Tomás I Comneno Ducas (en griego: Θωμάς Α΄ Κομνηνός Δούκας, Thōmas I Komnēnos Doukas) (aprox. 1285–1318) fue el gobernante de Epiro desde aprox. 1297 hasta su muerte en 1318.

Tomás fue el hijo de Nicéforo I Comneno Ducas y Ana Cantacucena, la sobrina del emperador Miguel VIII Paleólogo. En 1290 se le otorgó el título de déspota por el primo de su madre, el emperador Andrónico II Paleólogo. La sucesión de Tomás del principado de su padre estaba en peligro por el matrimonio de su hermana Tamar Angelina Comnena con Felipe I de Tarento, el hijo del rey Carlos II de Anjou y María de Hungría en 1294. Aunque Felipe tenía prometido heredar Epiro por derecho de su esposa, cuando Nicéforo murió entre septiembre de 1296 y julio de 1298, Ana aseguró la sucesión de su hijo Tomás y asumió la regencia.

Esto aisló a Epiro de su aliado más fuerte y lo dejó prácticamente sin apoyo externo. Carlos II de Nápoles pidió que Epiro se entregara a Felipe y Tamar, pero Ana se negó, alegando que el acuerdo se había roto cuando Tamar se había visto obligada a abandonar su fe ortodoxa. Para remediar esto, Ana organizó una alianza con el Imperio bizantino y el matrimonio del joven Tomás con Ana Paleóloga, la hija del coemperador Miguel IX Paleólogo. El matrimonio real tuvo lugar en 1307 o 1313. Mientras tanto Carlos II envió tropas a Epiro, pero fueron rechazados y los epirotas avanzaron hacia los territorios angevinos en los Balcanes Occidentales, recuperando Butrinto y Naupacto en 1304-1305. Una nueva invasión angevina en 1307 terminó con un compromiso por el cual se cedió a Felipe de Tarento muchas de las fortalezas que habían sido retomadas por los epirotas en la guerra anterior.

Las gravedades de Epiro incrementaron cada vez más en la órbita bizantina, hasta que una disputa privada entre los comandantes epirotas y bizantinos desató un nuevo conflicto en 1315. Los bizantinos incursionaron hasta Arta, y Tomás encarceló a su esposa y entró en negociaciones con Felipe de Tarento. Pero antes de que Epiro pudiera entrar en una nueva alianza con los angevinos fue asesinado por su sobrino, el conde Nicolás Orsini de Cefalonia.

Referencias
John V.A. Fine Jr., The Late Medieval Balkans, Ann Arbor, 1987.

Déspotas de Epiro
Dinastía Comneno Ducas
Bizantinos del siglo XIII
Bizantinos del siglo XIV
Monarcas ortodoxos

Tomás I Comneno Ducas


حي الرمال، حي سكنى خدمى تجارى، أحد أحياء مدينة غزة الفلسطينية، يبعد 3 كيلومتر عن مركز المدينة بمحاذاة الخط الساحلي،هو  أكثر الأحياء ازدهاراً في مدينة غزة. يقطعه شارع عمر المختار من الشمال إلى الجنوب.و يتميز هذا الحي بالكثير من الوجود السكانى، نظراً لجماله الباهر الطبيعي، ولكونه مركزاً تجارياً كبيراً. تعرض لتدمير كبير جراء قصف إسرائيلي على القطاع غزة في أكتوبر 2023.

تاريخ و معالم
تعود بداية بنائه إلى أواخر العهد العثماني و تحديدا فى بدايات القرن العشرين، يشطره شارع عمر المختار إلى شطرين الرمال الشمالي والرمال الجنوبي. تقدر مساحته بحوالى 5000 دونم، يُحيط به أحياء الدرج، والتُّفاح، والزيتون، والشجاعية، والشيخ رضوان، والصبرة، والشيخ عجلين، وبسبب موقعه الإستراتيجي و إحتوائه على عديد المراكز و المباني الحكومية من وزارات مرافق خدمية و منظمات دولية و محال تجارية زادت كثافته السكانية.

المعالم

 وكالة غوث وتشغيل اللاجئين الفلسطينيين "أونروا".

 المجلس التشريعي الفلسطيني.

 الجامعة الإسلامية.

 حديقة الجندي المجهول.

 برج فلسطين.

تدمير الحي خريف 2023
فى مساء الإثنين 9 تشرين الأول / أكتوبر 2023 تعرض حى الرمال لقصف عنيف من جيش الاحتلال الإسرائيلي، و التي شنت طائراته الحربية مئات غارات مكثفة و متواصلة على الحي و التي استمرت طوال الليل وحتى فجر اليوم التالي مصاحبة لقصف مدفعي بري. فيما وصف بأنه إتباع إسرائيل سياسة الأرض المحروقة، فهدمت المنازل على رؤوس ساكنيها و التي تحولت إلى أكوام من الركام خلال ساعات، أما المنازل التي لم يتم تدميرها بشكل كامل لحقت بها أضرار كبيرة تجعلها غير صالحة للسكن، و إلى جانب تدمير المنازل و العمارات السكنية استهدف القصف أيضًا  مقرات و وزارات حكومية ومساجد ومدارس. وأظهرت الصور التي التقطتها عدسات المصورين من داخل الحي صباح الثلاثاء مشاهد دمار هائلة لمبانٍ وعمارات بأكملها تمت تسويتها بالأرض. وصف بعض المواطنين الفلسطينيين ممن دمرت منازلهم إن ما تعرض له الحي "تسونامي إسرائيلي ضرب حي الرمال".

مصادر

أحياء غزة
أماكن مأهولة أسست في عقد 1930
محافظة غزة
أحياء فلسطين
أحداث جارية
قصف جوي

الرمال (غزة)


Sofia af Grækenland (også stavet Sophia af Grækenland) kan henvise til flere personer:

 Sophie af Preussen (1870–1932) - gift med kong Konstantin 1. af Grækenland
 Sophie af Grækenland (1914–2001) - gift med prins Christoph af Hessen og efterfølgende med prins Georg Vilhelm af Hannover
 Sofia af Spanien (født 1938) - gift med kong Juan Carlos 1. af Spanien

Se også
 Sophia

Sofia af Grækenland


Warner Bros. Animation, Inc. este un studio american de animație care este parte a Warner Bros. Television Studios, o divizie a Warner Bros., o unitate principală a Warner Bros. Discovery. Ca succesor al Warner Bros. Cartoons, studioul este strâns asociat cu personajele din Looney Tunes și Merrie Melodies, alături de altele. Warner Bros. și-a redeschis studioul de animație în 1980 pentru a produce lucrări conexe cu Looney Tunes.

Warner Bros. Animation se concentrează în principal pe producerea de seriale și filme bazate pe alte proprietăți deținute de Warner Bros., incluzând Turner Entertainment, Hanna-Barbera și DC Entertainment.

Istorie

1970–1986: Restabilirea studioului
Studioul original Warner Bros. Cartoons, alături de toate diviziile de producție de scurtmetraje ale Warner Bros., și-a închis porțile pe 10 octombrie 1969 datorită costurilor crescânde și veniturilor reduse din producția de scurtmetraje. Companii de animație din afară au fost angajate să producă animații noi Looney Tunes pentru speciale de televiziune și reclame la intervale neregulate. În 1975, angajatul Warner Bros. Cartoons Chuck Jones a început să producă o serie de speciale Looney Tunes la studioul său de animație Chuck Jones Productions, cu primul fiind Carnival of the Animals. Aceste speciale, și un film retrospectiv din 1975 intitulat Bugs Bunny: Superstar (distribuit de United Artists, proprietarul anterior al librăriei pre-1950 a Warner Bros.) a condus la Jones producând The Bugs Bunny/Road Runner Movie pentru Warner Bros. în 1979. Acest film a îmbinat scurtmetrajele clasice Looney Tunes/Merrie Melodies cu învelișuri nou produse cu Bugs Bunny prezentând fiecare desen. Warner Bros. a răspuns la succesul acestui prin redeschiderea studioului său de animație.

Warner Bros. Animation a fost deschis în 15 martie 1980 pentru a produce filme de compilație și speciale de televiziune cu personajele din Looney Tunes. Șeful inițial al studioului a fost Hal Geer, care fusese editor de efecte sonore la studioul original în ultimele sale zile, și mai târziu i s-a alăturat Friz Freleng, care a plecat de la DePatie-Freleng (care a devenit Marvel Productions după ce a fost vândut la Marvel Comics), și s-a întors la Warner ca producător executiv. Noile învelișuri pentru Bugs Bunny - Filmul (1981), Bugs Bunny's 3rd Movie: 1001 Rabbit Tales (1982) și Filmul lui Daffy Duck: Insula fantastică (1983) au avut scene de la un nou personal al Warner Bros. Animation, alcătuit în principal din veterani ai erei de aur a desenelor WB, inclusiv scenariștii John Dunn și Dave Detiege.

În 1986, Freleng a părăsit studioul, și Hal Geer a plecat de asemenea în următorul an. Geer a fost înlocuit pentru o scurtă vreme de Stephen S. Greene, care la rândul lui a fost înlocuit de fosta secretară a lui Freleng  Kathleen Helppie-Shipley, care avea să conducă reînvierea majoră a mărcii Looney Tunes în anii care au urmat. Studioul a continuat producția de proiecte speciale cu personajele Looney Tunes, producând sporadic noi scurtmetraje Looney Tunes/Merrie Melodies pentru cinematografe ca The Duxorcist (1985), The Night of the Living Duck (1988), Box-Office Bunny (1990) și Carrotblanca (1995). Majoritatea din scurtmetraje, și de asemenea noi scene din filmul de compilație Aventurile lui Daffy Duck (care a inclus The Duxorcist) a fost regizat de Greg Ford și Terry Lennon, și de asemenea Darell Van Citters.

1986–1998: Mutarea spre animație televizată

Începând din 1986, Warner Bros. s-a mutat la producția regulată de seriale animate de televiziune. Divizia de televiziune a Warner Bros. Animation a fost fondată de președinta companiei Jean MacCurdy, care a adus pe producătorul Tom Ruegger și mulți din personalul sau de la serialul Hanna-Barbera Un cățel numit Scooby-Doo (1988–1991). Un studio pentru divizia de televiziune a fost stabilit în turnul de birouri din Imperial Bank Building adiacent cu Sherman Oaks Galleria la nord-vest de Los Angeles. Darrell Van Citters, care lucra la Disney, a lucrat la scurtmetraje noi cu Bugs Bunny, înainte să plece în 1992 ca să formeze Renegade Animation. Primul serial animat original de televiziune a fost Micii poznași (1990–1992) care a fost realizat în asociere cu Amblin Television, compania lui Steven Spielberg înrudită cu Amblin Entertainment, și a prezentat personaje tinere de desene animate bazate pe staruri specifice Looney Tunes, și a fost un succes. Următoarele seriale de televiziune Amblin/Warner Bros., inclusiv Animaniacii (1993–1998), spin-off-ul său Pinky and the Brain (1995–1998) și Freakazoid! (1995–1997), au continuat tradiția Looney Tunes de umor animat.

Warner Bros. Animation a început să facă și seriale bazate pe personaje din benzi desenate deținute de compania soră DC Comics. Aceste seriale, inclusiv Batman: Serialul de Animație (1992–1995), Superman: Seria animată (1996–2000), Noile Aventuri cu Batman (1997–1999), Batman din viitor (1999–2001), Șocul Static (2000–2004) și Liga Dreptății/Liga Dreptății fără limite (2001–2006), au fost populare atât printre copii cât și printre adulți. Aceste seriale fac parte din Universul de animație DC. Batman: Masca fantomei, un film bazat pe Batman: Serialul de animație, a fost produs în 1993 și lansat la cinematografe, fiind inițial realizat pentru piața direct-pe-video. A fost lăudat de critici dar a eșuat la box office, însă a devenit un succes comercial prin lansări ulterioare pe video la domiciliu. În 2003, Warner Bros. Television Animation a fost împăturit și ulterior fuzionat în Warner Bros. Animation.

1990–2004: Eforturi în animație cinematografică

În timpul renașterii animației la începutul anilor 1990, Warner Bros. a distribuit primele sale filme de animație: The Nutcracker Prince în 1990, care este o producție canadiană bazată pe povestea clasică de E. T. A. Hoffman The Nutcracker and the Mouse King, și Rover Dangerfield în 1991, al cărui personaj principal este un câine a cărui înfățișare și maniere sunt inspirate de actorul Rodney Dangerfield. Ambele filme au primit recenzii mixte și negative respectiv și au subperformat la box office. Trei ani mai târziu după lansarea lui Rodney Dangerfield, Warner a distribuit filmul lui Don Bluth Degețica, care de asemenea a primit recenzii mixte și a subperformat la box office.

