Magnetismo das rochas é a determinação das propriedades magnéticas de rochas, sedimentos e solos, com destaque para a sua susceptibilidade magnética e remanência. Eete campo da geofísica surgiu da necessidade de integrar os dados fornecidos pelo paleomagnetismo nos estudos geológicos e arqueológicos, o que implica entender como a remanência das rochas e solos mantém registado por milhões de anos o campo magnético da Terra.

Descrição
O registo magnético é mantido por minerais, particularmente os minerais fortemente ferromagnéticos, como a magnetite. Uma compreensão da remanência magnética nas rochas permite aos paleomagnetistas desenvolver métodos para medir o antigo campo magnético terrestre e corrigir efeitos secundários, como os resultantes da compactação dos sedimentos e do metamorfismo.

Os métodos geomagnéticos são usados para obter uma imagem detalhada do padrão de anomalias magnéticas em faixas paralelas às dorsais oceânicas, fornecendo uma das mais sólidas provas da tectónica de placas. O magnetismo das rochas é também usado para interpretar anomalias magnéticas terrestres em levantamentos arqueológicos.

Os mesmos princípios estão a ser utilizados no estudo do campo magnético de astros rochosos, com destaque para a compreensão do forte magnetismo crustal em Marte.

Os minerais fortemente magnéticos têm propriedades que dependem do tamanho, forma, estrutura do defeito e concentração dos minerais numa rocha. O magnetismo da rocha fornece métodos não destrutivos para analisar esses minerais, como medições de histerese magnética, medições de remanência dependentes da temperatura, espectroscopia Mössbauer, ressonância ferromagnética e assim por diante. Com tais métodos, é possível medir os efeitos das mudanças climáticas passadas e os impactos humanos na mineralogia, área de estudo conhecida por magnetismo ambiental.

Nos sedimentos, grande parte da remanência magnética é transportada por minerais que foram criados por bactérias magnetotáticas, pelo que o estudo dos campos magnéticos registados nessas de rochas podem trazer contribuições significativas para o conhecimento do biomagnetismo.

História

Até ao século XX, o estudo do campo magnético da Terra (geomagnetismo e o paleomagnetismo) e dos materiais geológicos magnéticos (especialmente os que apresentam ferromagnetismo) foi desenvolvido separadamente.

O estudo do magnetismo das rochas apenas teve início quando os cientistas reuniram esses dois campos em laboratório durante a década de 1930. Os pioneiros neste novo campo do saber foram os geofísicos Johann Koenigsberger (que começou a publicar sobre o tema em 1938), Émile Thellier (também em 1938) e Takeshi Nagata (em 1943), focando os seus esforço na investigação da origem da remanência em rochas ígneas.

Ao aquecer rochas e materiais arqueológicos a altas temperaturas num campo magnético, foi possível induzir nos materiais uma magnetização termo-remanente (TRM) e investigar as propriedades dessa magnetização. Thellier desenvolveu uma série de condições (hoje conhecidas como as leis de Thellier) que, se cumpridas, permitem a determinação da intensidade do do campo magnético remanente usando o método de Thellier-Thellier (desenvolvido por Émile Thellier e sua esposa Odette Thellier). Em 1949, Louis Néel desenvolveu uma teoria que explicava essas observações e mostrou que as leis de Thellier eram satisfeitas por certos tipos de magnetos de domínio único, introduzindo o conceito de bloqueio de TRM.

Quando o trabalho paleomagnético na década de 1950 deu suporte à teoria da deriva continental, os céticos foram rápidos em questionar se as rochas poderiam manter uma remanência estável por eras geológicas.

O estudo do magnetismo de rochas demonstrou que as rochas podem ter mais de uma componente de remanência, alguns macios (facilmente removidos) e outros muito estáveis. Para chegar à parte estável, é necessário começar por "limpar" essa magnetização das amostras, aquecendo-as ou expondo-as a um campo alternado. No entanto, eventos posteriores, particularmente o reconhecimento de que muitas rochas norte-americanas foram amplamente remagnetizadas no Paleozóico, mostraram que uma única etapa de limpeza é inadequada, e os paleomagnetistas começaram a usar rotineiramente a desmagnetização passo a passo para remover a remanência em pequenos pedaços.

Conceitos fundamentais

Tipos de ordem magnética
A contribuição de um mineral para o magnetismo total de uma rocha depende fortemente do tipo de ordem ou desordem magnética que os átomos constituentes possam adquirir em função da sua camada de electrões. Minerais magneticamente desordenados (diamagnéticos e paramagnéticos) contribuem com um magnetismo fraco e não têm remanência. Nese contexto, os minerais mais importantes para o magnetismo das rochas são os minerais que podem ser ordenados magneticamente, pelo menos em algumas temperaturas. Estes são os pertencentes aos grupos dos ferromagnéticos, ferrimagnéticos e certos tipos de antiferromagnéticos. Esses minerais têm uma resposta muito mais forte ao campo e podem ter uma remanência. As características básicas de cada tipo são as seguintes:
Diamagnetismo — é uma resposta magnética compartilhada por todas as substâncias. Em resposta a um campo magnético aplicado, os electrões precessam (veja precessão de Larmor), e pela lei de Lenz agem para contrariar o efeito do campo magnético. Assim, o momento produzido é no sentido contrário ao do campo ambiente e a suscetibilidade é negativa. Este efeito é fraco, mas independente da temperatura. Uma substância cuja única resposta magnética é o diamagnetismo é considerada diamagnética.
Paramagnetismo — é uma resposta magnética positiva, mas fraca, à presença de um campo magnético ambiental devido ao momento de rotação do electrão, ou seja ao seu spin. O paramagnetismo ocorre em certos tipos de minerais que contenham ferro, pois este elemento apresenta um electrão desemparelhado numa de suas camadas de valência (ver regras de Hund). Alguns materiais são paramagnéticos até temperaturas próximas do zero absoluto e sua suscetibilidade é inversamente proporcional à temperatura (ver lei de Curie). Outros são magneticamente ordenados abaixo de uma temperatura crítica e a suscetibilidade aumenta à medida que se aproximam dessa temperatura (ver lei de Curie-Weiss).
Ferromagnetismo — são materiais em geral fortemente magnéticos, muitas vezes referidos como ferromagnéticos. No entanto, esse magnetismo pode surgir como resultado de mais de um tipo de ordem magnética. No sentido estrito, ferromagnetismo refere-se ao ordenamento magnético onde os spins dos elétrons vizinhos são alinhados pela interação de troca. O ferromagneto clássico é o ferro. Abaixo de uma temperatura crítica, designada por   ponto de Curie, os ferromagnetos apresentam uma magnetização espontânea e há histerese na sua resposta a um campo magnético variável. Mais importante para o magnetismo das rochas, estes materiais apresentam forte remanência, podendo registar o campo magnético da Terra aquando da sua formação. Embora o ferro não ocorra amplamente em forma pura, este elemento e geralmente incorporado em óxidos de ferro, oxi-hidróxidos e sulfetos. Nesses compostos, os átomos de ferro não estão próximos o suficiente para troca direta, pelo que são acoplados por troca indireta (ou supertroca Kramers–Anderson). Daí resulta a rede cristalina ser dividida em duas ou mais sub-redes com momentos diferentes.
Ferrimagnetismo — estes materiais apresentam duas sub-redes com momentos opostos, sendo que quando uma das sub-redes tem um momento maior, pelo que há um desequilíbrio líquido que se traduz num campo magnético mais intenso na direção dominante. A magnetite é o mais importante dos minerais ferrimagnéticos. Os materiais ferrimagnéticos geralmente comportam-se como ferromagnéticos, mas a dependência de temperatura de magnetização espontânea é geralmenter bem diferente. Louis Néel identificou quatro tipos de dependência de temperatura, um dos quais envolve uma reversão da magnetização. Este fenómeno desempenhou um papel em controvérsias sobre as anomalias magnéticas ao longo das dorsais oceânicas.
Antiferromagnetismo — estes materiais, como os ferrimagnéticos, apresentam duas sub-redes com momentos opostos, mas iguais em magnitude. Se os momentos forem exatamente opostos, o material não tem remanência. No entanto, os momentos podem ser inclinados (spin canting), resultando num momento quase perpendicular aos momentos das sub-redes. A hematite apresenta esse tipo de magnetismo.

Mineralogia magnética

A remanência magnética nos minerais é frequentemente identificada com um tipo particular de remanência que é obtido após a exposição de material ferromagnético a um campo magnético à temperatura ambiente. No entanto, o campo magnético da Terra não é de grande intensidade e esse tipo de remanência seria fraco e facilmente substituído pelo efeito da exposição a campos magnéticos posteriores. Uma parte central do magnetismo das rochas é o estudo da remanência magnética, tanto como magnetização natural remanente (NRM) em rochas obtidas a partir de recolha no ambiente natural e remanência induzida em laboratório. São as seguintes as remanências naturais importantes e alguns tipos induzidos artificialmente:
Magnetização termomanente (TRM) —  quando uma rocha ígnea arrefece, adquire uma magnetização termorremanente (TRM) induzida pelo campo magnético da Terra. O TRM pode ser muito maior do que seria se o material fosse exposto ao mesmo campo à temperatura ambiente (consulte remanência isotérmica). Essa remanência também pode ser muito estável, permanecendo durando milhões de anos sem mudanças significativas. A TRM é a principal razão pela qual através do estudo do paleomagnetismo se pode deduzir a direção e a magnitude do antigo campo magnético da Terra. Se a rocha for reaquecida posteriormente (como resultado de soterramento, por exemplo), parte ou todo o TRM pode ser substituído por um novo remanente. Se for apenas parte da remanência, é conhecida como magnetização termorremanente parcial (pTRM). Como foram feitos modelos com diferentes formas de aquisição de remanência, pTRM pode ter outros significados. Por exemplo, também pode ser adquirido em laboratório, arrefecendo a amostra em campo magnético zero até uma temperatura  (abaixo do ponto de Curie), aplicando um campo magnético e arrefecendo até uma temperatura , depois arrefecendo o restante até à temperatura ambiente na ausência de campos magnéticos externos. O modelo padrão para a TRM assume que qando um mineral, como por exemplo a magnetite, arrefece abaixo da temperatura de Curie, torna-se ferromagnético, mas não é imediatamente capaz de carregar uma remanência. Em vez disso, é superparamagnético, respondendo reversivelmente a mudanças no campo magnético. Para que a remanência seja possível, deve haver uma anisotropia magnética suficientemente forte para manter a magnetização próxima de um estado estável. Caso contrário, as flutuações térmicas fazem o momento magnético variar aleatoriamente. À medida que a rocha continua a arrefecer, há uma temperatura crítica na qual a anisotropia magnética se torna suficientemente grande para evitar que o momento se desloque. Essa temperatura é designada por temperatura de bloqueio e referida pelo símbolo . A magnetização permanece no estado em que a rocha é arrefecida à temperatura ambiente e torna-se uma magnetização termorremanente.
Magnetização química (ou cristalização) remanescente (CRM) — os grãos magnéticos podem precipitar de uma solução circulante ou ser formados durante reações químicas e podem registrar a direção do campo magnético no momento da formação do mineral. Diz-se que o campo é registrado por "magnetização química remanescente (CRM)". O mineral que registra o campo comumente é a hematita, outro óxido de ferro. Redbeds, rochas sedimentares clásticas (como arenitos) que são vermelhas principalmente por causa da formação de hematita durante ou após a diagênese sedimentar, podem ter assinaturas CRM úteis, e a magnetoestratigrafia pode ser baseada nessas assinaturas.
Magnetização remanente deposicional (DRM) — os grãos magnéticos em sedimentos podem se alinhar com o campo magnético durante ou logo após a deposição; isso é conhecido como magnetização remanente detrítica (DRM). Se a magnetização é adquirida à medida que os grãos são depositados, o resultado é uma magnetização remanente detrítica deposicional (dDRM); se for adquirido logo após a deposição, é uma magnetização detrítica remanescente pós-deposicional (pDRM).
Magnetização viscosa remanescente (VRM) — também conhecida como magnetização viscosa, é a remanência adquirida por minerais ferromagnéticos que permanecem num campo magnético por largo tempo. A magnetização remanente natural de uma rocha ígnea pode ser alterada por este processo. Para remover esta componente, alguma forma de desmagnetização passo a passo deve ser usada.

