Rotenone is an odorless, colorless, crystalline isoflavone used as a broad-spectrum insecticide, piscicide, and pesticide. It occurs naturally in the seeds and stems of several plants, such as the jicama vine, and in the roots of several other members of the Fabaceae.  It was the first-described member of the family of chemical compounds known as rotenoids.

Discovery

The earliest written record of the now-known rotenone-containing plants used for killing leaf-eating caterpillars was in 1848; for centuries, these same plants had been used to poison fish. The active chemical component was first isolated in 1895 by a French botanist, Emmanuel Geoffroy, who called it nicouline, from a specimen of Robinia nicou, now called Deguelia utilis, while traveling in French Guiana. He wrote about this research in his thesis, published in 1895 after his death from a parasitic disease. In 1902 Kazuo Nagai, Japanese chemical engineer of the Government-General of Taiwan, isolated a pure crystalline compound from Derris elliptica which he called rotenone, after the Taiwanese name of the plant 蘆藤 () translated into Japanese . By 1930, nicouline and rotenone were established to be chemically the same.

Uses

Rotenone is used as a pesticide, insecticide, and as a nonselective piscicide (fish killer). Rotenone has historically been used by indigenous peoples to catch fish. Typically, rotenone-containing plants in the legume family, Fabaceae, are crushed and introduced into a body of water, and as rotenone interferes with cellular respiration, the affected fish rise to the surface in an attempt to gulp air, where they are more easily caught.

In modern times it is frequently used as a tool to remove alien fish species, as it has a relatively short half-life (days) and is gone from rivers in the course of days and from lakes within a few months, depending on (seasonal) stirring, organic content, availability of sunlight and temperature. Rotenone has been used by government agencies to kill fish in rivers and lakes in the United States since 1952, and in Canada and Norway since the 1980s. It is less frequently used in EU countries, due to strict regulations, but has seen some use in selected countries such as the UK (Topmouth gudgeon), Sweden (pike and pumpkinseed), Spain (Topmouth gudgeon, Gambusia) and Hungary (Prussian carp).

Rotenone decays through metabolites and its final product is reduced to water and carbon dioxide. Furthermore, its use is more benign for the environment (as compared to other piscicides) as most species are seen to recolonize aquatic systems within weeks to a year after application. Thus, it has also seen some use in other field studies in the marine environment needing only small quantities. Small-scale sampling with rotenone is used by fish researchers studying the biodiversity of marine fishes to collect cryptic, or hidden, fishes, which represent an important component of shoreline fish communities, since it has only minor and transient environmental side effects.

It is commercialized as cubé, tuba, or derris, in single preparation or in synergistic combination with other insecticides. In the United States and Canada, all uses of rotenone except as a piscicide are being phased out. It is currently banned in the United States for any use in organic farming. In the UK, rotenone insecticides (sold under the trade name Derris) were banned for sale in 2009.

Rotenone is also used in powdered form to treat scabies and head lice on humans, and parasitic mites on chickens, livestock, and pet animals.

In agriculture it is also unselective in action and kills potato beetles, cucumber beetles, flea beetles, cabbage worms, raspberry beetles, and asparagus beetles, as well as most other arthropods. It biodegrades rapidly in soil, with 90% degraded after 1–3 months at  and three times faster at .

Mechanism of action
Rotenone works by interfering with the electron transport chain within complex I in mitochondria, which places it in IRAC MoA class 21 (by itself in 21B). It inhibits the transfer of electrons from iron-sulfur centers in complex I to ubiquinone. This interferes with NADH during the creation of usable cellular energy (ATP).  Complex I is unable to pass off its electron to CoQ, creating a back-up of electrons within the mitochondrial matrix.  Cellular oxygen is reduced to the radical, creating reactive oxygen species, which can damage DNA and other components of the mitochondria.

Rotenone also inhibits microtubule assembly.

Presence in plants
Rotenone is produced by extraction from the roots and stems of several tropical and subtropical plant species, especially those belonging to the genera Lonchocarpus and Derris.

Some of the plants containing rotenone:
 Hoary pea or goat's rue (Tephrosia virginiana) – North America
 Jícama (Pachyrhizus erosus) – North America
 Cubé plant or lancepod  (Lonchocarpus utilis) – South America
 The root extract is referred to as cubé resin
 Barbasco (Lonchocarpus urucu) – South America
 The root extract is referred to as cubé resin
 Tuba plant (Derris elliptica) – southeast Asia and southwest Pacific islands
 The root extract is referred to as derris or derris root
 Jewel vine (Derris involuta) – southeast Asia and southwest Pacific islands
 The root extract is referred to as derris or derris root
 Common Mullein (Verbascum thapsus L.)
 Cork-bush (Mundulea sericea) – southern Africa
 Florida fishpoison tree (Piscidia piscipula) – southern Florida, Caribbean
 Several species of Millettia and Tephrosia in South-east Asian regions

Human toxicity
Rotenone is classified by the World Health Organization as moderately hazardous. It is mildly toxic to humans and other mammals, but extremely toxic to insects and aquatic life, including fish. This higher toxicity in fish and insects is because the lipophilic rotenone is easily taken up through the gills or trachea, but not as easily through the skin or the gastrointestinal tract. Rotenone is toxic to erythrocytes in vitro.

The lowest lethal dose for a child is not known, but death occurred in a 3.5-year-old child who had ingested 40 mg/kg rotenone solution. Human deaths from rotenone poisoning are rare because its irritating action causes vomiting. Deliberate ingestion of rotenone can be fatal.

The compound decomposes when exposed to sunlight and usually has an activity of six days in the environment. It oxidizes to rotenolone, which is about an order of magnitude less toxic than rotenone. In water, the rate of decomposition depends upon several factors, including temperature, pH, water hardness and sunlight. The half-life in natural waters ranges from half a day at 24 °C to 3.5 days at 0 °C.

A 2018 study, which examined the effects of rotenone administration on cell cultures that mimicked properties of developing brains, found that rotenone may be a developmental neurotoxicant; that is, that rotenone exposure in the developing fetus may impede proper human brain development, with potentially profound consequences later in life. The study found that rotenone was particularly damaging to dopaminergic neurons, consistent with prior findings.

Parkinson's disease
In 2000, injecting rotenone into rats was reported to cause the development of symptoms similar to those of Parkinson's disease (PD). Rotenone was continuously applied over a period of five weeks, mixed with DMSO and PEG to enhance tissue penetration, and injected into the jugular vein.  The study does not directly suggest rotenone exposure is responsible for PD in humans, but is consistent with the belief that chronic exposure to environmental toxins increases the likelihood of the disease. In 2011, a US National Institutes of Health study showed a link between rotenone use and Parkinson's disease in farm workers, suggesting a link between neural damage and pulmonary uptake by not using protective gear. Exposure to the chemical in the field can be avoided by wearing a gas mask with filter, which is standard HSE procedure in modern application of the chemical.

Studies with primary cultures of rat neurons and microglia have shown low doses of rotenone (below 10 nM) induce oxidative damage and death of dopaminergic neurons, and it is these neurons in the substantia nigra that die in Parkinson's disease. Another study has also described toxic action of rotenone at low concentrations (5 nM) in dopaminergic neurons from acute rat brain slices. This toxicity was exacerbated by an additional cell stressor – elevated intracellular calcium concentration – adding support to the 'multiple hit hypothesis' of dopaminergic neuron death.

The neurotoxin MPTP had been known earlier to cause PD-like symptoms (in humans and other primates, though not in rats) by interfering with complex I in the electron transport chain and killing dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. Further studies involving MPTP have failed to show development of Lewy bodies, a key component to PD pathology. However at least one study recently has found evidence of protein aggregation of the same chemical makeup as that which makes up Lewy bodies with similar pathology to Parkinson's disease in aged Rhesus monkeys from MPTP. Therefore, the mechanism behind MPTP as it relates to Parkinson's disease is not fully understood. Because of these developments, rotenone was investigated as a possible Parkinson-causing agent. Both MPTP and rotenone are lipophilic and can cross the blood–brain barrier.

In 2010, a study was published detailing the progression of Parkinson's-like symptoms in mice following chronic intragastric ingestion of low doses of rotenone. The concentrations in the central nervous system were below detectable limits, yet still induced PD pathology.

Notable administrations
Rotenone was implemented in 2010 to kill an invasive goldfish population present in eastern Oregon's Mann Lake, with the intention of not disrupting the lake's trout population. Rotenone successfully achieved these aims, killing nearly 200,000 goldfish, and only three trout.

Beginning May 1, 2006, Panguitch Lake, a reservoir in the southeastern portion of the U.S. state of Utah, was treated with rotenone, to potentially eradicate and control the invasive population of Utah chub, which were probably introduced accidentally by anglers who used them as live bait. The lake was restocked with 20,000 rainbow trout in 2006; as of 2016, the lake's fish population has recovered.

In 2012 rotenone was used to kill all remaining fish in Stormy Lake (Alaska) due to invasive pike destroying native species, which were re-introduced once the treatment was concluded.

In 2014, rotenone was used to kill all remaining fish in San Francisco's Mountain Lake, which is located in Mountain Lake Park, in order to rid it of invasive species introduced since the migration of European settlers to the region.

Rotenone is used in biomedical research to study the oxygen consumption rate of cells, usually in combination with antimycin A (an electron transport chain Complex III inhibitor), oligomycin (an ATP synthase inhibitor) and FCCP (a mitochondrial uncoupler).

Deactivation
Rotenone can be deactivated in water with the use of potassium permanganate to lower toxicity to acceptable levels.

See also
 Fenpropathrin
 NADH dehydrogenase

References

External links
 Rotenone, Molecule of the Month at chm.bris.ac.uk
 Cornell University.  Rotenone.  Resource Guide for Organic and Disease Management.
 Rotenone. ARS Pesticide Properties Database
 Rotenone use in research on the biodiversity of marine fishes
 Rotenone Factsheet
 Rotenone registration at US Environmental Protection Agency
 CDC – NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards
 Rotenone at Bioblast
 Chemical Description

Aromatase inhibitors
Rotenoids
Hydroxyquinol ethers
Isoflavones
NADH dehydrogenase inhibitors
Mitochondrial toxins
Plant toxin insecticides
Respiratory toxins
Microtubule inhibitors
Neurotoxins
Isopropenyl compounds

Rotenone


Apostolos Sahinis (în , ) a fost un critic literar grec.

Biografie
S-a născut pe 6 decembrie 1918 la Atena, într-o familie originară din Siatista - Macedonia. Și-a completat studiile secundare în 1936 la Liceul Varvakio. În 1941 a absolvit Facultatea de Drept a Universității din Salonic, iar în 1942 a obținut o diplomă de la Școala de Științe Politice și Economice. În 1955 a urmat studii de masterat (Masters of Arts) la Kings College din Londra. Aceeași instituție i-a acordat în 1955 premiul Burrows pentru studii grecești și în 1957 titlul academic de doctor. În perioada studiilor sale în Anglia (din 1954 până în 1955) a colaborat la secția în limba greacă a postului de radio BBC. În 1961 a absolvit Facultatea de Filozofie din Atena.

Din 1959 până în 1966 a lucrat pe post de cercetător la Institutul de Studii Neoelenice al Centrului Național Grec de Cercetare, în timp ce în perioada 1965-1967 a predat literatura greacă modernă la Institutul Pedagogic din Atena. A fost numit profesor colaborator (în 1965) și lector de filologie neogreacă (în 1969) la Universitatea Aristotel din Salonic. În 1968 a devenit profesor asociat la Facultatea de Filosofie a Universității din Ioannina și în 1970 profesor de filologie neogreacă la Facultatea de Filosofie a Universității din Salonic, fiind titularizat oficial în martie 1972 și lucrând acolo până în mai 1984. A predat, de asemenea, literatura neogreacă la Școala de Teatru a Teatrului Național al Greciei. În perioadele 1979-1981 și 1991-1993 a fost președinte al Comitetului pentru acordarea premiului de stat pentru literatură din cadrul Ministerului Culturii.

