A fire marshal, in the United States and Canada, is often a member of a state, provincial or territorial government, but may be part of a building department or a separate department altogether. Fire marshals' duties vary but usually include fire code enforcement or investigating fires for origin and cause. Fire marshals may be sworn law-enforcement officers and are often experienced firefighters. In larger cities with substantially developed fire departments the local fire departments are sometimes delegated some of the duties of the fire marshal.

A fire marshal's duties vary by location. Fire marshals may carry a weapon, wear a badge, wear a uniform or plain clothes, can drive marked or unmarked cars, and make arrests pertaining to arson and related offenses, or, in other localities, may have duties entirely separate from law enforcement, including building- and fire-code-related inspections. In many areas, the fire marshal is responsible for enforcing laws concerning flammable materials.

Canada

In Ontario, the Office of the Fire Marshal of Ontario (OFM), part of the Ministry of the Solicitor General (Ontario), provides support to municipal fire departments, sets training requirements for firefighters, and advises the government on legislation. The Fire Marshal is responsible for investigating the origins of fires.

United States

Arizona fire marshals

In Arizona, fire marshals are employed at the municipal, county, and state levels of government, and possess law enforcement powers where they relate to arson investigation. At the state level, the Office of the State Fire Marshal (SFM) is led by the State Fire Marshal and employs paid deputy fire marshals and unpaid assistant fire inspectors. Deputy Fire Marshals are full time employees of the SFM, while assistant fire inspectors are appointed from local Fire chiefs or those recommended by them. Both deputies and inspectors attend fire inspector training, have fire prevention and fire protection and possess law enforcement powers where they relate to their duties. Duties of fire marshals in Arizona include:

Assisting in the enforcement of state, county, and local fire laws
Investigating the causes, origins, and circumstances of fires, including those suspected of arson
Collecting evidence
Operating a fire safety inspection program for public buildings and schools
Inspecting residential complexes
Maintaining and propagating fire-related laws
Operating an arson detection reward fund
Providing and coordinating firefighting and fire protection training

California fire marshals

Like most states, Californian fire marshals are typically associated with a city or region's local fire department. Yet, California has two additional authorities that hold the official designations of fire marshal. One is the California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection (CAL FIRE). It is tasked with the building code enforcement of all structures and occupancies within the state. They have the authority to issue building permits, conduct building inspections and investigate code violations. California Fire marshals are designated peace officers. The person heading this office is officially designated as the State Fire Marshal.

The second authority designated as fire marshals is the Office of Statewide Health Planning and Development (OSHPD) who is the state building official for all California hospitals.  They are tasked with the structural, electrical and fire/life safety reliability of all hospital construction in the state.  This responsibility is paramount in California due to the frequency and intensity of earthquake seismic activity it experiences.

Florida Fire Marshal
The Florida Division of State Fire Marshal (SFM) is located within the Department of Financial Services, where Florida's Chief Financial Officer (CFO) also serves as Florida's State Fire Marshal.

The SFM office serves local fire departments who request assistance with conducting fire investigations and provides fire training colleges throughout the state.  It is headquartered in Tallahassee, with numerous field offices located across the state.

The investigators working for the SFM office are sworn law enforcement officers, with powers to make arrests, conduct searches and seizures, serve summonses, and carry firearms.  These law enforcement officers conduct complex investigations and have the ability to make arrests statewide.  Investigators conduct thousands of fire-related investigations each year, with approximately 45% being determined to be arson in 2009.  Florida SFM investigators make arrest in 18% of the arson fires investigated, which is above the national average of 16%.  Fire investigations are complex and potentially dangerous.

The Florida SFM Forensic Laboratory receives and examines over 10,000 evidence submissions every year.  These submissions come from fire departments, police departments, sheriff's offices and SFM investigators.  The crime laboratory offers a wide variety of services to include examination of fire debris, explosives analysis, image reproduction and forensic video analysis.  The forensic experts in the laboratory conduct consultations with investigators, prosecutors, and other attorneys on analyses and general aspects of forensic science.  These consultations are often in preparation for expert witness testimony in criminal court.

The Florida SFM office issues over 3,000 basic firefighter certifications every year.  There are thirty-five certified training centers located across the state and the Florida State Fire College.  The State Fire College trains over six thousand students per year in a wide variety of certification and professional development programs to include Pump Operator, Fire Officer, Fire Investigator, HAZMAT, etc.

The Florida SFM is responsible for inspecting over 14,000 state-owned buildings every year.  SFM code enforcement and inspection activities also reach over 16,000 public and private buildings; to include prisons, universities, public schools, thousands of fuel-fired boiler systems, hundreds of construction mining sites and explosive storage locations each year.

The Florida Fire Incident Reporting Section collects over 1,800,000 fire and emergency reports per year.  These local fire department and fire service reports are combined with the other states reports in the National Fire Incident Reporting System (NFIRS) for use by the fire services in analysis and trends. The Florida reports are also used to form the basis for the SFM Annual Report "Florida Fires".

The SFM has authority to implement rules that conform to the standards of fire safety and the need to protect Floridians from fire hazards.  Additionally, the SFM shall adopt and administer rules prescribing standards for the safety and health of occupants of educational and ancillary facilities pursuant to ss. 633.022, 1013.12, 1013.37, and 1013.371.

In any county that does not employ or appoint a local fire official, the State Fire Marshal shall assume the duties of the local fire official with respect to fire safety inspections of educational property required under s. 1013.12(2)(b), and the State Fire Marshal may take necessary corrective action as authorized under s. 1013.12(5).

New York City Fire Marshals

New York City's Bureau of Fire Investigation, a division of the FDNY, currently employs about 140 Fire Marshals, 30 Supervising Fire Marshals (equal in rank to Captain) as well as several Commanders (equal in rank to Deputy Chief), an Assistant Chief Fire Marshal and Chief Fire Marshal. The position of fire marshal is a promotional civil service title and all officers have served several years as active firefighters. Unlike many other jurisdictions, the New York City fire marshals are armed police officers with full powers of arrest who generally work in pairs and investigate serious fires with the New York City Police Department. New York City Fire Marshals undergo comprehensive police training to include annual weapons qualification at Camp Smith. Investigations are conducted in cooperation with the New York City Police Department, with whom they have a close relationship. In a typical year they are assigned about 4,000 fires within the five boroughs of the city. New York Fire Marshals often receive special training at the FBI academy in Quantico, Virginia, as well as attending investigative classes conducted by the NYPD and explosives training classes sponsored by the federal government in Socorro, New Mexico. Under New York State Consolidated Laws Article 35.00 section 35.20 "deadly physical force may be used in order to terminate or prevent commission of arson."

The city's first fire marshal, George H. Sheldon, was appointed in 1873, eight years after the reorganization of the fire department into a career department in 1865. Robert O. Lowery became the first African-American fire marshal in 1946. Lowery would ultimately rise to the top of the department, being appointed the city's fire commissioner in 1965.

Fire marshals have conducted a number of significant investigations, including the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire of 1911. They investigate insurance fraud involving arson, and more recently, potential terrorism. They also function as expert witnesses in arson cases. At times New York fire marshals work undercover and conduct surveillance operations. They also coordinate with federal, state and local law enforcement because arsonists are frequently involved in other criminal activity as well, and some investigations, like the 1993 bombing of the World Trade Center, require multiple agencies' skills.

The first line of duty NYC fire marshal death was from the September 11, 2001, attacks when Marshal Ronald Paul Bucca, disregarding the danger, rushed into the World Trade Center to assist in the rescue of civilians trapped within the towers. Bucca, badge 317, a decorated Vietnam War combat veteran, reached the 78th floor of the South Tower along with Battalion Chief Orio Palmer, before the South Tower collapsed. The pair had worked on the 1993 investigation at the same site.

Professional training outside the state at the FBI Academy at Quantico, Virginia, and other locations for New York City marshals was made possible through federal counter-terror grants, subsequent to 9/11, actively supported by Mayor Mike Bloomberg.

New York State Executive Law, article 6c, sec 159, created an arson control board that mandated every jurisdiction prepare an arson control plan and a strong coordinated arson control program to include certification of investigators in compliance with NFPA 921 and NFPA 1033. A state standard of level I and level II fire investigator certification was developed. New York City Fire Marshal's training exceeds the requirements of level II.

Pennsylvania fire marshals

There are two levels of fire marshals in Pennsylvania, the state police fire marshal and the local fire marshal. The State Fire Marshal had been an independent office until powers and duties were transferred to the state police in 1919. In 1927, the state (Commonwealth) created the local fire marshal position underneath the state police, via an act of April 27, 1927 (P.L. 450, No. 291).

The Pennsylvania State Police (PSP) fire marshals are usually considered the final investigative authority for fires deemed exceptionally costly (over $1,000,000) or where a death has occurred. PSP fire marshals are notified by the local fire marshal when their involvement is necessary. State law authorizes and identifies the local fire marshal as an "Assistant to the State Police Fire Marshal". Local fire marshals are selected for their positions by the local fire chief or municipality. The State Police Commissioner (Colonel) then appoints them to the PSP office.

Local fire marshals are authorized to investigate fires, obtain and execute search documents, take evidence, and detain and question in the process of establishing origin and cause. This process may or may not result in affecting an arrest or prosecution. Both levels of Fire Marshals often testify in civil and criminal court proceedings, and respond and collaborate with insurance investigators. Along with state law, many municipalities have assigned local law enforcement officer (LEO) status to their respective fire marshals due to the nature of the service, requirements to detain, question or arrest, enforce fire safety-related laws, and to protect themselves during potential high-risk investigations. (Some of the largest methamphetamine labs in the U.S. have been found in Pennsylvania during local fire marshal's investigations.)

All municipalities and fire districts require fundamental fire training and substantial fire fighting experience, followed by progressive continuing fire investigation education supplied by the Pennsylvania State Police. Municipalities who have granted specific LEO status usually require either PA Act 120 or PA Act 235 training in addition.

Virginia Fire Marshals
The Virginia State Fire Marshal's Office is part of the Virginia Department of Fire Programs; the current marshal is Charles E. Altizer, P.E.  The mission of the office is to provide safety to life and property from fire for the citizens of the Commonwealth.  To do this, the Office:
 Utilizes inspectors and engineers to complete fire safety inspections in localities that do not have their own fire code official;
 Conducts building plan reviews for fire safety measures;
 Conducts construction inspections for fire safety systems in state buildings;
 Provides assistance to local building and fire code officials; and
 Responds to complaints and questions from private citizens.

Many of Virginia's larger urban localities have their own local fire official. For example, Fairfax County's Office of the Fire Marshal has over 100 employees who are trained and certified to enforce a variety of fire prevention regulations including portions of the Uniform Statewide Building Code.  The Office, which is the Fire Prevention Division of the Fire & Rescue Department's Business Services Bureau, functions under the command of a Deputy Fire Chief, who is responsible for oversight of all aspects of the Office's mission, including supervision of the Fire Prevention Services (FPS) and Hazardous Materials & Investigative Services (HMIS) sections, each commanded by a Battalion Fire Chief. The mission is to prevent the inception or recurrence of fire and hazardous conditions by providing fire prevention and hazardous materials-related educational, enforcement, inspection, investigative, plans review, and technical services to the businesses, industries, residents, and visitors of Fairfax County and the towns of Clifton, Herndon, and Vienna.

Washington Fire Marshals

The Washington State Fire Marshal's Office is a bureau within the Washington State Patrol.  The Office of the State Fire Marshal provides services including incident reporting, data collection, code review, construction plan fire safety, fireworks and supervision of sprinkler installation.

United Kingdom

The American definition of a fire marshal should not be confused with that used in the United Kingdom. Fire marshals (sometimes known as "fire wardens") are civilians trained to assist in fire evacuation procedures at businesses and other organizations, usually employees.

There is no direct equivalent to a US fire marshal in the United Kingdom. The enforcement and investigation role are carried out by two separate professionals known as fire investigators and fire inspectors.

Fire investigators are highly trained and experienced firefighters or fire officers, who investigate cases of arson and other fire incidents where the cause of the fire is unclear or disputed. Fire investigations can also be carried out by police scenes of crime officers. Fire investigators do not fulfill a direct law enforcement role but instead act as expert witnesses in any prosecutions brought forward by the police or fire service.

The enforcement of fire safety legislation is undertaken by fire safety inspectors, or fire safety officers as they are sometimes known.

UK fire officers do not have powers of arrest but can place suspects under caution and prosecute anyone who has failed to comply with fire safety law. They also have the authority to close unsafe premises and investigate any actual perceived fire safety offence. They have substantial powers of entry. Most fire inspectors are experienced firefighters / fire officers, but there are also several civilian fire inspectors.

Australia

Australia uses similar terminology to the United Kingdom, with Fire Warden (or increasingly "Emergency Warden" or simply "Warden") being the preferred term used for civilians designated by a facility as responsible for managing fire and other emergencies in buildings.

The closest equivalent of the US Fire Marshal in New South Wales is the powers granted under the Environmental Planning and Assessment Act 1979 for Fire Brigade officers to inspect the fire safety of a building if requested by the owner or occupier of a building, when requested by the responsible council authority or if the fire brigade has received a written complaint about the fire safety of the building.

See also
 Fire police
 Women in firefighting

References

Crime
Firefighter ranks
Firefighting in the United States

Fire marshal


Slovenská Ves (deutsch Windischendorf, ungarisch Szepestótfalu – bis 1907 Tótfalu) ist eine Gemeinde im Norden der Slowakei mit  Einwohnern (). Sie gehört zum Okres Kežmarok, einem Teil des Prešovský kraj.

