Bu sayfada, 1968 yılında dünyadaki uluslararası önemi olan olaylarla, bu yılda doğan ve ölen kişiler yer alır.

Olaylar
 21 Ocak - Dört B28FI termonükleer bomba taşıyan ABD Hava Kuvvetleri'ne ait Boeing B-52 bombardıman uçağı, çıkan yangın yüzünden Grönland açıklarında düştü. Uçağın düştüğü bölgede radyoaktif sızıntı meydana geldi.
 23 Ocak - Kuzey Kore, ABD Donanması'na ait USS Pueblo istihbarat gemisini, karasularını ihlal ettiği gerekçesiyle el koydu.
 25 Ocak - İsrail Donanması'na ait INS Dakar denizaltısı bilinmeyen bir sebepten dolayı Akdeniz'de battı, 69 mürettebat öldü. 2 gün sonra Fransız Donanması'na ait Minerve denizaltısı 52 mürettebatı ile Akdeniz'de kayboldu.
 30 Ocak - Vietnam Savaşı: Kuzey Vietnam güçleri Tet Saldırısı'nı başlattı.
 31 Ocak
 TRT Ankara Televizyonu, Mithatpaşa Stüdyosu'ndan deneme yayınlarına başladı.
 Nauru, Avustralya'dan ayrılarak bağımsızlığını ilan etti.
 8 Mart - Sovyet Donanması'na ait K-129 denizaltısı Hawaii açıklarında battı, 98 mürettebat öldü.
 12 Mart - Mauritius, Birleşik Krallık'tan ayrılarak bağımsızlığını ilan etti.
 16 Mart - Vietnam Savaşı: My Lai Katliamı.
 4 Nisan
 Martin Luther King, Memphis'te vurularak öldürüldü. Suikast sonucunda bütün Amerika çapında şiddet olayları patlak verdi.
 Apollo 6 uzaya fırlatıldı.
 5 Nisan - Bir Kraliyet Hava Kuvvetleri pilotu, İngiliz hükûmetinin hava savaş gücü politikasını protesto etmek için Hawker Hunter uçağını kaçırarak Londra üzerinde korsan gösteri uçuşu yaptı.
 6 Nisan - 1968 Eurovision Şarkı Yarışması'nı İspanyol sanatçı Massiel, La, la, la şarkısı ile kazandı.
 23 Nisan - Avrupa'da ilk kalp nakli Paris'te gerçekleştirildi.
 3 Mayıs - 1968 Mayıs olayları başladı. Üniversite öğrencilerinin De Gaulle hükûmetine karşı Sorbonne Üniversitesi'nde başlattığı protestolar büyüyerek önce bütün ülkeye, ardından da dünyaya yayıldı.
 18 Mayıs - Hot Wheels oyuncakları, Mattel tarafından piyasaya sürüldü.
 22 Mayıs - ABD Donanması'na ait USS Scorpion nükleer denizaltısı bilinmeyen bir sebepten dolayı Azor Takımadaları açıklarında battı. 99 mürettebat öldü.
 29 Mayıs - Manchester United, finalde Benfica'yı 4-1 yenerek, UEFA Şampiyonlar Ligi'nı kazanan ilk İngiliz kulübü oldu.
 3 Haziran - Valerie Solanas tarafından gerçekleştirilen silahlı saldırıda ağır yaralanan Andy Warhol, 5 saat süren ameliyat sonucunda kurtarıldı.
 5 Haziran - Robert F. Kennedy Los Angeles'ta suikasta uğradı. Saldırıda ağır yaralanan Kennedy ertesi gün öldü.
 10 Haziran - Yugoslavya'yı 2-0 mağlup eden İtalya, Avrupa Şampiyonu oldu.
 23 Haziran - Buenos Aires'te oynanan Boca Juniors - River Plate maçı sırasında meydana gelen izdihamda 71 kişi hayatını kaybetti, 150 kişi yaralandı.
 18 Temmuz - Intel şirketi kuruldu.
 20 Temmuz - Zihinsel ve fiziksel engelli bireyler için gerçekleştirilen Özel Olimpiyatlar, ilk kez Chicago'da düzenlendi.
 20 Ağustos - Prag Baharı, Varşova Paktı üyesi ülke ordularının Çekoslovakya'yı işgal etmesi neticesinde sona erdi.
 3 Eylül - Bartın'da meydana gelen 6.5 şiddetindeki depremde 29 kişi öldü, 231 kişi yaralandı.
 6 Eylül - Esvatini (Swaziland), Birleşik Krallık'tan ayrılarak bağımsızlığını ilan etti.
 21 Eylül - Sovyet uzay modülü Zond 5, içerisindeki canlılar ile (iki kaplumbağa ve meyve sinekleri) Ay'ın çevresini dolaşarak dünyaya başarıyla dönen ilk uzay aracı oldu.
 23 Eylül - Vietnam Savaşı: Her iki tarafın verdiği ağır zaiyatın ardından, Tet Saldırısı Kuzey Vietnam güçlerinin başarısızlığı ile sona erdi.
 30 Eylül - Boeing, 747 modelini tanıttı.
 2 Ekim - Olimpiyat oyunlarının başlamasından 10 gün önce, Tlatelolco Katliamı meydana geldi.
 11 Ekim - Apollo 7 uzaya fırlatıldı. 11 gün süren uçuş sırasında ilk kez uzaydan dünyaya televizyon yayını gerçekleştirildi.
 12 Ekim
 1968 Yaz Olimpiyatları Meksiko'da başladı. Olimpiyat meşalesi ilk kez bir kadın tarafından yakıldı.
 Ekvator Ginesi, İspanya'dan ayrılarak bağımsızlığını ilan etti.
 16 Ekim - 1968 Yaz Olimpiyatları: Erkekler 200 metre koşu madalya töreni sırasında ABD'li atletler Tommie Smith ve John Carlos, ülkelerinin Millî marşı okunurken siyahlara yönelik ırkçılığa karşı sessiz protesto gösterisi gerçekleştirdi.
 25 Ekim - Led Zeppelin ilk canlı performansını gerçekleştirdi.
 5 Kasım - Richard Nixon, ABD'nin 37. Başkanı oldu.
 9 Aralık - Douglas Engelbart, gerçekleştirdiği toplantıda hiper metin, pencere, fare gibi gelecekte kişisel bilgisayar teknolojisinin temelini oluşturacak yenilikleri halka tanıttı.
 21 Aralık - Apollo 8 uzaya fırlatıldı. Modül Ay'ın çevresini dolaşarak dünyaya başarıyla dönen ilk insanlı uzay aracı oldu. Ay'ın karanlık yüzü ilk kez gözlemlendi.
 Dünya çapında yaklaşık bir milyon insanı öldüren Hong Kong gribi salgını başladı.

Doğumlar

Ocak
 1 Ocak - Davor Suker, Hırvat futbolcu
9 Ocak - Joey Lauren Adams, Amerikalı oyuncudur
12 Ocak - Rachael Elaine Harris, Amerikalı aktris
 17 Ocak -
Svetlana Masterkova, Rus atlet
Mathilde Seigner, Fransız oyuncu
30 Ocak - VI. Felipe, İspanya kralı

Şubat
 2 Şubat - Fatih Portakal, Türk gazeteci ve televizyon habercisi
 8 Şubat
Budi Anduk, Endonezyalı oyuncu (ö. 2016)
Gary Wayne Coleman, Amerikalı oyuncudur (ö. 2010)
 9 Şubat - Valentina Tsybulskaya, Beyaz Rus yürüyüşçü
 12 Şubat
Chynna Phillips, Amerikalı şarkıcı ve oyuncu.
Josh Brolin, Amerikalı film ve televizyon oyuncusu
 18 Şubat - Molly Ringwald, Amerikalı oyuncu, şarkıcı, dansçı ve yazar.
25 Şubat - Sandrine Kiberlain, Fransız oyuncu.
 28 Şubat - Sibel Turnagöl, Türk oyuncu

Mart
 4 Mart - Patsy Kensit
 6 Mart - Moira Kelly
 7 Mart - Tarkan Tüzmen, Türk şarkıcı, oyuncu
 13 Mart - Ercan Saatçi, Türk şarkıcı ve yapımcı
 21 Mart - Jaye Davidson, sinema sanatçısı
 28 Mart - Yekta Kopan, Türk yazar, seslendirme sanatçısı ve televizyon sunucusu
 29 Mart - Lucy Lawless, oyuncu ve şarkıcı
30 Mart - Céline Marie Claudette Dion, Kanadalı şarkıcı

Nisan
 5 Nisan - Barış Özatman, Türk atlet
 8 Nisan - Aamir Zaki, Pakistanlı gitarist, şarkı sözü yazarı ve besteci
 12 Nisan - Yeşim Salkım, Türk şarkıcı ve oyuncu
 13 Nisan - Jeanne Balibar, Fransız oyuncu ve şarkıcı
 16 Nisan - Barbara Sarafian, Belçikalı oyuncu
 18 Nisan - Murat Kekilli, Türk şarkıcı
 24 Nisan - Haşim Taçi, Kosova başbakanı
 24 Nisan - Stacy Haiduk, Amerikalı oyuncu

Mayıs
 7 Mayıs - Traci Lords
 19 Mayıs - Romain Nadal, Fransız büyükelçi
 28 Mayıs - Kylie Minogue, Avustralyalı şarkıcı, söz yazarı, dansçı ve oyuncu

Haziran
 1 Haziran - Jason Donovan
 6 Haziran - Fulden Uras, Türk şarkıcı, oyuncu
 9 Haziran - Niki Bakogianni, Yunan yüksek atlamacı
 10 Haziran - Ömer Danış, Türk şarkıcı, besteci
 26 Haziran - Paolo Maldini, İtalyan futbolcu

Temmuz
 19 Temmuz - Pavel Kuka, Çek futbolcu
 21 Temmuz - Brandi Chastain
 23 Temmuz - Susanna Simon,
 30 Temmuz - Robert Korzeniowski, Polonyalı yürüyüşçü

Ağustos
 5 Ağustos - Marine Le Pen, Fransız siyasetçi
 9 Ağustos - Gillian Anderson, Amerikalı aktris
 17 Ağustos - Anja Fichtel, Alman eskrimci
 25 Ağustos - Rafet El Roman, Türk şarkıcı

Eylül
 7 Eylül
Jin Hee-kyung, Güney Koreli oyuncu
Marcel Desailly, Fransız defans oyuncusu
 8 Eylül
Saffet Akbaş, Türk eski millî futbolcu ve teknik direktör
Donald Khuse, Güney Afrikalı eski futbolcu
Marcus Siepen, Alman gitarist
 11 Eylül - Slaven Bilić, Hırvat futbolcu
 16 Eylül - Marc Anthony, Latin, şarkıcı ve söz yazarı
 25 Eylül - Will Smith, Amerikalı sinema sanatçısı

Ekim

 1 Ekim - Engin Özdemir Türk futbolcu
 2 Ekim - Jana Novotná, Çek tenisçi
 9 Ekim - Murat Göğebakan, Türk şarkıcı (ö. 2014)
 12 Ekim - Hugh Jackman, Avustralyalı aktör
 12 Ekim - Anne Richard, İsviçreli aktris ve senarist

Kasım
 8 Kasım - Ömer Dalman, "Arıza Adam" lakaplı Türk internet fenomeni
 26 Kasım - Haluk Levent, Türk şarkıcı
 28 Kasım - Naomi Watts, İngiliz aktris

