BitTorrent internet üzerinden dosya paylaşım yazılımına ve aynı tekniği kullanan dosya takas sistemine verilen isimdir. Diğer peer to peer (eşten eşe) (P2P) paylaşım programlarından farkı sabit olmayan bağımsız sunucu tanımlama dosyaları sayesinde sabit bir sunucuya ihtiyaç olmaksızın paylaşıma devam etmesidir.

Doğrudan indirmekten farklı olarak, dosyayı indiren kişiler indirme esnasında indirdiği kadarını diğer kullanıcılara paylaşmaktadır. Torrent protokolü, çoğunlukla büyük boyutlardaki dosyaların paylaşımında kullanılır.

Torrent indirebilmek için μTorrent, Bitcomet, BitTorrent, Azureus, Flashget, LimeWire vb. istemci yazılımlara ihtiyaç vardır. Ayrıca dosyaları indirebilmek/paylaşabilmek için torrent dosyası denilen, uzantısı .torrent olan 2-500 Kb büyüklüğünde dosyaları indirmeniz gerekmektedir. Güncel yöntemlerde magnet link adı verilen linkler aracılığıyla .torrent dosyasına ihtiyaç kalmamıştır.

Torrent'in farkı
Torrent'i diğer indirme yöntemlerinden ayıran en büyük fark dosyayı çekme hızınızı dosyaları çeken kişilerin ve dosyanın popülaritesinin yönlendiriyor olmasıdır. Yani bir dosya ne kadar popülerse o kadar çok kişi o dosyayı çeker ne kadar çok kişi o dosyayı çekiyorsa o dosyanın Peers sayısı o kadar artar ve ne kadar çok Peers varsa dosyayı çekme hızınız o derece artar. Seeder'lar (paylaşımcılar) anahtar rol üstlenmelerine rağmen Leecher'lar (indiriciler) da büyük öneme sahiptir. Torrent dosya paylaşım tekniğidir, sadece download'a dayalı diğer dosya yöntemlerinden (RapidShare benzeri dosya dağıtım şebekeleri gibi) oldukça farklıdır. Bu nedenle bazı dosyaları zor bulabilir, bazı dosyaları da çok yavaş çekebilirsiniz. Seeder'ı (paylaşanı) olmayan dosyaları indiremezsiniz. Torrent her zaman tam hızda download'ı garanti etmez, o dosyayı hızlı çekmenizin formülü pek karışık olmayan bir şekilde anlayabilirsiniz.
 Dosyanın boyutu
 Kaynakların istemcilere oranı.
 Toplam eş sayısı (kaynak + istemci)

Bu formülü ise temel olan tek bir neden sağlar: Dosyanın popülaritesi

Dosya ne kadar popüler ise o kadar çok kişi çeker ve o kadar çok kişi seed eder. Bu da yoğun talebi karşılamak için yeterli kaynak oluşturur. Yani Torrent kelimesinin anlamı olan sel gibi büyümeye devam eder ve bir süre sonra kendi kendine yeten yaşayan ve ölen bir yapıya bürünür.

Torrent sistemi kendini telif hakkı savunucularına ve telif haklarının sahibi şirketlere karşı otomatik denilebilecek ve zahmetsiz sayılabilecek şekilde de koruyabilmektedir. Örneğin klasik indirme metotlarında içeriği barındıran sunucular kapatıldığında veya engellendiğinde içeriğin paylaşılması imkânsızdır. Muhakkak ki o içeriğe sahip birinin içeriği başka bir sunucuya (rapidshare, hotfile vb.) yüklemesi gerekir. Torrent'te ise durum biraz daha farklıdır ve kolaydır. Ana içerik belki de milyonlarca kullanıcıda bulunduğundan dolayı paylaşılmak istenildiğinde bir tracker ve içeriğin torrent dosyasının bulunması yeterlidir. İçeriği paylaşıma açmak isteyen kişi sadece torrent uzantılı dosyayı gerekli programa ekler. Günümüz teknolojisinde MagnetLink isimli bir teknoloji ile Torrent dosyası indirmek zorunlu değildir. Dosyanın özet bilgisi ile bir tracker listesinin bulunduğu bir link'e tıklamak, çoğu torrent programı için indirme işleminin başlaması için yeterlidir.

Yeni Nesil Torrent'ler hakkında

Torrent hakkında öngörülen yol haritasına göre, örneğin bir dizinin toplu sezon dosyalarının indirilmesi sırasında farklı ülkelerden kullanıcıların kendi dillerinde altyazı çevirilerini torrent paylaşımına upload etmesi için, ana dosya listesine eklemelerine olanak verecek şekilde dosya paylaşım protokol geliştirme çalışmaları sürmektedir. Ama torrent içeriğiyle alakası olmayan spam gibi dosyaların karışma ihtimali nedeniyle geliştirilme aşaması uzun süre tartışmalı olmuştur. Bu yüzden proje geçici olarak askıya alınmış olsa da, geliştirme çalışmaları halen sürmektedir.

Bazı Torrent terimleri

 Seed: (İngilizce: Tohum) Torrent protokolünde kaynak anlamına gelir. Dosyanın tümüne sahip ve paylaşımda bulunduran kişilere seeder denir.
 Leech: (İngilizce: sülük) Torrent protokolünde sömürücü, dosya indiren manasına gelir. Dosyayı çeken kişiler aynı zamanda dosyanın kısmi bir bölümüne sahip olduklarından Leecher diye anılırlar. Bir diğer anlamda ise dosyayı paylaşmayı sevmeyen dosyanın Paylaşılmasına engel olan kişilere Leecher denilir.
 Peer: (Teknik İngilizce: eş) Dosya üzerinde veri transferinde bulunan herkes, kaynak ve sömürücülerin genel adı.
 Reseed: Daha önce indirilmiş bir Torrent ile çekilen dosyaların bir süre sonra tekrar  paylaşmaya verilen isimdir. Bu işlem Hash kontrolü gerektirir. Torrent ile çekilen dosyaların en ufak bir değişikliğe bile uğramamış olmaları gerekmektedir.
 Hash: Torrent dünyasında İngilizcedeki anlamından tamamen farklı kullanılır. (bkz. Hash) Aktarımı tamamlanan dosyanın sağlaması alınarak orijinal dosyanın sağlaması ile kontrol edilir. Bu ayrıca torrent dosyasına özel olduğu için onu benzersiz (unique) kılar.
 Tracker: Torrentin bağlandığı basit bir sunucudur. Torrenti çeken Peerler Trackere dosya hakkında bilgi gönderirler, Diğer Peerler ise Trackere bağlanarak kimde hangi dosyanın hangi parçalarının olduğunu öğrenirler. Tracker üzerinden kesinlikle dosya transferi gerçekleşmez sadece Kaynak paylaşılır. Kim ne kadar dosya çekti ve ne kadar yükledi gibi istatistik bilgilerini de barındırabilir. Sayısı ne kadar fazlaysa indirme o kadar hızlı olur.
 DHT (Distributed Hash Table): Peers'ler arası Kaynak paylaşımı diye özetleyebileceğimiz bir özelliktir. Tracker'dan bağımsız kaynak bulma işini üstlenir. Private (özel) Tracker'larda kullanılmaması gerekmektedir.
 Download: Torrent sistemi aracılığı ile diğer kullanıcılardan dosya indirme işlemine verilen isim.
 Upload: Torrent sistemi aracılığı ile diğer kullanıcılara dosya gönderme işlemine verilen isim.
 Ratio: Bir Torrent'in (aslında torrent'ten indirilen dosyaların) Upload işleminin Download işlemine oranıdır. Bu özellik Private (özel) Tracker'larde özellikle önemlidir. Sağlıklı paylaşımı ve Hit&run olayını ortadan kaldırmak ve dosyaların daha yüksek hızlarda sunulmasını sağlamak için üyelik zorunluluğu olan Torrent sitelerinin çoğu tarafından kullanılan bir özelliktir. Genel olarak Torrent dünyasında paylaşımcıyım diyebilmek için 0,5 Ratioyu yakalamanız gerekmektedir, Yani 10 Mb Download'a 5 Mb Upload yapmanız gerekmektedir. Public (genel) Tracker'larde ise tamamen Torrent ruhuna ve kullanıcının insafıyla alakalı bir yaptırımdır.
 Hit&run: Türkçe anlamı Vur ve Kaç olan kelime, benzer bir anlamda Torrent Dünyasında da kullanılmaktadır. Dosyayı çekip hemen paylaşımdan kaldırma işlemine ve kaldırana verilen isimdir. Genellikle Torrent kullanıcıları tarafından sevilmezler. Üyeliğin zorunlu olduğu Torrent sitelerinde genellikle istenmeyen bir durumdur.

BitTorrent Desteği olan dosya indirme yöneticileri
 FlashGet
 GetRight
 Limewire
 Free Download Manager
 Opera Web Tarayıcısı

BitTorrent


Universitatea McMaster (denumită în mod obișnuit McMaster sau Mac) este o universitate publică din Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. Campusul principal este situat pe un teren de 121 ha, în apropiere de cartierelor rezidențiale Ainslie Lemn și Westdale, adiacente Grădinii Botanice Regale din Hamilton. Universitatea este formată din șase facultăți: Școala de Afaceri DeGroote, Inginerie, Științe medicale, Științe umaniste, Științe Sociale și Științe ale naturii. Este membră al U15, un grup de universități specializate pe cercetare intensivă din Canada. Universitatea poartă numele lui William McMaster, un bancher și senator canadian care a donat 900.000 CAD pentru fondarea universității. Universitatea McMaster a fost fondată potrivit condițiilor prevăzute de un act al Adunării Legislative din Ontario în 1887, prin fuzionarea Toronto Baptist College cu Woodstock College. Ea a fost înființată la Toronto în 1890. Dotările insuficiente și primirea unui teren la Hamilton a determinat mutarea instituției în 1930. McMaster a fost controlată de către Convenția Baptistă din Ontario și Quebec până când a devenit o instituție neconfensională finanțată din fonduri publice în 1957.

Universitatea este coeducațională, și are peste 25.000 de studenți și peste 4.000 de doctoranzi. Absolvenți și foști studenți ai universității se află în întreaga Canada și în 140 de țări din întreaga lume. Printre absolvenții notabili se numără înalți funcționari guvernamentali, academicieni, oameni de afaceri importanți, un bursier Rhodes și doi laureați ai premiului Nobel. Această universitate s-a clasat pe locul 4 în rândul universităților canadiene și pe locul 94 în lume, potrivit topului Times Higher Education World University Rankings din 2015-2016, pe locul 4 în rândul universităților canadiene și pe locul 83 în lume, conform Clasamentului Mondial al Universităților din 2016, și pe locul 6 în rândul universităților canadiene și pe locul 149 în lume, în conformitate cu QS World University Rankings din 2014. Echipele sportive ale McMaster sunt cunoscute sub numele de Marauders și sunt membre ale Canadian Interuniversity Sport.

Absolvenți și profesori notabili
În noiembrie 2010, Universitatea McMaster avea peste 140.000 de absolvenți care locuiau în peste 140 de țări. În cursul istoriei McMaster, profesorii, studenții și foșii absolvenți au îndeplinit roluri importante în multe domenii, obținând mai multe premii, inclusiv premii Nobel, burse Rhodes și premii Lasker. Printre câștigătorii Premiului Nobel se numără absolventul Myron Scholes, care a fost distins cu Premiul Nobel pentru Științe Economice în anul 1997; profesorul Bertram Neville Brockhouse, care a fost distins cu Premiul Nobel pentru Fizică în anul 1994; și absolventul James Orbinski, care a acceptat Premiul Nobel pentru Pace în anul 1992 în numele organizației Medici fără frontiere.

Printre absolvenții importanți din domeniul științei se află Douglas L. Coleman, care a descoperit leptina, Harold E. Johns, care a fost un pionier în utilizarea de cobaltului 60 în tratamentul cancerului, Karl Clark, care a inițiat metoda de separare pentru extragerea bitumului din nisipul petrolifer, și Steve Mann, un cercetător și inventator în domeniul fotografiei computaționale. Printre profesorii notabili ai universității se află chimistul Ronald Gillespie, care a contribuit la elaborarea teoriei RPESV, și sociologul Henry Giroux, unul din fondatorii teoriei pedagogiei critice. Un absolvent proeminent în domeniul științelor sociale a fost Harold Innis, care a contribuit la elaborarea teoriei comunicării.

