عام 1942، بعد عدة أشهر من اشتراك الولايات المتحدة في الحرب العالمية الثانية، جُنّد سالينجر في الجيش، حيث شهد القتال مع فوج المشاة الثاني عشر، فرقة المشاة الرابعة. كان موجودًا على شاطئ يوتا يوم إنزال النورماندي وفي معركة الثغرة وفي معركة غابة هورتغن.

خلال الحملة من نورماندي إلى ألمانيا، رتب سالينجر للقاء إرنست همنغواي، وهو كاتب كان قد أثر عليه وكان يعمل بعد ذلك كمراسل حرب في باريس. كان سالينجر معجبًا بودية همنغواي وتواضعه ووجده أكثر رقة من شخصيته الروائية العامة. وكان همنغواي معجبًا بموهبة سالينجر وقال إنه يملك موهبة ملحوظة للغاية.

بعد الحرب
في 1946. وافق وايت بورنيت على نشر مجموعة من قصص سالينغر القصيرة عن طريق دار نشر مجلة ستوري. ليبنكوت. معنونة بـ ((الشبّان)). ولكن الدار رفضت النشر ولام سالينغر بورنيت على الأمر.
في أواخر الأربعينيات اعتنق سالنيغر الزن, وفي 1948 أرسل قصته ((يوم مثالي لسمك الموز)) إلى النيويوركر. التي كانت سبباً في شهرته.في الأربعينيات تحدث سالينغر مع العديدين حول رواية عن هولدن كولفيلد، بطل قصة ((عصيان ماديسون)). وقد نشرت في 16 تموز 1951 تحت عنوان الحارس في حقل الشوفان . تراوحت ردود الأفعال حولها، من الإعجاب المطرد إلى التحفظ على جرأتها بالنسبة لذاك الوقت.

الطابع الأدبي
يظهر المراهقون في أغلب أعمال سالينغر. مما جعله مفضلاً لهذه الفئة من القرّاء. يستخدم سالينغر تقنيات مثل، الحديث الداخلي، الخطابات، المكالمات الهاتفية. مما يظهر موهبته في بناء الحوار.

الأعمال
 الحارس في حقل الشوفان (1951)، ترجمها إلى العربية الكاتب غالب هلسا عام 1978.
 تسع قصص (1953)
 فراني وزووي (1961)

الوفاة
توفي سالينغر لأسباب طبيعية في منزله في نيو هامبشاير في 27 يناير 2010. عن عمر 91 سنة. وقد أشير في صحيفة نيويورك تايمز أن الكاتب قد أتاه كسر في الفخذ في مايو 2009، إلا أن حالته الصحية كانت ممتازة حتى حدث له هبوط مفاجئ في العام الحالي، ولم يكن فيه أي ألم أو قبل في وقت وفاته.

أعمال تناولت حياته
عرض في العام 2017 فيلم ثائر في حقل الشوفان (Rebel In The Rye)، وهو فيلم سيرة ذاتية عن حياة الكاتب، أخرج الفيلم المخرج الأمريكي داني سترونغ، وأدى دور سالينجر الممثل نيكولاس هولت.

مراجع

وصلات خارجية

 J. D. Salinger, Enigmatic Author, Dies at 91, The New York Times, 28 January 2010
 The Reclusive Writer Inspired a Generation, Baltimore Sun, 29 January 2010
 JD Salinger – Daily Telegraph obituary
 Obituary: JD Salinger, BBC News, 28 January 2010
 Implied meanings in J. D. Salinger stories and reverting
 Dead Caulfields – The Life and Work of J.D. Salinger
 Catching Salinger – Serialized documentary about the search for J.D. Salinger
 J.D. Salinger biography, quotes, multimedia, teacher resources

أشخاص دخلوا في الهندوسية
أشخاص في عملية أوفرلورد
أشخاص من كورنيش (نيوهامشير)
أشخاص من مانهاتن
أفراد الجيش الأمريكي في الحرب العالمية الثانية
أفراد عسكريون من مدينة نيويورك
أمريكيون من أصل ألماني
أمريكيون من أصل أيرلندي
أمريكيون من أصل إسكتلندي
أمريكيون من أصل ليتواني يهودي
جنود أمريكيون
روائيون أمريكيون
روائيون أمريكيون في القرن 20
روائيون أمريكيون يهود
روائيون من نيوهامشير
روائيون من ولاية نيويورك
علملوجيون أمريكيون
كتاب أمريكيون في القرن 20
كتاب قصة قصيرة أمريكيون في القرن 20
كتاب قصة قصيرة ذكور أمريكيون
كتاب من بيدغوشتش
كتاب من مانهاتن
كتاب من مدينة نيويورك
كتاب يهود
مسيحيون أمريكيون
مواليد 1919
مواليد في نيويورك
هندوس أمريكيون
وفيات 2010
وفيات في نيوهامبشير
يهود أمريكيون في القرن 20
يهود تحولوا إلى المسيحية
يهود أمريكيون في القرن 21

جيروم ديفيد سالينجر


Amintore Fanfani (d. 6 Şubat 1908 - ö. 20 Kasım 1999), İtalyan siyasetçi. 1954 - 1987 tarihleri arasında tam beş kez İtalya Başbakanlığı görevinde bulunmuştur. 1968-1973, 1976-1982 ve 1985-1987 yılları arasında Senato Başkanlığı görevini de yürütmüş, 1992-1994 yıllarında Senato Dışişleri Komisyonu Başkanı olmuş; ayrıca çeşitli hükûmetlerde bakanlıklar da yapmıştır.

Kaynakça

Birleşmiş Milletler Genel Kurulu başkanları
1908 doğumlular
1999 yılında ölenler
İtalya içişleri bakanları
İtalya başbakanları
İtalya tarım bakanları
İtalya çalışma bakanları
İtalya Cumhuriyet Senatosu başkanları
İtalya bütçe bakanları
Yaşam boyu senatörler (İtalya)
İtalya Cumhuriyet Senatosu dışişleri komisyonu başkanları

Amintore Fanfani


عبد الرحمن فهمي بك ولد في القاهرة في 30 مارس 1870 م وتخرج في المدرسة الحربية عام 1888 م. شارك في حملة الجيش المصري إلى السودان عام 1898 م، وأصبحت له علاقات قوية بالحركة الوطنية السودانية تدعمت بعد ثورة 1919 م المصرية. عمل ياورا لوزير الحربية مصطفى فهمى باشا ثم نُقل إلى خدمة البوليس عام 1901 م وعمل مديرا مديرية الجيزة عام 1911 م. ونظرا لأعماله الوطنية المبكّرة أبعدته السلطات الإنجليزية المحتلة عن مديرية الجيزة إلى وكالة الأوقاف المصرية في أواخر عام 1911 م. اصطدم مع رغبة الخديوي عباس في الاستيلاء على قطعة أرض تابعة للأوقاف المصرية.فأصدر الخديوي قرارا بإحالته إلى المعاش عام 1913 م.

فهمي وثورة 1919

ساهم عبد الرحمن فهمي في الثورة التي قادها الزعيم المصري سعد زغلول باشا عام 1919 م فعمل على إنشاء وقيادة اخطر جهاز سري لحزب الوفد الذي شكله سعد زغلول باشا، وساعده في إنشاء هذا الجهاز وتنظيمه ابن أخيه الدكتور احمد ماهر رئيس وزراء مصر فيما بعد. في يوليو 1920 م أُلقي القبض على عبد الرحمن فهمي بيك الذي كان يُشغل منصب السكرتير العام للجنة حزب الوفد المركزية مع 26 شابا وطنيا من شباب مصر وحوكموا في 20 يوليو 1920 م بتهمة إنشاء جمعية سرية باسم «الانتقام» تهدف إلى خلع السلطان أحمد فؤاد.وصدر الحكم بإعدام عبد الرحمن فهمي وستة من رفاقه الأبطال ثم جرى تخفيف الحكم إلى 15 سنه وبسجن الباقين مُددا مختلفة. أُطلق سراحه وزملاءه الأبطال بعد تشكيل الزعيم سعد باشا زغلول لحكومته الوفدية الشعبية في يناير 1924 م، وكان إطلاق سراحهم بإصدار قانون خاص بالعفو عنهم. قام بإنشاء نقابات عمالية وطنية مصرية جديدة عام 1924 م كما أصدر مجلتين عُماليتين تنطقان باسم حزب الوفد.ونجح في إصدار جريدة الأخبار في 25 فبراير 1920 م برئاسة أمين بيك الرافعي. انتُخب عضوا بمجلس النواب المصري عن دائرة «كرداسه».

وفاته
 توفي في 13 يوليو 1946 م راضيا بما قدمه لوطنه العزيز مصر، تاركا وراءه أربعة أبناء مخلصين لوطنهم على شاكلته ومنهم الوزير مراد فهمي وزير الأشغال بعد ثورة 23 يوليو وكمال فهمي ومحي الدين فهمي وصلاح فهمي.