Aralık
 2 Aralık - Lucy Liu, Çin asıllı Amerikalı film yapımcısı ve aktris
 7 Aralık - Esra Dermancıoğlu, Türk oyuncu
 23 Aralık - Manuel Rivera-Ortiz, Amerikalı fotoğrafçı
 24 Aralık - Nev, Türk şarkıcı, besteci, söz yazarı

Ölümler
 10 Ocak - Ali Fuat Cebesoy, Türk Kurtuluş Savaşı kahramanı, Atatürk'ün silah arkadaşı, diplomat, siyasetçi (d. 1882).
 19 Mart - Celil Kiyekbayev, Sovyet Başkurt bilim insanı, Türkolog ve filolog (d. 1911)
 24 Mart
 Alice Guy-Blaché, Fransız film yönetmeni ve yapımcısı (d. 1873)
 Arnaldo Foschini, İtalyan mimar ve akademisyen (d. 1884)
 27 Mart - Yuri Alekseyeviç Gagarin, Sovyet kozmonot (d. 1934)
 4 Nisan - Martin Luther King, Amerikalı siyahi, rahip ve Amerikan yurttaş hakları hareketi önderi (d. 1929).
 1 Haziran - Helen Keller, Amerikalı pedagog (d. 1880).
 26 Temmuz - Cemal Tollu, Türk ressam (d. 1899).
 6 Ağustos - Ivar Tengbom, İsveçli mimar (d. 1878)
 17 Ağustos - Necmettin Halil Onan, Türk şair (d. 1902).
 28 Kasım - Enid Blyton, Britanyalı yazar (d. 1897).
 20 Aralık
 John Steinbeck, Amerikalı yazar (d. 1902).
 Max Brod, Yahudi kökenli Alman yazar (d. 1884).
 Annibale Rigotti, İtalyan mimar (d. 1870)

Ayrıca bakınız
1968'de Türkiye

1968


Villayón, İspanya'nın 17 otonom bölgesinden kuzeyde, Cantabrian Denizi'ne kıyısı bulunan, içinde İspanya Krallığı'nın da bulunduğu Asturias Prensliği'ne bağlı belediye. 2007 yılındaki nüfusu 1.656'tir.

Asturias'ın belediyeleri

Villayón


Waldemar Bonsels (21 February 1880  in Ahrensburg – 31 July 1952 in Ambach, Münsing) was a German writer most notable as the inventor of the character Maya the Bee.

Bonsels's most famous work is the children's book Die Biene Maja und ihre Abenteuer (The Adventures of Maya the Bee). This work served the basis for a Japanese animated television series Maya the Honey Bee in the mid-1970s, as well as a Croatian opera for children written by Bruno Bjelinski. The opera was staged in 2008 in Villach, Austria at the Carinthian Summer Music Festival. Himmelsvolk (People in the Sky) is a sequel with a more philosophical focus, describing in mystical terms the unity of all creation and its relationship to God.

He wrote a number of novels and shorter stories dealing with love as Eros and the higher level of divine love in the spirit of romanticism (Eros und die Evangelien, Menschenwege, Narren und Helden, etc.), and about the relationship between man and nature in a simple life unchanged by modern civilisation (Anjekind, etc.). Bonsels also wrote a historical novel about the time of Jesus (Der Grieche Dositos).

He travelled extensively in Europe and Asia, which resulted in the book Indienfahrt (Voyage in India).

Bonsels was an outspoken antisemite and expressed his approval of Nazi politics against Jews in 1933, calling the Jew "a deadly enemy" who was "poisoning the culture" in an article (NSDAP und Judentum) which was widely published.

Bibliography

Books
 Die Biene Maja und ihre Abenteuer (1912) (Maya the Bee and her Adventures, translated as The Adventures of Maya the Bee)
 Himmelsvolk: Ein Buch von Blumen, Tieren und Gott (1915) (People of the Sky)
 Indienfahrt (1916)
 Menschenwege: Aus den Notizen eines Vagabunden (1917)
 Das Unjekind: Eine Erzählung (101.-120. edition, 1922)
 Eros und die Evangelien: Aus den Notizen eines Vagabunden (67.-90. thousand, 1922)
 Wartalun: eine Schlossgeschichte (101-114. edition, 1922)
 Weihnachtsspiel: eine Dichtung (1922)
 Jugendnovellen (1923)
 Narren und Helden: Aus den Notizen eines Vagabunden (24.-26. thousand, 1924)
 Mario und die Tiere (1928) (Mario and the Animals, translated as The Adventures of Mario)
 Dositos: Ein mythischer Bericht aus der Zweitwende (1949)
 Der Reiter in der Wüste: Eine Amerikafahrt (1935)
 Mario Ein Leben im Walde (1939) (Mario A Life in the Woods)
 Efeu: Erzählungen und Begegnungen (1953)
Translations

Short stories
 Die Winde
 Angelika
 Scholander
 Die Stadt am Strom
 Asja

Essays
 NSDAP und Judentum (1933)

References

External links

 Waldemar Bonsels at IMDb

1880 births
1952 deaths
20th-century German novelists
20th-century German male writers
People from Stormarn (district)
People from the Province of Schleswig-Holstein
German children's writers
German male non-fiction writers
German male novelists
German travel writers
Maya the Bee
Writers from Schleswig-Holstein

Waldemar Bonsels


حصن أَشِر أو حصن أشَر ، هي إحدى بلديات مقاطعة قرطبة إحدى مقاطعات إسبانيا، و التي تقع في منطقة الأندلس جنوب إسبانيا.

يبلغ عدد سكانها 4.843 نسمة وفقاً لإحصائية سنة (2007).

مراجع

بلديات قرطبة
أماكن ذات اسم عربي الأصل في شبه الجزيرة الإيبيرية

حصن أشر


Earl of Caledon, of Caledon in the County of Tyrone, is a title in the Peerage of Ireland. It was created in 1800 for James Alexander, 1st Viscount Caledon. He was a merchant who had made an enormous fortune in India. He also represented the constituency of Londonderry City in the Irish House of Commons. Alexander had already been created Baron Caledon in 1790 and Viscount Caledon, of Caledon in the County of Tyrone, in 1797, also in the Peerage of Ireland. In 1784, James Alexander purchased a city house in Dublin at Rutland Square (now Parnell Square) where he lived when serving as an MP for Derry.

He was succeeded by his son, the second Earl. He was the first Governor of the Cape Colony and sat in the House of Lords as an Irish Representative Peer from 1804 to 1839. His son, the third Earl, briefly represented County Tyrone in the House of Commons as a Tory and was an Irish Representative Peer between 1841 and 1855. His eldest son, the fourth Earl, sat in the House of Lords as an Irish Representative Peer from 1877 to 1898. He was succeeded by his eldest son, the fifth Earl. He never married and was succeeded by his nephew, the 6th Earl. He was the son of the Hon. Herbrand Charles Alexander, second son of the fourth Earl. Today the titles are held by his only son, the seventh Earl, who succeeded in 1980. Lord Caledon was made Lord Lieutenant of County Armagh in 1989.

The family's lineage can be traced to Captain Andrew Alexander, of Errigal, County Donegal, who was granted lands at Ballyclose near Limavady, County Londonderry, in 1663 and was later attainted by the parliament called by James II in Dublin in 1689. He had a son, Jacob Alexander, who was the ancestor of the Alexanders of Ahilly (Donegal), by his first wife, a Miss Phillips, who was a relative of the Alexanders, and by his second wife, Miss Hillhouse, he had a son, John Alexander, who married Anne White, daughter of John White, of Cadyhill, County Londonderry, and had four children. His second son Nathaniel Alexander was born in 1689 and became an Alderman of the city of Derry in 1755 and died on 22 September 1761, having had with other children a third son, James Alexander, who became the 1st Earl of Caledon.

The style Viscount Alexander is used as a courtesy title for the Earl's eldest son and heir apparent.

The family seat is Caledon House, also called Caledon Castle, near Caledon in County Tyrone, Northern Ireland.

Earls of Caledon (1800)
James Alexander, 1st Earl of Caledon (1730–1802)
Du Pre Alexander, 2nd Earl of Caledon (1777–1839)
James Du Pre Alexander, 3rd Earl of Caledon (1812–1855)
James Alexander, 4th Earl of Caledon (1846–1898)
Eric James Desmond Alexander, 5th Earl of Caledon (1885–1968)
Denis James Alexander, 6th Earl of Caledon (1920–1980)
Nicholas James Alexander, 7th Earl of Caledon (born 1955)

The heir apparent is the present holder's son Frederick James Alexander, Viscount Alexander (born 1990).

Line of succession

  James Alexander, 1st Earl of Caledon (1730–1802)
  Du Pre Alexander, 2nd Earl of Caledon (1777–1839)
  James Du Pre Alexander, 3rd Earl of Caledon (1812–1855)
  Maj. James Alexander, 4th Earl of Caledon (1846–1898)
  Maj. Eric James Desmond Alexander Alexander, 5th Earl of Caledon (1885–1968)
 Lt.-Col. Hon. Herbrand Charles Alexander (1888–1965)
  Maj. Denis James Alexander, 6th Earl of Caledon (1920–1980)
  Nicholas James Alexander, 7th Earl of Caledon (born 1955)
 (1) Frederick James Alexander, Viscount Alexander (born 1990)
  Field Marshal Harold Rupert Leofric George Alexander, 1st Earl Alexander of Tunis (1891–1969)
 (2,1)  Shane William Desmond Alexander, 2nd Earl Alexander of Tunis (born 1935)
 (3,2) Hon. Brian James Alexander (born 1939)
 Col. Hon. William Sigismund Patrick Alexander (1895–1972)
 (4) Alastair Patrick Lindsay Alexander (born 1935)
 (5) Desmond Charles Bernard Alexander (born 1938)

See also
Earl Alexander of Tunis
Cable-Alexander baronets, of Belcamp

References

Attribution

Kidd, Charles, Williamson, David (editors). Debrett's Peerage and Baronetage (1990 edition). New York: St Martin's Press, 1990.

Earldoms in the Peerage of Ireland
Earl
Earl
Noble titles created in 1800

Earl of Caledon


This page lists board and card games, wargames, miniature games, and tabletop role-playing games published in 2004. For video games, see 2004 in video gaming.

Games released or invented in 2004

Game awards given in 2004
 Gamer's Choice Award (Origins Awards): Babylon 5: A Call to Arms
 International Gamers Award: Memoir '44
 Schweizer Spielepreis: Ingenious
 Spiel des Jahres: Ticket to Ride ()
 Games: BuyWord

See also
 2004 in video gaming

Games
Games by year

2004 in games


Enformasyon (malumat) en genel anlamda belirli ve görece dar kapsamlı bir konuya (bağlama) ilişkin, derlenmiş bilgi parçasıdır. Derleme süreci ölçüm, deney, gözlem, araştırma ya da haber toplama (istihbarat) bulgularının özetlenmesi biçimini almaktadır. Bulgular, onların biçimlendirilmesi ve sunulmasında kullanılan sembollerin genel olarak kabul görmüş bir yaklaşımla yorumu ile anlamlandırılmaktadır.

Belirli bir konuda zamanla biriken enformasyon, ayıklanıp sınıflandıktan ve düzenlendikten sonra, genelliği ölçüsünde bilgiye dönüşmektedir. Bu açıdan, enformasyon özel bir konunun anlaşılmasına ya da özel bir problemin çözümüne hizmet ederken, bilgi görece daha genel bir konunun anlaşılması veya belirli türden problemlerin tümünün çözülmesi için kullanılmaktadır.

