Fini er en portrætfilm fra 2010 instrueret af Jacob Schulsinger efter eget manuskript.

Handling
Det er nok kun familie, der får lov at tage kameraet med helt ind i soveværelset for at fange dét øjeblik, hvor bedstefar Fini slår øjnene op. Det har Jacob Schulsinger gjort, og indrammer således sin personlige portrætfilm med dagens naturlige cyklus. Fini har det godt, men han er begyndt at miste hukommelsen, og selv de mest indgroede rutiner kan være svære at huske - har han allerede fået en kop te, børstet tænder eller spillet bordtennis i løbet af dagen? Vi følger Fini og hans hustru gennem dagens sysler og hans obligatoriske besøg i Pilehuset, et aktivitetscenter for ældre. Bedstemor spiller en mindre, men alligevel altafgørende rolle som rygrad for både manden og filmen. Hver en scene med Fini er uvurderlig, fra han kærligt men bestemt tvinges op af sengen om morgenen, men leger tumling de første tre minutter, til barberscenens grove grimasser og hans lune glimt i øjet.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Portrætfilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 2010

Fini


Marcin Komenda (Cracóvia, 24 de maio de 1996) é um jogador de voleibol polonês que atua na posição de levantador.

Carreira

Clube
Komenda começou sua carreira no UKS Hutnik Dobry Wynik Kraków. Em seguida, se transferiu para o AKS V LO Rzeszów. Jogou de 2012 a 2015 pelo SMS PZPS Spała.

Em 2017 o levantador se transferiu para o GKS Katowice. Após jogar a temporada 2019-20 pelo Asseco Resovia Rzeszów, o levantador assinou contrato com o Stal Nysa, ainda na primeira divisão polonesa. Após atuar por duas temporadas pelo clube amarelo-azul, o levantador assinou com o LUK Lublin.

Seleção
Komenda representou a seleção polonesa sub-21 no Campeonato Mundial Sub-21 de 2015, que ocorreu no México, terminando o torneio na 9ª colocação. Foi convocado para atuar na seleção adulta polonesa em 2019, onde conquistou a medalha de bronze na Liga das Nações de 2019 e no Campeonato Europeu de 2019. No mesmo ano foi vice-campeão na Copa do Mundo de 2019, vencendo 9 das 11 partidas disputadas.

Clubes

Ligações externas
 Marcin Komenda no Global Sports Archive
 Marcin Komenda no Volleybox

Naturais de Cracóvia
Voleibolistas da Polônia
Levantadores de voleibol

Marcin Komenda


Sebastián Guzmán de Spínola  (Madrid, 20 de enero de 1683-Madrid, 23 de enero de 1757), V  marqués de Montealegre,  marqués de Quintana del Marco, fue un aristócrata español que sirvió en la Real Casa.

Vida y familia

Hijo de Martín Domingo de Guzmán y Niño, IV  marqués de Montealegre y de Teresa Spínola y Colonna, su padre había sido fiel servidor de la Real Casa y Sumiller de Corps de Felipe V.

Contrajo matrimonio el 18 de noviembre de 1708, con tan sólo 25 años, con Melchora Vélez Ladrón de Guevara (f. 13 de septiembre de 1727), hija y heredera de los condes de Oñate, Grandes de España.

En 1721 juró el cargo de  Gentilhombre de la Real Cámara, pasando siete años después a servir al Príncipe de Asturias Fernando. Aspirando a ocupar más alto cargo se vio frustrado en 1736 al nombrar el Rey como Sumiller de su hijo al   duque de Gandía, lo que le llevó a protestar al ser el Gentilhombre más antiguo y no haberse respetado las reglas tradicionales al respecto. Suspendido por tal insolencia, fue repuesto en 1739, siendo ese mismo año Caballerizo mayor del Príncipe Fernando y a partir de 1740 Mayordomo de la Casa de la Princesa Bárbara de Braganza y Sumiller interino. Tres años después sería Sumiller titular del Príncipe.

Tanto confiaba Fernando VI en él, que, al subir al trono en 1746, le resarció con la futura y los sueldos de Sumiller en tanto lo ocupaba aún el  marqués de San Juan de Piedras Albas. Al cesar éste por sus protestas frente al ministro Marqués de la Ensenada,  fue nombrado Sumiller de Corps el 25 de marzo de 1748, puesto que ocuparía hasta su muerte.

Bibliografía

 Archivo General de Palacio (AGP) . Patrimonio Nacional. Sección Personal

Marqueses de Montealegre
Grandeza de España
Caballeros de la Orden del Toisón de Oro (Rama española)
Nobles de España del siglo XVIII
Sumilleres de Corps del rey

Sebastián Guzmán de Spínola


Mala gente puede referirse a:

 «Mala gente», una canción del autor colombiano Juanes.
 Mala gente, una película argentina de 1952.

Mala gente


Harold Edwin Ballard (born Edwin Harold Ballard, July 30, 1903 – April 11, 1990) was a Canadian businessman and sportsman. Ballard was an owner of the Toronto Maple Leafs of the National Hockey League (NHL) as well as their home arena, Maple Leaf Gardens. A member of the Leafs organization from 1940 and a senior executive from 1957, he became part-owner of the team in 1961 and was majority owner from February 1972 until his death. He won Stanley Cups in 1962, 1963, 1964 and 1967, all as part-owner. He was also the owner of the Hamilton Tiger-Cats of the Canadian Football League (CFL) for 10 years from 1978 to 1988, winning a Grey Cup championship in 1986. He was inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame (1977) and the Canadian Football Hall of Fame (1987). He is 1 of 7 names to be on both the Stanley Cup and Grey Cup.

Early years
Ballard was born in Toronto, Ontario, Canada as Edwin Harold Ballard. He later reversed the names and referred to himself as Harold E. Ballard. For six years before World War I, Ballard and his family lived in Norristown, Pennsylvania. They returned to Toronto where his father, English-born Sidney Eustace Ballard, founded Ballard Machinery Supplies Co., a sewing machine manufacturer, which at one point was one of Canada's leading manufacturers of ice skates (it went out of the business in the early 1930s, when the Canadian skate market was dominated by CCM). Harold attended Upper Canada College as a boarding student until dropping out in his third year in 1919.

Ballard became a fan of speed skating and would attend skating events and hockey games, helping to promote the Ballard skates. For the 1928 Winter Olympics in St. Moritz, Switzerland, Ballard was appointed assistant manager of the Varsity Grads team that won the hockey gold medal.

As a member of the National Yacht Club, Ballard became an avid racer of Sea Fleas, small outboard hydroplanes. He competed in several regattas, and won the Toronto-Oakville marathon in 1929. Ballard was elected to the Yacht Club's executive committee in January 1930. He participated in the 133-mile Albany, New York-New York City marathon in April 1930, finishing second in his class. About a month later, Ballard and two friends from the Yacht club were hurled from a boat into a frigid Lake Ontario. Ballard was pulled from the water unconscious, but one of his friends died. None of the three was wearing a life jacket.

Hockey coach and manager
Following the 1930 racing season, the Yacht Club sponsored a senior team in the Ontario Hockey Association called the Toronto National Sea Fleas. Ballard was made business manager. Under coach Harry Watson, the team won the Allan Cup in 1932. Watson chose not to return the following season, and Ballard took over the coaching duties. At first, the players welcomed Ballard behind the bench, but the mood soon changed, particularly after Ballard benched the team captain. That triggered a mutiny among some of the team's top players, who resigned from the squad in November. The team had a poor year with Ballard coaching, but Ballard arranged a European tour for the Nationals which included competing in the 1933 Ice Hockey World Championships in Prague. There, the Nationals lost 2–1 in overtime to a team from the U.S.—the first loss for a Canadian team at the world championships. While touring Europe, the Nationals were involved in several fights, both on the ice and off. In one incident, Ballard was arrested in Paris following a fracas at a hotel. The tour marked the end of Ballard's career as a full-time hockey coach.

In 1934, Ballard became manager of the West Toronto Nationals OHA junior team and hired Leaf captain Hap Day as coach. When Day was busy with the Leafs and unavailable for games, Ballard would step behind the bench as acting coach. Under Day and Ballard, the Nationals won the Memorial Cup at the end of the 1935–36 season. The following season, Day and Ballard worked together to run a senior team sponsored by E. P. Taylor's Dominion Brewery. At the same time, Ballard continued to work for Ballard Machinery, and took over the business after his father's retirement in 1935.

After Day became coach of the Leafs in 1940, he recommended Ballard to the Leaf organization to run the Toronto Marlboros, the senior and junior teams owned by the Leafs. Ballard was made president and general manager. He would coach one more game, for the senior Marlies, during the 1950 Allan Cup final, after head coach Joe Primeau's father died. The Marlboros lost the game but won the series and the championship.

In the early 1950s, Ballard hired his long-time friend Stafford Smythe, son of Leafs owner Conn Smythe, as managing director of the Marlboros. The Marlies won the Memorial Cup in 1955—their first championship in 26 years—and repeated the feat the following season. In 1944, Ballard formed Harold E. Ballard Ltd., the personal holding company he would later use to purchase shares in Maple Leaf Gardens Ltd.

Joins the Maple Leafs
In 1957, Ballard moved up to the Maple Leafs as a member of a committee chaired by Stafford Smythe which oversaw hockey operations after Conn Smythe stepped down as general manager and Hap Day was pushed out of the Leafs organization. Ballard wasn't initially named to the committee when it was unveiled in March 1957, but took the place of Ian Johnston nine months later. At age 54, Ballard was the oldest member of the group, which were otherwise all in their 30s and 40s. The committee came to be known as the "Silver Seven".

During the hockey off-season in 1961, Ballard became founding president of the four-team Eastern Canada Professional Soccer League, which operated in Toronto, Hamilton, and Montreal. Steve Stavro, who would succeed Ballard as Leafs owner 30 years later, was co-owner of the Toronto City team. For the 1962 season, Ballard tried to introduce a hockey-style penalty box to soccer, but the rule change was not allowed by FIFA.

Partner in Leafs ownership group
In November 1961, Conn Smythe sold most of his shares in Maple Leaf Gardens Ltd. to a consortium of his son Stafford, Toronto Telegram owner John Bassett, and Ballard. Ballard fronted Stafford Smythe most of the $2.3 million purchase price. Conn Smythe later claimed that he believed he was only selling his shares to his son, but it is very unlikely that Stafford could have acquired the millions he needed to buy the Leafs on his own.

As a reward for his role in the purchase, Ballard was named executive vice president of Maple Leaf Gardens, alternate governor of the Maple Leafs and chairman of the team's hockey committee. He played a key role in the Leaf dynasty of the 1960s, winning Stanley Cups in 1962, 1963, 1964 and 1967.

However, Ballard soon began displaying tendencies that would eventually make him one of the most detested owners in NHL history. Just after the advent of colour television in Canada, the Maple Leafs installed a new lighting system. While it provided a clearer picture for fans, it caused a very sharp glare that distracted players. Ballard's solution was to make the CBC pay for the upgrade. When Hockey Night in Canada′s president, Ted Hough, balked at Ballard's demands just before a broadcast, Ballard grabbed a fireman's ax and threatened to cut the TV cable unless Hough agreed to pay. Hough relented, and the broadcast went on as scheduled.

Ballard's greatest influence in this period was not on the ice, but on the financial performance of Maple Leaf Gardens. Within three years under the new owners, profits at the Gardens had tripled to just under $1 million. He negotiated lucrative deals to place advertising throughout the building, and greatly increased the number of seats in the Gardens. To make room for more seats, Ballard removed a large portrait of Queen Elizabeth II from the Gardens. When asked about it, Ballard replied "She doesn't pay me, I pay her. Besides, what the hell position can a queen play?"

He also expanded the number of concerts, entertainment acts, and conventions booked in the building. Ballard booked The Beatles on each of their three North American tours from 1964 to 1966. On the second tour, in 1965, Ballard sold tickets for two shows, even though the agreement had been for only one. On the hot summer day of one of the concerts, Ballard ordered the building's heat turned up, shut off the water fountains, and also delayed both of the concerts for over an hour. The only available refreshments were large soft drinks from the concession stands.

In 1969, Ballard and Stafford Smythe were charged with tax evasion and accused of using Maple Leaf Gardens Ltd. to pay for their personal expenses. Bassett, who had by this time become chairman of the board, received the support of the board of directors in an 8–7 vote to fire Smythe and Ballard. However, Bassett didn't force Smythe and Ballard to sell their shares, and both men remained on the board. This proved to be a serious strategic blunder, as Smythe and Ballard controlled almost half the company's shares between them. A year later, they staged a proxy war to regain control of the board. Ballard was reappointed executive vice president. Facing an untenable situation, Bassett resigned as chairman and sold his shares to Ballard and Stafford Smythe in September 1971.