El a fost unul dintre membrii fondatori ai Societății Naționale a Scriitorilor Greci, îndeplinind funcțiile de membru al consiliului de conducere și de vicepreședinte. A fost membru și președinte (din 1987) al Fundației Kostis Palamas. În 1984 a fost ales membru titular al Academiei din Atena (Academia Națională a Greciei), în secția de arte și litere. A fost, de asemenea, membru al consiliului de conducere și apoi secretar general (din 1991) al Fundației Costas și Helen Ourani din cadrul Academiei din Atena. În 1994 a servit ca secretar al publicațiilor Academiei.

Activitatea critică a lui Apostolos Sahinis
Domeniul său de activitate a fost preocupat de cercetarea operei scriitorilor moderni, a curentelor literare, a tendințelor noului roman grec și a teoriei critice. Potrivit profesorului Panagiotis Masrodemitris, Sachinis "a combinat reflecția evaluativă cu cercetarea și a propus [...] o viziune unitară a studiului literaturii (utilizând modelul anglo-saxon de savant-critic")

Opera literară
A colaborat cu recenzii literare la revistele Ta Nea Grammata, Angloellinikí Epitheorisi, Nea Estia, Epoches, Nea Poreia și Efthyni, iar din 1945 până în 1967 la ziarul Ethnos. A redactat articole despre literatura greacă în dicționarele de literatură universală Dizionario Bombiani și Kindlers Literatur Lexikon.

 Aναζητήσεις της μεσοπολεμικής πεζογραφίας ["Conversații despre proza interbelică"], 1945
 Η πεζογραφία της Κατοχής ["Proza din perioada Ocupației"], 1948
 Η σύγχρονη πεζογραφία μας ["Proza noastră contemporană"], 1951
 Το ιστορικό μυθιστόρημα ["Romanul istoric"], 1957 (premiul II pentru critică al Ministerului Educației)
 Το νεοελληνικό μυθιστόρημα ["Romanul grec modern"], 1958
 Συμβολή στην ιστορία της Πανδώρας και των παλιών περιοδίκών ["Contribuție la istoria Pandorei și a altor periodice vechi"], 1964
 Νέοι πεζογράφοι ["Prozatorii noi"], 1965 (premiul I pentru critică al Ministerului Educației)
 Πεζογράφοι του καιρού μας ["Prozatorii epocii noastre"], 1967
 Το nouveau roman και το σύγχρονο μυθιστόρημα ["Nouveau Roman și romanul modern"], 1972
 Παλαιότεροι πεζογράφοι ["Prozatori vechi"], 1973 (premiul Fundației Kostas și Eleni Ouranis)
 Μεσοπολεμικοί και μεταπολεμικοί πεζογράφοι ["Prozatori interbelici și postbelici"], 1979
 Γύρω στο Κρητικό θέατρο ["Despre teatrul cretan"], 1980
 Η πεζογραφία του αισθητικού ["Proza estetică"], 1981 (premiul de stat pentru critică al Ministerului Culturii)
 Προσεγγίσεις. Δοκίμια κριτικής ["Abordări. Eseuri critice"], 1989
 Το αφηγηματικό έργο του Πετσάλη-Διομήδη ["Opera narativă a lui Petsali-Diomidi"], 1992
 Θεωρία και άγνωστη ιστορία του μυθιστορήματος στην Ελλάδα, 1760-1870 ["Teoria și istoria necunoscută a romanului în Grecia, 1760-1870"], 1992
 Ένας επικός ύμνος του Ελληνισμού. Η φλογέρα του βασιλιά του Παλαμά ["Un imn epic al elenismului. Flautul regal al lui Palama"], 1993
 Ο Παλαμάς και η κριτική ["Palamas și criticii"], 1994
 Τετράδια κριτικής ["Caiete critice"], vol. 1-9, 1978-1996

Note

Bibliografie
 Panagiotis Mastrodimitris, Εισαγωγή στη Νεοελληνική φιλολογία, Domos, Atena, 1996, pp. 245-247
 Panagiotis Mastrodimitris, «Απόστολος Σαχίνης: Βιο-εργογραφικό σημείωμα», Diavazo, nr. 382, (februarie 1998), pp. 57-59
 Συνέντευξη του Απόστολου Σαχίνη στον Μισέλ Φάις, Diavazo, τ/χ.382, (februarie 1998), pp. 46-56

Nașteri în 1919
Decese în 1997
Filologi greci
Critici literari greci

Apostolos Sahinis


The Dogger Bank incident (also known as the North Sea Incident, the Russian Outrage or the Incident of Hull) occurred on the night of 21/22 October 1904, when the Baltic Fleet of the Imperial Russian Navy mistook a British trawler fleet from Kingston upon Hull in the Dogger Bank area of the North Sea for Imperial Japanese Navy torpedo boats and fired on them, also firing on each other in the chaos of the melée.

Two British fishermen died, six more were injured, one fishing vessel was sunk, and five more boats were damaged.  On the Russian side, one sailor and a Russian Orthodox priest aboard the cruiser Aurora caught in the crossfire were killed.

"Damage to the Aurora was concealed...and only discovered by the deciphering of a wireless message intercepted at [the British] Felixstowe station.  It was  also considered highly significant that no officer from that ship appeared before the Commission, nor were their logs produced." The incident almost led to war between the United Kingdom and the Russian Empire.

Incident
The Russian warships involved in the incident were en route to the Far East to reinforce the 1st Pacific Squadron stationed at Port Arthur and later Vladivostok during the Russo-Japanese War. Because of the fleet's alleged sightings of balloons and four enemy cruisers the day previously, coupled with "the possibility that the Japanese might surreptitiously have sent ships around the world to attack" them, Russian Admiral Zinovy Rozhestvensky called for increased vigilance and issued an order that "no vessel of any sort must be allowed to get in among the fleet".

It was known that enemy intelligence had been heavily active in the region. Torpedo boats, a recent development of the major navies, had the potential to damage and sink large warships and were very difficult to detect, which caused psychological stress to sailors at war.

While en route, Rozhestvensky received an intelligence report from the Russian transport Bakan in the Langeland Belt of "four torpedo-boats which only showed lights on the mizenmast-head so that at a distance, they might be taken for fishing boats". He took the report seriously, quickened his coaling and commenced sailing.

Similar accidents and rumours affected the Russian fleet. There was a general fear of attack, with widespread rumours that a fleet of Japanese torpedo boats were stationed off the Danish coast, talk of the Japanese having mined the seas and alleged sightings of Japanese submarines. Before the Dogger Bank incident, the nervous Russian fleet had fired on fishermen carrying consular dispatches from Russia to them near the Danish coast. No damage was caused because of the Russian fleet's poor gunnery.

After navigating a non-existent minefield, the Russian fleet sailed into the North Sea. The disaster of 21 October began in the evening, when the captain of the supply ship Kamchatka (Камчатка), which was last in the Russian line, took a passing Swedish ship for a Japanese torpedo boat and radioed that he was being attacked.

Later that night, during fog, the officers on duty sighted the British trawlers, interpreted their signals incorrectly and classified them as Japanese torpedo boats although they were more than  from Japan. The Russian warships illuminated the trawlers with their searchlights and opened fire. As the trawlers had their nets down, they were unable to flee. The British trawler Crane was sunk, and its captain and boatswain were killed. Four other trawlers were damaged, and six other fishermen were wounded, one of whom died a few months later.

In the general chaos, Russian ships began to shoot at each other. The cruisers Aurora and Dmitrii Donskoi were taken for Japanese warships and bombarded by seven battleships sailing in formation, damaging both ships and killing a chaplain and at least one sailor and severely wounding another. During the pandemonium, several Russian ships signalled torpedoes had hit them, and on board the battleship Borodino, rumours spread that the ship was being boarded by the Japanese, with some crews donning life vests and lying prone on the deck and others drawing cutlasses. More serious losses to both sides were avoided only because of the extremely low quality of Russian gunnery, with the battleship Oryol reportedly firing more than 500 shells without hitting anything.

After twenty minutes of firing, the fishermen finally saw a blue light signal on one of the warships, the order to cease firing.

Aftermath
The incident led to a serious diplomatic conflict between Russia and Britain, which was particularly dangerous because of the Anglo-Japanese Alliance. In the aftermath, some British newspapers called the Russian fleet 'pirates', and Admiral Rozhestvensky was heavily criticised for not leaving the British fishermen lifeboats. The editorial of the morning's Times was particularly scathing:

The Royal Navy prepared for war, with 28 battleships of the Home Fleet being ordered to raise steam and prepare for action, while British cruiser squadrons shadowed the Russian fleet as it made its way through the Bay of Biscay and down the coast of Portugal. Under diplomatic pressure, the Russian government agreed to investigate the incident, and Rozhestvensky was ordered to dock in Vigo, Spain, where he left behind those officers considered responsible (as well as at least one officer who had been critical of him). From Vigo, the main Russian fleet then approached Tangiers, Morocco, and lost contact with the Kamchatka for several days. The Kamchatka eventually rejoined the fleet and claimed that she had engaged three Japanese warships and fired over 300 shells. The ships she had actually fired at were a Swedish merchantman, a German trawler, and a French schooner. As the fleet left Tangiers, one ship accidentally severed the city's underwater telegraph cable with her anchor, preventing communications with Europe for four days.

Concerns that the draught of the newer battleships, which had proven to be considerably greater than designed, would prevent their passage through the Suez Canal caused the fleet to separate after leaving Tangiers on 3 November 1904. The newer battleships and a few cruisers proceeded around the Cape of Good Hope under command of Admiral Rozhestvensky while the older battleships and lighter cruisers made their way through the Suez Canal under the command of Admiral Dmitry Gustavovich von Fölkersahm. They planned to rendezvous in Madagascar, and both sections of the fleet successfully completed this part of the journey. The fleet then proceeded to the Sea of Japan, where it was soundly defeated in the Battle of Tsushima.

On 25 November 1904, the British and the Russian governments signed a joint agreement in which they agreed to submit the issue to an international commission of inquiry whose proceedings were to be based on the Hague Convention. The International Commission met in Paris from 9 January to 25 February 1905. The report produced by the International Commission concluded that "the commissioners declare that their findings, which are therein formulated, are not, in their opinion, of a nature to cast any discredit upon the military qualities or the humanity of Admiral Rojdestvensky, or of the personnel of his squadron". It also concluded that "the commissioners take pleasure in recognising, unanimously, that Admiral Rozhestvensky personally did everything he could, from beginning to end of the incident, to prevent trawlers, recognised as such, from being fired upon by the squadron".

Russia voluntarily paid compensation of £66,000 to the fishermen. In 1906 the Fisherman's Memorial was unveiled in Hull to commemorate the deaths of the three British sailors. The memorial, approximately 18 feet high, shows the dead fisherman George Henry Smith and carries the following inscription:

References

Sources

External links

 Details and History of some of the Trawlers
 Hull In Print (article on an exhibition for the centenary of the incident)
 The Dogger Bank Incident

Naval battles of the Russo-Japanese War
Military history of County Durham
Military history of the North Sea
Military history of Yorkshire
1904 in international relations
Russia–United Kingdom relations
Conflicts in 1904
1904 in England
Military history of Kingston upon Hull
Maritime incidents in 1904
Maritime incidents in the United Kingdom
1900s in Yorkshire
October 1904 events
1904 disasters in the United Kingdom
Friendly fire incidents
Combat incidents

Dogger Bank incident


Uttarkashi (en hindi: उत्तरकाशी जिला) es un distrito de la India en el estado de Uttarakhand. Código ISO: IN.UL.UT.

Comprende una superficie de 7951 km².

El centro administrativo es la ciudad de Uttarkashi.

Demografía
Según censo 2011 contaba con una población total de 329686 habitantes, de los cuales 161 351 eran mujeres y 168 335 varones.

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Sitio web oficial.

Uttarkashi

Distrito de Uttarkashi


est un film américain réalisé par Charles Miller et sorti en 1922.

Synopsis

Fiche technique
 Réalisation : Charles Miller
 Scénario : Jasper Ewing Brady
 Production : Charles Miller Productions
 Distribution :
 Durée : 55 minutes (5 bobines)
 Date de sortie :

Distribution
 Earle Foxe : John Ramsey
 Doris Miller :Margo
 Frank Losee : Fenton
 Charles Mackay : Major Shanley
 Donald Russ : Songatawa
 Harry Lee : Sergeant Hawkins
 Frederick Burton : Bruce Webster

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Bibliographie
  Connelly, Robert B. The Silents: Silent Feature Films, 1910-36, Volume 40, Issue 2. December Press, 1998.
  Munden, Kenneth White. The American Film Institute Catalog of Motion Pictures Produced in the United States, Part 1. University of California Press, 1997.

