The Japanese language has a system of honorific speech, referred to as , parts of speech that show respect. Their use is mandatory in many social situations. Honorifics in Japanese may be used to emphasize social distance or disparity in rank, or to emphasize social intimacy or similarity in rank. Japanese honorific titles, often simply called honorifics, consist of suffixes and prefixes when referring to others in a conversation.

The system is very extensive, having its own special vocabulary and grammatical forms to express various levels of respectful, humble, and polite speech. It closely resembles other honorifics systems found in the East Asian cultural sphere, such as honorifics in Korean.

Introduction
Japanese uses honorific constructions to show or emphasize social rank, social intimacy or similarity in rank. The choice of pronoun used, for example, will express the social relationship between the person speaking and the person being referred to, and Japanese often avoids pronouns entirely in favor of more explicit titles or kinship terms.

Honorific speech is often longer, and sometimes much longer, than more direct speech. Some extreme, but not uncommon, examples include the following:

When asking a question: the first is casually between friends, the second is a junior person asking a superior in a formal meeting:
いていい?
Kiite ii?
Ok to ask (a question)?
かせていただけるとしいのですが。
Kikasete-itadakeru to ureshii no desu ga.
I would, however, be delighted if I may be permitted to ask (a question).

When asking for cooperation: the first is usual and polite, the latter is very formal, but often found in writing, especially in posters or flyers.
ごさい。
Go-kyōryoku-kudasai.
Your cooperation, please.
ごのおいしげます。
Go-kyōryoku no hodo o-negai mōshiagemasu.
We respectfully request the favor of a measure of your cooperation.
This latter example includes two honorific prefixes, nominalization of a verb (for formality), a respectful form, and two humble forms.

Types of honorifics

Honorifics in Japanese, or , fall under three main categories: , , and , also translated as modest language. Linguistically the first is an addressee honorific, used for someone being talked to, and the latter two are referent honorifics, used for someone being talked about.  Sometimes two more categories are also used, for a total of five categories:  and , but more often these are included in the above three: teichōgo as a kind of humble language, bikago as a kind of polite language. These two other categories use the same forms as the general categories, but are used in different contexts, and therefore are differentiated by some linguists. Each type of speech has its own vocabulary and verb endings.

For example, the standard form of the verb "to do" is .  This form is appropriate with family members and close friends.  The polite form of , the addressee honorific, is .  This form is appropriate in most daily interactions.  When showing respect, such as when talking about a customer or a superior, however, the respectful word  and its polite form nasaimasu are used, and when referring to one's own actions or the actions of a group member, the humble word itasu and its polite form itashimasu are used.  These respectful and humble words are referent honorifics, and thus can coexist with addressee honorific -masu.

Polite language

 is characterized by the use of the sentence ending desu (です) and the verb ending masu (ます) and the use of prefixes such as o (お) and go (ご) towards neutral objects. Television presenters invariably use polite language, and it is the form of the language first taught to most non-native learners of Japanese.

Polite language can be used to refer to one's own actions or those of other people.

Respectful language

 is a special form or alternative word used when talking about superiors and customers. It is not used to talk about oneself. For example, when a Japanese hairdresser or dentist requests their client to take a seat, they say "O-kake ni natte kudasai" (「おけになってください」) to mean "Please sit down". However, they would use the verb  rather than "O-kake ni naru" (「おけになる」) to refer to themselves sitting down. The respectful version of language can only be used to refer to others.

In general, respectful language is directed at those in positions of power; for example, a superior at work, or a customer. It also implies that the speaker is acting in a professional capacity.

It is characterized by lengthy polite expressions. Common verbs may be replaced by more polite alternative verbs, for example, する, suru (do) by なさる, nasaru, or 話す, hanasu (talk) by おっしゃる ossharu when the subject is a person of respect. Some of these transformations are many-to-one: く, iku (go), る, kuru (come), and いる, iru (be) all become いらっしゃる, irassharu, and べる, taberu (eat) and む, nomu (drink) both become しがる, meshiagaru.

Verbs may also be changed to respectful forms. One respectful form is a modification of the verb with a prefix and a polite suffix. For example, む, yomu (read) becomes o-yomi ni naru, with the prefix o- added to the i-form of the verb, and the verb ending ni naru.  The verb ending -(r)areru can also be used, such as yomareru.

Nouns also undergo substitution to express respect. The normal Japanese word for person  becomes  in respectful language. Thus, a customer would normally be expected to be referred to as a kata rather than a hito.

Humble language

In general, humble language is used when describing one's actions or the actions of a person in one's in-group to others such as customers in business. Humble language tends to imply that one's actions are taking place in order to assist the other person.

 is similar to respectful language, in substituting verbs with other forms. For example: suru (do) becomes itasu, and morau (receive) becomes itadaku. These two verbs are also seen in set phrases such as dō itashimashite (you're welcome) and itadakimasu (いただきます—a phrase said before eating or drinking).

Similar to respectful language, verbs can also change their form by adding a prefix and the verb "suru" or "itasu". For example, motsu (carry) becomes o mochi shimasu. The use of humble forms may imply doing something for the other person; thus a Japanese person might offer to carry something for someone else by saying o mochi shimasu. This type of humble form also appears in the set phrase o matase shimashita, "I am sorry to have kept you waiting", from mataseru (make wait) with the addition of o and shimasu.  Similarly, o negai shimasu, "please [do this]", from negau (request or hope for), again with the addition of o and shimasu.

Even more politely, the form motasete itadaku literally means "humbly be allowed to carry".  This phrase would be used to express the idea that "I will carry it if you please."

The same forms may also be used when the speaker is not the agent, as a courtesy to the listener, as in the common phrase 電車が参ります (densha ga mairimasu "a train is arriving") at rail stations. In the case, the announcer him or herself is not arriving, but he or she is simply being courteous. Some linguists distinguish this from kenjōgo (where the speaker is the agent), calling it instead teichōgo (丁重語) "courteous language", and defining it formally as:
Honorifics by which the Speaker shows consideration to the hearer through all expressions of the subject matter.
This category was first proposed by Hiroshi Miyachi (宮地裕). Teichōgo, as an addressee honorific, is always used with the teineigo (-masu) form, the politeness sequence (using "go" as an example) being 行く, 行きます, 参ります (iku, ikimasu, mairimasu).

In humble language, name suffixes are dropped when referring to people from inside one's group. Thus, Japanese-speaking company executives would introduce themselves and their team by saying

Similarly to respectful language, nouns can also change. The word , meaning "person", becomes . The humble version is used when referring to oneself or members of one's group, such as one's company.

Respectful verbs

1 The distinction between these three verbs is lost in some respectful forms.
2 Both are the humble form of ; it can also be used for related verbs like  and .

Word beautification

Word beautification (, , "beautified speech", in  also sometimes , , "elegant speech") is the practice of making words more polite or "beautiful". This form of language is employed by the speaker to add refinement to one's manner of speech. This is commonly achieved by adding the prefix  or  to a word and used in conjunction with the polite form of verbs. In the following example,  before  and  and the polite form of the verb are used to this effect. Generally  is used before native Japanese words and  is used before Sino-Japanese words, but there are exceptions.

 Tea and rice crackers go well (together), don't they?

In finer classifications, the above example is classified as word beautification—rather than honorific speech—as the speaker is voicing a general opinion regarding tea and rice crackers and is not intentionally deferential towards the listener. In the following example, the speaker is directly referring to the listener and items received by them and is regarded as honorific language:

 The sweets you gave me were most delectable.

See the section on honorific prefixes, below, for further discussion.

Usage

Business

Honorifics are considered extremely important in a business setting. Training in honorifics usually does not take place at school or university, so company trainees are trained in correct use of honorifics to customers and superiors.

In groups and out groups

When using polite or respectful forms, the point of view of the speaker is shared by the speaker's in-group (内 uchi), so in-group referents do not take honorifics. For example, members of one's own company are referred to with humble forms when speaking with an external person; similarly, family members of the speaker are referred to humbly when speaking to guests. Similarly, the out-group (外 soto) addressee or referent is always mentioned in the polite style (though not necessarily with honorifics).

Mastery of politeness and honorifics is important for functioning in Japanese society. Not speaking politely enough can be insulting, and speaking too politely can be distancing (and therefore also insulting) or seem sarcastic. Children generally speak using plain informal speech, but they are expected to master politeness and honorifics by the end of their teenage years. Recent trends indicate that the importance of proper politeness is not as high as before, particularly in metropolitan areas. The standards are inconsistently applied towards foreigners, though most textbooks attempt to teach the polite style before considering to teach any of the other styles.

Intrafamilial address

Similar to how titles are used instead of personal pronouns when addressing a person of higher status, roles and kinship terms are used in intrafamilial settings where one can refer to other family members by using their role in relation to the speaker instead of a personal pronoun. For example, older relatives cannot be addressed as anata, kimi or simply by their name alone. Instead, a term denoting their relationship with the speaker or their name suffixed by an appropriate kinship term is used, such as otōsan when speaking to one's father. Those younger than the speaker can generally be addressed by using personal pronouns or their name. Thus, the choice of whether a family member can be addressed by using a personal pronoun, their name or their role is dependent on the position of the speaker within the family.

Gender differences

Depending on the situation, women's speech may contain more honorifics than men's. In particular, in informal settings, women are more likely to use polite vocabulary and honorific prefixes, such as  to mean "eat rice", whereas men may use less polite vocabulary such as  with exactly the same meaning. This is part of a general pattern of speech differences by sex. However, in many settings, such as in customer service, there will be little or no difference between male and female speech.

Grammatical overview

Japanese has grammatical functions to express several different pragmatic registers. Not only politeness but also respectfulness, humility and formality can be expressed.

Expressing politeness

There are three levels of politeness, plain or direct ( futsūtai or 常体 jōtai), polite or distal (敬体 keitai or 丁寧 teinei), and formal (generally, 敬語 keigo or 最敬体 saikeitai). Formal and polite can be combined. For example, for the sentence "This is a book",

The informal style is used among friends, the distal or polite style by inferiors when addressing superiors and among strangers or casual acquaintances, and the formal style generally in writing or prepared speeches. The plain formal and informal styles of verbs are nearly identical, with a few grammatical differences, such as the verb de aru being used as a formal copula, and the preferential usage of verb stems to connect clauses instead of the "te form". Formal language in Japanese also uses different vocabulary and structures from informal language.

In some contexts, where both the imperfective (incomplete: present/future) and perfective (complete: past) tenses are acceptable, the perfective is considered more polite. This is only at the completion of an activity; common examples are ありがとうございました arigatō gozaimashita "thank you (for a completed favor)", ご馳走様でした go-chisō-sama deshita "it was a feast (for a completed meal)", 失礼しました shitsurei shimashita "I have been rude (when leaving, after a visit)". For example, when entering someone's office, one conventionally says 失礼します shitsurei shimasu, as the visit is not complete yet, while when exiting one may say either shitsurei shimasu or, more politely, 失礼しました shitsurei shimashita. Many phrases cannot be used in the perfective in this way, as the referent is as yet incomplete. For example, the standard greeting お早うございます ohayō gozaimasu "Good morning" (lit. "It is early") cannot be said as ×お早うございました *ohayō gozaimashita "It was early", as it is used only during the morning.

Expressing respect

Further to this, there is another factor, respect, which is indicated in yet other ways.
For each politeness level there are two .
The  form shows respect to the subject of the sentence.
The  form gives respect to the (direct or indirect) object by a variety of means, the most common being to humble the speaker.
These respectful forms are represented by different verb endings. Since verbs come at the end of the sentence in Japanese, most of the factors of formality, politeness, and respect are expressed at the very end of each sentence.

The o-machi-suru humble forms carry an implication that the waiting or other activity is being (humbly) done by the speaker for the benefit of the person being addressed. Thus a humble sentence is unlikely to take a third person subject. For example, a sentence like jon ga sensei o o machi suru (John waits for the teacher) is unlikely to occur.

Honorific titles
Honorific suffixes and prefixes are used when referring to others in a conversation. They reflect not only the level of politeness chosen, but also the relative social rank or the degree of intimacy between people. For example, a person might refer to their classmate or colleague as Asada-san ("Mr./Ms. Asada"), but to their little son as Hideyo-chan ("lil' Hideyo"). Referring to somebody without using a honorific is a sign of great informality or intimacy.

The most common honorifics include:

Requests

Japanese requests and commands have many set forms depending on who is being addressed by whom. For example, the phrase , can take various forms. At the bottom of the scale comes

よろしくむ
yoroshiku tanomu

which might be used between male friends. Its more polite variant

よろしくみます
yoroshiku tanomimasu

might be used towards less familiar people or to superiors.

Going up in politeness, the phrase

よろしくおいします
yoroshiku o-negai shimasu

means the same thing, but is used in business settings. It is possible to go further, replacing the polite  with the humble , to get

よろしくおいします
yoroshiku o-negai itashimasu.

In extremely formal Japanese, such as that used on New Year's greeting cards, this may be replaced with an even more polite expression

よろしくおいしげます
yoroshiku o-negai mōshiagemasu.

When making requests, at the bottom of the politeness scale comes the plain imperative  or , literally "Eat!", a simple order to be said to an inferior or someone considered to have no choice, such as a prisoner. This form might convey anger. Similarly, the  suffix can make an order: , or , "Eat!". To express anger, the suffix  also exists: , an extremely forceful and angry instruction to eat, expressing contempt for the addressee.

