Grand Duchess Maria Alexandrovna of Russia (;  – 24 October 1920) was the fifth child and only surviving daughter of Alexander II of Russia and Marie of Hesse and by Rhine; she was Duchess of Edinburgh and later Duchess of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha as the wife of Alfred, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. She was the younger sister of Alexander III of Russia and the paternal aunt of Russia's last emperor, Nicholas II.

In 1874, Maria married Prince Alfred, Duke of Edinburgh, the second son of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha; she was the only Romanov to marry into the British royal family. The couple had five children: Alfred, Marie, Victoria Melita, Alexandra, and Beatrice. For the first years of her marriage, Maria lived in England. She neither adapted to the British court nor overcame her dislike for her adopted country. She accompanied her husband on his postings as an admiral of the Royal Navy at Malta (1886–1889) and Devonport (1890–1893). The Duchess of Edinburgh travelled extensively through Europe. She visited her family in Russia frequently and stayed for long periods in England and Germany attending social and family events.

In August 1893, Maria became Duchess of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha when her husband inherited the duchy on the death of his childless uncle, Ernest II, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. She enjoyed life in Germany, where she became active in cultural endeavours and charitable work. To her daughters she gave every support, but she was critical of her wayward son, Alfred, who died in 1899. Her husband died in 1900 and was succeeded as Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha by his nephew Charles Edward.

In her widowhood, Maria continued to live in Coburg. The outbreak of World War I divided her sympathies. She sided with Germany against her native Russia. Many of her relatives, including her brother Paul and her nephew Nicholas II, were killed during the Russian Revolution, and Maria lost her considerable fortune. After World War I, the Duchy of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha ceased to exist in November 1918. Maria died in 1920 while living under reduced circumstances in exile in Switzerland.

Grand Duchess of Russia

Early life

Grand Duchess Maria Alexandrovna was born on  at the Alexander Palace in Tsarskoye Selo. She was the sixth child and only surviving daughter among the eight children of Emperor Alexander II and his first wife, Empress Maria Alexandrovna (née Princess Marie of Hesse and by Rhine). At the time of her birth, her grandfather, Nicholas I, was on the Russian throne and her father was tsarevich. In 1855, when Maria was seventeen months old, Nicholas I died and her father became the new Russian emperor. The Grand Duchess grew up as the only girl with four older brothers and two younger ones. She did not know her only sister, Alexandra, who had died before she was born. Maria herself almost died from a throat disease at the age of seven.

Maria's childhood was spent in luxury and splendor in the large palaces and country estates owned by the Romanovs. The family's main residence was the sixteen-hundred-room Winter Palace in Saint Petersburg, with another residence at Gatchina, forty miles south. In the summer, the family stayed in Peterhof, a large complex with farms, cottages, and various pavilions on the Gulf of Finland. From the end of the summer until winter, the imperial family moved to Tsarskoye Selo, the imperial town, where the Romanovs had the Catherine Palace and Alexander Palace. In the children's island, located in a pond in the park of the Alexander Palace, Maria had her own private little house, off limit to adults, which she used with her brothers as a playhouse. Her father added a farm, built for her enjoyment when she was eight years old.

Maria was beloved by her parents. Her governess, Anna Tyutcheva (1829–1889), a daughter of the celebrated poet Fyodor Tyutchev, reflected that "the whole family adores this child" and that her parents "shower her with kisses and affection." Empress Maria felt "boundless adoration" for her only surviving daughter. Alexander II enjoyed spending time with her, and he considered her his favorite child. He told Anna Tyutcheva that "almost every evening I come to feed soup to this little cherub. This is the only enjoyable minute of my whole day, the only time when I forget the troubles that weigh upon me." When she was bored with her studies, she would burst into her father's study and interrupt his meetings with his ministers.

Maria had a close relationship with her brothers. Her governess noted that she "cannot stand when someone reprimands any of her brothers. This brings her to the state of real despair." Empress Maria had weak lungs and had to travel constantly to Germany and southern Europe to escape the harsh Russian winters. She often took her three younger children with her on these trips, so Maria became especially close to her two younger brothers, Sergei and Paul.

Surrounded only by brothers, Maria grew up as a tomboy, with an independent character and a strong will. "She is absolutely genuine and never changes in front of strangers," observed Anna Tyutcheva, adding that: "She is accustomed to be the center of the world and that everyone yields to her." Tyutcheva described her pupil as "stubborn and uncompromising" commenting that "one cannot treat her roughly or reason with her a lot."

Education

Maria was educated at the Russian court under the strict regime of her governess, Countess Alexandra Tolstaya. Maria was the first Russian grand duchess to be raised by English nannies and to speak fluent English. Besides her native Russian, she also became totally proficient in German and French. In August 1867, while the imperial family was at Livadia Palace, in Crimea, Mark Twain met Maria and her parents. The famous American writer described her as "blue-eyed, unassuming, and pretty". As many contemporaries did, Twain noticed the influence that the young Grand Duchess had over her father.

Engagement

Meeting Prince Alfred

During a visit to her maternal relatives, the Princes of Battenberg, at Jugenheim in August 1868, Grand Duchess Maria Alexandrovna, then fourteen years old, met Prince Alfred, Duke of Edinburgh. Alfred, Queen Victoria's second son, was a shy and handsome young man, with a career in the British navy. He was visiting his sister, Princess Alice, who was married to Maria's first cousin. Alfred's voyage around the world with the Royal Navy kept him away, traveling for the next two years. Maria and Prince Alfred saw each other again in the summer 1871, when Alexander II and his wife visited the Battenbergs again at their palace. The Emperor and Empress were accompanied by seventeen-year-old Maria and her two elder brothers. Alfred also happened to be there, along with the Prince and Princess of Wales. During that summer, Maria and Alfred felt attracted to each other, spending their days walking and talking together. They had a common love of music; Alfred was an enthusiastic amateur violinist, while Maria played the piano. Although they wished to marry, no engagement was announced, and Alfred returned to England. Their parents were against the match. Alexander II did not want to lose his daughter, to whom he was deeply attached. He presented his daughter's youth as the main obstacle and suggested a waiting period of at least one year before any definitive decision should be taken. The Emperor also objected to a British son-in-law, due to the general anti-British feeling in Russia following the Crimean War. The Empress regarded the British customs as peculiar and the English people as cold and unfriendly. She was convinced that her daughter would not be happy there. However, marriage negotiation began in July 1871, only to be stalled in 1872.

Negotiations

Queen Victoria was also against the match. No British prince had ever married a Romanov; she foresaw problems with Maria's Orthodox religion and Russian upbringing. The Queen considered that Russia was generally "unfriendly" towards Britain and she was also suspicious about Russian moves in the direction of India. Victoria was dismayed, therefore, when she heard that official negotiations had restarted in January 1873. There were rumors going about Saint Petersburg that Maria had compromised herself with Prince Golitsyn, the Emperor's aide-de-camp, and her family were anxious to see her settled. Alfred refused to believe those rumors and he was prepared to fight to marry the person he loved. Queen Victoria therefore swallowed her pride and said nothing. Both mothers continued to look for other partners for their children, but Alfred and Maria would not have anyone else. Maria liked neither the Prince of Württemberg nor the Prince of Mecklenburg-Strelitz that were presented to her as alternatives. As the Empress failed to find a German prince acceptable for her daughter, a meeting among Alfred, the Empress and her daughter took place in Sorrento, Italy in mid-April 1873. The reunion did not go as planned because Maria came down with fever and Alfred could spend only a short time with her. That year, there was an Anglo-Russian dispute over the Afghan border. The Queen's ministers thought that a marriage might help to ease the tension between the two countries, if only by putting the monarchs into closer contact with one another.

In June 1873, Alexander II joined his wife and daughter at Ems, and Alfred was invited to meet them at Jugenheim. Alfred arrived in early July. On 11 July, he asked for Maria's hand and she accepted him. He was nearly twenty-nine; she was nineteen. He sent a telegram from Germany back to his mother: "Maria and I were engaged this morning. Cannot say how happy I am. Hope your blessing rests on us." The Queen sent her congratulations, but confined her misgivings to her diary on 11 July 1873: "Not knowing Marie, and realizing that there may still be many difficulties, my thoughts and feelings are rather mixed." When breaking the news to her eldest daughter, Crown Princess Victoria of Prussia, Queen Victoria simply said: "The murder is out."

Dowry

Alexander II granted his daughter the then-staggering sum of £100,000 as dowry, plus an annual allowance of £32,000. He also bestowed on his only daughter some of the best jewels owned by the Romanovs, including the sapphires he had inherited from his mother, Empress Alexandra Feodorovna (née Princess Charlotte of Prusia) and a parure that had belonged to Catherine the Great. As a wedding present, the Emperor commissioned a complete parure of diamonds and Burmese rubies from the court jeweller Bolin. Her other pieces of jewellery included a kokoshnik made of diamonds, which could also be worn as a necklace. George Greville, 4th Earl of Warwick later recalled that "I saw the finest jewels I have ever seen in my life" when he visited Maria's home in Eastwell and that "One would have thought that the world had been ransacked to lay these treasures at the Duchess's feet, and there seemed to be enough for an entire royal family rather than for one member of it." Alexander II gave Maria an extravagant trousseau that cost £40,000. It included "50 magnificent dresses, not including ball-dresses, to say nothing of the splendid furs and lace at 1,000 roubles a yard." He made Alfred honorary colonel of a Russian guards regiment and even named a Russian battleship after him – the Herzog Edinburgsky.

A week after the engagement, the proposed Anglo-Russian alliance experienced its first crisis. Queen Victoria asked the Emperor to bring Maria to Scotland, so that she could meet her future daughter-in-law. Alexander II refused. The Empress suggested that they all meet in Cologne, instead. Victoria called it "simply impertinent" that "I ... who have been nearly twenty years longer on the throne than the Emperor of Russia ... and who am a Reigning Sovereign ... should be ready to run to the slightest call of the mighty Russians ... like any little Princess." Victoria also made herself unpopular by refusing the Emperor's offer to make the Prince of Wales colonel of a Russian regiment, and by demanding that an Anglican marriage service be held in Saint Petersburg alongside the Orthodox ceremony. But Maria looked forward happily to her marriage: "How happy I am to belong to him. I feel that my love for him is growing daily. I have a feeling of peace and inexpressible happiness and a boundless impatience to be altogether his own."

Marriage

On 4 January 1874, Alfred arrived in Saint Petersburg for the wedding and stayed at the Winter Palace. The other British guests arrived on 18 January. The wedding was celebrated in great splendour, at the Grand Church of the Winter Palace on . Queen Victoria was represented by her eldest son, Albert Edward, and his wife Alexandra, sister of Tsarevna Maria Feodorovna (née Princess Dagmar of Denmark). The Queen's eldest daughter, Victoria, and her husband Frederick, Crown Prince of Germany, were present as well.

The marriage ceremony consisted of two parts. The Orthodox service took place first and was performed by the Metropolitans of Saint Petersburg, Moscow, and Kiev in the Imperial Chapel. Grand Dukes Vladimir, Alexei, and Sergei and the groom's brother Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn, relieved each other taking turns holding the golden crowns over the head of the bride and groom. Maria wore a glittering coronet and a mantle of crimson velvet trimmed with ermine and a sprig of myrtle, specially sent by Queen Victoria. Alfred wore the uniform of the Royal Navy. The Emperor looked pale throughout the entire ceremony and said afterwards: "It is for her happiness, but the light of my life has gone out." After this, the bride and groom each drank thrice from a goblet of wine. The service concluded with the couple joining hands under the priest's stole. Then they all proceeded to the Alexander Hall, where Arthur P. Stanley, Dean of Westminster, made Alfred and Maria husband and wife according to the rites of the Church of England. The two services were followed by a banquet at the palace. The famous opera singer Adelina Patti sang for the guests. The evening ended with a ball at Saint George Hall.

In London that night, Queen Victoria wore the Order of Saint Catherine on her dress and drank a toast to the young couple. Those members of her court who had traveled to Saint Petersburg were overwhelmed by the scale of the celebrations, receptions and entertainments marking the Anglo-Russian marriage. Major-General Sir Howard Elphinstone noted that, in one room, supper was served to five hundred people at fifty different tables, with "palms and exotics ... used to so large an extent that it gives the place the appearance of a conservatory ... the heat of the rooms was almost unbearable, and several ladies left the ballroom in a fainting state." Lady Augusta Stanley summed up the wedding in three words: "What a day."

Alfred and Maria spent their wedding night at the Alexander Palace in Tsarskoe Selo. Alexander II had ordered a lavish honeymoon suite on the ground floor, hoping that it would persuade the young couple to remain in Russia. After a short honeymoon in Tsarskoe Selo, however, Alfred and Maria left Russia to live in England. Alexander II never lost hope that they would return, and the honeymoon suite was kept preserved for the couple for two decades. In 1894, it became the bedroom of the last Emperor and his wife, Nicholas II and Alexandra, who were Maria's nephew and Alfred's niece respectively.

Duchess of Edinburgh

Arrival in England

The Duke and Duchess of Edinburgh arrived in England on 7 March 1874. The town of Windsor was decorated in their honour, with Union Jacks and Russian flags, and Maria was given a great welcome by the waiting crowds. Queen Victoria met them at the South-Western Station and recorded their arrival in her journal: "I took dear Marie in my arms and kissed her warmly several times. I was quite nervous and trembling, so long had I been in expectation ... Dear Marie has a very friendly manner, a pleasant face, beautiful skin and fine bright eyes ... She speaks English wonderfully well." Later on, Queen Victoria described her new daughter-in-law as "most pleasing natural, unaffected and civil" even if "she was not pretty or graceful and held herself badly". "I have formed a high opinion of her," Queen Victoria reported, impressed with "her wonderfully even, cheerful, satisfied temper – her kind and indulgent disposition, free from bigotry and intolerance, and her serious, intelligent mind – so entirely free from everything fast – and so full of occupation and interest in everything, makes her a most agreeable companion. Everyone must like her." The Queen also noted that Maria was "not a bit afraid of Affie and I hope will have the very best influence upon him."