روابط خارجية

مراجع

 كتاب الأعلام الشرقية - زكي محمد مجاهد- دار الغرب الإسلامي - بيروت- 1994م

أعلام الشراكسة
أعلام النهضة
ثوريون مصريون
مصريون شراكسة
مواليد 1870
وفيات 1946

عبد الرحمن فهمي


Olaylar
 31 Aralık - Beş İmparator Yılı olarak anılan 193 yılı, 31 Aralık 192 tarihinde İmparator Commodus'un öldürülmesiyle başladı

Doğumlar
 II. Gordianus, sadece 20 gün yönetimde kalan Roma İmparatoru (ö. 238)

Ölümler
 22 Mayıs – Dong Zhuo, Han Hanedanı'nın 189-192 yılları arasındaki başkanı
 31 Aralık – Commodus, Roma İmparatoru (d. 161)
 tarihi bilinmeyen
 Cai Yong, Çinli müzisyen, hattat, Cai Wenji'in babası (d. 132)

192


Nils Hilmer Lofgren (født 21. juni 1951) er en amerikansk rockmusiker og sangskriver, som spiller adskillige forskellige instrumenter. Sideløbende med sit arbejde som solist har han også været medlem af Bruce Springsteens E Street Band siden 1984. Han har tidligere været medlem af Neil Youngs band Crazy Horse og grundlagde bandet Grin. Lofgren blev optaget i Rock and Roll Hall of Fame som medlem af E Street Band i 2014.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Italiensk-amerikanere
E Street Band-medlemmer

Nils Lofgren


ජෛනාගම, ජෛන ධර්මය ලෙසින් ද හැඳින්වේ. ජෛනාගම ක්‍රි.පූ. 6 වන සියවසේ දී ඉන්දියාවේ බිහිවූ ආගමකි. ජෛන ආගම එහි අධ්‍යාත්මික අදහස් සොයා ගන්නේ තීර්තංකර (අධ්‍යාත්මික ගුරුවරු) විසිහතර දෙනෙකුගේ අනුප්‍රාප්තිය හරහා ය. එකල ඉන්දියාවේ පැවති හින්දු ආගමෙහි පිරිසිදු බවත් චාම්, සරල ලක්ෂණත් විනාශ වෙමින් ඒ වෙනුවට එය අනුරාගී පූජා විධි, බිලි පූජා සහ හරසුන් ශාන්තිකර්ම වලට වැඩි අවධානයක් යොමු කිරීම නිසා බිහි වෙමින් පැවති නව ආගම් වලට වැඩි ජනතා ආකර්ෂණයක් ලැබුණි.

පාර්ශ්වනාථ
ජෛන සම්ප්‍රදායයේ පිළිගැනීමට අනුව එම ආගම මනුෂ්‍ය වර්ගයාගේ ආරම්භය තරමට ම පැරණි වන අතර එමගින් තිර්තංකරයන් (සාන්තුවරයන්) 24 දෙනෙකු බිහි කොට ඇත. ඒ අතරින් වෘෂභනාථගෙන් පටන් ගන්නා ප්‍රථම තිර්තංකරයන් 22 දෙනා ජනශ්‍රැතියට අයත් පුද්ගලයන් බව පෙනෙන අතර අවසාන දෙදෙනා වන පාර්ශ්වනාථ සහ මහාවීර ඓතිහාසික පුද්ගලයෝ වෙති. පාර්ශ්වනාථ ජිවත් වී ඇත්තේ මහාවීර ඉපදීමට අවුරුදු 250 කට පෙර බව පිළිගැනේ. ඔහු බරණැස අශ්වසේන රජුගේ පුත්‍රයා ය. වයස අවුරුදු 30 දී තවුස් දිවිය ඇරඹු ඔහු වටා අනුගාමිකයන් විශාල පිරිසක් එක්රොක් වූ අතර ඔවුන් "නිගණ්ඨ" නමින් හැඳින්විණි. ශ්‍රේෂ්ඨ ගුණ ධර්ම හතරක් ප්‍රගුණ කළ යුතු බව පාර්ශ්වනාථ සිය අනුගාමිකයන්ට අවධාරණය කළේ ය. ඒවා නම් සත්‍යය, අවිහිංසාව, අපරිග්‍රහ (දේපොළ කෙරෙන් වෙන් වීම), සහ ආස්තෙය (සොරකම් කිරීමෙන් වැළකීම) යි.

වර්ධමාන මහාවීරතුමා
ජෛන සම්ප්‍රදායට අනුව මහාවීරතුමා 24 වන හෙවත් අවසාන තිර්තංකර විය. එතුමා ක්‍රි.පූ. 663 හෝ 603 හෝ 520 දී පමණ වේදේහ ජනපදයේ අගනුවර වූ වෛශාලියේ කුණ්ඩග්‍රාම නම් ප්‍රදේශයේ උපත ලැබී ය. ඔහුගේ දෙමව්පියන් වූයේ සිද්ධාර්ථ සහ ත්‍රිශලා ය. ප්‍රභූ පවුලක උපත ලැබූ මහාවීර හැදී වැඩුනේ මහත් සැප සම්පත් මධ්‍යයේ ය. ඔහු යසෝධා කුමරිය සමඟ විවාහ වීමෙන් දියණියක ලැබූ අතර ඇය අනෝජා හෙවත් ප්‍රියදර්ශන නම් වූවා ය. සිය දෙමවුපියන්ගේ අභාවයත් සමඟ ගිහිගෙය හැර යාම සඳහා සිය සොහොයුරාගෙන් අවසර ලබා ගත් වර්ධමාන වයස අවුරුදු 32 දී ලෞකික සැප සම්පත් අත්හැර ශ්‍රමණයෙකු බවට පත් විය.

සිය වස්ත්‍ර අත්හැර දිගම්බර (දිශාවන්ට හැඳිවත) තත්ත්වයට පත් ඔහු ඊළඟ වසර 22 තුළ පරම සත්‍යය අවබෝධ කර ගැනීමේ අධිෂ්ඨානයෙන් යුතුව දුෂ්කර ජීවිතයකට එළඹ භාවනානුයෝගී ව කාලය ගත කළේ ය. එම කාලය අවසානයේ දී ඔහු කේවල හෙවත් සර්වඥ තත්ත්වයට පත් විය. ඉන් අනතුරුව වර්ධමාන, කෙලෙස් දිනූ තැනැත්තා යන අර්ථයෙන් ජින සහ මහාවීර යන නම් වලින් හැඳින්විණි.

වර්ධමාන මහාවීරතුමා තම ජිවිතයේ ඉතිරි කාලය තුළ අංග, මගධ, මිථිලා සහ කෝසල වැනි ප්‍රදේශ වල ජනතාවට සිය ධර්මය දේශනා කිරීමේ නිරත විය. විශාල පිරිසකගේ සිත් ඇද ගැනීමට සමත් වූ එතුමාගේ ධර්මය වැළඳගත අය අතර රජවරු, බලවත් ප්‍රභූවරු, ධනවත් වෙළෙන්දෝ, සහ ගෘහපතියෝ ද වූහ. මහාවීරතුමා වසර 72 ක් ආයු වළඳ ක්‍රි.පූ 591 හෝ  531 හෝ  448 දී  පැට්නා නුවර පාවා නමැති ස්ථානයේ දී පරලෝ සැපත් විය. මහාවීරතුමා ගෞතම බුදුන් වහන්සේගේ සමකාලීනයෙකු වූ නමුත් ඒ දෙදෙනා කිසි දිනක ඔවුනොවුන් මුණ ගැසී නොමැත.

මහාවීරතුමාගේ ඉගැන්වීම්
මහාවීරතුමාගේ අනුගාමිකයෝ නිග්‍රන්ථ නම් වූහ. මහාවීරතුමා සිය කාලය මිඩංගු කළේ එතුමාගේ පූර්වගාමිකයා වූ පාර්ශ්වනාථ ගොඩනගා තිබූ දහම ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණය කිරීම සඳහා ය. පාර්ශ්වනාථ දේශනා කොට තිබූ සිව් වැදෑරුම් ධර්මයට මහාවීරතුමා පස්වැන්නක් එකතු කළ අතර එය බ්‍රහ්මචර්යා නම් විය.

ජෛනාගමේ ප්‍රධාන අංගයක් වූයේ ආත්මය සහ කර්මය පිළිබඳ විශ්වාසය යි. සෑම මූල ධාතුවක් ම භූත සහ ආත්ම යන සාධක වල එකතුවක් බවත් එයින් පළමුවැන්න (භෞතික සාධක) විනාශ වන නමුත් දෙ වැන්න වූ ආත්මය එසේ නොවන බව එතුමා ප්‍රකාශ කළේ ය. ඕනෑම පුද්ගලයෙක් උපත් සහ මරණ විශාල සංඛ්‍යාවකට ගොදුරු වන බවත් එය කර්මය නිසා සිදු වන බවත් දේශනා කල මහාවීරතුමා ආත්මය සහ කර්මය අතර ඇති එම බැඳීමෙන් මිදීම සඳහා කර්මය විනාශ කල යුතු බව පෙන්වා දුන්නේ ය. එතුමාගේ දර්ශනය අනුව මේ තත්ත්වය ලඟා කර ගත හැකි වූයේ ශීල පහ, එනම් සත්‍යය, අවිහිංසාව, අපරිග්‍රහ, ආස්තේය සහ බ්‍රහ්මචර්යා ප්‍රගුණ කිරීමෙනි.