Ver também

 Biomagnetismo
 Magnetismo ambiental
 Anomalias magnéticas
 Magnetostratigrafia
 Variação paleomagnética secular
 Tectónica de placas
 Análise de petrofabrics
Física das rochas
Geologia estrutural

Referências

Bibliografia

Ligações externas
 Institute for Rock Magnetism
 UC Davis FORC Group, Introduction to FORC Diagrams
Susceptibilité magnétique des sédiments dans la baie de Kigoma
Pétrofabrique
Paléomagnétisme et équipement pour l'étudier à l'Institut de Physique du Globe
Lames minces de roches magmatiques
Annexe A:propriété magnétique des minéraux
Géophysique de sondages et pétrophysique:susceptibilité magnétique
flottante/DOCS/presentation_ubo.pdf Campagne MD123/Géosciences Août-Septembre 2001
Early diagenesis of marine organic-matter and magnetic properties of sedimentary rocks: the role of iron limitation and organic-matter source organims

Geomagnetismo
Geofísica

Magnetismo das rochas


Lauren Michelle Jauregui Morgado (27. lipnja 1996.) kubansko-američka je pjevačica i tekstopisac. Na glazbenoj sceni prvi se put pojavila 2012. godine na poznatom natjecateljskom showu "X-Factor". Nakon drugog kruga "boothcampa" eliminirana je kao solo pjevačica i stavljena u žensku glazbenu grupu Fifth Harmony. Dok je bila u Fifth Harmonyju radila je na solo projektima, ali potpuno im se posvetila nakon što je grupa najavila pauzu.

Rani život
Lauren je rođena u Miamiju na Floridi. Njezini roditelji, Clara i Michael Jauregui, podrijetlom su s Kube, a preselili su se u SAD kad je Fidel Castro došao na vlast. Ima mlađeg brata i sestru, Chrisa i Taylor.

Karijera

2012: X-Factor
Lauren Jauregui se sa samo 16 godina prijavila na drugu sezonu showa The X Factor. Nakon eliminacijskih krugova pojavila se na emitiranoj audiciji pred žirijem koji je oduševila svojom izvedbom pjesme If I Ain't Got You koji u originalu izvodi Alicia Keys. Nakon eliminacije u fazi
"booothcampa" pozvana je natrag i stavljena u žensku vokalnu grupu s još četiri kandidatkinje: Ally Brooke, Normani Kordei, Dinah Jane i Camila Cabello

Isprva je grupa predstavljena pod imenom "Lylas" (kratica za Love You Like A Sister), zatim je ime nakratko promijenjeno u 1432, ali na kraju su gledatelji emisije odabrali ime Fifth Harmony.

2012-2018: Fifth Harmony
Grupa Fifth Harmony stigla je u finale showa The X Factor i osvojila treće mjesto. U ožujku 2013. grupa potpisuje ugovor s diskografskim kućama Syco Music i Epic Records. Fifth Harmony nastavlja svoj rad s objavljivanjem obrada poznatih hitova na njihovom Youtube kanalu čime zadobiju pohvale velikih umjetnika poput Ed Sheereana i Ariane Grande. 22.listopada 2013, izdaju EP "Better Together" koji je popraćen malom turnejom po trgovačkim centrima diljem SAD-a. Na početku 2014. potvrđeno je da su započele snimati svoj prvi album koji zbog odgoda ne izlazi sve do 3. veljače 2015. Album je popraćen velikim uspjehom i kasnije te godine Billbord im uručuje nagradu "Group of the Year" na ceremoniji najuspješnijih žena. Njihov drugi album nosi ima "7/27" po danu na koji su formirane kao grupa. Nadmašuju uspjeh prošlog albuma s nagrađivanim hitom Work From Home na kojem surađuju s poznatim umjetnikom Ty Dolla Sign. Nakon odlaska Camile Cabello, Fifth Harmony izdaje još jedan album prije nego što najavljuje neodređenu pauzu. Ta vijest je popraćena njihovim posljednjim singlom Don't Say You Love Me.

2016-danas: Solo karijera
Nakon drugog albuma Fifth Hamony, Lauren započinje s radom na solo projektima. U prosincu 2016. Lauren Jauregui i Marian Hill surađuju na pjesmi Back To Me. Jauregui kaže kako je napisati pjesmu i formirati iskrenu povezanost takvim umjetnicima čast.
Krajem 2016. Lauren Jauregui je imenovana najprivlačnijom ženom na AfterEllen top 100 listi godine. U svibnju 2017. dobiva nagradu "Celebrity of the Year" na British LGBT Awards.

Filmografija

Vanjske poveznice
Službena stranica
Službeni kanal na YouTubeu
Službeni kanal na Spotifyu

Izvori

Američki pjevači
Kubanski glazbenici

Lauren Jauregui


Max John Rodrigues (Karachi, Paquistão, 29 de maio de 1938) é bispo emérito de Hyderabad, Paquistão.

Papa Paulo VI ordenou-o sacerdote em 6 de janeiro de 1966.

Em 3 de dezembro de 1999, o Papa João Paulo II o nomeou Bispo de Hyderabad, no Paquistão. O arcebispo de Karachi, Simeon Anthony Pereira, o consagrou bispo em 25 de março de 2000; Os co-consagradores foram Armando Trindade, Arcebispo de Lahore, e Boaventura Patrick Paul OFM, Bispo Emérito de Hyderabad no Paquistão.

Em 16 de dezembro de 2014, o Papa Francisco aceitou sua aposentadoria por motivos de idade.

Ver também

Bispos católicos do Paquistão

Max John Rodrigues


The Harvard Lampoon is an undergraduate humor publication founded in 1876 by seven undergraduates at Harvard University in Cambridge, Massachusetts.

Overview
The Harvard Lampoon publication was founded in 1876 by seven undergraduates at Harvard University in Cambridge, Massachusetts who were inspired by popular magazines like Punch (1841) and Puck (1871). The Harvard Lampoon is the world's third longest-running continually published humor magazine, after the Swedish Blandaren (1863) and the Swiss Nebelspalter (1875).

The organization also produces occasional humor books (the best known being the 1969 J. R. R. Tolkien parody Bored of the Rings) and parodies of national magazines such as Entertainment Weekly and Sports Illustrated. Much of the organization's capital is provided by the licensing of the "Lampoon" name to National Lampoon, begun by Harvard Lampoon graduates in 1970.

The Lampoon publishes five issues annually. In 2006, the Lampoon began regularly releasing content on its website, including pieces from the magazine and web-only content.  In 2009, the Lampoon published a parody of Twilight called Nightlight, which is a New York Times bestseller. In February 2012, the Lampoon released a parody of The Hunger Games called The Hunger Pains, also a New York Times bestseller.

The Lampoon is housed a few blocks from Harvard Square in a mock-Flemish castle, the Harvard Lampoon Building. It has been ranked by the magazine Complex as the fifth most phallic building in the world.

History

The Harvard Lampoon was first published in 1876 by seven founders including Ralph Wormeley Curtis, Edward Sandford Martin, Edmund March Wheelwright, and Arthur Murray Sherwood (father of Robert E. Sherwood). The first issue of the Lampoon was a single copy, nailed to a tree in Harvard Yard. In its earliest years the magazine focused primarily on the satirization of Harvard and Boston Brahmin society. As the Lampoon began to gain notoriety on campus, the society moved from offices in Hollis Hall to addresses on Holyoke and Plympton streets respectively. These collections of rooms rented by the trustees of the Lampoon were famous not only for their beer nights, but also with the regularity that the Lampoon spent the profits made on each magazine for these beer nights. "It was a good night when the Lampoon could afford coal and beer, and they often had to choose between one or the other." Pranks abounded in the early years, some more destructive than others. William Randolph Hearst was expelled from Harvard after sending a pudding pot used as a chamber pot to a professor.

A Lampoon graduate from 1887, Archibald Cary Coolidge, professor of architecture at Harvard College, was chosen as the architect of Randolph Hall, one of the college's newest dormitories. Legend has it that when designing Randolph, Coolidge purposefully made the dormitory recessed further back from Mt. Auburn Street than was at first designed, purchasing for himself the land the Castle now stands on. The commission to design the castle was given to Edmund M. Wheelwright, then city architect of Boston.

The Lampoon and its sensibility began to branch out away from the Harvard campus in the early 1960s, and soon became an important expression of, and feeder system for, American humor and comedy. In 1961, Mademoiselle offered the Lampoon staff an honorarium to produce a parody of their own magazine for the traditionally lower-selling July issue. The project boosted Mademoiselle'''s summer circulation along with the Lampoons ever tenuous cash flow, and the magazine renewed its association with the Lampoon for a follow-up parody in July 1962, and a third parody issue (of Esquire) in July 1963.  The magazine also produced a 70-page spoof of Ian Fleming's James Bond novels in 1962 titled Alligator, which was subsequently released by Random House.  These projects proved popular, and led to full, nationally-distributed parodies of Playboy (1966), Time (1968), and Life (1969), and later, Cosmopolitan in 1972 and Sports Illustrated (1974).

An important line of demarcation came when Lampoon editors and National Lampoon co-founders Douglas Kenney and Henry Beard wrote the Tolkien parody Bored of the Rings. The success of this book and the attention it brought its authors led directly to the creation of the National Lampoon magazine. This in turn spun off a live show Lemmings, and then a radio show in the early 1970s, The National Lampoon Radio Hour, which featured such performers as Christopher Guest, Harry Shearer and Chevy Chase.

Writers from these shows were subsequently hired to help create Saturday Night Live.  This was the first in a line of many TV shows that Lampoon graduates went on to write for, including The Simpsons, Futurama, Late Night with David Letterman, Seinfeld, Friends, The League, NewsRadio, The Office, 30 Rock, Parks and Recreation and dozens of others.  An old copy of the magazine was shown in the fourth-season finale of NewsRadio, and referred to as the "nefarious scandal sheet."

Lampoon alumni include such comedians as Conan O'Brien, Andy Borowitz, B. J. Novak, Greg Daniels, Michael Schur, Christopher Cerf (Sesame Street), and Colin Jost. Etan Cohen wrote for Beavis and Butt-Head as an undergraduate member. In 1986 former editor Kurt Andersen co-founded the satirical magazine Spy, which employed Lampoon writers Paul Simms and Eric Kaplan, and published the work of Lampoon alumni Patricia Marx, Lawrence O'Donnell, Suchetas Bokil, and Mark O'Donnell. The Lampoon has also graduated many noted authors such as George Plimpton, George Santayana, John Updike, and William Gaddis.  Actor Fred Gwynne was a cartoonist and president of the Lampoon. Famous Boston lawyer Bradley Palmer acted as treasurer for the Lampoon.