În același an, Warner Bros., la fel ca multe alte studiouri din Hollywood, s-a mutat la animație cinematografică urmând succesului filmului de la Walt Disney Feature Animation Regele Leu. Max Howard, un lucrător la Disney, a fost adus să conducă noua divizie, care a fost stabilită în Sherman Oaks aproape de studioul de televiziune în Glendale din apropiere. Turner Feature Animation, mai târziu fuzionat și numit Warner Bros. Feature Animation, la fel ca toate studiourile de animație cinematografică în casă, s-a dovedit a fi o aventură fără succes, cu patru din cele cinci filme ale sale subperformând în timpul lansarilor lor originale la cinematografe datorită lipsei de marketing.

Primul film al Warner Bros. Feature Animation a fost Meciul secolului (1996), un film live-action/animat hibrid, în rolurile principale fiind Bugs Bunny și Michael Jordan (Jordan a apărut anterior cu personajele Looney Tunes într-un număr de reclame Nike). Filmul a prezentat secvențe live-action regizate de Joe Pytka și secvențe de animație regizate de Bruce W. Smith și Tony Cervone. Meciul secolului a primit recenzii mixte de la critici dar a fost un succes la box-office. Producția de animație a filmului a fost lucrată în principal la noul studio din Sherman Oaks, totuși mult din lucru a fost externalizat la alte studiouri de animație în jurul lumii.

Înainte de succesul filmului Meciul secolului, un studio operat de Turner Entertainment care s-a desprins din Hanna-Barbera a început să lucreze la propriile sale filme. Primul a fost Stăpânul cărților, un film de fantezie cu secvențe live-action regizate de Joe Johnston și secvențe de animație regizate de Maurice Hunt, prezentând pe Macaulay Culkin și Christopher Lloyd în rolurile principale, cu secvențele live-action servind drept suporturi pentru povestea filmului. Lansat de 20th Century Fox, filmul a subperformat la box office și a fost primit cu răceală de critici în timpul lansării sale la Crăciunul lui 1994. După fuzionarea între Turner și compania părinte a Warner Bros. Time Warner, Turner Feature Animation și-a completat al doilea și ultimul film, Un pisoi la Hollywood (1997), regizat de Mark Dindal, care a fost primit cu căldură din partea criticilor și a audienței dar a subperformat la box office datorită lipsei de marketing. Totuși, în timpul lansării filmului, Turner Feature Animation fuzionase cu Warner Bros. Feature Animation și majoritatea personalului a fost transferat din studioul respectiv.

În următorul an, următorul său film, Sabia magică (1998), a trecut prin dificultăți de producție și a primit de asemenea recenzii mixte de la critici. Totuși, coloana sa sonoră (printre care unul din cântece, The Prayer) a primit niște laude și premii, inclusiv o nominalizare la Oscar și câștigând la Globurile de Aur.

Al treilea film de la Warner Bros. Feature Animation, Uriașul de fier (1999) de Brad Bird, a avut parte de o recepție aclamatoare universală de la critici și audiență. Totuși, a subperformat la box office datorită lipsei de marketing din partea lui Warner Bros.

Următorul film al studioului, Osmosis Jones (2001), a fost un alt film cu un mix de live-action/animație care a suferit prin încă o producție tumultoasă. De data aceasta, secvențele de animație, care au fost regizate de Tom Sito și Piet Kroon, au fost completate cu mult înainte de filmarea secvențelor live-action, care au fost regizate de frații Peter și Bobby Farrelly cu Bill Murray în rolul principal. Filmul rezultat a avut o recepție mixtă din partea criticilor și a subperformat, dar a fost un succes destul de mare pe video la domiciliu pentru ca departamentul Warner Bros. Television Animation să producă un serial de animație bazat pe film, Ozzy și Drix (2002–2004), pentru blocul Kids' WB al canalului The WB.

Urmând lansării filmelor Uriașul de fier și Osmosis Jones, personalul de animație cinematografică a fost redus, și întregul personal de animație – atât de televiziune, cât și cinematografic – a fost mutat la facilitatea mai largă din Sherman Oaks.

Ultimul proiect al Warner Bros. Feature Animation a fost Looney Tunes: Noi aventuri (2003), încă un film live-action/animat cu secvențe live-action regizate de Joe Dante și secvențe de animație regizate de Eric Goldberg. A fost plănuit să fie un punct de plecare pentru o restabilire a mărcilor de desene clasice, inclusiv o serie planificată de noi scurtmetraje Looney Tunes produse de scenaristul și producătorul filmului Larry Doyle. După ce Noi aventuri a primit recenzii mixte spre pozitive de la critici și a subperformat la box office, producția de noi scurtmetraje a fost oprită, iar Warner Bros. Feature Animation a fost împăturit și fuzionat în Warner Bros. Animation în 2004. Acesta a fost de asemenea ultimul film cinematografic Looney Tunes pentru aproape două decenii până la Space Jam: O nouă eră (2021).

1996–2019: Achiziții de librării și alte eforturi
Compania părinte a Warner, Time Warner, s-a fuzionat cu Turner Broadcasting System în 1996, nu numai recăpătând drepturile la scurtmetrajele Looney Tunes și Merrie Melodies vândute anterior dar a mai luat încă două studiouri de animație: Turner Feature Animation și Hanna-Barbera. Turner Feature Animation a fost împăturit imediat în Warner Bros. Feature Animation, iar Hanna-Barbera a fuzionat sub Warner Bros. Animation însuși. Până în 1998, Hanna-Barbera a operat în lotul sau original la 3400 Cahuenga Boulevard în Hollywood, California, fiind unul dintre ultimele studiouri de "nume mare" cu un cod poștal la Hollywood. Operațiunile studioului, arhivele și colecția sa extensivă de artă animată au fost apoi mutate în nord-vest la Sherman Oaks. Hanna-Barbera a ocupat un spațiu în turnul de birouri adiacent cu Sherman Oaks Gallery alături de Warner Bros. Animation.

Urmând morții lui William Hanna în 2001, Warner a preluat controlul complet la producția de proprietăți înrudite cu H-B ca Scooby-Doo, producând o serie de filme direct-pe-video și două seriale noi: Ce e nou, Scooby-Doo? (2002–2006) și Shaggy și Scooby-Doo fac echipă (2006–2008). Fuziunea cu Turner a mai dat acces lui WB și la librăria din pre-mai 1986 a Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, care a inclus librăria sa de desene animate clasice (inclusiv personaje ca Tom și Jerry – create original de duo-ul H-B –, Droopy, Barney Bear, Screwy Squirrel și George and Junior). De atunci WBA a coprodus cu Turner Entertainment o serie de filme direct-pe-video și seriale noi cu Tom și Jerry. De asemenea, WBA a coprodus cu MTV Animation serialul de animație pentru adulți 3 South pentru canalul MTV.

Serialele produse de Hanna-Barbera pentru Cartoon Network înainte și în timpul fuziunii Time Warner/Turner și-au mutat producția la Cartoon Network Studios, o companie soră cu Warner Bros. Animation. WBA a produs majoritatea serialelor de pe blocul Kids' WB difuzat inițial pe The WB și la final pe The CW până la 24 mai 2008. Aceste seriale includ Misterele lui Sylvester și Tweety, Mucha Lucha, Confruntarea Xiaolin, Lunaticii dezlănțuiți, Povești cu Tom și Jerry și Legion of Super Heroes. Până în 2007, studioul a fost redus semnificativ față de dimensiunea sa la sfârșitul anilor 1990. Warner Bros. a redus studioul mai mult în iunie, a închis studioul din Sherman Oaks și a mutat Warner Bros. Animation la Warner Bros. Ranch în Burbank, California. În 2008, după terminarea blocului Kids' WB, Warner Bros. Animation a devenit aproape dormant, cu singurul său serial în producție pe atunci fiind Batman: Neînfricat și cutezător.

Pentru a extinde prezența de conținut online a companiei, Warner Bros. Animation a lansat site-ul web KidsWB.com (anunțat inițial ca T-Works) pe 28 aprilie 2008, cuprinzând personajele și librăriile de animație deținute de Warner Bros. alături de jocuri video și altele. Site-ul a fost închis la 17 mai 2015.

Pe 30 iulie 2010, Coyote Falls, un desen 3D cu Road Runner și Coiotul Wile E., a fost lansat, fiind prima oară când WB Animation a produs scurtmetraje lansate la cinematografe de la The Karate Guard (ultimul scurtmetraj Tom și Jerry de acest fel) din 2005 și prima oară când studioul a folosit animație pe computer și stereoscopică 3D. Două scurtmetraje cu aceleași personaje au urmat în decursul anului, intitulate Fur of Flying și Rabid Rider. Pe 8 iulie 2011, încă trei scurtmetraje au fost anunțate: I Tawt I Taw a Puddy Tat cu Sylvester, Tweety și Buni, lansat cu Mumble dansează din nou; Daffy's Rhapsody cu Daffy Duck și Elmer Fudd, lansat cu Călătoria 2: Insula misterioasă; și Flash in the Pain cu Road Runner și Coiotul Wile E., lansat la Festivalul Internațional de Animație Annecy. Toate cele șase scurtmetraje au fost regizate de Matthew O'Callaghan și au fost animate la Reel FX Creative Studios.

În 2014, Warner Bros. Animation a colaborat pentru prima oară cu studioul soră Williams Street pentru serialul Mike Tyson Mysteries pe Adult Swim, care satirizează stilul și convențiile desenelor din anii 1970 ca Scooby-Doo și serialelor conduse de celebrități ca Mister T. Tot în acest an, WBA a produs specialul stop-motion de Crăciun Elf: Buddy's Magical Christmas, bazat pe filmul din 2003 de la New Line Cinema Elful, pentru postul de televiziune NBC.

2019–prezent: Reconstruire cu animație
Pe 4 martie 2019, Warner Bros. Animation, Cartoon Network Studios și Williams Street s-au mutat la unitatea Warner Bros. Global Kids, Young Adults and Classics a Warner Bros., cu Tom Ascheim conducând ca președinte, fiind parte a unei restructurări a WarnerMedia, compania părinte a Warner Bros.

În 2020, WBA a început să producă seriale pentru serviciul de streaming HBO Max (mai târziu Max) începând cu Lumea Looney Tunes. De asemenea, a început să reia relația cu Amblin Television, care s-a terminat la finalul anilor 1990, începând cu un revival al Animaniacii pe Hulu.

Pe 10 august 2021, Jason DeMarco a fost numit ca vicepreședinte senior de anime și seriale de acțiune/lungmetraj pentru Warner Bros. Animation și Cartoon Network Studios.

Pe 11 mai 2022, ca urmare a fuziunii între WarnerMedia și Discovery, Inc. în Warner Bros. Discovery, unitatea Warner Bros. Global Kids, Young Adults and Classics a fost dizolvată, cu Tom Ascheim părăsind compania ca rezultat, iar Warner Bros. Animation, alături de Cartoon Network Studios și Williams Street, au fost toate mutate sub Warner Bros. Television Studios. Departamentele de dezvoltare și producție ale WBA și CNS s-au fuzionat apoi pe 11 octombrie 2022 ca parte a unei restructurări ulterioare de WBD, neafectând însă mărcile sau producțiile niciunui studio.

Filmografie

Vezi și
 Cartoon Network Studios
 Hanna-Barbera
 Warner Animation Group
 Hanna-Barbera Studios Europe

Referințe

Bibliografie
 Chuck Amuck: The Life and Times of an Animated Cartoonist by Chuck Jones, published by Farrar Straus & Giroux,
 Of Mice and Magic: A History of American Animated Cartoons, Leonard Maltin, Revised Edition 1979, Plume  (Softcover)  (Hardcover)

Legături externe

 Filmografia Warner Bros. Cartoons

Studiouri de animație
Fondări în 1980
Warner Bros. Discovery

Warner Bros. Animation


Heavyweight  is a weight class in combat sports and professional wrestling.

Boxing

Professional
Female boxers who weigh over  are considered heavyweights by 3 of the 4 major professional boxing organizations: the International Boxing Federation, the World Boxing Association,  and the World Boxing Organization. In 2020, the World Boxing Council increased their heavyweight classification to 224 pounds (102 kg; 16 st)  to allow for their creation of the bridgerweight division. Female boxers who weigh over  are considered heavyweights by 2 of the 4 major boxing organizations: the IBF and the WBC. The WBA and WBO don't have a female heavyweight world title.

