Agaricus augustus (Elias Magnus Fries, 1838) precum variația sa Agaricus perrarus Stephan Schulzer von Müggenburg, 1879) sin. Psalliota augusta (Elias Magnus Fries, 1838 ex Lucien Quélet, 1872) respectiv Psalliota perrara Stephan Schulzer von Müggenburg, 1879 ex Giacomo Bresadola, 1887), din încrengătura Basidiomycota, în familia Agaricaceae și de genul Agaricus, numit în popor șampinion văratic, este o  specie saprofită de ciuperci comestibile. Buretele apare în România, Basarabia și Bucovina de Nord pe sol bogat, humos, prin păduri de conifere, pe lângă pini, brazi și molizi, de asemenea în păduri mixte, atunci sub Pinales. Specia crește în primul rând solitară, câteodată și în grupuri mici de două la trei exemplare, de la câmpie până la munte, din (iunie) iulie până în septembrie (octombrie).

Istoric și taxonomie

Genul Agaricus este de diversificare foarte veche (între 178 și 139 milioane de ani), începând din timpul perioadei geologice în Jurasic în diferență de exemplu cu genul Boletus (între 44 și 34 milioane de ani).

Primul micolog care a descris șampinionul uriaș a fost Elias Magnus Fries în cartea sa din 1838 Epicrisis Systematis Mycologici seu Synopsis Hymenomycetum ca Agaricus augustus, nume folosit astăzi din nou. Denumirea a fost schimbată de Lucien Quélet în Psalliota augusta în publicația sa în Mémoires de la Société d'Émulation de Montbéliard din 1872.

Apoi micologul austro-ungar Stephan Schulzer von Müggenburg (1802-1892) i-a dat numele Agaricus perrarus, de verificat în volumul 29 al jurnalului pentru biologie Verhandlungen der Zoologisch-Botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien (Viena, 1879), iar Giacomo Bresadola a făcut o adaptare după taxonomia lui Quélet, descriindu-l ca Psalliota perrara în volumul I al lucrării sale Fungi tridentini novi vel nondum delineati et iconibus illustrati din anul 1881. Același sus numitul Schulzer l-a descris pe Agaricus perrarus un an mai târziu ca variație a lui Agaricus augustus, ce a fost sancționat în 1983 de micologii italieni Marcel Bon și Alberto Cappelli.

Cu toate că micologul italian Bruno Cetto, a insistat până la sfârșit că Agaricus perrarus ar fi un soi propriu, descriind diferențele în primul volum al lucrării sale Der große Pilzführer, el nu a putut să se impună. De asemenea Rose Marie și Sabine Maria Dähncke descriu ciuperca în marea lor operă 700 Pilze in Farbfotos ca specie independentă. Totuși, în special micologi anglo-americani de astăzi nu fac nici un fel de diferență, pre când alții îl denumesc ca variație conform lui Schulzer, Bon și Capelli. În țările romane se ține denumirea Psalliota în loc de Agaricus.

Ciuperca poartă mai multe taxonomii în plus ca de exemplu: Pratella augusta (Claude Casimir Gillet, 1878), Agaricus peronatus (Massee, 1892), Fungus augustus și Fungus peronatus (Otto Kuntze, 1898) care sunt acceptate sinonim, dar nefiind folosite sunt neglijabile.

Epitetul este derivat din cuvântul latin (=maiestuos, proeminent venerabil), respectiv (=foarte rar).

Descriere

 Pălăria: are un diametru de 10-25 (35) cm și este amenajată central peste picior, fiind  inițial convexă, semisferică, cu margine răsfrântă către interior care se aplatizează la maturitate. Cuticula uscată de colorit albicios-crem care odată cu vârsta tinde să se decoloreze în gălbui, este acoperită de niște solzi brun-maronii (A. perrarus: maro deschis până la maro-gălbui) dispuși concentric, devenind mai deși și închiși spre centrul pălăriei. Solzii sunt rămășițe ale vălului parțial. La atingere sau leziune buretele modifică culoarea după câtva timp în brun-maroniu (A. perrarus: galben).
 Lamelele: sunt dese dar fără a fi aglomerate, libere, subțiri și înalte, îngustându-se spre margine, inițial de culoare rozalie, schimbând coloritul la bătrânețe într-un violet-brun (A. perrarus: maro-purpuriu).
 Piciorul: are o înălțime de 10-20 (35) cm, o lățime de 2-5 cm și este alb, aproape cilindric, ușor umflat, la maturitate găunos, cu baza un pic umflată, deseori înfipt adânc în pământ. El prezintă o manșetă bine dezvoltată, largă, albă, membranoasă, care se răsfrânge în jos peste picior. Deasupra, inelul este neted dedesubt către bază, gălbior și mătăsos-solzos.
 Carnea: este compactă, pe măsura avansării în vârstă moale, de culoare albă care se oxidează deseori în brun-maroniu (A. perrarus: se decolorează mereu gălbui). Buretele este de gust dulceag, având un miros ușor de anason, mai ales în stadiul de tinerețe, care se pierde în timpul preparării.
 Caracteristici microscopice: are spori netezi, slab elipsoidali până ovoidali și inegal laterali cu o dimensiune cuprinsă între 7,5-10 x 5-6,5 microni (A. perrarus: 8-10 x 4-5,5 microni). Pulberea lor este violet-maronie (A. perrarus: închis purpurie). Basidiile clavate, tare umflate și capitate cu 4 sterigme fiecare măsoară 25 x 8-10 microni. Cistidele (elemente sterile situate în stratul himenal sau printre celulele din pielița pălăriei și a piciorului, probabil cu rol de excreție), adesea orânduite în lanțuri, sunt de mărime și aspect asemănător, dar cu vârfuri rotunjite și pediculați.
 Reacții chimice: ciuperca reacționează chimic, decolorându-se pe suprafața pălăriei cu hidroxid de potasiu gălbui, iar lamelele devin cu naftolul α roșii. De asemenea arată o reacție roșiatică la "Testul Schaeffer". Acesta a fost dezvoltat de micologul german Julius Schäffer (1882-1944) pentru a ajuta la identificarea speciilor Agaricus, folosind reacția  anilinei și acidului azotic pe suprafața bureților.

Confuzii
Această ciupercă poate să devină uriașă. Dar o confuzie este posibilă în stadiu mai tânăr și cu exemplare mai slab dezvoltate ale speciei, astfel de exemplu cu: Agaricus langei (comestibil), Agaricus silvicola (comestibil), Agaricus vaporarius (comestibil),, respectiv cu Catathelasma imperiale (comestibil), Lepiota aspera sin. Echinoderma asperum, Lepiota acutesquamosa (otrăvitor), Tricholoma colossus (comestibil).

Specii asemănătoare în imagini

Valorificare
Cu toate că această specie conține deseori o acumulare ridicată de metale grele, cum ar fi cadmiul și cuprul, ea este o ciupercă mult căutată și consumată, pentru că gustoasă și de calitate bună. Mirosul de anason dispare în timpul preparării. Ciuperca de câmp poate fi pregătită ca ciulama, de asemenea împreună cu alte ciuperci sau adăugată la un sos de carne. Gustos este de asemenea cu jumări de ou, prăjit în unt cu verdețuri, ca umplutura unei plăcinte de foaie sau în mod ardelean (seu de porc, ceapă, ciuperci tăiate, morcov, păstârnac, boia ardei, smântână).

De asemenea, buretele poate fi panat și prăjit ca un șnițel. Atunci însă, un ușor miros de anason ar putea să rămână.

Doar organisme fructifere tinere sunt gustoase. Ciuperci bătrâne (vezi dreapta) pot provoca un disconfort gastric.

Acest burete este cultivat pe bălegar de cal compostat, dar domeniul de aplicare al acestor culturi este comercial scăzută.

Note

Bibliografie
 Bruno Cetto: "I funghi dal vero", vol. 1-7, Editura Arte Grafiche Saturnia, Trento 1976-1993 (pentru cercetarea în total)
 Marcel Bon: "Pareys Buch der Pilze", Editura Kosmos, Halberstadt 2012, ISBN 978-3-440-13447-4
 Rose Marie Dähncke: "1200 Pilze in Farbfotos", Editura AT Verlag, Aarau 2004, ISBN 3-8289-1619-8
 Ewald Gerhard: "Der große BLV Pilzführer" (cu 1200 de specii descrise și 1000 fotografii), Editura BLV Buchverlag GmbH & Co. KG, ediția a 9-a, München 2018, ISBN 978-3-8354-1839-4
 Andreas Gminder: "Handbuch für Pilzsammler - 340 Arten Mitteleuropas sicher bestimmen", Editura Kosmos, Stuttgart 2008, ISBN 978-3-440-11472-8
 Jean-Louis Lamaison & Jean-Marie Polese: "Der große Pilzatlas", Editura Tandem Verlag GmbH, Potsdam 2012, ISBN 978-3-8427-0483-1
 J. E. și M. Lange: "BLV Bestimmungsbuch - Pilze", Editura BLV Verlagsgesellschaft, München, Berna Viena 1977, ISBN 3-405-11568-2
 Hans E. Laux: "Der große Pilzführer, Editura Kosmos, Halberstadt 2001, ISBN 978-3-440-14530-2
 Gustav Lindau, Eberhard Ulbrich: "Die höheren Pilze, Basidiomycetes, mit Ausschluss der Brand- und Rostpilze", Editura  J. Springer, Berlin 1928
 Till E. Lohmeyer & Ute Künkele: "Pilze – bestimmen und sammeln", Editura Parragon Books Ltd., Bath 2014, ISBN 978-1-4454-8404-4
 Meinhard Michael Moser: "Röhrlinge und Blätterpilze - Kleine Kryptogamenflora Mitteleuropas" ediția a 5-ea, vol. 2, Editura Gustav Fischer, Stuttgart 1983

Legături externe

 Șampinionul văratic, film

Agaricus
Ciuperci comestibile
Ciuperci saprofite
1838 în știință

Agaricus augustus


A coenocyte () is a multinucleate cell which can result from multiple nuclear divisions without their accompanying cytokinesis, in contrast to a syncytium, which results from cellular aggregation followed by dissolution of the cell membranes inside the mass. The word syncytium in animal embryology is used to refer to the coenocytic blastoderm of invertebrates. A coenocytic colony is referred to as a coenobium (plural coenobia), and most coenobia are composed of a distinct number of cells, often as a multiple of two (4, 8, etc.).

Research suggests that coenobium formation may be a defense against grazing in some species.

Physiological examples

Protists
Diplomonads, like Giardia, have two nuclei.

Ciliates have cells that contain two nuclei: a macronucleus and a micronucleus.

The schizont of apicomplexan parasites is a form of a coenocyte (i.e. a plasmodium in the general sense) as well as the plasmodia of microsporidian (Fungi) and myxosporidian (Metazoa) parasites.

The trophont of syndinean (Dinoflagellata) parasites.

Xenophyophorea are giant cells with numerous nuclei, and is common on the abyssal plains.

Algae
Coenocytic cells are present in diverse and unrelated groups of algae, including Xanthophyceae (e.g., Vaucheria), red algae (e.g., Griffithsia) and green algae (e.g., the internodal cells of Chara).

In the siphonous green algae Bryopsidales and some Dasycladales the entire thallus is a single multinucleate cell, which can be many meters across (e.g. Caulerpa). However, in some cases, crosswalls may occur during reproduction.

The green algal order Cladophorales is characterized by siphonocladous organization, i.e., the thalli are composed of many coenocytic cells.

In contrast to the Cladophorales where nuclei are organized in regularly spaced cytoplasmic domains, the cytoplasm of Bryopsidales exhibits streaming, enabling transportation of organelles, transcripts and nutrients across the plant.

The Sphaeropleales also contain several common freshwater species that are coenocytic, namely Scenedesmus, Hydrodictyon, and Pediastrum.

Myxogastrids (slime molds)
See Plasmodium (life cycle).

Plants
The endosperm in plants begins to grow when one fertilized cell (the primary endosperm cell) becomes a coenocyte. Different species produce coenocytes with different numbers of nuclei before the PEC eventually begins to subdivide, with some growing to contain thousands of nuclei.

Fungi
Some filamentous fungi (Such as Glomeromycota, Chytridiomycota and Neocalligomastigomycota) may contain multiple nuclei in a coenocytic mycelium. A coenocyte functions as a single coordinated unit composed of multiple cells linked structurally and functionally, i.e. through gap junctions. Fungal mycelia in which hyphae lack septa are known as "aseptate" or "coenocytic".

Metazoans: invertebrates
Many insects, such as the model organism Drosophila melanogaster, lay eggs that initially develop as "syncytial" blastoderms, i.e. early on the embryos exhibit incomplete cell division. The nuclei undergo S-phase (DNA replication) and sister chromatids get pulled apart and re-assembled into nuclei containing full sets of homologous chromosomes, but cytokinesis does not occur. Thus, the nuclei multiply in a common cytoplasmic space.

The early embryo "syncytium" of invertebrates such as Drosophila is important for "syncytial" specification of cell differentiation. The egg cell cytoplasm contains localized mRNA molecules such as those that encode the transcription factors Bicoid and Nanos. Bicoid protein is expressed in a gradient that extends from the anterior end of the early embryo, whereas Nanos protein is concentrated at the posterior end. At first, the nuclei of the early embryo rapidly and synchronously divide in the "syncytial" blastoderm and then migrate through the cytoplasm and position themselves in a monolayer around the periphery, leaving only a small number of nuclei in the center of the egg, which will become yolk nuclei.  The position of the nuclei along the embryonic axes determines the relative exposure of different amounts of Bicoid, Nanos, and other morphogens. Those nuclei with more Bicoid will activate genes that promote differentiation of cells into head and thorax structures.  Nuclei exposed to more Nanos will activate genes responsible for differentiation of posterior regions, such as the abdomen and germ cells. The same principles hold true for the specification of the dorso-ventral axis – higher concentration of nuclear Dorsal protein on the ventral side of the egg specify the ventral fate, whereas absence thereof allows dorsal fates.
After the nuclei are positioned in a monolayer underneath the egg membrane, the membrane begins to slowly invaginate, thus separating the nuclei into cellular compartments; during this period, the egg is called a cellular blastoderm. The pole cells – the germline anlage – are the first cells to separate fully.