Enformasyon kavramının kullanım alanları

İstatistikte enformasyon

İstatistikte enformasyon sözcüğü belirli bir popülasyona ilişkin olarak toplanmış veriler ve bunların sayısal ya da görsel olarak sunulmuş özetlerine işaret etmektedir. Bir popülasyona ilişkin parametreler ve istatistikler, o popülasyona ait enformasyonu teşkil etmekte; popülasyonun anlaşılmasına, betimlenmesine, giderek popülasyona ilişkin çıkarımlarda bulunulmasına yardımcı olmaktadır.

Bilişim biliminde enformasyon

Bilişim biliminde enformasyon sözcüğü bir bilişim sistemi tarafından kayıt, depolama, sorgulama, düzenleme ve özetleme işlemlerinden geçirilerek biçimlendirilmiş ve anlamlandırılmış veriler anlamında kullanılmaktadır. Veriler tek başlarına herhangi bir anlam taşımamaktadır. İşlenerek enformasyona dönüştürüldükten sonra elde edildikleri bağlam içerisinde problem çözme ya da karar verme amacı ile kullanılabilmektedir.

İşletme yönetiminde ve işletmecilikte enformasyon

İşletme yönetiminde enformasyon problem çözme, karar verme, öngörme ve planlama amaçları için kullanılmaktadır. İşletme yöneticilerinin bu amaçlar için gereksindikleri enformasyonun ne olduğunun bilincinde olmalarına enformasyon okur-yazarlığı adı verilmektedir. Enformasyon okur-yazarlığı:

 Bir konuda gereksinilen enformasyonun niteliğinin ve kapsamının ne olduğunu belirleyebilmek;
 Onun nereden ve nasıl edinileceğini bilebilmek;
 Edinilen enformasyonu değerlendirebilmek ve bilgi dağarcığının bir parçasına dönüştürebilmek;
 Enformasyonun kullanımının işletmeye değin sonuçlarının yanı sıra, toplumsal, çevresel, hukuksal ve ahlakî etkilerini göz önüne alabilmek; ve
 Enformasyonu birçok açıdan etkin ve verimli bir biçimde kullanabilmek demektir.

İşletmecilikte enformasyon yalnızca yöneticiler tarafından kullanılmamaktadır. İşletmelerin müşteriler, tedarikçiler, çalışanlar, hissedarlar, finansörler veya kamu kurumları gibi belli başlı paydaşları da, işletmenin pazara sunduğu mal ve hizmetler, bu mal ve hizmetleri üretmekte kullandığı süreçler, işletmenin mali performansı gibi alanlarda enformasyona gereksinme duymaktadır.

Turizmde enformasyon

Turizmde enformasyon, turistik bir ilgi odağına ilişkin bilgi anlamında kullanılmaktadır. Bu bilgi, ilgi odağı olan noktaya nasıl ulaşılabileceğinden başlayarak, odak noktasının fiziksel, toplumsal, kültürel ya da tarihsel özelliklerine dek farklı konuları kapsayabilmektedir.

Telekomünikasyonda enformasyon

Telekomünikasyonda enformasyon, bir veri kitlesinin anlamından bağımsız olarak, o kitleye dair sayısal bilgi demektir. İletilen ya da depolanan veri kitlesi, o verilerin kullanıcısı tarafından anlamlı kabul edilirken, veri kitlesine ilişkin veriler iletişim ve depolama süreçlerini çalıştırmakta, kullanıcıya ise herhangi bir şey ifade etmemektedir.

Enformasyonun ölçüm birimi entropidir. Entropi analog ya da rakamsal (dijital) bir sembolün depolanması ya da iletilmesi için gereken ortalama veri miktarıdır.

Ayrıca bakınız
 İşletme enformatiği

Dış bağlantılar

 Losee, R. M. (1997). A Discipline Independent Definition of Information. Journal of the American Society of Information Science, 48(3), 254-269. 15.12.2011 tarihinde http://www.ils.unc.edu/~losee/book5.pdf  bağlantısından erişildi.
 Semantic Conceptions of Information.

Metafizik kavramları
Bilişim bilimi
Bilgi
Enformasyon, bilgi ve belirsizlik

Enformasyon


Bertrand René Pallu, né à Saint-Eustache, Paris, en 1691 et mort le  à Paris, est un administrateur français, membre de l'Académie des sciences, belles-lettres et arts de Lyon.

Biographie

Carrière
Il est intendant de Lyon de 1738 à 1750. En 1740 il rentre en conflit avec les officiers de l'élection de Lyon. Il subit plusieurs attaques en 1742. Il fait face dans sa carrière à plusieurs autres importantes : notamment la révolte des ouvriers de soie en 1744 et l'épizootie du charbon qui sévit de 1744 à 1748.

Sociétés Savantes
A Paris il fait partie du Club de l'Entresol à partir de 1724. Il y côtoie Montesquieu, Claude-Adrien Helvétius ou encore le marquis d'Arganson. Il rencontre Voltaire, avec qui il entretient une correspondance régulière. Ce dernier lui dédit d'ailleurs plusieurs de ses poèmes : en août 1729, « Épître 29 » ; après 1749, « Épître 27 ».

Dans sa fonction d'intendant, il est un fervent protecteur des arts et des lettres. Cet attrait lui vaut d'être reconnu par l'Académie des sciences, belles-lettres et arts de Lyon. En 1739 il devient membre honoraire de l'académie. Trois ans plus tard, en 1742, il est membre titulaire, puis président en 1745.

Il démissionne de l'académie en 1750, lorsqu'il quitte son poste d'intendant pour retourner à Paris. Il reste néanmoins membre honoraire, et continue d'assister aux conférences.

Il meurt à Paris le .

Notes et références

Bibliographie

 P. Bonnassieux, La question des grèves sous l'Ancien Régime : la grève à Lyon en 1744, Paris : Berger-Levrault, 1882, 55 p.
 H. Hours*, La lutte contre les épizooties et l'École vétérinaire de Lyon, au xviiie siècle, PUF, Cahiers d'histoire, 1957, p. 11-18, p. 75-77.
 « Mémoire relatif aux abus qui règnent dans le gouvernement de Lyon et les moyens proposés pour y remédier. 1745 », RLY, 1904, p. 146-156.

Membre de l'Académie des sciences, belles-lettres et arts de Lyon

Bertrand René Pallu


Armutveren, Posof - Ardahan ili Posof ilçesine bağlı köy
 Armutveren, Demirköy - Kırklareli ili Demirköy ilçesine bağlı köy

Armutveren


L'Alpes Gresivaudan Classic est une course cycliste féminine française créée en 2022 qui se déroule au mois de juin. Elle est organisée par le COTNI (Comité d'Organisation du Tour Nord Isère), association à l'origine de l'Alpes Isère Tour ainsi que de la Classique des Alpes Junior pour le compte d'Amaury Sport Organisation (organisateur du Tour de France).

Évita Muzic remporte la première édition en 2022.

Palmarès

Notes et références

Articles connexes
 Classique des Alpes Juniors
 Alpes Isère Tour
 Sport en Isère

Liens externes
 Site officiel

Compétition cycliste en Isère
Compétition fondée en 2022

Alpes Grésivaudan Classic


Tegninger er en dansk kortfilm fra 2000 instrueret af Olivier Bugge Coutté efter eget manuskript.

Handling
En rørende historie om Daniel på 8 år, der oplever et skænderi mellem sine to forældre. Alene hjemme sidder Daniel og tegner. Pludseligt brydes tavsheden af forældrene, der kommer hjem. De skændes højlydt og sanser ham slet ikke. Daniel lukker sig inde i sig selv, - derind hvor lydene forsvinder og skænderiets virkelighed ophører. Han erindrer en idyllisk scene med forældrene fra sin fødselsdag i sommer.

Medvirkende

 Karen-Lise Mynster, Moderen
 Niels Anders Thorn, Faderen

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Kortfilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 2000

Tegninger (film)


Philip Schaff  (getauft am 12. Januar 1819 in Chur; † 20. Oktober 1893 in New York) war ein in der Schweiz geborener und in Deutschland ausgebildeter protestantischer Theologe und Kirchenhistoriker, der nach seiner Ausbildung in den Vereinigten Staaten lebte und lehrte.

Lebenslauf
Philip Schaff wurde in Chur geboren und am Gymnasium in Stuttgart ausgebildet. Ein Ereignis, das seine Frömmigkeit lebenslang prägte, war eine Erweckung, die er als 15-Jähriger in der Evangelischen Brüdergemeinde in Korntal erlebte.

An den Universitäten Tübingen, Halle und Berlin wurde er nacheinander von Ferdinand Christian Baur, August Tholuck und Julius Müller, David Friedrich Strauß und vor allem von August Neander beeinflusst. In Berlin bestand er im Jahr 1841 das theologische Examen und legte die Prüfungen für eine Professur ab. Danach reiste er als Lehrer von Baron Krischer durch Italien und Sizilien. Im Jahre 1842 war er Privatdozent an der Universität von Berlin, wo er Exegese und Kirchengeschichte lehrte. 1843 wurde er als Professor für Kirchengeschichte und biblische Schriften an das Deutsche Reformierte Theologische Seminar von Mercersburg in Pennsylvanien berufen, das damals das einzige theologische Seminar dieser Kirche in Amerika war.

Auf seinem Weg dorthin blieb er eine Zeitlang in England und traf dort mit Edward Pusey und anderen Traktarianern zusammen. Seine Antrittsrede Das Prinzip des Protestantismus, die er 1844 in deutscher Sprache in Reading in Pennsylvanien hielt und die in Deutsch mit einer englischen Version von John Williamson Nevin veröffentlicht wurde, war eine Pionierarbeit in Englisch auf dem Gebiet der Bekenntnisschriften (also der autoritativen kirchlichen Formulierung religiöser Lehrsätze in Glaubensbekenntnissen). Diese Rede und die "Mercersburger Theologie", die er lehrte, erschien einigen zu pro-katholisch, so dass er angeklagt wurde, eine Häresie zu verbreiten. Aber auf der Synode in York 1845 wurde er einstimmig freigesprochen.

Schaffs weite Anschauungen beeinflussten die Deutsch-Reformierte Kirche stark durch seine Lehrtätigkeit in Mercersburg, durch seine Meisterschaft in der englischen Sprache in den Deutsch-Reformierten Gemeinden und Schulen in Amerika, durch sein Gesangbuch (1859), durch seine Arbeit als Vorsitzender des Komitees zur Vorbereitung einer neuen Liturgie und 1863 durch die Herausgabe des Heidelberger Katechismus. Seine Geschichte der apostolischen Kirche (deutsch 1851; englisch 1853) und seine Geschichte der christlichen Kirche (7 Bände, 1858–1890) leiteten in Amerika eine neue Periode des Studiums der Kirchengeschichte ein.

1854 besuchte er Europa als Repräsentant der deutschen Gemeinden in Amerika beim Kirchentag in Frankfurt am Main und auf der Schweizer Pastorenkonferenz in Basel. Er lehrte in Deutschland über Amerika und erhielt den Doktor der Theologie von der Universität Berlin.

Als Folge der Verwüstungen des Amerikanischen Bürgerkrieges wurde das Theologische Seminar in Mercersburg eine Zeitlang geschlossen. Dadurch wurde Dr. Schaff 1863 Sekretär des Sabbat-Komitees in New York, das sich gegen den "kontinentalen Sonntag" einsetzte. Diese Stellung hatte er bis 1870 inne. 1865 gründete er die erste deutsche Sonntagsschule in Stuttgart. 1862–1867 lehrte er Kirchengeschichte in Andover.

