Die römisch-katholische Pfarrkirche hl. Oswald in Oberdrauburg steht unterhalb des felsigen Berghanges am nördlichen Ortsrand von Oberdrauburg.  Der ursprüngliche Bau von 1422 war dem heiligen Martin geweiht.

Er fiel dem Großbrand des Marktes 1747 zum Opfer. Unter Einbeziehung der gotischen Mauerreste errichteten die Brüder Michael und Paul Köfler zwischen 1805 und 1812 einen spätbarock-klassizistischen Neubau. Fürstbischof Salm weihte die Kirche 1819. Die Schäden des Brandes von 1870 an Kirche und Turm wurden bis 1886 behoben. Bei Restaurierungsarbeiten 1995/1996 wurde die Architekturpolychromie mit  Pilastergliederung vom beginnenden 19. Jahrhundert wiederhergestellt. Ein spätromanisches Rundbogenportal mit seitlichen Säulen und einfachen Blattkapitellen wurde freigelegt.

Baubeschreibung
Die Kirche besteht aus einem dreijochigen Langhaus mit eingezogenem, quadratischem Chor mit Halbkreisapsis. Der gotische Turm südlich des Chores mit spitzbogigen Schallfenstern wird von einem nachklassizistischen Helm von 1886 bekrönt. Nördlich des Chores ist die Sakristei angebaut. Die Fassaden werden durch Putzpilaster und gemalte Lisenen gegliedert. Das West- und das Südportal von 1812 besitzen je einen gemauerten, rundbogigen Vorbau.

Über dem Langhaus ruht ein Tonnengewölbe mit Stichkappen auf Pilaster verkleideten Wandpfeilern, im Chor eine Flachkuppel auf Pilastergliederung mit Kompositkapitellen. Im Westen des Langhauses ist eine zweigeschoßige Empore eingebaut. Die Orgel fertigte 1872 Peter Vollger. In Chor und Langhaus sind große Kompositbogenfenster mit darüber liegenden, durch das Hauptgesims getrennten, kleineren Segmentbogenfenstern in den Lunetten. In der Chorsüdwand führt ein Portal mit geradem Sturz in das Turmerdgeschoß, in der Chornordwand in die Sakristei. Darüber befinden sich Rundbogenfenster des Oratoriums.

Die Gewölbemalereien stammen von Christoph Brandstätter dem Älteren von 1809. Das Gemälde in der Chorkuppel stellt das Martyrium des heiligen Florian dar. In den Medaillons der Pendentifs sind die Evangelisten abgebildet. In der Apsiswölbung sieht man das Lamm Gottes, von Engeln umgeben. Die Wandgemälde im Langhaus zeigen eine Pietà, das Martyrium und den Tod des heiligen Oswald, einen Schutzengel mit einer Ansicht der Stadt Oberdrauburg sowie seitlich die Kirchenväter. Über der Orgel ist David mit Harfe abgebildet. Die Wandmalereien an der Chornordwand, Christus in Emmaus und Jesus am Jakobsbrunnen sowie der lehrende Jesus über dem Südportal stammen aus der Werkstatt Christoph Brandstätters.

Einrichtung
Die drei Altäre und die Kanzel entstanden nach 1870 in Renaissanceformen. Die Altarbilder malte der Schweizer Melchior Paul von Deschwanden.
Das Altarbild des Hochaltars zeigt die Muttergottes mit den Heiligen Florian und Oswald. Seitlich stehen die Figuren der Apostelfürsten Petrus und Paulus. Über dem Tabernakel  ist eine Kreuzigungsgruppe aufgestellt. Der linke Seitenaltar stellt im Altarblatt die schmerzhafte Muttergottes und im Oberbild den Unterricht Mariens dar. Am rechten Seitenaltar gibt das Mittelbild den Gekreuzigten mit der heiligen Maria Magdalena wieder, das Aufsatzbild den heiligen Josef mit Jesuskind.

Der Kanzelkorb ist mit den Figuren von Jesus und den vier Evangelisten geschmückt. Am Schalldeckel steht der Erzengel Michael mit der Seelenwaage.

Die Kreuzwegbilder malte der Vorarlberger Jakob Bertle. Weiters besitzt die Kirche die Konsolfiguren der Heiligen Florian und Oswald, eine Schutzengelgruppe sowie eine Pietà.

Literatur
 Dehio-Handbuch. Die Kunstdenkmäler Österreichs. Kärnten. Anton Schroll, Wien 2001, ISBN 3-7031-0712-X, S. 585.

Weblinks

Kirchengebäude in Oberdrauburg
Oswald-von-Northumbria-Kirche
Pfarrkirche in der Diözese Gurk
Klassizistisches Bauwerk in Kärnten
Barockbauwerk in Kärnten
Erbaut in den 1810er Jahren
Barocke Kirche
Klassizistische Kirche
Dekanat Greifenburg

Pfarrkirche Oberdrauburg


Predestinarea, în teologie, este doctrina că toate evenimentele reprezintă voința lui Dumnezeu, cu referire, de obicei, la eventuala soartă a sufletului omenesc. Cercetările teologice cu privire la predestinare caută adesea să abordeze "paradoxul liberului arbitru", prin care omnisciența lui Dumnezeu pare incompatibilă cu liberul arbitru al omului. În această utilizare, predestinarea poate fi considerată ca o formă de determinism religios și, de obicei, de predeterminism.

Creștinism
În Noul Testament, cartea Romani 8-11 prezintă o declarație de predestinare. În Romani 8:28-30, Pavel scrie,

Cercetătorii biblici au interpretat acest pasaj în mai multe moduri. Mulți spun că acest lucru are de-a face doar cu slujirea, cu cei pe care i-a ales să slujească și nu se referă la mântuire. Comentatorul biblic catolic Brendan Byrne a scris că predestinarea menționată în acest pasaj ar trebui să fie interpretată și aplicată mai degrabă întregii comunități creștine decât persoanelor fizice. Un alt comentator catolic, Joseph Fitzmyer, a scris că acest pasaj ne învață că Dumnezeu a hotărât mântuirea tuturor oamenilor. Douglas Moo, un interpret biblic protestant, consideră acest pasaj ca o învățătură că Dumnezeu a predestinat anumiți oameni pentru mântuire. În mod similar, interpretarea lui Wright este că Pavel afirmă în acest pasaj că Dumnezeu îi va salva pe cei pe care el i-a ales, dar Wright subliniază, de asemenea, faptul că Pavel nu intenționează să sugereze că Dumnezeu a eliminat liberul arbitru sau responsabilitatea oamenilor. În schimb, Wright afirmă că voința lui Dumnezeu lucrează prin oameni pentru a realiza mântuirea.

În secolul al VIII-lea, Ioan Damaschinul a subliniat libertatea voinței umane în analiza realizată de el a doctrinei predestinării și a susținut că faptele oamenilor nu reprezintă deloc voința lui Dumnezeu. Damaschinul afirmă că faptele bune ale oamenilor sunt realizate în conlucrare cu Dumnezeu, dar nu sunt cauzate de voința lui.

În secolul al XII-lea, Toma de Aquino a scris că Dumnezeu predestinează anumite persoane către o viziune beatifică ca urmare mai degrabă a propriei lui bunătăți decât a creaturilor sale. Aquino crede, de asemenea, că oamenii au libertate de alegere, cauzându-și propriile păcate, și că sunt singuri responsabili pentru ele. Învățatul catolic deosebește mai multe moduri în care acționează voința lui Dumnezeu: el dorește în mod direct binele și doar permite răul. De Aquino considera că, permițând răul, Dumnezeu vrea ca omul să aibă dreptul să aleagă dacă să-l facă sau să nu-l facă.

Calvinism

Mărturisirea Belgică din 1561 a afirmat că Dumnezeu "izbăvește și păstrează" din pierzanie "pe toți cei pe care i-a ales în Hristos Iisus Domnul nostru, în judecata sa eternă și neschimbătoare, din simplă bunătate, fără a ține cont de lucrările lor" (Articolul XVI).
Calviniștii cred că Dumnezeu i-a ales pe cei pe care îi va salva și îi va aduce cu el în Rai înainte ca lumea să fie creată. Ei cred, de asemenea, că acei oameni pe care Dumnezeu nu îi salvează vor merge în Iad. Ioan Calvin a crezut că oamenii care au fost mântuiți nu își pot pierde niciodată mântuirea și "aleșii" (cei pe care i-a mântuit Dumnezeu) ar ști că au fost mântuiți din cauza acțiunilor lor.

În acest sens comun, liber al termenului, afirmarea sau negarea predestinării are o referință specială la doctrina calvinismului a alegerii necondiționate. În interpretarea calvinistă a Bibliei, această doctrină are în mod normal doar valoare pastorală legată de asigurarea mântuirii și de absolvirea mântuirii numai prin har. Cu toate acestea, implicațiile filosofice ale doctrinei alegerii și predestinării sunt uneori discutate dincolo de aceste limite sistematice. Sub tema doctrinei lui Dumnezeu (teologia propriu-zisă), decizia predestinată a lui Dumnezeu nu poate fi condiționată de nimic în afara lui, deoarece toate celelalte lucruri sunt dependente de el pentru existență și sens. Sub tema doctrinelor mântuirii (soteriologia), decizia predestinată a lui Dumnezeu este luată din cunoștința lui Dumnezeu despre propria sa voință (Romani 9:15) și, prin urmare, nu este condiționată de deciziile umane (mai degrabă, deciziile umane libere sunt lucrări ale deciziei lui Dumnezeu, care stabilește realitatea totală în cadrul căreia acele decizii sunt luate în detaliu exhaustiv: adică nimic lăsat la voia întâmplării). Calviniștii nu pretind să înțeleagă cum funcționează acest lucru; dar insistă ca Scripturile să învețe atât  controlul suveran al lui Dumnezeu, cât și responsabilitatea și libertatea deciziilor umane.

Grupurile calviniste folosesc termenul hipercalvinism pentru a descrie sistemele calviniste care afirmă fără calificare că intenția lui Dumnezeu de a distruge unii este egală cu intenția sa de a salva pe alții. Unele forme de hipercalvinism au implicații rasiale, ca atunci când teologul calvinist olandez Franciscus Gomarus a susținut însă că evreii, din cauza refuzului lor de a se închina lui Iisus Hristos, erau membri ai celor ne-aleși, așa cum susține și Ioan Calvin însuși, bazat pe I Ioan 2: 22–23 din Noul Testament al Bibliei. Unii coloniști olandezi din Africa de Sud au susținut că negrii erau fii ai lui Ham, pe care Noe i-a blestemat să fie sclavi, potrivit Genezei 9: 18-19, sau au tras analogii între ei și canaaniți, sugerând o ideologie "popor ales" similară cu cea susținută de susținătorii de națiune evreiască. Acest lucru justifica ierarhia rasială pe pământ, precum și segregarea rasială a congregațiilor, dar nu exclude negrii din a face parte din aleși. Alți calviniști s-au opus energic acestor argumente (a se vedea Calvinismul afrikaner).

Exprimată cu simpatie, doctrina calvinistă este că Dumnezeu oferă milă sau o refuză, cu o grijă deosebită a celor care vor fi destinatarii milostivirii în Hristos. Prin urmare, persoane anume sunt alese, din numărul total de ființe umane, care vor fi salvate din robia păcatului și a fricii de moarte și din pedeapsa datorată păcatului, pentru a locui veșnic în prezența sa. Cei care sunt mântuiți sunt asigurați prin darurile credinței, sacramentele și comuniunea cu Dumnezeu prin rugăciune și sporirea faptelor bune, că împăcarea lor cu el prin Hristos este stabilită prin determinarea suverană a voinței lui Dumnezeu. Dumnezeu are, de asemenea, o grijă deosebită asupra celor care sunt refuzați de selecția sa, care sunt fără scuze pentru răzvrătirea lor împotriva lui și vor fi judecați pentru păcatele lor.

Calviniștii se împart în mod obișnuit în problema predestinării în infralapsarieni (uneori numiți "sublapsarieni") și supralapsarieni. Infralapsarienii interpretează alegerea biblică a lui Dumnezeu pentru a-i evidenția dragostea (1 Ioan 4: 8; Efeseni 1: 4b – 5a) și și-au ales aleșii luând în considerare situația de după cădere, în timp ce supralapsarienii interpretează alegerea biblică pentru a evidenția suveranitatea lui Dumnezeu (Romani 9:16 ) iar căderea a fost rânduită prin decretul de alegere al lui Dumnezeu. În infralapsarianism, alegerea este răspunsul lui Dumnezeu la cădere, în timp ce în supralapsarianism, căderea face parte din planul lui Dumnezeu pentru alegere. În ciuda diviziunii, mulți teologi calviniști ar lua în considerare dezbaterea din jurul pozițiilor infra- și supralapsariene în care puține dovezi scripturale pot fi adunate în ambele direcții și care, în orice caz, are un efect redus asupra doctrinei generale.

Unii calviniști refuză să descrie veșnicul decret al lui Dumnezeu în termenii unei succesiuni de evenimente sau gânduri și mulți au precauție împotriva simplificărilor implicate în descrierea oricărei acțiuni a lui Dumnezeu în termeni speculativi. Cei mai mulți fac distincții între modul pozitiv în care Dumnezeu îi alege pe unii să primească harul și modul în care harul este reținut în mod conștient, astfel încât unii sunt destinați pedepselor veșnice.

Dezbaterea referitoare la predestinare în conformitate cu folosirea comună a termenului se referă la destinul condamnatului: dacă Dumnezeu este drept dacă acel destin este stabilit înainte de existența oricărei voințe reale a individului și dacă individul este în vreun sens semnificativ responsabil pentru destinul său dacă este stabilit prin acțiunea eternă a lui Dumnezeu.