Note

Lectură suplimentară

 http://volume3.mcmaster.ca

Legături externe

 Official athletics website
 The Silhouette student newspaper

Universități din Canada

McMaster University


Die Nationaluniversität von Trujillo (UNT) ist eine öffentliche Universität Trujillos. Sie wurde am 10. Mai 1824 gegründet und nahm 1831 den Betrieb auf. Sie ist die wichtigste Universität im Norden von Peru.

Siehe auch
 Liste der Universitäten in Peru

Weblinks

Fußnoten

Trujillo
Trujillo (Peru)
Gegründet 1824

Universidad Nacional de Trujillo


Huffyuv (ya da HuffYUV) Sıkıştırılmamış YUV görüntü yakalama biçiminin yerine geçmesi için Ben Rudiak-Gould tarafından geliştirilmiş bir kayıpsız görüntü çözücüdür.
"Kayıpsız" sıkıştırma özelliği görüntü çıkışındaki her bitlik görüntünün birebir sıkıştırılıp saklanmasıdır. "Hızlı" olması bir Celeron 416 MHz işlemci ile saniyede 38 megabaytlık çıktı verebilmesidir. Huffyuv'un algoritması JPEG-LSnin algoritmasına yakındır.

Dış bağlantılar
 Huffyuv ana sayfası (yansı)
 AviSynth.org sitesinde HuffYUV

Görüntü çözücüler
Kayıpsız veri sıkıştırma algoritmaları

HuffYUV


Kruger House is the historical Pretoria residence of the Boer leader and President of the South African Republic, Paul Kruger. It was built in 1884 by architect Tom Claridge and builder Charles Clark. Milk was used, instead of water, for mixing the cement from which the house was constructed, as the cement available was of poor quality.

The house was also one of the first in Pretoria to be lit by electricity. The house contains either the original furnishings or items from the same historical period, some of the many gifts that were presented to Kruger as well as other memorabilia.

Another interesting feature of the house is two stone lions on the verandah that were presented to President Kruger as a birthday gift on 10 October 1896 by the mining magnate Barney Barnato.

The Kruger House is now a house museum that tries to recreate the ambience of the period that Kruger lived in.

History
After President Kruger became a member of the Volksraad (Parliament) in 1863, he bought several plots of land on Church Street. He originally had a house to the east of today's Kruger House Museum, and later had one to the west of it. In July 1884, the Kruger family moved into the house described in this article, which was built by the prominent businessman Alois Hugo Nellmapius. On August 14 of that year, the President hosted 60 guests, among them members of the Volksraad, lawyers, Cabinet members, and pastors at a dinner party in his "new official residence."

The Kruger House displays a mix of styles. The cornice-molded gables, the molding on the front door, and the plastered moldings show Late Renaissance touches, while the front and back porches show Asian influence. The house is an elongated, simple, and sturdy building. Two large drawing rooms highlight the front of the house, with four bedrooms behind. The long, broad front porch became famous as a place the President would often sit and would sometimes receive visitors.

The President and Mrs. Kruger lived for 15 years and 10 months, more or less, from July 1884 to May 1900, in the Kruger House. Their children - except for Tjaart, the youngest - were already married. On May 29, 1900, shortly before the British took Pretoria, the President left his home for the last time. His wife remained until her death in 1901. Family, friends, and sympathizers came to greet him. A boy named James F. Smith also brought 29,000 signed condolences from American boys.

Shortly before the President's death in 1904, Frederik Christoffel Eloff, son-in-law of the President, purchased the Kruger House from the estate and registered it in the name of his son, Dirk Postma Eloff. In his absence, the house was rented out without his knowledge as a bed-and-breakfast under the name "The Presidency."

President Kruger was buried in Pretoria on December 16, 1904. The funeral service was held on the grounds, between the Kruger House and the Pretoria Reformed Church (GKSA) on the opposite side of the street. Starting in April 1920, the Kruger House was leased to the Bond of Afrikaanse Moeders, a midwives' training school, as a maternity ward. Many Afrikaners can therefore boast of having born in the Kruger House between 1920 and 1932.

Meanwhile, opinion turned toward making the Kruger House a museum. When several of Kruger's belongings were secured from the Dordrechts Museum in the Netherlands and brought back to Pretoria, this only heightened the impetus; some of these items were originally exhibited in the Old National Cultural History Museum on Boom Street.

The house was officially opened as a museum on October 10, 1934, by Mr. Albert Kuit. People connected with the President, including Mrs. LJ Jacobz, Col. Hermanus Christiaan Bredell, Dr. A. Heymans, and Miss J. van Broekhuizen, donated valuable photographs and other personal mementoes. On April 6, 1936, the house was declared a National Heritage Site. A few outbuildings have been built since then to hold the large number of Kruger memorabilia, as well as an apartment and an office. In 1952, the South African Railways and Harbours Administration donated the President's personal train coach, which the Kruger House later exhibited in the garden under a canopy.

The Kruger House Museum has been entrusted to the National Cultural History and Open Air Museum ( or NASKO). October 10, 1984, the centennial of the house, was also the 50th anniversary of the house's museum status.

References

External links

home page of the Kruger House Museum

Afrikaner culture in Pretoria
Houses completed in 1884
Museums in Pretoria
Houses in South Africa
Historic house museums in South Africa
Biographical museums in South Africa
History of Pretoria
Paul Kruger
19th-century architecture in South Africa

Kruger House, Pretoria


Die Stadtbefestigung Groß-Enzersdorf, welche weitgehend erhalten ist und die Altstadt umschließt, wurde 1396 zur Erhebung der Stadt Groß-Enzersdorf begonnen und 1399 fertiggestellt.

Der ca. 6 m hohe zinnenbekrönte Stadtmauernring ist weitgehend erhalten. Weiters die Reste von zwei runden Ecktürmen und der Rest eines quadratischen Eckturmes und Teile des ehemaligen vorgelagerten Grabens und Walles. Die Stadtbefestigung hatte anfangs drei Stadttore, im Norden (!) das Raasdorfer Tor nach Wien, im Süden zur Donau und im Osten zum Marchfeld. Im Bereich des Raasdorfer Tors ist eine Kopie der Inschrifttafel zu Bischof Berthold von Wehingen mit 1396.

Nach einem Verkehrsunfall mussten 2020 mehrere Meter der Stadtmauer und eine Säule des Wiener Tores abgetragen werden.

Literatur
 Dehio Niederösterreich nördlich der Donau 1990, Groß-Enzersdorf, Stadtbefestigung, S. 323.

Weblinks

 Die Stadtmauer des Stadtls. Über die Stadtmauerstadt Groß-Enzersdorf. In: gross-enzersdorf.gv.at.

Einzelnachweise

Bauwerk in Groß-Enzersdorf
Baudenkmal (Niederösterreich)

Stadtbefestigung Groß-Enzersdorf


La peine capitale aux Philippines (en ), et en particulier la peine de mort en tant que forme de répression parrainée par l'État, a été introduite et  a été largement pratiquée par le gouvernement espagnol aux Philippines. Un nombre important de martyrs nationaux philippins comme Mariano Gómez, José Burgos et Jacinto Zamora (également connu sous le nom de GomBurZa ), treize martyrs de Cavite (Trece Martires), treize martyrs de Bagumbayan, quinze martyrs de Bicol (Quince Martires de Bicolandia), dix-neuf martyrs d'Aklan et José Rizal ont été exécutés par le gouvernement espagnol.

Aux Philippines, de nombreux parcs, écoles, monuments routes ou encore bâtiments ports pour un rappel constant à la population des atrocités espagnoles à travers l'imposition de la peine de mort. Après l'exécution du général de l'armée impériale japonaise Tomoyuki Yamashita à Laguna, aux Philippines en 1946 et la mise en place officielle du gouvernement philippin après la Seconde Guerre mondiale, la peine capitale a été principalement utilisée comme mesure anti-criminalité pendant l'anarchie rampante qui a dominé les Philippines menant à la déclaration de la loi martiale en 1972.

Les Philippines, avec le Cambodge, sont les seuls États membres de l'Association des nations de l'Asie du Sud-Est (ANASE) à avoir aboli la peine de mort.

Périodes espagnole et américaine

Pendant la domination coloniale espagnole, les méthodes d'exécution les plus courantes étaient la mort par peloton d'exécution (en particulier pour les crimes militaires, généralement réservés aux combattants de l'indépendance) et le garrot.

Un cas notable d'exécution par garrot par le gouvernement espagnol répressif aux Philippines est l'exécution de trois prêtres martyrs catholiques philippins, Mariano Gomez, José Burgos et Jacinto Zamora, également connu sous le nom de Gomburza.

La mort par pendaison était une autre méthode populaire.

Un autre exemple marquant est le héros national, José Rizal, qui fut exécuté par un peloton d'exécution le matin du 30 décembre 1896, dans le parc qui porte désormais son nom.

En 1902, la Commission philippine a aboli l'utilisation du garrot comme moyen d'exécution des criminels et lui a substitué l'exécution par pendaison.

En 1926, la chaise électrique (en espagnol : silla eléctrica ; en philippin : silya eléktrika) a été introduite par le gouvernement insulaire colonial des États-Unis, faisant des Philippines le seul autre pays à employer cette méthode. La dernière exécution de l'ère coloniale a eu lieu sous le gouverneur général Theodore Roosevelt, Jr. en février 1932. Il n'y a pas eu d'autres exécutions sous Manuel L. Quezon, le premier président du Commonwealth.

Les crimes passible de peine de mort au moment de l'indépendance (juillet 1946) étaient le meurtre, le viol et la trahison. Cependant, aucune exécution n'a eu lieu jusqu'en avril 1950, lorsque Julio Gullien a été exécuté pour avoir tenté d'assassiner le président Manuel Roxas. D'autres cas notables incluent Marciál "Baby" Ama, électrocuté à l'âge de 16 ans le 4 octobre 1961, pour des meurtres commis en prison pour des charges moindres. Ama est notamment devenu le sujet du film populaire de 1976, Bitayin si. . . Baby Ama ! (Exécutez "Baby" Ama ! ).

L'ancien gouverneur du Negros occidental, Rafael Lacson, et 22 de ses alliés, ont été condamnés à mort en août 1954 pour le meurtre d'un opposant politique. En fin de compte, Lacson n'a jamais été exécuté.

Au total, 51 personnes ont été électrocutées jusqu'en 1961. Le nombre d'exécutions a grimpé sous le président Ferdinand Marcos, lui-même condamné à mort en 1939 pour le meurtre de Julio Nalundasan, le rival politique de son père, Mariano ; le jeune Ferdinand fut acquitté en appel. Une triple exécution controversée a eu lieu en mai 1972, lorsque Jaime José, Basilio Pineda et Edgardo Aquino ont été électrocutés pour l'enlèvement et le viol collectif de la jeune actrice Maggie de la Riva en 1967. L'État a ordonné que les exécutions soient diffusées à la radio nationale.

Sous le régime Marcos, le trafic de drogue est également devenu passible de la peine de mort par peloton d'exécution, comme dans le cas de Lim Seng, dont l'exécution le 15 janvier 1973 a également été retransmise à la télévision nationale. Le futur président (alors chef de la police philippine), le général Fidel V. Ramos était présent à l'exécution.

La chaise électrique a été utilisée jusqu'en 1976, date à laquelle l'exécution par peloton d'exécution l'a finalement remplacée comme seule méthode d'exécution. Sous le régime autoritaire de Marcos pendant 20 ans, cependant, d'innombrables autres personnes ont été sommairement exécutées, torturées ou simplement disparues pour s'être opposées à son régime.

Après Marcos qui a été destitué en 1986, le nouveau projet de Constitution de 1987 interdit la peine de mort, mais a permis au Congrès de la rétablir « ci - après » pour « crimes odieux »; faisant des Philippines le premier pays asiatique à abolir la peine capitale.

Lorsque les Philippines appliquaient la peine de mort, les hommes condamnés à mort étaient détenus à la prison de New Bilibid et les femmes condamnées à mort étaient détenues à l' établissement correctionnel pour femmes (Mandaluyong). La chambre de mort pour les détenus à électrocuter se trouvait dans le bâtiment 14, dans l'enceinte à sécurité maximale de New Bilibid. Le musée du Bureau des Corrections (BuCor) servait auparavant de chambre d'injections létales.

Exécutions post-indépendance par les présidents
 Elpidio Quirino (1948-1953): 13
 Ramon Magsaysay (1953-1957) : 6
 Carlos P. García (1957-1961) : 14
 Diosdado Macapagal (1961-1965): 2
 Ferdinand Marcos (1965-1986): 32
 Joseph Estrada (1998-2001) : 7

Rétablissement et moratoire

Le président Fidel V. Ramos a promis pendant sa campagne qu'il soutiendrait la réintroduction de la peine de mort en réponse à l'augmentation des taux de criminalité. La nouvelle loi (Republic Act 7659), rédigée par Ramos, a été adoptée en 1993, rétablissant la peine capitale. Cette loi prévoyait l'utilisation de la chaise électrique jusqu'à ce que la chambre à gaz (choisie par le gouvernement pour remplacer l'électrocution) puisse être utilisée. En 1996, le Republic Act 8177 a été adoptée, prescrivant l'utilisation de l'injection létale comme méthode d'exécution de la peine capitale.