The Duke and Duchess of Edinburgh made their public entry into London on 12 March. Thousands lined the route from Paddington Station to Buckingham Palace to take a glimpse of the new British princess.

Alfred and Maria moved into Clarence House in London, which was their main residence in England. Here she had an Orthodox Chapel installed for her and the Russian priest she had brought from Saint Petersburg. In addition, they had a country house, Eastwell Park, a large estate of 2,500 acres near Ashford in Kent, where the Duke enjoyed shooting parties.

To alleviate his daughter's homesickness, the Emperor and his son Grand Duke Alexei paid a family visit to England in May 1874.

The Duchess and Queen Victoria

Maria often squabbled with her mother-in-law on how she should be addressed at court. As the daughter of an emperor, she was an Imperial Highness who had precedence over all the grand duchesses in Russia. Once she married her husband she was only entitled to the style of Royal Highness. Emperor Alexander II alleged that his daughter should continue to be styled as an Imperial Highness, not Royal Highness, "as in all civilized countries". Queen Victoria replied that she did not care whether imperial was used or not, as long as royal came first. There was also the added problem that Maria was both Duchess of Edinburgh and Grand Duchess of Russia, and which title should be written first was a controversial matter.

In retaliation for the quarrel over precedence, the Duchess of Edinburgh took great pleasure in showing off her magnificent jewellery. The British princesses were clearly jealous of her diamonds, as was Queen Victoria. Meriel Buchanan, daughter of the last British ambassador to Imperial Russia, described Maria's first Drawing Room: "The Queen compared the Duchess's tiara with those of her own daughters, shrugging her shoulders like a bird whose plumage has been ruffled, her mouth drawn down at the corners, in an expression which those who knew her had learned to dread."

When she visited Scotland, Maria was frozen in her unheated bedroom in Balmoral Castle and ordered a fire to be lit. When she was out, Queen Victoria entered the room and ordered a maid to throw water on the fire and open all the windows.

Maria's relationship with her mother-in-law deteriorated. She wrote letters to her father describing Queen Victoria as a "silly obstinate old fool". Empress Maria was angry with Queen Victoria and wrote, "To be quite frank, it is difficult to take such a mother-in-law seriously, and I am sorry on Marie's account." Maria's daughter, Queen Marie of Romania, reflected that, "I do not think my mother always found it easy being Queen Victoria's daughter-in-law, though they had great respect for each other."

Maria was angry that Queen Victoria opposed the marriage of her granddaughter Princess Elisabeth of Hesse and by Rhine to Maria's favorite brother, Grand Duke Sergei. In August 1883, she wrote, "that happy and so entirely satisfactory... prospect of marriage of my brother Sergei is going I think to fall through, under the deplorable influence of the Queen... I knew that from the start she set her heart against it saying that she had only heard his praise, but he had the greatest of all misfortunes, he was Russian and she had enough of one Russian in the family (meaning me, of course)."

At the British court
Maria had five children. Nine months after the wedding, she gave birth to her first child and only surviving son, young Alfred, at Buckingham Palace on 15 October 1874. Her mother came to London during the confinement to visit Maria and meet her grandson. On 29 October 1875 at Eastwell Park, she gave birth to her second child and first daughter, whom she named Marie after herself and her mother. Maria shocked British society by nursing the children herself. While the Duchess was in Malta with her husband who was stationed there as an officer in the Royal Navy, she gave birth to her second daughter, Victoria Melita, on 25 November 1876. On 1 September 1878, she gave birth to her third daughter, Alexandra, at Rosenau Palace in Coburg. On 13 October 1879, Maria gave birth prematurely to a stillborn son at Eastwell Park. On 20 April 1884, she gave birth to her fourth daughter, Beatrice, also at Eastwell Park. Years later, she lamented that she only had five children: "The only real heavenly moment is the birth of the child. This cannot be compared to anything else. I think if I had even a dozen children, I would have kept the same feeling."

The family's main residence was Clarence House in London. Autumn, Christmas and the New Year were spent at Eastwell Park. On summer holidays, the family went to Osborne House on the Isle of Wight.

In 1877, Russia went to war with Turkey in an attempt to gain control of the Balkans. Queen Victoria sent Emperor Alexander II a series of aggressive telegrams that almost led to a state of war between the two countries. The Duchess was deeply shocked at her mother-in-law's hostility towards her country and her own father in particular.

Maria found it difficult to settle at the British court. Her mother wrote that "Marie thinks London hideous... the air there appalling, the English food abominable, the later hours very tiring, the visits to Windsor and Osborne boring beyond belief." Maria described London as "an impossible place, where people are mad of pleasure" and a let down compared to the broad streets, golden domes, and magnificent palaces of Saint Petersburg. In her eyes, Buckingham Palace and Windsor Castle could never compete with the splendours of the Winter Palace. Constant visits to her mother-in-law at Windsor Castle and Osborne House were tedious. Although she loved music, the duchess did not like the Royal Albert Hall, describing it as "all ecclesiastical and ... quite boring ... Every concert goes on for several hours". During a banquet at Marlborough House, she had a conversation with the Prime Minister, Benjamin Disraeli. When Disraeli identified his rival, she exclaimed, "What a strange state society is in here. Wherever I go there is a double. Two Prime Ministers, two Secretaries of State, two Lord Chamberlains, and two Lord Chancellors."

Maria disliked her in-laws. Queen Victoria's company was oppressive, and of her sisters- and brothers-in-law, she only cared for the two youngest: Prince Leopold and Princess Beatrice. Proud of her strong intellect, she considered Alexandra, the Princess of Wales, a light-minded and foolish woman.

Maria became increasingly homesick for Russia and was happy for any excuse to return there. She spoke of her "Russian heart" and said that "every sympathetic voice from the Fatherland is sacred to me." Her daughter, Queen Marie of Romania, reflected that "my mother dearly loved her native country, and she never really felt completely happy in England."

British people thought her rough and masculine in her manners. Her imperious attitude towards her servants and her defiance of English convention by smoking in public made her unpopular. She made it equally plain that she did not care what people thought.

The Duke of Edinburgh was the heir presumptive of his childless uncle Ernest II, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, elder brother of Prince Albert. After the Russo-Turkish War of 1877–1878, Maria resided in Coburg for a long while, as her husband was expected to succeed his aging uncle. On 17 February 1880, Maria was back in Russia, during the 25th anniversary celebration of her father's coronation. That day, radicals attempted to assassinate the Emperor and the entire imperial family. A terrorist bomb demolished the dining room and the guard room at the Winter Palace. Maria returned to Russia again in June 1880, to be with her dying mother. She was back in England at Clarence House when her father was killed by a terrorist bomb. Maria had to rush back to Russia to attend the funeral in Saint Petersburg in March 1881. The Duke and Duchess of Edinburgh were present at the coronation of her brother, Emperor Alexander III, in Moscow in May 1883. In July 1884, they traveled to Ilinskoe, outside Moscow, to visit Grand Duke Sergei, Maria's younger brother, who had married Queen Victoria's granddaughter and Alfred's niece, Princess Elisabeth of Hesse and by Rhine.

Expecting to become the duchess of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, Maria had a palace built for her family in Coburg. The building, known as Edinburgh Palais, was built across the central square from the Ehrenburg Palace, the official residence of the reigning duke, and next to the town's opera hall. The royal couple's rooms were on the second floor, while the bedrooms of the four young princesses were on the third floor. Both the Duke and Duchess of Edinburgh were avid collectors. In Edinburgh Palais, there were many objects that reminded Maria of her homeland. She also organised entertainment in the Russian fashion.

In Malta

In January 1886, the Duke was appointed commander-in-chief of the British Mediterranean Fleet, based in Malta. In October 1886, the family settled there. For the next three years, they spent every winter at the San Anton Palace in Malta. Life in the island was unexciting for the Duchess of Edinburgh, but it was a welcome respite from living in England. While in Malta, the Duchess proved to be an excellent hostess, entertaining naval officers and their wives. In 1887, the couple returned briefly to London to take part in Queen Victoria's Golden Jubilee. Her husband's career in the British navy and their many relations in the European courts allowed Maria to travel extensively, something that she truly enjoyed. She visited most European countries, including Spain, Italy, the Netherlands, Greece, and even Montenegro, as well as making annual trips to Germany, England, and Russia.

Duchess of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha

In Devonport

In March 1887, the Duke relinquished his command of the Mediterranean Fleet, and the family moved to Coburg. Their main residence was Edinburgh Palais, where the Duchess held court. Her husband, occupied with his naval affairs, was away most of the time. Responsibility for the education of the couple's five children fell upon the Duchess. She was a strict, but devoted mother who made sure to be the most important person in her children's lives. Between August 1890 and June 1893, the Duke was stationed at the Royal Navy's base in Devonport. Maria did not care for the Admiralty House, her husband's official residence, and only made rare visits to Devonport with her children.

With the passing of the years, Alfred and Maria grew apart. They had little in common other than a shared interest in music and their children. He was reserved, taciturn, moody, ill-tempered, and a heavy drinker. By the mid-1880s he was an alcoholic. The Duke was described as "rude, touchy, willful, unscrupulous, improvident, and unfaithful." The Duchess resented her husband's attitude, but kept her marriage going, hiding her troubled married life from her children, providing a happy environment for them. She later confessed to one of her daughters that she felt she was never anything more than her husband's "legitimate mistress". Arguments over their children added to the couple's marital problems. The Duke hoped that their eldest daughter, Marie, would marry his nephew, the future King George V. The Duchess, however, was determined that her daughter should avoid her mistake, and married her instead to Crown Prince Ferdinand of Romania on 10 January 1893.

In Coburg and Gotha

Upon the death of his paternal uncle on 22 August 1893, the Duke of Edinburgh inherited the vacant throne of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, his elder brother, the Prince of Wales, having deferred his right to the succession. With her husband's ascension to the ducal throne, Maria became Duchess of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, in addition to being Duchess of Edinburgh. Unlike her husband, who was disgruntled to leave his career in the navy, Maria thoroughly enjoyed her new role. She found the country "charming" and the prospect of "a new fine position, with plenty to do" a "real God-send". Known for its hunting forest and picturesque castles, the ducal property was relatively small, compromising separate estates in Coburg, Gotha, Upper Austria, and Tyrol, but there she could live according to her desires in a domain of her own. The family moved to Ehrenburg Palace, the duke's official residence, but they all preferred their summer house, Rosenau Palace, a gingerbread-yellow villa on a hill with views of the surrounding countryside. There were also two residences in Gotha where they had to live part of the year: Friedenstein Palace and Reinhardsbrunn, which the Duke enjoyed for its hunting grounds. The Duchess took on updating the badly furnished castles, and also charitable works, opening an establishment for those with intellectual disabilities that bore her name. Her passions were the opera and the theater, which she supported both in Coburg and in Gotha. The Duchess was also an avid reader and enjoyed mushroom hunting.

Alfred and Maria's second daughter, Victoria Melita, married Ernest Louis, Grand Duke of Hesse on 19 April 1894. The Duchess was initially against this match as Ernest was close to his British grandmother, Queen Victoria, who arrived at Coburg with many other royals for the wedding. In November 1894, Marie's eldest brother, Alexander III, died of nephritis, aged forty-nine, leaving his twenty-six-year-old son, Nicholas II, as the new emperor. Alfred and Maria went to Russia, arriving just before Alexander III's death. They stayed on in Saint Petersburg for the wedding of Nicholas to his fiancée, Princess Alix of Hesse and by Rhine, the youngest surviving daughter of Alfred's deceased sister, Princess Alice.

Over her husband's objections, the Duchess arranged the marriage of her third daughter, Alexandra, in September 1895, to Prince Ernest of Hohenlohe-Langenburg, a grandson of Queen Victoria's half-sister, Feodora. He was an attaché at the German embassy in London and his family was mediatized but not a reigning royal family. The Duchess's main concern was her wayward only son, "Young Alfred", who had a checkered career in the German army. On 15 October 1895, he reached his majority, but he was already in bad health. Alexandra's wedding took place in Coburg in April 1896, and the following month, Maria travelled to Russia with her husband and their other four children for Emperor Nicholas II's coronation in Moscow. In June 1897, the Duchess and her husband went back to London to take part in Queen Victoria's Diamond Jubilee. By then, the couple's relationship had deteriorated further. Maria despaired in finding a topic of conversation with her difficult husband as he hated her interest in literature and the theater, while she found his fondness for politics and hunting "dull". The Duchess was relieved when her husband was away. She wrote to her eldest daughter "if only you knew how easy and comfortable life is without him." By 1898, the Duke's health had deteriorated, exacerbated by his excessive smoking and drinking.

