Jakob Goll (* 14. November 1992 in Weilheim in Oberbayern) ist ein deutscher Eishockeytorwart, der zuletzt in der Deutschen Eishockey Liga bei den Nürnberg Ice Tigers unter Vertrag stand. Parallel spielte er aufgrund einer Förderlizenz für den EC Bad Tölz.

Karriere
Jakob Goll begann das Eishockeyspielen beim TSV Peißenberg und wechselte dann zum EC Bad Tölz. In der Spielzeit 2008/09 war der Torhüter für den EC Bad Tölz in der Deutschen Nachwuchsliga aktiv, schied mit der Mannschaft aber bereits im Play-off-Viertelfinale aus. In der folgenden Spielzeit absolvierte Jakob Goll bereits 23 Spiele in der Deutschen Nachwuchsliga. In den Play-offs der Saison 2009/2010 scheiterte Goll mit seiner Mannschaft wieder im Viertelfinale. In der Spielzeit 2010/2011 spielte Goll zum letzten Mal in der Nachwuchsliga. Seine Mannschaft erreichte erneut das Viertelfinale, und er machte den EHC München auf sich aufmerksam. Dort bekam er für die Saison 2011/2012 eine Förderlizenz. Mit dieser spielt er zunächst in der Oberliga Süd für die 1. Mannschaft des EC Bad Tölz.

Ende Februar 2012 wurde Jakob Goll in den Kader der DEL-Mannschaft des EHC München berufen. Seinen ersten Profieinsatz hatte er am 11. März 2012 im Spiel gegen die Hamburg Freezers.

Karrierestatistik

Weblinks

Eishockeytorwart (Nürnberg Ice Tigers)
Eishockeytorwart (EC Bad Tölz)
Deutscher
Geboren 1992
Mann

Jakob Goll


Kastamonu Belediyesi GSK (în ), prescurtat Kastamonu Bld. GSK, este o echipă de handbal feminin din Turcia, secție sportivă a clubului cu același nume sponsorizat de Municipalitatea Kastamonu. Echipa joacă în Superliga Turcă de Handbal.

Culori
Culorile clubului sunt alb, roșu și negru.

Istoric
Echipa Kastamonu Bld. GSK s-a întărit începând cu iulie 2016, prin aducerea mai multor jucătoare notabile precum turcoaicele Yeliz Yılmaz și Serpil İskenderoğlu, precum și handbalistele străine Maja Kožnjak, Martina Pavić, Ivana Zafirova și Dorina Cărbune. În sezonul 2015–16, echipa a concurat în Cupa Challenge. Din sezonul 2017-18, Kastamonu evoluează în Cupa EHF.

Palmares
Superliga Turcă de Handbal:
Câștigătoare: 2017
Locul 3: 2014–15.

Cupa Challenge:
Finalistă: 2016

Cupa EHF
Semifinalistă: 2018

Echipa

Echipa în sezonul 2018-2019

Portari
  Ljubica Nenezić
  Anca Rombescu
Extreme
  Fatmagül Sakızcan
  Yasemin Güler
  Yana Uskova
Pivoți
  Ceren Demirçelen
  Lence Ilkova

Linia de 9 metri
Interi stânga
  Aslı İskit
  Elif Sıla Aydın
Centri
  Serpil İskenderoğlu
Interi dreapta
  Olga Laiuk
  Iulia Snopova

Transferuri

 Sosiri
  Ceren Demirçelen (Pivot)
  Fatmagül Sakızcan (Extremă stânga)
  Aslı İskit (Inter stânga)
  Lence Ilkova (Pivot)
  Olga Laiuk (Inter dreapta)
  Iulia Snopova (Inter dreapta)

 Plecări
  Yeliz Yılmaz (Inter dreapta)
  Natalia Koțina (Extremă stânga)
  Žana Marić (Inter dreapta)
  Kristina Elez (Inter stânga/Centru) (la  Fleury Loiret HB)
  Anastasia Sinițîna (Inter stânga)
  Elaine Gomes (Pivot)

Banca tehnică
Conform paginii oficiale a clubului:

Conducerea administrativă
Conform paginii oficiale a clubului:

Foste jucătoare notabile
  Serpil Çapar
  Derya Tınkaoğlu

Referințe

Cluburi de handbal din Turcia
Handbal în Kastamonu

Kastamonu Belediyesi GSK


[[Datoteka:Miraj_by_Sultan_Muhammad.jpg|mini|<center>Sultan Muhamed, Uzašašće Muhameda na nebo; Ova iluminacija je ne samo djelo azerskog slikara koje je nastalo u gradu Tabrizu (Iranski Azerbajdžan) u 16. st., nego ilustrira i književno djelo koje je napisao Azer, pjesnik Nizami Ganđavi iz 12. st.]]
Azerbajdžanska umjetnost je umjetnička produkcija naroda Azera i umjetnost na području države Azerbajdžana i pokrajine Iranski Azerbajdžan u Iranu.

Prapovijesna i antička umjetnost

Najstarija umjetnička djela na području gdje žive Azeri čuva Nacionalni park Gobustan, oko 6.000 petroglifa iz paleolitika, mezolitika i neolitika koji svjedoče o 40.000 godina prapovijesne umjetnosti na kamenu.

Nalazi keramičkih predmeta imaju različite oblike, savršene oblike i fine ukrase ornamentalnih i semantičkih motiva (Šehtahi, Nahičevan; Mingačevir. Najstariji tragovi monumentalne gradnje se mogu pronaći u Nahičevanu i Gabalinskom rajonu, a kiklopske zidine su otkrivene u Nahičevanu i Malom Kavkazu.

Azarski jezik, jedan od iranskih jezika, se govorio na ovom području prije turkizacije Azera u srednjem vijeku. Perzijska umjetnost i kultura su dominirale područjem, što se može vidjeti u "Tornju djeva" koji je izgrađen na mjestu starijeg paganskog hrama iz 7. ili 6. stoljeća pr. Kr. (Stari grad Baku), važnog perzijskog svetišta zoroastrizma.

Kavkaska Albanija (2. st. pr. Kr.–8. stoljeće) je ostavila brojne spomenike na području gdje danas žive Azeri od antike do srednjeg vijeka. Mnogi su gradovi bili poznati po tkanju tepiha, proizvodnji umjetničkih keramičkih posuda, te zlatnom i srebrnom nakitu. Uzorci gravura i skulptura bili su široko rasprostranjeni u vizualnim umjetnostima, kao što je kameni kapitel iz sela Sudagilan (Mingečaur) iz 5. ili 6. st. koji se čuva u moskovskom povijesnom muzeju.

Srednjovjekovna umjetnost

Arapsko osvajanje kavkaske Albanije u 7. stoljeću dovelo je do prodora iranske i arapske islamske umjetnosti, te je došlo do izgradnji džamija, mauzoleja, dvoraca i drugih spomenika koje je pratilo ukrašavanje raznim ornamentalnim uzorcima i ukrasima, kaligrafskim elementima (natpisi iz Kurana), pločicama i reljefima. Primjer su mauzoleji koje je u 12. st. (kada su ovim područjem vladali Seldžuci) izradio Ajami Nahičevani u Nahičevanu, kao što je Mauzolej Momine Hatun.

Azeri su u to vrijeme stvorili bogatu i osebujnu kulturu, od koje veliki dio čini dekorativna i primijenjena umjetnost. Ovaj oblik umjetnosti ukorijenjen od antičko doba, a predstavlja širok spektar rukotvorina, kao što su predmeti za lov, izrada nakita, graviranje u metalu, rezbarenje u drvu, kamenu i kosti, te izrada tepiha, tkanje i tiskanje, pletenje i vez.

Lokalne umjetničke škole otvorene su u mjestima kao što su: Barda, Šemahi, Bejlagan, Gandža, Nahičevan i Šabran. Arhitektonske škole u Nahičevanu, Širvanu/Apšeronu i Tabrizu su među njima bile najvažnije. Glatki kameni zidovi s kamenom rezbarijom geometrijskih i biljnih ukrasa pripadaju "Širvansko-apšeronskoj arhitektonskoj školi"

Azerbajdžansko tkanje tepiha je tradicionalni obrt koji je na ovom području bio poznat još u 2. tisućljeću prije Krista. No, razvoj tepiha potaknut nakon što je na ovom području zavladalo Safavidsko Carstvo. Azerbejdžanski tepisi mogu se svrstati u nekoliko velikih skupina, podijeljenih prema četiri geografske zone Azerbejdžana:

Između Osmanlija i Perzije (15. – 20. st.)

Perzijsko minijaturno slikarstvo razvijalo se na području Azerbajdžana u srednjem vijeku. Rukopisi srednjovjekovnih pjesnika kao što su: Firdusi, Nezami Gandžavi, Sadi, Hafiz, Abdurrahman Džami, Ališer Navoi i Amir Hosrov Dehlavi, ukrašavai su minijaturama ljudi, životinja i krajolika. U Baku djelovao je iluminator Abdulbagi Bakuvi u 15. st., a iluminacije koje su nastajale sredinom 15. st. u turkijskim središtima kao što su Šamaki nazivaju se turkijskim stilom. Utjecaj Dalekog istoka može se osjetiti u kreativnosti mnogih minijaturnih umjetnika toga vremena.

Safavidska prijestolnica Tabriz u 16. st. postaje središte minijature i tu se doseljavaju slikari iz svih krajeva Perzije kao što je Bihzad i mnogi od njegovih učenika iz Herata.

Ratovi između Turske i Irana i feudalnih sukoba među kanatima negativno su utjecali na razvoj likovnih umjetnosti u 17. – 18. stoljeću. No, šarena remek-djela vizualnih umjetnosti nastavljaju se stvarati, a Palača šekijskih kanova koju je sagradio arhitekt Hadali Zejnalabdin iz Širaza 1797., jedno je od tih remek-djela. Tu su ukrasne slike ljudi i životinja, kao i scene borbe i lova, naslikane svijetlim i šarenim bojama, stvorili majstori kao što su: Abasgulu, Usta Gambar Karabagi, Aligulu, Gurban Ali, Šukur i drugi.

Mir Mohsun Navab (1833. – 1918.) se drži za posljednjeg azerskog umjetnika stare tradicionalne škole znanosti, umjetnosti i književnosti. Navab iz Šuše je bio svestrana osoba svoga vremena, poznat kao pjesnik, umjetnik, povjesničar glazbe, astronom, tesar, kemičar i matematičar.

Iz Šuše je bila i Huršidbanu Natavan (1832. – 1897.), najznačajnija pjesnikinja svog doba koja je pisala na perzijskom i azerskom jeziku, ali i nadarena slikarica krajolika, cvijeća i dekorativnih uzoraka.

Štafelajno slikarstvo je bilo jako rijetko, a najznačajniji predstavnik je samoškolovani Mirza Kadim Erivani (1825. – 1875.) koji je slikao portrete i iluminacije.

Azerbajdžanska književnost

Azerbajdžanska književnost (azerski: Azərbaycan ədəbiyyatı) odnosi se na književnost na azerskom jeziku, koji je trenutno službeni jezik u Republici Azerbajdžanu i prvi je jezik većine ljudi u iranskoj regiji Iranskom Azerbajdžanu. Prvi primjeri azerske književnosti potječu iz oko 1200. godine, nakon mongolskog osvajanja i pisani su arapskim pismom. Pred kraj 19. stoljeća, novine su počele objavljivati popularna književna djela.

Moderna azerbajdžanska književnost nastaje isključivo u Azerbajdžanu, premda puno Azera živi i u Iranu.

Azerska glazba

Moderna azerbajdžanska umjetnost

Žanrovi satirične grafike pojavili su se izdavanjem časopisa "Mola Nasrudin" početkom 20. stoljeća i razvojem izdavaštva. Azim Azimzade osnivač je satiričke grafike Azerbajdžana, a poznat je po oštrim karikaturama i groteski društvene nejednakosti, neznanja, fanatizma i tlačenja diktatura.

Bahruz Kangarli, jedan od utemeljitelja realističnog štafelajskog slikarstva Azerbajdžana, prvi je azerbajdžanski umjetnik koji je dobio nepotpuno stručno obrazovanje (1926.).

Muzej neovisnosti Azerbajdžana, gdje nastaju nacionalni simboli Azerbajdžana (nacionalni grb i državna zastava), osnovan je u Bakuu 1919. godine, nakon uspostave Azerbajdžan Demokratske Republike. Simbole Azerbajdžana je dizajnirao Alibej Husejnzade (1864. – 1940.), spisatelj, filozof i slikar iz Saljana.

Prva umjetnička škola u kojoj su stvoreni novi žanrovi likovnih umjetnosti pod utjecajem sovjetskog režima otvorena je 1920. godine u Bakuu. U njoj su školovani umjentici kao što su: Farhad Halilov, Mihail Abdulajev, Satar Bahlulzade, i dr.