Negatives are formed by adding suffix na: taberu na "do not eat", gomi o suteru na: "do not throw away rubbish". Similarly, the negative of da, ja nai, can be used: taberu n ja nai.

More polite, but still strict, is the nasai suffix, which attaches to the i-form of the verb. This originates in the polite verb nasaru. Tabenasai thus is an order perhaps given by a parent to a child. This is often colloquially shortened to na, hence tabena. This form has no grammatical negative.

Requests can also be formed by adding to the "te" form of a verb. The plainest form adds kure, an irregular form of the verb kureru, to the te form. For example, tabete kure or kutte kure: "eat it", less forceful than "tabero". Negatives are made by using the negative "te" form: tabenaide kure or kuwanaide kure "don't eat it".

Going up one scale in politeness, the more polite verb kudasai is added. For example, tabete kudasai. With this polite form, the rough kū verb is unlikely to be used. Similarly, tabenaide kudasai: "please don't eat it".

A similar entry on the scale of politeness is made by using the imperative form of a polite verb. For example, meshiagaru, the polite verb for "to eat", when turned into meshiagare, the imperative, becomes the response to the set phrase itadakimasu.

Further, more polite forms are also possible. These involve the "i-form" of the verb rather than the "te form", and an honorific prefix (see honorific prefixes: verbs, below). Beyond simply increased politeness, this form is more formal, and is used when addressing a group, or as a general instruction, rather than directed at a particular person. For example, tsukau, "use", becomes o tsukai kudasai: "please use this". In the case of phrasal verbs the honorific o appears before the entire phrase, not simply the verb, as in , from . Politeness can be carried even further by conjugating kudasaru into its masu form and using the imperative, which becomes "o tsukai kudasaimase." The most polite form of this would probably be along the lines of "o tsukai ni natte itadakimasen deshou ka."  "You will probably not bestow the favor of honorably using this?" Language like this, however, is rarely used.

Other ways to increase politeness involve indirection of the request: kore o tsukau you ni o negai shimasu: "I humbly request that you think about using this".

Honorific prefixes

The bikago (beautifying) prefixes o- (お〜) and go- (ご〜) (both written with the character 御- in kanji) are honorific prefixes which are applied to nouns and in some contexts to verbs. In general, go- (the on'yomi) precedes Sino-Japanese words (that is, words borrowed from Chinese or made from Sino-Japanese elements), while o- (the kun'yomi) precedes native Japanese words. There are many exceptions, however, where the o- prefix is used for Sino-Japanese words, including お茶 o-cha "tea", お大事に o-daiji-ni "get well", お電話 o-denwa "telephone", お稽古 o-keiko "practice", お宅 o-taku "home/you", and many others. There is also one common exception for the go- prefix, ごゆっくり go-yukkuri "slowly", where the main word is clearly not of Chinese origin.

These prefixes are used for two purposes: to speak respectfully about a stranger or social superior's family, belongings, or actions (as part of 尊敬語, sonkeigo); or to speak in a generally refined or polite way (敬語 keigo generally, specifically 美化語, bikago).

Prefix usage

Although these honorific prefixes are often translated into English as "honorable" ("o-denwa," for example, would be given as "the honorable telephone") this translation is unwieldy and cannot convey the true feeling of their use in Japanese. These prefixes are essentially untranslatable, but their use indicates a polite respect for the item named or the person to or about whom one is speaking. A shorter translation is "dear"—for example, o-ko-san, お子さん, translates idiomatically as "your dear child"—and a similar sentiment is expressed in such English expressions as "Would you  care for a spot of tea?" or "Would you care for a little tea?" (as opposed to the plain "Would you like some tea?").

As with honorific word forms and titles, honorific prefixes are used when referring to or speaking with a social superior, or speaking about a superior's actions or possessions, but not usually when referring to oneself or one's own actions or possessions, or those of one's in-group.

For example, when referring to one's own order at a restaurant, one would use chūmon, but when referring to a customer's order, the restaurant staff would use go-chūmon.  Similarly, kazoku means "my family," while go-kazoku means "your family" (or, broadly speaking, someone else's family).

There are some words which frequently or always take these prefixes, regardless of who is speaking and to whom; these are often ordinary items which may have particular cultural significance, such as tea (o-cha) and rice (go-han). The word meshi, the Japanese equivalent of Sino-Japanese go-han, is considered rough and masculine (男性語). The honorific o- is also sometimes attached to  of native verbs (hence native o-) to refer to a specific item associated with the verb, as in oshibori (お絞り、絞る) "hot towel", and onigiri/omusubi (お握り、握る and お結び、結ぶ) "rice ball".

In rare cases, both a base form and honorific are in use with different readings. A notable example is 利益 ri-eki "benefit, profit (e.g., business)" and 御利益 go-ri-yaku "divine favor, grace"; plain ri-yaku is sometimes used, but go-ri-eki is generally not. The former, an everyday term, uses the usual kan-on reading, while the later, a specialized religious term, uses the older go-on reading.

Honorific prefixes can be used for other items, possibly for a comic or sarcastic effect (for example, o-kokakōra, "honorable Coca-Cola"). Overuse of honorific prefixes may be taken as pretentious or simpering, and, as with other polite speech, they are more used by women than men.

In tea ceremony, common ingredients and equipment always take the honorific o- or go-, including water (o-mizu), hot water (o-yu), and tea bowls (o-chawan). However, these terms are often heard in daily life as well.

Foreign loanwords (gairaigo, except those that come from Chinese; see above) seldom take honorifics, but when they do o- seems to be preferable to go-. Examples are o-bīru (bīru: beer), which can sometimes be heard at restaurants, o-kādo (kādo: card, as in credit card or point card), which is often heard at supermarkets and department stores, and o-sōsu (sōsu: sauce).

Verbs

For verbs, a respectful request—or rather a polite command—addressed to a group may be formed by using 御〜, followed by the masu-stem (連用形), followed by . For Chinese verbs (kango + suru), the prefix is generally pronounced go-, while for native Japanese verbs the prefix is pronounced o-. This is generally written in kana. The most commonly heard use is  (Chinese verb), which is used pervasively in recorded announcement in Japan (escalators, trains and subways, turning trucks), but other verbs are also used frequently, such as  (Japanese verb).

The respectful prefix can also be used in honorific verbs, when speaking about a superior, in which case it is formed by o-, followed by the masu-stem, followed by  (suitably conjugated), as in .

Female names
O- was also commonly used as an honorific prefix to female given names in pre-war Japan, particularly in combination with dropping common suffixes such as -ko (-こ) (-子, literally "child"). For example,  would be referred to as ,  would become ,  would become , and so on. This was a less polite honorific than "san". For example, a female servant named Kikuko would be referred to as O-kiku rather than Kikuko-san. This usage has disappeared in current Japanese, and has been replaced by using the diminutive suffix -chan instead (compare to male -kun), as in Aki-chan for Akiko.

Rare forms
There is also a rarer prefix mi- (kun'yomi), which is mostly used in words related to gods and the emperor, such as mi-koshi (御輿, "portable shrine" in Shinto) and mi-na (御名, "the Holy Name" in Christianity). However, in this context it is often replaced by 神 ("god", also pronounced mi-), and then a further 御 (pronounced お-, o-) may be added, as in 御神輿 (o-mi-koshi). Sometimes the reading is ambiguous—for example, 御霊屋 "mausoleum" may be pronounced either mi-tama-ya or o-tama-ya. When pronounced as mi-, the prefix is usually written in kanji (unlike o- and go-, which are very frequently hiragana), but in some case it is written in hiragana, with a notable example being mi-hotoke (御仏, "Lord Buddha") often being written as み仏, partly to avoid confusion with the incorrect reading *go-butsu.

The honorific prefix generally does not fall in the middle. In compounds, where the honorific would fall in the middle, the honorific is almost always dropped. For example, お茶/御茶 o-cha "tea", but 麦茶 mugi-cha "barley tea", not ×麦お茶/麦御茶 *mugi-o-cha. There are exceptions, however, such as 乾御門 inui-go-mon "northwest gate (to imperial palace)"; note that 乾門 inui-mon "northwest gate (generally)" is also used.

Rarely, 御 is used instead as an honorific suffix, notably in 甥御 oigo "your nephew" and 姪御 meigo "your niece".

The character 御 has other readings, notably on (kun'yomi) and gyo (on'yomi), as seen in  and , but these are not productive (they are not used to form new words, but only in existing words).

Another prefix, pronounced o- (お〜) and potentially confused with 御〜 when written in hiragana, is 阿〜 o-, which also has affectionate connotations, but is a separate term and not productive. It was previously used for endearment for women's names, and today is most notable in 阿多福/阿亀 (o-ta-fuku, o-kame, "moon-faced woman, homely woman"), which are frequently written as お多福/お亀, which may be mistaken (partially) for hiragana forms of ×御多福/×御亀. The character 阿 is more frequently pronounced a, and used especially in words and names from Sanskrit, such as the a in the syllable "aum", hence unfamiliar in this use, creating the potential for confusion.

In one case, a triple honorific prefix may used, namely in the word o-mi-o-tsuke, a polite term for miso soup, which is ordinarily referred to as . This may be spelt in kanji in multiple ways, including , but also as  (味 = mi, flavor), and the 御御御〜 spelling may be considered ateji, punning on 御 and 味 both having the reading mi.

English analogs
While English has different registers, its levels of formality and politeness are not as formalized or as clearly defined as in Japanese. However, they can be instructive in gaining a feel for Japanese speech. English imperatives range from very blunt ("Give me the book"), to very indirect and elaborate ("If it's not too much trouble, could you please be so kind as to pass me the book?"—note the use of potential form, as in Japanese).

Similarly, changes in word use can make language more flowery or respectful—rather than "Do you know?", one might say "Are you familiar with?" or "Are you acquainted with?", which convey some of the feel of 知る shiru versus ご存知だ go-zonji da. In English, words of Germanic origin are generally plainer, those from French are generally more flowery (compare "drink" versus "beverage"), and those from Latin are more formal and technical (see Anglish and related articles); similarly in Japanese, words of Japanese origin are plainer, while words of Chinese origin are more formal. These are not hard-and-fast rules, but they give a feel for the gradations.

Humble language is less common in modern English, but is found in some contexts, such as guests saying "I am honored to be here," (rather than "I am glad to be here" or "I am happy to be here") and in various valedictions such as "Sincerely", which were formerly more formal and humble, with such forms as "I am, Sir, your most humble and obedient servant," and the like.

Some scholars argue that while honorific usage is necessarily affected by culturally specific values systems, the linguistic principles regulating its usage are not necessarily distinct from those of other languages, including honorific-poor languages such as English.

Manual keigo

Some convenience stores and fast-food restaurants teach their young and part-time employees to verbally interact with customers in strictly prescribed ways laid down in instruction manuals. These forms of speech are known as マニュアル敬語 (manyuaru keigo, "manual keigo") or バイト敬語 (baito keigo, "part-timer keigo"). Manual keigo includes forms which would be considered incorrect or at least non-standard in terms of traditional usage (keigo and otherwise). A common example is udon ni narimasu (literally "[this] becomes udon", "[this] will be udon") as a polite form of udon desu ("[this] is udon"), instead of the standard udon de gozaimasu ("[this] is udon (polite)")—this manual keigo form is often criticized on the basis that the udon is not "becoming" anything, and therefore ni naru is incorrect, both as keigo and more generally.

See also

Aizuchi (相槌 aizuchi)
Japanese grammar
Japanese language
Japanese names
Japanese pronouns
Korean honorifics
Honorifics (linguistics)
Thai honorifics
Japanese etiquette

Notes

References

External links
jeKai article on keigo
Keigo Examples
SIL Glossary of linguistic terms - What is an honorific?
Keigo Practice Quizzes
29 Useful Keigo Phrases for the Japanese Workplace

Japanese grammar

Honorific speech in Japanese


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La terapia con suero inmunológico, también llamada seroterapia, describe el tratamiento de enfermedades infecciosas usando el suero de animales que han sido inmunizados contra los organismos específicos o sus productos, a los cuáles la enfermedad supuestamente puede referirse.

Funcionamiento
La extracción de plasma sanguíneo de pacientes que superan ciertos tipos de enfermedades altamente mortales, puede usarse para evitar más casos mortales o contrarrestar la enfermedad.El enfoque terapéutico con plasma de convaleciente, se basa en el principio de la terapia con anticuerpos pasivos, una estrategia a corto plazo mediante la cual se pueden administrar anticuerpos de la sangre de alguien que se recuperó de una infección para proteger o tratar a otra persona.

Los anticuerpos en el antisuero se ligan al agente infeccioso o antígeno. El sistema inmunitario reconoce entonces los agentes extraños ligados a los anticuerpos y desencadena una respuesta inmunitaria más sólida. El uso del antisuero es particularmente eficaz contra agentes patógenos que son capaces de evadir el sistema inmunitario en su estado no estimulado, pero que no son lo suficientemente robustos como para evadir el sistema inmunitario estimulado. La existencia de anticuerpos contra el agente depende de un superviviente inicial cuyo sistema inmunitario haya descubierto por casualidad un contraagente del patógeno o de una especie huésped portadora del patógeno pero que no experimente sus efectos. A continuación, se pueden producir más reservas de antisuero a partir del donante inicial o de un organismo donante que sea inoculado con el patógeno y curado por alguna reserva de antisuero preexistente. Por ejemplo, el veneno de serpiente diluido se utiliza a menudo como antisuero para dar inmunidad pasiva al veneno de serpiente mismo.