Schaff war Mitglied der Historischen Gesellschaft Leipzig, der Historischen Gesellschaft der Niederlande und anderer historischer und literarischer Vereinigungen in Europa und Amerika. Er war einer der Gründer und Ehrensekretär des amerikanischen Zweiges der Evangelischen Allianz und wurde 1869, 1872 und 1873 nach Europa gesandt, um die Gesamtkonferenz der Allianz zu organisieren, die nach zwei Verschiebungen wegen des Deutsch-Französischen Krieges 1873 in New York stattfand. Ebenso war Schaff 1871 einer der Delegierten der Allianz, die den russischen Kaiser um Religionsfreiheit für seine Untertanen in den baltischen Provinzen baten.

1870 wurde er Professor am Theologischen Seminar in New York, wo er zuerst den Lehrstuhl für theologische Enzyklopädie und christliche Bekenntnisse bis 1873 innehatte, dann Hebräisch und verwandte Sprachen bis 1874, Heilige Schrift bis 1887 und schließlich Kirchengeschichte bis zu seinem Tode 1893. Außerdem war er als Präsident des Komitees tätig, das die "American Standard Version" der Bibel übersetzte, er starb aber, bevor diese 1901 veröffentlicht wurde.

Seine Geschichte der christlichen Kirche ähnelt dem Werk von Neander, ist aber weniger biographisch und ist mehr bildhaft als philosophisch. Er schrieb auch Biographien, Katechismen und Gesangbücher für Kinder, Handbücher religiöser Lyrik, Vorträge und Essays über Dante usw. Er übersetzte Johann Jakob Herzogs Realenzyklopädie für protestantische Theologie und Kirche ins Englische.

Durch die Mitarbeit in der Evangelischen Allianz und dem Weltparlament der Religionen in Chicago 1893, sowie in Deutschland durch die Monatsschrift Kirchenfreund bemühte er sich ernsthaft, die Einheit und Vereinigung der Christen zu fördern. Seine Hoffnung war, der Papst würde das Dogma der Unfehlbarkeit aufgeben und eine Wiedervereinigung der Christen durchführen. Er erkannte, dass er ein "Vermittler zwischen deutscher und anglo-amerikanischer Theologie und Christentum" war.

David Schaff
Sein Sohn David Schley Schaff (1852–1941) war Professor der Kirchengeschichte am Lane Theological Seminary von 1897 bis 1903 und nach 1903 am Western Theologischen Seminar in Allegheny. Er schrieb einen Kommentar zur Apostelgeschichte (engl. 1882) und Life of Philip Schaff  (1897). Ein anderes Werk ist sein Through the Bible Lands: Notes of Travel in Egypt, the Desert and Palestine von 1878.

Schriften
 History of the Christian Church in 8 Bänden
 A Library of Religious Poetry. A Collection of The Best Religious Poems of all Ages and Tongues, London etc. 1881.
 Creeds of Christendom, with a History and Critical Notes. 3 Bände, 1877–1882.
 The Creeds of the Evangelical Protestant Churches
 The Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge, Hrsg. Schaff. Amerikanische Ausgabe der deutschen Realenzyklopädie für protestantische Theologie und Kirche von Johann Jakob Herzog
 Ante-Nicene Fathers zwei Serien der Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers in 38 Bänden. Hrsg. Schaff et al.

Literatur
 Stephen R. Graham: Cosmos in the Chaos: Philip Schaff's Interpretation of Nineteenth-Century American Religion. Wm. B. Eerdmans-Lightning Source, Grand Rapids (Michigan) 1995, ISBN 0-8028-0841-7.
 Ernie Gross: This Day in Religion. Neil-Schuman Publishers, New York 1990, ISBN 1-55570-045-4.

 Gary K. Pranger: Philip Schaff (1819–1893): Portrait of an Immigrant Theologian. Peter Lang, New York 1997, ISBN 0-8204-2847-7.
 George H. Shriver: Philip Schaff: Christian Scholar and Ecumenical Prophet. Mercer University Press, Macon 1987, ISBN 0-86554-234-1.

Weblinks

 Philip Schaff auf der Website der Christian Classics Ethereal Library, mit Volltexten seiner Werke
 Philip Schaff's Letter book, private Korrespondenz vom 2. Juni 1868 bis zum 26. August 1881 (englisch). Abgerufen am 24. Mai 2012

Fußnoten

Autor
Kirchenhistoriker (Theologe)
Reformierter Theologe (19. Jahrhundert)
Literatur (19. Jahrhundert)
Literatur (Deutsch)
Literatur (Englisch)
Christliche Literatur
Hochschullehrer (Union Theological Seminary, New York)
Deutscher Emigrant in den Vereinigten Staaten
Hochschullehrer (Pennsylvania)
Person des Christentums (Vereinigte Staaten)
US-Amerikaner
Schweizer
Geboren 1819
Gestorben 1893
Mann

Philip Schaff


Uma interface cérebro a cérebro é uma via de comunicação direta entre o cérebro de um animal e o cérebro de outro animal.

Interfaces cérebro a cérebro foram usadas para ajudar os ratos a colaborar uns com os outros. Quando um segundo rato foi incapaz de escolher a alavanca correta, o primeiro rato notou (não recebendo uma segunda recompensa) e produziu uma rodada de disparos de neurônios relacionados à tarefa que tornou o segundo rato mais propenso a escolher a alavanca correta.

Em 2013, Rajesh Rao conseguiu usar gravações cerebrais elétricas e uma forma de estimulação magnética para enviar um sinal cerebral a Andrea Stocco, do outro lado do campus da Universidade de Washington. Em 2015, os pesquisadores ligaram vários cérebros, tanto de macacos quanto de ratos, para formar um "computador orgânico".

Supõe-se que, usando interfaces cérebro a cérebro, um computador biológico, ou cérebro-rede, poderia ser construído usando cérebros de animais como suas unidades computacionais. O trabalho exploratório inicial demonstrou colaboração entre ratos em gaiolas distantes ligadas por sinais de arranjos de microeletrodos corticais implantados em seus cérebros. Os ratos foram recompensados quando as ações foram executadas pelo "rato decodificador" que se conformou com os sinais de entrada e quando os sinais foram transmitidos pelo "rato codificador" que resultou na ação desejada. No experimento inicial, a ação recompensada era empurrar uma alavanca no local remoto correspondente à posição de uma alavanca perto de um LED aceso no local inicial. Cerca de um mês foi necessário para que os ratos se adaptassem às "ondas cerebrais" recebidas.

Por fim, é importante ressaltar que a topologia da interface cérebro a cérebro não precisa se restringir a um codificador e um decodificador. Em vez disso, já propusemos que, em teoria, a precisão do canal pode ser aumentada se, em vez de dois, toda uma rede de múltiplos cérebros reciprocamente interconectados for empregada. Tal estrutura de computação poderia definir o primeiro exemplo de um computador orgânico capaz de resolver problemas heurísticos que seriam considerados não computáveis por uma máquina de Turing comum. Trabalhos futuros elucidarão em detalhes as características desse sistema multicerebral, suas capacidades computacionais e como ele se compara a outras arquiteturas computacionais não Turing.

Miguel Nicolelis, da Universidade Duke, um dos pesquisadores que fez o experimento com ratos, fez um trabalho anterior usando uma interface cérebro-computador.

Ver também
 Neurotecnologia

Biotecnologia
Neurociência
Interação humano-computador
Neuropróteses
Técnicas de interface do utilizador

Interface cérebro a cérebro


Der Scherer – erstes illustriertes Tiroler Witzblatt  (später: Der Scherer – Illustriertes Tiroler Halbmonatsblatt für Kunst und Laune in Politik und Leben) war eine Satirezeitschrift, die von 1899 bis 1906 zuerst in Innsbruck, dann in Linz und zuletzt in Wien erschien. Herausgeber war Karl Habermann, der auch die völkische, nationalliberale und antiklerikale Ausrichtung des "Scherer" bestimmte.

Gründung und Name
Der Name der Zeitschrift, die sich unter anderem den Münchner Simplicissimus von Thomas Theodor Heine zum Vorbild nahm, weist auf die programmatische Ausrichtung des "Scherer" hin: Als "Scherleute" oder "Scherer" wurden in Tirol die Schädlingsbekämpfer bezeichnet, die vor allem Kleintiere (bspw. Ratten, Maulwürfe) zu Gunsten einer besseren landwirtschaftlichen Nutzung unschädlich machten. Die "Schädlinge", denen sich der Scherer im Sinne seiner Leser anzunehmen versprach, waren in erster Linie die katholische Amtskirche und katholisch-konservative Politiker, die österreichisch-ungarische Bürokratie, und Juden.

In folgendem Gedicht weisen die "Scherer-Leute", so die Selbstbezeichnung der Redaktion, darauf hin:

"Der Scherer ist im Kirchenbann /
das kann ihn gar nicht scheren /
und der erboste Dunkelmann (= Übername für Kleriker, Anm.) /
wird drum ihn nicht bekehren. /
Er geht aufs Feld so nach wie vor /
vergräbt dort seine Trappeln (= mundartlich: Fallen für Ratten und Maulwürfe, Anm.) /
und zieht er wieder sie empor, wird mancher Scher (= Tiroler Mundart für Maulwurf, übertragen: Kleriker) drin zappeln."

Die erste Ausgabe des "Scherer" erschien am 1. Mai 1899. Die gegen die vorherrschende konservative Geisteshaltung in Tirol gerichteten Verse und Karikaturen sicherten dem "Scherer" die Sympathie eines großen Teils der liberal-bürgerlichen Intelligenz. Insbesondere wurde die Zeitschrift zum Sammelpunkt der literarischen Bewegung Jung-Tirol.

Als Mitarbeiter in den ersten Jahren schienen unter anderen die Schriftsteller und Lyriker Arthur von Wallpach, Anton Renk, Hermann Greinz, Heinrich von Schullern und Carl Dallago sowie die Maler und Zeichner Arpad Schmidhammer, Eduard Thöny und Ferdinand Freiherr von Rezniček auf.

Der völkisch-alldeutsche Propagandist Wilhelm Rohmeder lancierte im "Scherer" vor 1903 Boykottaufrufe gegen nicht-deutsche "Gaststätten in den sprachlichen Grenzgebieten, welche deutschen Reisenden zu empfehlen sind" und verband dies mit antiitalienischer Hetze.

Entwicklung des Scherer bis 1904
Der "Scherer" war in der ersten Phase bis 1904 durch seine bissige Satire und kompromisslos deutschnational-liberale Rhetorik zu einem Feindbild für das katholisch-konservative Tirol geworden. Regelmäßig wurden Ausgaben beschlagnahmt oder zensiert, Herausgeber Habermann wurde wegen der antiklerikalen Karikaturen und Kommentare mehrmals vor Gericht zitiert.

Bereits im Juli 1899, nur drei Monate nach Erscheinen der Erstausgabe, warnte der Brixner Fürstbischof Simon Aichner in einem Hirtenbrief vor der antireligiösen Tendenz der Zeitschrift und verbot den katholischen Gläubigen die Lektüre des "Scherer", indem er feststellte "dass jeder, der dieses Blatt liest, bezahlt oder wie immer unterstützt, seine Gewissenspflicht arg verletzt."

In den ersten Jahren des "Scherer" war neben der katholischen Amtskirche, insbesondere den Jesuiten, vor allem die österreichische Bürokratie ein Feindbild. Bis 1902 tritt der in deutschnationalen Kreisen immer häufiger anzutreffende Antisemitismus weder in den Bild- noch in den Textbeiträgen zu Tage.