Liens externes

Film américain sorti en 1922
Film dramatique américain
Film muet américain
Film américain en noir et blanc

The Man She Brought Back


Die Tauchblattzone (auch Tauchblattgürtel) ist eine der Uferzonen von Seen und anderen Binnengewässern. Sie folgt in der Uferzone, fachsprachlich Litoral genannt, zum tieferen Wasser hin auf die Schwimmblattzone und den Röhrichtgürtel. Die Tauchblattzone zählt dabei zum Sublitoral, dem untersten Bereich des durchlichteten Litorals am Übergang zum lichtlosen Profundal.

In Mitteleuropa stellen Laichkräuter die dominante Pflanzengruppe der Tauchblattzonen im Süßwasser dar. Sie sind namensgebend für die pflanzensoziologische Gruppe (nach Oberdorfer) der Unterwasser-Laichkrautgesellschaften. Weitere vorkommende Gruppen sind zum Beispiel  Nixenkräuter (Najas), Tausendblatt (Myriophyllum) oder Wasserpest (Elodea).

Ganz ähnliche Vegetationsformen finden sich auch in ruhigen Abschnitten langsam fließender Flüsse und anderer Fließgewässer.

Pflanzenmerkmale
Die Wasserpflanzen der Tauchblattzone leben untergetaucht (submers). Die Stängel und Blätter werden vom Wasser getragen. Sie haben nur eine sehr dünne Cuticula keinen Verdunstungsschutz und besitzen auch kein Festigungsgewebe. Die Wurzeln dienen nur noch der Verankerung. Unterwasserblätter haben keine Spaltöffnungen, sodass der Gasaustausch über das gesamte Blatt erfolgt. Die Blätter sind oft sehr klein und zerschlitzt. Dadurch entsteht auf wenig Raum eine größere Oberfläche, über die die Mineralstoffe und Kohlenstoffdioxid aufgenommen werden. Die Pflanzenarten der Tauchblattzone gehören zu den aquatischen (das heißt im Wasser lebenden) Makrophyten; diese werden von den oft nur mikroskopisch erkennbaren Algen-Arten nach rein pragmatischen Gesichtspunkten unterschieden, wobei etwa die großen Armleuchteralgen meist zu den Makrophyten gerechnet werden. Bei der Vegetationsgliederung der Gewässer werden meist die Makrophyten und die (anderen) Algen separat untersucht, die Algenarten der Tauchblattzone werden bei der Vegetationsgliederung nicht berücksichtigt. Makrophyten der Tauchblattzone sind also überwiegend krautige Gefäßpflanzen, selten auch Moose (wie das Quellmoos) und Armleuchteralgen. Die Arten der Tauchblattzone bilden die Untergruppe der submersen (das heißt: untergetaucht lebenden), wurzelnden Makrophyten (selten als Rhizophyten bezeichnet). Helophyten (oder Sumpfpflanzen) und im Gewässergrund wurzelnde Schwimmblattpflanzen fehlen aufgrund der Wassertiefe. Wo Schwimmblattpflanzen vorkommen, können sie die Tauchblattpflanzen durch Beschattung auskonkurrieren und so verdrängen. In sehr nährstoffarmen (oligotrophen) Gewässern, in denen Schwimmblattpflanzen fast ganz fehlen, können Tauchblattpflanzen bis in den eigentlichen Ufergürtel vordringen. In extrem nährstoffreichen (hypertrophen) Gewässern fehlt eine Tauchblattzone, hier ist das Wasser meist durch Phytoplankton so stark getrübt, dass die submersen Wasserpflanzen nicht mehr genügend Licht erhalten.

Die Tauchblattzone gehört in die Sukzessionsreihe bei der Verlandung eines eutrophen Binnengewässers.

Vegetation und pflanzensoziologische Gliederung
Die Vegetation der Tauchblattzone ist in der Artenzusammensetzung verwandt zur oft unmittelbar benachbarten Schwimmblattzone. Beide werden in der Pflanzensoziologie in der Klasse Potamogetonetea und darin der Ordnung Potamogetonetalia zusammengefasst. Da die Namen dieser Gesellschaften schwer aussprechbar sind, werden sie oft etwas abgekürzt: Potametea, Potametalia; für Verbände Potamion anstelle von Potamogetonion, für Assoziationen Potametum anstelle von Potamogetonetum; obwohl nach den Nomenklaturregeln die abgekürzte Schreibweise eigentlich inkorrekt ist, sind beide Schreibvarianten in Gebrauch.

Die Vegetation der Tauchblattzone ist meist relativ artenarm, die vorkommenden Arten neigen dann zu Dominanz- oder sogar Einart-Beständen. Die Vegetation unterscheidet sich in nährstoffreichen (eutrophen) und nährstoffarmen (oligotrophen) Gewässern. Diese sind an der Wuchsform der vorherrschenden Laichkrautarten (der Gattung Potamogetum) unterscheidbar. Während in eutrophen Gewässern meist breitblättrige Laichkrautarten (die sogenannten Großlaichkräuter) dominieren, überwiegen in oligotrophen Gewässern schmalblättrige sogenannte Kleinlaichkräuter.

Großlaichkraut-Tauchfluren
Die Großlaichkraut-Tauchfluren der nährstoffreichen Gewässer bilden im pflanzensoziologischen System den Verband Magno-Potamogetonion (nach lateinisch magnus: groß). Unter dem (abgekürzten, siehe oben) Namen Magnopotamion sind natürliche eutrophe Seen mit Vegetation vom Typ Magnopotamion (und/oder dem, zur Schwimmblattzone zählenden, Hydrocharition) geschützter Lebensraumtyp (Codenummer 3150) im Rahmen des europäischen Schutzgebietssystems Natura 2000.

Kennzeichnende Arten (Charakterarten und Differentialarten) sind in Norddeutschland Stachelspitziges Laichkraut Potamogeton friesii, Durchwachsenes Laichkraut Potamogeton perfoliatus, Spreizender Wasserhahnenfuß Ranunculus circinatus, Quellmoos Fontinalis antipyretica, Kamm-Laichkraut Potamogeton pectinatus. Nach der letztgenannten Art wird die Vegetationseinheit von manchen Vegetationskundlern auch mit dem synonymen Namen Kammlaichkrautflur Potamogetonion (oder Potamion) pectinati, genannt. Begleiter sind etwa die submerse Form der Krebsschere Stratiotes aloides und Ähriges Tausendblatt Myriophyllum spicatum. Oft kommt auch das im Wasser frei treibende, nicht wurzelnde Raue Hornblatt Ceratophyllum demersum hinzu. Nach dem EU-Handbuch sind für den Lebensraumtyp kennzeichnend außerdem die Arten Spiegelndes Laichkraut Potamogeton lucens, Langblättriges Laichkraut Potamogeton praelongus, Schmalblättriges Laichkraut Potamogeton ×zizii. Die Gesellschaft kommt in überwiegend natürlichen, eutrophen, meist basenreichen Gewässern bis in etwa vier Meter Wassertiefe vor. Sie ist von hoher Bedeutung für die Ökologie der Gewässer, deren Selbstreinigungskraft sie unterstützt, außerdem ist sie ein wichtiger Laichplatz für Fischarten.

Kleinlaichkraut-Tauchfluren
Die Kleinlaichkraut-Tauchfluren sind die charakteristische Vegetationseinheit der Tauchblattzone nährstoffarmer Gewässer, außerdem treten sie auch als Initialgesellschaften in gestörten oder neu angelegten eutrophen Gewässern auf. Sie bilden im pflanzensoziologischen System den Verband Parvo-Potamogetonion (nach lateinisch parvus: klein). Sie sind typisch eher für flache Uferzonen und kommen nur selten unter 80 Zentimeter Wassertiefe vor. In der Tauchblattzone typischer Seen fehlen sie.

Kennzeichnende Arten in gestörten oder initialen Gewässern sind etwa Kleines Laichkraut Potamogeton pusillus, Spitzblättriges Laichkraut Potamogeton acutifolius, Haarblättriges Laichkraut Potamogeton trichoides, Gewöhnliche Armleuchteralge Chara vulgaris, Gewöhnliche Sumpfbinse Eleocharis palustris, oft kommt auch Sumpf-Teichfaden Zannichellia palustris vor. Typisch für kalkarme und meist nährstoffarme Gewässer ist das Gras-Laichkraut Potamogeton gramineus. In kalten, nährstoffarmen Gewässern ist das Alpen-Laichkraut Potamogeton alpinus kennzeichnend.

Literatur
 Eduard Strasburger: Lehrbuch der Botanik. 29. Auflage. Bearbeitet von D. von Denfer et al., G. Fischer, Stuttgart 1967, S. 167 f. (II. Umbildungen des Kormus: 1. Wasserpflanzen (Hydrophyten)).
 Heinz Ellenberg: Vegetation Mitteleuropas mit den Alpen. Ulmer, Stuttgart 1963, S. 382–401 (C.I.1: Stillwasser und ihre Verlandung).
 Fritz Runge: Die Pflanzengesellschaften Mitteleuropas. 12./13. verbesserte Auflage. Aschendorff, Münster 1994, S. 36 ff. (Süßwasser-Gesellschaften, Potametea).

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks
 myss.de

Limnologie

Tauchblattzone


Marguerite Blanche Thibodeau, surnommée Tante Blanche, est née vers 1738 dans la région de Grand-Pré en Nouvelle-Écosse. Dérangée à plusieurs occasions, Marguerite fait son nom comme héroïne dans l'histoire du Madawaska en aidant les gens à survivre lors de la famine de 1797.

Biographie

Famille
Marguerite Blanche Thibodeau est née vers 1738 à la Rivière-aux-Canards, l'une des deux paroisses formant Grand-Pré, en Nouvelle-Écosse. Elle est la septième enfant du couple formé de Marie Leblanc et Jean Baptiste Thibodeau. Son père est le fils de Jean Thibodeau qui est lui-même le fils de Pierre Thibodeau, homme à qui l'on doit le nom de famille Thibodeau en Amérique du Nord. De son côté, sa mère, originaire de Grand-Pré, est la fille de François Leblanc et de Jeanne Hébert.

Tension accrue entre les Français et les Anglais
Une décennie avant la Déportation des Acadiens, une série d'événements accélérèrent les tensions entre les Français et les Britanniques au détriment des familles acadiennes, dont la famille Thibodeau, poussant ces dernières à quitter Grand-Pré pour leur sécurité.

Ainsi, Jean-Baptiste Thibodeau décide, comme bien d'autres familles acadiennes, de fuir avec les siens vers l'Acadie française. La création de la ville d'Halifax en1749 et l'insistance de prêter le serment d'allégeance forcent plus de 1000 familles acadiennes à émigrer  pour leur survie marquant ainsi les débuts du Grand Dérangement.

De Chipoudie à la Rivière Saint-Jean
La jeune Marguerite Thibodeau, sa famille et d'autres quittent Grand-Pré pour rejoindre des parents à Chipoudie, village fondé par son arrière grand-père paternel Pierre. Avec la venue de toutes ces familles, il est impossible pour les Acadiens de subvenir adéquatement aux besoins de leurs confrères réfugiés. C'est pour cette raison que plusieurs familles, dont les familles Thibodeau et Cyr, décident de quitter Chipoudie pour se rendre à la Rivière Saint-Jean vers 1754, à Ékoupag (Méductic). Lors de leur migration, la mère de Marguerite donnent naissance à trois autres enfants portant le total à quatorze.

1755: Déportation des Acadiens
L'année 1755 est venue tragiquement bouleverser la vie des familles acadiennes, dont certains membres de la famille à Marguerite Blanche Thibodeau.

À la suite de la prise du fort Beauséjour le 16 juin 1755 par une expédition militaire britannique en provenance de la Nouvelle-Angleterre commandé par le colonel Robert Monckton , le lieutenant-gouverneur de la Nouvelle-Écosse, Charles Lawrence, et son conseil décident de chasser tous les Acadiens de la province et de Chignectou. Le 28 juillet 1755, convaincu par le président du conseil, le juge en chef de la Cour suprême de la Nouvelle-Écosse, Jonathan Belcher, le conseil prit la décision de déporter tous les Acadiens qui ne se soumettaient pas au serment d'allégeance.