සිද්ධ සීල හෙවත් පාරිශුද්ධ වූ ද සදාකාලික වූ ද විමුක්තිය උදාකර ගැනීම සඳහා නියම ජෛන භක්තිකයෙකු විසින් ශීල පහට අමතරව රත්න නමින් හැඳින්වූ නිවැරදි විශ්වාසය, නිවැරදි දැනුම සහ නිවැරදි පැවැත්ම යන තුන් වැදෑරුම් මාර්ග ද අනුගමනය කළ යුතු ය.

අවිහිංසාව පිළිබඳ දර්ශනය ද ජෛන ආගමේ වැදගත් අංගයක් විය. මිනිසුන් සහ සතුන්ට පමණක් නොව ගස් වැල්, ලෝහ වර්ග, ජලය සහ දැව යනාදී සියළු අප්‍රාණික වස්තූන්ට ද ජීවයක් තිබෙන බවත් ඒ නිසා ඒ සියල්ල සම්බන්ධයෙන් අවිහිංසාවාදී ප්‍රතිපත්තියක් අනුගමනය කළ යුතු බවත් මහාවීරතුමා අවධාරණය කොට දැක්වී ය. ඕනෑ ම පුද්ගලයකු තම ඉන්ද්‍රියයන් පිනවීමේ ආශාව ජයගත යුතු අතර ඒ සඳහා සිය ශරීරයට දුක් දෙන අත්තකිලමථානුයෝගී වූ ජීවිතයක් ගත කළ යුතු ය. විශ්වය දෙවියන් විසින් මවන ලද බව විශ්වාස නොකළ මහාවීරතුමා දෙවි කෙනෙකු ගැන කිසිම සඳහනක් කර නැත. වෙනස්කම් ඇති වීම ස්වභාව ධර්මය අනුව සිදුවන බව ප්‍රකාශ කළ එතුමා උපත සහ මරණය සියළු මනුෂ්‍යයන්ට මෙන් ම ද්‍රව්‍ය වලට ද එක සේ අදාළ ස්වභාවයක් බව පැහැදිලි කළේ ය.

වෛදික ඉගැන්වීම් නොවැදගත් ලෙස සලකා බැහැර කල මහාවීරතුමා බ්‍රාහ්මණයන් විසින් සිදු කරන ලද බිලිපූජා හෙළා දැක්කේ ය. කාන්තාවන්ගේ නිදහස පිළිබඳ ව විශ්වාස කල එතුමා ශ්‍රාවිකාවන් ලෙස මෙන් ම දායිකාවන් ලෙසත් ශාසනය?ට ඇතුළු වීමට ඔවුන්ට අවසර දුන්නේ ය.

ශ්වේතම්බර සහ දිගම්බර ජෛනයෝ
ක්‍රි.පූ. 4 වන සියවස අවසාන කාලයේ දී බිහාර් ප්‍රාන්තයේ මහා සාගතයක් ඇති වූ හෙයින් භද්‍රබාහු නම් නායකයා යටතේ ජෛන භක්තිකයෝ දහස් ගණනක් මයිසූර් ප්‍රදේශයට සංක්‍රමණය වූහ. ඉතිරි වූ ජෛනයෝ මූලික ආගමික ඉගැන්වීම් වලට පටහැනිව ශ්වේත වර්ණ ඇඳුම්වලින් සැරසී සිටියහ. ඒ නිසා ඔවුහු ශ්වේතම්බර නමින් හැඳින්විණි. එහෙත් භද්‍රබාහු සහ ඔහුගේ අනුගාමිකයෝ පැරණි ඉගැන්වීම් වලට අනුව ජීවත්වීමට දැඩි ලෙස කැප වී සුපුරුදු ලෙස ම නිරුවත්ව (දිගම්බරව) සිටියහ. පසුකාලීන ධර්ම සංගායනා මගින් සකස් කළ ධර්ම ග්‍රන්ථ සහ විනය නීති පිළිගැනීම ප්‍රතික්ෂේප කළ දිගම්බර ජෛනයෝ 'පුර්ව' කෘති වල අන්තර්ගත මූලධර්ම තවදුරටත් දැඩි ලෙස අනුගමනය කළහ.

ආගමික සාහිත්‍ය
මහාවීරතුමාගේ ඉගැන්වීම පූර්ව නමින් හැඳින්වෙන පැරණි ධර්ම ග්‍රන්ථ 14 ක අන්තර්ගත වී ඇත. ක්‍රි.පූ. 4 වන සියවස අවසාන කාලයේ දී භාද්‍රබාහු යටතේ ජෛන භක්තිකයෝ දහස් ගණනක් මයිසූර් ප්‍රදේශයට සංක්‍රමණය වීමෙන් පසු ඉතිරි වූ ජෛනයන් විසින් ධර්ම සංගායනාවක් කැඳවන ලදී. එහි දී සම්පාදනය කළ කෘති 12 ක් වූ අතර ඒවා අංග නමින් හැඳින්වේ. ජෛන ආගමික ලියවිලි සියල්ල එකතු කොට සන්හිතාවක් සකස් කිරීම සඳහා ක්‍රි.ව. 6 වන සියවසේ දී පමණ වලහි ප්‍රදේශයේ තවත් සංගායනාවක් පැවැත්විණි. එම ධර්ම ග්‍රන්ථ ප්‍රාකෘත භාෂාවකින් ලියා ඇත.

ජෛනාගමේ ව්‍යාප්තිය
මහාවීරතුමාගේ මරණින් පසුව එතුමාගේ ඉගැන්වීම් ප්‍රචලිත කරන ලද්දේ අංගධර නම් වූ පිරිසක් විසිනි. ජෛනාගමට චන්ද්‍රගුප්ත මෞර්ය, බිම්බිසාර සහ සම්පාති වැනි ප්‍රබල රජවරුන්ගේ අනුග්‍රහය ද ලැබුණි. මෞර්ය අධිරාජ්‍යය බිඳ වැටීමෙන් පසු ජෛනාගම ඉන්දියාවේ දකුණු සහ බටහිර දිසාවන්ට ව්‍යාප්ත විය. ශක, ශත්‍රප සහ රාජ්පුත් පාලකයෝ බටහිර සහ උතුරු ඉන්දියානු ප්‍රදේශ වල ජෛනාගමික ආශ්‍රම ඉදි කළහ. කාලිංග දේශයේ ඛාරවේල රජු ජෛනාගමේ ප්‍රධාන අනුග්‍රාහකයෙකු විය.

ආගම්
ආගම් සහ ඇදහිලි
ඉන්දියාව

ජෛනාගම


El Ministerio del Poder Popular para el Transporte (MPPTT) es un ministerio de Venezuela surgido en 2011.

Tiene su sede en la Torre MPPTT (antiguo nombre: Torre MTT) en el municipio Chacao, Caracas, Estado Miranda.

Organismos adscritos del ministerio son Instituto de Ferrocarriles del Estado, sistemas de metro incluyendo el Metro de Caracas, y otros.
En noviembre de 2011, el presidente Hugo Chávez dividió el Ministerio del Poder Popular para el Transporte y Comunicaciones , alegando que se había convertido en un "ministerio monstruo", y creó el Ministerio del Poder Popular para el Transporte Terrestre y el Ministerio del Poder Popular para Transporte Acuático y Aéreo. Cambios que serían revertidos en el año 2016 por el Presidente Nicolás Maduro, pasando así a tener una sola estructura ministerial para el sector transporte del país.

Estructura del Ministerio
 Viceministerio de Transporte Terrestre
 Viceministerio de Transporte Aéreo
 Viceministerio de Trasporte Acuático

Órganos y Entes Adscritos al Ministerio

 Metro de Caracas
 Metro de Los Teques
 Metro de Maracaibo
 Metro de Valencia
 Empresa para la Infraestructura Ferroviaria Latinoamericana S.A. (FERROLASA)

 Sistema Integral de Transporte Superficial S.A. (SITSSA)
 Fondo Nacional del Transporte Urbano (FONTUR)
 Instituto de Ferrocarriles del Estado (IFE)
 Fundación Laboratorio Nacional de Vialidad (FUNDALANAVIAL)

 TransFalcón
 Transbarca
 Trolmérida
 TransCarabobo
 Instituto Nacional de Aeronáutica Civil
 Junta Investigadora de Accidentes de Aviación Civil
 Conviasa
 Bolivariana de Puertos S.A
 Instituto Nacional de los Espacios Acuáticos (INEA)
 VENAVEGA
 Bolivariana de Aeropuertos S.A
 Misión Transporte
 Corporación Nacional de Logística de Transporte de Carga

Ministros

Véase también
 Anexo:Ministericos de Venezuela
 Ministerio del Poder Popular para Transporte Acuático y Aéreo
 Ministerio del Poder Popular para Transporte y Comunicaciones
 Ministerio del Poder Popular para Vivienda y Hábitat
 Ministerio del Poder Popular para las Obras Públicas y Vivienda
 Transporte de Venezuela
 Metrocable de Caracas
 Cabletren Bolivariano
 Misión Asfalto

Referencias

Enláces externos
 Sitio Web

Ministerios de Venezuela
Transporte de Venezuela
Venezuela

Ministerio del Poder Popular para Transporte Terrestre


Clinical lycanthropy is a rare psychiatric syndrome that involves a delusion that the affected person can transform into, has transformed into, or is, an animal. Its name is associated with the mythical condition of lycanthropy, a supernatural affliction in which humans are said to physically shapeshift into wolves.