Diese Zurückhaltung gegenüber der jüdischen Gemeinschaft könnte mit der beinahe religiösen Verehrung für den Tiroler Dichter Adolf Pichler zusammenhängen, der den "Scherer-Leuten" als großes Vorbild galt und der als überzeugter Deutschnationaler den Antisemitismus ablehnte (Zitat Pichler: "Ich achte sie (die Juden, Anm.) als Mitmenschen und trete dafür ein, dass das Gesetz der Menschenliebe auch ihnen gegenüber ohne Einschränkung gilt.")

Auch war blinder Nationalismus im "Scherer" der Frühphase nicht zu finden. Das Deutschtum der Tiroler wurde zwar betont, anderen Völkern gegenüber zeigten sich die "Scherer-Leute" aber versöhnlich.

Insbesondere galten die Sympathien dem antiklerikal-liberalen Frankreich; der "Scherer" befürwortete entgegen dem Zeitgeist die deutsch-französische Aussöhnung.

Von diesem Ansatz ausgenommen blieb Großbritannien, das als imperialistische Macht vor allem aufgrund der grausamen Kriegführung gegen die Burenrepubliken Oranje und Transvaal Ziel von wütenden Kommentaren und bissigen Karikaturen im "Scherer" war.

Die ablehnende Haltung gegenüber imperialistischen Bestrebungen war ein Kennzeichen des "Scherer". So wurde auch die China-Politik des wilhelminischen Deutschen Kaiserreiches, bei aller Betonung eines gesamtdeutschen Nationalbewusstseins, harsch kritisiert und abgelehnt.

Neben der Zeitschrift erschienen im gleichnamigen "Scherer-Verlag" (Logo siehe Abbildung rechts) die Werke der Mitarbeiter. Anton Renk, Arthur von Wallpach, aber auch Adolf Pichler publizierten im Scherer-Verlag ihre Werke. Daneben druckte der Scherer-Verlag vor allem auch Postkarten, die meist politisch-weltanschauliche Sujets gemäß der Ideologie des "Scherer" zum Inhalt hatten.

Die Unterstützung aus dem liberal-bürgerlichen Umfeld und der intellektuellen Szene der Jahrhundertwende wird durch die zahlreichen namhaften Sympathiebekundungen deutlich, die im "Scherer" unter der Rubrik "Briefkasten" veröffentlicht wurden: Peter Rosegger, Felix Dahn, Ludwig Thoma, Cosima Wagner und natürlich Adolf Pichler.

In Österreich-Ungarn und vereinzelt auch im Deutschen Kaiserreich bildeten sich Sympathisantenkreise namens "Scherergemeinden".

1903 wurde der "Scherer-Verlag" von der Oberösterreichischen Buchdruckerei und Verlagsgesellschaft übernommen und erschien ab 1. Oktober 1903 in Linz.

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks
 Digitalisat bei Austrian Literatur Online

Antiquarische Zeitschrift (Österreich)
Satirezeitschrift (Österreich)
Geschichte Tirols
Tirolensien
Deutschnationalismus
Kultur (Tirol)
Politik (Tirol)
Medien (Innsbruck)
Ersterscheinung 1899
Erscheinen eingestellt 1906


ضياء المنشيء (5 نوفمبر 1941-)، رياضي وأكاديمي وصحفي ومؤرخ رياضي عراقي، ولد في بغداد في الخامس من تشرين الثاني من عام 1941م، وهو عضو في نقابة الصحفيين العراقيين، وفي الاتحاد الدولي للصحافة الرياضية، وصاحب كتاب (موسوعة الكرة العراقية).

سيرته الرياضية
مارس ضياء المنشئ الرياضة في باكورة حياته، حيث مارس ألعاب كرة القدم وكرة السلة وكرة الماء والسباحة، ومثل فريق نادي الشباب في فعاليات السباحة الأولمبية خلال الخمسينات من القرن الماضي قبل أن يتفرغ لعمله الصحفي.

سيرته الأكاديمية
درس العلوم البيولوجية. وفي الثمانينات ذهب إلى أمريكا لينال شهادة الدكتوراه في العلوم البيولوجية من جامعة أيداهو في الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية، ليعود بعدها إلى العراق ويمارس التدريس في جامعة بغداد، يجيد اللغتين الإنجليزية والروسية إضافة إلى العربية.

سيرته الصحفية
مارس العمل الصحفي اعتبارا من عام 1958 فعمل مراسلا لصحيفة (الملعب) في أوروبا للفترة من 1965 وحتى 1968، وفي عام 1971 ساهم في تأسيس صحيفة (الرياضي) لسان حال اللجنة الأولمبية الوطنية العراقية والتي بقي يعمل فيها حتى عام 1978، وفي عام 1979 عمل في القسم الرياضي لصحيفة (الثورة) ليصبح مراسلا لها في أمريكا من عام 1981 وحتى عام 1985، حضر العديد من البطولات والدورات العربية وبطولات كاس العالم والدورات الأولمبية، وانتدب عن صحيفة الثورة إلى أولمبياد موسكو 1980 لتغطية أحداث الدورة، كما كان عضو في الوفد الأولمبي العراقي لأولمبياد لوس انجلوس 1984.

سيرته مؤرخا
امتاز المنشئ بتصديه لمهمته الأرشيفية كمؤرخ من خلال سلسلة من المؤلفات التي وثق فيها تاريخ الرياضة العراقية والعربية، حاله في ذلك حال إسماعيل محمد وسمير الشكرجي، لكنه امتاز عنهما بإستمراريته واتساع دائرة نشاطه لتشمل ألعاباً أخرى غير كرة القدم وفعاليات رياضية عربية، أصدر في عام 1987 كتابه (صفحات من تاريخ العراق الأولمبي) الذي وثق المشاركات الأولمبية العراقية اعتبارا من دورة لندن 1948، وفي عام 1989 أصدر كتابه (الموسوعة الموجزة للأولمبياد العربي) الذي وثق ولأول مرة تاريخ الدورات الرياضية العربية أعتبارا من الدورة الأولى عام 1953 في الإسكندرية وحتى الدورة السادسة في الرباط عام 1985، وأصبح مرجعا يستند عليه جميع الصحفيين العرب المهتمين بتوثيق تاريخ الدورات الرياضية العربية، وقد كثف المنشئ من جهوده التوثيقية في السنوات الأخيرة فأصدر ثلاث كتب موسوعية هي: (موسوعة الكرة العراقية) في عام 2005 والذي يتحدث عن تاريخ كرة القدم العراقية منذ نشأة اللعبة ودخولها العراق في بداية القرن الماضي وحتى تاريخ نشر الكتاب، أما الكتاب الثاني فهو (الحركة الأولمبية في العراق) في عام 2007 والذي تناول المشاركات العراقية في الدورات الأولمبية من دورة لندن 1948 وحتى دورة أثينا 2004، الكتاب الثالث هو (موسوعة ألعاب الساحة والميدان... الأسرع... الأعلى... الأقوى في العراق) في عام 2008 والذي يتحدث عن تاريخ ألعاب القوى العراقية ومشاركاتها تفصيليا.

مؤلفاته
 (بيليه جارنيشا وكرة القدم في البرازيل) صدر في بغداد خلال الثمانينات.

 (صفحات من تاريخ العراق الأولمبي) صدر في بغداد عام 1987 بواقع (205) صفحة من الحجم الاعتيادي ويتألف من خمسة فصول هي:

 الأول/ لمحات تاريخية عن تطور الحركة الرياضية في العراق.
 الثاني/ نبذة عن الصحافة الرياضية.
 الثالث/ نشاة اللجنة الأولمبية الوطنية العراقية.
 الرابع/ تاريخ الألعاب الأولمبية الحديثة.
 الخامس/ المشاركات العراقية في الدورات الأولمبية إضافة إلى (5) جداول ملحقة في نهاية الكتاب.
 (الموسوعة الموجزة للأولمبياد العربي) صدر في بغداد عام 1989 ويتألف الكتاب أكثر من (500) صفحة من الحجم الكبير، يتحدث بصورة تفصيلية عن تاريخ الدورات الرياضية العربية اعتبارا من الدورة الأولى في الإسكندرية عام 1953 وحتى الدورة السادسة في الرباط عام 1985، ويتألف الكتاب من ثلاثة أقسام رئيسية:

 القسم الأول/ يتحدث عن الجانب الإداري والتنظيمي للدورة العربية واللجان والاتحادات العربية المشرفة.
 القسم الثاني/ يتحدث عن الدورات العربية من حيث الدول المشاركة والألعاب في كل دورة من الدورات.
 القسم الثالث/ فقد خصص لذكر النتائج التفصيلية في معظم الألعاب المشاركة في جميع الدورات من خلال جداول بسيطة ودقيقة.
 (عمو بابا..شاعر الكرة العراقية) صدر في بغداد عام 2000 بقطع من الحجم الصغير ويعتبر السيرة الذاتية لشيخ المدربين العراقيين عمو بابا، اعتبارا من بداياته كلاعب حتى تاريخ صدور الكتاب، حيث يركز على أبرز المحطات التدريبية في حياة عمو بابا وأبرز الأحداث الكروية التي عاشها في الملاعب.

 (موسوعة الكرة العراقية...جكو..جمولي وكرة القدم في العراق) صدر في بغداد في عام 2005 ويتألف الكتاب من (14) فصلا و(3) ملاحق. يتحدث الكتاب في فصله الأول عن نشأة كرة القدم في بلاد الرافدين، ويتناول الفصل الثاني المراحل الخمسة التي مرت بها الكرة العراقية، ويختص الفصل الثالث بتطور العمل التنظيمي (تأسيس اتحاد الكرة والبطولات المحلية)، الفصل الرابع: تشكيل منتخب العراق ويشمل (مدربو المنتخب، وتشكيلات المنتخب، وهدافوه، وأحسن الهدافين في البطولات والدورات، والهدافون خلال الفترة من 1951 إلى 1991، إضافة إلى حملة شارة الكابتن، والخطط التكتيكية، والأكاديميون الحاصلون على شهادة الدكتوراه في كرة القدم)، الفصل الخامس يتناول مشاركات العراق في البطولات العربية (الدورات العربية-كأس العرب-كأس فلسطين-كأس الخليج-بطولة المعارض)، الفصل السادس: مشاركات العراق في البطولات الآسيوية (دورة الألعاب الآسيوية –كأس أمم آسيا)، الفصل السابع مشاركات العراق في الدورات الأولمبية، الفصل الثامن: مشاركات العراق في كأس العالم، الفصل التاسع: شخصيات رياضية (أكرم فهمي - إسماعيل محمد - عادل بشير - ناصر جكو - جمولي -مؤيد البدري- عمو بابا -عبد كاظم)، الفصل العاشر: نتائج مباريات منتخب العراق في اللقاءات الودية، الفصل الحادي عشر: المنتخب العسكري، الفصل الثاني عشر: منتخب شباب العراق، الفصل الثالث عشر: الحكام-قياصرة الملاعب، الفصل الرابع عشر: رجال القلم-كرة القدم والصحافة الرياضية. أما ملاحق الكتاب فتشمل: نتائج مشاركات الأندية العراقية في بطولات العرب والبطولات الآسيوية، إضافة إلى سرد تاريخي للأحداث البارزة في مسيرة اللعبة في العراق.

 (الحركة الأولمبية في العراق) صدر في بغداد عام 2007، ويقع في (400) صفحة، ويتناول تاريخ المشاركات العراقية الأولمبية حتى دورة اثينا 2004، إلى جانب سيرة عدد من الشخصيات الرياضية الأولمبية التي ساهمت في نهضة الرياضة العراقية.