Les exécutions ont repris en 1999, en commençant par Leo Echegaray, qui a été exécuté par injection létale sous le successeur de Ramos, Joseph Estrada, marquant la première exécution après le rétablissement de la peine de mort. L'exécution suivante a vu un incident embarrassant lorsque le président Estrada a décidé d'accorder un sursis de dernière minute, mais n'a pas réussi à joindre les autorités pénitentiaires à temps pour arrêter l'exécution. À la suite d'un appel personnel de son conseiller spirituel, l'évêque Teodoro Bacani, Estrada a appelé à un moratoire en 2000 pour honorer le bimillénaire de la naissance du Christ. Les exécutions ont repris un an plus tard.

Le successeur d'Estrada, Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo, était un opposant à la peine de mort et a également approuvé un moratoire sur l'exécution de la peine capitale. Cette interdiction a ensuite été officialisée dans une loi à part entière lorsque le Congrès a adopté le Republic Act 9346 en 2006. L'année suivante, les Philippines ont été intégrées au deuxième Protocole facultatif du Pacte international relatif aux droits civils et politiques concernant l'abolition de la peine de mort. La présidente Arroyo a gracié de manière controversée de nombreux prisonniers au cours de sa présidence, y compris en 2009, tous les criminels restants condamnés pour l' assassinat en 1983 de l'ancien sénateur et chef de l'opposition Benigno Aquino Jr..

Le 15 avril 2006, les peines de 1 230 condamnés à mort ont été commuées en peines de réclusion à perpétuité, ce qui, selon Amnesty International, est la « plus grande commutation de peines de mort jamais prononcée ».

La peine capitale a de nouveau été suspendue par le Republic Act n° 9346, signée par le président Arroyo le 24 juin 2006. Le projet de loi fait suite à un vote tenu au Congrès le 7 juin qui a massivement soutenu l'abolition de cette pratique. Les peines de réclusion à perpétuité et de réclusion perpétuelle (détention d'une durée indéterminée, généralement d'au moins 30 ans) ont remplacé la peine de mort. Les critiques de l'initiative d'Arroyo l'ont qualifié de geste politique destiné à apaiser l' Église catholique romaine, dont certains secteurs se sont de plus en plus exprimés dans leur opposition à sa présidence.

Protocole eu Pacte international relatif aux droits civils et politiques
Les Philippines ont par la suite signé le deuxième protocole facultatif du Pacte international relatif aux droits civils et politiques . Le Protocole facultatif engage ses membres à abolir la peine de mort à l'intérieur de leurs frontières. Il a été signé le 20 septembre 2006 et ratifié le 20 novembre 2007.

Le 6 décembre 2016, après que la Commission de la justice de la Chambre des représentants des Philippines a approuvé un projet de mesure sur la réimposition de la peine de mort, Zeid Ra'ad Al Hussein, le Commissaire des Nations unies aux droits de l'homme a publié une lettre ouverte adressée au président philippin. de la Chambre et le Président du Sénat déclarant : « Le droit international ne permet pas à un État qui a ratifié ou adhéré au Deuxième Protocole facultatif de le dénoncer ou de s'en retirer. Zaid a affirmé qu'il n'y a pas de "clause de dénonciation" dans le protocole, "garantissant ainsi la non-réintroduction permanente de la peine de mort par les États qui ont ratifié le protocole".

Soutien à la réintroduction de la peine capitale
Après l'arrestation du violeur d'enfants Peter Scully en février 2015, plusieurs procureurs philippins ont demandé le rétablissement de la peine de mort pour les crimes sexuels violents. Au cours de la campagne électorale de 2016, le candidat à la présidence et maire de Davao, Rodrigo Duterte, a fait campagne pour le rétablissement de la peine de mort aux Philippines. Lors du segment « Oui ou non » du deuxième débat présidentiel le 20 mars 2016, Duterte et la sénatrice Grace Poe étaient les seuls candidats qui ont dit « oui » lorsqu'on les a interrogés sur le rétablissement de la peine de mort dans le pays, en faveur de la décision Duterte, qui a remporté les élections en mai 2016, soutient le rétablissement de la peine de mort par pendaison. Il a été rapporté qu'il veut la peine capitale pour les criminels impliqués dans les drogues illégales, les syndicats d'armes à feu et ceux qui commettent des "crimes odieux" tels que le viol, le vol ou le vol de voiture où la victime est assassinée, tandis que Poe a a déclaré que la peine capitale devrait s'appliquer aux criminels reconnus coupables de « drogues et de crimes multiples où les personnes impliquées ne peuvent plus être réhabilitées ».

Duterte a juré théâtralement "de salir la baie de Manille avec les corps de criminels". En décembre 2016, le projet de loi portant rétablissement de la peine capitale pour certains « délits odieux » a rapidement été adopté en commission à la Chambre des représentants ; il a été adopté par la Chambre des représentants au complet en février 2017. Cependant, la loi rétablissant la peine de mort a stagné au Sénat en avril 2017, où elle ne semblait pas avoir suffisamment de voix pour être adoptée.

Dans un sondage de 2017, 67% des Philippins ont soutenu la peine de mort. L'actrice et ancienne victime de viol Maggie de la Riva, l'une des partisanes de la peine capitale, a exprimé sa consternation dans une interview à TV Patrol cette année-là que seuls les crimes liés à la drogue soient inclus dans les crimes passibles de la peine de mort, et que des crimes odieux tels que le viol n'étaient pas inclus.

En juillet 2019, des projets de loi visant à rétablir la peine capitale aux Philippines ont été relancés au Sénat avant l'ouverture du  Congrès.

Au lendemain d'une fusillade en 2020 à Tarlac, les sénateurs Ronald dela Rosa et Manny Pacquiao ont exhorté à envisager un rétablissement de la peine de mort.

Méthodes
Les Philippines étaient le seul pays, à part les États-Unis, à utiliser la chaise électrique, en raison de son introduction pendant la période coloniale américaine. Jusqu'à sa première abolition en 1987, le pays est revenu à la mort par peloton d'exécution.

Après la réintroduction de la peine de mort en 1993, le pays est passé à l'injection létale comme seule méthode d'exécution.

Notes et références

Liens externes
 Photo de la chaise électrique des Philippines prise en 1969
 Les Philippines « rétablissent » la peine de mort – Par John McLean (correspondant de la BBC à Manille)
 Lamban, S. 2000. Peine de mort aux Philippines

Disparition en 1987
Peine de mort par pays
Droit aux Philippines
Pages avec des traductions non relues

Peine de mort aux Philippines


Klever Rêgo Loureiro (Recife, 20 de fevereiro de 1952) é um desembargador e atual presidente do Tribunal de Justiça de Alagoas.

Entre 2 de abril e 15 de maio de 2022, exerceu a função de governador interino do estado de Alagoas.

Vida
Nasceu em 20 de fevereiro de 1952 em Recife, capital do estado de Pernambuco.

Em 2 de abril de 2022, tornou-se governador interino de Alagoas, até a posse do eleito em eleição indireta. Seu sucessor foi Paulo Dantas, que assumiu em 15 de maio de 2022.

O cargo ficou vago após a renúncia de Renan Filho para disputar o Senado. O vice-governador Luciano Barbosa já havia renunciado para assumir a Prefeitura de Arapiraca em 2021. Além disso, o presidente da Assembleia Legislativa de Alagoas, Marcelo Victor, que deveria assumir o cargo pela linha sucessória, se absteve de fazê-lo, pois seria impedido de se reeleger ao cargo de deputado nas Eleições gerais no Brasil em 2022 caso assumisse a chefia do Executivo estadual.

Naturais do Recife
Governadores de Alagoas
Desembargadores do Brasil

Klever Loureiro


Anthony Howard Lockett (born 9 March 1966) is a former Australian rules footballer who played for the St Kilda Football Club and Sydney Swans in the Australian Football League (AFL). Nicknamed "Plugger", he is considered one of the greatest full forwards and players in the game's history.

Inducted into the Australian Football Hall of Fame in 2006 and upgraded to Legend status in 2015, he is the most prolific goalkicker in VFL/AFL history, breaking Gordon Coventry's 62-year record in 1999 and eventually finishing with 1,360 goals from 281 games. He became the first full-forward to be awarded the Brownlow Medal in 1987, won the Coleman Medal four times, and kicked more than 100 goals in a season on six occasions (an AFL record he shares with Jason Dunstall of Hawthorn).

While Lockett's accomplishments and statistics support his status as an Australian football hero, his individual influence on St. Kilda and Sydney is also noteworthy. He arrived at St Kilda when the club was in the doldrums and became the man on whose shoulders the club's fortunes depended. Similarly, when he moved to Sydney in 1995, the Swans were struggling both on and off the field; they had finished bottom of the ladder in 1994 and were battling to stay relevant in the heart of rugby league territory. After kicking more than 100 goals three times in four seasons and famously booting a point to send Sydney into the 1996 AFL Grand Final, Lockett helped to ensure Australian rules football would have a lasting future in the Harbour City.

Lockett's achievements are all the more remarkable given the significant chunks of time he missed through injury and suspension. Besides suffering from chronic asthma, he struggled to maintain his weight (which fluctuated from 95 to 112 kg over the years, according to listings in AFL Records) and required painkillers to manage the ongoing effects of a torn groin muscle. Lockett was not afraid to use his size and strength to unsettle opponents, but his aggression also resulted in him being frequently reported for striking and rough conduct. He appeared before the AFL Tribunal 16 times over his career and was suspended for 23 matches.

Early life
Born in the western Victorian town of Ballarat to Howard Lockett, a local football champion who would later be inducted in the North Ballarat Football Club Hall of Fame, and Liz, Lockett is one of three siblings, with a brother (Neil) and a sister (Di). Lockett's passion for greyhound racing can be traced to his grandfather Charlie, who supplied pacemakers for the local greyhound racing club and was a club committeeman at North Ballarat.

Lockett was educated at Ballarat Secondary College and Ballarat Grammar School, and began playing Australian football with the Under-12s team of his father's club, North Ballarat Football Club, in 1974. He played a total of 120 junior games with the club. He had played just five senior games as a 16-year-old in 1982 with North Ballarat before he was recruited by St Kilda, since Ballarat was part of the club's recruiting zone.

VFL/AFL Career

St Kilda: 1983–1994

The formative years: 1983–1986
When Lockett arrived at St Kilda in 1983, the club was going through a period of decline on and off the field; in his first four seasons at Moorabbin, the Saints would finish at the bottom of the ladder. As a teenager coming out of Ballarat for the first time, Lockett was constantly homesick in his early years and eventually St Kilda conceded to his desire to travel from home when required.
Lockett made his senior VFL debut in Round 4 against  at VFL Park. There was a high degree of controversy surrounding this game since the Saints, after seeking legal advice, decided to include 's Paul Morwood in their line-up without a clearance from the Swans or a permit from the League. According to the rules at the time, if the Saints had won, they would have risked forfeiting the premiership points. As it turned out, they went down in a spirited effort by 11 points. Lockett joined a special group of VFL/AFL players when he goaled with his first kick, but had an otherwise quiet debut with only five disposals and four marks.
Lockett was supposed to be understudy to the enigmatic Mark Jackson, whom the Saints had brought in from  on a three-year contract. But after Jackson was sacked mid-season, Lockett was given the role and finished the season with a modest return of 19 goals in 12 games.

In the opening game of 1984, the Saints were up against the previous season's runner-up  at Moorabbin. starting up at full forward, Lockett matched his Essendon counterpart Paul Salmon goal for goal in an entertaining game which the Bombers won by 37 points after a tight first half. Both Lockett and Salmon would end up with seven goals. Lockett showed a glimpse of his explosive best in the third quarter when he kicked three goals in a four-minute spell, and beat a succession of opponents to be considered the Saints' best player.

Lockett was now recognised as one of the VFL's star forwards, and teams were trying to find players who could physically match him. In St Kilda's opening game of the 1986 VFL season against  at Western Oval, Lockett was reported by four umpires for striking Bulldogs captain Rick Kennedy during the third quarter. Lockett pleaded guilty to the charge, claiming he had been provoked, and was suspended for two matches.