Islam
Qadar (în قدر, transliterat qadar, care înseamnă "soartă", "prestabilirea divină", "predestinare") este conceptul de destin divin în Islam. El este unul dintre cei șase stâlpi ai credinței islamice, împreună cu credința în unicitatea lui Dumnezeu, cărțile revelațiilor, profeții Islamului, Ziua Învierii și îngerii.

Conceptul că soarta omului este predeterminată de voia lui Allah este menționată în mod clar în Coran: "El (Coranul) nu este decât o îndemnare pentru lumi; Pentru acela dintre voi care voiește să meargă pe drumul cel drept. Dar voi nu puteți voi decât dacă voiește Allah, Stăpânul lumilor."

Predestinarea este respinsă de șiaism.

Iudaism
În literatura rabinică există multe discuții cu privire la aparenta contradicție între omnisciența lui Dumnezeu și liberul arbitru. Punctul de vedere acceptat este că "totul este prevăzut, însă omului i se oferă dreptul de a alege" (Rabbi Akiva, Pirkei Avoth 3:15). Plecând de la această abordare, problema este, oficial, descrisă ca un paradox, probabil dincolo de înțelegerea omului.

Zoroastrism
Predestinarea este respinsă de învățăturile zoroastriste. Oamenii poartă răspunderea pentru toate situațiile în care se află și pentru modul în care se comportă unii cu alții. Recompensa, pedeapsa, fericirea și durerea depind de modul în care indivizii își trăiesc viața.

Note

Bibliografie
 Calvin, John. Institutes of the Christian Religion, (Henry Beveridge, trans.)

Lectură suplimentară
 Leif Dixon, Practical Predestinarians in England, c. 1590 – 1640; Farnham, Ashgate, 2013, . Book review at
 Akin, James. The Salvation Controversy. San Diego, Calif.: Catholic Answers, 2001. Vid. p. 77, 83-87, explaining the resemblances of this Catholic dogma with, and the divergences from, the teaching of Calvin and Luther on this matter.
 Garrigou-Lagrange, Réginald. Predestination. Rockford, Ill.: TAN Books, 1998, cop. 1939. N.B.: Trans. of the author's La Prédestination des saints et la grâce; reprint of the 1939 ed. of the trans. published by G. Herder Book Co., Saint Louis, Mo.  pbk.
 .
 ___. "John Plaifere (d.1632) on Conditional Predestination: A Well-mixed Version of scientia media and Resistible Grace." Reformation & Renaissance Review, 18.2 (2016): 155-73.

Legături externe
 "Determinism in Theology: Predestination" by Robert M. Kindon in The Dictionary of the History of Ideas (1973–74)
 "The question asked was does God know the future and how we will turn out."
 Predestination
 Understanding Predestination in Islam
 Detailed Lecture on Islamic Perspective on Fate
 Occurrences of "predestination" in the Bible text (ESV)
 The Reformed Doctrine of Predestination (1932) by Loraine Boettner (conservative Calvinist perspective)
 The Biblical Doctrine Of Predestination, Foreordination, and Election  by F. Furman Kearley (Arminian perspective)
 "Predestination" from The Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)
 Academic articles on predestination and election  (Lutheran perspective)
 Predestination and Free Will  Overview of the concept of predestination from the Protestant and Catholic perspectives
 On the Presuppositions of our Personal Salvation Grace and predestination from the Orthodox perspective

Filosofie creștină
Termeni creștini

Predestinare


Lublin, Polonya'nın doğusunda kalan en büyük şehir ve Lublin Voyvodalığı'nın başkentidir. 2019 sayımlarına göre şehirde 339,784 kişi yaşamaktadır. Polonya'nın en büyük dokuzuncu şehridir. 1672'de Osmanlı Devleti tarafından ele geçirilmiştir.

Lublin'in kardeş şehirler

  Alcalá de Henares, İspanya
  Debrecen, Macaristan
  Delmenhorst, Almanya
  Erie, Pensilvanya, ABD
  İvano-Frankivsk, Ukrayna
  Harkiv, Ukrayna
  Krıvıy Rih, Ukrayna
  Lancaster, Birleşik Krallık
  Lublin, Wisconsin, ABD
  Luhansk, Ukrayna
  Lutsk, Ukrayna
  Lviv, Ukrayna
  Münster, Ukrayna
  Nancy, Fransa
  Nyköping, Danimarka
  Panevėžys, Litvanya
  Pernik, Bulgaristan
  Nilüfer, Türkiye
  Rishon LeZion, İsrail
  Starobilsk, Ukrayna
  Sumı, Ukrayna
  Tilburg, Hollanda
  Viseu, Portekiz
  Windsor, Kanada

Lublin


Wilhelm Büchel (* 16. Dezember 1873 in Gamprin; † 10. August 1951 ebenda) war ein liechtensteinischer Landwirt und Politiker (FBP).

Wilhelm Büchel war als Landwirt tätig. Daneben fungierte er von 1909 bis 1915 als Gemeinderat, von 1915 bis 1921 als Gemeindekassier und schliesslich von 1921 bis 1930 als Gemeindevorsteher von Gamprin. Von 1926 bis 1932 war er für die Fortschrittliche Bürgerpartei (FBP) Landtagsabgeordneter im liechtensteinischen Landtag.

Büchel heiratete Maria Wohlwend. Aus der Ehe gingen acht Kinder hervor. Sein Sohn Ernst war als Rechtsanwalt tätig und wurde später ebenfalls Landtagsabgeordneter für die FBP.

Weblinks

 e-archiv.li, Landesarchiv Fürstentum Liechtenstein

Landtagsabgeordneter (Liechtenstein)
Gemeindevorsteher (Gamprin)
Landwirt (Liechtenstein)
FBP-Mitglied
Liechtensteiner
Geboren 1873
Gestorben 1951
Mann

Wilhelm Büchel


Ioan Petcu (n. 1 mai 1959 în Hunedoara) este un fost fotbalist român care a jucat pe postul de mijlocaș. După retragerea din cariera de fotbalist, Petcu a început cariera de antrenor și din 1995 până în 2012  a antrenat echipe precum Corvinul Hunedoara, Unirea Sânnicolau Mare, Bihor Oradea, FC Hunedoara sau Mureșul Deva. De asemenea, el a promovat în Liga a II-a cu Unirea Sânnicolau Mare, cea mai bună performanță din istoria acestui club. După 2012, el a fost vice-președinte al FC Hunedoara.

Legături externe
 Ioan Petcu la romaniansoccer.ro

 Ioan Petcu la WorldFootball.net

Nașteri în 1959
Mijlocași
Fotbaliști ai FC Corvinul Hunedoara
Oameni în viață
Fotbaliști internaționali români
Români expatriați în Ungaria
Cioturi Fotbaliști români
Antrenori români de fotbal
Fotbaliști români

Ioan Petcu


Die Fort Worth Rangers waren eine US-amerikanische Eishockeymannschaft in Fort Worth, Texas. Die Mannschaft spielte zwischen 1941 und 1949 in der American Hockey Association sowie der United States Hockey League.

Geschichte
Das Franchise wurde 1941 als Expansionsteam der American Hockey Association gegründet. In der Saison 1941/42, ihrer Premierenspielzeit, belegte die Mannschaft in der regulären Saison den zweiten Platz der South Division. Anschließend scheiterten sie in der zweiten Playoff-Runde. Nach der Spielzeit wurde die AHA aufgelöst und die Rangers stellten vorübergehend den Spielbetrieb ein. Als 1945 die United States Hockey League als Nachfolgewettbewerb der AHA gegründet wurde, wurden auch die Rangers reaktiviert und spielten dort, bis die Mannschaft im Anschluss an die Saison 1948/49 endgültig aufgelöst wurde.

Weblinks
 The Internet Hockey Database – Statistik Fort Worth Rangers (1941–1942)
 The Internet Hockey Database – Spielerliste Fort Worth Rangers (1941–1942)
 The Internet Hockey Database – Statistik Fort Worth Rangers (1945–1949)
 The Internet Hockey Database – Spielerliste Fort Worth Rangers (1945–1949)

Eishockeyverein (American Hockey Association, 1926–1942)
Eishockeyverein (United States Hockey League, 1945–1951)
Rangers
Gegründet 1941
Aufgelöst 1949
Ehemaliges Sport-Franchise (Vereinigte Staaten)

Fort Worth Rangers


Der SuperDragon 2 8×8 ist ein seit dem Jahr 2007 gebautes Flugfeldlöschfahrzeug der Firma Magirus GmbH aus Ulm.

Beschreibung
Das Fahrzeug ist 12,80 m lang, 3 m breit und 3,80 m hoch. Basis des SuperDragon 2 ist ein neu entwickeltes Fahrgestell namens CFR (Crash-Fire-Rescue) mit Heckmotor und starren Achsen mit Schraubenfedern. Das Fahrzeug beschleunigt in 25 Sekunden von 0 km/h auf 80 km/h. Es erreicht eine Höchstgeschwindigkeit von 135 km/h. Die beiden insgesamt 1.120 PS starken Motoren entwickeln genügend Leistung, um auch die 275 PS benötigende Pumpe im Volllastbetrieb ihre Aufgaben erfüllen zu lassen. Das Tankvolumen des Fahrzeugs mit Löschwasser beträgt 14.000 bis 17.000 l. Unter einem Druck von 10 bar fördert die Pumpe 10.000 l in der Minute. Im Schaumtank befinden sich 1.500 bis 2500 l, Pulver in der Menge von 500 bis 1000 kg und 120 kg CO2. Die Kabine besteht aus Aluminium und bietet Platz für 3 bis 6 Personen.

Die Flugfeld-Löschfahrzeuge der Baureihe gibt es als Zwei-, Drei- und Vierachser mit Allradantrieb. Außerdem wurde im Jahre 2011 in Ulm auch die Baureihe Impact hergestellt, die als Zwei- und Dreiachser mit Allradantrieb bestellt werden können.

Literatur
 Dieter Augustin: Iveco Magirus – Alle Lastwagen aus dem Werk Ulm seit 1917, Motorbuch Verlag, 2006, ISBN 3-613-02600-7

Weblinks

 Magirus GmbH Ulm

Lkw-Modell
Iveco
Feuerwehrfahrzeuge

SuperDragon 2 8x8


පදියතලාව ප්‍රාදේශීය ලේකම් කොට්ඨාශය යනු,  ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ, නැගෙනහිර පළාතේ,   අම්පාර දිස්ත්‍රික්කයේ, පිහිටි ප්‍රාදේශීය ලේකම් කොට්ඨාශයකි.

ආශ්‍රිත ලිපි
ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ ප්‍රාදේශීය ලේකම් කොට්ඨාශ
ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ පළාත්
ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ පරිපාලන දිස්ත්‍රික්ක

මූලාශ්‍ර
 ප්‍රාදේශීය ලේකම් කොට්ඨාශ ද්වාරය

ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ ප්‍රාදේශීය ලේකම් කොට්ඨාශ
අම්පාර දිස්ත්‍රික්කය

පදියතලාව ප්‍රාදේශීය ලේකම් කොට්ඨාශය


Allie Reilly, née le  à North Kingstown (Rhode Island), est une rameuse handisport américaine. Elle détient deux médailles d'argent mondiales (2018, 2019) et une paralympique (2021) en quatre avec barreur.

Carrière
Elle est diplômée en kinésiologie de l'Université du Rhode Island en 2019.

Aux Jeux paralympiques d'été de 2020, elle remporte la médaille d'argent en quatre avec barreur avec ses coéquipiers Danielle Hansen, Charley Nordin, John Tanguay et la barreuse Karen Petrik. Le quatuor avait déjà remporté le même métal lors des deux précédents Mondiaux.

Références

Liens externes

Rameuse handisport américaine (aviron)
Médaillée d'argent paralympique américaine
Rameuse (aviron) aux Jeux paralympiques d'été de 2020
Naissance en août 1997
Naissance dans le comté de Washington (Rhode Island)

Allie Reilly


Krallık sözcüğü ile aşağıdakilerden biri kastedilmiş olabilir:

 Kral ve kraliçe
 Monarşi
 Âlem (biyoloji)
Krallık

Diğer
 Krallık (film)

Krallık


Rice and curry is a popular dish in Sri Lanka, as well as in the Indian subcontinent.

Rice and curry dinner comprises the following:

 A large bowl of rice, most often boiled, but frequently fried. Sometimes kiribath, rice cooked in coconut milk, is served.
 A vegetable curry, perhaps of green beans, jackfruit or leeks.
 A curry of meat, most often chicken or fish but occasionally goat or lamb
 Dhal, a dish of spiced lentils.
 Papadums, a thin crisp wafer made from legume or rice flour and served as a side dish.
 Sambals, which are fresh chutney side dishes; they may include red onion, chili, grated coconut, lime juice, and are often the hottest part of the meal.

Each bowl contains small portions, but as is traditional in most tropical Asia, if a bowl is emptied, it is immediately refilled.

The curry uses chili peppers, cardamom, cumin, coriander and other spices. It has a distinctive taste. The Southern cuisines use ingredients like dried fish which are local to the area. The spicier preparations are believed to be among the world's hottest in terms of chili content (second only to Sylheti). While natives are born into this cuisine and develop a tolerance to spicy food, many visitors and tourists to the country often find the spiciness excessive. As a result, many local restaurants in developed and tourist areas offer special low-spice versions of local foods to cater to foreign palates or have an alternative "western" menu for visitors and tourists.