Historia

El suero de convalecientes ha sido utilizado desde el siglo 19 y en el siglo 21 se ha retomado como terapia.

Antes de la era de los antibióticos, la terapia con suero (plasma menos factores de coagulación) se usaba ampliamente para tratar enfermedades infecciosas como la escarlatina y la neumonía neumocócica.En 1890, los fisiólogos von Behring y Kitasato utilizaron suero sanguíneo de animales inmunizados para tratar la difteria y el tétanos; posteriormente, el suero de los animales recuperados se identificó como una posible fuente de anticuerpos específicos.En 1901 Emil von Behring recibió el Premio Nobel de Medicina por su trabajo,
que también sirvió de base para el tratamiento de múltiples enfermedades en la década de 1900. como el desarrollo de vacunas.El uso más notable fue durante la pandemia de gripe española 1918 a 1920.

Con la llegada de los antimicrobianos, a mediados del , el uso de la terapia con suero había disminuido.

Ébola
El uso de suero fue conocido para la infección por Ebola virus, en un ensayo se curaron 7 de 8 infectados.

COVID-19
El plasma sanguíneo de convaleciente, se consideró como una opción de tratamiento de la enfermedad por coronavirus (COVID-19) al inicio de la pandemia. Sin embargo, tras múltiples estudios, hay evidencia suficiente de que no disminuye la mortalidad ni produce mejoría clínica ni disminuye la necesidad de ventilación mecánica en pacientes con enfermedad moderada a grave. Por lo tanto, la OMS y otras instituciones nacionales e internacionales recomiendan no usar el plasma sanguíneo de convaleciente para el tratamiento de la COVID-19, ni en enfermedad leve ni grave.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Bibliografía adicional
Mupapa K, Massamba M, Kibadi K, Kuvula K, Bwaka A, Kipasa M, Colebunders R, Muyembe-Tamfum JJ.  1999. Treatment of Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever with Blood Transfusions from Convalescent Patients.  The Journal of Infectious Diseases 179(suppl 1):S18-23 (en inglés)

Antiinfecciosos
Sangre
Sistema inmunitario

Suero inmunológico


The T-84 is a Ukrainian main battle tank (MBT), based on the Soviet T-80 MBT introduced in 1976, specifically the diesel engine version: T-80UD. The T-84 was first built in 1994 and entered service in the Ukrainian Armed Forces in 1999. Its high-performance opposed-piston engine makes it a fast tank, comparable to other modern MBTs with a power-to-weight ratio of about 26 horsepower per tonne (19 kW/t).

The T-84 Oplot is an advanced version incorporating an armoured ammunition compartment in a new turret bustle. Ten of these entered Ukrainian service in 2001. The T-84-120 Yatagan is a prototype model intended for export, mounting a 120 mm gun able to fire  NATO-standard tank ammunition and anti-tank guided missiles.

Development history
After the adoption of the T-80 tank, the Soviets began improving its design. The disadvantages of the gas-turbine engine were readily apparent, and so several design projects were initiated to adopt a diesel alternative.

Development of the T-80UD
Leningrad Kirov Plant (LKZ) began work in 1975 with a diesel 2V16 1500 hp engine on a T-80B chassis. This was designated the Ob. 219RD. Work was not completed until 1983. The design bureau at Omsk Transport Engineering Design Bureau developed a test bed, called the Ob. 644, powered by the V-46-6 of the T-72. Further work on these was not continued, as the main focus at the time was on the gas-turbine engine favored by Defence Minister Dmitry Ustinov.

In 1975, Kharkiv Morozov Machine Building Design Bureau (KMDB) began work on the Object (Ob.) 278, a T-80 powered by a 6TD 1000 hp diesel engine developed for the improved T-64 and  (Ob. 450). This quickly became outclassed by the , and so lost favor. The Ob. 478M was a more sophisticated model than the Ob. 478. Improvements included the Sistema fire control system, Shatter active protection system, and a 1,500 hp diesel engine. This too was abandoned as it was considered too costly.

After the death of Ustinov in 1984, the strength of the design bureau of the LKZ began to weaken and the Ministry of Defense started to think seriously about equipping the T-80 tanks with diesel engines.

In September 1985, the government approved the development start of a diesel-powered T-80U. Five prototypes of the Ob. 478B with the 6TD engine were produced by year's end. Prototypes of a less sophisticated model, called Ob. 478A, were built for comparison. The government approved production of the Ob. 478B in 1986. The Soviet Army noted problems with the tank, and full-scale production was delayed to make changes. The Soviet Army also opposed a plan to name the tank the T-84, as KMDB had originally envisioned, because it would draw attention to the fact that the Soviets were operating four tanks (T-64, T-72, T-80 and T-84) with more or less similar characteristics. The Central Committee settled the debate, siding with the Army. It was subsequently adopted into service as the T-80UD.

The T-80UD was first deployed to the 4th Guards Tank Division and the 2nd Guards Motor Rifle Division. It was first publicly shown at the 1990 Moscow Victory Day Parade, then later in the 1991 Soviet coup d'état attempt.

Development of the T-84
KMDB developed a welded turret to replace cast turrets, which were no longer made in Ukraine after the breakup of the Soviet Union. A T-80UD with this turret, Ob. 478BK, was completed in 1995. Ukraine delivered 175 Ob. 478BE to Pakistan by 1999. The Ob. 478D with Aynet fire control system and Buran night sight was trialed. Pilots of the Ob. 478DU and Ob. 478DU2 were also produced. One prototype appeared at International Defence Exhibition (IDEX) in 1995 as the "T-84 Supertank." An Ob. 478DM appeared at IDEX 1999 as the T-84M. The Ob. 478DU4 gave rise to the T-84 Oplot, which was marketed to Turkey. The 125 mm caliber gun was replaced with a 120 mm one able to fire NATO ammunition, and designated the T-84-120. This was marketed to Turkey as the Yatagan, and was trialed there in 2000.

The Ukrainian government eventually made good on its promise to buy the T-84 for the Ukrainian Army. Ten T-84Ms were delivered from 2001 to 2003. Ukraine was forced to sell off four of these to the United States when it struggled to finance the tanks.

Development of the T-84-120
The T-84-120 Yatagan was developed in 2000 in Kharkiv to NATO standards for the Turkish tender for a new MBT. The tank featured a 120mm smooth bore gun that was capable of firing AT-11 Sniper ATGMs, a reloading mechanism and blow-out panels. The Yatagan was also equipped with communications equipment from the French Thomson company, an FN Herstal machine gun, automatic transmission, a 6TD-2 diesel engine with 1200hp and FCS taken from Oplot. In total, three 120mm guns of different designs were tested on the tank. The T-84-120 Yatagan also participated in the Kyiv parade. The current condition of the tank is unknown.

Design

The T-84's outstanding feature is a 26 hp/t power-to-weight ratio. It is also designed to perform well in hot climates, and includes an air-conditioned crew compartment (operating temperature range is claimed to be −40 to 55 °C).

The BM Oplot is a further development of the prior T-84 Oplot. The tank has a conventional layout with the driver's compartment at the front, fighting compartment in the middle and engine at the rear, accommodating a crew of three.

The driver sitting in the centre is provided with a single-piece hatch cover that opens to the right. The commander on the right and the gunner on the left have single-piece hatches.

The tank has a length of 9.7 m (including the forward-facing gun), a width of 3.4 m without removable side skirts, and a height of 2.8 m. The combat weight of the tank is 51 tons.

Armament
The Oplot is armed with a smoothbore 125 mm KBA-3 cannon, a KT-7.62 (PKT) coaxial machine gun and a KT-12.7 anti-aircraft machine gun. The main gun is fed by a loading system equipped with conveyor, automatic loader, and control system. The ammunition includes high explosive fragmentation (HE-FRAG), armour-piercing fin-stabilized discarding sabot (APFSDS) kinetic energy penetrator, and high-explosive anti-tank (HEAT).

The main gun can also fire a laser guided missile against armoured ground vehicles and hovering helicopters within the range of 5,000m. The missile can be fired on the move against travelling targets. A tandem-charge warhead fitted on the missile can defeat targets equipped with explosive reactive armour (ERA) and advanced spaced armour.

The Oplot has 46 rounds of ammunition for the main gun, of which 28 rounds are placed in the automatic loader. Other ammunition types carried are 1,250 rounds for KT-7.62 machine gun, 450 rounds for KT-12.7 machine gun and 450 rounds for AKS Assault rifle.

Fire control
The vehicle has three forward-facing periscopes in front of the driver's cupola. The centre periscope can be replaced with a night driving device.

The fire control system includes a gunner's day sight, PNK-6 commander's panoramic sighting system, PTT-2 thermal imaging sight, anti-aircraft sight and anti-aircraft machine gun control system. Detection range of targets for thermal sighting system is up to 8 km.

The tank is also equipped with LIO-V ballistic computer, armament stabiliser and other systems.

The advanced fire-control system enables the gunner or commander to lay and fire the main armament on the move. The stationary and moving targets can be hit with a high first round hit probability.

Protection
The protection system includes multilayer passive armour, Duplet explosive reactive armour (ERA), Zaslin Active Protection System, Varta optronic countermeasures system and other tank protection means.

Built-in new generation Duplet anti-tandem-charge warhead ERA protects against APFSDS, HESH and HEAT rounds.

Duplet improves protection against:
 Hand anti-tank grenades, hand-held, and stationary grenade launchers and recoilless guns (including ammunition with tandem-charge warheads)
 Anti-tank guided missiles (ATGMs) of TOW-2, MILAN, and Shturm-S type
 HEAT projectiles fired by 125 mm tank smoothbore guns
 APFSDS projectiles fired by 125 mm and 120 mm tank guns

Both sides of the driver's compartment are fitted with ERA panels for extended protection. The hull sides are hinged with large rubber skirts to withstand the attacks of man-portable anti-tank weapons. The modular ERA package can be easily replaced or upgraded as needed by future requirements.

The Oplot features a Varta optronic countermeasures system for deceiving incoming missiles and anti-tank guided weapons. The system integrates laser warning sensors, infra-red jammer, and smoke or aerosol screen laying system. The optronic countermeasure system can:
 confuse the guidance systems of ATGMs by emitting laser jamming covering the horizontal plane of ±18° relative to the main gun tube and ±2° in the vertical plane
 jam ATGM guidance systems that use laser guidance illumination of targets, semi-automatic laser guided homing projectiles, and artillery systems equipped with laser range-finders by activating the remote fast-deploying aerosol screens in a sector of ±45° relative to the main gun tube

Crew's collective protection system protects the crew and interior equipment against effects of nuclear explosions, radioactive substances, toxic agents, biological warfare agents, and detects and suppresses fires in the compartments of crew and power pack.

The Oplot tank can withstand an explosion of up to 10 kg trinitrotoluene (TNT) under the tank track and up to 4 kg TNT under the driver's compartment.
The vehicle has overpressure-type NBC protection system and can be fitted with track mine-clearing systems.

Due to the collapse of Soviet Union, the Malyshev Factory was no longer able to obtain ceramic armour modules from Russia and only the initial batch of T-84 were produced with such. Instead, later batches of T-84's composite armour is composed of special purpose rubber sandwiched between steel and alloy plates. The exact difference in performance between the new and prior armor is unknown and depends on the performance of dynamic armor.

Engine and mobility
BM Oplot is powered by a 6TD-2E 6-cylinder turbocharged liquid-cooled engine, which delivers . It is improved and more environmentally friendly version of the prior 6TD-2 diesel engine, used on the T-84 MBT. The tank could also be powered by a more powerful 6TD-3 diesel, developing . Both engines could use diesel, jet engine fuel, petrol or any mixtures of them.

The engine provides a maximum on-road speed of  and a range of  with added fuel tanks. The tank is also equipped with a diesel-electric auxiliary power unit  to supply power to onboard systems when the main engine is off.

BM Oplot is equipped with torsion bar suspension. Either side of the six dual rubber-tyred road wheels are provided with idler at forward, drive sprocket at the rear, and track support rollers.

The first, second and sixth road wheel stations are fitted with hydraulic shock absorbers. The tank can negotiate a gradient of 32° and side slope of 25°. Equally, the tank can ford a water depth of 5m using deep water fording equipment.

Variants

Object 478
Prototype.

Object 478M
Improvements included the Sistema fire control system, Shatter active protection system, and a 1500 hp diesel engine.

Object 478A Comparison model.
A simplified Object 478B.

T-80UD (Object 478B)
See T-80UD.

T-80UD (Object 478BE)
T-80UD for export to Pakistan.
T-80UD (Object 478BE-1)
Variant of the 478BE with a welded turret.

T-80UD (Object 478BEM)
More similar to the T-84 variants but was designated as T-80UD. Made for export to the US for testing in 2004. Included an auxiliary power unit (APU). Did not include Shtora-1.
Object 478BEM-1
Included Drozd-1 active protection system (APS). Three built.
Object 478BEM-2
Included air conditioning. One built.