Godine 1928. održana je prva umjetnička izložba Azerbajdžanske unije mladih umjetnika, a prvi kongres azerbajdžanskih umjetnika održan je 1940. godine. Mihail Abdulajev, Tahir Salahov, Vidadi Narimanbekov, Satar Bahlulzade, Togrul Narimanbekov, Gejsar Kašijeva i drugi, bili su poznati umjetnici sovjetskog Azerbajdžana u drugoj polovici 20. stoljeća. Tahir Salahov zaslužan je za pionirsku verziju "teškog realizma" koji je iskrenije prikazivao turobnu stvarnost života radnika, za razliku od tada poticanog idealizma socijalističkog realizma. Nadalje, Elbej Rzagulijev i Arif Husejnov i drugi posvećeni su povijesnoj prošlosti, tradicijama i običajima azerbejdžanskog naroda. Maral Rahmanzade bila je prva azerbajdžanska umjetnica koja je stekla profesionalno umjetničko obrazovanje i postigla veliki uspjeh u sferi štafelajnog slikarstva i ilustracija knjiga.

Suvremena azerbajdžanska umjetnost

Bilješke

 Jonathan M. Bloom et Cheila Blair, L'encyclopédie Grove de l'art islamique et de l'architecture'', 2009.

Poveznice
 Islamska umjetnost i arhitektura
 Perzijska umjetnost

Vanjske poveznice

 Azerbajdžanski umjetnici  Posjećeno 16. srpnja 2019.
 Azerska minijatura (az.)

Azerbajdžanska umjetnost


Atme (, também escrito Al-'Atma ou Atmeh) é uma cidade no norte da Síria, administrativamente parte da província de Idlib, localizada ao norte de Idlib e a leste da fronteira com a Turquia. Fica a sudeste de Deir Ballut, ao sul de Jindires, a noroeste de Qah e ao norte de Sarmada e al-Dana. No censo de 2004, tinha uma população de 2.255.

O Acampamento das Oliveiras é um campo de refugiados que surgiu durante a Guerra Civil Síria. Desde outubro de 2011, sírios deslocados internamente que não conseguiram atravessar para a Turquia começaram a se estabelecer entre as oliveiras. Segundo a Fundação Maram, mais de 28.000 pessoas vivem neste acampamento.

Uma árvore de 150 anos em Atme foi cortada por membros do Estado Islâmico do Iraque e do Levante em novembro de 2013. Eles acusaram os moradores de venerar a árvore em vez de Deus. A cidade está sob o controle da Hayat Tahrir al-Sham . O líder do ISIS Abu Ibrahim al-Qurashi foi morto durante um ataque das forças especiais dos EUA em uma casa em Atme em 3 de fevereiro de 2022.

Localidades da Síria

Atme


Agnes Cleve-Jonand, née le  à Uppsala (Suède) et morte le  à Stockholm (Suède) dans la paroisse de Jakob<ref>[https://sok.riksarkivet.se/sbl/Presentation.aspx?id=12191&forceOrdinarySite=true 'sok.riksarkivet.se]</ref>, est une artiste plasticienne suédoise.

Elle est l'un des pionniers du modernisme en Suède.

 Biographie

Agnès Cleve-Jonand nait à Uppsala du professeur Per Teodor Cleve et de l'auteure , née Öhbom, et est sœur de la chimiste, géologue et botaniste Astrid Cleve et de la journaliste .

Elle fréquente l'école pour filles d'Uppsala et, après avoir obtenu son diplôme à l'âge de 16 ans, elle  étudie ensuite à l'École supérieure d'art et de design de Stockholm.

Elle se marie en 1901-1912 avec l'avocat Ernst Lindesjöö (1869–1934), avec qui elle a deux enfants. Elle vit à Göteborg pendant quelques années et étudie périodiquement à l' chez, entre autres, Carl Wilhelmson. Après avoir divorcé, Agnès Cleved se rend à Paris en 1913 et étudie chez Henri Le Fauconnier à l'Académie de la Palette et aussi auprès d'André Dunuyer.

En 1915, elle se marie à l'artiste John Jon-And, qu'elle rencontre à Valand. Le couple vit à Stockholm et plus tard dans le Bohuslän. Le lieu estival de la famille à Källviken, près du Gullmarsfjorden dans le Bohuslän, est devenu un lieu de rassemblement pour les artistes. Le couple d'artistes russo-allemands Vassily Kandinsky et Gabriele Münter y séjourna, avec qui des contacts avaient déjà été établis pendant la période parisienne. Tous deux étaient membres du groupe d'artistes allemands Der Blaue Reiter, qui aurait influencé Agnes Cleve-Jonand et John Jon-And.

La famille vit aussi aux États-Unis. Son mari meurt en 1941. Agnes Cleve-Jonand et son mari John Jon-And sont enterrés dans l'ancien cimetière d'Uppsala.

 Activité artistique
Agnes Cleve-Jonand fait ses débuts, avec son mari, lors d'une exposition à la galerie d'art Gummeson à Stockholm en 1917. Sa première exposition personnelle a lieu en 1929, également chez Gummesons.

Cleve-Jonand combine dans sa peinture le cubisme avec l'expressionnisme ; elle utilise une perspective cubiste et la couleur de Matisse. Ses motifs comprennent des portraits, des paysages urbains et d'autres de la côte ouest.

Elle est représentée au Moderna Museet, dans les collections de dessins du Musée national, au musée d'art de Göteborg, au musée d'art de Norrköping et au musée Gävle.

 Récompenses et distinctions

 Notes et références
 De berömda och de glömda – Kvinnliga svenska modernister 1900-1930'', publié par Mjellby Art Museum, Halmstad 2006,
 Curriculum vitae sur le site de Bukowski.
 Svenskt konstnärslexikon, partie I, page 314, Allhems Förlag Malmö

Notes et références

Liens externes

Plasticienne suédoise
Naissance en août 1876
Naissance à Uppsala
Décès en mai 1951
Décès à Stockholm
Décès à 74 ans
Peintre suédois du XXe siècle
Peintre suédoise
Pages avec des traductions non relues
Plasticienne

Agnes Cleve-Jonand


Beyond the Space, Beyond the Time debitantski je studijski album poljskog power metal sastava Pathfinder. Album je objavljen 14. travnja 2010. godine, a objavila ga je diskografska kuća GM Records.

Popis pjesama

Osoblje
Pathfinder
Arkadiusz Ruth – bas-gitara, orkestracija
Kamil Ruth – bubnjevi
Karol Mania – gitara
Gunsen – gitara
Slawek Belak – klavir
Szymon Kostro – vokali
Dodatni glazbenici
Michał Jelonek – violina
Matias Kupiainen – gitara
Bob Katsionis – klavijature
Roberto Tiranti – vokali
Agata Lejba-Migdalska – vokali
Ostalo osoblje
Arkadiusz Ru – producent
Mariusz Piętka – snimanje, miksanje, mastering, pomoćnik producenta
Grzegorz Tomaszewski – izvršni producent
Chris Cold – omot albuma
Gunsen – dizajn

Izvori

Albumi iz 2010.
Poljski glazbeni albumi

Beyond the Space, Beyond the Time


Vienne (; ) is a town in southeastern France, located  south of Lyon, at the confluence of the Gère and the Rhône. It is the fourth-largest commune in the Isère department, of which it is a subprefecture alongside La Tour-du-Pin. Vienne was a major centre of the Roman Empire under the Latin name Vienna.

Vienne was the capital of the Allobroges, a Gallic people, before its conquest by the Romans. Transformed into a Roman colony in 47 BC under Julius Caesar, Vienne became a major urban centre, ideally located along the Rhône, then a major axis of communication. Emperor Augustus banished Herod the Great's son, the ethnarch Herod Archelaus to Vienne in 6 AD.

As a Roman provincial capital, remains of Roman constructions are widespread across modern Vienne. The city was also an important early bishopric in Christian Gaul. Its most famous bishop was Avitus of Vienne. At the Council of Vienne, which was convened there in October 1311, Pope Clement V abolished the order of the Knights Templar. During the Middle Ages, Vienne was part of the Kingdom of Provence, dependent of the Holy Roman Empire; on the opposite bank of the Rhône was Kingdom of France, which made the city strategically important.

The town is now a regional commercial and industrial centre, known regionally for its Saturday market. A Roman temple, circus pyramid and theatre (where the annual Jazz à Vienne is held), as well as museums (archaeological, textile industry) and notable Catholic buildings, make tourism an important part of the town's economy.

History

Roman Vienne
The oppidum of the Allobroges became a Roman colony about 47 BC under Julius Caesar, but the Allobroges managed to expel the Romans; the exiles then founded the colony of Lugdunum (today's Lyon). Ethnarch of Judea Herod Archelaus was exiled here in 6 AD. During the early Empire, Vienna (as the Romans called it—not to be confused with today's Vienna, then known as Vindobona) regained all its former privileges as a Roman colony. In 260 Postumus was proclaimed Emperor here of a short-lived Gallo-Roman Empire. Later it became a provincial capital of the Dioecesis Viennensis.

Vienne became the seat of the vicar of prefects after the creation of regional dioceses, of which the date is still controversial. Regional dioceses were created during the First Tetrarchy, 293–305, or possibly later as some recent studies suggest in 313, but no later than the Verona List, which is securely dated to June 314.

On the bank of the Gère are traces of the ramparts of the old Roman city, and on Mont Pipet (east of the town) are the remains of a Roman theatre, while the thirteenth-century castle built on Mont Salomon on the orders of Archbishop  is said to have been built on the site of a former Roman fort. Several ancient aqueducts remain in the Gère valley and parts of Roman roads are preserved (in particular in the city park).

Two important Roman monuments still stand at Vienne. One is the Early Imperial Temple of Augustus and Livia, a rectangular peripteral building of the Corinthian order, erected by the emperor Claudius, which owes its survival, like the Maison Carrée at Nîmes, to being converted to a church soon after the Theodosian decrees and later rededicated as "Notre Dame de Vie." During the Revolutionary Reign of Terror it was used for the local Festival of Reason. The other is the Plan de l'Aiguille, a truncated pyramid resting on a portico with four arches, from the Roman circus. Legends from the 13th century mention Pontius Pilate's death in Vienne. Later legends held that the pyramid was either the tomb of Herod Archelaus or of Pontius Pilate.

The vestiges of a temple to Cybèle were discovered in 1945 when a new hospital was built on Mount Salomon and the Ancien Hôpital in the center of town was torn down.  Subsequent archaeological research conducted in 1965 permitted detailed reconstruction of the floor plan for the temple as well as the surrounding forum and established that the temple was constructed in the first century AD.

Christian Vienne

The provincial capital was an important early seat of a bishop and the legendary first bishop is said to have been Crescens, a disciple of Paul. There were Christians here in 177 when the churches of Vienne and Lyon addressed a letter to those of Asia and Phrygia, and mention is made of Sanctus, a deacon of Vienne (Eusebius of Caesarea, Church History). The first historical bishop was Verus, who was present at the Council of Arles (314). About 450, Vienne's bishops became archbishops, several of whom played an important cultural role, e.g. Mamertus, who established Rogation pilgrimages, and the poet, Avitus (498-518). Vienne's archbishops and those of Lyon disputed the title of "Primate of All the Gauls" based on the dates of founding of the cities compared to the dates of founding of the bishoprics. Vienne's archbishopric was suppressed in 1790, during the French Revolution and officially terminated 11 years later by the Concordat of 1801.

Burgundian Vienne
Vienne was a target during the Migration Period: it was taken by the Kingdom of the Burgundians in 438, but re-taken by the Romans and held until 461. In 534 the Merovingian-led Franks captured Vienne. It was then sacked by the Lombards in 558, and later by the Moors in 737. When Francia's king divided Frankish Burgundia into three parts in 843 by the Treaty of Verdun, Vienne became part of Middle Francia.

In the Kingdom of Provence
King Charles II the Bald assigned the Viennois district in 869 to Comte Boso of Provence, who in 879 proclaimed himself king of Provence and on his death in 887 was buried at Vienne in the cathedral church of St. Maurice. Vienne then continued as capital of the Dauphiné Vienne of the Kingdom of Provence, from 882 of the Kingdom of West Francia and from 933 of the Kingdom of Burgundy until in 1032, when it reverted to the Holy Roman Empire, but the real rulers were the archbishops of Vienne. Their rights were repeatedly recognized, but they had serious local rivals in the  counts of Albon and the dauphins of Viennois.  In 1349,  Humbert II  sold his rights to the Dauphiné to France, but the archbishop stood firm and Vienne was not included in this sale.

Gui de Bourgogne, who was archbishop from 1090 to 1119, was elected pope in 1119 and served as Callixtus II until his death in 1124.

Medieval period, Reformation, Renaissance

The Council of Vienne was the fifteenth Ecumenical Council of the Roman Catholic Church that met between 1311 and 1312 in Vienne. Its principal act was to withdraw papal support for the Knights Templar on the instigation of Philip IV of France.

The archbishops gave up their territorial powers over Vienne to the French king in 1449. Between 1482 and 1527, French kings appointed four Italians as archbishop of Vienne in succession, beginning with , a doctor and astrologer.  The last of these, Scaramuccia Trivulzio, died in Rome before he could take possession of the archbishopric, which allowed for the confirmation of , elected by the canons of Saint-Maurice in an act of resistance to the royal practice of appointing foreign prelates.  At this time, there was no shortage of priests: a 1551 consular document indicated that over 5000 masses were celebrated each year in Vienne.

