القنفذ شادو (بالإنجليزية : Shadow The Hedgehog ؛ باليابانية: シャドウ・ザ・ヘッジホッグ، شادووه زا هيجيهوگوو) هو شخصية من سلسلة ألعاب فيديو القنفذ سونيك من إنتاج سيگا، أنه قنفذ أسود وأحمر اللون. علاقته مع القنفذ سونيك ليس مؤكد منه لكن شادو ينافس سونيك في معظم الأحيان. شادو هو أيضاً شخصية غامضة جداً.

ظهر شادو لأول مرة في لعبة سونيك أدفانشر 2 (Sonic Adventure 2). كما أصدرت شركة سيجا لعبة خاصة لشادو اسمها القنفذ شادو (Shadow The Hedgehog) في سنة 2005.

وكانت هذه اللعبة لشادو فقط كان فيها دراجات نارية وسيارات ورشاشات واسلحة و ادوات .

مراجع

الشخصيات المعدلة وراثيا في ألعاب الفيديو
إرهابيون خياليون
بطل مخالف للعرف
تعويذات ألعاب فيديو
زعماء (شخصيات ألعاب فيديو)
شخصيات القنفذ سونيك
شخصيات ألعاب فيديو تتحرك بسرعة خارقة
شخصيات ألعاب فيديو ذكور
شخصيات ألعاب فيديو ظهرت في سنة 2001
شخصيات ألعاب فيديو في الأفلام
شخصيات ألعاب فيديو في التلفاز
شخصيات ألعاب فيديو في القصص المصورة
شخصيات تجسيمية في ألعاب الفيديو
شخصيات حيوانات في ألعاب فيديو
شخصيات خالدة في ألعاب الفيديو
شخصيات خيالية
شخصيات خيالية تعاني من اضطراب الكرب التالي للصدمة النفسية
شخصيات سرية في ألعاب الفيديو
عسكريون خياليون
عملاء حكومة خياليون
قتلة جماعيون خياليون
قنافذ خيالية
مجرمون خياليون ألعاب فيديو

القنفذ شادو


An Juncus heterophyllus in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Léon Dufour. An Juncus heterophyllus in nahilalakip ha genus nga Juncus, ngan familia nga Juncaceae. Ginklasipika han IUCN an species komo harani ha karat-an. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Juncus

Juncus heterophyllus


İsmail Nihat Erim (17 Mart 1912, Kandıra, Kocaeli - 19 Temmuz 1980, İstanbul), Türk hukukçu, akademisyen ve siyasetçi. Türkiye Büyük Millet Meclisinde beş dönem Cumhuriyet Halk Partisinden milletvekili olarak siyaset yapan Erim, 1948-50 yılları arasında bayındırlık bakanlığı ve başbakan yardımcılığı görevlerinde bulundu. 12 Mart Muhtırası'nın ardından 1971-1972 yılları arasında Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Başbakanı olarak görev aldı. 19 Temmuz 1980 tarihinde İstanbul Dragos'ta Devrimci Sol militanları tarafından düzenlenen suikast sonucunda 68 yaşında öldü.

Yaşamı

İlk yılları, eğitimi ve akademisyenliği
Nihat Erim, 17 Mart 1912 tarihinde, bugün Kocaeli sınırları içinde kalan İstanbul vilayetine bağlı Kandıra kazasında doğdu. Raif Bey ve Macide Hanım'ın oğludur. Erim'i konu alan doktora tezinde Yazar Ahmet Gülen, Erim'in doğum tarihinin Erim'in damadı Akın Önalp tarafından 4 Kasım 1911 olarak bildirildiğini belirtmiştir.

Galatasaray Lisesini, İstanbul Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesini bitirdi. Paris Hukuk Fakültesinde doktora yaptı. 1939 yılında Ankara Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesine kamu hukuku doçentliğine atandı, 1941 yılında profesör oldu. Ankara Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesindeki kamu hukuku derslerine ek olarak Siyasal Bilgiler Okulunda devletler hukuku dersleri verdi. 1959-1961 yılları arasında BM Uluslararası Hukuk Komisyonu üyesi olarak görev aldı.

Siyasi kariyeri
1943-1950 yılları arasında CHP Milletvekili olarak TBMM'de bulundu, 2. Saka Hükûmetinde bayındırlık bakanlığı, Günaltay Hükûmetinde başbakan yardımcılığı yaptı. Demokrat Partinin yerel seçimleri boykot etmesi üzerine 30 Mayıs 1946'da ünlü, "... sosyal bünyede derin rahatsızlıklar müşahede edildiğinde bunu gidermenin yolu, bir müddet için 'hürriyet ilâhının üzerine bir şal örtmek' ve yukardan aşağı bir otorite tesis eylemektir." sözlerini yazdı. CHP muhalefete geçtikten sonra partinin yayın organı Ulus'un başyazarlığını üstlendi. Bu gazetenin 1953 yılında kapanması üzerine 1955 yılına kadar Yeni Ulus ve Halkçı gazetelerini çıkardı. Başbakan Adnan Menderes'in isteği üzerine Kıbrıs Cumhuriyeti Anayasası'nın hazırlanmasında görev aldı. 1961 yılında CHP Milletvekili olarak yeniden TBMM'ye döndü. CHP içinde İsmet İnönü'nün başlattığı "Ortanın Solu" hareketine katıldı, daha sonra CHP'den ayrılarak Cumhuriyetçi Güven Partisini kuracak olan Prof. Dr. Turhan Feyzioğlu'yla birlikte muhalefet etti.

12 Mart 1971 Muhtırası'nın ardından CHP'den ayrılması koşuluyla hükûmeti kurmakla görevlendirildi. 26 Mart 1971 tarihinde kurduğu askerî cunta hükûmeti 3 Aralık 1971 tarihinde istifa etti. Yeniden hükûmeti kurmakla görevlendirildi, kurduğu 34. Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Hükûmeti 22 Mayıs 1972 tarihine kadar işbaşında kaldı. 1961 Anayasası'nın Türkiye'ye ''lüks'' olduğunu ifade etti ve 12 Mart Muhtırası'nı verenlerin direktifi doğrultusunda Anayasa'nın 40 maddesinde değişiklikler yaptırdı. Deniz Gezmiş, Hüseyin İnan ve Yusuf Aslan'ın idam edilmelerine kadar varacak olan ve "Balyoz Harekâtı" olarak bilinen uygulamaları başlatması nedeniyle "Balyoz" lakabıyla anıldı. 1977 yılına kadar Cumhuriyet Senatosunda Kontenjan Senatörü olarak görev yaptı.

Özel yaşamı
Bayan Kamile (1911) ile evli olup Işık Asım (1937) ve Ayşe Işıl Önalp'in (1940) babasıdır.

Kitapları
Kıbrıs'la ilgili anı ve gözlemlerini, "Bildiğim ve Gördüğüm Ölçüler İçinde Kıbrıs" adıyla 1975 yılında kitaplaştırdı. Ölümünden yıllar sonra Yapı Kredi Yayınları tarafından "12 Mart Anıları" ve "Günlükler"i yayımlandı.

Ölümü

15 Temmuz 1979 günü evine patlayıcı madde atılan ve bir zarar görmeyen Nihat Erim, bir yıl sonra ise 19 Temmuz 1980 tarihinde İstanbul Dragos'taki Deniz Kulübünün önünde Dev-Sol militanları tarafından düzenlenen suikast sonucu öldü. Olay yerinde, "Faşist Gün Sazak'tan sonra faşist Erim'i de işkenceleri ve devrimcilerin katlini protesto için cezalandırdık. (Devrimci Sol)" yazılı bir bildiri bulundu. Ölümü Türkiye çapında büyük yankı yaptı, Bülent Ecevit ve Alparslan Türkeş millî birlik çağrısında bulundu, basın büyük tepki gösterdi.

22 Temmuz 1980'de düzenlenen cenaze töreni sonrası Zincirlikuyu Mezarlığı'na defnedildi.

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

İsmail Nihat Erim Biyografisi

1912 doğumlular
Kandıra doğumlular
Kocaeli doğumlu siyasetçiler
TBMM 7. dönem Kocaeli milletvekilleri
TBMM 8. dönem Kocaeli milletvekilleri
TBMM 12. dönem Kocaeli milletvekilleri
TBMM 13. dönem Kocaeli milletvekilleri
TBMM 14. dönem Kocaeli milletvekilleri
TBMM Cevdet Sunay tarafından seçilen Cumhuriyet Senatörleri
TBMM Cumhuriyet Halk Partisi Grup Başkanvekilleri
Hukukçu Senatörler
Türk hukuk akademisyenleri
TBMM Cumhuriyet Senatosu Kontenjan Grubu Başkanları
TBMM Anayasa Komisyonu Başkanları
TBMM Dışişleri Komisyonu Başkanları
Avrupa Konseyi Parlamenter Meclisi Türk Grubu
Türk Hukuk Kurumu
Cumhuriyet Halk Partisi Parti Meclisi üyeleri
Galatasaray Lisesinde öğrenim görenler
İstanbul Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesinde öğrenim görenler
Zincirlikuyu Mezarlığı'na defnedilenler
Suikast sonucu ölen Türk siyasetçiler
1980 yılında ölenler
Türkiye'de cinayet sonucu ölenler
İstanbul'da ateşli silahtan ölenler
Türkiye başbakanları
12 Mart Muhtırası

Nihat Erim


ذا تشيتا جيرلز: وان ورلد  هو فيلم تلفزيوني من إنتاج ديزني عام 2008. وهو من أنجح الأفلام التي عرضت على قناة ديزني على الإطلاق، الفيلم من بطولة أدريين بايلون وصابرينا براين وكيلي ويليامز ومن إخراج بول هوون

الميزانية والإيرادات
بلغت تكلفة إنتاج الفيلم حوالي 25 مليون دولار.

وصلات خارجية

مراجع

أفلام باللغة الإنجليزية في عقد 2000
أفلام أصدقاء درامية
أفلام أصدقاء عقد 2000
أفلام أصدقاء كوميدية
أفلام أمريكية
أفلام أمريكية في عقد 2000
أفلام إنتاج 2008
أفلام باللغة الإنجليزية
أفلام تقع أحداثها في الهند
أفلام تقع أحداثها في مدينة نيويورك
أفلام تلفزيونية 2008
أفلام تلفزيونية أمريكية
أفلام تلفزيونية كوميديا درامية
أفلام تلفزيونية متممة
أفلام دراما كوميدية أمريكية
أفلام دراما كوميدية إنتاج عقد 2000
أفلام دراما موسيقية أمريكية
أفلام درامية 2008
أفلام درامية مراهقة عقد 2000
أفلام ديزني
أفلام رفاق كوميدية أمريكية
أفلام رفاق كوميدية في عقد 2000
أفلام رفقاء درامية أمريكية
أفلام رفقاء كوميديا درامية أمريكية
أفلام عن بوليوود
أفلام عن فرق موسيقية
أفلام كوميديا موسيقية درامية في عقد 2000
أفلام كوميدية درامية في 2008
أفلام كوميدية موسيقية في عقد 2000
أفلام متممة أمريكية
أفلام متممة إنتاج عقد 2000
أفلام مراهقة درامية أمريكية
أفلام مراهقة كوميديا درامية أمريكية
أفلام مراهقة كوميديا درامية في عقد 2000
أفلام مراهقة كوميدية أمريكية
أفلام مراهقة كوميدية درامية في عقد 2000
أفلام مراهقة كوميدية في عقد 2000
أفلام مستوحاة من كتب الأطفال
أفلام مصورة في الهند
أفلام مصورة في راجستان
أفلام مصورة في مومباي
أفلام موسيقية تلفزيونية
أفلام موسيقية كوميديا درامية أمريكية
أفلام موسيقية مراهقة أمريكية
التلفزة الأمريكية سنة 2008

ذا تشيتا جيرلز: وان ورلد


An Potamogeton nitens in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Weber (pro. sp.. An Potamogeton nitens in nahilalakip ha genus nga Potamogeton, ngan familia nga Potamogetonaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Potamogeton

Potamogeton nitens


Çat ya Çat Köyü, bir yerleşim adıdir;
 Çat, Adıyaman
 Çat, Erzincan
 Çat, Erzurum ili ilçesi
 Çat, Hatay
 Çatköy, Kastamonu
 Çat, Kocaeli
 Çat, Kütahya
 Çat, Nevşehir
 Çat, Rize
 Çat, Sinop
 Çat, Hanak
 Çatköy, Gemerek(Sivas)
 Çatköy, Şanlıurfa
 Çat, Tokat
 Çat, Tunceli
 Çat, Yozgat

Çat (anlam ayrımı)


Luísa Correia Pereira ( Lisboa, 1945 - Lisboa, 2009) foi uma pintora portuguesa.