T-80UD (Object 478D)
Featured a new 1200 hp 6TD-2 engine.

T-84 (Object 478DU)
Object 478D with a T-64 hull. Prototype.

T-84 (Object 478DU2)
One of the various prototypes for the T-84. Featured a welded turret with integrated reactive armor. Smoke grenades were moved from the front of the turret onto the top rear part. This smoke launcher configuration was kept for the T-84 after this. Manufactured in 1992.

T-84 (Object 478DU4)
One of the various prototypes for the T-84. Featured new reactive armor on the sideskirts and an APU. Manufactured in 1999.

T-84 (Object 478DU5)
One of the various prototypes for the T-84. Included an air conditioner. Participated in Turkish trials.

T-84 (Object 478DU8)
One of the various prototypes for the T-84. Made for Malaysian trials. Track width was extended to 600 mm.

T-84 (Object 478DU9)
The first serially produced T-84 variant. New welded turret and Shtora-1 countermeasures suite, new electronics, new main gun, new armor, and 1,200 hp (895 kW) 6TD-2 diesel engine.

Oplot-M (Object 478DU9-1)
Modernized, or "BM Oplot": The newest and most sophisticated version of the T-84 is an upgraded version of the "T-84 Oplot" mounting more advanced armor, new electronic countermeasure systems, and others. One visible feature is the new PNK-6 panoramic tank sight.

Oplot-T (Object 478DU9-T)
"BM Oplot-T" is an export version for Thailand. It has some minor modifications to meet local requirements, such as different radio, air conditioner and so on. Thailand ordered 49 of these tanks. Originally it was planned that all of them will be delivered by 2014. However, due to ongoing military conflict in Ukraine, the delivery was postponed to and completed in 2018.

Object 478DU10
Proposal for a more advanced variant of the BM Oplot (Object 478DU9-1).

T-84-120 Yatagan (Object 478N)
A prototype version of Oplot tailored for evaluation by the Turkish Army (prototype designation, KERN2-120). Mounts a 120 mm main gun which fires both 120 mm NATO rounds (like the M829 DU series) and a special 120 mm version of the AT-11 Sniper ATGM. Most significantly, the Yatagan features a completely redesigned "Cassette style" bustle mounted autoloader, similar to the ones used on Leclerc and K2 Black Panther, replacing the Soviet-era carousel autoloader. This redesign allows all ammunition in the ready-rack to be separated from the crew and equipped with blowout panels, features considered standard for NATO MBTs. It also has automated gear shifting in place of a mechanical gear selector, driver's T-bar control replacing tiller bars, air conditioning, and projectile muzzle velocity sensor, and differences in the fire control system, communications, etc.
Object 478N1
Planned production variant of the T-84-120

BREM-84 Atlet (Object 478BP)
Armoured recovery vehicle based on the T-84 Oplot chassis.

BREM-T
Armoured recovery vehicle based on the T-84 Oplot-T chassis.

BMU-84
Armoured vehicle-launched bridge.

BTMP-84
Heavy infantry fighting vehicle prototype based on the T-84 Oplot tank, with lengthened hull, an extra pair of road wheels, and a rear compartment for five infantrymen.

Service history

Ukraine
The first T-84 prototype vehicle rolled out in 1994, and in the same year it was decided to build several more vehicles. They were subjected to extensive company and army trials. After successful completion of the extensive trials programme in the late 1990s the T-84 entered service with the Ukrainian Army in 1999.

During the Russian invasion of Ukraine, at least one T-84U was deployed with the 3rd Tank Brigade in Donbas, near Barvinkove and Slovyansk.  T-84 tanks were believed to be deployed with the 14th Mechanized Brigade in Donbas.

Thailand
In March 2011, the Royal Thai Army placed an order for 49 Oplot-T to replace its fleet of aging M41A3 Walker Bulldog light tanks. In September 2011, the Malyshev Plant announced plans to produce the first batch of five Oplot-T tanks for the Thai Army by the end of the year. Under the contract, the Ukrainian company will make 49 tanks worth over US$200 million.

The government approved 7.155 billion baht to purchase the first 49 Oplot tanks to be assigned to several units: the 2nd Cavalry battalion (Royal Guard at Fort Chakrabongse, Prachinburi), the 4th Cavalry battalion (Royal Guard at Kiakkai, Bangkok), the 8th Cavalry battalion (Fort Suranari, Nakhon Ratchasima), and the 9th Cavalry battalion (Fort Ekathotsarot, Phitsanuloke).

In April 2017, it was reported that following the delayed deliveries from this tank, the Royal Thai Army was expected to decline the remainder of the sale and acquired the Chinese VT-4 main battle tank instead of the Ukrainian tank, due to the long term delivery schedule. The signed order for 49 units had to be completed by the month of January, 2017, it was reported that other deliveries may not be expected.

A 26 March 2018 press release by Ukroboronprom stated that the 2011 contract for supplying Oplot-T tanks to Thailand had successfully completed and that the last party of tanks had passed checks by the customers and would be sent to the buyer in the near future.

Operators

Current operators

 The Ukrainian Ground Forces reportedly had 6 T-84 in service as of 2021, but the current number is unknown. Battlefield footage published in early 2023 indicates least one of the tanks was possibly damaged by a Russian-made ZALA Lancet drone.

On May 12, 2023, Defense Minister Reznikov drove an Oplot at a training ground in Kharkiv Oblast and subsequently announced that the Armed forces of Ukraine would order an unspecified number of Oplots.

 According to The Military Balance 2019, Thailand had acquired 49 Oplot-T(Object 478DU9-T) main battle tanks.

Evaluation-only operators

 1 unit, for technologies analysis and operational OPFOR training.

Potential sales

 In 2017, Ukraine was in talks with Pakistan for the potential sale of 100 Oplot tanks. Though Pakistan evaluated the Oplot in 2015-2017, it selected the VT-4 main battle tank instead. However later on, Heavy Industries Taxila and Ukrspecexport signed a MoU worth $600 million to upgrade the existing fleet of Pakistan's T-80UD MBTs possibly to Oplot-M standard.

Failed bids

, Azerbaijan showed interest in the Oplot main battle tank. The Defense Ministry of Ukraine has long been holding negotiations on this issue. In June 2013, it has been made public that Azerbaijan had instead purchased 100 Russian T-90 tanks, in a series of rearmament deals worth $4 billion with Russia.

The T-84 Yatagan was offered to the Malaysian Army in 2002. But the contract was lost to the Polish PT-91.

In 2009, Peru reportedly tested the Oplot tank, but the government of Alan Garcia later decided to acquire test examples of the Chinese MBT-2000 in late 2010, only to have the government of his successor, Ollanta Humala, abandon the purchase in early 2012 to seek other alternatives. , the T-84 was reported to be part of comparative tests to be conducted by Peru. The T-84 competed against the T-90S, the M1A1 Abrams, the Leopard 2A4 and A6, and the T-64 also offered by Ukraine. By September 2013, only the T-84, T-90S, Russian T-80, and M1A1 Abrams were still competing.

Gallery
Object 478 at National Museum of the History of Ukraine in the Second World War, Kyiv:

See also
 PT-91M
 M-84AS
 M-95 Degman
 Karrar
 T-80BVM
 T-90
 Type 99 tank
 TR-125

References

Sources

External links

 T-84 Oplot Data Sheet and pictures
 Kharkiv Morozov Machine Building Design Bureau—Ukrainian producer of the T-80. KMDB's pages for T-80UD, T-84 Oplot, T-84 Yatagan, and T-84 Oplot-M.
 T-84 MBT at globalsecurity.org
 T-84 MBT at military-today.com
 Hromadske.ua, "Ukraine's Tanks Are So Good, Its Own Army Can't Afford Them," 2017-09-14.

Post–Cold War main battle tanks
Main battle tanks of Ukraine
Tanks with autoloaders
Military vehicles introduced in the 1990s

T-84


1.A razred nogometnog Podsaveza Zagreb (1.A razred Zagrebačkog nogometnog podsaveza) je bila liga 6. stupnja nogometnog prvenstva Jugoslavije za sezonu 1967./68.
Sudjelovalo je 11 klubova, a prvak je bio "ZET" iz Zagreba.

Ljestvica

Unutrašnje poveznice
 Prvenstva Zagrebačkog nogometnog podsaveza
 Zagrebački nogometni podsavez
 Zagrebačka nogometna zona 1967./68.

Vanjske poveznice
 nk-maksimir.hr

Izvori

1967-68
1967-68 Zagreb
Zagreb-P-1A

1.A razred nogometnog Podsaveza Zagreb 1967./68.


An Cleistogenes festucacea in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Masaji Masazi Honda. An Cleistogenes festucacea in nahilalakip ha genus nga Cleistogenes, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Cleistogenes

Cleistogenes festucacea


Der Moosbach ist ein gut sechseinhalb Kilometer langer Wasserlauf im südpfälzischen Teil des Wasgaus (Rheinland-Pfalz) und ein rechter Zufluss der Lauter, die hier, an ihrem Oberlauf, noch Wieslauter genannt wird.

Geographie

Verlauf
Der Moosbach entspringt auf einer Höhe von   im mittleren Wasgau im Dahner Felsenland südwestlich des Kaletschkopfes () in einen Waldgelände im Naturschutzgebiet Moosbachtal aus dem Moosbrunnen. Er zwängt sich zunächst nordwärts durch ein enges bewaldetes Tal zwischen den Roten Felsen auf seiner linken Seite und dem Kaletschkopf auf der rechten. Bei der Moosbach-Halde ändert er seinen Lauf nach Nordosten und füllt dann südlich der Moosbachhütte einen kleinen Teich und kurz danach einen zweiten, den etwas größeren idyllischen Kranzwoog. Ganz allmählich dreht er seine Fließrichtung nun immer mehr nach Osten. Er läuft am Südhang des Lehmberges () entlang. Südlich des Wolfdells durchquert er hintereinander zwei weitere kleine Teiche und wird anschließend auf seiner rechten Seite vom aus dem Süden kommenden Seibertsbach  gespeist. Etwa dreihundert Meter bachabwärts biegt der Moosbach nach links ab und fließt nun in nördlicher Richtung westlich am Mehrsberg () vorbei. Kurz darauf durchfließt er den Neudahner Weiher, der am Südosthang des Sägköpfchen () liegt. Unweit des Weihers erhebt sich im Osten die Burg Neudahn. Der Moosbach mündet kurz darauf auf einer Höhe von  von rechts in die Wieslauter.

Zuflüsse
 Moosgraben (links), 0,1 km, 0,52 km²
 Seibertsbach (rechts), 4,6 km, 4,90  km²

Biosphäre
Das Naturschutzgebiet Moosbachtal ist 111 Hektar groß. Seine Magerrasen, Feuchtwiesen, Zwischenmoore, dystrophen Teiche mit Verlandungszonen, Quellen, Bäche, Gebüsche und Wälder bieten einer Vielzahl von Arten den je eigenen Lebensraum, so dass es zu den bedeutenden Naturschutzgebiete im Landkreis Südwestpfalz gehört.

Flora
In den Bruchwäldern des Tales wachsen wieder die zeitweise von Fichten und Buchen verdrängten Schwarzerlen und in den feuchten Auen gedeihen der Rippenfarn, der Sumpf-Haarstrang, die Sumpfschwertlilie  und die Sumpfdotterblume. Auch die Moosbeere, das knöterichblättrige Laichkraut, die Rispensegge, der Fieberklee, das Schmalblättriges Wollgras, die Seerose, der Lungenenzian und der Drachenwurz entfalten sich hier prächtig. Als eine Besonderheit des Tales gilt das Vorkommen des Strahligen Schillerporlings und des Erlen-Milchlinges.

Fauna
In den Bruchwäldern des Tales kommen Ringelnattern, Bergmolche, Erdkröten und Grasfrösche vor, und auch den Buntspecht und den Neuntöter kann man dort beobachten. In den Braunwasserteichen gedeihen die Libellen vortrefflich. So wurden 37 verschiedene Libellenarten im Tal nachgewiesen, darunter auch die Blaugrüne Mosaikjungfer. Weitere im Tal lebende Insekten sind der Hirschkäfer, der Schwalbenschwanz und die Sumpfheuschrecke.

Geologie
Geologisch  wird das Tal durch Ablagerungen des Buntsandsteines geprägt, welche stellenweise von Schwemmland aus der Erdneuzeit überlagert werden. Seltener kommen auch Schwarztorflagen vor.

Tourismus
Durch das Moosbachtal verlaufen einige Wanderwege, beispielsweise die "Seerosentour" oder der Fernwanderweg Pirmasens–Belfort. Ein Campingplatz am Neudahner Weiher bietet die Gelegenheit inmitten des Pfälzerwaldes zu campen. Das Tal ist seit neuestem über den gleichnamigen Bahnhaltepunkt Moosbachtal an der Wieslauterbahn erschlossen, die mittwochs sowie sams-, sonn- und feiertags von Mai bis Oktober im Ausflugsverkehr bedient wird.

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Fluss in Europa
Fluss in Rheinland-Pfalz
Geographie (Dahn)
Gewässer im Pfälzerwald
Gewässer im Landkreis Südwestpfalz
Wasgau

Moosbach (Lauter)


Petectunich es una localidad rural, ubicada en el estado mexicano de Yucatán, específicamente en el municipio de Acanceh que se encuentra en la Zona Influencia Metropolitana o Región VI del mismo estado.