Geographie

Die Gemeinde befindet sich im Ostteil des Beckens Podtatranská kotlina, genauer gesagt im Unterteil Popradská kotlina am Bach Biela. Sie liegt im Schatten der Gebirgen Zipser Magura im Norden sowie der Tatra (genauer Belaer Tatra) im Westen. Das Ortszentrum liegt auf einer Höhe von  und ist 12 Kilometer von Kežmarok gelegen.

Geschichte
Slovenská Ves wurde zum ersten Mal 1311 schriftlich erwähnt.

Bevölkerung
Ergebnisse nach der Volkszählung 2001 (1793 Einwohner):

Sehenswürdigkeiten
 römisch-katholische Kirche aus der zweiten Hälfte des 14. Jahrhunderts, mit einer spätgotischen Marienfigur von 1510, einem Werk des Hauers Paul von Leutschau
 evangelische Kirche von 1861
 Landsitz-Haus aus dem 18. Jahrhundert, heute Standort einer Schule

Weblinks

Ort in der Slowakei
Ersterwähnung 1311

Slovenská Ves


L'Eclipse 400, anciennement Eclipse Concept Jet, est un avion d'affaires monoréacteur d'Eclipse Aviation. Un seul prototype a été produit.

Histoire
L'Eclipse Concept Jet est un jet très léger de 4 places, monoréacteur et à empennage en V. Un prototype est construit en partenariat avec Swift Engineering. Le premier vol a lieu le 2 juillet 2007. Il est présenté au Meeting aérien d'Oshkosh en juillet 2007.

L'avion est motorisé par un unique turboréacteur Pratt & Whitney Canada PW615F monté au-dessus du fuselage. Il reprend une grande partie des pièces de l'Eclipse 500 dont le glass cockpit Avio de la société Innovative Solutions & Support.

Eclipse Aviation commercialise l'avion sous le nom d'Eclipse 400 en mai 2008. Mais sa conception est abandonnée lors de la faillite d'Eclipse Aviation en novembre 2008. Elle ne sera pas poursuivie par Eclipse Aerospace.

Voir Aussi

 Cirrus Vision SF50, de conception comparable.

Références

Liens externes
  eclipseconceptjet.com sur Internet Archive

Aviation d'affaires
Avion monoréacteur
Avion à empennage en V
Avion construit aux États-Unis
Avion des années 2000
Premier vol en 2007

Eclipse 400


An Mapania coriandrum in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Ernest Nelmes. An Mapania coriandrum in nahilalakip ha genus nga Mapania, ngan familia nga Cyperaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mapania

Mapania coriandrum


Der Marktbrunnen in Mainz ist ein Renaissance-Brunnen auf dem Markt. Er wurde 1526 von dem Kurfürsten Albrecht von Brandenburg gestiftet und wahrscheinlich in der Werkstatt des Mainzer Bildhauers Peter Schro geschaffen. Der Marktbrunnen ist einer der ersten architektonisch ausgeformten Zierbrunnen der Renaissance und gilt als der bedeutendste seiner Art.

Geschichte
Anlass der Stiftung des Brunnens für die Mainzer Bevölkerung waren zwei Ereignisse: Zum einen feierte der Stifter, der Mainzer Kurfürst und Kardinal Albrecht von Brandenburg, das glückliche Ende des Deutschen Bauernkrieges in seiner Residenzstadt. Dort war es im April 1525 zu Unruhen und zu einer Verabschiedung von 31 Artikel der aufständischen Bevölkerung gekommen, denen die städtische Administration und das Domkapitel in Abwesenheit des Kurfürsten zustimmen musste. Nach der militärischen Niederschlagung des Bauernaufstandes unterwarfen sich die Mainzer jedoch zum 1. Juli 1525 ohne weitere Aktionen wieder ihrem Landesherren. Mit der Inschrift am repräsentativen Marktbrunnen ehrte Albrecht aber auch Kaiser Karl V. und seinen Sieg bei Pavia über Franz den I., dessen Gefangennahme ebenfalls erwähnt wird.

Der Brunnen, den Albrecht ausdrücklich der Mainzer Bevölkerung stiftete, war zuerst als Ziehbrunnen konzipiert und wurde zu einer wichtigen Frischwasserquelle in der Innenstadt. 1767 baute man ihn zu einem Pumpbrunnen um. 1889 wurde der Marktbrunnen erstmals an die Nordostseite des Platzes versetzt und später mit einer Madonnenfigur als oberen Abschluss ergänzt. Während des Zweiten Weltkrieges war der Marktbrunnen eingemauert und überstand die Bombardierungen von Mainz ohne größere Schäden. Im Rahmen der Neugestaltung der Domumgebung und der Einrichtung einer großen zusammenhängenden Fußgängerzone verbrachte man ihn 1975 schließlich wieder an seinen ursprünglichen Standort, in der Nähe der Domhäuser.

Architektur
Bei dem Marktbrunnen handelt es sich um einen Dreistützenbrunnen aus rotem Sandstein. Der runde Brunnentrog, zu dem zwei flache Stufen hinaufführen, wird durch die drei Postamente der flach reliefierten Pfeiler gegliedert. Diese tragen ein dreieckig geformtes umlaufendes Gebälk an der sich auch die Stifterinschrift befindet. Über dem Gebälk befindet sich eine figürlich reich verzierte und durchbrochene Bekrönung aus hellem Sandstein. Den Abschluss des Brunnens bildet ein Pfeilerbaldachin. Auf diesem saß ursprünglich die so genannte "Marktfahne" mit dem Wappen des Landesherrn, der als Schutz- und Gerichtsherr des Marktes fungierte. Heute befindet sich dort eine nachträglich aufgesetzte Madonnenfigur. Diese wurde 1890 von dem Mainzer Bildhauer Valentin Barth geschaffen und nach der ersten Versetzung des Marktbrunnens aufgesetzt. Bei dieser Gelegenheit erfolgte auch eine umfassende Restaurierung der oberen Teile des Brunnens, die größtenteils durch Kopien aus gelbem Sandstein ersetzt wurden. Auch die Pfeilerinnenseiten und der Trog wurden überarbeitet. In einer Inschrift am Beckenrand findet sich die Signatur des Restaurators: VAL. BARTH, SCULPTOR / MOGUNTINUS, / NOVAVIT ET PERFECIT / MDCCCXC.

Vermutlich wurde der Brunnen von dem Bildhauer Peter Schro, einem Schüler des 1519 verstorbenen Hans Backoffens, geschaffen. Dieser schuf zwischen 1520 und seinem Tod 1544 zahlreiche Renaissance-Bildwerke in Mainz und im Rhein-Main-Gebiet, darunter sehr viele Grabdenkmäler. Auch Kardinal Albrecht von Brandenburg hatte ihn schon zuvor als Künstler beschäftigt. In seinem Auftrag fertigte er in der Stiftskirche von Halle zwei Weihetafeln und einen umfangreichen Figurenzyklus. Das erst nach dem Tod des Erzbischofs errichtete Grabdenkmal im Mainzer Dom fertigte Peter Schros Sohn Dietrich Schro.

Bildprogramm
Das Bildprogramm des reich verzierten Marktbrunnens spiegelt die Glorifizierung des Stadtherrn und den Sieg der gottgegebenen Ordnung gegen sich Auflehnende wider. So ist beispielsweise die Abbildung eines betrunkenen Bauern mit rotem Hahn mit den Worten O BEDENK DAS END überschrieben. Allegorische Symbole wie der Totenkopf oder das Stundenglas mahnen ebenfalls den Betrachter. Dazu kommen eine Vielzahl weiterer Symbole wie beispielsweise Gerechtigkeitssymbole, die für die Politik des Landesherrens standen, florale Ornamente und Arabesken.

An der oberen Bekrönung des Brunnens halten Fabelwesen die Wappen des Stifters: zwei persönliche Wappen des Albrecht von Brandenburg mit hohenzollerschen und brandenburgischen Emblemen sowie Wappen mit den Emblemen seiner drei (Erz)Bistümer Halberstadt, Magdeburg und Mainz. Ebenfalls dargestellt ist der Kardinalshut, den Albrecht 1518 empfangen hatte. Weitere Wappen finden sich in den drei Ecken des Brunnens. In jeder Ecke steht ein Putto auf einer Kugel und präsentiert einen großen Wappenschild. Der westliche der drei trägt eine kleine Rüstung und präsentiert den Schild des Domkapitels im Stil der Renaissance. Die anderen beiden Wappenhalter sind im 18. Jahrhundert erneuert worden und zeigen in einem barocken als Kartuschenschild das Mainzer Rad nach Süden einen Drachen, das Wappentier des Kurfürsten Emmerich Joseph von Breidbach-Bürresheim. Unter ihm wurde der Marktbrunnen renoviert, nachdem am 25. Mai 1767 der Blitz in den Mainzer Dom eingeschlagen war und der Brand auch Schäden in der direkten Umgebung verursachte.

In den Nischen der Pfeiler stehen die beiden Stadtheiligen Martin von Tours und Bonifatius sowie St. Ulrich als Quellenpatron.

Stifterinschrift
Die Stifterinschrift befindet sich im Querbalken des dreieckigen Gebälks. Sie ist, trotz Widmung des Brunnens für das lateinunkundige Volk, in lateinischer Sprache verfasst. Übersetzt lautet diese:

Siehe auch
 Liste der Denkmäler, Brunnen und Skulpturen in Mainz

Weblinks
 Historisches Mainz: Der Mainzer Marktbrunnen

Literatur
 Landesamt für Denkmalpflege Rheinland-Pfalz (Hrsg.): Kulturdenkmäler in Rheinland-Pfalz. Band 2.2.: Stadt Mainz - Altstadt.in: Denkmaltopographie Bundesrepublik Deutschland. Wernersche Verlagsgesellschaft, Worms 1997 (3. Auflage), ISBN 3-88462-139-4
 Rolf Dörrlamm, Susanne Feick, Hartmut Fischer, Hans Kersting: Mainzer Zeitzeugen aus Stein. Baustile erzählen 1000 Jahre Geschichte. Verlag Hermann Schmidt, Mainz 2001, ISBN 3-87439-525-1
 Stefan Heinz: O Bedenck das End – Der Mainzer Marktbrunnen. Ein Beitrag zur Memoria Albrechts von Brandenburg. In: Andreas Tacke (Hrsg.): Kontinuität und Zäsur. Ernst von Wettin und Albrecht von Brandenburg (Schriftenreihe der Stiftung Moritzburg, Kunstmuseum des Landes Sachsen-Anhalt 1). Wallstein-Verlag, Göttingen 2005, S. 264–349.

Einzelnachweise

Kulturdenkmal in Mainz
Brunnen in Mainz
Renaissancebauwerk in Rheinland-Pfalz
Nach der Haager Konvention geschütztes Kulturgut in Mainz

Marktbrunnen (Mainz)


El V Campeonato Mundial de Tiro se celebró en Lucerna (Suiza) en el año 1901 bajo la organización de la Federación Internacional de Tiro Deportivo (ISSF) y la Federación Suiza de Tiro Deportivo.

Resultados

Masculino

Medallero

Enlaces externos
Resultados oficiales en el banco de datos de la ISSF (en inglés)

Campeonatos mundiales de tiro deportivo

Campeonato Mundial de Tiro de 1901


Sveta Ksenija Petrogradska (Ksenija Grigorjevna Petrova, rus. Kseniя Grigorьevna Petrova) je ruska pravoslavna svetica, jurodiva. Rodila se između 1719. i 1730. godine. Umrla je u Sankt Peterburgu. Nadnevak smrti ostao je nepoznat. Smatra se da nije bila živa nakon 1806. godine.

Dokumenata o njenom životu nema. Prve publikacije narodnih predaja o Kseniji pojavljuju se 1840-ih godina. U njima stoji kako je rođena u prvoj polovici 18. stoljeća (između 1719. i 1730. godine). Ime otca bilo je Grigorije, a majčino je ostalo nepoznato. Nakon punoljetnosti, Ksenija Grigorjevna stupila je u brak s pukovnikom Andrejom Fjodorovičem Petrovim, koji je vodio brigu o crkvi Svetoga Andreja u Sankt Peterburgu. Poslije muževljeve iznenadne smrti, Ksenija je izabrala jurodivost, kako bi okajala neokajane grijehe svoga supruga. Svoje imanje je poklonila Pokrovskoj crkvi i siromašnima. Lutala je ulicama Sankt Peterburga, odjevena u suknju i vojnu uniformu pokojnoga muža. Odazivala se samo na ime Andrej i govorila da je on živ, a Ksenija mrtva.

Ruska pravoslavna zagranična Crkva kanonizirala ju je 1978. godine. Poslije dugogodišnjega poštovanja koje je uživala u narodu, Ksenija Petrogradska bila je pribrojana liku svetih na Pomjesnom saboru Ruske pravoslavne crkve 6. veljače 1988. godine. Pravoslavna crkva proslavlja je 24. siječnja po julijanskom, odnosno 6. veljače po gregorijanskom kalendaru.

Galerija

Pravoslavni sveci
Pravoslavlje u Rusiji

Ksenija Petrogradska


6319 Beregovoj este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
6319 Beregovoj este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Observatorul La Silla de Eric Walter Elst. El prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 2,27 ua, o excentricitate de 0,08 și o înclinație de 4,1° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 6001-7000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1990
Centura de asteroizi

6319 Beregovoj


Poses es un álbum de estudio de Rufus Wainwright, lanzado al mercado en 2001. El álbum fue producido, grabado y mezclado por Pierre Marchand, con pistas selectas producidas por Alex Gifford («Shadows»), Ethan Johns («California»), Damian LeGassick («The Tower of Learning») y Greg Wells («Across the Universe») de Propellerheads.