Biografia
Luísa Correia Pereira nasceu em Lisboa em 1945 e faleceu na mesma cidade em 2009.

Viveu no Rio de Janeiro entre 1962 a 1968 e trabalhou na organização do IV Centenário do Rio de Janeiro. em 1968 vai para Paris, onde viveu até 1974. Estudou no Instituto Católico de Paris onde frequentou o curso de Bibliotecária- Documentalista e trabalhou na Fondation Nationale des Sciences Politiques. Simultaneamente inicia o seu trabalho plástico.

No início dos anos 70 o seu trabalho incide sobretudo no desenho (grattage e frottage)  e na  exploração de técnicas de impressão: gravura, xilogravura, serigrafia, monotipia. Foi bolseira da Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian em 1972-1974, e desenvolveu o seu trabalho de gravura no Atelier Friedlaender do gravador Stanley William Hayter em Paris.

Com a Revolução dos Cravos regressa a Lisboa e em 1979-1980 é de novo bolseira da Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian, obtendo da Fundação sucessivos apoios ao seu trabalho nas décadas de 80 e 90.

Obra/Exposições
O seu trabalho de pintura e desenho desenvolveu-se ao longo de 4 décadas sem grande visibilidade  até à data da sua exposição retrospectiva, em 2003, "Fiat Lux: Paris-Lisboa. Jogos Infantis e Desportos e Jogos" organizada pela EDP – Electricidade de Portugal, em parceria com o Centro de Arte Moderna José de Azeredo Perdigão, patente na Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian / Centro de Arte Moderna com a curadoria de João Pinharanda.

No ano da sua morte, 2009 é realizada a exposição "L'Enfant Terrible" organizada por Maria Filomena Molder  e Gaëtan Lampo na Galeria de Arte São Roque, Lisboa e em 2011, "A convocação de todos os seres" na Culturgest do Porto, com curadoria de Gaëtan Lampo e Miguel Wandschneider, reúne a sua obra gráfica (gravura em metal, linóleo, xilogravura, monotipia) desenvolvida no período em que viveu como bolseira em Paris (1972-1974).

Reconhecimento
No início do séc. XXI, foi-lhe atribuído o Subsídio de  Mérito Cultural pelo Ministério da Cultura português.

Está representada em diversas coleções públicas e privadas: Fundação Luso-Americana para o Desenvolvimento, Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian, Fundação EDP, Culturgest ( Fundação Caixa Geral de Depósitos).

Referências

Ligações Externas
 Arquivos RTP | Exposição de Luísa Correia Pereira, Museu de Évora (1978)

Naturais de Lisboa
Nascidos em 1945
Mortos em 2009
Pintoras
Pintoras de Portugal

Luísa Correia Pereira


Steristopfen und Steristopfen-Passform sind kegelförmige Verschluss-Stopfen aus Zellulose für die Mikrobiologie. Sie finden Einsatz in der Bakteriologie, bei Hygieneinstituten, Lebensmittel- und Kriminallaboren sowie in Lehranstalten.

Geschichte
Der Steristopfen wurde Anfang der 1960er Jahre von Heinz Herenz entwickelt und am 13. März 1965 zum Patent und als Marke angemeldet.

Eigenschaften
Steristopfen eignen sich zum sterilen Verschluss von Bakterienkulturen in Reagenzgläsern, Erlenmeyer- und Kulturkolben. Sie sind autoklavierbar bis 200 °C, bakterienfilternd, sterilisierfähig, luftdurchlässig und sind für den Einmalgebrauch konzipiert. Sie ermöglichen den Verzicht auf das umständliche und arbeitsintensive Eindrehen von Watte, das bis zur Entwicklung der Steristopfen die gängige Methode zum Verschließen von Laborglas war.

Herstellung
Steristopfen werden in Deutschland aus einem speziellen, eigens für dieses Produkt hergestellten Zellstoff bei hoher Geschwindigkeit und unter Zuhilfenahme eines speziell für diesen Zweck entwickelten, produktneutralen Klebstoffs um einen Dorn gewickelt. Die einzelnen Formen und Größen werden durch entsprechende Schablonen vorgegeben.

Produktvarianten
Die Steristopfen werden passend für alle gängigen Innendurchmesser von 4 mm bis zu 70 mm in 73 verschiedenen Ausführungen standardmäßig in normalhart, weich oder extrahart hergestellt. Des Weiteren werden Sonderstopfen für Außendurchmesser von 6, 12 und 14 mm für Labor-Röhrchen produziert, Steristopfen als Abstrichstäbchen für die gynäkologische Vorsorgeuntersuchung für das Cancer-Antigen 125 sowie kundenspezifische Ausfertigungen.

Einzelnachweise

Verschluss (Abfülltechnik)

Steristopfen


حاتم علي (2 يونيو 1962 – 29 ديسمبر 2020) ممثل وكاتب ومخرج ومنتج سوري راحل، بدأ حياته بالكتابة المسرحية وكتابة النصوص الدرامية والقصص القصيرة. حصل على إجازة في الفنون المسرحية من المعهد العالي للفنون المسرحية بدمشق قسم التمثيل عام 1986.

فاز بالعديد من الجوائز عن أعماله التلفزيونية التي أخرجها مثل مسلسل التغريبة الفلسطينية، ومسلسل عمر، ومسلسل صلاح الدين الأيوبي، وصقر قريش، وربيع قرطبة، ومسلسل الزير سالم، والعديد من الجوائز الأخرى. أخرج 25 عملاً تلفزيونياً ومثل في الكثير منها.

حياته العائلية
تزوج من الكاتبة السورية دلع الرحبي عام 1990، ورُزِقَ الزوجان بابنتين هما "غزل" و"غالية" وولد واحد هو المخرج عمرو حاتم علي الذي تدرب على يد والده.

وهو من مواليد قرية كفر حارب في الجولان السوري المحتل المطلة على بحيرة طبريا.

البداية
بدأ حاتم حياته الفنية ممثلًا مع المخرج هيثم حقي في مسلسل دائرة النار 1988، ثم توالت مشاركاته في الأعمال الدرامية التي جسد شخصيات مختلفة، تتنوع بين الأدوار التاريخية والبدوية إلى الشخصيات المعاصرة بأنماط متعددة. وله لوحات كوميدية مع الفنان ياسر العظمة.

توجه إلى الإخراج التلفزيوني في منتصف التسعينات، حيث قدم عدد كبير من الأفلام التلفزيونية الروائية الطويلة وعدد من الثلاثيات والسباعيات، وفي مرحلة متقدمة قدم مجموعة من المسلسلات الاجتماعية والتاريخية ومن أهم ما قدمه مسلسل الزير سالم والذي يُعد نقطة تحول في مسيرة هذا الفنان وكذلك الرباعية الأندلسية، وقد دبلج مسلسله صلاح الدين الأيوبي وعرض في ماليزيا وتركيا واليمن والصومال.

أما بخصوص مسلسل التغريبة الفلسطينية فيقول حاتم علي: .

أعماله

كاتب
نشر حاتم علي مجموعتين قصصيتين هما:
 ما حدث وما لم يحدث.
 موت مدرس التاريخ العجوز.

كاتب سيناريو
على صعيد كتابة السيناريو، ألّف فيلم زائر الليل الذي أخرجه محمد بدرخان كما كتب مسلسل القلاع الذي أخرجه مأمون البني وألّف فيلمًا تلفزيونيًا بعنوان الحصان أخرجه بنفسه وشارك في كتابة فيلم آخر الليل مع الكاتب عبد المجيد حيدر وحصل من خلاله على أول جائزة كمخرج من مهرجان القاهرة للإذاعة والتلفزيون 1996.

ممثل
أدّى حاتم علي أدوارًا في عدة أعمال منها:

كاتب مسرحي
كتب للمسرح ثلاث مسرحيات بالتعاون مع المخرج المسرحي زيناتي قدسية بعنوان الحصار، كما كتب مسرحية حكاية مسعود التي أخرجها زيناتي قدسية لصالح فرقة القنيطرة.

وكمخرج مسرحي له ثلاث مسرحيات:
 مات 3 مرات - 1996
 البارحة.. اليوم.. وغدا - 1998
 أهل الهوى - 2003

إخراج سينمائي
له فيلمين في السينما هما:
 العشاق 2005 - فيلم روائي طويل (مقتبس عن مسلسل أحلام كبيرة) إنتاج سوريا الدولية للإنتاج الفني
 شغف 2005 - فيلم قصير إنتاج المؤسسة العامة للسينما - سوريا
 سيلينا 2008- فيلم غنائي طويل كتبه الرحابنة منذ سنوات وأنتجه نادر الأتاسي بطولة ميريام فارس
 الليل الطويل 2008 - فيلم روائي طويل عن نص هيثم حقي إنتاج أفلام ريل.

منتج
 فيلم علاقات شائكة - إخراج: عمرو حاتم علي 2006
 في 25 ديسمبر 2007 أعلن رسميا افتتاح شركة صورة للإنتاج الفني التي بدأت أول إنتاجاتها مع مسلسل أيام الثأر الذي أصبح اسمه صراع على الرمال.
 مسلسل طوق الياسمين - إخراج: علي محي الدين علي 2008
 فيلم 8 ملم ديجيتال - إخراج: عمرو حاتم علي 2008
 فيلم ميكي ماوس - إخراج: عمرو حاتم علي 2009
 الفيلم الوثائقي (عراقيون في منفى متعدد الطبقات) - إخراج: فجر يعقوب 2008

مخرج مسلسلات
أخرج العديد من المسلسلات التلفزيونية

دوبلاج
 الأميرة الجميلة - الراوي

جوائز
 أفضل مخرج من مهرجان القاهرة للإذاعة والتليفزيون عن فيلم آخر الليل - 1996
 أفضل مخرج من مهرجان القاهرة للإذاعة والتليفزيون عن مسلسل سفر - 1997
 ذهبية مهرجان البحرين عن مسلسل الزير سالم - 2000
 شهادة تقدير من نقابة الفنانين السوريين عن مسلسل الزير سالم - 2000
 ذهبية مهرجان القاهرة للإذاعة والتليفزيون عن مسلسل صلاح الدين الأيوبي - 2001
 أفضل مخرج عن مسلسل صلاح الدين الأيوبي من مهرجان القاهرة للإذاعة والتليفزيون
 شهادة تقدير من نقابة الفنانين السوريين عن مسلسل صلاح الدين الأيوبي - 2001
 ذهبية مهرجان القاهرة للإذاعة والتليفزيون عن المسلسل الاجتماعي الفصول الأربعة - 2002
 ذهبية مهرجان القاهرة للإذاعة والتليفزيون عن المسلسل التاريخي صقر قريش - 2002
 أفضل مخرج عن مسلسل صقر قريش من مهرجان القاهرة للإذاعة والتليفزيون
 جائزة أدونيا للدراما السورية عن التغريبة الفلسطينية وأحلام كبيرة - 2004
 جائزة أدونيا للدراما السورية عن ملوك الطوائف وعصي الدمع - 2005
 ذهبية مهرجان تونس للاذاعة والتلفزيون عن المسلسل التاريخي ملوك الطوائف
 فضية مهرجان تونس للاذاعة والتلفزيون عن مسلسل على طول الأيام
 ذهبية مهرجان القاهرة للإعلام العربي لأفضل مسلسل عن مسلسل الملك فاروق
 أفضل مخرج من مهرجان القاهرة للإعلام العربي عن مسلسل الملك فاروق - 2007
 تنويه خاص عن فيلم الليل الطويل - مهرجان روتردام للفيلم العربي 2009

في الأدب

 «الاستبداد المفرح - حوارات مع حاتم علي» الكتاب هو سلسلة حوارات أجراها الناقد والمخرج السينمائي والروائي الفلسطيني فجر يعقوب مع المخرج والكاتب حاتم علي على مدار أربع سنوات. وصدرت الطبعة الأولى منه عن دار كنعان للطباعة والنشر في دمشق سنة 2015 وأعيدت طباعته بعد رحيل حاتم علي في طبعة ثانية عن نفس الدار.

أعماله الكاملة في التلفزيون

الوفاة
توفي في مصر بتاريخ 29 ديسمبر (كانون الأول) 2020 ميلادي الموافق 14 جمادى الأولى 1442 هجري عن عمرٍ ناهز 58 عامًا؛ وذلك بسبب نوبة قلبية أصابته، وتم تشييع جثمانه عصر يوم الجمعة 1 كانون الثاني 2021 من مسجد الحسن بدمشق وقد ووري الثرى بمقبرة باب الصغير بالعاصمة السورية.