Family tragedies

On 23 January 1899 Maria and her husband celebrated their 25th wedding anniversary at Friedenstein Palace in Gotha. Absent from the festivities was their only son, who was gravely ill. Young Alfred was a junior officer in Potsdam, where his chief hobbies were gambling, drinking and womanizing. He had contracted syphilis in 1892, and by 1898, his health deteriorated rapidly. He died at the age of twenty-four on 6 February 1899 in Meran, after reportedly shooting himself at Gotha during his parents' wedding anniversary celebrations. The Duke was heartbroken at Young Alfred's death. This tragedy drove the parents farther apart as Alfred blamed his wife, who had been responsible for Young Alfred's education. In her grief, the Duchess sank to her knees sobbing uncontrollably during her son's funeral. With the death of Young Alfred, the heir to the Duchy of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha was Alfred's nephew Charles Edward, Duke of Albany, who came to Germany to be educated there. The succession to the duchy was complicated by the news that Alfred himself had throat cancer, too advanced for any treatment. By May 1900, he was unable to swallow and could only be fed by a tube. The Duchess and their youngest daughter, Beatrice, who were in England visiting Queen Victoria, returned on 17 July, unaware of the seriousness of the Duke's condition. On 30 July 1900, he died in his sleep at Rosenau Palace in Coburg. Maria was at his bedside with their daughters Victoria Melita, Alexandra, and Beatrice. Maria became Dowager Duchess of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, while the duchy went to Alfred's nephew Charles Edward, then sixteen years old. During his minority, the regency fell on Maria's son-in-law, Prince Ernest of Hohenlohe-Langenburg, for nearly five years.

Last years

Maria was only forty-six years old when she became a widow. After the death of her husband, she stayed for a while in England, where she had to relinquish Clarence House which was inherited by her brother-in-law, the Duke of Connaught. Maria was at Osborne House during the final days of her mother-in law, Queen Victoria. In her widowhood, she kept Edinburgh Palais as her home in Coburg, and Friedenstein Palace in Gotha. Rosenau Palace continued to serve as her country house. However, she spent most of her time at her villa overlooking a lake in Tegernsee, Bavaria. Her winter residence was the Château de Fabron, near Nice. The upkeep of five residences put a strain on her finances.

Although she was critical of her daughters, she supported them during their personal crises. In 1901, her second daughter Victoria Melita divorced her husband and came to live with her. On 25 September 1905, Victoria Melita married her maternal first cousin, Grand Duke Kirill Vladimirovich. The Dowager Duchess's relationship with her nephew Emperor Nicholas II deteriorated, as he opposed Victoria Melita's second marriage, and it doomed the romance between Princess Beatrice and his younger brother, Grand Duke Michael Alexandrovich.

Maria lamented that, after working hard for the Duchy of Saxe-Coburg, and clearing its finances, the duchy passed to Charles Edward who took control of it at his majority in July 1905. Relations with the new duke were initially tense, but improved when Charles Edward provided his full support to the marriage of Maria's youngest daughter, Princess Beatrice to Alfonso de Orleans y Borbón, Infante of Spain on 15 July 1909. In the following years, the Dowager Duchess continued to make frequent trips to her native Russia in order to stay with her daughter, Victoria Melita. The last one of her trips took place in May 1914.

At the outbreak of World War I, Maria was in Coburg after returning from a visit to King George V in Buckingham Palace. Her sympathies were divided, but she sided with Germany against her native Russia. The Coburg family faced intense hostility during the war for their British and Russian connections. The Dowager Duchess' position in Coburg became untenable as Russophobia took over the German Empire. To avoid complications, Maria stayed away from Coburg, retiring to Tegernsee in Bavaria. At one point, while she was returning home with her two younger daughters, their car was stopped by an angry mob who recognised her and harassed her for her Russian heritage. It took the police over an hour to extricate them from the situation. After that incident Maria went to live in exile in Switzerland at the Walhaus, an annex of the Dolder Grand Hotel in Zürich.

In August 1917 she wrote: "At the age of 63, I am very fresh in mind, if not in body, and I can support with patience and resignation a sad and perhaps miserable end of life which is in store for my old age... Sometimes I also seem to despair, but not about myself, but about the state of things in general." Many of her relatives were killed during the Russian Revolution, including her only surviving brother Grand Duke Paul, and her nephew Emperor Nicholas II with his immediate family. In the aftermath of the war, the Dowager Duchess lost her large fortune as the bulk of it was held in trust in Russia. Her British income was small, and as she never saw a penny of it, she was forced to sell a great part of her jewellery collection.

Living under reduced circumstances in Zürich, Maria was reunited with her two eldest daughters, Marie and Victoria Melita, who had been on the opposite side during the war. In July 1920, she wrote: "I am too utterly disgusted with the present state of the world and mankind in general... They have destroyed and ruined my beloved Russia, my much-loved Germany." She was a broken woman, her figure, always plump, became thin and her hands trembling. Although she had been affected by gastric troubles, her death came unexpectedly. Seven days after her sixty-seventh birthday, on 24 October 1920, she died in her sleep of a heart attack. She was buried beside her husband and their son in the ducal mausoleum at  in Coburg. "She was profoundly religious," her eldest daughter wrote, "I hope God will not disappoint her as most things and beings did in this life."

Archives
Maria's letters to her third daughter, Alexandra, are preserved in the Hohenlohe Central Archive (Hohenlohe-Zentralarchiv Neuenstein) in Neuenstein Castle in the town of Neuenstein, Baden-Württemberg, Germany.

Honours
 : Dame Grand Cross of the Order of Saint Catherine, 17 October 1853
 :
 Royal Order of Victoria and Albert, 1st Class
 Companion of the Order of the Crown of India, 1 January 1878
 Lady of Justice of the Order of Saint John
 : Dame of the Order of Louise, 1st Class
  Hesse and by Rhine: Dame of the Order of the Golden Lion, 1 May 1896
 : Dame of the Order of Queen Maria Luisa, 20 May 1888
 : Dame of the Order of Saint Isabel, 28 February 1894

Issue

Ancestry

See also
Marie biscuit

Notes

References
 Abrash, Merritt. A Curious Royal Romance: The Queen's Son and the Tsar's Daughter. Published in The Slavonic and East European Review, vol. 47, no. 109. 1969, pp. 389–400.
 Beéche, Arthur E. The Coburgs of Europe. Eurohistory.com, 2014.
 Buchanan, Meriel. Queen Victoria's relations. Cassell, 1954. ASIN: B001X6ANSY
Corti, Egon César. The Downfall of Three Dynasties. Methuen, 1934. ASIN: B000866QH2
Cowles, Virginia. The Romanovs. Harper & Ross, 1971.
 Gilbert, Paul. My Russia: The Children's Island, Alexander Park, Tsarkoye Selo.  Published in Royal Russia: a Celebration of the Romanov Dynasty & Imperial Russia in Words & Photographs. No 4. Gilbert's Books, 2013.
 Gilbert, Paul. Alexander II and Tsarkoe Selo.  Published in Royal Russia Annual: a Celebration of the Romanov Dynasty & Imperial Russia in Words & Photographs.  No 2. Gilbert's Books, 2012.
 Gelardi, Julia P. From Splendor to Revolution: The Romanov Women 1847–1928.  St Martin Press, 2011.
 King, Greg & Wilson, Penny. The Romanovs Adrift: The Russian Imperial Family in 1913–1919. Eurohistory and Kensington House Books. 2018.
Korneva, Galina & Cheboksarova, Tatiana.  Russia & Europe: Dynastic Ties . Eurohistory, 2013.
Golden, Robert. Royal Ephemera - Part 2. Published in Royalty Digest Quarterly  2008 N 2.
 Mandache, Diana. Always Imperial. Published in Majesty Magazine. Vol 31 No 10
 Mandache, Diana. Dearest Missy. Rosvall Royal Books, 2011,
 Nelipa, Margarita. Alexander III His Life and Reign.  Gilbert's Books, 2014.
 Pakula, Hannah. The Last Romantic: A Biography of Queen Marie of Roumania . Simon & Schuster, 1984
 Papi, Stefano. Jewels of the Romanovs: Family & Court  . Thames & Hudson, 2013.
 Perry, John and Pleshakov, Constantine. The Flight of the Romanovs. Basic Books, 1999, .
 Sullivan, Michael John. A Fatal Passion: The Story of the Uncrowned Last Empress of Russia, Random House, 1997,
 Van der Kiste, John. Alfred: Queen Victoria's Second Son. Fonthill Media, 2015. .(Kindle ed.).
 Van der Kiste, John. The Romanovs 1818–1959. Sutton Publishing, 1999. .
 Wimbles, John. The Daughter of Tsar Alexander II.  Published in The Grand Duchesses. Eurohistory.com, 2014.
 Zeepvat, Charlotte. The Camera and the Tsars, Sutton Publishing, 2004. .
 Zeepvat, Charlotte. Romanov Autumn: stories from the last century of Imperial Russia. Sutton Publishing, 2000.

External links

1853 births
1920 deaths
19th-century women from the Russian Empire
20th-century Russian women
Wives of British princes
Duchesses of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
House of Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov
House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (United Kingdom)
Duchesses of Edinburgh
Grand duchesses of Russia
Companions of the Order of the Crown of India
Dames of Justice of the Order of St John
Ladies of the Royal Order of Victoria and Albert
People associated with the Royal National College for the Blind
Burials at the Ducal Family Mausoleum, Glockenburg Cemetery, Coburg
Dames of the Order of Saint Isabel
Daughters of Russian emperors
Children of Alexander II of Russia
Women who experienced pregnancy loss


Norbert (Nathan) Regensburger (Pseudonym: Trebron = Akronym für "Norbert", geboren am 25. Mai 1886 in Braunschweig; gestorben am 26. April 1933 ebenda) war ein deutscher Rechtsanwalt und Politiker. Er war Mitglied des Braunschweigischen Landtages und von 1922 bis 1924 dessen Vizepräsident. Von 1926 bis 1932 war er Vorsteher der Jüdischen Gemeinde Braunschweig.

Leben und Werk

Der unter dem Namen Nathan Ernst geborene Sohn des jüdischen Lederhändlers Moritz Regensburger (1854–1924) und dessen Ehefrau Gertrud, geb. Schönlank (1860–1914), besuchte das Braunschweiger Wilhelm-Gymnasium und studierte nach dem Abitur Rechtswissenschaften in München und Berlin. Er legte 1908 in Braunschweig das Referendarexamen ab und war während seiner Referendarzeit in Seesen und Braunschweig tätig. Er wurde 1911 mit der Dissertation Die pressgesetzliche Berichtigungspflicht in Rostock promoviert. Im Jahre 1911 änderte er seinen Vornamen Nathan in Norbert. Nach bestandenem zweiten Staatsexamen wurde er am 8. Juli 1912 als Rechtsanwalt zugelassen. 1919 wurde er zum Notar bestellt. Im Jahre 1930 erhielt er die Zulassung beim Oberlandesgericht Braunschweig. Am 26. April 1933 beging Regensburger Selbstmord, nachdem am Vortag in der Braunschweigischen Staatszeitung eine Anzeige seiner beiden Kanzleisozien erschienen war, in der diese das Ausscheiden Regensburgers aus der gemeinsamen Praxis vermeldeten. Regensburger wurde auf dem Jüdischen Friedhof in Braunschweig bestattet.

Eintreten für jüdische Belange
Regensburger war Hauptvorstandsmitglied des 1893 gegründeten Central-Vereins deutscher Staatsbürger jüdischen Glaubens. Diese Vereinigung repräsentierte die Mehrheit der assimilierten bürgerlich-liberalen Juden in Deutschland, trat für deren Bürgerrechte und ihre gesellschaftliche Gleichstellung ein und versuchte, Judentum und Deutschtum miteinander zu vereinbaren. Von 1926 bis zur Niederlegung seines Amtes im September 1932 war er Vorsteher der Jüdischen Gemeinde Braunschweig und von 1927 bis 1928 Präsident der dortigen Leopold-Zunz-Loge. Regensburger war Mitbegründer der Neutralen Jüdischen Jugendverbände.

Politische Tätigkeit
Er war in der linksliberalen Deutschen Demokratischen Partei (DDP) engagiert, für die er bei der Landtagswahl am 22. Dezember 1918 als Abgeordneter in den Braunschweigischen Landtag gewählt wurde. Zwischen 1919 und Mai 1921 war er Mitglied der Stadtverordnetenversammlung in Braunschweig. Von 1922 bis 1924 war er Vizepräsident des Landtages und Fraktionsvorsitzender der DDP. Bei den Wahlen vom 7. Dezember 1924 errang die DDP lediglich zwei Sitze. Ein Mandat erhielt der bisherige Schulminister Heinrich Rönneburg, der jedoch als Reichstagsabgeordneter nach Berlin wechselte und dessen Sitz im Landtag Regensburger am 1. Juli 1925 übernahm. Das Mandat legte er bereits am 18. März 1926 aus Gesundheitsgründen nieder.

Anwaltliche Tätigkeit
Nach seiner Zulassung als Rechtsanwalt betrieb Regensburger ab Juli 1912 sein erstes Büro am Friedrich-Wilhelm-Platz 5. Seit Januar 1913 führte er die Kanzlei am Bohlweg 64/65 und zog Anfang der 1920er-Jahre in das Lippoldsche Haus am Bohlweg 14 um. Er zählte zu den profiliertesten Anwälten seiner Zeit. Im Prozess des welfischen Herzogshauses gegen den durch Regensburger vertretenen Freistaat Braunschweig ging es in den Jahren 1921 bis 1925 um die Fürstenabfindung für die am 10. November 1918 bei der Novemberrevolution in Braunschweig enteigneten herzoglichen Domänen und Güter. Im Oktober 1925 einigte man sich in einem Vergleich.