Pathological examples
Certain mutations and the activation of certain cell-cycle control genes can lead to bacteria forming "filament-like" cells with multiple chromosomes but without cellular division. These mechanisms or mistakes may lead to a similar structure to a coenocyte, though bacteria do not possess nuclei.

This fact has been used in certain synthetic biology applications, for example, to create cell-derived fibers for an organically grown concrete.

Etymology
As with much international scientific vocabulary, English got the word coenocyte (cœnocyte) from Neo-Latin, in which its combining forms, coeno- + -cyte, are based on ancient Greek: κοινός (koinós) = "common" + κύτος (kýtos) = "box, i.e. cell"). The stressed vowel is œ, which in scientific English usually sounds like long e and usually shifts a preceding c to be soft; this explains how there is a degree of regularity in "how one gets a "see-no" sound from coeno-," which might seem irregular at first glance.

See also
 Colony (biology)
 Plasmodium (life cycle)
 Syncytium
 Dikaryon

References

External links

Cells
Fungal morphology and anatomy

Coenocyte


Haron ist der Familienname folgender Personen:

 Abdullah Haron (1924–1969), auch Abdullah Haroun oder Imam Haron, südafrikanischer muslimischer Geistlicher und Aktivist der Antiapartheidsbewegung
 Man Haron Monis (1964–2014), iranischer Prediger und Geiselnehmer

Haron


Slip of the Tongue ist das achte Studioalbum der englischen Hardrock-Band Whitesnake. Es erschien im November 1989.

Geschichte
Nachdem Gitarrist Vivian Campbell die Band nach der Tour zum äußerst erfolgreichen Album 1987 verlassen hatte, begann David Coverdale mit Adrian Vandenberg am Lake Tahoe mit dem Songwriting für das nächste Album. Ein Teil der Texte wurde von Coverdale auf Bora Bora fertiggestellt. Vandenberg verletzte sich jedoch, so dass er auf dem Album nicht spielen konnte. Nur etwas frühes Material aus den Pre-Recording-Sessions schaffte es auf das Album. Coverdale rekrutierte schnell den früheren Frank-Zappa-Gitarristen Steve Vai, der nahezu alle Gitarren auf dem Album einspielte.

Auf der Tour zum Album spielte die Band im August 1990 als Headliner beim Festival Monsters of Rock – der Auftritt wurde 2011 unter dem Titel Live at Donington 1990 veröffentlicht. Nach der Tour löste Coverdale die Band auf und nahm eine Auszeit, bevor er sich einer Zusammenarbeit mit Jimmy Page (Coverdale/Page, 1993) widmete.

Rezeption
Sowohl in den USA als auch in Großbritannien erreichte das Album Platz zehn der jeweiligen Charts und Platin-Status in den USA. Dennoch wurde das Album mit gemischten Kritiken bedacht. Thom Jurek von Allmusic schrieb etwa, dass wenig von der Blues-basierten Identität der Band übrigbleibe. Das Album klinge mit seiner 80er-Produktion und den Keyboards sehr nach der Zeit, in der es entstanden ist. Er vergab drei von fünf Sternen.

Titelliste
 Slip of the Tongue (Coverdale, Vandenberg) – 5:20
 Cheap an' Nasty (Coverdale, Vandenberg) – 3:28
 Fool for Your Loving (Coverdale, Marsden, Moody) – 4:10
 Now You're Gone (Coverdale, Vandenberg) – 4:11
 Kittens Got Claws (Coverdale, Vandenberg) – 5:00
 Wings of the Storm (Coverdale, Vandenberg) – 5:00
 The Deeper the Love (Coverdale, Vandenberg) – 4:22
 Judgment Day (Coverdale, Vandenberg) – 5:15
 Slow Poke Music (Coverdale, Vandenberg) – 3:59
 Sailing Ships (Coverdale, Vandenberg) – 6:02

Einzelnachweise

Whitesnake
Album (Hard Rock)
Album 1989

Slip of the Tongue


EL Arroyo Canelón Grande es un curso fluvial uruguayo que atraviesa el departamento de Canelones.

Nace en la Cuchilla Grande (Uruguay), cerca de la localidad de San Bautista, y desemboca en el río Santa Lucía, cerca de la localidad de Aguas Corrientes. Recorre alrededor de 35 km.

La presa-puente de Canelón Grande fue inaugurada en 1955. Sobre ella pasa la ruta 5, a la altura del km. 54, y embalsa el arroyo con el fin de cumplir con el abastecimiento de agua potable al área metropolitana de Montevideo. Como deber secundario cumple con suministros para riego en área rurales aledañas. Durante la Sequía en Uruguay de 2022-2023, el caudal de la presa se vio mermado, llegando a alcanzar mínimos históricos.

Canelón Grande
Cuenca del río Santa Lucía (Uruguay)

Arroyo Canelón Grande


El coliseo Evangelista Mora es uno de los escenarios que conforma la Unidad Deportiva San Fernando, en la ciudad de Cali, Colombia. Fue construido para albergar algunas de las actividades de los  Juegos Nacionales 1954. Actualmente cuenta con capacidad para albergar a 3340 espectadores. En este escenario se efectúan principalmente compromisos deportivos de baloncesto, voleibol, tenis de mesa, futsal, entre otros.

Se encuentra ubicado al costado sur del estadio Olímpico Pascual Guerrero, en él se disputan los encuentros de local por parte de Astros del Valle y FastBreak en la Liga DirecTV, al igual que los encuentros de Cali Juniors en la  Copa de Microfútbol Femenina.

Referencias

Instalaciones deportivas de Cali
Evangelista Mora
Indervalle

Coliseo Evangelista Mora


San Rafael de Canaguá est la capitale de la paroisse civile de Páez de la municipalité de Pedraza dans l'État de Barinas au Venezuela.

Notes et références

Localité dans l'État de Barinas

San Rafael de Canaguá


An Eremurus regelii in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Aleksei Ivanovich Vvedensky. An Eremurus regelii in nahilalakip ha genus nga Eremurus, ngan familia nga Xanthorrhoeaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Eremurus

Eremurus regelii


الليرة التركية ، (علامتها: ؛ ترميزها: TRY) هي العملة الرسمية في تركيا وجمهورية شمال قبرص. وهي عملة معدلة؛ إذ حُذف منها 6 أصفار بعد أن كانت المليون ليرة تركية تعادل دولاراً أمريكياً واحدًا، فأصبحت الليرة التركية الواحدة تعادل دولاراً واحداً أيضا؛ حدث هذا في عهد رئيس الوزراء التركي رجب طيب أردوغان. ففي 2005 سُحبت كل العملات القديمة واستبدلت مكانها العملات الجديدة. وقسمت العملة الرئيسية إلى 100 قرش والذي يعد عملة فرعية لليرة.

تاريخ الليرة التركية
أقدم عملة ورقية تركية أصدرتها تركيا تعود إلى العهد الجمهوري لسنة 1927 ولكنها طُبعت بالحروف العثمانية ومن ثم طبعت من جديد بالحروف اللاتينية الحديثة سنة 1937. كانت حينها من فئة 5 ليرات وهكذا بدأ تاريخ العملة الورقية التركية منذ 84 سنة.

أول دفعة من العملات الورقية كانت من فئة 5 و10 و50 و100 ليرة وكانت تحمل صورة أتاتورك وبعد وفاة هذا الأخير طُبع عليها صورة عصمت إينونو سنة 1939. وتم طباعة نقود من فئة 500 ألف ليرة سنة 1939 وتحمل أيضا صور عصمت اينونو.

طباعة الليرة التركية
كانت العملات الورقية في ذلك الحين تطبع في إنجلترا وكانت منطقة البحر الأبيض المتوسط تتجهز للحرب العالمية الثانية فكان السفر بحرا مليئا بالمخاطر ولأجل ذلك حصلت الموافقة على طباعة العملات ذات 500 ألف ليرة بما يعادل مبلغ 100 مليون ليرة - من التي تحمل صور اينونو- جُلِبَت إلى إسطنبول يوم 30 يوليو/تموز سنة 1940 عن طريق قناة السويس في مدة ما بين ثلاث حتى خمس شهور. تم تحميل ما يعادل 5 ملايين ليرة من فئة الليرة الواحدة وما يعادل الـ 200 مليون ليرة من فئة 100 ليرة وما يعادل 25 مليون من فئة 50 قرش إلى السفينة في شهر أكتوبر/تشرين الأول سنة 1940. وبعدما غادرت السفينة المسماة فابيان الميناء محملة بالليرات من فئة الليرة الواحدة والسفينة سيتي أوف روبوا التي تحمل العملات من 100 ليرة و50 قرش التي تحمل صور اينونو غرقت في ميناء بيرايوس اليوناني على إثر حادث وبعد قيام اليونانيين بإخراج النقود من السفينة الغارقة أُصدر قانون بإلغاء استعمالها. ولاقت تركيا في هذه الفترة صعوبة كبيرة في العملات الورقية مما دفعها إلى طباعة هذه العملات في البلدان التي بها اتصال بري بتركيا وقد طلبت من مطابع رايشدروكري الألمانية طباعة العملات من فئة 10 و100 ليرة و50 قرش كبداية إلا انه ظهرت حالة غريبة فيها، فقد طلب البنك المركزي التركي من مطبعة برلين طباعة 9 ملايين من أنواع آي وبي وسي ودي تم تداولها يوم 15 أغسطس/آب سنة 1942 ومن ثم ظهرت أنواع أخرى من طراز آي وإف وجي مما يعني أن المبالغ طُبعت دون معرفة البنك المركزي في برلين وقد تم على إثرها إلغاء الطباعة.

الطباعة في تركيا
بدأت تركيا سنة 1950 بالتباحث حول طباعة العملات الورقية على إثر التطورات الصناعية التي شهدتها وبدأ العمل سنة 1951؛ حيث دخلت الليرة التركية مرحلة جديدة يوم 15 يونيو/ حزيران سنة 1966 لتستعمل الجيل السادس من العملة. وتعد السبعينات سنوات التضخم الاقتصادي الكبير وسنوات القحط. زاد من الأزمة الحظر الذي فُرض على النفط سنة 1974 والتدخل التركي في جزيرة قبرص والحصار الاقتصادي ضد تركيا مما أدى إلى هبوط قيمة الليرة التركية إلى مستويات منخفضة جداً. وتم تداول الجيل السابع من العملة منذ سنة 1979. في نهاية السبعينات اختفت العملات فئة الألف لتصبح عملة نادرة، وبعد سنة 1980 أصبحت الألف ليرة تطبع كنقود قليلة القيمة. وكاستمرار للجيل السابع تم طباعة عملات من فئة 5 آلاف و10 آلاف ثم 20 ألف فـ 50 ألف و100 ألف مرورا بـ 250 ألف ثم 500 ألف ليرة ذات أصفار كثيرة. وتم لأول مرة في تركيا طباعة العملة الورقية من فئة المليون ليرة سنة 1995 لتصبح الألف ليرة لا قيمة لها. لم يتوقف الأمر عند هذا الحد فقد تم طباعة عملات من فئة 5 ملايين و10 مليون و20 مليون ليرة، وبحلول السنة الأولى من الألفية الثانية أصبح التعامل بالعملات من فئات المليون ليرة.

التعديل على الليرة التركية
في بداية الألفية الثانية؛ كان لزاماً على تركيا إجراء تعديلات على عملتها بعد النمو الاقتصادي الكبير الذي شهدته البلاد، ولأجل ذلك أُصدر قانون تنظيم العملة للجمهورية التركية يوم 28 يناير 2004 وبرقم 5083، الذي أجرى إعادة تقييم للعملة فحذف 6 أصفار من العملة بتاريخ 1 يناير/كانون الثاني سنة 2005 ليبدأ الجيل الثامن من النقود؛ حيث اكتسب التسمية الجديدة «الليرة التركية» وأصبحت العملات من فئات 5، 10، 20، 50 ثم 100 ليرة. بعد حذف ستة أصفار من العملة اكتسبت الليرة استقرارها قبل أن تعصف بها رياح التغيير مطلع عام 2018 حيث وصلت لأدنى مستوى لها منذ بدء العمل بها.

العملات المعدنية
تم إزالة بادئة جديد من الليرة التركية الثانية في 1 يناير 2009؛ وهي من فئات 1 و5 و10 و25 و50 قرش و1 ليرة.

الأوراق النقدية

A new series of banknotes, the "E-9 Emission Group" entered circulation on 1 January 2009, with the E-8 group ceasing to be valid after 31 December 2009 (although still redeemable at branches of the Central Bank until 31 December 2019). The E-9 banknotes refer to the currency as "Turkish lira" rather than "new Turkish lira" and include a new 200 denomination. The new banknotes have different sizes to prevent forgery. The main specificity of this new series is that each denomination depicts a famous Turkish personality, rather than geographical sites and architectural features of Turkey. The dominant color of the 5-Turkish-lira banknote has been determined as "purple" on the second series of the current banknotes.