وعقب وفاته، رثاه صديقه وشريكه الكاتب الفلسطيني وليد سيف قائلًا: .

منح رئيس دولة فلسطين محمود عباس المخرج السوري حاتم علي وسام الفنون والثقافة والعلوم من درجة النجمة الكبرى تقديرًا لجهوده.

مراجع

وصلات خارجية

أشخاص من محافظة القنيطرة
أعضاء هيئة تدريس المعهد العالي للفنون المسرحية
خريجو المعهد العالي للفنون المسرحية بدمشق
مخرجو أفلام سوريون
مخرجو تلفزيون سوريون
مدفونون في مقبرة الباب الصغير
مسرحيون سوريون
ممثلو تلفزيون سوريون
مواليد 1381 هـ
مواليد 1962
وفيات 1442 هـ
وفيات 2020
وفيات بسبب نوبة قلبية
وفيات بعمر 58
وفيات في القاهرة

حاتم علي


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}}Mayevski'  es un jútor del raión de Slaviansk del krai de Krasnodar, en el sur de Rusia. Está situado en los arrozales situados entre los distributarios del delta del Kubán, en la orilla derecha del brazo principal de este río, poco después del lugar donde surge su distributario el Protoka, 8 km al sur de Slaviansk-na-Kubani y 68 al oeste de Krasnodar, la capital del krai. Tenía 845 habitantes en 2010.

Es cabeza del municipio Mayevskoye, al que pertenecen asimismo Serbin, Kolésnikov y Troitski.

 Historia

El nombre de la localidad deriva del apellido del oficial cosaco Manevski (nombre que derivó en Mayevski) que recibió la tierra en uso hereditario por sus servicios militares. Fue fundado en las décadas de 1860-1870 con la venta de pequeñas parcelas de tierra a otros cosacos. Se encontraba 700 m al sudoeste, en la orilla del Kubán, pero fue trasladado a su emplazamiento actual en la década de 1920 debido a las frecuentes inundaciones.

 Lugares de interés

En el centro de la población se halla el complejo memorial a los caídos en la defensa y posterior liberación de la localidad durante la Gran Guerra Patria en 1942-1943.

 Economía

El principal sector de la economía del jútor es el agrícola (OOO Mayevskiye grudy y OOO Kubán-vodservis).

 Servicios sociales

La localidad cuenta con una escuela general básica, una biblioteca y un punto de enfermería, entre otros establecimientos.

 Enlaces externos y referencias

 Este artículo contiene datos geográficos extraídos de Google Earth y el mapa de Rusia de Yandex.ru, accesible desde  este enlace. Este artículo es en parte una traducción de su correspondiente en la edición rusa de Wikipedia, Маевский (Славянский район Краснодарского края).''
 Sitio web sobre la localidad
 Mapa en vlasenko.net .

Localidades del raión de Slaviansk del krai de Krasnodar
Localidades establecidas en los años 1860

Mayevski (Slaviansk, Krasnodar)


Suheil Salman al-Hasan (Jableh, 1970.), poznat i pod nadimkom Tigar je general bojnik Sirijske vojske i zapovjednik njihovih elitnih postrojbi, Tigrova. On je dio nove generacije sirijskih generala koja je izrasla kroz Građanski rat u Siriji.

Izvori

Životopisi, Sirija
Vojni zapovjednici

Suheil al-Hasan


Haydée Mercedes Sosa (; 9 July 1935 – 4 October 2009), sometimes known as La Negra (, an affectionate nickname for people with a darker complexion in Argentina), was an Argentine singer who was popular throughout Latin America and many countries outside the region. With her roots in Argentine folk music, Sosa became one of the preeminent exponents of El nuevo cancionero. She gave voice to songs written by many Latin American songwriters. Her music made people hail her as the "voice of the voiceless ones".

Sosa performed in venues such as the Lincoln Center in New York City, the Théâtre Mogador in Paris and the Sistine Chapel in Vatican City, as well as sell-out shows in New York's Carnegie Hall and the Roman Colosseum during her final decade of life. Her career spanned four decades and she was the recipient of six Latin Grammy awards (2000, 2003, 2004, 2006, 2009, 2011), including a Latin Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award in 2004 and two posthumous Latin Grammy Award for Best Folk Album in 2009 and 2011. She won the Premio Gardel in 2000, the main musical award in Argentina. She served as an ambassador for UNICEF.

Life
Sosa was born on 9 July 1935, in San Miguel de Tucumán, in the northwestern Argentine province of Tucumán, of mestizo ancestry. She was of French, Spanish and Diaguita descent. Her parents were Peronists, although they never registered in the party, and she started her career as a singer for the Peronist Party in Provincia Tucuman under the name Gladys Osorio. In 1950, at age fifteen, she won a singing competition organized by a local radio station and was given a contract to perform for two months. She recorded her first album, La Voz de la Zafra, in 1959. A performance at the 1965 Cosquín National Folklore Festival—where she was introduced and brought to the stage while sitting in the audience by fellow folk singer Jorge Cafrune— brought her to the attention of the Argentine public.

Sosa and her first husband, Manuel Oscar Matus, with whom she had one son, were key players in the mid-60s nueva canción movement (which was called nuevo cancionero in Argentina). Her second record was Canciones con Fundamento, a collection of Argentine folk songs.

In 1967, Sosa toured the United States and Europe with great success. In later years, she performed and recorded extensively, broadening her repertoire to include material from throughout Latin America.

In the early 1970s, Sosa released two concept albums in collaboration with composer Ariel Ramírez and lyricist Félix Luna: Cantata Sudamericana and Mujeres Argentinas (Argentine Women). She also recorded a tribute to Chilean musician Violeta Parra in 1971, including what was to become one of Sosa's signature songs, Gracias a la Vida. She also increased the popularity of songs written by Milton Nascimento of Brazil and Pablo Milanés and Silvio Rodríguez both from Cuba.

After the military junta of Jorge Videla came to power in 1976, the atmosphere in Argentina grew increasingly oppressive. Sosa faced death threats against both her and her family, but refused for many years to leave the country. At a concert in La Plata in 1979, Sosa was searched and arrested on stage, along with all those attending the concert. Their release came about through international intervention. Banned in her own country, she moved to Paris and then to Madrid.

Sosa returned to Argentina from her exile in Europe in 1982, several months before the military regime collapsed as a result of the Falklands War, and gave a series of concerts at the Teatro Ópera in Buenos Aires, where she invited many of her younger colleagues to share the stage. A double album of recordings from these performances became an instant best seller. In subsequent years, Sosa continued to tour both in Argentina and abroad, performing in such venues as the Lincoln Center in New York City and the Théâtre Mogador in Paris. By then, she was already called America's voice. In poor health for much of the 1990s, she performed a comeback show in Argentina in 1998. In 1994, she played in the Sistine Chapel in Vatican City. In 2002, she sold out both Carnegie Hall in New York and the Colosseum in Rome in the same year.

A supporter of Perón, she favored leftist causes throughout her life. She opposed President Carlos Menem, who was in office from 1989 to 1999, and supported the election of Néstor Kirchner, who became president in 2003.
Sosa was a UNESCO Goodwill Ambassador for Latin America and the Caribbean.

In a career spanning four decades, she worked with performers across several genres and generations, folk, opera, pop, rock, including Martha Argerich, Andrea Bocelli, David Broza, Franco Battiato, Jaime Roos, Joan Baez, Francis Cabrel, Gal Costa, Luz Casal, Lila Downs, Lucio Dalla, Maria Farantouri, Lucecita Benitez, Nilda Fernández, Charly Garcia, León Gieco, Gian Marco, Nana Mouskouri, Pablo Milanés, Holly Near, Milton Nascimento, Pata Negra, Fito Páez, Franco De Vita, Lourdes Pérez, Luciano Pavarotti, Silvio Rodríguez, Ismael Serrano, Shakira, Sting, Caetano Veloso, Julieta Venegas, Gustavo Cerati and Konstantin Wecker

Sosa participated in a 1999 production of Ariel Ramírez's Misa Criolla. Her song Balderrama is featured in the 2008 movie Che, starring Benicio del Toro as the Argentine Marxist revolutionary Che Guevara.

Sosa was the former co-chair of the Earth Charter International Commission.

Awards
She won the Latin Grammy Award for Best Folk Album in 2000 (Misa Criolla), 2003 (Acústico), 2006 (Corazón Libre), 2009 (Cantora 1, which also won Best Recording Package and was nominated for Album of the Year), and 2011 (Deja La Vida Volar), as well as several international awards.

In 1995, Konex Foundation from Argentina granted her the Diamond Konex Award, one of the most prestigious awards in Argentina, as the most important personality in the Popular Music of her country in the last decade.

Death

Suffering from recurrent endocrine and respiratory problems in later years, the 74-year-old Sosa was hospitalized in Buenos Aires on 18 September 2009. She died from multiple organ failure on 4 October 2009, at 5:15 am. She is survived by one son, Fabián Matus, born of her first marriage. He said: "She lived her 74 years to the fullest. She had done practically everything she wanted, she didn't have any type of barrier or any type of fear that limited her". The hospital expressed its sympathies to her relatives. Her website featured the following: "Her undisputed talent, her honesty and her profound convictions leave a great legacy to future generations".

Her body was placed on display at the National Congress building in Buenos Aires for the public to pay their respects, and President Fernández de Kirchner ordered three days of national mourning. Thousands had queued by the end of the day. She was cremated on 5 October.

Sosa's obituary in The Daily Telegraph said she was "an unrivalled interpreter of works by her compatriot, the Argentine Atahualpa Yupanqui, and Chile's Violeta Parra". Helen Popper of Reuters reported her death by saying she "fought South America's dictators with her voice and became a giant of contemporary Latin American music". Sosa received three Latin Grammy nominations for her album, in 2009 . She went on to win Best Folk Album about a month after her death.

Tributes
In 2019, she was celebrated by a Google Doodle. The doodle was showcased in Argentina, Chile, Uruguay, Paraguay, Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador, Cuba, Iceland, Sweden, Serbia, Greece, Israel and Vietnam.

In 2023, Rolling Stone ranked Sosa at number 160 on its list of the 200 Greatest Singers of All Time.

Discography

She recorded forty albums.

Studio albums

EPs

Live albums

Compilation albums

Filmography
Güemes, la tierra en armas (1971)
Argentinísima (1972)
Esta es mi Argentina (1974)
Mercedes Sosa, como un pájaro libre (1983)
Será possible el sur: Mercedes Sosa (1985)
Historias de Argentina en vivo (2001)

Further reading

  (Abridged version of Mercedes Sosa - The Voice of Hope)

References

External links

 Tribute to Mercedes Sosa (in Portuguese BR)
 Mercedes Sosa's website (in Spanish)
 Mercedes Sosa's News (in Spanish)

1935 births
2009 deaths
Latin Grammy Award winners
20th-century Argentine women singers
Argentine activists
Argentine women activists
Argentine people of French descent
Argentine people of Diaguita descent
Argentine people of Quechua descent
Deaths from kidney failure
People from San Miguel de Tucumán
Nueva canción musicians
Bombo legüero players
Latin Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award winners
Recipients of the Order of Cultural Merit (Brazil)
20th-century drummers
Women in Latin music

Mercedes Sosa


Portage Bay is a body of water, often thought of as the eastern arm of Lake Union, that forms a part of the Lake Washington Ship Canal in Seattle, Washington.

To the east, Portage Bay is connected with Union Bay—a part of Lake Washington—by the Montlake Cut, over which spans the Montlake Bridge carrying State Route 513. To the north is the campus of the University of Washington. To the west, Portage Bay is spanned by the University Bridge, which carries Eastlake Avenue between Eastlake and the University District. Its westernmost limit can be said to be the Ship Canal Bridge, which carries Interstate 5 over the water; past this bridge, the body of water is deemed to be Lake Union. In the southern portion, Portage Bay is spanned by the Portage Bay Viaduct, which carries State Route 520 from the Eastlake/Capitol Hill district to Montlake.

Portage Bay was named in 1913 because of the portage across the Montlake Isthmus that used to be necessary to move logs from Union Bay to Lake Union before the construction of the Ship Canal. The bay is home to two yacht clubs, the Seattle and the Queen City, and many houseboats, as well as the Northwest Fisheries Science Center of the National Marine Fisheries Service and the University of Washington's College of Ocean and Fishery Science.

History

In 1860 (or, more likely, some time slightly later), landowner Harvey Pike tried to cut the first ditch connecting Lake Washington's Union Bay and Lake Union's Portage Bay, but gave up and deeded his land to the Lake Washington Ship Canal Company, which built a transiting rail line for portaging goods between the lakes.  This rail line continued use until 1878. In  1883, David Denny and Thomas Burke had a canal built for floating logs.