Signs and symptoms
Affected individuals believe that they are in the process of transforming into an animal or have already transformed into an animal. This is also known as Species Identity Disorder or Species Dysphoria (also see Dissociative Identity Disorder). Clinical Lycanthropy has been associated with the altered states of mind that accompany psychosis (the mental state that typically involves delusions and hallucinations) with the transformation only seeming to happen in the mind and behavior of the affected person.

A study on clinical lycanthropy from the McLean Hospital reported on a series of cases and proposed some diagnostic criteria by which clinical lycanthropy could be recognised:

 A patient reports in a moment of lucidity or reminiscence that they sometimes feel as an animal or have felt like one.
 A patient behaves in a manner that resembles animal behavior, for example howling, growling, or crawling.

According to these criteria, either a delusional belief in current or past transformation or behavior that suggests a person thinks of themselves as transformed is considered evidence of clinical lycanthropy. The authors note that, although the condition seems to be an expression of psychosis, there is no specific diagnosis of mental or neurological illness associated with its behavioral consequences.

It also seems that clinical lycanthropy is not specific to an experience of human-to-wolf transformation; a wide variety of creatures have been reported as part of the shape-shifting experience. A review of the medical literature from early 2004 lists over thirty published cases of clinical lycanthropy, only the minority of which have wolf (Lycanthropy) or dog (Cynanthropy) themes. Canines are certainly not uncommon, although the experience of being transformed into other animals such as a hyena, cat, horse, bird or tiger has been reported on more than one occasion. Transformation into frogs, and even bees, has been reported in some instances. The term ophidianthropy refers to the delusion that one has been transformed into a snake, of which two case studies have been reported. In Japan, transformation into foxes and dogs was common (:ja:狐憑き, :ja:犬神). A 1989 case study described how one individual reported a serial transformation, experiencing a change from human to dog, to horse, and then finally cat, before returning to the reality of human existence after treatment. There are also reports of people who experienced transformation into an animal only listed as "unspecified".

Proposed mechanisms

Clinical lycanthropy is a very rare condition and is largely considered to be an idiosyncratic expression of a psychotic or dissociative episode caused by another condition such as Dissociative Identity Disorder, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder or clinical depression. It has also been associated with drug intoxication and withdrawal, cerebrovascular disease, traumatic brain injury, dementia, delirium, and seizures.

However, there are suggestions that certain neurological conditions and cultural influences may result in the expression of the human-animal transformation theme that defines the condition.

Neurological factors
One important factor may be differences or changes in parts of the brain known to be involved in representing body shape (e.g., see proprioception and body image). A neuroimaging study of two people diagnosed with clinical lycanthropy showed that these areas display unusual activation, suggesting that when people report their bodies are changing shape, they may be genuinely perceiving those feelings.

Treatment
Because clinical lycanthropy is strongly associated with psychotic disorders, antipsychotic medication is often an effective treatment. It may also be treated with antidepressants or mood stabilizers, in cases in which it is a symptom of depression or bipolar disorder. Patients with clinical lycanthropy may also benefit from a cultural approach to treatment, as the syndrome is generally agreed to be culture-bound.

Related disorders
Clinical lycanthropy is a type of delusional misidentification syndrome of the self, and it often overlaps with other delusional misidentification syndromes. For example, there is a case study of a psychiatric patient who had both clinical lycanthropy and Cotard delusion.

In rare cases, individuals may believe that other people have transformed into animals. This has been termed "lycanthropic intermetamorphosis" and "lycanthropy spectrum". A 2009 study reported that, after the consumption of the drug MDMA (Ecstasy), a man displayed symptoms of paranoid psychosis by claiming that his relatives had changed into various animals such as a boar, a donkey and a horse.

History
Catherine Clark Kroeger has written that several parts of the Bible refer to King Nebuchadnezzar's behavior in the book of Daniel 4 as being a manifestation of clinical lycanthropy. Neurologist Andrew J. Larner has written that the fate of Odysseus's crew due to the magic of Circe may be one of the earliest examples of clinical lycanthropy.

It is believed that the Armenian king Tiridates III also had  this disorder. He was cured by Gregory the Illuminator.

According to Persian tradition, the Buyid prince Majd ad-Dawla was experiencing an illusion that he was a cow. He was cured by Ibn Sina.

Notions that lycanthropy was due to a medical condition go back to the seventh century, when the Alexandrian physician Paulus Aegineta attributed lycanthropy to melancholia or an "excess of black bile". During 1563, a Lutheran physician named Johann Weyer wrote that werewolves had  an imbalance in their melancholic humour and exhibited the physical symptoms of paleness, "a dry tongue and a great thirst" as well as sunken, dim and dry eyes. Even King James VI and I in his 1597 treatise Daemonologie does not blame werewolf behaviour on delusions created by the Devil but "an excess of melancholy as the culprit which causes some men to believe that they are wolves and to 'counterfeit' the actions of these animals". The perception of an association between mental illness and animalistic behaviour can be traced throughout the history of folklore from many different countries.

Case examples
On August 15, 2016, Martin County Florida Sheriff's Office deputies found a 19-year-old male on top of a bloodied 59-year-old man, gnawing on his face, eating pieces of flesh, and making growling sounds. Officers tased, repeatedly kicked, and ultimately required a police dog's assistance in subduing the 19-year-old. Inside the garage of the home on Southeast Kokomo Lane, just north of the Palm Beach County line, deputies found a 53-year-old woman, beaten, bloodied and unresponsive. Ultimately both the 59-year-old man and 53-year-old woman would die from their injuries. In the weeks ahead of this incident, the 19-year-old told family members he believed he was either half-man, half-horse or half-man, half-dog. Clinical psychologist Dr. Phillip Resnick later assessed the 19-year-old as having clinical lycanthropy.

A 20-year-old man was admitted to a mental hospital due to his increasingly agitated and erratic behaviors. During his initial evaluation, he was guarded and preoccupied. He had no previous psychiatric history. Over the next few days, he displayed increasingly psychotic, animal-like behaviors. These behaviors included howling loudly, running abruptly, and walking on all fours (known as quadrobics). He appeared to be internally stimulated. When asked about these behaviors, he was initially evasive but eventually admitted that he believed he was a werewolf and would periodically transform into a wolf. He started believing this after having visions of "the Devil" years before and reported hearing random voices. The patient was started on ziprasidone and his symptoms gradually responded and his animal-like behaviors eventually ceased altogether.

A 25-year-old man was sent for treatment during a period of excessive hand-washing, irritable behavior, decreased sleep, and acting like a buffalo. The patient reported that he had engaged in sexual activity with his buffalo and believed that buffalo cells had entered his body and were transforming him into a buffalo. He began obsessively washing his hands and genitals in order to avoid the transition. He saw himself as having buffalo body parts and became preoccupied about his appearance. He then began to act as a buffalo by nodding his head, walking on all fours, and seeking out hay and grass to eat. He was ultimately diagnosed with obsessive-compulsive disorder and body dysmorphic disorder with delusional beliefs. He was treated with fluoxetine and risperidone, and after 6 months of pharmacotherapy, his body dysmorphia and hand-washing were both reduced.

See also

 Boanthropy
 Clinical vampirism
 Kitsunetsuki
 Man into Wolf
 Otherkin
 Therianthropy
 Wendigo
 Werewolf

References

Citations

Works cited

Further reading

Further reading

External links
 "Real-Life Werewolves: Psychiatry Re-Examines Rare Delusion"

Psychosis
Delusional disorders
Shapeshifting
Werewolves
Culture-bound syndromes

Clinical lycanthropy


Vibe Robinson med kunstnernavnet Vibe Robin (16. juni 1952 – 17. maj 2017) var en dansk musiker og kunstmaler.

I sine unge år arbejde hun især som musiker og komponist, men senere i livet kom maleriet til at fylde mere og mere i hendes liv.

Hun var ud af en kunstnerisk familie. Hendes far var den sønderjyske billedkunstner Hans Günther Hansen (1922-2013) og hendes søster Maj Olika (f. 1965) maler og illustrerer børnebøger.
Først og fremmest er Robin kendt og højt respekteret som komponist. Med sin baggrund som udøvende komponist, bassist og bandleader spændte hun over mange forskellige musikgenrer – bl.a. jazz, rock, fusion og folkemusik. Musikken var hendes røde tråd gennem hele livet.

Samtidigt var hun også en spændende tekstforfatter, som skrev sine sange med både indhold og følelse, hvor teksterne samtidigt fungerede som en percussitiv værdi.
Ud over at skrive tekster til sin egen musik, har hun også leveret sangtekster til andre komponister.
Vibe Robinson havde musik i generne. Begge hendes bedstefædre var musikanter, og hendes familie har altid været meget domineret af musikken, hvor flere andre familiemedlemmer også er blevet musikere, bl.a. hendes svenske fætter Bent Persson, som er en kendt jazzmusiker i Sverige.