أسعار الصرف

أزمة 2018

في عام 2018، تدهور سعر صرف الليرة التركية ليصل إلى أدنى مستوياته حيث صار الدولار الواحد يُقابل 4 ليرات تركية ونصف تقريبا؛ ثم صار قبل منتصف مايو 4.9. جذير بالذكر هنا أن فقدان قيمة العملية يُنسب للرئيس التركي رجب طيب أردوغان الذي أصدر تعليمات بمنع البنك المركزي لجمهورية تركيا من تعديل أسعار الفائدة. وكان أردوغان قد أكد على أن أسعار الفائدة خارجة عن إرادته؛ وفسَّر كيف أنه يُحاول حماية كل «أم وأب من كل شر» حيث قال:

خلال حملة الانتخابات العامة التركية؛ انتشرت بعض من نظريات المؤامرة التي شجعتها فكرة معاداة السامية، حيث ادعى الكثير _من بينهم محللون كبار_ أن تراجع قيمة الليرة التركية راجع بالأساس إلى مجموعة غامضة ومجهولة تتكون من أميركيين، وبريطانيين، وهولنديين وبعض العائلات اليهودية الثرية التي تُحاول حرمان الرئيس الحالي أردوغان من الحصول على الدعم والتأييد في الانتخابات المقبلة. ووفقا لاستطلاع للرأي أُجري في نيسان/أبريل من عام 2018 فإن 42% من الأتراك و59% من منتخبي حزب العدالة والتنمية يرون أن تراجع العملة التركية سببه مؤامرة كبرى نفذتها وخططت لها قوى أجنبية.

هبطت الليرة التركية بنحو 24% منذ بداية عام 2020 .

المراجع

أيزو 4217
اقتصاد الدولة العثمانية
اقتصاد قبرص الشمالية
تاريخ الجمهورية التركية
جنيه
رموز عملات
عملات تركيا
عملات متداولة

ليرة تركية


Eliseu Moga (n. 1859, Frata, comitatul Cluj, Regatul Ungariei – d. secolul al XX-lea) a fost un deputat în Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia, organismul legislativ reprezentativ al "tuturor românilor din Transilvania, Banat și Țara Ungurească", cel care a adoptat hotărârea privind Unirea Transilvaniei cu România, la 1 decembrie 1918.

Biografie
Născut în anul 1859, Eliseu Moga provine din comuna Frata, comitatul Cluj. Urmează studiile la Facultatea de Teologie iar în anul 1883 este hirotonisit preot unit. Mai târziu, el este numit protopop onorar în Apahida, jud.Cluj, iar între anii 1927-1928, Eliseu Moga slujește în parohia Sânicoară.

Activitatea politică
Elizeu Moga este numit delegat de drept de către Cercul electoral Cojocna pentru a fi reprezentantul comunei Frata la Adunarea Națională de la Alba Iulia de la 1 decembrie 1918.

Note

Bibliografie
Daniela Comșa, Eugenia Glodariu, Maria M.Jude, Clujenii și Marea Unire, Clij-Napoca,1998

Lectură suplimentară
 Daniela Comșa, Eugenia Glodariu, Maria M. Jude, Clujenii și Marea Unire, Muzeul Național Transilvania, Cluj-Napoca, 1998
 Florea Marin, Medicii și Marea Unire, Editura Tipomur, Târgu Mureș, 1993
 Silviu Borș, Alexiu Tatu, Bogdan Andriescu, (coord.), Participanți din localități sibiene la Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia din 1 decembrie 1918, Editura Armanis, Sibiu, 2015

Legături externe
  Membrii de drept ai Marii Adunării Naționale de la Alba-Iulia din 1 decembrie 1918, lista publicată în "Gazeta Oficială", Sibiu, nr. 1, 1/14 decembrie 1918
  1 decembrie 1918, Marea Unire de la Alba Iulia. Mărturii, documente și semnificații

Vezi și
 Lista delegaților la Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia

Nașteri în 1859
Decese în secolul al XX-lea
Delegați la Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia
Preoți greco-catolici români
Români din Austro-Ungaria
Transilvăneni
Protopopi români

Eliseu Moga


An Platanthera longicalcarata in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Bunzo Hayata. An Platanthera longicalcarata in nahilalakip ha genus nga Platanthera, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Platanthera

Platanthera longicalcarata


Buldermanden er en dansk børnefilm fra 1995, der er instrueret af Jesper W. Nielsen efter manuskript af Anker Li.

Handling
De to søskende Ida og Skrubsak er på besøg hos mormor, en stram dame uden den store forståelse for små mennesker og deres tanker og følelser. Ved optræk til uartigheder truer hun med Buldermanden, der bor i skorstenen og spiser slemme børn. Mormor har foræret Skrubsak en bjæffende bamse, og hårdt ramt af jalousi foreslår storesøster Ida, at lillebror skal vise bamsen til Buldermanden. Skrubsak følger frygtløs Idas forslag - så langt, at han bliver hejst ned i den dybe skorsten. Sort-hvide billeder, mystisk lys og skæve kameravinkler er med til at øge stemningen af uhyggen i filmen, der efter både gys og grin ender godt for de to børn.

Medvirkende
 Stephania Potalivo - Ida
 Maurice Blinkenberg - Skrubsak
 Birgitte Federspiel - Mormor
 Ingolf David - Buldermanden

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Børnefilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 1995
Film instrueret af Jesper W. Nielsen

Buldermanden


Claude Nougaro (, ; 9 September 1929 – 4 March 2004) was a French jazz singer and poet.

Life and career
Claude Nougaro was born on 9 September 1929 in Toulouse to a respected French opera singer, Pierre Nougaro, and a piano teacher, Liette Tellini. His maternal grandparents were Italian; his grandfather was born in Livorno, Tuscany and his grandmother in San Damiano d'Asti, Piedmont. He was raised by his grandparents in Toulouse where he heard Glenn Miller, Édith Piaf and Louis Armstrong (among others) on the radio. In 1947 he failed his baccalaureat and began a career in journalism, writing for various journals including Le Journal des Curistes at Vichy and L'Echo d'Alger. At the same time he wrote songs for Marcel Amont ("Le barbier de Belleville", "Le balayeur du roi") and Philippe Clay ("Joseph", "La sentinelle"). He met Georges Brassens, who became his friend and mentor.

In 1949, he performed his military service in the Foreign Legion at Rabat, Morocco.

He sent his lyrics to Marguerite Monnot, Édith Piaf's songwriter, who put them to music. ("Méphisto", "Le Sentier de la guerre"). He started to sing for a livelihood in 1959 in a Parisian cabaret in Montmartre, the Lapin Agile.

In 1962, he decided to sing his works himself: "Une petite fille" and "Cécile ma fille" (dedicated to his daughter, born in 1962, and to his wife Sylvie, whom he met at the Lapin Agile). These songs made him immediately known to a larger public, which he had already started to penetrate by participating in the concerts of Dalida. A car accident immobilised him for several months in 1963. The following year he travelled to Brazil, and sang in prestigious halls: the Olympia and the Théâtre de la Ville in Paris, and the Palais d'Hiver in Lyon. Following the death of his friend Jacques Audiberti in 1965 Nougaro wrote, in homage, the song "Chanson pour le maçon". The events of May 1968 inspired him to the torrential "Paris Mai", a plea for life, which would be banned from the airwaves. The same year he recorded his first live album at the Olympia: Une soirée avec Claude Nougaro.

His career continued normally, punctuated by success: Le jazz et la java, Tu verras, Île de Ré, Armstrong, Toulouse, Petit taureau. But in 1984, his recording company did not renew his contract. Nougaro left for New York, seeking inspiration, and while there wrote and recorded a self-financed disc, Nougayork, whose resounding success was a surprise. In 1988 Victoires de la musique rewarded him with "best album" and "best artist", and between 1993 and 1997 he released three new albums.

His health deteriorated after 1995, when he underwent a heart operation. In 2003, his condition left him unable to appear at the Festival du Verbe at Toulouse. From 1998 to 2004 he devoted himself more to concerts and festivals, apart from an album in aid of children suffering from AIDS. Having undergone further surgery in early 2004, he died of cancer in March, at the age of 74.

Discography

Studio albums
 1958 : Claude Nougaro (President album)
 1962 : Claude Nougaro
 1964 : Claude Nougaro n°2
 1966 : Bidonville
 1967 : Petit taureau
 1971 : Sœur âme
 1973 : Locomotive d'or
 1974 : Récréation
 1975 : Femmes et famines
 1976 : Plume d'ange
 1978 : Tu verras
 1980 : Assez !
 1981 : Chansons nettes
 1983 : Ami-chemin
 1985 : Bleu blanc blues
 1987 : Nougayork
 1989 : Pacifique
 1993 : Chansongs
 1997 : L'Enfant phare
 2000 : Embarquement immédiat

Live albums
 1969 : Une soirée avec Claude Nougaro (L'Olympia, 2LP)
 1977 : Nougaro 77 (L'Olympia, 2LP)
 1979 : Nougaro 79
 1982 : Au New Morning
 1989 : Zénith made in Nougaro
 1991 : Une voix dix doigts (2CD)
 1995 : The best de scène (2CD)
 1999 : Hombre et lumière (recorded in Toulouse, 2CD)
 2002 : Au Théâtre des Champs-Elysées (2CD)

Posthumous releases
 2004 : La Note bleue
 2008 : Claude Nougaro (album Président)

Writings
 L'ivre de mots (2002)
 Fables de ma fontaine (2003)

References

External links

1929 births
2004 deaths
Musicians from Toulouse
French people of Italian descent
People of Piedmontese descent
People of Tuscan descent
Deaths from cancer in France
Deaths from pancreatic cancer
20th-century French male singers
French male singer-songwriters
French singer-songwriters

Claude Nougaro


فيزيمياري  هي مدينة في جمهورية ماري إل في روسيا.

يبلغ عدد سكانها حوالي 2310   نسمة.

مراجع

مدن ماري إل

فيزيمياري (ماريج إل)


The Tambov Rebellion of 1920–1922 was one of the largest and best-organized peasant rebellions challenging the Bolshevik government during the Russian Civil War. The uprising took place in the territories of the modern Tambov Oblast and part of the Voronezh Oblast, less than  southeast of Moscow.

In Soviet historiography, the rebellion was referred to as the Antonovschina ("Antonov's mutiny"), so named after Alexander Antonov, a former official of the Socialist Revolutionary Party, who opposed the government of the Bolsheviks. It began in August 1920 with resistance to the forced confiscation of grain and developed into a guerrilla war against the Red Army, Cheka units and the Soviet Russian authorities. The bulk of the peasant army was destroyed by large Red Army reinforcements using chemical weapons in the summer of 1921, smaller groups continued until the following year. It is estimated that around 100,000 people were arrested and around 15,000 killed during the suppression of the uprising.

The movement was later portrayed by the Soviets as anarchical banditry, similar to other left-wing anti-Bolshevik movements that opposed them during this period.

Background

In 1904, Alexander Antonov was sentenced to twenty years in prison for blowing up a train, but received an amnesty from the Russian Provisional Government following the February Revolution and returned to his native Tambov, where he served in the local militia in Kirsanov. As the Provisional Government refused to discuss agrarian reform, he joined the Left Socialist-Revolutionaries.

The peasants of Tambov largely supported the October Revolution, since Vladimir Lenin's Decree on Land legalized the expropriation of property. Nevertheless, the Bolsheviks had problems in maintaining control of the governorate. Unlike in the cities, the Bolsheviks had hardly any supporters in the rural regions, where in the elections of 1917 the Socialist Revolutionary Party had won large majorities. In March 1918, the Bolshevik delegates in Tambov were even thrown out of the local soviets, following the ratification of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.

Following the outbreak of the Russian Civil War, the newly-established Russian Soviet Republic adopted the policy of war communism, in which food for the cities was obtained by compulsory requisition from the villages, without financial compensation. This was met with the resistance of the peasant population, especially as the requisitions were often violent in nature. Likewise, the amount of grain to be requisitioned were not measured according to production. Instead, commissions gave a rough estimate based on pre-war production, so that devastation, crop failures, and population decline were not included. Before the revolution, the peasants in Tambov produced around one million tonnes of grain. Of these, one-third was exported. On the basis of these figures, which did not include the dislocations of the civil war in the countryside, a high target for the procurement of grain was set. The peasants often responded by reducing their acreage, as they no longer had the economic incentive to produce surpluses, which made the confiscations ordered from above hit them even harder.

For the most part, the peasants had been indifferent to Bolshevik ideology, but they came to hate the Bolsheviks for their forced requisitions, which had put them at the limit of survival, and for the forced levies that had created numerous fugitives. In the summer of 1919, Antonov fled to the forest and formed a gang that murdered several Bolshevik activists. This is how the first anti-Bolshevik guerrilla movements arose, made up of Red Army deserters, Socialist-Revolutionaries and peasants who resisted the searches in the forests. Their first acts were assassinating unpopular state officials and raiding state farms. They killed more than 200 government grain collectors and over the next year their forces grew steadily, growing from an initial 150 to 6,000 by early summer 1920, but that would have to wait until after the defeat of Anton Denikin's White movement for there to be a real mass uprising. The other leaders of this force were Alexander Antonov's younger brother, , and the SR .

Outbreak
On 19 August 1920, a revolt broke out in the small town of Khitrovo, where a military requisitioning detachment of the Red Army had appropriated everything they could and "beat up elderly men of seventy in full view of the public". In anticipation of an attack by the Red Army to enforce the procurement of grain, the farmers of the village armed themselves. Since only a few rifles were available, this was partly done with pitchforks and clubs. Other villages soon joined in the uprising against the Soviet authorities, and succeeded in repelling the Red Army.