Celebrities often visit the Lampoon to be inducted as honorary members of the organization. Honorary members   include Aerosmith, Winston Churchill, John Cleese, Bill Cosby, Billy Crystal, Tony Hawk, Hugh Hefner, Kesha, Jay Leno, Elon Musk, Ezra Pound, Adam Sandler, the cast of Saturday Night Live, Sarah Silverman, Tracey Ullman, Kurt Vonnegut, John Wayne and Robin Williams.

Rivalry with The Harvard Crimson

The Lampoon has a long-standing rivalry with Harvard's student newspaper, The Harvard Crimson, which repeatedly refers to the Lampoon in its pages as a "semi-secret Sorrento Square social organization which used to occasionally publish a so-called humor magazine".

The Lampoon–Crimson rivalry was furthered by the Crimson's 1953 theft of the Lampoon Castle's ibis statue and presentation of it as a gift to the government of the Soviet Union.

On September 27, 2011, the Lampoon stole the Harvard Crimson President's Chair, and had it used as a prop on Late Night with Jimmy Fallon. On June 2, 2015, the Lampoon again stole the Harvard Crimson President's Chair; this time, pretending that it was the Harvard Crimsons editorial staff, they took the chair to Trump Tower to fake endorsement for later-president Donald Trump.

 Notable members

 Publications Alligator (1962)Bored of the Rings (1969)The Hunger Pains'' (2012)

Gallery

References

External links

 Harvard Lampoon (1876–) at HathiTrust Digital Library
  – six as "(Organization)" and one as "(Cambridge, Massachusetts), author"

1876 establishments in Massachusetts
College humor magazines
Lampoon
Magazines established in 1876
Magazines published in Boston
Satirical magazines published in the United States
Student magazines published in the United States
Student organizations established in 1876

The Harvard Lampoon


Nikolay Nikolayevich Semyonov (or Semënov),  (;  – 25 September 1986) (often referred to in English as Semenoff, Semenov, Semionov, or Semyonova) was a Soviet physicist and chemist.  Semyonov was awarded the 1956 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his work on the mechanism of chemical transformation.

Life and career
Semyonov was born in Saratov, the son of Elena Dmitrieva and Nikolai Alex Semyonov. He graduated from the department of physics of Petrograd University (1913–1917), where he was a student of Abram Fyodorovich Ioffe. In 1918, he moved to Samara, where he was enlisted into Kolchak's White Army during Russian Civil War.

Semyonov published his first research paper in 1916 and became a lecturer at the University of Tomsk in western Siberia.

After graduating from Saint Petersburg State University, he worked as an assistant and lecturer at the Tomsk and Tomsk University Institute of Technology, where he published his first research paper in 1916.  He returned to western Siberia, Petrograd and took charge of the electron phenomena laboratory of the Petrograd Physico-Technical Institute in 1920.  He also became the vice-director of the institute. In 1921, he married philologist Maria Boreishe-Liverovsky (student of Zhirmunsky). She died two years later. On September 15-1924, Nikolay married Maria's niece, Natalia Nikolaevna Burtseva. They had two children, one son Yurii Nikolaevich and one daughter Ludmilla Nikolaevna.

During that difficult time, Semyonov, together with Pyotr Kapitsa, discovered a way to measure the magnetic field of an atomic nucleus (1922). Later the experimental setup was improved by Otto Stern and Walther Gerlach and became known as Stern–Gerlach experiment.

In 1925, Semyonov, together with Yakov Frenkel, studied kinetics of condensation and adsorption of vapors. In 1927, he studied ionisation in gases and published an important book, Chemistry of the Electron. In 1928, he, together with Vladimir Fock, created a theory of thermal disruptive discharge of dielectrics.

In 1927, Semyonov studied the ionization of gases, the chemistry of the electron. In 1928, he created the theory of the broken discharge of dielectrics with Valdímir Fok.

He lectured at the Petrograd Polytechnical Institute and was appointed Professor in 1928. In 1931, he organized the Institute of Physical Chemistry of the USSR Academy of Sciences (which moved to Chernogolovka in 1943) and became its first director. In 1932, he became a full member of the Soviet Academy of Sciences.

The ideas of Semyonov have been applied in the science of reaction and production of polymerization reactions. His ideas are also applied in catalysis studies in biological systems.

Semyonov married  Natalya Nikolaevna Semyonov and together they both have a son and a daughter.
Semyonov died on September 25, 1986, in Moscow, and was buried at the Novodevichy Cemetery.

Significant works

Semyonov's outstanding work on the mechanism of chemical transformation includes an exhaustive analysis of the application of the chain theory to varied reactions (1934–1954) and, more significantly, to combustion processes. He proposed a theory of degenerate branching, which led to a better understanding of the phenomena associated with the induction periods of oxidation processes. He spent most of his career focusing and developing the field of chemical chain reactions.

Semyonov wrote two important books outlining his work. Chemical Kinetics and Chain Reactions was published in 1934, with an English edition in 1935. It was the first book in the U.S.S.R. to develop a detailed theory of unbranched and branched chain reactions in chemistry. Some Problems of Chemical Kinetics and Reactivity, first published in 1954, was revised in 1958; there are also English, American, German, and Chinese editions. He is the only Soviet/Russian Chemistry Nobel Laureate, who received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry (together with Sir Cyril Norman Hinshelwood) for his work in 1956.

Semyonov had long been a supporter of the Communist Party and the Soviet Union. After the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists accused the Soviet Union of heavy scientific censorship in 1953, he coauthored the Soviet response which denied all accusations. He is also noted as being the most famous signatory to a 1971 public letter from Soviet scientists to United States president Richard Nixon, on displeasure in the murder trial of Angela Davis.

Semyonov trained Russian organometallic chemist Alexandr Shilov, who discovered platinum catalyzed C-H activation.

Honours and awards
 Orders of Lenin, nine times (incl. 1945, 1953, 1956, 1966, 1971, 1976, 1981)
 Stalin Prize (1941, 1949)
 Honorary Member of the British Chemical Society (1943)
 Order of the Red Banner of Labour (1946)
 Honorary member of the Indian Academy of Sciences (1954)
 Nobel Prize in Chemistry (1956)
 Foreign Member of the Royal Society of London (1958)
 Member of the German Academy of Sciences Leopoldina (1959)
 Honorary member of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences (1961)
 Honorary member of the New York Academy of Sciences (1962)
 Foreign member of the United States National Academy of Sciences (1963)
 Honorary Member of the Romanian Academy (1965)
 Hero of Socialist Labour, twice (1966, 1976)
 Lomonosov Gold Medal (1969)
 Lenin Prize (1976)
 Order of the October Revolution (1986)
 Medal "In commemoration of the centenary of the birth of Vladimir Ilyich Lenin"
 Mendeleev Prize
 5 total badges of the Order of Lenin
 Honorary Member of The Soviet Academy of Sciences (1932)

Semyonov was also an Honorary Doctor of several universities: Oxford (1960), Brussels (1962), London (1965), Budapest Technical University (1965), Polytechnic Institute of Milan (1964) and others.

Legacy
 In 1990, the IHF RAS was named after N. N. Semenov;
 In 1994, a memorial plaque was unveiled in honor of Nikolay Nikolaevich Semenov on the main building of the St. Petersburg State Polytechnic University (29 Politechnicheskaya Street);
 The memorial plaque is installed on the facade of the Main building of the A.F. Ioffe Institute of Physics and Technology in St. Petersburg (26 Politechnicheskaya str.).
 On July 27, 1996, and one of the streets in the South-Western Administrative District of the city of Moscow on the territory of the district Yuzhnoye Butovo was given the name Academician Semenov Street;
 In Saratov , one of the streets is named after Semenov;
 In Tyumen , one of the streets is named after Semenov;
 A memorial plaque is installed on the house in Moscow at 24 Frunzenskaya Embankment, where Semenov spent his last years of life;
 The Presidium of the Russian Academy of Sciences has a Commission for the development of the scientific heritage of Academician N. N. Semenov;
 Airliner Airbus A321 (VQ-BOI) of the airline "Aeroflot" "N. Semenov";
 On April 5, 2019, in Moscow on the territory of National Research Nuclear University "MEPhI" a monument was erected by the sculptor Alexandra Mironova
 At the beginning of April 2022, a monument to Academician Nikolai Semenov was unveiled in Moscow on Kosygin Street, house 4.

See also
 Chain reaction
 Chemical kinetics
 Chemical reaction network theory
 Semenov theory
 Evans–Polanyi–Semenov principle

References

 Nikolay Semenov, https://persona.rin.ru/eng/view/f/0/28293/nikolay-semenov, Retrieved 27 October 2022
 Nikolay Semenov, https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/chemistry/1956/semenov/biographical/, Retrieved 27 October 2022
 Nikolai Nikolayevich Semyonov, great physicist, chemist and mathematician, https://rinconeducativo.org/en/recursos-educativos/nikolai-nikolayevich-semionov-gran-fisico-quimico-y-matematico/, Retrieved 8 December
 Nikolay Semyonov, https://www.nndb.com/people/542/000100242/ Retrieved 2019(Uns. Date Format)

External links

  including the Nobel Lecture, 11 December 1956 Some Problems Relating to Chain Reactions and to the Theory of Combustion
 Semyonov's  Nobel Lecture Some Problems Relating to Chain Reactions and to the Theory of Combustion
 N.N. Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics
  Semyonov's Biography.
  Another Semyonov's Biography.

1896 births
1986 deaths
Scientists from Saratov
Saint Petersburg State University alumni
Academic staff of the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology
Full Members of the USSR Academy of Sciences
Foreign Members of the Royal Society
Foreign associates of the National Academy of Sciences
Members of the French Academy of Sciences
Nobel laureates in Chemistry
Heroes of Socialist Labour
Recipients of the Order of Lenin
Recipients of the Stalin Prize
Recipients of the Lenin Prize
Recipients of the Lomonosov Gold Medal
Soviet chemists
Soviet physicists
Academic staff of Tomsk State University
Academic staff of Tomsk Polytechnic University
Members of the German National Academy of Sciences Leopoldina
Members of the German Academy of Sciences at Berlin
Academic staff of Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University
White movement people
Soviet Nobel laureates
Candidates of the Central Committee of the 22nd Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
Russian scientists

Nikolay Semyonov


Szemere é um município da Hungria, situado no condado de Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén. Tem  de área e sua população em 2015 foi estimada em 384 habitantes.

Localidades de Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén

Szemere


Klemm Kl 35 a fost un avion de antrenament și sport biloc, succesor al avionului Klemm Kl 25. Produs al Klemm Leichtflugzeugbau GmbH, era echipat cu același motor și avea aripa plasată jos, în consolă. Principala diferență era aripa de tip pescăruș inversat.

Tipuri
Cel mai cunoscut tip de Klemm avionul de acrobație aeriană a fost prezentat publicului probabil în octombrie 1935 la mitingul aviatic internațional de la Milano. Echipat inițial cu motorul în linie Hirth HM60R de 80 CP (60 kW), avea tren de aterizare fix, era realizat din lemn împânzit, și se putea opta pentru carlingă închisă sau deschisă. Echipat cu motorul Hirth RM60R, a devent varianta Kl 35B (cu flotoare Kl 35BW).

Varianta îmbunătățită Kl 35D, destinată pentru antrenamentul Luftwaffe, a fost echipată cu motorul Hirth HM 504A-2 de 105 CP (78 kW) a apărut în 1938. Acestă variantă a fost cea mai numeroasă, fabricându-se peste 3000 de exemplare.