Robin startede på violin som barn, men som teenager var det mere guitaren som trak, hvorefter hun begyndte at skrive sange. Senere blev det bassen hun kastede sig over, og med sit specielle virtuose baspil blev hun hurtigt hvirvlet ind i hele den københavnske Jazz-fusions-scene, hvor hun bl.a. spillede sammen med Marilyn Mazur, Uffe Marcussen, John Ravn og mange andre.
Efter nogle år i dette miljø, tog Robin til England. Derovre blev hun hurtigt meget efterspurgt både som komponist og bassist, og hun levede derefter i mange år af at være sessionmusiker, hvor hun spillede utallige jobs både i London og i andre storbyer rundt om i landet – bl.a. med Maggie Nickols, Lindsey Cooper, Pete New og Demelza Val Baker.

I 1982 tog hun tilbage til Danmark  bl.a. for at undervise i improvisationsmusik på St. Restrup Højskole, og blev derefter igen involveret i jazz-sessions i København og startede i den periode Jazzrock-bandet: Tyfoon. Besætningen var dengang: Lotte Anker, Marilyn Mazur, Cæcilia Glode, Annette Bork, Anne Skoven (Miss B. Haven), Lise Dynnesen. Senere kom Sanne Brüel (Jomfru Ane Band) med, som forsanger i bandet, og Mette Mathiesen (Miss B. Haven) kom med i stedet for Marilyn Mazur.

Både professionelt og privat dannede Robin og Sanne Bruël par frem til Sannes død i 2013.

Sanne Brüel komponerede musikken til Tove Ditlevsen-LP'en "Den Hemmelige Rude ", som i høj grad domineres af Robin basspil.

I midten af 80'erne tog Vibe ind imellem tilbage til England. Og i Penzance i Cornwall dannede hun, sammen med Wendy Herman, Bob Morley og Demelza Val Baker bandet: Bad Boys. Desuden kom Minna Grooss (Miss B. Haven) kort tid efter med som keyboardspiller. Bandet havde stor succes i hele Sydengland. Efter et par år gik bandet i opløsning og Robin tog hjem til Danmark.

Hjemme i Danmark gendannede hun Tyfoon med en ny besætning, og turnerede rundt med dette hold i en årrække. Besætningen bestod af: Sanne Brüel, Birgitte (Bea) Pedersen, Lotte Anker, Ditte Petersen og Tira Skamby.  Efter en større Englandsturné, hvor bandet lagde Sydengland ned med storm, holdt Tyfoon en pause. Den sidste Tyfoon-besætning bestod af Vibe Robinson, Sanne Brüel og Mette Mathiesen. De indspillede CD´ en Tyfoon i 1999, hvor man finder nogle af de skarpeste sange Robin har skrevet.

Efter Tyfoon, blev Robins næste projekt trioen: Lucy Wants Outs, som blev dannet sammen med Sanne Brüel og Ulla Tvede, og den eksisterede i et par år.

I 1995 flyttede Robin og Sanne til Thurø, Sydfyn, hvilket skulle blive starten på et nyt kapitel for Robin. Dels begyndte hun at male og de landlige omgivelser inspirerede hende samtidigt til at spille noget lidt mere akustisk præget musik. Robin begyndte også at spille violin igen. Hun og Sanne Brüel havde bl.a. en lille duo: Jolie Filles, hvor de spillede Cajun-inspireret musik på violin, harmonika, mandolin og guitar. De spillede bl.a. på folk-festivaler, til ferniseringer, ved specielle anledninger og til fester, især i Tyskland.

Maleriet kom med tiden  mere i centrum. Robin blev meget eksperimenterende og modig i sit meget personlige udtryk, som var en særegen blanding af ekspressionisme, dramatiske personskildringer og naturstudier. Hun blev inspireret af både det helt nære, som et udsnit af et vindue eller mere voldsomme billeder fra verdens brændpunkter.

I 2011 døde Sanne og årene efter var hårde, men også meget produktive for Robin. Hun efterlod sig over 200 malerier. Som billedkunstner brugte hun navnet Vibe Robin.

Hun døde pludseligt, 64 år gammel, en dag i maj i skoven ved Kerteminde, hvor hun boede. Keyboardet og bassen var tændt og på staffeliet stod et stort maleri af en hane hun var i gang med.

Malere fra Danmark
Musikere fra Danmark

Vibe Robin


Biserica Sfinții Trei Ierarhi din Filipeștii de Pădure este un monument istoric aflat pe teritoriul satului Filipeștii de Pădure, comuna Filipeștii de Pădure. În Repertoriul Arheologic Național, monumentul apare cu codul 133170.01.

Construită în anul 1688 de Aga Matei Cantacuzino și soția sa Bălașa Cantacuzino, biserica are plan triconc cu turlă pe naos și un pridvor poligonal încoronat de un foișor cu largi arcade pe coloane din cărămidă. Pictura murală interioară, valoroasă, a fost realizată de zugravul Pârvu Mutu în anul 1692. Construcția a fost restaurată în anii 1985 - 1986.

Note

Monumente istorice din județul Prahova


An Dyckia dissitiflora in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Schult. ngan Julius Hermann Schultes. An Dyckia dissitiflora in nahilalakip ha genus nga Dyckia, ngan familia nga Bromeliaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Dyckia

Dyckia dissitiflora


Fethi Naci (asıl adı İsmail Naci Kalpakçıoğlu) (d. 3 Nisan 1927, Giresun - ö. 23 Temmuz 2008, İstanbul), Türk yazar ve eleştirmen.

İstanbul Üniversitesi İktisat Fakültesi'ni bitirdi. 1940 yılından itibaren çeşitli dergilerde, şiir ve öyküleri yayımlandı. Fethi Naci adını 1953'ten sonra yazdığı eleştirilerde kullanmaya başladı. 1965'te Gerçek Yayınevi'ni kurdu. Yayınevinde başlatılan "Yüz Soruda" dizisi büyük ilgi gördü. Türk edebiyatına özellikle eleştirileriyle büyük katkılarda bulunan Fethi Naci 2008 yılında öldü. Hosteslik yapan kızı Deniz, oyuncu Sermet Serdengeçti ile geçirdiği bir trafik kazasında hayatını kaybetmiştir.

Eserleri
 İnsan Tükenmez (1956)
 Gerçek Saygısı (1959)
 Azgelişmiş Ülkeler ve Sosyalizm (1965)
 Emperyalizm Ya Da Pijama Giymiş Eşek Nedir? (1965)
 Azgelişmiş Ülkelerde Askeri Darbeler ve Demokrasi (1966)
 Kompradorsuz Türkiye (1967)
 100 Soruda Atatürk'ün Temel Görüşleri (1968)
 On Türk Romanı (1971)
 Edebiyat Yazıları (1976)
 100 Soruda Türkiye'de Roman ve Toplumsal Değişme (1981)
 Eleştiri Günlüğü (1986)
 Bir Hikâyeci: Sait Faik-Bir Romancı: Yaşar Kemal (1990)
 Gücünü Yitiren Edebiyat (1990)
 Roman ve Yaşam (1992)
 Eleştiride 40 Yıl (1994)
 40 Yılda 40 Roman (1994)
 Reşat Nuri'nin Romancılığı (1995)
 50 Türk Romanı (1997)
 Şiir Yazıları (1997)
 60 Türk Romanı (1998)
 Kıskanmak (1998)
 Sait Faik'in Hikâyeciliği (1998)
 Yaşar Kemal'in Romancılığı (1998)
 Yüz Yılın 100 Türk Romanı (1999)
 Dönüp Baktığımda (1999)
 Anılar kitabı (1999)

Kaynakça
Özel

Genel

1927 doğumlular
Giresun doğumlular
2008 yılında ölenler
Zincirlikuyu Mezarlığı'na defnedilenler
20. yüzyıl Türk yazarları
21. yüzyıl Türk yazarları
Türk eleştirmenler
Türk marksistler
Sedat Simavi Ödülü sahipleri
İstanbul'da ölenler
İstanbul Üniversitesi İktisat Fakültesinde öğrenim görenler
Türkiye İşçi Partisi mensubu siyasetçiler

Fethi Naci


Kelemen Mikes () a fost un politician și eseist maghiar din Transilvania, cunoscut pentru acțiunile de revoltă împotriva Monarhiei Habsburgice. Mikes este supranumit "Goethe" al Ungariei. Scriitorul a devenit faimos pentru lucrarea Scrisori din Turcia. Cu acestea, Mikes a pus bazele literaturii și prozei maghiare, și este privit drept unul dintre primii autori de proză în limba maghiară.

S-a născut în Zagon și a crescut în Zăbala (în prezent în județul Covasna, România). S-a luptat împotriva Habsburgilor până a fost forțat să fugă în Uniunea Polono-Lituaniană, în Franța și în cele din urmă în Imperiul Otoman. În timp ce se afla în exil la Tekirdağ, împreună cu principele transilvănean Francisc Rákóczi, Mikes și-a terminat și și-a publicat eseurile. După moartea lui Rákóczi în 1735, a rămas în exil până la moartea sa în 1761.