 (موسوعة ألعاب الساحة والميدان..الأسرع.. الأعلى..الأقوى في العراق) صدر في بغداد عام 2008 ويقع في (284) صفحة و(18) فصلا، ويؤرشف الكتاب تاريخ ألعاب القوى العراقية من الألف إلى الياء بالأسماء والأرقام، ويتناول جميع المشاركات المحلية والخارجية على مدى نحو قرن من الزمان، إضافة إلى إلمامات تاريخية حول الرياضة في التاريخ العراقي القديم وفعاليات ألعاب القوى العالمية وتأسيس الاتحاد الدولي.

المصادر

 (صفحات من تاريخ العراق الأولمبي) د.ضياء المنشئ –بغداد 1987
 صحيفة المدى –بغداد- ايار مايو 2005
 صحيفة العدالة –بغداد –ايار مايو 2007
 صحيفة المدى الرياضي –بغداد- ايار مايو 2007
 (إصدار موسوعة رياضية عراقية) عبد الجبار العتابي –مقالة في موقع ايلاف-يوليو تموز 2008

أشخاص على قيد الحياة
أشخاص من بغداد
أعضاء نقابة الصحفيين العراقيين
رياضيون عراقيون
صحفيون عراقيون
مواليد 1941
مؤرخون عراقيون

ضياء المنشئ


Uniunea Scriitorilor Sovietici, Uniunea Scriitorilor din URSS sau Uniunea Sovietică a Scriitorilor (în ) a fost o uniune de creație a scriitorilor profesioniști din Uniunea Sovietică. Ea a fost fondată în 1932, la inițiativa Comitetului Central al Partidului Comunist, după desființarea mai multor organizații ale scriitorilor: RAPP, Proletkult și VOAPP.

Scopul Uniunii era de a realiza controlul de partid și de stat în domeniul literaturii. Pentru scriitorii profesioniști calitatea de membru al Uniunii a devenit efectiv obligatorie, iar cei care nu erau membri aveau oportunități de publicare mult mai limitate. Rezultatul a fost că excluderea din Uniune însemna o virtuală interdicție de publicare. În ciuda acestui fapt, istoria Uniunii Scriitorilor a cunoscut, de asemenea, cazuri de auto-excludere voluntară din rândurile ei. Astfel, Vasili Aksionov, Simeon Lipkin și Inna Lisnianskaia au părăsit Uniunea Scriitorilor într-un gest de solidaritate cu scriitorii Victor Ierofeev și Evgheni Popov, excluși ca pedeapsă pentru auto-publicare.

După căderea Uniunii Sovietice, Uniunea Scriitorilor Sovietici s-a divizat în organizații separate pentru fiecare dintre statele post-sovietice. Secția rusă a fost transformată în Uniunea Scriitorilor Ruși.

Postul de președinte al Uniunii Scriitorilor a fost deținut de:
 Maxim Gorki (1934-1936)
 Vladimir Stavski (1936-1938)
 Alexandr Fadeev (1938-1944 și 1946-1954)
 Nikolai Tihonov (1944-1946)
 Aleksei Surkov (1954-1959)
 Konstantin Fedin (1959-1977)
 Gheorghi Markov (1977-1986)
 Vladimir Karpov (1986-1991)

Publicație
Din ianuarie 1946 până în decembrie 1990 Uniunea Scriitorilor Sovietici a publicat un jurnal intitulat Literatura sovietică. Jurnalul a publicat traduceri din literatura sovietică. El a avut ediții în limbile engleză, franceză, germană, spaniolă, maghiară, poloneză, cehă și slovacă.

Referințe

Legături externe
 Spartacus Educational
 Encyclopedia of Soviet Writers

Asociații profesioniste de scriitori
Fondări în 1932
Desființări în 1992
Cavaleri ai Ordinului Prietenia Popoarelor

Uniunea Scriitorilor Sovietici


Vertumnus eller Rudolph II som Vertumnus er et maleri af den manieristiske italienske kunstmaler Giuseppe Arcimboldo.

Giuseppe Arcimboldo var siden 1562 hofportrættør ved hoffet i Prag, hvor han malede portrætter af de habsburgske kejsere Ferdinand I, Maximilian II og Rudolf II. Maleriet er det mest berømte af Arcimboldos værker og er et portræt af kejser Rudolf II, fra omkring 1590-91 i Milano, afbildet som Vertumnus,  den romerske gud for haven og  årets gang. Frugter og grøntsager symboliserer overflod fra den guldalder, der mentes at være indtrådt med kejserens tiltrædelse.

Motivet
Set  på afstand kan maleriet ligne et portræt, men tæt ser man,  at det er  sammensat af billeder af grøntsager, bøger, planter,  køkkenredskaber,  frugt, havdyr, landdyr og trærødder, således at hver  enkelt ting er  valgt for at give indtryk en anatomisk detalje af en  persons ansigt.  Kejserens portræt er skabt af blomster og frugter fra  forskellige  vækstsæsoner: pærer, æbler, kirsebær, druer, hvede,  artiskokker, majs, løg, jordskokker, kålblade, hestekastanjer, figner,  morbær, blommer, granatæbler, forskellige græskar og oliven.  Rudolf II's  portræt skal symbolisere balance og harmoni med naturen  som hans styre  blev anset for at repræsentere. Denne type portræt var  et udtryk for  renæssancemenneskets fascination af gåder, puslespil,  og det bizarre.  Arcimboldos mere traditionelle religiøse værker gled  senere bort i glemselen, men hans portrætter af ansigter, der består af  objekter blev både  beundret af sine samtidige og har bevaret sin værdi  for  eftertiden.

Proveniens

16. juli 1648, i trediveårskrigens sidste dage, udførte den svenske hær under  kommando af Hans Christoff Königsmarck et  overraskelsesangreb på Prag  og erobrede Malá Strana,  herunder slottet. Svenskerne  plyndrede  denne del af byen og fik et  stort bytte. Arcimboldos portræt af Rudolf  II  var en del af dette.  Maleriet efterfølgende historie indtil 1800 er ikke  klart, men  det har  været på Skoklosters slot  i det mindste siden 1845, hvor det hang i et af værelserne på  biblioteket. Det kunne muligvis være det maleri der er nævnt i opgørelsen i 1680 af Per Brahe den yngres dødsbo på  Bogesunds slot "en målning av frukter som satts samman", og som blev arvet af  hans nevø, der var gift med en datter af Carl Gustaf Wrangel. Med  betegnelsen "ett blomsteransikte, delvis skadats" er et kunstværk  beskrevet i 1728 ved skifte efter Abraham Nilsson Brahe, der  arvede Bogesund og Skokloster i 1701.

Noter

Malerier fra 1590
Malerier af Giuseppe Arcimboldo

Vertumnus (maleri)


Children on Their Birthdays is a 2002 American independent drama film directed by Mark Medoff, and starring Sheryl Lee, Jesse Plemons, Joe Pichler, Tania Raymonde, Christopher McDonald, and Tom Arnold. The screenplay written by Douglas Sloan is based on "Children on Their Birthdays", the short story of the same title by Truman Capote. This was the last film appearance by Pichler before his disappearance in 2006.

Plot
In the summer of 1947, a pretentious thirteen-year-old girl called "Miss" Lily Jane Bobbit is liked by two boys, who are best friends. Using the funniest vocabulary and the ever so heavy accent, she manages to win the attraction of the town's people, including the love of the two best friends. As the story continues, it must be decided as to whether or not the two boys will remain best friends, as only one of them can win Miss Bobbit's heart.

Production
The film was shot in Aurora, Lemont and Chicago, Illinois.

Critical reception
Children on Their Birthdays won the Platinum Award for Independent Theatrical Feature Films - Family/Children at WorldFest Houston.

External links

Reference list

Artisan Entertainment films
Films based on short fiction
2002 films
2002 drama films
Films set in 1947
Films shot in Illinois
Plaion
Films based on works by Truman Capote
2000s English-language films

Children on Their Birthdays


Åndalsnes Station (Åndalsnes stasjon) er en jernbanestation, der er den nordlige endestation for Raumabanen, og som ligger i byen Åndalsnes i Rauma kommune i Norge. Stationen består af flere spor med to forskudte perroner og en havneterminal, der ejes af Rauma kommune. Den grå stationsbygning er opført efter tegninger af Gudmund Hoel og Arvid Sundby og huser turistkontor, kiosk, ventesal og bagagebokse.

Stationen blev åbnet sammen med den sidste del af banen fra Verma 30. november 1924.

Om sommeren kører der turisttog mellem Bjorli og Åndalsnes som supplement til regionaltogene.

Litteratur

Eksterne henvisninger

Stationer på Raumabanen
Nedlagte jernbanestationer i Norge
Etableret i 1924
Jernbanestationer i Møre og Romsdal

Åndalsnes Station


Andrea Chénier () is a verismo opera in four acts by Umberto Giordano, set to an Italian libretto by Luigi Illica, and first performed on 28 March 1896 at La Scala, Milan. The story is based loosely on the life of the French poet André Chénier (1762–1794), who was executed during the French Revolution. The character Carlo Gérard is partly based on Jean-Lambert Tallien, a leading figure in the Revolution. It remains popular with audiences, though less frequently performed than in the first half of the 20th century. One reason for its survival in the repertoire is the lyrical-dramatic music provided by Giordano for the tenor lead, which gives a talented singer opportunities to demonstrate his skills and flaunt his voice. Giuseppe Borgatti's triumph in the title role at the first performance immediately propelled him to the front rank of Italian opera singers. He went on to become Italy's greatest Wagnerian tenor, rather than a verismo-opera specialist.

Performance history

The work was first performed at the Teatro alla Scala, Milan, on 28 March 1896 with Evelina Carrera, Giuseppe Borgatti (who replaced Alfonso Garulli at the eleventh hour) and Mario Sammarco in the leading parts of soprano, tenor and baritone respectively. Rodolfo Ferrari conducted.

Other notable first performances include those in New York City at the Academy of Music on 13 November 1896; in Hamburg on 3 February 1897 under the baton of Gustav Mahler; and in London's Camden Theatre on 16 April 1903 (sung in English).

Apart from Borgatti, famous Chéniers in the period between the opera's premiere and the outbreak of World War II included Francesco Tamagno (who studied the work with Giordano), Bernardo de Muro, Giovanni Zenatello, Giovanni Martinelli, Aureliano Pertile, Francesco Merli, Beniamino Gigli, Giacomo Lauri-Volpi and Antonio Cortis. Enrico Caruso also gave a few performances as Chénier in London in 1907. All of these tenors with the exception of Borgatti have left 78-rpm recordings of one or more of the part's showpiece solos.

Post-war, Franco Corelli, Richard Tucker and Mario Del Monaco were the most famous interpreters of the title role during the 1950s and 1960s, while Plácido Domingo became its foremost interpreter among the next generation of tenors, although Domingo's contemporary Luciano Pavarotti also sang and recorded the work. The Wagnerian tenor Ben Heppner tackled the role in New York City at a 2007 Metropolitan Opera revival with mixed success; his voice was impressively powerful but did not fit the style, critics alleged.

The Keith Warner-directed production was performed in 2011 and 2012 in Bregenz, Austria, under the name of "André Chénier", using an almost 78-foot high statue of a dying Jean-Paul Marat sinking in the water, an ode to the 1793 Jacques-Louis David painting, The Death of Marat, which depicts the murdered revolutionary slumped over in his bathtub.