The peasants rebels, after their first success, attempted to capture Tambov, the capital of the governorate. There, however, they were scattered by Red machine guns barely ten kilometers from their target. It was here that Alexander Antonov, a radical Left Socialist-Revolutionary, led the movement into a guerilla war against the Reds. Before the uprising, Antonov and a few comrades had fought an underground insurrection against the Bolsheviks and had been sentenced to death. Since he was able to escape capture by the Soviet authorities, he was a kind of folk hero to the peasants. He demanded that the free trade and movement of goods should be allowed, that the grain requisitions should be ended and the Soviet administration and the Cheka dissolved. His troops carried out surprise raids on railway junctions, kolkhoz and the Soviet authorities. They were supported by the population and used the villages for cover and rest. Likewise, they often disguised themselves as Red Army soldiers to move about the countryside or to exaggerate the element of surprise.

The insurgent peasants organized themselves through the Union of Working Peasants (, STK), which functioned as the political organization of the insurgents and with which Antonov worked. Having their own political program gave them a strength and coherence that other peasant uprisings lacked. However, this movement was still based on the weariness of the population but without having a clear idea of how to replace the government. Instead, Antonov dreamed of marching on Moscow and ending Bolshevik rule.

Antonov organized the farmers on the model of the Red Army in 18–20 regiments with their own political commissars, reconnaissance departments and communication departments. Likewise, he introduced a strict discipline. The farmers used the Red flag as their standard and thus claimed the central symbol of the revolution. They had 14,000 or 18,000 men, mostly consisting of deserters from the Red Army. Of these, five to seven thousand had firearms. By the end of the month, the rebels numbered six groups, each totaling 4,000 men with a dozen machine guns and several artillery pieces. As the Bolshevik authorities were busy with the Polish-Soviet War and Pyotr Wrangel's offensive in northern Tavria, they only had 3,000 unreliable troops in Tambov province. These soldiers had been drafted from the local villages and often had little motivation to fight members of their own class.

The rebels were able to control large parts of the region and managed to capture railway trains transporting requisitioned grain. The grain intended to supply Red Army units was instead re-distributed by Antonov's men to local farmers. The rebellion also spread to parts of other provinces: Voronezh, Saratov and Penza. This territory was populated by more than three million people, 90% farmers and artisans. The region was densely populated, with rich, forested land that offered many jobs, especially as the land had been appropriated in 1917 and the owners expelled. But the demands of the Bolshevik government and the Russian Civil War prevented them from profiting, which only encouraged the insurrection.

In the areas controlled by the rebels, all Soviet institutions were abolished. Around 1,000 members of the Russian Communist Party were killed by the insurgents. By October 1920, the Bolsheviks had completely lost control of the rural territory of the governorate, dominating only the city Tambov itself and a number of smaller urban settlements. After numerous deserters from the Red Army joined it, the peasant army numbered over 50,000 fighters. The rebel militia proved highly effective and even infiltrated the Tambov Cheka.

Towards the end of October, the head of the  in the Tambov Governorate, , engaged in a series of battles with the rebels. According to his letters, he killed 3,000, wounded 300, and captured 1,000 along with copious amounts of weapons, ammunition, and supplies (such as a telephone and a field kitchen). His casualties were 90 dead and less than 200 wounded. However, he was blamed for the rebellion and removed. Some sources say the rebels numbered just 8,000 horsemen in November.

Climax of the rebellion
On 5 November, two to six thousand rebels, mostly on horseback, attacked the railway station at Sampur in two coordinated groups, capturing an artillery cannon, some machine guns, and numerous revolvers and rifles. However, they failed in their attempt to sabotage the railway lines and quickly withdrew. At the time, Bolshevik reports said that two thousand partisans were still in the woods of Novokhopyorsk, near the station. The main source of information that the peasants had about what happened on other fronts were the red prisoners. In that month, there were barely 5,000 Bolsheviks in the region.

At the height of his power, thanks to their strong popular support, between October 1920 and January 1921, the rebels mobilized 50,000 partisans. By February 1921, they were between 20,000 and 40,000-strong, with half of them acting as full-time combatants and the other half part-time. Around 6,000 were mounted, hindering the government troops, whose lack of mobility undermined their effectiveness.

But they never formed an "organized guerrilla army". Because of this, most of their actions were impulsive assaults orchestrated by each band against the Bolshevik detachments in charge of requisitioning grain or repressing the villagers. This lack of coordination was, in addition to their poor weapons and training, ultimately decisive in their defeat.

They were organized in two armies divided into a total of 21 regiments. Their use of guerrilla warfare was based on the old tactic of launching surprise attacks and fleeing immediately afterwards, thanks to their superior knowledge of the terrain and the mobility of their cavalry. Each village was in charge of equipping and maintaining a group of these combatants, which was easy since many were locals defending their own communities. That localism also played into their hands. On the contrary, being too closed in on themselves prevented them from seeking allies in other peasant movements or marching against the big cities, the control of which was what the Bolsheviks worried about because their source of support was the industrial proletariat.

By the end of the year the blues had achieved one of the main objectives, the reds had stopped sending units to their territories to requisition grain. The officials in the south of Tambov were incapable of such action, as their resources were destined only to garrison the villages under their control. But the north was at peace, not being a large food-producing region, it never lived through the requisitions that had sparked the revolt. The lack of heavy weapons prevented the rebels from taking over the cities, which became havens for communists and government officials. During that December, reinforcements from the Cheka began to arrive, numbering 3,500 combatants in the area. Two months later its leader, Felix Dzerzhinski, would arrive to direct its operations.

During this time garrison officers and local Bolshevik militants complained of their ever-increasing abandonment by Moscow, from where fewer and fewer supplies and reinforcements were sent to them. In fact the military circles of the Red command had decided to concentrate on a great campaign of pacification of Tambov: as soon as their troops flooded the province the movement would soon be finished. In addition, it was increasingly difficult to help them because their main communication links, the armored trains, were continuously attacked in the area. During the winter of 1920-1921, food reserves in many towns were exhausted, as in Kozlov and Morshank, towns located on the edge of the rebel zone and whose communist garrison saw most of its inhabitants leave or turn to the black market to survive.

On 23 January 1921, 250 mounted cadets of the 6th Volche-Karachan regiment managed to defend the town of Borisoglebsk from a large rebel contingent. For the Bolsheviks, it was key to keep Borisoglebsk and Kirsanov in their hands, since it was their bastions in the middle of the fields controlled by the rebels. During that month, the Bolshevik authorities demobilized 4,000 locals who served in their garrisons because they were not trusted. They immediately joined the partisans.

By this time, only half of the desired grain had been collected by the Bolshevik requisition squads. Antonov-Ovseyenko noticed from his own experience that every other farmer in Tambov was starving. To win over the population, Nikolai Bukharin was commissioned to draw up "non-coercive measures", in which he recommended that the required grain quotas be lowered. In response, on 2 February 1921, the Soviet leadership announced the end of the "prodrazvyorstka", and issued a special decree directed at peasants from the region implementing the "prodnalog" policy. The new policy was essentially a tax on grain and other foodstuffs. This was done before the 10th Congress of the Bolsheviks, when the measure was officially adopted. The announcement began circulating in the Tambov area on 9 February 1921.

On 20 March, a general amnesty was also announced for anyone who surrendered. During the two weeks that the amnesty was in place, about 3000 rebels capitulated, but very few with weapons in hand. By then, Bolshevik power had disappeared almost entirely from the region despite having 32,500 foot soldiers and 8,000 cavalry plus machine guns and cannons in the area.

By this time, the rebels were able to mobilize large field armies. On 11 April, Antonov gathered 5,000 partisans and launched a pincer attack on Rasskazovo (an hour prior he launched a diversionary attack on Nizhne-Spasskoe with a small force). The garrison consisted of a company of infantrymen, a unit of Bolshevik militants, a machine gun platoon, the Volga Infantry Brigade (which had arrived in January from Saratov), and the 2nd Cheka regiment, and it quickly collapsed. The rebels' goal was achieved: an artillery cannon with two or three hundred rounds, eleven machine guns, four hundred rifles, one hundred thousand ammunition, eighty telephones and 50 versts of cable. On 24 April, they gathered in the village of  five to ten thousand fighters under the command of "Vaska Karas" (identified as ) and Vasili F. Selianski. Not everyone participated in the battle. They intended to take the town of Kirsanov, garrisoned by a Moscow infantry brigade led by cavalry commander V. I. Dmitrenko. A day later they launched two equally unsuccessful assaults, abandoning 22 machine guns, small arms and ammunition of the victors. Pursued by the enemy cavalry, the rebels had 2,000 dead in the following days according to estimates by the communist government.

Suppression
By January 1921, peasant revolts had spread to Samara, Saratov, Tsaritsyn, Astrakhan and Siberia. But with the end of the Polish–Soviet War and the defeat of General Wrangel, the Red Army could divert its regular troops into the area. In May 1921, Mikhail Tukhachevsky was ordered by Lenin as military commander-in-chief to suppress the uprising in Tambov. Assigned to him were tanks, heavy artillery and 100,000 soldiers, mostly special units of the Cheka, with additional Red Army units. As many members as possible of the communist youth organization Komsomol were assigned to him because they were considered politically loyal. The Red Army used armoured trains and engaged in the summary execution of "civilians". The rebels responded with assassination attempts on Tukhachevsky and Ovseyenko, and the kidnapping and shooting of family members of members of the Party and Red Army.

On 6 May, Tukhachevsky announced his pacification campaign. That month a large army of between 50,000 and 100,000 Red soldiers reached the southern part of the oblast. The plan was to "flood the rebellion area with troops". They included regular forces, Chinese and Hungarian internationalists and detachments of the Cheka, the  and the , although the decisive contingents were the numerous cadets and horsemen who arrived. They were supported by 70 heavy artillery pieces, hundreds of machine guns, 3 armored units, a plane, armored trains and chemical weapons left over from World War I stockpiles.

On 31 May, seven armored vehicles commanded by General Ivan Fedko surprised 3,000 rebels in the village of Dve Sestritsy and dispersed them with heavy casualties. Two infantry brigades and one veteran cavalry brigade under General Grigori Kotovski were assigned to the Tambov sector. During the first two weeks of May, 15,000 Red Army officers concentrated in Tambov to prepare for the campaign. On the dawn of 1 June, Fedko with three vehicles armed with machine guns, Kotovski's horsemen and the brigade of Siberian cavalry of M. D. Kovalev launched a surprise attack against Antonov and the 3,000 partisans with whom he occupied . Although the rebels managed to repulse the armored vehicles with their rifles, they fled before Kovalyov's cavalry. On 6 June, the armored vehicles commanded by Fedko achieved another victory near Chernyshovo. Between 1 and 9 June, three Bolshevik forces led by Uborevich launched a coordinated attack with seven armored vehicles against the rebel stronghold, near the town of , and faced 2,000 rebels led by Antonov and Boguslavski in six battles, during which 800 partisans died. The region between Tambov and Kirsanov was pacified. These three forces intended to converge on Rzhaksa: Dmitrenko's cavalry brigade (2,000 men from the Sampur in the Tambov uyezd), Kotovski's cavalry brigade (1,000 soldiers from the Lomovis station in the Kirsanov uyezd) and the 14th cavalry brigade (1,000 cavalry up the Vorona River from Karai-Pushkino in Kirsanov's uyezd). Two weeks later rebel commander Aleksandr Boguslavski was killed in combat. The same fate befell Tokmakov, Karas and Selianski.

On 12 June 1921, Tukhachevsky received permission from Vladimir Antonov-Ovseenko to begin the use of chemical weapons against the remaining rebels. They ordered their troops to clear the forests with poison gas, stipulating that it "must be carefully calculated, so that the layer of gas penetrates the forests and kills everyone hiding there." Publications in local Communist newspapers openly glorified liquidations of "bandits" with the poison gas. Antonov's army was encircled and destroyed, leaving the rebellion practically defeated by the end of June. By the month of September, the rebels had been reduced to a thousand due to the massive arrival of red troops. By the end of that year, there were no more than 4,000 rebels left on the warpath. With almost all their leaders dead, the last parties took refuge in swamps and forests under constant persecution.

It took until the middle of 1922 for the province to be pacified completely. The Antonov brothers and several of their last followers were killed in combat against a Red detachment on 24 June 1922 in the village of , where they hid their few personal possessions. The Cheka wanted to arrest them and set fire to the house where they took refuge. When they tried to flee, they were shot down. By then, their movement was reduced to only a few groups.

Consequences
As a result of the military operations against the rebels, around 6,000 of their fighters surrendered and were either shot or deported. The deportees were transferred from the local camps to special camps in the northern regions of Russia after the suppression of the uprising. These camps were otherwise reserved for officers of the White movement and captured insurgents from Kronstadt. In these camps there was a particularly high mortality of prisoners compared to the rest of the camp system. The devastation of the fighting and punitive measures, together with the Bolshevik agricultural policy, led to a famine in the areas of the insurgents. In addition to Tambov, large parts of Russia were affected in the following two years.

Family members of the rebels were usually used as hostages, others were held at random and in some cases entire villages were interned. Between 50,000 and 100,000 villagers including some 1,000 children, were interned in dedicated concentration camps in July 1921. There they suffered severely from cholera and typhus epidemics. The death rate is estimated to be around 15–20% per month for the fall of 1921. Relatively few were released or executed, "barely" 15,000 were shot. However, mass executions of suspected villagers and prisoners were frequent in the villages.

Some villages were burned to the ground. The properties confiscated from the arrested and exiled families were given to supporters or collaborators of the regime. The activities of the Cheka, the incorporation of thousands of locals into the Communist Party (with the benefits that it implied) and the concessions of the New Economic Policy helped the Bolsheviks in the spring of 1921 to defuse the situation, especially the end of grain requisitions.

