The Netherlands Marine Corps () is the elite naval infantry corps of the Royal Netherlands Navy, one of the four Armed Forces of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. The marines trace their origins to the establishment of the  on 10 December 1665, by the then grand pensionary of the Dutch Republic, Johan de Witt and famous Admiral Michiel de Ruyter. It is the second-oldest still-active marine corps in the world.

The present-day Corps is a rapid reaction force that can be deployed to any location in the world within a maximum of 48 hours. The marines are capable of operating in all environments and climates, specialising in expeditionary warfare, amphibious warfare, arctic warfare and mountain warfare. The core fighting element of the corps consists of two battalion-sized Marine Combat Groups (MCGs) which are supplemented by various combat support and combat service support squadrons. In addition, the Netherlands Maritime Special Operations Forces (NLMARSOF) are capable of conducting the full spectrum of special operations.

Throughout its history, the Marines have seen action in a number of major conflicts including the Anglo-Dutch Wars, the War of the Spanish Succession and World War II. In recent history the Marines have regularly been deployed in stabilisation roles such as the Bosnian War, the Iraq War, the War in Afghanistan and the Mali War. Additionally, the Corps conducts counterpiracy operations in the Gulf of Aden and provides Vessel Protection Detachments (VPDs) to Dutch merchant ships. The Netherlands Marine Corps uphold close international relations with the Royal Marines, the United States Marine Corps, the Sea Battalion () and the Special Operations Regiment.

History

Origins
The corps was founded on 10 December 1665 during the Second Anglo-Dutch War by the then grand pensionary of the Dutch Republic, Johan de Witt, and Admiral Michiel de Ruyter as the . The first commander of the corps was Willem Joseph van Ghent. The Dutch had successfully used conventional troops embarked on ships during the First Anglo-Dutch War. The  was the fifth European Marine unit formed, being preceded by Spain's Infantería de Armada (1537), the Portuguese Marine Corps (1610), France's Troupes de marine (1622) and the English Royal Marines (1664), although the Dutch Marines were the first in history to specialise in amphibious operations.

Like Britain, the Netherlands has had several periods during which its Marine Corps were disbanded. The French occupation of The Netherlands, which lasted from 1810 until 1813, is an example of such disbandments. A new Marine unit was raised on 20 March 1801 during the time of the Batavian Republic and on 14 August 1806 the  was raised under King Louis Bonaparte. The modern  dates back to 1814, receiving its current name in 1817.

In 1667, led by Admiral van Ghent, and their new commander, the Englishman Colonel Thomas Dolman, the Regiment de Marine played a prominent part in the large Dutch raid, the "Raid on the Medway" on England (10–14 June). The ' battle honour "Chatham" is one of the few ever won on British soil by a foreign unit. The July 2nd attack on Landguard fort near Harwich, performed by 1,500 Mariniers after landing at Woodrich was countered by the fort's garrison.

The  also fought in the Franco-Dutch War and Third Anglo-Dutch War. On June 29 of 1672, after serving in the naval Battle of Solebay, two-thirds of the Marines were withdrawn from the fleet and formed into a brigade in order to reinforce the inefficient army, which consisted largely of mercenaries, in anticipation of an English invasion. They returned to their ships in time to help stop an English invasion by defeating a combined English and French force at the naval Battle of Kijkduin (Battle of Texel) on 21 August 1673. Led by Gerolf van Isselmuyden, they served in the land battle of Seneffe against the French in 1674.

Dutch support for American independence led to the Fourth Anglo-Dutch War, where the  served at Dogger Bank.

In 1704, Marines were part of a combined English-Dutch force under Prince George of Hesse-Darmstadt that captured Gibraltar and defended it successfully shortly afterwards. The cooperation with the British was repeated once again during the Bombardment of Algiers in 1816.

The  served in various colonial operations of the Dutch Empire in the Dutch East Indies. The gradual conquest of the colony and operations consolidating Dutch rule lasted from the 1850s until shortly before World War I. The battle honours from the Aceh War (1873–1913) and Bali are displayed on the Corps' colour.

World War II

During the Battle of the Netherlands in World War II, a  unit in Rotterdam which was preparing to ship out to the Dutch East Indies successfully defended the bridges across the Maas, preventing German paratroopers in the centre of the city from rendez-vousing with conventional German infantry. The Germans ended the stalemate by bombing Rotterdam. The threat of an attack by Marines caused its German captain to scuttle the  in Aruba in 1940.

When the Dutch capitulation was declared and the Marines abandoned their positions, the German commander was surprised to encounter only a handful of troops emerge in their black uniforms. The  ordered his men to salute them out of respect for their bravery and labeled them  ("The Black Devils").

During the German occupation of the Netherlands, some  joined the Princess Irene Brigade to fight against the Germans. They distinguished themselves in combat near the Dutch city of Tilburg in the autumn of 1944.

Starting in 1943, the United States Marine Corps trained and equipped a new brigade, the , of the  at Camp Lejeune and Camp Davis in North Carolina in preparation for amphibious landings against the Japanese in the Dutch East Indies. The Japanese surrendered before such landings were needed, but the , fully trained and equipped, left North Carolina in six transports in 1945 and fought against Indonesian insurgents in the Indonesian War of Independence. The  were part of the A Division, which was itself commanded by a  officer. The brigade was disbanded in 1949.

The Dutch maintained control over Western New Guinea after the Indonesian War of Independence and the  served there until 1962 when the colony in the course of the West New Guinea dispute was handed over to the United Nations Temporary Executive Authority.

Recent history

Terrorism during the 1970s
On 11 June 1977, the Bijzondere Bijstandseenheid Mariniers (BBE-M, Special Support Unit Marines) of the Dutch Marine Corps stormed a train that was being held hostage since 23 May by armed South Moluccan nationalists in the village of De Punt, in the province of Drenthe. Six Royal Netherlands Air Force F-104 Starfighters buzzed the train as a diversion just before the assault. Six terrorists and two hostages were killed during the assault.

Cambodia
From 18 February 1992 to 18 November 1993, three battalions of Marines and a Navy field hospital (FDS) were stationed in Cambodia as part of the United Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia (UNTAC). The marines were deployed following the 1991 Paris peace treaty when the civil war was ended, they were tasked with providing safe passage to refugees, disarming rebel groups and organising fair elections.

Former Yugoslavia
Marines have deployed to Former Yugoslavia during multiple deployments, including in Bosnia, Kosovo and Macedonia. Marines of 1st Mortars Company were deployed near Sarajevo in 1995 with their MO-120 RT 120mm mortars in order to neutralise Serbian mortar and artillery positions. The Marines were part of multinational brigade. For example, Marine Special Forces were tasked with the arrest of Yugoslavian war criminals, other Marine units have deployed to accompany and protect refugee convoys in Kosovo.

Iraq
In 1991, 400 marines in addition 600 personnel of the Royal Netherlands Army were deployed to the Kurdistan Region of Iraq as part Operation Provide Comfort. The detachment of Marines consisted of a staff company, a support company and two infantry companies. The units constructed three refugee camps which were later transferred to civilian organisations. The last marines returned in July 1991.

In 2003 and 2004, two battalions of Marines were deployed to Iraq as part of the Stabilisation Force Iraq (SFIR). They were stationed in the province of Al-Muthanna where they operated under British command. Their main base was located at Camp Smitty in As Samawah. One company of marines was located at the village of Ar Rumaythah and one at the village of Al Khidr.

Since 2015, Marines have contributed to Operation Inherent Resolve by providing training to the Peshmerga and the Iraqi Special Operations Forces as part of the International military intervention against ISIL. A&A teams cooperated with the  by providing advice and assistance to Iraqi troops in the fight against ISIL.

Liberia
From 18 November 2003 until 19 February 2004, one platoon of Dutch Marines was deployed on board , a Landing platform dock (LPD) of the Royal Netherlands Navy to provide logistical support for United Nations Mission in Liberia (UNMIL).

Congo
Between 2005 and 2006, Major General of the Marines Patrick Cammaert was appointed division commander of the United Nations Organization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (MONUC) by UN secretary general Kofi Annan.

Afghanistan
From 11 January 2002 to July 2010, marines were deployed in Afghanistan as part of the International Security Assistance Force (ISAF). The second battalion and the field hospital were deployed in Mazar-e Sharif in 2005 to provide security during the elections. Marines and Navy personnel were also stationed in the Provincial Reconstruction Team in pol-e-Khomri, province of Baghlan. They took over from the Dutch Airforce and Army in 2005 and were relieved in October 2006 when Hungarian forces took over. Formerly Marines have served in Uruzgan as the NLD Operational Mentor and Liaisons Team, for recruiting and training new military personnel of the Afghan National Army in the Uruzgan province. Training took place at Kamp Holland, Tarin Kowt. A reinforced company was deployed in the Deh Rashan area of Uruzgan province. Two marines were killed on April 17 of 2010 when their Bv S10 Viking was hit by an IED. Teams of NLMARSOF cooperated with operators of the  (KCT) in the Special Operations Task Groups Orange, Task Force Viper and Task Force 55 from 2006 until 2010.

C-Squadron of NLMARSOF has deployed to Afghanistan since 2018 as part of the Resolute Support Mission. Together with KCT operators they form the Special Operations Advisory Team (SOAT), which is tasked with providing training and assistance to the Afghan police tactical unit Afghan Territorial Force 888 (ATF-888) of the Afghan National Police.

Counterpiracy
Since 2008 marines have been deployed as boarding teams aboard naval ships of the Royal Netherlands Navy, tasked with conducting counterpiracy operations off the coast of East Africa. The Dutch marines received international attention following the Action of 5 April 2010, during which the container ship MV Taipan was liberated from Somali pirates by an NLMARSOF boarding team. The operation was filmed using a helmet-mounted camera and made public by the Ministry of Defence, consequently displayed by news media across the globe. Moreover, NLMARSOF frogmen have conducted extremely rare operational underwater operations, including the sabotage of pirate ships. Since 2011 the Corps has provided Vessel Protection Detachments (VPDs) to Dutch merchant vessels sailing through areas prone to piracy.

Organisation

Structure

The Corps is headed by the , an officer in the rank of Brigadier General. All operational units fall under the command of the  (GC-OEM, Group Commander Operational Units Marines). The brigade-level command element Netherlands Maritime Force (NLMARFOR) is the expeditionary operational staff headquarters which is commanded by a Colonel. The core fighting element of the corps consists of two battalion-sized Marine Combat Groups (MCGs), 1st Marine Combat Group is the main contribution of the Netherlands Marine Corps to the United Kingdom/Netherlands Landing Force (UK/NL LF).

Following the large scale reorganisation of the Armed Forces in 2013, the Corps was affected as well. The Corps was restructured, among other changes. The battalion composition and naming was changed:

 a rifle group of 8 men became a Raiding Section of 14 men
 a platoon of 30 men became a Raiding Troop of 32 men
 a company became a Raiding Squadron consisting of 3 Raiding Troops
 a battalion became a Marine Combat Group consisting of 3 Raiding Squadrons, 1 Combat Support Squadron, 1 Combat Service Support Squadron and 1 Recon, Surveillance & Target Acquisition Squadron
 battalion units were required to complete additional training to become certified as special operations capable (SOC)

Units

Marine Combat Groups
The Corps consists of two battalion-sized Marine Combat Groups (MCGs), 1st MCG and 2nd MCG, which are headed by a Lieutenant Colonel and each field approximately 726 men with a command staff consisting of 30 men each.

The three Raiding Squadrons of each MCG are commanded by Majors and consist of 108 men each. The Raiding Squadrons each field three Raiding Troops with two Raiding Sections of 16 men each per troop.