Cheshiahud lived and carved canoes on the shores of Portage Bay for many years from 1885.
In 1909, the Pay Streak, a vaudeville and sideshows section of the Alaska–Yukon–Pacific Exposition, ended in a gondola ramp and esplanade on the north shores of Portage Bay.

For 14 years following World War II, the Fantome was stranded in Portage Bay pending payment to King County of back taxes.

A university police station was located on the north shore of Portage Bay until the 2010s, when it was demolished to make way for a public park. Fritz Hedges Waterway Park opened in October 2020, using funding from the Washington State Department of Transportation as part of remediation for the State Route 520 expansion program.

Neighborhood

The small residential neighborhood of Portage Bay is located on the southwestern shore of the bay.  It is bounded on the south by State Route 520 and on the west by Interstate 5, and features one of the larger remaining enclaves of Houseboats in Seattle.

See also

Fritz Hedges Waterway Park, also known as Portage Bay Park

References

Landforms of Seattle
Portages in the United States
Bays of Washington (state)
Bays of King County, Washington

Portage Bay


In optics, the Airy disk (or Airy disc) and Airy pattern are descriptions of the best-focused spot of light that a perfect lens with a circular aperture can make, limited by the diffraction of light. The Airy disk is of importance in physics, optics, and astronomy.

The diffraction pattern resulting from a uniformly illuminated, circular aperture has a bright central region, known as the Airy disk, which together with the series of concentric rings around is called the Airy pattern. Both are named after George Biddell Airy. The disk and rings phenomenon had been known prior to Airy; John Herschel described the appearance of a bright star seen through a telescope under high magnification for an 1828 article on light for the Encyclopedia Metropolitana:

Airy wrote the first full theoretical treatment explaining the phenomenon (his 1835 "On the Diffraction of an Object-glass with Circular Aperture").

Mathematically, the diffraction pattern is characterized by the wavelength of light illuminating the circular aperture, and the aperture's size. The appearance of the diffraction pattern is additionally characterized by the sensitivity of the eye or other detector used to observe the pattern.

The most important application of this concept is in cameras, microscopes and telescopes. Due to diffraction, the smallest point to which a lens or mirror can focus a beam of light is the size of the Airy disk. Even if one were able to make a perfect lens, there is still a limit to the resolution of an image created by such a lens. An optical system in which the resolution is no longer limited by imperfections in the lenses but only by diffraction is said to be diffraction limited.

Size
Far from the aperture, the angle at which the first minimum occurs, measured from the direction of incoming light, is given by the approximate formula:

or, for small angles, simply

where  is in radians,  is the wavelength of the light in meters, and  is the diameter of the aperture in meters.  The full width at half maximum is given by

Airy wrote this relation as

where  was the angle of first minimum in seconds of arc,  was the radius of the aperture in inches, and the wavelength of light was assumed to be 0.000022 inches (560 nm; the mean of visible wavelengths).  This is equal to the angular resolution of a circular aperture.  The Rayleigh criterion for barely resolving two objects that are point sources of light, such as stars seen through a telescope, is that the center of the Airy disk for the first object occurs at the first minimum of the Airy disk of the second.  This means that the angular resolution of a diffraction-limited system is given by the same formulae.

However, while the angle at which the first minimum occurs (which is sometimes described as the radius of the Airy disk) depends only on wavelength and aperture size, the appearance of the diffraction pattern will vary with the intensity (brightness) of the light source.  Because any detector (eye, film, digital) used to observe the diffraction pattern can have an intensity threshold for detection, the full diffraction pattern may not be apparent.  In astronomy, the outer rings are frequently not apparent even in a highly magnified image of a star.  It may be that none of the rings are apparent, in which case the star image appears as a disk (central maximum only) rather than as a full diffraction pattern.  Furthermore, fainter stars will appear as smaller disks than brighter stars, because less of their central maximum reaches the threshold of detection.  While in theory all stars or other "point sources" of a given wavelength and seen through a given aperture have the same Airy disk radius characterized by the above equation (and the same diffraction pattern size), differing only in intensity, the appearance is that fainter sources appear as smaller disks, and brighter sources appear as larger disks.  This was described by Airy in his original work:
The rapid decrease of light in the successive rings will sufficiently explain the visibility of two or three rings with a very bright star and the non-visibility of rings with a faint star. The difference of the diameters of the central spots (or spurious disks) of different stars ... is also fully explained. Thus the radius of the spurious disk of a faint star, where light of less than half the intensity of the central light makes no impression on the eye, is determined by [s = 1.17/a], whereas the radius of the spurious disk of a bright star, where light of 1/10 the intensity of the central light is sensible, is determined by [s = 1.97/a].
Despite this feature of Airy's work, the radius of the Airy disk is often given as being simply the angle of first minimum, even in standard textbooks.  In reality, the angle of first minimum is a limiting value for the size of the Airy disk, and not a definite radius.

Examples

Cameras
If two objects imaged by a camera are separated by an angle small enough that their Airy disks on the camera detector start overlapping, the objects cannot be clearly separated any more in the image, and they start blurring together. Two objects are said to be just resolved when the maximum of the first Airy pattern falls on top of the first minimum of the second Airy pattern (the Rayleigh criterion).

Therefore, the smallest angular separation two objects can have before they significantly blur together is given as stated above by

Thus, the ability of the system to resolve detail is limited by the ratio of λ/d. The larger the aperture for a given wavelength, the finer the detail that can be distinguished in the image.

This can also be expressed as

where  is the separation of the images of the two objects on the film, and  is the distance from the lens to the film.
If we take the distance from the lens to the film to be approximately equal to the focal length of the lens, we find

but  is the f-number of a lens. A typical setting for use on an overcast day would be  (see Sunny 16 rule). For violet, the shortest wavelength visible light, the wavelength λ is about 420 nanometers (see cone cells for sensitivity of S cone cells). This gives a value for  of about 4 µm. In a digital camera, making the pixels of the image sensor smaller than half this value (one pixel for each object, one for each space between) would not significantly increase the captured image resolution. However, it may improve the final image by over-sampling, allowing noise reduction.

The human eye

The fastest f-number for the human eye is about 2.1, corresponding to a diffraction-limited point spread function with approximately 1 μm diameter. However, at this f-number, spherical aberration limits visual acuity, while a 3 mm pupil diameter (f/5.7) approximates the resolution achieved by the human eye. The maximum density of cones in the human fovea is approximately 170,000 per square millimeter, which implies that the cone spacing in the human eye is about 2.5 μm, approximately the diameter of the point spread function at f/5.

Focused laser beam
A circular laser beam with uniform intensity across the circle (a flat-top beam) focused by a lens will form an Airy disk pattern at the focus. The size of the Airy disk determines the laser intensity at the focus.

Aiming sight
Some weapon aiming sights (e.g. FN FNC) require the user to align a peep sight (rear, nearby sight, i.e. which will be out of focus) with a tip (which should be focused and overlaid on the target) at the end of the barrel. When looking through the peep sight, the user will notice an Airy disk that will help center the sight over the pin.

Conditions for observation

Light from a uniformly illuminated circular aperture (or from a uniform, flattop beam) will exhibit an Airy diffraction pattern far away from the aperture due to Fraunhofer diffraction (far-field diffraction).

The conditions for being in the far field and exhibiting an Airy pattern are: the incoming light illuminating the aperture is a plane wave (no phase variation across the aperture), the intensity is constant over the area of the aperture, and the distance  from the aperture where the diffracted light is observed (the screen distance) is large compared to the aperture size, and the radius  of the aperture is not too much larger than the wavelength  of the light. The last two conditions can be formally written as

In practice, the conditions for uniform illumination can be met by placing the source of the illumination far from the aperture. If the conditions for far field are not met (for example if the aperture is large), the far-field Airy diffraction pattern can also be obtained on a screen much closer to the aperture by using a lens right after the aperture (or the lens itself can form the aperture). The Airy pattern will then be formed at the focus of the lens rather than at infinity.

Hence, the focal spot of a uniform circular laser beam (a flattop beam) focused by a lens will also be an Airy pattern.

In a camera or imaging system an object far away gets imaged onto the film or detector plane by the objective lens, and the far field diffraction pattern is observed at the detector. The resulting image is a convolution of the ideal image with the Airy diffraction pattern due to diffraction from the iris aperture or due to the finite size of the lens. This leads to the finite resolution of a lens system described above.

Mathematical formulation

The intensity of the Airy pattern follows the Fraunhofer diffraction pattern of a circular aperture, given by the squared modulus of the Fourier transform of the circular aperture:

where  is the maximum intensity of the pattern at the Airy disc center,  is the Bessel function of the first kind of order one,  is the wavenumber,  is the radius of the aperture, and  is the angle of observation, i.e. the angle between the axis of the circular aperture and the line between aperture center and observation point.  where q is the radial distance from the observation point to the optical axis and R is its distance to the aperture. Note that the Airy disk as given by the above expression is only valid for large R, where Fraunhofer diffraction applies; calculation of the shadow in the near-field must rather be handled using Fresnel diffraction.

However the exact Airy pattern does appear at a finite distance if a lens is placed at the aperture. Then the Airy pattern will be perfectly focussed at the distance given by the lens's focal length (assuming collimated light incident on the aperture) given by the above equations.

The zeros of  are at  From this, it follows that the first dark ring in the diffraction pattern occurs where  or

If a lens is used to focus the Airy pattern at a finite distance, then the radius  of the first dark ring on the focal plane is solely given by the numerical aperture A (closely related to the  f-number) by

where the numerical aperture A is equal to the aperture's radius d/2 divided by R', the distance from the center of the Airy pattern to the edge of the aperture. Viewing the aperture of radius d/2 and lens as a camera (see diagram above) projecting an image onto a focal plane at distance f, the  numerical aperture A is related to the commonly-cited f-number N= f/d (ratio of the focal length to the lens diameter) according to

for N≫1 it is simply approximated as  This shows that the best possible image resolution of a camera is limited by the numerical aperture (and thus f-number) of its lens due to diffraction.

The half maximum of the central Airy disk (where ) occurs at  the 1/e2 point (where ) occurs at  and the maximum of the first ring occurs at

The intensity  at the center of the diffraction pattern is related to the total power  incident on the aperture by

where  is the source strength per unit area at the aperture, A is the area of the aperture () and R is the distance from the aperture. At the focal plane of a lens,  The intensity at the maximum of the first ring is about 1.75% of the intensity at the center of the Airy disk.

The expression for  above can be integrated to give the total power contained in the diffraction pattern within a circle of given size:

where  and  are Bessel functions. Hence the fractions of the total power contained within the first, second, and third dark rings (where ) are 83.8%, 91.0%, and 93.8% respectively.

Approximation using a Gaussian profile

The Airy pattern falls rather slowly to zero with increasing distance from the center, with the outer rings containing a significant portion of the integrated intensity of the pattern. As a result, the  root mean square (RMS) spotsize is undefined (i.e. infinite).  An alternative measure of the spot size is to ignore the relatively small outer rings of the Airy pattern and to approximate the central lobe with a Gaussian profile, such that

where  is the irradiance at the center of the pattern,  represents the radial distance from the center of the pattern, and  is the Gaussian RMS width (in one dimension). If we equate the peak amplitude of the Airy pattern and Gaussian profile, that is,  and find the value of  giving the optimal approximation to the pattern, we obtain

where N is the f-number. If, on the other hand, we wish to enforce that the Gaussian profile has the same volume as does the Airy pattern, then this becomes

In optical aberration theory, it is common to describe an imaging system as diffraction-limited if the Airy disk radius is larger than the RMS spotsize determined from geometric ray tracing (see Optical lens design). The Gaussian profile approximation provides an alternative means of comparison: using the approximation above shows that the Gaussian waist  of the Gaussian approximation to the Airy disk is about two-third the Airy disk radius, i.e.  as opposed to

Obscured Airy pattern
Similar equations can also be derived for the obscured Airy diffraction pattern which is the diffraction pattern from an annular aperture or beam, i.e. a uniform circular aperture (beam) obscured by a circular block at the center.  This situation is relevant to many common reflector telescope designs that incorporate a secondary mirror, including Newtonian telescopes and Schmidt–Cassegrain telescopes.

where  is the annular aperture obscuration ratio, or the ratio of the diameter of the obscuring disk and the diameter of the aperture (beam).  and x is defined as above:  where  is the radial distance in the focal plane from the optical axis,  is the wavelength and  is the f-number of the system. The fractional encircled energy (the fraction of the total energy contained within a circle of radius  centered at the optical axis in the focal plane) is then given by:

For  the formulas reduce to the unobscured versions above.