Poses contiene vistosos arreglos de piano que citan una amplia variedad de fuentes musicales, desde el «indie pop hasta Gershwin hasta el trip hop y vuelta a empezar». llevó un año y medio grabar el álbum, la mayoría de él escrita durante la estancia de seis meses de Wainwright en el Hotel Chelsea. Mientras que Poses continúa el envolvente sonido establecido por el álbum debut de Wainwright, las colaboraciones entre Wainwright y varios productores y músicos invitados lo empujaron en diferentes direcciones, resultando en loops de batería, «ritmos rasposos en lugares inesperados», y un sonido «más completo en directo». Usando menos elementos operísticos que en el álbum previo, en un intento de crear una grabación pop más comercial, Poses aporta libertinaje y amor en sentidos menos esotéricos. Entre los invitados en el álbum se incluyen la hermana de Wainwright, Martha Wainwright, el compañero cantautor Teddy Thompson, y la músico de rock Melissa Auf der Maur.

Todas las pistas fueron escritas por Wainwright excepto «Shadows», que fue coescrita por Alex Gifford, y «One Man Guy», una canción escrita e interpretada originalmente por el padre de Wainwright, Loudon Wainwright III. La bonus track «Across the Universe» es una canción de Lennon-McCartney que Wainwright grabó inicialmente para la película de 2001 Yo soy Sam, y posteriormente regrabada con el productor Greg Wells para Poses.

Poses debutó en el número 117 del Billboard 200, y Wainwright alcanzó la primera posición en la lista Top Heatseekers de la revista Billboard. Ganó el premio Excelente álbum musical en los GLAAD Media Awards, y en los Premios Juno de 2002 estuvo nominado al Best Songwriter y se llevó el premio Best Alternative Album. Varios años después de su publicación, Poses fue certificado oro por la Canadian Recording Industry Association e incluido en la lista «100 clásicos modernos» de Mojo y en la lista «100 mejores álbumes gays» de la revista Out.

Desarrollo
La meta de Wainwright era hacer una grabación pop para «demostrar que [él] puede levantarse de detrás del piano y que [él] es en realidad muy compatible con otra gente de [su] edad por ahí». Hizo equipo con el productor Pierre Marchand, un amigo de la familia que trabajaba habitualmente con la madre y la tía de Wainwright (Kate and Anna McGarrigle), y que también le había ayudado a grabar varias maquetas antes de firmar con DreamWorks. Los músicos Melissa Auf der Maur y Teddy Thompson también aparecieron en el álbum, así como la hermana de Wainwright, Martha Wainwright. Varias pistas fueron producidas por Greg Wells, Alex Gifford, Ethan Johns y Damian LeGassick. Le llevó un año y medio grabar el álbum — la mitad del tiempo que le llevó grabar su primer álbum.

Según Wainwright, Poses creció temáticamente de su título, que fue inspirada por su residencia en el infame Hotel Chelsea de Nueva York. Refiriéndose a su estancia allí, recordó: «Fui a todas aquellas fiestas y conocí a toda aquella gente y me encontré con que, básicamente, es como una gran puerta giratoria. Pensé que si podía mirarla como una serie de poses y extraer de ello lo que necesitaba para mis canciones, entonces sobreviviría.» Describiendo su proceso de escritura, Wainwright declaró que típicamente aparece con una línea melódica y empieza a cantarla fonéticamente, de la cual suelen aparecer las palabras. Para promocionar el álbum antes de su publicación, Wainwright se embarcó en una gira a través de los Estados Unidos y Canadá.

Canciones y temas
La corrupción es un tema primario en todo el álbum, derivando desde las luchas de Wainwright con la adicción y la búsqueda de fama. «Cigarettes and Chocolate Milk» es la que mejor refleja este motivo, aportando directamente decadencia y deseo («Todo lo que parece que me gusta es un poco más dulce/Un poco más graso, un poco perjudicial para mí»). La canción ha sido denominada una «oda a las adicciones sutiles y la manera en que nuestras compulsiones dirigen nuestras vidas». El videoclip para «Cigarettes and Chocolate Milk», dirigido por Giles Dunning y publicado por DreamWorks en 2001, presenta a Wainwright interpretando la canción en un piano dentro de un almacén y escenas de él caminando por Nueva York.

Afirmando que los álbumes pop de éxito evocan un estilo de vida particular que otra gente ha experimentado, Ben Ratliff de Rolling Stone expone que Poses hace justo eso, manifestando al «joven, narcisista cumplidor homosexual en Nueva York». «Pero», aclara Ratliff, «el Chico de Chelsea es solo una versión magnificada de prácticamente cada chico nuevo en una gran ciudad que tiene un trabajo y un apartamento y se preocupa por los planes del fin de semana: El Chico de Chelsea solo tiene ropa más fina, estándares de belleza más altos y una mejor tradición de humor mordaz para consolarse.»

«Oda al amor gay», «Greek Song» toca la belleza, pasión y aventura mientras incorpora instrumentos de cuerda asiáticos. La melodía fue sacada del «dúo de la cereza» en la ópera L'amico Fritz de Pietro Mascagni.

Joe Tangari de Pitchfork Media elogió la pista homónima, alegando que «es una de las mejores canciones de Wainwright, con una dolorosa melodía y un piano de fondo». la canción es semi-autobiográfica, reflejando las luchas de Wainwright con la adicción y el deseo de fama («Me esforcé por ser alguien/Ahora estoy bebido y con chanclas en la Quinta Avenida»).

Recubierta con gruesas capas de armonías vocales, «Shadows» fue coescrita y producida por Alex Gifford de Propellerheads. Ben Ratliff de Rolling Stone dijo que lo siguiente de la pista: «["Shadows"] mantiene un seco toque de batería funk, una gota de acordes de piano, algunas líneas bajas de clarinetes y, finalmente, un enjambre de múltiples voces seráficas; es una de las muchas canciones del álbum que construye momentos de perfección cinemática, en la que tus escalofríos son exactamente los que Wainwright pretendía.» Los ritmos programados en «The Tower of Learning» fueron contribuidos por el compositor contemporáneo Damien LeGassick.

El vídeo musical para «California», también dirigido por Giles Dunning, presenta a Wainwright interpretando la canción al estilo karaoke mientras lee la letra de un monitor que proyecta un vídeo en blanco y negro de Rufus y Martha vestidos con ropa de los 40. El vídeo también presenta a Wainwright y su banda interpretando la canción fuera del personaje.

«The Tower of Learning», escrita originalmente para la película de 2001 Moulin Rouge de Baz Luhrmann, fue resucitada cuando Wainwright vio «a ese tío cuyos ojos eran muy bonitos, y de repente todo el concepto de caer en los ojos de alguien y cuán electrizante puede ser» lo inspiraron. «Grey Gardens» es un tributo al documental del mismo nombre y La muerte en Venecia de Thomas Mann, escrita como si Tadzio (un personaje de la novela) estuviera en la mansión Beales y Wainwright fuese Little Edie.

«Rebel Prince», descrita una vez como orgullosamente homoerótica, cuenta la historia de un residente de hotel esperando a que venga su príncipe para rescatarlo antes de que «[libre su] sucia mente de toda su preciosidad». Escrita desde la perspectiva de una compañía alabando a su reina, «The Consort» suena a «polvoriento minueto construido desde el clavicémbalo de la época Isabelina». «One Man Guy», escrita originalmente por el padre de Wainwright (el cantante de música tradicional Loudon Wainwright III), presenta las voces del amigo Teddy Thompson y la hermana de Wainwright, Martha Wainwright. Tangari denominó la versión como «fiel y entrañable», admitiendo que la interpretación de Wainwright «demuestra que tiene al menos un toque de las raíces tradicionales de su padre en sí mismo».

Wainwright dijo lo siguiente de «Evil Angel»:

La simple «In a Graveyard» ha sido descrita como un «reflejo con alma de temas moribundos que momentáneamente deja los oboes y las cuerdas en la puerta para un corazón-con-corazón directo al oyente». El vídeo musical para «Across the Universe», utilizado originalmente para promocionar Yo soy Sam, fue dirigido por Lens Wiseman y publicado a través de V2 Records. La pista Lennon—McCartney apareció en la banda sonora de la película, pero fue regrabada para convertirse en una pista adicional para la reedición de Poses.

Recepción crítica
Sobre todo, la recepción del álbum fue positiva, Zac Johnson de Allmusic denominó el álbum como «espectacular», «rebosante de los jóvenes deseos románticos marca de la casa Wainwright». Describió Poses con más detalle como «hermosamente discordante y sónicamente escalofriante», pero un álbum que «suele insinuar cálidas sonrisas con guiños traviesos». En su reseña para Pitchford Media, Joe Tangari caracterizó Poses como un «álbum épico que habla con magníficos gestos y refinada elocuencia poco común en jóvenes compositores». Además, Tangari elogió la habilidad de Wainwright para expresarse y sugirió que su voz había mejorado, convirtiéndose menos en un gusto adquirido. Lisa Gidley de Blender afirmó que el álbum cimentó a Wainwright como el «iconoclasta más sardónico», y que los trillados temas de obsesión al choque cultural son «espetados de forma fresca». El contribuidor de RTÉ, Tom Grealis, expuso que Poses está «infuso con un encanto e ingenio inusuales, magnificados por el fino toque lírico y las melodías vocales de Wainwright», y que «Papá debe de estar orgulloso».

Algunos fueron más críticos con el álbum. Refiriéndose a los numerosos productores y artistas invitados que colaboraron con Wainwright en el álbum, Johnson afirmó que «la sensación de "grupo" [del álbum] sufre solo ligeramente por ser menos íntimo» que el álbum debut de Wainwright. John Aizlewood de The Guardian elogió Poses por ser más brillante y más enfocado que Rufus Wainwright, pero describió la pista de título como «monótona» y «Shadows» como «sentimentaloide». Sal Cinquemani de Slant describió a Wainwright como «gloriosamente pomposo», en parte debido a los «pretenciosos» versos franceses y las trompas «a todo volumen» repartidos por el álbum.

A continuación, una tabla de las posiciones en listas de «fin de año» 2001 por varias publicaciones:

Recepción comercial
Pese a que las ventas del álbum fueron limitadas, con Poses debutando en el número 117 de la Billboard 200, Wainwright alcanzó la primera posición en la lista Top Heatseekers de Billboard. El álbum fracasó al entrar en las listas de otros países. En 2004, Poses alcanzó el número 103 en la Billboard 200.

Wainwright fue nominado al Artista en solitario del año en la categoría musical de los premios Hombres del año 2001 de la revista GQ. Por su aclamación crítica y éxito dentro de la comunidad gay, Poses fue galardonado Outstanding Music Album en los GLAAD Media Awards de 2002, una ceremonia de premios patrocinada por la Alianza Gay y Lésbica contra la difamación (GLAAD). En los Premios Juno de 2002, Wainwright estuvo nominado al Mejor compositor por «Poses», «Cigarettes and Chocolate Milk» y «Grey Gardens», y Poses ganó el premio al Mejor álbum alternativo. La lista «100 clásicos modernos» de la revista Mojo, publicada en 2006, contenía el álbum en el número 95. En septiembre de 2007, Poses fue certificado oro por la Canadian Recording Industry Association. En 2008, la revista Out calificó Poses como el número 50 y el tercer álbum de estudio de Wainwright, Want One, número 80 en su lista «100 mejores álbumes gays».

Lista de canciones

"Cigarettes and Chocolate Milk" – 4:44
"Greek Song" – 3:56
"Poses" – 5:02
"Shadows" (Alex Gifford, Wainwright) – 5:35
"California" – 3:23
"The Tower of Learning" – 4:47
"Grey Gardens" – 3:08
"Rebel Prince" – 3:44
"The Consort" – 4:25
"One Man Guy" (Loudon Wainwright III) – 3:31
"Evil Angel" – 4:43
"In a Graveyard" – 2:22
"Cigarettes and Chocolate Milk" (reprise) – 3:59

Créditos

 Rufus Wainwright – voz (1–13), piano (1,3–9,12–13), arreglos de cuerdas (1–3,11,13), dobro (2,5), guitarra acústica (5,11), teclado (7), guitarra (8)
 Stephanie Allard – violín (1,3,11,13)
 Carla Antoun – violonchelo (1,3,11,13)
 Gregg Arreguini – guitarra (8–9)
 Melissa Auf der Maur – bajo (11), coros (11)
 Genevieve Beaudry – violín (1,3,11,13)
 Melanie Belair – violín (1,3,11,13)
 Jeffrey Bunnell – trompeta (9)
 Brigid Button – violín (6)
 Sarah Button – violín (6)
 Butch Norton – batería (5), percusión (5)
 Richard Causon – chamberlin (5), Wurlitzer (5), Hammond B3 (5), coros (5)
 Michael Vincent Chaves – guitarra (8–9)
 Bernadette Colomine – coros (2)
 Yves Desrosiers – banyo (1,13), guitarra (1–2,11,13), slide (2), mandolina (2)
 Julie Dupras – viola (1,3,11,13)
 Laura Fairhurst – violonchelo (6)
 Dennis Farias – trompeta (9)
 Normand Forget – oboe (1,3,11,13)
 Alex Gifford – bajo (4), guitarra (4), piano (4), flauta alto (4), clarinete bajo (4)
 Christine Giguere – violonchelo (1,3,11,13)
 Greg Hay – viola (1,3,11,13)
 Jeff Hill – bajo (1,3,5,11,13), coros (5)
 Wilma Hos – viola (1,3,11,13)
 Kevin Hupp – batería (2–3,11)

 Victor Indrizzo – batería adicional (8)
 Ethan Johns – guitarras eléctricas (5), batería (7), guitarra (7)
 Jim Keltner – batería (1,9,13)
 Jean-Marc LeBlanc – violín (1,3,11,13)
 Damian LeGassick – teclado (6), programación de batería (6), guitarra (6), arreglos de cuerda (6)
 Jon Lewis – primera trompeta (9)
 Pierre Marchand – arreglos de cuerda (1–3,11,13), bajo (2,7–9), piano (2)
 Ally McErlaine – guitarra (6)
 Jean Paquin – trompa (1–2,11,13)
 Veronique Potuin – viola (1,3,11,13)
 Ian Rathbone – viola (6)
 Julianna Raye – coros (5)
 Daniel Savant – primer violín (9)
 Pierre Savoie – trompa (1–2,11,13)
 Steve Sidelnyk – programación de batería (6)
 Hilary Skewes – violonchelo (6)
 Ash Sood – batería (8)
 Anjana Srinivasan – violín (2,3)
 Benmont Tench – órgano Hammond B3 (7)
 Pete Thomas – batería (4), percusión (4)
 Teddy Thompson – coros (5,10), guitarra (10)
 Martha Wainwright – coros (3,5,8,10–11)
 Rebecca Ware – viola (6)
 Greg Wells – batería (13), bajo (13), teclado adicional (13)
 Pete Wilson – bajo eléctrico (6)

Referencias

Álbumes de 2001
Álbumes de Rufus Wainwright
Álbumes de DreamWorks Records
Álbumes de pop

Poses (álbum)


Olimpia Fulvia Morata (Ferrara, 1567 - Heidelberg, 26 de octubre de 1555) fue una humanista italiana y protestante que escribió numerosas obras relacionadas con la religión y el pensamiento.