Smythe died just six weeks later. At age 68, Ballard won a battle with Stafford's family and bought his shares, giving him a 60 percent controlling interest in the Gardens. He installed himself as president and chairman of Maple Leaf Gardens and governor of the Maple Leafs.

Leafs under Ballard's sole ownership

Criminal trial and the Summit Series
Shortly after taking control of the Leafs, Ballard stood trial on 49 counts of fraud, theft and tax evasion involving $205,000. He was accused by the Crown attorney of using funds from Maple Leaf Gardens Ltd. to pay for renovations to his home on Montgomery Rd., in Etobicoke. Funds were also used to renovate his Midland cottage, to rent limousines for his daughter's wedding in 1967, and to buy motorcycles for his sons (passing off the expense as hockey equipment for the Marlboros), as well as placing money belonging to the corporation into a private bank account that he controlled along with Stafford Smythe. Ballard pleaded not guilty to all charges.

At the same time, Hockey Canada and the NHL Players Association had negotiated an agreement to hold an eight-game tournament between Canadian professional hockey players and the top players from the Soviet Union. The tournament would become known as the Summit Series. Just as Ballard's trial was beginning, he told Hockey Canada that they were welcome to use any member of the Leafs on the Canadian team, could use Maple Leaf Gardens for their training camp, and could use the building for any or all of the games in the series, with the Gardens' share of the gate receipts being donated to the NHL players' pension fund. Ballard then partnered with long-time rival Alan Eagleson and Eagleson's client Bobby Orr to get the television rights to the series, which would be used to benefit Hockey Canada and the players' union. At no time before or after his trial did Ballard show any interest in being associated with Eagleson or in having members of the Leafs play the Soviets, and the move was widely seen to be a means to generate favourable public relations. At the conclusion of the series, Ballard sent a bill to Hockey Canada for use of the building.

In August, just weeks before the series began, Ballard was convicted on 47 of the charges. Two months later, he was sentenced to nine years in a federal penitentiary. After a brief stay at Kingston Penitentiary, he was moved to a minimum-security facility that was part of Millhaven Institution. He finished his sentence at a halfway house in Toronto, and was paroled in October 1973 after serving a third of his sentence. After his parole, he stated that prison life was like staying in a motel, with colour television, golf, and steak dinners. Ballard even claimed to possess photographs of himself drinking beer with corrections officers and wearing one of their uniforms. During the time Harold was in prison, his son Bill managed the Maple Leaf Gardens.

Team management

Ballard was a very hands-on owner who quickly became known for being irascible and cantankerous. He tried to micromanage the team, interfering with coaches and players. Soon after taking over as majority owner, he forced out several longtime front-office personnel and replaced them with his own men. For example, he cut the salary of chief scout and former Leafs star Bob Davidson by almost two-thirds, forcing Davidson to resign. Davidson had served in the Leafs organization for almost 40 years in various capacities.

Ballard's opposition to European players was so virulent that a Leafs scout used Ballard's time in jail to sign Börje Salming, one of the NHL's first great European players.

After Ballard took control during the 1971–72 season, one of the first challenges he faced was the creation of the World Hockey Association (WHA) as a competitor to the NHL. At the time, NHL teams relied on the reserve clause to keep players from jumping to other teams in the league, but the clause could not prevent players from leaving the NHL to join a different league.

At the end of the 1971–72 season, the Leafs only had three players signed to contracts for the next season: Rick Kehoe and veterans Jacques Plante and Bobby Baun. But Ballard did not take the unproven WHA seriously as a competitor and so was outbid on the services of several players in the Leafs organization. The biggest loss was goaltender Bernie Parent, a superstar in the making, who was offered a WHA contract with financial terms far beyond what Ballard was prepared to match. Along with Parent, Rick Ley, Jim Harrison, Brad Selwood, and Guy Trottier all left the Leafs for the WHA before the 1972–73 season, as did some minor league prospects in the Leafs' system as well as the team's minor league coach, Marcel Pronovost. Paul Henderson and Mike Pelyk followed a year later. The players who stayed could use the threat of joining the WHA to negotiate better contracts, and Ballard always blamed the WHA for inflating players' salaries. Ballard never forgave the WHA for this, and became the leader of the hardline faction of NHL owners who opposed any merger with the upstart league.

In 1973, the WHA moved the Ottawa Nationals to Toronto as the Toronto Toros. A year later, they moved to the Gardens. Toros owner John F. Bassett (son of the elder John Bassett) had negotiated a lease with the elder Ballard's son, Bill. However, by the time the Toros played their first game at the Gardens, Ballard had been released from prison. Angered that the WHA was literally in his backyard, the elder Ballard made the Toros' lease terms as onerous as possible. This became clear when the arena was dim for the first game. When an outraged Bassett complained, Ballard demanded $3,500 for use of the lights. He also removed the cushions from the home bench for Toros' games (he told an arena worker, "Let 'em buy their own cushions!") and denied them access to the Leafs locker room. These demands made it financially impossible for the Toros to survive in Toronto, and after the 1975-76 season they moved  to Birmingham, Alabama.

When the NHL finally did take in four WHA teams after the 1978–79 season, Ballard refused to support the deal. He was not only angry at how the WHA had decimated his roster earlier in the decade, but also wasn't enamored at the prospect of reduced television revenue. The WHA had insisted on bringing in all three of its surviving Canadian teams, meaning revenue from CBC telecasts now had to be split six ways rather than three.

At the time Ballard took over, the Leafs' captain was Dave Keon, who had been with the team since 1960. Ballard and Keon never got along, and when Keon's contract expired in 1975, Ballard let it be known that Keon had no place on the team. However, he insisted on receiving compensation for Keon, and set the price so high that potential suitors shied away, in effect preventing Keon from joining another NHL team. Keon was forced to move to the WHA's Minnesota Fighting Saints. When the Fighting Saints folded, Keon received an offer from the soon-to-be dynasty New York Islanders, but Ballard still owned Keon's NHL rights and effectively blocked that deal, forcing Keon to move to the relatively stable New England Whalers. Even after the NHL-WHA merger was finalized over Ballard's objections, it was only the intervention of NHL President John Ziegler that finally persuaded Ballard to not reclaim Keon's rights (which would have effectively ended his career) and allow him to play three more seasons with the mediocre Hartford Whalers. Keon never forgave Ballard for how he had been treated, and it was more than 20 years before he was reconciled with the Leafs.

During the 1978–79 season, with the Leafs struggling to make the playoffs, Ballard fired the team's popular head coach, Roger Neilson, against the wishes of the players. Two days later, Ballard asked Neilson to return, but with a paper bag over his head so as to conceal his identity. Neilson did return, without the paper bag. After the season, where the Maple Leafs were swept in the quarterfinals by the Canadiens, Ballard fired general manager Jim Gregory, replacing him with his predecessor, Punch Imlach. Gregory learned of the news when he received a call from an NHL executive offering him the directorship of the NHL Central Scouting Bureau, unbeknownst to him that Ballard had fired him.

Relationship with Sittler
Ballard's desire to control players and their salaries also put him at odds with Alan Eagleson, executive director of the NHL Players' Association and a player agent whose clients included Keon's successor as captain, Darryl Sittler. Ballard had once called Sittler "the son I never had", but relations between the two took a turn for the worse with Sittler's increasing prominence in the NHLPA. Around that time, the Leafs had made it as far as the Stanley Cup semifinals in 1978, losing to the two-time defending champions Montreal Canadiens. This led to renewed criticism of Ballard's unwillingness to spend what it took to get the Leafs to the next level.

In July 1979, Ballard brought his longtime friend, Imlach, back to the organization as general manager. Imlach was as staunchly anti-union as Ballard; during his first stint in Toronto, he had been one of Eagleson's most ardent foes. With Ballard's support, Imlach moved to dismantle the roster and undermine Sittler's influence, despite many analysts viewing the team as having a promising future. Sittler was apparently untouchable as he had a no-trade clause in his contract and, through his agent Eagleson, had insisted on $500,000 to waive it. When the Leafs traded Sittler's close friend Lanny McDonald to the moribund Colorado Rockies on December 29, 1979, a member of the Leafs anonymously told the Toronto Star that Leafs management would "do anything to get at Sittler" and was bent on undermining the captain's influence on the team. Angry teammates trashed their dressing room in response. Sittler himself ripped the captain's C off his sweater, later commenting that a captain had to be the go-between with players and management, and he no longer had any communication with management. Ballard would liken Sittler's actions to burning the Canadian flag. Eagleson called the trade "a classless act."

Through the summer of 1980, Ballard insisted that Sittler would not be back with the Leafs. As Imlach was preparing to trade Sittler to the Quebec Nordiques, he had a heart attack in August and was hospitalized. Ballard used the opportunity to name himself acting general manager and hold talks with Sittler, and the two agreed that Sittler would return to the team for the 1980–81 season. The two men appeared together at a news conference described as "all smiles and buddy-buddy" to announce that Sittler would not only be at training camp, but had reassumed his captaincy. Ballard told the press that the real battle had been between Imlach and Eagleson, and Sittler just got caught in the crossfire. Ballard also signed Börje Salming to a new contract with terms that Imlach had refused to offer.

Ballard remained as de facto general manager even when Imlach recovered. In September 1981, after Imlach had another heart attack during training camp, Ballard told the media that Imlach's poor health meant that "he's through as general manager". Imlach was never officially fired, but when he tried to return to his office in November, he found that his parking spot at Maple Leaf Gardens had been reassigned and Gerry McNamara had been made acting general manager. Imlach never returned to work and his contract was allowed to expire. Though Imlach was gone, Sittler's relationship with the Leafs worsened again in the 1981–82 season and he was traded that year to the Philadelphia Flyers.

1980s
The McDonald trade sent the Leafs into a downward spiral. Even with the inclusion of what were effectively four expansion teams as per the terms of the "merger" with the WHA, the Leafs finished five games below .500 in 1980, although it was still good enough for a playoff berth. They would not post a winning record again in Ballard's lifetime, going a franchise-record 13 consecutive seasons without a winning record. The low point came in 1984–85, when the Leafs finished the season with the worst record in the league, 32 games below .500. Their .300 winning percentage was the second-worst in franchise history. They nearly duplicated that dubious achievement in 1987–88. That year, they finished with a .325 winning percentage, fourth-worst in franchise history, and were only one point up on the Minnesota North Stars for the league's worst record. Nevertheless, they still qualified for the playoffs under the playoff format in use at the time. In those days, the top four teams in each division made the playoffs, regardless of record. The Leafs and North Stars both played in the Norris Division, which was extremely weak that year; the Red Wings were the only team with a winning record. The Leafs defeated the Red Wings in the final game of the season, and backed into the playoffs when the Stars lost their final game hours later. It was the second time in three years that they had made the playoffs despite finishing with a winning percentage below .400. In 1985-86, they finished with a .356 winning percentage, the fourth-worst record in the league and fourth worst in franchise history. However, due to playing in a division where no team cracked the 90-point barrier, they still made the playoffs. Subsequent league expansions and format revisions make it impossible for a team so close to the bottom of the league standings to qualify for the playoffs today.

All told, the Leafs only had six winning seasons in Ballard's 18-plus seasons as majority owner, and never finished higher than third in their division in any format. In Ballard's last 13 seasons, they only finished above fourth once and won only two playoff series. Many fans consider the Ballard era to be the darkest period in team history.

Off the ice, the Maple Leafs under Ballard were one of the league's most financially successful teams. However, this was largely because Ballard was unwilling to increase the payroll in order to improve the on-ice product, despite playing in the fourth-largest market. Even though the Leafs were barely competitive for much of the latter part of Ballard's tenure, every game at Maple Leaf Gardens was sold out. Ballard thus felt he had little financial incentive to sign better players. However, many players were unwilling to sign with Toronto in any event because of Ballard's reputation.

Ballard famously had his hand and footprints etched onto a concrete slab and placed it at centre ice of Maple Leaf Gardens, which deteriorated the quality of the Gardens ice.

Maple Leaf Gardens under Ballard
After Ballard's release from prison, he had an apartment built at the Gardens facing Church Street where he would live through most of the year, while spending summers at his cottage near Lafontaine, Ontario in the Thunder Beach community.

The storied arena fell into disrepair during Ballard's tenure. For example, when the roof leaked, he did little more than order plastic sheets to catch the rainwater.