See also
 Appam
 Adobo
 Curry
 Japanese curry
 List of fried rice dishes
 Nasi kari

References

 Seriouseats.com: An Introduction to Sri Lankan Cuisine

Pakistani cuisine
South Indian cuisine
Sri Lankan rice dishes
Indian rice dishes
South Asian curries
Bangladeshi cuisine
Curry dishes
Nepalese cuisine
Indo-Caribbean cuisine

Rice and curry


Die Goldene Himbeere 1986 (engl.: 6th Golden Raspberry Awards) wurde am 23. März 1986, dem Vorabend der Oscarverleihung, im Morgan-Wixon Theatre in Santa Monica, Kalifornien verliehen.

Zum schlechtesten Film des vergangenen Filmjahres wurde Rambo II – Der Auftrag gekürt. Die meisten Nominierungen und Auszeichnungen erhielt allerdings Rocky IV – Der Kampf des Jahrhunderts. Beide Filme entstanden unter Mitwirkung von Sylvester Stallone.

Preisträger und Nominierungen
Es folgt die komplette Liste der Preisträger und Nominierten.

Weblinks
 Zusammenfassung auf razzies.com
 6th Raspberry Awards auf imdb

1986
Preisverleihung 1986
Filmjahr 1986
Preisverleihung in Santa Monica

Goldene Himbeere 1986


Antlia (Pompa takımyıldızı), modern 88 takımyıldızdan biridir.

Kaynakça

 The clickable Antlia

Antlia (takımyıldız)


Alfredo Solf y Muro () a fost un om politic peruvian care a îndeplinit funcția de prim-ministru al statului Peru din 8 decembrie 1939 până în 3 decembrie 1944.

A murit în 14 august 1969, la vârsta de 97 de ani.

Referințe

Nașteri în 1872
Decese în 1969
Politicieni peruani

Alfredo Solf y Muro


Janusz Marian Palikot (26 de octubre de 1964, Biłgoraj) es un político polaco. Estudió filosofía en la Universidad de Varsovia y más tarde se convirtió en un adinerado hombre de negocios en la producción de vodka. En 1987—1989 fue investigador en el Instituto de Filosofía de la Academia de Ciencias de Polonia. Parlamentario polaco desde 2005, primero por Plataforma Cívica y más tarde por su propio partido, el Movimiento Palikot.

Actualmente su actividad política se centra en el laicismo y el social liberalismo. Ha criticado vehementemente el poder de la Iglesia polaca sobre los poderes políticos y morales en Polonia. También ha defendido públicamente la educación sexual, el matrimonio entre personas del mismo sexo, la despenalización de ciertas drogas y la aceptación del aborto en algunos supuestos.

En 2010, fundó un nuevo partido, alegando que Plataforma Cívica dependía demasiado de los sectores conservadores del partido. Lo llamó Movimiento Palikot, aunque en la actualidad, debido al éxito electoral, está buscando un nuevo nombre para su partido.

Su partido, creado en 2010, consiguió convertirse en las Elecciones generales de Polonia de 2011 en la tercera fuerza política del país, con alrededor del 10% del voto. En las listas de su partido, han sido elegidos el primer diputado del Sejm (Parlamento polaco) abiertamente homosexual y el primer diputado transexual.

El 14 de diciembre de 2014 anunció que se presentaría a las elecciones presidenciales de 2015 como candidato de Twoj Ruch.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Políticos de la Plataforma Cívica
Empresarios de Polonia
Alumnado de la Universidad de Varsovia
Miembros del Sejm de Polonia (2005-2007)
Ateos de Polonia
Activistas de Polonia
Activistas por el laicismo
Activistas por los derechos LGBT de Polonia
Libertarios
Activistas pro elección
Anticlericales
Activistas por la legalización del cannabis
Liberales
Activistas por los derechos reproductivos
Críticos del catolicismo

Janusz Palikot


I kemi er lineær molekylær geometri en beskrivelse geometrien for det centrale atom i et molekyle, hvor de to eller flere ligander er placeret med en bindingsvinkel på 180°. Lineære organiske molekyler, som acetylen (HC≡CH) beskrives ofte som have sp orbital hybdridisering omkring deres carob-center.

Ifølge VSEPR-teori optræder lineær geometri, hvor centrale atomer med to bundne atomer og nul eller tre lonepair (AX2 or AX2E3) i AXE-notation. Neutral AX2 moleculer med with lineær geometri inkluderer berylliumfluorid (F−Be−F) med to enkeltbindinger, kuldioxid (O=C=O) med to dobbeltbindinger, hydrogencyanid (H−C≡N) med en enkeltbinding og en trippelbinding. Det vigtigste lineære molekyler med flere end tre atomer er acetylen (H−C≡C−H), hvor carbon-atomerne bliver betragtet som værende det centrale atom med en enkeltbinding til hydrogenatomer og en trippelbinding til det andet carbonatom. Lineær anioner inkluderer azid () og thiocyanat (SCN−) og en lineær kation er nitronium ion ().

Lineær geometri optræder også i AX2E3-molekyler, som xenondifluorid (XeF2) og triiodid-ionen () med et iodatom bundet til to andre. Som beskrevet af VSEPR-modelen danner de fem valenselektronpar omkring det centrale atom en trigonal bipyramide hvor tre lone pairs optager pladsen i det ækvatoriale position, og de to bundne atomer optager det aksiale positioner, hvilket danner et lineært molekyle.

Se også
 VSEPR-teori
 Molekulær geometri

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger
 Indiana University Molecular Structure Center
 Interactive molecular examples for point groups
 Molecular Modeling
 Animated Trigonal Planar Visual

Molekylær geometri

Lineær molekylær geometri


Nughedu San Nicolò (sardinski: Nughèdu) je grad i općina (comune) u pokrajini Sassariju u regiji Sardiniji, Italija. Nalazi se na nadmorskoj visini od 577 metara i ima 819 stanovnika. Prostire se na 67,89 km². Gustoća naseljenosti je 12 st/km².Susjedne općine su: Anela, Bono, Bonorva, Bultei, Ittireddu, Ozieri i Pattada.

Izvori

Gradovi na Sardiniji

Nughedu San Nicolò


8243 Devonburr este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
8243 Devonburr este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Observatorul Palomar de Schelte J. Bus. Asteroidul prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 2,59 ua, o excentricitate de 0,14 și o înclinație de 8,5° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 8001-9000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1975
Centura de asteroizi

8243 Devonburr


Olaylar
 1 Mayıs – İngiltere ve İskoçya bir araya gelerek Büyük Britanya Krallığı'nı kurdular.
16 Aralık - Japonya'daki Fuji Dağı'nın kaydedilen son volkan patlaması olan Hōei patlaması başladı.

Doğumlar

Ocak
 13 Ocak – John Boyle, İrlandalı yazar (ö. 1762)

Şubat
 1 Şubat – Frederick, Galler prensi (ö. 1751)
 14 Şubat – Claude Prosper Jolyot de Crébillon, Fransız romancı (ö. 1777)
 25 Şubat – Carlo Goldoni, İtalyan oyun yazarı (ö. 1793)

Mart
 7 Mart – Stephen Hopkins, ABD'nin kurucularından (ö. 1785)
 14 Mart – Johan Ihre, İsveçli dilbilimci (ö. 1780)
 23 Mart – Henry Somerset (ö. 1745)

Nisan
 10 Nisan – John Pringle, İskoç doktor (ö. 1782)
 15 Nisan – Leonhard Euler, İsviçreli matematikçi ve fizikçi (ö. 1783)
 22 Nisan – Henry Fielding, İngiliz romancı ve oyun yazarı (ö. 1754)
 25 Nisan – Léopold Clément, Fransız prens (ö. 1723)

Mayıs
 12 Mayıs – Francisco Salzillo, İspanyol heykeltıraş (ö. 1781)
 23 Mayıs – Carolus Linnaeus, İsveçli botanikçi (ö. 1778)

Haziran

Temmuz

Ağustos
 14 Ağustos – Johann August Ernesti, Alman teolog ve dilbilimci (ö. 1781)
 24 Ağustos – Selina, Countess of Huntingdon, İngiliz Methodist lider(ö. 1791)
 25 Ağustos – Louis, İspanya kralı (ö. 1724)

Eylül
 5 Eylül – John Forbes, İngiliz general (ö. 1759)
 7 Eylül – Georges-Louis Leclerc, Fransız bilim insanı (ö. 1788)

Ekim

Kasım

Aralık
 Aralık 18 – Charles Wesley, İngiliz Methodist lider (ö. 1788)

Doğduğu ay ve gün bilinmeyenler
 Moshe Chaim Luzzatto, İtalyan filozof (ö. 1746)
 William Hoare, İngiliz ressam (ö. 1792)
 Nathan Alcock, İngiliz doktor (ö. 1779)

Ölümler
 8 Ocak – John Dalrymple, İskoç siyasetçi (d. 1648)
 10 Ocak – Philibert, Fransız yazar (d. 1621)
 20 Ocak – Humphrey Hody, İngiliz ilahiyatçı (d. 1659)
 3 Mart - Alemgir Şah I, altıncı Babür şahı olup, ölümüne kadar ülkeyi yönetmiştir (d. 1618)
 6 Nisan – William van de Velde, Hollandalı ressam(d. 1633)
 29 Nisan – George Farquhar, İrlandalı oyun yazarı (d. 1677)
 9 Mayıs – Dieterich Buxtehude, Alman besteci (d. 1637)
 27 Mayıs – Françoise-Athénaïs, mistress of Fransa kralı XIV. Louis'in eşi (d. 1641)
 23 Haziran – John Mill, İngiliz ilahiyatçı (d. 1645)
 18 Ağustos – William Cavendish, İngiliz asker ve devlet adamı (d. 1640)
 20 Ağustos – Nicolas Gigault, Fransız orgçu ve bestekâr (d. 1627)
 15 Eylül – George Stepney, İngiliz şair ve diplomat (d. 1663)
 24 Eylül – Vincenzo da Filicaja, İtalyan şair (d. 1642)
 22 Ekim – Sir Cloudesley Shovell, İngiliz amiral (d. 1650)
 1 Aralık – Jeremiah Clarke, İngiliz besteci (d. 1674)
 24 Aralık – Noël Coypel, Fransız ressam (d. 1628)
 27 Aralık – Jean Mabillon, Fransız eski yazı uzmanı ve diplomat

1707


Muxika (grad)
 Mujica (prezime)
 Múgica (Meksiko), općina u saveznoj državi Michoacán, Meksiko

Múgica


Os fuzis Schmidt-Rubin foram uma série de fuzis de serviço do Exército Suíço em uso entre 1889 e 1958. Eles se distinguem pela ação por ferrolho de tração direta inventada por Rudolf Schmidt e usam o cartucho 7,5×55mm de Eduard Rubin.

Ligações externas
  Swiss Rifles

Fuzis da Suíça
Fuzis de tração direta

Schmidt–Rubin


is a town located in Minamikawachi District, Osaka Prefecture, Japan. , the town had an estimated population of 13,172 in  5572 households and a population density of 930 persons per km².  The total area of the town is .

Geography
Taishi is located in the southeastern part of Osaka Prefecture on the west side of Kongō Range and Katsuragi Mountains which separate Osaka from Nara Prefecture. The town is dominated by the peaks of  Mount Nijō to the east.

Neighboring municipalities
Osaka Prefecture
 Habikino
 Tondabayashi
 Kanan
Nara Prefecture
 Kashiba
 Katsuragi

Climate
Taishi has a Humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cfa) characterized by warm summers and cool winters with light to no snowfall.  The average annual temperature in Taishi is 14.2 °C. The average annual rainfall is 1636 mm with September as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in August, at around 26.3 °C, and lowest in January, at around 2.7 °C.

Demographics
Per Japanese census data, the population of Taishi has increased steadily since the 1970s.

History
The area of the modern town of Taishi was within ancient Kawachi Province. The area has been inhabited since the Japanese Paleolithic, due to the abundance of raw materials for stone tools from Mount Nijō. During the Asuka period, the Takeuchi Kaido, one of Japan's first "official roads", which connected the port of Sakai with Yamato Province was constructed. It was used by Ono no Imoko and others during the Japanese missions to Sui China. Around this time, Yamato's Asuka was called "Far Asuka", while the area around Taishi Town was called "Nearby Asuka". The town has many imperial tombs, including that of Emperor Bidatsu, Emperor Yōmei, Empress Suiko, and Prince Shotoku.

The villages of Isonaga and Yamada were established within Ishikawa District with the creation of the modern municipalities system on April 1, 1889.  On April 1, 1896 the area became part of Minamikawachi District, Osaka. The two villages merged on September 30, 1956 to form the town of Taishi, which was named after Prince Shotoku.

Government
Taishi has a mayor-council form of government with a directly elected mayor and a unicameral city council of 11 members. Taishi collectively with the cities of Tondabayashi and Ōsakasayama, and other municipalities of Minamikawachi District contributes two members to the Osaka Prefectural Assembly. In terms of national politics, the town is part of Osaka 15th district of the lower house of the Diet of Japan.

Economy
Taishi was traditionally dependent on agriculture and forestry.

Education
Taishi has two public elementary schools and one public middle schools operated by the town government. The town does not have and a public high school; however, there is one private high school.

Transportation

Railway
Although the Kintetsu Railway Minami Osaka Line passes through the town, there is no passenger railway service. The nearest train station is Kaminotaishi Station in neighboring Habikino or Kishi Station in Tondabayashi.

Highways
  Minami-Hanna Road

Local attractions
Grave of Emperor Bidatsu
Grave of Emperor Yōmei
Grave of Empress Suiko
Grave of Prince Shotoku
Futagozuka Kofun, a National Historic Site
Iwaya, a National Historic Site
Rokutan-ji temple ruins, a National Historic Site
Shinaga Jinja, with grave of Ono no Imoko
Eifuku-ji, Buddhist temple associated with Prince Shotoku

References

External links

Taishi official website

Towns in Osaka Prefecture
Taishi, Osaka
Prince Shōtoku

Taishi, Osaka


غورغوبي (Γοργόπη) هي مدينة في كيلكيس في مقاطعة فوريا إلادا في اليونان.