De la Rivière Saint-Jean au Kamouraska pour ensuite revenir à la Rivière Saint-Jean
Réfugiée à Ékoupag avec sa famille, Marguerite Blanche Thibodeau y épouse Joseph François Cyr, fils vers 1758. Vivant dans la précarité, un grand nombre de familles acadiennes de la Rivière Saint-Jean se dirigent vers la ville de Québec et de ses environs afin d'avoir une meilleure qualité de vie grâce à la bienveillance de Pierre de Rigaud de Vaudreuil de Cavagnial, dernier gouverneur de la Nouvelle-France. Les familles Thibodeau et Cyr sont du nombre et elles vont se réfugier au Kamouraska, au Canada.

Encore une fois, Jean Baptiste Thibodeau permet à sa famille d'éviter le pire en migrant au Kamouraska, car le 30 octobre 1758 , le colonel Robert Monckton détruit les hameaux de la Rivière Saint-Jean jusqu'à Jemseg brûlant les habitations qu'il croisait sur son chemin.

Une fois arrivé au Kamouraska, la situation n'est guère mieux pour les familles acadiennes. Se faisant accuser d'être porteur de la variole, les Acadiens sont craints par plusieurs. De plus, la rigueur de l'hiver de 1758-1759, ajoutée aux mauvaises récoltes au Canada durant ces années, font en sorte que la vie des réfugiés est très difficile.

C'est dans ces situations difficiles que Marguerite Blanche Thibodeau Cyr et Joseph François Cyr,fils baptisent leurs premières filles respectivement en 1761 et 1762. Malheureusement pour le couple, les deux fillettes meurent l'année suivante, possiblement de la picote.

Deux ans plus tard, la mère de Marguerite, Marie Leblanc, décède le 23 septembre 1765.

La famille Thibodeau-Cyr décident donc de retourner à la Rivière Saint-Jean vers 1766-1767. En date de 1783, Marguerite et Joseph ont 9 enfants baptisés dans la paroisse d'Ékoupag et ensemble, ils ont défriché 30 acres de terre.

Dérangé pour une dernière fois: la création du Nouveau-Brunswick
La signature du traité de Paris en 1783, qui met fin à la guerre d'indépendance américaine, provoque l'arrivée de milliers de réfugiés loyalistes en Nouvelle-Écosse. Le 16 août 1784, à la suite du mécontentement de plusieurs d'entre eux envers le gouvernement d'Halifax, la Nouvelle-Écosse est scindée en deux et la province du Nouveau-Brunswick voit le jour. Les terres étant incultivables dans le sud de la nouvelle province, à Saint-Jean, le gouvernement du Nouveau-Brunswick décide d'offrir aux Loyalistes les terres cultivées par les Acadiens à la Rivière Saint-Jean. Thomas Carleton, alors le premier lieutenant-gouverneur du Nouveau-Brunswick, offre des terres aux Acadiens dans la région de Memramcook, de Caraquet dans le nord-est du Nouveau-Brunswick et au Madawaska, dans le nord-ouest de la province.

Après l'annonce du gouvernement du Nouveau-Brunswick accordant officiellement les terres du Madawaska aux Acadiens en décembre 1789, Jean Baptiste Thibodeau et Joseph Cyr décident de se rendre au Madawaska avec les membres de leur famille au mois de mars 1790.

Dernières années de Tante Blanche
Le 11 avril 1795, le père de Marguerite décède et ce dernier est inhumé le 14 avril dans le nouveau village de Saint-Basile, établit en 1785 et érigé canoniquement en paroisse en 1792.

C'est à l'automne 1796 et durant l'hiver 1797 que Marguerite Blanche Thibodeau Cyr est devenue une héroïne au Madawaska. Alors que l'hiver est arrivé plus tôt que prévu, les récoltes sont alors ensevelies sous la neige et l'hiver 1797 est des plus durs. Cette période est connue sous le nom de grande disette ou de la misère noire. Au cours de cette période difficile, d'après le récit de l'abbé Thomas Albert, Marguerite aide les familles en difficultés, qu'elles soient riches ou pauvres, en leur offrant des vêtements, des provisions et des soins. Elle remonte le moral de plusieurs et elle aide à ensevelir les défunts. De fil en aiguille, le personnage de Tante Blanche entre dans l'imaginaire collectif de la population madawaskayenne.

En 1803, le quatrième enfant de Marguerite, Firmin Cyr, décède. L'année suivante, son époux, Joseph François Cyr, fils rejoint son fils Firmin. En 1809, du 16 au 18 septembre, trois de ses petits enfants meurent à l'âge d'un mois, quinze mois et trois ans. C'est le 27 mars 1810 que décède Marguerite Blanche Thibodeau Cyr, dite Tante Blanche, alors âgée de 72 ans.

Références

Personnalité acadienne
Naissance en 1738

Tante Blanche


Chelonia mydas, Chelonia cinsi içindeki tek tür olan bir deniz kaplumbağasıdır. 200 kg ağırlığa, 1-1,5 metre uzunluğa erişebilir ve bu ölçülerle, sert kabuklu kaplumbağalar içinde en büyük olandır. Tropik, tropik altı ve bazı daha ılıman denizlerde dağılım gösteren tür, erişkin bireylerin alglerden zengin beslenmesine bağlı olarak bedenlerindeki yağ dokusu yeşil renk alır.

Dişi bireyler, yumurta bırakmak için, tipik yuvalanma kumsallarına çıkarlar. Ayrıca, bu türün bireylerinin soğuk kanlı bedenlerini ısıtmak için kumsallara çıktığına da sıkça rastlanır. Bunlar dışında, tamamen bir deniz kaplumbağasıdır.

Sırtı gri kahverengi üzerine sarımsı kahverengi lekelidir alt kabuğu ise beyazımsı sarı renk olur. Bacak kenarlarında tek tırnakları vardır. Eti lezzetli olduğu ve yendiği için çorba kaplumbağası da denilir. Bu yüzden sayıları çok azalmıştır. Gece kumsallarda açtıkları çukurlara 200 den fazla yumurta bırakabilirler.

Çok nadiren Karadeniz'de de görülebilen bu canlı tüm Akdeniz'e yayılmıştır. Türkiye'de yalnızca Hatay, Mersin ve Adana sahillerinde yumurtlarlar. Kabuk boyu 140 cm'ye kadar ulaşabilir. Erginleri deniz bitkileriyle yavrular ise hayvansal besinlerle beslenir. Yeşil deniz kaplumbağalarının nesli tükenmektedir. Bu amaçla WWF (Doğal Hayatı Koruma Vakfı), düzenlemiş olduğu Türkiye'nin Canı Kampanyası I. Dönem Hibe Projeleri kapsamında Samandağ Çevre Koruma ve Turizm Derneği'nin Samandağ Deniz Kaplumbağaları adlı projesine destek vermiştir.

Dış bağlantılar
 Yeşil kaplumbağa
  ARKive yeşil kaplumbağa (Chelonia mydas) fotografları

 Images and movies (Chelonia mydas)—ARKive
US National Marine Fisheries Service green sea turtle page
Floridian and Mexican populations —US Fish and Wildlife Service
Desktop wallpaper & fun green turtle facts
Green turtle video  – Macaulay Library
Baby green sea turtles  – Open Water 859

Kaynakça

Tehlikedeki hayvanlar
Türkiye'deki sürüngenler
1758'de tanımlanan omurgalılar
1758'de tanımlanan taksonlar
Carl Linnaeus tarafından adlandırılmış taksonlar
Chelonia

Chelonia mydas


Viticus III es el tercer álbum de la banda de rock argentina Viticus. Fue lanzado el 3 de octubre de 2008. Nuevamente en este disco se produce un cambio en la formación, siendo Martin Urionagüena reemplazado por Francisco Isola, quien también sería reemplazado por Jerónimo Sica (baterista actual de la banda). De este disco destacan las canciones "Voy a Pasar a Buscarte", "Un Legendario", "Dr. Dr." y "Utopía", entre otras. Un dato interesante es que Viticus III es el disco más corto del grupo (con 10 canciones) a pesar de eso demuestra tener una gran calidad.

Lista de canciones
 Voy a pasar a buscarte
 Un legendario
 Dr. Dr.
 Sr. rock and roll
 El abastito
 Fuego y destrucción
 Quiero volver a las raíces
 Utopía
 Mabel
 Solo

Músicos

Viticus
Vitico - Bajo y Voz
Nicolas Bereciartúa - Guitarra
Sebastian Bereciartúa - Guitarra
Ariel Rodríguez - Guitarra y Voz
Francisco Isola - Batería

Enlaces externos
 Viticus III en rock.com.ar

Álbumes de 2008
Álbumes de Viticus
Álbumes de rock en español
Álbumes de hard rock
Álbumes de rock de Argentina

Viticus III


!Artigos com hCards
Bilkis Dadi (tradução literal: "Avó Bilkis") (em hindi: बिल्किस दादी e em urdu: بلقیس دادی) é uma ativista indiana que esteve na vanguarda dos protestos contra a Lei de Cidadania (Emenda) de 2019 (CAA) aprovada pelo governo central da Índia.   Ela recebeu cobertura nacional e internacional durante o protesto em Shaheen Bagh, em Delhi. Por seu papel no protesto de Shaheen Bagh, ela ficou conhecida como uma das 'Dadis de Shaheen Bagh' (tradução: Avós de Shaheen Bagh) e passou a ser listada na lista Time 100 e na 100 mulheres (BBC) in 2020. Ela foi nomeada "Mulher do Ano" nos 500 Muçulmanos Mais Influentes do Mundo em 2020.

Vida
Bilkis nasceu em 1º de janeiro de 1938  em uma vila no distrito de Hapur em Uttar Pradesh, na Índia.  Ela não recebeu nenhuma educação formal e cresceu lendo o Alcorão Sharif.  Vice resume sua vida: "Ela passou a vida criando seus seis filhos, cultivando e criando gado".  Seu marido morreu quando ela tinha 70 anos. Ela mora em Shaheen Bagh, Delhi, com suas noras e netos.

Carreira de ativista
Bilkis sentou-se com dois de seus amigos, Asma Khatoon (90) e Sarwari (75),  e centenas de muçulmanos sob uma tenda em Shaheen Bagh, bloqueando uma importante rodovia em Delhi, por mais de três meses.    Bilkis e suas duas amigas passaram a ser conhecidas como as Dadis de Shaheen Bagh (tradução: Avós de Shaheen Bagh).  A outra mulher da família de Bilkis também se revezou para participar do protesto.  A própria Bilkis não perdeu um dia de protesto. No inverno de Delhi, ela sentava no local do protesto desde as 8 da manhã todos os dias. Ela também falou nos microfones abertos no local do protesto.  O protesto começou em resposta à violência policial na Universidade Jamia Milia, localizada perto de Shaheen Bagh - "Continuamos nossa manifestação mesmo quando chovia ou o mercúrio caía ou a temperatura subia. Estávamos sentadas desde que nossos filhos foram espancados em Jamia. Tiros foram disparados na nossa frente, mas nada nos dissuadiu".

Em uma entrevista publicada no Livemint ela disse que ela está lutando pela ideia de uma Índia plural com a qual ela e seu falecido marido cresceram, "apesar de todas as probabilidades. Eles aprovaram o veredicto de Babri Masjid, lei talaq tripla, desmonetização, não dissemos nada, mas não vamos aceitar essa divisão."  Durante o protesto dos fazendeiros indianos de 2020–2021, Bilkis Bano tentou se juntar aos protestos, mas foi escoltada pela polícia.  Ela expressou solidariedade aos agricultores em um evento no Press Club of India.  Muitos meios de comunicação, incluindo OpIndia e Zee News, a criticaram, chamando-a de disfarce para elementos radicais e separatistas e uma "simpatizante das forças anti-Índia".