As a result of a 1540 printers' strike in Lyon, Michael Servetus' publisher moved to Vienne, where Pierre Palmier had invited his former teacher to come live. From 1541, Servetus worked as a doctor in the town, where he was known as Michel de Villeneuve, but also participated in decisions related to town infrastructure (rebuilding the Saint-Sévère bridge over the Gère after the 13 October 1544 flood). In January 1553 his Christianismi Restitutio was published anonymously in Vienne in a clandestine workshop, after being refused by a publisher in Basel. Jean Frellon, a Lyon bookseller, sent a copy to the theologian John Calvin, because Servetus had included his correspondence with Calvin in the book. Calvin, who viewed Servetus as a delirious braggart, insinuated dire consequences should Servetus come to Geneva. In the book, Servetus was also critical of the Pope and the Roman church, particularly of the doctrine of the Trinity and of child baptism.  By order of Cardinal François de Tournon and Archbishop Palmier, he was arrested on 5 April 1553. Questioned for the next two days by the inquisitor Matthieu Ory, among others, he denied that he was Servetus, saying he had usurped the name for his correspondence with Calvin.  On the morning of the third day, he managed to escape from the prison due to the special privileges accorded him by the bailliff. Ory recommanded that he be found guilty of heresy, which was done on 17 June, when he was condemned to be burned at the stake, along with his books, in a then-undeveloped area of the Saint-Martin neighbourhood.

Vienne was sacked in 1562 by the Protestants under the baron des Adrets, and was held by the Catholic League from 1590 until 1595, when it was taken in the name of King Henry IV by Henri de Montmorency. The fortifications were demolished between 1589 and 1636.

Industrial era
Train stations were built in Vienne in 1855 and in Estressin in 1875 providing freight transport to the textile and metallurgy industries, which took advantage of the water power in the Gère valley.

Population

Monuments

The two outstanding Roman remains in Vienne are the temple of Augustus and Livia, and the Plan de l'Aiguille or Pyramide, a truncated pyramid resting on a portico with four arches, which was associated with the city's Roman circus.

The early Romanesque church of Saint Peter belonged to an ancient Benedictine abbey and was rebuilt in the ninth century, with tall square piers and two ranges of windows in the tall aisles and a notable porch. It is one of France's oldest Christian buildings dating from the 5th century laid-out in the form of a basilica and having a large and well constructed nave. It also has a Romanesque tower and a sculptured South portal containing a statue of Saint Peter. Today, the building houses a lapidary museum that holds a Junon head and a statue of Tutela, the city's protective divinity.

The Gothic former cathedral of St Maurice was built between 1052 and 1533. It is a basilica, with three aisles and an apse, but no ambulatory or transepts. It is  in length,  wide and  in height. The most striking portion is the west front, which rises majestically from a terrace overhanging the Rhône. Its sculptural decoration was badly damaged by the Protestants in 1562 during the Wars of Religion.

The Romanesque church of St André en Bas was the church of a second Benedictine monastery, and became the chapel of the earlier kings of Provence. It was rebuilt in 1152, in the later Romanesque style.

The Monument aux Morts in front of the train station is the work of Claude Grange and was inaugurated in 1923 by Philippe Pétain.

Gallery

Notable people

Herod Archelaus (23 BC – ca.18 AD), ethnarch.
Pontius Pilate (according to legend)
Avitus of Vienne (450–ca.578), poet, bishop of Vienne and saint.
Boso of Provence, (ca.841–887), Carolingian king of Provence.
Pope Callixtus II (1065–1124), Archbishop of Vienne from 1088, Pope from 1119.
Michael Servetus (1509–1553), savant, burned as a heretic.
Nicolas Chorier (1612–1692), lawyer, historian, author.
Jean-François Leriget de La Faye (1674–1731)  diplomat, wealthy landowner, art collector and poet.
 (1733–1814), archeologist, artist, curator.
Jean-Baptiste-Charles Chabroud (1750–1816), lawyer and politician.
Laurent Mourguet (1769–1884), puppeteer.
François Ponsard (1814–1867),  dramatist, poet and author.
Joseph Martin (explorer) (1848–1892), geologist, topographer and explorer of Eastern Siberia
Louis Vialleton (1859-1929),  zoologist and writer.
Fernand Point (1897–1955), chef.

Twin towns – sister cities

Vienne is twinned with:

Albacete, Spain
Esslingen am Neckar, Germany
Greenwich, United States
Goris, Armenia
Neath Port Talbot, Wales, United Kingdom
Piotrków Trybunalski, Poland
Schiedam, Netherlands
Udine, Italy
Velenje, Slovenia

Notes

Bibliography

References

External links
 Livius.org: Roman Vienne - historical information and pictures
 Official website (in French)

Communes of Isère
Subprefectures in France
Allobroges
Pontius Pilate
Dauphiné
Populated places on the Rhône
Populated riverside places in France
People from Vienne, Isère

Vienne, Isère


Black 47 was an American Celtic rock band from New York City, formed in 1989 by Larry Kirwan and Chris Byrne, and derives its name from a traditional term for the summer of 1847, the worst year of the Great Famine in Ireland.

History

Beginnings

Kirwan originally arrived in New York City from Wexford aged 19, and played in a succession of bands before teaming with Byrne, a Brooklyn policeman, in 1989. The combination of Kirwan's electric guitar and Byrne's use of traditional Irish instruments initially received a poor reception, but a year later, with the addition of new members Geoff Blythe (founding member of Dexy's Midnight Runners), Fred Parcells and Thomas Hamlin, they were playing regularly at Paddy Reilly's bar on Manhattan's East Side. The band began to play three to five nights a week, and garnered praise for both the socio-political lyrics and "off-the-wall" live shows, quickly drawing a fan base from both the political left and right. Kirwan stated in an interview that the band was "formed to be political", with the socialist lyrics attracting one half of the political spectrum, and the songs of the day-to-day life in America attracting traditionally right-leaning "cops, firemen and construction workers."

Breakout
The band got their first big break when their debut release, Home of the Brave, launched as a cassette at a St. Patrick's day gig at Reilly's in 1990, was heard by Frank Murray, manager of The Pogues, who signed them to his newly launched label. They went on to open for The Pogues at Brixton Academy in December of the same year, and following the collapse of Murray's label the band released an eponymous independent album in 1991, which brought them to the attention of EMI. They went into the studio with Ric Ocasek of The Cars, where they re-recorded parts of their self-titled album for the 1992 release of Fire of Freedom, which was described as "the most fun you can squeeze out of a five-inch disc." and drew comparisons with Kevin Rowland and Bruce Springsteen. Black 47 gained access to a significantly wider audience when "Funky Céilí (Bridie's Song)", a track from Fire of Freedom gained extended air-play on music channel MTV, becoming the band's breakout single. The song was praised for the use of a traditional jig, riotous conclusion and as "a knockout example of how Irish music can rock." A second song from the album, "Black 47", caused a stir amongst older fans of Irish music who had maintained close emotional ties to their ancestors who lived during the famine, traditionally a subject rarely addressed in song. The band followed up with Home of the Brave in 1994 with Jerry Harrison serving as producer, and a move from EMI to Mercury Records in 1996 followed with the release of Green Suede Shoes.

Throughout the late 1990s the band continued to perform around 150 nights a year both on tour and at Reilly's, but was plagued by a series of tragedies behind the scenes, and their political stance on affairs in Northern Ireland resulted in UK record companies being unwilling to support or promote the band, restricting a potentially lucrative market. At the 1996 St. Patrick's Day gig a 22-year-old off-duty police officer, Christopher Gargan, used his department issue 9mm pistol to mistakenly shoot himself, injuring two women including Sharon Callahan- Wormworth, tour manager Nico Wormworth's wife, and June Anderson, Kirwan's wife. In 1997 one of the band's sound engineers, Johnny Byrne (immortalised in the band's single "Johnny Byrne's Jig"), died from injuries suffered after falling from his apartment window in New York City not long after recording an album of children's songs with Kirwan. The late 1990s also saw band member Thomas Hamlin's apartment burn down, Kevin Jenkins retire after a car crash whilst on tour and John Murphy, a close friend of the band, die after falling into a coma after a motorcycle accident. These events are reflected upon in "Those Saints", a song on the Trouble in the Land album, released in 2000. 2000 also saw the release of the band's first compilation album to mark their tenth anniversary, Ten Bloody Years, and the departure of Byrne who amicably left the band to concentrate on his solo project, Seanchai and the Unity Squad.

Post Byrne

Black 47 went on an unofficial recording hiatus, although they maintained their live performances, influenced as much by the events of 9/11 as the departure of Byrne. The release of New York Town in 2004 reflected the city before and after the attacks, where a number of Black 47 fans, such as FDNY chaplain Mychal Judge, honoured in the song "Mychal", were casualties. Post-9/11 Black 47 had started to play regularly at Connolly's Pub in midtown Manhattan, playing shows Kirwan described as intense in order to allow fans who had lost loved ones an outlet for their emotions, and this was channelled into making the album. New York Town was a critical success, drawing parallels to Joyce's Dubliners due to it being a series of short, unrelated stories centered around New York City, and Kirwan was praised for painting a picture of the everyday life of New Yorkers, although the appearance of guest singers such as David Johansen of the New York Dolls and Christine Ohlman was noted for highlighting the weakness in Kirwan's own voice.

Following the release of Elvis Murphys Green Suede Shoes, a companion to Kirwan's memoir, Green Suede Shoes - An Irish-American Odyssey in 2005, the band released a second greatest hits album, Bittersweet Sixteen in 2006 to celebrate sixteen years. Elvis Murphy was generally well received, as despite the lyrics at times having literary 'problems' it was considered challenging yet enjoyable and for making "real emotional sense" and touching both the heart and soul. Bittersweet Sixteen was praised for being both a great introduction to the band and a treasure for seasoned fans, containing rare tracks such as the original version of "Funky Céilí".

Prior to the invasion of Iraq in 2003, the band became outspoken critics of the potential war, speaking out regularly at gigs. When the invasion was announced they were playing live, and due to the political mix the band attracted some fans begun to scuffle and walk out in response to the left-leaning lyrics of the anti-war songs. They released a collection of such songs in 2008 on an album simply titled Iraq, and the band were considered to be one of the few bands with a pedigree in political music to undertake such a task. Inspiration for the lyrics came from Kirwan's communication with fans serving on the front line, as a significant demographic of the fanbase is young men who enlist to fund their futures. Kirwan called the album a response to the war being forgotten about, as stories moved away from the front pages, drawing similarities in the way violence in Northern Ireland became 'acceptable'.

The band returned to drawing from a wider ranger of subjects with their 2010 album Bankers and Gangsters. It was noted that this album, unsurprisingly, was less political than its predecessor, and was also criticised for returning to the safe haven and not bringing anything new to the band's discography. However the album was generally well received, with praise going to the high standard of Kirwan's storytelling ability so far into the band's lifetime as well as the "rollicking spirit" of the bands. Kirwan relates his noted ability and passion in biographical songs such as "Bobby Sands MP" to his time spent as a playwright, likening his performance singing them to method acting. The album has also been considered one of the band's best, referencing the "sharp social commentary and genre-bending sounds."

Disbanding

On September 18, 2013 Black 47 issued this statement:
"In early November 2014, exactly 25 years after our first gig, Black 47 will disband. There are no fights, differences over musical policy, or general skulduggery, we remain as good friends as when we first played together. We just have a simple wish to finish up at the top our game after 25 years of relentless touring and, as always, on our own terms. The last gig we played at the South Buffalo Irish Festival was as good as any we've ever performed. Our goal now is to play another full year plus and dedicate all of those gigs to you who've supported us through thick and thin. Rather than just running out the clock we will be recording "Last Call," an album of new songs in November and as usual will be working out the material onstage. We would like to say goodbye to you all personally and will make every effort to come play in your city, town, college, pub, club, [and] performing arts center.
Black 47 has always been more than a band, we've spoken out for the nationalist population in the North of Ireland, against the war but for the troops in Iraq, for our gay brothers & sisters, immigrants, legal and undocumented, as well as for the voiceless of 1845-47; but in the end it all comes down to the music, the songs, and the desire to give audiences the time of their lives and send them home smiling and, perhaps, with a question on their lips. We look forward to seeing you all at the upcoming gigs. Thanks for the support and the memories - lets make many more over the next year."

Politics
A 1993 Time magazine article on Irish rock in America said it was "the proletariat passion of Black 47's songs that make the group stand out."

Irish Republicanism
In an early interview Kirwan spoke of the British "attempt at racial cleansing" and exploitation in Ireland, and many of the band's songs directly relate to Irish republicanism, such as "James Connolly", "Bobby Sands MP" and "Vinegar Hill". The presence of this content has at times bought criticism on the band from listeners who are politically neutral to the situation, as well as restricting their promotion in the UK. Speaking of the period that inspired the band name, Kirwan said, "I'm not one of those people who believe the British did [the famine] on purpose... But what they did do was they allowed millions of people to starve and leave the land because they didn't want to change the particular economic system they had at the time."

They have been described as 'the musical wing of the IRA'.

Iraq War
On top of the Iraq album, Kirwan noted that the war was one which "the working class is fighting". He also stated that politicians wasted an opportunity (after 9/11) to change the world for the better, placing most blame on the shoulders of then-president Bush Kirwan argued that had there been a Churchill-esque leader then America would have taken the opportunity to rid themselves of dependence on foreign oil, and change the way America communicated with the rest of the world. He also criticised Bush for using the memory of the victims of 9/11 to justify war as the biggest tragedy that came out of the event.

Concert recording
Kirwan actively encourages the videotaping, recording and photography of Black 47's live shows, citing that no two shows are the same and its good to have a record of it. The band's official website has also encouraged US soldiers posted in the Middle East to pass around bootlegged copies of albums.