Familie
Regensburger war seit 1920 verheiratet mit der Diplom-Bibliothekarin Resi, geb. Oppenheimer (1897–1996), Tochter des Hildesheimer Justizrates und jüdischen Gemeindevorstehers Alexander Oppenheimer. Nach dem Selbstmord ihres Mannes lebte sie mit ihren Kindern mehrere Monate in Nizza und Marienbad, zog im Oktober 1934 nach Berlin und emigrierte im Juli 1939 nach England. Der 1925 geborene Sohn Curt Moritz erreichte England im März 1939 mit einem Kindertransport. Er änderte seinen Namen 1944 in Charles Maurice Regan und war in England als Beamter tätig. Die 1928 geborene Tochter Gerta Ruth Regensburger emigrierte im Frühjahr 1939 nach Belgien und im August des Jahres nach England, wo sie später als Lehrerin arbeitete.

Schriften (Auswahl)
 Samson Cohn – christlicher Religion. Eine Metamorphose, Berlin: Lamm 1908 (unter den Namen "Trebron"; Nachweis und Auflösung des Akronyms in: Wegweiser für die Jugendliteratur 5.1909, Nr. 6, S. 52)
 Die preßgesetzliche Berichtigungspflicht <§§ 11 und 19 Abs. 1 Ziffer 3, Abs. 2 des Reichs-Gesetzes über die Presse vom 7. Mai 1874>, Rostock, Jur. Diss., 1911

Literatur
 Reinhard Bein: Ewiges Haus. Jüdische Friedhöfe in Stadt und Land Braunschweig. Braunschweig 2004, ISBN 3-925268-24-3.
 Beatrix Herlemann, Helga Schatz: Biographisches Lexikon niedersächsischer Parlamentarier 1919–1945 (= Veröffentlichungen der Historischen Kommission für Niedersachsen und Bremen. Band 222). Hahnsche Buchhandlung, Hannover 2004, ISBN 3-7752-6022-6, S. 289.
 Edgar Isermann, Michael Schlüter (Hrsg.): Justiz und Anwaltschaft in Braunschweig 1879–2004. Joh. Heinrich Meyer Verlag, Braunschweig 2004, ISBN 3-926701-62-5, S. 218–228.

 Richard Moderhack: Brunsvicensia judaica. Gedenkbuch für die jüdischen Mitbürger der Stadt Braunschweig 1933–1945. in: Braunschweiger Werkstücke. Band 35, Braunschweig 1966.
Jonathan Voges: Der Centralverein in der Provinz. Norbert Regensburger als "deutscher Staatsbürger jüdischen Glaubens" in Braunschweig. In: Rebekka Denz / Tilmann Gempp-Friedrich (Hrsg.): Centralverein deutscher Staatsbürger jüdischen Glaubens. Anwalt zwischen Deutschtum und Judentum. de Gruyter, Berlin / Boston 2021, ISBN 9783110675429, S. 13–32.

Siehe auch
 Die Opfer des Nationalsozialismus unter den Parlamentariern aus niedersächsischen Gebieten

Einzelnachweise

Landtagsabgeordneter (Freistaat Braunschweig)
Rechtsanwalt (Deutschland)
Person (Judentum, Braunschweig)
Person, für die in Braunschweig ein Stolperstein verlegt wurde
DDP-Mitglied
NS-Opfer
Geboren 1886
Gestorben 1933
Deutscher
Mann

Norbert Regensburger


Haletudsen er en dansk kortfilm fra 2004 med instruktion og manuskript af Bo Dalum.

Handling
Malous far er frømand. Da han bliver meldt savnet, trækker moderen sig ind i sig selv, og Malou må tackle sin sorg på egen hånd. Hun lader som om faderen leger gemmeleg, og at hun skal finde ham.

Medvirkende
 Kirstine Andersen - Malou
 Kim Sønderholm - Malous far
 Suzanne Darmer - Malous mor
 Jens Arentzen - Betjent
 Mirza Ekinovic - Soldat i mareridt
 Tao Hildebrand - Soldat
 Søren Brunsgaard Petersen - Ældre politimand
 Emil Rørbye - 'Yngre politimand'''

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Danske film fra 2004

Kortfilm fra Danmark

Haletudsen


I. Petro, aşağıdaki anlamlara gelebilir:

Hükümdarlar
 I. Petro (Rusya), Rusya'nın ilk imparator unvanlı hükümdarı.
 Kral I. Petar, (Sırbistan) daha sonra I. Petro olarak King Sırpların, Hırvatların ve Slovenlerin kralı
 Latin İmparatoru Konstantinopolisli Peter
 Papa Peter, namıdiğer Apostle Peter
 Çar I. Petro (Bulgaristan)
 Kral Pedro (Kastilya)
 Kral I. Petro (Aragon ve Navarra)
 Kral I. Petro (Valencia), namıdiğer Kral III. Petro
 I. Petro (Kıbrıs)
 I. Petro (Portekiz)
 İmparator I. Petro (Brezilya) bağımsızlığı ilan eden imparator
 I. Petro, Bourbon dükü
 I. Petro, Brittany dükü
 Kont I. Petro (Barselona)=Katalonya
 Kont I. Petro (Savoy)

Dini yetkili
 Patrik Peter I of Alexandria

I. Petro (anlam ayrımı)


Alan Everest Brown (Malton, Yorkshire, Engleska, 20. studenog 1919. – Guildford, Surrey, Engleska, 8. kolovoza 2004.) je bio britanski vozač automobilističkih utrka.

U Formuli 1 je nastupao od 1952. do 1954., a u svom prvom nastupu na VN Švicarske je osvojio svoje prve i jedine bodove. Osvojio je tri postolja na utrkama Formule 1 koje nisu bile bodovane za prvenstvo, Lavant Cup i Madgwick Cup 1952. i Snetterton Trophy 1953. Zajedno s Ericom Brandonom je osnovao momčad Ecurie Richmond.

Rezultati

Formula 1

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
Alan Brown - Stats F1

Britanski vozači Formule 1

Alan Brown


Haldor Halderson (fæddur Halldór Halldórsson; 6. janúar 1899 – 1. ágúst 1965) var vestur-íslenskur íshokkíleikari sem keppti á Sumarólympíuleikunum árið 1920.

Halderson spilaði sem hægri vængmaður fyrir Winnipeg Falcons, kanadíska liðsins sem samanstóð að mestu að vestur-Íslendingum og vann til gullverðlauna fyrir íshokkí á Ólympíuleikunum árið 1920. Halderson lék seinna með Victoria Aristocrats/Victoria Cougars og hjálpaði þeim að vinna Stanley-bikarinn árið 1925. Í báðum tilvikum var hann liðsfélagi vestur-Íslendingsins Frank Fredrickson, og urðu þeir fyrstu leikmennirnir til að vinna gullverðlaun á Ólympíuleikunum og Stanley-bikarinn.

Ferill
Halderson fæddist sem Halldór Halldórsson í Winnipeg, Manitoba, sonur íslensku innflytjendanna Halldórs Kristinns Halldórssonar og Jórunnar Kristólínu Jónsdóttur.

Hann spilaði aldrei í skipulögðu yngri flokka starfi í íshokkí en skapaði sér nafn í íþróttinni eftir að hafa gengið til liðs við Winnipeg Ypres í herdeild Manitoba Hockey Association veturinn 1917 til 1918. Halderson var kallaður "Slim" sökum granns líkama á fyrstu árum sínum í íshokkí. Í upphafi 1921–1922 tímabilsins, sem var fyrsta tímabilið hjá Halderson í Pacific Coast Hockey Association (PCHA) með Victoria Aristocrats, var hann einungis um 75 kg þrátt fyrir að vera um 188 cm á hæð. Eftir því sem leið á leikferill hans tók hann þó að þyngjast.

Tímabilið 1920–21 réð H. J. Sterling, forseti Canadian Amateur Hockey Association, rannsóknarmann sem uppgötvaði að Halderson og liðsfélagi hans Robert Benson höfðu fengið borgaða 6.500 dollara fyrir að spila með áhugamannaliðum. Í kjölfarið ógilti  áhugamannasamband Kanada, Amateur Athletic Union of Canada, leikheimild Halderson og hann var honum meinuð þáttaka í Allan-bikarnum árið 1921, þó að Saskatchewan Amateur Hockey Association hafi leyft honum og Saskatoon liðinu hans að halda áfram í sinni úrslitakeppni.

Verðlaun og afrek
 Allan-bikarinn (1920)
 Ólympíumeistari (1920)
 Fyrsta úrvalslið PCHA (1923)
 Annað úrvalslið PCHA (1922)
 Stanley-bikarinn (1925)
 Fyrsta Úrvalslið AHA (1930-1936, og 1937)
 Meðlimur í Íshokkíheiðurshöll Manitoba

Tilvísanir

Ytri tenglar
 Winnipeg Falcons

Fólk dáið árið 1965
Fólk fætt árið 1899
Vestur-Íslendingar
Íshokkí

Haldor Halderson


هوندو هيديمي  هي شخصية في أنمي ومانغا المحقق كونان من تأليف غوشو أوياما، وهي عميلة وكالة المخابرات المركزية وتقوم بالتجسس على المنظمة السوداء بعدما نجحت بالتسلل تحت الاسم المزيف ميزوناشي رينا  و تعرف بالمنظمة السوداء بالاسم الرمزي كير  . كان أول ظهور لها في الحلقة 425. وهي أخت ايسكي هوندو، ووالدها هو إيثان هوندو العميل السابق في وكالة المخابرات المركزية.

عائلتها
 هوندو ايسوكي: أصبح زميل ران وسونوكو بعد انتقاله لثانوية تيتان والعيش في طوكيو. هو فتى متهور بعفوية شخصيته تميل للأنوثة. يقع في حب ران ويفصح عن مشاعره لكونان وآماله في العيش مع ران في أمريكا في الحلقة 507. ويكتشف أن كونان هو صديق ران الذي تنتظر عودته كودو شينشي وأن كوغورو النائم من تنفيذ كونان. أول ظهور له كان في الحلقة 429. في سلسلة حلقات تصادم الأحمر والأسود (مـن 492 إلى 504) أثناء وجود ميزوناشي رينا في المشفى تحت حراسة الـ FBI، يظهر هوندو ايسوكي مدعيًا أنه يبحث عن أخته الوحيدة التي تركت المنزل منذ سنوات، ويشك أن ميزوناشي رينا هي أخته بسبب الشبه بينهما.
 إيثان هوندو: هو والدها وعميل للـ CIA. تسلل إلى المنظمة لكنهم اكتشفوا أمره عند لقائه بها لتبادل المعلومات فانتحر لإيهامهم بأنه قبض عليها لاستجوابها والحصول على معلومات عن المنظمة لكنها تغلبت عليه وقتلته.

علاقتها بمكتب التحقيقات الفيدرالي

ألقى مكتب التحقيقات الفيدرالي الـ FBI القبض عليها بعد تعرضها لحادث عنيف أثناء ملاحقتهم لها ودخلت في غيبوبة في سلسلة حلقات تصادم الأحمر والأسود (مـن 492 إلى 504). قام الـ FBI بحراستها حراسة مشددة أثناء وجودها في المستشفى. ثم اكتشف أكاي وكونان أنها عميلة CIA فعقدا معها اتفاقاً على أن تكون جاسوسة للـ FBI على المنظمة مقابل إدخال أخيها هوندو ايسكي برنامج حماية الشهود لحمايته من المنظمة  ثم أعادوها إلى المنظمة مرة أخرى.

أمرها جين بأن تقتل أكاي ليضمن ولائها، وقامت بقتله في الحلقة 504 بعد أن أطلقت عليه طلقة في الصدر ثم الرأس وفجرت السيارة  ولكن جين قال أنه لم يشاهد الأمر بوضوح، فقد كـان يضع كاميرا على ملابس ميزوناشي رينا، لذلك ذهب ليتحقق من مصداقية موت شويتشي أكاي وأمر بموتها إن كان حي، ووجدوه في سوق بيكا المركزي. تبين في سلسلة حلقات القرمزي (779 إلى 783) أن قتلها لأكاي كان خدعة مدبرة بينهما بمساعدة كونان والدكتور أغاسا لتثبت ولائها للمنظمة ولكن المنظمة لم تكتشف ذلك بعد.

مراجع

إناث خياليات
شخصيات المحقق كونان

هيديمي هوندو


Pamela Ann Melroy (born September 17, 1961) is an American retired United States Air Force officer and NASA astronaut serving as the deputy administrator of NASA. She served as pilot on Space Shuttle missions STS-92 and STS-112 and commanded mission STS-120 before leaving the agency in August 2009. After serving as deputy program manager of Space Exploration Initiatives with Lockheed Martin, Melroy joined the Federal Aviation Administration in 2011, where she was a senior technical advisor and director of field operations for the FAA's Office of Commercial Space Transportation.

In 2013, she left the FAA and joined DARPA as deputy director of the Tactical Technology Office. She left the agency in February 2017.

In November 2021, Melroy was inducted into the United States Astronaut Hall of Fame at the Kennedy Space Center Visitor Complex. The ceremony, planned for May 2020, has been delayed due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

Early life and education
Melroy was born in Palo Alto, California, and graduated from Bishop Kearney High School in Rochester in 1979. She received a Bachelor of Arts in Physics and Astronomy from Wellesley College in 1983.  She then earned her Master of Science in  Earth and Planetary Science from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1984. On May 18, 2008, Melroy received an honorary degree from Iona College in New Rochelle, New York.