Historical development
Because this division had no weight limit, it has been historically vaguely defined. In the 19th century, for example, many heavyweight champions weighed  or less (although others weighed 200 pounds).

In 1920, the light heavyweight division was formed, with a maximum weight of . Any fighter weighing more than 175 pounds was a heavyweight.  The cruiserweight division (first for boxers in the 175–190 pound range) was established in 1979 and recognized by the various boxing organizations in the 1980s with a maximum weight of either  or . Later these organizations increased the cruiserweight limit to 200 pounds.

Since 1975, the Amateur Athletic Union of the United States and the Soviet Sports Committee established a new concept in international boxing, called "Heavy Duals," an all-heavyweight team contest between the United States and the Soviet Union.

As of 2023, Wladimir Klitschko holds the record of most boxers beaten for the world heavyweight title, with 23. Klitschko holds the record for the longest cumulative heavyweight title reign of all time, with 4,382 days as world heavyweight champion. Joe Louis has won the most world heavyweight title bouts, with 27. Louis holds the record for most consecutive title defenses at this division, with 26 defenses of the world title. This is also the record for most consecutive title defenses in boxing history.

Four boxers have regained the heavyweight title in an immediate rematch: Floyd Patterson in 1960, Muhammad Ali in 1978, Lennox Lewis in 2001, and Anthony Joshua in 2019. George Foreman holds the record for being the oldest heavyweight to ever achieve championship status, becoming champion at the age of 45, while Mike Tyson possesses the record for youngest heavyweight champion at 20. Tyson also became the first heavyweight to own all three major belts – WBA, WBC, and IBF as well as The Ring and lineal heavyweight titles at the same time.

Current world champions

Current world rankings

The Ring

As of September 30, 2023.

Keys:
 Current The Ring world champion

BoxRec

As of  , .

Longest-reigning world heavyweight champions

Keys:
 Active title reign
 Reign has ended

Note 1: WBA (Regular) champions are not included
Note 2: WBO heavyweight title bouts before August 1997 are not included
Note 3: The names in italics are champions that did not win The Ring championship/lineal championship (August 29, 1885–July 2, 1921)/undisputed championship (July 2, 1921–present)

Combined reign
The list does not include The Ring and lineal championship fights after 1921.

As of 22 February 2020.

Individual reign
Below is a list of longest reigning heavyweight champions in boxing measured by the individual's longest reign. The list includes both The Ring and lineal championships. Career total time as champion (for multiple time champions) does not apply.

Note: The names in italics are champions that did not win The Ring championship/lineal championship (August 29, 1885–July 2, 1921)/undisputed championship (July 2, 1921–present) during the reign

Amateur

The lower limit for heavyweight was established in 1948 at . A weight class named "super heavyweight" was established in 1984, and with it a maximum  for the heavyweight division.

Kickboxing
 In kickboxing, a heavyweight fighter generally weighs between . The fighters over  are considered super heavyweights.
 International Kickboxing Federation (IKF) Heavyweight (Pro & Amateur) .
 In Glory promotion, a heavyweight division is over  and no upper weight limit.
 In ONE Championship, the heavyweight division has an upper limit of .

Mixed martial arts

The heavyweight division in MMA generally groups fighters between .

Heavyweight is also the title of a documentary film that documented the fight camp of Fabrício Werdum when he became the UFC Heavyweight Champion.

Wrestling

The term "world heavyweight" in modern wrestling generally refers to a champion wrestler who is seen as a prominent competitor, rather than an adherent to a particular weight class. The World Heavyweight Championship in wrestling is usually considered the main title in a given promotion. Prior to the wrestling industry publicly acknowledging the predetermined nature of the sport, a Heavyweight title was generally competed for by larger wrestlers while smaller wrestlers competed as (among other names and classifications) "Junior Heavyweights" and "Light-Heavyweights".

Analogous uses
The word "heavyweight" is sometimes used in other fields (e.g. politics) to denote a person who is especially powerful or influential. Other boxing analogies include "punching above his [their] weight" to denote a person or entity (e.g. a country) whose influence is arguably greater than his/its basic attributes would suggest.

References

External links
 Barry Hugman's Boxing

Boxing weight classes
Kickboxing weight classes
Professional wrestling weight classes
Taekwondo weight classes
Wrestling weight classes

Heavyweight


Antun Dabinović  (Trst, 15. studenoga 1882. – Trst, 31. listopada 1964.), hrvatski pravni povjesničar

Životopis
Rođen u Trstu. Pravo završio u Grazu, studij filozofije započeo u Beču, a završio u Beogradu (1921.). Doktorat iz povijesti stekao u Beogradu (1927.). Srednjoškolski profesor u Novom Vrbasu, Kotoru i Zagrebu (1922. – 37.). Predavao je u Klasičnoj gimnaziji u Zagrebu od 1932. do 1938. godine.  Na Pravnom fakultetu u Zagrebu predavao hrvatsku pravnu povijest (1937. – 45.). Nakon 1945. živio u Trstu. Objavio niz radova iz hrvatske pravne povijesti. Sveučilišnim udžbenikom Hrvatska državna i pravna povijest (1940.) pravnu je povijest oslobodio juridičkoga formalizma, a povezao ju s razmatranjima društvenih procesa i političkih prilika.

Djela
Glavna Dabinovićeva djela su Kotor pod Mletačkom republikom (1420–1797) (1934.), Narodni preporod Italije (1939.) i Otkada postoji kmetstvo? (1940.).

Izvori

Hrvatski povjesničari
Životopisi, Kotor
Životopisi, Zagreb
Životopisi, Trst
Hrvati u Italiji

Antun Dabinović


Marin Bizanti (Kotor, druga polovica 14. st. ), hrvatski vojni zapovjednik i pomorac iz Crne Gore.

Iz obitelji Bizanti, plemićke obitelji Hrvata iz Kotora.

Bio u mletačkoj službi za rata protiv Ugarske (1378. – 81.) i Genove (1379. – 81.) u ratu za Chioggiu. Na galiji »Catterina« probio je tursku blokadu na ušću Bojane i omogućio isplovljenje mletačkim brodovima.

LIT.: Šime Ljubić: Dizionario biografico degli uomini illustri della Dalmazia, Beč 1856., 36.

Izvori

Bizanti
Hrvati u Crnoj Gori
Crnogorska vojna povijest
Mletački vojni zapovjednici

Marin Bizanti


An Festuca borissii in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Viktor Vladimirovich Reverdatto. An Festuca borissii in nahilalakip ha genus nga Festuca, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Festuca

Festuca borissii


António Monteiro puede referir a:
António Mascarenhas Monteiro, expresidente de Cabo Verde.
Antônio Monteiro Dutra, jugador de fútbol brasileño.
António Monteiro, ministro de finanzas portugués.
António Isaac Monteiro, ministro de Relaciones Exteriores de Guinea Bissau.

António Monteiro


La golondrina pechigrís o golondrina doméstica (Progne chalybea) es una especie de ave paseriforme de la familia de los hirundínidos (Hirundinidae).
Es nativo del continente americano y su área de distribución se extiende de los Estados Unidos hasta Argentina.

Distribución, hábitat y características
La golondrina pechigrís tiene un área de distribución muy extenso que incluye Argentina, Belice, Bolivia, Brasil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guayana Francesa, Guatemala, Guyana, Honduras, México, Nicaragua, Panamá, Paraguay, Perú, Suriname, Trinidad y Tobago, Estados Unidos, Uruguay y Venezuela.

Su hábitat consiste de bosque húmedo subtropical y tropical de tierras bajas, manglares, sabana, pastizales, humedales (ríos, arroyos, cascadas y cataratas, pantanos, ciénagas) tierras cultivadas y áreas urbanas.

Mide 18 centímetros aproximadamente. Estas golondrinas pasan la mayor parte del día volando, y es la forma en que capturan su alimento, consistente en moscas, mosquitos, hormigas voladoras y pequeños coleópteros. Sus cortas patas no le sirven para caminar, sólo para posarse. Esta especie llega al hemisferio sur en primavera desde el hemisferio norte y se queda hasta comienzos del otoño. Es común en las ciudades por su costumbre de anidar en huecos o cornisas. Posee el dorso negro azulado,  la garganta y pecho ceniciento con leve ondeado claro y el resto ventral blanco.

Subespecies
Se distinguen las siguientes subespecies:
 Progne chalybea chalybea (Gmelin, 1789)
 Progne chalybea macrorhamphus Brooke, 1974
 Progne chalybea warneri A.R. Phillips, 1986

Referencias

   4. Zelaya Diego y Juan Pérez. 1998. Observando aves en los bosques y lagos de Palermo. Ciudad de Buenos Aires. Athene Ediciones. ISBN: 987-97166-0-4

Enlaces externos

chalybea
Aves de América del Norte
Aves de América Central
Aves de América del Sur
Taxones descritos por Johann Friedrich Gmelin
Animales descritos en 1789

Progne chalybea


est un mélodrame de guerre italien réalisé par Giacomo Gentilomo et sorti en 1946.

Il est considéré par certains critiques comme l'un des premiers films appartenant au courant du néoréalisme, en raison de la richesse des scènes tournées en extérieur et de la présence de certains acteurs non professionnels.

C'est aussi le premier film consacré aux Quatre journées de Naples, auquel le film ultérieur La Bataille de Naples de Nanni Loy doit beaucoup, notamment en ce qui concerne les nombreuses images que Gentilomo a tournées sur le vif et qui ont été réutilisées dans les décennies suivantes.

Synopsis
Pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale, un baryton qui est aussi un officier italo-américain est parachuté derrière les lignes pour recueillir des informations sur les mouvements de l'armée allemande et faciliter le débarquement des Alliés. À Naples, il entre en contact avec des groupes de Résistance locaux et des citoyens ordinaires, qui se retrouvent finalement unis sur les barricades contre les Allemands.

Fiche technique
 Titre original italien :
 Titre français :
 Réalisateur : Giacomo Gentilomo
 Scénario : Mario Amendola, Vincenzo Rovi, , Mario Sequi
 Photographie : Tonino Delli Colli, Anchise Brizzi
 Montage : Guido Bertoli
 Musique :
 Décors :
 Production : , Mario Gnasso
 Sociétés de production : Rinascimento Film
 Pays de production :
 Langue originale : italien
 Format : Noir et blanc - Son mono
 Durée : 92 minutes
 Genre : Mélodrame de guerre
 Dates de sortie :
 Italie : (visa délivré le )
 France :

Distribution
 Tito Gobbi : Giovanni
 Adriana Benetti : l'hôtesse d'accueil
 Vera Carmi : Clara
 Carlo Ninchi : le frère de Clara
 Vittorio Caprioli
 Arnoldo Foà : Peppino
 Heinrich Bode

 Vittorio Sanipoli
 Giovanni Petti
 Cesare Polacco
 Lily Granado
 Armando Francioli
 Cesare Fantoni
 Salvatore Cuffaro
 Ernesto Almirante

Exploitation
L'exploitation du film a couru sur plusieurs années. Les recettes au cinéma constatées par la Société italienne des auteurs et éditeurs au  sont de l'ordre de , ce qui représente . Le film est classé  au box-office italien de l'année 1945 par l'ouvrage Platea in piedi.

Notes et références

Liens externes

Film italien sorti en 1946
Film réalisé par Giacomo Gentilomo
Film dramatique italien
Mélodrame (cinéma)
Film de guerre italien
Film italien en noir et blanc
Film sur la résistance italienne
Film en italien
Film scénarisé par Mario Amendola
Film se déroulant à Naples
Film néo-réaliste

O sole mio (film, 1946)


Die isländische Davis-Cup-Mannschaft ist die Tennisnationalmannschaft Islands.

Geschichte
1996 nahm Island erstmals am Davis Cup teil. Bislang kam die Mannschaft jedoch noch nicht über die Europa-Gruppenzone III hinaus. Erfolgreichster Spieler ist Arnar Sigurðsson, der in 54 Partien insgesamt 64 Spiele gewinnen konnte, davon 39 im Einzel und 25 im Doppel. Er ist außerdem Rekordspieler seines Landes.

Aktuelles Team
Folgende Spieler sind für den Davis Cup 2012 nominiert:
 David Halldórsson
 Magnus Gunnarsson
 Birkir Gunnarsson

Weblinks

Davis-Cup-Mannschaft
Daviscupmannschaft
Daviscup

Isländische Davis-Cup-Mannschaft


San Esteban fue un hospital de peregrinos con capilla propia y con una cofradía que cuidaba de dicho albergue. Dejó de existir en el último tercio del  no quedando ninguna ruina del edificio.