Criticism
Black 47 band has been criticized as most members only have a tenuous link to Ireland. Ed Power of The Guardian noting their minuscule connection with Ireland as being 'sweet feck all to do with Oscar Wilde, Christy Ring or Samuel Beckett.'

They have been described as 'the musical wing of the IRA',  which was a paramilitary organisation in Northern Ireland and was designated a terrorist organisation in the United Kingdom and an illegal organisation in the Republic of Ireland. The IRA have been held responsible for the killing of 1,705 people during The Troubles, including many civilians.

Influence
They have been recognised as "the premier Irish-American rock group" who created an environment where bands such as Dropkick Murphys and Flogging Molly have been able to flourish.

Discography

Band members
 Geoffrey Blythe: tenor saxophone, soprano saxophone, clarinet
 Joseph "Bearclaw" Burcaw : bass, vocals
 Thomas Hamlin : drums, percussion
 Larry Kirwan : lead vocals, guitar
 Joseph Mulvanerty : uilleann pipes, flute, bodhrán
 Fred Parcells : trombone, tin whistle

Past members
 Chris Byrne : uilleann pipes, tin whistle, bodhrán and vocals (1989–2000)
 David Conrad : bass (1991–1993)
 Erik Boyd : bass (1993-1994)
 Kevin Jenkins : bass (1994–1995)
 Andrew Goodsight: bass (1995–2006)

References

External links

Musical groups established in 1989
Mercury Records artists
Irish-American culture
Celtic rock music
Celtic punk groups
Political music groups

Black 47


STS-29 was the 28th NASA Space Shuttle mission, during which Space Shuttle Discovery inserted a Tracking and Data Relay Satellite (TDRS) into Earth orbit. It was the third shuttle mission following the Challenger disaster in 1986, and launched from Kennedy Space Center, Florida, on March 13, 1989. STS-29R was the eighth flight of Discovery and the 28th Space Shuttle mission overall; its planned predecessor, STS-28, was delayed until August 1989.

The mission was technically designated STS-29R as the original STS-29 designator belonged to STS-61-A, the 22nd Space Shuttle mission. Official documentation and paperwork for that mission contained the designator STS-29 when it was allocated to Space Shuttle Columbia and later as STS-30 when allocated to Challenger. As STS-51-L was designated STS-33, future flights with the STS-26 through STS-33 designators would require the R in their documentation to avoid conflicts in tracking data from one mission to another.

Crew

Crew seating arrangements

Mission summary
Discovery lifted off from Launch Complex 39B, Kennedy Space Center, at 9:57:00 a.m. EST on March 13, 1989. The launch was originally scheduled for February 18, 1989, but was postponed to allow for the replacement of faulty liquid oxygen turbopumps on the three main engines. The amended target date of March 11, 1989, was postponed by 1 day, because of the failure of a master event controller (MEC); #2 when it was powered up during prelaunch checkout, as well as an additional day to replace a faulty fuel preburner oxidizer valve (FPOV). On the rescheduled launch day of March 13, 1989, the launch was delayed for nearly two hours because of ground fog and high upper winds. A waiver was approved for the orbiter's wing loads.

The primary payload was TDRS-D, the third and final component of the Tracking and Data Relay Satellite System (TDRSS) constellation in geosynchronous orbit. The three on-orbit satellites were stationed over the equator at about  above Earth; two of them were positioned 130° apart, while the third was located between them as an on-orbit spare.

On Flight Day 1, one of three cryogenic hydrogen tanks which supplied shuttle's electricity-generating fuel cells exhibited erratic pressure fluctuations. It was deactivated while engineers studied the problem, and the crew was told to conserve electrical power. The tank was reactivated on Flight Day 3, March 15, 1989, and operated successfully thereafter.

Discovery landed on March 18, 1989, after orbit 80, one orbit earlier than planned, in order to avoid possible excessive wind buildup expected at the landing site. The shuttle touched down on Runway 22 at Edwards Air Force Base, California, at 9:35|51 a.m. EST. The total mission duration was 4 days, 23 hours, 38 minutes, and 52 seconds.

Payload and experiments

The mission's primary payload was TDRS-D, which became TDRS-4 after deployment, and its attached Inertial Upper Stage (IUS). The satellite was deployed from the shuttle's payload bay less than six hours after launch, at 3:12 a.m. EST. The first-stage orbit burn of the IUS took place an hour later, and the second burn to circularize the orbit occurred 12 hours and 30 minutes into the mission. The satellite was stationed at 41.0° West longitude.

Discovery also carried eight secondary payloads, including two Shuttle Student Involvement Program (SSIP) experiments. One student experiment, using four live rats with tiny pieces of bone removed from their bodies, was to test whether the environmental effects of space flight inhibit bone healing. The other student experiment was to fly 32 chicken eggs to determine the effects of space flight on fertilized chicken embryos.

One experiment, mounted in the payload bay, was only termed "partially successful". The Space Station Heat Pipe Advanced Radiator Element (SHARE), a potential cooling system for the planned Space Station Freedom, operated continuously for less than 30 minutes under powered electrical loads. The failure was blamed on the faulty design of the equipment, especially the manifold section.

All other experiments operated successfully. Crystals were obtained from all the proteins in the Protein Crystal Growth (PCG) experiment. The Chromosomes and Plant Cell Division in Space (CHROMEX), a life sciences experiment, was designed to show the effects of microgravity on root development. An IMAX (70 mm) camera was used to film a variety of scenes for the 1990 IMAX film Blue Planet, including the effects of floods, hurricanes, wildfires and volcanic eruptions on Earth. A ground-based U.S. Air Force experiment used the orbiter as a calibration target for the Air Force Maui Optical Site (AMOS) in Hawaii.

Wake-up calls
NASA began a tradition of playing music to astronauts during the Project Gemini, and first used music to wake up a flight crew during Apollo 15. Each track is specially chosen, often by the astronauts' families, and usually has a special meaning to an individual member of the crew, or is applicable to their daily activities.

Gallery

See also

 List of human spaceflights
 List of Space Shuttle missions

References

External links
 NASA mission summary
 STS-29 Video Highlights

Space Shuttle missions
Edwards Air Force Base
Spacecraft which reentered in 1989
Spacecraft launched in 1989
March 1989 events

STS-29


Kuća Harašić, kuća u Nerežišćima, zaštićeno kulturno dobro.

Opis dobra
Barokna kamena jednokatnica sagrađena je na brijegu u sjevernom dijelu Nerežišća. Pripadala je obitelji Harašić koja se spominje početkom 17. st. u popisu bračke galije. Sklop čine dvije jednokatnice L oblika koje formiraju zatvoreno dvorište s glavnim pristupom na sjeveru. Zgrada je građena pravilnim klesancima s vanjskim stubištem na južnom krilu. Monumentalna balkonada na dvostrukim profiliranim kamenim konzolama s balustrima četvrtasta presjeka proteže se uzduž dva pročelja sjevernog krila. U dvorištu su prizemni gospodarski objekti adaptirani za stanovanje. Kuća Harašić je izuzetan primjer kasnobarokne stambene arhitekture na Braču.

Zaštita
Pod oznakom Z-5160 zavedena je kao nepokretno kulturno dobro - pojedinačno, pravna statusa zaštićena kulturnog dobra, klasificirano kao "profana graditeljska baština".

Izvori

Zaštićene stambene građevine u Splitsko-dalmatinskoj županiji
Građevine u Nerežišćima

Kuća Harašić u Nerežišćima


À ton bonheur (Flames of the Flesh) est un film muet américain réalisé par Edward LeSaint, sorti en 1920.

Synopsis
Trahie et rejetée par son amant, Candace est sur le point de se suicider lorsque Charles Boardman lui redonne le goût de vivre en lui proposant de se venger de tous les hommes. Boardman emmène Candace à Paris où, sous la tutelle de Madame Binnat, une célèbre courtisane, elle change son nom en Laure et devient une séduisante courtisane. Lorsque Charles Eastcoat, fils de Simon Eastcoat, un millionnaire américain, succombe à ses charmes, son frère aîné Bruce intervient mais subit le même sort que Charles. Alors Simon vient à Paris pour raisonner son fils aîné, et Laure reconnaît en lui l'homme qui l'a trahie. Réalisant qu'elle tient à Bruce, Laure avale du poison et renonce à sa vengeance plutôt que de déshonorer l'homme qu'elle aime.

Fiche technique
 Titre original :
 Réalisation : Edward LeSaint
 Scénario : Dorothy Yost, d'après une histoire de Forrest Halsey et Clara Beranger
 Société de production : Fox Film Corporation
 Pays d'origine :
 Langue : film muet
 Format : Noir et blanc — 35 mm — 1,33:1 — Muet
 Durée :
 Date de sortie :
  :
  :

Distribution
 Gladys Brockwell : Candace
 William Scott : Bruce Eastcoat
 Harry Spingler : Charles Eastcoat
 Ben Deely : Craig Boardman
 Charles K. French : Simon Eastcoat
 Louis Fitzroy : le secrétaire d'Eastcoat
 Mme. Rosita Marstini : Suzette De Pouges
 Josephine Crowell : Madame Binnat
 Nigel De Brullier : Henri Leland
 Louise Emmons : rôle indéterminé (non  créditée)

Liens externes

Film américain sorti en 1920
Film dramatique américain
Moyen métrage américain
Film réalisé par Edward LeSaint
Film muet américain
Film américain en noir et blanc

À ton bonheur


القمر الصناعي لتغطية حقل الجاذبية واختبار المناخ  هو قمر صناعي مزدوج للتحديد الدقيق لحقل الجاذبية الأرضي في المدارات القليلة ( 200 - 1200 كم),حيث أنه يوفر أدق البيانات على الإطلاق في هذا المجال.

يطلق على هذين القمرين التوأم توم وجيري.
و هذا القمر مشروع ألماني وأمريكي مشترك.

خصائص:

تبلغ المسافة بين القمرين 200 كم.

الوزن:400 كغ.

الطول:3 متر.

تاريخ الإطلاق: 17.03.2002.

مدة الدوران حول  : 9.4 دقيقة.

الارتفاع عن سطح  : 500 كم.

مهامه:

- التحديد الدقيق لتغيرات الجيوئيد geoid.

-الحصول على معلومات عن التغيرات الدقيقة لمكونات لحقل الجاذبية الأرضي.

- إن توفر قياسات دقيقة عن انتقال الكتل المائية وتحديد تأثيرها على حقل الجاذبية والكشف عن آثارها على كوكبنا، يتيح دراسة القضايا المناخية فهم أفضل لسطح المحيطات والتيارات والحرارة وقياس التغيرات في الضغط على قاع البحر .

مراجع

أقمار اصطناعية تابعة لوكالة ناسا
أقمار اصطناعية ألمانية
علم المساحة
قياس الجاذبية


Cefotaxima este un antibiotic din clasa cefalosporinelor de generația a treia, utilizat în tratamentul unor infecții bacteriene. Este utilizată în tratamentul artritei infecțioase, infecțiilor de tract urinar (inclusiv pielonefrita), pneumoniei, meningitei bacteriene, gonoreei și bolii Lyme. Căile de administrare disponibile sunt intravenoasă și intramusculară.

Se află pe lista medicamentelor esențiale ale Organizației Mondiale a Sănătății.

Utilizări medicale

Reacții adverse
Printre reacțiile adverse se numără reacțiile alergice și inflamația la locul administrării. Se poate instala o diaree cu colită pseudomembranoasă, datorită infectării cu Clostridium difficile. În acest caz, tratamentul trebuie oprit imediat.

Note

Vezi și
 Cefiximă
 Ceftriaxonă
 Ceftazidimă

Cefalosporine
Tiazoli
Oxime
Acetați
Medicamente esențiale listate de OMS

Cefotaximă


Oedipus Records este o casă de discuri independentă înregistrată în Torrance, California de către Gabe Abaud, Patrick Enzor și Micheal Corso în 2002. Inițial a fost intenționată ca o afacere de afaceri pentru Corso, care a absolvit Universitatea din California de Sud (USC). Eticheta a fost condusă în principal de Abaud din apartamentul său din Long Beach, cu ajutorul lui Patrick și Jeff Enzor. Corso s-a mutat de atunci în Bend, Oregon.

În anii 2007-2012, firma a fost latentă, iar Abaud și P. Enzor s-au mutat în Brooklyn, NY.

În 2012, Oedipus Records a lansat un nou site web și a lansat EP-ul Merry Christmas "Her Exceptional Kindness".

Case de discuri americane
Fondări în 2002

Oedipus Records


W tipi motor, birleştirilmiş iki adet V-tipi motordan oluşur. Bu birleştirme seri bağlantı şeklinde gerçekleştirilir. İlk W tipi motor İtalyan Alessandro Anzani (1877-1956) tarafından 1906 yılında motosiklete uygulanan W3 motorudur. 25 Temmuz 1909 yılında ise Louis Blériot tarafından uçaklarda kullanılmıştır. Bugatti Veyron ve Volkswagen W12 otomobillerinde bu motordan kullanılmıştır.