The practical effect of having a central obstruction in a telescope is that the central disc becomes slightly smaller, and the first bright ring becomes brighter at the expense of the central disc. This becomes more problematic with short focal length telescopes which require larger secondary mirrors.

Comparison to Gaussian beam focus
A circular laser beam with uniform intensity profile, focused by a lens, will form an Airy pattern at the focal plane of the lens. The intensity at the center of the focus will be  where  is the total power of the beam,  is the area of the beam ( is the beam diameter),  is the wavelength, and  is the focal length of the lens.

A Gaussian beam transmitted through a hard aperture will be clipped.  Energy is lost and edge diffraction occurs effectively increasing the divergence.  Because of these effects there is a Gaussian beam diameter which maximizes the intensity in the far field.  This occurs when the  diameter of the Gaussian is 89% of the aperture diameter, and the on axis intensity in the far field will be 81% of that produced by a uniform intensity profile.

See also

 Amateur astronomy
 Apodization
 Fraunhofer diffraction
 Bloom (shader effect)
 Newton's rings
 Optical unit
 Point spread function
 Debye-Scherrer ring
 Strehl ratio
 Speckle pattern

Notes and references

External links
  Nikon MicroscopyU (website).
 (Interactive Java Tutorial) Molecular Expressions (website).
 (Interactive Java Tutorial) Molecular Expressions.
 , Connexions (website), November 8, 2005. – Mathematical details to derive the above formula.
 "The Airy Disk: An Explanation Of What It Is, And Why You Can't Avoid It", Oldham Optical UK.

Physical optics
Diffraction

Airy disk


The American Academy in Rome is a research and arts institution located on the Gianicolo (Janiculum Hill) in Rome.
The academy is a member of the Council of American Overseas Research Centers.

History

In 1893, a group of American architects, painters and sculptors met regularly while planning the fine arts section of the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago. The group discussed the idea of forming an American school for artists in Europe as a place for American artists to study and further their skills. Led by Charles F. McKim of architectural practice McKim, Mead & White, they decided that Rome, which they considered a veritable museum of masterpieces of painting, sculpture and architecture throughout the ages, would be the best location for the school. The program began with institutions such as Columbia University and University of Pennsylvania, who would provide scholarships to artists to fund their travel to Rome. In October 1894 the American School of Architecture opened temporarily at the Palazzo Torlonia; directed by Austin W. Lord, it had three fellows, one visiting student, and a library with one volume. In July 1895, the program moved into the larger Villa Aurora. Renting space out to the American School of Classical Studies and the British & American Archeological Society Library, and financial contributions from McKim, allowed for the school to remain open.

In 1895, the American School of Architecture in Rome was incorporated in New York state and 10 shares of capital stock were issued. Despite fund-raising efforts and the American School of Classical Studies pulling out of Villa Aurora, the organization struggled financially. McKim made up for the financial loss with his personal funds. These struggles would cause the American School of Architecture to restructure and base their program on the French Academy. In June 1897, the institution dissolved itself and formed the American Academy in Rome. Among its incorporators was Charles Moore.

The Academy introduced bills to the U.S. Congress to make it a "national institution," which was successful. In 1904, the Academy moved into Villa Mirafiore, which was soon purchased and renovated. They formed an endowment, which raised over a million dollars, designating those having donated over $100,000 as founders. These founders included McKim, Harvard College, The Carnegie Foundation, J.P. Morgan, J.P. Morgan Jr., John D. Rockefeller Jr., The Rockefeller Foundation, William K. Vanderbilt, Henry Walters, and others. Ever since, the American Academy has always been primarily privately financed. Today, financing comes from private donations as well as grants from the National Endowment for the Arts and the National Endowment for the Humanities.

In 1912, the American School of Classical Studies in Rome merged with the Academy, giving the Academy two wings: one that focuses on fine art and one, classical studies. Women were a part of the School of Classical Studies, but were not permitted participation in the School of Fine Arts until after World War II. Since 1914, Joseph Brodsky, Aaron Copland, Nadine Gordimer, Thornton Wilder, Mary McCarthy, Philip Guston, Frank Stella, William Styron, Michael Graves, Robert Venturi, Robert Penn Warren, Oscar Hijuelos and Elizabeth Murray, among others, have come to the Academy for inspiration. More recent fellows include artists Firelei Báez, Nari Ward, Rochelle Feinstein, Sanford Biggers, Roberto Lugo and Daniel Joseph Martinez, writers Anthony Doerr, Alexandra Kleeman and Kirstin Valdez Quade, composers Christopher Cerrone, Pamela Z and Andy Akiho, architect Germane Barnes, and filmmaker Garrett Bradley (filmmaker).

In her tenure as president from 1988 and 2013, Adele Chatfield-Taylor, helped restore the Academy's McKim, Mead & White building at a cost of $8.2 million and oversaw a capital campaign in which the institution's endowment grew to $100 million. She also brought on Alice Waters to create the Rome Sustainable Food Project, which brings chefs from the United States to explore Italian sustainable food traditions and to cook for the Academy guests. Mark Robbins (1997 Fellow) became president and CEO of the Academy in January 2014. His tenure has seen the American Academy in Rome become more diverse and globally facing, and he launched new public programming in the United States. As of July 1, 2023, Peter N. Miller is serving as President of the American Academy in Rome.

Programs
The Academy serves as a "home" to visiting U.S. scholars and artists having been awarded the Rome Prize. Given each year to around 30 (15 artist and 15 scholars) of more than 1,000 applicants, the Rome Prize is awarded for work in the following fields: classical studies, ancient studies, medieval studies, modern Italian studies, architecture, design, historic preservation, art conservation, landscape architecture, musical composition, visual art, and literature. The Rome Prize includes terms that range from six months to two years fellowships at the academy; a stipend ($16,000 for half-year and $30,000 for full-year fellowships); and work and living space at the 11-acre campus.

The 2023/2024 Rome Prize cycle included: Kamrooz Aram, Nao Bustamante, Zachary Fabri, Jeanine Oleson, and Dread Scott.

The American Academy in Rome also has a prestigious residency program, where international leaders in disciplines represented by the Rome Prize are invited to come to the Academy to work and serve as informal mentors. Recent residents have included prominent writers Don Delillo, Ayad Akhtar, André Aciman, Anna Deavere Smith and Jhumpa Lahiri, artists Kara Walker, Yto Barrada, Teresita Fernández, Laurie Anderson, Julie Mehretu and Theaster Gates, designer Michael Bierut, architects Annabelle Selldorf, Jeanne Gang and David Adjaye, composers Nico Muhly, David Lang (composer) (also a Fellow) and Tania León, and scholars Lynn Meskell, Mary Beard (classicist), Shadi Bartsch, David Kertzer, David Nirenberg and David McCullough.

In addition to Rome Prize Fellows and Resident, visiting scholars and artists live and work at the Academy for varying periods.

Governance and leadership

The American Academy in Rome is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization that was incorporated by U.S. Congress in 1905 (An Act of Congress to incorporate the American Academy in Rome, approved March 3, 1905). Its operations are financed privately, through the support of individual donors, foundations, private colleges and universities, and funds from its endowment. It has a board of trustees.

The American Academy in Rome is led by the President and CEO, Peter N. Miller. Until 1971, the president was an unsalaried position held by the chairmen of the board of trustees. In 1971, the administrative structure was changed in recognition of the need for a professional staff in the U.S., and the position of President and CEO was separated from that of Chair of the Board of Trustees.

Additionally, the American Academy in Rome has a Director in Rome, who reports to the President, which is usually a tenured academic who is "lent" from their home institution to serve as director for a term of three years. Aliza Wong was named director in 2022, becoming the first woman of color to serve as director in the institution's 128-year history.

List of presidents

 Charles Follen McKim (1894-1909) – First President
 William Rutherford Mead (1910-1928)
 Charles A. Platt (1928-1933)
 John Russell Pope (1934-1937)
 James Kellum Smith (1938-1958)
 Michael Rapuano (1958-1959)
 Rensselaer Lee (1969-1971)
 Henry T. Rowell (1971-1974)
 Harold C. Martin (1974-1977)
 Bill N. Lacy (1977-1980)
 Calvin G. Rand (1980-1984)
 Sophie C. Consagra (1984-1988)
 John T. Sargent (1988)
 Adele Chatfield-Taylor (1988-2013)
 Mark Robbins (2014-2023)
 Peter N. Miller (2023-)

List of directors

 Jesse Benedict Carter (1913-1917) – First Director
 Gorham Phillips Stevens (1917-1932)
 James Monroe Hewlett (1932-1934)
 Chester Holmes Aldrich (1935–1940)
 No director during World War II (1940–1945)
 William Bell Dinsmoor (appointed acting director, 1944, but was unable to take up the post and resigned in 1945)
 Charles Rufus Morey (1945-1946) (acting director)
 Laurance P. Roberts (1946-1960)
 Richard Arthur Kimball (1960-1965)
 Frank Edward Brown (1965–1969)
 Reginald Allen (1969-1970 (acting director)
 Bartlett H. Hayes Jr. (1970–1973)
 Frank Edward Brown (1973-1974) (acting director)
 Henry A. Millon (1974-1977)
 John D'Arms (1977-1980)
 Sophie C. Consagra (1980-1984)
 Jim Melchert (1984-1988)
 Joseph Connors (1988-1992)
 Caroline Bruzelius (1994-1997]
 Lester K. Little (1997-2005)
 Carmela Vircillo Franklin (2005-2010)
 Christopher Celenza (2010-2014)
 Kimberly Bowes (2014-2017)
 John Ochsendorf (2017-2020]
 Avinoam Shalem (2020-2021)
 Elizabeth Rodini (2021-2022) (acting director)
 Aliza Wong (2022-)

Site

The Academy is housed in several buildings.  The main building was designed by the firm of McKim, Mead, and White (their only building in Europe) and opened in 1914. Located under the floor of the basement of the main building lies a segment of the Aqua Traiana that was discovered in 1912–1913. The courtyard has a fountain designed by sculptor Paul Manship. The 2011 Driehaus Prize winner and New Classical architect Michael Graves designed the rare books library in 1996.

The Academy also owns the Villa Aurelia, a country estate built for Cardinal Girolamo Farnese in 1650.  The building served as Giuseppe Garibaldi's headquarters during the French siege of Rome in 1849.  The villa was heavily damaged during the assault, but it was restored.  It was then purchased by Philadelphia heiress Clara Jessup Heyland. Heyland died in 1909, bequeathing the villa to the Academy in her will.

Archaeology
A portion of the aqueduct Aqua Traiana and the ruins of the watermills fed by the aqueduct are on the grounds of the Academy.  From the third to the sixth century CE, the Aqua Traiana carried water to operate a number of water mills used for grinding grain, mostly wheat, into flour to make bread, the most important item in the Roman diet. The ancient city of Rome had to import large amounts of grain from Egypt, North Africa, and Sicily to feed its population, estimated at about one million people at its peak. The mills on Janiculum Hill and on the site of the Academy were the second largest complex of water mills known in the ancient world. The provision of grain to the residents of Rome was called the Cura Annonae. The aqueduct and the watermills were excavated in the 1990s.

See also

 American Academy in Berlin
 American School of Classical Studies at Athens
 American Schools of Oriental Research
 British School at Rome
 Académie de France à Rome
 Deutsches Archäologisches Institut Rom
 Romanian Academy in Rome
 Villa Massimo
 John Russell Pope

References

External links
 American Academy in Rome
 Smithsonian Archives of American Art — The American Academy in Rome archives.
 Villa Aurelia

1894 establishments in Italy
American art
Foreign academies in Rome
Landscape design history of the United States
Andrew Carnegie
McKim, Mead & White buildings
Beaux-Arts architecture
Rome R. XIII Trastevere

American Academy in Rome


An Masdevallia epallax in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Willibald Königer. An Masdevallia epallax in nahilalakip ha genus nga Masdevallia, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae.

Mabibilngan ini ha Costa Rica. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Masdevallia

Masdevallia epallax


Pratabgarh (en hindi: प्रतापगढ़ जिला) es un distrito de la India en el estado de Rajastán. Código ISO: IN.RJ.PG.

Comprende una superficie de 642 km².

El centro administrativo es la ciudad de Pratabgarh.

Demografía
Según censo 2011 contaba con una población total de 868231 habitantes, de los cuales 430 281 eran mujeres y 437 950 varones.

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Sitio web oficial.