Variante
Kl 35aPrimul prototip, echipat cu motorul Hirth HM60R.
Kl-35bAl doilea prototip.
Kl 35BSeria inițială, echipată cu motorul Hirth RM60R.
Kl 35BWVersiunea cu flotoare.
Kl 35DVersiunea îmbunătățită.
Kl 106Versiunea echipată cu motorul Hirth HM 500, destinată producerii sub licență în SUA.
Sk 15Notația pentru Kl 35D în Suedia.

Caracteristici tehnice (Klemm Kl 35D)
 Echipaj: 2
 Lungime: 7,50 m
 Anvergură: 10,40 m
 Înălțime: 2,05 m
 Suprafață portantă: 15,20 m²
 Greutate gol: 460 kg
 Greutate maximă la decolare: 750 kg
 Viteză maximă: 212 km/h
 Viteză de croazieră: 190 km/h
 Autonomie: 665 km
 Plafon: 4350 m

Istoric și utilizare

Au cumpărat exemplare forțele armate ale României, Slovaciei și Ungariei. Forțele armate ale Suediei au cumpărat câteva exemplare pentru antrenament numite Sk 15, din care cel puțin 5 erau hidroavioane, iar din 1941 au produs sub licență încă vreo 74, unele rămânând în serviciu până în 1951. Forțele armate ale Lituaniei au cumpărat trei bucăți.

Un avion Klemm Kl 35, având indicativul "TIM" inscripționat pe fuselaj, a fost cumpărat (din bani personali) de regele Mihai, pentru antrenament, la începutul carierei sale de pilot. Avionul apare în acte începând cu data de 23 septembrie 1943, iar inițialele indicativului se refereau la Traian (Udriski), Ionnițiu (Mircea) și Mihai.. Acest avion a purtat numărul de înmatriculare oficial YR-MIH. După abdicarea sa forțată, în urma loviturii de stat de la 30 decembrie 1947, Regelui nu i s-a permis să ia cu sine în exil nici unul dintre cele patru avioane mici care-i aparțineau (un Klemm KL-35, cele două Polikarpov Po-2 (U-2) primite cadou de la Stalin, un Beechcraft C18S), dar unul dintre ele (Beechcraft C18S) a fost returnat Regelui de către comandorul Udriski, după plecarea acestuia din țară, petrecută în ianuarie 1948, la manșa respectivului avion.

Note

Bibliografie suplimentară
  David Mondey, The Concise Guide to Axis Aircraft of World War II. London: Chancellor, 1996, ISBN 1-85152-966-7

Avioane de antrenament

Klemm Kl 35


Guīlínggāo, cunoscut și sub numele de jeleu de broască țestoasă (deși incorectă din punct de vedere tehnic), este un medicament chinezesc sub formă de jeleu, care este vândut și ca desert. În mod tradițional , acesta era preparat din pudră de plastron (carapacea de pe abdomen) a țestoasei Cuora trifasciata (cunoscută și sub numele de "țestoasa monedă de aur", 金錢龜) și o multitudine de produse pe bază de plante, printre care Smilax glabra (土伏苓, Tu fu ling).
Deși țestoasa monedă de aur (Cuora trifasciata) este crescută industrial în China de astăzi, procurarea sa este extrem de scumpă. Prin urmare, chiar și atunci când ingredientele derivate din țestoasă sunt utilizate în scop comercial pentru guīlínggāo, de obicei provin de la alte specii de țestoasă, mai frecvent disponibile.

De obicei, guīlínggāo vândut ca desert nu conține pulbere de carapace de broască țestoasă. Se folosește totuși aceeași bază de plante ca pentru medicament și este comercializat ca fiind benefic pentru ten.

Istoric

Conform legendei, Împăratul Tongzhi a fost aproape vindecat de variolă prin consumarea de guilinggao. Cu toate acestea, mama sa, Împărăteasa Văduvă Cixi, credea că boala poate fi vindecată prin venerarea unui idol. Ea a reușit să-l convingă pe împărat să renunțe la tratamentul cu guilinggao, iar la scurt timp după împăratul a murit.

Guilinggao este considerat a fi benefic pentru piele, ducând la un ten mai sănătos în urma consumului repetat. Printre alte efecte pozitive sunt îmbunătățirea circulației, creșterea masei musculare, ameliorarea mâncărimii, reducerea acneei și refacerea rinichilor.

Varietate
Varianta obișnuită de guilinggao pare neagră. Cu toate acestea, culoarea reală este mai mult de un maro închis. În mod normal, nu este dulce, fiind în schimb ușor amar. Se poate adăuga un îndulcitor, precum mierea, pentru a face jeleul mai gustos.

Disponibilitate
Conserve de jeleu guilinggao relativ ieftine, care includ și linguri de plastic pentru consum imediat, pot fi găsite în multe țări din estul și sud-estul Asiei, precum și în cartierele chinezești din Statele Unite ale Americii, Canada și Anglia. Există două variante, iar una dintre ele conține și pulbere de Lingzhi.

Preparare
Tradițional, rețetele de guilinggao necesita fierberea carapacei de broască țestoasă timp de mai multe ore, prima dată singură, apoi cu o varietate de plante, astfel încât lichidul se evaporă treptat și se formează un jeleu. Apoi se adaugă făină de orez și amidon de porumb pentru a îngroșa preparatul.

Ingredientele tradiționale guilinggao sunt:

 300g de plastron de broască țestoasă,
 80g rădăcină rehmannia,
 80g flori de caprifoi,
 80g rizom de smilax,
 80g Platostoma,
 40g fructe abrus,
 32g rizom de Atractylodes,
 32g fructe de Forsythia,
 20 g păpădie,
 20g  coaja rădăcinii de dictamnus,
 20g rădăcină de siler,
 20g spini de schizonepeta,
 20g flori de crizantemă,
 20g lysimachia,
 30 boluri de apă, fierte până la jumătate din volumul original.

375g de făină de orez și 80g de făină de porumb sunt folosite pentru a îngroșa preparatul.

Jeleul Guilinggao poate fi preparat acasă din concentrat de pulbere disponibil din comerț, în mod similar cu modul de preparare a jeleului obișnuit. Atunci când este pregătit, alte substanțe din plante, precum ginseng, se adaugă în jeleu pentru a oferi anumite gusturi și valori medicinale.

Referințe

Bucătăria chinezească

Guilinggao


In ice hockey, a penalty shot is a type of penalty awarded when a team loses a clear scoring opportunity on a breakaway because of a foul committed by an opposing player. A player from the non-offending team is given an attempt to score a goal without opposition from any defending players except the goaltender.  This is the same type of shot used in a shootout to decide games in some leagues.

Award

A penalty shot is awarded to a player who is deemed to have lost a clear scoring chance on a breakaway by way of a penalty infraction by an opposing player.  A breakaway, in this case, means that there are no other players between the would-be shooter and the goaltender of the defending team. Generally, the penalty shot is awarded in lieu of what would normally be a minor penalty, so the fouled team will not get both a penalty shot and a power play from a single infraction, even if they did not score on the former.

According to National Hockey League (NHL) rules, various infractions during a breakaway that can lead to a penalty shot being awarded include a goaltender deliberately dislodging a goal-post (delay of game), a defending player using a stick or any other part of his body to interfere with the attacking player, a goaltender or other player throwing his stick to distract or hinder the attacking player, or any other foul committed against the attacking player from behind.  In addition to this, a penalty shot is awarded to the opposing team if a non-goalie player intentionally covers the puck in his own team's goal crease.

In the Southern Professional Hockey League (SPHL), since its inception in 2004, a penalty shot is automatically awarded for a minor penalty in the final two minutes of overtime. This rule was slightly changed prior to the 2008–09 season when the SPHL changed their overtime rules, shortening minor penalties in overtime to one minute. Now any infraction occurring in the final minute of overtime will result in a penalty shot. This rule only applies to regular season games.

Upon observing any of the above scenarios, an official will signal a penalty shot by raising his crossed arms above his head with his fists clenched, and then point to centre ice. In the NHL, officials signal a penalty shot by just pointing to centre ice. A player is then picked to take the shot.  This is usually (though not always) the player who was fouled on the preceding play.  In some cases, the captain of the attacking team may pick a player from those on the ice at the time of the infraction.  Only a goaltender or alternate goaltender may be selected to defend the penalty shot, although the original goaltender usually stays in the net.

According to NHL rules, if an infraction which would usually attract a penalty shot occurs while the defending team's goaltender is off the ice (i.e. an empty net scenario), a goal shall be awarded.

Procedure
Following the announcement of the penalty shot, the official places the puck at centre ice.  The identified shooter is allowed to skate a short distance to the puck in order to gain momentum and then, unlike penalty kicks in soccer and penalty strokes in field hockey, the player is allowed to skate with the puck before shooting.

All players other than the selected shooter and the selected goaltender must move to either side of the ice surface in front of their respective benches.

If a penalty shot is awarded and the penalized team had pulled their goaltender in favour of an extra attacker, the player fouled is  automatically awarded a penalty shot goal, regardless of whether the puck went in.

The goaltender must remain in the crease until the attacking player has gained possession of the puck.  After this point they may move out of the crease to gain a better defending position. If the goaltender exits the crease prior to the attacker touching the puck, the official allows the play to continue, and any goal scored stands.  If the penalty shot is unsuccessful, however, the puck is returned to centre ice and the shot is re-taken, thus penalizing the goaltender by giving another penalty shot.

During the attempt, the puck must move continuously towards the goal once touched.  A goal may not be scored from a rebound off of the goaltender, the goal itself or the end boards (however, a goal can be scored from a shot which strikes the goal frame or the goaltender and then goes into the net as a result). Once the puck crosses the end line, the attempt is considered over, regardless of whether a shot was taken.

The goaltender may attempt to stop the shot using any means, except throwing his stick or any other object. Should the goaltender throw any object during the attempt, a goal is automatically awarded.

If the penalty shot is successful, the puck is placed at center ice and play resumes as normal.  If the shot is unsuccessful, the puck is placed at either of the faceoff positions in the zone where the play occurred, and play resumes.  The time necessary to complete the penalty shot is not taken off of the game clock.

Strategy

Strategy is considered to be very important during penalty shots and overtime shootouts for both the shooter and the goaltender. Both shooters and goaltenders commonly consult their teammates and coaches for advice on the opposing player's style of play. Shooters often consider the goaltender's strengths and weaknesses (such as a fast glove or stick save), preferred goaltending style (such as butterfly or stand-up) and method of challenging the shooter. Goaltenders often consider the shooter's shot preference, expected angle of attack, a patented move a shooter commonly uses and even handedness of the shooter.

Most shooters attempt to out-deke the goaltender in order to create a better scoring chance. Minnesota Wild forward Mikko Koivu, Detroit Red Wings forward Pavel Datsyuk, Washington Capitals forward TJ Oshie and New York Rangers forward Martin St. Louis are examples of players who commonly use this strategy. However, it is not uncommon for a shooter to simply shoot for an opening without deking. This is commonly referred to as sniping. This is most commonly performed when a goaltender challenges a shooter by giving them an open hole (by keeping a glove, pad or stick out of position or being out of sound goaltending position altogether to tempt the shooter to aim for the given opening).