The uprising made the Soviet leadership aware of its failure to manage relations with the peasants and is seen as one of the factors that prompted Lenin to initiate the New Economic Policy. The Russian sociologist and contemporary witness Pitirim Sorokin even concluded that the insurgents had forced the NEP by their actions. The new policy relied more on a natural tax on actual production instead of on compulsory collection of agricultural products. In the military field it is mentioned that the Soviet Army Commander Mikhail Frunze was impressed by the guerillas' resistance to regular forces. He therefore began studying guerrilla tactics as a commander in the Red Army. This is regarded as a precondition of the Soviet partisans' strategy in their World War II campaign against the Nazi invasion.

Union of Working Peasants
The Union of Working Peasants () was a local political organization that emerged from the rebellion in 1920. The organization was led by the former Social-Revolutionary politician Aleksandr Antonov. The goal of the organization was the 'overthrow of the government of Communist-Bolsheviks'.

In December 1920, the Union of Working Peasants released a manifesto, stating their intention to overthrow the Bolshevik government and their aims in doing so:

In popular culture
Some scenes of the rebellion are depicted in 2011 movie Once Upon a Time There Lived a Simple Woman by Andrei Smirnov.
Apricot Jam and Other Stories (2010) by Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn. In a short story about Marshal Georgy Zhukov's futile attempts at writing his memoirs, the retired Marshal reminisces about being a young officer fighting against the Union of Working Peasants. He recalls Mikhail Tukhachevsky's arrival to take command of the campaign and his first address to his men. He announced that total war and scorched earth tactics are to be used against civilians who assist or even sympathize with the Union. Zhukov recalls how Tukhachevsky's tactics were adopted and succeeded in breaking the uprising. In the process, however, they virtually depopulated the surrounding countryside.

See also
Kronstadt rebellion
Left-wing uprisings against the Bolsheviks

References

Bibliography

Further reading

External links

Programme of Union of Toiling Peasants (another source)
Delano Dugarm, Peasant Wars in Tambov Province
Antonovshchina: historical documents of the rebellion, including documents from the rebel side (in Russian)
Tukhachvsky role in the Tambov revolt , including the text of commands given to the Red Army concerning the use of war gases, taking and executing hostages, deporting of peasant families to Concentration camps. (in Russian)

20th-century rebellions
Anti-Bolshevik uprisings
Military operations involving chemical weapons
Political repression in Russia
Peasant revolts
Rebellions in Russia
1920 in Russia
1921 in Russia
Conflicts in 1920
Conflicts in 1921
Tambov Oblast
Voronezh Oblast
20th-century revolutions
Mass murder in 1921
Soviet war crimes
Rebellions in the Soviet Union

Tambov Rebellion


මයුමි රහීම් (උපත 1991 සැප්තැම්බර් 15) 2006 දකුණු ආසියානු ක්‍රීඩා උළෙලේදී කාන්තා මීටර් 50, මීටර් 100 සහ මීටර් 200 ළය ආර ඉසව්වෙන් රන් පදක්කම් 3ක් දිනාගත් ශ්‍රී ලංකාවෙන් පැමිණි පිහිනුම් ක්‍රීඩිකාවකි . ඇය රිදී පදක්කම් 5ක් සහ ලෝකඩ පදක්කම් 5ක් ද දිනා ගනිමින් ඇයගේ මුළු පදක්කම් සංඛ්‍යාව 11ක් දක්වා ගෙන ආ අතර එය එක් ආසියානු ක්‍රීඩා උළෙලකදී ඕනෑම ක්‍රීඩිකාවක් සඳහා වූ වාර්තාවකි.

ඇය 2006 ඕස්ට්‍රේලියාවේ මෙල්බර්න් හි පැවති පොදුරාජ්‍ය මණ්ඩලීය ක්‍රීඩා උළෙලේ කාන්තා මීටර් 50 ළය ආර ඉසව්වේ අවසන් පූර්ව වටයට පිවිසි අතර 2005 ලෝක ශූරතා සහ 2006 ලෝක කෙටි ධාවන තරඟාවලියේදී ශ්‍රී ලංකාව නියෝජනය කළාය. ඇය 2008 බීජිං ඔලිම්පික් උළෙලට සහභාගී වූ අතර උණුසුම් තරඟයෙන් සිව්වන ස්ථානයට පත්විය.

ඇය ශ්‍රී ලංකා ජාතික වාර්තා රැසකට හිමිකම් කියයි.

ඇය වයස අවුරුදු 8 දී පිහිනීමට පටන් ගත් අතර එතැන් සිට පිහිනීමට පටන් ගත්තාය. ඇය 2006 ආසියානු ක්‍රීඩා උළෙලේදී ශ්‍රී ලංකා ජාතික පිහිනුම් කණ්ඩායමේ නායකත්වය දැරුවාය.

ඇය සිංගප්පූරුවේ ජීවත් වූ අතර එහිදී ඇය අග්නිදිග ආසියාවේ එක්සත් ලෝක විද්‍යාලයේ (UWCSEA) ජාත්‍යන්තර උපාධිය (IB) වැඩසටහන සම්පූර්ණ කළාය. ඇය මීට පෙර ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ සහ නවසීලන්තයේ වාසය කර ඇත. 2006 දී, ඇය සිංගප්පූරු ජාතික විවෘත ශූරතාවලියේදී එක්සත් ජනපදය පදනම් කරගත් සිංගප්පූරු මලල ක්‍රීඩිකාවකට පිටුපසින් දෙවන ස්ථානයට පත් වූ අතර සිංගප්පූරුවේ මීටර් 200 ළය ආර ඉසව්වෙන් වේගවත්ම කාන්තාව බවට පත්විය. ඇය 2004 සිට 2007 දක්වා සිංගප්පූරු පිහිනුම් සමාජයේ සාමාජිකාවක් වූ අතර, එහිදී ඇය ඕස්ට්‍රේලියානු පුහුණුකරු Jaan Murphy යටතේ පුහුණුව ලබා ඇති අතර, ඇයගේ සාර්ථකත්වයට බොහෝ ප්‍රසිද්ධියේ ආරෝපණය කර ඇත. පුහුණුකරු මර්ෆි නැවත ඕස්ට්‍රේලියාවට පැමිණි විට, ඇය හිටපු සිංගප්පූරු ජාතික පිහිනුම් ක්‍රීඩක ඩේවිඩ් ලිම් යටතේ පිහිනුම් ෆාස්ට් ඇක්වාටික් සඳහා පිහිනුවා, ඇමරිකානු පුහුණුකරු ජැක් සයිමන් යටතේ පුහුණුව සඳහා ග්‍රාස්රූට්ස් ක්ලබ් වෙත යාමට පෙර.

අධ්‍යයන බැඳීම් හේතුවෙන් 2010 දකුණු ආසියානු ක්‍රීඩා උළෙලට සහභාගී නොවන බව ඇය මෑතකදී නිවේදනය කළාය.

ඇය දැනට ඔස්ට්‍රේලියාවේ සිඩ්නි නුවර වෛද්‍ය විද්‍යාව හදාරයි.
ජීවමාන ජනයා
1991 උපත්

මයුමි රහීම්


Esteghlal Tehran Football Club, einnig einfaldlega þekkt sem Esteghlal er íranskt knattspyrnufélag frá Teheran, Íran. Félagið var stofnað 1945.Esteghlal er vinsælasta liðið í Íran.

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Esteghlal F.C.


La guerra de los Ocho Santos (1375-1378) fue un conflicto entre el papa Gregorio XI y una coalición de ciudades-estado italianas liderada por Florencia, que contribuyó al fin del papado de Aviñón.

Causas

Las causas de la guerra se encuentran en asuntos interrelacionados: la oposición florentina a la expansión de los Estados Pontificios en Italia central (que los papas de Aviñón habían establecido como condición para su retorno) y la antipatía hacia la parte guelfa en la República de Florencia. Específicamente, Florencia temía en el otoño de 1372 que Gregorio XI intentara volver a ocupar una franja de territorio cerca de Lunigiana, que Florencia había conquistado de Bernabé Visconti, y que Ubaldini podría cambiar su lealtad de Florencia al papa.

Gregorio XI también albergaba varias quejas contra Florencia por su negativa a ayudarlo directamente en su guerra contra los Visconti de Milán. Cuando la guerra de Gregorio XI contra Milán terminó en 1375, muchos florentinos temieron que el papa dirigiría su atención militar hacia la Toscana; por ello, Florencia sobornó al principal comandante militar de Gregorio XI, el condotiero John Hawkwood, con 130 000 florines, extraídos del clero local, obispos, abadías, monasterios y otras instituciones eclesiásticas, por un comité de ocho miembros nombrado por la Signoria de Florencia, los otto dei preti. Hawkwood también recibió un salario anual de 600 florines por los siguientes cinco años y una pensión anual vitalicia de 1200 florines.

Los mercenarios transalpinos utilizados por Gregorio XI contra Milán, ahora desempleados, fueron a menudo una fuente de fricción y conflicto en los pueblos papales.

Desarrollo del conflicto

Florencia formó una alianza con Milán en julio de 1375, inmediatamente antes del estallido de la guerra, y la ejecución de la guerra fue totalmente delegada a un comité de ocho miembros nombrados por la Signoria de Florencia: los otto della guerra.

Florencia incitó una revuelta en los Estados Pontificios en 1375. Los agentes florentinos fueron enviados a más de cuarenta ciudades en los Estados Pontificios —incluyendo Boloña, Perugia, Orvieto y Viterbo— para promover la rebelión. Muchos de ellos solo habían sido sometidos a la autoridad papal gracias a los esfuerzos del cardenal Gil Álvarez de Albornoz. El canciller de Florencia, el humanista Coluccio Salutati, difundió cartas públicas en las que urgía a las ciudades a rebelarse contra el gobierno papal «tiránico» y «corrupto», para retornar al republicanismo all'antica.

El papa Gregorio XI excomulgó a todos los miembros del gobierno de Florencia y colocó a la ciudad bajo entredicho el 31 de marzo de 1376, con lo cual prohibió los servicios religiosos en Florencia, legalizó el arresto y la esclavización de florentinos y la confiscación de sus propiedades a lo largo de Europa. Inicialmente, antes que intentar desobedecer el entredicho, los florentinos organizaron procesiones extra-eclesiásticas (incluyendo flagelantes) y cofradías, incluyendo el resurgimiento de grupos tales como los Fraticelli, que habían sido previamente considerados heréticos. El edificio de la inquisición florentina fue destruido y la Signoria abandonó restricciones legales a la usura y otras prácticas atacadas por las (ya desaparecidas) cortes eclesiásticas;

En octubre de 1377, el gobierno de Florencia forzó al clero a reanudar los servicios religiosos, lo que ocasionó que el obispo de Florencia Angelo Ricasoli y el obispo de Fiesole Neri Corsini huyeran del territorio florentino. Las fuertes multas y confiscaciones emitidas por la Signoria a los prelados que abandonaban sus cargos, la «liquidación más extensa de un patrimonio eclesiástico intentada en Europa antes de la Reforma Protestante» podría haber sido motivada para pagar por un conflicto cada vez más caro. El costo total de la guerra para Florencia llegaría aproximadamente a 2,5 millones de florines.

Como resultado de las sanciones económicas de Gregorio XI, comerciantes de la diáspora florentina fueron perjudicados económicamente a lo largo de Europa, en particular, los banqueros Alberti en Aviñón, aunque el entredicho fue ignorado por muchos, incluyendo Carlos V de Francia.

Hawkwood honró su acuerdo con los florentinos de no entrar en guerra en Toscana. Así, se limitó a debelar varias rebeliones al interior de los Estados Pontificios; en 1377, Hawkwood abandonó por completo a Gregorio XI y se unió a la coalición anti-pontificia. Otros condottieri de Gregorio XI también limitaron sus actividades a Romaña, en particular, saquearon Cesena en febrero de 1377. En la primavera de 1377, mercenarios papales recapturaron Boloña, que hasta entonces había sido un aliado florentino clave.

En 1377, el cardenal Roberto de Ginebra (futuro papa de Aviñón Clemente VII) comandó el ejército de Gregorio XI en un intento por aplastar la revuelta y el propio Gregorio XI regresó a Italia para asegurar sus posesiones romanas, con lo cual puso fin de facto al papado de Aviñón. Gregorio XI llegó a Roma en enero de 1378 tras una travesía difícil que incluyó un naufragio y falleció allí en marzo de ese mismo año.

Resolución
La guerra terminó con un tratado de paz firmado en Tívoli en julio de 1378, negociado por el papa Urbano VI tras la muerte de Gregorio XI y con el inicio del Cisma de Occidente. De acuerdo al tratado, Florencia debía pagar al papa 200 000 florines (en contraste con el requerimiento original del papa Gregorio XI de una compensación de un millón de florines), la revocación de todas las leyes creadas contra la Iglesia por parte del gobierno secular y la restauración de todas las propiedades confiscadas o saqueadas del clero. A cambio, el papa debía revocar el entredicho impuesto a Florencia y enmendar la condición disminuida de la comunidad eclesiástica de Florencia.

Los Ocho Santos

Los Ocho Santos  puede referirse a los ocho miembros de la balía nombrada por la Signoria de Florencia durante la guerra. Cuando Florencia arregló un pacto de no agresión con Hawkwood a un costo de 130 000 florines, una comisión especial de ocho ciudadanos fue creada para recaudar un impuesto sobre el clero de Florencia y Fiesole para cubrir esa suma. Posteriormente, se creó un segundo consejo de ocho hombres para que realizara los arreglos militares y diplomáticos necesarios para llevar a cabo una guerra contra el papa.