Pratabgarh
Estados y territorios fundados en 2008

Distrito de Pratabgarh


Cannaregio ( ) er den nordligste af de seks historiske sestieri (distrikter) i Venedig. Det er det næststørste landområde målt på areal og den største målt på befolkningstal med 13.169 personer i 2007.

Isola di San Michele, den historiske kirkegårdsø, er forbundet med distriktet.

Historie
Cannaregio-kanalen, som var hovedruten til byen, indtil opførelsen af et jernbaneled til fastlandet, gav distriktet sit navn (Canal Regio er italiensk for Konglig Kanal).  Udviklingen i området begyndte i det 11. århundrede, da området blev drænet og parallelle kanaler blev oprenset.  Selv om elegante palazzos blev bygget ud mod Canal Grande, voksede området primært med arbejderklassehuse og -produktion.I begyndelsen af 1516 var jøder begrænset til at leve i den venetianske ghetto, som blev omsluttet af bevogtede porte, og ingen fik lov at forlade Ghetto'en fra solnedgang til daggry. Jøderne havde, på trods,  succesfulde stillinger i byen som handlende, læger, pengeudlånere og  i andre forretninger.  Begrænsninger af det daglige jødiske liv fortsatte i mere end 270 år, indtil Napoleon Bonaparte erobrede Den Venetianske Republik i 1797.  Han fjernede portene og gav alle beboere frihed til at leve hvor de ville.

I det 19. århundrede byggede civilingeniører en gade ved navn Strada Nuova gennem Cannaregio, og en jernbanebro og vejbro blev bygget for at forbinde Venedig direkte til Venedigs fastland.  I dag er områderne i bydelen langs Canal Grande fra togstationen til Rialto-broen pakket af turister, men resten af Cannaregio er præget af private boliger og relativt fredelig med morgenmarkeder, kvarterbutikker og små caféer.

Hovedseværdigheder

 Ponte delle Guglie
 Ponte dei Tre Archi
 Venezia Santa Lucia banegård
 Venetianske ghetto
 Sacca della Misericordia
 Ca 'd'Oro
 Palazzo Labia
 Ca 'Vendramin Calergi :
 Isola di San Michele

Kirker

 Santa Maria di Nazareth , kendt som Chiesa degli Scalzi
 Santa Maria dei Miracoli
 Madonna dell'Orto
 San Canciano
 San Geremia
 Sant'Alvise
 San Giovanni Crisostomo
 Abbazia della Misericordia

Referencer

Venedig

Cannaregio


Lélection présidentielle colombienne de 2022 se tient le  afin d'élire pour quatre ans le président de la République de Colombie.

Le président sortant Iván Duque n'est pas éligible pour un second mandat, la constitution colombienne limitant le chef de l'État à un mandat unique. L'élection présidentielle de mai 2022 suit par ailleurs de quelques mois les élections législatives, organisées le 13 mars précédent.

Le premier tour voit arriver en tête Gustavo Petro et Rodolfo Hernández, qui s'affrontent lors du second tour. La qualification au second tour d'Hernández Suárez est alors une surprise, le candidat ayant mené la quasi-totalité de la campagne en troisième position dans les sondages d'opinions, avant de dépasser Federico Gutiérrez dans la dernière semaine précédant le scrutin.

Gustavo Petro déjoue à son tour les sondages et l'emporte au second tour, devenant ainsi le premier président colombien issu de la gauche.

Contexte

L'élection présidentielle de mai 2018 voit la victoire au second tour d'Iván Duque, qui réunit près de 54 % des suffrages. Son opposant Gustavo Petro en réunit 41 %, tandis que 4 % des votants choisissent de voter blanc, un vote officiellement reconnu dans le décompte des voix en Colombie. Il prend ses fonctions le 7 août 2018. Arrivé troisième au premier tour, Sergio Fajardo avait annoncé publiquement son intention de voter blanc, son parti Alliance verte appelant à en faire de même ou à voter pour Gustavo Petro.

La Colombie connait entre 2019 et 2020 des manifestations anti-gouvernementales de grande ampleur, interrompues par la pandémie de Covid-19. Une série de manifestations reprend en septembre 2020 contre les violences policières, suivies de manifestations massives en 2021. La répression de ces trois mouvements de contestation a fait une centaine de morts, tandis que le taux de popularité du président Iván Duque chute à 20 % courant janvier 2022.

Système électoral
Le président de la République est élu au scrutin uninominal majoritaire à deux tours pour un mandat de quatre ans non renouvelable. Est élu le candidat ayant réuni la majorité absolue au premier tour ou, à défaut, celui ayant réuni le plus de voix au cours d'un second tour organisé entre les deux candidats arrivés en tête au premier.

La Colombie reconnait les votes blancs comme des votes valides, inclus dans le calcul des résultats. Le candidat victorieux au second tour peut par conséquent être déclaré élu avec un pourcentage des voix exprimées inférieur à 50 %. Par ailleurs, si le total de votes blancs atteint la majorité absolue des votes , il est procédé à un nouveau scrutin auquel les précédents candidats ne peuvent se représenter. Cette disposition ne s'applique cependant pas deux fois de suite : lors de cette nouvelle élection, le candidat ayant recueilli le plus de voix au second tour est déclaré élu quelle que soit le pourcentage de votes blancs.

Peut se présenter à la présidence toute personne âgée d'au moins trente ans et détenant la nationalité colombienne de naissance. Chaque candidat à la présidence se présente avec un colistier, candidat au poste de vice-président. Depuis la réforme constitutionnelle de 2015, le candidat malheureux au second tour devient de droit membre du Sénat et son colistier devient membre de droit de la Chambre des représentants.

Campagne

Gustavo Petro

L'économiste et ancien maire de Bogotá Gustavo Petro, déjà candidat à l'élection présidentielle de 2018, mène en tête des intentions de vote dans les sondages d'opinions. Une victoire ferait de lui le premier président de la Colombie issu de la gauche.

Sorti victorieux de la primaire organisée le 13 mars 2022 par la coalition Pacte historique pour désigner son candidat à la présidentielle, Petro en était déjà perçu comme le grand favori. Son parti politique, Colombia Humana, est à l'origine de la création de la coalition Pacte historique pour la Colombie, qui comprend des mouvements sociaux, des associations écologistes ou féministes, ainsi que des personnalités politiques venues de la droite, comme l'ancien maire de Medellín Luis Pérez Gutiérrez et le dirigeant chrétien conservateur Alfredo Saade. La diversité idéologique de la coalition s'avère cependant une source de tensions internes. Il choisit Francia Márquez, militante afro-colombienne des droits humains et de l'environnement, comme colistière.

Surtout soutenu par les étudiants et les classes populaires, Petro tente pendant la campagne de convaincre les classes moyennes, ce qui le conduit à modérer son programme économique et ses critiques à l'égard de l'oligarchie traditionnelle, tout en prenant ouvertement ses distances avec le Venezuela, qu'il soutenait auparavant. Il se montre critique à l'égard du système économique néolibéral colombien et de sa dépendance excessive au pétrole et au gaz, défend des propositions progressistes sur la question des droits des femmes et des LGBTQ et soutient un accord de paix entre l'État et les guérillas.

Rodolfo Hernández

Homme d'affaires devenu maire de Bucaramanga de 2016 à 2019 sans étiquette politique, Rodolfo Hernández se lance dans la campagne pour l'élection présidentielle sous la bannière de la coalition Ligue des gouvernants anti-corruption.
Décrit comme un populiste et comparé à Donald Trump, il fait une campagne tournée vers le rejet de la corruption de la classe politique traditionnelle et met en avant son image d'entrepreneur à succès, capable de transformer la Colombie. Au cours de la campagne, il accuse à plusieurs occasions ses adversaires d'être des , des , et même des . Il s'exprime régulièrement de manière très familière et parfois avec grossièreté.

Outre ses positions anti corruption, Rodolfo Hernández se positionne pour la décriminalisation de l'avortement mais contre sa légalisation, pour la légalisation du cannabis à usage médical mais contre son usage récréatif, et soutient une politique de réhabilitation des utilisateurs de drogues en lieu et place de celle répressive alors en vigueur. Il se déclare favorable au mariage homosexuel et à l'homoparentalité ainsi qu'à l'euthanasie. Il soutient un abaissement de la TVA de 19 à 10 %, la mise en place d'un système de santé universel, d'un revenu de base pour les personnes âgées et celles proches ou en dessous du seuil de pauvreté ainsi que l'effacement des dettes des étudiants ayant les meilleurs notes de leur promotion. Il se positionne également en faveur de la mise en place d'un quota de 50 % de femmes dans les fonctions publiques dont le gouvernement.

En matière environnementale, il promet d'encourager monétairement le maintien des surfaces boisées, et de limiter la fracturation hydraulique tant que celle ci ne respecte pas des .

Federico Gutiérrez

Federico Gutiérrez mène la coalition conservatrice Équipe pour la Colombie  (Equipo por Colombia), avant de bénéficier du retrait d'Óscar Iván Zuluaga en sa faveur.

Sergio Fajardo

Candidat de la coalition de centre droit Centre pour l'espoir, Sergio Fajardo arrive en deuxième position dans les intentions de vote. Vainqueur de la primaire interne à la coalition, cet ancien maire de Medellín et candidat malheureux à l'élection présidentielle de 2018, perçu comme favori, l'emporte alors sur Juan Manuel Galán  et Alejandro Gaviria, ancien ministre et intellectuel de référence pour l'élite libérale de Bogotá. La coalition bénéficie d'un soutien élevé auprès des couches socio-économiques supérieures des grandes villes.

La coalition centriste, qui se fixe pour objectif de faire de la politique  , se présente sans unité programmatique, sans projet économique défini et sans réponses communes à des questions aussi pressantes que le conflit armé, la question agraire et le trafic de drogue.

Retraits
L'ancien ministre et homme d'affaires Óscar Iván Zuluaga, candidat malheureux à l'élection présidentielle de 2014, est investi par le parti au pouvoir, le Centre démocratique. Handicapée par la très forte impopularité du président Iván Duque et une image de représentant des élites traditionnelles, sa candidature est cependant distancée dans les sondages. Apprécié du secteur privé et des sympathisants conservateurs qui craignent la montée de la gauche, Zuluaga se rapproche du centre en se déclarant favorable à une hausse du salaire minimum. Il fait campagne principalement sur le thème de la sécurité, déclarant vouloir mettre en œuvre une « sécurité démocratique 2.0 » en référence à la politique de l'ancien président Alvaro Uribe. Óscar Iván Zuluaga se retire peu après les élections législatives de mars 2022 au profit de Federico Gutiérrez

Íngrid Betancourt se présente avec pour colistier José Luis Esparza sous l'étiquette du Parti vert oxygène, avant de se retirer en faveur de Rodolfo Hernández au vu des sondages la plaçant en dessous de 1 % d'intentions de vote.

Les retraits de ces deux candidats interviennent cependant après l'enregistrement de leur candidatures et l'impression des bulletins de votes, et tous deux figurent par conséquent toujours sur ces derniers au premier tour.

Sondages

Premier tour

Second tour

Résultats

Cartes

Analyse
Gustavo Petro arrive largement en tête du premier tour, confirmant la tendance des législatives en faveur de la gauche sur fond de désir de changement de la population face aux inégalités économiques et à la corruption. À la surprise générale, malgré un unique sondage le laissant présager le 20 mai, son opposant au second tour se révèle être l'indépendant populiste Rodolfo Hernández, et non le candidat de droite Federico Gutiérrez, considéré tout au long de la campagne comme le  de Gustavo Petro. L'élimination de Gutiérrez au premier tour constitue une défaite historique de la droite colombienne. Avec l'accession au ballotage de deux candidats , le premier tour marque un rejet de la vieille classe politique qui reconfigure l'échiquier politique.

La qualification d'Hernández, un candidat ayant lui aussi fait campagne sur la lutte contre la corruption mais intégralement sur les réseaux sociaux avec une absence totale de présence sur le terrain, se révèle une mauvaise nouvelle pour Petro. Si celui-ci était annoncé vainqueur d'un duel contre Gutiérrez, les sondages le positionnent en effet perdant face à Hernández. Ce dernier reçoit ainsi le soutien de Gutiérrez, qui après avoir reconnu sa défaite au lendemain du scrutin, appelle à voter pour lui. Disposant de très peu de réserves de voix, Petro mise sur une mobilisation plus importante des électeurs au second tour, le premier n'ayant vu participer qu'un peu moins de 55 % des inscrits.