Very rarely a shooter may take a slapshot or wrist shot from the point or top of the slot. This is almost exclusively performed when a shooter either has a high level of confidence in their shot or they attempt to catch the goaltender by surprise. Boston Bruins forward Brian Rolston, Minnesota Wild forward Thomas Vanek and Philadelphia Flyers defenseman Chris Pronger have all used this strategy with success. In fact, Pronger succeeded in using this strategy in the 2006 Stanley Cup Finals against Carolina Hurricanes goaltender Cam Ward as a member of the Edmonton Oilers.

Players sometimes use the rarity of point-blank shots as a deking method. Sheldon Souray, owner of one of the hardest slapshots in the NHL, has succeeded by faking a slapshot and simply flipping the puck in. Sometimes a player will even fake a wrist shot by lifting their opposite leg (left leg for a right-handed shooter) or just by flicking their stick directly above the puck. Thomas Vanek also uses this technique.

History

The penalty shot was invented in the Pacific Coast Hockey Association in the 1921–22 PCHA season. League president Frank Patrick was fed up with deliberate fouls on players with good scoring opportunities and introduced the free shot. The first shot taken was on December 6, 1921, and the first goal was scored on December 12, 1921 by Tom Dunderdale on Hugh Lehman. The shot was taken from one of three dots painted on the ice  from the goal. Players had to skate to the dot and shoot the puck from the dot.

The penalty shot was added to the rule books of the NHL for the 1934–35 season, allowing them to be awarded when a player was fouled while in "a good scoring position." In the first season, the puck was placed in a  circle,  from the goalmouth. The player could shoot while stationary within the circle, or could shoot while moving, as long as the shot was taken within the circle. The goaltender had to be stationary until the puck was shot, and no more than  in front of the goal mouth.

The first NHL penalty shot was awarded to the Montreal Canadiens' Armand Mondou on November 10, 1934; he was stopped by the Toronto Maple Leafs' George Hainsworth. On November 13, Ralph "Scotty" Bowman of the St. Louis Eagles scored the first penalty shot goal in NHL history. Erik Cole of the Carolina Hurricanes became the first NHL player to attempt two penalty shots in one game playing against the Buffalo Sabres and Martin Biron on November 9, 2005, scoring once. In the Hurricanes' next game Cole was given another penalty shot but missed the net guarded by the Florida Panthers' Roberto Luongo. Cole is one of three NHL players, along with Esa Pirnes (October 10 and October 12, 2003) and Andrew Cole (October 16 and October 18 2023), to have taken penalty shots in consecutive games. There have been three occasions when an NHL team successfully converted on two penalty shots in a single game - first on February 11, 1982 when Thomas Gradin and Ivan Hlinka of the Vancouver Canucks scored on shots against Detroit Red Wings goaltender Gilles Gilbert, second on December 30, 2009 when Ryane Clowe and Joe Thornton of the San Jose Sharks converted penalty shots against Washington Capitals goalie Michal Neuvirth, and most recently on March 19, 2017 when Lukáš Sedlák and Brandon Dubinsky of the Columbus Blue Jackets scored on shots against New Jersey Devils goaltender Cory Schneider. On February 6, 2014 Max Pacioretty of the Montreal Canadiens was the first player to be awarded two penalty shots in the same period, against the Vancouver Canucks. He was unsuccessful on both attempts on Roberto Luongo, but still managed to score a hat trick that night.

The occurrence of a penalty shot being called during regular season overtime in the NHL is a comparative rarity since the institution of a limited, five-minute sudden-death overtime for tie-breaking purposes following the 2000-01 NHL season (the overtime concept for regular season games itself being re-instituted for the 1983-84 season onwards), with only three skaters per side in such a period since the 2015-16 NHL season.

Since then, in Stanley Cup play, 46 penalty shots have been called, and only ten in the Final since the first one in NHL play in 1937. The first eight resulted in no score. The first successful penalty shot in NHL Stanley Cup Finals history occurred on June 5, 2006, when Chris Pronger of the Edmonton Oilers beat Cam Ward of the Carolina Hurricanes, following an illegal covering of the puck by Carolina's Niclas Wallin. , the most recent failed attempt occurred in the 2007 Final, when Antoine Vermette of the Ottawa Senators had his shot turned aside by Jean-Sébastien Giguère of the Anaheim Ducks.

For possibly the first time in professional hockey, a player was awarded two penalty shots on the same play. This occurred on Friday, November 27, 2009 in a game from the ECHL league between the Utah Grizzlies and the Alaska Aces. Vladimir Nikiforov of the Utah Grizzlies was pulled down from behind on a breakaway and as the play continued the opposing team knocked the net off of its moorings intentionally. Once the referee stopped play he awarded Nikiforov two shots, with the second being negated if a goal was scored on the first, however the goaltender, Scott Reid stopped both shots. A similar sequence happened in the 2019 World Juniors in a game between Switzerland and Russia, where Swiss forward Marco Lehmann was tripped twice on the same breakaway, resulting in two penalty shots for Switzerland, both of which were missed, by Lehmann and Philipp Kurashev.

See also
 Ice hockey rules
 Shootout
 National Hockey League
 Breakaway (ice hockey)
 Penalty shoot-out (field hockey)

References

External links
IIHF Rule Book
NHL Rulebook
USA Hockey Rulebook (.pdf)

Ice hockey rules and regulations
Ice hockey terminology
Sports penalties
1921 introductions
Articles containing video clips

Penalty shot (ice hockey)


was a town located in Iyo District, Ehime Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the town had an estimated population of 4,256 and a density of 56.43 persons per km². The total area was 75.42 km².

On April 1, 2005, Nakayama, along with the town of Futami (also from Iyo District), was merged into the expanded city of Iyo.

External links
 Iyo official website

Dissolved municipalities of Ehime Prefecture
Iyo, Ehime

Nakayama, Ehime


Paracelsus (Phillipus Theophratus Bombastus von Hohenheim; 11 Kasım veya 17 Aralık 1493, Zürih - 24 Eylül 1541, Salzburg), Almanca konuşan İsviçreli doktor ve kimyager. 16. yüzyılın önemli bilim insanlarından ve modern tıbbın kurucularından biri olduğu kabul edilir.

Doktor olan babasından ilk temel bilgileri aldıktan sonra üniversiteye gitmiş ancak burada edinmiş olduğu bilgiler kendisini tatmin etmediği için çeşitli bilim merkezlerine yolculuklar yaptı.

Paracelsus, günün tedavi şekline, otoritelerin tıbbi kuramlarına karşı çıkmış ve bunun sonucunda, biraz da çılgın tavırlarıyla, bir tür sembole dönüşmüştür. Çılgınlıkları o zamanki geleneksel tıbbın eskidiği ve artık yenilenmesi gerektiği şeklindeki tepkisinin bir göstergesidir. Akademik olan her şeye meydan okumuştur. Zamanında uygulanan tıp uygulamasına hayatı boyunca karşı çıkmış ve mücadele vermiştir. Aklı sürekli çalışan, kuramlar üreten biridir.

Onun, geçmişle olan savaşının en somut şekli, öğrencilerin yaktığı geleneksel ateşte herkesi gözü önünde İbn-i Sina, Hipokrates ve Galen gibi otoritelerin kitaplarını yakmasıdır. Böylece, Orta Çağ'da dogmatik hale gelen Galen, İbn-i Sina gibi, yeni gelişmelerin önündeki engeller olarak gördüğü hekimlerin kimliklerinde, eski tıbba son verdiğini sembolize ediyordu.

Bu hareketiyle büyük bir tepkinin doğmasına sebep olan Paracelsus, hemen hiçbir yerde fazla kalamayıp, kent kent dolaşmıştır. Paracelsus, tıp eğitiminde geleneksel olarak kullanılan Latince yerine derslerini Almanca vermiştir.

Temel tezi: iatrokimya
Paracelsus'a göre, bir cerrah bütün bitkileri tanımak, bilmek zorundadır; onları nasıl kullanacağını, onların çok hızlı mı yoksa yavaş mı etki ettiğini bilmek zorundadır. Ayrıca, onların etkilerinin bilinmesi gerekir, etkilerinin kaslar mı, kemikler mi yoksa damarlar üzerinde mi olduğunun cerrah tarafından bilinmesi lazımdır. Örneğin balsamın kırık için mi, yoksa yaralarda mı etkin olduğunun bilinmesi gerekir. Buna ilave olarak, yaranın açık ve korumasız olmasına göre, uygun bir pansumanla, yarayı temizleyip, onu dış etkilerden korumalıdır. Mümkün olduğu kadar doğanın tedavi gücünün yarayı iyileştirmesine yardımcı olmalıdır. Bu da her şeyden önce iyi beslenme ile mümkün olur.

Aynı şekilde, Paracelsus, yeni cerrahi ile ilgili olarak şöyle demektedir: Cerrahi, insanın kemiklerini ve diğer yapısını bilmek zorundadır; aksi takdirde nasıl teşhis koyabilirsiniz? Sadece dış yapıyı bilmeniz yetmez, aynı zamanda iç yapıyı da bilmek zorundasınız, bütün ven ve arterleri, sinirleri, kasları ve iç organları bilmelisiniz.

Burada Paracelsus, devrindeki organ reparasyon ameliyatları konusundaki çalışmalara karşı çıkmaktadır. Bu tip çalışmalar Ambroise Pare dahil birçok cerrahın ilgisini çekmiştir.

Paracelsus, varlıkların hepsinin ortak bir temeli olduğunu ileri sürdü; bu temel, daha önce ileri sürülen 4 elementin yanı sıra, onun materia prima (ilk maddeler) adını verdiği tuz, cıva ve kükürtten oluşuyordu.

Paracelsus, kimyada kabul edilmiş yasa ve ilkelerin, aslında canlılar için de geçerli olduğunu savundu. Bir canlı, belli bir kimyasal yapıya sahipse, buna bağlı olarak o yapıda oluşacak bozukluklar, doğal ki kimyasal kökenli olacak ve kimyasal ilkelerin açıklama modelleriyle anlaşılabileceklerdir; bu durumda yapının düzeltilebilmesi de, ancak kimyasal maddelerle olanaklı olacaktır: Bu anlayışa iatrokimya denmiştir.

Bu kurama dayanarak, Paracelsus, vücut işlevlerinin, örneğin midenin işleyişinin kimyasal bir süreç oluşturduğunu ileri sürer. Mide sindirim görevini besin maddelerini ısıtıp, ıslatarak veya onları bazı hareketlerle parçalayarak değil; midenin salgıladığı bazı sıvılar vasıtasıyla onu kimyasal bazı değişimlere tabi tutar. Bu yaklaşımı temel alan sonraki yüzyıllarda, bazı bilim insanları, araştırmalarını salgı bezleri üzerinde yoğunlaştırmışlardır.

Farmakolojinin Babası
Paracelsus modern tıbbın yanında, modern farmakolojinin (ilaçbilimi) de kurucusu olarak nitelendirilebilir. Pek çok kimyasal madde üzerinde araştırmalar yapmış ve antimonu bulmuştur ki, daha sonra 17. ve 18. yüzyıllarda antimon, iatrokimya görüşlerini destekleyenler tarafından sıkça ilaç olarak ya da ilaç karışımları içinde kullanılmıştır; bu tip ilaçlara arkana tipi ilaçlar denir. Paracelsus'un bazı terimleri Arapça'dan aldığı söylenir, alkol terimi de buna örnek gösterilir.

Paracelsus sonraki dönemlerde birçok bilim insanını etkilemiştir. Bunlardan Van Helmont özellikle sindirim ve solunum sistemlerini incelemiştir. Silvester gazı dediği karbondioksit gazını Van Helmont'un bulduğu biliniyor.