يبلغ عدد سكانها حوالي 791 نسمة.

مراجع

مدن اليونان

غورغوبي (كيلكيس)


إبراهيم المحواشي المعروف في الساحة الرياضية بـإبراهيم الشاب والذي يكنّى أيضا في الأوساط القريبة منه بـبرهوم، ولد بالحي الشعبي المعروف بحي الحلفاوين بتونس العاصمة  يوم 24 أفريل 1924، وتوفي بها يوم 4 جويلية/تموز 2008، ودفن في اليوم الموالي بمقبرة الجلاز، هو ملاكم وصحفي ومسيّر رياضي ومؤرخ للرياضة التونسية.

الرياضي
مارس إبراهيم المحواشي أكثر من رياضة، وبرز خاصة في الملاكمة. ولكنه قبل ذلك بدأ بممارسة رياضة سباق الدراجات، وشارك في بطولة المبتدئين وتمكن عام 1941 من الإحراز على الرتبة الرابعة عشرة ، كما شارك في مسابقات أخرى متنوعة في سباق الدراجات، وفاز ببعضها. ثم ما لبث أن انجذب إلى رياضة الملاكمة منخرطا في نادي الملاكمة بتونس، وأحرز في هذه الرياضة على عدد من الألقاب على المستويين المحلي والإفريقي. إذ وصل عام 1945 إلى نهائي بطولة تونس في الوزن الخفيف، غير أن المتراهنين -وهو أحدهما- كانا صديقين فلم لم يجريا المقابلة، فوقع حجب البطولة تلك السنة. وفي 21 أكتوبر 1946 تغلّب على الجزائري محمد توجين الذي كان آنذاك بطل شمال أفريقيا. وفي عام 1947 أصبح بطل تونس للمحترفين في الوزن الخفيف وحافظ على لقبه إلى عام1951، حيث فاز على الصادق البحري عام 1950 وكيد ألدو (Kid Aldo) عام 1951 والرزقي بن صالح عام 1954. أما على الصعيد الشمال إفريقي، فقد تمكن بعد إحرازه على بطولة تونس من مواجهة الجزائري محمد توجين من جديد في سبيل التتويج ببطولة شمال إفريقيا، وهو ما حصل عليه بعد انتصاره في المقابلة الفاصلة بينهما. وهاجر بعد ذلك إلى فرنسا حيث فاز خاصة على روبار ناز (Robert Naze) وروجي جوليان (Roger Jullien). وشارك كتونسي في ألعاب البحر الأبيض المتوسط التي انتظمت بالإسكندرية عام 1951، وقام خلالها بإيصال صوت بلاده وكفاحها من أجل الاستقلال. وعلى أية حال فقد بقي محتفظا بلقبه الشمال إفريقي إلى حدود عام 1953. وقد غادر حلبة الملاكمة كملاكم عام 1954، بعد أن انهزم أمام بيل جو (Bill Jo) يوم 13 جوان من تلك السنة، وكان آنذاك في الثلاثين من عمره، ولكنه لم يترك رياضة الملاكمة، إذ تحول إلى التدريب، وأصبح ممرّنا وطنيا، وبالإضافة إلى ذلك أصبح مسيّرا من خلال عضويته في الجامعة التونسية للملاكمة.

وبعد حصول تونس على استقلالها عام 1956، وقع إلحاقه بـوزارة الشباب والرياضة، حيث عُيّن رئيس ديوان الوزير، في فترة توليها من قبل عزوز الرباعي ، وقد برز في تلك الفترة ومنذ 1957 عدد من الملاكمين الأبطال مثل أحمد أمين والهادي عثمان وحمادي الحبيب ، إلا أن إبراهيم المحواشي اشتهر بعد ذلك أكثر في ميدان الصحافة الرياضية، ربما بصفة أوسع من اشتهاره في ممارسة الملاكمة.

الصحفي الرياضي
عرف إبراهيم المحواشي في الميدان الإعلامي بكونه ذاكرة الألعاب الفردية، وأنه موسوعة في رياضة الملاكمة بصفة خاصة ، كما أنه يعتبر أحد رواد الصحافة الرياضية بتونس ، وقد قام بتغطية العديد من التظاهرات والمقابلات الرياضية على المستويات الإقليمية والقارية والدولية لعدة عقود طويلة. وقد بدأ مشواره كصحفي رياضي في الخمسينات وذلك بالتعليق على بعض المقابلات في الملاكمة لفائدة صحيفة تونس سوار أي تونس المسائية. وبعد الاستقلال استقدمه الحبيب شيخ روحه مدير ومؤسس جريدة الصباح اليومية ليعمل في ركن الرياضة  وكان يمضي باسم برهوم أو الطائر الحاكي
ليستمر بها حوالي العشرين سنة، وكان قبل ذلك عمل في ركن الرياضة أيضا بجريدة العمل لسان حال الحزب الحزب الحر الدستوري الجديد الحاكم في تونس، وكذا بالصفحات الرياضية لجريدة الشعب لسان حال المنظمة النقابية الاتحاد العام التونسي للشغل ، وفي نفس الوقت عمل معلقا رياضيا بكل من مؤسستي الإذاعة والتلفزة التونسيتين  حيث نقل للجمهور التونسي العديد من الأحداث الوطنية والعالمية ، ومن بينها مقابلات الملاكم محمد علي كلاي في السبعينات ، وكان في عصره من أبرز المعلقين الرياضيين إلى جانب آخرين من بينهم الطاهر مبارك  وعبد المجيد المسلاتي  ومحمد بوغنيم.

أنشطة أخرى
إلى جانب الرياضة، دخل إبراهيم المحواشي ميدان المسرح والتمثيل، إذ كان من بين 26 ممثلا اختيروا لتكوين فرقة بلدية مدينة تونس عام 1953 بقيادة زكي طليمات ومحمد عبد العزيز العقربي ، وتدرب بالفعل على مسرحية «صقر قريش» لمحمود تيمور. وفي هذه الفترة نصح غيره بالانضمام إلى فرقة بلدية تونس للمسرح

وسام
حاصل على الصنف الثالث من الوسام الوطني للاستحقاق في قطاعي الشباب والرياضة.

مرجع
 Boxeur Tunisien (Boxe Anglaise): Young Perez, Brahim Mahouachi, Sadok Omrane, Sadok Bahri, Taoufik Belbouli,Tahar Belhassen : Editeur : Books -LLC 1 août 2010

إشارات مرجعية

وصلات خارجية

صحفيون تونسيون
معلقون رياضيون تونسيون
ملاكمون وملاكمات تونسيون
مواليد 1342 هـ
مواليد 1924
مواليد في مدينة تونس
وفيات 1429 هـ
وفيات 2008
وفيات في مدينة تونس
مدفونون في مقبرة الجلاز

إبراهيم المحواشي


L'artère tympanique antérieure (ou artère tympanique de Glaser ) est une petite artère du crâne qui irrigue l'oreille moyenne.

Trajet
L'artère tympanique antérieure est une branche de la première partie de l'artère maxillaire.

Elle passe vers le haut derrière l'articulation temporo-mandibulaire, pénètre dans la cavité tympanique par la fissure pétro-tympanique et se ramifie sur la membrane tympanique, formant un cercle vasculaire autour de la membrane avec l'artère stylo-mastoïdienne, et en s'anastomosant avec l'artère du canal ptérygoïdien et avec l'artère carotico-tympanique.

Notes et références

tympanique antérieure

Artère tympanique antérieure


MM iğne, plak üzerinde basılmış ses izlerini okuyan bir iğne türüdür. Okunan izler sinyal haline gelerek, yükseltilmek üzere fono katına gönderilir. MM iğne özellikle düşük fiyatları ve üretiminin göreceli olarak MC iğnelere göre daha basit olması nedeni ile çok yoğun olarak kullanılmaktadır. Fakat gerek frekans aralığı gerekse de hassasiyet, MC iğnelerden biraz daha düşüktür. Özellikle giriş seviyesi pikaplarda yoğun olarak kullanılırlar.

Teknik özellikler
MM iğnelerin ana özelliği, hareket halindeki mıknatıslara sahip olmasıdır. İğne bu mıknatıslara bağlıdır ve sinyaller, bu hareket sayesinde üretilirler. Hareket, iğnenin plak üzerindeki izler yani girintiler sayesinde titreşmesi ile oluşmaktadır. İngilizcede Moving Magnet kelimelerinin baş harflerinden kısaltmadır. Türkçeye hareketli mıknatıs olarak çevirilebilir.}

Genel standartlar
 Empedans: 47kohm
 Gain (1 kHz'de): 34 dB
 Çıkış hassasiyeti 2,5mV

Ses teknolojileri

MM iğne


Soffy Road er et fodboldstadion beliggende i Vejgaard, som er hjemsted for bydelens fodboldhold Vejgaard Boldspilklub. Kapaciten er ikke oplyst.

Stadionrekorden blev sat den 27. september 2017 med 1005 tilskuere, da FC Nordsjælland gæstede stadionet i 3. runde af DBU Pokalen 2017-18.

Referencer

Fodboldstadioner i Danmark
Idrætsanlæg i Aalborg

Soffy Road


The Republic of Singapore Air Force (RSAF) is the aerial service branch of the Singapore Armed Forces (SAF) responsible for controlling and defending the airspace of the country, and providing air support to the Army and Navy. It was established in 1968 as the Singapore Air Defence Command (SADC) before renaming to its current name in 1975. As the most powerful air force in Southeast Asia, the RSAF has undertaken a significant role in Singapore's military defence strategy since its formation.

The RSAF is the most technologically advanced air force in the region, with the ability to act as a strong deterrence from potential hostile nations as well as defending the airspace of the country. In the event of national exigencies or a full-scale war, the RSAF will be the first leading the charge when conflict arises, in combat situations.

As of 2021, the RSAF has four domestic airbases, Paya Lebar, Changi, Sembawang, and Tengah, as well as at civilian airport Seletar. The RSAF also has overseas detachments in various countries, most notably in Australia, the United States and France. As of 2021, the RSAF has a strength of 8,000 active personnel.

History

Early years
In January 1968, the United Kingdom, which by this time had lost most of its global prestige especially after the Suez Crisis and was facing major financial difficulties that was greatly exacerbated by the devaluation of the pound, announced the imminent withdrawal of all its troops "East of Suez" by the end of 1971. Prior to then, Singapore had depended heavily on Britain's Royal Air Force (RAF) for its air defence, while the newly established Singapore Armed Forces (SAF) had concentrated its efforts mainly on building up the land-based Singapore Army.

The predecessor to the RSAF, the SADC, was formed on 1 September 1968. The SADC's immediate task was to set up the Flying Training School to train pilots. Qualified flying instructors were obtained through Airwork Services Limited, a company specialising in defence services. Basic training for pilots was carried out using two Cessna light aircraft hired from the Singapore Flying Club. The SADC also enlisted the help of the Royal Air Force which introduced the first flying training syllabus and provided two ex-RAF pilots as instructors, as well as facilities and services at Seletar Airport. Finally, the first batch of six pilot trainees were sent to the United Kingdom in August 1968 to undergo training in various technical disciplines. The training was based on the Hawker Hunter, the SADC's first air defence fighter. The following month, another pioneer group of technicians, this time from the rotary wing, were sent to France to begin their technical training on the Aérospatiale Alouette III helicopter. In 1969, a number of local RAF technicians were released to join the fledgling SADC. These local
technicians (local other ranks) had experience working on fixed-wing RAF aircraft such as the Hawker Hunter, Gloster Javelin, English Electric Canberra, English Electric Lightning and Avro Shackleton; as well as rotary-wing RAF aircraft such as the Bristol Belvedere, Westland Wessex and Westland Whirlwind.

Eight Cessna 172K aircraft—the SADC's first—arrived in May 1969 to be used for basic pilot training. By December, the first batch of students completed the course. Of these, six were sent to the UK to receive further training. On their return to Singapore in 1970, they were ready to operate the then newly acquired Hawker Hunter fighter aircraft.

The pace of training pilots and ground crew picked up gradually. On 1 August 1969, Minister for the Interior and Defence, Lim Kim San, inaugurated the Flying Training School (FTS) at Tengah Air Base (then known as RAF Tengah). The inauguration of FTS brought SADC closer to its goal of fulfilling the heavy responsibility of defending Singapore's airspace.

The subsequent arrival of the BAC Strikemasters in 1969, used for advanced phase flying training, meant that pilot trainees were now able to earn their initial wings locally rather than overseas. The first batch of locally trained fighter pilots were trained at the FTS and graduated in November 1970. Amongst this batch was 2LT Goh Yong Siang, who later rose to the appointment of Chief of Air Force on 1 July 1995. Gradually, the SADC had its own pilots, flying instructors, air traffic controllers, and ground crew.

When Britain brought forward its plan to withdraw its forces by September 1971, the SADC was suddenly entrusted with a huge responsibility and resources. Britain's former air bases—Tengah, Seletar, Sembawang and Changi—were handed over to the SADC, as well as its air defence radar station and Bloodhound II surface-to-air missiles.

In 1973, the SADC procured Shorts Skyvan search-and-locate aircraft and Douglas A-4 Skyhawk fighter-bombers. With a reliable mix of fighters, fighter-bombers, helicopters and transport aircraft, the SADC was ready to assume the functions of a full-fledged air force. On 1 April 1975, the SADC was renamed the Republic of Singapore Air Force (RSAF).

One of its first commanders was LTC Ee Tean Chye.

21st century
The RSAF celebrated its 50th Anniversary in 2018 with the theme "Our Home, Above All". The RSAF celebrated its Golden Jubilee with an extended flypast during the national day parade on 9 August and also performed 2 sessions of aerial display at the Marina Barrage on 11 and 12 August.