The Recon, Surveillance & Target Acquisition (RSTA) Squadrons are commanded by a Major and consist of 87 men. Each RSTA Squadron fields a forward Observer Troop with four Fire Support Teams of six men each, an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle System section with AeroVironment RQ-11 Raven and AeroVironment RQ-20 Puma UAVs, a Reconnaissance Sniper Troop, a Mortar Troop with L16 81mm mortars and a Low Altitude Air Defense section. In addition, the RSTA Squadron staff provides Joint Fires Cells for its Marine Combat Group in order to coordinate all types of fire support.

The Combat Support Squadrons consist of 114 men and field a staff, an Assault Engineer Troop, an Anti-Armour Troop, and an Armoured All-Terrain Vehicle Troop. Each of these three troops fields three identical sections, with each section supporting one Raiding Squadron of the Marine Combat Group. The Assault Engineer Troop also provides Improvised Explosive Device detection capabilities. The Anti-Armour Troop provides direct fire support with Spike anti-tank guided missiles. The Armoured All-Terrain Vehicle Troop provides Bv 206S and BvS 10 armoured all-terrain personnel carriers to transport the three Raiding Squadrons.

The Combat Service Support Squadron fields 171 personnel and provide maintenance, medical, and logistic support. Each Combat Service Support Squadron consists of a Workshop Troop, a Transport Troop, an Equipment Support Troop, a Medical Support Troop, and a Communication and Information Systems Troop.

In 2014, 13e Raiding Squadron was the first unit to complete additional training to become certified maritime special operations capable (MARSOC). A MARSOC unit can support and conduct special operations with NLMARSOF.

Netherlands Maritime Special Operations Forces

The Netherlands Maritime Special Operations Forces (NLMARSOF) is the SOF element of the Corps. NLMARSOF consists of two operational squadrons, a training squadron, a logistic element and a support group. The Maritime Counter Terrorism Squadron (M-Squadron) consists of three troops and is tasked with combating large-scale and complex domestic terrorist threats. It operates as an integral element of the  (DSI) of the National Police. The Conventional Squadron (C-Squadron) is tasked with conducting the full spectrum of special operations abroad. C-Squadron fields three troops; two frogman troops specialised in underwater operations and one mountain leader troop specialised in mountain warfare. C-Squadron can be deployed by submarine, parachute, various underwater transport and snowmobiles. The Training Squadron (T-Squadron) trains all aspiring MARSOF operators in addition to providing operational training. The Special Operations Forces Support Group (SOFSG) provides operational support while the Logistic Support Group (LSG) is responsible for the maintenance, acquisition and storage of all equipment.

NLMARSOF was founded in 2013 by merging the Mountain Leader Reconnaissance Platoon, the  and the Special Forces Underwater Operator Platoon. The maritime SOF training takes about 40 weeks, and eligible marines are trained to become long-range reconnaissance SOF operators and counter-terrorism specialists, with an emphasis on maritime special operations. Those who wish to specialise as mountain leader or frogman can apply for these specialisations following the completion of training. NLMARSOF is modelled after the British Special Boat Squadron.

Surface Assault and Training Group

The Surface Assault and Training Group (SATG) provides the Marine Corps with maritime vessels. The Surface Assault and Training Group consists of 241 men; besides the staff it fields an Amphibious Support Group, a Landing Craft Utility (LCU) Troop, a Landing Craft Vehicle Personnel (LCVP) Troop, a Fast Raiding Interception and Special Forces Craft (FRISC) Squadron, a Landing Craft Control Team Light and a Landing Craft Control Team Heavy. The Amphibious Support Group provides logistical support for the SATG. The LCU Troop fields five Landing Craft Utility with their crews, while the LCVP Troop fields 12 LCVPs with their crews.

The FRISC Squadron fields three troops: a troop with Raiding Crafts for the Marine Combat Groups, a troop with Maritime Counter Terrorism Crafts (MCT) for the Maritime Counter Terrorism Squadron, and a troop with Special Operation and Interceptor Crafts for the Conventional Squadron of the Maritime Special Operations Forces. The two Landing Craft Control Teams consist of a staff, a Beach Recce Group, a Beach Control Group and a Heavy Vehicle Group. The Landing Craft Control Team Heavy is equipped with Leopard 1 BARV beach armoured recovery vehicles. Both Beach Recce Groups field a team of divers to clear mines, barriers and other obstacles from landing beaches.

Seabased Support Group
The Seabased Support Group (SSG) fields 98 men and coordinates maritime operational logistic support for Marine units embarked on one the Rotterdam-class amphibious transport docks. The Seabased Support Group fields an Equipment Support Troop, a Weapons and Ammo Troop, a Workshop and Transport Troop and a Communications and Information Systems (CIS) Troop.

32nd Raiding Squadron (Dutch Caribbean Forces)
The 32nd Raiding Squadron (Dutch Caribbean Forces) consists of 153 personnel and is stationed in Aruba and is responsible for the defence of the Netherlands Antilles. The 32nd Raiding Squadron falls operationally under the command of the Naval Commander of the Caribbean (CZMCARIB). 32nd Raiding Squadron is stationed at the  Barracks Savaneta (Aruba). Marines on Aruba also participate in anti-drug operations. The squadron is commanded by a Major and consists of a Headquarters, 3 Raiding troops, and the following supporting units a Fast Raiding, Interception and Special Forces Craft (FRISC) troop (with 12 boats), and a combat service support troop for transport, logistics, maintenance and medical care.

Marine Training Command
The Marine Training Command (MTC) is tasked with the validation, qualification and training of all operational units of the Corps. Furthermore, the command is responsible for maintaining adequate readiness and quality through the implementation of stringent training standards. Its training programs are adapted to the programs of its fleet equivalent, the Sea Training Command (STC), in order to maximise efficiency and interoperability of the marines and the fleet. The command is headed by a Colonel.

Marine Education Centre
The Marine Education Centre (, MOC) is tasked with the selection, training and education of new marine recruits. The MOC provides all marine basic training and is based at the Van Ghent Barracks in Rotterdam, headed by a Lieutenant Colonel.

Locations
The majority of the operational units are based at the  in Doorn, in the province of Utrecht. These barracks are the headquarters of the Marine Combat Groups, Sea-based Support Group, and the staff and M-Squadron of NLMARSOF. Due to obsolescence of the location a new base is being constructed at  near the city of Apeldoorn. The  is based in the city of Rotterdam and provides the basic training and many other training courses within the Corps. The  is based on the island of Texel and functions as a forward operating base for the Surface Assault and Training Group from which all sorts of amphibious training can be employed. Moreover, the Corps has multiple bases and auxiliary branches in the Dutch Caribbean. Below follows an overview of the Corps' bases:

  —Doorn, Utrecht
  —Rotterdam, South Holland
  —Texel, North Holland
  —Willemstad, Curaçao
  —Savaneta, Aruba
  —Curaçao
  —Sint Maarten

Recruitment and training
The  are known for their arduous training programmes, which are primarily focused around hardship. Due to its longstanding and close cooperation with its British counterpart, the Royal Marines, training programmes are highly similar for both organisations. Although women have been allowed to join the  since the beginning of 2017, no woman has successfully completed basic training yet.

Depending on the educational background, there are two career possibilities to become a Dutch marine: enlisted marine and marine officer. An overview of marine training courses:
 EVO (: Initial training to become an enlisted marine in the Netherlands lasts about 33 weeks (8 months—roughly equivalent to that of the British Royal Marines). It is given at the  (M.O.C.) at the  in Rotterdam. It is rigorous and very demanding, both physically and mentally, and eventually 30% to 50% will pass. If successfully completed, the recruits receive their "dark blue beret", and will be assigned to the operational units of  Training Command (MTC).
 VVO (): Training to become a marine corporal lasts around 20 weeks. After 4–5 years of experience, marines who exhibit remarkable qualities can apply for this course, where they are being tested on leadership qualities and various military skills. Prior to the actual course, these marines will receive course segments, like marksman instructor, at an earlier stage. Only through experience can a marine corporal grow into sergeant.
 POTOM (—officer training): Initial training to become a marine officer in the Netherlands lasts a total of 22 months, starting with an intensive 11 months of practical marine officer's training and followed by 11 months of theoretical background and practical courses. The training is regarded as one of the most demanding initial military training programmes globally, with usually more than 70% of prospective officers dropping out. This part of the initial training programme is modular, which means that it is made up of 4 phases. First, the prospective officers will learn the basic skills of every enlisted marine, which takes about 10 weeks. After phase one comes the second phase, commanding a raiding section of 14 marines. This module lasts for 8 weeks, and emphasizes nightly operations. After successfully completing the second phase the third phase commences, which is focused on commanding a raiding troop of 32 marines. The fourth phase centers around commanding a raiding troop in different domains (e.g. urban, maritime setting). The last two modules are the longest, and cross-training is provided by both the  and the British Royal Marines officer training teams. When successfully completing the 'POTOM', candidates are required to complete another year of general officer's training at the  (Royal Dutch Naval Academy). Once this has been finished, the marine officer will be assigned to one of the operational units within the Marine Training Command (MTC).

Operational training
During operational training, there is more emphasis on various other tactics in amphibious warfare, and it will take about a year to become MARSOC (Maritime Special Operations Capable) certified, which will last for two years. SOCs are able to operate within any environment in the world, under any condition and circumstance. Therefore Dutch marines regularly train in arctic, jungle, desert, high-altitude, maritime and urban conditions, and embark on various training missions throughout the world. In these two years SOCs will work closely with MARSOF platoons throughout the world, and can choose to enlist for further specialization.

Specialisation
Experienced marines are able to obtain various specialisations. It is common for marines to have multiple specialisations.
Popular specialisations include: weapons instructor, mortar, communications, or heavy weapons specialist, designated marksman, sniper, assault engineer, medic or free-fall para. Some of these specialisations require the rank of Corporal before being able to follow specialisation training, and must not exceed a maximum age.

Equipment

Weaponry
The basic infantry weapons of the  are the Colt Canada C7 assault rifle, Colt Canada C8 carbine and Glock 17 pistol. Support fire is provided by the Colt Canada LOAWNLD squad automatic weapon, the FN MAG general-purpose machine gun and the Browning M2 heavy machine gun (which is usually mounted on a vehicle); indirect fire by the L16A2 81mm mortar. Designated marksmen operate the HK417 designated marksman rifle, while sniper rifles include the Accuracy AWM and Accuracy International AXMC (chambered in .338 Lapua Magnum) and Barret M82 anti-materiel rifle (chambered in .50 BMG). Grenade launchers include the Heckler & Koch UGL, M320 GLM and Heckler & Koch GMG, the last a vehicle mounted automatic grenade launcher. Anti Armour Troops operate the Panzerfaust 3 and Spike MRAT anti-tank weapon. Furthermore, NLMARSOF has access to additional weaponry for their specific tasks. These include the FN P90 personal defense weapon, HK416 and SIG Sauer MCX carbines and M72 LAW anti-tank weapon.

Vehicles
 Armour
The Armoured All-Terrain Vehicle Troops (AATV) are equipped with 74 BvS10 tracked amphibious vehicles; 46 personnel carriers, 20 command vehicles, 4 recovery vehicles and 4 ambulances. In addition, 96 of the 156 originally purchased Bv 206S have been given a mid-life update and remain operational. The rest of the vehicles have been cannibalised, sold or disposed and will be replaced by 124 new light-armoured vehicles in cooperation with the United Kingdom, Germany and Sweden from 2024 onwards. For foreign deployments the marines have access to a joint pool of Bushmaster infantry mobility vehicles. Four Leopard 1 BARVs are in use, tasked with recovering vehicles during beach assaults.