1987–1990: Saints on the Rebound and A Superstar Emerges
St Kilda's fortunes were finally about to turn when premiership captain Darrel Baldock was appointed coach for 1987 while still serving in the Parliament of Tasmania. He appointed Danny Frawley captain, having identified leadership qualities in the then 23-year-old full back, gave regular game time to newcomers Nathan Burke and Nicky Winmar, who would become club stalwarts for the following decade, and set about improving the general skill level of the playing group. Under Baldock's guidance, Lockett had a career-best season, tying for the Brownlow Medal with John Platten.

1991–1992: The Superstar Becomes a Legend
In the first half of the pre-season match against  in February 1991, Lockett was sprinting to contest for a loose ball when West Coast's Steve Malaxos, who was also running for the ball, collided with Lockett and made contact with his lower back, resulting in a cracked vertebra. Lockett limped off the ground gingerly and was sent to hospital for x-rays at half time. He was initially diagnosed as having suffered a "badly bruised back". According to champion Hawthorn full-forward Peter Hudson, who was St Kilda's club manager at the time, it was expected that Lockett would return for the following pre-season game. However, the misdiagnosed injury would sideline Lockett for the first six rounds of the 1991 AFL season.
In Round 7 the Saints played League newcomers  at Moorabbin. At the time St Kilda was ninth on the ladder, having played five matches for two wins and one draw. Boosted by the return of Lockett and Nicky Winmar (who was back after serving a 10-match suspension from the previous season), the signs were ominous early when, from the opening bounce, star midfielder Robert Harvey collected the ball out of the centre and found Lockett with a well-weighted pass. Lockett converted from the set shot, and thereafter, with a full-capacity crowd of over 25,000 spectators cheering them on, St Kilda went on a scoring rampage. Lockett added a further three goals for the quarter, and had nine to his name by half time. The Saints increased their lead at each change, eventually winning by 131 points and breaking the previous club record for greatest winning margin. Lockett finished the game with 12 goals, and the percentage-boosting win lifted St Kilda to fifth on the ladder.
Lockett backed up his spectacular return with ten goals the following week against  (he had seven goals by half time) and another haul of 12 goals against  (in which he kicked St Kilda's first five goals) to take his overall tally to a remarkable 34 goals in three games. In the Round 10 match against , however, before the biggest home crowd at Moorabbin since 1981, St Kilda suffered stage fright, conceding a 44-point lead at quarter time and eventually losing by 28 points. Essendon coach Kevin Sheedy sacrificed an extra player in defence to cut off the supply to Lockett (who only managed four goals), while the Bombers' team pressure and discipline also contributed significantly to the win.
St Kilda rebounded strongly in Round 11, putting in a superb second-half display to beat  at Princes Park for the first time at that venue since 1976. Lockett kicked seven goals for the game to again be among the Saints' best players, but was afterwards cited by video for two incidents – clashing heavily with Hawks ruckman Stephen Lawrence in the first quarter and later with Greg Madigan. However, no further action was taken and Lockett was cleared to play.
In Round 23 St Kilda confirmed its place in the 1991 AFL finals series with a 120-point thrashing of Brisbane at Moorabbin, marking the club's first finals appearance since 1973. Lockett sat out the game, having been ill with influenza and warned by the club's medical staff that playing could trigger an asthma attack.
In the Elimination final against Geelong, he kicked nine goals and five behinds, although the Saints were beaten by seven points.

In 1992, he kicked the most goals that season, with 132 goals. He was described by dual Brownlow medallist Robert Harvey as the best player he had ever seen.

1993–1994: Difficult Final Years at St Kilda
After the highs of personal glory and reaching the finals in 1991 and 1992, there followed two difficult seasons, which would turn out to be Lockett's last ones at the Saints, marred by long absences due to injury and suspension.

After kicking five goals in the loss to Hawthorn in the opening round of the 1994 AFL season, Lockett started well against North Melbourne in the Round 2 clash at the MCG, kicking three quick goals, only to suffer a corked right calf muscle shortly afterward. With Lockett unable to return after quarter time, and Stewart Loewe already absent with a groin injury, the Saints lacked a key target in attack and the Kangaroos won easily by 69 points. Lockett would end up missing the next four weeks, during which the Saints won only one game.

Few games better encapsulated Lockett's enigmatic nature than his return in the Round 7 match against  at the Sydney Cricket Ground. In the first quarter, Swans defender Peter Caven was sprinting back to take an intercept mark when Lockett, who was charging towards the ball, appeared to hit him in the face with a raised elbow. Caven was knocked unconscious with a compound fracture of the nose and immediately taken to St Vincent's Hospital for surgery, ruling him out of action for 12 weeks. Lockett was subjected to abuse by Sydney supporters for the remainder of the game, but it appeared to have little effect on him. The Swans responded on the scoreboard, at one stage leading by 51 points in the third quarter; only Lockett's seven goals up to three-quarter time had kept an inept-looking St Kilda in the contest. The Saints still trailed by 41 points halfway through the final term before they finally clicked, kicking seven unanswered goals (Lockett kicking the last three in the final three minutes) to snatch a one-point win. After kicking his eleventh goal to put the Saints in front, Lockett responded to the taunts of the Sydney cheer squad with an "up yours" gesture.
Lockett was not reported by any umpires for his hit on Caven, but subsequent review of the video footage by AFL officials on the Tuesday following the game resulted in Lockett being charged not just for the incident with Caven, but also for kneeing Daryn Cresswell in the head. In his appearance before the Tribunal, Lockett pleaded not guilty, stating that he was sorry for injuring Caven and had not done so intentionally. He added that he had only seen Caven a split second before impact, raising his elbow in self-defence. Nonetheless, Lockett was found guilty of striking and suspended for eight weeks.

Lockett would not play again until Round 17 against North Melbourne at Waverley Park, a 61-point loss in which he was held to two goals by Mick Martyn, one of the few full-backs capable of matching Lockett. By this stage of the season, the Saints were out of finals contention, sitting second-last on the ladder with the worst percentage in the League. Lockett did not take long to rediscover form, kicking 28 goals in a four-game stretch before being ruled out of the final game of the season against  with a back injury. He ended the season with 56 goals, which was a slight improvement from his return the previous season.

Sydney: 1995–1999, 2002
In 1995, Lockett transferred to the Sydney Swans, where he played for another six seasons. He was an instant success with the Swans, helping the team into the 1996 finals series and subsequently into the 1996 AFL Grand Final.
With scores tied in the preliminary final game, Lockett famously kicked a point after the siren against Essendon to give Sydney a one-point victory. Despite a groin injury, he played in the grand final, which the Swans lost to North Melbourne. It was the only grand final appearance of Lockett's career.

Lockett's career-best goal-scoring performance came in Round 19, 1995, against Fitzroy at the Western Oval, when he scored 16 goals straight.

Lockett became a cult figure in Sydney. He was a massive drawcard for the struggling Sydney Swans, who had previously found it difficult to attract large support in New South Wales's rugby league heartland. At the height of his popularity, the song "One Tony Lockett" was released (sung to the tune of "Guantanamera"), performed by James Freud.

In 1996, Lockett was the subject of much hype in the clash between Geelong and Sydney in which Gary Ablett Sr. was playing at the other end of the ground.  The match was billed by the media as Plugger vs God and set a ground record attendance at the Sydney Cricket Ground. He broke the record of 1,299 career goals (set by Gordon Coventry) at the SCG in 1999 and sparked one of the biggest pitch invasions seen in Australian rules football.

Lockett retired at the end of 1999 but had a brief comeback in 2002, playing three games and adding three goals to his record for a grand total of 1,360 career goals.

State of Origin
Lockett played five State of Origin games for Victoria, kicking 19 goals in those games. In his State of Origin debut in 1985 against Western Australia, Lockett kicked one goal. He was selected in 1987 against South Australia, and again kicked one goal. In 1989, he kicked five goals in a notable game against South Australia at the MCG. He again kicked five goals against Western Australia in 1992. His final interstate match came in 1995 against South Australia, kicking seven goals and winning the E. J. Whitten Medal. Lockett is known as a big supporter of State of Origin and said after he won the E. J. Whitten Medal that "to win this medal will probably go down as one of the happiest days of my life, and I'll treasure it forever".

Statistics

|- style="background-color: #EAEAEA"
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 1983
|style="text-align:center;"|
| 37 || 12 || 19 || 17 || 76 || 26 || 102 || 44 ||  || 1.6 || 1.4 || 6.3 || 2.2 || 8.5 || 3.7 ||
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 1984
|style="text-align:center;"|
| 14 || 20 || 77 || 44 || 146 || 19 || 165 || 108 ||  || 3.9 || 2.2 || 7.3 || 1.0 || 8.3 || 5.4 ||
|- style="background-color: #EAEAEA"
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 1985
|style="text-align:center;"|
| 14 || 21 || 79 || 22 || 146 || 32 || 178 || 112 ||  || 3.8 || 1.0 || 7.0 || 1.5 || 8.5 || 5.3 ||
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 1986
|style="text-align:center;"|
| 14 || 18 || 60 || 29 || 119 || 36 || 155 || 85 ||  || 3.3 || 1.6 || 6.6 || 2.0 || 8.6 || 4.7 ||
|- style="background-color: #EAEAEA"
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 1987
|style="text-align:center;"|
| 14 || 22 || bgcolor="DD6E81"| 117 || 52 || 226 || 49 || 275 || 164 || 16 || bgcolor="DD6E81"| 5.3 || 2.4 || 10.3 || 2.2 || 12.5 || 7.5 || 0.7
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 1988
|style="text-align:center;"|
| 4 || 8 || 35 || 19 || 65 || 19 || 84 || 44 || 6 || 4.4 || 2.4 || 8.1 || 2.4 || 10.5 || 5.5 || 0.8
|- style="background-color: #EAEAEA"
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 1989
|style="text-align:center;"|
| 4 || 11 || 78 || 24 || 122 || 18 || 140 || 92 || 5 || bgcolor="DD6E81"| 7.1 || 2.2 || 11.1 || 1.6 || 12.7 || 8.4 || 0.5
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 1990
|style="text-align:center;"|
| 4 || 12 || 65 || 34 || 112 || 16 || 128 || 84 || 11 || bgcolor="DD6E81"| 5.4 || bgcolor="DD6E81"| 2.8 || 9.3 || 1.3 || 10.7 || 7.0 || 0.9
|- style="background-color: #EAEAEA"
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 1991
|style="text-align:center;"|
| 4 || 17 || bgcolor="DD6E81"| 127 || 51 || 190 || 33 || 223 || 140 || 7 || bgcolor="DD6E81"| 7.5 || 3.0 || 11.2 || 1.9 || 13.1 || 8.2 || 0.4
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 1992
|style="text-align:center;"|
| 4 || 22 || 132 || 58 || 214 || 30 || 244 || 157 || 12 || 6.0 || 2.6 || 9.7 || 1.4 || 11.1 || 7.1 || 0.5
|- style="background-color: #EAEAEA"
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 1993
|style="text-align:center;"|
| 4 || 10 || 53 || 12 || 85 || 26 || 111 || 63 || 7 || 5.3 || 1.2 || 8.5 || 2.6 || 11.1 || 6.3 || 0.7
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 1994
|style="text-align:center;"|
| 4 || 10 || 56 || 26 || 100 || 16 || 116 || 76 || 7 || bgcolor="DD6E81"| 5.6 || 2.6 || 10.0 || 1.6 || 11.6 || 7.6 || 0.7
|- style="background-color: #EAEAEA"
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 1995
|style="text-align:center;"|
| 4 || 19 || 110 || 44 || 176 || 42 || 218 || 139 || 16 || bgcolor="b7e718"| 5.8 || 2.3 || 9.3 || 2.2 || 11.5 || 7.3 || 0.8
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 1996
|style="text-align:center;"|
| 4 || 22 || bgcolor="DD6E81"| 121 || bgcolor="DD6E81"| 63 || 212 || 45 || 257 || 168 || 21 || bgcolor="DD6E81"| 5.5 || bgcolor="DD6E81"| 2.9 || 9.6 || 2.0 || 11.7 || 7.6 || 1.0
|- style="background-color: #EAEAEA"
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 1997
|style="text-align:center;"|
| 4 || 12 || 37 || 21 || 65 || 23 || 88 || 50 || 7 || 3.1 || 1.8 || 5.4 || 1.9 || 7.3 || 4.2 || 0.6
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 1998
|style="text-align:center;"|
| 4 || 23 || bgcolor="DD6E81"| 109 || 36 || 167 || 41 || 208 || 121 || 9 || bgcolor="DD6E81"| 4.7 || 1.6 || 7.3 || 1.8 || 9.0 || 5.3 || 0.4
|- style="background-color: #EAEAEA"
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 1999
|style="text-align:center;"|
| 4 || 19 || 82 || 38 || 141 || 27 || 168 || 112 || 15 || bgcolor="DD6E81"| 4.3 || 2.0 || 7.4 || 1.4 || 8.8 || 5.9 || 0.8
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2002
|style="text-align:center;"|
| 46 || 3 || 3 || 0 || 5 || 2 || 7 || 1 || 3 || 1.0 || 0.0 || 1.7 || 0.7 || 2.3 || 0.3 || 1.0
|- class="sortbottom"
! colspan=3| Career
! 281
! 1360
! 590
! 2367
! 500
! 2867
! 1760
! 142
! 4.8
! 2.1
! 8.4
! 1.8
! 10.2
! 6.3
! 0.7
|}

Life outside Football
During his time at St Kilda, Lockett resented the attention that came with his superstar status in Victorian football, and was well known for his distrust of the media. In one particularly famous incident in 1988, he was at the Mercy Private Hospital with his father to receive treatment for the serious ankle injury he had sustained against , but had not been informed by St Kilda club officials that a media contingent, which included Eddie McGuire as a reporter for Network Ten, would also be in attendance. Caught by surprise, Lockett angrily hurled both his crutches at the cameraman.