Reconhecimento
Em 23 de setembro de 2020, ela foi incluída na lista Time 100 da revista Time das 100 pessoas mais influentes de 2020 na categoria de ícones. Em seu perfil, a jornalista e autora Rana Ayyub a descreveu como 'a voz dos marginalizados'.  Em novembro de 2020, a BBC listou Bilkis Dadi na lista das 100 mulheres inspiradoras e influentes de todo o mundo para 2020. A BBC a cita dizendo: "As mulheres devem se sentir empoderadas para sair de suas casas e levantar a voz, especialmente contra a injustiça. Se não saírem de casa, como mostrarão sua força?"  Bilkis dividiu o Prêmio Quaid Millat de Honestidade na Política/Vida Pública 2020 com Karwan-e-Mohabbat .  Ela foi destaque na edição de 2021 de The Muslim 500: The World's 500 Most Influential Muslims, que a nomeou "Mulher do Ano". A longa explicação da página diz: "Iniciando um protesto simples de Gandhi em uma estrada em sua localidade de Shaheen Bagh em Delhi, ela conseguiu chamar a atenção do mundo para a última placa de sinalização no slide da Índia . . . ."  Gal Gadot chamou Bilkis de uma de suas "mulheres maravilhas pessoais", comentando "a ativista de 82 anos que luta pela igualdade das mulheres na Índia me mostrou que nunca é tarde para lutar pelo que você acredita".

Referências

Nascidos em 1938
Pessoas vivas
Ativistas da Índia
Indianas
Mulheres
Mulheres ativistas
Pessoas na lista BBC 100 Mulheres de 2020

Bilkis Dadi


Aksaklı, Seyitgazi - Eskişehir ili Seyitgazi ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Aksaklı, Mucur - Kırşehir ili Mucur ilçesine bağlı köy
 Aksaklı, Karatay - Konya ili Karatay ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Aksaklı, Beşikdüzü - Trabzon ili Beşikdüzü ilçesine bağlı mahalle

Aksaklı


Robert Vișoiu (* 10. Februar 1996 in Pitești) ist ein rumänischer Automobilrennfahrer. 2017 fährt er seit dem Rennwochenende in Monaco für Campos Racing in der FIA-Formel-2-Meisterschaft.

Karriere

Vișoiu begann seine Motorsportkarriere 2003 im Kartsport, in dem er bis 2010 aktiv war. Er wurde unter anderem 2009 Zweiter in der südosteuropäischen KF3-Meisterschaft, sowie 2010 Zweiter in der KF3-WSK-World-Series und der KF3-WSK-Master-Series. 2011 wechselte Vișoiu in den Formelsport. Er trat für Jenzer Motorsport in der Formel Abarth an. Vișoiu gewann zwei Rennen und wurde in der italienischen Wertung, die sein Teamkollege Patric Niederhauser gewann, Sechster. In der europäischen Wertung wurde er ebenfalls von Niederhauser, der Vizemeister wurde, geschlagen und beendete die Saison als Vierter. Darüber hinaus trat er zu vier Rennen der Formula Pilota China Series an und stand dabei zweimal auf dem Podest. Am Ende des Jahres nahm Vișoiu an GP3-Testfahrten für Jenzer teil. Dabei erzielte er eine Top-3-Zeit.

2012 ging Vișoiu sowohl für Jenzer Motorsport in der GP3-Serie, als auch für das Team Ghinzani in der italienischen Formel-3-Meisterschaft an den Start. In der GP3-Serie erzielte er bereits beim zweiten Rennen mit einem zweiten Platz eine Podest-Platzierung. Am Ende der Saison war er 14. in der Fahrerwertung. In der italienischen Formel 3 bestritt Vișoiu nicht alle Rennen. Am Saisonende lag er mit einem Sieg auf dem neunten Platz in der Fahrerwertung. 2013 blieb Vișoiu in der GP3-Serie und wechselte zu MW Arden. Er gewann die Sprintrennen in Valencia und Mogyoród. Während sein Teamkollege Daniil Kwjat die Meisterschaft gewann, beendete Vișoiu die Saison auf dem elften Gesamtrang. Darüber hinaus trat er 2013 für Ghinzani in der Auto GP an. Dort erreichte er mit zwei dritten Plätzen als beste Resultate den achten Platz in der Fahrerwertung. 2014 ging Vișoiu erneut für Arden an den Start. Mit einem dritten Platz als bestem Resultat wurde er als schlechtester Arden-Pilot 13. im Gesamtklassement.

2015 wechselte Vișoiu zu Rapax in die GP2-Serie. Die letzten zwei Veranstaltungen ließ er verletzungsbedingt aus. Während sein Teamkollege Sergei Sirotkin mit 139 Punkten Gesamtdritter war, wurde Vișoiu mit 20 Punkten 17. in der Fahrerwertung.

2017 ersetzt Vișoiu in der FIA-Formel-2-Meisterschaft ab dem Rennwochenende in Monaco den aus familiären Gründen pausierenden  Stefano Coletti bei Campos Racing.

Statistik

Karrierestationen

Einzelergebnisse in der GP3-Serie

Einzelergebnisse in der GP2-Serie

Einzelergebnisse in der FIA-Formel-2-Meisterschaft

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks

 Offizielle Website von Robert Vişoiu (englisch)
 Karrierestatistik von Robert Vişoiu (englisch)

GP2-Rennfahrer
Rennfahrer (Rumänien)
Rumäne
Geboren 1996
Mann

Robert Vișoiu


Cynoglossinae, podtribus boražinovki, dio tribusa Cynoglosseae. Sastoji se od 14 rodova. Tipični je  Cynoglossum ili pasji jezik (mišjak, mišinac), dvogodišnje raslinje i trajnice iz Euroazije, Afrike i Australije; neke vrste uvezene su u obje Amerike. Ima nekoliko vrsta i u Hrvatskoj.

Rodovi
 Lindelofia Lehm. (10 spp.)
 Microparacaryum (Popov ex Riedl) Hilger & Podlech (3 spp.)
 Brandellia R. R. Mill (1 sp.)
 Paracynoglossum IPopov (9 spp.)
 Paracaryum Boiss. (68 spp.)
 Cynoglossum L. (68 spp.)
 Ailuroglossum Sutorý (2 spp.)
 Cynoglossopsis Brand (2 spp.)
 Ivanjohnstonia Kazmi (1 sp.)
 Crucicaryum O. Brand (1 sp.)
 Rindera Pall. (32 spp.)
 Pardoglossum Barbier & Mathez (5 spp.)
 Solenanthus Ledeb. (22 spp.)
 Mapuchea Serrano, R. Carbajal & S. Ortiz (1 sp.)

Izvori

Cynoglosseae

Cynoglossinae


Out of Frequency er det andet studiealbum fra det danske poprockband The Asteroids Galaxy Tour. Det blev udgivet den 31. januar 2012. Musikmagasinet GAFFA gav albummet fem ud af seks stjerner, mens AllMusic gav fire ud af fem stjerner.

Spor
 "Gold Rush Pt. I" - 1:05
 "Dollars In The Night" - 1:59
 "Gold Rush Pt. II" - 1:39
 "Major" - 3:58
 "Heart Attack" - 3:51
 "Out Of Frequency" - 4:34
 "Cloak & Dagger" - 4:07
 "Arrival Of The Empress (Prelude)" - 0:42
 "Theme From 45 Eugenia" - 5:24
 "Mafia" - 4:09
 "Ghost In My Head" - 4:37
 "Suburban Space Invader" - 4:26
 "Fantasy Friend Forever" - 3:15
 "When It Comes To Us" - 3:30

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger
Out of Frequency på Discogs

The Asteroids Galaxy Tour-album
Album fra 2012

Out of Frequency


Henrik 4. af Sachsen, også kaldet Henrik den Fromme (), (født 16. marts 1473, død 18. august 1541) var en tysk fyrste fra Huset Wettin, der var hertug af Sachsen og markgreve af Meissen fra 1539 til 1541.

Henrik var søn af Hertug Albrecht 3. af Sachsen og tilhørte den albertinske linje af Huset Wettin. I 1539 efterfulgte han sin barnløse storebror, Hertug Georg af Sachsen.

Referencer

Albertinske linje af Huset Wettin
Hertuger af Sachsen
Markgrever af Meissen
Personer fra Dresden

Henrik 4. af Sachsen


An Agrostis tandilensis in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Carl Ernst Otto Kuntze, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Parodi. An Agrostis tandilensis in nahilalakip ha genus nga Agrostis, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Agrostis

Agrostis tandilensis


John Bennet,  baron Ossulston (1616 - ) est un homme politique anglais qui siège à la Chambre des communes de 1663 à 1679. Il est créé baron Ossulston en 1682.

Biographie
Bennet est le fils aîné de Sir John Bennet de Dawley, Harlington, Middlesex et de sa femme Dorothy Crofts. Il est baptisé le 5 juillet 1616 . Il s'inscrit au Pembroke College d'Oxford le 24 avril 1635, âgé d'environ 17 ans et est étudiant à Gray's Inn en 1636 . En 1658, il hérite de son père du domaine de Dawley à Harlington. Il est fait Chevalier du Bain le 23 avril 1661 lors du sacre de Charles II  et est Lieutenant des Gentilshommes de la garde .

En 1663, Bennet fut élu député de Wallingford lors d'une élection partielle au Parlement cavalier. Il est créé Lord Ossulston, baron Ossulston le 24 novembre 1682 . Ossulston est le nom d'un manoir du comté cérémoniel de Middlesex.

Il soutient la Révolution de 1688 et signe la pétition pour un Parlement libre et la déclaration au prince d'Orange, mais est compté parmi les pairs de l'opposition en 1690 .

Lord Ossulton est mort à l'âge d'environ 78 ans et est enterré à Harlington .

Famille
Bennet se marie deux fois, avec Elizabeth, veuve d'Edmund Sheffield (2e comte de Mulgrave) et fille de Lionel Cranfield (1er comte de Middlesex) et de sa femme Elizabeth Shepherd. Ils n'ont pas d'enfants. Il se remarie à Bridget Howe, fille de John Grubham Howe de Langar et de sa femme Annabella Scrope, fille d'Emanuel Scrope (1er comte de Sunderland) . Ils ont deux enfants Charles, qui reçoit le titre de comte de Tankerville et Annabella (1682–1698). Bennet est le frère aîné d'Henry Bennet (1er comte d'Arlington).

Références

Chevalier du Bain
Membre du Gray's Inn
Étudiant de Pembroke College (Oxford)
Baron de la pairie d'Angleterre au XVIIe siècle
Député du Parlement d'Angleterre au XVIIe siècle
Décès en février 1695
Naissance en 1618

John Bennet (1er baron Ossulston)


6463 Isoda este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
6463 Isoda este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Kitami de Kin Endate și Kazuro Watanabe. El prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 2,62 ua, o excentricitate de 0,18 și o înclinație de 11,9° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 6001-7000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1994
Centura de asteroizi

6463 Isoda


The culture of Turkey () or the Turkish culture () combines a heavily diverse and heterogeneous set of elements that have been derived from the various cultures of the Eastern European, Eastern Mediterranean, Caucasian, Middle East and Central Asian traditions. Many of these traditions were initially brought together by the Ottoman Empire, a multi-ethnic and multi-religious state spanning across Southern Europe, Eastern Europe, the Middle East and North Africa.

During the early years of the Republic of Turkey, established after the collapse of the Ottoman Empire, the government invested large sums of resources into fine arts such as architecture and sculpture, and other artistic fields around the country in-line with the newly implemented reformist and West-leaning policies. This was done as part of a process of modernization, westernization, and of creating and outlining a new Turkish cultural identity, rather than the previously established and depicted Ottoman identity.

People

History
The Ottoman system was a multi-ethnic state that enabled people within it not to mix with each other and thereby retain separate ethnic and religious identities within the empire (albeit with a dominant Turkish and Southern European ruling class). Upon the fall of the empire after World War I the Turkish Republic adopted a unitary approach, which leads the different cultures within its borders to mix with each other with the aim of producing a national and cultural identity. A series of radical reforms soon followed, central to these reforms were the belief that Turkish society would have to Westernize itself both politically and culturally in order to modernize. Political, legal, religious, cultural, social, and economic policy changes were designed to convert the new Republic of Turkey into a secular, modern nation-state. These changes were implemented under the leadership of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk.