 Light mobility
Light mobility is provided by Land Rover 110XD tactical vehicles, which are due for replacement by 100 new armoured amphibious-capable vehicles in 2023. The Mercedes-Benz G280 CDIs which were used in the Dutch Caribbean have been replaced by 60 new purpose-built DMV Anaconda 4x4s, which are based on the Iveco Daily 4x4. The first 46 vehicles for the Caribbean were acquired in four variants: a command variant, a patrol variant, a general support variant and a driver instruction variant. The vehicles are equipped with several weapon systems and communication systems and are intended for low-intensity operations. Another 14 vehicles have been delivered to the Anti-Armour Troops (AAT) in the Netherlands. The AAT variant can carry Spike anti-tank weapons and launchers. Moreover, NLMARSOF has access to the fleet of 75 Defenture VECTOR special operations vehicles through a joint NLD SOCOM pool. Non-armoured Volkswagen Amarok vehicles are used for peacetime duties, replacing the obsolete Mercedes-Benz 290GDs.

 Vessels
The marines have access to a large fleet of vessels. The two Landing Platform Docks (LPDs) of the Royal Netherlands Navy, HNLMS Rotterdam and HNLMS Johan de Witt, are capable of transporting a complete Marine Combat Group and its equipment and can carry 4 LCUs or 6 smaller LCVPs landing craft (or a combination of 2 LCUs and 3 LCVPs) in their large internal dock. The Corps' fleet includes five Landing Craft Utility Mk. II (LCUs), which are capable of carrying three trucks, two armoured vehicles, one BARV or 130 fully equipped marines and are armed with two Browning M2 .50 machine guns. Furthermore, twelve Landing Craft Vehicle Personnel Mk5C (LCVPs) are operated, which are capable of carrying two 2 Land Rovers, one Bv 206S or 35 fully equipped marines and are armed with 2 FN MAG machine guns. Additionally, the marines have access to a fleet of 48 Fast Raiding, Interception and Special Forces Craft (FRISCs); 11 for special operation use, 12 for use in the Dutch Caribbean, 17 for use as small landing crafts and 6 used in combination with the Holland Class OPVs.

 Aviation
The Corps cooperates closely with the Defence Helicopter Command which provides airlift using NH90, CH-47 Chinook and AS532 Cougar transport helicopters.

Traditions

Uniforms
The Corps has multiple distinctive uniforms. The Corps' standard combat uniform is based on the Battle Dress Uniform (BDU) in the woodland pattern, as opposed to the Disruptive Pattern Material (DPM)-based combat uniform of the other services of the Netherlands Armed Forces. This combat uniform is due to be replaced by new uniforms in the Netherlands Fractal Pattern from 2023 onwards. Operators of NLMARSOF and other selected units wear combat uniforms in the commercial MultiCam pattern.

The service dress uniform can be worn during everyday office, barracks and non-field duty purposes. The uniform consists of trousers with red pipings and a jacket (both in dark-blue fabric), a white dress shirt with a black necktie and headgear (beret or peaked cap). The uniform can be supplemented with brown leather gloves, decorations worn in Prussian arrangement and a belt with a holster.

The mess dress uniform is worn during formal occasions, such as a dinner or a ball and consists of a smoking, complemented with a peaked cap and miniature medals.

The full dress uniform consists of a dark-blue jacket with a red standing collar, dark-blue trousers with red pipings, orange sash (worn by officers), pith helmet, , white gloves and a sabre.

Colours

The Netherlands Marine Corps was granted a colour (Dutch: ) by Queen Wilhelmina on 16 September 1929 and was renewed in 1988. The colour forms the embodiment of the history and character of the Corps. In contrast to the functional use of colours in the past, during which they served as landmarks on the battlefield, the contemporary role has been greatly reduced. Nonetheless, the colour continues to play an important role during various military ceremonies. For example, soldiers swear the oath of enlistment while holding the colour. Moreover, the colour constitutes an important connection between the Corps and the Royal House of the Netherlands. Only the sovereign can grant a military unit a colour or standard, therefore the royal cypher of the monarch that granted the regiment its (original) colour is displayed. In addition, the colour is inscribed with (historical) battle honours. By prominently displaying them, the aim is to add to the esprit de corps, uphold the collective memory and serve as inspiration for future actions.

The colour of the  is distinct from other Dutch colours by the display of blue anchors in the four corners. The lanyard of the Military William Order, which it was granted in 1946 for actions in World War II, is permanently attached to the colour as well. The battle honours as they appear on the  colours are: Spanje - Algiers, West-Indië, Seneffe, Kijkduin - Doggersbank, Atjeh - Bali, Chatham, Rotterdam, Javazee, Java - Madoera, Nieuw-Guinea. In 2019, it was announced that the Corps was being granted a new battle honour for display on the colour for actions in Afghanistan; Helmand - Kandahar - Uruzgan.

Ranks and insignia

United Kingdom/Netherlands Amphibious Force (UK/NL AF)

Since 1972, units of the Netherlands Marine Corps have formed part of the British 3 Commando Brigade during exercises and real conflict situations. Also Mountain Warfare /Force Reconnaissance Troop of C Squadron NLMARSOF will be placed under UK operational command as part of C Squadron, UK Special Boat Service. Together, these form the UK/NL AF. Either the First or the Second Marine Combat Group can be assigned as the Dutch contribution to this force. UK/NL AF contributes to the European Multinational Maritime Force (EMMF).

The cooperation between the  and the Royal Marines has led to extensive integration in the areas of operations, logistics and materials. Within NATO this is seen as a prime example of what can be achieved in military integration.

The NLMC and Royal Marines have a long history of cooperation. During combined actions by the British and Dutch navies during the War of the Spanish Succession (1702–1713), amphibious operations were carried out, the most notable being the Capture of Gibraltar in 1704. During this action, a successful attack was carried out against the fortress of Gibraltar by an 1800-strong brigade of Dutch and British Marines under the command of Prince George of Hesse-Darmstadt. Both corps share this battle honour.

The British and Dutch armed forces share close relations. The Royal Marines and Netherlands Marine Corps are allied through a 'Bond of friendship'.

The nickname of the Dutch Marines among their British Royal Marine counterparts is "Cloggies," due to the stereotype that most or all Dutch wear clogs, instead of normal footwear.

Alliances
 Royal Marines (Bond of Friendship)
 United States Marine Corps (Bond of Friendship)
 Seebataillon (German Marines integrated into the )
 Special Operations Regiment

Notes

References
Beknopte geschiedenis Korps Mariniers
Klein, Edwin,'The Dutch Marines and the Indonesian Problem', Marine Corps Gazette, Aug 1946.
Dorren, C.J.O., De geschiedenis van het Nederlandsche Korps Mariniers van 1665–1945, 's Gravenhage, 1948.
Coox, Alvin D., 'The Dutch Invasion of England: 1667', Military Affairs, Vol. 13 No. 4, Winter 1949, pp. 223–233.
Dorren, C.J.O., 'Een historische terugblik op de ontsluiting van Japan na de maritieme strafexpedities tegen Kagoshima en Simonoseki (1863–1864)', Marineblad, 1950.
Edwards, H. W., 'Netherlands Korps Mariniers', Marine Corps Gazette, Sep 1953.
Dorren, C.J.O., Onze mariniersbrigade (1945–1949). Een veelbewogen episode in de korpsgeschiedenis, 's Gravenhage, 1955.
Strandberg. Carl, 'Netherlands Marines', Marine Corps Gazette, Dec 1961.
Bosscher, Ph. M., 'De gezantschapswacht te Peking', Marineblad, Vol. 75, 1965, pp. 1145–1198.
Middelhoff, A.J.M., 'De geschiedenis van het 1ste Bataljon Marinetroepen', Marineblad, Vol. 79, 1969, pp. 627–642
de Korver, Michael, 'Royal Netherlands Marines belong to the world's second oldest marine corps', Marine Corps Gazette, Feb 1979.
Scharfen, 'Het Korps Mariniers' (interview), Marine Corps Gazette, Oct 1987.
Schoonoord, D.C.L., De Mariniersbrigade 1943–1949 Wording en inzet in Indonesië, Instituut voor Maritieme Historie, The Hague, 1988.
van Holst-Pellekaan, R.E., de Regst, I.C. and Bastiaans, I.F.J, Patrouilleren voor de Papoea's: de Koninklijke Marine in Nederlands Nieuw-Guinea 1945–1960, Amsterdam, 1989.

External links

Official site of the Netherlands Marine Corps
KorpsMariniers.com
Netherlands Institute for Military History
Organization of the Netherlands Marine Corps and the United Kingdom/Netherlands Landing Force in 1985

1665 establishments in the Dutch Republic
Military units and formations established in 1665
Navy of the Dutch Republic

Netherlands Marine Corps


Das Nationale Forschungszentrum für Archäologie, offiziell Centre national de recherche archéologique (CNRA), ist ein staatliches Kulturinstitut in Luxemburg, das dem Kulturministerium untersteht und dem Nationalmuseum für Geschichte und Kunst angeschlossen ist. Es wurde durch Großherzogliches Reglement vom 24. Juli 2011 ins Leben gerufen und hat seinen Sitz in Bartringen. Seine Aufgabe ist es, Überreste aus vergangenen Epochen in Luxemburg zu erforschen, zu konservieren und zugänglich zu machen (unter anderem durch archäologische Ausgrabungen, Publikationen, Ausstellungen, Vorträge, Führungen usw.).

Aufgaben
Das CNRA untersucht im Vorfeld von Bauprojekten, oder aus Forschungsgründen Grundstücke und Gelände (Prospektionen und Ausgrabungen), um Informationen über die Geschichte, die Umwelt, die Wirtschaft und die Kultur der Gesellschaften in früheren Zeiten zu sammeln. Dazu werden verschiedene Prospektions- und Ausgrabungsmethoden eingesetzt.

Das CNRA arbeitet mit anderen Forschungsinstituten, Bibliotheken, Archiven und freiwilligen Mitarbeitern im In- und im Ausland zusammen.

Die Mitarbeiter des CNRA organisieren regelmäßig Vorträge, Konferenzen und, in Zusammenarbeit mit dem Nationalmuseum für Geschichte und Kunst, Ausstellungen. Ein Hauptteil seiner Arbeit liegt im Untersuchen von archäologischen Fundstellen und dem Herausgeben von archäologischen Publikationen.

Publikationen
 Empreintes. – Annuaire du Musée national d'histoire et d'art / Centre national de recherche archéologique (jährlich, von 2008 bis 2011)
 Archaeologia luxemburgensis - Bulletin du Centre national de recherche archéologique. (jährlich, seit 2014)
 Archaeologia mosellana - Archéologie en Sarre, Lorraine et Luxembourg. (unregelmäßig, seit 1989)
 Musée national d'histoire et d'art & Centre national de recherche archéologique: Unter unseren Füßen. Sous nos pieds. Archäologie in Luxemburg. Archéologie au Luxembourg 1995-2010. Publications du Musée national d'histoire et d'art Luxembourg Nr. 14. Luxembourg 2011. ISBN 978-2-87985-161-7 (Katalog der Ausstellung am Nationalmuseum für Geschichte und Kunst vom 20. Oktober 2011 bis 2. September 2012.)

Weblinks
 Internetpräsenz des Centre national de recherche archéologique
 Règlement grand-ducal vom 24. Juli 2011 PDF

Archäologische Institution
Archäologie (Europa)
Bartringen
Kultur (Luxemburg)
Forschungsinstitut in Luxemburg
Gegründet 2011

Nationales Forschungszentrum für Archäologie


بلدية سان مارتين ديل بيمبويار (بالإسبانية: San Martín del Pimpollar) هي بلدية تقع في مقاطعة آبلة التابعة لمنطقة قشتالة وليون وسط إسبانيا.

الديموغرافيا
بلغ عدد سكان بلدية سان مارتين ديل بيمبويار 228 نسمة عام 2011 (وفقاً للمعهد الوطني للإحصاء الإسباني).

مراجع

مصادر
  الموقع الرسمي لبلدية سان مارتين ديل بيمبويار

أماكن مأهولة في آبلة
بلديات آبلة

سان مارتين ديل بيمبويار


Episactidae es una familia de insectos ortópteros celíferos. Se distribuye por Centroamérica, este de Asia y Madagascar.