Trayectoria

Formación
Su padre, Fulvio Pellegrino Morato, era tutor de la Casa de Este, y por esto, creció rodeada de conocimientos, aprovechando incluso las clases de su padre a los jóvenes hijos del duque de Ferrara. A los doce años ya hablaba con fluidez el latín y griego antiguo y fue nombrada compañera de Ana de Este en la corte donde tuvo contacto con la élite intelectual y acceso a las obras de Cicerón o de Calvino.

Vida adulta
En 1546, dejó la corte para cuidar a su enfermo padre, además se ocupó de la educación de sus hermanos. Su padre se había convertido al protestantismo y Morata no tardó en abrazar las doctrinas de Lutero y Calvino. Al regresar a la corte, Ana de Este se casó con Francisco de Guisa y ella pasó el tiempo estudiando filosofía y manteniendo correspondencia con Gasparo Sardi, quien le dedicó su De Triplici Philosophia.

Con la nueva situación de Ana de Este, y tras la muerte de su padre en 1548, abandonó la corte.

Un año más tarde conocerá a un joven estudiante de medicina y filosofía en Baviera, Andreas Grundler von Schweinfurt, con el que se casará en 1550 por la iglesia protestante. Vivieron en Italia pocos años más ya que la pareja marcharía a Alemania, donde Morata continuaría sus estudios, profundizando en textos clásicos y la Biblia. En 1554 lo acompañó a su lugar de nacimiento donde había sido enviado para curar a las tropas españolas.

En 1553 tomó posesión de Schweinfurt Alberto de Brandeburgo tras el asalto de esta ciudad por parte de las tropas imperiales de Carlos V y tuvieron que huir a Heidelberg por la defensa de Morata de la reforma protestante. Buscaron refugio en diferentes cortes europeas lográndolo  en la corte de los Erbach.

En la universidad de Heidelberg  desempeñó una cátedra.

Morata morirá el 26 de octubre de 1555 en Heidelberg, a consecuencia de la epidemia de peste que asoló distintas ciudades europeas. Tenía 29 años.

Su obra fue publicada póstumamente por Celio Curione: cartas, poemas y sus misivas en latín y griego, en Basilea en el año 1558.

Obra
Olympiae Fulviae Moratae Foeminaw doctissimae ac plane divinae Opera omnia quae hactenus invenire potuerunt; cum erudotorum testimoniis et laudibus. Hippolitae Taurellae Elegia elegantissima. Quibus Coelii S. C. selectae Epistolae ac orationes accesserunt, Basilae, apud Petrum Pernam MDLXX
Lettere, en «Opuscoli e lettere di riformatori italiani del Cinquecento», Bari 1927
Epistolario (1540-1555)
Opere, a cura di Lanfranco Caretti: vol. I, Epistolae; vol. II, Orationes, Dialogi et Carmina, Ferrara, Deputazione Provinciale Ferrarese di Storia Patria 1954

Referencias y enlaces externos

Escritoras de Italia
Escritores en latín del siglo XVI
Escritores en griego antiguo
Escritores de Italia del siglo XVI
Italianas del siglo XVI
Nacidos en Ferrara
Fallecidos en Heidelberg
Humanistas de Italia del siglo XVI

Olimpia Fulvia Morata


Nea (auch Néa, Neah, Nean oder  Neea) ist eine Kurzform von Vornamen auf –nea, besonders
des Vornamens Linnea, wird aber auch als selbständiger Vorname verwendet. Der Vorname ist hauptsächlich in Schweden und Finnland verbreitet und kam bis 2011 selten vor.

Herkunft und Bedeutung
Nea wird häufig als Kurzform von Linnea angesehen, findet aber auch Verwendung als Kurzform von Antinea, Janea, Minea, Phinea und anderen Vornamen auf –nea.

Verbreitung
Deutschland. In Deutschland ist der Vorname Nea seit 1990 gebräuchlich und gehört zu den sehr seltenen Vornamen.

Finnland. Von 1900 bis Ende 2011 gab und gibt es in Finnland etwa 6.500 Frauen mit dem Namen Nea und 2.500 mit dem Namen Neea. In der ersten Dekade des 21. Jahrhunderts trugen um 1 % bzw. 0,5 % der weiblichen Bevölkerung den Vornamen Nea bzw. Neea.

Schweden. Als selbständiger Vorname gehörte Nea von 2001 bis 2011 zu den sehr seltenen Vornamen (durchschnittlich 36 Neugeborene pro Jahr mit steigender Tendenz). Bis Ende 2011 trugen 651 Frauen den Vornamen Nea.

Varianten
 Néa, von Linnéa abgeleitete Kurzform.
 Neah, kreative Schreibweise von Nea.
 Nean, schwedische Kosename für Nea.
 Neea, eine finnische Kurzform von Linnea.

Namenstag
Für den Vornamen Nea ist kein Namenstag bekannt. Wenn Nea von einem anderen Vornamen abgeleitet ist, gilt dessen Namenstag.

Namensträgerinnen
 Nea Weissberg (* 1951), deutsche Schriftstellerin und Publizistin
 Nea Karlsson, Charakter aus dem Videospiel Dead by Daylight

Siehe auch
 Nea

Literatur
 Rosa Kohlheim, Volker Kohlheim (Hrsg.): Duden. Das große Vornamenlexikon. 3. Aufl. Dudenverlag, Mannheim 2007, ISBN 978-3-411-06083-2.
 Wilfried Seibicke: Historisches deutsches Vornamenbuch, Bd. 3: L–Sa. De Gruyter Verlag, Berlin 2000, ISBN 3-11-016819-7.
 Wilfried Seibicke: Historisches deutsches Vornamenbuch, Bd. 5: Nachträge und Korrekturen. De Gruyter Verlag, Berlin 2007, ISBN 978-3-11-019458-6.

Weblinks

Allgemein
 Baby-Vornamen.de .
 Beliebte Vornamen (Deutschland 1890-heute, Länderlisten, mit Quellenangaben) .
 Familienbande24 .
 Nordic Names .

Statistik
 Statistik Finnland: National Population Register Centre of Finland .
 Statistik Schweden: Statistics Sweden.

Einzelnachweise

Weiblicher Vorname
Finnischer Personenname
Schwedischer Personenname

Nea (Vorname)


Et efterretningsskib eller spionskib er et skib hvis primære opgave er at indhente efterretninger, typisk ved hjælp af sofistikeret SIGINT-udstyr. I en større sammenhæng kan man betragte ethvert skib der kan indhente en for for informationer som et potentielt spionskib.

At drive et efterretningsskib er dyrt på grund af de høje omkostninger og det avancerede udstyr og det er som regel derfor kun nationalstater der opererer efterretningsskibe. Et efterretningsskib er som regel underlagt et lands marine, selvom de også kan være underlagt et lands efterretningstjeneste.

Militære skibe kan udgive sig som civile skibe såsom trawlere, som kunne forventes at forblive i et område i en længere periode. Skibe som benyttes til at landsætte eller afhente spioner eller specialstyrker bliver somme tider også omtalt som spionskibe.

Historie
Efterretningsskibe i den moderne verden har været i brug siden starten af den kolde krig og blev benyttet af alle de større magter. Udover at aflytte modstanderens elektroniske udsendelser og flådebevægelser benyttede man også skibene til at monitere atomprøvesprængninger og især ICBM-tests.

En af de vigtigste funktioner for efterretningsskibe under den kolde krig, især i 1960'erne, var at indhente akustiske signaturer på undervandsbåde. Disse signaturer kunne ofte identificere ubådstypen eller endda den enkelte ubåd og var derfor enormt vigtige i antiubådskrigsførelse. I denne periode benyttede USA omkring 80 fartøjer der normalt var omtalt som "miljøundersøgelsesskibe", mens Sovjetunionen havde omkring 60 skibe, der ofte var konverterede trawlere eller hydrografiforskningsskibe.

I slutningen af 1980'erne var det en offentlig kendt hemmelighed at et stor del af den sovjetiske fiskeriflåde på flere tusinde skibe var blevet udstyret med sofistikeret signalefterretningsudstyr og på denne måde fungerede som et spionskib selvom skibenes primære opgave stadig var fiskeri.

Operationsmønster

Et efterretningsskib forbliver som regel i internationalt farvand. (eller i det mindste udenfor mållandets territorialfarvand, så man ikke krænker landets suverænitet. Fra dette område vil man benytte sit elektroniske udstyr til at monitorere skibs- og lufttrafikken og radio- og radarfrekvenser og forsøge at opfange og aflæse krypterede radio og telefonkommunikation. Disse indhentningsformer foregår primært ved hjælp af passive systemer, selvom aktive systemer såsom radar og sonar kan benyttes til at detektere skibs og flybevægelser. Aktive udsendelser med radar eller sonar betyder dog at der er en risiko for at afsløre skibets formål.

Rumsporingsskibe benyttes typisk til at spore og arbejde med satellitter og spionsatellitter og har i den egenskab nogle af de samme indhentningskapaciteter som et efterretningsskib og er næsten altid opereret af en nation. De benyttes af og til som efterretningsskibe, især i forbindelse med fremmede staters missiltestaffyringer.

Se også
 Oste-klassen
 F/S Marjata

Referencer

Krigsskibe
Spionage
Overvågning
Efterretning

Efterretningsskib


An Festuca arundinacea in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Johann Christian Daniel von Schreber. An Festuca arundinacea in nahilalakip ha genus nga Festuca, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Ginklasipika han IUCN an species komo kulang hin datos. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Festuca

Festuca arundinacea


Duchies in Sweden have been allotted since the 13th century to powerful Swedes, almost always to princes of Sweden (only in some of the dynasties) and wives of the latter. From the beginning these duchies were often centers of regional power, where their dukes and duchesses had considerable executive authority of their own, under the central power of their kings or queens regnant. Since the reign of King Gustav III the titles have practically been nominal, with which their bearers only rarely have enjoyed any ducal authority, though often maintaining specially selected leisure residences in their provinces and some limited measure of cultural attachment to them.

Today

In Sweden today, Duke (hertig) is considered a dynastical title, and is only given to members of the Royal House (currently Bernadotte). Unlike British dukedoms, for example, these Swedish titles are not hereditary. Modern Swedish duchies have always been named for the historical provinces of Sweden, which are no longer governmental entities. Currently, there are eleven such duchies one of which includes two of the provinces:

 The Duchess and Duke of Västergötland (Crown Princess Victoria and Prince Daniel)
 The Duchess of Östergötland (Princess Estelle)
 The Duke of Skåne (Prince Oscar)
 The Duke and Duchess of Värmland (Prince Carl Philip and Princess Sofia)
 The Duke of Södermanland (Prince Alexander)
 The Duke of Dalarna (Prince Gabriel)
 The Duke of Halland (Prince Julian)
 The Duchess of Hälsingland and Gästrikland (Princess Madeleine)
 The Duchess of Gotland (Princess Leonore)
 The Duke of Ångermanland (Prince Nicolas)
 The Duchess of Blekinge (Princess Adrienne)

The titles today are given to, and kept by, legitimate members of the Swedish royal family for life, except for Swedish monarchs, who do not continue to hold ducal titles after ascending the throne. Only in connection with his ascension in 1973 has the current king occasionally been referred to as King of Sweden and  Duke of Jämtland. He became the Duke of Jämtland after his christening, and held that title until his ascension to the Swedish throne in 1973. However, his wife, current Queen Silvia, whom he married in 1976, is not a duchess, and no other queen consorts have ever continued to have any such title either, after their husbands became King. Otherwise, royal spouses of ducal title holders are also created dukes and duchesses upon marriage (this would not include spouses who do not become Swedish royalty, such as those who married former dukes who had given up their titles for unapproved marriages). The first example of a man acquiring the Swedish ducal title of a woman was at the 2010 marriage of Crown Princess Victoria to Prince Daniel. Currently the prerequisite for a ducal title has been assumed by the public to be the position of Prince or Princess of Sweden, and for that being a Swedish citizen, however no definite policy has been published.