Les sondages laissent apparaitre des clivages tant générationnels que professionnels. Ainsi, plus les Colombiens sont jeunes et plus ils voteraient pour Petro, et plus ils sont âgés et plus ils voteraient pour Hernandez. Les travailleurs du secteur public et du secteur privé, les personnes au chômage et les étudiants voteraient majoritairement pour Petro, tandis que les travailleurs indépendants, les femmes au foyer et les retraités voteraient majoritairement Hernandez. Enfin, plus les Colombiens sont riches et plus ils seraient susceptibles de voter Hernandez, alors que les plus pauvres pencheraient pour Petro.

Gustavo Petro parvient cependant à renverser la tendance au cours de l'entre deux tours, et l'emporte finalement avec la majorité absolue des suffrages exprimés, malgré une baisse de la participation. Il devient ainsi le premier président de gauche de l'histoire de la Colombie. Sa colistière Francia Márquez devient la première vice-présidente d'origine africaine. Au cours de son discours de victoire, il met l'accent sur la paix, la justice sociale et la justice environnementale, s'engageant à mettre le pays  en sauvant notamment la Forêt amazonienne de la déforestation. Rodolfo Hernández reconnaît sa défaite au soir du second tour, appelant Petro à tenir ses engagements en matière de lutte contre la corruption, avant de remercier ses électeurs. Il est suivi par le président sortant Ivan Duque, qui appelle le président élu pour le féliciter et organiser la transition. L'investiture du nouveau président a lieu le 7 août 2022.

Notes et références

Colombie
2022
Colombie
2022 en Colombie
Politique en mai 2022
Politique en juin 2022

Élection présidentielle colombienne de 2022


Lacaze steht für:

 Lacaze, Gemeinde im Département Tarn, Frankreich

Lacaze oder LaCaze ist der Familienname folgender Personen:

 Claude Lacaze (* 1940), französischer Rugby-Union-Spieler
 Félix Joseph Henri de Lacaze-Duthiers (1821–1901), französischer Physiologe und Zoologe
 Genevieve LaCaze (* 1989), australische Hindernisläuferin, siehe Genevieve Gregson
 Joey LaCaze (1971–2013), US-amerikanischer Schlagzeuger
 Lucien Lacaze (1860–1955), französischer Admiral und Politiker
 Pierre Lacaze (1934–1995), französischer Rugby-Union-Spieler
 René Sim Lacaze (1901–2000), französischer Schmuckdesigner und Künstler

Siehe auch:
 Caze

Lacaze (Begriffsklärung)


Aggie steht für
 Aggie, redensartlich: Student an der Texas A&M University
 Black Aggie, Moderne Sage in Maryland
Siehe auch:
 Aggie Creek
 Memories Within Miss Aggie
 Agi

Aggie


Michel Butor (14 Eylül 1926, Mons-en-Baroeul - 24 Ağustos 2016), Fransız roman ve deneme yazarı.Sorbonne'da Felsefe eğitimini tamamladı (1947). Gaston Bachelard'ın öğrencisi oldu. 1950'lerde Fransa'da gelişen Yeni Roman akımının önde gelen temsilcilerinden biridir. Selanik, Manchester ve Cenevre'de dersler verdi. Vincennes'de, 1970 yılında profesör oldu.

Michel Butor, romanı felsefe ve şiirin bir karışımı olarak görür. 1957 yılında yazdığı Değişme adlı romanında, deneysel roman tekniğinin doruklarına ulaştığı kabul edilir. Bu romanıyla Renaudot ödülünü kazanmıştır.

Eserleri

Romanları
 Passage de Milan (1954)
 L'emploi du temps (Geçen Zaman) (1956)
 La Modification Değişme (1957)
 Degrés (1960)

Eleştiri yazıları
 Histoire extraordinaire: essai sur un rêve de Baudelaire (1961)
 Les mots dans la peinture (1969)
 Improvisations sur Flaubert (1984)
 Improvisations sur Michel Butor: L'écriture en transformation (1993)
 L'utilité poétique (1995)
 Quant au livre: Triptyque en l'honneur de Gauguin (2000)

Denemeleri
 Le Génie de lieu (1958)
 Mobile (1962)
 Répertoires [I à V] (1960-1982)
 La Rose des vents (1970)
 Traveaux d'approche: Eocène, Miocène, Pliocène (1972)

Diğer kitapları
 Réseau aérien (1962, radyo oyunu)
 Illustrations dizisi (1964, 1969, 1973, 1967, düzyazı)
 6.810.000 litres d'eau par seconde (1965, radyo oyunu)
 Portrait de l'artiste en jeune singe (1967, düzyazı)
 Niagara (1969)
 Intervalle (1973, düzyazı)
 Matière de rêves (1975-1985)
 Boomerang (1978, düzyazı)
 Retour du boomerang (1988)
 L'embarquement de la reine de Saba (1989)
 Transit A, Transit B(1992.)

1926 doğumlular
2016 yılında ölenler
20. yüzyıl Fransız roman yazarları
20. yüzyıl Fransız şairleri
Lycée Louis-le-Grand'da öğrenim görenler
Renaudot Ödülü sahipleri

Michel Butor


Quasimodo, glavni lik romana Zvonar crkve Notre-Dame (1831.) francuskog pisca Victora Hugoa. Jedan od poznatijih likova svjetske književnosti, simbol hrabrog srca koje se nalazi iza ružne vanjštine. Inspirirao je brojne ekranizacije, animirane filmove i glumačke izvedbe.

Quasimodo je rođen s velikom grbom na leđima i izraslinom koja mu prekriva lijevo oko. Sugrađani ga se boje i prema njemu se odnose kao prema čudovištu. Živi nesretnim životom, a jedino utočište pronaći će u neuzvraćenoj ljubavi. Događaji se zbivaju u 15. stoljeću. Quasimodo je kao novorođenče napušten od roditelja i ostavljen u Parizu pred crkvom Notre-Dame. Tu ga nalazi arhiđakon Notre-Damea Claude Frollo, daje mu ime i odgaja ga kao zvonara. Radeći posao zvonara Quasimodo je i oglušio. Zaokupljen je poslom, privržen Frollu i dobrog srca. Jednog dana Frollo mu naređuje da otme lijepu Esmeraldu, za kojom arhiđakon žudi unatoč zabranama i crkvenim pravilima. Quasimodo biva uhvaćen i bičevan. Dok izdržava kaznu na stupu srama, dobrodušna Esmeralda mu donosi vode te se Quasimodo zaljubljuje u nju. Međutim, ljubav je neuzvraćena i tragično završava.

Izvori

Francuska književnost
Književni likovi

Quasimodo


Sudans fodboldlandshold repræsenterer Sudan i fodboldturneringer og kontrolleres af Sudans fodboldforbund.

Referencer

Fodboldlandshold i Afrika

Sudans fodboldlandshold


Gregers Arndal-Lauritzen (født 3. maj 1998) er en dansk fodboldspiller, der spiller for Hillerød Fodbold.

Klubkarriere
Arndal-Lauritzen statede sin karriere Boldklubben Søllerød-Vedbæk, inden han skiftede til Brøndby IF, hvor han blev en del af klubbens U/14-hold.

Brøndby IF
Den 20. juli 2017 var Arndal-Lauritzen for første gang på bænken i et 1-2-nederlag til finske Vaasan Palloseura i en UEFA Europa League-kvalifikationskamp. Han fik sin debut for Brøndby IF, da han startede inde i en DBU Pokalkamp mod Ledøje-Smørum Fodbold, som Brøndby vandt 5-1.

Den 28. december 2017 blev Arndal-Lauritzen udlejet til 1. divisionsklubben HB Køge for foråret 2018. Han udmeldte i den forbindelse, at han var "kommet for at spille", og det var en nødvendighed at spille kampe for at udvikle sig som spiller. Han fik sin førsteholdsdebut for HB Køge den 11. marts 2018, hvor han samtidig scorede i det 34. minut i en 3-2-hjemmesejr over Thisted FC. Han spillede i alt 13 kampe og scorede et mål i løbet af foråret 2018 for HB Køge.

Han vendte i sommeren 2018 tilbage til Brøndby IF. Han fik dog i løbet af efteråret 2018 blot en kamp i DBU Pokalen ude mod Boldklubben Marienlyst den 22. november 2018. Anthony Jung var fast starter på venstrebacken, hvilket ikke levnede meget spilletid til Arndal-Lauritzen. Af samme årsag tog han ikke med på klubbens træningslejr, idet han i stedet i januar 2019 fik tilladelse til at søge efter en ny klub. Han var senere i januar til prøvetræning i den hollandske klub FC Den Bosch, som dog ikke resulterede i en kontrakt, og på vintertransfervinduets sidste dag den 31. januar 2019 besluttede parterne at ophæve kontrakten et halvt år før tid.

AC Horsens
Den 11. februar 2019 blev det offentliggjort, at Arndal-Lauritzen skiftede til AC Horsens på en fri transfer. Han skrev under på en halvårig kontrakt gældende frem til sommeren 2019.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Danmark
Fodboldspillere fra Boldklubben Søllerød-Vedbæk
Fodboldspillere fra Brøndby IF
Fodboldspillere fra HB Køge

Gregers Arndal-Lauritzen


Maria Nelly Padilha Amaral (6 de novembro de 1937) é uma ex-atiradora esportiva brasileira. Ela competiu em dois eventos nos Jogos Olímpicos de Verão de 1988.

O estado da Bahia exportou para o estado do Paraná uma atleta destaque no tiro esportivo. A pianista Maria Nelly Padilha Amaral (1931-2016) nascida no município de Ferradas-BA, casou-se com o atleta atirador curitibano Leonel Davi Santos Amaral em 1956 e tornou-se atiradora em 1977, quando foi campeã de tiro Fogo central em Curitiba. Foi campeã de tiro Pistola de ar em 1978 e 1980, de tiro Pistola Standard e Fogo central em 1980, Vice-campeã no Campeonato das Américas de 1981, campeã Sul brasileira de tiro Fogo central em 1981, campeã de tiro Pistola Standard e Pistola de ar em 1982, campeã de tiro Revólver, Pistola de ar, Tiro rápido, Carabina e Fogo central em 1983, campeã de tiro Fogo central, Pistola Standard e Precisão em 1985, campeã de tiro Fogo central e Revólver em 1986, campeã de Tiro rápido em 1987 e de Fogo central em 1989, Vice-campeã e 3o lugar nos Torneios Benito Juarez no México nos anos de 1982 e 1989 respectivamente. 3o lugar de tiro Pistola de ar no Campeonato Pan Americano de Indianápolis-USA em 1987. Campeã paranaense de tiro Fogo central, Pistola de ar e Pistola standard em 1990, campeã de tiro Fogo central, Pistola de ar e Pistola standard em 1991, campeã de tiro Pistola de ar em 1992, campeã de tiro Fogo central, Pistola de ar e Pistola standard em 1993, campeã de tiro Fogo central, Pistola Standard e Pistola sport em 1994, campeã Sul brasileira de tiro Pistola de ar em 1995, campeã de tiro Pistola Standard e Pistola sport em 1996, campeã de tiro Pistola Standard, Pistola de ar e Pistola sport em 1997 e em 1998, campeã de tiro Pistola de ar em 1999, campeã de Pistola de ar e Fogo central em 2001. Participou dos Jogos Pan-americanos em Havana-Cuba em 1991. Integrou a equipe brasileira de tiro e participou dos Jogos Olímpicos de Verão de Seoul de 1988.

Ver também
 Brasil nos Jogos Olímpicos de Verão de 1988
 Esporte na Bahia

Atiradores olímpicos do Brasil
Atiradores nos Jogos Olímpicos de Verão de 1988
!Wikiconcurso Mulheres Brasileiras no Esporte (artigos)

Maria Amaral (atiradora esportiva)


Jurica Vidaček, hrvatski reprezentativni rukometaš

Igrač Varteksa iz Varaždina.

S mladom reprezentacijom 2011. na svjetskom prvenstvu plasirao se na 8. mjesto.

Izvori

Hrvatski rukometaši

Jurica Vidaček


Uzunkuyu, Adana ilinin Aladağ ilçesine bağlı bir mahalledir.

Tarihçe
İsmini, mahallede bulunan 50 metre civarında derinliğe sahip olan bir kuyudan almıştır. 1928 yılından beri aynı ismi taşıyan yerleşim yeri, günümüzde köy statüsünü sürdürmektedir.

Coğrafya ve ulaşım
Adana iline 122 km, Aladağ ilçesine 22 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Altyapı bilgileri

Kaynakça

Aladağ'ın mahalleleri

Uzunkuyu, Aladağ


Kolpashevo () is a town and the administrative center of Kolpashevsky District in Tomsk Oblast, Russia, located on the Ob River. Population:

History
It has existed since the beginning of the 17th century as a village. Town status was granted to it in 1938.