La localidad tiene una altitud de 10 metros sobre el nivel del mar y su población era de 600 habitantes en 2010, según el censo realizado por el INEGI. El poblado se localiza a una distancia de 26 km de la ciudad capital del estado, Mérida.

Geografía

Localización
Petectunich se localiza en las coordenadas  (20.841389, -89.476111). De acuerdo con el censo de 2010, la población tenía una altitud promedio de 10 metros sobre el nivel del mar.

Demografía
Según el censo de 2010 realizado por el INEGI, la población de la localidad era de 600 habitantes, de los cuales 319 eran hombres y 281 mujeres.

Galería

Véase también

 Municipio de Acanceh

Notas y referencias

Notas

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Petectunich en el Archivo Histórico de Localidades del INEGI.
 Yucatán.gob.mx - Sitio oficial del estado de Yucatán.

Localidades del municipio de Acanceh
Haciendas de Yucatán
Toponimia maya

Petectunich


Zvonimir Mihanović (Donje Sitno, 12. kolovoza 1946.), hrvatski slikar i grafičar, autor hiperrealističkih prikaza dalmatinske obale, brodova, priobalnih krajolika i jadranske pučine.

Rođen je u Donjem Sitnom 1946. Srednjoškolsko obrazovanje završava u Splitu. Studirao je na Akademiji likovnih umjetnosti u Zagrebu i Akademiji lijepih umjetnosti Brera u Milanu. God. 1971. upisuje Školu lijepih umjetnosti (fr. École des Beaux-Arts) u Parizu, na kojoj je diplomirao 1976.

Za velikosrpske agresije na Hrvatsku priključio se Satniji hrvatskih umjetnika.

Predsjednik Franjo Tuđman odlikovao ga je 1996. Redom Danice hrvatske s likom Marka Marulića za osobite zasluge u kulturi.

Izlagati je počeo na Salonu mladih umjetnika u Splitu 1962. Izlagao je u hrvatskom paviljonu u Atlanti 1966., Salonu francuskih umjetnika Društva francuskih umjetnika u Parizu 1973., Jesenskom salonu u Parizu 1978. na kojemu je dobitnik nagrade za najboljega mladoga umjetnika (za sliku Tišina), u više navrata u Findlayevoj galeriji u New Yorku (1980., 1986., 1989., 2021.), u Forbesovim galerijama u New Yorku 2012. i drugdje.

Djelo Sam (Alone, 1986.) dio je stalnoga postava Hunterova muzeja američke umjetnosti u Chattanoogi, u Tennesseeju.

Izvori

Životopisi, Split
Hrvatski slikari
Hrvatski grafičari
Nositelji Reda Danice Hrvatske

Zvonimir Mihanović


سعد عبد الوهاب مغني مصري
مواليد 16 يونيو 1926 م تخرج في كلية الزراعة جامعة القاهرة عام 1949م.

وهو ابن أخ موسيقار الأجيال محمد عبد الوهاب واسمه بالكامل سعد حسن عبد الوهاب
عمل بالإذاعة فور تخرجه كمذيع لمدة خمس سنوات. بدأت ميوله الفنية مبكراً مما جعله يتجه إلى الغناء.اكتشفه المخرج حسين فوزي وقدمه للسينما في فيلم «العيش والملح».وبالرغم من قلة أعماله الغنائية إلا أنها تركت أثر في مجال الغناء العربي.

وقد ابتعد عن الغناء لمدة عشرين عاماً تقريباً عمل خلالها مستشاراً للأغنية الوطنية في الإذاعة بدولة الإمارات العربية المتحدة.

وضع السلام الوطني لدولة الإمارات العربية المتحدة وغناه بنفسه.

من أبرز أغانيه «الدنيا ريشة في هواء»، و«القلب القاسى»، و«من خطوة لخطوة»، و«على فين وخدانى عنيك» و«جنة أحلامي»، و«شبابك أنت»، و«بنات البندر»، و«وشك ولا القمر».

أفلامه السينمائية

قدم الفنان سعد عبد الوهاب سبعة أفلام سينمائية: العيش والملح وبلدى وخفة وأختى ستيتة وبلد المحبوب مع تحية كاريوكا سيبونى أغنى أمام الفنانة صباح وأمانى العمر مع ماجدة عام 1955 م، وفيلمه الأخير علموني الحب مع الفنانة إيمان، وعبد السلام النابلسي، وأحمد رمزي عام 1957 م.

من أعماله

 1949 العيش والملح
 1950 أختي ستيتة – سيبوني أغني – بلدي وخفة
 1951 بلد المحبوب
 1955 أماني العمر
 1957 علموني الحب
وهو المنظم لالحان النشيد الوطني للأمارات العربية المتحدة

وصلات خارجية

 صفحة سعد عبد الوهاب في موقع الدهليز

خريجو جامعة القاهرة
مغنون مصريون
مواليد 1344 هـ
مواليد 1926
وفيات 1425 هـ
وفيات 2004

سعد عبد الوهاب


الغدة الكظرية أو الغدة فوق الكلوية . يحتوي جسم الإنسان على غدتين كظريتين، تنتميان إلى جهاز الغدد الصماء، وتفرزان عدداً من الهرمونات كالأدرينالين والستيرويدات كالألدوسترون والكورتيزول. تقع هاتان الغدتان فوق الكلية، وكل واحدة منهما لها قشرة خارجية تنتج الهرمونات الستيرويدية ولب داخلي. تنقسم قشرة الغدة الكظرية إلى ثلاث مناطق وهي بالترتيب من الخارج إلى الداخل: المنطقة الكبيبية والمنطقة الحزمية والمنطقة الشبكية.

تنتج قشرة الغدة الكظرية ثلاث أنواع رئيسية من الهرمونات الستيرويدية وهي: الهرمونات القشرية المعدنية والهرمونات القشرية السكرية والأندروجينات الكظرية. فأما القشرانيات المعدنية كالألدوستيرون فتُنتَج في المنطقة الكبيبية من القشرة الكظرية وتُساعد في تنظيم ضغط الدم والحفاظ على توزان الكهارل في الجسم. وتُنتَج القشرانيات السكرية كالكورتيزول في المنطقة الحزمية وتنظم عمليات الأيض في الجسم وتثبط جهاز المناعة. تفرز المنطقة الشبكية وهي الجزء الأعمق من القشرة الكظرية، الأندروجينات الكظرية والتي تحولها الغدد التناسلية أو الأعضاء الأخرى التي تستهدفها هذه الهرمونات إلى هرمونات فعالة قادرة على القيام بوظائفها. تُسمى عملية تصنيع الستيرويدات بعملية توليد الستيرويد وتتضمن عدداً من التفاعلات والعمليات الكيميائية التي تتم في خلايا القشرة الكظرية. بينما ينتج لب القشرة الكظرية الكاتيكولامينات وهي هرمونات تجعل الجسم يصدر استجابة سريعة عندما يتعرض للضغط والإجهاد.

يندرج الخلل الوظيفي الذي يصيب الغدة الكظرية ضمن أمراض الغدد الصماء. حيث يسبب زيادة إفراز هرمون الكورتيزول في الدم متلازمة كوشينغ، في حين يصاحب داء أديسون نقصٌ في إفراز ذات الهرمون. ويؤثر مرضٌ وراثيٌ على الغدة الكظرية يسمى فرط تنسج الكظرية الخلقي، وينشأ هذا المرض من خللٍ في تنظيم آليات التحكم في الغدد الصماء. وقد تنشأ أنواعٌ مختلفةٌ من الأورام من نسيج الغدة الكظرية والتي غالباً ما تكتشف عند استخدام التصوير الطبي لفحص أمراضٍ أخرى.

البنية التشريحية
تقع كل غدة كظرية على إحدى جانبي جسم الإنسان في تجويفٍ خلف الصفاق، وكل غدة موجودة فوق إحدى الكليتين بحيث تميل قليلاً إلى الجانب الأنسي. وتختلف الغدتان في شكليهما وحجميهما؛ فالغدة الكظرية اليمنى تتخذ شكلاً هرمياً بينما تتخذ اليسرى شكلاً هلالياً، والغدة اليسرى أكبر حجماً. يبلغ طول الغدتان الكظريان 5 سم وعرضهما 3 سم وسمكهما 1 سم. والغدتان الكظريان صفراوا اللون ويتراوح وزن الواحدة منهما في الإنسان البالغ من 7 إلى 10 غم.

تُحاط الغدتان الكظريان بمحفظة دهنية وتقعان داخل اللفافة الكلوية التي تحيط بالكلية أيضاً ويفصل بين الكلية والغدة جدار واهن من النسيج الضام. وتتواجد الغدتان الكظريان أسفل الحجاب الحاجز مباشرةً وتربطهما اللفافة الكلوية بساقي الحجاب الحاجز.

تتكون كل غدة من جزئين مستقلين ولكل جزء وظيفة خاصة؛ وهما القشرة الكظرية الخارجية ولب الكظرية الداخلي وكلاهما يفرزان هرمونات.

قشرة الكظرية

تحتل قشرة الكظرية الجزء الخارجي للغدة ويوجد داخلها ثلاث طبقات تسمى بالمناطق. وعند فحص هذه المناطق تحت المجهر الضوئي، يتجلى المظهر المميز لكل منطقة والتي تختلف عن بعضها أيضاً في الوظيفة. وتنتج القشرة هرمون الألدوستيرون والكورتيزول والأندروجينات.

المنطقة الكبيبية
تشكل المنطقة الكبيبية المنطقة الخارجية من قشرة الكظر، وتقع مباشرة تحت المحفظة الليفية المحيطة بالغدة الكظرية. تشكل خلايا هذه الطبقة مجموعاتٍ بيضاوية يفصل بينها حزمة خيوط رفيعة من النسيج الضام المتفرعة من المحفظة الليفية والتي تحمل الشعيرات المغذية.

ينتج في هذه المنطقة أحد القشرانيات المعدنية، فهي المكان الرئيسي لإنتاج الألدوستيرون وذلك باستخدام الإنزيم المخلق للألدوسيترون (aldosterone synthase). ويلعب هذا الهرمون دورًا مهمًا في تنظيم ضغط الدم على المدى البعيد.

المنطقة الحزمية
تقع المنطقة الحزمية في وسط قشرة الكظر بين المنطقة الكبيبية والمنطقة الشبكية. وتُنتج خلايا هذه المنطقة القشرانيات السكرية مثل الكورتيزول. وتنتظم هذه الخلايا في أعمدة تتجه نحو لب الغدة. وتحتوي على العديد من القطرات الدهنية والميتوكوندريا وشبكة إندوبلازمية ملساء معقدة التركيب. كما تمتاز هذه المنطقة بأنها تشغل الحجم الأكبر مقارنة بالمنطقتين الأخريين بما يعادل 80% من حجم القشرة.

المنطقة الشبكية
هي المنطقة الداخلية والأعمق من طبقات القشرة الكظرية، وتقع قرب لب الكظرية مباشرة. تنتج هذه الطبقة الأندروجينات مثل: هرمون ديهايدرو إيبى أندروستيرون وكبريتات الديهايدرو إيبى أندروستيرون والأندروستندويون (السابق والوسيط الحيوي لهرمون التستوستيرون) في الإنسان. تشكل خلاياها مجموعاتٍ وحبال يفصلها عن بعضها شعيرات دموية ونسيج ضام. تتكون هذه الخلايا من كميات قليلة من السيتوبلازم والقطرات الدهنية، وقد تظهر صبغة الليبوفيوسين البنية فيها أحيانًا.

لب الكظرية

تحيط القشرة الكظرية باللب المتمركز في وسط كلتا الغدتين. يتألف لب الكظر من خلايا قاتمة تُدعى خلايا لبية، أو خلايا أليفة للكروم أي كرومافينية؛ تعتبر هذه الخلايا مصدر الجسم الرئيسي للكاتيكولامينات المفرزة (الأدرينالين والنُورأدرينالين). إذ يُفرز 80% من الأدرينالين (الإبينفرين) و20% من النورأدرينالين (النورإبنيفرين) هنا في لب الكظرية.

تأتي الإشارات العصبية التي تتحكم في لب الكظرية من الجهاز العصبي الودي عبر الألياف العصبية قبل العقديّة التي تتفرع من الشدف الصدرية للحبل الشوكي وتحديدًا من الفقرات الصدرية 5 – 11 (ص5 – ص11). ونتيجة طبيعة هذا التعصيب القادم من الألياف العصبية قبل العقدية، فإن لب الكظرية يعتبر نوع متخصص من العقد الودية (العقد الخاصة بالجهاز العصبي الودي). ويفتقر هذا النوع المتخصص إلى التشابك العصبي مما يجعلها تطرح ما تفرزه في الدم.

التروية الدموية
تملك الغدة الكظرية أكبر معدل للتروية الدموية التي تصل كل غرامٍ من نسيجها مقارنة بأي عضوٍ آخر؛ ويمكن أن يصل عدد الشرايين الصغيرة التي تدخل الغدة الواحدة إلى ستين شريانًا. تتم ترويّة كل غدة كظريّة عبر ثلاث شرايين:
 الشريان الكظري العلوي المتفرع من الشريان الحجابي السفلي.
 الشريان الكظري المتوسط المتفرع من الشريان الأبهر البطني مباشرةً.
 الشريان الكظري السفلي المتفرع من الشريان الكلوي.
يتفرع من هذه الشرايين التي تروي الغدة عددٌ كبيرٌ من الشرينات المغذية مشكلة شبكة في المحفظة المحيطة بالغدة الكظرية. تشكل المحفظة حزم خيطية رفيعة لتدخل الغدة وتحمل الدم القاني معها.