Historia
La cofradía tenía su sede en la parroquia de San Esteban en la localidad de Brimeda que pertenecía al alfoz de Astorga, lugar ubicado en un valle junto al río Tuerto. El hospital de Brimeda se fundó en la segunda mitad del . Se conservan escrituras de donaciones por las que se sabe que la institución tuvo el nombre de San Esteban de Brimeda.  La última referencia a donaciones data de 1308. Después de esta fecha se trasladó a Astorga, con capilla propia, ya que en esta ciudad vivían muchos cofrades bien acomodados.

No se ha descubierto ningún documento que describa con exactitud el lugar donde estuvo situado este hospital pero gracias a una escritura de 1477 y al Becerro de la cofradía (1515-1518) puede suponerse que se encontraba cerca del convento de San Francisco. En dicho Becerro se lee

Acogía este hospital a toda clase de enfermos peregrinos y transeúntes y si morían en él, la cofradía costeaba su entierro.

A mediados del  se hizo un inventario de las ropas y se mandó que los nuevos cofrades aportaran dos mantas y dos sábanas. La última junta data de 1674. Se supone que el establecimiento se cerró a finales de ese siglo.

Véase también
Patrimonio perdido de Astorga

Referencias

Notas

Bibliografía

Diccionario geográfico-estadístico-histórico de España y sus posesiones de Ultramar. Pascual Madoz. León. Edición facsímil del Grupo Pinciano. ISBN 84-86047-19-6

Enlaces externos
Brimeda, con una foto
Audio sobre la capilla de San Esteban en Astorga
Pdf sobre las cofradías antiguas

E

San Esteban (Astorga)


Alto Alegre es un municipio brasileño del estado de São Paulo.

Geografía
Se localiza a una latitud 21º34' Sur y a una longitud 50º09' Oeste. Su población estimada en 2004 era de 3 991 habitantes.

Posee un área de 318,216 km².

Clima
El clima de Alto Alegre puede ser clasificado como clima tropical de sabana (Aw), de acuerdo con la clasificación climática de Köppen.

Demografía
Datos del Censo - 2000

Población total: 4.261
 Urbana: 3.017
 Rural: 1.244
 Hombres: 2.221
 Mujeres: 2.040
Densidad demográfica (hab./km²): 13,39

Mortalidad infantil hasta 1 año (por mil): 12,58

Expectativa de vida (años): 73,08

Tasa de fertilidad (hijos por mujer): 2006,65

Tasa de alfabetización: 86,69%

Índice de Desarrollo Humano (IDH-M): 0,774
 IDH-M Salario: 0,673
 IDH-M Longevidad: 0,801
 IDH-M Educación: 0,848
(Fuente: IPEAFecha)

Hidrografía
 Río Feio o Río Aguapeí

Carreteras
 SP-419

Administración
 Prefecto: Ilson Peres Thomé (2009/2012)
 Viceprefecto:
 Presidente de la cámara: (2009/2010)

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Página de la prefectura
 Asociación Paulista de Municipios

Localidades de São Paulo

Alto Alegre (São Paulo)


8 Mile (hrv. 8 milja), američki dramski film iz 2002. godine, koji je režirao Curtis Hanson. Glavne uloge u filmu tumače Eminem, Kim Basinger, Brittany Murphy i Mekhi Phifer.
Filmska radnja smještena je u 1995. godinu, i zasnovana je na stvarnom životu odrastanja repera Eminema.

Glavni lik u filmu je mladi reper Jimmy "B-Rabbit" Smith (Eminem), koji živi u prikolici u "prigradskom paklu" blizu Detroita, i pokušava da započne karijeru u hip-hopu, glazbenom žanru u kojem dominiraju Afroamerikanci.Film je dobio naziv o autoputu čije je dužina 8 milja i koji se prostire duž granice okruga Wayne i Detroita gdje pretežno žive Afroamerikanci, odnosno okruga Oakland i okruga Macomb gdje pretežno žive bijelci.Film je snimljen uglavnom u Detroitu i njegovoj i okolini, film je dobio pozitivne kritike i komercijalni uspjeh.

Eminem je osvojio Oscar za najbolju originalnu pjesmu za pjesmu "Lose Yourself".

Naziv

8 Mile (M-102) naziv je ceste koja dijeli Detroit na siromašni afroamerikanski dio i bogati bijelačkih predgrađa. Bijeli protagonist Jimmy "B-Rabbit" Smith, često stoji pred odlukom da se preseli na drugu stranu 8 Mile ceste.

Radnja filma

Godine 1995. u Detroitu, Jimmy "B-Rabbit" Smith (Eminem), radnik iz siromašne obitelji, bori se s različitim aspektima njegovog života. Nakon raskida s djevojkom, Jimmy "B-Rabbit" Smith  se vraća u kuće u Warrenu, da živi kod svoje majke, alkoholičarke Stephanie (Kim Basinger), njegove male sestre Lily (Chloe Greenfield) i partnera majke Grega (Michael Shannon).Iako ga ohrabruju, njegovi prijatelji koji ga podržavaju kao repera, B-Rabbit brine se o svom potencijalu glazbenika, zbog njegovog nedostatka samopouzdanja. To mu uzrokuje paniku tijekom rep battle-a jedne noći na lokalnom mjestu pod nazivom "Prihvatilište" i on ga zbog treme napušta binu.

Jimmy radi u fabrici automobila, ali kada zatraži dodatne smjene, njegov nadzornik odbija njegov zahtjev zbog njegovog uobičajenog kašnjenja na posao. Jimmy se prijateljuje s Alexom (Brittany Murphy), s kojom kasnije stupa u vezu. Vremenom, on počinje da preuzima više odgovornosti u svom životu.Iako prosljeđuje glazbeni talent, Jimmy se muči da snimi demopjesmu. Zajedno s prijateljima prolazi kroz velike poteškoće, probleme sa suparničkim taborom, a kod kuće s majkom alkoholičarkom i sestrom koja je još dijete.

Uloge

 Eminem – Jimmy "B-Rabbit" Smith, Jr.
 Mekhi Phifer – Future
 Brittany Murphy – Alex Latourno
 Kim Basinger – Stephanie
 Anthony Mackie – Papa Doc
 Michael Shannon – Greg Buehl
 Eugene Byrd – Wink
 Evan Jones – Cheddar Bob
 Omar Benson Miller – Sol George
 De'Angelo Wilson – DJ Iz
 Taryn Manning – Janeane
 Proof – Lil' Tic
 Xzibit – Mike
 Craig Chandler – Paul
 Chloe Greenfield – Lily, Jimmy's sister
 John Singleton – Bouncer
 Miz Korona – Vanessa

Nagrade
 Oscar za najbolju originalnu pjesmu

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

  Pjesma "Lose Yourself"
 Službena stranica filma

U izradi, Filmska umjetnost
Američki filmovi 2000-ih
Eminem
Glazbeni filmovi

8 milja (2002.)


Life Racing Engines je bivša momčad Formule 1 koja je u tom natjecanju nastupala 1990. Osnivač momčadi je bio Ernesto Vita koji je imenovao momčad engleskim prijevodom njegovog prezimena (Vita=Life).

Sjedište momčadi je bilo u Reggio Emiliji, a tvornica u Formiginu. Ali to nije bila standardna tvornica, kakvu je imala većina momčadi, jer je imala tek standardne alate, skladište, obični dinamometar i AVL kompjutere za očitavanje podataka, koji su bili korišteni za razvoj motora. Zbog toga nisu bili u stanju razviti svoju šasiju, nego su je kupili od First Racinga, koji je bezuspješno pokušao ući u Formulu 1 1989. i stavili motor u tu karoseriju. Bolid je bio spreman i 1990. su započeli testiranja na Vallelungi i Monzi.

Vozač u prve dvije utrke je bio sin prvaka Formule 1 Jacka Brabhama, Gary Brabham, a test vozač je bio Franco Scapini. U prve dvije utrke nisu mogli proći pretkvalifikacije, a Brabham napušta momčad nakon što mu je motor prokuhao 400 metara poslije izlaska iz boksa jer mehaničari iz protesta nisu namjerno natočili ulje u motor.

Poslije njega za momčad nastupa Bruno Giacomelli, veteran koji je zadnji put prije toga u Formuli 1 bio 1983.godine. Rezultati se nisu poboljšali, a bolid nije mogao izdržati više od 8 krugova bez kvara. Bolid je po riječima Bruna Giacomellija bio toliko spor da se bojao da se netko slučajno ne zabije u njega. Momčad nijednom nije uspjela proći pretkvalifikacije, a nakon VN Španjolske su se povukli iz natjecanja.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
Life - Stats F1

Momčadi Formule 1
Formula 1 u Italiji

Life Racing Engines


El Abierto de Estados Unidos 1968 es un torneo de tenis disputado en superficie dura, siendo el cuarto y último torneo del Grand Slam del año.

Finales

Senior

Individuales masculinos

 Arthur Ashe vence a  Tom Okker, 14-12, 5-7, 6-3, 3-6, 6-3

Individuales femeninos

 Virginia Wade vence a  Billie Jean King, 6-4, 6-2

Dobles masculinos

 Bob Lutz /  Stan Smith vencen a  Arthur Ashe /  Andrés Gimeno, 11-9, 6-1, 7-5

Dobles femeninos

 Maria Bueno /  Margaret Court vencen a  Rosemary Casals /  Billie Jean King, 4-6, 9-7, 8-6

Dobles mixto

 Mary-Ann Eisel /  Peter Curtis vencen a  Tory Fretz /  Gerry Perry, 6-4, 7-5

Junior

Individuales masculinos
El torneo comenzó en 1973

Individuales femeninos
El torneo comenzó en 1974

Dobles masculinos
El torneo comenzó en 1982

Dobles femeninos
El torneo comenzó en 1982

Enlaces externos
 Sitio oficial

Referencias

Abierto de Estados Unidos 1968

Abierto de Estados Unidos 1968


Tabaroa, monotipski biljni rod mahunarki uključen u tribus Brongniartieae. Njezina jedina vrsta (T. caatingicola) je kritično ugrožena, a raste jedino na malenom području na jugozapaddu brazilske države Bahia

Rod i vrsta opisane su 2010.

Izvori

Brongniartiinae
Flora Bahie

Tabaroa


Lucía Hechavarría Schwesinger (1974) es una botánica, taxónoma, y agrónoma cubana.

Desde 1995, desarrolla actividades académicas en el Instituto de Ecología y Sistemática, Agencia de Medio Ambiente, CITMA, en La Habana Realiza estudios taxonómicos en Malváceas de Cuba; y estudios florísticos; es curadora de la colección de los Herbarios de la Academia de Ciencias de Cuba; y también como administradora y manejo de la base de datos del herbario (HAJB). Trabaja sobre las epífitas vasculares del macizo de Guamuhaya, en el centro de Cuba, y las estrategias de gestión para su conservación en Naturales y Agroecosistemas.

Algunas publicaciones
 . 2009. Plantas exóticas invasoras o potencialmente invasoras que crecen en ecosistemas naturales y seminaturales de la provincia Holguín, región nororiental de Cuba. Bot. Complut. 33: 89-103

Honores

Membresías
 Sociedad Cubana de Botánica
 "Cuba Plant Specialist Group", Species Survival Commission, World Conservation Union

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Agrónomos de Cuba
Botánicas de Cuba
Profesoras de Cuba
Exploradores de Cuba
Curadores de Cuba
Taxónomos de Cuba
Alumnado de la Universidad de La Habana
Escritores en español del siglo XXI

Lucía Hechavarría Schwesinger


Alphonse Guéna, né le  à Roscoff et mort pour la France le  à Brazzaville, est un fonctionnaire et militaire français, Compagnon de la Libération. Administrateur formé à l'école coloniale, il est en poste en Afrique au moment du déclenchement de la seconde guerre mondiale. Il fait alors le choix de se rallier à la France libre et combat en Afrique et au Proche-Orient avant de mourir d'une maladie contractée en service.

Biographie

Jeunesse et engagement

Dernier d'une fratrie de dix enfants, Alphonse Guéna naît le 27 juin 1908 à Roscoff dans le Finistère. Après son service militaire effectué comme élève officier de réserve dans les troupes coloniales, il intègre l'école coloniale en 1935 et, une fois diplômé comme administrateur des colonies, est affecté au Gabon.