W tipi motor


O Parque Provincial Writing-on-Stone (em inglês: Writing-on-Stone Provincial Park; em francês: Parc provincial Writing-on-Stone) é um parque natural situado a 100 quilômetros da cidade de Lethbridge, Alberta, Canadá. O parque é uma das maiores áreas protegidas de pradarias do país e abriga uma significativa herança cultural dos povos das Primeiras Nações. Estabelecido oficialmente em 1957, Writing-on-Stone possui 1.106 hectares de área protegida que inclui locais de arte rupestre, lagoas, riachos e cavernas considerados locais sagrados para os Blackfoot e outras tribos aborígenes.

Em 2019, o parque foi designado como Patrimônio Mundial pela UNESCO sob o nome de "Writing-on-Stone / Áísínai'pi" devido seu alto valor histórico e cultural e paisagens importantes como local de preservação da cultura aborígene canadense.

Geografia
Durante o Cretáceo, a região esteve à margem do Mar Interior Ocidental. Lama, areia e argila se acumularam à medida que o mar recuava. Esses sedimentos foram comprimidos e se tornaram parte do leito do rio Milk. Durante a glaciação Wisconsin, a região estava sob a camada de gelo Laurentide. Há cerca de 20.000 anos atrás, a camada de gelo começou a recuar para o noroeste, formando vários lagos proglaciais em suas margens. A camada de gelo atuou como uma represa, forçando a água dos lagos a fluir para o sul, formando os fluxos (coulée) das pradarias.

Ver também
 Lista dos parques nacionais do Canadá

Writing-on-Stone
Patrimônio Mundial da UNESCO no Canadá
Cultura das Primeiras Nações

Parque Provincial Writing-on-Stone


Tradicijska kuća Ceraj je objekt u mjestu Ivanić Miljanski, općina Zagorska Sela, na adresi Ivanić Miljanski 42. Objekt tradicijske arhitekture je građen na prijelazu između 19. i 20. stoljeća.

Opis
Tradicijska kuća Ceraj nalazi se u jednom od zabačenih zaselaka sela Ivanić Miljanski, okružena tradicijskim gospodarskim zgradama. Stambena kuća - hiža - dimenzija cca 10×30 m, sagrađena je od hrastovih planjki vezanih na hrvaški vugel, na kamenom podnožju koje je djelomično recentno nadopunjeno betonskom blok-opekom. Sljubnice planjki kao i podnožje (sokl) kuće bojane su svijetloplavom bojom, koja se izvorno dobivala miješanjem modre galice i vapna, što kući daju izrazitu živopisnost, a karakteristika je tradicijskih kuća posebice na prostoru koji inklinira rijeci Sutli, odnosno na području današnje općine Zagorska Sela. Hiža je pokrivena dvostrešnim krovištem s utorenim glinenim crijepom, a zabatni zidovi obloženi su vertikalno postavljenim daskama, svaki s po tri otvora za prozračivanje. Duž glavnog, ulaznog pročelja proteže se karakteristični ganjak (ganjčec) iz kojeg se ulazi u prizemni dio kuće namijenjen stanovanju. Kuća je djelomično podrumljena, a ulaz u podrum nalazi se ispod ganjka. Nadvratnici oba ulaza – i u podrum i u prizemlje - rezbareni su u istom karakterističnom obliku zaobljenih uglova. Međukatne konstrukcije su drveni grednici s vidljivim gredama, jedino je pušnica, u koju se ulazi sa začelja kuće, svođena bačvastim svodom izvedenim u opeci. Kuća je sagrađena prije 100 - 150 godina i sačuvala je sve karakteristike tradicijskog graditeljstva.

Zaštita
Pod oznakom Z-7590 zavedena je kao nepokretno kulturno dobro - pojedinačno, pravna statusa zaštićena kulturnog dobra.

Izvori

Zaštićene stambene građevine u Krapinsko-zagorskoj županiji

Tradicijska kuća Ceraj


Ellen Gracie Northfleet (Río de Janeiro, 16 de febrero de 1948) es una jurista brasileña de ascendencia estadounidense, inicialmente procuradora, después desembargadora, y luego ministra del Supremo Tribunal Federal, entre 2000 y 2011, habiendo ejercido la presidencia de la Corte Suprema, en el bienio de 2006 a 2008 por indicación del presidente Fernando Henrique Cardoso.

El 8 de agosto de 2011 el retiro de la ministra del STF (Supremo Tribunal Federal) fue publicada en el Diário Oficial da União.

La Ministra dejó el tribunal sin una despedida formal, y sin haber confirmado oficialmente la decisión de su retiro en la semana anterior a su salida del cargo. Ellen Gracie sólo tenía que abandonar obligatoriamente el Tribunal al completar 70 años de edad.

Con su salida, la Asociación de los Jueces Federales del Brasil divulgó, una nota pública, solicitando que sea indicado un representante de la Magistratura federal para ocupar el lugar desierto por la ministra. Ellen Gracie no era magistrada de carrera, ya que nunca se prestó a concurso público para ser jueza.

Inicio de su carrera jurídica
Inició los estudios académicos en la Facultad de derecho de la entonces Universidad del Estado de Guanabara, habiendo concluido, en 1970, en Rio Grande do Sul, el Curso de licenciatura en Ciencias Jurídicas y Sociales por la Facultad de Derecho de la Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul. Se graduó, en el nivel de especialización, en Antropología Social, por la Universidad Federal de Rio Grande do Sul, entre 1980 y 1982.

Durante el año lectivo de 1991/1992, fue becaria del Programa Fulbright del Gobierno federal de los Estados Unidos — Programa de Becarios Hubert Humphrey, con vinculación académica de la American University, Washington D.C. School of Public Affairs — Departamento de Justicia, Leyes & Sociedad, donde cursó Complex Organizational Theories in Court Systems and Legal Organizations e Court Management Practices.

Fue jurista en residencia de la Biblioteca del Congreso de los Estados Unidos, habiendo participado de la elaboración del Proyecto GLIN — Global Legal Information Network. Fue aprobada, en 1983, mediante Concurso Público de Pruebas y Títulos para la provisión de vacantes de Profesor por horas en el Departamento de Derecho Privado y Procesal Civil de la Facultad de Derecho de la Universidad Federal de Rio Grande do Sul.

También en concurso de la misma naturaleza, realizado en 1987, fue aprobada como docente del Centro de Ciencias Jurídicas de la Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos, en la disciplina de Derecho Constitucional. Ejerció la abogacía liberal, inicialmente como pasante y, a posteriori a la colación de grado, en el foro de Porto Alegre. Ingresó en el servicio público al ser nombrada en el cargo en comisión como Asistente Técnico, junto al gabinete de la Consultoría General del Estado de Rio Grande do Sul, permaneciendo desde el 11 de octubre de 1971 al 25 de octubre de 1973, período en donde editó la Revista de la Consultoría General.

Integró el Consejo Penitenciario de Rio Grande do Sul, desde el 31 de marzo de 1976 al 14 de marzo de 1978, y también fue miembro del Consejo Deliberativo de la Superintendencia de Desarrollo de la Región Sud (SUDESUL), como representante del Ministerio de Justicia.

Tuvo la aprobación en el Concurso Público de Oposición y Títulos para el cargo de procurador de la República de "tercera categoría", siendo nombrada el 5 de noviembre de 1973, tomando posesión y entrando en el ejercicio pleno, el 7 del mismo mes. Luego fue promovida, por merecimento, a "segunda categoría" el 12 de marzo de 1974, pasando a la "primera categoría", por antigüedad, el 28 de mayo de 1980, cargo que ejerció hasta el 30 de marzo de 1989.

Durante su permanencia en el Ministerio Público Federal ejerció además en el cargo de Procuradora Regional Electoral Sustituta, en las sesiones del Tribunal Regional Eleitoral.

Tribunal Regional Federal de la 4.ª Región

El 22 de marzo de 1989, fue designada para componer el Tribunal Regional Federal de la 4.ª Región, en vacantes destinadas a los miembros del Ministerio Público Federal, tomando posesión y entrando en ejercicio el 31 del mismo mes, siendo señalada por el Plenario, en esa fecha, para componer la Comisión Elaboradora del Reglamento Interno de la Corte. Escogida en reunión plenaria del TRF-4.ª Región, del 22 de agosto de 1990, integró el Tribunal Regional Electoral de Rio Grande do Sul para el bienio 1990-1992. Participó de la Comisión de Estudios y Cursos del TRF-4.ª Región, dedicada al perfeccionamiento de magistrados.

Integró la Comisión Permanente de Magistrados del Centro de Estudios Judiciales del Consejo de la Justicia Federal, como representante del TRF-4.ª Región, ejerciendo esa función hasta el 9 de diciembre de 1994.

A partir del 10 de octubre de 1994, pasó a conformar el Consejo de Administración del TRF-4.ª Región. Fue miembro integrante del . Turno del Tribunal, desde su creación, pasando a presidir el 4º Turno (especializada en seguridad social) en diciembre de 1994. Fue elegida por el Pleno del Tribunal Regional Federal de la 4.ª Región, en la sesión del 31 de mayo de 1995, para ejercer el cargo de vicepresidente del Tribunal, tomando posesión el 21 de junio de 1995.

En la sesión plenaria del 28 de mayo de 1997, fue elegida para ejercer el cargo de Presidenta del Tribunal Regional Federal de la 4.ª Región, en el bienio 1997-1999, tomando posesión el 20 de junio de 1997, habiendo dedicado su administración a las metas de expansión e interiorización de la Corte Federal de Primera Instancia, y la racionalización de los servicios judiciales. Al término de su gestión, pasó a presidir el  Turno del Tribunal Regional Federal de la 4.ª Región.

La primera mujer en el STF
Por decreto del 23 de noviembre de 2000, publicado en el Boletín Oficial del día inmediato, fue nombrada, por el presidente Fernando Henrique Cardoso, para ejercer el cargo de ministra del Supremo Tribunal Federal, en la vacante producida por la jubilación del ministro Octavio Gallotti.

Tomó posesión el 14 de diciembre de 2000, tornándose en la primera mujer en integrar la Suprema Corte del Brasil, desde su creación. Fue también electa jueza substituta del Tribunal Superior Electoral en la sesión del 8 de febrero de 2001 y, el 20 de febrero de 2003, fue elegida como vicepresidenta de esa Corte electoral.

Por último fue elegida presidenta del Supremo Tribunal Federal en la sesión del 15 de marzo de 2006, para el bienio 2006-2007, con posesión el día 27 de abril de 2006.

Honores

Condecoraciones
En el año de 2004, recibió la Medalla Moisés Viana de Mérito Electoral, concedida por el Tribunal Regional Electoral de Rio Grande do Sul.

Véase también
 Alzira Soriano
 Theolinda Olympio de Araújo
 Alzira Soriano
 Feminismo
 Historia de la mujer
 :Categoría:Feministas

Fuentes
 2010. Brazilian Women in Politics: Marina Silva, Benedita Da Silva, Zélia Cardoso de Mello, Marta Suplicy, Ellen Gracie Northfleet, Adalgisa Nery. Editor General Books LLC. 62 pp. ISBN	1155659627

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Conselho Nacional de Justiça

Abogadas de Brasil
Juristas de Brasil
Ministros del Supremo Tribunal Federal
Profesoras de Brasil
Nacidos en Río de Janeiro
Ministros del Tribunal Superior Electoral
Alumnos de la Universidad Federal de Río Grande del Sur
Juezas de Brasil

Ellen Gracie Northfleet


Earl of Elgin  is a title in the Peerage of Scotland, created in 1633 for Thomas Bruce, 3rd Lord Kinloss. He was later created Baron Bruce, of Whorlton in the County of York, in the Peerage of England on 30 July 1641. The Earl of Elgin is the hereditary Clan Chief of Clan Bruce.

History

The family descended from the Bruces of Clackmannan, whose ancestor was Thomas de Bruys. According to Sir James Balfour Paul, there is no evidence that this branch of the family was descended from Robert the Bruce (King Robert I), despite claims that Thomas was an illegitimate son of the king. However, King Robert's son David II made a grant of land in 1359 to Robert Bruce referring to him as  dilecto consanguineo suo (our beloved cousin). It was generally accepted that Clackmannan branch descended from John de Brus who was a younger son of Robert de Brus, 5th Lord of Annandale.

The first earl was succeeded by his son, Robert, who also was created Earl of Ailesbury in the Peerage of England. The two Earldoms continued united until the death of the fourth Earl of Elgin, when the Ailesbury and Baron Bruce (of Whorlton) titles became extinct, and the Elgin title passed to the Earl of Kincardine; the Lordship of Kinloss became dormant. Thereafter, the Earldoms of Elgin and Kincardine have remained united.

In Dublin there are roads that come from the Earl's titles. These are Elgin Road and Ailesbury Road.

The most famous Earl was the 7th Earl, who removed and transported to Britain the so-called Elgin Marbles from the Parthenon.

As well as the titles Earl of Elgin and Earl of Kincardine, Lord Elgin also holds the titles Lord Bruce of Kinloss (created 1604), Lord Bruce of Torry (1647) and Baron Elgin, of Elgin in Scotland (1849). The first two are in the Peerage of Scotland; the third is in the Peerage of the United Kingdom.

The Lordship of Kinloss held by the first four Earls was inherited on the death of the 4th Earl by the 3rd Duke of Chandos. Through his daughter it passed to the Dukes of Buckingham and Chandos, and is now held by these Dukes' heir of line.

The family seat is Broomhall House, three miles south-west of Dunfermline, Scotland.