In addition to four arias for the principal tenor ("Un dì all'azzurro spazio"; "Io non amato ancor"; "Si, fui soldato"; "Come un bel dì di maggio"), the opera contains a well-known aria ("La mamma morta") for the soprano heroine, which was featured in the film Philadelphia (the Maria Callas version is used on the soundtrack.) Also worth noting are the baritone's expressive monologue "Nemico della patria" and the final, rousing, soprano–tenor duet for the two leads as they prepare to face the guillotine ("Vicino a te").

Roles

Synopsis
Time: 1789–94.
Place: In and around Paris.

Act 1
Palace of the Countess of Coigny

Servants are preparing the Palace for a ball. Carlo Gérard, the majordomo, is filled with indignation at the sight of his aged father, worn out by long years of heavy labour for their noble masters. Only the Countess' daughter Maddalena escapes his hatred, since he is besotted with her. Maddalena jokes with Bersi, her mulatta servant girl. The Countess rebukes Maddalena for dallying around when she should be dressing for the ball.

The guests arrive. Among them is an Abbé who has come from Paris with news about the poor decisions of King Louis XVI's government. Also among the guests is the dashing and popular poet, Andrea Chénier.

The soirée begins with a "pastoral" performance. A chorus of shepherds and shepherdesses sing idealised rustic music and a ballet mimics a rural love story in stately court fashion. The Countess asks Chénier to improvise a poem but he says that inspiration has abandoned him. Maddalena asks Chénier to recite a verse, but he refuses her also, saying that "Fantasy is not commanded on cue." The laughter of the girls draws the Countess' attention, and Maddalena explains mockingly that the Muse of poetry is absent from the party. Chénier now becomes angry and improvises a poem about the suffering of the poor, ending with a tirade against those in power in church and state, shocking the guests. Maddalena begs forgiveness.

The guests dance a gavotte, which is interrupted by a crowd of ragged people who ask for food, Gérard ushers them in announcing that "Her Greatness, Misery" has arrived to the party. The Countess confronts Gérard who repudiates his service and throws his livery at the feet of the Countess, taking his father with him, who threw himself at the feet of the Countess. She orders them all out, and comforts herself by thoughts of her gifts to charity. The ball continues as if nothing had happened.

Act 2
Café Hottot in Paris, during the Reign of Terror

Bersi, now a merveilleuse, chats with an incroyable. She asks him if he is a spy for Robespierre, but he says that he is a mere "observer of the public spirit". Bersi asserts she has nothing to hide as "a child of the Revolution".

A tumbrel passes, bearing condemned prisoners to the guillotine, mocked by the crowd. Bersi leaves. The Incroyable notes that she was with a blonde woman he is looking for; he also notes that Chénier is at a nearby table waiting nervously and that Bersi had made signs at him.

Chénier's friend Roucher enters. He reminds Chénier that he is under suspicion for his association with disgraced General Dumoriez and urges him to flee. He offers Chénier a false passport. Chénier refuses: his destiny is love; he has been waiting for a mysterious woman who has sent him letters. Roucher sees the last letter, and dismisses it as from a prostitute and he warns Chénier that love is dangerous during the Révolution. He persuades Chénier to take the passport.

A procession of revolutionary leaders passes, including Robespierre and Gérard, who enters the café. The Incroyable reports to him about Bersi and the possible connection with the blonde, whom Gérard has been seeking, saying that she will come to the café that night. Bersi returns, and pleads with Roucher to keep Chénier there. She leaves for a dance with the Incroyable. Roucher persuades Chénier to leave, but Bersi, quickly returning, tells Chénier to wait for a woman called "Speranza" (Hope); all leave, except the Incroyable, who returns and hides.

A hooded woman enters. It is "Speranza". She uncovers herself, and Chénier recognizes her as Maddalena de Coigny. The Incroyable leaves to tell Gérard. Despite the danger, Chénier and Maddalena proclaim their love in a passionate duet.

As they prepare to leave they are discovered by Gérard. Chénier sends Maddalena away with Roucher and wounds Gérard in a sword fight. Believing he is dying, Gérard warns Chénier to flee from the wrath of the prosecutor Fouquier-Tinville, Chénier's enemy, and asks him to protect Maddalena. The Incroyable returns with soldiers and a crowd, but Gérard tells them that his assailant is unknown to him. All blame the Girondists.

Act 3
The Revolutionary Tribunal

The sans-culotte Mathieu calls on the people to give money for the army of the Revolution, but they refuse. Gérard, who has recovered, enters and renews the appeal and the people react with enthusiasm. A blind woman named Madelon comes in with her grandson, whom she gives to be a soldier of the Revolution. The crowd disperses.

The Incroyable reports to Gérard that Chénier has been arrested in the Parisian suburb of Passy and interned in the Luxembourg Palace, and it is only a matter of time before Maddalena will come for him. He urges Gérard to write down the charges against Chénier for his trial. Gérard hesitates but the Incroyable convinces him that a conviction by the Tribunal will only secure Maddalena's appearance. Alone, he muses that his Revolutionary ideals are being betrayed by his false charges, therefore he is still a slave: formerly of the nobles, now of his own lust. Finally desire triumphs and he signs the indictment in a mood of cynicism. (Gérard: "Nemico della patria?!") The Incroyable takes it to the Tribunal.

Maddalena enters to plead for Chénier's life. Gérard admits that he had Chénier arrested to control Maddalena. He has been in love with her since they were children and he remembers the time when they were allowed to play together in the fields of her house, how when he was handed his first livery, he watched in secret Maddalena learning to dance at the time when he was in charge of opening doors, but now he is a powerful man and will have his way. Maddalena refuses: she will shout out her name in the streets and be executed as an aristocrat, but if her virtue is the price for Chénier's life, then Gérard can have her body.

Gérard is about to take her but recoils when he realizes the love that she professes for Chénier. Maddalena sings how the mob murdered her mother and burned her palace, how she escaped, and how Bersi became a prostitute to support them both. She laments how she brings disgrace to all that she loves and finally how Chénier was the force that gave life back to her.

Gérard searches for the indictment to cancel it, but it has already gone. He pledges to save Chénier's life even at the cost of his own. A clerk presents the list of accused persons, including Chénier. A crowd of spectators enter, then the judges, presided over by Fouquier-Tinville, then the prisoners. One by one, the prisoners are hastily condemned. When Chénier is tried, he denies all the charges, and proclaims his honour.

Chénier's plea has moved everyone and Fouquier-Tinville is forced to take up witnesses. Gérard approaches the Tribunal and confesses to the falsity of his indictment but Fouquier-Tinville takes up the charges himself. Gérard defies the Tribunal: justice has become Tyranny, and "we murder our poets."

Chénier embraces Gérard, who points out Maddalena in the crowd. The Tribunal condemns Chénier to death and he is led off with the other prisoners.

Act 4
Saint-Lazare Prison

Chénier awaits his execution with Roucher, writing verses of his faith in truth and beauty. Roucher leaves, as Mathieu sings the Marseillaise outside.

Maddalena enters with Gérard for a last meeting with Chénier. Maddalena bribes the jailer Schmidt to let her change places with a condemned noblewoman. Gérard leaves to make a last appeal to Robespierre.

The lovers sing about their love and their deliverance from this world after death. As dawn approaches, Schmidt calls their names. They go to face the guillotine joined in love. While they leave Gérard reappears with a paper in his hand, with the sentence "Even Plato banned poets from his Republic", written by Robespierre to reject Gérard's plea for Chenier's life.

Noted arias
"Un dì all'azzurro spazio", also known as "L'improvviso" ("One day in azure space" – Chénier)
"Come un bel dì di maggio" ("Like a beautiful day in May" – Chénier) [This among the comparatively few musical passages that can be excerpted from the work's verismo flow]
"Vivere in fretta" ("To live in a hurry" – Bersi)
"Nemico della patria" ("The enemy of his country" – Gérard)
"La mamma morta" ("My mother died ..." – Maddalena)

Instrumentation

Woodwinds
3 flutes (flute 3 doubles piccolo)
2 oboes (oboe 2 doubles English Horn)
2 clarinets (clarinet 2 doubles bass clarinet in B-flat)
2 bassoons
Brass
4 horns (in E-flat, E, and F)
3 trumpets (in B-flat)
3 trombones
tuba
Percussion
timpani
triangle
bass drum
cymbals
suspended cymbal
snare drum
tamtam
Strings
harp
violins I
violins II
violas
violoncelli
double bass
Offstage
Act 1: sleigh bells, tamburo basso
Act 3: 8 tamburi
Act 4: tamburo

Recordings

References
Notes

Sources
Warrack, John and West, Ewan, The Oxford Dictionary of Opera, 1992.  (under "Giordano, Umberto", "Andrea Chénier" and "Borgatti, Giuseppe").
Wilson, Alexandra, "Circling Giordano", Opera (London), January 2015, Volume 66, No 1.

External links
Synopsis of Andrea Chénier, Stanford University's Opera Glass website

 Online opera guide on Giordano's ANDREA CHÉNIER, An opera portrait with synopsis, commentary, music analysis, anecdotes

Operas by Umberto Giordano
Italian-language operas
Verismo operas
1896 operas
Operas
Operas set in the French Revolution
Opera world premieres at La Scala

Andrea Chénier


The Corn Belt is a region of the Midwestern United States that, since the 1850s, has dominated corn production in the United States. In the United States, corn is the common word for maize. More generally, the concept of the Corn Belt connotes the area of the Midwest dominated by farming and agriculture.

Geography
There is lack of consensus regarding the constituents of the Corn Belt, although it often includes: Iowa, Illinois, Indiana, southern Michigan, western Ohio, eastern Nebraska, eastern Kansas, southern Minnesota, and parts of Missouri. It also sometimes includes: South Dakota, North Dakota, all of Ohio, Wisconsin, all of Michigan, and Kentucky. Some people and industries break the corn belt down even further and refer to it as the Eastern Corn Belt and the Western Corn Belt.

The region is characterized by level land, deep fertile soils, and a high organic soil concentration.

As of 2008, the top four corn-producing states were Iowa, Illinois, Nebraska, and Minnesota, accounting for more than half of the corn growth in the United States.

More recently, the USA corn belt was mapped at the county level using the Land use and Agricultural Management Practices web-Service (LAMPS), along with animated maps of changes in time (2010–2016).

History
On account of new agricultural technology developments between 1860 and 1970, the Corn Belt went from producing mixed crops and livestock into becoming an area focused strictly on wheat-cash planting. After 1970, increased crop and meat production required an export outlet, but global recession and a strong dollar reduced exports and created serious problems even for the best farm managers.

In 1956, former Vice President Henry A. Wallace, a pioneer of hybrid seed, declared that the Corn Belt has developed the "most productive agricultural civilization the world has ever seen".

Most corn grown today is fed to livestock, especially hogs and poultry. In recent decades soybeans have grown in importance.

By 1950, 99% of corn has been grown from hybrids.

EPA Ecoregion
In 1997, the USEPA published its report on United States' ecoregions, in part based on "land use". Its "Level III" region classification contains three contiguous "Corn Belt" regions, Western (47), Central (54), and Eastern (55), stretching from Indiana to eastern Nebraska.