Career

Military
Melroy was commissioned through Air Force ROTC, Detachment 365, in 1984. After completing a master's degree, she attended Undergraduate Pilot Training at Reese Air Force Base in Lubbock, Texas and was graduated in 1985. She flew the KC-10 for six years at Barksdale Air Force Base in Bossier City, Louisiana, as a copilot, aircraft commander and instructor pilot. Melroy is a veteran of the United States invasion of Panama and Operation Desert Shield/Desert Storm, with over 200 combat and combat support hours. In June 1991, she attended the Air Force Test Pilot School at Edwards Air Force Base, California. Upon her graduation, she was assigned to the C-17 Combined Test Force, where she served as a test pilot until her selection for the astronaut program. She has logged over 5,000 hours of flight time in over 50 different aircraft. Melroy retired from the Air Force in February 2007.

NASA

Selected as an astronaut candidate by NASA in December 1994, Melroy reported to the Johnson Space Center in March 1995. She completed a year of training and evaluation and was qualified for flight assignment as a shuttle pilot. Initially assigned to astronaut support duties for launch and landing, she also worked Advanced Projects for the Astronaut Office. She also performed CAPCOM duties in mission control. Melroy served on the Columbia Reconstruction Team as the lead for the crew module and served as deputy project manager for the Columbia crew survival investigation team. In her final position, she served as branch chief for the Orion branch of the Astronaut Office.

Melroy served as pilot on two flights (STS-92 in 2000 and STS-112 in 2002), and was the mission commander on STS-120 in 2007, making her the second woman to command a Space Shuttle mission (after Eileen Collins). The STS-120 crew visited the station during Expedition 16, commanded by Peggy Whitson. Whitson was the first female ISS commander, making the STS-120 mission the first time that two female mission commanders were in orbit at the same time.

She has logged over 924 hours (over 38 days) in space.

Spaceflight experience

 STS-92 Discovery (October 11–24, 2000) was launched from the Kennedy Space Center, Florida and returned to land at Edwards Air Force Base, California. During the 13-day flight, the seven member crew attached the Z1 Truss and Pressurized Mating Adapter 3 to the International Space Station using Discoverys robotic arm and performed four spacewalks to configure these elements. This expansion of the ISS opened the door for future assembly missions and prepared the station for its first resident crew. The STS-92 mission was accomplished in 202 orbits, traveling 5.3 million miles in 12 days, 21 hours, 40 minutes and 25 seconds.

 STS-112 Atlantis (October 7–18, 2002) launched from and returned to land at the Kennedy Space Center, Florida. STS-112 was an International Space Station assembly mission during which the crew conducted joint operations with the Expedition-5 by delivering and installing the S1 Truss (the third piece of the station's 11-piece Integrated Truss Structure). It took three spacewalks to outfit and activate the new component, during which Melroy acted as internal spacewalk choreographer. STS-112 was the first shuttle mission to use a camera on the External Tank, providing a live view of the launch to flight controllers and NASA TV viewers. The mission was accomplished in 170 orbits, traveling 4.5 million miles in 10 days, 19 hours, and 58 minutes.

 STS-120 Discovery (October 23 – November 7, 2007) launched from and returned to land at the Kennedy Space Center. During the mission, the Node 2 element named Harmony was delivered to the International Space Station. This element opened up the capability for future international laboratories to be added to the station. In addition, the P6 Solar Array was re-located from the Z1 Truss to the end of the port side of the Integrated Truss Structure. During the re-deploy of the array, the array panels snagged and were damaged. An unplanned spacewalk was successfully performed to repair the array. The mission was accomplished in 238 orbits, traveling 6.2 million miles in 15 days, 2 hours, and 23 minutes.

Deputy administrator

In November 2020, Melroy was announced as a member of President-elect Joe Biden's presidential transition Agency Review Team, where her role was to support transition efforts related to NASA. This fueled speculation that Melroy was under consideration for the role of NASA Administrator in the Biden administration (then-Administrator James Bridenstine had indicated that he did not intend to stay in the role under Biden, even if asked).

On April 16, 2021, The White House announced their intent to nominate Melroy to be NASA's deputy administrator, under former Democratic Senator Bill Nelson, who was nominated by the White House on March 19, 2021, to be the agency's administrator. On April 22, 2021, her nomination was sent to the Senate. The Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation held a hearing on May 20, 2021, in which Melroy won strong bipartisan support to be deputy administrator. During her hearing, Melroy expressed support for extending the lifetime of the International Space Station, and said she would work closely with Administrator Bill Nelson in running the agency.

On June 16, 2021, her nomination was reported out of the Senate Commerce Committee by voice vote, and the following day, her nomination was confirmed by the full Senate by unanimous consent. On June 21, 2021, she was sworn into office by administrator Bill Nelson.

Personal life
Melroy is married to Douglas Hollett, a geologist, who was previously acting assistant secretary for fossil energy in the United States Department of Energy and vice president for Southeast Asia exploration at Marathon Oil.

References

External links

 NASA biography

1961 births
Living people
Biden administration personnel
Deputy Administrators of NASA
Massachusetts Institute of Technology School of Science alumni
Military personnel from Rochester, New York
NASA civilian astronauts
Space Shuttle program astronauts
U.S. Air Force Test Pilot School alumni
United States Air Force astronauts
United States Air Force officers
Wellesley College alumni
Whitin Observatory
Women astronauts
Women in the United States Air Force
United States Astronaut Hall of Fame inductees

Pamela Melroy


Iluma-ilum, Iluma-ilu o Iliman (nacido c. 1732) fue un rey sumerio de Isin. Inició una rebelión en contra del Imperio paleobabilónico, creado años antes por Hammurabi. La guerra, que ocupó el periodo 1720-1684 a. C., se saldó con la independencia de Isin, que logró quedarse con las marismas y las costas sumerias del golfo Pérsico. Iluma-ilun, según los textos que nos han llegado, reinó sesenta años en Isin. Su emancipación de Babilonia tuvo lugar probablemente en tiempos de Samsu-iluna. Su dinastía es conocida como I Dinastía del País del Mar. De sus, al menos once soberanos, se conoce muy poco, y de él mismo no quedan registros de su época; todo lo que se conoce de su reinado es a través de una crónica posterior. Parece que esta dinastía aspiró a revivir la cultura sumeria.

Al privar a Babilonia del sur de su imperio, ésta perdió su acceso al mar. Sin embargo, la insalubridad de las marismas terminó por provocar un proceso de desurbanización y empobrecimiento del sur. Iluma-ilum rechazó tres ofensivas babilónicas durante su reinado. En la primera Samsu-iluna se enfrentó a él en una batalla sin resultado claro. La segunda vez Samsu-iluna fue derrotado.

Iluma-ilum, al parecer, derribó las murallas de Isin y construyó las murallas y un templo en Sippar. Logró regir la ciudad de Nippur, aunque hacia el final de su reinado la perdió.

Le sucedió Itti-Ili-nibi.

Bibliografía

Reyes de Isin
Reyes del siglo XVIII a. C.
Reyes del siglo XVII a. C.
Reyes de Babilonia
Dinastía II de Babilonia
Asia en el siglo XVIII a. C.
Asia en el siglo XVII a. C.

Iluma-ilum


Diamonds and Pearls je trinaesti studijski album američkog glazbenika Princea, te ujedno i prvi na kojem surađuje sa svojim sastavom The New Power Generation. Objavila ga je diskografska kuća Warner Bros. Records na dan 1. listopada 1991. Na albumu se nalaze neki od Princeovih najvećih hitova kao što su "Cream", "Diamonds and Pearls" i "Gett Off". Album je nazvan po plesačicama "Diamond" i "Pearl" (Lori Werner i Robia LaMorte) koje se nalaze na omotu albuma. Omot prvog izdanja ima holografsku sliku Princea i plesačica, dok sva ostala izdanja imaju običan omot. Plesačice se pojavljuju i u video spotovima za "Cream", "Strollin'", "Gett Off" i "Diamonds and Pearls".

Popis pjesama

Albumi iz 1991.
Američki glazbeni albumi

Diamonds and Pearls (Princeov album)


ජී.බී. සේනානායක (1913 ජුලි 13 – 1985 මාර්තු 16) සිංහල මධ්‍ය පන්තික ජීවිතය සිය නව කතා තුළින් නිරූපණය කළ විශිෂ්ඨ ලේඛකයෙකි. සිංහල භාෂාවට නිසඳැස් කවි හඳුන්වා දීමේ ගෞරවය ඔහුට හිමි වේ." මගේ ජීවිතය ඉතා සතුටුදායක එකක් නොවීය. එය දුකින් පීඩිතය. එය නැවක් බිඳී කිසිවකු මහ මුහුදට වැටී තෙරක් හමුවන තෙක් පිහිනීමක් වැන්නය. මෙකල ඈත මහ මුහුද පවා අපිරිසිදු යැයි නාවිකයෝ කියති. මා පිහිනූ මුහුද ඉතා පිරිසිදු එකක් නොවූයේ ය. මගේ ජීවිතය පිළිබඳ තොරතුරු මුළුල්ලම හෙළි කළහොත් එය මගේ අවාසියට හේතු විය හැකියි බය වෙමි. මා උසස් පාඨශාලීය හෝ විශ්ව විද්‍යාලයීය අධ්‍යාපනයක් නොලද බව මා විසින් හෙළි කොට තිබේ. එය ඇතැමකු විසින් මගේ අවාසියට පෙරළා ගෙන ඇත. මා දැන් මෙය අයියාගේ දුවක ලවා කටින් කියවා ලියන්නෙ පෞද්ගලික ආරෝග්‍ය ශාලාවක සිටය. මේ පෙදෙස මට ඉතා පුරුදුය. එසේ ම ඉතා අප්‍රසන්නය. මා කුසගින්නේ මේ පෙදෙසෙහි හැසිරුණු කාලය මට සිහිවේ,,.

"මගේ විශ්ව විද්‍යාලයීය අධ්‍යාපනය පැවතුණේ එකලය. මගේ විශ්ව විද්‍යාලය වූයේ කොළඹ මහජන පුස්තකාලයයි. මට නවතින්නට තැනක් එකල නොතිබුණේ ය. මම එක්තරා නෑ ගෙදරක නැවතී උදේ හතට පමණ පිට වී රෑ දහයට පමණ ආපසු යමි. එය පිහිටියේ කොළඹින් පිටතය. මම මුළු දවසම ගත කළේ මගේ මේ විශ්ව විද්‍යාලයේ කියැවීම් ශාලාවෙහි ය. එහි සිටි සේවකයන්ට මා පෙනුණේ නිකම් රස්තියාදුකාර කාලකණ්ණියෙකු ලෙස යැයි මම සිතීමි. ඇතැම්හු ඒ බව මගෙන් නොසැඟවූහ. මම එසේ ඉගෙන ගෙන පත්තරවලට ලියුම් ලියන්නට වීමි. කලකට පසු මගේ ලියුම් මගේ පින්තූරත් සමඟ පළවන්නට වූයේ ය. පින්තූරය පළ වූ දිනක පුස්තකාලයේ සිටි සහකාරයෙක් හොල්මනක දෙස මෙන් මා දෙස බලා සිටියේ ය. මේ අර රස්තියාදුකාරයා ද යන සිත ඔහු තුළ වූයේ දැයි යන අනුමානය පහළ වූයේ ය. ඒ කාලයේ මා අත්දුටු වේදනාදායක සිදුවීමක් මට දැන් සිහිවේ. මම දිනක් රෑ දහයට පමණ මා සිටි ගෙදරට ගියෙමි. මම මගේ බත් පිඟාන මම නිදා ගන්නා පැඳුර එළාගෙන බිම එරමිණියා ගොතා ගෙන බත් කන්නට වූයෙමි. මගේ පිඟාන ඉදිරිපිට කුප්පි ලාම්පුවක් තිබුණේ ය. එය ඉතා දුප්පත් ගෙයකි. ඒ ගෙයි විසූ මගේ නෑ කාන්තාව "අරයා කුප්පි ලාම්පුව ඉල්ලනවා" යි කියා ලාම්පුව ගෙන ගියා ය. වෙන කිසි එළියක් එහි නොතිබුණේ ය. මට අඳුරෙහි බත් ටික කන්නට සිදු විය. මා එසේ නින්දිත දිළිඳු තත්ත්වයක මුල සිටම ජීවත් වූවෙක් නොවීමි. ඒ නිසා මා සිත වූ ශෝකය ඉතා බලවත් වූයේ ය. මගේ ඇස්වලින් කඳුළු කඩා වැටෙන්නට විය. මෙවැනි සිදුවීම්වලින් මම අධෛර්යය නොවීමි, වූයේ පෙරටත් වඩා ධෛර්යමත් වීමයි,,.

සාහිත්‍ය සූරී ජී.බී. සේනානායකයන්(ගුණතිලක බණ්ඩා) තමන්ගේ ජීවිතාවලෝකනය කරමින් ලියූවකි.

ඔහු උපන්නේ 1913 ජූලි මාසයේ 13 දා කොළඹ මුල්ලේරියාවේ දී ය. ඔහුට සිටියේ වැඩිමහල් සහෝදරයන් දෙදෙනකු හා සහෝදරියකි. ග්‍රෑන්ඩ්පාස් ශාන්ත ජෝන් පාසලෙන් මූලික අධ්‍යාපනය ලබා අනතුරුව කොළඹ ආනන්ද විද්‍යාලයෙන් ශිල්ප උගත්තේ ය. එහෙත් ඔහුට පාසල් යාමට හැකි වූයේ හතේ පන්තිය දක්වා පමණි. ඒ අප්‍රමාණ වූ ආර්ථික දුෂ්කරතා නිසාය.