Referințe

Legături externe

 Nașteri în 1690
Decese în 1761
Eseiști maghiari
Oameni din județul Covasna

Kelemen Mikes


Echipa națională de fotbal Sealand este echipa care reprezintă Principatul Sealand. Nu este membră a FIFA sau UEFA, dar este membru asociat N.F.-Board, o organizație pentru echipele care nu sunt membre ale FIFA. Echipa a fost admisă la N.F.-Board ca membru provizoriu în 2005 și ca membru asociat în 2006.

Istoric
 (SNFA) a fost fondată în anul 2003. În 2004, au jucat primul lor joc împotriva selecționatei Insulelor Åland, meci încheiat cu scorul de 2-2.

Referințe

Sealand
Sealand

Echipa națională de fotbal a Principatului Sealand


أييوس ديميتريوس (Άγιος Δημήτριος) هي قرية في فويوتيا في مقاطعة كينتريكي إلادا في اليونان.

يبلغ عدد سكانها حوالي 864   نسمة.

مراجع

مدن اليونان

أييوس ديميتريوس (فويوتيا)


Dimitra Papadea professionelt kendt som Demy  (født 21. august 1991) er en Græsk sangerinde som repræsenterede Grækenland ved Eurovision Song Contest 2017 med sangen "This Is Love" og opnåede en 19. plads.

Eksterne henvisninger

Sangere fra Grækenland
Grækenlands Eurovision Song Contest-deltagere
Deltagere ved Eurovision Song Contest 2017

Demy


Steinvarta (fræðiheiti: Byrrhus fasciatus) er bjalla af ættinni Byrrhidae. Hún finnst víða á norðurhluta norðurhvels og þá á Íslandi. Bæði lirfur og fullvaxnar bjöllur lifa á mosum.

Tilvísanir

Bjöllur
Skordýr á Íslandi

Steinvarta


Zdravko Dugonjić, legendarni bosanskohercegovački košarkaš i košarkaški trener iz Tuzle.

Bio je među najboljim košarkašima u Bosni i Hercegovini svog vremena. Igrao u Slobodi. Na manifestacijama dodjela nagrada uvijek je bio u krugu najboljih športaša grada Tuzle. Okončavši igračku karijeru, posvetio se trenerskoj karijeri.
U drugoj polovici 1960-ih bio je igrač i trener tuzlanske Slobode. 1967. godine "Dugi" je tada bio među najvećim košarkašima u BiH tog vremena. Sa Slobodom je osvojio prvenstvo Bosne i Hercegovine.

Anto Ramljak i Dugonjić bili su prvi treneri Mirzi Delibašiću. Odmah je uočio Delibašićev talent.

U stručnom sastavu s Mihajlom Vukovićem izabrao je i vodio sjajni naraštaj košarkašica Jedinstva Aide, koje su osvojile prvenstvo i kup Jugoslavije te Kup europskih prvakinja. Prije umirovljenja još je bio radio u Jedinstvu, a 2010-ih je otišao u mirovinu.

Nagrade
 Nagrada za životno djelo

Izvori

Životopisi, Tuzla
Bosanskohercegovački košarkaši
Bosanskohercegovački košarkaški treneri
Košarkaši KK Slobode iz Tuzle
Hrvatski šport u Bosni i Hercegovini

Zdravko Dugonjić


Kráľová pri Senci este o comună slovacă, aflată în districtul Senec din regiunea Bratislava. Localitatea se află la , se întinde pe o suprafață de  și în 2017 număra 2.006 locuitori.

Istoric
Localitatea Kráľová pri Senci este atestată documentar din 1335.

Note

Legături externe

Localități din Slovacia

Kráľová pri Senci


Drivtømmer er træ, der er blevet vasket på kysten af et hav, en sø eller en flod af vinden, tidevandet eller bølgerne. Det er en form for havaffald.

På nogle kyststrækninger er drivtømmer til stor gene. Men drivtømmer giver, husly og mad til fugle, fisk og andre havlevendearter, mens det flyder i havet. Pælekrebs, pæleorme og bakterier nedbryder træet og gradvist gøre det til næringsstoffer, der bliver en del af fødekæden. Nogle gange vasker det delvist nedbrudte træ i land, hvor det bliver hjemsted for fugle, planter og andre arter. Drivtømmer kan skabe grundlaget for klitter.

De meste drivtømmer er rester af træer, der er blevet vasket i havet, på grund af oversvømmelser, kraftig vind eller andre naturlige forekomster, eller som følge af skovhugst. Noget drivtømmer stammer fra tømmerflådning. Andet er menneskeskabte trægenstande, f.eks. bygninger, der er skyllet i havet under storme, trægenstande der er kastet i vandet fra kysten, emballage eller tabt gods fra skibe (strandingsgods), og resterne af skibbrudne træskibe og både (vraggods). Erosion og bølger kan gøre det vanskeligt eller umuligt at bestemme oprindelsen af et bestemt stykke drivtømmer.

Drivtømmer historisk

Ifølge den nordiske mytologi, blev de første mennesker, Ask og Embla, dannet ud af to stykker drivtømmer, en ask og en elm, af guden Odin og hans brødre, Vile og Ve.

Vikingerne kastede træ i havet før landkending, hvor træet skyllede i land angav, hvor de skulle bygge deres mjødhal. Det anvendte træ kom til at indgå som højsædets søjler i den nye hal.

Drivtømmer fra arktiske floder var den vigtigste, eller nogle gange den eneste, kilde til træ for nogle Inuit-samfund, der levede nord for trægrænsen, indtil de kom i regelmæssig kontakt med de europæiske forhandlere. Traditionelle inuit-kajakken blev bygget af drivtømmerrammer beklædt med skind.

Færøerne og Island

På Færøerne og Island var drivtømmer meget vigtigt i ældre tid, da der ikke vokser træer vildt og drivtømmer derfor var så godt som den eneste mulighed for at få tømmer. På færøsk og islandsk kaldes drivtømmer for rekaviður. Der findes et gammelt færøsk sagn, som bl.a. omhandler drivtømmer. Det blev sagt, at Mykines fik tre gaver: drivtømmer, døgling og sule. Betingelsen for at få lov til at beholde gaverne, der ville komme hvert år, var at folk fra øen aldrig måtte sige noget dårligt om dem. De kom til at sige noget dårligt om drivtømmeret, hvorefter det aldrig kom igen. De kom også til at grine af døglingen, da den kun havde et øje, hvorefter den forsvandt og kom ind til bygderne Hvalba og Sandvík i stedet.

For Islands vedkommende nævner både Grágás og Jonsbogen "viðarmark" det vil sige "vedmærkning" af drivtømmer.

Grønland

Også på Grønland har drivtømmer spillet en vigtig rolle gennem tiden. Drivtømmer stammede ofte fra sibiriske skove og blev af isen ført med havstrømme fra Ruslands kyster ud i Ishavet og ned langs Grønlands østkyst, rundt om Kap Farvel og op langs vestkysten. Blandt andet har skiftende eskimoiske kulturer udnyttet drivtømmer til at lave redskaber og hjælpemidler af: Saqqaq-kulturen udnyttede fx drivtømmer til at lave buer af til skåle og til skafter, desuden til teltstænger og kajakspanter, mens Dorset-kulturen udnyttede drivtræ til at lave figurer af desuden shamanmasker. Senere har Thule-kulturen udnyttet drivtømmer f.eks. til at bygge konebåde, trædukker og kunst. Også nordboerne udnyttede drivtømmer til at fremstille redskaber af: skærebrædder, skåle, drikkekar mm.

Noter

Litteratur
 Hans Christian Gulløv, Claus Andreasen, Bjarne Grønnow, Jens Fog Jensen, Martin Appelt, Jette Arneborg og Joel Berglund: Grønlands forhistorie; 1. udgave, 2. oplag; Gyldendal, København 2005;

Eksterne henvisninger

Træ

Drivtømmer


إستفان غيكسي (بالمجرية:István Géczi)، من مواليد 13 يونيو 1944 ، لاعب كرة قدم هنغاري سابق.

لعب مع منتخب هنغاريا لكرة القدم.

مسيرته الكروية
لعب إستفان غيكسي خلال مسيرته الاحترافية مع نادِ واحدٍ في 15 موسمًا ولم سجل خلالها أي هدف ضمن 303 مباراة. حيث فاز في 3 مواسم بالكأس و5 مواسم بالدوري.

خاض إستفان غيكسي مسيرته مع نادي فيرينتسفاروشي في موسم 1962–63 ليلعب معه خمسة عشر موسمًا، مشاركًا في 303 مباراة ولم يسجل أي هدف.