History

The first use in Swedish of the title of hertig was in 1266 by Prince Magnus, son of Princess Ingeborg and Birger Jarl. That title (derived from German "herzog") then replaced the older Nordic "jarl", both translated into the Latin title dux, However, professor of art history Jan Svanberg is of the opinion that since Birger Jarl (died 1266) was depicted with a ducal coronet of English and continental European design, he actually was a duke, and that his Latin title of Dux Sueorum should be given as Duke and Regent of Sweden in English. Svanberg's opinion would then make duchesses of both of Birger's wives Ingeborg (died 1254) and Matilda (died 1288), in English usage.

From the 13th century and until 1618, in some Swedish royal houses, when a king had more than one son, he gave each or some of them duchies to rule as fiefs. The geography of these duchies could be unclear, as they were not always within the boundaries of one province and could also be reallotted with territorial changes. Feuds between a king and ducal brothers were common, and ended at times in assassination and fratricide. There was only one non-royal Swedish duke, Benedict, Duke of Halland and Finland.

After the Kalmar Union period, just before his death in 1560, King Gustav I continued the tradition by making his sons John, Magnus and Carl powerful dukes, together ruling much more of the kingdom than their older half-brother Eric, who had held a duchy in the southeast. When Eric became King Eric XIV, the imbalance of power his father had created became destructive. John, with the aid of Carl, eventually revolted, dethroned Eric and became king; Magnus proved unimportant due to mental health issues, but Carl's duchy of Södermanland prospered as a separate territory for several decades and also made his eventual rise to the throne possible. His duchy was inherited by his younger son, Carl Philip, who died in 1622 having been the last holder of one of the semi-autonomous Swedish duchies, which his brother, King Gustav II Adolph, officially abolished in 1618.

During the subsequent rule of Queen Christina of Sweden, however, her cousin and heir Carl Gustav of the Palatinate-Zweibrücken was titled Duke of Öland by the Swedish sovereign herself, but her government refused to acknowledge that title officially. His father was created Duke of Stegeborg in 1651, a title that a younger brother of Carl Gustav's eventually inherited.

In 1772, King Gustav III reinstated the appointment of dukes, now non-hereditary, for his brothers as courtesy titles, which added to their international prestige and domestic influence. Since then, all Swedish princes have been created dukes of a province at birth, as well as one Great Prince or Grand Duke of Finland (who died in infancy). During the 20th century, because of constitutional restraints, several princes gave up their royal titles for marriages that were not approved by the King (see Bernadotte af Wisborg). Whether or not they then actually lost their ducal titles too has never been formally or legally determined.

For the first time since the 14th century a princess of Sweden was created duchess in her own right in 1980, coinciding with the amendment of the Act of Succession allowing female succession to the throne. Thus, King Carl XVI Gustaf's eldest daughter Victoria became Crown Princess (displacing her younger brother Carl Philip) and received the title of Duchess of Västergötland. Her younger sister Madeleine was the first princess to be created duchess at birth, and also the first to get a double duchy (see above), roughly corresponding with the modern governmental limits of Gävleborg County. Such modern ducal titles are handled by the King of Sweden personally, are unregulated by law and not registered as names in the Swedish Tax Agency's population census.

Now the title holders are mainly known domestically as Crown Princess Victoria, Prince Daniel, Princess Estelle, Prince Oscar, Prince Carl Philip, Princess Sofia, Prince Alexander, Prince Gabriel, Prince Julian, Princess Madeleine, Princess Leonore, Prince Nicolas and Princess Adrienne though the ducal titles often are included in formal communication and royal court usage. In writing to them, it is considered correct to address all of them but the Crown Princess by ducal title. As of 1772, the dukes and duchesses do not normally reside permanently within their duchies, though they are associated with them to some extent by making occasional visits, seen as beneficial to public relations for the County Administrative Boards and local business.

List of dukes and duchesses by duchy in Sweden
Since Magnus III of Sweden was the first bearer of the Swedish title hertig, this list begins, in the chronological aspect, with him.

This list of dukes and duchesses in Sweden excludes minor duchies (individual towns, manors, mines, estates) as well as dominions such as Estonia and Bremen-Verden. For ease of reference, most provinces are listed by their modern Swedish names with Latin or English exonyms, by which many past dukes have been known, given as alternatives. Years given are those during which ducal titles incontestably were held, regardless of subsequent status as monarchs or former royalty. Since the accession of Charles XIII in 1809, the Royal Court of Sweden has neither recognized that ducal titles are continued to be borne by kings, nor that those were still valid that had been given to princes who subsequently lost their royal status (also see Sigvard Bernadotte). There is also no evidence that domestic provincial ducal titles continued to be borne by kings in earlier eras.

Sweden and Swealand (Dux Sueorum as hertig)

Ångermanland also known as Angermannia

Blekinge also known as Blekingia

Dalarna also known as Dalecarlia

Dalsland also known as Dalia

East Gothland: see Östergötland

Eyland: see Öland

Finland

From the reign of Gustavus Adolphus, Grand duke of Finland was a part of the official titles of the king of Sweden until the Treaty of Fredrikshamn in 1809.

Gotland also known as Gothland

Queen Desideria (1777-1860) was also known outside of Sweden as Countess of Gotland.

Gästrikland also known as Gestricland

Halland also known as Hallandia

Hälsingland also known as Helsingia

Jämtland also known as Iemptia

Närke also known as Nericia

Saint Bridget (1303-1373) was also known outside of Sweden as Princess of Nericia.

North Halland: see Halland

Öland also known as Eyland

Östergötland also known as East Gothland

Skåne also known as Scania

Småland also known as Small Lands and the Smallands

Södermanland also known as Southmanland and Sudermania

South Halland: see Halland

Stegeborg

Uppland also known as Upland

Värmland also known as Vermelandia and Wermelandia

Västmanland also known as Westmania

Västerbotten also known as West Bothnia

Västergötland also known as West Gothland

 Note: For duchies that begin with Å and Ö see A and O above

Non-ducal provinces

Five of Sweden's 25 modern provinces are not listed above because as yet (2023) they have never had any dukes or duchesses:

Bohuslän also known as Bahusia
Härjedalen also known as Heriedalia
Lapland also known as Laponia and since 1809 as Swedish Lappland  - (two extramarital sons of King Oscar I were unofficially called Princes of Lapland)
Medelpad also known as Medelpadia
Norrbotten also known as North Bothnia

See also
Duke of Estonia
Duke of Finland
Duke of Halland

Footnotes

References
Main reference as of 2010-12-12: Bonniers konversationslexikon encyclopaedia, Stockholm 1949, pp. 884–885
 Fredrik Fryxell as per Svenskt biografiskt lexikon below pdf here

Swedish monarchy

Sweden

Duchies in Sweden


Bahnhof Nakhon Ratchasima (Thai: , Aussprache: []) ist der Hauptbahnhof von Nakhon Ratchasima, der Hauptstadt der gleichnamigen Provinz Nakhon Ratchasima in Thailand. Der Bahnhof liegt im Westen der Stadt.

Geschichte
Der Bahnhof wurde am 11. November 1900 mit der Bezeichnung Bahnhof Korat als Kopfbahnhof und Endpunkt der damals noch normalspurigen Bahnstrecke Bangkok–Nakhon Ratchasima eröffnet. Die offizielle Eröffnungszeremonie nahm König Chulalongkorn am 21. Dezember 1900 vor. 1922 wurden die Anlagen des Bahnhofs zusammen mit der Strecke auf Meterspur umgespurt, am Ende des gleichen Jahres die Verlängerung der Strecke nach Ubon Ratchathani in Betrieb genommen und der Bahnhof damit zum Durchgangsbahnhof.

1934 wurde der Bahnhof in Nakhon Ratchasima umbenannt. Während des Zweiten Weltkrieges wurde er zerstört, das neue Empfangsgebäude am 24. Juni 1955 eröffnet.

Der Bahnhof ist heute betrieblich der Verzweigungsbahnhof für die Strecken nach Ubon Ratchathani und Nong Khai, obwohl die Strecken sich erst im 3 km östlich gelegenen Bahnhof Thanon Chira Junction trennen. Der Bahnhof wird täglich von 18 Personenzügen bedient.

Neuer Bahnhof
Im Zusammenhang mit dem Bau der Schnellfahrstrecke Bangkok–Nakhon Ratchasima bekommt Korat einen neuen Bahnhof. Ab Februar 2023 wird der alte Bahnhof abgerissen und voraussichtlich bis 2026 durch einen neuen Bahnhof ersetzt.

Literatur
 Royal State Railways of Siam [Hrsg.]: Fiftieth Anniversary – 1897–1947. Bangkok 1947.
 Brendan R. Whyte: The Railway Atlas of Thailand, Laos and Cambodia. Bangkok 2010. ISBN 978-974-480-157-9

Einzelnachweise

Nakhon Ratchasima
Erbaut in den 1900er Jahren
Nakhon Ratchasima
Nakhon Ratchasima

Bahnhof Nakhon Ratchasima


Mem û Zîn, Cizre'de 1450/1451  yılında yaşanan ve 17. yüzyıl sonunda Ahmed-i Hani tarafından manzum bir eser olarak yazıya geçirilen destansı aşk öyküsü.

Konusu, birbirine âşık olan ancak kavuşamayan iki gencin trajik öyküsüdür. Cizre beyi Mir Zeynuddin'in kız kardeşi Zin ile Divan kâtibinin oğlu olan Memo arasında yaşanan gerçek aşk öyküsüne dayanır. Ahmet Hani'nin bu öyküden ilham alarak Kürtçenin Kurmanci lehçesi ile yazdığı Mem û Zîn mesnevisi, Kürtçedeki ilk aşk mesnevisi kabul edilir. Yirmiden fazla dile çevrilen eser, ondan fazla kez Türkçeye çevrilmiştir.

Konusu
Cizre'de Divan Vezirinin oğlu Tacdin ile onun dostu, hikâyenin ana kahramanı Mem, bir Mart ayında yöredeki köse geleneğinin de etkisi ile kız kılığına girip kırlara çıkar. Cizre Beyi Mir Zeyniddin'in erkek kılığına giren kız kardeşleri Zîn ve Sitî de şenlik alanındadır. Tacdin ve Mem onları görmeden sevdalanmış iki gençtir. Şenlikte onları gören kızlar da sevdaya düşer. Parmaklarındaki yüzükleri değişirler. Heyecanda bayılan Tacdin ayıldığında parmağında Sitî yazan yüzüğü, Mem ise Zîn yazan yüzüğü bulur. Dadıları Hezebun, hekim kılığına girip gençleri bulur, yüzükleri geri ister. Mem, sevgilisinin yüzüğünü vermez.

Gençlerin hızla büyüyen aşkları, kentteki herkes tarafından bilinir. Cizre'nin önde gelenlerinin aracılığı ile Tacdin ve Mem, Cizre Bey'inden kızkardeşlerini ister. Bey, Tacdin'e Sitî'yi verir, yedi gün yedi gece düğün yapılır. İki düğün bir arada olmaz diye Mem ile Zîn'in düğünü ertelenir. Ancak Bey'in kapıcısı ikiyüzlü ve fitne Beko, Zin'in aşkına engel olmaya çalışır. Beko'nun fitneleri sonucunda Bey, kardeşini Mem'e vermeyi reddeder.

Bey ahalisini toplayıp ava gittiğinde Zîn ve Mem gizlice buluşurlar. Bey döndüğünde, ava onunla birlikte gidip dönmüş olan Tacdin, Mem ile Zin'i fark etmemesi için kendi evini ateşe verir ve Mem'e aşk borcunu bu şekilde öder.

Mem, Beko'nun oyununa gelerek Bey ile iddialı bir satranç oyunu oynar. İlk üç oyunu aldıktan sonra Beko, Mem'in yönünü değiştirir ve Zin'i görüp hayallere dalmasına, böylece oyunu kaybetmesine sebep olur. Mem, Zin'e aşkını itiraf etmek zorunda kalır ve Bey onu zindana atar. Mem, orada Zîn'in hasretinden ölür. Cenazesi kaldırılırken Tacdin, Beko'yu görüp öldürür. Zin'in isteği ile ikisi yakın yere gömülür. Zin, Mem'in mezarı başından hiç ayrılmaz ve orada can verir; o da Mem'in mezarına gömülür.

Mem û Zîn Mesnevisi
Ahmed-i Hani Mem û Zin aşk öyküsünden ilham alarak 5+5 hece ölçüsüyle Kurmanca lehçesi ile Mem û Zîn Mesnevisini yazdı. Şair, 2655 beyitten oluşan eseri, Cizre'de 1690-1695 yılları arasında efsaneden ve kendi fikirlerinden yola çıkarak meydana getirdi. Eserde Mem ve Zîn'in aşkı ile beraber toplumsal meseleler, idarî ve siyasî öğütler, zamanın ilim adamlarına, halka, idarecilerine yönelik tavsiye, tenkit, serzeniş ve tekliflere de yer verilmektedir.  Tasavvufi ve felsefi bir dille yazılmıştır.

Ahmed-i Hani, eserde iyiliği, doğruluğu, suçsuzluğu, zayıflığı ve çaresizliği Mem ve Zîn'in şahsında toplayarak; kötülüğü, dalkavukluğu, fitneciliği ve ikiyüzlülüğü de Bekir karakterinde somutlaştırarak gözler önüne sermiştir.