කෙතරම් දුෂ්කරතා තිබුණ ද ඔහු කවදාවත් කියවීම අත්හළේ නැත. කියවීමේ පුරුද්ද ඔහුට හුරු කළේ ආනන්දයේ පස්වන පන්තියේ දී ඉගැන්වූ "ගුප්ත" නම් ඉන්දියානු ජාතික චිත්‍රකර්ම ගුරුතුමායි. ජී.බී.ගේ සිත බටහිර සාහිත්‍යයට යොමු කළේ ඔහුයි. අතට අසුවන ඕනෑම පොතක් හෙටට කල් නොයවා අදම කියවා හමාර කරන පුරුද්දක් ඔහු සතු විය.

කියවීමෙන් පුළුල් ජීවිත පරිඥානයක් හිමි කරගෙන සිටි ජී.බී. ලේඛන කලාවට පිවිසෙන්නේ හේමපාල මුනිදාස සූරීන්ගෙ සිංහල බෞද්ධයා පුවත්පත හරහා ය. තවත් අවස්ථාවක කොළඹ ව්‍යාපාරිකයෙකුගේ සඟරාවක් සංස්කරණය කළේ ය. අනතුරුව දිනමිණ පුවත්පත් කර්තෘ මණ්ඩලයට එක් වූයේය. එවකට දිනමිණ කර්තෘවරයා වූයේ මාර්ටින් වික්‍රමසිංහ සූරීන් ය. මාර්ටින් වික්‍රමසිංහ සූරීහු ද සිය "උපන් දා සිට" ග්‍රන්ථයේ මෙසේ සඳහන් කර තිබේ. "හොඳ කෙටි කතා ඇත්දැයි සොයනු පිණිස මම දිනමිණ ලියුම්කාරයාගේ පරණ ලිපි මිටි නිතර අවුස්සන්නට වීමි. අවුරුදු දෙක තුනකට පෙර එවන ලද විශේෂ ලිපි, කවි හා කතා ද ඒ අතර විය. මා කතුකම කරන්නට පෙර දිනමිණ කතුකම කළේ මගේ මිතුරෙකි. ඔහු විසින් පිළිකෙව් කරන ලද ලිපි ගොඩකින් කෙටි කතා කිහිපයක් තෝරා ගත්තෙමි. එකක් මුල සිට කියවා බලන්නට වටින්නක් යැයි මට හැඟිණි. එහි කුරුමිණි කකුල් වැනි ඉරි සහිත අකුරු ඇස නොපිනවයි".

මේ කුරුමිනි කකුල් වැනි අකුරු ජී.බී. ගේ ය. ජී.බී. එකල දිනමිණටත් සිළුමිණටත් ලිපි තැපැල් කළ ද ඒවා පළ නොවී ය. මාර්ටින් වික්‍රමසිංහයන්ගේ තෝරා ගැනීමත් සමඟ ඔහු ලේක් හවුසියේ කර්තෘ මණ්ඩල සාමාජිකයෙක් විය. වරක් ජී.බී. ලේක් හවුස් මන්දිරයෙන් පාරට බැස්සෙ වැටුප රුපියල් හැත්තෑ පහකින් වැඩි නොකළ නිසා ය. යළිත් ඔහුට ලේක් හවුස් මන්දිරයේ දොර විවර විය. ඒ රුපියල් පන්සියයක වැටුපකට හිමිකම් කියමිනි.

ජී.බී. කෙදිනකවත් ලේඛනය කුණු කොල්ලයට විකුණුවේ නැත. වරක් ඔහු මෙසේ කියා ඇත. "මැක්සිම් ගෝර්කි නැමැති සාමාන්‍ය උගත්කමක් නොලැබූ රුසියන් ලේඛකයා මෙන් මම ද අධ්‍යයන පිපාසයෙන් පෙළුණෙමි. මම කිසිවකුට උගත්කමෙන් දෙවැනි වන්නේ නැහැ යන අධිෂ්ඨානය මා තුළ විය. මේ අධිෂ්ඨානයෙන් මම දිවා රෑ පොත් කියැවීමි. පොත් කියැවීම හා ලිවීම පිළිබඳ වැඩ දවසින් දවස කල් නොදමන ලෙස මම බාල පරම්පරාවෙන් ඉල්ලා සිටිමි".

පුවත්පත් කලාවේදියකු හැටියට ජීවිතය ආරම්භ කරන ඔහු සාහිත්‍ය ලෝකයට පිවිසෙන්නේ කෙටිකතා කරුවකු වශයෙනි. ඔහුගේ මුල්ම කෙටි කතා සංග්‍රහය "දුප්පතුන් නැති ලෝකය" යි. 1946 පළ කළ "පළි ගැනීම" නම් කෙටිකතා සංග්‍රහය විවාදයට තුඩු දුන් එකකි. ඒ එහි නව ආරක ආකෘතියකින් යුත් පද්‍යාවලී 8ක් ගැබ් වී තිබීමයි.

"මේ පොතේ පද්‍යාවලීන්ගේ විලාසයෙන් එන නිබන්ධ මා සලකන්නේ ගද්‍යයට ද පද්‍යයට ද අතර වන නිබන්ධන විශේෂයක් වශයෙනි. ඒවා කියැවිය යුත්තේ ගද්‍ය කියවන ලෙසය. එහෙත් කියැවීමේ දී ශබ්ද සංඝට්ටනාවෙහි මාධූර්යය කෙරෙහි සැලකිල්ල ගද්‍යය කියැවීමෙහි දී ඒ අරබයා දක්වන සැලකිල්ලට වැඩි විය යුතුය".

මේ ලාංකේය නිසඳැස් කවියේ ආරම්භයයි. ජී.බී. මේවා හැඳින්වූයේ නිදහස් පද්‍ය හැටියටයි. ආචාර්ය සිරි ගුනසිංහයන් ඒවා නිසඳැස් හැටියට නම් කළේ ය.

විසිවැනි සියවසේ ලංකාවේ බිහි වූ ශ්‍රේෂ්ඨතම කෙටිකතාකරුවා ජී.බී. සේනානායකයන් ය. ඔහු මෙලෙස කෙටිකතාකරුවකු වූයේ බටහිර සාහිත්‍ය ආභාසයට ද දේශීය පැරණි සාහිත්‍ය ආභාසය ද ලැබ සාමාන්‍ය ජන ජීවිතය විනිවිද දුටු නිසා ය. වරක් "විනිවිඳිමි අඳුර" ග්‍රන්ථයේ මෙසේ ලියා ඇත.

"මගේ බාල කල බුද්ධි පරිසරය ගැන මදක් කිව්වොත් සුදුසු යැයි සිතමි. මගේ තාත්තා කුඩා කල මහණව සිට සිවුරු හැර විවාහ වූවෙකි. ඔහු පාලි සංස්කෘත දන්නේ ය. ගෙදර කතා බහ කරන කල ද ශ්ලෝක හා ගාථා ද වෙනත් පාලි හා සංස්කෘත පාඨයන් ද කියයි. මේවායේ අර්ථය ද කියන්නේ ය. මෙයින් මගේ සිත මේ භාෂා කෙරෙහි ඇදී ගියේ ය".

".... අපේ පැරණි පොත් අතුරින් මාර්ටින් වික්‍රමසිංහ කෙරෙහි බොහෝ සෙයින් ම බලපෑවේ සද්ධර්මරත්නාවලියෙහි භාෂාව යැයි සිතමි. මා කෙරේ ද ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් බලපෑවේ එයයි".

".... නොයෙක් නෑයන් මගේ චරිතය කෙරෙහි බලපෑ සැටි යට කීවෙමි. පොතක එන චරිතයක් මා කෙරෙහි බලපෑවේ යැයි සිතමි. ඒ චරිතය නම් ඩයොජිනීස් නැමැති ග්‍රීක දාර්ශනිකයාගේ චරිතයයි".

ජී.බී. ටිකෙන් ටික අන්ධභාවයට පත් විය. ඔහුගේ "බැඳුම" නම් කෘතිය ලියා අවසන් වන විට පෙනීම බෙහෙවින් ම අතුරුදහන් විය. අන්ධභාවයට පත්වන විට ඔහු ලියා තිබුණේ නවකතා නවයකි. අන්ධභාවයට පත් වූ පසු ඔහු තවත් නවකතා දහයක් ලීවේ ය. එකල ඔහුට සහය වූයේ අයියාගේ බිරිඳත් දරුවනුත් ය. න, ණ, ල, ළ නිවැරදිව තෝරා දෙමින් වියරණ පිළිබඳ සැලකිලිමත් වෙමින් එකල ද ඔහු නිර්මාණකරණයේ යෙදුණි.

ඔහුගේ නිර්මාණ අතර මේධා, චාරුමුඛ, වරදත්ත, අවරගිර, රළ බිඳුම, කැකෑරිල්ල, මලපුඩුව, ජල ගැල්ම, බැඳුම, රුව, උරගල, එකට එක, මදුපාණි වැනි නවකතාත් දුප්පතුන් නැති ලෝකය, පළිගැනීම, ඈත බැලුම, ගමන, නැටුම, මිතුරිය වැනි කෙටි කතාත් සාහිත්‍ය දර්ශන සිතුවිලි, මම එදා සහ අද වැනි චරිතාපදානත්, රුබයියාට්, විඳිමි, දැල් කවුළුව, සෙවණැලි වැනි පද්‍යයත් මල්කුමාරී, හාල් මැස්සා, රත් හඳුන්, රූපය, හීනය, අඹ කතාව, මහ ලෝභයා වැනි සුරංගනා කතාත් නව කතා කලාව, බටහිර ශ්‍රේෂ්ඨ නවකතා, විචාර ප්‍රවේශය, සාහිත්‍ය සේසත්, සාහිත්‍ය විග්‍රහය, සාහිත්‍ය ධර්මතාව ආදී ශාස්ත්‍රීය කෘතීන් ද වේ.

ජී.බී. සේනානායකයන් උස මහත දේහධාරියෙකු නොවීය. ඔහු ම කියනා හැටියට අඟුටුමිටි ශරීරයක් ඇත්තෙකි. ඒත් ඍජු ප්‍රතිපත්ති ඇති අයෙකි.

ශ්‍රී ජයවර්ධනපුර සරසවියෙන් ඔහුට සාහිත්‍ය සූරී ආචාර්ය උපාධිය පිරිනැමීය. එය ලැබූ දින නිවසට පැමිණ මෙවැනි දැඩි ගුණ ඇති මා ලොවට පහළ කළ මාගේ ආදරවන්ත දෙමාපියන් නිවන් දකිත්වා' යි පැතූ බැව් "විනිවිඳිමි අඳුර" කෘතියේ සඳහන් ය. හුදකලාව ප්‍රිය කළ හේ ජීවිතයේ සැදෑ සමය ගෙවූයේ වැඩිමහල් සොහොයුරාගේ නිවසේ ය.

1985 මාර්තු 16 දා ඔහු ජීවිත ගමනෙන් සමුගත්තේ ය. ඊට පෙර දා රාත්‍රියේත් "රාජාලියා" නම් නිදහස් පද්‍ය රචනා කර තිබුණි.

·	බැන්ඳුම

·	චාරුමුක

·	දැල් කවුළුව

·	දුප්පතුන් නැති ලෝකය

·	එකට එක

·	ගමන

·	ජලගැල්ම

·	කෙළෙස් සයුර

·	මගේ සිතුම් ම්පැම්තුම්ම් හා ජීවිතය

·	මම එදා සහ අද

 Raja Aliya

ජී.බී. සේනානායක


Red Bull Ring er et motorsportsanlæg, beliggende ved byen Spielberg i den østrigske delstat Steiermark. Det åbnede i 1969 som Österreichring, og var fra 1970 til 1987, og igen fra 1997 til 2003 under navnet A1-Ring, lagt asfalt til Formel 1-løbet Østrigs Grand Prix. I 2011 genåbnede med det nuværende navn, efter en langvarig ombygning.

Historie
Efter 2003 var hele Formel 1 arrangementet blevet for stort til banes faciliteter, blev dele af baneanlægget revet ned, herunder pitområdet og hovedtribunen, men byggeriet blev stoppet og banen forblev ubrugelig i mange år, indtil den blev købt af Red Bulls medstifter Dietrich Mateschitz. Derefter blev der postet flere penge i anlægget, og det kunne genåbne 15. maj 2011 med navnet "Red Bull Ring".

I 2014 vendte Formel 1 tilbage til Østrig og banen efter 11 års fravær.

Vindere af Formel 1 i Spielberg

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

 Red Bull Ring på formula1.com
 Foto og beskrivelse af Red Bull Ring på projekt-spielberg.com

Formel 1-baner
Motorsportsanlæg i Østrig
Ring
Etableret i 1969
Steiermark

Red Bull Ring


Nahija Al-Jalabiyah () je nahija u okrugu Ayn al-Arab, u sirijskoj pokrajini Alep. Nahija je oformljena 2009., izdvajanjem iz nahije Sarrin. Administrativno sjedište je u naselju Al-Jalabiyah.

Izvori

Sirijske nahije
Pokrajina Alep

Al-Jalabiyah (nahija)


La  (, abrégé ) est une conférence épiscopale de l'Église catholique qui réunit les ordinaires du Pérou.

Elle fait partie du Conseil épiscopal latino-américain (CELAM), avec une vingtaine d'autres conférences épiscopales.

Membres
Font partie de la conférence épiscopale en 2022 :
 deux cardinaux :
 Juan Luis Cipriani Thorne, archevêque émérite de Lima, et
 Pedro Barreto, archevêque de Huancayo ;
 cinquante-quatre ordinaires titulaires ou auxiliaires ;
 vingt-six ordinaires émérites.