Feudal Barons of Clackmannan
Thomas de Bruys, 1st Baron of Clackmannan (died before 1348)
Robert de Bruys, 2nd Baron of Clackmannan (died before 1406)
Sir Robert Bruce, 3rd Baron of Clackmannan (died 1428)
Sir David Bruce, 4th Baron of Clackmannan
John Bruce, 5th Baron of Clackmannan (died 1473)
Sir David Bruce, 6th Baron of Clackmannan (died circa 1500)
Sir David Bruce, 7th Baron of Clackmannan (died after 1556)
Sir Edward Bruce, 8th Baron of Clackmannan (1505–1565)
second son, Edward, created Lord Bruce of Kinloss in 1604

Lords Bruce of Kinloss (1604)
Edward Bruce, 1st Lord Bruce of Kinloss (1548–1611)
Edward Bruce, 2nd Lord Bruce of Kinloss (1594–1613)
Thomas Bruce, 3rd Lord Bruce of Kinloss, 1st Baron Bruce (1599–1663) (created Earl of Elgin 1633) (created Baron Bruce of Whorlton 1641)

Earls of Elgin (1633)
Thomas Bruce, 1st Earl of Elgin, 1st Baron Bruce of Whorlton (1599–1663)
Robert Bruce, 2nd Earl of Elgin, 1st Earl of Ailesbury, 2nd Baron Bruce of Whorlton (1627–1685)
Hon. Robert Bruce (died 1652)
Hon. Edward Bruce (died 1662)
Thomas Bruce, 3rd Earl of Elgin, 2nd Earl of Ailesbury, 3rd Baron Bruce of Whorlton (1656–1741)
Robert Bruce, Lord Bruce (1679–before 1741)
Charles Bruce, 4th Earl of Elgin, 3rd Earl of Ailesbury, 4th Baron Bruce of Whorlton, 1st Baron Bruce of Skelton (1682–1747) (created Baron Bruce of Skelton 1746)
Hon. Robert Bruce (died 1738)
Charles Bruce, 5th Earl of Elgin and 9th Earl of Kincardine (1732–1771)
William Robert Bruce, 6th Earl of Elgin and 10th Earl of Kincardine (1764–1771)
Thomas Bruce, 7th Earl of Elgin, 11th Earl of Kincardine (1766–1841) – of the eponymous Elgin Marbles
George Charles Constantine Bruce, Lord Bruce (1800–1840)
James Bruce, 8th Earl of Elgin, 12th Earl of Kincardine (1811–1863) – of the sacking of the Summer Palace
Victor Alexander Bruce, 9th Earl of Elgin, 13th Earl of Kincardine (1849–1917)
Edward James Bruce, 10th Earl of Elgin, 14th Earl of Kincardine (1881–1968)
Andrew Douglas Alexander Thomas Bruce, 11th Earl of Elgin, 15th Earl of Kincardine (b. 1924)

The heir apparent is the present holder's son Charles Edward Bruce, Lord Bruce (b. 1961).
The heir apparent's heir apparent is his son James Andrew Charles Robert Bruce, Master of Bruce (b. 1991).

Family tree

See also
Clan Bruce
Elgin Marbles
Palermo Fragment

References

Attribution

Earldoms in the Peerage of Scotland
Noble titles created in 1633
Clan Bruce
Bruce family
Peerages created with special remainders

Earl of Elgin


A Operação Horev foi uma ofensiva em larga escala contra o Exército Egípcio no Negev Ocidental no final da Guerra Árabe-Israelense em 1948 e 1949. Seu objetivo era prender o Exército Egípcio na Faixa de Gaza. A operação começou em 22 de dezembro de 1948 e terminou em 7 de janeiro de 1949, depois que os britânicos ameaçaram intervir.

Horev é o nome dado nas Escrituras para o Monte Sinai, onde os israelitas acamparam por um ano (Êxodo 3:1 e Salmos 106:19): na linguagem moderna é chamado de Jebel Musa ("Monte de Moisés" em árabe).

Objetivos

O primeiro objetivo da ofensiva foram as unidades do exército egípcio defendendo al-Auja na fronteira entre a Palestina e o Egito. De lá, o maior impulso foi para as bases do exército egípcio em El-Arish. Isso prenderia a maioria do exército egípcio na Faixa de Gaza.

O comandante da operação era Yigal Alon. Cinco brigadas israelenses estiveram envolvidas: A 8ª Brigada Blindada comandada por Yitzhak Sadeh; a Brigada Negev; a Brigada Golani; a Brigada Harel; e a Brigada Alexandroni. Sua tarefa era manter o cerco da brigada egípcia de 4.000 homens em Faluja. Os egípcios tinham mais duas brigadas na área de Gaza e mais uma brigada na fronteira perto de El-Arish.

Campanha

Em 22 de dezembro, um batalhão da Brigada Golani lançou um ataque diversivo a posições próximas à estrada Gaza-Rafah. Em preparação para a ofensiva, o exército israelense conseguiu abrir uma rota através do deserto, contornando as defesas na estrada de Beersheba para al-Auja. Em 27 de dezembro de 1948, a Brigada Blindada atacou al-Auja deste lado inesperado. Após 24 horas de luta, os egípcios se renderam em desordem. Com esta vitória, Alon percebeu que não havia defesas egípcias deixadas a oeste de el-Arish e estava preparado para capturar toda a península do Sinai. A Brigada Negev seguiu os tanques da 8ª Brigada pela fronteira egípcia na noite de 28 de dezembro e avançou em direção a El-Arish. Em 30 de dezembro de 1948, eles estavam nos arredores do aeródromo da cidade. Ao mesmo tempo, unidades da Brigada Harel avançaram para o oeste, para o Sinai. Em 29 de dezembro, o Conselho de Segurança das Nações Unidas ordenou um cessar-fogo.

Resultado
Antes que pudesse completar seu objetivo, Allon foi instruído pelo primeiro-ministro israelense, David Ben-Gurion, a se retirar do Egito imediatamente. O governo britânico ameaçou invocar o Tratado de Amizade Anglo-Egípcio de 1936 e se envolver diretamente. Sob protesto, mas por insistência de Ben-Gurion, os israelenses se retiraram. Em 3 de janeiro, eles lançaram um ataque às defesas egípcias em Rafah com o mesmo objetivo de prender o exército egípcio. Após três dias de luta em torno de Rafah, o governo egípcio anunciou em 6 de janeiro de 1949 que estava disposto a entrar em negociações de armistício. No mesmo dia, a Força Aérea de Israel abateu cinco Spitfires da RAF em patrulha na área, matando dois pilotos e fazendo mais dois prisioneiros. Os britânicos moveram reforços para Aqaba. Apesar dos protestos do exército, Israel aceitou o cessar-fogo em 7 de janeiro.

No Acordo de Armistício final, al-Auja foi transformada em zona desmilitarizada.

Ver também

 Operação Yoav
 Operação Assaf

Referências

Forças de Defesa de Israel
Guerra árabe-israelense de 1948

Operação Horev


Der Trinker ist eine deutsch-österreichische Literaturverfilmung von 1995 unter der Regie von Tom Toelle. Das von Ulrich Plenzdorf verfasste Drehbuch beruht auf Hans Falladas autobiografisch geprägtem Roman Der Trinker. Harald Juhnke, der die Hauptrolle in dem Fernsehfilm übernahm, soll mit dieser Rolle auch seine eigene Alkoholerkrankung verarbeitet haben.

Handlung
Der Lebensmittelgroßhändler Erwin Sommer und seine Frau Magda sind seit fast 15 Jahren ein Ehepaar. Zusammen führen sie das Geschäft, das Erwin Sommer von seinen Eltern geerbt hat. Geschäftliche Rückschläge nach der Wiedervereinigung, bedingt durch die Konkurrenz großer Lebensmittelketten, deren Konditionen er seinen bisherigen Abnehmern nicht bieten kann, nagen an seinem niedrigen Selbstwertgefühl. Ziellos irrt er nach den unbefriedigenden Gesprächen umher. Als Sommer später zum täglichen Mittagessen erscheint, nörgelt er herum, spricht aber sein wirkliches Problem nicht an. Beim gemeinsamen Essen mit seiner Frau benimmt er sich merkwürdig und verlangt, entgegen den sonstigen Gepflogenheiten, Wein zum Mittagessen. Als Magda kurz das Zimmer verlässt, stürzt er den restlichen noch in der Flasche befindlichen Wein herunter wie Wasser, vergisst aber nicht, die fast leere Flasche mit Wasser aufzufüllen.

Als Magda zurückkommt, nötigt sie ihn, sich etwas hinzulegen. Als Erwin wieder erwacht und von Else, dem Dienstmädchen, erfährt, dass sie ins Geschäft gegangen ist, folgt er ihr dorthin. Magda weiß inzwischen sicher, wie es um das Unternehmen steht, geht es ihm durch den Kopf. Sie wird bestimmt einen Ausweg finden, um den finanziellen Ruin aufzuhalten. Als er seine Frau durchs Fenster beim Telefonieren sieht, schleicht er sich beschämt davon und landet im Landgasthof, wo Elinor, die er heimlich verehrt, als Bedienung arbeitet. Elinor serviert ihm ein großes Bier und später auch Schnaps. Als die junge Frau kurz den Raum verlässt, nutzt er die Gelegenheit, schnappt sich die Schnapsflasche und füllt ein Wasserglas fast dreiviertel mit dem Klaren und leert es in einem Zug. Als er bezahlt, legt er einen großen Schein als Trinkgeld für Elinor dazu und verlässt das Lokal. Dann setzt er sich auf die unmittelbar davor befindliche Bahnsteigkante. Elinor folgt ihm und nimmt ihn mit auf ihr Zimmer. Als sie nackt im Bett liegt, küsst er ihre freiliegenden Brüste, wendet sich dann aber ab und steigt ohne Schuhe durchs Fenster. Am Bahndamm nimmt er einen kräftigen Zug aus seiner Schnapsflasche.

Als er mit blutenden Füßen zu Hause ankommt, beachtet er seine enttäuscht schauende Frau nicht, sondern sucht alle möglichen Flaschen mit Alkohol zusammen und brüstet sich vor Magda auch noch damit, die ihm wortlos und resigniert zuschaut. Auch zu seinen Monologen schweigt Magda, sie hilft ihm sogar noch, seine blutenden Füße in einer Schüssel zu baden. Am nächsten Morgen schämt Sommer sich. Magda versucht derweil im Geschäft zu retten, was zu retten ist, und erreicht durch geschicktes Verhandeln tatsächlich, dass es mit dem Geschäft weitergeht. Als Erwin dazukommt, versichert er seiner Frau, dass sein gestriger Ausfall eine einmalige Angelegenheit gewesen sei, und fragt Magda, wie sie nun zusammen weiter vorgehen wollen.

Erwin kann später in einem Lokal jedoch nicht widerstehen, als ihm der Barmann Rum in seine Cola schüttet, und leert das Glas gierig in einem Zug. Im Supermarkt kauft er weiteren Schnaps und zur Tarnung Toilettenpapier. Er bringt das Klopapier ins Bad, aber nur um dort gleichzeitig seinen Schnaps verstecken zu können. Auf Magdas Bitte beim Essen, mit ihr zusammen ihren Hausarzt Dr. Mansfeld aufzusuchen, reagiert Erwin sehr unwirsch. Es gibt ein unschönes Gespräch, das damit endet, dass Erwin wütend das Haus verlässt und bei Elinor auftaucht. Elinor tut so, als hätte es besagte Nacht nicht gegeben. Plötzlich erscheint Dr. Mansfeld im Lokal. Sommer haut ab. Als er den Bahndamm entlangwandert, stellt sich ihm der Arzt erneut in den Weg und komplimentiert Sommer in sein Auto, wo seine Frau schon auf ihn wartet. Mit einem bedeutungsvollen Blick gibt sie ihm seine Schuhe, die er neulich bei Elinor vergessen habe. Als das Auto wegen eines Radfahrers abbremsen muss, haut Erwin ab und landet in einer schrecklichen Kaschemme, in die er sich einmietet. Der dubiose Wirt wittert ein Geschäft und nutzt Sommers Situation gnadenlos aus.

Erwin Sommer verfällt nun völlig dem Alkohol und trinkt bis zum Exzess, auch wenn sich zwischendurch sein Magen umdreht und er sich vor Schmerzen krümmt. Lobedanz, so heißt der Wirt, wird zunehmend gieriger und verlangt immer höhere Preise fürs Zimmer. Außerdem will er, dass Erwin zur Bank geht und weiteres Geld beschafft, obwohl dieser ihm schon seine Wertsachen überlassen hat. Er nötigt Sommer, in sein eigenes Haus "einzubrechen", und gibt ihm dazu eine Pistole mit, von der er behauptet, dass es sich nur um eine "Schreckschusswumme" handele. In der Geldkassette zuhause findet Erwin nur wenig Geld, packt aber sein Sparbuch, Barschecks und das komplette Tafelsilber in einen Koffer, der ihm zu Boden fällt und aufspringt und die Schublade poltert gleich hinterher. Aufgeschreckt von dem Lärm steht Magda in der Tür und auch das Dienstmädchen Else taucht auf. Magda bittet Else, Dr. Mansfeld zu verständigen. Sommer jedoch stößt seine Frau harsch zur Seite. Magda bittet ihn, vernünftig zu sein, zusammen werde man eine Lösung finden. Sommer jedoch ist außer sich, geht auf sie los und würgt sie. Als Else entsetzt aufschreit, schießt er mit der mitgebrachten Pistole. Ein Geschoss schlägt nicht weit entfernt von seiner Frau in die Wand ein. Im Wegrennen hört er noch, wie Else aufgeregt ins Telefon schreit: "Er will seine Frau ermorden!"