Other incidents and anecdotes
Other notable incidents and anecdotes during Ballard's time as majority owner of the Toronto Maple Leafs and Maple Leaf Gardens include:

 As a guest on Barbara Frum's CBC Radio program As It Happens in March 1979, Ballard, speaking over the telephone, implied that "Women are best in one position – on their backs." When Frum attempted to ask him questions, he told her to keep quiet and stop interrupting him, and eventually hung up. The next night on her show, Frum read a conciliatory letter to Ballard forgiving him for his remarks, and signed it "Your favourite BROAD-caster".
 In August 1979, to make room for private boxes, he had Foster Hewitt's historic broadcast gondola dumped into an incinerator. This was in spite of protests from the Hockey Hall of Fame, who wished to acquire it. This happened about a year after Ballard had taken the radio broadcast rights to Leaf games away from Hewitt's CKFH and sold them to CKO. Hewitt unsuccessfully appealed the deal to the Canadian Radio and Telecommunications Commission.
 In the mid-1970s the NHL, facing competition from the WHA, passed a rule that players' last names must be on the backs of their jerseys. Ballard refused, citing it as a threat to program sales. After being threatened with a large fine, Ballard "complied" by putting the names in blue letters on the Leafs' blue road jerseys, and in white on their white home jerseys, making them unreadable. After being fined, he backed down and put the names in the opposite colours.
 "If you can call a Chevrolet a Chev, why can't you call a Japanese a Jap?" Ballard to Ottawa writer Earl McRae in the 1980s.
 Angered by (or maybe jealous of) Conn Smythe's success with the club and his inability to bring a Stanley Cup to Toronto under his sole ownership, Ballard sold all of the Cup banners that had hung from the rafters of Maple Leafs Gardens for years. Ballard had managed to get his name on the Cup four times while part-owner of the team. When the Leafs moved to the Air Canada Centre in 1999, the NHL presented the team with new banners to replace those Ballard had sold.
 Pennants proclaiming National Hockey League championships, Stanley Cup victories and other triumphs used to hang from the rafters of Maple Leaf Gardens. But they were taken down (on the premise that they were obstructing some customers' views). In 1969, painters doing over the Gardens' television booth used (perhaps unknowingly) a dozen or more of these banners to catch paint drips. Commented former Leafs' captain Syl Apps, "I would think that the pennants could have been put to better use than that. We worked awfully hard to get them. I'm rather shocked that they mean so little."
 Ballard had special gold medals made up for the Canadian team, after they were expelled from the 1987 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships as a result of a bench-clearing brawl. Ballard stated that "I believe the Canadian boys deserve the gold medal and I'm going to see to it that they get them. Imagine how these Russians engineered this whole thing over there just because they've got a lousy team and were scared to go home finishing in sixth place."
 Toronto sportswriter Jim Hunt had many run-ins with Ballard. It was Hunt that gave Ballard the nickname Pal Hal, which would be the title of Dick Beddoes' biography about Ballard. The first notable incident with Ballard took place as a rebuttal towards Hunt's comments about the Toronto Maple Leafs. Ballard went on the air after the next Maple Leafs game and called Hunt a bastard. He then told TV host Dave Hodge that his comments were about someone whose last name starts with one of the first three letters of the alphabet. Hodge responded by saying Jim Bunt. Ballard responded by saying the name started with the letter C.
 At the same postgame show, Ballard proceeded to get into an on-air argument with Dick Beddoes, which involved Beddoes saying Ballard would be better suited to guessing weights at the CNE rather than running a hockey team. Ballard responded by saying that Beddoes should be a barker at a girlie show. This continued until hockey legendary referee Red Storey appeared, dressed as Santa. When asked what he was bringing Ballard, Storey replied penicillin.
 For his 85th birthday party, Ballard invited Hunt, who was then with the Toronto Sun. The party was on July 30, 1988, and held at Ballard's cottage near Lafontaine. Hunt attended the party with a female photographer named Veronica Milne. Hunt and Milne got lost on the way to the party and arrived an hour late. Upon their arrival, Ballard responded by saying, "Hunt, I know why you're late. You were humping her in the back seat of the car."
Ballard repeatedly clashed with Toronto City Council, especially over the question of liquor licensing. Eventually, Maple Leaf Gardens became one of only two dry major sports venues in North America (the other being Delta Center in Salt Lake City). While Ballard was eventually to secure a liquor license for Ivor Wynne Stadium in 1982, he was never able to do so for the Gardens, in part due to his abrasive personality and acrimonious relationship with key politicians such as Councilor Kay Gardner. It would not be until almost three years after Ballard's death that the first beer would be legally sold at Maple Leaf Gardens.

Other involvements

Canadian Football League
In the early 1970s, Ballard made an application for a second Canadian Football League team to be based in Toronto, to play at Varsity Stadium. At the time, the CFL still consisted of two autonomous conferences. Ballard's application would have required the unanimous consent of the four Eastern Football Conference owners to have been approved under the rules in effect at the time. In the West, CFL teams had come under significant pressure resulting from the introduction of WHA franchises in the four largest Western markets, therefore Western Football Conference teams were generally supportive of Ballard's efforts to become a CFL owner. However, hostility to Ballard's overture from the Toronto Argonauts (then owned by Ballard's former partner John Bassett) ensured it never went anywhere.

In 1974, when Bassett put the Toronto Argonauts up for sale, Ballard offered to buy the team for $3 million, but his offer was rejected. Shortly after, Ballard tried to buy the Hamilton Tiger-Cats from owner Michael DeGroote, but that offer was also rejected. Three money-losing seasons later, in January 1978, DeGroote contacted Ballard and sold him the club for $1.3 million. Federal Labour Minister John Munro—from Hamilton—led an unsuccessful campaign against the deal, while Bassett, having sold the Argos to William R. Hodgson by this time, was also unable to intervene. Later that year, Ballard blocked Bassett's attempt to repurchase the Argos. However, Ballard did not object the following year when Hodgson sold his stake in the Argos to Carling O'Keefe notwithstanding the fact the brewer also owned a team in the WHA (the Quebec Nordiques).

The Tiger-Cats made the playoffs every year under Ballard's ownership and played in four Grey Cup championship games, losing in 1980, 1984 and 1985 before finally winning the Cup in 1986. As owner of the Tiger Cats, Ballard claimed to be losing a million dollars a year. In 1986, Ballard publicly called the Tiger Cats a bunch of overpaid losers. After the Tiger Cats beat the Toronto Argonauts in the 1986 Eastern Final, Ballard said "You guys may still be overpaid, but after today, no one can call you losers." A few days later, the Tiger Cats won the 1986 Grey Cup by beating the Edmonton Eskimos 39–15 and Ballard said it was worth every penny.

During his tenure as owner of the Tiger-Cats, Ballard for a short time had the Tiger-Cats logo painted at centre ice of Maple Leaf Gardens in place of the blue Maple Leaf.

Ballard sold the team to businessman David Braley on February 24, 1989. During his tenure, he repeatedly threatened to move the franchise to Toronto (70 km north). He had claimed losses in excess of $20 million over 11 seasons with the Tiger-Cats.

Major League Baseball
In the 1970s, Ballard had also bankrolled a group, headed by Hiram Walker Distillers vice-president Lorne Duguid, intent on bringing Major League Baseball to Toronto. According to Duguid, Ballard had been willing to pay as much as $15 million so he could buy and relocate the San Francisco Giants to Toronto, even though the franchise was only worth around $8 million. However, in the end, it was a partnership of the Labatt Brewing Company, Howard Webster, and the Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce (CIBC) that brought baseball to Toronto, as they were awarded an expansion team in the American League for $7 million that became the Toronto Blue Jays, who began play in 1977.

Supporters
Despite his reputation, Ballard was well known for his charitable activities, and even leased out MLG for many functions. He was recognized for this on his citation during his 1977 Hockey Hall of Fame induction. However, as Ken Dryden put it in his book The Game, he seemed "like [a] wrestling villain who touches the audience to make his next villainy seem worse."

Dave "Tiger" Williams who played with the Leafs from 1973 to 1980 had a close relationship with Ballard. Years later, Williams would remark that all Ballard would want from his players was an honest day of hard work. In gratitude, Williams shot a bear during a winter hunt and skinned it for Ballard's office.

Death and estate
Ballard died from various health complications on April 11, 1990, at the age of 86. Even before his death, there had been battles between his children, Bill Ballard, Harold Ballard Jr., and Mary Elizabeth Flynn, and his longtime companion, Yolanda Ballard. Although she and Harold never married, Yolanda had her name legally changed. She claimed to have been with Ballard for eight years at the time of his death. Yolanda's lawyer Howard Levitt stated there had been a marriage proposal.

In 1989, Bill Ballard was convicted of assaulting Yolanda and fined $500. Yolanda was not invited to Ballard's funeral, nor to the reading of his will. She fought with Ballard's family and partners over Ballard's estate following his death. In his will, Ballard had left Yolanda $50,000 a year for the rest of her life, but she considered this inadequate and sued for $192,600 and later $381,000 a year. The court awarded her $91,000.

According to Ballard's lawyer, his estate was worth less than $50 million. Most of the money was left to a charitable foundation. Ballard left his personal belongings to his children and grandchildren. Ballard's three children had all previously received shares in Maple Leaf Gardens that they sold for more than $15 million each. The executors of Ballard's will were Steve Stavro, Don Giffin and Don Crump. In 1991, Stavro paid off a $20 million loan that had been made to Ballard in 1980 by Molson. In return, he was given an option to buy Maple Leaf Gardens shares from Ballard's estate. Molson also agreed to sell its stake in Maple Leaf Gardens Ltd. to Stavro. That deal closed in 1994, and shortly after Stavro bought Ballard's shares from the estate for $34 a share or $75 million. The purchase was the subject of a securities commission review and a lawsuit from Ballard's son Bill, but the deal stood and Stavro and his partners in MLG Ventures became the new owner of the Leafs and Maple Leaf Gardens.

Ballard is buried at Park Lawn Cemetery in Toronto with his wife Dorothy.

References

External links

1903 births
1990 deaths
Businesspeople from Toronto
Canada men's national ice hockey team coaches
Canadian Football Hall of Fame inductees
Hamilton Tiger-Cats owners
Hamilton Tiger-Cats team presidents
Hockey Hall of Fame inductees
Maple Leaf Sports & Entertainment
National Hockey League executives
National Hockey League owners
Ice hockey people from Toronto
Stanley Cup champions
Toronto Maple Leafs executives
Upper Canada College alumni
20th-century Canadian businesspeople

Harold Ballard


Die hufeisenförmige Gartenstadtsiedlung "Am schmalen Rain" in Gothas Süden ist ein Beispiel für den von der frühen Gartenstadtbewegung beeinflussten Genossenschaftswohnungsbau der 1920er Jahre. Ihren Namen hat die Siedlung von ihrer Eingangsstraße, die wiederum nach einem alten Flurnamen benannt wurde.

Die Siedlung wurde nach Plänen der Architekten Richard Neuland und Bruno Tamme sowie des Regierungsbaumeisters Pfitzmann erbaut.

Geschichte

Anfänge
Am 19. Februar 1909 gründete sich nach dem Prinzip des Genossenschaftswesens (Hermann Schulze-Delitzsch) die Gothaer Baugenossenschaft für Beamte und Arbeiter der Eisenbahnerverwaltung eingetr. Genossenschaft mit beschränkter Haftpflicht. Im selben Jahr erwarb die Genossenschaft ihr erstes Grundstück im Südwesten der Stadt Gotha und die "Alte Kolonie" entstand. Alle Straßen wurden nach Persönlichkeiten benannt: Paul von Breitenbach, Friedrich List, Karl Kindermann, Albert Freiherr von Maybach.

1909–1926 entstand zusätzlich zur "Alten Kolonie" Familienhäuser in der Boilstädter Straße, der Friedrich-Ebert-Straße und der Waltershäuser Straße, der Wohnungsbestand wuchs.

1923 wurde in Gotha ein städtebaulicher Entwicklungsplan konzipiert, eine Flächenaufteilung und somit eine Bebauung am Stadtrand wurde erleichtert, die Grundlage für die Entstehung der Gartenstadtsiedlung war geschaffen. 1925 bemühten sich Vorstand und Aufsichtsrat der Genossenschaft um die weitere Vergrößerung des Wohnungsbestandes, erste Entwürfe für eine geschlossene Siedlung entstanden.

Planung und Bau
Wegen der Wohnungsnot und der Arbeitslosigkeit beschloss die Reichsregierung ein "Winter-Notstandsprogramm", dadurch wurde Geld zur Beschäftigungsförderung für Bauvorhaben bereitgestellt. Als größte Baugenossenschaft kaufte die Wohnungsbaugenossenschaft der Eisenbahner e.V. Gotha ein 7,2 Hektar großes Grundstück südlich der Eisenbahnlinie, westlich der Ratsrinne. 1926 wurde das Bauvorhaben, das die Schaffung von 150–200 Wohnungen vorsah, in einer Versammlung beschlossen. Stadtverwaltung und Landesregierung wurden gebeten, das aufgestellte Bauprogramm mit allen Mitteln zu unterstützen. Die Architekten Neuland und Tamme bewarben sich mit Entwürfen unter drei Bauvorgaben:

 Berücksichtigung der außergewöhnlichen ruhigen Lage eines städtischen Randgebietes
 gute Einordnung von Verkehrslagen für eine Wohnsiedlung mit "Ortskern" und Läden für die Versorgung der Anwohner
 Berücksichtigung der Gartenstadtidee

Der Entwurf von Richard Neuland entsprach am ehesten den Vorgaben, jedoch beschlossen die Gutachter eine Reihe von Veränderungen. Am Ende vergab die Stadt den Auftrag an drei Architekten, jeder sollte für einen bestimmten Teil der Siedlung verantwortlich sein. Das Gesamtprojekt bekam den Charakter einer Gartenstadt in Hufeisenform.