روابط خارجية

مراجع

لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مجريون
حراس مرمى كرة قدم رجالية
أشخاص من مقاطعة بورسود-آبائوي-زمبلن
أعضاء الجمعية الوطنية في المجر (1985–1990)
حائزون على ميداليات في الألعاب الأولمبية الصيفية 1972
حاصلون على ميداليات أولمبية في كرة القدم
فائزون بميداليات فضية أولمبية من المجر
لاعبو بطولة أمم أوروبا 1972
لاعبو كأس العالم 1966
لاعبو كرة قدم في الألعاب الأولمبية الصيفية 1972
لاعبو كرة قدم مجريون
لاعبو كرة قدم مجريون أولمبيون
لاعبو منتخب المجر لكرة القدم
لاعبو نادي فيرينتسفاروشي
مدربو كرة قدم مجريون
مواليد 1944

إستفان غيكسي


Loughborough () er borg eða bær í Leicestershire, Englandi og er annað stærsta þéttbýlið þar. Um 68.000 bjuggu þar árið 2019. Loughborough-háskóli er þar. Leicester, Nottingham og Derby eru nálægar borgir. Austur-Miðlandaflugvöllur er einnig í grenndinni.

Leicestershire

Loughborough


Narcis Ștefan Mihăilă () este un atlet român specializat în marș.

Carieră
În iunie 2016 reșițeanul, având dublă legitimare CSM Reșița și CS Universitatea Reșița, a realizat la Campionatului Mondial de Marș pe echipe de la Roma baremul pentru Jocurile Olimpice de vară din 2016 în proba de 50 km marș, calificându-se în premieră la o competiție de această anvergură. La Rio de Janeiro s-a clasat pe locul 31 cu timpul de 4:02:46, stabilind un nou record personal.

La Campionatul Mondial din 2019 de la Doha sportivul a ocupat locul 10. În anul 2022 s-a clasat la Campionatul European de la München pe locul 16 în proba de 35 km marș. Anul următor a doborât recordul național la 35 km marș cu timpul de 2:37:23.

Realizări

Recorduri personale

Note

Legături externe

Nașteri în 1987
Nașteri pe 4 august
Reșițeni
Atleți olimpici români
Atleți la Jocurile Olimpice de vară din 2016
Sportivi români în viață
Mărșăluitori
Campioni naționali de atletism ai României

Narcis Mihăilă


Karelya (Fince: Karjala, Rusça:Каре́лия - Karélija) Rusya'nın Avrupa topraklarının kuzeybatısında yer alan bir özerk cumhuriyettir. Kuzeyde Kandalakşa Körfezi, doğuda Beyaz Deniz, güneyde Ladoga Gölü, batıda Finlandiya ile çevrelidir. Başkenti Petrozavodsk'dur. Yüzölçümü 180.520  km²'dir.

Coğrafya ve iklim
Toprakları, kristalin oluşumlu Baltık kalkanının bir bölümü üzerinde yer alır. Yüzeyi, buzul çağlarından büyük ölçüde etkilenmiş, bataklık kaplı geniş ve düz bir ova biçimindedir. Güneyinde, buzul çökellerinin oluşturduğu uzun ve dar yükseltilerin arasında parmak gibi uzanan göllerle bataklık çöküntü alanları vardır. Kuzeyde ise yüzey çökellerinin buzullaşma sonucu aşınmasıyla binlerce küçük göl oluşmuş ve kayalar yüzeye çıkmıştır.

Karelya topraklarının % 85'i ormanlarla kaplıdır. Sık tayga ormanlarında çam ve ladinin yanı sıra podzollü topraklarda yetişen huşağacı da görülür. Kuzey Kutbu'ndan gelen hava kütlesi şiddetli soğuklara yol açar. En soğuk ay olan Şubatta ortalama sıcaklık güneyde -10 °C, kuzeyde -14 °C'dir.Kısa ve serin geçen yaz aylarında don olayları da görülür. En yüksek noktası Nuorunen doruğudur (576 m).

Tarih
Karelya'nın doğu kesiminin 1323'ten beri Rusya'nın bir parçası olmasına karşın, batı kesiminin konumu ve Finlandiya ile oluşturduğu sınır 1947'ye değin kesinlik kazanmadı. 1917'den sonra Karelya'nın statüsü birçok kez değişti. 1923'te Karelya Özerk SSC adını aldı. II. Dünya Savaşı'nda Finlandiya'nın işgaline uğradı. 1956'da özerk cumhuriyet statüsü kazandı.

Ekonomi
Karelya Cumhuriyeti topraklarının %85'ı ormanlarla kaplı olduğu için kereste ihracatı önemli bir yer tutar.

Demografi
Nüfusu 716,281 (2002) olan Karelya'da nüfusun % 75'i şehirlerde, % 25'i kırsalda yaşar. Etnik gruplar; Ruslar %75, Karelyalılar % 9, Beyaz Ruslar % 5, Ukraynalılar % 3, Finler % 2, diğer % 5.

Kaynakça

Rusça konuşan bölgeler ve ülkeler
1991'de kurulan bölgeler ve ülkeler

Karelya Cumhuriyeti


An Aechmea streptocalycoides in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Philcox. An Aechmea streptocalycoides in nahilalakip ha genus nga Aechmea, ngan familia nga Bromeliaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Aechmea

Aechmea streptocalycoides


Erula (sardisk: Èrula) er en by og en kommune (comune) i provinsen Sassari i regionen Sardinien i Italien. Byen ligger i 457 meters højde og har 745 indbyggere (2016). Kommunen har et areal på 39,31 km² og grænser til kommunerne Chiaramonti, Ozieri, Perfugas, Tempio Pausania og Tula.

Referencer

Henvisninger

Kommuner i provinsen Sassari

Erula


Le John Deere 710 est un modèle de tracteur agricole produit par le constructeur américain John Deere.

Modèle de tête d'une gamme fabriquée en Europe à Mannheim et conçue pour les agriculteurs européens, le 710 n'est construit que de 1966 à 1968.

Historique
En 1956 John Deere rachète les usines allemandes Lanz de Mannheim. Son objectif est d'y construire des tracteurs de faible et moyenne puissance mieux adaptés au marché européen que les gros modèles américains. En 1962, John Deere construit son usine française de moteurs à Saran. C'est aussi l'occasion pour le constructeur de développer son propre réseau de concessionnaires en Europe, alors que jusque là il passait par des distributeurs.

John Deere présente en 1965 une gamme de tracteurs européens dont le 710 est, lors de sa sortie un an plus tard, le plus puissant représentant (). Il cède rapidement sa place au 2020, encore plus « européanisé » et d'une puissance légèrement supérieure.

Caractéristiques

Le John Deere 710 est motorisé par un  moteur Diesel à quatre cylindres (alésage de  pour une course de ) en ligne, à injection directe et d'une cylindrée totale de . Il développe une puissance maximale de  au régime de . John Deere choisit de standardiser au maximum sa production : le moteur du 710 reprend la base de celui du 310 et du 510, avec quatre cylindres au lieu de trois.

La boîte de vitesses comporte quatre rapports avant et un rapport arrière dans trois gammes différentes. L'étagement des rapports étant imparfait, le tracteur dispose dans les faits de dix rapports avant et trois rapports arrière.

Le 710 possède trois prises de force. À l'arrière, deux embouts différents tournent à . Une troisième prise de force, en position ventrale, tourne à  ; elle est principalement utilisée pour entraîner une faucheuse latérale. Le relevage arrière affiche une puissance de levage de .

Outre la version standard, le constructeur propose une version « grand dégagement » dont la garde au sol est plus importante pour évoluer dans les cultures hautes grâce à des roues de plus grand diamètre.

Si les tracteurs sont généralement badgés John Deere, les exemplaires destinés au marché allemand reçoivent souvent le marquage « John Deere-Lanz », rappelant la fusion entre les deux entreprises et mettant en avant l'image de marque de Lanz.

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Bibliographie
 .

Tracteur agricole John Deere

John Deere 710


Sangerindens Diamanter er en stumfilm fra 1910 instrueret af Viggo Larsen.

Handling

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Stumfilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 1910
Sherlock Holmes

Sangerindens Diamanter


L'élection législative partielle de 1989 à Wallis-et-Futuna se déroule le . Elle fait suite à l'annulation de l'élection législative de 1988 pour fraude électorale. Le député sortant Benjamin Brial (RPR) fait face à son rival Kamilo Gata (MRG). Ce dernier remporte l'élection au premier tour, devenant le nouveau député du territoire. Benjamin Brial se retire alors de la vie politique après avoir été député pendant 21 ans.

Élus

Contexte politique

Dans les années 1980, la vie politique à Wallis-et-Futuna est structurée autour du Rassemblement pour la République (RPR) et de son député, Benjamin Brial (figure clivante de la politique locale), et de l'opposition de l'l'Union pour la démocratie française (UDF), plus jeune. Une opposition au sein du RPR se fait jour avec la candidature de Kamilo Gata en 1988, qui reproche  de son ancien parti. Enfin, une opposition socialiste commence à se former, mais l'importance de la coutume et de la religion catholique conservatrices, et la perception du socialisme comme une laïcité menaçant les valeurs traditionnelles wallisiennes et futuniennes limitent sa progression. La section locale du Parti socialiste est créée après l'élection de juin 1988.

L'élection législative des 5 et 12 juin 1988 voit quatre candidats s'opposer : le député sortant Benjamin Brial du RPR  ; Kamilo Gata, ancien du RPR qui porte l'étiquette Divers droite ; le candidat de l'opposition traditionnelle de l'UDF, Basile Tui ; et enfin un candidat du Parti Socialiste, Joseph Maisueche. Ces deux derniers sont éliminés au premier tour, et Brial l'emporte face à Gata avec 52,18% des voix.