Seconde Guerre mondiale

Rappelé lors de la mobilisation de 1939 et promu lieutenant alors qu'il se trouve en congé en métropole, il désire rester sur place pour combattre les troupes allemandes. Cependant, malgré ses protestations, il est renvoyé en Afrique et basé à Pointe-Noire. Em mai 1940, il est muté au groupe de renfort  détaché du Régiment de tirailleurs sénégalais du Tchad. Commandé par Jean Colonna d'Ornano et François Garbit, ce détachement est destiné à être envoyé en métropole pour participer à la bataille de France mais l'armistice du 22 juin 1940 vient annuler ce départ. En désaccord avec l'armistice et ayant pris connaissance de l'appel du général de Gaulle, il participe au ralliement du Congo à la France libre le 28 août 1940. Il part ensuite pour Brazzaville où il est affecté au bataillon de marche  (BM1) au sein duquel, à la tête de la  compagnie, il prend part à la campagne du Gabon.

Déplacé en Palestine où il arrive en mai 1941 après plusieurs mois de voyage à travers l'Afrique, Alphonse Guéna, promu capitaine, participe à la campagne de Syrie. En février 1942, il devient le commandant du BM1 qui repart pour l'Afrique où il stationne quelque temps en Oubangui-Chari et au Tchad avant d'être engagé dans la guerre du désert en Libye en novembre 1942. En février 1943, il est envoyé au Tchad pour prendre le commandement du secteur du Kanem puis est détaché à Bangui où il participe à la formation de détachements destinés à partir renforcer la  division française libre.

Tombé gravement malade, Alphonse Guéna meurt en service le 23 septembre 1944 à Brazzaville où il est inhumé.

Décorations

Hommages

 À Roscoff, son nom est inscrit sur le monument aux Morts de la commune.

Références

Voir aussi

Bibliographie

 .
 .
 .
 .

Articles connexes

 Ordre de la Libération
 Libération de la France

Liens externes

Résistant français
Militaire des Forces françaises libres (terrestres)
Compagnon de la Libération
Titulaire de la médaille coloniale
Naissance en juin 1908
Naissance à Roscoff
Décès en septembre 1944
Décès à Brazzaville
Décès à 36 ans
Mort pour la France

Alphonse Guéna


Fudbalski klub "Guber" (FK "Guber"; Guber Srebrenica, Guber, srpski ФЦ "Губер") je nogometni klub iz Srebrenice, Republika Srpska, Bosna i Hercegovina.
U sezoni 2019./20. klub se natječe u "Regionalnoj ligi RS – Istok", ligi čevtrtog stupnja nogometnog prvenstva Bosne i Hercegovine.
Klupske boje su plava i bijela.

O klubu
Nogomet se u Srebrenici počeo igrati 1923. godine, a 1924. godine dolazi do izgradnje igrališta i osnivanja kluba.
Nakon Drugog svjetskog rata klub djeluje pod imenom "Polet" i natječe se u ligama Tuzlanske oblasti. Nakojn toga nekoliko puta mijenja ime, među kojima djeluje i pod nazivom "Proleter". 1960.-ih klub djeluje pod nazivom "Rudar", te se natječe u "Tuzlanskoj područnoj ligi", u kojoj u seezoni 1970./71. osvaja čevrto mjesto.
Pod nazivom "Guber" klub djeluje od 1973. godine. U sezoni 1974./75. klub je prvak "Tuzlanske područne lige", te su se plasirali u "Bosansko-sjeveroistočnu zonu". Sljedećih sezona klub je član "Međuopćinske lige Tuzla", "Regionalne lige BiH – Sjever", a od sezone 1988./89. "Republičke lige BiH – Sjever".
U sezoni 1989./90. klub se plasirao u završni dio "Kupa Maršala Tita", gdje su ispali u šesnaestini završnice.

Zbog rata u BiH, klub prestaje s radom 1992. godine, a do obnove rada kluba dolazi sredinom 2004. godine. Klub s ligaškim natjecanjima počinje u sezoni 2005./06. u "Trećoj ligi RS – Zvornik", a od sezone 2008./09. su članovi "Regionalne lige RS – Istok", koju osvajaju u sezoni 2015./16. i postaju članovi "Druge lige RS – Istok".
Tijekom 2018. godine klub se nalazi u financijskim problemima,

te po završetku sezone 2018./19. ispadaju iz "Druge lige RS – Istok" u "Regionalnu ligu RS – Istok".
Unatoč teškim posljedicama rata i nacionalne podijeljenosti u Srebrenici, u klubu ravnopravno igraju Srbi i Bošnjaci.

Uspjesi

do 1992.
 Područna liga Tuzla
 prvak: 1974./75.

nakon 2005.
 Regionalna liga RS – Istok
 prvak: 2015./16.
 doprvak: 2013./14., 2014./15.

Pregled plasmana

Poznati igrači

Unutrašnje poveznice
 Srebrenica

Vanjske poveznice
 fkguber.weebly.com, stranice kluba
 Fk Guber Srebrenica, facebook stranica
 sportdc.net, Guber
 srbijasport.net, Guber
 transfermarkt.com, FK Guber Srebrenica
 esrebrenica.ba, FK Guber

Izvori

 fkguber.weebly.com, FK Guber - Historijat, pristupljeno 18. rujna 2019.
 esrebrenica.ba, FK "Guber" Srebrenica , objavljeno 5. studenog 2013., pristupljeno 18. rujna 2019.
 esrebrenica.ba, Obilježen jubilej Fudbalskog kluba "Guber" , objavljeno 24. prosinca 2014., pristupljeno 18. rujna 2019.
 slobodnaevropa.org, Devet decenija FK Guber: Srebreničani ujedinjeni u fudbalu, objavljeno 19. veljače 2014., pristupljeno 18. rujna 2019.
 akos.ba, FK Guber Srebrenica – priča koja još uvijek traje, objavljeno 8. srpnja 2017., pristupljeno 18. rujna 2019.
 srebrenicainfo.wordpress.com, FK Guber kratka istorija, pristupljeno 18. rujna 2019.
 Milan Đorđić: Enciklopedija fudbalskih klubova Republike Srpske, Zvornik, 2011., , str. 54-55

Guber
Guber

FK Guber Srebrenica


El Teatro San Benedetto fue un teatro de Venecia particularmente destacado en la vida operística de la ciudad en el  y principios del . Vio los estrenos de más de 140 óperas, incluyendo La italiana en Argel de Rossini y fue el teatro escogido para la presentación de las óperas serias hasta que se construyó La Fenice en 1792.

Historia
El teatro, pequeño y elegante, fue construido por Michele Grimani en tierra propiedad de la familia Venier. Fue inaugurado el 26 de diciembre de 1755 con una representación de la ópera de Gioacchino Cocchi Zoe. En 1766 la propiedad del San Benedetto pasó de los Grimani a un consorcio de familias patricias en Venecia que habían sido titulares de palcos en el teatro. El diseño original del teatro fue circular. Sin embargo, se reconstruyó en la forma tradicional de herradura después de un incendio en 1773. En 1786 el consorcio de propietarios tuvo que ceder el teatro a la familia Venier después de una demanda, y más tarde construyeron La Fenice. El teatro entonces se convirtió en el Teatro Venier (o Teatro Venier en San Benedetto). En 1810, la propiedad pasó al empresario Giovanni Gallo, y durante un tiempo fue conocido como el Teatro Gallo. Sus hijos, que habían heredado el teatro en 1847, lo rebautizaron como Teatro Rossini en 1868 en honor de Gioachino Rossini cuyas óperas L'italiana in Algeri y Eduardo e Cristina se habían estrenado allí antes en el siglo, pero para entonces sus días de gloria como teatro de ópera se habían terminado.

En 1937 el edificio se remodeló completamente como cine, el Cinema Rossini, con una nueva fachada por el arquitecto italiano Carlo Scarpa. El cine cerró en 2007, estando prevista una restauración en 2010 en un proyecto financiado por la Ciudad de Venecia.

Referencias
 Biblioteca Nazionale Braidense (Ufficio Ricerca Fondi Musicali), Luoghi di rappresentazione: Venezia. Consultado el 9-11-2009 (en italiano).
 Comune di Venezia, Ex Cinema Rossini, firmata la convenzione: ad aprile 2010 avvio dei lavori, nota de prensa de 22 de abril de 2009. Consultado el 9-11-2009 (en italiano).
 Feldman, Martha: Opera and sovereignty: transforming myths in eighteenth-century Italy. University of Chicago Press, 2007, p. 390. ISBN 0-226-24113-0
 Talbot, Michael: «Grimani» en The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians ed. Stanley Sadie. Londres: MacMillan, 2001 [1980].

Enlaces externos

Teatros de Venecia
Teatros de ópera de Italia
Arquitectura de Italia del siglo XVIII

Teatro San Benedetto


Superspace is the coordinate space of a theory exhibiting supersymmetry. In such a formulation, along with ordinary space dimensions x, y, z, ..., there are also "anticommuting" dimensions whose coordinates are labeled in Grassmann numbers rather than real numbers. The ordinary space dimensions correspond to bosonic degrees of freedom, the anticommuting dimensions to fermionic degrees of freedom.

The word "superspace" was first used by John Wheeler in an unrelated sense to describe the configuration space of general relativity; for example, this usage may be seen in his 1973 textbook Gravitation.

Informal discussion
There are several similar, but not equivalent, definitions of superspace that have been used, and continue to be used in the mathematical and physics literature. One such usage is as a synonym for super Minkowski space. In this case, one takes ordinary Minkowski space, and extends it with anti-commuting fermionic degrees of freedom, taken to be anti-commuting Weyl spinors from the Clifford algebra associated to the Lorentz group. Equivalently, the super Minkowski space can be understood as the quotient of the super Poincaré algebra modulo the algebra of the Lorentz group. A typical notation for the coordinates on such a space is  with the overline being the give-away that super Minkowski space is the intended space.

Superspace is also commonly used as a synonym for the super vector space. This is taken to be an ordinary vector space, together with additional coordinates taken from the Grassmann algebra, i.e. coordinate directions that are Grassmann numbers.  There are several conventions for constructing a super vector space in use; two of these are described by Rogers and DeWitt.

A third usage of the term "superspace" is as a synonym for a supermanifold: a supersymmetric generalization of a manifold. Note that both super Minkowski spaces and super vector spaces can be taken as special cases of supermanifolds.

A fourth, and completely unrelated meaning saw a brief usage in general relativity; this is discussed in greater detail at the bottom.

Examples
Several examples are given below. The first few assume a definition of superspace as a super vector space.  This is denoted as Rm|n, the Z2-graded vector space with Rm as the even subspace and Rn as the odd subspace. The same definition applies to Cm|n.

The four-dimensional examples take superspace to be super Minkowski space. Although similar to a vector space, this has many important differences: First of all, it is an affine space, having no special point denoting the origin.  Next, the fermionic coordinates are taken to be anti-commuting Weyl spinors from the Clifford algebra, rather than being Grassmann numbers. The difference here is that the Clifford algebra has a considerably richer and more subtle structure than the Grassmann numbers.  So, the Grassmann numbers are elements of the exterior algebra, and the Clifford algebra has an isomorphism to the exterior algebra, but its relation to the orthogonal group and the spin group, used to construct the spin representations, give it a deep geometric significance. (For example, the spin groups form a normal part of the study of Riemannian geometry, quite outside the ordinary bounds and concerns of physics.)

Trivial examples

The smallest superspace is a point which contains neither bosonic nor fermionic directions.  Other trivial examples include the n-dimensional real plane Rn, which is a vector space extending in n real, bosonic directions and no fermionic directions.  The vector space R0|n, which is the n-dimensional real Grassmann algebra.  The space R1|1 of one even and one odd direction is known as the space of dual numbers, introduced by William Clifford in 1873.

The superspace of supersymmetric quantum mechanics
Supersymmetric quantum mechanics with N supercharges is often formulated in the superspace R1|2N, which contains one real direction t identified with time and N complex Grassmann directions which are spanned by  Θi and  Θ*i, where i runs from 1 to N.

Consider the special case N = 1.  The superspace R1|2 is a 3-dimensional vector space.  A given coordinate therefore may be written as a triple (t, Θ, Θ*).  The coordinates form a Lie superalgebra, in which the gradation degree of t is even and that of Θ and Θ* is odd.  This means that a bracket may be defined between any two elements of this vector space, and that this bracket reduces to the commutator on two even coordinates and on one even and one odd coordinate while it is an anticommutator on two odd coordinates.  This superspace is an abelian Lie superalgebra, which means that all of the aforementioned brackets vanish

where  is the commutator of a and b and  is the anticommutator of a and b.