Die Architekten Bruno Tamme (1885–1964) und Richard Neuland (1884–1958), Absolventen der Gothaer Bauschule, hatten bereits mehrere Gebäude in Gotha gebaut – Neuland für die Genossenschaft in der Maybachstraße. Tamme, Neuland und Pfitzmann (zusätzlich herangezogen von der Thüringer Wohnungsfürsorgegesellschaft mbH aus Weimar) verpflichteten sich zur kollegialen Zusammenarbeit. Individuelle Vorstellungen wurden in ein Gesamtkonzept zusammengefasst. Zum 20. Dezember 1926 wurde die genauere Aufteilung des Baugebietes unter den Architekten ausgelost.

Der erste Kostenvoranschlag betrug für 161 Wohnungen, 3 Geschäfte, 1 Gaststätte und die Genossenschaftsverwaltung 1.875.850 RM.

Details zur Anlage
Wegen der geschlossenen Anlage sollten so wenig wie nötig Freileitungen verlegt werden, dadurch war eine bessere Nutzung der Grün- und Freiflächen möglich. Öffentliche Grünflächen wie die halbkreisförmige am Friedensplatz sollten als Wiese oder Park von den Anwohner genutzt werden, besonders den Kindern wurde hier Spielfläche angeboten. Noch heute liegt hier der Spielplatz, der sich im Sommer als größerer Treffpunkt für Groß und Klein anbietet. Der Mittelpunkt der Siedlung – der Geschwister-Scholl-Platz – sollte als öffentliches Zentrum für die Anwohner wirken, das Hauptgebäude (Haus 1/1a, jetzt Richard Neuland Haus) sollte durch die beidseitige Umrahmung mit Rasenflächen wie ein Rathaus wirken und als Versorgungseinrichtung dienen.

Zu jedem Siedlungshaus vergaben die Architekten einen Vorgarten, der sich von Straßenzug zu Straßenzug unterschied, jedoch prinzipiell gleiche Strukturen aufwies. Die Gärten hinter den Häusern sollten ausschließlich funktionsbezogen ausgerichtet bleiben. Sie unterschieden sich in Form und Größe, jedoch nicht in Bezug auf die Unterteilung in Wirtschaftsteil und Nutzgarten. Neben dem Wirtschaftsteil der mit Kies befestigt war und vom Waschkeller über eine außen liegende Treppe genutzt wurde befanden sich unter anderem ein schmales Stück Grün sowie die Wäschepfähle und eine Regentonne. Der hintere Garten wurde durch den Nutzgarten abgeschlossen. Baumpflanzungen mussten durch den Vorstand genehmigt werden.

Die Vorarbeiten zum Siedlungsbau "Am schmalen Rain", Erdaushub und das Anlegen der Baustraßen wurden durch das "Winter-Notstands-Programm" für Arbeitslose abgesichert, alle weiteren Arbeiten wurden durch Gothaer Handwerksbetriebe durchgeführt. Um die Anbindung für Fußgänger und Straßenverkehr zu gewährleisten wurden zwei Brücken Richtung Pestalozzistraße und Friedrich-Ebert-Straße gebaut. Außerdem entstand eine Fußgängerunterführung unter der Eisenbahnstrecke Eisenach–Erfurt, um einen kurzen Weg zur Innenstadt Gotha zu ermöglichen.

Da das "Winter-Notstands-Programm" von einigen Städten genutzt wurde, kam es zu Engpässen in der Materialbeschaffung. Daher konnte erst im Februar 1927 der erste Spatenstich erfolgen, bereits im Juni 1927 trugen die ersten Wohnhäuser ihren Richtkranz. Bis zum Sommer 1927 stieg die am Siedlungsbau beteiligten Unternehmen (hauptsächlich ortsansässig) auf 77 Betriebe mit ca. 1200 Arbeitern an.

Am 19. September 1927 fand ein Richtfest mit 1300 Teilnehmern statt, der Oberbürgermeister Scheffler gab die Straßennamen zum Siedlungsgebiet bekannt:

 Am Schmalen Rain (nach der alten Flurbezeichnung)
 Beethovenstraße
 Straßburger Platz (der jetzige Geschwister-Scholl-Platz)
 Walther-Rathenau-Ring (der jetzige Friedensplatz)
 Friedrich-Ebert-Straße (zur Erinnerung an den 1. Reichspräsident der Weimarer Republik)

In der Stadtratsitzung am 10. Januar 1928 lobte der Gothaer Oberbürgermeister die Baugenossenschaft und den Vorstand und nannte die Siedlung "Am schmalen Rain" ein "bauliches Schmuckstück Gothas". Zur Abwendung eines Konkurses 1928 wurden alle Mitglieder zur Kasse gebeten, außerdem Grundstücke in der Siebleber Straße 28, das Geschäftshaus St. Gotthard sowie das Anwesen in der Walterhäuser Straße 36 veräußert.

Sparmaßnahmen beim Bau
Das Baugebiet "Am schmalen Rain" wurde zur Erhöhung der Wohnungszahlen (und somit der Zahl der Bewohner) umkonzipiert. Die Wohnungszahlen wurden im Oktober 1927 von 161 auf 190 Wohnungen angehoben, später weiter auf 202 Wohnungen. In den Einfamilienhäusern wurden Erd- und Obergeschoss getrennt vergeben, aus dem Obergeschoss des Wirtschaftsgebäudes wurden keine Fremdenzimmer, sondern 12 Wohnungen. 1935 entstanden nach der letzten Teilung der Reihenhäuser schließlich 269 Wohnungen:

 12 Einraumwohnungen
 146 Zweiraumwohnungen
 95 Dreiraumwohnungen
 15 Vierraumwohnungen
 1 Fünfraumwohnung

Reihenhäuser die ursprünglich für eine Familie geplant waren und jetzt als Erd- und Obergeschoss getrennt vergeben wurden, besaßen nur im Obergeschoss Bad und Toilette, die alle Bewohner jedoch gemeinsam nutzten. Außerdem konnte man die Wohnungen in sich nicht abschließen, da man den Zugang zum Dachboden und den Kellerräumen gewährleisten musste.

Aufgrund finanzieller Schwierigkeiten wurde sowohl der Bau südlich der Friedrich-Ebert-Straße – ein geplanter Teil der Siedlung – als auch der geplante Bau einer Bäckerei gestrichen. Auch das Farbkonzept der Hauseingangstüren, die mehrfarbig vorgesehen waren, nach den Sparzwängen aber einfarbig bemalt wurden, sowie Geländer und Handläufe (vorher mit Formstücken aufwendig verschraubt – jetzt geschweißt) fielen der finanziellen Krise zum Opfer.

1946–1989
Ab Mitte 1946 wurde verfügbarer Wohnraum staatlich verwaltet. So wollte man der Wohnungsnot begegnen und Spekulation verhindern. Die Wohnungen wurden vom Wohnungsamt der Stadt und der Verwaltung der Deutschen Reichsbahn gemeinsam vergeben. Der Vorstand der Genossenschaft wurde informiert und hatte nur indirekten Einfluss auf die Vergabe.

1957 wurde der Träger in Gemeinnützige Wohnungsbaugenossenschaft der Eisenbahner e.G. umbenannt. 1960–1980 verbesserten die Genossenschaftsmitglieder ihre Wohnraumbedingungen durch eigene Leistungen und Nachbarschaftshilfe, außerdem wurden ursprünglich gärtnerisch intensiv genutzte Flächen zu Grünflächen umgewandelt um fortan Erholungszwecken zu dienen. Damals fehlende Möglichkeiten zur baulichen Veränderung haben den heutigen Vorteil, dass die Siedlung "Am schmalen Rain" in ihrer ursprüngliche Bausubstanz erhalten blieb. Zudem stellte die Stadt die Gartenstadtsiedlung "Am schmalen Rain" 1972 unter Denkmalschutz, daher gehört sie zu den am wenigsten veränderten Gartenstadtsiedlungen Deutschlands. Aufgrund der damaligen Zeit und Missständen in der Baustoffbeschaffung erwirtschaftete die Genossenschaft fast jährlich einen Überschuss, welcher teilweise oder ganz dem Staatshaushalt zugeführt werden musste.

1989 bis heute
Mit Beschluss des Stadtrates Gothas wurde die Siedlung Am schmalen Rain nach 1989 zum Sanierungsgebiet. Somit rückte die Siedlung in ihrer Gesamtheit wieder mehr in das Zentrum der Stadtentwicklung und in den Fokus vieler Gothaer. 1995 wurde die Siedlung in das Bund-Land-Programm Städtebauliche Sanierungs- und Entwicklungsmaßnahmen aufgenommen. Nach Erfassung der Bausubstanz und Festsetzung der Sanierungsziele konnten konkrete erste Planungen am Geschwister-Scholl-Platz durchgeführt werden. Fachplaner kümmerten sich um Außenputz, Treppenhäuser, Fenster, Türen und entwarfen Farbkonzepte. Zwischen 1996 und 2003 konnten die Eckgebäude am Geschwister-Scholl-Platz saniert und modernisiert werden. 2001 wurde die Gartenstadt Am schmalen Rain mit dem Thüringer Denkmalschutzpreis ausgezeichnet.

2010 wurden die beiden Häuserreihen zwischen den Eckgebäuden am Geschwister-Scholl-Platz äußerlich umfassend saniert. Zuerst wurden 2009 alle nicht originalen Anbauten rückgebaut und die Dächer komplett erneuert. Danach bekamen die Häuser neue Treppenaufgänge und Terrassen zur rückwärtigen Gartenseite. Mit der Erneuerung der Fassaden, Fenster, Fensterläden, Terrassengeländer und der Haustüren endete die Sanierung 2010. 2011 erfolgte die Revitalisierung der Gärten, Erneuerung der Gartenwege sowie Integration der Stellplätze der Müllcontainer. Als letzter Schritt wurden alle Zäune mit ihrer originalen und charakteristischen Lattung entsprechend den Denkmalschutzvorgaben erneuert. Fast immer wurde im Inneren der Wohnungen der Gartenstadtsiedlung Am schmalen Rain durch eigene Handwerker der GWG der Eisenbahner oder durch Fremdfirmen eine Innensanierung vorausgeplant.

2011/2012 wurde die Außenfassade des Gebäudekomplexes der gesamten Friedrich-Ebert-Straße erneuert, seitdem strahlt diese wieder in ihrer ursprünglichen blau-lila Farbe.

Vereinsarbeit
Am 10. September 2008 gründete sich der Förderverein "Am schmalen Rain". Er engagiert sich für die Erhaltung der genossenschaftlich betriebenen Siedlung, fördert die Kultur und unterstützt den Zusammenhalt der Menschen des Wohngebietes.
Der Verein, das sind Bewohner, Freunde und Förderer, die diesen Verein seit über 10 Jahre begleiten, organisieren und das Vereinsleben gestalten.
Familienfeste, Frühschoppen, Weihnachtsmärkte, jährliche Subbotniks und diverse kleinere kulturelle Aktivitäten werden von ihm organisiert und durchgeführt. Weiterhin leisten der Verein Beitrag dazu, dass die Gartenstadtsiedlung "Am Schmalen Rain" in den Blick der Bewohner der Stadt Gotha und darüber hinaus rückt.

Quellen
 Festschrift 100 Jahre Gemeinnützige Wohnungsbaugenossenschaft der Eisenbahner e.V. Gotha
 Festschrift 80 Jahre Gartenstadtsiedlung Am schmalen Rain

Weblinks

 Wohnungsbaugenossenschaft der Eisenbahner eG Gotha
 Förderverein Gartenstadtsiedlung "Am schmalen Rain"
 Bruno Tamme
 Richard Neuland

Gartenstadt in Deutschland
Bauwerk in Gotha
Siedlung (Städtebau) in Thüringen
Geographie (Gotha)
Bauwerk des Bauhausstils

Gartenstadtsiedlung „Am schmalen Rain“


Ensar (), Arapçada "yardım edenler, yardımcılar" demektir. Sıfat olarak, "herkesi seven, herkese yardım eden" demektir.

Terim olarak, İslam dininin tarihsel gelişimi açısından büyük bir öneme sahip olan Hicret olayı ile bir topluluğa kimlik olarak terimleşmiştir. İslam tarihinde Mekke'den Medine'ye göç eden Muhacirlere yardım eden Medineli Müslümanlara Ensar denmiş; Kur'an'da bu topluluk işaret edilerek yer almıştır.