Mem û Zîn türbesi
Cizre'de Abdaliye Medresesi'nin  idari odalarının altındaki bodrumda bulunan üç mezarın Zin, Bekir ve Mem'e ait olduğuna inanılır.

Uyarlamalar
Sinema
 Mem û Zîn (1991) − Yönetmen: Ümit Elçi.
Tiyatro

 Mem û Zîn (1932, Kürtçe) - Yazar:Pîremêrd, İlk sahnelenişi: Kürt Bilim Topluluğu Oyuncuları (1935)
 Mem û Zîn (1995, Türkçe) - Yazar: Cuma Boynukara, İlk sahnelenişi: Diyarbakır Belediyesi Şehir Tiyatrosu.
Dizi
 Memî Alan (2002) − Yönetmen: Nasir Hesen (Kurdistan TV)
 Siya Mem û Zîn (2012 - 2013) − Yönetmen: Yusuf Güven (TRT 6)

Kaynakça

Kürt edebiyatı
Kürt mitolojisi
Kürtçe kitaplar

Mem û Zîn


Biopolis (Çince: 启奥园 ya da 启奥生物医药研究园), Singapur hükûmeti tarafından biyomedikal bilimler için 2003'te oluşturulmaya başlanmış uluslararası araştırma ve geliştirme merkezidir.

Dover şehri yakınlarında kurulan kampüs, 7 asimetrik binadan oluşmaktadır. Bir tane 480 kişilik ve 4 adet 250 kişilik konferans salonu bulunmaktadır.

Merkezdeki çalışmalar özellikle diyabet ve kök hücreler üzerine odaklanmıştır. Singapur devleti gelecek 5 sene için merkezin bütçesini 8.2milyar $ olarak açıklamıştır (2006).

Dış bağlantılar
 Resmî internet sayfası

Singapur'da bilim ve teknoloji
Biyoteknoloji
Queenstown, Singapur

Biopolis


Charlie Weimers, né le  à Hammarö, est un homme politique suédois. Membre des Démocrates de Suède, il siège au Parlement européen depuis 2019.

Biographie
M. Weimers a été président des Jeunes démocrates chrétiens suédois (Kristdemokratiska Ungdomsförbundet - KDU) de 2008 à 2011. Il a été élu vice-président des Jeunes du Parti populaire européen lors du  congrès du YEPP à Stockholm en mai 2007.

Weimers est né à Karlstad et vit actuellement à Hammarö. Il a rejoint les chrétiens-démocrates et les jeunes chrétiens-démocrates en 1998. Il a été président du district de KDU-Värmland de 2000 à 2001, puis de 2003 à 2004. Il a été élu au bureau national de la KDU en 2003. Il a perdu une course serrée à la présidence de la KDU en 2005 face à Ella Bohlin, une candidate plus centriste. Weimers a ensuite été élu premier vice-président de la KDU lors de la convention nationale de 2005. Il a poursuivi des études supérieures dans le programme de sciences politiques de l'université de Karlstad.

Weimers a été élu au conseil municipal de Hammarö en 2002. Il a été réélu en 2006 et occupe actuellement le poste de chef de parti des démocrates-chrétiens au sein du conseil. Il est également membre du conseil régional de Värmland depuis 2006.

Il a été élu président du KDU en 2008.

Après les élections générales de 2010, Hammarö a changé de majorité, passant d'un régime socialiste à un régime bleu-vert, composé de cinq partis (Modérés, Parti libéral du peuple, Parti du centre, Parti vert et Démocrates-chrétiens), faisant ainsi de M. Weimers le maire adjoint de Hammarö. Pour cette raison, Weimers a déclaré en janvier 2011 qu'il démissionnerait en juin 2011, ce qu'il a fait.

Le 6 septembre 2018, Weimers a rejoint les Démocrates de Suède. La raison déclarée pour laquelle il a quitté KD pour SD est la suivante : "La Suède a besoin d'une politique migratoire responsable [...] et SD est le seul parti qui défend cela". Dans le même temps, il a été expulsé des Démocrates-chrétiens.

Lors des élections de mai 2019 au Parlement européen, Weimers a été élu avec ~30 000 votes personnels. Pendant la campagne, il a souligné la proposition d'augmentation de 40 % de la contribution suédoise au budget de l'UE et a appelé le cabinet Löfven II à opposer son veto à l'augmentation proposée.

Weimers est membre de la commission des affaires étrangères du Parlement européen et de la délégation pour l'Irak, et membre suppléant de la commission des libertés civiles, de la justice et des affaires intérieures du Parlement européen et de la délégation pour les États-Unis.

Au Parlement européen, M. Weimers a soutenu des motions demandant à l'UE de classer les Loups gris et ANTIFA comme organisations terroristes et d'améliorer l'information des citoyens sur les feuilles de route de la Commission.

M. Weimers a critiqué les décisions prises par le gouvernement suédois d'accorder une aide financière à Islamic Relief et à l'organisation musulmane suédoise Ibn Rushd qui, selon M. Weimers, a "invité à plusieurs reprises des orateurs antidémocratiques, misogynes, antisémites, homophobes et favorables à la violence".

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Liste des députés européens de Suède de la  - Liste des députés européens de la

Liens externes

Personnalité des Démocrates de Suède
Personnalité des Chrétiens-démocrates (Suède)
Député européen membre des Démocrates de Suède
Député européen du groupe Conservateurs et réformistes européens 2019-2024
Député européen élu en Suède 2019-2024
Naissance en novembre 1982
Naissance dans le comté de Värmland

Charlie Weimers


جريدة البيان هي جريدة أسبوعية إخبارية جامعة تونسية.

التاريخ
صدر عددها الأول يوم 14 نوفمبر 1977. وقد أصدرها الاتحاد التونسي للصناعة والتجارة. أدارها في البداية الفرجاني بالحاج عمار ثم الهادي الجيلاني. ومع أنها جريدة إخبارية وسياسية تعكس وجهات نظر نقابة الأعراف التونسيين، فهي تعطي مكانة هامة للرياضة خاصة وأنها تصدر يوم الاثنين.

المراجع

صحف تونسية

البيان (صحيفة تونسية)


Glas – najmanji raspoznatljivi dio govora
 Glas (Beč) – hrvatski iseljenički list
 Građansko-liberalni savez (kratica GLAS) – hrvatska politička stranka

Glas (razdvojba)


WoWWiki este un wiki despre universul fictiv Warcraft și una dintre cele mai mari aplicații wiki despre un anumit subiect. A început ca un proiect independent în 2004, iar în 2007 s-a alăturat serviciului de găzduire Wikia. La sfârșitul anului 2010, majoritatea administratorilor care nu au fost mulțumiți de modificările impuse de Wikia au început să lucreze la o dezvoltare independentă cunoscută sub numele de Wowpedia.

Istorie
WoWWiki.com a fost lansat la 24 noiembrie 2004, a doua zi după lansarea World of Warcraft (WoW), ca sursă de informații referitoare la WoW și suita de modificări de interfață Cosmos. Ulterior, wiki-ul a fost extins pentru a acoperi întregul univers Warcraft, inclusiv jocurile RTS, romane, cărți de referință RPG, manga și alte surse scrise, împreună cu pachetele de expansiune WoW. În diferite momente din istoria dezvoltării sale, wiki-ul a fost descris ca fiind "cel mai cunoscut wiki MMO",  "al doilea cel mai mare wiki în limba engleză după Wikipedia" și ca "mama tuturor surselor informaționale WoW".

Note

Wikiuri
Warcraft
Fondări în 2004

WoWWiki


Isaïe de Salone ( ; 1780 - 23 avril 1821) était un Grec, le premier évêque mort au combat, lors de la révolution grecque de 1821.

Biographie

Il est né à , en Phocide, dans une maison près de l'église d'Ágios Charalámbos en 1769 et a été baptisé Elias, le troisième enfant de la famille du prêtre Papa-Stathis et Archontos. Ses frères s'appelaient Giannis (qui devint berger) et Théodose, qui devint moine au monastère Saint-Luc. À l'âge de 18 ans, il est envoyé par son père à Ámfissa pour se préparer à la vie religieuse, servant auprès du moine nommé Gerásimos Lýtsikas. En 1797, il devint moine au , prenant le nom d'Isaïe et fut ordonné diacre au Monastère Saint-Luc. Il a étudié à Ioánnina, auprès de  et Athanásios Psalídas. À Ioánnina, il rencontra Ali Pacha, que le père d'Isaïe sauva vers le milieu du , lorsqu'il le trouva à moitié mort dans une grotte et le soigna. Rapidement promu abbé, du fait de son jeune âge, suscita son intérêt auprès du patriarche Cyrille VI d'Andrinople où il l'invita en 1814 à Constantinople pour une formation. Il y rencontre le patriarche Grégoire V, mais est également initié à la Filikí Etería, en 1818. La même année, il fut ordonné évêque où il devint évêque de Salone (ancien nom d'Ámfissa) après la mort de Joachim, suivant les convictions des prélats locaux et celles d'Ali. Deux ans plus tard, il devient membre de la Filikí Etería, développe des activités caritatives, collecte des fonds et des armes qu'il entrepose à Salone.

En janvier 1821, il fut précipitamment convoqué à Constantinople par le patriarche Grégoire V. D'après la correspondance existante entre les deux hommes, il est évident que tous deux ont travaillé depuis l'année précédente pour . Au cours de cette rencontre, après avoir reçu des instructions précises pour le Péloponnèse, il s'y rend en février, où il rencontre les évêques allemands du Vieux Patras, Grégoire de Nauplie, et Daniel de Tripoli. Puis le 11 mars, il débarque à Antíkyra, retourne dans son diocèse et de là à Livadiá où il rencontre les évêques  et Néophyte d'Atalánti. Il a ensuite rencontré Athanásios Diákos, qui avait à l'époque la confiance du chef local Kara Ismail bey, tandis qu'il s'entendait avec les élites de la région.

Activités révolutionnaires
En février 1821, Isaiah, son frère et l'abbé de Saint-Luc prénommé Chátzis étaient à Constantinople où il rencontrèrent le patriarche. Le 11 mars, Isaiah en revint et débarqua clandestinement à Antíkyra. Il se rendit au monastère Saint-Luc, où l'attendait Athanásios Diákos. Dans la prière du soir, . Il se rendit ensuite à Salone et s'arrangea avec . Des armes et des munitions arrivèrent de Galaxídi, où elles ont été distribuées aux domiciles des notables. Le 24 mars, il bénit à nouveau les munitions des hommes de Panourgiás, au monastère du prophète Élie. Sont également présents les prévôts de Salone Anagnóstis Giagtzís, Anagnóstis Kechagiás, Rígas Kontorígas. Le 25 mars Yánnis Goúras conquiert Galaxídi et le 28 mars  conquiert Lidoríki. Le 26 mars, Isaiah revient au monastère Saint-Luc où se trouve Diákos. Une glorification a lieu et le lendemain les hommes armés partent combattre. Le 27 mars, le siège contre le château de Salone commença par les révolutionnaires de Panourgiás, tandis qu'en ville se tenait une administration grecque. Un début officiel de la Révolution est en cours dans la ville d'Isaïe, ce dernier assermentant les révolutionnaires avec les deux autres évêques au monastère Saint-Luc, devenu la Sainte-Sophie de Roumélie. Dans le même temps, les monastères Saint-Jean-le-Précurseur et Sainte-Parascève bénissaient les armes des participants contre les combattants turcs ottomans, proclamant essentiellement officiellement la Révolution en Béotie. Au premier avril, Livádia est conquise .

Après la chute du château de Livádia le  avril et la chute du château de Salone le 10 avril (à Pâques) aux mains des Grecs, Isaïe s'empresse de rencontrer Diákos et  à Zitoúni (actuelle Lamía). Se joignant à la bataille d'Alamána, Isaiah, tenant la croix, mena les combattants grecs. Mais lors de la collision avec les troupes d'Omer Vrionis, il est mortellement blessé tandis que son frère est également tué, . L'Ottoman a décapité le cadavre d'Isaïe, de ses frères et d'autres combattants grecs et les a placés à l'opposé de Diákos alors qu'il était brutalement exécuté avec empalement à Lamía. Après sa mort, ils les ont jetés dans une bouffée avec le corps de l'exécuté. En l'honneur d'Isaïe et de son frère, une croix de marbre a été construite en 1916, près de la source appelée sur la route d'Ámfissa à Lamía. L'inscription suivante se trouve sur le mémorial :

Il y a aussi un buste d'Isaïe sur le parvis de l'église métropolitaine de Desfína et une statue à Ámfissa.

Isaïe dans les arts
Aristotélis Valaorítis, , place les paroles suivantes :

Héritage

Le bâtiment du musée en souvenir de l'évêque Isaiah a été construit sur le terrain où se trouvait sa maison d'Isaiah, à Desfína de Phocide. Il a été créé par l'ancienne municipalité de Desfína (actuelle unité municipale du ) en coopération avec l'administration du district régional de Phocide et les autorités ecclésiastiques locales. L'ouverture du musée a eu lieu le . Dans le musée, certains objets personnels d'Isaïe sont exposés, ainsi que des copies de ses vêtements. Il y a aussi des écrits et des peintures de cette époque et une salle spécialement modifiée où un documentaire des actions de sa vie est montré.