Historique

Sanctuaires
La conférence épiscopale a désigné un sanctuaire national :
 l'église Saint-Pierre de Lima, aussi sanctuaire du Sacré-Cœur-de-Jésus.

Références

Liens externes
 .
 .

Perou
Catholicisme au Pérou

Conférence épiscopale péruvienne


A Cyanide SA (também conhecida como Cyanide Studio) é uma desenvolvedora francesa de videogames com sede no subúrbio de Nanterre, em Paris. A empresa foi fundada em 2000 por Patrick Pligersdorffer, ex- Ubisoft. Desde 2007, a Cyanide opera um segundo estúdio, Amusement Cyanide, em Montreal, Canadá, e emprega um total de 110 funcionários em 2018. A Cyanide foi adquirida pela editora francesa Bigben Interactive (agora Nacon) em maio de 2018.

A Big Bad Wolf, fundada em 2015 em Bordeaux, e a Rogue Factor, fundada em 2013 em Montreal, são filiais da Cyanide.

História
Antes de fundar a Cyanide, Patrick Pligersdorffer começou a trabalhar na indústria de videogames com a Ubisoft, onde ajudou na abertura de um estúdio de desenvolvimento interno no Japão. Depois de deixar a Ubisoft, Pligersdorffer fundou a Cyanide em Nanterre em 2000. Em novembro de 2007, a Cyanide anunciou que havia montado um novo estúdio em Montreal, no Canadá. Na época, o novo estúdio, conhecido como Amusement Cyanide, foi encarregado de criar uma nova engine de animação 3D proprietária para um jogo que estava em desenvolvimento na sede da Cyanide. Em 14 de maio de 2018, a publisher francesa Bigben Interactive (agora Nacon) anunciou que havia adquirido totalmente a Cyanide por um valor total de 20 milhões de euros. Nessa época, a Cyanide empregava 110 pessoas em seus dois estúdios. A Focus Home Interactive, publisher principal da Cyanide, também tentou anteriormente assumir o estúdio, mas foi rejeitada pelo conselho supervisor da desenvolvedora, o que acabou levando à renúncia do diretor executivo da Focus Home Interactive, Cédric Lagarrigue.

Títulos desenvolvidos

Jogos pela Cyanide

Jogos pela Amusement Cyanide

Jogos pela Big Bad Wolf

Jogos pela Rogue Factor

Ligações externas

Desenvolvedoras de jogos eletrônicos
Empresas de jogos eletrônicos da França
Nanterre

Cyanide (desenvolvedora)


Bag spejlet er en dansk kortfilm fra 1998 instrueret af Jacob Wellendorf efter eget manuskript.

Handling
En 5-årig "motorbølle" er kørt sine egne veje, hvor han vælter på sin tre-hjulede cykel midt ude i skoven. En fortælling i drømmebilleder - også velegnet for børn.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Kortfilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 1998

Bag spejlet (film)


Der er ingen garantier er en dansk dokumentarfilm fra 1996 med instruktion og manuskript af Freddy Tomberg.

Handling
Omkring 3000 danske kvinder får hvert år stillet diagnosen brystkræft. Langt de fleste af disse kvinder vælger kemoterapi som behandlingsform. Denne dokumentarfilm følger en gruppe kvinder, der er i kemoterapi. Den møder dem på ambulatoriet, nogle af dem sammen med deres pårørende, hvor de fortæller om deres liv med sygdommen, om kvindeligheden, om generne ved behandlingen, om angsten og håbet.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Danske film fra 1996

Kræftbehandling
Dokumentarfilm fra Danmark

Der er ingen garantier


විනිසුරු ඉයුජින් විල්ෆ්‍රඩ් ජයවර්ධන, කේසී ( සිංහල :යුජින් විල්ෆ්‍රඩ් ජයවර්ධන; 11 ජූනි 1874 - 23 නොවැම්බර් 1932) යනු ලංකා ( ශ්‍රී ලාංකික ) විනිසුරුවරයෙක්, නීතිඥයෙක් සහ දේශපාලනඥයෙකි. ඔහු ලංකාවේ ශ්‍රේෂ්ඨාධිකරණයේ විනිසුරුවරයෙකු වූ අතර ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ ප්‍රථම විධායක ජනාධිපතිවරයා වූ ජේ.ආර්.ජයවර්ධනගේ පියාය.

මුල් ජීවිතය සහ අධ්‍යාපනය
කොළඹ නියෝජ්‍ය හදිසි මරණ පරීක්ෂකවරයා ලෙස කටයුතු කළ ප්‍රොක්ටර්වරයෙකු වූ ජේම්ස් ඇල්ෆ්‍රඩ් ජයවර්ධනට දාව උපන් ජයවර්ධන අධ්‍යාපනය ලැබුවේ කොළඹ ඇකඩමියේය . 1897 දී ඔහු නීති අධ්‍යාපනය සඳහා එංගලන්තයට යාමට පෙර විනිසුරු ග්‍රේනියර්ගේ වැඩ බලන පෞද්ගලික ලේකම් ලෙස සේවය කළේය. 1908 දී නීතිඥවරයෙකු ලෙස ඇතුල් පන්සලේ තැබෑරුමට කැඳවීමෙන් පසු ඔහු නැවත ලංකාවට පැමිණ නීතීඥයෙකු ලෙස නීති වෘත්තිය ආරම්භ කළේය. ඔහු නීති ශිෂ්‍ය සංගමයේ සභාපතිවරයා විය. ඔහු ලංකා පාබල හමුදාවට බැඳුණු අතර, දෙවන ලුතිනන් ලෙස ලංකා ආරක්ෂක බලකායේ ස්වේච්ඡා නිලධාරියෙකු බවට පත් වූ අතර පසුව ඔහු කපිතාන් විය.

නීති වෘත්තිය
ජයවර්ධන නිල නොලත් කඩඉමේ සාර්ථක නීතිමය පරිචයක් ගොඩනඟා ගත්තේය. ඔහු වැඩබලන දිස්ත්‍රික් විනිසුරුවරයෙකු ලෙස (1910-1911) සහ පසුව පොලිස් මහේස්ත්‍රාත්වරයෙකු ලෙස සේවය කළ අතර, ඔහු 1916 දී ඉල්ලීම් කොමසාරිස් බවට පත් වූ අතර අධ්‍යාපන නීති සභාවේ සාමාජිකයෙකු විය.

දේශපාලන ජීවිතය
1916 දී, ජයවර්ධන ලංකාවේ ව්‍යවස්ථාදායක සභාවට සිංහල නියෝජිත අසුන සඳහා නාමයෝජනා ඉල්ලා අසාර්ථක විය. ඉන්පසු ඔහු සිය සොහොයුරු ජෝන් ඒඩ්‍රියන් ශාන්ත වැලන්ටයින් ජයවර්ධන සමඟ 1919 දී ලංකා ජාතික කොංග්‍රසයට සහ එහි කොංග්‍රස් කමිටුවට සම්බන්ධ විය. 1920 දී ඔහු තම සොහොයුරු හෙක්ටර් ඇල්ෆ්‍රඩ් ජයවර්ධනගේ මරණයත් සමඟ කොළඹ මහ නගර සභාවට පත් විය. ඔහු 1924 ව්‍යවස්ථාදායක සභා මැතිවරණයට ඉදිරිපත් වූ අතර ලංකා ජාතික කොංග්‍රසයේ බොහෝ නායකයින්ගේ සහාය ලැබූ දුරස්ථ ඥාතියෙකු වූ වික්ටර් කොරයාට පරාජය විය. මෙය ඔහුගේ දේශපාලන ජීවිතය සාර්ථක ලෙස අවසන් කළේය.

පවුලක්

ජයවර්ධන 1905 දී මුහන්දිරම් තුඩුගලගේ දොන් පිලිප් විජේවර්ධනගේ දියණිය වන ඇග්නස් හෙලන් දොන් පිලිප් විජේවර්ධන හා ඩී.ආර්. විජේවර්ධනගේ සහෝදරිය සමඟ විවාහ විය. ඔවුන්ට දරුවන් නව දෙනෙකු සිටි අතර, ඔවුන්ගෙන් වඩාත්ම කැපී පෙනෙන්නේ ජේ.ආර්.ජයවර්ධන සහ හෙක්ටර් විල්ෆ්‍රඩ් ජයවර්ධන, QC ය. ඔහුගේ සොහොයුරු කර්නල් තියඩෝර් ගොඩ්ෆ්‍රි විජේසිංහ ජයවර්ධන බළන්ගොඩ ආසනයේ රාජ්‍ය මන්ත්‍රණ සභාවේ මන්ත්‍රීවරයෙකි.

මේකත් බලන්න

 ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ දේශපාලන පවුල් ලැයිස්තුව

යොමු කිරීම්

බාහිර සබැඳි

 ජයවර්ධන පරම්පරාව
1932 මරණ

ඉයුජින් විල්ෆ්‍රඩ් ජයවර්ධන


Parçacık fiziği (yüksek enerji fiziği olarak da bilinir), maddeyi ve ışınımı oluşturan parçacıkların doğasını araştıran bir fizik dalıdır. Parçacık kelimesi birçok küçük nesneyi andırsa da, parçacık fiziği genellikle gözlemlenebilen, indirgenemez en küçük parçacıkları ve onların davranışlarını anlamak için gerekli temel etkileşimleri araştırır. Şu anki anlayışımıza göre bu temel parçacıklar, onların etkileşimlerini de açıklayan kuantum alanlarının uyarımlarıdırlar. Günümüzde, bu temel parçacıkları ve alanları dinamikleriyle birlikte açıklayan en etkin teori Standart Model olarak adlandırılmaktadır. Bu yüzden günümüz parçacık fiziği genellikle Standart Modeli ve onun olası uzantılarını inceler.

Atomaltı parçacıklar bağımsız olarak ömürleri çok kısa olduğu için normal şartlar altında gözlemlenemezler. Bu amaçla oluşturulan parçacık hızlandırıcı denilen dev düzeneklerde, yüksek elektriksel alan etkisi ile hızlandırılmış parçacıkların manyetik alan etkisi ile odaklanarak çarpıştırılması ile ortaya çıkan farklı parçacıklar incelenebilir hale getirilmeye çalışılır. Bu işlemlerin yapılmasında ve yaratılan çarpışmalarda ortaya çıkan enerji miktarları çok büyük olduğundan parçacık fiziği yüksek enerji fiziği olarak da adlandırılır. Parçacıkları ve etkileşimlerini açıklayan en güncel kurama Standart Model adı verilir.

Temel parçacıklar

Leptonlar ve kuarklar görünen maddeyi oluşturan ve günümüz teknolojisine göre iç yapısında başka parçacıklar barındırmayan temel yapıtaşlarıdır. Fermiyonların, dönüş (spin) kuantum değerleri kesirlidir (½ gibi). Bu parçacıklar dönüş değerleri kesirsiz (0, 1 gibi) olan bozonlar sayesinde birbirleri ile etkileşirler. İki çeşitleri vardır.

Leptonlar
Leptonların en çok bilineni elektrondur. Elektron günümüz teknolojisiyle temel parçacık olarak kabul edilmektedir, yani başka parçacıklardan oluşmayan bir yapısı vardır ve noktasal bir nesne gibi davranır. Leptonların spin'i (dönüş; parçacığın iç açısal momentumu) ½ ve elektrik yükleri (protonun elektrik yükünün katları olarak) -1 veya 0 dır. Yunanca lepton hafif temel parçacık anlamına gelmektedir. Şimdilik (2019'da) bilinen 6 lepton vardır:
 e electron (Elektrik yükü=-1)
 νe elektron-nötrino (Elektrik yükü=0)

 τ tau (Elektrik yükü=-1)
 ντ tau-nötrino (Elektrik yükü=0)

 μ muon (Elektrik yükü=-1)
 νμ muon-nötrino (Elektrik yükü=0)

Kuarklar
Temel parçacıklar içinde adını Murray Gell-Mann ve George Zweig tarafından alan parçacıklar kuarklardır. Kuarklarda spin ½ ve elektrik yükleri 2/3 veya -1/3 olan parçacıklardır. Şimdilik (2007'de) bilinen 6 kuark vardır:
 u up (ap) (üst, elektrik yükü=2/3)
 d down (davn) (alt, elektrik yükü=-1/3)

 c charm (çarm) (çekici, elektrik yük=2/3)
 s strange (streync) (tuhaf, elektrik yükü=-1/3)

 t top (tap) (tavan, elektrik yükü=2/3)
 b bottom (bat`ım] (taban, elektrik yükü=-1/3)

Temel kuvvetler
Doğada şimdilik varlığı bilinen dört temel kuvvet vardır. Bu kuvvetler belirli parçacıkların değiş-tokuşu ile etkilerini gösterirler ve şöyle sınıflandırılabilirler:

Elektromanyetik Kuvvet: Foton tarafından iletilir. Foton kütlesizdir. Foton, günlük hayatta iç içe yaşadığımız Isı, Işık, Radyo-TV sinyalleri, Mikrodalga sinyalleri, X-ışınları, Gama ışınları ve bunlara benzer enerji yayılımlarını taşımakla yükümlüdür. Elektromanyetik kuvvet yüklü parçacıklar arasındaki mesafenin karesiyle ters orantılı olarak iletilir.
Zayıf Çekirdek Kuvveti: Z adı verilen bozon ile W± adı verilen kütleli ve elektrik yüklü parçacıklar tarafından iletilir. Z ve W bozonlar radyoaktif bozunmalardan sorumludurlar. Zayıf bir kuvvettir ve yüklü parçacıklar arasındaki mesafe ile 'Exp(- MZ * mesafe)/mesafe2)' şeklinde değişir ve yalnız 'mesafe ~ 1/ MZ' civarında etkili olur.
Güçlü Çekirdek Kuvveti: Gluon (yani 'tutkal' parçacığı) tarafından iletilir. Güçlü kuvvet yüklü parçacıklar arasındaki mesafe ile 'mesafe' şeklinde değişir ve büyük mesafelerde güçlü bir etkileşme verirken, küçük mesafelerde oldukça zayıftır (Hook kuvveti gibi).
Kütleçekim Kuvveti: Graviton tarafından iletilir. Graviton henüz keşfedilmemiştir. Bu kuvvet hep çekimseldir ve yüklü (kütleli) parçacıklar arasındaki mesafe ile '1/mesafe2' şeklinde değişir.