After retiring, Lockett purchased a rural property near Bowral in the Southern Highlands of New South Wales and moved there with his wife Vicki and four daughters.

In a 2014 interview he dismissed the idea that he had become a recluse since retiring, stating that he was simply enjoying the quiet life of an ex-footballer.

The move to Sydney, and the relative anonymity that came with it, appeared to soften Lockett. He even appeared in various television commercials, including Advanced Hair and Lowes Menswear (in Sydney). While at a taping session for a Lowes commercial, Lockett engaged in a friendly wrestling match with former amateur rugby player Adrian "Ace" Mueller, who was at the time working for Lowes corporate division. According to some reports, the friendly wrestle developed into something quite competitive, with Lockett pinning Mueller (an exponent of the Israeli self-defence system Krav Maga).
Lockett appeared with Stephen Curry and Dave Lawson in a Toyota Memorable Moments advertisement which takes a lighthearted look at some memorable moments in his career such as the piglet "Pluga", "One Tony Lockett", "That Point" and his 1,300th goal (including the pitch invasion).

Lockett is also well known for his interest in greyhound racing.

Lockett has competed in the gruelling Finke Desert Race in the open motorcycle class since 2008, and for the over-45s subcategory on many occasions between 2011 and 2019, riding in 2017, 2018, and 2019 by using his KTM 500 EXC.

In 2017, Lockett made a surprise decision to return to the Sydney Swans as a part-time goal-kicking and forwards coach.

Nickname
Lockett's father, Howard, inherited the nickname "Plugger" from his own father who used to "plug around" in the garden. Howard Lockett, who himself played 500 games of country football, then saw it fit to pass down the nickname once more to his son, and it became synonymous with his large size.

In Round 18, 1993, in a match at the Sydney Cricket Ground between St Kilda (then Lockett's club) and Sydney (his future club), a piglet (being a reference to Lockett's portly build) was released by a member of the Sydney crowd onto the ground (with the wrongly spelled nickname "Pluga" and Lockett's playing number of "4" spray-painted onto it) before being tackled to the ground and removed by Sydney Swans player Darren Holmes. The Channel Seven commentary of the incident had the famous exclamation of "There's a pig at full-forward!" from commentator Sandy Roberts. Lockett was actually absent from the match due to injury.

Legacy
Lockett was inducted to both the St Kilda and Sydney Swans' Team of the Century in 2001 and 2003, respectively.

In 2004, he was inducted into the North Ballarat Football Club hall of fame.

On 22 June 2006, Lockett was inducted into the Australian Football Hall of Fame. In 2015, he was elevated to "Legend" status.

The southern goal end at Docklands Stadium was named after him as the "Lockett End", with the other end being named after the footballer whose goal record he broke, Gordon Coventry.

The Ballarat Football League award for the leading goal-scorer for the home-and-away season is named after Lockett, as he played his junior football with Ballarat Football League club North Ballarat.

On 19 July 2009, Lockett was inducted into the Sydney Swans Hall of Fame.

In 2003, he was inducted into the St Kilda Football Club Hall of Fame; on 24 July 2010, he was elevated to "Legend" status.

Lockett kicked over one hundred goals in a season on six occasions: at St Kilda in years 1987 (117), 1991 (127), and 1992 (132); and at Sydney in years 1995 (110), 1996 (121), and 1998 (109). This is a tied league record for the number of times a player has kicked over 100 goals in a separate season (which he shares with Jason Dunstall).

The New South Wales Primary Schools Sports Association Australian Football competition is named the Tony Lockett Shield.

In 2017, Lockett was inducted into the Sport Australia Hall of Fame.

In March 2021, before the Round 2 match between  and  at Marvel Stadium set aside to honour the memory of former Saints captain and Fox Footy personality Danny Frawley and promote mental health awareness, Lockett made a surprise appearance, along with Garry Lyon and Stewart Loewe, to pay tribute to his late friend and captain.

See also
After the siren kicks in Australian rules football

References

Bibliography

Further reading

External links

AFL Hall of Fame – Legends
Tribute site

Trevor Barker Award winners
All-Australians (AFL)
Brownlow Medal winners
Coleman Medal winners
Leigh Matthews Trophy winners
Bob Skilton Medal winners
St Kilda Football Club players
Sydney Swans players
Australian autobiographers
Australian Football Hall of Fame inductees
Victorian State of Origin players
North Ballarat Football Club players
Australian rules footballers from Ballarat
1966 births
Living people
E. J. Whitten Medal winners
Sport Australia Hall of Fame inductees

Tony Lockett


Monster High je dječja animirana serija izrađena po uzoru na Mattelovu franšizu lutaka s istim imenom. Serija se prikazuje od listopada 2022 na američkom Nickelodeonu.

Radnja
Clawdeen, djevojčica koja je polu-čovjek i polu-vukodlak je nova učenica u školi Monster High. Zajedno sa svojim prijateljicama Draculaurom i Frankie doživljava brojne avanture u školi za čudovište.

Popis epizoda
Pretpregled serije je prikazan 6. lisopada 2022., a prikazivanje je započelo 28. listopada iste godine na američkom Nickelodeonu. Druga sezona je naručena 17. studenoga 2022. a imat će 20 epizoda.

Hrvatska sinkronizacija serije prikazuje se subotom i nedjeljom ujutro na Nickelodeonu, počevši od 1. travnja 2023.

1. sezona

Izvori

Američke serije
Dječje serije
Televizijske serije koje su počele 2022.

Monster High (TV serija)


Manager de fișiere (engleză: file manager), administrator sau gestionar de fișiere, este un program de calculator care oferă o interfață de utilizator pentru a gestiona fișiere și directoare. Managerul de fișiere este necesar pentru a avea acces mai ușor la informație structurând-o după dorințele utilizatorului. Dosarele și fișierele pot fi afișate într-un arbore ierarhic pe baza structurii lor de directoare.

Istoric
Primii administratori de fișiere au fost creați sub formă de linie de comandă pentru sistemele de operare cu interfețe de utilizator text. Aceștia au reprezentat, în general, unitățile, partițiile și directoarele în distribuția lor fizică reală având un număr limitat de operații.

Primul manager vizual de fișiere care a fost dezvoltat în modul text, a fost Dired în anul 1974, care rula pe BSD.
PathMinder a fost lansat în 1984, iar Norton Commander versiunea 1.0 a fost lansat în 1986. Acești manageri de fișiere afișează două panouri poziționate simetric în partea de sus a ecranului și folosesc atât tastele funcționale, cât și tastele cheie pentru a manipula fișierele selectate și o fereastră de comandă minimizată, care poate fi extinsă pe ecran complet. Numai unul dintre panouri este activ la un moment dat.

Managerii de fișiere bazați pe Norton Commander continuă să fie dezvoltați în mod activ având în vedere portabilitatea și simplitatea utilizării acestora și există zeci de implementări pentru DOS, Unix, GNU/Linux și Microsoft Windows.

Odată cu apariția interfețelor grafice, au fost dezvoltați managerii de fișiere (GUI) cu funcționalități diferite, cum ar fi capacitatea de a asocia tipurile de fișiere cu programe și a facilitat înțelegerea conceptelor prin reprezentarea grafică a fiecărei resurse, identificată cu o pictogramă.

Principala diferență între aceștia și perechile lor în linie de comandă, este că managerii de fișiere GUI includ memorarea pașilor făcuți într-un istoric, însemnarea paginilor de interes,  și o mare varietate de afișări ale listelor de subdirectoare și ale atributelor fișierelor.

Caracteristici
Cele mai frecvente operațiuni efectuate pe fișiere sau grupuri de fișiere includ crearea, deschiderea (vizualizarea, redarea, editarea sau imprimarea), redenumirea, copierea, mutarea, ștergerea și căutarea fișierelor, precum și modificarea atributelor, proprietăților și permisiunilor de acces.
Unii administratori de fișiere conțin funcții inspirate de browserele web, cum ar fi butoanele de navigare înainte/înapoi și suport pentru protocoalele de rețea care permit partajarea de fișiere între computere, cum ar fi FTP, Samba sau NFS.

Exemple

Interfață text

Pentru GNU/Linux
Clex
Dired
FDclone
Last File Manager
Midnight Commander
nffm
Pilot
Ranger
Vifm

Pentru MS-DOS
Dos Navigator
FAR Manager (File and ARchive Manager)
File Commander
NexusFile
Norton Commander
PathMinder
Volkov Commander
XTree
ZTreeWin

Interfață GUI
Pentru GNU/Linux

4Pane
BSCommander
Caja, managerul de fișiere din MATE
Deepin File Manager
Dolphin, inclus în KDE, cu funcție de browser
Double Commander, inspirat din Total Commander
EmelFM2
filerunner
gentoo, bazat pe GTK+ 2
GNOME Commander pentru GNOME
GNOME Files, înlocuiește Nautilus ca implicit în GNOME

Konqueror pentru KDE, cu funcție de browser
Krusader, asemănător Midnight Commander pentru KDE
muCommander, scris în Java
Nemo, pentru Cinnamon, derivat din Nautilus

PCManFM
qtFM bazat pe Qt
ROX Filer
SpaceFM, scris în GTK+
Sunflower  cu suport pentru plugins
Thunar, implicit în XFCE.
trolCommander, scris în in Java, successor al muCommander
Tux Commander, similar cu Total Commander sau Midnight Commander
Worker
Xfe, asemănător File Explorer din Windows.

Pentru Windows
  AB Commander
Altap Salamander
Directory Opus,  cu funcție de browser
Double Commander
Explorer++
File Explorer
File Manager
Free Commander
Multi Commander
Nomad.NET
One Commander
PathMinder
Q-Dir
Saladin
SpeedCommander
Total Commander
Unreal Commander
WinNc
XYplorer

Pentru MacOS
Commander One
DCommander
Disk Order
ForkLift
Macintosh Explorer
Finder, implicit în MacOs
Path Finder
TotalFinder
Total Manager
XCommander
Xfile

Note

Vezi și
Manager de ferestre
Mediu desktop
Gestionar de pachete
Sistem de fișiere

Legături externe

 21 Best Linux file managers as of 2018
 Comparison of file managers
 Orthodox file managers (OFM)

Fișiere
Managere de fișiere
Software de sistem

Manager de fișiere


La Campana, İspanya'nın güneybatı köşesinde bulunan özerk bölge Endülüs'ün, Sevil eyaletine bağlı bulunan belediyesi. 2002 yılındaki sayıma göre nüfusu, 5,148'dir.

La Campana


«إسبيشالي فور يو»  أو خصيصا لك، هي أغنية أداها المغنيان الأستراليان كايلي مينوغ وجيسون دونوفان، من ألبوم دونوفان الأول تن غود ريزونز (1989). تم إصدار الأغنية في 28 نوفمبر 1988، وهي من تأليف وإنتاج فريق ستوك أيتكين واترمان.

تلقت الأغنية العديد من التقييمات الإيجابية من النقاد المعاصرين والأكبر سنا، الذين اعتبروها إحدى أقوى الأغاني من كل ألبومات المطربين، وكما وصفوا الأغنية بأنها كلاسيكية. حققت الأغنية نجاحا تجاريا، حيث بلغت المركز واحد في المملكة المتحدة وأيرلندا واليونان وبلجيكا وكذلك المراكز الخمسة الأولى في دول مثل أستراليا ونيوزيلندا وفرنسا وفنلندا وسويسرا. في عام 2015 تم التصويت على الأغنية من قبل الجمهور البريطاني في المرتبة العشرين ضمن قائمة أغاني المرتبة الأولى المفضلة لدى الأمة من الثمانينات في استطلاع أجرته محطة آي تي في.