Combat Operations:
 2004–2008: Multi-National Force – Iraq. Aircraft participated in the Iraq War and returned home after two or three months of deployment in the Persian Gulf without any ground troops involved. Singapore's withdrawal was acknowledged on 23 December 2008.
 May 2007–June 2013: International Security Assistance Force. Deployment of close to 500 personnel including those from the Republic of Singapore Air Force, as part of Singapore's contributions to the multinational stabilisation and reconstruction efforts in Afghanistan.
 2014–present: Military intervention against ISIL. Offering military aid in the ongoing War on Terror with a KC-135 and assistant intelligence analysts.

Description of Logo
The crest consists of the national coat of arms supported by the silver wings of the Air Force within a bowl of golden laurels.

List of chiefs of Air Force

Organisation

Commands and units
On 5 January 2007, Defence Minister Teo Chee Hean announced that the Air Force organisation chart will be re-structured into five major commands, namely the Air Defence and Operations Command (ADOC), the Air Combat Command (ACC), the Participation Command (PC), the Air Power Generation Command (APGC) and the Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) Command (UC). The first to be inaugurated was ADOC, along the restructuring announcement.

ADOC is the principal agency in charge of planning and executing peacetime operations and air defence. ADOC is also responsible for the development and operational readiness of the command and control and ground-based air defence units of the RSAF.

Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Command was the second command to be inaugurated and become operational in May 2007.

The next command to be inaugurated was PC in January 2008.

The last two commands, ACC and APGC, were inaugurated together in August 2008 in conjunction with the RSAF 40th Anniversary. The ACC will bring together fighter and transport squadrons under one command, with central planning, control and execution of the air battle in operations. The APGC will enhance the missions of the ACC by ensuring that all air bases remain operational at all times, as well as improving the servicing and turn-around of aircraft to ensure continuous and responsive operations.

Air Combat Command (ACC)
The ACC ("Poised And Deadly") is responsible for the planning, control and execution of the air battle in operations. It brings together all fighter and transport squadrons that will carry out these tasks under a single command which will be responsible for training the pilots and aircrew to think and operate in a fully integrated way. The ACC consists of the following groups:
 HQ ACC
 Integrated Systems Development Group (ISDG)
 Operations Development Group (ODG)
 Fighter Group (FG) ("Decisive And Deadly")
 140 Squadron ("Stand Firm In Defence")
 142 Squadron ("Honour And Glory")
 143 Squadron ("We Dare")
 145 Squadron ("Swift And Valiant")
 149 Squadron ("Steadfast")
 Peace Carvin II – Luke Air Force Base, Arizona, USA
 Peace Carvin V – Mountain Home Air Force Base, Idaho, USA
 Transport Group (TG) ("Project And Deliver")
 111 Squadron ("Vigilance In Control")
 112 Squadron ("Determined To Deliver")
 121 Squadron ("Seek And Destroy")
 122 Squadron ("Dependable")

Air Power Generation Command (APGC)
The APGC ("Generate And Sustain") is set up to enable the RSAF to generate and sustain effective, timely and robust air power to meet the operational needs of the SAF. With the APGC, higher operational efficiency within each RSAF Air Base, and secondly, greater integration across the four bases are achieved. Units are classified under Air Base Operability (ABO) and Aircraft Generation (AcG). The APGC consists of the following groups:
 HQ APGC
 Operations Development Group (ODG)
 Changi Air Base ("Together In Excellence")
 208 Squadron ("Reliable And Vigilant Always")
 508 Squadron ("Unrivalled Support")
 608 Squadron ("Vigour And Vigilance")
 708 Squadron ("Agile And Dependable")
 808 Squadron ("Ready And Vigilant") - under 5 AELG
 Paya Lebar Air Base ("Strength Through Readiness")
 207 Squadron ("Support Towards Excellence")
 507 Squadron ("Forever Onward")
 607 Squadron ("Dare Us")
 707 Squadron ("Resolute And Responsive")
 7 Air Engineering and Logistics Group (7 AELG) ("Pride In Support")
 807 Squadron ("Swift And Effective")
 817 Squadron ("Dedicated And Precise")
 Sembawang Air Base ("Swift And Resolute")
 206 Squadron ("Precision In Control")
 506 Squadron ("Steadfast Support")
 606 Squadron ("Uphold And Persevere")
 706 Squadron ("Swift And Reliable")
 6 Air Engineering and Logistics Group (6 AELG) ("Swift And Steadfast")
 806 Squadron ("Agile And Expeditious")
 816 Squadron ("Precise And Dependable")
 Tengah Air Base ("Always Vigilant")
 205 Squadron ("Excellence And Beyond")
 505 Squadron ("Strive To Maintain")
 605 Squadron ("Alert And Steadfast")
 705 Squadron ("Zeal In Duty")
 5 Air Engineering and Logistics Group (5 AELG) ("Excellence Always")
 805 Squadron ("Responsive And Dependable")
 815 Squadron ("Swift And Precise")

The four support squadrons still remain organic to each Base but are under direct command of APGC. These four squadrons are: Airfield Maintenance Squadron (AMS), Ground Logistics Squadron (GLS), Field Defence Squadron (FDS) and Flying Support Squadron (FSS).

UAV Command (UC)
The main structures under UC("Persistent And Precise") are Operations & System Development Group (OSDG), headed by the Deputy Commander of UC. UC consists of the following groups:
 HQ UC
 UAV Group (UG) ("Persistent And Focused")
 116 Squadron ("Courageous And Tenacious")
 119 Squadron ("Precise And Cohesive")
 128 Squadron ("Focused And Ready")
 Imagery Exploitation Group (IXG) ("Precise And Timely")
 129 Squadron ("Swift And Sharp")
 138 Squadron ("Poised To Deliver")
 1 Air Engineering and Logistics Group (1 AELG) ("Swift And Sure")
 801 Squadron ("Swift And Dependable")
 811 Squadron ("Persistent And Sure")

Air Defence & Operations Command (ADOC)
The ADOC ("Vigilant & Ready") consist of the following:
 HQ ADOC
 Air Surveillance Control Group (ASCG) ("Vigilant And Decisive")
 200 Squadron ("Sense Fight Kill")
 202 Squadron ("Decisive And Resilient")
 203 Squadron ("Serve To Preserve")
 National Air Defence Group (ADG) ("Ever Vigilant")
 160 Squadron ("Alert Always")
 163 Squadron ("Above The Best")
 165 Squadron ("Pride In Protection")
 Air Operations Control Group (AOCG) ("Always In Control")
 9 Air Engineering and Logistics Group (9 AELG) ("With Unity We Support")
 113 Squadron ("Mission First")
 809 Squadron ("Ready And Swift")
 819 Squadron ("Precise And Reliable")

Participation Command (PC)
The PC ("Integrate & Dominate") consists of the following groups:
 HQ PC
 Operations Development Group (ODG)
 Helicopter Group (HeliG) ("Dare & Will")
 120 Squadron ("Strive To Achieve")
 123 Squadron ("Swift And Precise")
 125 Squadron ("Swift In Support")
 126 Squadron ("Ready And Able")
 127 Squadron ("Strength Courage Swiftness")
 Peace Vanguard ("Forging Ahead") – Marana, Arizona, USA
 Tactical Air Support Group (TASG) ("Integrated & Ready")
 1 Medical Squadron ("Courage And Conviction")
 101 Squadron
 102 Squadron
 103 Squadron ("Swift and Prompt")
 105 Squadron ("Robust And Resolute")
 Divisional Air Defence Group (DAG) ("Vigilant And Lethal")
 3 Divisional Air Defence Artillery ("Vigilant And Valiant")
 6 Divisional Air Defence Artillery ("Vigilant And Valiant")
 9 Divisional Air Defence Artillery ("Vigilant And Valiant")
 18 Divisional Air Defence Artillery ("Always Ahead")
 201 Squadron ("Deploy Detect Defend")
 DAG MTC ("Move Forward Safely")

Air Force Training Command (AFTC)
The Air Force Training Command (AFTC) is an amalgamation of the former Air Force School, Flying Training School and UAV Training school which facilitates training of future pilots and ground crew of the RSAF. It is located at 550 Airport Road, Singapore 534236.

The training schools and squadrons under AFTC ("Excellence") consist of the following:
 HQ AFTC
 Flying Training Institute (FTI) ("Strength Through Knowledge And Skills")
 124 Squadron ("Strive For Excellence")
 130 Squadron ("Aim To Strike" or "Eagle") – RAAF Base Pearce, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
 150 Squadron ("Forward We Strive") – Cazaux Air Base, France
 Air Grading Centre ("Soar Through Knowledge") – Jandakot, Perth, Western Australia
 Standards Squadron ("Pride Through Professionalism")
 UAV Training School ("Redefine Perfection")
 Air Warfare Training Institute (AWTI) ("Excellence Through Knowledge And Skills")
 C3 School ("Competency Through Knowledge")
 ADSS School ("Look Forward")
 Air Engineering Training Institute (AETI) ("Towards Excellence")
 Advanced AFE School ("Inspiring Excellence")
 Aircraft Engineering School ("Engineering Excellence")
 Civil Engineering School ("Excellence In Resilience")
 Networks, C2 and Air Defence School ("Excellence In Networked Air Defence")
 Supply Chain School ("Delivering Excellence")
 Training Development Group (TDG)

Retired Units
 130 Squadron (Flying Training School at Tengah) (1968-1994) BAC Strikemaster and S211
 131 Squadron ("Harrier") (1983-1986 at Paya Lebar, 1979-1983 at Tengah) T-33A and S211
 141 Squadron ("Detect To Deter") (1972- c 2008) Hawker hunters and F5
 144 Squadron ("Dare To Excel") (1979- c 2015) F-5E/T

Air bases

 Changi Air Base (West)
 121 Sqn 10 Fokker 50 (Transport), 8 Fokker 50 ME2 (Maritime patrol)
 Changi Air Base (East)
 112 Sqn 6 Airbus A330 MRTT (Aerial refuelling)
 145 Sqn 20 F-16 Blk 52+
 Paya Lebar Air Base
 122 Sqn 10 C-130H (Transport)
 142 Sqn 20 F-15SG (Strike)
 149 Sqn 20 F-15SG (Strike)
 Sembawang Air Base
 120 Sqn 20 AH-64D Longbow Apache (Attack)
 123 Sqn 8 S-70B Seahawks (ASW)
 124 Sqn 5 EC120 Colibri (Training)
 125 Sqn 32 AS332M Super Puma, 5 H225M Caracal (Transport/SAR)
 126 Sqn 20 AS532UL Cougar (Transport/SAR)
 127 Sqn 6 CH-47D, 12 CH-47SD, 8 CH-47F (Heavylift)
 Tengah Air Base
 111 Sqn 4 G550 (AEW & C)
 116 Sqn Hermes 450 (Reconnaissance)
 140 Sqn 9 F-16C (Interceptor), 6 F-16D Blk 52 (Strike)
 143 Sqn 5 F-16C (Interceptor), 8 F-16D Blk 52 (Strike)
 RSAF Black Knights – RSAF's aerobatic team. (Disbanded)
 Chong Pang Camp SADA (Singapore Air Defence Artillery)
 3rd DA RBS-70 SAM, IGLA SAM, Giraffe Radar
 6th DA RBS-70 SAM, IGLA SAM, Giraffe Radar
 9th DA RBS-70 SAM, IGLA SAM, Giraffe Radar
 18th DA RBS-70 SAM, Mistral SAM
 165 Sqn Rapier SAM, RBS-70 SAM, SPYDER SAM
 Lim Chu Kang Camp II SADA (Singapore Air Defense Artillery)
 163 Sqn Raytheon I-HAWK SAM (Medium altitude air defence)(*being replaced by Aster 30 SMTP)
 160 Sqn Oerlikon 35 mm AA Guns (Airfield defence)
 Choa Chu Kang Camp
 201 Sqn FPS 117 Radar (Fighter control, SAM control, Surveillance, ASP)
 Other assets of SADA (Singapore Air Defense Artillery)
 203 Sqn LORADS Radar (RASP, SAR, "listening watch" for distress signals)
 Murai Camp
 119 Sqn IAI Heron (Reconnaissance)
 128 Sqn 400 IAI Searcher (Reconnaissance)
 Classified
 200 Sqn 'Air Defence'
 202 Sqn 'Network Management'

Overseas detachments

 BA 120 Cazaux Airbase (France)
 150 Sqn, 12 × Alenia Aermacchi M-346 Master
 Luke Air Force Base (United States)
 425 FTS, 8 × F-16C, 6 × F-16D (Peace Carvin II F-16 Training)
 Mountain Home Air Force Base (United States)
 428 FTS, 10 × F-15SG, (Peace Carvin V F-15 Training)
 Oakey Army Aviation Centre (Australia)
 127 Sqn, 6 × CH-47D (Training/Support for army exercises)
 RAAF Base Pearce (Australia)
 130 Sqn, 19 × PC-21 (Basic Training)
 Silverbell Army Heliport (United States)
 E/1-285th AVN, 8 × AH-64SG (AH-64SG Training)
 Udorn Royal Thai Air Force Base (Thailand)
 For F-16 Training Purpose with Royal Thai Air Force

Overview
The backbone of the RSAF is formed by the Block 52/52+ F-16 Fighting Falcons. These are armed with US-supplied AIM-120C AMRAAM missiles and LANTIRN targeting pods, laser guided munitions and conformal fuel tanks for long-range strike.