La identidad del grupo de los Ocho Santos siguió siendo un tema controvertido. La denominación más ampliamente aceptada por académicos para los miembros del comité es los «otto di santi», aunque algunos argumentas que otto di santi se refiere al consejo de guerra y no al consejo recaudador. La primera referencia histórica a los Ocho de la guerra  como los otto santi ocurrió en 1445 con la crónica del historiador florentino Domenico Buoninsegni; no aparece en los relatos de contemporáneos de la guerra, tales como Leonardo Bruni o Giovanni Morelli. Buoninsegni aplicó la apelación usada en agosto de 1378 para referirse al grupo de ocho miembros (Gli Otto Santi del Popolo di Dio) formado por la revuelta Ciompi, inmediatamente después de la Guerra de los Ocho Santos a los otto della guerra. En contraste, el apelativo es empleado en la bula papal del 31 de marzo de 1376 para referirse a los otto dei preti (el comité recaudador, literalmente los «ocho sacerdotes»).

Los otto dei preti, nombrados el 7 de julio de 1375, para recaudar los impuestos del clero para cubrir el costo del pacto de no agresión incluían a:

Matteo Malefici
Antonio di Forese Sacchetti
Bardo di Guglielmo Altoviti
Salvi Filippo Salvi

Giovanni d'Angiolo Capponi
Antonio di Filippo Tolosini
Recco di Guido Guaza
Michele di Puccio

Los otto della guerra (consejo de la guerra) fueron nombrados el 14 de agosto de 1376 y consistieron de cuatro representantes de los gremios y cuatro miembros de la nobleza.

Representantes de los gremios mayores
Giovanni Dini - Especias
Guccio Gucci - Manufacturas de telas de lana
Representantes de los gremios menores
Matteo Soldi - Vino al por menor
Giovanni di Mone - Manufactura de granos

Miembros de la elite florentina
Alessandro de' Bardi
Giovanni Magalotti
Andrea Salvati
Tommaso Strozzi

Véase también
Catalina de Siena

Referencias

Bibliografía
Chambers, D.S. 2006. Popes, Cardinals & War: The Military Church in Renaissance and Early Modern Europe. I.B. Taurus, pp. 32-33, ISBN 1-84511-178-8

Ocho Santos
Ocho Santos

Papado de Aviñón

República de Florencia
Historia de Florencia

Historia de Milán

Italia en el siglo XIV
Estados Pontificios en el siglo XIV
Conflictos en 1375
Conflictos en 1376
Conflictos en 1377
Conflictos en 1378

Guerra de los Ocho Santos


2006-07 Azərbaycan Premyer Liqası, Azerbaycan'daki en üst seviye futbol ligi olan Premyer Liga'nın on beşinci sezonudur. Sezon on dört takımla başladı, fakat Kepez'nin düşürülmesi nedeniyle 13 takımla bitti. 5 Ağustos 2006'da başlayıp 23 Mayıs 2007'de biten ligin son şampiyonu Bakı idi. Sezonun sonunda ligin adı Premyer Liga olarak belirlendi.

Takımlar
MOİK ve Göyazan FK bir önceki sezonu 13. ve 14. bitirdikleri için küme düştü. Yerlerine I Divizion'dan Kebele ve Simurg PİK yükseldi.

Stadlar ve konumları

1Karabakh Karabağ, 3 Mayıs 2009'da şu an kullandıkları stada geçmeden önce ev sahibi olarak oynadığı maçları Bakü'deki Tevfik İsmailov Stadyumu'nda oynadı.

Puan durumu

Sonuçlar

Sezon istatistikleri

Gol krallığı

Hat-trickler

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
 Azerbaijan 2006-07  RSSSF

Azerbaycan Premyer Ligası sezonları
Premyer Ligası
Premyer Ligası
Azerbaycan Premyer Ligası

2006-07 Azərbaycan Yüksək Dəstə


Fatima AlZahra'a Alatraktchi (født 2. april 1989 i Kuwait) er en dansk civilingeniør med libanesisk-irakisk baggrund, direktør for medicovirksomheden PreDiagnose, forsker og skønlitterær forfatter.

Alataktchi blev født i 1989 i Kuwait kort før Golfkrigen brød ud. Krigen fik hendes forældre, som oprindelig kom fra Irak og Libanon, til at flygte til Danmark i 1990, hvor de har boet lige siden, og hvor Alatraktchis tre søskende er blevet født. Hun er opvokset på ydre Frederiksberg og skrev sin første børnebog, Da Fabian blev gul, som 13-årig. Efter at have taget sin studentereksamen læste hun fysik og nanoteknologi på Danmarks Tekniske Universitet.

I januar 2018 forsvarede hun sin ph.d.-afhandling "Micro- and nano-sensors for early diagnosis of bacterial infections", omhandlende om tidlig opdagelse af bakterielle infektioner ved nanoteknologi, som både præsenterede en revolutionerende metode til detektering af bakterier, og som efter anvendelse i klinikken viste banebrydende opdagelser. Afhandlingen vandt prisen for årets afhandling fra DTU Bioengineering 26. oktober 2018. I 2019 optrådte hun som en af fem unge forskere i dagbladet "Information"s ph.d.-cup, hvor formålet var at formidle sin forskning på bedste vis.

I november 2017 modtog Fatima AlZahra'a Alatraktchi en af Lundbeckfondens fem forskningstalentpriser på 100.000 kr, og i 2019 kom hun på erhvervsmagasinet Forbes' liste "30 under 30 – Europa", der hylder de 300 aktuelt mest indflydelsesrige personer under 30 år indenfor blandt andet finans og videnskab.
I 2017 etablerede hun virksomheden PreDiagnose, som hun i dag er direktør for. Firmaet har som mission at bibringe læger værktøjer til at stille diagnoser så tidligt som muligt.

Allerede som bachelor-studerende fik hun sin egen ide til et forskningsprojekt, som resulterede i to videnskabelige publikationer. Hendes speciale-projekt alene resulterede i tre videnskabelige artikler.

Fatima har optrådt ved et TEDx-event i Aarhus i 2018.

I sin fritid er Alatraktchi skønlitterær forfatter. Hun har i alt fået udgivet fire bøger.
Statens Kunstfond gav hende i 2015 et arbejdslegat, og hun har vundet flere priser for sit talent som ung forfatter under 30 år.

Bibliografi

Skønlitteratur

Referencer

Fysikere fra Danmark
Danske muslimer
Novelleforfattere fra Danmark
Børnebogsforfattere fra Danmark
Kvindelige forfattere i det 21. århundrede

Fatima Al-Zahraa Al Atraktchi


Al-ʻUzzā (   or Old Arabic, ) was one of the three chief goddesses of Arabian religion in pre-Islamic times and she was worshipped by the pre-Islamic Arabs along with al-Lāt and Manāt. A stone cube at Nakhla (near Mecca) was held sacred as part of her cult. She is mentioned in Qur'an 53:19 as being one of the goddesses who people worshipped.

Al-ʻUzzā, like Hubal, was called upon for protection by the pre-Islamic Quraysh. "In 624 at the 'battle called Uhud', the war cry of the Qurayshites was, "O people of Uzzā, people of Hubal!". Al-'Uzzá also later appears in Ibn Ishaq's account of the alleged Satanic Verses.

The temple dedicated to al-ʻUzzā and the statue was destroyed by Khalid ibn al Walid in Nakhla in 630 AD.

Cult of al-'Uzzá
According to the Book of Idols (Kitāb al-Aṣnām) by Hishām ibn al-Kalbī

The Quraysh used to circumambulate the Ka'bah and say,
By al-Lāt and al-ʻUzzā,
And al-Manāt, the third idol besides.
Verily they are al-gharānīq
Whose intercession is to be sought.
This last phrase is said to be the source of the so-called Satanic Verses; the Arabic term is translated as "most exalted females" by Faris in the Book of Idols, but he annotates this much-argued term in a footnote as "lit. Numidian cranes."

Each of the three goddesses had a separate shrine near Mecca. The most prominent Arabian shrine of al-ʻUzzā was at a place called Nakhlah near Qudayd, east of Mecca toward aṭ-Ṭā'if; three trees were sacred to her there (according to a narration through al-'Anazi Abū-'Alī in the Kitāb al-Aṣnām.) 'Abdu l-'Uzzá ["Slave of the Mightiest One"] was a favourite proper name before the advent of Islam. The name al-'Uzzá appears as an emblem of beauty in late pagan Arabic poetry quoted by Ibn al-Kalbī, and oaths were sworn by her.

Susan Krone suggests that the identities of al-'Uzzá and al-Lāt were fused in central Arabia uniquely.

On the authority of 'Abdu l-Lāh ibn 'Abbās, at-Tabari derived al-ʻUzzā from al-'Azīz "the Mighty", one of the 99 "beautiful names of Allah" in his commentary on Qur'an 7:180.

Destruction of temple

Shortly after the Conquest of Mecca, Muhammad began efforts to eliminate the last cult images reminiscent of pre-Islamic practices.

He sent Khalid ibn Al-Walid during Ramadan 630 AD (8 AH) to a place called Nakhlah, where the goddess al-ʻUzzā was worshipped by the tribes of Quraish and Kinanah. The shrine's custodians were from Bani Shaiba. Al-ʻUzzā was considered the most important goddess in the region.

Arab Muslim historian Ibn al-Kalbī ( CE) tells how Muhammad ordered Khālid ibn al-Walīd to kill the pre-Islamic Arabian goddess al-ʿUzzā, who was supposed to inhabit one of three trees:
 Khalid destroyed the first one, returned to Muhammad to report. Muhammad replied, asking whether something eventful happened, which Khalid denied. The same thing happened after cutting down the second tree. When Khalid was about to destroy the last tree, a woman with wild hair appeared, who is called "al Uzza" by al-Sulami the custodian of al-Uzza, and ordered [  ] to kill Khalid. Khalid struck the woman down with his sword, and chopped her head off at which she fell down in a pile of ashes. Khalid went on to kill Sulami and cut the last tree. When he returned to Muhammad, Muhammad is supposed to have said that the woman was al-Uzza, and she shall never be worshiped again.

Influence in other religions

Uzza the garden
According to Easton's Bible Dictionary, Uzza was a garden in which Manasseh and Amon were buried (2 Kings 21:18, 26). It was probably near the king's palace in Jerusalem, or may have formed part of the palace grounds. Manasseh may have acquired it from someone of this name. Another view is that these kings were culpable of idolatry and drew the attention of Ezekiel.

See also
 List of pre-Islamic Arabian deities

References

Bibliography

External links

"Those Are The High Flying Claims": A Muslim site on Satanic Verses story
Nabataean pantheon including al-ʻUzzā
Quotes concerning al-'Uzzá from Hammond and Hitti

Arabian goddesses
Oracular goddesses
War goddesses

Al-Uzza


Le bernois (endonyme :  ; en allemand : ) est un dialecte haut-alémanique parlé principalement sur le plateau bernois.

Il est réputé être le dialecte suisse allemand le plus apprécié et à la production artistique la plus riche.

Bibliographie

Références

Article connexe
 Mani Matter

Liens externes

Dialecte de l'allemand
Culture à Berne

Bernois


S67 ou S-67 peut faire référence à:
 Écrasement du poignet et de la main, d'après la classification internationale des maladies ;
 Sikorsky S-67 Blackhawk, un prototype d'hélicoptère d'attaque américain.

Voir aussi
 Sigles d'une lettre suivie de deux chiffres

S67


Râul Tetiș este un curs de apă, al treilea afluent de dreapta (din treisprezece) al râului Almaș,
care este, la rândul său, al patrusprezecelea afluent de stânga din treizeci ai râului Someș.

Generalități
Râul Tetiș izvorește din Munții Meseș, se găsește integral în Județul Sălaj, nu are afluenți semnificativi și trece doar printr-o localitate, Fildu de Jos, vărsându-se în dreptul localității Almașu.

Bibliografie
 Administrația Națională Apelor Române - Cadastrul Apelor - București
 Institutul de Meteorologie și Hidrologie - Rîurile României - București 1971

Hărți
 Harta interactivă - județul Sălaj
 Trasee turistice județul Sălaj

Alte referințe
 Harta interactivă - județul Sălaj

Bazinul Someș
Geografia județului Sălaj
Gospodărirea apelor
Râuri din județul Sălaj
Râuri din România

Râul Tetiș


Pantun je malajska usmena pjesnička forma koristi za izražavanje zamršenih ideja i osjećaja. Općenito se sastoji od parnih brojeva i temelji se na rimi tipa ABAB. Najkraći  sastoji se od dva retka poznatija kao  na malajskom, dok je najduži ,  imaju 16 redaka.  je disjunktivni oblik poezije koji se uvijek sastoji od dva dijela, a prvi dio je  ili  koji nema neposredne logičke ili narativne veze s drugim djelom zvanim  ili . Međutim, uvijek ih povezuju rime i druge verbalne asocijacije, poput igre riječi i ponavljajućih zvukova. odnos može biti opisan i metaforom. Najpopularniji oblici pantuna je s četiri i dvovrh (dva retka), koji se najviše koriste u literaturi i modernoj popularnoj kulturi.

Najraniji književni zapisi o pantunu datiraju iz 15. stoljeća u najvažnijem malajskom književnom tekstu, Malajskom ljetopisu. Pantun se smatra visokom umjetnošću i sastavni je dio klasične malajske književnosti. Koristio se u malajskim pjesmama, ritualima, izvedbenim umjetnostima i u svim oblicima pripovijedanja.