Literature

Turkish literature is the collection of written and oral texts composed in the Turkish language, either in its Ottoman form or in less exclusively literary forms, such as that spoken in the Republic of Turkey today. Traditional examples for Turkish folk literature include stories of Karagöz and Hacivat, Keloğlan, İncili Çavuş and Nasreddin Hoca, as well as the works of folk poets such as Yunus Emre and Aşık Veysel. The Book of Dede Korkut and the Epic of Köroğlu have been the main elements of the Turkish epic tradition in Anatolia for several centuries.

The two primary streams of Ottoman literature were poetry and prose. Of the two, the Ottoman Divan poetry, a highly ritualized and symbolic art form, was the dominant stream. The vast majority of Divan poetry was lyric in nature: either ghazals or qasidas. There were, however, other common genres, most particularly the mathnawi (also known as mesnevî), a kind of verse romance and thus a variety of narrative poetry. The tradition of Ottoman prose was exclusively non-fictional in nature; as the fiction tradition was limited to narrative poetry.

The Tanzimat reforms of 1839–1876 brought changes to the language of Ottoman written literature and introduced previously unknown Western genres, primarily the novel and the short story. Many of the writers in the Tanzimat period wrote in several different genres simultaneously: for instance, the poet Namık Kemal also wrote the important 1876 novel İntibâh (Awakening), while the journalist İbrahim Şinasi is noted for writing, in 1860, the first modern Turkish play, the one-act comedy "Şair Evlenmesi" (The Poet's Marriage). Most of the roots of modern Turkish literature were formed between the years 1896 and 1923. Broadly, there were three primary literary movements during this period: the Edebiyyât-ı Cedîde (New Literature) movement; the Fecr-i Âtî (Dawn of the Future) movement; and the Millî Edebiyyât (National Literature) movement. The Edebiyyât-ı Cedîde (New Literature) movement began with the founding in 1891 of the magazine Servet-i Fünûn (Scientific Wealth), which was largely devoted to progress (both intellectual and scientific) along the Western model. Accordingly, the magazine's literary ventures, under the direction of the poet Tevfik Fikret, were geared towards creating a Western-style "high art" in Turkey.

Poetry

Poetry is the most dominant form of literature in modern Turkey.

The 'folk poetry' as indicated above, was strongly influenced by the Islamic Sunni and Shi'a traditions. Furthermore, as partly evidenced by the prevalence of the still-existent ashik ("aşık" or "ozan") tradition, the dominant element in Turkish folk poetry has always been song. The development of folk poetry in Turkish—which began to emerge in the 13th century with such important writers as Yunus Emre, Sultan Veled, and Şeyyâd Hamza—was given a great boost when, on 13 May 1277, Karamanoğlu Mehmed Bey declared Turkish the official state language of Anatolia's powerful Karamanid state; subsequently, many of the tradition's greatest poets would continue to emerge from this region.

There are, broadly speaking, two traditions of Turkish folk poetries;

 the aşık/ozan tradition, which—although much influenced by religion, as mentioned above—was, for the most part, a secular tradition;
 the explicitly religious tradition, which emerged from the gathering places (tekkes) of the Sufi religious orders and Shi'a groups.
Much of the poetry and song of the aşık/ozan tradition, being almost exclusively oral until the 19th century, remains anonymous. There are, however, a few well-known aşıks from before that time whose names have survived together with their works: the aforementioned Köroğlu (16th century); Karacaoğlan (1606?–1689?), who may be the best-known of the pre-19th century aşıks; Dadaloğlu (1785?–1868?), who was one of the last of the great aşıks before the tradition began to dwindle somewhat in the late 19th century; and several others. The aşıks were essentially minstrels who traveled through Anatolia performing their songs on the bağlama, a mandolin-like instrument whose paired strings are considered to have a symbolic religious significance in Alevi/Bektashi culture. Despite the decline of the aşık/ozan tradition in the 19th century, it experienced a significant revival in the 20th century thanks to such outstanding figures as Aşık Veysel Şatıroğlu (1894–1973), Aşık Mahzuni Şerif (1938–2002), Neşet Ertaş (1938–2012), and many others.

Ottoman Divan poetry was a highly ritualized and symbolic art form. From the Persian poetry that largely inspired it, it inherited a wealth of symbols whose meanings and interrelationships—both of similitude (مراعات نظير mura'ât-i nazîr / تناسب tenâsüb) and opposition (تضاد tezâd)—were more or less prescribed. Examples of prevalent symbols that, to some extent, oppose one another include, among others:

the nightingale (بلبل bülbül) — the rose (ﮔل gül)
the world (جهان cihan; عالم 'âlem) — the rosegarden (ﮔﻠﺴﺘﺎن gülistan; ﮔﻠﺸﻦ gülşen)
the ascetic (زاهد zâhid) — the dervish (درويش derviş)

In the early years of the Republic of Turkey, there were a number of poetic trends. Authors such as Ahmed Hâşim and Yahyâ Kemâl Beyatlı (1884–1958) continued to write important formal verse whose language was, to a great extent, a continuation of the late Ottoman tradition. By far the majority of the poetry of the time, however, was in the tradition of the folk-inspired "syllabist" movement (Five Syllabists or Beş Hececiler), which had emerged from the National Literature movement and which tended to express patriotic themes couched in the syllabic meter associated with Turkish folk poetry.

The first radical step away from this trend was taken by Nâzım Hikmet, who—during his time as a student in the Soviet Union from 1921 to 1924—was exposed to the modernist poetry of Vladimir Mayakovsky and others, which inspired him to start writing verse in a less formal style.

Another revolution in Turkish poetry came about in 1941 with the publication of a small volume of verse preceded by an essay and entitled Garip (meaning both "miserable" and "strange"). The authors were Orhan Veli Kanık (1914–1950), Melih Cevdet Anday (1915–2002), and Oktay Rifat (1914–1988). Explicitly opposing themselves to everything that had gone in poetry before, they sought instead to create a popular art, "to explore the people's tastes, to determine them, and to make them reign supreme over art".[21] To this end, and inspired in part by contemporary French poets like Jacques Prévert, they employed not only a variant of the free verse introduced by Nâzım Hikmet, but also highly colloquial language, and wrote primarily about mundane daily subjects and the ordinary man on the street. The reaction was immediate and polarized: most of the academic establishment and older poets vilified them, while much of the Turkish population embraced them wholeheartedly.

Just as the Garip movement was a reaction against earlier poetry, so—in the 1950s and afterwards—was there a reaction against the Garip movement. The poets of this movement, soon known as İkinci Yeni ("Second New"[22]), opposed themselves to the social aspects prevalent in the poetry of Nâzım Hikmet and the Garip poets, and instead—partly inspired by the disruption of language in such Western movements as Dada and Surrealism—sought to create a more abstract poetry through the use of jarring and unexpected language, complex images, and the association of ideas. To some extent, the movement can be seen as bearing some of the characteristics of postmodern literature. The best-known poets writing in the "Second New" vein were Turgut Uyar (1927–1985), Edip Cansever (1928–1986), Cemal Süreya (1931–1990), Ece Ayhan (1931–2002), and İlhan Berk (1918–2008).

Outside of the Garip and "Second New" movements also, a number of significant poets have flourished, such as Fazıl Hüsnü Dağlarca (1914–2008), who wrote poems dealing with fundamental concepts like life, death, God, time, and the cosmos; Behçet Necatigil (1916–1979), whose somewhat allegorical poems explore the significance of middle-class daily life; Can Yücel (1926–1999), who—in addition to his own highly colloquial and varied poetry—was also a translator into Turkish of a variety of world literature; and İsmet Özel (1944– ), whose early poetry was highly leftist but whose poetry since the 1970s has shown a strong mystical and even Islamist influence.

Prose

The style of the current novelists can be traced back to the Genç Kalemler journal in the Ottoman period. Young Pens was published in Selanik under Ömer Seyfettin, Ziya Gökalp and Ali Canip Yöntem. They covered the social and political concepts of their time with the nationalistic perspective. They were the core of a movement which became known as the "national literature."

With the declaration of the Turkish Republic in 1923, Turkish literature became interested in folkloric styles. This was also the first time since the 19th century that Turkish literature was escaping from Western influence and began to mix Western forms with other forms. During the 1930s, Yakup Kadri Karaosmanoğlu and Vedat Nedim Tor published Kadro, which was revolutionary in its view of life.

Stylistically, the early prose of the Republic of Turkey was essentially a continuation of the National Literature movement, with Realism and Naturalism predominating. This trend culminated in the 1932 novel Yaban (The Wilds) by Yakup Kadri Karaosmanoğlu. This novel can be seen as the precursor to two trends that would soon develop: social realism, and the "village novel" (köy romanı). The social realist movement was led by the short-story writer Sait Faik Abasıyanık. The major writers of the "village novel" tradition were Kemal Tahir, Orhan Kemal, and Yaşar Kemal. In a very different tradition, but evincing a similar strong political viewpoint, was the satirical short-story writer Aziz Nesin. Other important novelists of this period were Ahmet Hamdi Tanpınar and Oğuz Atay. Orhan Pamuk, winner of the 2006 Nobel Prize in Literature, is among the innovative novelists, whose works show the influence of postmodernism and magic realism. Important poets of the Republic of Turkey period include Ahmet Haşim, Yahya Kemal Beyatlı and Nâzım Hikmet (who introduced the free verse style). Orhan Veli Kanık, Melih Cevdet Anday and Oktay Rifat led the Garip movement; while Turgut Uyar, Edip Cansever and Cemal Süreya led the İkinci Yeni movement. Outside of the Garip and İkinci Yeni movements, a number of other significant poets such as Fazıl Hüsnü Dağlarca, Behçet Necatigil and Can Yücel also flourished.

Orhan Pamuk is a leading Turkish novelist of post-modern literature. His works have been translated into more than twenty languages. He is the recipient of major Turkish and international literary awards, such as the 2006 Nobel Prize in Literature.

Architecture

Early architecture (1299–1437)

Early Ottoman period (1299–1326)
With the establishment of the Ottoman Empire, the years 1300–1453 constitute the early or first Ottoman period in architecture, when Ottoman art was in search of new ideas. This period witnessed three types of mosques: tiered, single-domed and subline-angled mosques. The Hacı Özbek Mosque (1333) in İznik, the first important center of Ottoman art, is the first example of an Ottoman single-domed mosque.

Bursa period (1326–1437)
The domed architectural style evolved from Bursa and Edirne. The Grand Mosque of Bursa was the first Seljuk mosque to be converted into a domed one. Edirne (Adrianople) was the Ottoman capital between 1365 and 1453, when Istanbul (Constantinople) became the new capital, and it is here that we witness the final stages in the architectural development which culminated in the construction of the great mosques of Istanbul. The buildings constructed in Istanbul during the period between the Turkish conquest of the city in 1453 and the construction of the Istanbul Bayezid II Mosque are also considered works of the early period. Among these are the Fatih Mosque (1470), Mahmut Paşa Mosque, the tiled palace and Topkapı Palace. The Ottomans integrated mosques into the community and added soup kitchens, theological schools, hospitals, Turkish baths and tombs.

Classical period (1437–1703)

During the classical period, mosque plans changed to include inner and outer courtyards. The inner courtyard and the mosque were inseparable. The master architect of the classical period, Mimar Sinan, was born in 1492 in Kayseri and died in Istanbul in the year 1588. Sinan started a new era in world architecture, creating 334 buildings in various cities. Mimar Sinan's first important work was the Şehzade Mosque, completed in 1548. His second significant work was the Süleymaniye Mosque and the surrounding complex, built for Suleiman the Magnificent. The Selimiye Mosque in Edirne was built during the years 1568–74, when Sinan was in his prime as an architect. The Rüstem Pasha Mosque, Mihrimah Sultan Mosque, Ibrahim Pasha Mosque, and the Şehzade Mosque, as well as the türbes (mausoleum) of Suleiman the Magnificent, Roxelana and Selim II are among Sinan's most renowned works. Most classical period designs used the Byzantine architecture of the neighboring Balkans as its base, and from there, ethnic elements were added, creating a different architectural style.

Examples of Ottoman architecture of the classical period, aside from Turkey, can also be seen in the Balkans, Hungary, Egypt, Tunisia and Algiers, where mosques, bridges, fountains and schools were built.