While Singapore initially bought as many as 70 F-16 planes, on 18 November 2004, it was announced that the RSAF would offer its remaining 7 F-16A/Bs to the Royal Thai Air Force. It is believed that these early Block 15OCU aircraft were upgraded to "Falcon One" standard by ST Aerospace before the transfer and delivered in late 2005. In return, the RSAF was permitted to train at the Udon Royal Thai Air Force Base in north-east Thailand for a specified number of days each year. This would mean that the RSAF will operate only the Block 52/52+ model, as many as 62 F-16CJ/DJ planes.

Due to severe airspace constraints within Singapore, the RSAF operates its aircraft at several overseas locations to provide greater exposure to its pilots. With the F-16C/D Fighting Falcons, KC-135R Stratotankers, AH-64D Apaches and CH-47SD Chinook helicopters based in the United States, the Marchetti S-211s, PC-21s, and Super Puma helicopters in Australia, and the Alenia Aermacchi M-346 Master in France, almost one third of the force's inventory is based outside Singapore.

In 1994, the RSAF commenced a modernisation program for its fleet of approximately 49 operational (R)F-5E and F-5F aircraft. The upgrade was performed by Singapore Technologies Aerospace (STAero) and the upgraded aircraft were designated (R)F-5S and F-5T respectively, operating from Paya Lebar Air Base. These upgraded F-5S/T, equipped with the Galileo Avionica's FIAR Grifo-F X-band Radar are thought to be capable of firing the AIM-120 AMRAAM missile but to date, no actual live-firing has actually been reported. For in-flight refuelling, four KC-135Rs and four KC-130Bs are commissioned to support the fighter force of F-16C/Ds and (R)F-5S/Ts.

Airborne Early Warning and Control (AEW&C) capability was introduced in 1987 when four E-2C Hawkeyes were delivered to 111 Squadron. The duty of Maritime Patrol and Coastal surveillance is performed by the eight Fokker 50 MPA (entered service in 1991) of 121 Squadron, which can be armed with long-range anti-shipping AGM-84 Harpoon missiles and ASW torpedoes.

As part of its fleet renewal process, the RSAF officially withdrew its fleet of ST Aerospace A-4SU Super Skyhawk from front-line service on 31 March 2005 after 31 years of operations. The A-4SUs' achievements included flying directly from Singapore to the Philippines, incorporating the RSAF's first air-to-air refuelling mission in 1986, as well as the excellent aerobatic display of the 'red and white' Super Skyhawks flown by the RSAF Black Knights during Asian Aerospace 1990. A month before its retirement, the Skyhawk squadron won top honours in a strike exercise against its more modern F-16 and F-5 counterparts.

Singapore ordered a total of twenty AH-64D Apache Longbow attack helicopters in two batches. After a long period of negotiations over the delivery of the sophisticated Longbow Fire-control radar, the first batch of eight aircraft, fitted with the Fire Control Radar, was delivered on 17 May 2002. The second batch of 12 Apaches were ordered in 2001 even before the first delivery took place. All of the initial eight Apaches are based in the United States. Three of the Apache Longbows returned in January 2006 at the request of the Minister of Defence.

Apart from the fifteen CH-47SDs delivered from 1996, a new batch of fifteen aircraft was ordered in 1997, with an option of four extra airframes. At least 30 CH-47SD have been delivered and are in service at Sembawang Air Base. It is believed that these had been upgraded to the SD standard prior to delivery.

Eight CH-47SDs were also deployed to support the relief efforts in the aftermath of the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami. It was the first and one of the few countries to reach the affected areas. The RSAF deployed dozens of C-130Hs, CH-47SDs and AS 332Ms there along with three of the RSN's latest Landing Ship Tanks (RSS Endurance, RSS Persistence and RSS Endeavour of the Endurance class LST) as well as Singapore Armed Forces vehicles, engineers, and medical teams.

In September 2005, the RSAF sent three CH-47SD Chinook helicopters, later augmented by a fourth CH-47SD Chinook, to provide assistance in the rescue and evacuation of stranded civilians after Hurricane Katrina struck New Orleans and nearby areas in the United States. The humanitarian effort by Singapore involved more aircraft than any other foreign countries.

Since 2003, the RSAF has also made deployments of KC-135 tankers and C-130 aircraft to the Persian Gulf in support of the multinational efforts for the reconstruction of Iraq. RSAF personnel have carried out airlift, transportation and supply, and air-to-air refuelling missions in support of the multinational forces, assisting the Coalition in carrying supplies and personnel, transporting humanitarian material and conducting medical evacuation operations. In September 2013, Defence Minister Ng Eng Hen stated in a parliamentary reply that Singapore would soon acquire the Aster 30 land-based missile system.

RSAF day is celebrated on 1 September annually, in 2018 a combined flypast including the new A330 MRTT with a special 50th anniversary livery took place at Tengah Air Base.

Personnel

Military ranks in the Singapore Armed Forces are identical across the three services except for the flag ranks of the RSN. They are based on the Army model. The official table of ranks stops at three stars for all three services. NATO rank codes are not officially used, but are listed here for easy comparison with other armed forces.

Like the Navy, the majority of Air Force personnel are regulars. This is due to the specialised and technical nature of many jobs. The employment of National Servicemen in various roles are limited mostly to the infantry-like Field Defence Squadrons which do not require such specialised training.

Aircraft

In February 2003, Singapore joined the JSF program's System Design and Development (SDD) Phase, as a Security Co-operation Participant (SCP). The first deliveries of the F-35 Lightning II are not expected before 2021, but replacement for the bulk of the A-4SUs was needed by 2007. As a start, 20 F-16D Block 52+ have been delivered from 2003 under project Peace Carvin IV.

The RSAF embarked on its Next Generation Fighter (NGF) programme to replace the aging A-4SUs. The original list of competitors was shortlisted to the final two – Dassault Rafale and the Boeing F-15SG Strike Eagle. The F-15SG is a variant of the F-15E Strike Eagle and is similar in configuration to the F-15K sold to South Korea, but differs in the addition of the APG-63(V)3 active electronically scanned array (AESA) radar developed by Raytheon. The F-15SG is powered by two General Electric F110-GE-129  thrust engines. The DSTA (Defense Science & Technology Agency) conducted a detailed technical assessment, simulations, and other tests to assess the final selection. On 6 September 2005, it was announced that the F-15SG had won the contract over the Rafale. An initial order placed in 2005 for 12 aircraft with 8 options. On 22 October 2007, Singapore's Ministry of Defence (MINDEF) exercised the option to purchase eight more F-15SG fighters as part of the original contract signed in 2005. Along with this buy, an additional order for four F-15SGs was made, bringing the total number of F-15SGs purchased by the start of 2008 to 24.

In January 2005, it was announced that 6 Sikorsky S-70B (derivative of SH-60 Seahawk) naval helicopters will be purchased, complete with anti-surface and anti-submarine weapons and sensors. 2 more Seahawks were ordered in 2013. The Seahawks are operated by RSAF pilots, with System Specialists of the Republic of Singapore Navy operating the sensors and weaponry. They operate from the Navy's new Formidable class frigates, and when operating from land are based at Sembawang Air Base. All 20 AH-64D Longbow attack helicopters have been delivered to the RSAF. 12 of these were deployed back to Singapore and took part in combined arms exercises with the Army, with the remaining 8 helicopters being part of the Peace Vanguard detachment based in the United States.

In April 2007, it was announced that the 4 E-2C Hawkeyes were to be replaced with 4 Gulfstream G550s fitted with the IAI EL/W-2085 radar which would become the primary airborne early warning aircraft for the RSAF. Not included in the deal is an additional G550 as an AEW trainer, which will be acquired and maintained by ST Aerospace on behalf of RSAF.

In July 2010, the Alenia Aermacchi M-346 Master was selected by the RSAF to replace the A-4SU in the Advanced Jet Training (AJT) role, currently based at BA 120 Cazaux Air Base in France. In a press release by the MINDEF on 28 September 2008, ST Aerospace had been awarded the contract to acquire twelve M-346 and a ground based training system on behalf of RSAF. As stipulated in the contract, ST Aerospace will act as the main contractor to maintain the aircraft after delivery by Alenia Aermacchi while Boeing would supply the training system. Delivery date is scheduled from 2012 onwards.

The backbone of the transport fleet are the four KC-130B, one KC-130H and five C-130H Hercules transport aircraft, which are expected to remain in service through 2030, will be undergoing an extensive modernisation process to bring all ten existing airframes to the same common standard. The first airframe, a KC-130B, was returned to frontline service on 21 September 2010. ST Aerospace, the main contractor behind the project, is expected to upgrade the other nine airframes for the RSAF within the next seven years. Included in the package is the replacement of cockpit flight management system with a modern glass cockpit avionics suite, central engine displays to replace analogue gauges, improved voice communications, digital autopilot, flight director as well as a digital weather radar, which will make the aircraft Global Air Traffic Management-compliant. Also, the C-130Bs will receive an auxiliary power unit and environmental control system in common with the C-130Hs. Once the upgrade is completed, this will effectively give the RSAF five KC-130Hs and five C-130Hs.

In December 2010, the RSAF issued a letter of request to inspect stored ex-US Navy P-3C Orion aircraft that have been retired from active duty. Lockheed Martin believes the RSAF has a requirement of 4 to 5 of these aircraft, which would be modernised extensively before reintroduction into active service.

On 30 June 2018, Defence Minister Ng Eng Hen announced that the F-16's replacement will be announced soon. Meanwhile, the KC-135Rs are being replaced by the A330 MRTT while replacements for other fixed-wing aircraft and helicopters are announced.

On 18 January 2019, MINDEF officially confirmed the procurement of F-35s for a full evaluation of their capabilities and suitability before deciding on a full fleet to replace the aging F-16 fleet. On 1 March 2019, MINDEF announced that they will send a Letter of Request (LOR) to purchase 4 F-35s with an option of 8 more after the evaluation. On 9 January 2020 the U.S. Defense Security Cooperation Agency approved a possible sale to Singapore of four F-35B short takeoff and vertical landing (STOVL) variants with the option to purchase an additional eight F-35Bs and up to 13 Pratt & Whitney F135 engines and other related equipment for an estimated total cost of $2.75 billion.

Equipment

Aircraft

Retired aircraft
Previous aircraft operated by the RSAF consisted of the Northrop Grumman E-2 Hawkeye, Hawker Hunter, BAC Strikemaster, BAC Jet Provost, Lockheed T-33, A-4 Skyhawk, A-4SU Super Skyhawk, Northrop F-5, Aérospatiale Alouette III, Bell 212, Bell UH-1H/B, the Aérospatiale AS350 helicopter, and the Boeing KC-135.

Previous drone fleet of the RSAF were the Tadiran Mastiff, IAI Scout and IAI Searcher.

Armament

Air defence

Radars

Radar systems consist of one Lockheed Martin AN/FPS-117 unit, and a six Giraffe radar's from Ericsson telecommunications.

Bases

Others

RSAF Black Knights

First formed in 1973 at Tengah Air Base, the Black Knights is RSAF's official aerobatic team and has been performing on an ad hoc basis since its inception, with volunteer pilots drawn from various front line squadrons within the RSAF. The aerobatics team has performed on events including the Singapore Airshow 2014.

RSAF Museum

The RSAF maintains the Air Force Museum, which was first located at Changi Air Base before it was relocated to a purpose-built building currently situated at 400 Airport Road, Singapore 534234 adjacent to Paya Lebar Air Base. The museum is open to the public and showcases the air force's history and capabilities. Exhibits include the Northrop Grumman E-2 Hawkeye and numerous A-4SU Super Skyhawk.

Tertiary Institutions
The Republic of Singapore Air Force has loaned several aircraft, and aircraft parts to the tertiary institutions in Singapore, including Institute of Technical Education, Ngee Ann Polytechnic, Singapore Polytechnic, Nanyang Polytechnic and Nanyang Technological University since 2005. Aircraft includes the A-4SU Super Skyhawk.

Past Symbols

Roundel

Ensign

See also
 List of Republic of Singapore Air Force squadrons
 Singapore Wing, Malayan Auxiliary Air Force

References
Citations

Bibliography

 About the FlightGlobal Group | AirSpace Announcement

External links

 Journal of the Singapore Armed Forces – Contains scholarly articles on military issues, including those pertaining to the SAF's transformation into a 3rd Generation Fighting Force
 Ranks and Paramilitary Ranks of Singapore, accessed 23 October 2006.

Video clips
 , accessed 24 May 2011.
 , accessed 24 January 2009.
 , accessed 24 January 2009.
 , accessed 24 January 2009.
 , accessed 12 May 2009.

Camps and bases of the Singapore Armed Forces
Military units and formations established in 1968
1968 establishments in Singapore

Republic of Singapore Air Force


Gabacho (; feminino, gabacha) é uma palavra usada na língua espanhola para descrever estrangeiros de diferentes origens na história anterior. A sua origem está na Espanha peninsular, como sinónimo pejorativo de "francês".

Na Espanha, o termo mantém o significado inicial, e é usado como referência pejorativa a alguém ou algo especificamente francês, sem aplicação a qualquer outra nacionalidade. Outros países de língua espanhola, no entanto, adotaram o termo em um sentido mais amplo, adquirindo um significado semelhante ao significado que guiri tem na Espanha (turistas estrangeiros grosseiros, da Grã-Bretanha, ou de paísesdo norte da Europa).

Em países de língua espanhola que não a Espanha, também pode significar lugar (especificamente os EUA) quando o artigo definido el é usado na frente dele "el gabacho".

Na Espanha tem sido usado como uma referência degradante para os franceses por centenas de anos. No México, Guatemala e El Salvador é usada uma referência depreciativa para cidadãos dos Estados Unidos. No México, el gabacho também pode significar os Estados Unidos, como um lugar ("Voy para el gabacho", "Vou para os EUA").

Gabacha também é uma palavra usada em Guatemala para avental. Na América Central, é usado para se referir a certos tipos de jalecos, como o de médico, aluno do jardim de infância, jaleco ou colete de formatura.