قامت مينوغ بتأدية هذه الأغنية في ثنائي مع الضفدع كامل على برنامج مقابلة مع... كايلي مينوغ في عام 2001.

الخلفية

ظهرت كل من كايلي مينوغ وجيسون دونوفان على المسلسل التلفزيوني الأسترالي «جيران» ولكن ترك كلاهما المسلسل للتركيز على الموسيقى. أصدرت كايلي ألبومها الأول «كايلي»، بينما كان دونوفان يعمل على ألبومه Ten Good Reasons. وكتب فريق «ستوك أيتكين واترمان» (اللذان ألفا الأغاني لفنانين) أغاني ليغنياها معا. تم إصدار الأغنية كمنفردة في 28 نوفمبر 1988، ولكنها أدخلت لاحقًا في النسخة الأمريكية من ألبوم كايلي الثاني، Enjoy Your Yourself.

ذكر بيت واترمان في مقابلة مع سارة كوكس على إذاعة راديو بي بي سي 2 عن موسيقى الثمانينات، وأذيعت 15 ديسمبر 2017، أنه تم اقتراح الفكرة الأصلية لإصدار الدويتو بين النجمين قد اقترحت على العلامة من مجموعة وولزوورث الذين قالوا إنهم سيطلبون 250,000 نسخة من التسجيل.

تم إدخال الأغنية بعد مرور سنوات على إصدارها في أربعة أعمال تجميعية لمينوغ، وألبومين تجميعيين لدونوفان.

في يوليو 2012، قام كل من كايلي مينوغ وجيسون دونوفان بأداء الأغنية معا في حفل Hit Factory Live، وكان أداءهما الأول معا منذ عام 1989.

الأداء على القوائم

دخلت أغنية «إسبيشالي فور يو» قائمة الأغاني الأسترالية في المركز الثاني وبقيت فيه لأربعة أسابيع متتالية. هذا أعلى مركز وصلته أغاني جيسون دونوفان في أستراليا، على أن كايلي تصدرت القائمة بثلاث أغاني قبلها. ودخلت القائمة في نيوزيلندا في المركز الرابع وبلغت الذروة في المركز الثاني. وحتى الآن، هذه هي الأغنية الوحيدة لدونوفان التي تصل إلى العشرين الأوائل هناك، وهي صاحبة أعلى مركز وأطول فترة بقاء على القائمة بين أغاني مينوغ، حيث بقيت هناك لمدة 21 أسبوعًا. ثم دخلت قائمة الأغاني البريطانية في المركز الثاني، وبقيت هناك لمدة أربعة أسابيع، حيث ارتقت إلى المركز الأول لثلاثة أسابيع متتالية. بقيت الأغنية في القائمة لما مجموعه 14 أسبوعًا، كان ثاني أغنية لكايلي تتصدر أغاني المملكة المتحدة من أصل 7 حتى 2018، وأول أغنية تتصدر القائمة لدونوفان من أصل 4. في عام 2014 أصبحت الأغنية واحدة من 154 أغنية فقط في تاريخ قائمة الأغاني في المملكة المتحدة لتصل إلى مليون مبيع.

في الأسواق الأوروبية، دخلت الأغنية قائمة الأغاني في فرنسا في المركز 39 وارتقت إلى المركز الثالث لمدة أسبوعين متتاليين. كما دخلت القائمة الهولندية في المركز 73، وبلغت ذروتها في المركز الرابع لأسبوع واحد. قضت الأغنية أسبوعًا وحيدًا في المركز العاشر في النرويج، لتكون إحدى أقل أغانيها المنفردة نجاحا على هذه القائمة. ودخلت قائمة الأغاني السويدية في المركز 15 حتى بلغت ذروتها في المركز الثاني عشر لأسبوع واحد. وصلت الأغنية إلى المركز الثاني في سويسرا لأسبوع واحد، حيث بقيت في القائمة لخمسة عشر أسبوعًا. بلغت الأغنية ذروتها في المركز الثاني عشر في النمسا لمدة أسبوع واحد. كانت هذه الأغنية أفضل نجاحات مينوغ في بريطانيا وفرنسا وهولندا وسويسرا حتى إصدار أغنية «كانت غيت يو آوت أوف ماي هيد» عام 2001.

أصبح هذا الدويتو أنجح مبيع لأغنية من تأليف فريق سكوت أيتكين واترمان، حيث باع أكثر من مليون نسخة حتى تاريخه في ديسمبر 2014.

مراكز القوائم

القوائم الأسبوعية

قوائم نهاية السنة

التصنيفات
 أستراليا (أريا): تصنيف الذهب، 35,000 مبيع.
 فرنسا (سنيب): تصنيف الذهب، 400,000 مبيع.
 المملكة المتحدة (BPI): تصنيف البلاتينوم، 1,090,000 مبيع.

مراجع

أغان كتبها مات إيتكن
أغان منفردة حققت المركز الأول في المملكة المتحدة
أغان منفردة في 1988
أغاني 1988
أغاني احتلت المرتبة الأولى في ترتيب الأغاني الأيرلندية
أغاني كايلي مينوغ

إسبشلي فور يو


Tajvanija (lat. Taiwania), monotipski rod korisnog zimzelenoig drveća iz porodice čempresovki (Cupressaceae), nekada klasificiran porodici taksodijevki, a danas potporodica Taiwanioideae. Jedini predstavnik je T. cryptomerioides s otoka Tajvana i Kine.

Drvo tajvanije mekano je i izdržljivo, pa se uveliko koristilo pri gradnji hramova i lijesova. Danas je zaštičeno i u Kini i na Tajvanu.

Vanjske poveznice

Galerija

Vanjske poveznice

Izvori

Čempresovke
Flora južne-središnje Kine
Flora Mjanmara
Flora Tajvana
Flora Tibeta
Flora Vijetnama

Tajvanija


Eddie Ray Routh, (født 1986) er en amerikansk krigsveteran der er dømt skyldig i at myrde Chris Kyle, den tidligere US Navy Seal, hvis selvbiografi blev forvandlet til den Oscar nominerede film American Sniper. Han blev idømt livsvarigt fængsel uden mulighed for prøveløsladelse for drabene på Chris Kyle og hans ven, Chad Littlefield, i februar 2013 ved Rough Creek Lodge. Chris og Chad mistede livet mens de hjalp Eddie, som led af PTSD, med at komme tilbage til et normalt liv.

Chris Kyle, der blev kendt for sine 160 træffere som finskytte i Irak, blev dræbt med 6 skud - fem i ryggen og et i hovedet, mens Littlefield blev skudt 7 gange.

Begge krigsveteraner arbejdede for at hjælpe andre veteraner og var blevet kontaktet af Rouths desperate mor, som ikke anede, hvad hun skulle stille op med sin søn. Blot en uge inden drabene var Routh blevet udskrevet fra en psykiatrisk institution.

Mordere fra USA

Eddie Ray Routh


Ohri Gölü, (Makedonca: Охридско Езеро; Arnavutça: Liqeni i Ohrit) Kuzey Makedonya'nın güneybatısı ile Arnavutluk'un doğu toprakları arasındaki dağlık, sınır bölgesinde yer alan bir göl.

Özellikler

Oluşum bakımından Balkanlar'daki en eski ve derin göldür. Gölün ekosisteminde sadece o yöreye özgü dünya çapında öneme sahip 200'den fazla tür vardır. Gölün önemi 1979 yılında UNESCO tarafından Dünya Kültür Mirası listesine dâhil edilmesi ile daha da artmış fakat göl çevresinde insanoğlunun meydana getirdiği olumsuz etmenler ve gölün su miktarının giderek azalması gölün geleceğini tehlike altında bırakmaktadır.

Gölün kenarına kurulmuş üç şehir vardır. Bunlardan Ohri ve Struga Kuzey Makedonya içinde, Pogradaş Arnavutluk'tadır. Bu şehirlerin dışında birçok küçük balıkçı köyü de olmasına karşın, bugün tüm merkezlerde turizmden elde edilen kazanç, balıkçılık gelirlerini geride bırakmıştır. Gölün çevresindeki nüfus, 43,000'i Arnavutluk'ta, 88,000'i Kuzey Makedonya'da olmak üzere 131,000 kişi civarındadır.

Göl yaklaşık olarak 2,600 km2'lik bir alanı sular ve sularının yaklaşık olarak yarısını doğu kıyılarındaki yeraltı kaynaklarından alır. Suların %25'i yağış ve içine boşalan akarsular ile temin edilir. Suların %20'sinden fazlası 10 kilometre uzaklıkta ve gölün kendi seviyesinden 150 metre daha yüksekte bulunan Prespa Gölü'nden gelir.

Turizm

Ohri, Balkanlar'daki önemli turizm merkezlerinden birisidir. Özellikle, Ege Denizi bölgesinin dışında, denize çıkışı olmayan ülke vatandaşları için bölge, tatil merkezi özelliğindedir.

Gölle aynı isimdeki Ohri şehrinde Osmanlı döneminden kalma 10 cami, 1 de tekke bulunmaktadır. Kiliselerin sayısı ise yaklaşık olarak 40'tır . Göl manzarası, bölgeye özgü evleri ve tarihî mimari eserleriyle ünlü bir turistik noktadır. Osmanlı'dan kalma Safranbolu evlerine benzer mimari yapısına sahip evler bulunmaktadır. Şehir ve Ohri Gölü, UNESCO tarafından dünya mirası listesine dâhil edilmiştir.

Ohri, aynı zamanda Slavlar için oldukça önemli olan Kiril alfabesinin doğduğu yer olarak kabul edilir.

Ayrıca bakınız
 Oluşumlarına göre Türkiye'nin gölleri listesi
 Türkiye'deki göller

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
 Ohri Belediyesi
 Macedonian Tourism portal
 Ohri Portalı
 LakeNet Profile

Kuzey Makedonya'daki göller
Arnavutluk'taki göller
Arnavutluk-Kuzey Makedonya sınırı
Avrupa'daki uluslararası göller

Ohri Gölü


I morgen er alt mulig er en dansk kortfilm fra 2009 instrueret af Nikolaj Bendix Skyum Larsen.

Handling

Eksterne henvisninger

Kortfilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 2009

I morgen er alt mulig


Karrar é um carro de combate principal de terceira geração iraniano. O armamento principal do Karrar consiste em uma arma de 125 mm de alma lisa

equipada com um extrator de fumaça e uma manga térmica. Uma estação de armas operada remotamente armada com uma metralhadora de 12,7 mm é montada no telhado da torre. A arma principal é capaz de disparar mísseis guiados a laser anti-tanque. Um carregador automático também está instalado, removendo a necessidade de um carregador.

Operadores

 Exército do Irã

Controversias

Semelhança com tanques russos
O Ministro da Defesa, general Hossein Dehqan, disse que o "tanque pode competir com os tanques mais avançados do mundo em três áreas principais: energia, precisão e mobilidade, bem como manutenção e durabilidade no campo de batalha... O Karrar tem a capacidade de disparar mísseis e guiá-los precisamente [em direção ao alvo], além disso Karrar pode ser operado pelo artilheiro e comandante de duas miras paralelas."

"Não é coincidência que os especialistas considerem o Karrar como uma espécie de cópia do T-90MS russo, a modificação mais avançada da plataforma T-90", segundo o major-general aposentado Vladimir Bogatyrev, presidente do Conselho da Associação Nacional Russa de Oficiais Militares Aposentados. Ele também acrescentou que "É baseado na plataforma T-72, mas também tem algo dos tanques Americanos Abrams e M60. Alguns elementos são emprestados do M48 e do tanque britânico Chieftain. Eles pegaram todos esses elementos e tentaram projetar seu próprio tanque."

Karrar


27985 Remanzacco este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
27985 Remanzacco este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Remanzacco la Observatorul Remanzacco. Asteroidul prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 2,88 ua, o excentricitate de 0,03 și o înclinație de 3,1° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 27001-28000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1997
Centura de asteroizi

27985 Remanzacco


Big mama () is a Chinese language neologism for an Internet censor on web bulletin board systems in the People's Republic of China.