Géneros
Según Orthoptera Species File (31 mars 2010):
 Episactinae Burr, 1899
 Episactus Burr, 1899
 Gymnotettix Bruner, 1901
 Lethus Rehn & Rehn, 1934
 Paralethus Rowell & Perez-Gelabert, 2006
 Pielomastax Chang, 1937
 Espagnolinae Rehn, & Rehn, 1939
 Antillacris Rehn & Rehn, 1939
 Espagnola Rehn & Rehn, 1939
 Espagnoleta Perez-Gelabert, 2000
 Espagnolopsis Perez-Gelabert, Hierro & Otte, 1997
 Neibamastax Rowell & Perez-Gelabert, 2006
 Tainacris Perez-Gelabert, Hierro, Dominici & Otte, 1997
 †Paleomastacris Perez-Gelabert, Hierro, Dominici & Otte, 1997
 Miraculinae Bolívar, 1903
 Heteromastacini Descamps, 1965
 Heteromastax Descamps, 1965
 Malagassini Rehn, & Rehn, 1945
 Acronomastax Descamps, 1965
 Malagassa Saussure, 1903
 Rhabdomastax Descamps, 1969
 Miraculini Bolívar, 1903
 Miraculum Bolívar, 1903
 Seyrigella Chopard, 1951
 Teicophryinae Rehn, & Rehn, 1939
 Teicophrys Bruner, 1901

Referencias

 Burr, 1899 : Essai sur les Eumastacides. Anales de la Sociedad española de Historia natural, vol. 28, 75-112.

Enlaces externos

 Episactidae en TolWeb

Familias de insectos
Eumastacoidea

Episactidae


Bortigiadas (galurski: Bultigghjàta) je grad i općina (comune) u pokrajini Sassariju u regiji Sardiniji, Italija. Nalazi se na nadmorskoj visini od 476 metara i ima 765 stanovnika. Prostire se na 75,90 km2. Gustoća naseljenosti je 10 st/km2.Susjedne općine su: Aggius, Perfugas, Santa Maria Coghinas, Tempio Pausania i Viddalba.

Izvori

Gradovi na Sardiniji

Bortigiadas


Metelwin je knjižničarski program za upravljanje knjižnicama. Upotrebljava se u velikom broju knjižnica u Hrvatskoj i susjednim državama. Najzastupljeniji je knjižnični program u regiji. Razvija se od 1993. godine. Danas se njime služi preko tisuću knjižnica. U zajedničkom OPAC-u je zasad više od dva milijuna naslova i preko petnaest milijuna svezaka. Program potpuno integrira digitalnu knjižnicu i standardni OPAC. Program ima podršku za LDAP i NLM. Ispisi se mogu izvesti u PDF, Word, OpenOffice, Excel, HTML, XML.
METELwin je i skupni katalog narodnih, školskih, specijalnih i visokoškolskih knjižnica. Metelwin je dio Metelgrada.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
GISKO Katalozi u Hrvatskoj

 Računarstvo u Hrvatskoj
 Knjižničarstvo

Metelwin


Platte County is the name of three counties in the United States:

 Platte County, Missouri
 Platte County, Nebraska
 Platte County, Wyoming
 Platte County, Colorado Territory, an unorganized county of the Territory of Colorado from 1872 to 1874

Platte County


Sporvognsulykken på Sannergata (Trikkeulykken i Sannergata) var en ulykke, der fandt sted 15. maj 1937 på Sannergata i Oslo, hvor en person omkom og flere blev kvæstet, da en sporvogn blev afsporet. Vogntypen, populært kaldet Gullfisk, var blevet leveret til Oslo Sporveier i februar samme år. Meget tyder på at vognstyreren ikke var fortrolig med styringen af vognen og fejlbetjente den.

Forløb og årsag
Oslo Sporveiers vogn nr. 158 var på vej fra Torshov i sydgående retning, da den fik problemer med bremserne i Vogts gate. Den kolliderede med en lastbil i krydset Toftes gate/Sannergata og afsporedes derefter i kurven ind i Sannergata. Vognen endte i husmuren ved Borgs glassmagasin. En fodgænger blev klemt mellem sporvognen og husmuren og omkom senere af sine kvæstelser.

Vognen der var involveret i ulykken havde en for den tid avanceret regulering af motorstrømmen, der blandt andet kunne tilbageføre energi ved bremsning. Desuden var der flere bremsesystemer, men de var indbyrdes forseglede, blandt andet for at undgå overbremsning med blokering af hjulene til følge. Hovedårsagen til ulykken var at vognstyreren ikke var vant til dette. Ydermere havde vognen kørt forkert ved Torshov og var blevet bakket tilbage på det rigtige spor. Vognstyreren glemte formentlig at sætte kontrolleren på frem bagefter, og da han ville bremse, fungerede de elektriske bremser (motorbremsen) ikke, fordi de vendte forkert elektrisk.

Vognstyreren indså ikke, at han først måtte løse forseglingen mellem de elektriske bremser og trykluftbremsen for at få kontrol over vognen med den. Trykluftbremsen kunne ikke slås til, hvis kontrolleren ikke stod i 0-stilling. Skinnebremserne fungerede dårligt ved høj hastighed, og man antog, at vognstyreren aldrig nåede at prøve håndbremsen.

Eksterne henvisninger
 Nasjonalbiblioteket: Foto fra sporvognsulykken på Sannergata
 Nasjonalbiblioteket: Foto fra sporvognsulykken på Sannergata
 Nasjonalbiblioteket: Foto fra sporvognsulykken på Sannergata

Oslos sporveje
Transportulykker
Begivenheder i 1937

Sporvognsulykken på Sannergata


Svjetsko prvenstvo u motociklizmu u klasi 250cc za 1994. godinu je osvojio talijanski vozač Max Biaggi na motociklu Aprilia RSV250 u momčadi Chesterfield Aprilia.

Raspored utrka i osvajači postolja
1994. godine je bilo na rasporedu 14 trkaćih vikenda Svjetskog prvenstva i na svima su vožene utrke u klasi 250cc.

VN Nizozemske - također navedena kao Dutch TT
VN Velike Britanije - također navedena kao VN Britanije

Poredak za vozače
 Sustav bodovanja
Bodove osvaja prvih 15 vozača u utrci.

 u ljestvici vozači koji su osvojili bodove u prvenstvu

Poredak za konstruktore
 Sustav bodovanja
Bodove za proizvođača osvaja najbolje plasirani motocikl proizvođača među prvih 15 u utrci.

 u ljestvici konstruktori koji su osvojili bodove u prvenstvu

Povezani članci
 Svjetsko prvenstvo u motociklizmu
 Svjetsko prvenstvo u motociklizmu – niže klase

Vanjske poveznice
  motogp.com
  racingmemo.free.fr, LES CHAMPIONNATS DU MONDE DE VITESSE MOTO
  motorsportstats.com, MotoGP
  pilotegpmoto.com
  jumpingjack.nl, Alle Grand-Prix uitslagen en bijzonderheden, van 1973 (het jaar dat Jack begon met racen) tot heden.
  the-sports.org, Moto - 250 cc Moto2) - Prize list
  motorsport-archive.com, World 250ccm Championship :: Overview
  en.wikipedia.org, 1994 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season
  it.wikipedia.org, Risultati del motomondiale 1994

Izvori

  motogp.com, GP Results / 1994 / 250cc, pristupljeno 23. lipnja 2022.
  motogp.com, Championship Standings 250cc 1994, pristupljeno 23. lipnja 2022.
  motogp.com, Statistics / 1994 / 250cc, pristupljeno 23. lipnja 2022.
  racingmemo.free.fr, CHAMPIONNAT DU MONDE DE VITESSE MOTO - CLASSEMENTS COMPLETS - 1994 - 250cc, pristupljeno 23. lipnja 2022.
  racingmemo.free.fr,  Les Championnats du Monde de Courses sur Route - L'année 1994, pristupljeno 23. lipnja 2022.
  jumpingjack.nl, 2001 - GP - Deel 1, wayback arhiva
  pilotegpmoto.com, 1994 (GP), preuzeto 23. lipnja 2022.
  motorsport-archive.com, World 250ccm Championship 1994 :: Schedule and Standings, pristupljeno 23. lipnja 2022.

1994 2 250cc

Svjetsko prvenstvo u motociklizmu 1994. – 250cc


An Simplicia laxa in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Thomas Kirk. An Simplicia laxa in nahilalakip ha genus nga Simplicia, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Simplicia (Poaceae)

Simplicia laxa


La laguna de Massabi () es una laguna  en la zona norte costera del enclave angoleño de Cabinda, cerca de la zona fronteriza con el Congo. El lago Massabi también es conocido como Chicamba debido a una ciudad del mismo nombre que se encuentra a unos cinco kilómetros al norte cerca de la frontera. Tiene unos 10 kilómetros de largo por 8 de ancho. Está lleno de peces y rodeado de la selva tropical, serpientes constrictoras y loros.

Véase también
 Geografía de Angola
 Geografía de África

Referencias

Enlaces externos
Mapa de localización del Lago

Albuferas, lagunas costeras y lagoons
Lagos de Angola
Costas del océano Atlántico
Cabinda

Laguna de Massabi


කාලගුණ විද්‍යා දෙපාර්තමේන්තුව (), ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ රජයේ ආයතනයකි.

ආශ්‍රිත
 ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ දේශගුණය

ශ්‍රී ලංකාව

කාලගුණ විද්‍යා දෙපාර්තමේන්තුව


انظر أيضا: مجلس اللوردات

مجمع النبلاء () هو مجلس مستقل المجالس الاجتماعية من طبقة النبالة الروسية في الإمبراطورية الروسية خلال 1766-1917. كانت مسؤوليته محددة في ميثاق طبقة النبلاء في 1785. جمعيات النبل كانت في غوبرنيه واويزد. في بعض الأحيان يترجم إلى جمعية طبقة النبلاء.

رئيس جمعية النبل كان يسمى مارشال غوبرنيه النبالة. هذه الجمعيات تخضع كل من دفوريونتسفو نفسه وشارك في إدارة الشؤون المحلية للمجتمع بأسره، مثل انتخاب الأشخاص في وظائف في الإدارة المحلية والشرطة. بعد إصلاح التحرر 1861، وإصلاحات لاحقة أصبح الغرض منه في الغالب شؤون النبلاء.

هذه المؤسسة لم تعد موجودة في روسيا بعد ثورة أكتوبر.

بعد انهيار الاتحاد السوفياتي، في عام 1990 أسس نسل النبلاء الروس الجمعية الروسية لطبقة النبلاء، كمنظمة حكومية غير سياسية.

النادي
جمعيات النبلاء عادة ما كانت في نادي كما دعي أيضا «جمعية النبالة»، بالعامية يشار إليه باسم «الجمعية» (собрание) بين أقرانه. أشهرها هو جمعية موسكو لطبقة النبلاء، والتي تعرف الآن باسم بيت الاتحادات.

المراجع
</references>

مؤسسات حكومية
حكومة الإمبراطورية الروسية
نبلاء من الإمبراطورية الروسية

مجمع النبلاء


This article lists the heads of state of Panama since the short-lived first independence from the Republic of New Granada in 1840 and the final separation from Colombia in 1903.

Free State of the Isthmus (1840–1841)

Republic of Panama (1903–present)

President of the Municipal Council of Panama and de facto President (1903)

Members of the Provisional Government Junta (1903–1904)

Presidents of Panama (1904–present)

Military leaders of Panama (1968–1989)

From 1968 to 1989 a military junta exerted actual control over the country and nominated the president, who himself held little power. The following individuals were leaders of the junta.