İslam tarihinde Ensar olarak anılan Medine halkı; Mekke'de zulüm altında olan ilk Müslümanları şehirlerine davet etmiş, onlarla evlerini ve topraklarını paylaşmış, kentlerinin bu davet nedeniyle düşmanların taarruzlarına maruz kalmasını göze almışlardır.

Bir ayet ile savaşmaya izin verilene kadar uzun bir süre düşmanlarına karşılık vermeden canlarını vermiş, "Allah'ın iznini" içeren ayet inince de İslam için savaşmışlardır.

Ayrıca bakınız
Muhacirun

Arapça
İslam terimleri

Ensar


Gerty Theresa Cori( født Radnitz den 15. august 1896 i Prag i det daværende Østrig-Ungarn (nu Tjekkiet), døde 26. oktober 1957 i Glendale, Missouri i USA) var en amerikansk biokemiker, der modtog Nobelprisen i fysiologi eller medicin i 1947.

Kilder

Eksterne henvisninger
Carl and Gerti Cori and Carbohydrate Metabolism from American Chemical Society National Historic Chemical Landmarks

Kemikere fra USA
Nobelprismodtagere i medicin
Kvindernes æresgalleri i USA

Gerty Cori


خايمي روميرو غوميز  الشهير باسم خايمي روميرو (مواليد 31 يوليو 1990 في فالديغانغا - إسبانيا) لاعب كرة قدم إسباني لعب لصالح نادي الدرجة الأولى أودينيزي الإيطالي منذ 2009 في مركز الوسط المحوري لكنه انتقل في 2013 لصفوف نادي الدرجة الأولى ريال مدريد .

روابط خارجية

مراجع

لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مغتربون في أذربيجان
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مغتربون في إيطاليا
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مغتربون في تركيا
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مغتربون في إيران
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية إسبان مغتربون
أجنحة كرة قدم
أشخاص على قيد الحياة
أشخاص من مقاطعة البسيط
رياضيون إسبان مغتربون في أذربيجان
رياضيون إسبان مغتربون في إيطاليا
رياضيون إسبان مغتربون في تركيا
لاعبو الدوري الإسباني
لاعبو الدوري الإسباني الدرجة الثانية
لاعبو الدوري الإيطالي
لاعبو الدوري التركي الممتاز
لاعبو أودينيزي
لاعبو أوردو سبور
لاعبو أوساسونا
لاعبو باري
لاعبو دوري المحترفين الإيراني
لاعبو دوري أذربيجان الممتاز
لاعبو ريال سرقسطة
لاعبو ريال مدريد كاستيا
لاعبو كرة قدم إسبان
لاعبو كرة قدم إسبان مغتربون
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية إسبان
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون في أذربيجان
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون في إيطاليا
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون في تركيا
لاعبو كرة قدم من قشتالة والمنشف
لاعبو كرة قدم من مقاطعة البسيط
لاعبو منتخب إسبانيا لكرة القدم للشباب
لاعبو نادي ألباسيتي
لاعبو نادي تراكتور سازي
لاعبو نادي غرناطة
لاعبو نادي قرطاجنة
لاعبو نادي قرطبة
لاعبو نادي قره باغ
لاعبو نادي لوغو
مواليد 1990
مواليد في فالديغانغا

خايمي روميرو


Les Peintres juifs de Montréal font référence à un collectif d'artistes juifs québécois de Montréal, actif des années 1930 aux années 1950. Le terme est utilisé pour la première fois en 1987 par l'historienne de l'art et conservatrice de musée québécoise Esther Trépanier alors qu'elle travaille sur une exposition consacrée aux œuvres du groupe au  dans Snowdon à Montréal, au Québec.

Issus de trois générations différentes et travaillant dans l'art pendant trois décennies et localisé près du boulevard Saint-Laurent, le collectif travaille dans de multiples styles, du réalisme social à l'expressionnisme, mais ces artistes partagent des sujets similaires, y compris la vie quotidienne dans la vie communautaire à Montréal, les gens ordinaires et la Seconde Guerre mondiale. Le fascisme était également une force au Québec dans les années 1930, ce qui politise le travail de plusieurs de ces artistes socialistes.

Les membres du groupe sont soit des immigrants juifs ashkénazes d'Europe de l'Est, qui ont immigré au Québec pour fuir la montée de l'antisémitisme, soit des descendants de ceux-ci, nés au Québec. Les artistes les plus connus de la première génération du groupe sont : Alexandre Bercovitch (1891-1951),  (1890-1959) et Bernard Mayman (1885-1966).

La deuxième génération comporte quant à elle  (1908-1969), Louis Muhlstock (1904-2001), Ernst Neumann (1907-1956), Fanny Wiselberg (1906-1986) et Jack Beder (1910-1987). Enfin, Sylvia Ary (1923-2011), Rita Briansky (1925-), Ghitta Caiserman-Roth (1923-2005), Moses Reinblatt (1917-1979) et Alfred Pinksy (1921-1999) font partie de la troisième génération. Bien qu'il travaille beaucoup dans d'autres domaines, Harry Mayerovitch est également considéré comme un membre du groupe.

Le terme est popularisé dans les années 1980 alors que les artistes sont exposés collectivement dans des galeries publiques à travers le Canada. En 2009, le Musée national des beaux-arts du Québec a monté une exposition itinérante Peintres juifs de Montréal : un témoin de leur temps, 1930-1948, qui renouvelle l'intérêt pour le groupe.

Bibliographie

Articles connexes
Ancien quartier juif de Montréal

Références

Art à Montréal
Collectif d'artistes canadiens
Association ou organisme culturel à Montréal
Histoire de l'art au Québec
Culture juive au Canada
Histoire des Juifs au Québec
Judaïsme à Montréal
Art juif
Seconde Guerre mondiale dans l'art
Histoire du Canada pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale
Antifascisme
Peinture au Canada
Peintre canadien du XXe siècle

Peintres juifs de Montréal


Gustavo Méndez (Montevideo, Uruguay, 3 de febrero de 1971) es un exfutbolista uruguayo. Jugaba preferentemente de lateral derecho. Junto a Paolo Montero son representantes de la empresa Profutbol.

Selección nacional
Ha sido internacional con la Selección de fútbol de Uruguay en 46 ocasiones

Participaciones en Copas del Mundo

Participaciones en Copa América

Clubes

Palmarés

Referencias

Futbolistas de Uruguay
Futbolistas del Club Nacional de Football en los años 1990
Futbolistas de la selección de fútbol de Uruguay en los años 2000
Futbolistas del Club Nacional de Football en los años 2000
Futbolistas del Torino Football Club
Futbolistas del L.R. Vicenza
Futbolistas de Uruguay en la Copa América 1995
Futbolistas de Uruguay en la Copa FIFA Confederaciones 1997
Futbolistas de Uruguay en la Copa Mundial de 2002
Panama Papers
Futbolistas de la selección de fútbol de Uruguay en los años 1990

Gustavo Méndez


Albersdorf er en by og kommune i det nordlige Tyskland, beliggende i Amt Mitteldithmarschen i den centrale del af Kreis Dithmarschen. Kreis Dithmarschen ligger i den sydvestlige del af delstaten Slesvig-Holsten.

Geografi
De talrige gravhøje fra yngre stenalder og bronzealder er typisk for dette område. Kommunen ligger længst mod øst i Kreis Dithmarschen i et skovrigt område ved Nord-Ostsee-Kanal. Den bakkede gest præger landskabet. I kommunen ligger stenalderparken  og

Nabokommuner
Nabokommuner er (med uret fra nord) kommunerne Arkebek, Bunsoh og Wennbüttel (alle i Kreis Dithmarschen), Beldorf og Bornholt (begge i Kreis Rendsburg-Eckernförde) samt Schafstedt, Tensbüttel-Röst og Odderade (alle igen i Kreis Dithmarschen).

Trafik
Byen ligger ved jernbanen Büsum–Heide–Neumünster, samt ved Bundesautobahn 23 Hamborg–Heide frakørsel 4 (70 kilometer nord for Hamborg).

Eksterne kilder/henvisninger

 Kommunens side  på amtets websted.
 Statistikamt Nord – Bevölkerung der Gemeinden in Schleswig-Holstein 4. Quartal 2013 (XLSX-Data) (Fortschreibung auf Basis des Zensus 2011)

Kommuner i Slesvig-Holsten
Byer i Slesvig-Holsten
Byer i Kreis Dithmarschen

Albersdorf (Holstein)


O Iate Tênis Clube é um clube recreativo localizado na orla da Lagoa da Pampulha, em Belo Horizonte. Seu edifício foi projetado pelo arquiteto Oscar Niemeyer no começo da década de 1940, integrando o Conjunto Arquitetônico da Pampulha, reconhecido pela Unesco como Património Mundial desde 2016.

Criação

O Iate Tênis Clube, inicialmente chamado de "Iate Golfe Clube", é um dos quatro edifícios projetados por Oscar Niemeyer por encomenda de Juscelino Kubitschek, então prefeito da capital mineira, no início da década de 1940, quando da criação da barragem que formou a Lagoa da Pampulha. Trata-se de um clube recreativo ainda em operação.

O destaque arquitetônico do clube é uma edificação que possui, na parte superior, o Salão Portinari, assim nomeado em homenagem a Candido Portinari, autor de um dos painéis pintados no local. A parte de baixo da edificação é um abrigo para barcos. As áreas externas do clube têm jardins que foram projetados pelo paisagista Roberto Burle Marx.

Na década de 1970, o clube construiu um anexo com salão de festas e sala de ginástica. O projeto não foi elaborado por Oscar Niemeyer, arquiteto original do conjunto, e tem estilo que destoa do restante do conjunto.

Patrimônio da humanidade

Em 2016, o Conjunto Arquitetônico da Pampulha foi declarado patrimônio cultural da humanidade pela Organização das Nações Unidas para a Educação, a Ciência e a Cultura (UNESCO). A parte original do clube integra o conjunto, mas a Unesco fez ressalvas quanto à existência do anexo, que foi construído de forma irregular em parte de terreno de propriedade do município de Belo Horizonte e invadida pelo clube. Por ter obstruído a visão do clube a partir da Igreja da Pampulha, prejudicando a relação visual entre os edifícios do conjunto arquitetônico, sua demolição com reconstituição paisagística foi condição dada pela Unesco para concessão da declaração de Patrimônio Mundial.

A Prefeitura de Belo Horizonte abriu, em 2019, pedido de reintegração de posse da área invadida para demolição do anexo e recomposição paisagística da área, conforme solicitado pela Unesco, e aguarda decisão judicial.

Obras de Oscar Niemeyer em Belo Horizonte
Atrações turísticas de Belo Horizonte
Patrimônio tombado pelo IPHAN em Belo Horizonte
Patrimônio Mundial da UNESCO no Brasil

Iate Tênis Clube


عفن الجفاف مرض فطري يصيب الخشب المجفف وغالبا ما يجعلة يتشقق، والاسم العلمى للفطر الممرض بوريا انكرا ساتا (poria incrassate ) وكذلك مريوليس لاكريمانز( Merulis lacrymans)، والرطوبة أساسية لنمو الفطر، والجفاف ووجود التهوية مانعة للمرض، كما يقي من طلاء الخشب بالكريزون وغيره، وثمة أمراض فطرية أخرى تصيب الثمار والخضروات تسمى بنفس الاسم.

علم النبات
فطريات

عفن الجفاف


Hrvatski znanstveni i obrazovni oblak (HR-ZOO) projekt je Sveučilišnog računskog centra (SRCE) u Zagrebu, koji je ministarstvo znanosti, obrazovanja i športa Republike Hrvatske prihvatilo o uvrstilo na indikativnu listu infrastruktumih projekata. Omogućit će usluge virtualnih računalnih i spremišnih resursa na načelu računarstva u oblaku, resurse grida, računalne resurse visokih performansa, velike spremišne kapacitete te povezivanje s europskim e-infrastrukturama.

Projekt je početkom 2012. godine pokrenuo Sveučilišni računski centar u Zagrebu, koji je nositelj i koordinator ovog multinstitucionalnog projekta u koji su kao partneri uključeni Sveučilište J.J.Strossmayera Osijek, Sveučilište u Rijeci, Sveučilište u Splitu, Sveučilište u Zagrebu, Institut Ruđer Bošković te CARNet.