Panoramic view

See also

 Breadbasket
 Canadian Prairies, Canada's 'Breadbasket'
 Central Black Earth Region, segment of the Eurasian chernozem belt that lies within Central Russia
 grain elevator
 Palliser's Triangle, Canada's semi-arid grain production region
 Peak wheat

References

Further reading
 Anderson, J. L. Industrializing the Corn Belt: Agriculture, Technology, and Environment, 1945-1972 (2009) 238 pp.
 Bogue, Allan. From Prairie to Corn Belt: Farming on the Illinois and Iowa Prairies in the Nineteenth Century (1963) excerpt and text search
 Cayton, Andrew, et al. eds. The American Midwest: An Interpretive Encyclopedia (2006) excerpt and text search
 Hart, John Fraser. "Change in the Corn Belt", Geographical Review, Jan 1986, Vol. 76#1 pp. 51–72
 Hudson, John C. Making the Corn Belt: A Geographical History of Middle-Western Agriculture (1994)
 Power, Richard Lyle. Planting Corn Belt Culture: The Impress of the Upland Southerner and Yankee in the old Northwest (1953)
 Snapp, Roscoe R. Beef Cattle Their Feeding and Management in the Corn Belt States (1950)
 Smith, C. Wayne, et al. Corn: Origin, History, Technology, and Production (2004) online edition
 Wallace, Henry Agard. Henry A. Wallace's Irrigation Frontier: On the Trail of the Corn Belt Farmer 1909 15 articles written by Wallace in 1909; 1991 edition edited by Richard Lowitt, and Judith Fabry

Agricultural production in the United States
Agriculture in Illinois
Agriculture in Indiana
Agriculture in Iowa
Agriculture in Kansas
Agriculture in Kentucky
Agriculture in Michigan
Agriculture in Minnesota
Agriculture in Missouri
Agriculture in Nebraska
Agriculture in North Dakota
Agriculture in Ohio
Agriculture in South Dakota
Agriculture in Wisconsin
Economy of the Midwestern United States
Midwestern United States
Belt regions of the United States
Maize production
Agricultural belts
Ecoregions of Illinois
Ecoregions of Indiana
Ecoregions of Iowa
Ecoregions of Kansas
Ecoregions of Michigan
Ecoregions of Minnesota
Ecoregions of Missouri
Ecoregions of Nebraska
Ecoregions of South Dakota
Ecoregions of Wisconsin

Corn Belt


IIවන එලිසබෙත් රැජිණ (එලිසබෙත් ඇලෙක්ක්සැන්ඩ්‍රා මේරි; උපත 1926 අප්‍රේල් 21  ) ශ්‍රී ලංකා භූමියේ රජ තනතුර දැරූ අවසාන පුද්ගලයාය.
එතුමිය 1952 පෙබරවාරි 6 දින සිට 1972 මැයි 22 දක්වා නිදහස් ලංකාවේ රජ ලෙස රාජ්‍ය නායක පදවිය දැරීය.

IIවන එලිසබෙත් රැජින මානව ඉතිහාසය තුල වැඩිම රටවල් සංඛ්‍යාවක රාජ්‍ය නායක පදවිය ඉසිලූ / උසුලන පුද්ගලයා වන අතර එම රටවල් සංඛ්‍යාව 32කි.

තම පියාගේ මරණයෙන් සිදුවූ 1952 පෙබරවාරි 6 දින මෙතුමිය එක්සත් රාජධානිය, ලංකාව , කැනඩාව, ඔස්ට්‍රේලියාව, නවසීලන්තය, දකුණු අප්‍රිකාව සහ පාකිස්තානය යන රටවල් 7හි රජ පදවියට පත්විය.

දැනට (වසර 2010) ස්වාධීන රාජ්‍යයන් 16ක කිරුළු වෙන් වෙන්ව (separately) සමානව (equally)දරයි. සෛද්ධාන්තිකව දැනට ලොව සිටින වඩාත්ම බලතල සහිත පුද්ගලයා වන නමුදු ඇය සිය බලතල භාවිතාකිරීම ඉතා දුර්ලභය.

ලංකාවේ  රැජින ලෙස

1952  පෙබරවාරි 6 දින VIවන ජෝජ් රජගේ මරණනින් පසු එංගලන්තයේ රජවූ IIවන එලිසබෙත් රැජින ලංකාවේද ((එවකට රජයේ එකම නිල බසින් මෙය සිලෝන් නම් විය)රජ ලෙස පත්විය.
එම රජ තනතුර නාම මාත්‍රික රජතනතුරක් විය.

සිංහල රාජවංශික තත්‍වය ලබාදීම
1954 වසරේ සිංහල අළුත් අවුරුදු දින (අප්‍රේල් 12) ලංකා පාර්ලිමේනතුව විශේෂ ස්ථානයක විශේෂ අයුරකින් රැස්විය. ස්ථානය කොළඹ නිදහස් චතුරස්‍රය චූ අතර සිංහල බෞද්ධ රාජසභාවක අකාරයට සකසා තිබුනි. ඔටුනු පලඳා රාජෝත්මිය සිංහාසනාරූඩ ගතවූ අතර රටේ නායිකාව ලෙස පාර්ලිම්න්තු සැසිවාරය විවෘත කිරීමේ කිරීටක දේශනය පවත්වන ලදී. අනතුරුව ස' ඔලිව' ගුණතිලක මහතා ජනතාව වෙනුවෙන් ප්‍රකාශක් කරමින් IIවන එලිසzබෙත් රැජින මෙවක් පටන් සිංහල රාජාවලියට ඇතුලත් කරගන්නා බවත් අපේම ස්වෛරීය සිංහල රැජිනක් සේ පිලිගන්නා බවත් රාජිණයට දන්වා සිටින ලදී. අනතුරුව සභානායක ජේ.ආර්. ජයවර්ධන මහතා විසින් ස්තූති කතාව පවත්වා සභාව අවසන් කරන ලදී.

රාජ්‍යත්‍වය අහෝසි කිරීම

1971 කැරැල්ල
1971 දී ජනතා විමුක්ති පෙරමුණ පවතින රාජාණ්ඩුව පෙරලා ජනරජයක් පිහිටුවීම සඳහා සන්නද්ධ කුමන්ත්‍රනයක් දියත්කලද එය අසාර්ථක විය.  එහිදී දහස් ගණනක් ජීවිත විනාශ විය. මහා රාජණියගෙ රාජාණ්ඩව පෙරලීමට කුමන්ත්‍රණයකිරීම චෝදනාව යටතේ ජනතා විමුක්ති පෙරමුණ නායක රෝහණ විජේවීර ඇතුළු 13දෙනෙකුට නඩු පවරා වැරදිකරු වූයෙන් සිරගතකරන ලදී.

1972 අණ්‍ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථා සංශෝධනය
1972 මැයි 21 දින දක්වා එතුමිය ලංකා රාජධානියේ රජකම හෙබැවීය. 1972 මැයි 22 දින විප්ලවයක් සිදුකරමින් ජනරජ වයවස්ථාව ක්‍රියාත්මක කල අතර ජනරජයේ නාමමාත්‍රික නායකත්වය ජනාධිපති නමින් අළුතින් ඇතිකල තනතුරද පවරන ලදී. එම තනතුරට පත්කරන ලද්දේද එතෙක් රැජින නියෝජනය කල අගුණ්ඩුකාර පදවිය දැරූ පුද්ගලයාම වීම විශේෂත්වයකි.

ආගම
ලංකාවේදී ඇයගේ ආගම ලංකා සභාව විය.

Issue

Ancestry

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ආශ්‍රිත ලිපි
 සිංහලේ රාජාවලිය

References

Further reading
 Allison, Ronald; The Queen: 50 Years - A Celebration; HarperCollins UK (October 1, 2001) (ISBN 0004140788)
 Bond, Jennie (2006). Elizabeth: Eighty Glorious Years. London: Carlton Publishing Group. ISBN 10-1-8442-360-7; 13-978-1-8442-360-9

 Brandreth, Gyles (2004). Philip and Elizabeth: Portrait of a Marriage. London: Century. ISBN 0-7126-6103-4
 Erickson, Carolly; Lillibet: An Intimate Portrait of Elizabeth II; St. Martin's Press; 1st edition (January 26, 2004) (ISBN 0312287348)

 Lacey, Robert; Monarch: The Life and Reign of Elizabeth II; Free Press (May 6, 2003) (ISBN 0743236696)
 Noakes, Michael & Noakes, Vivien; The Daily Life of the Queen: An Artist's Diary; Trafalgar Square (2001) (ISBN 009186982X)
 Pimlott, Ben; The Queen: Elizabeth II and the Monarchy; Harper Collins;revised edition (2007) (ISBN 0-007-11436-2)
 Roberts, Andrew (2000) The House of Windsor. (Edited by Antonia Fraser) London: Cassell & Co. ISBN 0304354066
 Waller, Maureen; Sovereign Ladies: Sex, Sacrifice, and Power. The Six Reigning Queens of England; New York, St. Martin's Press (2006) (ISBN 0-312-33801-5)
 Jubilee A Celebration of 50 Years of the Reign of Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II; Cassell & Co (2002) (ASIN B000BMS0UE)

External links

 Official website

 Elizabeth II: Modern Monarch
 The official YouTube channel
 A short video of Elizabeth's coronation  from Encarta encyclopedia.
 BBC Coverage of The Queens Golden Jubilee (2002)
 CBC Digital Archives - Canada's New Queen
 CBC Digital Archives - Coronation of Queen Elizabeth II

ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ ඉතිහාසය
රැජිනන් - ශ්‍රී ලංකාව
ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ රජවරු

දෙවන එලිසබෙත් රැජින

දෙවන එලිසබෙත් රැජින - ලංකාව


The year 1653 in science and technology involved some significant events.

Biology
Jan van Kessel paints a series of pictures of insects and fruit.

Mathematics
 Blaise Pascal publishes his Traité du triangle arithmétique in which he describes a convenient tabular presentation for binomial coefficients, now called Pascal's triangle.

Physics
 Blaise Pascal publishes his Treatise on the Equilibrium of Liquids in which he explains his law of pressure.

Births
 January 16 – Johann Conrad Brunner, Swiss anatomist (died 1727)
 March 24 – Joseph Sauveur, French mathematician and acoustician (died 1716)

Deaths
 Jan Stampioen, Dutch mathematician (born 1610) (gunpowder explosion)

References

17th century in science
1650s in science

1653 in science


Conceição do Jacuípe es un municipio brasileño del estado de Bahía conocido también como Berimbau, localizado en la región metropolitana de Feria de Santana. Su población es de 30.123 habitantes según el censo (IBGE,2010). El municipio es conocido por ser uno de los mayores centros de las fiestas de São João de la Bahía.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Localidades de Bahía

Conceição do Jacuípe


Floriheid (flɔʁje) est un village de la commune et ville belge de Malmedy située en Région wallonne dans la province de Liège.

Avant la fusion des communes de 1977, Floriheid faisait partie de la commune de Bévercé.

Notes et références

Village en Wallonie
Malmedy

Floriheid


Nguyễn Hoàng Hải (* 8. Mai 1986) ist ein vietnamesischer Badmintonspieler.

Karriere
Nguyễn Hoàng Hải startete 2007, 2009 und 2011 bei den Südostasienspielen. Als größten Erfolg erkämpfte er sich dabei 2009 Bronze im Herreneinzel. 2011 belegte er des Weiteren Platz fünf mit dem vietnamesischen Team. Bei allen andern Starts bei den Südostasienspielen schied er dagegen in der ersten Runde aus, ebenso wie bei den Asienspielen 2006.

Referenzen

Badmintonspieler (Vietnam)
Teilnehmer an den Asienspielen (Vietnam)
Vietnamese
Geboren 1986
Mann
Teilnehmer an den Südostasienspielen (Vietnam)

Nguyễn Hoàng Hải


Gewinner des Deutschen Filmpreises in der Kategorie Bester Nachwuchsdarsteller. Die Kategorie wurde 1952 und zuletzt im Jahr 1973 ausgelobt.

Nachwuchsdarsteller
Darstellerpreis

Deutscher Filmpreis/Bester Nachwuchsdarsteller