Latest election

See also
 Politics of Panama
 List of political parties in Panama
 History of Panama

References

Panama, List of presidents of
List
Heads of state of Panama
1904 establishments in Panama

List of heads of state of Panama


There were two Battles of Breitenfeld during the Thirty Years' War:
 Battle of Breitenfeld (1631)
 Battle of Breitenfeld (1642)

Battle of Breitenfeld


Gangster rap er en form for hiphop hvor tekster fokuserer på blandt andet voldelige historier. Genren har udviklet sig fra hardcore hip hop til en særlig form i midten af 1980'erne af rappere som Schoolly D og Ice-T, og blev udbredt i den senere del af 1980'erne af grupper som N.W.A. Genren fik kommerciel succes omkring 1987.

I Danmark er også gangsterrappere, heriblandt, A'typisk og hans rapgruppe MFS. De er Danmarks første rigtige gangsterrappere.

Gangster–rappere

50 Cent
Big L
Big Pun
Comptons Most Wanted
Coolio
Cypress Hill
Da Brat
Da Lench Mob
DMX
Dr. Dre
DJ Yella
Eazy-E
Eminem
Fat Joe
Game
Geto Boys
MFS

Ghostface Killah
Gza
Ice Cube
Ice T
Inspectah Deck
Jedi Mind Tricks
Just-Ice
King T
Kool G Rap
KRS-One
Lord Finesse
Manisk
Masta Killa
MC Ren
MC Eiht
Method Man

Nas
The Notorious B.I.G.
N.W.A
Ol' Dirty Bastard
Raekwon
Rick Ross
RZA
Saigon
Schoolly D
Snoop Dogg
Too Short
Tupac Shakur
U-God
Wu-Tang Clan

Kilder

Musikgenrer

Gangsta rap


O Real Palácio da Madalena () é um edifício situado na , na entrada norte da baía de Santander, a capital da comunidade autónoma da Cantábria, Espanha. Foi construído entre 1909 e 1911 por subscrição pública, para ser oferecido à família real espanhola, que tinha o hábito de passar o verão na cidade. É um dos edifícios mais emblemáticos e uma das principais atrações turísticas de Santander.

O edifício foi projetado pelos arquitetos ,  e situa-se no local onde antes se erguia o antigo fortim de São Salvador de Hano, que protegia a entrada da baía. Desde 1912 que foi a residência de verão do rei  e da sua família, que o usaram regularmente até à proclamação da Segunda República Espanhola em 1931. Em 1914 foram construídas as cavalariças, da autoria de González de Riancho, que imitam uma aldeia medieval inglesa, com enxaiméis de madeira à vista e telhados muito inclinados e pontiagudos.

Em 1977 João de Bourbon, filho de Afonso XIII, vendeu o palácio à cidade e em 1982 foi declarado monumento histórico-artístico. Foi reabilitado entre 1993 e 1995 pelo ayuntamiento (governo municipal) de Santander e pela , que organiza cursos de verão no palácio e tomou a seu cargo os juros do empréstimo. O projeto de reabilitação foi da autoria de Luis de la Fuente.

História
Na década de 1860 houve planos para construir uma residência da família real, os quais foram abandonadas devido à Revolução de 1868, com o objetivo de promover Santander como estância turística da alta sociedade dando um carácter mais permanente às estadias da realeza na cidade, que estava a contibuir para o desenvolvimento da cidade. O local da Madalena não estava despovoado. As escavações arqueológicas atestam que a presença humana na península remonta ao , durante o Império Romano, época da qual se encontraram vestígios de estaleiros navais e vários objetos.

O projeto para o palácio Bringas Vega e González Riancho ganhou um concurso internacional realizado pelo ayuntamiento. Durante as revoltas operárias de 1911 em Santander, as obras de construção do palácio sofreram paralisações devido a greves dos seus pedreiros e só pôde ser entregue à realeza em 1912. Custou cerca de  pesetas de 1912, que foram pagas pelo ayuntamiento e por numerosas famílias locais, que realizaram uma subscrição pública. A Sociedade El Sardinero ofereceu  pesetas e a família Botín (proprietária do Banco Santander) ofereceu  pesetas. Os problemas financeiros para conseguir pagar a obra levaram a comissão executiva da obra ao ponto de comprar uma lotaria de Natal para tentar a sorte, sem sucesso.

O rei Afonso XIII era informado detalhadamente do progresso da construção e em 12 de janeiro de 1912 recebeu em audiências a comissãoe executiva, constituída pelo presidente da Deputação Provincial, Ramón Pérez Eizaguirre, o alcaide Ángel Lloreda, o ex-deputado Pedro Acha e um prestigiado médico local, Manuel Sánchez-Saráchaga, para acertar os detalhes da tomada de posse do palácio que estava próxima. Após as obras serem concluídas, a rainha Vitória Eugénia dirigiu pessoalmente os trabalhos de mobilação e decoração. O historiador britânico Peter Burke disse a propósito do palácio: «Desde esse momento [1912], e até ao verão de 1930, inclusive, o Palácio da Madalena de Santander é sede real e ponto de atração social e política para jornalistas e políticos, para a vida pública espanhola.»

A infanta Beatriz de Bourbon e Battenberg, filha de Afonso XIII, referiu-se às estadias estivais da família real no palácio da seguinte forma: «Mas a mim o que mais me gostava era ir para o Palácio da Madalena em Santander, porque ali éramos mais livres, fazíamos uma vida completamente com "particulares"». Porém, a infanta também criticou a reabilitação de finais do século, o que dá uma ideia das profundas reformas, além da adequação para escritórios e salas de reunião, que sofreu o edifício para ser a sede da Universidade Internacional Menéndez Pelayo:

Em 1918 começaram a ser lecionados cursos de verão, mediante um convénio com a Universidade de Liverpool. Estes cursos foram o germe da Universidade Internacional Menéndez Pelayo, a qual foi criada com o nome de Universidade Internacional de Verão de Santander em 23 de agosto de 1932, durante o período republicano. Desde abril de 1931, quando foi proclamada a república, até à criação da universidade, o palácio esteve sem uso. A universidade ficou com o palácio como sua sede por decreto do Presidente da República, graças ao empenho do ministro Fernando de los Ríos e o então deputado e depois ministro . O seu primeiro reitor foi Ramón Menéndez Pidal e o primeiro secretário foi Pedro Salinas.

As atividades da universidade pararam durante a Guerra Civil e só recomeçaram em 1938 no . Entre o fim de agosto de 1937 e novembro de 1939, as cavalariças do palácio foram usadas como um campo de concentração franquista, o qual, apesar de não ser dos piores em termos de condições sanitárias, chegou a ter mais de  presos, quando inicialmente tinha sido planeado para 600. os reclusos eram levados em massa até à praia da Madalena para tomarem banho, inclusivamente no inverno.

O espaço foi devolvido à Universidade Internacional em 1949. Desde então que o palácio tem acolhido numerosas conferências e reuniões importantes a nível internacional, exposições, eventos musicais, etc. Um exemplo disso foi a reunião em 1952 esteve na origem da criação do  (CEDI). João de Bourbon, outro filho de Afonso XIII, vendeu o palácio à cidade por 150 milhões de pesetas em 1977. Esta venda, ocorrida, durante o primeiro mandato como alcaide de Santander de , do partido conservador Aliança Popular, provocou uma grande polémica, pois os partidos de esquerda devido a ter sido a cidade que ofereceu o imóvel à Casa Real.

Arquitetura

O palácio situa-se na , também chamada Real Sitio de La Magdalena, um parque público periurbano, que serve de eixo entre os espaços marítimos do  e a zona central da cidade. Situada na parte norte da entrada da baía de Santander, a península destaca-se pela sua vegetação florestal. Tem duas praias contíguas na margem sul (a dos Biquínis e a da Madalena), um mni jardim zoológico e um parque infantil, além de vários edifícios.

O edifício é uma obra de estilo eclético, que combina influências inglesas, patentes na disposição das massas exteriores, numerosas chaminés, forma das janelas, etc., com aportes de estilo francês, como a escadaria principal com dois lanços de escadas, a assimetria dos corpos do edifício, etc., além de traços tomados da chamada arquitetura barroca montanhesa A sua construção popularizou um subestilo eclético-regionalista na Cantábria, cujo expoente máximo é o próprio palácio da Madalena e que teve origem no palácio  e neogótico  (em , município de Arenas de Iguña).

O esquema planimétrico baseia-se num corpo comprido, com 91 por 21 m e noutro, a norte com 20×20 m. Os alçados são assimétricos e a multiplicidade de reentrâncias e saliências dão a sensação de que consiste de vários corpos geminados. Há duas entradas, uma a norte, para carruagens, com pórtico, e outra a sul, que é a principal, com dois torreões de planta octogonal e uma escadaria com dois lanços de escadas. O edifício é de alvenaria de pedra, procedente de Cueto, e o teto é coberto de ardósia. No interior destacam-se os salões de receção, que conservam alguns quadros com interesse, de pintores como , Joaquín Sorolla, , entre outros.

O complexo das cavalariças foi projetado por Javier González Riancho em 1914, em redor de uma pequena praça, num terreno palno perto da praia. Os seus corpos, que simulam uma aldeia rural, com torres e telhados pontiagudos, com alguns traços de georgianos, têm duas elevações. Quando a universidade foi instalada no palácio, as cavalariças foram convertidas numa residência de estudantes.

Impactos sociais e culturais

A construção do palácio, que rapidamente se tornou um símbolo de Santander, teve três efeitos imediatos: fixou a cidade como local de veraneio da classe alta espanhola, contribui para uma forte tendência para o crescimento urbanístico e difundiu o seu estilo arquitetónico eclético montanhês-inglês, elevando a qualidade das novas edificações da cidade. Segundo Sazatornil Ruiz, o premiado "Plano Geral do Ensanche Noroeste e Este para Santander", aprovado por em 1910, ampliou os efeitors urbanos e consolidou a inversão definitiva das linhas de crescimento: a expansão da cidade deixou de se dirigir para a zona do ensanche em  (a sul), ampliando o espaço portuário, para se estender pelas vizinhanças do Sardinero (a norte), refletindo a confiança num futuro económico baseado na atividade turística. Já em 1915, na revista  lia-se: «o Palácio da Madalena tem sido o talismã mágico que transforma esses recantos, urbanizando-os». Um paradigma desse novo crescimento é a Avenida da Rainha Vitória, rodeada de árvores, pequenos jardins e mansões, situada a grande altura sobre a , que liga o centro de Santander, ao longo da costa, à península da Madalena e ao Sardinero. A crise portuária da cidade, que até então vivia do comércio naval, foi superada graças ao boom do turismo.

Miguel de Unamuno mencionou o local começando com o seguinte trecho: «Contemplando desde aqui, desta atalaia do rochedo costeiro da Madalena, Santander […]». Trinta e dois dos seus poemas foram compilados pelos seus amigos num livro intitulado Cuadernos de la Magdalena, escritos quando dava aulas nos cursos de verão da Universidade Internacional. Outros autores ilustres também visitaram e mencionaram o local, como por exemplo, o mexicano  em Excursiones desde Madrid, ou o santanderino Gerardo Diego, que o usou como cenário em algumas das suas obras.

Entre 2011 e 2013 o palácio foi usado na rodagem da série de televisão Gran Hotel, da  espanhola. Em 2016 foi local do casamento dos atores espanhóis  e .

Notas

{{Referências|refs=

<ref name=unam2>

Bibliografia

Santander (Espanha)
Bens de Interesse Cultural da Espanha
Madalena
Residências reais da Espanha
Arquitetura eclética em Espanha

Palácio da Madalena


Supersórdido es el primer álbum de estudio del grupo chileno Supersordo, lanzado en 1992 en formato casete. Fue grabado y mezclado en los estudios El Rancho y masterizado en los estudios Constantinopla.

Este trabajo consta de mezclas de diversos géneros musicales, pasando por el
hardcore punk, post-hardcore, noise rock, rock experimental, heavy metal y punk rock.