يُصرف الدم الوريدي من الغدة عبر الأوردة الكظرية، إذ يتفرع كل وريد من إحدى الغدتين، وهما:
 الوريد الكظري الأيمن الذي يصب في الوريد الأجوف السفلي.
 الوريد الكظري الأيسر الذي يصب في الوريد الكلوي الأيسر أو في الوريد الحجابي السفلي.

يوجد وريد مركزي في لب الكظرية، والذي يختلف في بنيته عن سائر أورد الجسم، فالعضلات الملساء الموجود في الغلالة الوسطانية (الطبقة الوسطى من طبقات الأوعية الدموية) مرتبة في حزم طولية بارزة.

التنوع التشريحي للغدة بين البشر
قد لا تتطور الغدة الكظرية على الإطلاق وفي أحيانٍ أخرى قد تلتصق في المنتصف خلف الشريان الأبهر. وقد تأتي هذه التنوعات في تشريح الغدة مع عيوبٍ خَلقيةٍ، مثل: فشل تطور الكلية أو التصاق الكليتين. ويمكن أن توجد الغدة بجزء من القشرة أو بلا قشرة على الإطلاق، وحتى يمكن أن تظهر في غير مكانها الطبيعي.

الوظيفة

تتمثل وظيفة الغدة الكظرية بإفراز العديد من الهرمونات؛ التي تخضع للتأييض في الغدة نفسها أو في أجزاء أخرى من الجسم بفعل الإنزيمات. تنفذ هذه الهرمونات العديد من الوظائف الحيوية.

الستيرويدات القشرية
تمثل الستيرويدات القشرية مجموعةً من الهرمونات الستيرويدية التي تنتجها قشرة الغدة الكظرية، وتسمى بهذا الاسم نسبة إلى مكان تصنيعها هناك. وتُسمى الستيروئيدات القشرية حسب وظيفتها كما يلي:
 الستيرويدات القشرية المعدنية (القشرانيات المعدنية) ومن أمثلتها: الألدوستيرون الذي يحافظ على التوزان بين الأملاح المعدنية وحجم الدم في الجسم.
 الستيرويدات القشرية السكرية (القشرانيات السكرية) ومن أمثلتها: الكورتيزول الذي يؤثر على معدل أيض البروتين والدهون والسكر (الجلوكوز).

القشرانيات المعدنية
الألدوستيرون من الهرمونات القشرية المعدنية التي تنتجها الغدة الكظرية، وهو صاحب دور مهم في الحفاظ على توازن الأملاح والمعادن وحجم الدم في جسم الإنسان. هذا الدور يتمثل بأثر الألدوستيرون على أجزاء معينة من الوحدة الكلوية وهي النبيبات الملتفة البعيدة والقنوات الجامعة بحيث يزيد من إعادة امتصاص شوارد الصوديوم بالتبادل مع إطراح أيونات البوتاسيوم وأيونات الهيدروجين. ويعتبر الألدوستيرون مسؤولاً عن إعادة امتصاص حوالي 2% من السائل الكبيبي الراشح. كما أن للهرمون تأثيرًا حابسًا للصوديوم بفعل تحفيز مستقبلاته في الغدد اللعابية ونهاية القولون. يوجد منظمان رئيسيان لإفراز الألدوستيرون، وهما هرمون الأنجيوتنسين II والبوتاسيوم في السائل خارج الخلوي. إن أثر الألدوستيرون الحابس للصوديوم والمؤثر على كميته في جسم الإنسان يوضح أهمية الألدوستيرون في تنظيم ضغط الدم فكمية الصوديوم تؤثر على حجم السائل خارج الخلوي وضغط الدم.

انظر أيضا
 قشر الكظر
 الكر والفر
 توتر نفسي
 جيوفري بورن
 ورم القواتم

مصادر

 Adrenal Gland, from Colorado State University

أدرينالين

غدة كظرية


Uxafífill (fræðiheiti: Doronicum oblongifolium) er fjölær jurt af körfublómaætt, ættuð frá norður Asíu (frá Tyrklandi til Mongólíu).

Tilvísanir

Körfublómaætt

Uxafífill


ذكرى في اللغة العربية هي مفرد ذكريات. ذكرى قد تشير إلى:
 ذكرى، مغنية تونسية
 ذكرى، هي إحدى روايات الروائية الأمريكية دانيال ستيل

ذكرى (توضيح)


Endomiksi, hücrede, özellikle çekirdekte, birleşme olmadan meydana gelen bir dizi olaya verilen ad.

Bu olaylar, çekirdeğin düzgün aralıklarla yenilenmesi sonucunu doğuran yeni bir kromozom düzeni sağlar. Kültürü yapılan bazı haşlamlılarda görülen endomiksi, yeni bir olay olmadığı gibi gametlerin birleşmesinin yerini de tutmaz.

Hücreler

Endomiksi


Yvetot ist eine französische Gemeinde mit  Einwohnern (Stand ) im Département Seine-Maritime der Region Normandie. Die Gemeinde gehört zum Arrondissement Rouen und ist Verwaltungssitz des Gemeindeverbands Communauté de communes Yvetot Normandie. Das Bureau centralisateur des gleichnamigen Kantons befindet sich in der Gemeinde. Die Bewohner werden Yvetotais und Yvetotaises genannt.

Die Gemeinde erhielt 2022 die Auszeichnung "Drei Blumen", die vom Conseil national des villes et villages fleuris (CNVVF) im Rahmen des jährlichen Wettbewerbs der blumengeschmückten Städte und Dörfer verliehen wird.

Geografie
Yvetot liegt westlich des Zentrums des Départements, inmitten der Landschaft Pays de Caux, etwa 31 Kilometer nordwestlich von Rouen. Die Nachbargemeinden von Yvetot sind Baons-le-Comte im Norden, Sainte-Marie-des-Champs im Nordosten, Écalles-Alix im Osten, Saint-Clair-sur-les-Monts im Südosten, Touffreville-la-Corbeline im Süden, Auzebosc im Südwesten und Valliquerville im Westen.

Der Ort besitzt einen Bahnhof an der Bahnlinie Paris-Le Havre. Paris ist mit dem Schnellzug in gut 1½ Stunden zu erreichen. Nördlich von Yvetot verläuft die A29. Von ihr zweigt die A150 ab, die nach Rouen führt.

Geschichte
Die Gründung des Ortes geht vermutlich auf die Zeit der Völkerwanderung zurück. Der Name des Ortes ist vielleicht dem des Dorfs Ivetofta in der südschwedischen Region Schonen nachempfunden. Im Jahr 558 wurde Yvetot von König Chlothar I. zum Königreich Yvetot erhoben. Laut der Legende war es zuvor zu einem Konflikt zwischen dem König und einem Kammerherrn aus Yvetot gekommen. Da Clothar diesen in einer Kapelle ermordete, erhob er Yvetot im Gegenzug zum Königreich. Dies erbrachte dem Ort zahlreiche Begünstigungen. Bis zur Französischen Revolution behielt Yvetot diesen Status, später in der Rolle eines Fürstentums.

Am 18. November 1789 wurden die Privilegien der höheren Klassen offiziell abgeschafft. Nach der Revolution war Yvetot bis 1926 eine Unterpräfektur. Im Laufe der Jahrhunderte wurde Yvetot mehrmals von Bränden heimgesucht. Ab dem 18. Jahrhundert entstand eine bedeutende Textilindustrie. Damals waren rund 4000 Menschen als Weber beschäftigt. Schon im 19. Jahrhundert begann jedoch der langsame Niedergang dieses Industriezweigs. Ersetzt wurde er durch den Buchdruck, der zeitgleich an Bedeutung gewann. 1847 wurde die Stadt an das Eisenbahnnetz angeschlossen.

Im 20. Jahrhundert kam die Nähindustrie auf, die in den 1990er-Jahren allerdings eine Krise durchlebte. Als Folge des Zweiten Weltkriegs wurde Yvetot im Jahr 1940 großenteils zerstört.

Bereits im Jahr 1793 hatte Yvetot 9800 Einwohner und war damit eine bedeutende Stadt. Danach fielen die Bevölkerungszahlen kontinuierlich, erst seit Mitte des 20. Jahrhunderts steigt die Zahl der Bewohner wieder an.

Sehenswürdigkeiten
Die Kirche Saint-Pierre in Yvetot wurde 1956 geweiht. Sie ersetzte damit die alte Kirche aus dem 19. Jahrhundert, die im Verlauf des Zweiten Weltkriegs zerstört wurde. Der Durchmesser der Rundkirche beträgt 40 Meter, ihre Höhe 20 Meter. Daneben steht frei ein Glockenturm (Campanile). Besonders sehenswert ist die Kirche wegen der Bleiglasfenster des Künstlers Max Ingrand. Sie verlaufen um das ganze Kirchenrund und nehmen etwa zwei Drittel der Wandhöhe ein. Die Fläche der Verglasung ist über 1.000 Quadratmeter groß und damit die größte zusammenhängende Bleiverglasung in Europa. Die Kirche ist seit 2001 als Monument historique eingeschrieben.

Das 1613 entstandene Manoir du Fay, bei dem es sich um ein altes Herrenhaus handelt, ist seit 1994 in Teilen als Monument historique eingeschrieben, seit 1996 restliche Teile klassifiziert. Der dazugehörige Park ist öffentlich zugänglich. Im Jahr 2001 öffnete das lokale Elfenbeinmuseum. Die ausgestellten Werke entstammen einer ursprünglich privaten Sammlung, die seit 1929 in Gemeindebesitz ist. Nach Louis Féron, der die Sammlung der Gemeinde stiftete, ist ein Platz in der Ortsmitte benannt. Dort befindet sich der Brunnen Saint-Louis. Dieser entstand um das Jahr 1892.

Das Denkmal für die Gefallenen im Ersten Weltkrieg auf dem Platz vor dem Bürgermeisteramt ist seit 2022 als Monument historique eingeschrieben.

Städtepartnerschaften
Partnerstädte von Yvetot sind
 Hemmingen, Niedersachsen, seit 1967
 Lanark, Schottland, seit 1975
 Kyjov, Tschechien, seit 1998
 Murowana Goślina, Polen, seit 2010
Seit 2007 besteht eine Entwicklungspartnerschaft mit der Landstadt Bourzanga in Burkina Faso.

Weblinks

 Die Gemeinde auf cassini.ehess.fr

Einzelnachweise

Ort in der Normandie
Stadt in Frankreich

Yvetot


Appen er en by og en kommune i det nordlige Tyskland, beliggende i Amt Moorrege under Kreis Pinneberg i den sydlige del af delstaten Slesvig-Holsten.

Geografi
Kommunen Appen ved Landstraße 106 mellem Pinneberg og Moorrege ligger i det største sammenhængende planteskoleområde i Europa.

Kommunen består ud over Appen af landsbyerne Appen-Etz, Unterglinde og Schäferhof. Appen ligger mellem Pinneberg og Wedel i nærheden af det beskyttede landskab Holmer Sandberge og skoven Klövensteen.

Vigtig for kommunen Appen er den nærliggende flyveplads Flugplatz Uetersen-Heist og Marseille-Kaserne der er hjemsted for en underofficerskole for Luftwaffe (USLw).

Nabokommuner
 Hamborg, bydelen Hamburg-Rissen
 Heist
 Holm
 Moorrege
 Pinneberg
 Prisdorf
 Tornesch
 Uetersen
 Wedel

Eksterne kilder/henvisninger

 Kommunens side  på amtets websted
 Statistikamt Nord – Bevölkerung der Gemeinden in Schleswig-Holstein 4. Quartal 2014 (XLSX-Data) (Fortschreibung auf Basis des Zensus 2011)

Byer i Slesvig-Holsten
Kommuner i Slesvig-Holsten
Byer i Kreis Pinneberg

Appen


Stine Stengade (Copenhage, 1 de junho de 1972) é uma atriz dinamarquesa mais conhecida por seu papel principal no filme Kira's Reason - A Love Story, de 2001.

Ligações externas

Nascidos em 1972
Atores da Dinamarca
Naturais de Copenhague
Atrizes premiadas com o Robert prisen
Atrizes premiadas com o Prêmio Bodil

Stine Stengade


Manassas est une ville américaine située dans le comté de Tattnall, en Géorgie. Selon le recensement de 2020, sa population est de .

Liens externes

Municipalité en Géorgie (États-Unis)
Comté de Tattnall

Manassas (Géorgie)


يوسف ما ديشين (1794 - 1874م) كان أحد علماء الدين الإسلامي من الصين، وهو من قومية الهوي. اشتهر بطلاقته وبراعته في اللغة العربية والفارسية وبعلمه في الدين الإسلامي.

كتاباته
أصدر ما ديشين أول ترجمة صينية للقرآن، كما كتب عديد من الكتب بالعربية والفارسية عن الإسلام. أشهر كتاباته تقارن بين الثقافة الإسلامية والفلسفة الكونفوشية وقد حاول أن يبحث عن أساس نظري ولاهوتي للربط بينهما.