Westernization period (1703–1876)

During the reign of Ahmed III (1703–1730) and under the impetus of his grand vizier İbrahim Paşa, a period of peace ensued. Due to the close relations between the Ottoman Empire and France, Ottoman architecture began to be influenced by the Baroque and Rococo styles that were popular in Europe. A style that was very similar to Baroque was developed by the Seljuk Turks, according to a number of academics. Examples of the creation of this art form can be witnessed in the Divriği Hospital and Mosque, which is a UNESCO world heritage site, as well as in the Sivas Çifte Minare, Konya İnce Minare museums and many other buildings from the Seljuk period in Anatolia. It is often called the "Seljuk Baroque portal." From here it emerged again in Italy, and later grew in popularity among the Turks during the Ottoman era. Various visitors and envoys were sent to European cities, especially to Paris, to experience the contemporary European customs and life. The decorative elements of the European Baroque and Rococo influenced even the religious Ottoman architecture. On the other hand, Mellin, a French architect, was invited by a sister of Sultan Selim III to Istanbul and depicted the Bosporus shores and the seaside waterfront mansions called yalı. During a thirty-year period known as the Tulip period, all eyes were turned to the West, and instead of monumental and classical works, villas and pavilions were built around Istanbul. However, it was about this time when the construction on the Ishak Pasha Palace (1685–1784) in Eastern Anatolia was going on.

Tulip period (1703–1757)

Beginning with this period, the upper class and the elites in the Ottoman Empire started to use the open and public areas frequently. The traditional, introverted manner of the society began to change. Fountains and waterside residences such as the Aynalıkavak Kasrı became popular. A water canal (other name is Cetvel-i Sim) and a picnic area (Kağıthane) were established as recreational areas. Although the Tulip period ended with the Patrona Halil uprising, it became a model for attitudes of Westernization. During the years 1720–1890, Ottoman architecture deviated from the principles of classical times. With Ahmed III's deposition, Mahmud I took the throne (1730–1754). It was during this period that Baroque-style mosques were starting to be constructed.

Baroque period (1757–1808)
Circular, wavy and curved lines are predominant in the structures of this period. Major examples are the Nur-u Osmaniye Mosque, Zeynep Sultan Mosque, Laleli Mosque, Fatih Tomb, Laleli Çukurçeşme Inn, Birgi Çakırağa Mansion, Aynalıkavak Palace, and the Selimiye Barracks. Mimar Tahir (also known as Mehmed Tahir Ağa) was the important architect of this period.

Empire period (1808–1876)

Nusretiye Mosque, Ortaköy Mosque, Sultan Mahmud's Tomb, Galata Lodge of the Mevlevi Dervishes, Dolmabahçe Palace, Beylerbeyi Palace, Sadullah Pasha Yalı and the Kuleli Barracks are the important examples of this style, developed parallel with the Westernization process. Architects from the Balyan family were the leading ones of the time. This period was marked by buildings of mixed Neo-Classical, Baroque, Rococo and Empire styles, such as the Dolmabahçe Palace, Dolmabahçe Mosque and Ortaköy Mosque.

Late Ottoman period (1876–1922)
Pertevniyal Valide Sultan Mosque, Şeyh Zafir Group of Buildings, Haydarpaşa School of Medicine, Duyun-u Umumiye Building, Istanbul Title Deed Office, large Post Office buildings such as the Merkez Postane (Central Post Office) in Istanbul's Sirkeci district, and the Harikzedegan Apartments in Laleli are the important structures of this period when an eclectic style was dominant. Raimondo Tommaso D'Aronco and Alexander Vallaury were the leading architects of the time.

Republican era

In the first years of the Turkish Republic, founded in 1923, Turkish architecture was influenced by Ottoman architecture, in particular during the First National Architectural Movement. However, from the 1930s, architectural styles started to differ from traditional architecture, also as a result of an increasing number of foreign architects being invited to work in the country, mostly from Germany and Austria. The Second World War was a period of isolation, during which the Second National Architectural Movement emerged. Similar to Fascist architecture, the movement aimed to create modern but nationalistic architecture.

Starting from the 1950s, isolation from the rest of the world started to diminish, leading to Turkish architects being increasingly inspired by their counterparts in the rest of the world. However they were constrained by the lack of technological infrastructure or insufficient financial resources till the 1980s. Thereafter, the liberalization of the economy and the shift towards export-led growth, paved the way for the private sector to become the leading influence on architecture.

Cinema

Turkish film directors have won numerous prestigious awards in the recent years. Nuri Bilge Ceylan won the Best Director Award at the 2008 Cannes Film Festival with the film Üç Maymun. This was the fourth time that Ceylan received an award at Cannes, following the awards for the film Uzak (which was also nominated for the Golden Palm) at the festival of 2003 and 2004, and the film İklimler (also nominated for the Golden Palm) at the 2006 Cannes Film Festival. These three films, along with the other important works of Ceylan such as Kasaba (1997) and Mayıs sıkıntısı (1999) have also won awards at the other major international film festivals; including the Angers European First Film Festival (1997 and 1999), Ankara Film Festival (2000), Antalya Golden Orange Film Festival (1999, 2002 and 2006), Bergamo Film Meeting (2001), Berlin Film Festival (1998), Brothers Manaki Film Festival (2003), Buenos Aires International Festival of Independent Cinema (2001), Cannes Film Festival (2003, 2004 and 2006), Chicago Film Festival (2003), Cinemanila Film Festival (2003), European Film Awards (2000), Istanbul Film Festival (1998, 2000, 2003 and 2007), Mexico City Film Festival (2004), Montpellier Mediterranean Film Festival (2003), San Sebastián Film Festival (2003), Singapore Film Festival (2001), Sofia Film Festival (2004), Tokyo Film Festival (1998) and the Trieste Film Festival (2004).

More recently, Semih Kaplanoğlu won the Golden Bear at the 60th Berlin International Film Festival with his Honey (2010 film); the third and final installment of the "Yusuf Trilogy", which includes Egg and Milk. This was the second time a Turkish film wins the award; first one being Susuz Yaz by Metin Erksan in 1964.

Turkish film director Fatih Akın, who lives in Germany and has dual Turkish-German citizenship, won the Golden Bear Award at the 2004 Berlin Film Festival with the film Head-On. The film won numerous other awards in many international film festivals. Fatih Akın was nominated for the Golden Palm and won the Best Screenplay Award at the 2007 Cannes Film Festival; as well as the Golden Orange at the 2007 Antalya Film Festival; the Lino Brocka Award at the 2007 Cinemanila Film Festival; the Best Screenwriter award at the 2007 European Film Awards; the Best Direction, Best Screenplay and Outstanding Feature Film awards at the 2008 German Film Awards; the Best Feature Film and Best Screenplay awards at the 2008 RiverRun Film Festival; the 2008 Bavarian Film Award; and the Lux Prize by the European Parliament, with the film The Edge of Heaven. Other important films of Akın, such as Kurz und schmerzlos (1998), In July (2000), Solino (2002), and Crossing the Bridge: The Sound of Istanbul (2005) won numerous awards.

Another famous Turkish film director is Ferzan Özpetek, whose films like Hamam (1997), Harem suaré (1999), Le Fate Ignoranti (2001), La finestra di fronte (2003), Cuore Sacro (2005) and Saturno contro (2007) won him international fame and awards. The film La finestra di fronte (2003) was particularly successful, winning the Best Film and Scholars Jury awards at the 2003 David di Donatello Awards, the Crystal Globe and Best Director awards at the 2003 Karlovy Vary International Film Festival, the 2003 Silver Ribbon for Best Original Story from the Italian National Syndicate of Film Journalists, the Festival Prize at the 2004 Foyle Film Festival, the Audience Award at the 2004 Rehoboth Beach Independent Film Festival, and the Canvas Audience Award at the 2004 Flanders International Film Festival.

Sports

The traditional Turkish national sport has been the Yağlı güreş (Oiled Wrestling) since Ottoman times. The annual international yağlı güreş (oiled wrestling) tournament that's held in Kırkpınar near Edirne is the oldest continuously running, sanctioned sporting competition in the world, having taken place every year since 1362.

The most popular sport in Turkey is football. Turkey's top teams include Fenerbahçe, Galatasaray and Beşiktaş. In 2000, Galatasaray cemented its role as a major European club by winning the UEFA Cup and UEFA Super Cup. Two years later the Turkish national team finished third in the 2002 FIFA World Cup held in Japan and South Korea, while in 2008 the national team reached the semi-finals of the UEFA Euro 2008 competition.

Other mainstream sports such as basketball and volleyball are also popular. Turkey hosted the 2010 FIBA World Championship international basketball tournament and reached the final. The men's national basketball team finished second in Eurobasket 2001; while Efes Pilsen S.K. won the Korać Cup in 1996, finished second in the Saporta Cup of 1993, and made it to the Final Four of Euroleague and Suproleague in 2000 and 2001. Turkish basketball players have also been successful in the NBA. In June 2004, Mehmet Okur won the 2004 NBA Championship with the Detroit Pistons, becoming the first Turkish player to win an NBA title. Okur was selected to the Western Conference All-Star Team for the 2007 NBA All-Star Game, also becoming the first Turkish player to participate in this event. Another successful Turkish player in the NBA is Hidayet Türkoğlu, who was given the NBA's Most Improved Player Award for the 2007–2008 season, on April 28, 2008. Basketball has received further attention and media coverage in 2010s with Fenerbahce Basketball and Anadolu Efes S.K. making 6 straight Euroleague Final Four appearances combined, along with winning the Euroleague title in 2017 and 2021 respectively. Women's volleyball teams such as Eczacıbaşı, Vakıfbank, and Fenerbahçe have been the most successful by far in any team sport, winning numerous European championship titles and medals.

Motorsports have become popular recently, especially following the inclusion of the Rally of Turkey to the FIA World Rally Championship calendar in 2003, and the inclusion of the Turkish Grand Prix to the Formula One racing calendar in 2005. Other important annual motorsports events which are held at the Istanbul Park racing circuit include the MotoGP Grand Prix of Turkey, the FIA World Touring Car Championship, the GP2 Series and the Le Mans Series. From time to time Istanbul and Antalya also host the Turkish leg of the F1 Powerboat Racing championship; while the Turkish leg of the Red Bull Air Race World Series, an air racing competition, takes place above the Golden Horn in Istanbul. Surfing, snowboarding, skateboarding, paragliding, and other extreme sports are becoming more popular every year.

International wrestling styles governed by FILA such as Freestyle wrestling and Greco-Roman wrestling are also popular, with many European, World and Olympic championship titles won by Turkish wrestlers both individually and as a national team. Another major sport in which the Turks have been internationally successful is weightlifting; as Turkish weightlifters, both male and female, have broken numerous world records and won several European, World and Olympic championship titles. Naim Süleymanoğlu and Halil Mutlu have achieved legendary status as one of the few weightlifters to have won three gold medals in three Olympics.

Turkey hosted the 2005 Summer Universiade in İzmir and the 2011 Winter Universiade in Erzurum.

Cuisine

Turkish cuisine inherited its Ottoman heritage which could be described as a fusion and refinement of Turkic and Persian cuisines. Turkish cuisine also influenced Greek, Armenian, Arabic, Persian, Balkan and Middle East cuisines and other neighbouring cuisines, as well as western European cuisines. Ottomans fused various culinary traditions of their realm with influences from Middle Eastern cuisines, along with traditional Turkic elements from Central Asia such as yogurt. The Ottoman Empire indeed created a vast array of technical specialities. It can be observed that various regions of the Ottoman Empire contain bits and pieces of the vast Ottoman dishes.
Taken as a whole, Turkish cuisine is not homogenous. Aside from common Turkish specialities which can be found throughout the country, there are also region-specific specialities. The Black Sea region's cuisine (northern Turkey) is based on corn and anchovies. The southeast—Urfa, Gaziantep and Adana—is famous for its kebabs, mezes and dough-based desserts such as baklava, kadayıf and künefe. Especially in the western parts of Turkey, where olive trees are grown abundantly, olive oil is the major type of oil used for cooking. The cuisines of the Aegean, Marmara and Mediterranean regions display basic characteristics of Mediterranean cuisine as they are rich in vegetables, herbs and fish. Central Anatolia is famous for its pastry specialities such as keşkek (kashkak), mantı (especially of Kayseri) and gözleme.