Liens externes

 https://web.archive.org/web/20070308063059/http://www.fokidanet.com/history/index.cfm?pageID=3&areaID=2&naID=33&newsCategoryID=40&articleID=104
 Φωκίδα Net

Références

Bibliographie
 Δρόσος Κραβαρτόγιαννος, "Ιστορία της πόλεως Αμφίσσης - Συμπληρώματα" (εκδ "Σύλλογος απανταχού Αμφισσέων 'Τα Σάλωνα'", Άμφισσα, 1997.), Σελ. 62: "Ο ήρωας Δεσπότης των Σαλώνων Ησαΐας"
 Βαλαωρίτου : "Άπαντα" Τόμος Β, εκδ. Ελευθερουδάκης, Αθήνα, 1925
 Κρέμος, "Φωκικά", Τόμος Β΄
 Τάκης Λάππας, "Ρουμελιώτες στην Επανάσταση", Αθήνα, 1944
 A. Γούδας, "Παράλληλοι Βίοι", Τόμος Η'
 Φιλήμων, "Δοκίμιον Ιστορικόν της Ελληνικής Επαναστάσεως", Αθονα, 1960, ςμα ΤΤ
 Στο "Η προσφορά του Ιερού Κλήρου και των Ιερών Μονών της Φωκίδος στο έθνος και την περιοχή της στην περίοδο της τουρκοκρατίας στην εθνεγερσία του 1821 και τη νεοελληνική περίοδο", συνέδριο 23-25 Νοεμβρίου 2007, Άμφισσα. Πρακτικά, Άμφισσα 2010
 γιασιράνη-κυρίτση βασιλεία, τα νεοκλασσικά ηρώα των κληρικών και μοναώών της φωκίδας. Στο "Η προσφορά του Ιερού Κλήρου και των Ιερών Μονών της Φωκίδος στο έθνος και την περιοχή της στην περίοδο της τουρκοκρατίας στην εθνεγερσία του 1821 και τη νεοελληνική περίοδο", συνέδριο 23-25 Νοεμβρίου 2007, Άμφισσα. Πρακτικά, Άμφισσα 2010
 Μηνιαία εφημερίδα "Ο Αγών της Ιτέας", τεύχος 902, Πέμπτη 1 Αυγούστου 2013
 "Μεγάλη Ελληνική Εγκυκλοπαίδεια", τομ. ΙΒ΄, σελ.400.
 Περιοδικό Ιστορικά (Ελευθεροτυπίας), "1821 Η Κήρυξη της Επανάστασης" τ. 229 (24 mai 2004), σελ. 25.

Évêque grec
Naissance en 1780
Décès en avril 1821
Pages avec des traductions non relues

Isaiah de Salona


Bermuda, tam adıyla Bermuda Adaları (diğer adıyla Somers Adaları), Atlas Okyanusu'nda, ABD'nin doğu (Kuzey Carolina eyaletindeki Hatteras Burnu'nun yaklaşık 900 km doğusunda) ve Karayipler'in kuzey açıklarında bir takımadadır. Birleşik Krallık'ın denizaşırı topraklarından biridir. Ana ada olan Bermuda adası dâhil yedi ana ada ile 150 küçük ada ve kayalıktan oluşur.

Toplam yüzölçümü 53,3 km²'dir. Başkenti Hamilton'dur, nüfus 65.000 civarındadır.

Tarihçe
1515'te bölgeden geçen İspanyol doğabilimci Fernandez de Oviedo'nun keşfini vatandaşı Juan de Bermúdez'e dayandırdığı Bermuda'nın ne zaman keşfedildiği kesin olarak bilinmemektedir. 1609'da, İngiliz amiral George Somers'in gelişine değin, adalara kimse yerleşmemişti. 1612'de bir beratla Londra Kumpanyası'nın malı oldu ve 60 İngiliz, göçmen olarak buraya gönderildi. 1616'dan başlayarak adaya getirilen Afrikalı ve yerli köleler çok geçmeden nüfusça beyazlardan üstün duruma geldiler.

1684'te kraliyet kolonisi statüsü alarak doğrudan kraliyet yönetimine girdi. 1815'te başkenti, St. George'dan, Hamilton'a taşındı. 1834'te kölelik kaldırıldı. Bermuda, uzun yıllar özel ticaret gemilerinin sağladığı zenginliğe dayandı. Amerika Birleşik Devletleri'ndeki içki yasağı döneminde (1919-33) bir rom kaçakçılığı merkezi olarak belirli bir zenginliğe ulaştı. 20. yüzyılda ise önemli bir turizm merkezi olarak yeni bir gelir kaynağı kazandı. A.B.D. hükûmeti, 1941'de ülkedeki bir deniz ve hava üssünü 99 yıllığına kiraladı. 1797'de kurulan İngiliz garnizonu 1957'de adadan çekildiyse de, adada küçük bir deniz üssü kaldı. 1968'de, yürütme yetkisini büyük ölçüde yerel hükûmete veren yeni bir anayasa hazırlandı.

1968'deki genel seçimlerden önce, ülke, tarihinde ilk kez ırk çatışmasından kaynaklanan şiddet olaylarına sahne oldu. Siyasi gerginlik, 1973'te vali Sir Richard Sharples'in öldürülmesiyle doruğa çıktı. Yaşanan şiddet olayları, 1977'de devletin, fiilî ırk ayrımına son verme konusunda çaba göstermesini sağladı.

1970'lerde başlayan bağımsızlık görüşmeleri kısa süre sonra askıya alındı. 1995'te yapılan referandumda ada halkının büyük bölümü bağımsızlık aleyhinde oy kullandı.Günümüzde, hem bir offshore finans merkezi, hem de bir turizm merkezi olması nedeniyle, Bermuda halkı bağımsızlıkla birlikte gelecek ekonomik gerilemeden çekinerek, konuya ilgisiz kalmaktadır.

Coğrafya
Kuzey Amerika'da, Kuzey Atlas Okyanusu'nun batısında, ABD'nin Kuzey Karolina eyaletindeki Hatteras Burnu'nun yaklaşık 900 km doğusunda yer alan adalar topluluğudur.İklimi ılıman ve nemlidir; kış ayları sert ve güçlü rüzgarlarla geçer. Şubat en soğuk aydır. Mercan resifleriyle çevrili olan adalarda, bataklıklar ve acı su gölleri, alçak tepeler vardır.

Doğal yapı
Bermuda, yeryüzündeki mercanadaları içinde, Kuzey Kutbu'na en yakın olanları içinde yer alır. Takımadadaki en yüksek nokta, deniz seviyesinden 79 m yükseklikteki Town Hill'dir. İklim ılıman, nemli ve yumuşaktır. En sıcak ay olan Ağustos'ta gündüz sıcaklığı ortalama 30 °C'ye çıkar, en soğuk ay şubatta ise sıcaklık ortalama 20 °C'dir. Yağış, yıl içinde düzenli bir biçimde dağılmışsa da, içme suyu bütünüyle yağmurlardan sağlandığı için, zaman zaman baş gösteren kuraklık tehlikeli sonuçlar doğurabilmektedir. Nem oranı yüksektir.

Demografi
Bermuda'nın nüfusu 1931-70 arasında hızlı bir artış göstermiş, ancak 1970'lerin sonunda bu gelişmenin yavaşlaması ve başka ülkelere göçün ortaya çıkmasıyla yıllık nüfus artışı yavaşlamıştır. Nüfusun % 54.8'ini siyahlar, % 34.1'ni beyazlar oluşturur. Beyazlar İngilizler ile 19. yüzyılda adaya getirilen Portekizli işçilerin soyundandır.

Ekonomi
Bermuda'da büyük ölçüde turizm ve uluslararası finans hizmetlerine dayanan piyasa ekonomisi egemendir. 2005 yılında 4,857,000,000$ GSMH'ya ulaşan Bermuda, kişi başına GSMH'sı 76,403$ ile Dünya'nın en yüksek kişi başına GSMH'sine sahip ülkesidir. Para birimi Bermuda Doları'dır (BD$).

Bermuda, coğrafi konum avantajını en iyi şekilde kullanmıştır. Uluslararası firmalara finansal servis ve yılda yaklaşık 360,000 ziyaretçiye konfor turizmi fırsatları sağlamıştır. Bu girişimlerin sonucunda dünyadaki kişi başına gelirin en yüksek oranda olduğu ülkelerden biri haline gelmiştir. Turizm sektörü gayri safi millî hasılanın %28'ini karşılamaktadır. Endüstri sektörü küçüktür ve elverişli toprak sıkıntısı yüzünden tarım sektörü de limitlidir. Gıda maddesi ihtiyacının %80'i ithal edilmektedir. Bermuda'nın ekonomik kazancının %60'ını uluslararası ticaret sağlamaktadır; 1995'deki bağımsızlık kararının düşmesi de ülkenin yabancı firmaları kaybetme korkusunun bir sebebi olabilir.

Kaynakça

Eski Britanya kolonileri

Bermuda


O snowboard cross por equipes mistas do snowboard nos Jogos Olímpicos de Inverno de 2022 ocorreu no dia 12 de fevereiro no Parque de Neve Genting, em Zhangjiakou.

Medalhistas

Resultados

Quartas de final

Bateria 1

Bateria 2

Bateria 3

Bateria 4

Semifinais

Semifinal 1

Semifinal 2

Final
Pequena final

Grande final

Snowboardcross misto

Snowboard nos Jogos Olímpicos de Inverno de 2022 - Snowboard cross por equipes mistas


රාගම දුම්රිය ස්ථානය යනු ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ බස්නාහිර පළාතේ රාගම නගරයේ පිහිටි දුම්රිය ස්ථානය වේ.

පිහිටීම
රාගම නගර මධ්‍යයේ උතුරැ කොළඹ මහ රෝහල වන රාගම මහ රෝහලට ඉතාමත්  ආසන්නයෙන්ම රාගමහ දුම්රිය ස්ථානය පිහිටා තිබේ. රාගම දුම්රිය ස්ථානය, කොළඹ කොටුව දුම්රිය ස්ථානයේ සිට ප්‍රධාන දුම්රිය මාර්ගයේ 09 වැනියාට හමුවන දුම්රිය ස්ථානය වන අතර එය මුහුදු මට්ටමේ සිට මීටර 09  උන්නතාංශයකින් යුතුව පිහිටා තිබේ.

ඉතිහාසය
රාගම  දුම්රිය ස්ථානය දුම්රිය මාර්ගයන් ඉදිකරලීමේදී සකස් කරන ලද දුම්රිය ස්ථානයකි. පුත්තලම් දුම්රිය මාර්ගය මෙම රාගම දුම්රිය ස්ථානයෙන් හංදියක් වශයෙන් ආරම්භ වෙන බැවින් මෙම දුම්රිය ස්ථානය වැදගත් තැනක් ගනු ලබයි.

ආසන්නයේ පිහිටි වැදගත් ස්ථානයන්
රෝමානු කතෝලික භක්තිකයින්ගේ වැදගත්ම එසේම ලොව විශාලතම දේවස්ථානයන්ගෙන් හත්වන තැනට පත්ව ඇති තේවත්ත අප සුවාමිදුවගේ තේවත්ත අප ස්වාමිදුවගේ බැසිලිකාව දුම්රිය ස්ථානයේ සිට කිලෝ මිටර් 03 ක් පමණ වන දුරකින් පිහිටා ඇත. එසේම උතුරු කොළඹ මහ රෝහල වන  රාගම මහ රෝහල මිටර් දෙසීයියකකටත් වකා අඩු දුරකින් පිහිටීමද, මීගමුව කොළඹ ප්‍රධාන මාර්ගයට කිලෝමීටර් හතරක් වැනි ආසන්න දුරකින් පිහිටා ඇති බැවින් කොළඹ සහ ගම්පහ දුම්රිය ස්ථානයන් මෙන් ඉතා වැදගත් ප්‍රධාන දුම්රිය මාර්ගයකි.

එසේම දිනපතා දිවෙන නගරාන්තර සීඝ්‍රගාමි දුම්රියක් සියල්ලක්ම පාහේ මෙම ස්ථානයේ නවතන බැවින් මෙන්ම දිනපතා රාජකාරින් සදහා ගමන් ගන්නා මගින්ගෙන් , කතෝලික බැතිමතුන් ගේ පැමීණිම මෙන්ම රෝහල කරා පැමිනෙන මගින් ඇතුලත්ව මෙම දුම්රිය ස්ථානය ඉතාමත් කාර්්‍ය බහුල දුම්රිය ස්ථානයක් වශයෙන් හදුන්වා දිය හැක.

මූලාශ්‍ර

ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ දුම්රිය ස්ථාන
ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ බස්නාහිර පළාතේ දුම්රිය ස්ථාන

රාගම දුම්රිය ස්ථානය


Julien Jean Chassagne (* 26. Juli 1881 in La Croisille-sur-Briance; † 13. April 1947 ebenda) war ein französischer Autorennfahrer und Jagdflieger im Ersten Weltkrieg.

Karriere
Jean Chassagne war einer der französischen Pioniere des Automobilsports. 1913 wurde er hinter Georges Boillot und Jules Goux Dritter beim Großen Preis von Frankreich. 1914 startete er von der Pole-Position in das vierte 500-Meilen-Rennen von Indianapolis der Motorsportgeschichte, konnte das Rennen nach einem Unfall in der 20. Runde jedoch nicht beenden.

Unterbrochen wurde die Rennkarriere durch den Ersten Weltkrieg. Vier Jahre – von 1914 bis 1918 – diente er als Jagdflieger in der Französischen Armee. In den 1920er-Jahren nahm er seine Rennaktivitäten wieder auf. 1920 war er erneut beim 500-Meilen-Rennen von Indianapolis am Start. Er ging vom vierten Startplatz aus ins Rennen und beendete dieses als Siebter. Ein Jahr später schied er in Indianapolis durch einen technischen Defekt aus.