Big mamas are human censors and moderators on different online platforms who remove politically sensitive information, comments and postings on news forums and chatrooms. The Chinese government also has a team of censors and internet police to monitor internet content; however, it is not possible for them to control the whole internet. Yale Global calls all Chinese censors, including the internet police, big mamas. However, big mamas are generally understood as censors working in the private sector. Private sector companies have a market interest to self-censor their websites and users' comments to fall in line with the Chinese government's internet goals, economic and industrial Chinese development. Private companies use many technologies to censor themselves and their users, one of which is hiring teams of computer workers and programmers, called big mamas, to censor the content of website forums, chatrooms, comment sections and bulletin board systems. Big mamas are prevalent across many companies and have led to a larger discourse on censorship that can be compared to the Western idea of Big Brother on a smaller scale.

Technology and process

A study of the site Sina Weibo, a microblogging site, was conducted by BBC to see how quickly censors removed material and gain insight about big mamas. The study concluded many things including that those who are censored often are censored at a faster rate. Around 90% of politically risky content is removed in the first 24 hours, 5% within 8 minutes and 30% in the first half hour. It also concluded just for the site Sina Weibo, a social media platform, there would have to be at least 4,000 monitors if none of the process was automated. The job of big mamas is becoming more automated as technology becomes more advanced.

China has allowed foreign companies to be part of the market and has relied on foreign technologies and companies to maintain censorship.

Examples
China has allowed foreign companies to invest and be part of the Chinese internet. In order to maintain a piece of the market these foreign companies, like Yahoo, follow Chinese censorship regulations, often by hiring big mamas to monitor bulletin board content.

Yahoo is the most common example of a private company in China that uses big mamas. The chatrooms are censored in real time; when someone posts a politically risky comment big mamas send them an email warning from Yahoo and their post cannot be seen by others. Yahoo in 2002 signed a Public Pledge on Self-discipline (known as The Pledge) promising to regulate chatrooms in line with the Chinese governments laws and regulations. Approximately 300 other companies signed this pledge, many of which also use big mamas and other technologies to censor users and information. All chatrooms and bulletin board systems  and news agencies in Chinese cyberspace have a big mama that decide what content is acceptable and what content needs removed.

Self-censorship
The role of big mamas can be compared to the western concept of Big Brother. The pressure of self-regulation on private web companies from the government and market encourages them to self-censor and censor their users. The Pledge is an example of self-discipline and censorship that has been codified and signed by many web companies in China. The Pledge promised to remove harmful information from the internet.

The censorship by companies of their chatrooms and bulletin boards has led their users to censor themselves to avoid being censored or punished. Lokman Tsui, who has written about big mamas, calls this concept the digital panopticon. Every level of a network regulates itself and censors the level below; this works all the way down to big mamas who moderate chatrooms down to users who regulate each-other's behavior.

Big mama has created a discourse of self-censorship and control; as Lokman Tsui wrote "Big Mama is watching you". When users censor themselves at a smaller level it is more effective than direct censorship from the top. Big mamas have led to both societal and self-censorship that is beyond government-controlled top-down censorship.

Etymology
The name is derived from the name for the wife of the eldest uncle, who in traditional Chinese families has the responsibility to take care of everyone. Big mamas act quite openly and are not reluctant to admit the fact that they are censoring and why they are doing so. The actions of big mamas are generally taken more with annoyance and amusement than with alarm, and there is often some humorous bantering with big mama.

See also
50 Cent Party
Big Brother (1984)
Internet censorship in the People's Republic of China
Jingjing and Chacha

References

External links
Tsui, Lokman (2001). "Big Mama is Watching You: Internet Control by the Chinese government". Unpublished MA thesis, University of Leiden.

Internet censorship in China

Big mama


Celio Malespini (né en 1531 à Venise, mort en 1609 à Vérone) est un écrivain italien.

Biographie
Personnage aux multiples facettes, après avoir été au service des Espagnols en Flandre, il est aventurier, militaire et secrétaire de princes, spécialisé dans la falsification d'écrits, de documents diplomatiques, de lettres et de documents commerciaux, on le considère comme l'un des premiers espions professionnels pour les gouvernements à travers l'Europe.

Après s'être retiré à Venise, le , à l'insu de l'auteur, il publie une édition incorrecte et incomplète de la La Jérusalem délivrée de Le Tasse, sous le titre de Goffredo, chez l'éditeur Domenico Cavalcalupo. Il s'agit d'une édition volontaire, dont six chants sont supprimés, pour lesquels seul un résumé en prose est présenté, avec des lacunes dans deux autres. Par la suite, Malespini publie le poème deux fois de plus, la première le  et la seconde en 1582, toutes deux chez Grazioso Percacino.

Il est également connu pour être l'auteur des Ducento novelle, ouvrage d'une certaine importance, quoique dépourvu de synthèse et de clarté de présentation, dans le style de Boccace, composé de 1595 à 1605 et imprimé à Venise, en 1609. Environ la moitié des deux cents nouvelles sont des plagiats d'auteurs tels que le Portugais Jorge de Montemayor, et les Italiens Francesco Bello et Anton Francesco Doni, tandis que quatre-vingts sont inventées et ont souvent des traits autobiographiques.

Il traduit Trésor de Brunetto Latini, composé en langue d'oïl par l'écrivain florentin pendant son exil en France, et le Jardín de flores curiosas de l'Espagnol Antonio de Torquemada.

Les Ducento novelle sont mises à l'Index librorum prohibitorum le .

Notes et références

Liens externes

Écrivain italien du XVIe siècle
Écrivain italien du XVIIe siècle
Faussaire
Aventurier italien
Naissance en 1531
Naissance à Venise
Décès en 1609
Décès à Vérone

Celio Malespini


Valdemaras ist ein litauischer männlicher Vorname, abgeleitet von Waldemar. Die Abkürzung ist Valdas.

Namensträger

 Valdemaras Borovskis (* 1984), Fußballspieler
 Valdemaras Chomičius (* 1959),  Basketball-Trainer und ehemaliger -Spieler
 Valdemaras Jakštas (* 1956), Politiker, Bürgermeister von Panevėžys
 Valdemaras Katkus (* 1958), Politiker und Diplomat, Mitglied des Seimas
 Valdemaras Rupšys (* 1967),  Brigadegeneral,  Befehlshaber der  Landstreitkräfte
 Valdemaras Sarapinas (* 1962), Diplomat und Politiker, Vizeminister,  Regierungskanzler
 Valdemaras Stančikas (* 1979), Rechtsanwalt, ehemaliger Politiker
 Valdemaras Tomaševskis (* 1965),  Politiker, Mitglied des Seimas und des EP
 Valdemaras Valkiūnas (* 1959), litauischer und lettischer Unternehmer und Politiker
 Valdemaras Vareika (* 1963), Ingenieur und Manager.

Männlicher Vorname
Litauischer Vorname

Valdemaras


La chronobiologie est l'analyse des rythmes biologiques et internes des organismes. La structure dans le temps des organismes est représentée par les rythmes propres à chaque processus à une certaine période définie. La chronobiologie peut alors être définie comme l'étude de cette structure temporelle, de ses altérations et de ses mécanismes.

La chronobiologie est donc d'une importance capitale puisqu'elle s'applique à tous les domaines de la biologie . De ce fait, que  les rythmes soient circadiens ou circannuels, ils sont d'une grande utilité  dans la compréhension et l'interprétation des résultats d'explorations fonctionnelles en endocrinologie, hématologie, chronotoxicologie, et chronopharmacologie .

La performance sportive représente les différents degrés d'amélioration d'un individu dans la pratique d'une discipline sportive à un certain moment donné de son développement et qui dépendent de plusieurs facteurs.

Lien entre le sport et la chronobiologie

Dans une tentative de maximiser la capacité sportive chez les athlètes, la médecine sportive reconnaît désormais l'importance de la chronobiologie au sein du domaine sportif. L'identification de plusieurs facteurs qui lient l'activité physique à la chronobiologie permet de cibler plus précisément les aspects à contrôler pour augmenter la performance sportive.

Hormones et neurotransmetteurs

De nombreuses observations démontrent que la vaste majorité des hormones humaines sont régulées par notre horloge circadienne. La plus évidente d'entre elles est la mélatonine. Il est connu que le voyage, via un décalage horaire, désynchronise notre rythme de éveil-sommeil, ce qui nuit indirectement à la performance sportive puisque cela dérègle la sécrétion d'hormones importantes, telles que la mélatonine et le cortisol . Ainsi, il est recommandé que les athlètes s'entraînent selon un fuseau horaire concordant à celui de l'endroit de l'événement.

La testostérone, l'hormone proportionnellement plus dominante chez les mâles que chez les femelles, joue aussi un grand rôle dans l'activité physique. Outre sa capacité à élever le comportement agressif des mâles, ce qui est avantageux dans certains sports, elle joue un rôle important dans l'élargissement des muscles et par conséquent, augmente la force musculaire qu'un individu peut évoquer . Cette hormone suit plutôt un cycle cirannuel variant au cours des mois. Ainsi, certains athlètes verront un pic dans leurs capacités physiques à des moments précis durant l'année.

Température

Ensuite, même si les facteurs environnementaux, favorables ou non, sont incontrôlables, les mécanismes endogènes peuvent, cependant, être manipulés par l'entraînement et par l'intermédiaire d'une manipulation des rythmes circadiens afin obtenir des adaptations positives à l'exercice. Il est connu qu'une augmentation de la température corporelle facilite la formation de ponts actine-myosine des muscles squelettiques . Pour cette raison, il a été proposé  que les performances maximales se produiraient en début de soirée, car elles coïncident avec la température corporelle maximale. C'est donc pourquoi, en 2010, Paillard a conduit une évaluation de sécrétions hormonales à la suite de laquelle Bessot et ses collaborateurs, en 2003, ont déduit que le meilleur temps de la journée pour s'entraîner  ou  concourir au  judo par exemple est entre 1 et 13h et entre 17 et 20h .

Chronophysiologie

La chronophysiologie fait référence à l'utilisation de connaissances des rythmes physiologiques et métaboliques normaux, y compris ceux de la sécrétion hormonale, dans le but d'optimiser les performances athlétiques. Il existe une interaction complexe et synchronique entre ces variables et les activités sportives pour en établir les performances de pointe présente durant la soirée .

De plus, les pics des rythmes physiologiques et psychophysiologiques sont perçus durant l'après-midi . Puis, ces rythmes font référence entre autres à la coordination du muscle, au temps de réactions minimales et à l'attention . Cela est aussi observable pour certaines composantes rythmiques de l'activité cardiovasculaire telles que la fréquence cardiaque en prenant compte du fait qu'elle est grandement influencée par des facteurs exogènes . La synchronisation harmonieuse des pics de ces rythmes biologiques pendant le soir explique la notion d'un pic circadien des activités physiques, car cela crée un environnement biologique idéal et favorable afin d'obtenir de meilleures performances physiques .

Il a aussi été découvert que le chronotype des individus joue un rôle important dans l'obtention de meilleures performances . Il est possible d'observer des profils diurnes significativement différents entre les chronotypes tôt et tardifs en fonction des paramètres électroencéphalographiques et hormonaux . Notamment, les personnes avec un chronotype tôt performent mieux sur des activités de vigilance psychomotrice, de fonction exécutive et de force de préhension isométrique pendant la mâtinée que ceux avec un chronotype tard . Une autre approche du concept de chronotype des individus par rapport aux performances maximales est que, l'heure de l'éveil reflète l'horloge biologique interne et varie d'environ 26 % par rapport à l'heure réelle de la journée . De ce fait, cela suit le fait que les performances de pointe dépendent du temps passé après l'heure de réveil et non sur un temps spécifique de la journée .

Ensuite, le pic circadien de performance physique n'est pas le même pour tous les sports vu que ceux-ci sont effectués dans des conditions environnementales différentes . Toutefois, la tendance générale reste que les performances sportives de l'après-midi sont meilleures que celles qui se déroulent le matin, ce qui serait probablement dû à la disponibilité optimale de l'énergie assurée par les oscillations quotidiennes d'hormones servant à mobiliser la réserve de sources métaboliques . Par exemple, le pic circadien dans le football se situe entre 16h00 et 20h00 . Kline et ses collaborateurs, en 2007, ont fourni une preuve claire de la régulation circadienne dans la performance des nageurs en utilisant un cycle éveil-sommeil ultra-court de 180 minutes séparées en 120 minutes d'éveil (Jour) et 60 minutes de sommeil (Nuit) . Une meilleure performance des nageurs a été observé à 19 h comparer aux heures plus tôt de la journée, indiquant alors que le pic circadien de la natation se situe vers les heures plus tardives de la journée .