Izvori

Literatura

Vanjske poveznice

 Pantun.com

Nematerijalna svjetska baština
Svjetska baština u Indoneziji
Malezijska kultura

Pantun


Campionatul Mondial de Handbal Feminin pentru Tineret din 2018 a fost a XXI-a ediție a turneului organizat Federația Internațională de Handbal și s-a desfășurat în Ungaria, între 1 și 14 iulie 2018. Competiția a fost câștigată de echipa gazdă, Ungaria, care a învins în finală Norvegia, cu scorul de 28–22. A fost primul trofeu de acest fel obținut de echipa de tineret a Ungariei în istoria sa.

Selecția gazdelor
Pe 7 noiembrie 2015, Congresul IHF întrunit la Soci, în Rusia, a decis în unanimitate ca Ungaria să primească dreptul de a organiza ediția din 2018 a Campionatului Mondial U20.

Sălile
Pe 17 februarie, Federația Internațională de Handbal a anunțat că turneul va fi organizat într-un singur oraș, Debrețin. Cele două săli în care se desfășoară competiția sunt Sala Főnix, cu 6.500 de locuri, și Sala Hódos, cu 1.500 de locuri.

Turnee de calificare

Echipe calificate

1 Bold indică echipa campioană din acel an.
2 Italic indică echipa gazdă din acel an.

Tragerea la sorți
Tragerea la sorți pentru distribuția echipelor în grupe a avut loc pe 26 aprilie 2018, de la ora locală 13:00, în Basel, Elveția, și a fost transmisă în direct pe pagina oficială și pe canalul pagina Facebook a Federației Internaționale de Handbal. Extragerea a fost efectuată de Per Bertelsen, președintele Comisiei de Competiții a IHF, și de trei oficiali din partea Federației Ungare de Handbal.

Distribuția în urnele valorice
24 de echipe calificate la turneul final al Campionatului Mondial au fost distribuite în 6 urne valorice în funcție de coeficienții IHF. Rusia, campioană mondială în 2016, Franța și Danemarca, ocupantele locurilor 1 și 3 la Campionatul European U19 din 2017, precum și Ungaria, echipa țării gazde, care a avut dreptul de a-și alege urna valorică, au fost distribuite în prima urnă.

Grupele preliminare
În urma tragerii la sorți au rezultat următoarele grupe:

Grupa A

Grupa B

Grupa C

Grupa D

Cupa președintelui

Locurile 21–22

Meciul pentru locurile 21–23

Meciul pentru locurile 21–22

Locurile 17–20

Semifinalele pentru locurile 17–20

Meciul pentru locurile 19–20

Meciul pentru locurile 17–18

Meciurile de clasament pentru locurile 9–16
Cele opt învinse din optimile de finală au fost distribuite conform rezultatelor din grupele preliminare împotriva echipelor clasate pe locurile 1–4.

Clasament

Meciul pentru locurile 15–16

Meciul pentru locurile 13–14

Meciul pentru locurile 11–12

Meciul pentru locurile 9–10

Fazele eliminatorii

Locurile 5–8

Optimile de finală

Sferturile de finală

Semifinalele pentru locurile 5–8

Semifinalele

Locurile 7–8

Locurile 5–6

Finala mică

Finala

Clasament și statistici

Clasamentul final

Premii
 MVP :  Song Hye-soo
 Cea mai bună marcatoare :  Helena Paulo (73 de goluri)

Echipa ideală
 Portar:  Polina Kaplina
 Extremă dreapta:  Dorottya Faluvégi
 Inter dreapta:  Line Ellertsen
 Centru:  Henny Reistad
 Inter stânga:  Noémi Háfra
 Extremă stânga:  Emma Friis
 Pivot:  Noémi Pásztor
Sursa: IHF.com

Clasamentul marcatoarelor
Actualizat pe data de 14 iulie 2018

Sursa: IHF.com

Note

Legături externe
Pagina oficială a competiției
Competiția pe pagina oficială a IHF

2018 în Ungaria
2018 în handbal
Campionatul Mondial de Handbal Feminin pentru Tineret
Handbal în Ungaria


Zhuravliovka  es un jútor del raión de Kalíninskaya del krai de Krasnodar de Rusia. Está situado en la orilla izquierda del río Ponura, un afluente del delta del río Kirpili, frente a Kalíninskaya y 55 km al noroeste de Krasnodar, la capital del krai. Tenía 543 habitantes en 2010.

Pertenece al municipio Dzhumailovskoye.

Enlaces externos y referencias

 Este artículo contiene datos geográficos extraídos de Google Earth y el mapa de Rusia de Yandex.ru, accesible desde este enlace.
 Este artículo es una traducción de su correspondiente en la edición en ruso de Wikipedia, Журавлёвка (Краснодарский край).
Mapa topográfico soviético a escala 1:100000 en maps.vlasenko.net

Localidades del raión de Kalíninskaya del krai de Krasnodar

Zhuravliovka (Krasnodar)


Campanula celsii er tegund af klukkuætt (Campanulaceae), ættuð frá Grikklandi.

Tilvísanir

Bláklukkur

Campanula celsii


James Vincent Schall, američki isusovac, svećenik, pisac, naučitelj i filozof, profesor političke filozofije i lektor na Sveučilištu Georgetown, predavač na Papinskom sveučilištu Gregoriana i Sveučilištu San Francisca. Kao poznavatelj filozofske misli Gilberta Keitha Chestertona priredio je njegova sabrana djela, dok su i sam Chesterton, kao i teologija pape Benedikta XVI. te Clive Staples Lewis bili temom njegovih eseja. Pisao je i odonosu Crkve i političke filozofije kroz vjekove, od antičke i srednjovjekovne do suvremene političkofilozofske misli, kritizirajući dekadenciju zapadnoeuropske civilizacije prepuštene nihilizmu i »diktaturi relativizma«.

Rođen u gradiću Pocahontas u Iowi. Nakon odsluženja vojnog roka, ulazi u isusovački red i magistrira bogoslovlje na Sveučilištu Santa Clare te doktorira političke znanosti na Sveučilištu Georgetown, gdje kasnije i predaje, kao i na Gregoriani, gdje proučava antičke (Platon, Aristotel, Ciceron), srednjovjekovne (sv. Augustin, Toma Akvinski) i suvremene filozofe i teologe (Chesterton i papa Benedikt XVI.).

Pisao za The Catholic Thing i Crisis Magazine.

Izvori

Isusovci
Katolički svećenici
Američki filozofi

James Vincent Schall


A nu se confunda cu Republica Autonomă Sovietică Socialistă Moldovenească existentă în cadrul Ucrainei Sovietice între 1924–1940.

Republica Sovietică Socialistă Basarabeană sau RSS Basarabeană, uneori și Republica Sovietică Socialistă Basarabia (în ru. Бессарабская Советская Социалистическая Республика, Бессарабская ССР) a fost un guvern comunist format de către bolșevicii ruși, ca parte a planurilor lor de a stabili controlul asupra Basarabiei, care era unită cu România după evenimentele din timpul Revoluției Ruse din 1917.

Istoric

De facto, un stat cu acest nume nu a existat, "RSS Basarabia" fiind proclamată la data de 5 mai 1919 la Odesa, ca un "Guvern în exil provizoriu al muncitorilor și al țăranilor". Datorită intervenției forțelor militare poloneze și franceze în Războiul polono-sovietic la 2 august 1919, guvernul s-a mutat la Tiraspol, care a devenit astfel noua capitală. S-a stabilit ca parte autonomă a RSFS Rusă. Nici Odesa și nici Tiraspolul nu au făcut parte vreodată din Basarabia istorică. Auto-proclamatul guvern "RSS Basarabia" niciodată nu a reușit să controleze vreo parte a Basarabiei, care, încă la 9 aprilie 1918 s-a unit cu România.

Tot în acea perioadă, RSFSR și URSS au trimis o notă guvernului român, sub formă de ultimatum, cerând retragerea trupelor românești din Basarabia. Românii nu au răspuns, astfel încât pe 5 mai 1919 pe teritoriul Ucrainei a fost stabilit un guvern provizoriu al RSS Basarabia. Unirea Basarabiei cu România nu a fost recunoscută de către sovietici și proclamarea RSS Basarabia a fost o măsură politică care viza pregătirea unei invazii viitoare a Basarabiei de către armata sovietică.

Simultan, partea avansată a Armatei roșii a mărșăluit pe malul vestic al râului Nistru și a cucerit o serie de așezări (v. Bătălia de la Tighina (1918)). Dar armata română, spre deosebire de estimările preliminare ale comandamentului sovietic, a fost bine pregătită, respingând cu succes atacul Armatei roșii și forțând-o să se retragă dincolo de Nistru. De la începutul intervenției militare a Poloniei și a Franței, la data de 2 august 1919, capitala a fost mutată la Tiraspol.

Acest guvern a avut discuții cu autoritățile militare franceze asupra rezolvării militare și politice, dar a fost desființat în septembrie 1919 după ce armata lui Denikin a preluat controlul regiunii Odesa.

Puterile occidentale europene au recunoscut unirea Basarabiei și România prin Tratatul de la Paris din 1920. Cu toate acestea, Statele Unite au refuzat să semneze Tratatul, pe motiv că Rusia nu a fost reprezentată la Conferința de la Paris. Acest lucru a ajutat Uniunea Sovietică în dorința sa de a continua să încerce să recucerească abuziv Basarabia, lucru pe care a reușit să-l facă douăzeci de ani mai târziu.

Referințe

State efemere
State nerecunoscute
Fondări în 1919
Desființări în 1919
Istoria Basarabiei
Istoria regiunii Odesa


Kup Hrvatske u bowlingu za klubove (Ekipni kup Republike Hrvatske) je klupsko natjecanje u bowlingu za klubove.

O natjecanju
Ekipni (timski) kup Hrvatske u bowlingu je pokrenut 2011. godine. U natjecanju sudjeluju bowling klubovi iz Hrvatske. Uz muškarce, nastup je dopušten i ženama. U "igrama" u kvalifikacijama, te u susretima klubova. za klub igra po četiri igrača. Kup se održava pretežno unutar jednog dana. Kako u Hrvatskoj ima malo bowling kuglana, a jedno ih vrijeme nije ni bilo, kup se znao igrati u objektima u susjednim državama, poput Slovenije.

Pobjednici i drugoplasirani

Unutarnje poveznice
 Hrvatska bowling liga
 Prvenstvo Hrvatske u bowlingu za petorke
 Hrvatski kuglački savez

Vanjske poveznice
 kuglanje.hr
 bowling-hrvatska.weebly.com
 zg-kuglanje.hr, Vijesti iz bowlinga
 bowling-hr.com, wayback arhiva

Izvori

 bowling-hrvatska.weebly.com, Kupovi, pristupljeno 6. rujna 2020.
 kuglanje.hr, Bowling natjecanja, pristupljeno 6. rujna 2020.
 purgerbowl.netfirms.com, POVIJEST BOWLINGA, wayback arhiva

bowling
Nacionalni kuglački kupovi

Kup Hrvatske u bowlingu za klubove


Yeni Ülke, Kürt yanlısı bir Türk gazetesiydi. Ekim 1990'da haftalık bir gazete olarak kuruldu ve 1993 yılında günlük Özgür Gündem ile birleşti. Gazetenin kuruluş motivasyonu esas olarak PKK'dan geldi ve PKK üyeleri gazete için çeşitli köşe yazıları ve makaleler yazdı. Gazete kısa sürede popüler oldu ve 50.000'e ulaştığı söylenen geniş bir okuyucu kitlesine sahip oldu.

1992/3'te dergiye katkıda bulunanların bir kısmı (Eylül 1992'de suikasta uğrayan Musa Anter de dahil) suikasta uğradı.

24 Şubat 1992'de Yeni Ülke muhabiri Cengiz Altun bir suikast sonucu öldürüldü. Altun daha önce ölüm tehditleri almış ve 2-8 Şubat tarihli sayıda Kontrgerilla üzerine bir yazı yazmıştı. Yeni Ülke'den Mecit Akgün 2 Haziran'da, olay yerine bırakılan bir nota göre PKK tarafından bir elektrik direğine asılmış olarak bulundu. Özgür Gündem ve Yeni Ülke'de yazan gazeteci Yahya Orhan 31 Temmuz 1992'de bir suikast sonucu öldürüldü. Özgür Gündem'in eski muhabirlerinden olan ve daha sonra Yeni Ülke'de yazan Kemal Kılıç 18 Şubat 1993'te öldürüldü. Bu suikastlardan bazıları daha sonra Susurluk Skandalı'yla ilgili 1998 Başbakanlık raporunda, daha sonra basına sızan sansürlü bir bölümde yer aldı.

1999 yılında Avrupa İnsan Hakları Mahkemesi, Yeni Ülke'de Temmuz 1991'de yayınlanan bir makaleyle ilgili olarak 312. madde uyarınca verilen mahkumiyet kararını bozdu.

Ayrıca bakınız
 Türkiye'de öldürülen gazeteciler listesi

Kaynakça

İstanbul gazeteleri
Yayımı sona eren Türkiye gazeteleri
1990'da Türkiye'de kurulan oluşumlar
1990'da kurulan yayınlar
Türkçe gazeteler
1993'te sona eren yayınlar

Yeni Ülke


ආයතනයේ විශේෂිත ක්‍රියාකාරී කොටස් තුලින් හෝ හඳුනාගත් ව්‍යාපාර වෘතින් සම්බන්ධයෙන් පැනනගින බොහෝ ප්‍රායෝගික ආචාර ධර්ම ගැටළු සහ සංසිද්ධීන් වෘතිමය ආචාර ධර්ම වලට අයත් වේ.