El álbum tuvo excelente recepción de la crítica, siendo elogiados incluso por conocidas agrupaciones tales como Fiskales Ad-Hok, quienes incluso invitaron a la banda a telonearlos en algunos de sus conciertos. En abril de 2008, la edición chilena de la revista Rolling Stone situó a este álbum en el 11º. lugar dentro de los 50 mejores discos chilenos de todos los tiempos.

Lista de canciones

Créditos

 Banda
 Claudio Fernández – voces
 Rodrigo "Katafú" Rozas – guitarras, diseño
 Miguel Ángel "Comegato" Montenegro – bajo
 Jorge Cortés – batería

 Producción
 Supersordo – producción
 Archie Frugone – grabación, producción, mezcla
 B.B. (Brenda Banda) – diseño

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Supersórdido en Discogs.

Álbumes debut de 1992
Álbumes de Chile de 1992
Álbumes de post-hardcore
Álbumes de hardcore punk
Álbumes en español

Supersórdido


Hoya oblongacutifolia er fjölær jurt í vaxblómaættkvísl.  Útbreiðslan er á Taílandi og Víetnam.

Tilvísanir

Vaxblómaættkvísl

Hoya oblongacutifolia


Robert Lee Turley (September 19, 1930 – March 30, 2013), known as Bullet Bob, was an American professional baseball player and financial planner. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) as a pitcher from 1951 through 1963. After his retirement from baseball, he worked for Primerica Financial Services.

Turley made his MLB debut with the St. Louis Browns in 1951, and stayed with the team through their first season in Baltimore, when he appeared in his first MLB All-Star Game. After the 1954 season, he was traded to the New York Yankees. With the Yankees, Turley appeared in two more All-Star Games. He led the American League in wins in 1958, and won the Cy Young Award, World Series Most Valuable Player Award, and Hickok Belt that year. He finished his playing career with the Los Angeles Angels and Boston Red Sox in 1963, and then coached the Red Sox in 1964.

Turley began working in financial planning during the baseball offseason. In 1977, he cofounded with Arthur L. Williams Jr. the company that would become Primerica. He also invested in real estate, buying and selling 27 houses in Florida.

Early life
Turley was born in Troy, Illinois. He was raised in East St. Louis, Illinois. He attended East St. Louis Senior High School in East St. Louis, and played for the school's baseball squad for three years. He was used as both a starter and reliever, becoming the staff's ace pitcher by the end of his senior season, in 1948. Turley won the team's sportsmanship award that year.

Bill DeWitt, the general manager of the St. Louis Browns, brought Turley to Sportsman's Park for a tryout. Turley also attended a workout camp for the New York Yankees, held in Maryville, Illinois. The day after he graduated from high school in 1948, Turley signed with the Browns as an amateur free agent.  He received a $600 signing bonus ($ in current dollar terms).

Professional career

Minor leagues and St. Louis Browns / Baltimore Orioles
Turley made his professional debut that year in Minor League Baseball with the Belleville Stags of the Class D Illinois State League, pitching to a 9–3 win–loss record. He was promoted to the Aberdeen Pheasants of the Class C Northern League in 1949, and led the league in wins with 23, and strikeouts with 205. He split the 1950 season with the Wichita Indians of the Class A Western League and the San Antonio Missions of the Class AA Texas League. Turley led Wichita in the Western League playoffs. In 1951, he played for San Antonio. He appeared in the Texas League's All-Star Game, and was named the league's most valuable player at the end of the season. He struck out 22 batters in one game for San Antonio.

Turley played his first game in the major leagues on September 29, 1951. He lost to the Chicago White Sox. He did not pitch again in 1951, and after the season ended, he enlisted with the United States Army for two years. Turley returned to the Browns in August 1953, and caught attention for his high strikeout rate. Turley remained with the team after they moved to Baltimore, Maryland, to become the Baltimore Orioles in 1954. He earned $9,000 ($ in current dollar terms) for the 1954 season. He pitched the first game at Memorial Stadium, striking out nine in a complete game. A power pitcher, Turley recorded many strikeouts, but did not have great control. For the 1954 season, he led the American League in strikeouts with 185, but also led the league with 181 walks. That year, he earned comparisons to fellow fireballer Bob Feller, and finished in third place in balloting for the Hickok Belt, given to the professional athlete of the year.

While playing for the Orioles, Turley obtained the nickname "Bullet Bob". The magazine Look wrote a story about Turley, and wanted to measure the velocity of his fastball. They used a bullet timer from the Aberdeen Proving Grounds, which recorded a speed of  by the time it reached home plate.

Casey Stengel, the manager of the New York Yankees, sought to acquire Turley. The Yankees needed younger starting pitchers, as their rotation fell off due to the ages of Allie Reynolds, Eddie Lopat, Johnny Sain, Tommy Byrne, and Jim Konstanty. In order to acquire the hitting the Orioles decided they needed to compete, they traded Turley to the Yankees after the 1954 season. The Yankees received Turley, Billy Hunter, Don Larsen, and players to be named later, while the Orioles acquired Harry Byrd, Jim McDonald, Willy Miranda, Hal Smith, Gus Triandos, Gene Woodling, and players to be named later. To complete the trade, the Yankees sent Bill Miller, Kal Segrist, Don Leppert, and Ted Del Guercio to the Orioles, and the Orioles sent Mike Blyzka, Darrell Johnson, Jim Fridley and Dick Kryhoski to the Yankees. Comprising 17 players, this trade remains the largest in MLB history.

New York Yankees
Turley played for the Yankees from 1955 to 1962. In the 1955 season, Turley won 17 games for the Yankees, and recorded 210 strikeouts, second to Herb Score (245). But, he also led the league in walks with 177. The Yankees won the American League pennant, and advanced to the 1955 World Series, where they faced the Brooklyn Dodgers. He pitched in Game Three of the 1955 World Series, losing to Johnny Podres. He also made two relief appearances in the series, in Games Five and Seven, as the Dodgers defeated the Yankees four games to three.

Turley had a disappointing season in 1956, with an 8–4 win–loss record and a 5.05 earned run average (ERA). However, the Yankees again won the American League pennant. Turley appeared in Games One and Two of the 1956 World Series against the Dodgers as a relief pitcher. Facing Clem Labine in Game Six, Turley pitched a complete game, but the Yankees lost the game by a 1–0 score. The Yankees defeated the Dodgers in Game Seven to win the series four games to three.

In the 1957 season, Turley developed a curveball. He finished the season with a 2.71 ERA, good for fourth-best in the American League. The Yankees won the pennant again. In the 1957 World Series against the Milwaukee Braves, Turley started Game Three, but was relieved by Larsen in the second inning. He won his first World Series game in Game Six, a complete game. The Yankees lost the series to the Braves, four games to three.

Fellow pitcher Sal Maglie wrote during 1958 spring training that Turley "ha[d] started to step off the mound when things get a little shaky, take a couple of deep breaths and then go back to work." Maglie thought this helped with Turley's self-control, a characteristic Maglie considered one of the three most essential to a successful pitcher.

By the 1958 season, Turley changed his delivery in an effort to improve his control, by using a no-wind up pitching position. His best season came in 1958, when he won 21 games and lost seven, for an American League-leading .750 winning percentage. He also led the American League with 19 complete games, and finished with the sixth-best ERA (2.97). However, his 128 walks also led the league. Turley started Game Two of the 1958 World Series by allowing up a leadoff home run and lasting just one-third of an inning as the Yankees fell behind the Milwaukee Braves two games to none. With the Yankees one game away from elimination, Turley threw a complete-game shutout in Game Five. He then recorded a 10th-inning save in Game Six. A day later, in Game Seven, he relieved Don Larsen in the third inning and won his second game in three days, with  innings of two-hit relief. The Yankees became just the second team to recover from a 3–1 World Series deficit, and Turley was voted the World Series Most Valuable Player Award. As a result of his 1958 season, Turley won the Hickok Belt as top professional athlete of the year, receiving twice as many votes as Jim Brown, the second-place finisher. He also won the Cy Young Award as the best pitcher in Major League Baseball, edging Warren Spahn of the Braves by one vote, and Lew Burdette of the Braves and Bob Friend of the Pittsburgh Pirates by two votes. Turley finished second in the American League Most Valuable Player Award voting, losing to Jackie Jensen of the Boston Red Sox. Additionally, he won The Sporting News Player of the Year and Pitcher of the Year Awards.

Turley earned a $35,000 salary for the 1959 season, his highest as a baseball player. The Yankees chose Turley to be their Opening Day starting pitcher for the 1959 season, opposing Tom Brewer of the Red Sox. The Yankees won the game by a 3–2 score. However, Turley's fastball began to lose its effectiveness. He increased the usage of his curveball to compensate. Turley finished the year with an 8–11 win–loss record. In the 1960 season, Turley had a 9–3 win–loss record, and his 3.27 ERA was the seventh best in the American League. He started Game Two of the 1960 World Series against the Pirates, earning the win. He also started the deciding Game Seven, which the Pirates won, taking the series.

Turley suffered through discomfort in his right elbow during the 1961 season, which resulted in a 3–5 win–loss record and 5.75 ERA in only 15 games pitched. New manager Ralph Houk began to emphasize his younger pitchers, as he removed Turley from the starting rotation and used him as a relief pitcher. Though the Yankees reached the 1961 World Series, and defeated the Cincinnati Reds four games to one, Turley did not make an appearance. After seeking medical attention, Turley was diagnosed with bone chips in his elbow. He underwent surgery in the offseason to remove the bone chips, and returned to the Yankees confident his performance would improve in 1962. He agreed to a salary cut, from $28,000 to $25,000. However, the bone chips recurred during the 1962 season. As a result, his effectiveness was limited in 1962 as well. On June 25, Turley started a game that lasted 22 innings, and a record seven hours, but was removed after recording only one out. During the 1962 season, American League players elected Turley as their player representative, following Woodling's trade to the National League. Over the season, Turley pitched to a 4.57 ERA in only 69 innings. The Yankees defeated the San Francisco Giants four games to three in the 1962 World Series, but Turley was not an active participant.

Los Angeles Angels, Boston Red Sox, and coaching
After the 1962 season, the Yankees sold Turley to the Los Angeles Angels for cash, in the first move made by new Yankees' general manager Roy Hamey, who sought to rebuild the Yankees pitching staff. The move was conditional; the Angels could return Turley if they were not satisfied with him. The Angels chose to retain Turley at the start of the 1963 season. Turley struggled, winning two games while losing seven, and the Angels released him in July. A week later, he signed with the Boston Red Sox. Turley retired after the 1963 season, with a 101–85 win–loss record and a 3.64 ERA in 12 seasons.

After the 1963 season, Turley agreed to remain with the Red Sox as their pitching coach, succeeding Harry Dorish. Turley spent one season as the Red Sox' pitching coach, and was released at the end of the year. He attempted to make a comeback as a pitcher with the Houston Colt .45s in 1965, but did not make the team. He then agreed to become the pitching coach for the Richmond Braves of the International League, a minor league team in the Atlanta Braves organization, in 1966, but resigned before the start of the 1966 season.

Sign stealing
Turley got into the habit while on the bench of stealing signs when he saw the opposing pitcher throw. Using a system of whistling where be whistled if the next pitch was different from the last, he would attempt to help any Yankee who wanted the advice, with Johnny Blanchard and Elston Howard being appreciative of the help while Moose Skowron and Yogi Berra did not care. In one instance, Jim Bunning of the Detroit Tigers noticed the system and pointed to Turley to stop or he would knock down the batter (which happened to be Mickey Mantle). When Turley whistled anyway, he threw a missile in the middle of the box that Mantle missed on, which led to the next batter in Berra pleading that he wasn't listening to whistles. In 1961, even when he was on the injured list, he remained on the bench to do his system, and Tony Kubek estimated that Mickey Mantle his fifty homeruns in part due to Turley, and Mantle once credited half of his home runs to Turley. Roger Maris and his historic 61st home run was hit after the sign for the pitch was decoded by the third base coach, an acolyte of Turley's system.