Pokrenut je radi izgradnje računalnog i podatkovnog oblaka koji će biti temeljna sastavnica hrvatske nacionalne istraživačke i inovacijske e-infrastrukture, pod čime se misli na opremu, dobra i sredstva kojima se služi istraživačka zajednica za sprovesti vrhunska istraživanja u svim područjima i poljima znanosti.
Osmišljen je kao zajednička infrastruktura za potrebe suvremenog obrazovanja i međunarodno relevantnih istraživanja te instrument integriranja u Europski istraživački prostor (European Research Area, ERA) i Europski prostor visokog obrazovanja (European Higher Education Area, EHEA). Znanstveni će sustav uspostavom ove e-infrastrukture za istraživanje, razvoj i inovacije dobiti na kakvoći i stvaranju preduvjeta za izvođenje vrhunskih istraživanja, a osim toga osnažit će svoje mogućnosti bolje suradnje s poslovnim sektorom imajući u vidu sve zahtjevnije digitalizirano tržište.

Planira se izgraditi mrežu podatkovnih centara u četiri grada (Osijek, Rijeka, Split, Zagreb) na 6 lokacija (u Zagrebu Srce,Borongaj,IRB/SK), GRID sjedišta za znanstveno računanje i kolaboraciju/klasteri visoke gustoće, HPC sjedišta za posebno zahtjevna računanja / klasteri / sustavi visoke učinkovitosti te oblakovna sjedišta (CLOUD sjedišta) kao računalni i podatkovni resursi "opće namjene" - virtualizacijski klasteri s podatkovnim resursima visoke propusnosti, diskovne i tračne resurse za pohranu velikih zbirki podataka. Kroz HR-ZOO želi se izgraditi 10/40/100Gbit/s širokopojasnu okosnicu nacionalne akademske mreže CARNeta te osposobiti stručno osoblje za održavanje
infrastrukture i pomoć korisnicima.

Ovim će se projektom svim institucijama i pojedincima iz sustava znanosti i visokog obrazovanja osigurati dugoročno dovoljne, pouzdane i održive računalne i podatkovne resurse te mrežnu povezanost, potrebne za njihovo djelovanje i rad, ali i za naprednu primjenu informacijske tehnologije u znanosti i obrazovanju.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
SRCE: HR-ZOO

Znanost i tehnologija u Hrvatskoj

Hrvatski znanstveni i obrazovni oblak


يغمراسـن بن زيان بن ثابت بن محمد، (ولد عام 603 هـ/1206م - توفي 680 هـ/1282م)، وتولى حكم تلمسان في عهد الخليفة الموحدي عبد الواحد الرشيد بن المأمون الذي كتـب له بالعهد على ولاية المغرب الأوسط الجزائر حاليا

بناء الدولة لجديدة
كان يغمراسن بن زيان يتميّز بصفات وخصال أهلته مما سهل عليه بالقيام بدور كبير في وضع الأسس المتينة لدولة بني عبد الواد النّاشئة، وتميّز بمواقفه الحربية الكثيرة، خاصّة ضدّ قبائل بني توجين ومغراوة، حيث خرّب مواطنهم في محاولة منه لإخضاعهم وضمّهم إلى سلطته كما حالف قبيلة زغبة، وكانت له مع بني مرين بالمغرب الأقصى عدّة حروب وكذلك مع بني حفص شرقا، ورغم هزائمه أمامهم كان يدافع عن مملكته محاولا حمايتها من الأخطار الّتي كانت تتهددها شرقا وغربًا، وبدأ في توسيع حدودها على حساب أقاليم الدّولة الموحدية الّتي كانت تتداعى للسقوط، ثمّ قام بإلغاء سلطة الموحدين على تلمسان واستقلّ بها مع إبقائه على الدعاء والخطبة للخليفة الموحدي وذكر اسمه في السّكة، ونازعه بنو مطهر وبنو راشد لكنّه هزمهم، وأقام الدّولة على قواعد متينة، فاتخذ الوزراء والكتاب والقضاة، وبعث في الجهات العمال ولبس شارة الملك. واستمر عهده حتّى سنة 681هـ /1282م ما مكّنه من توطيد ملكه وتأسيس نظم دولة جديدة بالمغرب الأوسط.

خصاله سيرته في رعيته
كان يقول ابن خلدون:

حاله مع العلم
وفد عليه لأول دولته ابن وضاح والذي أتى مع جالية المسلمين من الأندلس فآثره وقرب مجلسه وأكرم نزله وأحله من الخلة والشورى بمكان اصطفاه له.ووفد في جملته أبو بكر بن الخطاب المبايع لأخيه بمرسيه وكان مرسلاً بليغاً وكاتباً مجيداً وشاعراً محسناً فاستكتبه وصدر عنه من الرسائل في خطاب خلفاء الموحدين بمراكش وتونر في عهود بيعاتهم ما تنوقل وحفظ.

وفاته وولاية ابنه
خرج السلطان يغمراسن من تلمسان سنة (81هـ) واستعمل عليها ابنه عثمان وتوغل في بلاد مغراوة وملك ضواحيهم. ونزل له ثابت بن منديل عن مدينة تنس فتناولها من يده. ثم بلغه الخبر بإقبال أخيه أبي عامر برهوم من تونس بابنة السلطان أبي إسحاق عرس ابنه فتلوم هنالك إلى أن لحقه بظاهر مليانة فارتحل إلى تلمسان وأصابه الوجع في طريقه. وعندما احتل شربويه اشتد به وجعه فهلك هنالك آخر ذي القعدة من سنته. والبقاء له وحده. فحمله ابنه أبو عامر على أعواده وواراه في خدر مورياً بمرضه إلى أن تجاوز بلاد مغراوة إلى سيك. ثم أخذ السير إلى تلمسان فلقيه أخوه عثمان بن يغمراسن ولي عهد أبيه في قومه فبايعه الناس وأعطوه صفقة أيمانهم.ثم دخل إلى تلمسان فبايعه العامة والخاصة وخاطب لحينه الخليفة بتونس أبا إسحاق وبعت إليه ببيعته فراجعه بالقبول وعقد له على عمله على الرسم ثم خاطب يعقوب ين عبد الحق يطلب منه السلم لما كان أبوه يغمراسن أوصاه به.

وصيته لابنائه
يقول ابن خلدون حدثنا شيخنا العلامة أبو عبد الله محمد بن إبراهيم الآبلي قال:

انظر أيضا
 تاريخ تلمسان
 المرجعية الدينية الجزائرية
 معركة إسلي (1250)
 سقوط فاس (1576)

مراجع

أشخاص من تلمسان
بنو زيان
حكام القرن 13 في إفريقيا
زناتة (قبيلة)
ملوك الأمازيغ
ملوك بني عبد الواد
مواليد 1206
مواليد 603 هـ
وفيات 1282
وفيات 1283
وفيات 680 هـ
وفيات 681 هـ

يغمراسن بن زيان


Brassaï (pravog imena Gyula Halász; Brașov, Rumunjska, 9. rujna 1899. - Beaulieu-sur-Mer, Francuska, 8. kolovoza 1984.) - mađarsko-francuski fotograf, kipar, pisac i filmaš koji se proslavio u Francuskoj u 20. stoljeću. Bio je jedan od brojnih mađarskih umjetnika koji su prosperirali u Parizu između dvaju svjetskih ratova. Početkom 21. stoljeća pronađeno je više od 200 pisama i stotine crteža i drugih predmeta iz razdoblja između 1940. i 1984., koji su omogućili proučavanje njegovog kasnijeg života i karijere.

Rani život i obrazovanje
Gyula (Julius) Halász Brassaï (pseudonim) se rodio u Brașovu, tada dijelom Austro-Ugarske. Majka mu je bila Armenka, a otac Mađar, te je odrastao govoreći mađarski i rumunjski. Kad su mu bile tri godine, njegova obitelj je živjela u Parizu godinu dana, dok je njegov otac, profesor francuske književnosti, podučavao na Sorboni.

U mladosti je studirao slikarstvo i kiparstvo na mađarskoj akademiji likovnih umjetnosti u Budimpešti. Pridružio se konjici austrougarske vojske, gdje je služio do kraja Prvog svjetskog rata.

Halász je naveo Henrija de Toulouse-Lautreca kao najvažniji umjetnički utjecaj.

Karijera

Godine 1920. Halász je otišao u Berlin, gdje je radio kao novinar za mađarske novine Keleti i Napkelet. Počeo je studirati na berlinskoj akademiji likovnih umjetnosti u Charlottenburgu (tada Hochschule für Bildende Künste, sada Universität der Künste Berlin). Tamo se sprijateljio s nekoliko starijih mađarskih umjetnika i pisaca, uključujući slikare Lajosa Tihanyija i Bertalana Póra, te pisca Györgyja Bölönija, koji su se svi kasnije preselili u Pariz i postali dio mađarskog kruga.

Godine 1924. Halász se preselio u Pariz, gdje je ostao do kraja života. Sam je naučio francuski jezik čitajući djela Marcela Prousta. Živeći među mladim umjetnicima u četvrti Montparnasse, počeo je raditi kao novinar. Ubrzo se sprijateljio s američkim piscem Henryjem Millerom i francuskim piscima Léon-Paulom Fargueom i Jacquesom Prévertom. Kasnih 1920-ih živio je u istom hotelu kao i Tihanyi.

Miller je kasnije umanjio Brassaïjeve tvrdnje o prijateljstvu. Godine 1976. napisao je o Brassaïju: "Fred (Alfred Perles) i ja smo ga izbjegavali - bio nam je dosadan." Miller je dodao da je biografija koju je Brassaï napisao o njemu u pravilu bila "proširena", "puna činjeničnih grešaka, pretpostavki, glasina, dokumenata koje je ukrao i koji su većinom lažni ili daju krivi dojam".

Halászov posao i ljubav prema gradu, čijim je ulicama često tumarao kasno noću, vodili su ka fotografiji. U početku ju je koristio da bi dopunio neke od svojih članaka za više novca, ali je putem tog medija brzo istraživao grad, u kojem mu je učitelj bio njegov zemljak André Kertész. Kasnije je napisao da je koristio fotografiju "da bi uhvatio ljepotu ulica i vrtova u kiši i magli, te da uhvati Pariz noću". Halász je iskoristio naziv svojeg rodnog grada u pseudonimu "Brassaï", što znači "iz Brașova".

Brassaï je prvu kolekciju fotografija Pariza objavio u knjizi Paris de nuit (Pariz noću) 1933. Njegova knjiga je požela velik uspjeh, te su ga zvali i "oko Pariza", prema eseju njegovog prijatelja Henryja Millera. Uz fotografije bjednije strane Pariza, Brassaï je snimao scene iz života visokog društva, njegove intelektualce, balet i operne kuće. Bio se sprijateljio s francuskom obitelji koja mu je otvorila vrata u višu klasu. Brassaï je fotografirao mnoge od svojih prijatelja umjetnika, uključujući Dalíja, Picassa, Matissea, Giacomettija, te nekoliko poznatih pisaca tog doba, poput Jeana Geneta i Henrija Michauxa.

Mladi mađarski umjetnici nastavili su dolaziti u Pariz tijekom 1930-ih, a mađarski krug je prihvatio većinu njih. Kertèsz je imigrirao u New York 1936. Brassai se sprijateljio s mnogim pridošlicama, uključujući Ervina Martona, Tihanyijevog nećaka, kojeg je poznavao od 1920. Marton je razvio vlastiti ugled u uličnoj fotografiji 1940-ih i 1950-ih. Brassaï je nastavio zarađivati komercijalnim fotografijama, također radeći za američki časopis Harper's Bazaar. Utemeljio je agenciju Rapho, koju je u Parizu osmislio Charles Rado 1933.

Fotografije su Brassaïju donijele međunarodnu slavu. Godine 1940. imao je samostalan nastup u MoMA-i u New York Cityju, zatim u muzeju George Eastman u Rochesteru, saveznoj državi New York i Umjetničkom institutu u Chicagu. Muzej MoMA je izložio više Brassaïjevih fotografija 1953., 1956. i 1968.
Bio je predstavljen na festivalu Rencontres d'Arles u Francuskoj 1970. (projekcija "Brassaï" u Théâtre Antique, autor Jean-Marie Drot), 1972. (projekcija "Brassaï si, Vominino", autor René Burri) i 1974. (kao počasni gost).

Brak
Godine 1948. Brassaï se oženio Francuskinjom Gilberte Boyer. Ona je radila s njim i pružala mu podršku u umjetničkom radu. Godine 1949. stekao je francusko državljanstvo naturalizacijom, nakon što je godinama bio apatrid.

Izdanja
 Brassai, Henry Miller: The Paris Years, New York, 2011.,
 Brassai, The Secret Paris of the 30's, New York, 1976.,
 Brassai, Letters to My Parents, Chicago, 1998.,
 Brassai, Conversations with Picasso, Chicago, 2002.,

Bilješke

Bibliografija
 Tucker, A.W., Brassaï: The Eye of Paris, Houston, 1997.,
 Warehime, M., Brassaï: Images of Culture and the Surrealist Observer, Baton Rouge, 1998.,

Vanjske poveznice
 MoMA: Brassaï (Gyula Halász)
 Masters of Photography, "Brassaï"
 I Photo Central, Brassaï: The Transylvanian Parisian
 The Great Cat: Brassaïjeve mačke

Francuski fotografi
Francuski kipari
Mađarski likovni umjetnici

Brassaï


Die All England 1925 fanden vom 3. bis zum 8. März 1925 in London statt. Es war die 22. Auflage des zu dieser Zeit bedeutendsten Badminton-Championats. Das Turnier fand zum elften Mal in der Horticultural Hall in Westminster statt. Der Titel des Vorjahres konnte nur im Mixed verteidigt werden.