Erfolge erzielte er auch im Sportwagensport. 1922 siegte er gemeinsam mit Robert Laly bei der RAC Tourist Trophy. 1925 gab er sein Debüt beim 24-Stunden-Rennen von Le Mans und beendete das Langstreckenrennen als Gesamtzweiter; Teamkollege war der Brite Sammy Davis. 1928 wurde er Werksfahrer bei Bentley und damit einer der Bentley Boys. In Le Mans beendete er die Rennen 1928 als Fünfter und 1929 als Vierter der Gesamtwertung. Nach Ablauf des Rennjahres 1930 beendete er seine Rennkarriere.

Statistik

Le-Mans-Ergebnisse

Literatur
 R. M. Clarke: Le Mans. Die Bentley & Alfa Years 1923–1939. Brocklands Books, Cobham 1999, ISBN 1-85520-465-7.

Weblinks

 Rennergebnisse bei Racing Sports Cars
 Jean Chassagne bei 24-h-en-piste

Franzose
Geboren 1881
Gestorben 1947
Mann
Rennfahrer (Frankreich)
Rennfahrer des 24-Stunden-Rennens von Le Mans
Grand-Prix-Fahrer vor 1950
Rennfahrer des Indianapolis 500

Jean Chassagne


Simon Waldstein (* 1837 in Wien; † 28. November 1902 ebenda) war ein österreichischer Optiker, k.u.k. Hoflieferant und beeidigter Schätzer. Er war jüdischen Glaubens.

Familie

Er war Sohn der Eheleute Jakob Waldstein. Max, Ludwig (1836–1919) sowie Antonia Passauer (1844–1926) waren seine Geschwister.

Aus der in Wien um 1864 mit Hermine geborene Seligmann (1841–1900) geschlossenen Ehe gingen der Fachbuchautor und Arzt am Frauenhospiz der Genossenschaftskrankenkassen Edmund Waldstein (* 1871), Kommerzienrat Otto Waldstein, Optiker (1878–1936) und Adele Waldstein (1866–1918) hervor.

Unternehmer

Er unterhielt unter anderem mit seinem Vater in Wien Am Kohlmarkt 3 () und 5 den gemeinsamen Optikerbetrieb.

Einzelnachweise

K.u.k. Hoflieferant
Optiker
Unternehmer (Wien)
Geboren 1837
Gestorben 1902
Mann

Simon Waldstein


A Classe Brooklyn foi uma classe de cruzadores rápidos inicialmente operada pela Marinha dos Estados Unidos, composta pelo USS Brooklyn, USS Philadelphia, , USS Nashville, USS Phoenix, USS Boise, USS Honolulu, USS St. Louis e . Suas construções começaram em 1935 e 1936, foram lançados ao mar entre 1936 e 1938 e comissionados na frota norte-americana de 1937 a 1939. O projeto da classe foi baseado na Classe New Orleans de cruzadores pesados e foi limitado em tamanho pelos termos do Tratado Naval de Londres, com o número do seu armamento sendo influenciado pela Classe Mogami da Marinha Imperial Japonesa.

Os cruzadores da Classe Brooklyn eram armados com uma bateria principal composta por quinze canhões de 152 milímetros montados em cinco torres de artilharia triplas. Tinham um comprimento de fora a fora de 185 metros, boca de dezenove metros, calado de sete metros e um deslocamento carregado de mais de doze mil toneladas. Seus sistemas de propulsão eram compostos por oito caldeiras a óleo combustível que alimentavam quatro conjuntos de turbinas a vapor, que por sua vez giravam quatro hélices até uma velocidade máxima de 32 nós (59 quilômetros por hora). Os navios também tinham um cinturão principal de blindagem com 83 a 127 milímetros de espessura.

Os membros da Classe Brooklyn tiveram carreiras tranquilas nos tempos de paz, consistindo principalmente de exercícios de treinamento de rotina. Os Estados Unidos entraram na Segunda Guerra Mundial e os navios atuaram tanto no Oceano Atlântico quanto no Oceano Pacífico, participando de diferentes ações durante as campanhas do Norte da África, Guadalcanal, Ilhas Salomão, Nova Guiné, Sicília, Itália, Ilhas Marianas e Palau, Filipinas e Ilhas Vulcano e Ryūkyū. O Helena foi o único membro da classe a ser perdido na guerra, sendo afundado na Batalha do Golfo de Kula em julho de 1943. Os cruzadores sobreviventes foram descomissionados entre 1946 e 1947 após a guerra.

Seis embarcações foram vendidas para países da América do Sul no início da década de 1950. O Phoenix e o Boise para a Armada Argentina, sendo renomeados para General Belgrano e Nueve de Julio; o Philadelphia e St. Louis para a Marinha do Brasil, renomeados para Barroso e Tamandaré; e o Brooklyn e Nashville para a Armada do Chile, tornando-se o O'Higgins e o Chacabuco. O Savannah e o Honolulu permaneceram na reserva até serem desmontados em 1959. O General Belgrano foi afundado em maio de 1982 durante a Guerra das Malvinas. Os outros foram desmontados nas décadas de 1970 e 1980, com exceção do O'Higgins, que serviu até 1992 e afundou à caminho do desmonte.

Referências

Bibliografia

Ligações externas

Classes de cruzadores

Classe Brooklyn


Zlatonosovići su srednjovjekovna bosanska plemićka obitelj s područja Usore (sa Solima). Pripadaju Tihoradićima, poznatom usorskom vlastelinskom rodu, od kojih je najistaknutiji član Divoš Tihoradić, usorski plemić iz 14. stoljeća.

U drugoj polovici 14. i prvoj polovici 15. stoljeća držali su velike posjede u istočnom dijelu Usore, između donjih tokova rijeka Bosne i Drine, sa središtem u utvrdi Srebrenik, te se spominju i kao gospodari tog područja, kao usorski knezovi i kasnije vojvode Smatra se da potječu od usorske velikaške obitelji Tihoradića, odnosno njezina ogranka Tihčinovića, a sam naziv Zlatonosovići možda je nastao od nadimka jednog od članova obitelji.
Poznato je da je u drugoj polovici 14. stoljeća jedna od kćeri Vukca Hrvatinića, oca vojvode Hrvoja Vukčića Hrvatinića, bila udana za poimence nepoznatoga člana roda Zlatonosovića.

Najpoznatiji predstavnici su braća vojvoda Vlađ i Stjepan (Stipan) koji su sudjelovali s odredima u bitki na Kosovu 1389., ali su ih Osmanlije zarobili i odveli u Carigrad. Njihovi rođaci Vukmir i Vukašin uputili su potkraj 1402. dubrovačkoj vladi molbu da posreduje kod Visoke porte radi njihova oslobođenja, na što su dubrovačke vlasti odgovorile u veljači 1403. Vukmir se u izvorima prvi put spominje 1400. s naslovom vojvode, a Vukašin godinu dana prije kao knez, po čem bi se dalo zaključiti da je Vukmir bio stariji brat. Budući da se on 1404. navodi i pod drugim imenom Jurjević, pretpostavka je da im se otac zvao Juraj (prema nekima još i Tihčinović Tihoradić).

Oba brata bila su u bliskim vezama s banom i kraljem Stjepanom Ostojom i vojvodom Sandaljem Hranićem te su se zajedno s njima urotili 1415. i ubili kneza Pavla Radinovića na Parenoj poljani kod Sutjeske, koji je podupirao vrtka II. Kotromanića. Prema planu zavjerenika Zlatonosovići su trebali dobiti Olovo, međutim do raspodjele posjeda ubijenog kneza Pavla Radinovića nije došlo.
Poslije su se pomirili s Tvrtkom II. i omogućili mu da se 1420. vrati na vlast u Bosni. Uz Sandalja Hranića, imali su najveće zasluge u tome što je kralj 18. kolovoza 1421. izdao Dubrovačkoj Republici povelju kojom joj je potvrdio sve ranije povlastice. Dubrovčani su se često obraćali Zlatonosovićima za potporu jer su oni uživali velik utjecaj na Tvrtkovu dvoru, a u njihovim gradovima Zvorniku na Drini i Kušlatu imali su i svoje trgovačke kolonije.

Vukmir Zlatonosović se spominje kao svjedok i vojvoda od Usore 1400. godine, te kao vojvoda 1404., 1420. i 1421. U povelji iz 1404. se zna da mu je otac Juraj, a Vukmir je naveden kao Jurjević. Zlatonosović se spominje kao nadimak njegova oca (Vukmirova djeda). U tom rodoslovlju, jedini usorski plemić imena Juraj, koji bi mogao biti Vukmirov i Vukašinov otac je Juraj Tihčinović. Iz toga se zaključuje pripadnost Zlatonosovića-Tihoradićima.
Nakon što je u listopadu 1424. Vukmir umro od bolesti, naslov vojvode i obiteljske posjede naslijedio je Vukašin. U povelji iz 1399. nosio je titulu kneza. Spominje se u sačuvanoj povelji iz 1426. godine. Posjed Zlatonosovića je graničio sa srpskom despotovinom, a njegovo sve izrazitije oslanjanje na srpske despote, Stefana Lazarevića i Đurđa Brankovića, izazvalo je konačan raskid s Tvrtkom II., koji je u studenome 1430. pokrenuo vojnu u kojoj je Vukašin poginuo. Njegovom se smrću rod Zlatonosovića ugasio.

Izvori

 Usora i Soli
 Bosanska i humska vlastela

Zlatonosovići


Nectomys rattus, le Rat aquatique noirâtre, est une espèce sud-américaine de rongeurs de la famille des Cricetidae.

Description
La couleur de la face supérieure peut varier entre le brunâtre et le noirâtre, de façon semblable au Rat noir (Rattus rattus). L'espèce, en revanche, possède de nombreux poils aux pointes blanches sur les côtés du corps, sur la poitrine et sur l'abdomen. La tête est caractérisée par un anneau noir autour de chaque œil, par des iris brun foncé, par des dents de devant jaune-brun et par des oreilles arrondies gris foncé. Sur la queue il y a des écailles mais aussi quelques poils.

Le pouce des pattes avant n'est qu'un moignon qui porte un ongle. Entre les orteils, il y a une peau de nage partielle. Certaines populations précédemment répertoriées comme sous-espèces de Nectomys squamipes et maintenant incluses dans Nectomys rattus avaient une longueur du corps (tête et torse) de 175 à , une longueur de la queue de 165 à , de pattes postérieures de 43 à , des oreilles d'environ .

Habitat et répartition
L'espèce est présente dans le nord de l'Amérique du Sud : Brésil, Colombie, Guyane, Guyana, Suriname et Venezuela.

Son habitat se compose de forêts décidues humides tropicales et subtropicales, d'autres forêts proches des plans d'eau, comme le Cerrado et la caatinga et de prairies à herbes hautes. Nectomys rattus est également présent sur les terres agricoles.

Parasitisme
Nectomys rattus peut être infecté par Schistosoma mansoni et Amblyomma dubitatum.

Notes et références

Liens externes

Cricetidae
Animal décrit en 1883
Rongeur (nom scientifique)
Faune endémique d'Amérique du Sud

Nectomys rattus


الدعم الحكومي امدادات مادية تقدّم من الحكومة لتخفيض أسعار السلع إما لصالح صناعة وإما لصالح المواطن. ويعتبر في مجتمعات عديدة من التابوهات، ويهدد غيابها أو تقليصها الشارع بالاشتعال. ومن أهم السلع المدعومة الدقيق والسكر والحليب والسكن والكهرباء والمحروقات. وقد ارتفع حجم الدعم على المحروقات بوجه الخصوص في الألفية الجديدة.

يعتبرها المناهضون شراء  بطريقة تحمل الدولة ديونا كبيرة. خصوصا أن الشرائح الاجتماعية الميسورة كثيرا ما تستفيد أكثر من الفئات المحرومة إن لم يقنن الوضع جيدا.

تتفاوت نسب الدعم المقدم حسب المنطقة، ففي الدول العربية يشكل الدعم حوالي نحو 5,7% من الناتج المحلي الإجمالي وهي نسبة تفوق بكثير المعدل الموجود في بقية الدول النامية والذي يبلغ نحو 1,3% فقط.

في حالة الصناعة يكون هدف الدعم هو تنمية تلك الصناعة أو جعلها ذات تنافسية أعلى في الأسواق العالمية. من أشكال دعم الصناعات: خطط الإعفاء من الضرائب، منح تخفيضات على أسعار المواد الخام، تقديم محفزات مادية للمستهلك لشراء منتوجات الصناعة (كما في خطط تحفيز قطاع الطاقات المتجددة).

وفي حالة تخفيض أسعار بعض السلع فيكون ذلك بتحمل الحكومة لجزء من أسعار استيراد أو إنتاج تلك السلع. مثال على ذلك دعم الحكومات للسلع الأساسية كالسكر والأرز والكهرباء والماء فيكون مقدار الدعم الحكومي في حالة دعم الماء والكهرباء مثلاً هو حاصل الفرق بين التكلفة الحقيقية لإنتاج وتوزيع المياه والكهرباء التي يستهلكها الفرد وبين المبلغ الفعلي الذي يدفعه الفرد مقابل ما يستخدمه.

انظر أيضا
 صندوق المقاصة المغربي

مصادر

دعم حكومي
سياسة مالية
مدفوعات
مصطلحات اقتصادية

دعم حكومي


An Psychopsis papilio in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni John Lindley, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Henry Gordon Jones. An Psychopsis papilio in nahilalakip ha genus nga Psychopsis, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

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Mga sumpay ha gawas

Image gallery

Psychopsis (Orchidaceae)

Psychopsis papilio