انظر أيضًا
 محمد ماكين الصيني

روابط خارجية

مراجع

أئمة سنة
صوفيون سنة
أحناف
صينيون في القرن 18
صينيون في القرن 19
الدين في الصين
خريجو جامعة الأزهر
دارسون صينيون
شيوخ الإسلام
علماء دين سنة صينيون
علماء دين مسلمون سنة
علماء عقيدة مسلمون
كتاب روحيون صينيون
كتاب صينيون في القرن 19
كتاب من مقاطعة يونان
لاهوتيون مسلمون في القرن 19
ماتريدية
مترجمو القرآن إلى الصينية
مسلمون إصلاحيون
مسلمون باحثون عن الإسلام في القرن 19
منتقدو الشيعة
مواليد 1794
هوي
وفيات 1874
مترجمون صينيون في القرن 19

يوسف ما ديشين


Avida es una película francesa de 2006 realizada por Gustave de Kervern y Benoît Delépine. Fue estrenada en mayo de 2006 en el Festival de Cannes.

Sinopsis
En un mundo donde la gente lleva a cabo formas extrañas de abuso a los animales -escenarios con corridas de rinocerontes enanos, restaurantes zoológicos donde el público puede cenar los animales- y donde los ricos se encierran en sus mansiones con pit bulls entrenados para defenderlos. En medio de esa locura, un adiestrador de animales (Gustave Kervern), que no puede ni hablar ni oír, se junta con un par de viciosos guardianes de zoológico (Benoit Delepine y Eric Martin) que disfrutan disparando dardos de ketamina y matando animales por diversión. Los guardianes involucran a su nuevo amigo en un plan para secuestrar el perro de una mujer muy rica y muy entrada en carnes, Avida (Velvet d'Amour). Sin embargo, los tres hombres demuestran ser unos criminales muy ineptos, y una vez que son descubiertos, Avida los obliga a ayudarla en un plan para tomar su propia vida.

Reparto
Gustave de Kervern - El sordomudo
Benoît Delépine - L'homme à la tête de scotch
Eric Martin - El segundo guardián drogado
Velvet d'Amour - Avida
Jean-Claude Carrière - El rico paranoico
Claude Chabrol - Le zoophile débonnaire
Fernando Arrabal - El picador suicida
Mathieu Kassovitz - Le producteur chanceux
Bouli Lanners - El coleccionista de animales
Rokia Traoré - La chanteuse bienveillante
Philippe Vuillemin - El taxidermista incomprendido
Claude Lelouch

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Películas cómicas
Películas de humor negro
Películas surrealistas
Películas sobre secuestros
Películas en blanco y negro

Avida (película)


Kobaltna ljubičasta, kobaltni ljubičasti pigment ili kobalt(II) fosfat je pigment koji se počeo koristiti tek u drugoj polovini 19. stoljeća. Proizvodi se u obliku dva različita oblika. Svjetliji pigment (kobaltov arsenat) je otrovan jer sadrži arsen. Koristi se u svim slikarskim tehnikama osim u pastelu. Za slikanje fresaka pokazao se veoma otpornim. Uljena boja se priprema s manjom količinom veziva, proziran je i slabo pokriva dok je premaz krt. Tamniji pigment (kobaltov fosfat) nije otrovan pa se češće koristi. Proziran je i slabije moći bojenja, takođe u ulju daje krt premaz. Ne koristi se za slikanje fresaka.

Priprema
Tetrahidrat Co 3 (PO 4 ) 2 •4H 2 O taloži se kao krutina miješanjem vodenih otopina kobalta (II) i fosfatnih soli. Zagrijavanjem se tetrahidrat pretvara u bezvodni materijal.

Dodatna literatura

Salvétat, A., 1859, "Matières minérales colorantes vertes et violettes", Comptes Rendus des Séances de l'Academie des Sciences XLVIII: 295-297
Marie-Claude Corbeil, Jean-Pierre Charland and Elizabeth A. Moffatt, 2002, "The Characterization of Cobalt Violet Pigments", Studies in Conservation 47(4): 237-249
Ashok Roy, 2007, "Monet's Palette in the Twentieth Century: Water-Lilies and Irises", National Gallery Bulletin 28: 58-68

Slike

Izvori

Pigmenti
Kemijski spojevi

Kobaltna ljubičasta


Biserica "Sfântul Dumitru" din Poieni, județul Alba, datează din secolul XVII.. Biserica se află pe noua listă a monumentelor istorice sub codul LMI 2010:

Istoric și trăsături
Biserica din satul Poieni a fost ridicată între anii 1612-1615, ani scobiți în lemn în masa altarului, fiind una din cele mai vechi biserici românești din regiunea Munților Apuseni. Biserica a fost construită din piatră, pe o temelie tot din piatră, având formă de navă. Este tencuită atât în interior, cât și în exterior. Pictura, de o bună calitate artistică, s-a păstrat doar pe alocuri. Numele pictorului este necunoscut, iar anul realizării picturii este 1764, an trecut în partea dreaptă a iconostasului. Lucrări importante de reparații au avut loc între anii 1963-1965, când biserica a suferit o transformare radicală. Lucrările au fost realizate de meșterul Nicolae David, epitropul bisericii, ajutat de credincioși. Tot atunci a fost înlăturat  acoperișul de șindrilă, biserica și turnul fiind acoperite cu tablă.

Biserica este puțin cunoscută specialiștilor și publicului larg, datorită izolării: satul Poieni nu mai are nici un locuitor, iar drumul de legătură cu centrul comunal Vidra este practicabil doar pentru mașini de teren și numai în perioadele uscate ale anului. În biserică se mai slujește doar o singură dată pe an, de hramul bisericii: "Sfântul Mare Mucenic Dimitrie, izvorâtorul de Mir".

Bibliografie
Studii regionale

Vezi și
 Poieni (Vidra), Alba

Note

Imagini din exterior

Imagini din interior

Monumente istorice din județul Alba
Biserici ortodoxe din județul Alba
Biserici din secolul al XVII-lea din România
Biserici cu hramul Sfântul Dumitru

Biserica Sfântul Dumitru din Poieni


Jorge Maqueda Peño (Toledo, 15 de março de 1988) é um handebolista profissional espanhol, medalhista olímpico.

Carreira

Maqueda conquistou a medalha de bronze com a Seleção Espanhola de Handebol Masculino nos Jogos Olímpicos de Verão de 2020 em Tóquio, após derrotar a equipe egípcia por 33–31 na disputa pelo pódio.

Handebolistas olímpicos da Espanha
Handebolistas nos Jogos Olímpicos de Verão de 2020
Medalhistas nos Jogos Olímpicos de Verão de 2020

Jorge Maqueda


Der eingebildete Kranke ist eine deutsche Spielfilmkomödie von 1952 unter der Regie von Hans H. König. König gestaltete die Komödie frei nach Molières gleichnamigem Lustspiel. Joe Stöckel verkörpert Eusebius Daxenmeyer, die Titelfigur, Oskar Sima den Kurpfuscher Mordius, Inge Egger ist als Tochter von Daxenmeyer besetzt und Jupp Hussels als Dr. Hartwig. Das Plakat zum Film titelte seinerzeit: "Ein Film zum Gesundlachen".

Handlung
Dr. Hartwig hat sich in einem kleinen Städtchen als Arzt niedergelassen. Eines Tages erscheint in seiner Praxis die zauberhafte Ursel Daxenmeyer. Dr. Hartwig verliebt sich in sie und will sie heiraten. Zuvor müssen jedoch erst diverse Hindernisse aus dem Weg geräumt werden. Ein ganz besonderes Hindernis ist Ursels Vater, Eusebius Daxenmeyer. Er handelt mit Gemischtwaren und ist außerdem Hypochonder, also ein eingebildeter Kranker. Niemand kann ihm seine Einbildung, dass er todkrank ist, ausreden. Zu allem Unglück fällt er dem selbsternannten Heilkünstler Alexander Mordius in die Hände. Der eingebildete Kranke schwört auf die Künste des Scharlatans, denn Mordius versteht es nicht nur, seinen Patienten nach dem Mund zu reden und ihnen Honig ums Maul zu schmieren, sondern liefert auch noch selbstfabrizierte Medikamente. Diese sind teuer, bestehen jedoch zum Großteil aus gewöhnlicher Blumenerde oder aus nach Medizin riechendem Pfefferminzwasser.

Ursel und ihr Onkel Bastelmann bemühen sich, Daxenmeyer die Augen zu öffnen, haben jedoch keinen Erfolg. Genau aus diesem Grund suchte Ursel Daxenmeyer Dr. Hartwig auf. Es gelingt Ursel auch, ihren Vater dazu zu bewegen, sich von Dr. Hartwig untersuchen zu lassen. Nachdem Dr. Hartwig eine ausführliche Untersuchung durchgeführt hat, kommt er zu der für den Hypochonder niederschmetternden Diagnose: kerngesund. Das hätte er allerdings lieber für sich behalten, so schnell kann er nicht gucken, wie er sich vor der Tür befindet. Mordius bekommt nun noch mehr Oberhand und will seinen Sohn Kuno mit der wohlhabenden Ursel verheiraten. Daxenmeyer fühlt sich geehrt und lädt die Verwandten zur Verlobung ein. Nun müssen Ursel, Onkel Bastelmann und Dr. Hartwig aktiv werden und einen Schlachtplan entwickeln. Sie können am Ende Mordius das Handwerk legen und auch Eusebius ist am Ende kein eingebildeter Kranker mehr.

Produktionsnotizen
Gedreht wurde der Film in den Bavaria Filmstudios in Geiselgasteig bei München. Hans H. König verfasste das Drehbuch sehr frei nach Molières Komödie Der eingebildete Kranke. Es war Königs erster Spielfilm als Regisseur. Als Produzent und Produktionsleiter fungierte hier, wie auch in den meisten seiner folgenden Filme, sein Bruder Richard König.

Die Bauten stammen aus der Hand von Max Mellin und Rolf Zehetbauer. Die Premiere des Films fand in Österreich am 14. März 1952 und in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland am 27. März 1952 in Nürnberg statt.

Kritik
Auf der Seite Kino.de konnte man sich für den Film nicht begeistern. Dort hieß es: "Molières letztes, vielleicht berühmtestes Bühnenstück hat Regisseur Hans H. König ('Das Forsthaus in Tirol') nach eigenem Drehbuch ins malerische Bayern verlegt und den populären Dreiakter zur krachledernen Schenkelklopfergaudi umgearbeitet. Die Personen verkommen hier zu Typen und selbst gestandene Schauspieler wie Joe Stöckel (der Kranke) und Oscar Sima (Kurpfuscher) vermögen ihre Figuren nicht dem Klischee zu entreißen. Inge Egger ('Fanfaren der Liebe') als 'Tochter' hat nicht viel mehr zu tun als fesch auszusehen."

Die Kritik des Lexikons des internationalen Films fiel knapp und verhalten aus: "Die Handlung der Molièreschen Komödie vom Hypochonder, der über seinen eingebildeten Leiden alle menschlichen Beziehungen vergißt, ist in ein bayrisches Dorf übertragen. Trockener Typen-Schwank von rustikaler Naivität."

Weblinks

 Der eingebildete Kranke Abb. Filmplakat in der IMDb
 Der eingebildete Kranke Abb. Titelblatt Illustrierte Film-Bühne Nr. 1461

Einzelnachweise

Filmtitel 1952
Deutscher Film
Schwarzweißfilm
Filmkomödie
Molière-Verfilmung

Der eingebildete Kranke (1952)


نهائي دوري أبطال أوروبا 2007 هي مباراة في كرة القدم، لعبت في أستاد أثينا الأولمبي في أثينا، باليونان، ذلك بتاريخ 23 مايو 2007, من أجل اختيار بطل دوري أبطال أوروبا 2006-2007. وقد جمع بين نادي إيه سي ميلان الإيطالي ونادي ليفربول الإنجليزي، والذي انتهى بفوز ميلان على ليفربول ب 2-1 بهدفين سجلهما فيليبو إنزاغي.
قبل 2007 كانت آخر مرة ربح ميلان في دوري أبطال أوروبا هو نهائي 2003, أما بالنسبة لليفربول فقد هزم ميلان في نهائي 2005.

قبل بداية المباراة كان الملعب يعاني من الاكتظاظ بسب دخول مجموعة كبيرة من المشجعين بدون تذكرة، بعد المباراة قام المتحدث الرسمي باسم UEFA بتوجيه إتهامات نحو ليفربول بأنها قامت بتقديم أسوأ مباراة للمعجبين ولكن تم سحب الإتهامات من قبل رئيس UEFA ميشيل بلاتيني.

الطريق نحو النهائي

تفاصيل اللقاء

المصادر

أحداث رياضية في أثينا
أحداث مايو 2007 الرياضية في أوروبا
دوري أبطال أوروبا 2006–07
أثينا في عقد 2000
كرة القدم اليونانية في 2006-07
مباريات إيه سي ميلان
مباريات نادي ليفربول
منافسات كرة قدم دولية للأندية تستضيفها اليونان
2

نهائي دوري أبطال أوروبا 2007


Vlada Mađarske (mađarski: Magyarország Kormánya) izvršava izvršnu vlast u Mađarskoj. Njome rukovodi premijer, a čine je ministri. To je glavni organ javne uprave.