The name of specialities sometimes includes the name of a city or a region (either in Turkey or outside). This suggests that a dish is a speciality of that area, or may refer to the specific technique or ingredients used in that area. For example, the difference between Urfa kebab and Adana kebab is the use of garlic instead of onion and the larger amount of hot pepper that kebab contains.

Festivals
Christmas is known in Turkish as Noel, although the majority of the Turks do not celebrate it as such, the idea is not thoroughly an alien one. The festivity traces its roots where Santa Claus was born in Turkey and is known as Noel Baba. It has for a long time been a tradition that Noel Baba would bring gifts to children on New Year's Eve.

One of the other common celebrations in Turkey is Nowruz. This celebration is done on the pretext of the beginning of spring and the beginning of the new year. The establishment of Nowruz has a long history, so much so that it has been celebrated in different parts of Asia for the past three thousand years, especially in the Middle East. In different parts of Turkey, especially the Kurdish regions of this country, Nowruz is considered one of the most important cultural and historical traditions of these regions. Lighting a fire, wearing new clothes, holding a dance ceremony, and giving gifts to each other are some of the activities that are done in this celebration.

Religion

See also

 Turkish folklore
 Public holidays in Turkey
 Bayram (Turkey)
 Education in Turkey
 Tourism in Turkey
 Public holidays in Turkey
 Museums in Turkey
 Minorities in Turkey
 List of museums in Turkey
 Cornucopia (magazine)
 History of Turkey
 Reforms in the Ottoman Empire
Meyhane
Hammam
Victorian Turkish bath
Kilim
Kilim motifs
Ottoman culture
Turquerie
Orientalism
Video games in Turkey
Turkish draughts
Turkish archery
Books published per country per year Turkey, 12th & 13th
Another Look at East and Southeast Turkey

Notes and references

External links
 Turkish Culture Portal
 Turkey Culture
 Turkey Live Culture
 Traditions in Turkey
 Online Turkish Culture TV
 Art and Culture of Turkey
 ATON, the Uysal-Walker Archive of Turkish Oral Narrative at Texas Tech University
 Turkish Live Tv
 Turkey Tourism
 Gezi Rehberi
 "Life and Culture in Turkey" (Study in Turkey)

Culture of Turkey
Turkey
Turkey
Turkey
Turkey
Turkey

Culture of Turkey


بحيرة أوكوتاما  هي بحيرة تقع في طوكيو، و محافظة ياماناشي في اليابان. تشكل البحيرة جزءا كبيرا من بلدة أوكوتاما في مقاطعة نيشيتاما، طوكيو بالإضافة إلى قرية تاباياما، مقاطعة كيتاماتسو في محافظة ياماناشي. تعتبر بحيرة تاما من أهم المصادر المائية لطوكيو.

معلومات
 ارتفاع السد : 149 متر
 عرض السد : 353 متر
 العمق الأعظم 142 متر
 المحيط الأعظمي : 45.37 كم
 مساحة السطح الأعظمي : 4.25 كم مربع
 تاريخ الانتهاء من العمل : 1957
 توفي أثناء الأعمال 87 شخص

مراجع

بحيرات صناعية
تضاريس طوكيو
تضاريس ياماناشي
خزانات مائية في اليابان

بحيرة أوكوتاما


La Federación Uruguaya de Football (FUF) fue una federación de clubes de fútbol de Uruguay, de existencia paralela a la Asociación Uruguaya de Football (AUF) durante la época amateur del fútbol uruguayo.

Fue fundada en 1923 en el marco del cisma del fútbol uruguayo, que se origina con la desafiliación de la AUF de Peñarol y Central durante el campeonato de 1922. Organizó campeonatos paralelamente con esta organización entre 1923 y 1926. En 1926, a través de la intervención del gobierno uruguayo y por el llamado "Laudo Serrato" se logró imponer la fusión de la FUF y la vieja AUF, en una única federación.

Torneos
La FUF organizó torneos paralelos a los de la AUF en todas las categorías:

 Primera División de la Federación Uruguaya de Football
 Divisional Intermedia de la Federación Uruguaya de Football
 Divisional Extra de la Federación Uruguaya de Football

Referencias

δ
Historia del fútbol de Uruguay
Organizaciones fundadas en 1923

Federación Uruguaya de Football


Yerleşim yerleri
 Esentepe, Çine - Aydın ili Çine ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Esentepe, Dikili - İzmir ili Dikili ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Esentepe, Koçarlı - Aydın ili Koçarlı ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Esentepe, Nazilli - Aydın ili Nazilli ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Esentepe, Araban - Gaziantep ili Araban ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Esentepe, Giresun - Giresun ili merkez ilçesine bağlı köy
 Esentepe, Ula - Muğla ili Ula ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Esentepe, Hendek - Sakarya ili Hendek ilçesinie bağlı mahalle
 Esentepe, Ondokuzmayıs - Samsun ili 19 Mayıs ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Esentepe, Boğazlıyan - Yozgat ili Boğazlıyan ilçesine bağlı köy
 Esentepe, Girne - Girne ilçesine bağlı köy
 Esentepe, Sultangazi - İstanbul ili Sultangazi ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Esentepe, Şişli - İstanbul ili Şişli ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Esentepe, Kartal - İstanbul ili Kartal ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Esentepe, Eyüp - İstanbul ili Eyüpsultan ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Esentepe, Adapazarı - Sakarya ili Adapazarı ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Esentepe, Nilüfer - Bursa ili Nilüfer ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Esentepe, Karacabey- Bursa ili Karacabey ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Esentepe, Konak - İzmir ili Karabağlar ilçesine bağlı mahalle

Esentepe


Eiríks saga rauða eller Erik den Rødes Saga er en nordisk saga om nordboernes kolonisering af Amerika
('au' udtales på islandsk (og oldnordisk) [øj]). Sagaen fortæller om begivenheder, der fører til Erik den Røde bliver forvist fra Island og må rejse til Grønland samt Leif den Lykkeliges opdagelse af Vinland. Geografiske detaljer i teksten peger på at det er nutidens Newfoundland, og det var sandsynligvis den første europæiske opdagelse af Nordamerikas hovedland, omkring fem århundreder før Christopher Columbus' rejse til Centralamerika.

Sagaen er bevaret i to forskellige manuskripter, der adskiller sig på flere områder; Hauksbók (1300-tallet) og Skálholtsbók (1400-tallet). Moderne filologer mener at versionen i Skálholtsbók er tættest på den oprindelige udgave. Den oprindelige saga antages at være nedskrevet i 1200-tallet, efter at have været genfortalt gennem generationer.

Indhold

Sagaen er ganske kortfattet selv af sagalitteratur at være.
Den beskriver de begivenheder på Island, som gør, at Erik den Røde bliver forvist fra øen og drager til Grønland, som var kendt men u-udforsket. Teksten lægger ikke skjul på at Erik den Røde var hård og stridbar:

"Trællene til Erik løste et skred over gården til Valtjolv på Valtjovsstad. En af Valtjovs frænder, som hed Øyolv Saur, dræbte trællene ved Skeidsbrekkene ovenfor Vatnshorn; Erik dræbte derfor Øyolv Saur. Han dræbte også Holmgange-Ravn ved Leikskålar. Geirstein og Odd på Jorve, som var Øyolvs frænder, rejste sag mod Erik, og han blev dømt til at flytte fra Haukadal."

Herefter beskrives, hvordan Eriks søn Leif den Lykkelige sejler mod Norge i 999, Navnet 'Leif den Lykkelige' er en fordanskning, i teksten hedder han Leifur Eiriksson, andre steder Leifur Heppni = den heldige. Formen 'den lykkelige' er en Grundtvig-forvanskning af 'den heldige', så han fik lavet et bogstavrim. Bogstav 'f' udtales på islandsk 'v' mellem vokaler. I Norge gik Leifur i kong Olav Tryggvasons tjeneste. Et år senere blev han sendt tilbage til Grønland for at bringe kristendommen til dem, som havde bosat sig der sammen med Erik den Røde.

Leif Eiriksson blev den første europæer, som satte foden på nordamerikansk jord. Dermed blev han også den første nordmand som fik plads blandt de store opdagelsesrejsende:

"Så sejlede Leif til havs, men han blev længe ude, og han fandt land, som han ikke vidste om før. Der groede hvedemarker selvsået, og der voksede vinstokke. Det var træ der af et slags som kaldes masur (valbirk), og af alt dette tog de nogle prøver med sig; nogle træer var så store, at de blev brugt til hustømmer."

I Eirik Raudes saga bliver der flere gange refereret til en hændelse, hvor vølven Torbjørg besøgte storbonden på Herjolfsnes på Grønland. Der er få beskrivelser af vølver og deres ritualer i den norrøne litteratur. Det fortælles blandt andet, at hun fik puder stoppet med hønsefjer at sidde på før hun gav sin spådom:

"Det var en kone, som hed Torbjørg der i bygden. Hun var spåkone og blev kaldt "Lislevølve". Hun havde ni søstre, og alle havde været spåkoner; men nu var kun hun i live. Om vinteren havde Torbjørg for vane at drage rundt på gæsting; hun blev mest budt hjem til folk, som gerne ville vide deres skæbne eller få viden om deres liv. Eftersom Torkjel var den største bonde deromkring, så syntes det at være hans skyldighed at finde ud af, hvornår det være blive slut på dette år som stod på."

Områder der nævnes
I sagaen næves der følgende steder vest for Grønland: Helluland, Markland, Bjarney, Kjalarnes, Furdustrandir, Straumfjörð, Straumey, Vinland, Hóp, Einfœtingjaland, Hvítramannaland og "det irske ocean".

Oversættelser
Sagaen er oversat adskillige gange af flere forskellige forfattere og på forskellige tidspunkter.

Blandt de mest prominente oversættelser til engelsk er:
 Jones, Gwyn (oversat), 'Eirik the Red's Saga', i The Norse Atlantic Saga: Being the Norse Voyages of Discovery and Settlement to Iceland, Greenland, and North America, ny udgave (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1986), pp. 207–35. Baseret på Skálholtsbók, og viser varianter fra Hauksbók.
 Kunz, Keneva (oversat), 'Erik the Red's Saga', i The Sagas of Icelanders: A Selection (London: Penguin, 2001), pp. 653–74. Tilsyneladende en oversættelse af teksten i Skálholtsbók
 Reeves, Arthur Middleton (redigeret over oversat), 'The Saga of Eric the Red, also Called the Saga of Thorfinn Karlsefni and Snorri Thorbransson', i The Finding of Wineland the Good: The History of the Icelandic Discovery of America (London: Henry Frowde, 1890), pp. 28–52, tilgængelig på https://archive.org/details/winelandthegood00reevrich. Baseret på teskten i Hauksbók (som Reeves referer til i sit noteapparat som ÞsK), selvom teksten trækker på oversættelser fra Skálholtsbók (som Reeves referer til som EsR). Varianter fra både Hauksbók pg Skálholtsbók bliver grundigt listet. Udgaver og faksimiler af begge manuskripter er også inkluderet (Hauksbók s. 104–21, Skálholtsbók s. 122–39).
 Sephton, J. (oversat), Eirik the Red's Saga: A Translation Read before the Literary and Philosophical Society of Liverpool, January 12, 1880 (Liverpool: Marples, 1880), tilgængelig på https://www.gutenberg.org/etext/17946  og her http://www.sagadb.org/eiriks_saga_rauda.en  (den tidligere version, skrevet af Project Gutenberg, er tættere på den skrevne version). Passager i firkantede parenteser er baseret på Hauksbók; andre passager er baseret på Skálholtsbók, men med visse uddrage fra Hauksbók.

Se også
 Skálholtsbók
 Hausbók
 Vinland sagaer
 ''Grønlændernes saga

Eksterne henvisninger
 Saga of Erik the Red  English translation at the Icelandic Saga Database
 Eiríks saga rauða  The saga with standardized Old Norse spelling from heimskringla.no
 Arthur Middleton Reeves, North Ludlow Beamish and Rasmus B. Anderson,The Norse Discovery of America (1906)
 The saga with standardized modern Icelandic spelling
 A treatment of the nationality of Leifr Eiríksson

Litteratur fra Island
Nordiske sagaer
Vikingetid i Canada

Eiríks saga rauða