One may define functions from this vector space to itself, which are called superfields. The above algebraic relations imply that, if we expand our superfield as a power series in Θ and Θ*, then we will only find terms at the zeroeth and first orders, because Θ2 = Θ*2 = 0.  Therefore, superfields may be written as arbitrary functions of t multiplied by the zeroeth and first order terms in the two Grassmann coordinates

Superfields, which are representations of the supersymmetry of superspace, generalize the notion of tensors, which are representations of the rotation group of a bosonic space.

One may then define derivatives in the Grassmann directions, which take the first order term in the expansion of a superfield to the zeroeth order term and annihilate the zeroeth order term.  One can choose sign conventions such that the derivatives satisfy the anticommutation relations

These derivatives may be assembled into supercharges

whose anticommutators identify them as the fermionic generators of a supersymmetry algebra

where i times the time derivative is the Hamiltonian operator in quantum mechanics.  Both Q and its adjoint anticommute with themselves.  The supersymmetry variation with supersymmetry parameter ε of a superfield Φ is defined to be

We can evaluate this variation using the action of Q on the superfields

Similarly one may define covariant derivatives on superspace

which anticommute with the supercharges and satisfy a wrong sign supersymmetry algebra

.

The fact that the covariant derivatives anticommute with the supercharges means the supersymmetry transformation of a covariant derivative of a superfield is equal to the covariant derivative of the same supersymmetry transformation of the same superfield.  Thus, generalizing the covariant derivative in bosonic geometry which constructs tensors from tensors, the superspace covariant derivative constructs superfields from superfields.

Supersymmetric extensions of Minkowski space

N = 1 super Minkowski space

Perhaps the most studied concrete superspace in physics is  super Minkowski space  or sometimes written , which is the direct sum of four real bosonic dimensions and four real Grassmann dimensions (also known as fermionic dimensions or spin dimensions).

In supersymmetric quantum field theories one is interested in superspaces which furnish representations of a Lie superalgebra called a supersymmetry algebra.  The bosonic part of the supersymmetry algebra is the Poincaré algebra, while the fermionic part is constructed using spinors with Grassmann number valued components.

For this reason, in physical applications one considers an action of the supersymmetry algebra on the four fermionic directions of  such that they transform as a spinor under the Poincaré subalgebra.  In four dimensions there are three distinct irreducible 4-component spinors.  There is the Majorana spinor, the left-handed Weyl spinor and the right-handed Weyl spinor.  The CPT theorem implies that in a unitary, Poincaré invariant theory, which is a theory in which the S-matrix is a unitary matrix and the same Poincaré generators act on the asymptotic in-states as on the asymptotic out-states, the supersymmetry algebra must contain an equal number of left-handed and right-handed Weyl spinors.  However, since each Weyl spinor has four components, this means that if one includes any Weyl spinors one must have 8 fermionic directions.  Such a theory is said to have extended supersymmetry, and such models have received a lot of attention.  For example, supersymmetric gauge theories with eight supercharges and fundamental matter have been solved by Nathan Seiberg and Edward Witten, see Seiberg–Witten gauge theory.  However, in this subsection we are considering the superspace with four fermionic components and so no Weyl spinors are consistent with the CPT theorem.

Note: There are many sign conventions in use and this is only one of them.

Therefore the four fermionic directions transform as a Majorana spinor .  We can also form a conjugate spinor

where  is the charge conjugation matrix, which is defined by the property that when it conjugates a gamma matrix, the gamma matrix is negated and transposed.  The first equality is the definition of  while the second is a consequence of the Majorana spinor condition .  The conjugate spinor plays a role similar to that of   in the superspace , except that the Majorana condition, as manifested in the above equation, imposes that  and  are not independent.

In particular we may construct the supercharges

which satisfy the supersymmetry algebra

where  is the 4-momentum operator.  Again the covariant derivative is defined like the supercharge but with the second term negated and it anticommutes with the supercharges. Thus the covariant derivative of a supermultiplet is another supermultiplet.

Extended supersymmetry

It is possible to have  sets of supercharges  with , although this is not possible for all values of .

These supercharges generate translations in a total of  spin dimensions, hence forming the superspace .

In general relativity
The word "superspace" is also used in a completely different and unrelated sense, in the book Gravitation by Misner, Thorne and Wheeler.  There, it refers to the configuration space of general relativity, and, in particular, the view of gravitation as geometrodynamics, an interpretation of general relativity as a form of dynamical geometry. In modern terms, this particular idea of "superspace" is captured in one of several different formalisms used in solving the Einstein equations in a variety of settings, both theoretical and practical, such as in numerical simulations. This includes primarily the ADM formalism, as well as ideas surrounding the Hamilton–Jacobi–Einstein equation and the Wheeler–DeWitt equation.

See also
 Chiral superspace
 Harmonic superspace
 Projective superspace
 Super Minkowski space
 Supergroup
 Lie superalgebra

Notes

References
 (Second printing)

Geometry
Supersymmetry
General relativity

hu:Szupertér

Superspace


Festival bunjevački' pisama 2001. bio je prvo izdanje tog festivala. Natjecale su se pjesme koje su izvodili Emil Antunović "Donela te jesen", Josip Francišković "Opili me jorgovani", Lidija Horvat "Nane moja" i s pjesmom "Balada gitari" Marija Jaramazović "Božur", Nikola Jaramazović "Tanak cigar", Siniša Kujundžić "Mila moja panonija", Marinko Rudić "Sunce je pripeklo", Nikola Šarić "Tavankut kraj Subotice", Mario Tikvicki "Momkovo sam",

Izvor
 http://www.fbp.rs/category/festivali/i/

Vanjska poveznica
 Zvonik Održan I. Festival bunjevački pisama

2001.

Festival bunjevački’ pisama 2001.


Marco Antonio da Silva (født 9. maj 1966) er en tidligere brasiliansk fodboldspiller.

Brasiliens fodboldlandshold

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Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Brasilien

Marco Antonio da Silva


අබ්දුල්ලා බින් අබ්දුල්අසීස් අල් සවුද් (, , නජ්දි අරාබි උච්චාරණය: ; 1924 අගෝස්තු 1 – 2015 ජනවාරි 23) යනු 2005 සිට 2015 දක්වා සවුදි අරාබියේ රජු හා ශුද්ධ වූ මුස්ලිම් දේවස්ථාන දෙකෙහි භාරකරු විය.

ආශ්‍රයන්

අබ්දුල්ලා රජ, සවුදි අරාබිය


Dražen Mavrić (Zagreb, 1970.), hrvatski je ekonomist, poduzetnik i predsjednik uprave Nove TV.

Životopis
Dražen Mavrić već je jedanaest godina na čelu Nove TV tijekom kojih je grupa postala neprikosnoveni lider na hrvatskom medijskom tržištu. Dobio je nagradu menadžera godine Hrvatskoga udruženja menadžera i poduzetnika.

Izvori

Hrvatski ekonomisti
Životopisi, Zagreb

Dražen Mavrić


Grömitz Almanya'nın kuzeyinde Schleswig-Holstein eyaletinde, Ostholstein iline bağlı bölge. 51,07 km² yüzölçüme sahiptir. Nüfusu 31 Aralık 2004 itibarıyla yaklaşık 7805 olarak tespit edilmiştir. Belediye Başkanlığı Jörg-Peter Scholz tarafından yürütülmektedir.

Dış bağlantılar
 www.groemitz.eu

Ostholstein iline bağlı yerleşim birimleri

Grömitz


Sir James Fraser Stoddart () este un chimist britanic-american. Este laureat al Premiului Nobel pentru Chimie 2016, împreună cu Jean-Pierre Sauvage  și Bernard L. Feringa.

Note

Absolvenți ai Universității din Edinburgh
Laureați americani ai Premiului Nobel
Membri ai Academiei Americane de Arte și Științe
Fellows of the Royal Society
Knights Bachelor
Scoţieni în viață
Laureați scoțieni ai Premiului Nobel
Chimiști scoțieni
Nașteri în 1942
Chimiști americani
Laureați ai Premiului Nobel pentru Chimie
Americani în viață
2016 în știință
Cetățeni naturalizați ai Statelor Unite ale Americii
Membri ai Royal Society of Edinburgh
Nașteri pe 24 mai

Fraser Stoddart


Malenki voin (Маленький воин, Le petit Guerrier) est un film russe réalisé par Ilia Ermolov, sorti en 2021.

Synopsis

Fiche technique
 Photographie : Anton Drozdov-Stchaslivtsev
 Musique : Roman Vichnevski, Ivan Sintsov
 Décors : Vania Bouden, Sergueï Chitchkine
 Montage : Alexandre Amirov

Notes et références

Liens externes

Film russe sorti en 2021
Comédie russe

Malenki voin


Penwith (; ) is an area of Cornwall, England, located on the peninsula of the same name. It is also the name of a former local government district, whose council was based in Penzance. The area is named after one of the ancient administrative hundreds of Cornwall which derives from two Cornish words, penn meaning 'headland' and wydh meaning 'at the end'.

Natural England have designated the peninsula as national character area 156 and named it West Penwith. It is also known as the Land's End Peninsula.

Geography

The Penwith peninsula sits predominantly on granite bedrock that has led to the formation of a rugged coastline with many fine beaches. The contact between the granite and the adjoining sedimentary rock (mostly shales) is most clearly seen forming the cliffs at Land's End, the most westerly point in the district and this geology has resulted in the mining that has made Cornwall famous. Tin and copper have been mined in the area since pre-Roman times and the landscape is dotted with ruined mine buildings. Inland, the peninsula is primarily granite with a thin top soil. This combined with Cornwall's exposed position and the prevailing weather systems from the Atlantic Ocean means that, with the exception of the high moor areas, much of the area is a semi-bare plateau standing around 130 m above sea level. This is most evident on the north coast between St Just and Zennor where the remains of the ancient seabed of the Pliocene era are visible. Its highest point is Watch Croft (252 m).

There are several deep valleys cut into this plateau such as Lamorna on the south coast, where sufficient shelter from the weather is gained for trees to establish and grow. The shelter of these valleys and the mild climate gives Penwith a flora not seen anywhere else in the UK. Penzance's Morrab Gardens is able to grow bananas. Penwith also contains an artificial lake, Drift Reservoir, which is located approximately 3 miles west of Penzance. In addition to Penwith's status as a Heritage coastline, west Penwith, an area of 90 square kilometres, is considered an Environmentally Sensitive Area. Penwith lies within the Cornwall Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONB).

The principal towns in Penwith are Penzance, the port town and seat of local government, and St Ives, one of the county's most popular seaside resorts. The district is largely rural, and contains many villages, principal amongst them being Botallack, Carbis Bay, Crowlas, Drift, Gulval, Gwithian, Hayle, Lamorna, Lelant, Long Rock, Ludgvan, Madron, Marazion, Morvah, Mousehole, Nancledra, Newlyn, Paul, Penberth, Pendeen, Porthcurno, Sancreed, Sennen, St Buryan, St Erth, St Hilary, St Just in Penwith, Treen and Zennor.

As a small peninsula at the tip of a larger peninsula, the district is somewhat isolated from the rest of the UK. Two major transport routes terminate in the district, the A30 road and the Great Western Main Line railway. The St Ives Bay Line provides local transport between St Ives, and the main line at St Erth. A ferry to the Isles of Scilly, 28 miles (45 km) west-south-west of the district, is based in Penzance.

History
Penwith contains a great concentration of Bronze Age, Iron Age, and Celtic British archaeological remains. The most significant of them are described in a field guide first published in 1954. Tewdwr Mawr ( or ) ruled over the area from Carnsew in the mid-6th century before returning to his patrimony in Cornouaille in Brittany around 577.

Penwith's population has remained broadly static for the last one hundred and fifty years.

Penwith is believed to be the last part of Cornwall where Cornish was spoken as a community language. Dolly Pentreath, known as the last recorded speaker (but arguably not the very last) came from Paul in Penwith. A year following the death of Dolly Pentreath in 1777 Daines Barrington received a letter, written in Cornish and accompanied by an English translation, from a fisherman in Mousehole named William Bodinar stating that he knew of five people who could speak Cornish in that village alone. Barrington also speaks of a John Nancarrow from Marazion who was a native speaker and survived into the 1790s.

Chesten Marchant, d. 1676, a woman from Gwithian, is believed to have been the last monoglot Cornish speaker.