Austragungsort
 Lindley Hall, Royal Horticultural Halls, Vincent Square, Westminster

Finalergebnisse

Herreneinzel

Dameneinzel

Weblinks
 All England Champions 1899-2007

Badmintonwettbewerb in London
Badminton 1925
1925
Sportveranstaltung in der City of Westminster

All England 1925


Eikelandsfjorden er en 6,5 km lang fjordarm af Fusafjorden og Bjørnafjorden i Fusa kommune i  Vestland fylke i Norge. Kommunecenteret Eikelandsosen ligger inderst i fjorden.

Fjorden har indløb mellem Stølsneset ved Gjerdavik, nord for bygden Fusa i sydøst, og Altanesodden i nordvest. Vest for Altanæsset ligger Ådlandsfjorden. På nordsiden af fjorden ligger bygderne Havskår og Helland, og på sydsiden ligger Bergegrend. Eikelandsfjorden har nogle få holme: Austestadholmene ved Austestad, en holm ved Bergegrend og Havskårholmen ved Havskår.

Kilder og henvisninger

Fjorde i Vestland
Midthordland
Fusa

Eikelandsfjorden (Fusa)


NEMO-HD jedan je od prva dva slovenska satelita. Drugi je TRISAT. Oba su lansirana 3. rujna 2020. iz Francuske Gijane. Projekt mikrosatelitske daljinske detekcije Zemlje vodi Slovenski centar izvrsnosti za svemirske znanosti i tehnologije (Space-SI).

Svemirska letjelica izgrađena je na platformi mikronosača NAUTILUS Laboratorija za svemirske letove Instituta za svemirske studije Sveučilišta u Torontu u Kanadi. Dimenzije su mu 60 × 60 × 30 cm, a masa 65 kg.  Primarni instrument satelita može snimati slike u četiri spektralna pojasa s prostornom rezolucijom od 2,8 m i vidnim poljem od 10 km. Sekundarna kamera ima razlučivost od 40 m i vidno polje od 75 km. Oba alata također mogu snimati video pri 25 sličica u sekundi.

Napredak leta
NEMO-HD je lansiran 3. rujna 2020. u 01:51:10 UTC na raketi-nosaču Vega (let VV16) iz Svemirskog centra Gvajane zajedno s 52 druga satelita. Satelit je ušao u Sunčevu sinkronu orbitu na visini od oko 520 km.

Prva slika snimljena je 16 dana nakon lansiranja.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

 NEMO-HD na stranici Slovenskog centra izvrsnosti space.si

Umjetni sateliti
Znanost i tehnologija u Sloveniji

NEMO-HD


Cinema
 Possessed (1931) — filme estadunidense com Joan Crawford e Clark Gable
 Possessed (1947) — filme estadunidense com Joan Crawford e Van Heflin

Música
 Possessed (banda) — de trash e death metal dos Estados Unidos
 Possessed (álbum) — de Venom

Desambiguações de cinema
Desambiguações de música

Possessed


Puk Scharbau (Søborg, 6 de maio de 1969) é uma atriz dinamarquesa. Começou sua carreira no cinema em 1995 com o papel principal na adaptação cinematográfica das memórias de Lise Nørgaard, Kun en pige, papel lhe rendeu os prêmios Bodil e Robert de melhor atriz.

Ela interpretou o papel de Mette, a esposa de Martin Rohde, na série de TV The Bridge.

Ligações externas

Nascidos em 1969
Atores da Dinamarca
Atrizes premiadas com o Robert prisen
Atrizes premiadas com o Prêmio Bodil

Puk Scharbau


The National Childbirth Trust (NCT) is the UK's largest charity offering information and support in pregnancy, childbirth and early parenthood Since 1956 it has supported millions of parents through birth of their children and through early parenthood while bringing about advances in professional practice and public policy. The charity's mission is to support parents through the first 1000 days: from the beginning of pregnancy through to the child's second birthday.

It is a movement of amateur volunteer parents supporting parents, with 327 local branches and over 5,000 volunteers offering a wide range of activities. These include drop-in sessions, sales of baby clothes and equipment, and first aid courses.

NCT's practitioners aim to provide practical and emotional support for expectant and new parents before and after their baby arrives. Its breastfeeding counsellors and peer supporters support mothers with feeding. Its online information centre and national support line provide information to some 5m parents each year.

History

The National Childbirth Trust, originally called The Natural Childbirth Trust, was founded in 1956 as the result of an advertisement placed in The Times by Prunella Briance. Briance had suffered two traumatic childbirth experiences and set about changing the situation for other women, so that they would be more humanely treated during pregnancy and labour. Briance was inspired by the writings of British obstetrician Grantly Dick-Read, who is regarded by many as the father of natural childbirth, and became the first president of the NCT.

Briance's advertisement announced "A Natural Childbirth Association is to be formed for the promotion and better understanding of the Dick-Read system.  Anyone interested write Box...". The inaugural meeting was held on 29 January 1957 at Caxton Hall with Grantly Dick-Read as one of the speakers. The NCA became the Natural Childbirth Trust in 1958 and the National Childbirth Trust in 1961.

Key dates

 1961 renamed The National Childbirth Trust, given charitable status. Begins publishing leaflets.
 1967 Breastfeeding Promotion Group and Teachers' Panel formed, setting training standards and services. NCT lobbies Government to research techniques thoroughly and end the overuse of interventions.
 1980 Postnatal Committee set up, leading to Parentability (support group for disabled parents) and other support groups.
 1989 NCT incorporated as a company limited by guarantee
 1991 NCT gives evidence to Winterton Committee based on its own research
 1994 Report of the Expert Maternity Group, on which Eileen Hutton, NCT's then president, was a member, is adopted as Government policy for England and Wales
 1997 Antenatal teacher training was validated by the University of Luton
 1999 Parentability becomes an independent organisation, the Disabled Parents Network.
 2001 National Breastfeeding Line launched
 2017 NCT courses are attended by 96,000 parents-to-be and parents. It has 327 branches with over 5,000 volunteers to help support local parents. Its online support reaches 5.6 million users.

About NCT
The charity provides free antenatal and postnatal support and information through its nationwide network of over 300 local branches, run by volunteers.

Baby Cafés, NCT's free feeding drop-ins primarily based in deprived areas, were used by almost 8,000 women in the UK in 2017, providing information and support about feeding. It also provided free of charge training for over 150 women to become breastfeeding peer supporters.

NCT trains peer supporters across the UK to provide support to vulnerable new parents. For example, maternity champions on the Mozart Estate in London's Queens Park; 'Parents in Mind' peer support projects to help mums with poor mental health; and a project in Leeds for refugee and asylum-seeking women.

Criticism and reviews
In January 2013, Kirstie Allsopp, presenter of property-related television shows, sparked press comment when she tweeted, "Lots of people have good NCT experiences, but many don't. This is a very politicised, dogmatic, and in my experience scary organisation." There was further press criticism in the Daily Telegraph concerning the TV series In the Club, featuring an antenatal class.

In April 2018, Alex Jones, TV presenter and host of BBC1's The One Show, published a book, Winging It!, which includes a chapter on her NCT experience, "To NCT or not NCT". Her review is very positive about the charity. "It is expensive and a bit middle-class but it's the best [money] we ever spent." She was part of a multi-cultural, London group, "like the United Nations", who "all left feeling much better equipped to deal with what was ahead".

There was further praise in the press for NCT in June 2018 in the Glasgow Evening Times. Carolyn Lochhead, author of Three Toothbrushes and Other Essays on Motherhood, said: "I didn't know anyone else with children, so the National Childbirth Trust class was fantastic . . . We helped each other through it all - birth, recovery, breastfeeding, weaning, and going back to work. We're still great friends, five years - and four more babies - later."

References

External links

Maternity in the United Kingdom
Family and parenting issues groups in the United Kingdom
Health charities in the United Kingdom
Natural childbirth organizations
Organisations based in the London Borough of Camden
Organizations established in 1955
Parenting skills organizations
1955 establishments in the United Kingdom

National Childbirth Trust


Hasankendi, Adıyaman - Adıyaman ili merkez ilçesine bağlı köy
 Hasankendi, Elbistan - Kahramanmaraş ili Elbistan ilçesine bağlı mahalle

Hasankendi


An Triglochin alcockiae in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Aston. An Triglochin alcockiae in nahilalakip ha genus nga Triglochin, ngan familia nga Juncaginaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Triglochin

Triglochin alcockiae


المدينة الجامعية بالشارقة
تنفيذًا لرؤية صاحب السمو الشيخ الدكتور سلطان بن محمد القاسمي عضو المجلس الأعلى حاكم الشارقة، الرئيس الأعلى للمدينة الجامعية بالشارقة، انطلقت نواة المدينة الجامعية بالشارقة في عام 1998م لتصبح اليوم الأكبر في العالم. حيثُ توفر المدنية الجامعية خدماتها المتكاملة للجهات الرئسية والمنتسبة، لتوفير أسلوب حياة أكثر استدامة لكافة أفراد المجتمع.

كانت ولا تزال المدينة الجامعية رحلة بناء وتنمية للأجيال والعقول، ونبراس أمل يضيء الطريق أمام البشرية لمواصلة مسيرة العلم والتنوير وبناء القدرات والكوادر التي تستطيع ترك بصمة واضحة في مختلف العلوم وقيادة منظومة التغيير الإيجابي في كل مجالات الحياة. تمتد المدينة الجامعية على مساحة شاسعة تبلغ حوالي 15 كيلومتر مربع، لتصبح بالفعل مدينة في قلب مدينة.

لأن هذا الإنجاز يقف وراءه حُلم ومسيرة طويلة من العمل، فقد حظيت المدينة الجامعية بمساحتها الحالية بعد جهود تعكس مدى التصميم على تطويرها وتوسيعها منذُ تأسيسها.

وفي زمن قياسي تقف المدينة الجامعية شامخة تحتضن مجموعة متنوعة من المؤسسات الأكاديمية والعلمية والثقافية والتربوية والتي أصبحت معالم رئيسية في الإمارة بمجموعة من النصب التذكارية لترسم لوحة متناغمة من الطرق والأروقة والمناظر الطبيعية الخلابة التي تُبرز الصورة الحضارية والعلمية لإمارة الشارقة، وتعكس رؤية وتوجهات قيادتها الرشيدة نحو تسخير الإمكانات والموارد لتوفير بيئة علمية مزدهرة ومتطورة.

تحظى المدينة الجامعية بتنوع فريد لخدمة كافة جوانب المنظومة التعليمية الأكاديمية وتقدم نموذج متكامل لإثراء التعليم الجامعي عالميًا.

المؤسسات والمعالم

تحتضن المدينة الجامعية 22 مؤسسة تعليمية تشمل مختلف المجالات العلمية والتكنولوجية والتربوية:
 دارة الدكتور سلطان القاسمي.
 قاعة المدينة الجامعية بالشارقة.
 أكاديمية العلوم الشرطية.
 أكاديمية الشارقة للتعليم.
 أكاديمية الشارقة لعلوم وتكنولوجيا الفضاء والفلك.
 أكاديمية الشارقة للفنون الأدائية.
 الجامعة الأمريكية في الشارقة.
 الجامعة القاسمية.
 جامعة الشارقة.
 كليات التقنية العليا.
 كلية الأفق الجامعية.
 مجمع الشارقة للبحوث والتكنولوجيا والابتكار.
 مجمع القرآن الكريم.
 مجمع اللغة العربية.
 مركز أمن المدينة الجامعية بالشارقة.
 مركز التراث العربي في الشارقة.
 المركز الإقليمي لحفظ التراث الثقافي في الوطن العربي - إيكروم.
 المركز الإقليمي للتخطيط التربوي - اليونسكو.
 المركز التربوي للغة العربية لدول الخليج.
 مستشفى الجامعة.
 معهد التدريب القضائي.
 معهد الشارقة للتراث.

تشمل المدينة الجامعية عدد من المعالم التي أصبحت علامة مميزة لها ومقصدًا سياحيًا لقاطنيها ومرتاديها:
 بوابة المدينة الجامعية.
 حديقة العالم الإسلامي.
 ميدان الساعة.
 النُصب التذكاري للشارقة عاصمة العرب الثقافية.
 النُصب التذكاري للشارقة عاصمة الثقافة الإسلامية.
 نُصب وساحة الشهداء.