Mass grave

During the Great Purge, Kolpashevo was the site of mass executions carried out by the NKVD, with the corpses of those executed being disposed of in mass graves. In May 1979 meandering of the Ob river caused a mass grave containing more than 1,000 mummified corpses to become exposed. A number of cover-stories were issued by the local government, first that these bones were cattle bones, and then that these were the bodies of deserters from the Second World War. Instead most of the bodies were people from Tomsk. Yegor Ligachev, the provincial party chief, took charge of a cover-up operation to destroy the mass grave using tugs, and used the KGB to coerce local people to dispose of the corpses by sinking them, although some corpses turned up in the sluiceway of a sawmill downstream, mixed with logs floated downstream.

Administrative and municipal status
Within the framework of administrative divisions, Kolpashevo serves as the administrative center of Kolpashevsky District, to which it is directly subordinated. As a municipal division, the town of Kolpashevo, together with three rural localities, is incorporated within Kolpashevsky Municipal District as Kolpashevskoye Urban Settlement.

Transportation
The town is served by the Kolpashevo Airport.

Climate
Kolpashevo has a subarctic climate (Köppen climate classification Dfc), with very cold winters and warm summers. Precipitation is moderate and is somewhat higher in summer than at other times of the year.

See also
Mass graves in the Soviet Union

References

Notes

Sources

Cities and towns in Tomsk Oblast
Populated places on the Ob River
Populated places established in the 17th century

Kolpashevo


Devet vrhova je naziv za najviše planine na svakom od sedam kontinenata. Kako postoji nekoliko verzija sedam najviših vrhova kontinenata, a razlika se sastoji u tome koja planina se uzima za najviši vrh Europe, Mont Blanc ili Elbrus te da li se uzima najviši vrh Australije, Mount Kosciuszko ili se u obzir uzima cijela Oceanija i vrh Puncak Jaya u Indoneziji.

Popis svih devet vrhova:

 Mount Everest, Nepal, Azija, 8.848 m
 Aconcagua, Argentina, Južna Amerika, 6.962 m
 Mount McKinley, Aljaska, Sjeverna Amerika, 6.140 m
 Kilimandžaro, Tanzanija, Afrika, 5.895 m
 Elbrus, Rusija, Europa, 5.642 m
 Vinson Massif, Antarktika, 4.892 m
 Puncak Jaya Indonezija, Azija, 4.884 m
 Mont Blanc, Francuska, Europa, 4.808 m
 Mount Kosciuszko, Australija, Oceanija, 2.228 m

Pogledajte i članak:
https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedam_vrhova

Devet vrhova


is a side-scrolling beat 'em up arcade game produced by Technōs Japan in 1990. It is the third arcade game in the Double Dragon series. Unlike the previous two games in the series Double Dragon 3 was not developed internally at Technōs, but development was instead contracted to the company East Technology, resulting in a game that looks and plays differently from its predecessors.

As in the previous games of the series, players control twin martial artists Billy and Jimmy Lee, as they are approached by a mysterious fortune teller named Hiruko, who sends them on a worldwide journey to retrieve three mystical Rosetta Stones and uncover the mystery surrounding them in Egypt. Similar to The Combatribes, which ran on similar hardware, the game can be set for  up to two or three players depending on the cabinet, with the third player controlling a new Lee sibling named Sonny. The U.S. version also features item shops where players could use additional credits to purchase in-game items such as weapons, additional moves and new playable characters in one of the earliest forms of microtransactions in a video game, although this system would end up being removed in the later-released Japanese version of the game in favor of a conventional character select feature similar to Golden Axe or Final Fight.

The game's arcade release was followed by home versions for the Sega Genesis, Game Boy and various personal computers. In 2013, emulated versions of the arcade original for various platforms were officially released by DotEmu along with the previous two arcade games in a bundle called Double Dragon Trilogy.

Gameplay

Double Dragon 3 can be played by up to two or three players simultaneously, similarly to The Combatribes. The first two players control returning heroes Billy and Jimmy Lee respectively, while the third player controls a new character named Sonny (a yellow-clad palette swap of the Lee brothers). The controls consist of an eight way joystick and three buttons again, but the combat system has been greatly altered from previous games. The game discards the directional attack buttons from Double Dragon II: The Revenge, returning to the punch and kick format of the original Double Dragon. However, moves such as the elbow strike and the hair grab had been removed and  new abilities replaced them. The player can now run by pushing the joystick left or right twice and perform moves with a second player such as a back-to-back hurricane kick when standing near each other and a triangle jump kick when one player jumps towards the other. Other new moves include a running head-butt, a belly-to-back throw and a jumping knee drop.

At the start of certain stages, players will have access to an item shop where they can purchase in-game power-ups by inserting more coins into the cabinet, with each item costing one credit. The item selections varies slightly between stages, but usually includes "Energy" (which restores the player's health up to 150% from the starting value), "Power Up" (which increases the player's attack speed), "Tricks" (which unlocks two additional moves, a solo hurricane kick and a jumping throw) and "Weapons" (which arms the player character with a nunchaku in Mission 2 or a sword in Mission 3 and 5).

One item, "Extra Guys", allows the player to control one of three new character types in addition to the . These characters form other teams of fighting siblings as well, allowing each player to control a different member of the group. When the player's current fighter is killed, the new one will replace him, essentially substituting the extra lives system from previous games. These new fighters consists of the  (mixed martial arts champions), the  (tai chi experts) and the  (karate masters). Each player can hold up to three extra fighters in reserve and can temporarily cycle between any of them for a second before the next character is automatically chosen. The availability of a fighter type varies depends on the stage (the Urquidez brothers are available in Mission 1 and 5, the Chin brothers in Mission 2 and the Ōyama brothers in Mission 3). The new character will inherit any purchased special techniques that the previous character had, but the increased attack speed must be repurchased. Additionally, unlike the Lee brothers, the other character types cannot purchase nor retrieve weapons.

The Japanese version of Double Dragon 3 was finished a bit later than the English version and features drastic changes as a result. Most notably, the item shops were removed from the game and players can instead choose which character to control at the start of the game, allowing the ability to start the game as any of three new fighter types (Urquidez, Chin and Ōyama) in addition to the Lee brothers. Players have access to their character's entire repertoire of moves, although the command input for the Hurricane Kick requires more precise timing in the Japanese version. Since weapons are no longer purchasable items, they can be found lying around on the floor in certain stages, waiting to be picked up by a player controlling a Lee brother. The game was also made easier, with enemies doing 1/3 less damage than in the overseas releases.

Plot
After returning home from a two-year training mission, Billy and Jimmy Lee come across a fortune teller named Hiruko. The woman tells the Lee brothers that in order to challenge the world's strongest adversary, they must seek out the three Rosetta Stones that have been scattered around the world.

The game begins in the United States, where the Lee brothers must defeat the remnants of the Black Warriors gang from the previous games before they set off to find the stones. Afterward, the heroes must travel to China, Japan, Italy, and finally Egypt, where each of the stones are being guarded by formidable fighters unique to each country (such as the shinobi in Japan and archers in Italy) who will refuse to give them up without a fight. Once all three Rosetta Stones have been procured, the Lee brothers' journey reaches its final destination in Egypt, where they face all sorts of supernatural creatures as they enter Cleopatra's tomb to uncover the mystery surrounding the stones.

Development
The game was not internally developed by Technōs Japan, who were busy working on other projects at the time such as WWF Superstars and The Combatribes. Instead a company called East Technology, whose previous work was the 1989 arcade shoot-'em-up Gigandes, was contracted to develop the third game in the series, resulting in a sequel with a drastically different gameplay and graphic style than its predecessors. The game was controversial upon its release due to the addition of item shops where players acquire power-ups by inserting real money into the cabinet, which was removed from the later Japanese release after negative feedback from playtesters.

Music
The music was composed by Akira Inoue and Takaro Nozaki, replacing original Double Dragon composer Kazunaka Yamane, who was busy composing for The Combatribes at the time (Yamane later returned for Super Double Dragon). Inoue composed the background music for the US, Italy and Egypt stages (including the boss battle themes), while Nozaki worked on the rest. The soundtrack was released on June 21, 1991, by Pony Canyon in Japan as a joint CD album that also included the soundtrack to The Combatribes. The catalog number is PCCB-00065. The first half of the album (tracks 1 to 12) covers the Double Dragon 3 portion, which include an arranged version of the title theme. The album does not feature the shop themes that were present in the export versions of the game.

The demo versions of Inoue's tracks were later uploaded on his personal YouTube and Niconico channels in 2014. They were recorded on a KORG T3 synthesizer.

Release
A version for the Nintendo Entertainment System titled Double Dragon III: The Sacred Stones was released in February 1991, a few months after the Japanese arcade release. This version is not a port, but rather was actually a parallel project that was developed simultaneously with the arcade release. While the plot of the two versions are similar, the graphics, gameplay system and characters featured in the NES version are very different compared to the arcade version.

Double Dragon 3 was ported to various platforms under license from Tradewest. Versions were released for the ZX Spectrum, Amstrad CPC, Commodore 64, Amiga and Atari ST in late 1991, followed by the IBM PC, Genesis and Game Boy in 1992. These versions of the game were developed by The Sales Curve, with the exception of the Genesis version (which was handled by Software Creations). The Game Boy and Genesis versions were published by Acclaim under the title of Double Dragon 3: The Arcade Game, distinguishing them from the earlier NES release.

Double Dragon 3 was re-released in 2013 alongside the first two arcade games in a compilation titled Double Dragon Trilogy produced by DotEmu, which was released on iOS, Android and Steam platforms. It only includes the overseas version of the game.

Reception

The game was a hit in the United States, where weekly coin drop earnings averaged $188.25 per arcade unit during November and December 1990. In Japan, Game Machine listed Double Dragon 3: The Rosetta Stone on their January 1, 1991 issue as being the third most-successful table arcade unit of the month.

Julian Rignall, writing for Computer and Video Games, reacted positively to the arcade game's change to a more realistic art style and recommended the game to fans of the series, scoring it an 83%.

The arcade game was controversial for its use of microtransactions to buy items in the North American version. This was later removed from the Japanese version of the game.

Notes

References

External links

1990 video games
Amiga games
Amstrad CPC games
Arcade video games
Atari ST games
Cooperative video games
Commodore 64 games
DOS games
Double Dragon
Game Boy games
Fiction about mummies
organized crime video games
Video games about ninja
SCi Games games
Sega Genesis games
Technōs Japan beat 'em ups
Tiger Electronics handheld games
Video game sequels
ZX Spectrum games
Video games about siblings
Video games developed in Japan
Video games set in the United States
Video games set in China
Video games set in Italy
Video games set in Egypt
Video games set in Japan
Video games with alternative versions
Side-scrolling beat 'em ups
Android (operating system) games
IOS games
Multiplayer and single-player video games

ja:ダブルドラゴンシリーズ#ダブルドラゴン3 ザ・ロゼッタストーン

Double Dragon 3: The Rosetta Stone


පරාශිව හෙවත් පරමශිව (සංස්කෘත: पराशिव, ParāŚiva, ශිවත්වයේ උත්තරීතර ස්වභාවය) යනු ස්වයම් ප්‍රකාශිත, සර්වබලධාරී නිරපේක්ෂ යථාර්ථයයි. කාෂ්මීර ශෛව සිද්ධාන්තයට අනුව විඥානයෙන් ග්‍රහණය කරගත නොහැකි, කාලය, ස්වරූපය සහ අවකාශය ඉක්මවා යන ස්වභාවය පරාශිවයි. ශිව ලිංගයෙහි පහළ කොටස පරාශක්තිය නියෝජනය කරන අතර ඉහළ කොටස (ඕවලාකාර කොටස) පරම ශිව නියෝජනය කරයි.

පංචබ්‍රහ්ම
ශෛව ලියවිලි වලට අනුව පරාශිව ත්‍රීමුර්තිය වන බ්‍රහ්ම, විෂ්ණු සහ ශිව ලෙස ප්‍රකට වූ අතර පරාශිව එම ත්‍රිත්වයද අභිබවා පවති. එමෙන්ම සංසාරයේ පවතින නිර්මාණය, පැවැත්ම, සංහාරය, මායාව සහ මුක්තිය යන පංචක්‍රියාවන්ට මුල් බීජය වන්නේද පරාශිවයි. එය ශක්තී ධර්මය තුළද සඳහන් වේ. එම තත්වයන් පහ ශිවගේ පංච ශීර්ෂයන්ගෙන් විද්‍යාමාන වේ.

ආශ්‍රේයයන්

සර්වබලධාරී දෙවියන් වහන්සේ

පරාශිව