Etimologia
As origens são discutidas. Uma possível raiz é a palavra [[língua catalã|catalã}} catalã gavatx que significa estrangeiro. Outra raiz possível deriva da palavra occitana gavach, que significa "alguém que fala de forma defeituosa" ou "alguém que não fala corretamente",  sendo essa a posição oficial do Diccionario de la lengua española.

Robert A. Geuljans, etiólogo, concorda com a ligação entre "gabacho" e as origens aquitaniana e catalã ao considerar que a origem de todos, gabacho, gavatx e gavach vem da palavra ocitana para "bócio", uma desordem comum nos Pireneus franceses causada por deficiência de vitaminas que prejudica a capacidade de falar. Os peregrinos aflitos viajavam da França para a Espanha desde a Idade Média, para seguir o Caminho de Santiago na esperança de uma cura milagrosa.

A palavra também pode derivar de uma transcrição simulada da palavra francesa para um casaco longo, especificamente para os casacos dos soldados franceses durante o final do século XVIII e início do século XIX.

O Dicionário Etimológico da Língua Espanhola afirma que a palavra se originou no século 16, significando "homens rudes da montanha", e "ele fala mal a língua local". Segundo o "Diccionario de Autoridades" de 1734, é usado para as pessoas originárias das dobras dos Pirenéus, porque em certas épocas do ano, migravam para o Reino de Aragão e outras partes, onde trabalham nas partes mais baixas da sociedade.

Ligações externas
Sobre Gabacho

Palavras, frases e expressões em espanhol
Xenofobia
Preconceitos e discriminações

Gabacho


Das Amtsgericht Wald-Michelbach war von 1853 bis 1968 ein hessisches Amtsgericht mit Sitz in Wald-Michelbach.

Gründung
Mit dem Gerichtsverfassungsgesetz von 1877 wurden Organisation und Bezeichnungen der Gerichte reichsweit vereinheitlicht. Zum 1. Oktober 1879 hob das Großherzogtum Hessen deshalb die Landgerichte auf, die bis dahin in den rechtsrheinischen Provinzen des Großherzogtums die Gerichte erster Instanz gewesen waren. Funktional ersetzt wurden sie durch Amtsgerichte. So ersetzte das Amtsgericht Wald-Michelbach das Landgericht Wald-Michelbach. "Landgerichte" nannten sich nun die den Amtsgerichten direkt übergeordneten Obergerichte. Das Amtsgericht Wald-Michelbach wurde dem Bezirk des Landgerichts Darmstadt zugeordnet.

Bezirk
Der Gerichtsbezirk des Amtsgerichts Wald-Michelbach setzte sich wie folgt zusammen

Ende
Das Amtsgericht Wald-Michelbach wurde im Zuge von Einsparungen während des Zweiten Weltkriegs 1943 zu einer Zweigstelle des Amtsgerichts Fürth, was nach dem Krieg aber wieder rückgängig gemacht wurde. Zum 1. Juli 1968 wurde das Amtsgericht jedoch endgültig aufgelöst und in den Bezirk des Amtsgerichts Fürth integriert.

Dienstgebäude
Das Dienstgebäude befand sich an der Ecke Ludwigstraße/Eichendorffstraße in Wald-Michelbach. Später war darin die örtliche Polizeistation untergebracht. Heute befindet sich an der Stelle ein Busbahnhof.

Einzelnachweise

Wald-Michelbach
Wald-Michelbach
Gegründet 1879
Aufgelöst 1968
Geschichte (Landkreis Bergstraße)
Organisation (Landkreis Bergstraße)

Amtsgericht Wald-Michelbach


James Lee Keltner (born April 27, 1942) is an American drummer and percussionist known primarily for his session work. He was characterized by Bob Dylan biographer Howard Sounes as "the leading session drummer in America".

Career
Keltner was inspired to start playing because of an interest in jazz, but the popularity of jazz was declining during the late 1950s and early 1960s, and it was the explosion of pop/rock in the mid-1960s that enabled him to break into recording work in Los Angeles. His first gig as a session musician was recording "She's Just My Style" for the pop group Gary Lewis and the Playboys.

Keltner's music career was hardly paying a living, and for several years at the outset he was supported by his wife. Toward the end of the 1960s, he finally began getting regular session work and eventually became one of the busiest drummers in Los Angeles. His earliest credited performances on record were with Gabor Szabo on the 1968 album Bacchanal.

In 1968, Keltner was also working in a music shop in Pasadena just down the street from the old Ice House coffeehouse when he was recruited to play drums in a "psychedelic" vocal group named "MC Squared" along with Michael Crowley, Michael Clough, Linda Carey—all from the folk group The Back Porch Majority)—and session guitarist/bassist Randy Cierley Sterling. They were signed by Mo Ostin and recorded an album for Warner/Reprise originally titled "MC Squared" which has later been re-mastered and re-released in 2012 with the album title "Tantalizing Colors." They appeared live that same year on the Hugh Hefner / Playboy Magazine television show Playboy After Dark playing two songs:  an original by MC Squared members Michael Clough and Michael Crowley titled "I Know You" and a version of the Fred Neil song Everybody's Talkin'.  Both Playboy After Dark performances with Keltner playing drums can currently be viewed on YouTube.

It was his work with Leon Russell playing on Delaney & Bonnie's Accept No Substitute that attracted the attention of Joe Cocker, who recruited Russell and everyone else he could out of the Delaney & Bonnie band for his  Mad Dogs & Englishmen tour. Playing with Joe Cocker led to work in 1970 and 1971, on records by Carly Simon (No Secrets), Barbra Streisand (Barbra Joan Streisand), Booker T. Jones (Booker T. & Priscilla), George Harrison (The Concert for Bangladesh) and John Lennon (Imagine).

Former Beatles
Keltner is well known for his session work on solo recordings by three members of the Beatles, working with George Harrison, John Lennon (including Lennon solo albums, as well as albums released both by the Plastic Ono Band and Yoko Ono), and Ringo Starr.

Keltner played on many key former Beatle solo releases, including Harrison's 1973 album Living in the Material World and Lennon's 1974 album Walls and Bridges. When Ringo Starr recorded his first full-fledged pop album, Ringo, Keltner was featured on five tracks. Following this, Keltner joined George Harrison on his 1974 tour of the United States.

In 1974, Keltner played on the Lennon-produced Harry Nilsson album Pussy Cats alongside Ringo (and Keith Moon) on "Rock Around the Clock". Keltner was featured on the Nilsson albums Son of Schmilsson with Harrison, Starr and Beatles associate Klaus Voormann as well as Duit on Mon Dei with Starr and Voormann.

Keltner's relationship with the former Beatles was such that, in 1973, his name was used to mock Paul McCartney on albums released by Harrison and Starr. Early that year, McCartney, the only Beatle not to have worked with Keltner, included a note on the back cover of his Red Rose Speedway album, encouraging fans to join the "Wings Fun Club" by sending a "stamped addressed envelope" to an address in London. Later that year, both Harrison's Living in the Material World and Starr's Ringo contained a similar note encouraging fans to join the "Jim Keltner Fan Club" by sending a "stamped undressed elephant" to an address in Hollywood.

Keltner played the role of the judge in the music video for George Harrison's 1976 Top 30 hit, "This Song".

In 1989, Keltner toured with Ringo Starr & His All-Starr Band.

Equipment
Keltner is an endorser of DW drums, hardware and pedals, Ahead drumsticks/gloves/griptape, Paiste Cymbals, Remo drumheads and world percussion and Roland electronics.

Little Village
In 1987, Keltner, along with guitarist Ry Cooder and bassist Nick Lowe, played on John Hiatt's Bring the Family. Four years later the four musicians reunited as the band Little Village, recording an eponymous album.

Traveling Wilburys
Keltner played drums on both albums released by the 1980s supergroup the Traveling Wilburys, playing under the pseudonym "Buster Sidebury".

Ry Cooder
Keltner became Ry Cooder's go-to drummer, recording with him on many of his albums for over 40 years, including the following, as well as playing with him in Little Village.

Boomer's Story (1972)
Paradise and Lunch (1974)
Chicken Skin Music (1976)
Bop till You Drop (1979)
Borderline (1980)
The Slide Area (1982)
Get Rhythm (1987)
Chávez Ravine (2005)
My Name Is Buddy (2007)
I, Flathead (2008)
Pull Up Some Dust and Sit Down (2011)

List of artists
Keltner, as a freelance drummer, has worked with a long list of artists.

1970s
Jim Keltner recorded two albums with his band Attitudes for George Harrison's Dark Horse label. The band also included Danny Kortchmar, David Foster and Paul Stallworth, and recorded Attitudes in 1975 and Good News in 1977.

He is featured on Carly Simon's 1971 album, Anticipation.

He played on various tracks on Randy Newman's albums Sail Away and Little Criminals, including "You Can Leave Your Hat On", "Short People", and "Jolly Coppers On Parade".

He also played drums on the Bee Gees 1973 album Life in a Tin Can.

He played on 5 songs on Jackson Browne's "For Everyman" album recorded in 1973 including the song "These Days."

In 1973, he was the session drummer on Bob Dylan's Pat Garrett & Billy the Kid, which includes the hit "Knockin' on Heaven's Door". He described that session as "a monumental session for me because it was such a touching song, it was the first time I actually cried when I was playing".

In 1974, he played on most tracks on the Jack Bruce album Out of the Storm.

Other demonstrations of his style and range can be found in "Jealous Guy" on John Lennon's Imagine, the hit single "Dream Weaver" by Gary Wright, and "Watching the River Flow" by Bob Dylan.

Keltner is the drummer on the Steely Dan tune "Josie" (released in 1977). In the DVD "Steely Dan - Classic Albums: Aja", Donald Fagen states that in the bridge of the tune, Keltner overdubbed a 16th note based pattern played on a metal trash can lid.

Keltner appeared in the 1979 film "Old Boyfriends" playing drums as a 'Bloodshot Band' member.

Keltner is credited as the drummer on the 1979 album by Roy Clark and Gatemouth Brown, Makin' Music.

Keltner appears on Marc Jordan's 1979 album "Blue Desert" on tracks "Twilight" and "Lost in The Hurrah".

1980s
Keltner specialized in R&B, and developed a deceptively simple drumming style that melds a casual, loose feel with extraordinary precision. He is said to have influenced Jeff Porcaro and Danny Seraphine of Chicago.

Keltner played on the Saved and Shot of Love albums by Bob Dylan.

Keltner performed on many classic recordings by J. J. Cale and often worked with bassist Tim Drummond.

He played on most of the tracks on Roy Orbison's swansong Mystery Girl.

He played on four Richard Thompson albums: Daring Adventures (1986), Amnesia (1988), Rumor and Sigh (1991) and you? me? us? (1996).

Keltner played drums on the song "Now We're Getting Somewhere" from the hit album Crowded House (1986).

Also, he was a session drummer for the reunited Pink Floyd on the album A Momentary Lapse of Reason.

1990s
In the mid-1990s, Keltner joined the London Metropolitan Orchestra on its recording of "An American Symphony" on the movie soundtrack for Mr Holland's Opus.

In 1992, he played (together with Booker T. & the M.G.'s) at Bob Dylan's The 30th Anniversary Concert Celebration.

In 1993, he toured with Neil Young and Booker T. & the M.G.'s.

He played on Brian Wilson's 1995 album, I Just Wasn't Made for These Times.

He guested on Sheryl Crow's 1996 self-titled album, on the track "The Book".

He played on Gillian Welch's album Revival, on the track "The Only One and Only".

Keltner played on the 1997 Bill Frisell album Gone, Just Like a Train with Viktor Krauss and toured as a member of the trio in support of the album. He also played on the 1999 Frisell album Good Dog, Happy Man and is pictured in the CD leaflet and back cover (Nonesuch 79536-2).

2000s
In 2000, Keltner toured with Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young on their "Tour of America".

In 2000 he was the drummer on Neil Young's album Silver & Gold.

In 2000, Keltner collaborated with Charlie Watts, drummer of the Rolling Stones, on an instrumental album entitled The Charlie Watts–Jim Keltner Project.   Watts played drums for each track, while Keltner contributed sequenced sounds and percussion.  Tracks were named after famous drummers.

In 2002, he briefly joined Bob Dylan's band during the European gigs while its main drummer, George Receli, recuperated from a hand injury. Later in the year, Keltner played in Concert For George, a tribute to George Harrison a year following his death. Wearing a sweatshirt with a Bob Dylan logo, he reprised his role as the Wilburys' drummer, joining Tom Petty and Jeff Lynne for "Handle with Care." During that project and performance, he worked with Paul McCartney along with other percussionists, including Ringo Starr.

In 2003, he toured with Simon & Garfunkel in their Old Friends tour.

In 2004, he was one of the "Hot Licks" on Dan Hicks' Selected Shorts CD.

In 2006, he toured with T-Bone Burnett in The True False Identity tour and was featured on Jerry Lee Lewis's album Last Man Standing. He played on Mavis Staples's album We'll Never Turn Back, produced by Ry Cooder.

He also lent his drumming skills to the tracks on Richard Shapero's full-length album entitled Wild Animus: The Ram, recorded the same year.

In 2007, he appeared with Lucinda Williams on West. The album was listed No. 18 on Rolling Stone'''s list of the Top 50 Albums of 2007.   He also played on Phish keyboardist's self titled debut album Page McConnell, released in 2007.

In 2008, Keltner appeared on Break up the Concrete by The Pretenders, on One Kind Favor by B. B. King and on Oasis's "The Boy with the Blues", a non-album-track from Dig Out Your Soul.

Also in 2008, Keltner participated in the production of the album Psalngs, the debut release of Canadian musician John Lefebvre.