Personal life
Turley moved from East St. Louis to Lutherville, Maryland, in 1954, when the Browns moved to Baltimore. Though he played in Baltimore for one season, he remained in Lutherville for the remainder of his baseball career, and sent his children to the local public schools.

Turley began working as a financial planner in 1957, by selling life insurance. He also operated a bowling alley in Bel Air, Maryland, and an insurance firm in Baltimore. In 1977, Turley joined with Arthur L. Williams Jr. and five others to found A. L. Williams & Associates, an insurance company. At A. L. Williams, agents advised clients to purchase term life insurance, rather than cash value life insurance, and invest the money they saved in mutual funds. The company became Primerica Financial Services, and was later bought out by Citigroup in 1989. He retired from the business in 2001, and sold half of his business to his son and the other half to Lynn Webb, a senior national sales director.

Later in his life, Turley resided in Blue Ridge, Georgia, and had a winter home on Marco Island, Florida. Turley's hobby was real estate. He bought and sold many homes on Marco Island, including a  home he built that was locally referred to as "Turley Mansion" and "Turley Castle". In total, Turley and his wife bought and sold 27 houses on Marco Island and in Naples, Florida.

Turley made an appearance on It's News to Me, a current events-based game show hosted by Walter Cronkite. He was mentioned in a song called "St. Louis Browns" by Skip Battin, who was the bass guitarist of The Byrds and the New Riders of the Purple Sage. In the lyrics, Battin describes Turley as a "no-hit pitcher" who "got too surly" and who was "traded...too early".

Turley's uncle, Ralph, also played professional baseball. The Yankees signed Ralph Turley in 1949 when they meant to sign Bob, and released Ralph when they discovered he was the "wrong Turley". Nik Turley, a Yankees prospect, identified Bob Turley as a "distant relative".

Death
Turley lived in Alpharetta, Georgia, for the last two years of his life. He died on March 30, 2013, in hospice care at Lenbrook, a retirement community in Atlanta at age 82 from liver cancer. Turley was cremated in Duluth, Georgia.

See also

 List of Major League Baseball annual strikeout leaders
 List of Major League Baseball annual wins leaders

References

External links

Baseball Almanac page
Bob Turley - Baseballbiography.com

American League All-Stars
American League strikeout champions
American League wins champions
Cy Young Award winners
Los Angeles Angels players
Baltimore Orioles players
Boston Red Sox players
Major League Baseball pitchers
New York Yankees players
St. Louis Browns players
People from Troy, Illinois
Baseball players from Madison County, Illinois
Boston Red Sox coaches
Major League Baseball pitching coaches
1930 births
2013 deaths
Baseball players from Fulton County, Georgia
Baseball players from East St. Louis, Illinois
Deaths from liver cancer
Deaths from cancer in Georgia (U.S. state)
Primerica
World Series Most Valuable Player Award winners
People from Blue Ridge, Georgia
Belleville Stags players
People from Marco Island, Florida

Bob Turley


is a town located in Itano District, Tokushima Prefecture, Japan. , the town had an estimated population of 23,528 in 10172 households and a population density of 2700 persons per km².The total area of the town is . It has the smallest area among local governments in Tokushima prefecture and is also the most densely populated town or village in Shikoku.

Geography
Kitajima is located in the flatlands of northeastern Tokushima Prefecture on the island of Shikoku. It is located on the delta at the mouth of the Yoshino River. The Kyuyoshino River runs on the north side of the town, and the Imagire River runs on the south side of the town, and both rivers form a sandbar shaped like a gourd

Neighbouring municipalities
Tokushima Prefecture
 Tokushima
 Naruto
 Aizumi
 Matsushige

Climate
Kitajima has a Humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cfa) characterized by warm summers and cool winters with light snowfall.  The average annual temperature in Kitajima is 16.2 °C. The average annual rainfall is 1637 mm with September as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in August, at around 26.7 °C, and lowest in January, at around 6.3 °C.

Demographics
Per Japanese census data, the population of Kitajima has been growing steadily for the past century.

History
As with all of Tokushima Prefecture, the area of Kitajima was part of ancient Awa Province. The village of Kitajima was established within Itano District, Tokushima with the creation of the modern municipalities system on October 1, 1889. It was raised to town status on February 11, 1940.

Government
Kitajima has a mayor-council form of government with a directly elected mayor and a unicameral town council of 13 members. Kitajima, together with the other municipalities of Itano District, contributes four members to the Tokushima Prefectural Assembly. In terms of national politics, the town is part of Tokushima 2nd district of the lower house of the Diet of Japan.

Economy
Kitajima once prospered as an industrial company town with large factories by Nisshinbo, Toagosei, and Toho Rayon, but in recent years it been transformed into a commercial center and a commuter town for neighboring Tokushima city.

Education
Kitajima has three public elementary schools and two public middle schools operated by the town government and one public high school operated by the Tokushima Prefectural Department of Education. The Tokushima Prefectural Fire Academy is located in Kitajima.

Transportation

Railway
The Shikoku Railway Company Kōtoku Line passes through the town, but there is no station. The nearest passenger stations are  in Aizumi or  in Tokushima.

Highways
  Tokushima Expressway

Notable people from Kitajima
 Seiji Honda, footballer

References

External links

Kitajima official website

Towns in Tokushima Prefecture

Kitajima, Tokushima


177982 Popilnia este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
177982 Popilnia este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la observatorul astronomic din Andrușivka. Asteroidul prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 2,33 ua, o excentricitate de 0,22 și o înclinație de 2,8° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 177001-178000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 2006
Centura de asteroizi

177982 Popilnia


محمية الجنوب العربي الشرقية كانت عبارة عن ثلاث سلطنات في المهرة وفي حدود حضرموت التاريخية بالإضافة إلى سلطنة يافع العليا التي يقع موقعها في محمية الجنوب العربي الغربية. وكانت السلطنات تحت الحماية البريطانية بموجب المعاهدات بينهم. رفضت السلطنات الانضمام إلى اتحاد الجنوب العربي في عدن حفاظاً على الهوية واتفقت بينها على الاستقلال عدا سلطنة الواحدي التي تقع ضمن حدود حضرموت إنضمت في الأخير إلى اتحاد الجنوب العربي وسلطنة يافع العليا التي تقع في محمية عدن الغربية. حدد يوم التاسع من يناير 1968م يوم استقلال دولة حضرموت الفدرالية المتحدة. مع انتشار المد القومي في تلك الفترة لم تستطع السلطنات الصمود حتى قامت الجبهة القومية بالإستيلاء على مدينة المكلا في 17 سبتمبر 1967 وإسقاط السلطنات واحدة تلو الأخرى وضمت إلى جمهورية اليمن الجنوبية الشعبية.

تم إنشاء المحمية في 18 يناير 1963
وشملت الكيانات التالية:

 السلطنة الحضرمية الكثيرية
 السلطنة القعيطية الحضرمية
 السلطنة العفرارية في المهرة وسقطرى
 سلطنة يافع العليا (تقع خارج حدود حضرموت)
 سلطنات الواحدي الحضرمية (تقع في حدود حضرموت قبل الثورة)

تم حل محمية الجنوب العربي بعد استقلال جنوب اليمن في 30 نوفمبر 1967 حيث انهارت الكيانات المكونة لهذه المحمية مع حكامها وتم إعلان جمهورية اليمن الجنوبية الشعبية من 1967 إلى 1970 والتي سميت بعد بـجمهورية اليمن الديمقراطية الشعبية التي توحدت لاحقاً في 22 مايو 1990 مع الجمهورية العربية اليمنية لتشكل ما يعرف اليوم بالجمهورية اليمنية

الأعلام

أعلام السلطنات التي لم تنضم إلى اتحاد الجنوب العربي

أعلام السلطنات الحضرمية (السلطنات الواحدية كانت ضمن اتحاد الجنوب العربي)

أعلام القادة

أعلام أخرى

مراجع

العلاقات اليمنية البريطانية
انحلالات سنة 1967 في آسيا
بلدان سابقة في الحرب الباردة
تاريخ اليمن الحديث
تأسيسات سنة 1963 في آسيا
تأسيسات سنة 1963 في اليمن
دول سابقة
دول سابقة في الشرق الأوسط
دول وأقاليم انحلت في 1967
دول وأقاليم أسست في 1963
محميات بريطانية سابقة
مستعمرات بريطانية سابقة

محمية الجنوب العربي


Skolevalg er et undervisningsprojekt for danske skoleelever i  8., 9. og 10. klasser, der simulerer et folketingsvalg blandt de skoler, der har valgt at deltage. Skolevalget afholdes i uge 3, 4 og 5 i ulige år, indtil coronavirus ramte. Det betød at skolevalg i 2021 blev rykket til oktober, og det efterfølgende skolevalg vil blive afholdt i uge 3, 4 og 5 i 2024, og lige år derfra.

Baggrund
Ideen om at afholde skolevalg kommer oprindeligt fra Valgretskommissionen, der blev nedsat af Dansk Ungdoms Fællesråd efter kommunalvalget 2009, som bl.a. var inspiret af skolevalgene i Sverige og ikke mindst Norge, hvor man har afholdt landsdækkende skolevalg siden 1989. På DUF's foranledning blev der allerede i efteråret 2009 afholdt et prøvevalg for unge, hvor 31 kommuner deltog, men et landsdækkende, officielt skolevalg blev første gang afholdt i 2015. Skolevalget blev til som et projektsamarbejde mellem Folketinget og Undervisningsministeriet med det formål at forberede eleverne på at deltage i det parlamentariske demokrati og på den måde modvirke, at valgdeltagelsen havde været faldende blandt potentielle førstegangsvælgere, og samtidig var skolevalget en del af Folketingets fejring af 100-året for grundloven af 1915. Skolevalget finansieres af Folketinget og Undervisningsministeriet og er udviklet i samarbejde med bl.a. fagkonsulenterne i samfundsfag fra CFU'ere i hele landet.

Praksis
Op til valget gennemføres der et tre uger langt undervisningsforløb på de tilmeldte skoler, hvor eleverne på 8. og 9. klassetrin modtager særligt tilrettelagt undervisning med henblik på styrkelse af elevernes demokratiske engagement og viden om valghandlingen. I forbindelse med skolevalgene laver de tilmeldte klasser projektarbejde, hvor de arbejder med en eller flere af en række udvalgte mærkesager, og de politiske ungdomspartier fører kampagner, såvel landsdækkende som ved at komme ud til vælgermøder på de deltagende skoler.

Valg og mandatfordeling

Liste over skolevalg

 Skolevalg 2015
 Skolevalg 2017
 Skolevalg 2019
Skolevalg 2021
Skolevalg 2024

Fodnoter

Eksterne henvisninger

 skolevalg.dk – skolevalgets officielle hjemmeside
 Skolevalg – Folketingets hjemmeside om skolevalget
#VALGRETSKOMMISSIONEN (DUF's side om Valgretskommissionen)

Skolefag
Demokrati

Skolevalg


Amancio Caamaño Cimadevila (Negreira, 1894 - Poyo, 12 de noviembre de 1936) fue un médico y político republicano de Galicia, España, ejecutado víctima de la represión del bando franquista durante la Guerra Civil.

Biografía
Licenciado en Medicina y Veterinaria por la Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, en 1922 se instaló en Pontevedra, llegando a ser titular-propietario de una relevante clínica de la ciudad. Después fue director del Hospital Provincial. En el terreno político, fue elegido presidente de la Junta Directiva fundacional del Centro Republicano de Pontevedra en 1930, cargo que mantuvo hasta junio de 1931. Fue uno de los firmantes del manifiesto de la Federación Republicana Gallega y formó parte de su Comité Ejecutivo. Fundó y dirigió el diario Clarín de Pontevedra y fue miembro de la logia masónica Helenes nº7.