L'élection est contestée par Kamilo Gata le 23 juin 1988. En effet, une partie importante des électeurs sont des Wallisiens et Futuniens résidant en Nouvelle-Calédonie ayant quitté leurs îles d'origine, et plusieurs centaines de procurations ont été établies dans des conditions douteuses. , le Conseil constitutionnel annule l'élection le 23 novembre 1988. La nouvelle élection est organisée rapidement et a lieu le 15 janvier de l'année suivante.

Frédéric Angleviel indique que .

Rappel des résultats de l'élection de 1988

Candidats
Benjamin Brial est député de Wallis-et-Futuna depuis 1967 (21 ans). Âgé et malade, c'est une figure politique majeure du Rassemblement pour la République qui domine localement, mais il concentre une nombreuse opposition à son encontre. Sa réélection a été annulée par le conseil constitutionnel pour fraude.

Kamilo Gata est le candidat perdant de l'élection de 1988. Le 30 décembre 1988, à l'occasion de la visite du ministre de l'agriculture Henri Nallet, il passe de l'étiquette divers droite à celle du Mouvement des radicaux de gauche (MRG) et est investi comme le candidat du gouvernement de François Mitterrand.

Joseph Maisueche est un commerçant métropolitain () qui maintient sa candidature pour le Parti socialiste, déçu de ne pas avoir été choisi comme candidat du gouvernement.

Résultats

Résultats par circonscription

Conséquences
Cette élection marque la fin de la carrière politique de Benjamin Brial, qui démissionne également de son poste de conseiller territorial. . L'élection marque également l'ancrage du parti socialiste, qui bénéficie de la figure de Gaston Lutui : le PS s'impose aux élections européennes de juin 1989 avec 55,02% des suffrages.

Articles connexes

 Circonscription de Wallis-et-Futuna
 Liste des députés de Wallis-et-Futuna

Notes et références

Élection législative partielle de 1989 à Wallis-et-Futuna


El Campeonato de Primera División 1931 ("amateur") fue el XI del fútbol venezolano. El ganador fue el Deportivo Venezuela, que alcanzó su tercer título en las últimas cuatro temporadas. Centro Atlético Sport Club fue subcampeón.

Historia

El campeonato fue disputado por cinco equipos: cuatro venezolanos (Deportivo Venezuela, Centro Atletico, Dos Caminos y Union SC) y uno de colonia (Alemania FC).

Ese año 1931 también se disputó la Copa Ford Motor Company, que fue patrocinada por ese fabricante de vehículos. Sin embargo, algunas reseñas de la revista Élite definieron a ese torneo como Copa Venezuela. El equipo de la urbanización caraqueña El Conde también se alzó con ese trofeo tras vencer en dos partidos a la "chamaquera" del Unión Sport Club: 2-0 y 1-0.

A finales de 1931, dos equipos extranjeros visitaron Caracas. Por segunda vez (ya había venido en 1929), el Association Ciclista Lima (Perú) y la selección de fútbol de Trinidad y Tobago. Además, empezaron las giras de equipos venezolanos al exterior, cuando Deportivo Venezuela y Unión Sport Club jugaron en Curazao.

Deportivo Venezuela logró el doblete del año 31 gracias, en parte, a este futbolista:

Cabe señalar que el campeonato no fue oficialmente concluido en su totalidad de juegos estipulados inicialmente.

Campeón
Deportivo Venezuela
Campeón título

Jugadores del Equipo Campeón
Deportivo Venezuela:
 Claudio Carrasquero
 Roberto Pérez
 "Poncho" Casanova
 Julio García "Julito" (peruano)
 Waughan Salas Lozada
 José Gabriel Lugo
 Jackson
 Peche
 Alfredo Gama (brasileño)
 Castillo
 Martín Ayala "martincito"
 Otamendi

Resultados Primer turno

Referencias
 Eliézer Pérez (Fútbol de Venezuela (1921-1956))
 Libro Caracas y su fútbol de antaño, Napoleón Arráiz "El Hermanito", 1952.
 Revista Élite

1931
Fútbol en Venezuela en 1931

Campeonato de Primera División 1931 (Venezuela)


Ni contigo ni sin ti es un sencillo del álbum El extraño viaje de la banda española Fangoria.

Video musical
El vídeo musical, dirigido por Juan Antonio Bayona, consiste en que Nacho es raptado, al parecer por Topacio y Andy. Entonces, con alguna especie de aparato, le envía una señal a Alaska, que se encuentra viajando por el espacio con su nave espacial y aterriza en la luna. Al bajarse de la nave, destruye con su zapato de tacón la huella que allí había dejado Neil Amstrong; es entonces cuando recibe la señal de Nacho y toma rumbo a la Tierra para rescatarlo. Antes de acudir en su rescate, se reúne primero con Nancy O, que se encuentra jugando a disparar a unas latas con una escopeta cuando la gran nave espacial pasa por encima de ella, y Alaska por teletransportación se baja de su nave y aparece a su lado, y fulmina con su arma (que en realidad es una pistola de agua) una de las latas con las que estaba jugando Nancy O. Luego, Alaska y Nancy O se reúnen con Super Pussy y las tres juntas hacen un recorrido en coche por Estados Unidos. Una vez llegadas al lugar donde se encuentra Nacho, Alaska fulmina con la misma arma de antes a Topacio y Andy. También hay algunos planos en los que se ve a Nacho y Alaska hablando por teléfono, y otros en los que sale una serpiente. Todas las personas que aparecen en el vídeo van vestidas con prendas color naranja.
En algunos de los planos se ve a Alaska haciendo playback con la canción.

Incluida en
La canción ha sido incluida en álbumes y formatos oficiales como.

 2006, CD El extraño viaje - (DRO Atlantic)
 2006, CD/DVD El extraño viaje - (DRO Atlantic)
 2007, CD Maxisingle Ni contigo ni sin ti (versión álbum) - (DRO Atlantic)
 2007, CD/DVD ¡Viven! (Versión grabada en directo) - (DRO Atlantic)
 2007, CD El extraño viaje revisitado (DVD, Videoclip) - (DRO Atlantic)
 2010, CD El paso trascendental del vodevil a la astracanada (CD 2, Vodevil) - (Warner Bros. Records)
 2010, CD/DVD El paso trascendental del vodevil a la astracanada, Edición de Lujo 3 CD y DVD (CD 2, Vodevil; DVD, Videoclip) - (Warner Bros. Records)

Versiones oficiales
A continuación se enlistan las versiones oficiales de la canción:

 Álbum Versión - (4:47)
 Versión editada de El paso trascendental del vodevil a la astracanada - (3:33)
 Versión grabada en directo para ¡Viven! - (5:30)

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Sitio Web oficial Fangoria
 Carátula del sencillo
 Letra de la canción

Sencillos de Fangoria
Sencillos de 2007
Sencillos de pop
Canciones en español
Canciones de España de 2007

Ni contigo ni sin ti (canción)


Phanerosorus, rod papratnica iz porodice Matoniaceae, dio reda Gleicheniales. Postoje dvije vrste iz Bornea, Moluka i Nove Gvineje

Vrste
 Phanerosorus major Diels
 Phanerosorus sarmentosus (Baker) Copel.

Izvori

Gleihenijolike

Phanerosorus


Ortaklar, Eskişehir ilinin Sivrihisar ilçesine bağlı bir mahalledir.

Köy halkı, 1905 yılında Bulgaristan, Romanya ve Kırım'dan gelerek yerleşen halktan oluşmuştur. Devletin kendilerine verdiği arazi iki-üç mahallesin ortak arazisi olduğundan mahallesin adı "Ortaklar mahallesi" olmuştur.

Coğrafya
Eskişehir iline 136 km., Sivrihisar ilçesine 35 km. uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Kırım Tatarları'nın yaşadıkları bölgeler
Sivrihisar'ın mahalleleri

Ortaklar, Sivrihisar


Admiral Nakhimov may refer to:
 Russian Admiral Pavel Nakhimov
 Admiral Nakhimov (film), a 1947 Soviet film directed by Vsevolod Pudovkin
 Ships named after the admiral:

 , a Russian armoured cruiser
 Former name of the
 Admiral Nakhimov, a
 Admiral Nakhimov, a
 , formerly Kalinin, a Kirov-class battlecruiser

Admiral Nakhimov


Diogo Ganchinho (nascido em 12 de setembro de 1987) é um atleta português da ginástica de trampolim.

Participou das Olimpíadas de 2008 (Pequim) e 2012 (Londres), ficando em 11º e 15º lugares na qualificação do trampolim masculino, respectivamente.

Em 2009, disputou o trampolim sincronizado nos Jogos Mundiais em Taiwan. Em 2019, conquistou o bronze no trampolim nos Jogos Europeus. Além disso, foi medalhista de prata e bronze nos Mundiais e Europeus de Trampolim de 2018 e 2021.

Ginastas olímpicos de Portugal

Diogo Ganchinho