Chronopathologie

Le rythme circadien qui régit le sommeil est primordial en ce qui concerne la performance sportive . Des lésions au niveau du noyau suprachiasmatique(NSC) pourraient affecter les performances sportives des athlètes adultes en induisant un problème dans le rythme circadien d'hormones régulant ses performances . La mélatonine, régulée par le NSC, favorise le sommeil d'un individu et son altération causerait une détérioration de ce dernier . Cet événement résulterait en une baisse de concentration de l'hormone de croissance(GH), qui lui, joue un rôle important dans la performance athlétique . Toutefois, une altération du sommeil faite par le sujet sans éprouver de lésions au NSC pourrait aussi être nocif pour ses performances sportives .

Implication des gènes

De plus, il a été découvert que le gène Bmal1 se trouve d'une importance primordiale dans l'horloge régulant le cycle éveil-sommeil, qui lui affecte les performances sportives . Puis, les conséquences d'une délétion de Bmal1 dans des myotubes de souris porteraient en partie sur la baisse de force que le muscle peut apporter . Le gène Clock joue d'autant plus un rôle important. En effet, si l'horloge moléculaire est déréglée dans les muscles squelettiques, ce gène se trouve à être altéré, ce qui affecte à son tour la fonction mécanique et métabolique du muscle squelettique, et donc sera néfaste pour les performances sportives . Cela dit, ces gènes ne sont qu'une simple partie d'une panoplie de gènes impliqués dans l'horloge circadienne gouvernant les activités physiologiques .

Chronothérapie

Un élément important liant la chronobiologie et les performances sportives est la chronothérapie. En effet, le moment auquel les sportifs ingéreront certaines substances ou auront recours à des traitements thérapeutiques est crucial, afin que le sportif en ressorte avec le maximum de bénéfices et le moins d'effets secondaires indésirables ou toxiques possibles . Il a d'ailleurs été démontré que l'intensité et la gravité des effets secondaires de certains produits administrés lors de traitements thérapeutiques diffèrent selon le moment de la journée où il sera pris. On peut citer cet exemple dans le cas de certains sportifs atteints de maladies endocriniennes qui ont recours à des traitements de doses de testostérone ou de l'hormone GH, qui doivent être administrées de façon calculée tout en respectant le rythme physiologique de l'individu, afin d'éviter toute accusation de dopage . Plus précisément, dans le cas de traitements à la testostérone chez les hommes, la thérapie visera à rétablir le rythme naturel circannuel de cette hormone qui se trouve à être déréglée . Pour ce faire, les doses pourraient être administrées de façon plus faible durant les mois de janvier jusqu'à mars, et de façon plus forte durant les mois de juillet à septembre, pour respecter le cycle circannuel naturel de la testostérone .

La chronothérapie est utilisée aussi dans l'administration de traitements à base de corticoïdes, ces derniers étant administrés de façon graduelle au cours de la journée (dose forte le matin, faible le soir) ou bien à l'aide d'une seule administration au début de la journée, mais qui sera libérée dans l'organisme graduellement, comme le ferait naturellement le cycle circadien . Les hormones administrées dans ces traitements doivent jouer un rôle chronobiotique, c'est-à-dire qu'elles doivent être capables de justement rétablir la perturbation de l'horloge circadienne . La mélatonine en est un autre bon exemple, car elle arrive à réguler le cycle éveil-sommeil . Comme la qualité et la quantité de sommeil sont deux facteurs très importants pour la performance sportive à court terme, la mélatonine doit être chronobiotique pour la synchronisation rapide de l'horloge circadienne interne.

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Chronobiologie
 Horloge circadienne
 Sport

Chronobiologie
Sciences du sport

Chronobiologie et performance sportive


Hypodematium, biljni ros iz porodice Hypodematiaceae, dio reda osladolike.

Rod je raširen poglavito po istočnoj Aziji, nadalje po Maleziji (2 vrste) i jedna u Africi i Aziji.na popisu je 23 vrste i jedan hibrid

Vrste
 Hypodematium boonkerdii Pongkai, Li Bing Zhang & Pollawatn
 Hypodematium brevipilosum Li Bing Zhang, X.P.Fan & X.F.Gao
 Hypodematium chrysolepis (Fée) X.P.Fan & Li Bing Zhang
 Hypodematium confertivillosum J.X.Li, F.Q. Zhou & X.J.Li
 Hypodematium daochengense K.H.Shing
 Hypodematium delicatulum Rakotondr.
 Hypodematium eglandulosum X.P.Fan, Liang Zhang & Li Bing Zhang
 Hypodematium fordii (Baker) Ching
 Hypodematium glabrius (Copel.) Holttum
 Hypodematium glabrum Ching ex K.H.Shing
 Hypodematium glanduloso-pilosum (Tagawa) Ohwi
 Hypodematium glandulosum Ching ex K.H.Shing
 Hypodematium gracile Ching
 Hypodematium hirsutum (D. Don) Ching
 Hypodematium parvisorum Li Bing Zhang, X.P.Fan & X.F.Gao
 Hypodematium phegopteroideum Kuhn
 Hypodematium ryukyuense Li Bing Zhang, X.P.Fan & X.F.Gao
 Hypodematium shingii Li Bing Zhang, X.P.Fan & X.F.Gao
 Hypodematium sinense K.Iwats.
 Hypodematium squamulosopilosum Ching
 Hypodematium subglabrum Li Bing Zhang, X.P.Fan & X.F.Gao
 Hypodematium truncatum Li Bing Zhang, X.P.Fan & X.F.Gao
 Hypodematium villosum F.G.Wang & F.W.Xing
 Hypodematium × tiwanae (Fraser-Jenk.) comb. ined.

Izvori

Osladolike

Hypodematium


دانيال غيرار  (7 مارس 1939 في باريس) هو ملحن ومغني فرنسي.

حياته
ولد دانيال في باريس لأب أرميني وأم إيطالية، لكنه ترعرع لبعض الوقت في ريو دي جانيرو، البرازيل. في عام 1953 ولى عائدا مرة أخرى إلى باريس. بعدها لعب في فرقة روك أند رول «ذو دانغرس». كان بين عامي 1959 و1961 جندي في شمال أفريقيا. بعدها أصبح مغني وعازف قيثار في مختلف الفرق. بدأ التلحين وكتابة الأغاني لبعض النجوم مثل سيلفي فارتان، داليدا، ريتشارد أنتوني، كاترينا فالنتي وأودو يورغينس.

العناوين الناجحة
 الفراشة 1971.
 المهرج 1972.
 مدينتي 1972.
 إيزابيلا 1973.
 تي-لاي-لاي-لي 1974.

روابط خارجية

مراجع

أشخاص على قيد الحياة
أشخاص من باريس
عسكريون فرنسيون في حرب الجزائر
فرنسيون من أصل أرمني
فرنسيون من أصل إيطالي
فرنسيون من أصل كورسيكي
كتاب أغان
كتاب أغان فرنسيون
مغنون فرنسيون
ملحنون وملحنات فرنسيون
مواليد 1939
مواليد في باريس
موسيقيو روك أند رول
موسيقيون من باريس

دانيال غيرار


D mol ("D minor") este un grup muzical din Muntenegru care și-a reprezentat țara în Concursul Muzical Eurovision 2019 în Tel Aviv, Israel.

Au fost selectați să reprezeinte Muntenegru după ce au câștigat selecția națională din Muntenegru, Montevizija. În Tel Aviv și-au interpretat cântecul, intitulat "Heaven", în prima jumătate a primei semi-finale. D mol nu au reușit să se califice în finală, fiind al patrulea an consecutiv în care Muntenegru nu a reușit să se califice.

La început numele grupului a fost D-Moll, însă în martie 2019 numele a fost schimbat în cel prezent.

Membrii
Rizo Feratović, născut pe 15 noiembrie 1997, în Dragaš;
Željko Vukčević, născut pe 8 ianuarie 2000, în Podgorica;
Ivana Obradović, născută pe 21 februarie 2000, în Bijelo Polje;
Emel Franca, născut pe 12 augurst 2000, în Bijelo Polje;
Mirela Ljumić, născută pe 12 martie 2001, în Podgorica;
Tamara Vujačić, născută pe 5 august 2002, în Podgorica.

Discografie

Note

Eurovision 2019
Grupuri muzicale
Formații muntenegrene

D mol


«I Need You» es el segundo sencillo de radio cristiana, perteneciente al quinto álbum de estudio —Five Score and Seven Years Ago— de la banda estadounidense de rock cristiano Relient K. Fue escrita por Matt Thiessen, vocalista de la banda, y producida por Howard Benson.

En 2008, la canción fue nominada para la 39° Entrega de los GMA Dove Awards en la categoría  Rock Recorded Song of the Year.

Referencias

Sencillos de 2009
Sencillos de Relient K
Relient K

I Need You (canción de Relient K)


La bataille d'Argenta Gap est un engagement de l'offensive du printemps 1945 pendant la campagne d'Italie dans les dernières étapes de la Seconde Guerre mondiale, s'étant déroulé dans le nord de l'Italie du 12 au 19 avril 1945 entre les troupes du V corps britannique commandées par lieutenant général Charles Keightley et les unités allemandes du 76 corps de blindés commandées par le lieutenant général (General der Panzertruppe) Gerhard von Schwerin.

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Campagne d'Italie (Seconde Guerre mondiale)
 Liste des opérations lors de la Seconde Guerre mondiale

Bibliographie

 http://www.warlinks.com/pages/8thdeeds.html
 http://www.britishsoldier.com/argenta2.htm (Kindly providing the images)

Liens externes
 The Irish Brigade Contains accounts of the 38th (Irish) Brigade in the Battle Argenta Gap including The Official Histories of the 1st and 2nd Battalion of the London Irish Rifles and their role in the battle.

Avril 1945
1945 en Italie
Bataille de 1945
Campagne d'Italie (1943-1945)
Argenta Gap
Argenta Gap

Bataille d'Argenta Gap


Kohei Hattanda (født 8. januar 1990) er en japansk fodboldspiller, som spiller for den japanske fodboldklub Kagoshima United FC.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Japan

Kohei Hattanda


În mecanica cerească și în mecanica spațială, un nod (în , în , din latină nodus) sau punct nodal este unul dintre cele două puncte de intersecție ale unei orbite înclinate cu planul principal al sistemului de referință.

Nodul ascendent (în ) este punctul prin care corpul aflat pe orbită (planetă, satelit natural, satelit artificial sau alt obiect ceresc pe orbită) traversează planul de referință pe traiectorie ascendentă; nodul descendent (în ), cel prin care el îl traversează pe traiectorie descendentă.

Linia nodurilor (în ) sau linie nodală este dreapta intersecției planului unei orbite cu un plan de referință.

 În astronomie planul de referință este fie ecliptica pentru planetele și alte obiecte cerești aflate pe orbită în jurul unei stele, fie planul ecuatorial al planetei dacă obiectul este un satelit natural al acesteia.
 În astronautică planul de referință este fie planul ecuatorial al planetei în jurul căreia satelitul artificial este plasat, fie ecliptica pentru o sondă interplanetară plasată pe o orbită heliocentrică.

Cazul Pământului

Linia echinocțiilor sau linia echinocțială este dreapta de intersecție a planului eclipticii — care este cel al orbitei înclinate a Pământului — cu planul ecuatorului ceresc.

Cazul Lunii

Nodul ascendent este punctul orbitei unui obiect în care acesta traversează ecliptica din emisfera cerească sudică spre emisfera nordică.

Linia nodurilor este intersecția planului orbital al obiectului cu ecliptica, și leagă nodurile ascendent și descendent.

Eclipsele lunare și solare nu se pot produce decât atunci când Luna se află în apropierea nodului său ascendent sau descendent.

În Antichitate și în Evul Mediu, nodul ascendent al Lunii era denumit, în  (capul dragonului), iar nodul său descendent, în  (coada dragonului). Aceste noțiuni sunt izvorâte din astronomia babiloniană, în care nodul ascendent era denumit gozihr sar, iar nodul descendent gozihr dumb. Ele sunt folosite încă în astrologie.

Durata care separă două treceri succesive ale Lunii la nodul ascendent este denumit revoluție draconică sau draconitică: ea este egală cu 27 de zile, 5 ore și 6 minute.

Lectură suplimentară în limba germană
 Andreas Guthmann: Einführung in die Himmelsmechanik und Ephemeridenrechnung, Spektrum Akademischer Verlag, 2. Auflage 2000, ISBN 3-8274-0574-2, S. 171
 Joachim Krautter et al: Meyers Handbuch Weltall, Meyers Lexikonverlag, 7. Auflage 1994, ISBN 3-411-07757-3, S. 24, 90ff

Vezi și
 Eclipsă de Lună,
 Saros,
 Inex.

Orbite
Mecanică cerească
Astrodinamică

Nod (astronomie)