Bu ikilem fikri daha sonra, Paracelsus ve onu destekleyenlerce yeniden ele alınmış ve bu temel üzerinde asit-baz ikilemi biçimlendirilmiştir.

İatrokimya görüşünün yanında, yine 16. yüzyılda fizik bilimini ve fizik ilkelerini canlı yapının açıklamasında temel alan görüşler gelişmiştir ki, bu görüşlerin temsilcileri arasında Galileo, Descartes ve Steno sayılabilir. Bunların görüşleri de iatrofizik olarak adlandırılmıştır.

Bu okulun temsilcilerinin daha çok tekniğin gelişmesinde etkin olduğu görülmektedir. Örneğin Galileo ve bir grup arkadaşı Academia del Cimento'yu kurmuşlardır; onların çalışmaları sayesinde mercek üzerinde yapılan çalışmalar daha sonraki yıllarda gelişmiş ve mikroskop ve teleskop bilimsel araştırmalar yaparken kullanılmaya başlanmıştır.

Deneysel yöntemin kabulü
İatrokimya ve iatrofizik görüşleri, daha sonra mekanik okulu oluşturacak şekilde birleşmiştir; mekanik okul, canlı ve cansız bütün varlıkların yapı ve işlevlerinin birbirine benzediğini ve dolayısıyla fizik ve kimya olaylarının açıklanmasında kullanılan prensiplerin biyolojide de geçerli olduğunu kabul etmiştir.

Bu görüşten hareket eden bilim insanları, canlı varlıkların da cansız nesneler gibi, laboratuvarda incelenebileceği fikrini savunmaya başlamalarıyla biyolojide deneysel yöntemin yaygın olarak kullanılması söz konusu olmuştur.

Dış bağlantılar

 https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/ttkbelleten/issue/60232/879427
 https://www.britannica.com/biography/Paracelsus

Ayrıca bakınız
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Paracelsus


Sir John Soane's Museum er et historisk museum, der er indrettet i den nyklassicistiske arkitekt John Soanes tidligere hjem. Det indeholder mange tegninger og modeller af Soanes projekter og  malerier, tegninger og antikviteter, som han samlede.

Museet ligger i Holborn i London ud til Lincoln's Inn Fields. Museet bliver sponsoreret af Department for Culture, Media and Sport og har gratis adgang.

Udstilling
Soane samlede en lang række antikke genstande fra Det gamle Egypten, det antikke Grækenland og middelalderen.

Blandt museets mest berømte genstande er Seti 1.s sarkofag, der blev fundet af Giovanni Battista Belzoni, og som Soane købte 2. maj 1824 for £2000. Den var den dyreste genstand i hans samling.

Museet rummer også Humours of an Election og A Rake's Progress, der er to maleriserier af William Hogarth.

Galleri

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Museer i London
Museer etableret i 1837
Kunstmuseer i London

Sir John Soane's Museum


An Paspalum praecox in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Thomas Walter. An Paspalum praecox in nahilalakip ha genus nga Paspalum, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Paspalum

Paspalum praecox


Bell Media Inc. (French: ) is a Canadian media conglomerate that is the mass media subsidiary of BCE Inc. (also known as Bell Canada Enterprises, the owner of telecommunications company Bell Canada). Its operations include national television broadcasting and production (including the CTV and CTV 2 television networks), radio broadcasting (through iHeartRadio Canada), digital media (including Crave) and Internet properties (including the now-defunct Sympatico portal).

Bell Media is the successor-in-interest to Baton Broadcasting (later CTV Inc.), one of Canada's first private-sector television broadcasters. Although the company was founded in 1960 as Telegram Corporation, the current enterprise traces its origins to the establishment of Bell Globemedia Inc. in 2001 by BCE and the Thomson family, combining CTV Inc. (which BCE had acquired in 2000) and the operations of the Thomson family's newspaper, The Globe and Mail. BCE sold the majority of its interest in 2006 (after which the company was renamed CTVglobemedia Inc. in 2007), but in 2011, BCE acquired the entire company (excluding The Globe and Mail) and changed the name to Bell Media Inc.

Origins

Baton Broadcasting

For all practical purposes, Bell Media is the successor to Baton Broadcasting Incorporated ( ), which by the late 1990s had become one of Canada's largest broadcasters.

Formed in 1960 as Baton Aldred Rogers Broadcasting Ltd., the company was originally created to establish Toronto's first private television station, CFTO-TV. The name of this company derived from its initial investors, including the Bassett and Eaton families (Baton), and Aldred-Rogers Broadcasting (owned by broadcaster Joel Aldred and Ted Rogers); Foster Hewitt was also an initial investor, but in a much smaller role. Aldred sold his shares in 1961, followed by Rogers by 1970, thereby relieving their names from the company title. With the Bassett and Eaton families firmly in control, the company went public in the early 1970s.

CFTO was one of the charter affiliates of CTV when that network formed in 1961, becoming the network's flagship. In 1966, Baton became a part-owner in the network when it was reorganized as a station-owned cooperative. The Board of Broadcast Governors was initially skeptical about the proposal to turn CTV into a cooperative. Since CFTO was by far the largest and richest station in the network, the BBG feared Baton would take advantage of this to dominate the network. However, it approved the deal after Baton and the other owners included a provision in the cooperative's bylaws stipulating that the eight station owners would each have a single vote regardless of audience share. Additionally, if one owner ever bought another station, the acquired station's shares would be redistributed among the remaining owners so that each owner would still have one vote out of eight.

In 1972, Baton began purchasing other CTV affiliates, starting with CFQC-TV in Saskatoon. This did not, however, give Baton a substantially higher investment in CTV, since its shares were redistributed among the other owners. As a result, Baton still had only one vote out of eight.

In 1987, Baton began a concerted effort to take over CTV. It started this drive with a further expansion into Saskatchewan, purchasing CKCK-TV in Regina, Yorkton twinstick CKOS-TV/CICC-TV, and CBC affiliate CKBI-TV Prince Albert. A twinstick CTV affiliate was soon launched in Prince Albert, CIPA-TV.

In the late 1980s, Baton applied for a high-power station in Ottawa on channel 60. The licence was approved by the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC), appealed to federal cabinet by rival broadcasters, and ultimately sent back to the CRTC for review. However the license was surrendered when Baton was instead able to acquire the local CTV affiliate, CJOH-TV, from Allan Slaight's Standard Broadcasting.

In 1990, Baton purchased the MCTV system of twinstick operations in Pembroke, North Bay, Sudbury, Timmins, and the Huron Broadcasting twinstick in Sault Ste. Marie. In 1993, Baton purchased CFPL-TV in London, CKNX-TV in Wingham and received a license for a new independent station, CHWI-TV, in Windsor.

In 1991, the company launched Ontario Network Television, a secondary affiliation carried by Baton's CTV and independent stations in Ontario. This was expanded in 1994 into the Baton Broadcast System (BBS), which included Baton's Saskatchewan stations. BBS was meant as a backup in case Baton's ongoing acquisitions did not translate into control of CTV itself. A year earlier, CTV had been recently restructured into a corporation, with each owner holding a 14.3% stake in the network. However, any future acquisitions by Baton would come with all of that affiliate's CTV shares. It was around this time that former CBC executive Ivan Fecan joined the company.

Baton-Electrohome alliance (1996–2000)
In 1996, the CRTC approved two major deals involving Baton. First was the acquisition of CFCN-TV in Calgary from Rogers Communications, which had recently purchased Maclean Hunter. Second, Baton and Electrohome—owner of CKCO-TV in Kitchener and CFRN-TV in Edmonton—formed an alliance, under which the companies would share ownership of CFCN; Baton's stations in Saskatchewan and its independent stations in southwestern Ontario; and Electrohome's CKCO. The deals doubled Baton's own interest in CTV to 28.6%. However, as part of the deal, Baton took control of Electrohome's CTV vote, allowing it to command 42.9% of CTV's shares.

In January 1997, Baton-Electrohome's "Vancouver Television" proposal emerged as the CRTC's choice for the new independent station in Vancouver, beating out four other competitors. The new station, CIVT-TV, would compete directly with Western International Communications's two CTV affiliates in the market when it was launched that fall.

On February 25, 1997, the Baton-Electrohome alliance and CHUM Limited announced that several stations would be swapped between them. Baton-Electrohome would acquire CHUM's Atlantic Television System (ATV), consisting of four CTV affiliates in the Maritimes, the Atlantic Satellite Network (ASN), and a further 14.3% in CTV. CHUM would receive Baton's independent stations in southwestern Ontario, as well as CHRO-TV in Pembroke, which had recently disaffiliated from CTV. The Baton-Electrohome alliance now held 57.2% of CTV.

Shortly thereafter, Electrohome announced it would sell its broadcasting assets—including CFRN, its interest in the alliance, and its CTV shares—to Baton in exchange for cash and shares in Baton. These two deals were approved by the CRTC in August. Baton now held controlling interest in CTV, triggering a put option that allowed the other owners to sell their stakes in the network while still keeping their stations. Accordingly, Baton acquired the remaining CTV shares from WIC and Moffat Communications (Newfoundland Broadcasting, owner of CJON-TV, had effectively relinquished its vote when CTV became a corporation) that fall.

The BBS television system was merged into CTV, with the company itself being renamed CTV Inc. the following year. The Eatons' remaining shares, representing 41% of Baton (estimated at CA$450 million), were sold off to the general public in early 1998. By the end of 2001, nearly all CTV stations were consolidated under network ownership (including one replacement).

NetStar Communications (1999–2000)
NetStar Communications Inc. (previously Labatt Communications Inc., and currently CTV Specialty Television Inc.) was formed by Labatt Brewing Company to hold that firm's broadcasting assets, which included TSN, RDS, Viewers Choice, and Discovery Channel. In 1995, when the parent company was sold to the foreign brewing conglomerate Interbrew, a consortium of four Canadian investors—Stephen Bronfman (22.5%), the Caisse (22.5%), Reitmans (16.5%), and senior management (6.5%)—along with ESPN (32%), took over the company.

After a takeover attempt by CanWest Global that was vetoed by ESPN, CTV announced a friendly bid to take over NetStar Communications in early 1999, with CRTC approval on March 24, 2000. After acquiring Netstar, the CRTC required CTV to divest itself of either Netstar's TSN or their own Sportsnet; they chose to sell the latter to Rogers.

Bell Globemedia (2000–06)

At the beginning of the 2000s, Bell Canada Enterprises (BCE) acquired CTV Inc. (including the NetStar assets) and bought The Globe and Mail, folding the two into a new media venture, Bell Globemedia Inc (BGM).

This venture was masterminded by former Bell Canada chief executive Jean Monty, largely as a response to Canwest's purchase of the Southam newspaper chain as well as the trend of media convergence, particularly the AOL-Time Warner merger. Monty believed that to survive in a changing technological landscape, and in particular to drive subscriptions to satellite television provider Bell ExpressVu and internet service provider Bell Sympatico, BCE had to have control over content.

The transaction was structured as follows. In 2000, BCE acquired CTV Inc. in an all-cash transaction valued at CA$2.3 billion. Soon after, Monty arranged to have Thomson Corporation transfer control of The Globe and Mail, the Toronto-based national newspaper, to BCE in exchange for a significant interest (20%) in the merged CTV/Globe entity. The Thomson family's holding company (The Woodbridge Company Limited) invested in the company directly to obtain an additional 9.9% interest, and it later bought Thomson Corporation's interest.