Erwin Sommer geht zur Bank und hebt 6000 DM von seinem Konto ab. Vor der Bank wartet zu seiner Überraschung Lobedanz schon auf ihn und will ihm unbedingt den Koffer abnehmen. Als Sommer sich wehrt und ihn nicht hergeben will, zerrt Lobedanz ihn in eine Bahnhofstoilette und nimmt ihm nach kurzem Kampf den Koffer ab, der aufgesprungen war, nachdem er alles wieder zusammengerafft hat. Allerdings hat er einige größere Scheine übersehen.

Wieder sucht Erwin Sommer Zuflucht bei Elinor und erzählt ihr, dass er mit ihr zusammen abhauen wolle. Gemeinsam trinken sie Sekt, dann jedoch taucht die von der Wirtin alarmierte Polizei auf und führt Sommer ab. Er wird nach der Waffe befragt, mit der er auf seine Frau geschossen habe, und erst jetzt erfährt er, dass es sich nicht um eine Schreckschusspistole, sondern um eine scharfe Waffe gehandelt hat. Sommer ist entsetzt bei dem Gedanken, dass er seine Frau hätte treffen können. Er wird eingesperrt. Magda hat Lobedanz inzwischen angezeigt, der ebenfalls inhaftiert wird und sich, kaum dass er Sommer sieht, auf ihn stürzt und ihm ein Stück seiner Nase abbeißt. Sommer wird auf einer Trage abtransportiert und später in eine Suchtklinik eingewiesen.

Als Sommers Entlassung im Raume steht, besucht ihn seine Frau das erste Mal. Sie erzählt ihm, dass das Geschäft so gut laufe wie noch nie, und Erwin äußert, dass er ihr den Betrieb gänzlich überschreiben wolle, was Magda sehr gefällt. Sie kommt nun auch auf den Punkt und teilt ihm unverblümt mit, dass sie sich scheiden lassen werde, weil sie sich nicht nur beruflich mit dem ehemaligen Konkurrenten Liebl zusammengetan habe. Erwin Sommer nimmt diese Nachricht scheinbar gelassen hin. Was sie wirklich in ihm auslöst, will er seine Frau nicht merken lassen. Als Magda ihn fragt, was er nach seiner Entlassung zu tun gedenke, weiß er keine Antwort.
Später allein im Arztzimmer, schüttet er sich 96%igen Alkohol in ein Glas, füllt es mit Leitungswasser auf und leert es in einem Zug. Danach bricht er auf dem Flur zusammen. Als Letztes erscheint Elinor vor seinem geistigen Auge, bevor sein Leid ein Ende hat.

Produktion und Hintergrund
Produziert wurde das Drama von der Artus-Film in Zusammenarbeit mit dem WDR und dem ORF. Die Dreharbeiten fanden in Berlin-Buch und Zepernick sowie in Nauen und in Neuruppin in Brandenburg statt, des Weiteren in Wustrau-Altfriesack und Fehrbellin in Brandenburg. Die Ausstattung stammt von Götz Heymann, die Maske von Karin Otto und Hasso von Hugo.

Der Trinker hatte am 6. Dezember 1995 im Deutschen Fernsehen in der ARD Premiere. Bei der Erstausstrahlung sahen etwa 6,8 Millionen Menschen zu. Der Film ist seit dem 28. März 2008 auf DVD erhältlich, Anbieter: Universal.

Ulrich Plenzdorf hat den 1944/45 im Gefängnis entstandenen autobiografischen Roman Der Trinker von Hans Fallada (1893–1947) für eine Verfilmung durch Tom Toelle adaptiert und die Handlung dabei aus der Entstehungszeit in die Zeit der Wende verlegt.

Falladas Roman Der Trinker ist in der Ich-Form erzählt, was ihm eine zusätzliche Tiefe gibt. Das Buch endet – anders als der Film – damit, dass Erwin Sommer entmündigt und für unzurechnungsfähig erklärt wird. Er wird in eine geschlossene Heil- und Pflegeanstalt eingewiesen. Da er sich in der Anstalt ziemlich frei bewegen darf, nimmt er den Tuberkulosekranken heimlich ihre kleinen Flaschen ab, in die sie ihren Auswurf spucken, und trinkt sie aus.

Harald Juhnke bekannte damals, dass der Film ihn verändert habe und er seine eigenen Alkoholprobleme nicht mehr so weggewischt habe, sondern ihm bewusst geworden sei, dass es sich um eine ernsthafte Krankheit handele. Übereinstimmend wurde Juhnkes Leistung in diesem Film als Glanzvorstellung bezeichnet, gespielt mit großer Präzision und Leidenschaft.

Es gibt eine weitere Verfilmung unter dem Titel Der Trinker von 1967 mit Siegfried Lowitz in der Titelrolle des Erwin Sommer. Lowitz erhielt für seine Leistung die Goldene Kamera.

Kritik

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Filmtitel 1995
Deutscher Film
Fernsehfilm (Das Erste)
Filmdrama
Hans-Fallada-Verfilmung
Ulrich Plenzdorf
Alkoholkrankheit im Film

Der Trinker (1995)


Four ships of the Royal Navy have been named HMS Hermione after Hermione, the daughter of Menelaus and Helen in Greek mythology.

  was a 32-gun fifth rate launched in 1782. Her crew mutinied in 1797 and handed her to the Spanish in La Guaira. She was recaptured in Puerto Cabello (1799), renamed HMS Retaliation, and renamed again to HMS Retribution in 1800. She was broken up in 1805.
  was an  protected cruiser launched in 1893. She served in the First World War and was sold in 1921.
  was a  light cruiser, launched in 1939. She was sunk in the Mediterranean by the German submarine  in 1942.
  was a  launched in 1967 and scrapped in 1997.

References

Royal Navy ship names

HMS Hermione


Athamas () ist eine Figur der griechischen Mythologie.

Er ist der Bruder von Talos, Euanthes, Melas und Salagos, seine Schwester ist Merope. Zusammen mit seinem Vater Oinopion und den Brüdern wanderte er von Kreta nach Chios aus.

Quelle
 Pausanias, Beschreibung Griechenlands 7,4,6

Literatur

Person der griechischen Mythologie

Athamas (Sohn des Oinopion)


Thaloengkiat Phusa-Ad (en ), né le , est un joueur de pétanque thaïlandais.

Biographie

Clubs

Palmarès

Séniors

Championnats du Monde
 Champion du monde
 Tir de précision 2005 :  Équipe de Thaïlande
 Tir de précision 2006 :  Équipe de Thaïlande
 Finaliste
 Triplette 2008 (avec Pakin Phuram, Suksan Piachan et Sarawut Sriboonpeng) :  Équipe de Thaïlande
 Triplette 2012 (avec Suksan Piachan, Sarawut Sriboonpeng et Supan Thongphoo) :  Équipe de Thaïlande
 Troisième
 Triplette 2002 (avec Niklum Vinai et Tasuti Yunki) :  Équipe de Thaïlande
 Tir de précision 2004 :  Équipe de Thaïlande
 Triplette 2005 (avec Pakin Phukram, Ratana Siripong et Wanta Weerapong) :  Équipe de Thaïlande
 Triplette 2006 (avec Suksan Piachan, Yindeesab Somyos et Niklum Vinai) :  Équipe de Thaïlande

Jeux mondiaux
 Finaliste
 Doublette 2013 (avec Lacsukan Piachan) :  Équipe de Thaïlande

Coupe des Confédérations
 Finaliste
 Doublette 2015 (avec Sarawut Sriboonpeng) :  Équipe de Thaïlande

Jeux d'Asie du Sud-Est
 Vainqueur
 Triplette 2007 (avec Monglol Boakeaw, Suksan Piachan et Syran Thongpoo) :  Équipe de Thaïlande
 Doublette 2013 (avec Suksan Piachan) :  Équipe de Thaïlande
 Doublette 2015 (avec Sarawut Sriboonpeng) :  Équipe de Thaïlande
 Triplette 2015 (avec Suranath Phadungsap, Virapong Wanta et Siripong Ratana) :  Équipe de Thaïlande
 Triplette 2017 (avec Samseang Sangsod, Suksan Piachan et Thanakorn Sangkaew) :  Équipe de Thaïlande
 Finaliste
 Tir de précision 2007 :  Équipe de Thaïlande
 Troisième
 Triplette 2005 (avec Pakin Phukram, Virapong Wanta et Siripong Ratana) :  Équipe de Thaïlande
 Doublette 2011 (avec Suksan Piachan) :  Équipe de Thaïlande

Masters de pétanque
 Finaliste
 2009 (avec Sarawut Sriboonpeng, Suksan Piachan et Mongkon Buakaew) :  Équipe de Thaïlande

Références

Liens externes

Joueur thaïlandais de pétanque
Champion du monde de pétanque
Naissance en mars 1975
Lieu de naissance inconnu
Article à illustrer Pétanque

Thaloengkiat Phusa-Ad


Alexander Hall, né le  à Fairbanks, est un skieur acrobatique américain spécialisé dans le freestyle (Halfpipe, Slopestyle et Big Air).

Carrière
Hall fait ses débuts en coupe du monde pour la saison 2015/16, où il se classera  en slopestyle. Il remporte assez vite des compétitions en slopestyle comme la Nor Am Cup à Calgary. Aux Jeux Olympiques de la Jeunesse d'hiver de 2016 à Lillehammer, il termine quatrième en halfpipe et remporte la médaille d'argent en slopestyle.

La saison suivante, il remporte également certaines épreuves en big air et toujours également en slopestyle; il finit 13e en slopestyle aux Winter X-Games 2017 à Aspen. En mars 2017, Hall est neuvième en slopestyle aux Championnats du monde de Sierra Nevada. Au cours de la saison 2017/18, il termine septième de la Coupe du monde de slopestyle avec trois classements parmi les dix premiers. Il obtient sa première victoire en coupe du monde en slopestyle à Silvaplana. Il se classe 11 en slopestyle aux X-Games de 2018. Il participe Jeux olympiques d'hiver de 2018 à Pyeongchang avec une modeste 16 en slopestyle.

En 2019, Hall remporte sa première médaille d'or aux Winter X Games XXIII dans l'épreuve de slopestyle. Aux X-Games 2021, Hall ajoute à sa collection le bronze en ski big air masculin, également médaille de bronze en slopestyle cette fois-ci aux championnats du monde.

En janvier 2022, il monte sur trois podium aux X-Games à Aspen avec le titre en Big Air et deux médaille de bronze en Knuckle Huck et Slopestyle. C'est la consécration le mois suivant avec le titre en slopestyle aux Jeux olympiques de 2022 à Pékin devant son compatriote Nick Goepper.

Palmarès

Jeux olympiques
 Médaillé d'or en slopestyle lors des Jeux olympiques de 2022.

Championnats du monde
 Médaillé de bronze en slopestyle lors des Championnats du monde 2021.

Coupe du monde
 9 podiums dont 5 victoires.

Notes et références

Liens externes

Skieur acrobatique américain
Skieur acrobatique aux Jeux olympiques d'hiver de 2018
Skieur acrobatique aux Jeux olympiques d'hiver de 2022
Champion olympique de ski acrobatique
Champion olympique américain
Médaillé aux Jeux olympiques d'hiver de 2022
Naissance en septembre 1998
Naissance à Fairbanks (Alaska)

Alexander Hall (ski acrobatique)


Abrud (; ; ) es una ciudad de Rumania en el distrito de Alba, en Transilvania.

El municipio lo componen Abrud (centro), Abrud-Sat, Gura Cornei y Soharu. Contaba con 5.072 habitantes en 2011.

Geografía

Se encuentra a una altitud de 599  a 417 km de la capital, Bucarest. La ciudad se extiende a lo largo del río homónimo en la depresión de Abrud en un espacio de relieve ondulado formado por el contacto entre los montes Găina y los montes Metaliferi, al este del Țara Moților. Al norte, Abrud está protegido por el Dealul Băieșilor (872 m), el Dealul Hebatului (902 m) y el Dealul Orzena (868 m), y al sur por el Dealul Ciuta (899 m) y el Vârful Stiurt (941 m). Al este, está el Vârful Citera (830 m), el Piatra Rară (880 m) y el Dealul Lazărului (817 m).

Clima

Demografía
Según estimación 2012 contaba con una población de 5 462 habitantes.

Composición étnica y religiosa

Según datos de 2011, la mayoría de los habitantes son de etnia rumana (92,72%). El 1,08% pertenece a otras etnias, mientras que de un 6,19% se desconoce su pertenencia étnica.

Desde el punto de vista confesional, la religión mayoritaria es la ortodoxa (87,07%). Existen minorías de bautistas (2,43%) y pentecostales (1,46%). No se conoce la filiación confesional de un 6,27% de la población.