In 2009, Keltner played drums on singer/songwriter Todd Snider's Don Was-produced album, The Excitement Plan.

2010s
In 2010, Keltner produced Jerry Lee Lewis's Mean Old Man duets CD. He played drums on Fistful of Mercy's debut album, As I Call You Down, which one of the band's members, Dhani Harrison, described in an interview as the first project of his that he felt worthy to bring to Keltner, who was an old family friend (Dhani is the son of George Harrison). Keltner also played on The Union by Leon Russell and Elton John, produced by T-Bone Burnett and released on October 10, 2010. He also appeared on the eponymous Eric Clapton album, on 8 of the 14 tracks.

Joseph Arthur's 2011 album, The Graduation Ceremony, features Keltner on drums, reprising a partnership that began with the Fistful of Mercy project.

He has recorded twice with the indie band She & Him, on 2011's A Very She & Him Christmas and 2014's Classics.

He played drums on Michael Buble's 2011 "Christmas" album.  The tracks are "All I Want for Christmas is You," and "Blue Christmas."

For the 2012 release, Chimes of Freedom: The Songs of Bob Dylan Honoring 50 Years of Amnesty International, Keltner sat in a studio with Outernational covering Dylan's "When the Ship Comes In".

In 2012, he also played drums on John Mayer's "Something Like Olivia", the fifth track of the album Born and Raised.

That same year, he recorded with Italian instrumental band Sacri Cuori on their second record, Rosario.

In 2013, Keltner appears on the track "If I Were Me" from Sound City: Real to Reel with Dave Grohl, Jessy Greene and Rami Jaffee. Also, on "Our Love Is Here To Stay", a classic Gershwin jazz standard recorded by Eric Clapton for his album, Old Sock.

In 2014, Keltner played on Peter Himmelman's album The Boat That Carries Us.

In 2016, Keltner recorded drums for Neil Young's thirty-seventh studio album, Peace Trail.
In 2016, Keltner also appeared on the Rolling Stones' CD "Blue & Lonesome", playing percussion on "Hoo Doo Blues."

In 2017, Keltner played drums and percussion as well as co-producing Conor Oberst's Salutations album. Oberst described Keltner's production as "flawless".

In 2018, he played drums and percussion on Boz Scaggs' 19th album, Out of the Blues, and Eric Clapton's Happy Xmas.

In 2019, Keltner played drums along with bassist Mike Watt for guitarist Mike Baggetta's Wall of Flowers album  released in March. Keltner played drums on the original soundtrack for the movie "The Irishman". The music was written by Robbie Robertson.

Keltner plays drums on the song  included on Mike Viola's 2020 album The Best of Mike Viola. Manga artist Naoki Urasawa, who wrote the original song, also performs on it and drew a short manga of the experience for his "Musica Nostra" series that features Keltner.

 Collaborations

References

External links
2015 Audio Interview with Jim Keltner from the I'd Hit That podcast October 2015*
"Jim Keltner on Booker T. and the MGs"(2007 Variety article by Jim Keltner)
2005 Interview by Modern Drummer'' magazine
Jim Keltner Billboard biography

1942 births
Living people
Musicians from Tulsa, Oklahoma
American rock drummers
American session musicians
American people of German descent
Bob Dylan
Delaney & Bonnie & Friends members
Plastic Ono Band members
Steve Miller Band members
20th-century American drummers
20th-century British male musicians
American male drummers
21st-century American drummers
21st-century American male musicians
Ringo Starr & His All-Starr Band members

Jim Keltner


ලොව දැනට සොයා ගෙන ඇති පැරණිම චිත්‍ර දැකගත හැකි වන්නේ ප්‍රංශයේ ග්‍රොටේ ෂුවේට් ප්‍රදේශයේ දී වන අතර ඇතැම් ඉතිහාසඥයන්ට අනුව ඒවා වසර 32000ක් තරම් පැරණි වේ. මෙම සිතුවම් නිර්මාණය කොට ඇත්තේ රතු හිරිගල් සහ කළු පැහැ වර්ණක භාවිතාකොට ගෙනයි. එම සිතුවම් තුළ අශ්වයන්, රයිනෝසිරස් සතුන්, සිංහයන්, මී හරක්, මැමත් සතුන් හෝ දඩයමේ යෙදෙන මිනිසුන් දැකගත හැක. ගුහා තුළ අඳින ලද චිත්‍ර සඳහා උදාහරණ ලෝකය පුරාම හමුවේ. මෙසේ ගුහා තුළ අඳින ලද සිතුවම් දැකගත හැකි රටවල් අතරට පහත ඒවා ද අයත් වේ. ප්‍රංශය, ස්පාඤ්ඤය, පෘතුගාලය, චීනය, ඔස්ට්‍රේලියාව සහ ඉන්දියාවයි.

බටහිර සංස්කෘතීන් තුළ වඩාත් ප්‍රචලිත සිතුවම් නිර්මාණ තෙල් සායම් හෝ දිය සායම් භාවිතයෙන් අඳින ලද ඒවා වේ. ඒවායේ විවිධ සම්ප්‍රදායන් ශෛලීන් සහ විෂය වස්තූන් නිරූපණ දැකගත හැක. පෙරදිග රටවල් තුළ විවිධ වර්ණවත් තීන්ත වර්ග ප්‍රචලිතව භාවිතා වූ අතර ඒවා ඇසුරෙන් ද සංකීර්ණ සම්ප්‍රදායන්ට අයත් ඉතා දියුණු කළාත්මක නිර්මාණ බිහි විය.

References
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Painting#History_of_painting

සිතුවම්කරණ ඉතිහාසය


كاران جوهر هو ممثل ومؤلف ومخرج ومنتج ومقدم برامج هندي. ولد في 25 مايو 1972 في مومباي. قدم العديد من الأفلام واقترنت أفلامه التي أخرجها بالممثل الهندي المشهور شاروخان مثل أحيانا السعادة وأحيانا الحزن (فيلم هندي) مع أميتاب بتشان وهريثيك روشان وكاجول و my name is khan مع شاروخان وكاجول. من أفلامه هو اسمي خان الذي عُرض في 2010.

حياته المبكره

ولد كاران جوهر في بومباى بالهند؛ وهو ابن المخرج البوليودى ياش جوهر مؤسس شركة إنتاج Drama Production الذي توفى بعد 6 أشهر تقريبا من اصابته بمرض السرطان.

تـأثر أثناء طفولته بالسينما الهندية مماجعله يقتدى ب «ياش شوبرا» و «راج كابور» ومن المعروف تمتع كاران جوهر بعلاقه وطيدة مع النجم الهندي شاروخان وزوجته غوري خان والفنانه كاجول·

حياته المهنية

تنوعت حياة كاران جوهر واختلفت شخصيته بأختلاف طبيعه عمله من تمثيل واخراج وتأليف وغيرهم، ولكن يبدو انه وجد راحه أكبر في التاليف والاخراج عنه في التمثيل فقد بدأ حياته الفنية ممثلا في الفيلم الرومانسى الأكثر مشاهدة في تاريخ الهند والذي استمر لمدة 23 سنة إلى الآن«ديلوالي دولهان لي جانغيه» بطولة شاروخان وكاجول وغيرهم.. من إخراج اديتيا شوبرا وقد ساهم في كتابت قصته، ثم اتجه لتأليف الافلام واخراجها، وقد عمل أيضا فيز مجال تقديم البرامج وقد قدم برنامجه (قهوة مع كاران) وذاع صيته لخمسة مواسم متتاليه حتى الآن، كما قام الفنان بتصميم الازياء وهو من يعتمد عليه الفنان شاروخان باختيار ملابسه في افلامه.

التمثيل

وبدأ «كاران جوهر» حياته الفنية ممثلاً في فيلم «ديلوالي دولهان لي جانغيه» من إخراج اديتيا شوبرا أمام شاروخان وكاجول

الأخراج

كان لا يؤمن بقدرته على إخراج الافلام كوالده ياش كابور، ولكن ادى تشجيع الممثل وصديقه (شاه رو خان) له وتعهده له بان يقوم بدور في أول فيلم يقوم باخراجه، إلى ولاده مخرج كبير بفيلم عام 1418هجري 1998 Kuch Hota Hai (كوتش كوتش هوتا هي) ويعني «شئ ما يحدث» وشاركه البطولة كاجول ديفجان وابنة عمها راني موخرجي وغيرهم..وقد حقق نجاحا جماهيريا واسعا، ثم توالت أعماله الاخراجيه بالفيلم الخالد Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham (كبهي قوتشي كبهي غم) «احيانا سعادة واحيانا هم» عام 1421هجري2001م وقام بادوار البطولة اميتاب باتشان وشاروخان وهيرثيك روشان ومن الفنانات كاجول وكارينا كابور ورانى موخرجي وغيرهم.. ثم توج كاران جوهر نجاحاته عام 2006 أي 1427 هجري بالفيلم الذي تم ترشيحه للعديد من الجوائز Kabhi Alvida Naa Kehna بطولة اميتاب وشاروخان وراني وابيشيك باتشان وبريتى وغيرهم.. ثم اراد إخراج فيلما مختلفاَ مميزاَ في عام2010 وهو My Name Is Khan «اسمي هو خان» الذي كان إنتاجا مشتركا بينه وبين شاروخان الذي قام باداء دور البطولة بصحبة كاجول اوغيرهملذي يحاكي العنصرية تجاة المسلمين واستوحوا القصة من حادث لشاروخان عندما منع من الدخول لأمريكا بسبب اسمه أيضا عانوا كثيرا لاصداره بسبب منعه وقد اثار هذا الفيلم ضجه عالميه كبيره و، وفي عام 2012 قام باخراج فيلم Student Of The Year «طالب السنة» وقام باداء ادوار البطولة مجموعه من الفنانين الشباب فارون دهوان وعليا بهات وسيدهارت وغيرهم قد كان هو المنتج له وكاتبه أيضا، كما شارك عام 2013 باخراج قصه من القصص الاربعه من فيلم Bombay Talkies كنوع جديد للافلام. والجدير بالذكر ان جميع الافلام التي قام المخرج كاران جوهر باخراجها من تأليفه، والان يعد واحد من أهم المخرجين على الإطلاق واكثرهم جماهيريه.

الأنتاج

قام  بعمل عدة لقاءات مع نجوم  عبر برنامجه التلفازى
قام بإنتاج افلام عديده منها Kaal وKabhi Alvida Naa Kehna وDostana و Kurbaan وWake Up Sid وMy Name Is Khan و I Hate Luv Storys و We Are Family وAgneepath وEk Main Aur Ekk Tu وStudent Of The Year وغيرها.

التلفاز

قام بتقديم وهو القهوة مع كاران koffe with karan.
حاكم في مسابقة الرقص للنجوم جالاك دكلاجا الموسم 8و 9 jhalak dikhla jaa.

أعماله

قد قام بتأليف العديد من الافلام مثل
اسمي خان و
student of the year. وغيرها الكثير من الافلام.

مراجع

وصلات خارجية

أشخاص إل جي بي تي حسب المهنة
أشخاص على قيد الحياة
أشخاص من السند
بنجابيون
حائزون على جوائز فيلم فير
حائزون على وسام بادما شري للفنون
شخصيات إل جي بي تي من الهند
فنانون ترفيهيون مثليون من الهند
كتاب سيناريو مثليون
كتاب مثليون من الهند
مخرجو أفلام باللغة الهندية
مخرجو أفلام مثليون
مخرجو أفلام من مومباي
مخرجو أفلام هنود في القرن 21
مخرجو تلفزيون مثليون
مخرجون مثليون
مذيعو تلفاز هنود
مصممو أزياء تنكرية هنود
مصممو أزياء مثليون
مصممون هنود في القرن 21
مقدمو برامج تلفزيونية حوارية هنود
ممثلو أفلام هنود
ممثلون في السينما الهندية
ممثلون هنود في القرن 21
منتجو أفلام من مومباي
منتجون سينمائيون هنود
مواليد 1972
مواليد 1985
مواليد في مومباي
هندوس هنود
هنود
ممثلون مثليون من الهند
كتاب سيناريو مثليون هنود

كاران جوهر


Despre pacea eternă. Un concept filosofic (ger. Zum ewigen Frieden. Ein philosophischer Entwurf) este una dintre cele mai cunoscute scrieri politice a filosofului Immanuel Kant, publicată în anul 1795/96. Liberalismului în relațiile internaționale îi sunt puse bazele cu această scriere. Lucrarea a apărut în contextul Războiului franco-german și al Păcii de la Basel. El numește lucrarea filosofică, deși ea este profund politică.

Kant numește trei definitive pentru pacea eternă:
 Constituția în fiecare stat trebuie să fie democrată. Kant folosește termenul "republicană", ceea ce pentru cititorul de azi poate fi o confuzie. El înțelege prin republicanism, ceea ce astăzi se înțelege prin democratism. El înțelegea democrația datorită contextului istoric drept o formă de despotism. O constituție democrată se bazează conform filosofului pe cele trei idealuri ale Revoluției Franceze: libertate, egalitate, fraternitate. Ideea din spatele acestui definitiv este argumentarea că într-un sistem democratic, participarea directă a cetățeniilor va împiedica intrarea în război. Cetățenii nu vor dori să sufere și să plăteasca costurile materiale, spirituale și biologice ale unui război, și deci statului îi va fi cel puțin posibil, dacă voința nu există, să aleagă calea diplomatică în rezolvarea conflictului.
 Dreptul internațional trebuie să fie bazat pe un federalism de state libere. Federalismul se va atinge prin omogenitatea constituțională a statelor. Statele vor rămâne însă suverane.
 Drepturile internaționale trebuie să se limiteze la ospitalitate.

Concepte filozofice

Spre pacea eternă