Premijera (mađ. miniszterelnök) bira Narodna skupština i služi kao šef vlade i izvršava izvršnu vlast. Premijer je čelnik stranke s najviše zastupničkih mjesta u parlamentu. On bira ministre i ima isključivo pravo da ih razriješi. Kandidati za premijera moraju se pojaviti pred konzultativnim otvorenim ročištima pred jednim ili više parlamentarnih odbora, biti potvrđeni glasovanjem u Narodnoj skupštini i formalno odobreni od predsjednika. Vlada je odgovorna parlamentu.

Nakon pada komunizma, Mađarska ima višestranački sustav. Posljednji parlamentarni izbori u Mađarskoj održani su 6. travnja 2014. Ovi parlamentarni izbori bili su sedmi od prvih višestranačkih izbora 1990. godine. Rezultat je bila pobjeda saveza Fidesz – KDNP, zadržavajući dvotrećinsku većinu s Viktor Orbánom, koji je ostao premijer i ima 9 ministara. To su bili prvi izbori prema novom Ustavu Mađarske koji je stupio na snagu 1. siječnja 2012. Novi izborni zakon također je stupio na snagu toga dana. Birači su izabrali 199 zastupnika umjesto prethodnih 386 zastupnika.

Dosadašnji premijeri
 József Antall, 1990. – 1993.
 Péter Boross, 1993. – 1994.
 Gyula Horn, 1994. – 1998.
 Viktor Orbán, 1998. – 2002.
 Péter Medgyessy, 2002. – 2004.
 Ferenc Gyurcsány, 2004. – 2009.
 Gordon Bajnai, 2009. – 2010.
 Viktor Orbán, 2010.-

Izvori

Politika Mađarske
Vlade

Vlada Mađarske


ʽMadame Berkeley' est un cultivar de rosier obtenu en 1898 par le rosiériste français Pierre Bernaix, fils et successeur d'Alexandre Bernaix. Il était très prisé au début du XXe siècle.

Description
Il s'agit d'un rosier thé qui présente un buisson érigé de taille moyenne pouvant atteindre 120 cm pour autant de largeur. Il montre de longs boutons ovoïdes et des fleurs bien turbinées de couleur rose saumon, avec parfois des ombres dorées au centre, très parfumées. Elles sont grosses et doubles. La floraison est remontante tout au long de la saison.

Ce rosier craint les hivers trop froids; il est bien adapté au climat méditerranéen et supporte la chaleur. Il a besoin de soleil pour s'épanouir et faire éclater son coloris subtil.

Ce rosier aux fleurs impeccables est surtout commercialisé aujourd'hui dans les pays anglo-saxons, avant tout aux États-Unis et en Australie, ainsi que dans une moindre mesure en Italie. On peut notamment l'admirer à la roseraie municipale de San José aux États-Unis.

Références

Bibliographie
 Brent C. Dickerson, The Old Rose Advisor, 1992, Timber Press Inc., ., p. 202

Cultivar de rosier
Rosier thé

Madame Berkeley


GCB (Arbeitstitel: Good Christian Bitches und später Good Christian Belles) ist eine US-amerikanische Dramedy-Fernsehserie von Robert Harling, die von ABC Studios in Zusammenarbeit mit Darren Star Productions und Kapital Entertainment für den US-Sender ABC produziert wurde. Die Serie basiert auf der Buchreihe Good Christian Bitches von Kim Gatlin.

Aufgrund der nicht überzeugenden Einschaltquoten gab der Sender am 11. Mai 2012 die Absetzung der Serie bekannt.

Handlung
Amanda Vaughn kehrt in ihre Heimatstadt Dallas zurück, da ihr Ehemann unter skandalösen Umständen verstarb. Widerwillig bittet sie ihre Mutter Gigi um Hilfe. Gigi wünscht sich nichts mehr, als ihre Tochter wieder bei sich zu haben und ihren zwei Teenager-Kindern eine gute Erziehung zu bieten. Doch Amanda will in Dallas einen Neuanfang starten und will nichts mehr von ihrem gemeinen Image von vor 20 Jahren zu tun haben. Schnell muss sie feststellen, dass es nicht einfach ist, ihrer Vergangenheit zu entfliehen. Vor allem Carlene Cockburn ist von Amandas Rückkehr nicht begeistert, da sie von dieser in der Schule fies gequält wurde. Erst durch Unterstützungen hat es Carlene vom hässlichen Entlein zu einer Südstaatenschönheit geschafft. Ihr fällt es nicht leicht, den Groll gegen Amanda zu begraben, auch wenn es die Bibel vorgibt.

Zu Carlene besten Freundinnen zählen Cricket Caruth-Reilly, Sharon Peacham und Heather Cruz. Im Mittelpunkt stehen die Hausfrauen, deren Leben sich um Kirche, Sex, Klatsch und Tratsch dreht.

Figuren
 Amanda Vaughn Sie kehrt nach 20 Jahren als Witwe mit zwei Kindern von Los Angeles in ihre Heimatstadt, einem reichen Vorort von Dallas, zurück. Sie ist nicht gerade stolz auf ihre Vergangenheit. Ihr Ehemann ist unter skandalösen Umständen verstorben.

 Carlene Cockburn Sie wurde in der Schule von Amanda gequält. Außerdem war sie ein hässliches Entlein und schaffte es erst mit "Unterstützungen" zu einer Südstaatenschönheit. Sie führt mit ihrem hinreißenden Ehemann Ripp ein verschwenderisches Leben.

 Sharon Peacham Sie war eine ehemalige Schönheitskönigin, die sich im Lauf der Zeit verändert hat. Sie hat bei den Miss-Teen-Schönheitswahlen Amanda die Chance auf die Krone genommen, indem sie ein Gerücht in die Welt setzte.

 Heather Cruz Sie war in der Highschool eine Außenseiterin und gehört nun in den Kreis der High Society von Dallas.

 Cricket Caruth-Reilly Sie hat Amanda einst den Freund ausgespannt. Cricket ist eine knallharte, erfolgreiche Geschäftsfrau mit einer anscheinend perfekten Ehe.

 Ripp Cockburn Er ist der Ehemann von Carlene: Er ist ein einschüchternder Ölbaron, der sehr christlich ist. Ripp hat ein Interesse an Amanda als sie nach Dallas zurückkehrt, da er denkt, dass sie etwas zu verbergen hat.

 Blake Reilly Er ist der stilvolle und umwerfend gut aussehende (aber schwule) Ehemann von Cricket. Er arbeitet in Crickets Firma und liebt es, auf der Ranch zu leben. Er ist mit Amanda befreundet, wovon Cricket nicht begeistert ist.

 Zack Peacham Er ist der Ehemann von Sharon. Als die beiden geheiratet haben, waren sie das goldene Paar von Hillside Park. Doch diese Zeiten sind lange vorbei. Er verknallt sich in Amanda.

 Gigi Stopper Gigi ist die perfekte Vorzeige-Dame und die Mutter von Amanda. Gigi liebt ihre Familie, Cocktails und ihre Kirche. Sie ist begeistert, dass Amanda und ihre Enkelkinder wieder unter ihrem Dach wohnen und unter ihren Regeln erzogen werden. Ihre Enkelkinder dürfen sie nicht Oma nennen, sondern Gigi.

Produktion
Im September 2010 wurde bekannt, dass ABC die Rechte an der Buchreihe bekam. Im Februar 2011 wurde eine Präsentationsorder bestellt. Jennifer Aspen bekam im Februar 2011 als erste eine Hauptrolle in dem Serienpiloten. Am 1. März 2011 wurde die weibliche Hauptrolle Amanda Vaughn an Leslie Bibb vergeben. Im März 2011 stießen noch Miriam Shor und Marisol Nichols zum Piloten. Am 14. März 2011 wurde die Rolle der Carlene Cockburn an Kristin Chenoweth vergeben. David James Elliott wurde am 16. März 2011 als Carlene Cockburns Ehemann Ripp gecastet.

Am 13. Mai 2011 wurde der Pilot offiziell als Serie bestellt, die dann im Frühjahr 2012 starten soll. Außerdem wurden zehn Folgen für die erste Staffel geordert.

Mitte September 2011 wurde Eric Winter für einen Handlungsbogen als Luke, der Bruder von Carlene Cockburn, verpflichtet. Außerdem bekamen Sheryl Crow und Sandra Bernhard Gastrollen.

Serientitel
ABC wollte der Serie ursprünglich den gleichen Titel geben, wie die Buchreihe heißt: Good Christian Bitches. Jedoch waren einige Christen und christliche Organisationen nicht begeistert von dem Titel, da sie befürchteten, dass sich dieser erniedrigend auf das Christentum auswirke. Auch waren einige der Fürsprecher für Frauen dagegen, da das Wort "Bitch" problematisch wäre. Deshalb beschloss ABC, die Serie in Good Christian Belles umzubenennen. Zum Schluss wurde der Titel noch einmal umbenannt und zwar in GCB.

Besetzung

Hauptdarsteller

Nebendarsteller
 Tyler Jacob Moore als Pastor John Tudor
 Eric Winter als Luke Lourd
 Bruce Boxleitner als Burl Lourd
 Lauran Irion als Laura Vaughn
 Colton Shires als Will Vaughn
 Alix Elizabeth Gitter als Alexandra Caruth-Reilly
 Mackinlee Waddell als Mckinney Peacham
 Hartley Sawyer als Bozeman Peacham
 Jack DePew als Landry Cockburn

Gastrollen
 Tom Everett Scott als Andrew Remington
 Donna Mills als Bitsy Lourd
 Kevin Alejandro als Danny
 Grant Bowler als Mason Massey
 Greg Vaughn als Bill Vaughn
 Denton Blane Everett als Booth Becker
 Sandra Bernhard als Debbie Horowitz
 Sheryl Crow als Sheryl Crow

Ausstrahlung
Die Serie startete in den Vereinigten Staaten am 4. März 2012 im Anschluss an Desperate Housewives bei ABC. Das Staffelfinale wurde am 6. Mai 2012 gezeigt.

Episodenliste

Rezeption
Auf der Seite Metacritic.com wurde aus 22 sehr gemischten Zeitungskritiken ein Metascore von 55/100 ermittelt.

Weblinks

 Offizielle Website von ABC

Einzelnachweise

Fernsehserie (Vereinigte Staaten)
Fernsehserie der 2010er Jahre
Comedy-Fernsehserie
Fernsehserie (American Broadcasting Company)

GCB (Fernsehserie)


Mateo Martín Sasso Giménez (* 3. Juli 1975) ist ein ehemaliger uruguayischer Straßenradrennfahrer.

Einen ersten Meistertitel sicherte sich Mateo Sasso bereits 1993, damals noch im Jugendbereich, mit dem Campeón del Litoral de Medio Fondo (Küstenmeister im Medio Fondo) in Colonia. In der Saison 1995/96 gewann er in Montevideo für Dolores C.C. startend den nationalen Vizemeistertitel auf der Straße. 1999 wurde er Uruguayischer Meister sowohl im Medio Fondo als auch in der Einerverfolgung. Beim Einzelzeitfahren belegte er in jenem Jahr den dritten Platz. Im Folgejahr schloss er sich einem spanischen Team an. 2001 wurde er Uruguayischer Meister in der 4-km-Einerverfolgung.

2002 gehörte Sasso der bei der 59. Auflage der Vuelta Ciclista del Uruguay teilnehmenden Mannschaft von Juventud de Las Piedras an.

Die Vuelta Ciclista del Uruguay 2005, die sein Mannschaftskollege Álvaro Tardáguila gewann, beendete er, für das Team Dolores C.C. startend, als Vierter der Gesamtwertung. Im Folgejahr gehörte er dem uruguayischen Aufgebot bei den Südamerikaspielen 2006 an. 2007 gewann er in Reihen des Teams Alas Rojas de Santa Lucía die von der Federación Ciclista de Soriano ausgerichtete 17. Ausgabe der Vuelta Chaná. Im Jahr 2008 siegte er als C.C.Dolores-Fahrer beim Radrennen Plaza a Plaza in Dolores vor seinen Team-Kollegen Cristian Larrama und Álvaro Tardáguila.

Bei der Austragung der Vuelta Ciclista del Uruguay im Jahre 2010 ging Sasso für C.C.Dolores an den Start, stieg jedoch vorzeitig nach der siebten Etappe aus. In jenem Jahr nahm er auch an der Rutas de América teil und belegte im Endklassement den 16. Platz. Im Folgejahr nahm er ebenfalls für dieses Team an der Rutas de América teil.

Mateo Sasso fuhr im Jahr 2012 für die Mannschaft des C.A. Villa Teresa und trat mit ihr bei der 2012er-Ausgabe des Straßen-Etappenradrennens Rutas de América an, bei der er Zweiter in der Sprintwertung wurde.

Teams
 1993: C.C.Dolores
 2002: Juventud de Las Piedras
 2007: Alas Rojas de Santa Lucía
 2008: C.C.Dolores
 2010: C.C.Dolores
 2011: C.C.Dolores
 2012: C.A. Villa Teresa

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Radsportler (Uruguay)
Uruguayischer Meister (Radsport)
Uruguayer
Geboren 1975
Mann

Mateo Sasso