Historia

En la localidad se hallaron una cadena y un brazalete de oro típicos de la última parte de la cultura de Hallstatt. En época daciorromana se edificó aquí el asentamiento Abruttus, probablemente un vicus, junto al cual se encontraba una pequeña fortificación para observar y defender el gran centro aurífero cercano, Alburnus Maior, actualmente Roșia Montană. En Abrud había un Collegium aurariarum. Los restos romanos son abundantes, destacan al respecto tres tablillas enceradas. Se estima que la localidad romana fue fundada en el  y abandonada en el .

La ciudad está documentada desde 1271 con el nombre terra Obruth, cuyo origen podría ser una palabra dacia para el oro, obrud, que cambiaría la vocal inicial a una "a" en un desplazamiento vocálico característico del húngaro medieval. Otras teorías afirman que el origen está en el griego obruda para el oro fundido. Otras denominaciones halladas en los documentos incluyen Onrudbania (1320), Zlathnyabánya, Abrudbánya 1425), civitas Altenburg (1427) o Abrugybánya (1585).

Con el establecimiento de los magiares en la región, la localidad pasó a formar parte de los territorios del ban Yula del clan Kán. Si inicialmente en esta época la minería era llevada a cabo por los lugareños, progresivamente llegaron colonos sajones por iniciativa real que les otorgaba ciertos privilegios. Los documentos medievales muestran que, a partir de 1427, el asentamiento se convirtió en una "ciudad" (civitas), ganando algunos privilegios y convirtiéndose en el segundo centro en importancia de la Țara Moților, tras Campeni. En 1471, el rey Matías concedió a los sajones una patente de lavado de oro para toda Transilvania. Para asegurar el diezmo, ordena redimir en la Real Hacienda el oro y la plata producidos. Esta disposición es repetida por el Parlamento de 1519. En 1491 se le concedió el estatus de ciudad libre.

La región aurífera de Transilvania gozó de un gran auge durante el  e inicios del XVII, con representación en el Parlamento regional. Las libertades de los mineros fueron refrendadas a iniciativa de Gábor Bethlen en el Parlamento de 1618. Durante el reinado de María Teresa I de Austria se introdujeron innovaciones técnicas para aumentar la productividad de las minas.  La ciudad participó en el movimiento de Sofronie de Cioara (1759-1761). Aparece en el Josephinische Landesaufnahme de 1769-1773 (sección 136) bajo el nombre Abrud Banya. A lo largo del Váljé Korna, un valle 1–2 km al sureste de Abrud, el mapa muestra varios molinos de pisón de procesamiento de mineral de oro (Stampf-Mühlen).

Fue uno de los centros del levantamiento popular transilvano liderado por Horea, Cloșca y Crișan (1784) contra el Imperio austríaco y de la revolución de 1848, siendo dañada en varias ocasiones a lo largo de esos conflictos. Durante esta última revolución, se dieron negociaciones en la localidad entre los líderes de los campesinos rumanos, dirigidos por Avram Iancu e Ioan Dragoș, los enviados de Lajos Kossuth, diputado del condado de Bihar en el Parlamento de Budapest, para la conciliación de las fuerzas revolucionarias rumanas y húngaras. El 6 de mayo, violando el armisticio negociado, el mayor Imre Hatvani realizó una acción independiente atacando Abrud y provocando una masacre, con ejecuciones innecesarias, como la del abogado rumano Ioan Buteanu, mientras sus tropas asesinaban al prefecto Petru Dobra. En las siguientes dos semanas 88 rumanos fueron ejecutados en la plaza central y alrededor de 2,500 húngaros perecían en venganza a manos de las tropas de Iancu en Abrud y Roșia Montană. Dragoș fue asimismo ejecutado, al ser considerado un traidor. La escalada del conflicto no pudo ser detenida, y Abrud fie conquistada y perdida por las tropas húngaras en varias ocasiones hasta el 18 de mayo cuando se retiraron a Arad.

Entre 1918 y 1950 fue centro administrativo de la plasă homónima. La ocupación principal de la población es el sector aurífero en la vecina Roșia Montană.

Política y administración

La administración de Abrud está encabezada por un alcalde y un consejo local con quince integrantes. El alcalde actual, Albu Cristian Alexandru, del Partido Nacional Liberal, ejerce desde 2020.

En las elecciones locales de Rumania de 2020, el partido del alcalde obtuvo cinco consejeros en el consejo local, los mismos que el Partido Socialdemócrata. El Partidul Alternativa pentru Demnitate Naţională, la Unión Salvar Rumanía, el Partido Alianza de Liberales y Demócratas, Kopenetz Lorand-Márton y PRO Romania obtuvieron uno cada uno.

Patrimonio

Los siguientes edificios de Abrud están incluidos en la lista de monumentos históricos del distrito de Alba del Ministerio de Cultura y Patrimonio Nacional de Rumanía (2010):

Iglesia de los Santos Apóstoles ()
Iglesia católica (siglos XIV-XVIII, calle Detunata, 2). La iglesia cuenta con pinturas murales de los siglos XIV y XV, en las que se representan, junto a escenas pertenecientes a la iconografía occidental como el Martirio de San Erasmo, escenas comentadas con inscripciones cirílicas, que prueban la participación de un pintor rumano.
Casa y portón (, calle Detunata, 25)

En el lugar llamado Pocevelişte, junto al río Cerniţa, fue fundado a mediados del  un pequeño monasterio de monjes ortodoxos. A pesar de la orden de destruir los monasterios ortodoxos de Transilvania emitida por el general Adolf von Buccow en 1761, el monasterio ortodoxo salió ileso. En la época de Dionisije Novaković (1705-1767) tenía un solo monje.

Asimismo cabe destacar otros edificios de relevancia histórica en la localidad:

Iglesia de la Dormición de la Madre del Señor de Abrud (1787), ortodoxa).
Iglesia unitaria.
Iglesia reformada de Abrud ().
Iglesia ortodoxa de la calle Mărășești, 2, antigua escuela parroquial primaria rumana entre 1680 y 1918. En su cementerio reposan algunos de los rumanos ejecutados en 1848.
Casa lui Ioan Buteanu, uno de los colaboradores más cercanos de Avram Iancu. La asamblea de los revolucionarios rumanos de los montes Apuseni tuvo lugar aquí el 3 de abril de 1848.
Casa tribunului Ioan Șuluțiu, creador de la artillería moților, anfitrión de los revolucionarios Alexandru Golescu y Barbu Iscovescu de Valaquia.
Casa lui Ioan Boieriu, viceprefecto y alcalde de Abrud entre 1848 y 1849.
Casa Memorial Alexandru Ciura, casa paterna del escritor Alexandru Ciura (1876-1936); aquí es donde tuvo lugar el encuentro entre Nicolae Bălcescu y Avram lancu. El edificio alberga una exposición permanente de documentos sobre la historia de Abrud, especialmente de 1848-1849.
Bustos: La memoria de Horea, Avram Iancu e Ioan Buteanu, es evocada por sus bustos erigidos en el centro de la ciudad.
El Monumentul Eroilor Neamului, ubicado en el cementerio de la Iglesia Ortodoxa de Abrud, fue erigido en memoria de los rumanos caídos en la Primera Guerra Mundial. El obelisco tiene 2 m de altura y está hecho de piedra arenisca tallada. Tanto en el lado oeste como en el lado este hay una inscripción conmemorativa. Otra inscripción se puede encontrar en la placa de mármol de la fachada del Obelisco: În amintirea Eroului nostru, Carol Sturza, căzut în luptă - 1916 ("En memoria de nuestro Héroe, Carol Sturza, que cayó en batalla - 1916").

Transportes

Carretera
La red de tráfico rodado que sirve a la ciudad está compuesta por la DN74 Alba Iulia - Abrud - Brad, DN74A Abrud - Câmpeni, DJ742 Abrud - Corna, DC116 Abrud - Soharu. Hay conexiones por carretera operativas con Alba Iulia, Deva, Brad, Oradea, Câmpeni, Turda y Cluj. La longitud de las calles de la ciudad es de 56 km, de los cuales 18 km están modernizados.

Ferrocarril

La línea ferroviaria de vía estrecha Abrud-Turda tiene uno de sus estaciones terminales en esta localidad. La estación figura en la lista de monumentos históricos del distrito de Alba, desarrollada por el Ministerio de Cultura y Patrimonio Nacional de Rumania en 2010. El tren Mocănița circula ocasionalmente entre Abrud y Câmpeni en un trayecto turístico local.

Transporte aéreo

La ciudad de Abrud se halla a 140 km del Aeropuerto Internacional de Sibiu y a 135 km del Aeropuerto de Cluj-Napoca.

Personalidades

Vasile Coloși (1779-1814), sacerdote católico griego y filólogo.
Alexandru Sterca-Șuluțiu (1794-1867), metropolitano greco-católico.
Ioan Sterca-Șuluțiu (1796-1858), chambelán en la administración de Transilvania, propietario de minas de oro, hermano del anterior.
Alexandru Ciura (1876-1936), sacerdote, prosista y publicista.
Anton Kagerbauer (1814-1872), arquitecto.
Nick Stuart (1904-1973), actor.
Ovidiu Bic (n. 1994), futbolista.

Galería de imágenes

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Este artículo contiene datos geográficos extraídos de Google Earth.
Sitio oficial. (en rumano)

Localidades del distrito de Alba

Abrud


Kissebjerg er en ni meter høj bakke, en tidliger ø, der ligger i et inddæmmet område i bunden af Nærå Strand på Nordfyn, i Nordfyns Kommune. Her findes brede rørskove og strandfælleder, og på de stejle skråninger rundt om Kissebjerg trives et gammelt tjørnekrat.

I 1924 lykkedes det for 25 lokale bønder fra Klinte på Nordfyn at bygge to dæmninger, grave grøfter, opføre en pumpemølle og tørlægge eet 105 hektar stort område ved Klinte Strand. Hermed blev det 9 meter høje og langstrakte Kissebjerg i det sydvestlige hjørne af Nærå Strand landfast med Nordfyn. Kissebjerg var allerede dengang kendt af arkæologer for sine oldtidsfund. En boplads og en køkkenmødding, begge fra stenalderen samt fire grave fra jernalderen, fandtes på stedet.

I dag er området præget af intensivt landbrug.

Fredning
26 hektar omkring Kissebjerg og  langs kysten til Nærå Strand blev fredet  i 1979, dels af hensyn til områdets arkæologi og dels af hensyn til naturen og fuglelivet. Oprindeligt var det tanken at hele Kissebjerg skulle udlægges til græsareal og afgræsses, samt at området skulle gøres offentligt tilgængeligt under hensyn til de arkæologiske interesser, men projektet blev aldrig gennemført på grund af lokal modstand.

Ifølge kendelsen skal området bevares i sin nuværende tilstand. For at værne om fremtidige oldtidsfund, blev der fastlagt fire små områder på Kissebjerg. Hvert område har sin bestemmelse om begrænsninger i jordbehandling, og disse bestemmelser ophører efter endt arkæologisk undersøgelse. Fredningen skal desuden sikre kystarealerne mod plantebeskyttelsesmidler, samt af hensyn til fuglelivet sikre de brede strandenge mod jordbehandling og dræning.

Området grænser til  Nærå Strand, der er en del af  Vildtreservat Nærå - Agernæs, og mod øst grænser det til Ringe Ås udløb.  Det er en del af Natura 2000-område nr. 108 Æbelø, havet syd for og Nærå Strand

Kilder og henvisninger

 Natura 2000-planen

Fredede arealer i Danmark
Lokaliteter i Nordfyns Kommune

Kissebjerg


عقد 1280 هو عقد امتد بين 1 يناير 1280 و31 ديسمبر 1289 بحسب التقويم الميلادي. سبقه عقد 1270 ولحقه عقد 1290.

أحداث

 معركة ميلوريا (1284)
 معركة موكلين (1280)
 معركة حمص الثانية (1281)
 معركة نهر بياس (1285)

مواليد

 سيمون مارتيني (1284)
 إينوسنت السادس (1282)
 شمس الدين كي أومرث بن معز الدين كيقباذ (1285)
 دون خوان مانويل (1282)
 مارغريت من فرنسا، ملكة إنجلترا (1282)
 خوانا نونيز دي لارا (1286)
 الأدفوي (1286)
 محمد الطهراني العسكري (1281)
 رودولف الأول ملك بوهيميا (1281)
 ضياء الدين برني (1285)
 الناصر محمد بن قلاوون (1285)

وفيات

 ألبيرتوس ماغنوس (1280)
 نيكولا الثالث (1280)
 السعيد ناصر الدين محمد (1280)
 أبو الحسين ابن الجزار (1281)
 أرطغرل (1281)
 حليمة خاتون (1281)
 عطاء ملك الجويني (1283)
 أديلايد من هولندا (1284)
 فيليب الثالث ملك فرنسا (1285)
 ابن سعيد المغربي (1286)
 آدم دي لافونتين هاله (1286)
 غياث الدين بلبن ألغ خان (1287)

كتب

 موسوعة حضارة العالم (2002) لأحمد محمد عوف.

مراجع

روابط خارجية

 تصفح سنة بسنة عقد 1280 ابتداءً من

عقد 1280


Hrochoť este o comună slovacă, aflată în districtul Banská Bystrica din regiunea Banská Bystrica. Localitatea se află la , se întinde pe o suprafață de  și în 2017 număra 1.488 de locuitori.

Istoric
Localitatea Hrochoť este atestată documentar din 1296.

Note

Legături externe

Localități din Slovacia

Hrochoť, Banská Bystrica