ගිණුම්කරණ තොරතුරැවල ආචාරධර්ම
නිර්මාණාත්මක ගිණුම්කරණ‍ය
	ඉපැයීම් කළමණාකරණය, මුල්‍ය විශ්ලේෂණයන් රැවටීම
රහස් වෙළදාම් , සුරැකුම්පත් වංචා, ඔට්ටු පොළ, විදේශ වෙළද පලට විකිණිමෙන් වැඩි ලාභයක් උපයා ගත හැකි බව වංචා සහගත ලෙස ඒත්තු ගැන්වීම : මුල්‍ය වෙළද‍පලේ ක්‍රියාකාරි අපරාධ

විධායක නිලධාරීන් ට වන්දි ගෙවීම, ඒකාබද්ධ විධායක නිලධාරීන්ට ගෙවනලද වැඩිපුර ගෙවීම්

අල්ලස්, අයුතු ලාභයක් සලසා දීම නිසා ලබන දිමනා, ගෙවීම් පහසුකිරිම්, මෙම ක්‍රියාකාරකම් කෙටිකාලීනව ආයතනයේ හා කොටස් කාරවුන්ගේ සැලකිල්ලගන්නා අතර, මේවා තරගකාරීත්වයට ප්‍රතිවිරැද්ධව ක්‍රියාකාරන අතර, සමාජීය වටිනාකම් වලට එරෙහිව යයි.

සිදධි : Acounting  Scandls,	Eroun world com.
මානව සම්පත් කළමණාකරයේ ආචාර ධර්ම
සේව්‍ය සේවක අතර පවතින යුතුයි හා වගකීම් වැනි සේව්‍ය සේවක සම්බන්ධයේ දී පැන නගින ආචාර ධර්ම, ගැටළු මානව සම්පත් කළමණාකරණයේ ආචාර ධර්ම වලට අයත් වේ.

පහත්කර දැක්විම සම්බන්ධ ගැටළුවල අඩංගු  වන්නේ වයස අනුව, ස්ත්‍රි පුරැෂභාවය අනුව, ජාති අනුව ආගම් අනුව, ආබාධිත බව අනුව, වැදගත් ක්‍රම මා සිත්‍ඇදගන්නා සුළු බව අනුව වෙන්කර දැක්විමයි.
මේවාත් බලන්න.

ස්ථිර ක්‍රියා, ලිංගිත අතර
සේවකයින් නියෝජනය සහ සේවා සමනය ප්‍රජාතනුවාදි තරණය සම්බන්ධ වැළැක්විම්,
වර්ජනකරන වියකදීසේව්‍යස්ථානල සේවය කිරිම

උද්ඝෝසන කරන විටක එයට සම්බන්ධ නොවී සිටින සේවකයන් හේ එවැනි විටක වාර්තා කරන සේවාවන්.
සේවකයනගේ පෞද්ගලිකත්වට බලපාන ගැටලු
	සේවා ස්ථානය පරීක්ෂා කිරමි,
මත්පැන් පරීක්ෂා කිරිමමේවාත් බලන්නපෞද්ගලිකත්වය බපාන ගැටලු
උරැවන් බෑම
සේවාගිවිසුම් සධාරණත්වය සහ සේවා යෝජකයා සහ සේව්‍යා අතර බලසමතුලිත තත්වය හා සම්බන්ධ ගැටලු වහල්බව, වහල් ගිවිසුමකට බැදී සිටිම, රැකියා නීතිය

වෘතීය ආරක්ෂාව සහ සෞඛ්‍ය

ව්‍යාපාර ආචාර ධර්ම - වෘතිමය ආචාර ධර්‍ම


Ef or Fe (Ф ф; italics: Ф ф) is a Cyrillic letter, commonly representing the voiceless labiodental fricative , like the pronunciation of  in "fill, flee, or fall".  The Cyrillic letter Ef is romanized as .

History
The Cyrillic letter Ef was derived from the Greek letter Phi (Φ φ). It merged with and eliminated letter Fita (Ѳ) in the Russian alphabet in 1918.

The name of Ef in the Early Cyrillic alphabet is  (fr̥tŭ or frĭtŭ), in later Church Slavonic and Russian form it became фертъ (fert).

In the Cyrillic numeral system, Ef has a value of 500.

Appearance
The Slavic languages have almost no native words containing . This sound did not exist in Proto-Indo-European (PIE). It arose in Greek and Latin from PIE  (which yielded Slavic ). In some instances in Latin, it represented historical th-fronting and derived from Proto-Indo-European . In the Germanic languages, the f sound arose from PIE , which remained unchanged in Slavic. The letter ф is thus almost exclusively found in words of foreign origin, especially Greek (from φ and sometimes from θ), Latin, French, German, Dutch, English, and Turkic languages

Example borrowings in Russian:
 from Greek: катастрофа, "catastrophe" (from φ); Фёдор, "Theodore" (from θ)
 from Latin: федерация, "federation"; эффект, "effect"
 from German: картофель, "potato" (from Kartoffel); фунт, "pound" (from Pfund)
 from Dutch: флаг, "flag"

The few native Slavic words with this letter (in different languages) are examples of onomatopoeia (like Russian verbs фукать, фыркать etc.) or reflect sporadic pronunciation shifts:
 from пв : Serbian уфати 'to hope' (cf. Church Slavonic уповати 'to hope')
 from хв : Macedonian сфати '(he) understands' (cf. Church Slavonic схватити 'to take, to catch'), Russian дрофа 'bustard' (cf. Ukrainian дрохва 'bustard')
 from кв : Russian филин 'eagle-owl' (cf Ukrainian квилити 'to cry')
 from х : Russian toponym Фили 'Fili' (from хилый 'sickly')

Slavic languages
Ef is the 21st letter of the Bulgarian alphabet; the 22nd letter of the Russian alphabet; the 23rd letter of the Belarusian alphabet; the 25th letter of the Serbian and Ukrainian alphabet; and the 26th letter of the Macedonian alphabet. It represents the consonant  unless it is before a palatalizing vowel, when it represents .

Related letters and other similar characters
Φ φ/ϕ : Greek letter Phi
Ѳ ѳ : Cyrillic letter Fita
F f : Latin letter F
Փ փ :  Armenian letter Piwr
Q q : Latin letter Q
Ჶ ჶ : Fi (letter)

Computing codes

External links

References

Ef (Cyrillic)


ලුතිනන් ජෙනරාල් පාරමී සුගන්ධිකා බණ්ඩාර කුලතුංග RSP, VSV, USP, GW (උපත : 1950 , නුවර , විපත : 2006 ජූනි 26) ශ්‍රී ලංකා යුද හමුදවේ මාණ්ඩලික ප්‍රධානියා වූ අතර හෙතෙම හමුදාවේ තෙවන උසස්ම නිලය දැරීය.

2006 ජූනි 26 වන දින එල්.ටී.ටී.ඊ මරාගෙන මැරෙන බෝම්බකරුවකු ගේ ප්‍රහාරයකින් පාරමී කුලතංග මහතා මරණයට පත් විය. මියයන විට ඔහුගේ වයස අවුරුදු 55 කි.

අධ්‍යාපනය

කුලතුංග මහතා මහනුවර ත්‍රිත්ව විද්‍යාලයේ අධ්‍යාපනය ලබා ඇත. ඔහු ඇමරිකා හමුදා යුධ විද්‍යාලයේ උපාධිධාරියෙකි

හමුදා ජීවිතය

ඔහු 1970 ජුලි 20 වන දින ශ්‍රී ලංකා යුධ හමුදාවට බැදුණි. මුලික යුධ පුහුණුවෙන් පසු , ඔහු දෙවන ලුතිනන් ධුරයට පත් කරන ලදුව , ගැමුණු හේවා බලඇණියේ පළමු බැටෑලියනයට අනුයුක්ත කෙරින.

චරිත කතා

ශ්‍රී ලාංකික බෞද්ධයෝ
ලාංකික සිංහලයෝ
මහනුවර ත්‍රිත්ව විදුහලේ ආදි සිසුවෝ

පාරමී කුලතුංග


Giambattista Vasco (Mondovì,  – Rocchetta Tanaro, ) foi um economista e abade italiano.

Obras

Economistas da Itália
Religiosos da Ordem dos Dominicanos da Itália

Giambattista Vasco


فيشهرت ويسمى كذلك (السهراب) هو أحد ملوك الحيرة تولى الحكم بعد قابوس بن المنذر وحكم سنة واحدة, يرى الدكتور جواد علي أن السبب في ذلك قد يكون بسبب خلاف بين أبناء قابوس فتم تعيين رجل من خارج العائلة حتى تم حل الخلاف.

مصادر

مناذرة

فيشهرت


Das Municipio Concepción ist ein Landkreis im Departamento Santa Cruz im Tiefland des südamerikanischen Anden-Staates Bolivien.

Lage im Nahraum
Das Municipio Concepción ist eines der sechs Municipios der Provinz Ñuflo de Chávez. Es grenzt im Norden an das Departamento Beni, im Westen an die Provinz Guarayos, im Westen an das Municipio San Javier, im Südwesten an das Municipio San Julián, im Süden an das Municipio Cuatro Cañadas, im Südosten an das Municipio San Antonio de Lomerío, und im Osten an die Provinz José Miguel de Velasco.

Das Municipio liegt zwischen etwa 13°38' und 17°06' südlicher Breite und 61°28' und 62°35' westlicher Länge, seine Ausdehnung in Nord-Süd-Richtung beträgt bis zu 390 Kilometer und in Ost-West-Richtung bis zu 130 Kilometer.

Zentraler Ort des Landkreises ist die Kleinstadt Concepción mit 5.586 Einwohnern (2001) im südlichen Teil des Municipios.

Geographie
Das Municipio Concepción liegt im bolivianischen Tiefland in der Region Chiquitanía, einer in weiten Regionen noch wenig besiedelten Landschaft zwischen Santa Cruz und der brasilianischen Grenze.

Das Klima der Region ist ein semi-humides Klima der warmen Tropen. Die monatlichen Durchschnittstemperaturen schwanken im Jahresverlauf nur geringfügig zwischen 21 °C im Juni/Juli und knapp 27 °C im Oktober, wobei sie zwischen September und März fast konstant zwischen 25 und 26 °C liegen. Das Temperatur-Jahresmittel beträgt etwa 24 °C.

Die jährliche Niederschlagsmenge liegt im langjährigen Mittel bei etwa 1200 mm. Drei Viertel des Niederschlags fallen in der Feuchtezeit von September bis März, während in den ariden Monaten Juni, Juli und August in der Trockenzeit weniger als 40 mm pro Monat fallen.

Bevölkerung
Die Einwohnerzahl des Municipios ist in den vergangenen beiden Jahrzehnten auf fast das Doppelte angestiegen:

Die Bevölkerungsdichte des Municipios bei der Volkszählung 2012 betrug 0,6 Einwohner/km², wobei vor allem die nördliche Hälfte des Municipios nahezu unbesiedelt ist.

Die Säuglingssterblichkeit war von 6,3 Prozent (1992) auf 5,6 Prozent im Jahr 2001 geringfügig zurückgegangen, der Alphabetisierungsgrad bei den über 6-Jährigen von 69,6 Prozent (1992) auf 81,4 Prozent angestiegen.

99,0 Prozent der Bevölkerung sprechen Spanisch, 2,8 Prozent sprechen Quechua, 0,8 Prozent Aymara, 0,4 Prozent Guaraní, und 7,7 Prozent andere indigene Sprachen.

65,3 Prozent der Bevölkerung haben keinen Zugang zu Elektrizität, 21,5 Prozent leben ohne sanitäre Einrichtung. (2001)

61,9 Prozent der 2.485 Haushalte besitzen ein Radio, 24,8 Prozent einen Fernseher, 57,7 Prozent ein Fahrrad, 9,4 Prozent ein Motorrad, 7,9 Prozent ein Auto, 13,7 Prozent einen Kühlschrank, und 3,9 Prozent ein Telefon. (2001)

Politik
Ergebnis der Regionalwahlen (concejales del municipio) vom 4. April 2010:

Ergebnis der Regionalwahlen (elecciones de autoridades políticas) vom 7. März 2021:

Gliederung
Das Municipio Concepción ist in die folgenden zwei Kantone (cantones) aufgeteilt:
 Kanton Concepción (im nördlichen Teil des Municipios) – 38 Unterkantone – 43 Ortschaften – 13.376 Einwohner (2001)
 Kanton San Pedro (im südlichen Teil des Municipios) – 4 Unterkantone – 8 Ortschaften – 1.146 Einwohner

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks
 Municipio Concepción – Politik, Bevölkerung und Wirtschaft (spanisch)
 Municipio Concepción – Übersichtskarten Nr. 71101
 Municipio Concepción – Detailkarte und Bevölkerungsdaten (PDF; 4,1 MB) (spanisch)
 Departamento Santa Cruz – Sozialdaten der Municipios (PDF; 5 MB) (spanisch)

Municipio Concepción


Ian Coombs-Goodfellow (* 26. März 1963) ist ein für England startender Badmintonspieler aus Jersey.

Kerry Coombs-Goodfellow ist seine Ehefrau.

Karriere
Ian Coombs-Goodfellow siegte 1985 bei den Island Games im Herrendoppel. Bis 1995 erkämpfte er sich bei allen weiteren Spielen Medaillen, schaffte es jedoch nie wieder bis auf das oberste Treppchen. Bei den Jersey Open gewann er von 1985 bis 2002 sieben Titel. 2002 nahm er an den Commonwealth Games teil.

Weblinks

Badmintonspieler (England)
Teilnehmer an den Commonwealth Games (Jersey)
Sieger bei den Island Games (Badminton)
Teilnehmer an den Island Games (Jersey)
Engländer
Brite
Geboren 1963
Mann

Ian Coombs-Goodfellow