The resulting company (Bell Globemedia) consisted of CTV, The Globe and Mail, and the Internet portal then known as Sympatico-Lycos (Lycos was later replaced by MSN). Fecan was named the combined firm's president and CEO (a role he remained in for the duration of the BGM/CTVglobemedia era). After Monty resigned and was replaced by Michael Sabia in 2002, it became clear that Monty's vision was not producing anything near the desired results, notwithstanding the good results for the individual units, particularly the CTV network.

The following years provided a few cosmetic changes in BGM's assets. In 2001, CTV acquired CKY-TV in Winnipeg and CFCF-TV in Montreal, and moved the CTV affiliation in British Columbia to CIVT, replacing two affiliates that had been purchased by Canwest. That fall also brought the launch of the first digital specialty channels, including several owned by CTV.

The company acquired partial ownership in TQS in 2002, the Sympatico portal was sold back to Bell Canada, while a further investment from the Thomsons (whose ownership increased to 31.5%) funded the acquisition of 15% of Maple Leaf Sports & Entertainment. However, beginning in 2003, BCE management began to refer to BGM as a non-core asset; as a result, much attention was given to the likely sale of the company, and potentially a breakup into several different pieces.

On December 2, 2005, Bell Canada Enterprises (BCE) announced that it would sell an 8.5% interest to The Woodbridge Company Limited (increasing their total ownership to 40%), a 20% interest to Torstar, and a 20% interest to the Ontario Teachers' Pension Plan. BCE retained 20% of the group—a condition that ensured that Bell Satellite TV, Sympatico, and other Bell units continued to have access to Bell Globemedia (BGM) content. The transaction closed on August 30, 2006.

This deal put to rest any rumors about a possible breakup of the company. However, Torstar's involvement led to additional media concentration concerns, mainly from media unions. Torstar insisted it was committed to maintaining the editorial independence of the Globe and its own Toronto Star, and ultimately there were no major regulatory hurdles due to this.

On July 12, 2006, BGM announced a friendly bid to take over CHUM Limited for an estimated $1.7 billion. The acquisition would bring the secondary broadcast system (Citytv), other stations including CablePulse24, MuchMusic, Star!, Bravo!, and Space, and all of CHUM's radio stations, into the BGM fold. BGM originally announced that CHUM's A-Channel stations, Access, CKX-TV, MusiquePlus, MusiMax, Canadian Learning Television, Cooking Channel and BGM's own OLN would not be retained.

On September 7, 2006, in order to pay for the CHUM acquisition, BGM sold additional shares to its existing shareholders. BCE did not participate in the refinancing; the net effect was an increase in Teachers' ownership to 25%, while BCE's interest was reduced to 15%.

CTVglobemedia (2007–11)

As a result of BCE's reduced ownership in the company, Bell Globemedia  was renamed  CTVglobemedia Inc. on January 1, 2007.

In April of that year, Rogers Communications announced a tentative deal to purchase A-Channel, CKX-TV, Access Alberta, Canadian Learning Television, and Cooking Channel from CTVglobemedia, if its purchase of CHUM was approved. Astral Media made a similar deal for CHUM's 50% interest in MusiMax and MusiquePlus.

That June, the CRTC approved the CHUM takeover, on condition that CTV sell off the Citytv stations, because of the CTV network's owned-and-operated station stations serving the very same cities. CTV ultimately chose to keep the A-Channel stations along with the rest of CHUM Ltd. assets it had previously said it would sell, except for MusiquePlus/MusiMax. Rogers Communications was announced as the buyer of the Citytv stations on June 11, 2007, and the CHUM acquisition was finalized on June 22.

Subsequently, CTVglobemedia, Inc. sold off its interests in various non-core channels. Rogers purchased several of these assets, including CTV's 33% interest in OLN in late 2007, as well as radio stations CHST-FM in London, Ontario and CHBN-FM in Edmonton, Alberta in 2010. Corus Entertainment would acquire Canadian Learning Television, Cooking Channel, and Drive-In Classics for a combined $113 million. TQS entered bankruptcy protection and was ultimately acquired by Remstar (which renamed the network "V"). Meanwhile, Glassbox Television acquired Travel + Escape in late 2010. In two cases, the operations were closed down, specifically CBC affiliate CKX-TV in Brandon, Manitoba (which left the air in October 2009 after a deal to sell that station to Bluepoint Investment Corporation fell through) and the A station in Wingham, CKNX-TV (which left the air one month prior to CKX and is now a rebroadcaster of the A station in London, CFPL-TV).

CTVglobemedia acquired Toronto station CFXJ-FM from Milestone Radio in 2010.

On September 10, 2010, BCE announced plans to re-acquire 100% of the company's broadcasting arm, including CTV Inc. Under the deal, Woodbridge, Torstar, and Teachers' would together receive $1.3 billion in either cash or equity in BCE, while BCE would also assume $1.7 billion in debt (BCE's existing equity interest was $200 million, for a total transaction value of $3.2 billion). Woodbridge would also regain majority control of The Globe and Mail Inc., with BCE retaining a 15% interest. The overall deal was expected to close by April 2011. However, the sale of The Globe, which did not require CRTC approval, was completed in late December 2010. The deal was approved by the CRTC on March 7, 2011, and officially closed on April 1, 2011.

Post-2011 developments

Expansion (2011–13)
On December 9, 2011, the Ontario Teachers' Pension Plan announced the sale of its majority stake in Maple Leaf Sports & Entertainment to BCE and its rival, Rogers Communications, in a deal valued at around $1.32 billion. Additionally, Larry Tanenbaum increased his stake in the company to 25%. The deal closed in August 2012.

On March 16, 2012, BCE announced that it had entered in an agreement to acquire Montreal-based broadcaster Astral Media for an estimated value of $3.38 billion; the assets of which were to be incorporated into Bell Media. The acquisition was primarily centered on Astral's premium services (such as The Movie Network and its stake in HBO Canada) and its French-language radio and television stations. Bell planned to use Astral's premium offerings to enhance its own multi-platform services to compete against the likes of services such as Netflix, and its French media outlets to better compete against the dominant Québecor Média. The merger was notably opposed by a coalition of competing cable providers (which included Cogeco, EastLink, and Vidéotronthe last of which is also owned by Québecor Média, who felt that Bell's control of a majority of Canadian media would harm consumer choice, and lead to increased carriage fees which could cripple smaller cable companies.

BCE's first proposal was denied by the CRTC in October 2012; the commission believed that the combined company would have had too much market power. Soon afterward, Bell and Astral began to negotiate a second proposal that would involve selling most of Astral's English-language television channels in order to quell fears by the CRTC. On March 18, 2013, the Competition Bureau cleared the revised proposal. Unlike the previous deal, which would have given Bell a 42% share of the English-language television market, the new deal would only give Bell a total market share of 35.7%, but still increase its French-language market share to 23% (in comparison to 8% before). Following hearings by the CRTC in May 2013, the CRTC approved Bell's acquisition of Astral Media on June 27, 2013. The deal is subject to conditions, including the requirement to provide fair treatment to its competitors, to not impose "restrictive bundling practices" on Astral's premium movie channels, invest $246.9 million over the next seven years on Canadian-produced programming, and to maintain the operation and local programming levels of all of its television stations through 2017. The CRTC also approved Bell's proposed exemptions for maintaining ownership of Montreal's CKGM. Bell put Family, Disney XD, the two Disney Junior services, MusiMax, MusiquePlus, and five radio stations up for sale, while Corus Entertainment acquired Historia, Séries+, and Teletoon from Astral and competitor Shaw Media.

On June 6, 2013, Bell announced that Bravo would be its first network to implement a TV Everywhere service, which would allow subscribers to Bravo on participating television service providers to stream video on demand content and the Bravo channel live via the Bravo Go app. Apps for some of its other networks were also released over the following months.

Layoffs, new partnerships (2014–17)
In December 2014, Bell Media launched CraveTV, a subscription video on-demand service. Initially, the service was available only through television providers; Bell Media president Kevin Crull argued that Bell did not want the service to cannibalize its linear television business, because its content "[would not] exist if you didn't have the traditional TV system. So you really can't sustainably have one without the other."

On April 9, 2015, Crull stepped down as president of Bell Media, and was replaced by Mary Ann Turcke, the subsidiary's former head of media sales. The move came following allegations reported by The Globe and Mail that, after the CRTC's March 2015 decision to mandate that pay television providers offer a la carte packages, Crull ordered all Bell-owned news properties, including CTV News, not to air any remarks by CRTC chairman Jean-Pierre Blais during reports regarding the decision. Although the CTV News Channel program Power Play and a report aired on the local evening newscasts complied with Crull's order, the CTV National News that night defied Crull's demand by airing a story on the changes that included remarks by Blais. CTV News president Wendy Freeman, Ottawa bureau chief Robert Fife, and the program's anchor Lisa LaFlamme felt that the inclusion of remarks by Blais was necessary due to the nature of the story. In response to the dismissal, BCE CEO George A. Cope explained that the journalistic independence of its news operations was "paramount importance to our company and to all Canadians".

Shortly after taking the position, Turcke was criticized for remarks that considered the use of virtual private network services to evade geo-blocking and access the U.S. version of subscription video on demand service Netflix to be "stealing".

In late August 2015, Bell Media began a series of layoffs, which included directors and vice presidents. On November 6, 2015, additional layoffs of 380 jobs from production, editorial, sales, and administrative roles in Toronto and Montreal were revealed. On November 17, 2015, further cuts were made, which included high-profile on-air talent from radio and television properties in Ottawa, Toronto, and Vancouver.

On November 20, 2015, Corus announced that it would wind down the operation of Movie Central, a premium television service that had been granted exclusivity in Western Canada, and cede its regional monopoly to Bell Media's The Movie Network, which was similarly restricted to Eastern Canada, allowing it to become available nationwide in 2016. Bell Media subsequently announced that it had acquired exclusive Canadian rights to all current HBO programming in Canada (rights previously shared with Corus due to its joint venture HBO Canada).

On January 6, 2016, iHeartMedia announced that it had partnered with Bell Media to launch a localized version of its online radio service iHeartRadio Canada. On January 14, 2016, CraveTV became available as a standalone service without requiring an existing television subscription.

On May 4, 2016, Bell acquired rights to the programming and branding of Canadian specialty channel Gusto TV. The channel was shut down, and re-launched on September 1, 2016, replacing M3 under its existing Category A license.

On January 31, 2017, Bell Media announced that it planned to perform another round of layoffs in 24 locations, citing various developments across Canada's broadcasting industry, as well as the impact of recent regulatory decisions (such as one that prevents the federal simsub rules from being used on the Super Bowl, whose Canadian broadcast rights are currently owned by Bell Media).

Randy Lennox era (2017–20)
On February 27, 2017, Turcke left Bell to join the National Football League as president of NFL Media. She was succeeded as president by Randy Lennox. That month, Bell also announced that it had partnered with record executive Scott Borchetta to develop a new, international television format that would "uncover, develop, and promote pop culture's next musical superstars", and "leverage Bell Media's massive reach and extensive platforms to showcase musicians on the national and international stage." CTV officially announced the new series, The Launch, in April 2017.

On June 7, 2017, Wow Unlimited Media announced that it would acquire a specialty channel from the company (later revealed to be Comedy Gold; however, the sale would later be aborted, leading to the channel's shutdown in 2019) to form a new network targeting children and young adults, and provide children's television content for Bell's over-the-top ventures. As part of the purchase, BCE will take 3.4 million common voting shares in the company.