الخدمات
تحظى المدينة الجامعية بتنوع فريد لخدمة كافة جوانب المنظومة التعليمية الأكاديمية وتقدم نموذج متكامل لإثراء التعليم الجامعي عالميًا.
 الأمن والسلامة
 النظافة والصيانة
 المسطحات الـخـضـراء
 المواصلات

الأمن والسلامة
انطلاقًا من حرصها الكامل على توفير بيئة ترتقي بالمجتمع، تولي المدينة الجامعية أهمية قصوى لأمن وسلامة أفراد مجتمعها وبالتنسيق مع شركائها وروادها على حد سواء. وهذا ما جعل منها واحة تعليمية آمنة لممارسة كافة الأنشطة التعليمية بالإضافة إلى الأنشطة الرياضية والترفيهية لكل قاطنيها.

وتوظف المدينة الجامعية بالشارقة كافة إمكاناتها لتقديم خدمات الأمن والسلامة من خلال توفير خدمات الإسعاف المتواجدة على مدار الساعة والتي تطبق أفضل الممارسات الطبية وفق أعلى المعايير. كما تحتضن نقطة موحدة للإسعاف مع كوادر طبية مؤهلة بشكل كامل للتعامل مع مختلف الأزمات الطبية والحوادث والطوارئ. بالإضافة إلى ذلك، توفر خدمة تخطيط الحوادث الداخلية وخدمة التفتيش الدوري.

النظافة والصيانة
تمثل المدينة الجامعية واجهة حضارية للإمارة ودولة الإمارات كمدينة ثقافية مرموقة تفخر بها الأجيال. ومن أجل المساهمة في تطوير أدائها العلمي والمعرفي، تقدم المدينة الجامعية أيضًا نموذجًا فريدًا في النظافة والصيانة لكافة مبانيها ومعالمها وطرقها ومساحاتها الخضراء الخلابة، وهو الحال الذي اعتاد رواد المدينة الجامعية على رؤيته من خلال التوسع الأفقي كُل عام.

تعد النظافة من أهم أولويات المدينة الجامعية لتوفير بيئة عمل وتعليم صحية لتبقى صورة مشرفة لإمارة الشارقة. حيث تقدم مجموعة من خدمات النظافة والصيانة التي تتميز بالجودة العالية، داخل الحرم وشوارعها الرئيسية، والجانبية الواصلة بين مباني الجهات. كما تقوم أيضًا بأعمال التنظيف والصيانة للجهات الرئيسة والمنتسبة لها.

المسطحات الـخـضـراء
تتوج المدينة الجامعية معالمها الدافئة ومبانيها ذات العمارة الإسلامية الفريدة بمختلف المناظر الطبيعية الخلابة، التي تضفي مظهر البهجة والتفاؤل على مرتاديها. فالمدينة الجامعية لا تكتفي بتقديم التعليم المرموق فحسب، بل تُساهم في إراحة العقول والنفوس بعدد من المساحات الخضراء والحدائق الغناء والنباتات الملونة التي أصبحت مقصدًا لكثير من الزوار.

وبمجرد الدخول إلى المدينة الجامعية تواجهنا رقعة خضراء جميلة تتزين بالأشجار المتنوعة منها أشجار مثمرة وأخرى مزهرة وغيرها للظل.

المواصلات
تمتلك المدينة الجامعية منظومة مواصلات متكاملة مكونة من حافلات متطورة هدفها الأول توفير وسيلة مواصلات عصرية ومريحة ومستدامة من أجل نقل الطلبة من خارج المدينة الجامعية إلى داخلها والعكس، حيث تُساعد طرق المدينة الجامعية الممهدة والمعدة بنقاط تجمع وانتظار ذات كفاءة عالية لتلبية الطلب المتنامي على المواصلات من قبل آلاف الطلبة.

المراجع
المدينة الجامعية بالشارقة

التعليم في الشارقة
الشارقة
تأسيسات سنة 1998 في الإمارات العربية المتحدة
جامعات وكليات في الشارقة

المدينة الجامعية في الشارقة


An Oeceoclades decaryana in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Joseph Marie Henry Alfred Perrier de la Bâthie, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Leslie Andrew Garay och Peter Geoffrey Taylor. An Oeceoclades decaryana in nahilalakip ha genus nga Oeceoclades, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Oeceoclades

Oeceoclades decaryana


El río Lauricocha es un río que atraviesa el centro norte del Perú, en la provincia de Lauricocha del departamento de Huánuco. Tiene una longitud de unos 85 km y es una de las fuentes del río Marañón.

Origen
Este río nace en la cordillera Raura, en el nevado Torre de Cristal (Crystal Tower) a 5500 m de altura y fluye a través de los lagos Caballococha, Tinquicocha, Chuspi, Patarcocha y Lauricocha. Recorre en dirección noreste, pasando por las localidades de Cauri, Jesús y Jivia y finalmente al pie del cerro Gongui y la localidad de Rondos desemboca junto al río Nupe formando el río Marañón, que luego sería la fuente principal del río Amazonas.

Bibliografía
 Estudio hidrogeológico de la microcuenca Lauricocha. Distrito de San Miguel de Cauri, provincia de Lauricocha, región Huánuco

Lauricocha

Río Lauricocha


Gordon Willis (Queens, Nueva York, 28 de mayo de 1931 - North Falmouth, Massachusetts, 18 de mayo de 2014) fue un director de fotografía estadounidense, perteneciente a la ASC (American Society of Cinematographers).

Biografía

Fue conocido fundamentalmente por sus colaboraciones con los realizadores Woody Allen (Manhattan, Zelig, La rosa púrpura del Cairo), Francis Ford Coppola (El padrino) y Alan J. Pakula (Klute, Todos los hombres del presidente).

Tiene en su haber una única película como director: Ventanas (1980), un thriller protagonizado por Talia Shire y Elizabeth Ashley; obtuvo críticas negativas y el propio Willis consideró la película como una equivocación y no volvió a dirigir.

Dejó el cine tras participar en la película La sombra del diablo, de Alan J. Pakula, que terminaría convirtiéndose también en la última película de este director, fallecido en accidente poco después.

En la 82.ª edición de los Premios Óscar, celebrada en 2009, obtuvo un Óscar honorífico por el conjunto de su trayectoria cinematográfica, siendo también galardonados en la misma categoría el cineasta Roger Corman y la actriz Lauren Bacall.

Premios y distinciones
Premios Óscar

Filmografía

Como director de fotografía
 End of the Road, de Aram Avakian (1970)
 Loving, de Irvin Kershner (1970)
 The Landlord, de Hal Ashby (1970)
 People Next Door, de David Greene (1970)
 Little Murders, de Alan Arkin (1971)
 Klute (Klute), de Alan J. Pakula (1971)
 El padrino (The Godfather), de Francis Ford Coppola (1972)
 Bad Company, de Robert Benton (1972)
 Up the Sandbox, de Irvin Kershner (1972)
 Vida de un estudiante (The Paper Chase), de James Bridges (1973)
 El padrino II (The Godfather Part II, de Francis Ford Coppola (1974)
 El último testigo (The Parallax View), de Alan J. Pakula (1974)
 Con el agua al cuello (The Drowning Pool), de Stuart Rosenberg (1975)
 Todos los hombres del presidente (All the President's Men), de Alan J. Pakula (1976)
 Annie Hall (Annie Hall), de Woody Allen (1977)
 September 30, 1955, de James Bridges (1977)
 Interiores (Interiors), de Woody Allen (1978)
 Llega un jinete libre y salvaje (Comes a Horseman), de Alan J. Pakula (1978)
 Manhattan (Manhattan), de Woody Allen (1979)
 Ventanas (Windows), de Gordon Willis (1980)
 Recuerdos (Stardust Memories), de Woody Allen (1980)
 Dinero caído del cielo (Pennies from Heaven), de Herbert Ross (1981)
 La comedia sexual de una noche de verano (A Midsummer Night's Sex Comedy), de Woody Allen (1982)
 Zelig (Zelig), de Woody Allen (1983). Nominación al Óscar de la Academia de Hollywood a la mejor fotografía.
 The Lost Honor of Kathryn Beck, de Simon Langton (1984) (TV)
 Broadway Danny Rose (Broadway Danny Rose) de Woody Allen (1984)
 La rosa púrpura del Cairo (The Purple Rose of Cairo) de Woody Allen (1985)
 Perfect (Perfect), de James Bridges (1985)
 Esta casa es una ruina (The Money Pit), de Richard Benjamin (1986)
 The Pick-up Artist, de James Toback (1987)
 Noches de neón (Bright Lights, Big City), de James Bridges (1988)
 Presunto inocente (Presumed Innocent), de Alan J. Pakula (1990)
 El padrino III (The Godfather Part III), de Francis Ford Coppola (1990). Nominación al Óscar de la Academia de Hollywood a la mejor fotografía
 Malicia (Malice), de Harold Becker (1993)
 La sombra del diablo (The Devil's Own), de Alan J. Pakula (1997), última película.

Como director
 Ventanas (Windows) (1980)

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Entrevista en Below The Line, 2004
 Entrevista en Boston Globe, 2007
 Entrevista en Splice Today, 2009

Nacidos en Queens
Directores de fotografía de Estados Unidos
Directores de cine de Estados Unidos
Ganadores del premio Óscar honorífico
Woody Allen

Gordon Willis


Vesterhaug Station (Vesterhaug stasjon) var en jernbanestation på Solørbanen, der lå i Elverum kommune i Norge.

Stationen åbnede 4. december 1910, da banen blev forlænget fra Flisa til Elverum. Den blev nedgraderet til holdeplads omkring 1928 og til ubemandet trinbræt 1. april 1957. Betjeningen med persontog ophørte 1. juni 1986, og 27. maj 1990 blev stationen nedlagt.

Stationsbygningen blev opført efter tegninger af Harald Kaas. Den blev revet ned i 1969.

Litteratur

Eksterne henvisninger

Stationer på Solørbanen
Nedlagte jernbanestationer i Norge
Etableret i 1910
Ophørt i 1990

Vesterhaug Station


Big Mac (hrv.: "Veliki Mac") je hamburger koji proizvodi kompanija McDonald's te prodaje u svojim restoranima brze hrane. Sastoji se od dva komada govedine (od po 45,4 g), američkog sira, umaka za salatu tisuća otoka, zelene salate,
 krastavca i tri komada krušne lepinje. Prvi put je uveden 1967. godine u Pittsburghu i s vremenom je postao najpopularniji od svih McDonald'sovih proizvoda.

Big Mac se zbog svoje popularnosti i raširenosti po svijetu često koristi kao svojevrsni simbol kapitalizma. Časopis Economist ga je koristio kao glavnu referencu za troškove života u pojedinim zemljama - tzv. Big Mac Index.

Hranjiva vrijednost

Porcija

1Postotak dnevnih potreba prosječne odrasle osobe

Nutritivne informacije
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Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
 Official US product information
 Official UK product information
 Official product information for the Chicken Maharaja-Mac
 The Big Mac Index
 The Big Mac Museum in North Huntingdon, Pennsylvania
 Photo Tour of Big Mac Museum

Brza hrana
McDonald's

Big Mac


Kathleen M. Blee (née en 1953) est professeur de sociologie et doyenne Bettye J. et Ralph E. Bailey de la Kenneth P. Dietrich School of Arts and Sciences et du College of General Studies de l'Université de Pittsburgh.

Biographie
En 1974, Kathleen M. Blee obtient un baccalauréat en sociologie avec la plus haute distinction de l'Université de l'Indiana et une maîtrise en 1976, ainsi qu'un doctorat en 1982, tous deux en sociologie, de l'Université du Wisconsin-Madison.

Avant d'occuper un poste à l'Université de Pittsburgh en 1996, elle enseigne la sociologie à l'Université du Kentucky .

Ses domaines d'intérêt incluent le genre, la race et le racisme, les mouvements sociaux et la sociologie de l'espace et du lieu. Les intérêts particuliers incluent la façon dont le genre influence les mouvements racistes, y compris le travail sur les femmes dans le Ku Klux Klan dans les années 1920.

Publications sélectionnées

 Inside Organized Racism: Women and Men in the Hate Movement (2002, University of California Press)
 Feminism and Antiracism: Transnational Struggles for Justice (2001, New York University Press, édité avec France Winddance Twine )
 The Road to Poverty: The Making of Wealth and Hardship in Appalachia (2000, Cambridge University Press, écrit avec Dwight Billings
 No Middle Ground: Women & Radical Protest (1998, New York University Press, éditeur)
 Femmes du Klan : Racisme et genre dans les années 1920 (1991, New York University Press)

Références

Liens externes

Étudiant de l'université de l'Indiana
Sociologue américain
Professeur à l'université de Pittsburgh
Article manquant de références depuis février 2008
Naissance en 1953
Femme sociologue

Kathleen M. Blee