Canon Doble's Cornish Saints Series included saints from this area: nine of these were reissued in 1960.

Demographics
Penwith had a population of 65,000 in the mid-2007 estimates. 96.4% of Penwith residents were born in the UK.

72% of people in the district gave Christianity as their religion, whilst nearly 18% of people stated that they are non-religious, compared to 15 per cent nationally.

Penwith has the 6th highest rate of divorce of any district in England and Wales at 13.4% of the over 16 population, and correspondingly also has one of the lowest percentages of married couple households.

Penwith district has one of the lowest levels of home ownership in the country (280th/376) and is ranked 4th for those without central heating. The district also has one of the lowest rates of second car ownership and is ranked 300 out of 376 districts in England and Wales.

The district has some of the highest indicators of bad health in the country and is ranked 28th and 41st for those described as having long term illness and general poor health respectively.

Penwith has one of the highest unemployment rates of any district, ranked 51st out of 376 districts, and also one of the lowest rates of degree level education at 16%, compared to the national average of 20% (244th/376). Penwith is also ranked as the district having the 28th largest retired population in England and Wales.

Economy
Penwith is an area of extreme economic deprivation. It is ranked as the 25th most deprived district in England, and it is located in Cornwall, the poorest county in England.  It has been suggested that in fact this ranking understates the extent of the problem due to the difficulties of assessing deprivation in dispersed rural populations, and the socially and economically polarised nature of rural communities.

Deprivation manifests itself in the form of high youth unemployment, an above average proportion of workers in manual occupations, low mean income and a low percentage of people with higher degrees. High educational attainment up to GCSE and A-level demonstrates the depth of local talent, however, poor job opportunities and the absence, until recently, of a university in Cornwall has meant that much of this young talent leaves the area and never returns.  As such Penwith was listed as an Objective 1 area by the European Social Fund, however, this status expired in 2006 with the programme closing on 31 December 2008.  Traditionally, like much of the rest of Cornwall, Penwith's economy relied heavily on mining and fishing and was badly affected by the decline of these industries. Although the district has tried to stimulate employment through tourism, many of these jobs are by definition seasonal or part-time and do not replace the skilled jobs lost by the closure of the mines.

Mining
Tin mining once played an important part in the economy of Penwith, with mines across the district including Levant, Botallack, Cape Cornwall, Ding Dong and Wheal Hope. Tin mines gradually became economically mined out through the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, as the easier seams were exhausted and more amenable sources of metal were discovered in South America. The collapse of the world tin cartel in 1985 finished what remained of the industry.

The last working mine in the district and one of the last in Cornwall was at Geevor which is now a heritage site and museum following grants totalling nearly £4 million from various sources including the Heritage Lottery Fund. The north of the district has arguably suffered the worst from the closure of the mines as there have been few jobs available to replace what was lost to mining. This is most notably the towns of St. Just and Pendeen which have very high levels of unemployment. Many miners from the district have emigrated over the last century in order to find mining jobs abroad.

Fishing
Despite the decline in the number of people employed in the fishing industry, it still plays an important part in the district's economy.  Newlyn harbour is the largest deep sea fishing port in England in terms of the value of fish landed (turnover >£18 million 2004) and contributes 2% of the region's GDP.  The Newlyn fleet utilises a variety of catching methods, however, the vessels are comparatively small and mostly owned by their skippers in comparison with the large factory boats of Spain and France with whom they share their fishing grounds. Accusations of illegal overfishing by the French and Spanish fleets is a source of local friction. Until the 1960s, pilchards were the major catch landed at Newlyn, which were processed at the nearby pilchard works, before the fish fell out of favour with the public. A revival of pilchard fishing in Penwith in recent years occurred after a rebranding exercise as Cornish sardines (sardines are actually small pilchards). This has been helped by investment from the Objective One programme. Much of the catch is sold abroad in Spain and Italy.

Farming

Like much of the rest of the country, farmers in Penwith have in recent years been put under financial pressure, due to a withdrawal of subsidies from the EU Common Agricultural Policy, pressure from supermarkets and crises such as foot and mouth in 2001. Agriculture in Penwith is predominantly dairy with some arable crops such as potatoes, cauliflower and broccoli (confusingly these are locally called broccoli and calebrese, respectively). Cornwall's mild climate and an absence of hard winter frosts mean that these cold-sensitive crops can be produced much earlier than in the rest of the country, and early Cornish new potatoes are a lucrative source of income. Unfortunately this cash crop has come under pressure in recent years due to globalization, which means competition with cheap imports from Egypt.

In 2002 the Farm Business Centre was set up to help farmers and farm businesses across Penwith. The centre aims to expand the local agricultural sector and provide advice and funding for farmers in the transition from intensive farming toward more sustainable agriculture. This encourages farmers to seek out novel sources of income such as set-aside and organic and small scale specialist produce such as meat from rare breed animals. A priority 4.6 grant from Objective One, plus funding from the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs totalling more than £300,000 have ensured the centre's future until September 2008.

Tourism
Penwith's scenery makes it a popular holiday destination. Local attractions including the Minack Theatre, South West Coast Path, Land's End and the Blue Flag beach at Sennen Cove ensure that tourism plays a major part in Penwith's economy. Additionally, St. Ives has in recent years become a popular New Year's Eve venue. Penwith also has the highest concentration of Neolithic sites in Europe, including monuments at The Merry Maidens, Lanyon Quoit, Chûn Quoit and an Iron Age village at Chysauster. Tourism accounts for 25% of Cornwall's GDP and 19% of households in Penwith derive their income from this activity.

Media
Since 1878, Penwith has had a weekly newspaper, The Cornishman, based in Penzance. As well as Penwith, the paper covers the Isles of Scilly.

Penwith has its own community radio station, Coast FM (formerly Penwith Radio), which was launched on 5 November 2016 and broadcasts in West Cornwall on 96.5 and 97.2 FM.

Penwith District Council

The district was created on 1 April 1974, under the Local Government Act 1972, as a merger of Penzance and St. Ives boroughs, St Just urban district, and West Penwith Rural District, and was abolished and replaced by the Cornwall Unitary Council on 31 March 2009.

From 1972 until 1974, a shadow Penwith authority existed where sitting members of the above-mentioned authorities acted in an advisory manner. With the abolition of the predecessor authorities in 1974 St Ives, Hayle, Marazion and St Just obtained Town Council status and from within their ranks began to elect Town Mayors. Penzance failed to obtain parish status for the former borough and Charter Trustees were appointed to continue elections for the position of Mayor of the town. Charter Trustees being the sitting members of Penwith District Council within the former borough area.

Penzance Town Council was finally created in 1980 initially electing 15 members, this was expanded to 20 members in 1999. From 1974 to the mid-1980s, Penwith District Council was dominated by independent members, only 4 out of the 34 councillors in 1981 held any political allegiance (a situation reflected in other Cornish Authorities at this time). By the late 1980s, however, the council became increasingly party politicised with the Conservative Party being the major political force on the council often forming coalitions with Conservative supporting independents to ensure the day-to-day operation of the Council. With the general down turn nationally for the Conservatives in 1990s, the Labour Party and to a lesser extent the Liberal Democrats began to make gains at the expense of Conservatives and at the high point of anti-conservative sentiment there remained only four Conservative councillors within the authority. The Conservatives recovered their support from the mid-1990s to regain their position as the largest party on the Council with the Liberal Democrats now forming the largest opposition group. Despite this, the council remained hung with no overall control. The final political composition, at the 2007 elections, being: Conservatives 17, Liberal Democrats 12,
Labour 1 (sits with Independent group) and Independent 5.

The district was abolished as part of the 2009 structural changes to local government in England.

Twinning
Since 1974 and until abolition the district of Penwith was twinned with
 Cuxhaven, Germany.

Places of interest

See also
West Penwith Rural District
Beaches of Penwith
Penwith hundred

References

Further reading

External links

 Cornwall Record Office Online Catalogue for Penwith District Council

Bronze Age Britain
English districts abolished in 2009
Former non-metropolitan districts of Cornwall
Natural regions of England

Penwith


رِؤوف وصفي (14 فبراير 1939 - 5 نوفمبر 2020)، كاتب مصري معاصر، ساهم تكوينه العلمي في توجيه كتاباته القصصية نحو حكايات الخيال العلمي. حصل على جائزة أدبية من جمعية دكنز للروايات العالمية حيث اختيرت بعض قصصه الرائعة للعرض على الجمعية، كما أنه قدم بعض المقالات في مثل مجلة ماجد ومجلة العربي الصغير. قام بالتدريس في الجامعة الأمريكية بالقاهرة وجامعة المستنصرية ببغداد.

مؤلفاته
 الكون والثقوب السوداء، سلسلة عالم المعرفة، الكويت، 1979م.
 قصص من الخيال العلمي، الهيئة المصرية العامة للكتاب، 1992م
 سلسلة نوڤا للخيال العلمي
 المارد المعدني
 مغامرة في القرن 25
 رحلة إلى المستحيل
 القنبلة النيترونية
 شواطئ الأبدية

مراجع

أعضاء هيئة تدريس الجامعة الأمريكية بالقاهرة
كتاب خيال علمي مصريون
كتاب مصريون في القرن 20
كتاب مصريون في القرن 21
مواليد 1357 هـ
مواليد 1939
وفيات 1442 هـ

رؤوف وصفي


Agrilus chujoi é uma espécie de inseto do género Agrilus, família Buprestidae, ordem Coleoptera.

Foi descrita cientificamente por Kurosawa, 1985.

Referências

chujoi

Agrilus chujoi


Tarih
 Derbent (tarih) Selçuklu ve Osmanlı devleti'nde koruma ve iskan için yapılan karakol ve üsler.

Yerleşim yerleri

Dağıstan
 Derbent, Dağıstan, Dağıstan'da bir şehir
 Derbentskiy Bölgesi, Dağıstan, Dağıstan'da bir bölge (veya İlçe)

Türkiye
 Derbent, Konya, Konya ili ilçesi
 Derbent, Bayat, Afyonkarahisar ili Bayat ilçesine bağlı köy
 Derbent, Bismil, Diyarbakır ili Bismil İlçesine bağlı mahalle
 Derbent, Buldan, Denizli ili Buldan ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Derbent, Tavşanlı, Kütahya ili Tavşanlı ilçesine bağlı köy
 Derbent,Turgutlu, Manisa ili Turgutlu ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Derbent, Fındıklı, Rize ili Fındıklı ilçesine bağlı köy
 Derbent, Bafra, Samsun ili Bafra ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Derbent, Zara, Sivas ili Zara ilçesine bağlı köy
 Derbent, Banaz, Uşak ili Banaz ilçesine bağlı köy
 Derbent, Uşak, Uşak ili merkez ilçesine bağlı köy
 Derbent, Yozgat, Yozgat ili merkez ilçesine bağlı köy
 Derbent, Kadışehri, Yozgat ili Kadışehri ilçesine bağlı köy
 Derbent, İznik, Bursa ili İznik ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Derbent, Sarıyer, İstanbul ili Sarıyer ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Derbent, Kartepe, Kocaeli ili Kartepe ilçesine bağlı mahalle

Yunanistan
 Derbent, Yunanistan, Doğu Makedonya ve Trakya bölgesinin Dedeağaç belediyesinde bir köy

Derbent


Le dème de Trikóloni, en  / Dímos Trikolónon, est un ancien dème du  district régional d'Arcadie, en Grèce. Depuis 2010, il est fusionné au sein du dème de Gortynie.

Selon le recensement de 2011, la population du dème compte .

La localité tire son nom de la ville antique de .

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Liens externes

Dème dans le Péloponnèse
Ancien dème en Grèce
Arcadie

Dème de Trikóloni


Die 25. Tour du Faso fand vom 21. bis zum 30. Oktober 2011 in Burkina Faso statt. Das bedeutendste Radrennen Afrikas wurde in zehn Etappen über eine Distanz von 1280 Kilometern ausgetragen. Es gehörte zur UCI Africa Tour 2012 und war dort in die Kategorie 2.2 eingestuft.

Gesamtsieger des Etappenrennens wurde der Burkiner Hamidou Zidweiba, der den Kameruner Martinien Tega mit 25 Sekunden Vorsprung auf den zweiten Platz verweisen konnte. Das Podium wurde komplettiert von Zidweibas Landsmann Rasmane Ouédraogo.