Tras las elecciones municipales de 1931 que dieron lugar a la proclamación de la República, fue nombrado miembro de la comisión gestora de la Diputación Provincial de Pontevedra, y en mayo del mismo año, fue nombrado por Manuel Azaña presidente del órgano provincial. En las elecciones generales de 1933 fue candidato a diputado en las Cortes por el Partido Republicano Gallego, sin resultar elegido. Ingreso después en Izquierda Republicana, participando en su acto fundacional en Madrid. Tras la revolución de Asturias de 1934, fue el principal donante de la provincia para atender a las víctimas de la represión, además de colaborar con Socorro Rojo Internacional. En enero de 1936 abandonó Izquierda Republicana por su desacuerdo con la formación del Frente Popular.

Después del golpe de Estado que dio inicio a la Guerra Civil en julio de 1936, fue detenido por los sublevados el día 24 y confinado preso en la Escuela Normal usada entonces como prisión provincial. Fue procesado en consejo de guerra sumarísimo y condenado a muerte el 30 de octubre, siendo fusilado en la zona de Caeira el 12 de noviembre junto a otros ocho condenados, entre ellos dos médicos, el periodista Víctor Casas, tres maestros, un militar y el líder socialista Ramiro Paz. El sanatorio y todos sus bienes fueron confiscados, aunque la familia pudo recuperarlos en la década de 1940 tras un proceso judicial.

Referencias

Médicos de Galicia
Políticos de España del siglo XX
Políticos de la Segunda República Española
Políticos de Izquierda Republicana
Presidentes de la Diputación de Pontevedra
Víctimas de la represión en la zona franquista
Médicos de España del siglo XX
Nacidos en Negreira

Amancio Caamaño


Jihan al-Mosli (), 1908-1996, foi uma educadora e política síria. Em 1960 ela e Widad Haroun foram nomeadas para a Assembleia Nacional da República Árabe Unida, tornando-se nas primeiras mulheres sírias a entrar no parlamento.

Biografia
Al-Mosli nasceu em Damasco em 1908, filha de Salih Mosli e Fátima al-Sidawi. A sua mãe morreu quando ela tinha três anos, evento após o qual ela foi criada pelo seu pai. Tendo demonstrado que podia memorizar passagens do Alcorão, ela foi enviada para a escola primária local para meninas. Mais tarde, ela frequentou a faculdade de formação de professores e obteve um bacharelato em 1927, após o qual estudou numa faculdade superior. Posteriormente, trabalhou como professora e tornou-se directora de uma escola secundária para meninas.

Ela parou de usar véu na década de 1940, e tornou-se uma activista pelos direitos das mulheres, exigindo o direito de votar e se candidatar. Depois de a União das Mulheres Árabes se ter mudado para Damasco, ela tornou-se membro do seu escritório executivo. Envolvida na política desde a década de 1920, quando se juntou a uma manifestação de apoio ao Bloco Nacional antes das eleições de 1928, em julho de 1960 al-Mosli foi nomeada para a Assembleia Nacional da República Árabe Unida ao lado de Haroun. Eles deixaram a Assembleia quando a Síria se separou da República Árabe Unida em setembro do ano seguinte.

Ela nunca se casou, e morreu em 1996.

Mortos em 1996
Nascidos em 1908
!Mais Teoria da História na Wiki (Wikiconcurso de edição)

Jihan al-Mosli


Maurice Marie Émile Leblanc (; ; 11 December 1864 – 6 November 1941) was a French novelist and writer of short stories, known primarily as the creator of the fictional gentleman thief and detective Arsène Lupin, often described as a French counterpart to Arthur Conan Doyle's creation Sherlock Holmes.

The first Arsène Lupin story appeared in a series of short stories that was serialized in the magazine Je sais tout, starting in No. 6, dated 15 July 1905. Clearly created at editorial request, it is possible that Leblanc had also read Octave Mirbeau's Les 21 jours d'un neurasthénique (1901), which features a gentleman thief named Arthur Lebeau, and he had seen Mirbeau's comedy Scrupules (1902), whose main character is a gentleman thief.

By 1907, Leblanc had graduated to writing full-length Lupin novels, and the reviews and sales were so good that Leblanc effectively dedicated the rest of his career to working on the Lupin stories. Like Conan Doyle, who often appeared embarrassed or hindered by the success of Sherlock Holmes and seemed to regard his success in the field of crime fiction as a detraction from his more "respectable" literary ambitions, Leblanc also appeared to have resented Lupin's success. Several times he tried to create other characters, such as private eye Jim Barnett, but he eventually merged them with Lupin. He continued to pen Lupin tales well into the 1930s.

Leblanc also wrote two notable science fiction novels:  (1919), in which a scientist makes televisual contact with three-eyed Venusians, and Le Formidable Evènement (1920), in which an earthquake creates a new landmass between England and France.

Leblanc was awarded the Légion d'Honneur for his services to literature, and died in Perpignan in 1941. He was buried in the Montparnasse Cemetery. Georgette Leblanc was his sister.

Life
Maurice Leblanc was the second child of Émile Leblanc, 34-year-old ship-owner merchant, and of Mathilde Blanche (née Brohy) daughter of rich dyers, aged 21 and was delivered by Achille Flaubert, Gustave Flaubert's brother. He had an elder sister Jehanne (born in 1863) and a younger sister Georgette Leblanc (born in 1869) who from 1883 until the 1920s was an actor and star operatic soprano.

During the Franco-German War of 1870, his father sent Maurice to Scotland. Upon his return to France, he completed his studies in Rouen. The young Maurice received his first education in a free institution, the Patry pension. Then, from 1875 to 1882, completed his secondary studies at the Lycée Corneille. As a teenager, he frequently encountered Gustave Flaubert and Guy de Maupassant.

Refusing the career that his father intended for him at a card factory, Maurice instead headed to Paris in 1888, to pursue writing. First a journalist, then novelist and storyteller. His first novel, "Une femme" (A Woman), published in 1893 was very successful, and was followed by other works, such as "Des couples" (The Couples),  "Voici des ailes" (Here are wings) and his only play, "La pitié", released in 1902, which is a failure, causing him to give up the theater for a while. In 1901, he published "L'Enthousiasme", an autobiographical novel.

In 1905, Pierre Lafitte, the director of the monthly Je sais tout, commissioned a short story from Leblanc, that was to be in the vein of A.J Raffles by Ernest William Hornung and the adventures of Sherlock Holmes. The resulting "L'Arrestation d'Arsène Lupin" (The Arrest of Arsène Lupin) proved to be a great public success. Two years later, the book Arsène Lupin, Gentleman Burglar was released, containing the first nine stories depicting the character that were published in the French magazine 'Je sais tout'.
The following book Arsène Lupin versus Herlock Sholmes, a second collection of Arsène Lupin stories written by Maurice Leblanc, angered the Sherlock Holmes creator Conan Doyle, who saw Leblanc's Herlock Sholmes and Wilson as parody characters designed to ridicule Doyle's work.

Maurice Leblanc received the Legion of Honor on January 17, 1908, presented by then Under-Secretary of State for Fine Arts, Étienne Dujardin-Beaumetz. While a supporter of French radical socialists and free-thinker in his early age, Leblanc became more bourgeois around the time of the First World War. Leblanc would start to grow weary of writing Arsène Lupin stories. As early as 1910, he tried to kill his hero in the story "813", but would resuscitate the character in the story The Crystal Stopper.

In 1918, Maurice Leblanc bought a half-timbered Anglo-Norman house in Étretat (which he would name Clos Lupin), where he wrote 19 novels and 39 short stories. Faced with the imminent war with Nazi Germany, he left Clos Lupin in 1939 and took refuge in Perpignan, where he died of pneumonia in 1941. Disinterred from the Saint-Martin cemetery in Perpignan in 1947, he was reburied on October 14 of the same year at the Montparnasse cemetery in Paris, alongside his wife Marguerite and other members of his family (notably his step-brother René Renoult).

Private life
At the end of 1888, Maurice Leblanc decided to leave Rouen for Paris where he married, on January 10, 1889, Marie-Ernestine Flannel (1865-1941). They divorced in 1895. By Marie-Ernestine Flannel he fathered Louise Amélie Marie Leblanc (1889-1974). Maurice later fell in love with Marguerite Wormser (1865-1950) who already had a son Claude Oulmann (1902-1994), who was subsequently authorized by decree to bear the name of Leblanc. Maurice had health problems and sank into a depression, which was compounded by Marguerite's divorce from her first husband taking time to go through the courts. Leblanc and Wormser did not marry until January 31, 1906.

Legacy

The "Association des Amis d'Arsène Lupin" (Association of Friends of Arsène Lupin) was founded in 1985 by the philosopher François George. Its members are sometimes known as "lupinophiles".

Leblanc's work inspired Gaston Leroux (creator of Rouletabille), as well as Souvestre and Allain (creators of Fantômas).

Arsène Lupin's exploits took place in the capital and in Pays de Caux, which Maurice Leblanc knew well. Being a collector of postcards, he had listed no less than four hundred manors between Le Havre, Rouen and Dieppe. The "lupinophiles" roam the places mentioned in the intrigues of Leblanc in Normandy: Étretat and the treasure of the kings of France, Tancarville, the underground passage of Jumièges leading to the medieval treasure of the abbeys, etc.

In popular culture

The Japanese character Lupin III, first appearing in  manga series Lupin III in 1967, was written as the grandson of Arsène Lupin. As this was done without permission from Leblanc's estate, this was later the source of a lawsuit, though the copyright on Leblanc's work has since expired. When the anime version was broadcast in France, the character was renamed Edgar, le détective cambrioleur ("Edgar, the Burglar Detective"). The authors of various Lupin the Third properties sometimes draw on Leblanc's novels as inspiration; notably, the film The Castle of Cagliostro was loosely based on La Comtesse de Cagliostro (The Countess of Cagliostro).

Leblanc and his gentleman-thief character are also referenced in Persona 5, where the main character's persona is Arsène. During the game, the main character resides in the attic of Café Leblanc.

Most recently, the main character of the Netflix series Lupin, released in January 2021, used Lupin as an inspiration for his own grand theft. Inspired by one of the Lupin books, he tries to avenge his father's wrongful accusation of stealing a necklace years earlier. He decides to steal the same necklace from the Louvre by mimicking the style of Arsène Lupin. Parts of the final episode of Part One were filmed in the town of Étretat. This location is significant because Maurice Leblanc lived in the commune. Some of the works were written at his residence there. The building is now the Clos Lupin Museum.

Selected bibliography

  (1893)
  (1897)
  (1898)
  (1899)
  (1901)
  (1901)
  (1904)
  (1904)
 , Play (1906)
Arsène Lupin contre Herlock Sholmès (1908)
  ("The Hollow Needle") (1909)
  (1910)
  ("The Frontier")(1911)
  ("The Three Eyes") (1919)
  (1920)
  ("The Tremendous Event") (1920)
  (1922)
  (US: "The Secret Tomb", UK: "Dorothy the Rope Dancer") (1922)
  (1924)
  (1925)
  ("Man of Mystery") (1930)
  (1932)
  (1933)
  (1934)
  ("Wanton Venus") (1934)
  (1935)
  ("From Midnight to Morning") (1937)

See also
 Marius Jacob

Notes

References

Bibliography
 .
 .
 .

 .

External links

 Le Clos Arsène Lupin, Maison Maurice Leblanc (museum)
 Arsène Lupin site

1864 births
1941 deaths
Writers from Rouen
Arsène Lupin
French science fiction writers
French crime fiction writers
19th-century French writers
20th-century French novelists
Lycée Pierre-Corneille alumni
Recipients of the Legion of Honour
Burials at Montparnasse Cemetery
French male novelists

Maurice Leblanc