On August 9, 2017, Bell announced that it would acquire Larche Communications' four Ontario radio stations, pending CRTC approval.

On October 17, 2017, Bell Media announced its intent to acquire Historia and Séries+—two French-language networks whose Astral-owned stakes were divested during its acquisition by Bell—from Corus Entertainment for $200 million. On May 28, 2018, both transactions were blocked by the Competition Bureau, citing a condition on the Bell/Astral deal which forbade Bell from re-acquiring properties divested in the sale for 10 years after its completion.

On January 23, 2018, Bell Media announced that it had reached licensing agreements with Starz Inc. and Lionsgate, and that TMN Encore would be rebranded under the Starz brand in 2019, featuring its programming. The following month, Bell launched SnackableTV, a streaming video app with short-form content from Bell Media properties and other sources.

In April 2018, Bell Media acquired a controlling stake in the Pinewood Toronto Studios complex. In May 2018, Bell Media announced that it, along with several other parties, would contribute French-language content to Radio-Canada's subscription streaming service Ici Tou.tv Extra.

In May 2018, Bell Media laid off 17 employees, resulting in the cancellation of Discovery's Daily Planet and Space's Innerspace.

On June 7, 2018, during the CTV upfronts, it was announced that four Bell Media specialty channels would re-brand in September 2019, with Bravo, Comedy Network, Gusto, and Space respectively becoming CTV Drama Channel, CTV Comedy Channel, CTV Life Channel, and CTV Sci-Fi Channel. Two new ad-supported video-on-demand platforms were also announced: CTV Movies and CTV Vault (renamed CTV Throwback on launch). These rebrandings and launches will be incorporated into a larger, unified digital platform containing content from all six services. Later that day, it was also announced that Bell Media was one of two Canadian companies that had acquired a stake in the Montreal-based comedy festival Just for Laughs.

On August 16, 2018, Vice Media announced a long-term output deal with Bell Media, which would see its networks and properties hold rights to Viceland programming in Canada.

On July 24, 2019, Bell announced its intent to acquire the French-language broadcast television network V from V Media Group pending CRTC approval, as well as its streaming outlet Noovo. CTVglobemedia previously owned a 40% stake in the network prior to its sale to Remstar. On April 3, 2020, the sale was approved; as a condition of the purchase, the CRTC stated that all five V stations must air five hours of local programming per-week through the 2020-2021 broadcast year, and expanding to eight-and-a-half hours per-week in Montreal and Quebec City by 2021–2022. At least half of all local programming must be locally-reflective. The sale was closed on May 15, 2020. V would later be renamed to Noovo on August 31, 2020.

Wade Oosterman era (2021–present)

On October 19, 2020, BCE announced that Lennox would be leaving the organization on January 4, 2021, and that Bell group president Wade Oosterman, to whom Lennox had reported, would take over operational leadership of Bell Media directly, while maintaining oversight of Bell's wireless, residential, and small-business telecom operations. BCE subsequently clarified that Oosterman had taken the title of president of Bell Media while remaining vice-chair of BCE and Bell Canada.

Immediately following Lennox's departure, Oosterman announced a new, simplified executive structure. As a result, several senior executives of Bell Media, some having served with the company's predecessors since the late 1990s, left the company; two of the three senior vice presidents reporting to Oosterman under the new structure also have roles overseeing parts of Bell's telecom business. Several other lower-level managers were laid off about two weeks later. This in turn was followed in early February by the elimination of hundreds of rank-and-file positions, including at least 210 in the company's Toronto offices alone, the removal of dedicated newsrooms for news-talk radio stations CJAD Montreal and CFRB Toronto, and the reformatting of three TSN Radio outlets as automated business news or comedy stations with little locally produced content.

In a memo announcing the end of the restructuring, Oosterman described the moves as necessary to "reflect the reality of sweeping change facing [Bell Media]" including impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic, changing media consumption patterns and "aggressive" competition from global players. They were also widely seen as indicating a corporate shift in focus away from traditional media outlets and towards Bell's streaming services like Crave and iHeartRadio. However, observers including Unifor, the main labour union representing Bell employees, questioned the need for the layoffs, given that parent company BCE had accepted $122 million in assistance through the Canada Emergency Wage Subsidy in 2020, while being able to increase its dividend payments to shareholders.

In June 2023, BCE announced that it was cutting 1,300 positions across its telecom and media operations (around three per cent of its workforce, and of which approximately 30% were unfilled vacancies), including six per cent of positions at Bell Media (which had 5,645 employees at the end of 2022). The company also announced it would be closing or selling nine AM radio stations, some of which had changed to automated formats during previous rounds of cuts: CFRW, CKMX, CFRN, CKST, CFTE, and CJBK all closed immediately, while CKWW, CKOC, and CHAM were slated for sale to one or more third-party buyers to be named later.

BCE blamed a number of industry changes and increasing losses in its news divisions for the cuts, while questioning the regulatory priorities of the federal government and the CRTC; one BCE executive mentioned having waited for reforms on some items for years, while also citing "relentless regulatory intervention" by the CRTC to cut wireless and Internet service pricing. This rationale was questioned by union officials and other experts who felt Bell should have better prepared for industry changes, or could have waited for the full implementation of the Online Streaming Act (Bill C-11) and the Online News Act (Bill C-18).

In June 2023, The Globe and Mail reported that after the controversial dismissal of longtime CTV anchor Lisa LaFlamme in 2022, Oosterman was recorded urging news managers from its CTV, BNN, CP24 properties to get their journalists to "help" by providing favourable coverage when reporting on Bell as long as it did not "distort reality". Oosterman also criticized CTV for not forcing conflict between opposing viewpoints to get more viewers. Oosterman's remarks seemingly violated the company's 2015 journalistic independence policy.

On August 16, 2023, Vrak and Z were removed from Vidéotron. Shortly after that, Bell Media announced that they would shut down Vrak at midnght on October 1 of that year.

On October 3, 2023, BCE announced that Oosterman would be retiring from the conglomerate by early January 2024, and would be replaced as president of Bell Media by Sean Cohan, a former executive for the American media companies A&E Networks and Nielsen. On October 23, 2023, Bell Media acquired Outfront Media's Canadian business for $410 million.

Operations

Bell Media's largest division is its television operation, which owns the following broadcast television assets:
 CTV, Canada's oldest, largest, and most-watched private broadcast television network, including 22 owned-and-operated stations, with three affiliates under license from Bell Media.
 CTV 2, a secondary television system that presently consists of four terrestrial television stations in Ontario and one in British Columbia, as well as two cable/satellite-only channels: one in Alberta; and the other in Atlantic Canada.
 Noovo, Quebec's private broadcast television network in French, including five owned-and-operated stations.
 Bell Media also owns two additional British Columbia television stations which were acquired through the acquisition of Astral Media in 2013, namely CFTK-TV in Terrace and CJDC-TV in Dawson Creek, while these stations are not officially part of Bell's secondary CTV 2 television system, however they carry some CTV 2 programming.

Bell Media also owns 29 specialty television channels, frequently in partnership with U.S. companies which operate similar channels, and primarily concentrated in the following genres:

1Until the rebranding of Business News Network as BNN Bloomberg as part of a licensing and content agreement with Bloomberg L.P. on April 30, 2018, no foreign co-owners or brand partners were involved with these channels. However, like most news organizations, CTV does rely on foreign news sources, such as ABC News and CNN, for some international coverage.

Through its Bell Media Radio division, the company is also Canada's largest private-sector radio broadcaster and operates a localized version of iHeartMedia's iHeartRadio platform in Canada, even owning the radio syndication company Orbyt Media, which supplies its American programming from iHeartMedia's Premiere Networks division.

In addition, Bell Media also owns television & radio production studios and websites associated with all of the above properties, as well as the TheLoop.ca (formerly Sympatico.ca) Internet portal previously operated through Bell Canada.

Bell Media has four locations:

 9 Channel Nine Court, 299 Queen Street West, Toronto
 Bell Media Tower, 1800 McGill College Avenue, Montreal
 Bell Media Building, 1205 Papineau Avenue, Montreal
 750 Burrard Street, Vancouver

Corporate logos

See also
 Bell Canada
 Media ownership in Canada
 Canada's Olympic Broadcast Media Consortium
 Rogers Sports & Media
 WildBrain
 Corus Entertainment
 Stingray Group
 Stingray Radio
 CBC
 Ontario Teachers' Pension Plan
 Torstar Corporation
 List of Canadian television channels

References

External links

 History of Bell Media—Canadian Communications Foundation

Bell Canada
Canadian brands
Canadian companies established in 2011
BCE Inc. acquisitions
Companies based in Toronto
Mass media companies established in 2011
Radio broadcasting companies of Canada
Television broadcasting companies of Canada
2011 establishments in Ontario

Bell Media


Tom Bridgeland (* um 1973) ist ein britischer Mathematiker, der sich mit Algebraischer Geometrie befasst.

Bridgeland studierte ab 1991 Mathematik an der Universität Cambridge und ging nach dem Abschluss an die University of Edinburgh, wo er 1998 bei Antony Maciocia promoviert wurde (Fourier-Mukai Transforms of surfaces and moduli spaces of stable sheaves). Danach war er dort EPSRC und Royal Society Research Fellow. Ab 2004 war er Reader und dann Professor an der University of Sheffield. Seit 2011 ist er Professor und Senior Research Fellow am All Souls College der Universität Oxford.

Er befasst sich mit Algebraischer Geometrie mit Anwendungen in der Stringtheorie (Spiegelsymmetrie u. a.). Inspiriert von Ideen in der Stringtheorie führte er Stabilitätsbedingungen triangulierter Kategorien ein und zeigte, dass diese eine Mannigfaltigkeit bilden. Als Beispiel untersuchte er die Räume von Stabilitätsbedingungen derivierter Kategorien von kohärenten Garben auf K3-Flächen.

2003 erhielt er den Berwick-Preis. 2006 war er Invited Speaker auf dem Internationalen Mathematikerkongress in Madrid (Derived categories of coherent sheaves). 2005 erhielt er den Whittaker-Preis und 2008, zusammen mit David Tong, den Adams-Preis. 2014 wurde er in die Royal Society gewählt.

Schriften
 mit P. Aspinwall u. a.: Dirichlet Branes and Mirror Symmetry, Clay Mathematics Monographs, 2009

Weblinks
 Homepage in Oxford

Einzelnachweise

Mathematiker (21. Jahrhundert)
Hochschullehrer (University of Oxford)
Mitglied der Royal Society
Brite
Geboren im 20. Jahrhundert
Mann

Tom Bridgeland


Moltschanow, weibliche Form Moltschanowa ist der Familienname folgender Personen:

 Alexei Olegowitsch Moltschanow (* 1987), russischer Apnoetaucher
 Denys Moltschanow (* 1987), ukrainischer Tennisspieler
 Natalja Wadimowna Moltschanowa (1962–2015), russische Apnoetaucherin
 Nikolai Stepanowitsch Moltschanow (1909–1942), sowjetischer Literaturkritiker und Journalist
 Olga Pawlowna Moltschanowa (1886–1975), russisch-sowjetische Ernährungsphysiologin und Hochschullehrerin
 Pawel Alexandrowitsch Moltschanow (1893–1941), sowjetischer Meteorologe
 Stanislaw Alexejewitsch Moltschanow (* 1940), russischer Mathematiker

Siehe auch:
 Professor Molchanov, nach Pawel Moltschanow benanntes Forschungs- und Kreuzfahrtschiff

Moltschanow