Teilnehmende Teams
Am Start standen insgesamt 16 Teams aus Afrika und Europa. Erstmals seit 1996 nahm mit dem "RV Trier – Deutschland" auch wieder eine deutsche Abordnung am Rennen teil. Begleitet wurde die Mannschaft, die vom "department of tomorrow" ins Leben gerufen worden war, von einem Filmteam. Der 90-minütige Kinofilm Tour du Faso, der so über die Tour du Faso 2011 entstanden ist, kam 2014 in die deutschen Kinos.

Etappen

Weblinks
 Offizielle Webseite der Tour du Faso
 Webseite des deutschen Teams bei der Tour du Faso 2011
 Ergebnisse auf der Webseite der UCI Africa Tour

Einzelnachweise

Radrennen 2011
UCI Africa Tour 2012
Straßenradrennen in Burkina Faso

Tour du Faso 2011


Aceasta este o listă a războaielor și conflictelor din epoca modernă în care a fost implicat Azerbaidjanul.

Misiuni de menținere a păcii

Referințe

Războaiele Azerbaidjanului
Istoria militară a Azerbaidjanului
Azerbaidjan
Războaie

Lista războaielor în care a fost implicat Azerbaidjanul


The American Railway Union (ARU) was briefly among the largest labor unions of its time and one of the first industrial unions in the United States. Launched at a meeting held in Chicago in February 1893, the ARU won an early victory in a strike on the Great Northern Railroad in the summer of 1894. This successful strike was followed by the bitter 1894 Pullman Strike in which government troops and the power of the judiciary were enlisted against the ARU, ending with the jailing of the union's leadership for six months in 1895 and effectively crushing the organization. The group's blacklisted and dispirited remnants finally disbanded the organization via amalgamation into the Social Democracy of America (SDA) at its founding convention in June 1897.

Organizational history

Establishment
Volition for a formation of an industrial union uniting all branches of the railroad industry began in the early 1890s with the failure of an attempt at loose federation of several railway brotherhoods by Brotherhood of Locomotive Firemen and Enginemen Secretary-Treasurer and Locomotive Firemen's Magazine editor Eugene V. Debs. A new union bringing together all railway workers, regardless of craft or service, was constructed in a series of meetings held in Chicago, Illinois, beginning with a four-hour session held at the Leland Hotel on February 9 and 10, 1893. Headquarters for the new union were to be rented in Chicago.

This preparatory meeting, chaired by George W. Howard of Oshkosh, Wisconsin, former Grand Chief of the Brotherhood of Railway Conductors, elected a three-person committee to write a constitution and by-laws for the new organization, which was formally launched at a week-long convention attended by 24 delegates representing many of the numerous railway brotherhoods held at Chicago's Greene Hotel from April 11–17, 1893. This gathering formally elected officers for the new union, including Debs as president, Howard as vice president and Sylvester Keliher (Secretary-Treasurer of the Brotherhood of Railway Carmen) as Secretary-Treasurer of the ARU.

Day-to-day governance was by these three officers as part of a nine-member Board of Directors, which also included W.S. Missemer of the Brotherhood of Railway Carmen, W.H. Sebring of the Order of Railroad Conductors, Frank W. Arnold of the Brotherhood of Locomotive Firemen, Henry Walton of the Brotherhood of Locomotive Engineers, James A. Clark of the Railway Telegraphers and Louis W. Rogers of the magazine Age of Labor.

A convention to introduce the new union to the broader public and to build organizational momentum was scheduled and held in Chicago on June 20, 1893. A mass meeting of railroad employees was held in conjunction with the gathering, meeting at Uhlich's Hall in Chicago at 8 pm, where it was addressed by Eugene Debs and others.

Structure

The ARU was to be divided into 12 regional districts, each of which maintained a headquarters office in a local urban center. These districts were to in turn be subdivided, apparently on a state basis, with the organization to be governed by annual state conventions and a quadrennial national convention of the entire organization. These national conventions were to choose a governing Board of Directors for the organization and to elect officers.

Only one official national convention of the ARU was held; this convened at Fisher's Hall in Chicago at 10 o'clock on the morning of June 12, 1894. About 400 delegates were in attendance—too many for the venue, which caused the gathering to be immediately moved after convocation to the more spacious room at Uhlich's Hall. There the assembled delegates heard a lengthy keynote address delivered by ARU President Gene Debs before adjourning for additional meetings in secret session.

Great Northern Railway strike
Beginning in August 1893, the Great Northern Railway enacted a series of wage cuts for its workers, reductions amounting to $146,500 per month. The American Railway Union organized all classes of employees of the road in a strike action lasting 18 days and forcing the company to arbitration of its unilateral wage cuts.

The arbitrators, consisting of businessmen from St. Paul and Minneapolis, Minnesota, found in favor of the Great Northern workers, thereby pressuring the company to roll back its wage cuts. It was the ARU's first and only victory.

Pullman Strike

Buoyed by the success of the Great Northern strike, railway workers on other lines sought similar redress of their grievances through strike action. Debs and other union officials were concerned that other disruptions were inopportune, with the union needing a brief respite to better organize itself and to restore its finances. However, this was not to be because on May 11, 1894, the workers of the Pullman Palace Car Company launched a wildcat strike against their employer.

The Pullman Company had begun a company town on the outskirts of Chicago called Pullman, Illinois, incorporated into the city of Chicago in 1889. The company and town were namesakes of its millionaire owner, George Pullman. The town of Pullman was his "utopia". He owned the land, homes and stores. Workers had to live in his homes and buy from his stores, thereby ensuring virtually all wages returned directly back into his pockets.

Although initially opposed to the strike, Debs responded to notice of the strike of the Pullman workers by traveling to Chicago to investigate the situation in person. Debs later recalled in sworn testimony:I found that the wages and expenses of the employees were so adjusted that every dollar the employees earned found its way back into the Pullman coffers; that they were not only not getting wages enough to live on, but that they were daily getting deeper into the debt of the Pullman company; that it was impossible for many of them to leave there at all... Wages had been reduced, but the expenses remained the same, and no matter how offensive the conditions where they were compelled to submit to them. After I heard those statements I satisfied myself that they were true and I made up my mind, as president of the American Railway Union, of which these employees were members, to do everything in my power that was within law and within justice to right the wrongs of those employees.

An effort was made by the ARU to engage the Pullman Company and its workers in arbitration, but the officers of the company refused to submit to the proposal, instead claiming that they had nothing to arbitrate. Railway workers had lost confidence in the existing network of craft-based railway brotherhoods—which were essentially fraternal benefit societies—to resist an industry-wide wage reduction campaign coordinated by the railway managers' association and looked to the fledgling ARU as a mechanism to stem the tide. Sympathy for the Pullman Company workers was widespread among other workers in the railroad industry.

The ARU's constitutionally-required biannual convention was forthcoming and delegates representing the 465 locals of the union—which claimed a total membership of about 150,000—assembled in the city to take up matters of concern to the organization. During the course of the proceedings, the situation of the Pullman workers came before the assembly, which appointed a committee of Pullman employees  to study the situation.

On June 21, 1894, two days prior to adjournment of the convention, the Pullman Committee reported that the company continued to refuse to arbitrate its unilateral wage cuts. The committee recommended that an ultimatum be delivered that unless the Pullman Company began arbitration within 5 days, a boycott of railroad workers should be launched under which no member of the ARU would handle a train to which Pullman cars were attached. After discussion this proposal was accepted by majority vote of the convention and a strike deadline was scheduled for June 26.

The June 26 deadline came and still the Pullman Company refused to arbitrate its wage reductions. Railway employees began to refuse to handle trains pulling Pullman cars. The ARU established temporary strike headquarters in Chicago to keep more closely abreast of the situation. Chicago became a constant mass of meetings as workers of the various railway crafts gathered to discuss the strike situation. The railway switchmen were the first to act, refusing to attach Pullman cars to trains. When one switchman would be fired for insubordination, all the others in the shop would quit, in accord with a previously agreed upon plan.

The railway managers took to the courts for relief, gaining a sweeping injunction against the ARU which was served upon union president Debs on July 2. Terms of the injunction prohibited the union from sending out any telegram or letter or issuing any order which would have the effect of inducing or persuading railroad workers to withhold their service in pursuit of the strike action.

The rationale for this legal action lay in the fact that the Mail was transported by rail—transport which was interrupted when trains including Pullman cars were stopped in their tracks. Under the Sherman Anti-Trust Act of 1890, which ruled it illegal for any business combination to restrain trade or commerce, an injunction was issued on July 2 enjoining the ARU leadership from "compelling or inducing by threats, intimidation, persuasion, force or violence, railway employees to refuse or fail to perform their duties". The next day, President Cleveland ordered 20,000 federal troops to crush the strike and run the railways.

Transition to a political party
By July 7, Debs and ten other ARU leaders were arrested and later tried and convicted for conspiracy to halt the free flow of mail. The strike was finally crushed while the board and president spent six months in prison in Woodstock, Illinois. Pullman reopened with all labor union leaders sacked.

During Debs' time in jail, he spent much of his time reading the literary works of Karl Marx and socialist texts brought to jail by Victor L. Berger. After Debs got out of jail, he merged the ARU with the Brotherhood of the Co-operative Commonwealth to form the Social Democracy of America (SDA). In 1900, Elliott ran for Congressman in Montana and Debs ran for President heading the SDA ticket. Elliott  was later elected to the Montana Legislature while Debs ran unsuccessfully four more times for the presidency as a socialist.

See also

 Brotherhood of Locomotive Firemen and Enginemen
 List of American railway unions

Footnotes

Further reading
 Papke, David Ray. The Pullman Case: The Clash of Labor and Capital in Industrial America (University Press of Kansas, 2019)

Primary sources

External links
 "United States Strike Commission: The American Railway Union". Illinois state museum, museum.state.il.us.
 "Gene Debs and the American Railway Union".
 "The Rise in the American Railway Union, 1893-1894". Interactive map from the Spatial History Project, Stanford.
 History of Railroad Unions Web Site.

1893 establishments in the United States
Trade unions established in 1893
Railway unions in the United States
Organizations disestablished in 1897
1897 disestablishments in the United States
Defunct trade unions in the United States
Eugene V. Debs

American Railway Union


BBC Radio Newcastle is the BBC's local radio station serving Newcastle upon Tyne, the neighbouring metropolitan boroughs, Northumberland and north east County Durham.

It broadcasts on FM, DAB, digital TV and via BBC Sounds from BBC studios on Barrack Road, Newcastle upon Tyne.

According to RAJAR, the station has a weekly audience of 186,000 listeners and a 5.3% share as of June 2023.

Technical

The Pontop Pike transmitter broadcasts the strongest FM signal on 95.4 MHz. The 96 MHz frequency from Chatton covers most of the populated areas of east Northumberland.

The Newton transmitter broadcasts the 103.7 MHz frequency. The Fenham transmitter, broadcasting the 104.4 MHz frequency, is situated close to the studios on Barrack Road and covers West Newcastle and Gateshead.

The DAB signal comes mainly from Burnhope (near Consett), and also from Fenham (lower power), on the Bauer Digital Radio multiplex.

The station also broadcasts on Freeview TV channel 719 and streams online via BBC Sounds.

BBC Radio Sunderland
In January 2021, BBC Radio Sunderland was launched as a temporary sister station. The service provided eight hours of opt-out programming for listeners in Sunderland and the surrounding area each weekday until March 2021.

Programming
Local programming is produced and broadcast from the BBC's Newcastle studios from 6 am to 1 am each day.

The station's late show, airing from 10 pm to 1 am, is simulcast every night on BBC Radio Tees and on BBC Radio Cumbria on Fridays.

During the station's downtime, BBC Radio Newcastle simulcasts overnight programming from BBC Radio 5 Live and BBC Radio London.

Notable presenters

 Anna Foster
 Marian Foster, Garden Mania
 Simon Logan, Simon Logan's Fantastic 80s
 Ingrid Hagemann
 Alex Hall
 Railton Howes
 Alfie Joey
 Anne Leuchars
 Paddy MacDee
 Kathy Secker
 Lisa Shaw
 Sue Sweeney
 Frank Wappat

Sports commentators
The station's team of sports commentators includes John Anderson, Gary Bennett, Marco Gabbiadini and Matthew Raisbeck.

References

External links

 media.info - BBC Radio Newcastle
 History of local radio in Tyneside and Northumberland
 Chatton transmitter
 Fenham transmitter
 Newton transmitter
 Pontop Pike transmitter (including coverage map)

Newcastle
Mass media in Newcastle upon Tyne
Radio stations in North East England
Radio stations established in 1971
1971 establishments in England

BBC Radio Newcastle