Hadronlar
Kuarklar ve/veya antikuarklar gluon tarafından tutularak hadronları oluştururlar. Yeğin kuvvet gereğince kuarklar hadronlar içinde hapsolmuş olarak bulunurlar; hiçbir zaman serbest parçacık olarak gözlemlenemezler. 3 kuarktan (veya antikuarktan) oluşan kesir spinli hadronlara baryonlar (bu kelime Yunanca ağır anlamındadır), bir kuark ve bir antikuarktan oluşan spini tam sayı hadronlara ise mezonlar (bu kelime "mezzo" kelimesinden gelir) denir.

Atom çekirdeği
Atom çekirdeği, diğer adıyla nükleon, proton ve nötronlardan meydana gelir. Elektron ve çekirdeğin içindeki nötron ile proton kararlı parçacıklardır. Kuarklar bir araya gelerek nükleonları oluştururlar. Nötron u,d,d kuarklarından, proton ise u,u,d kuarklarından meydana gelir. Elektrik yükleri hesaplandığında nötronun yüksüz (2/3 - 1/3 - 1/3 = 0) ve protonun +1 yüklü (2/3 + 2/3 - 1/3 = 1) olduğu görülür.

Bir atom çekirdeğini oluşturan nükleonlar aradaki mezon alışverişi ile kararlı parçacıklar ortaya çıkar. Bu olay esnasındaki kuvvet güçlü etkileşimdir ve çekirdeği parçalanmadan bir arada tutar. Bu olgu ilk kez Hideki Yukava tarafından ortaya konulmuştur ve bu olayda en çok rol oynayan mezon pi mezondur. Ortalıkta fazla görülmeyen bu parçacıkların ömrü çok kısadır. Yüklü pi mezon  sn yaşar.

Bir atom çekirdeği her zaman kararlı değildir. Radyoaktif maddelerin çekirdekleri gibi kararsız atom çekirdeklerinde çekirdek parçalanması olur. Bunun nedeni zayıf etkileşim adlı kuvvettir.

Spin istatistiği
Bu parçacıkların Pauli yasası dahilinde spinleri göz önüne alındığında, ya tam sayılı (0,1,..) veya buçuklu (1/2, 3/2,...) olduğu görülür.
Yarı tam sayılı spinli parçacıklar Fermi istatiklerine, tam sayılı spine sahip olanlar Bose-Einstein istatiklerine uyarlar.

Bu nedenle spinler göz önüne alındığında parçacıklar iki kısma ayrılırlar.

 Fermiyonlar (Enrico Fermi'den)
 Bozonlar (M. K. Bose'dan)

Fermi istatistiklerine uyan parçacıklar aynı anda aynı kuantum sayılarına sahip olamazlar (elektron gibi).

Bose istatiklerine uyanlar ise aynı anda aynı konumda olabilirler (fotonlar bu grupta oldukları için lazer ışını oluşabilir). Yukarıda bahsi geçen temel Kuvvetlerin etkileşim parçacıkları bozonlardır.

Tüm bahsedilen parçacıkların bir antiparçacığı da mevcuttur; bu parçacıkların tamamı antimadde olarak adlandırılır.

Parçacık fiziği


O Partido Comunista (Congresso Extraordinário) (espanhol : Partido Comunista (Congreso Extraordinario), PCCE) é um partido comunista argentino que defende os ideais marxistas-leninistas. O PCCE faz parte da Frente de Todos, uma coalizão kirchnerista que, desde as eleições gerais de 2019 , detém a maioria do poder político na Argentina. Seu nome foi adotado depois que uma disputa com o Partido Comunista da Argentina causou uma divisão entre seus membros, resultando na organização de um congresso extraordinário que deu lugar à fundação do PCCE entre 1º e 2 de dezembro de 1996.

Atualmente, o partido está presente em diversas regiões argentinas, como a capital e as províncias de Buenos Aires, Santa Fé, Entre Ríos, Córdoba, San Luis , Formosa, Misiones, San Juan entre outras.

O PCCE publica Nuestra Palabra e Raíces Latinoamericanas .

Referências

Ligações externas

Comunista
Partidos políticos comunistas da América do Sul
Partidos políticos fundados em 1996
Fundações na Argentina em 1996

Partido Comunista da Argentina (Congresso Extraordinário)


Cuénabres es una localidad del municipio de Burón, en la provincia de León, Comunidad Autónoma de Castilla y León, (España), cercano a Asturias y Cantabria. Ilustre pueblo dedicado a la ganadería mayoritariamente (vacas y caballos).

Situación

Se encuentra cerca de la Carretera Nacional N-625.

Las localidades más próximas son: Vegacerneja, Casasuertes y Retuerto.

Evolución demográfica

Localidades de Burón
Localidades de Valdeburón

Cuénabres


Carapo je rijeka u Venezueli, pritoka rijeke Aro. Pripada porječju rijeke Orinoco.

Izvori

Rand McNally, The New International Atlas, 1993.

Rijeke u Venezueli
Porječje Aroa

Carapo


Geçimli, Tunceli ilinin Hozat ilçesine bağlı bir köydür.

Tarihçe
Köyde günümüzde harap durumdaki Ergan (Erkayn/Enkuzik) Manastır Kilisesi bulunmaktadır. Kilisedeki Ermenice kitabeye göre yapı, Prens Hancit Mxit'ar tarafından 975 yılında yaptırılmıştır. Kilisede hazırlanan el yazmalarına göre yapının 15. yüzyılda  restore edildiği ve bazı ilavelerin yapıldığı belirtilmektedir.

Osmanlı idaresine geçtikten sonra 1530 yılında yapılan tahrirde yerleşimden, "Erkan" adıyla Çemişgezek sancağının Sağman nahiyesine bağlı bir köy olarak bahsedilmektedir. 16. yüzyıla ait diğer kayıtlarda Ergan adıyla da görülen yerleşimde, bu yüzyılda sadece Gayrimüslimler yaşamaktadır. 1691 Cizye Defterinde, "İrkan" adıyla Sağman kazasında Gayrimüslimlerin yaşadığı köyler arasında yerleşimden bahsedilmiştir. Ermenilerin 19. yüzyıl başlarından itibaren yerleşimi terk etmeye başlamasıyla kilise de 1865 yılından önce kullanılmamaya başlanmıştır. Türkiye Cumhuriyetinin kurulmasından sonra uzun süre Ergan adıyla kayıtlarda yer alan yerleşimin ismi, 1950'lerin sonuna doğru değiştirilmiş ve 1960 yılı nüfus sayımından itibaren de günümüzdeki adıyla kayıtlarda yer almaya başlamıştır.

Coğrafya
Tunceli il merkezine 52 km, Hozat ilçe merkezine 8 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
 Yerelnet

Hozat belde ve köyleri

Geçimli, Hozat


نادي شرورة نادي كرة قدم سعودي يلعب في الدرجة الثالثة، يقع في مدينة شرورة، تأسس عام 1396هـ (1976م) كأقدم نادي في منطقة نجران.

تشكيلة الفريق الحالية

مراجع

أندية كرة قدم أسست في 1976
شرورة
تأسيسات سنة 1976 في السعودية

نادي شرورة


Cet article relate le parcours de léquipe de France de football lors de la Coupe du monde organisée au Qatar du 20 novembre au 18 décembre 2022. Les Bleus sont les champions du monde en titre après leur sacre lors du Mondial 2018 en Russie.

Sortis d'une campagne ratée en ligue des Nations durant l'été 2022, les Bleus subissent également une série très importante de forfaits de joueurs-cadres, notamment N'Golo Kanté et Paul Pogba blessés, et au dernier moment, celui de Karim Benzema, récemment récompensé du Ballon d'Or. S'ajoute la grave blessure de Lucas Hernandez dès le match d'ouverture.

Alors que depuis 2010, les champions du monde en titre ont systématiquement été éliminés au premier tour, les Bleus franchissent cet obstacle en deux matches, dominant l'Australie 4-1 puis le Danemark 2-1. Cela permet à Didier Deschamps de faire jouer ses remplaçants pour la dernière rencontre de poule face à la Tunisie qui remporte une victoire de prestige 1-0, ce qui ne l'empêche pas d'être éliminée, ni la France de terminer première de son groupe.

Par la suite, dans un parcours marqué par les performances de Kylian Mbappé, la France élimine la Pologne 3-1 en huitièmes de finale, passe un test probant face à l'Angleterre en quarts (2-1) puis bat le Maroc 2-0 pour devenir la première équipe depuis le Brésil en 1998 à revenir en finale de la Coupe du monde en tant que tenante du titre. Pour sa quatrième finale de Coupe du monde après 1998, 2006 et 2018, elle affronte l'Argentine avec en jeu pour les deux équipes une troisième étoile sur le maillot, dans ce qui sera considéré à posteriori comme une des plus belles finales de l'histoire. En effet, Lionel Messi et ses coéquipiers se détachent 2-0 en première mi temps face aux Bleus qui prennent l'eau et ne comptent pas le moindre tir vers le but adverse en 70 minutes. Mais un doublé de Mbappé en 97 secondes ramène les deux équipes à égalité. Elles jouent les prolongations, Messi marque encore, Mbappé égalise à 3-3, réalisant un exceptionnel triplé en finale et tout se joue lors d'une séance de tirs au but dont l'Argentine sort gagnante.

Kylian Mbappé, auteur de  finit meilleur buteur de la compétition, et de jeunes joueurs, qui n'étaient pas destinés au départ à jouer les premiers rôles, comme Randal Kolo-Muani, Dayot Upamecano ou Ibrahima Konaté et Marcus Thuram se sont révélés, aux côtés de joueurs-cadres comme Olivier Giroud, Antoine Griezmann, Hugo Lloris, Raphaël Varane ou Adrien Rabiot. L'Équipe de France termine le mondial avec  marqués et  encaissés.

Préparation de l'événement

Contexte
Le parcours de l'équipe de France de football lors de la Coupe du monde de football 2022 se déroule après l'échec à l'Euro 2020 où le premier tour contre l'Allemagne, la Hongrie et le Portugal a été   compliqué, l'équipe de France étant éliminée en huitième de finale par la Suisse (3-3, après prolongation, défaite 4-5 aux tirs au but) en .

En , les Bleus remportent la Ligue des nations en s'imposant face à la Belgique puis l'Espagne.

En , elle se qualifie directement pour la Coupe du monde 2022 au Qatar, grâce à sa première place du Groupe D de la zone Europe, ce qui lui permet de disputer sa seizième phase finale.

Mais les Bleus retombent dans une série négative lors de la Ligue des Nations 2022-2023, pendant laquelle non seulement ils perdent leur titre gagné lors de l'édition précédente, mais également en passant tout près de la relégation en Ligue B, avec un bilan famélique d'une victoire, 2 nuls et surtout 3 défaites. De plus, les incertitudes s'accumulent avec les blessures mais aussi des affaires extra-sportives comme une sombre rumeur de maraboutage concernant Paul Pogba.

Le contexte avant le mondial est donc fortement perturbé.

Qualification

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Préparation

Matchs de préparation à la Coupe du monde
Liste détaillée des matches de la France depuis sa qualification à la Coupe du monde :

Match amicaux

Ligue des Nations

Effectif
La liste de joueurs sélectionnés est dévoilée le mercredi  par Didier Deschamps lors du Journal de  de TF1. Elle compte alors . On note l'absence des milieux de terrain N'Golo Kanté (blessure aux ischio-jambiers) et Paul Pogba (blessure au genou), champions du monde en 2018, contraints de déclarer forfait. La France doit ainsi composer sans son milieu titulaire. On note aussi l'absence de Mike Maignan, blessé également.

Le 14 novembre, premier jour du rassemblement et date limite pour le dépôt de la liste définitive auprès de la FIFA, Deschamps appelle en renfort un  et dernier joueur, Marcus Thuram, qui vient ainsi compléter l'effectif. En outre, le même jour, Axel Disasi est appelé pour remplacer Presnel Kimpembe, forfait. Le 15 novembre, veille du départ pour le Qatar, la Fédération française de football annonce le forfait de Christopher Nkunku, victime d'une entorse au genou gauche après un choc reçu à l'entraînement. Son remplaçant, Randal Kolo Muani, rejoint la sélection au Qatar le 17 novembre. La veille du début de la compétition, Karim Benzema, ballon d'or 2022, déclare lui aussi forfait à la suite d'une déchirure à la cuisse gauche. Ce dernier n'est pas remplacé, la liste définitive est donc composée de , mais Karim Benzema continue à faire partie de la liste officielle enregistrée auprès de la FIFA. Le 22 novembre à la  minute du premier match de la France, sur l'action où l'Australie ouvre le score, (la France s'imposera 4-1), Lucas Hernandez prend un mauvais appui et se blesse sévèrement au genou droit ; il doit quitter le terrain et est forfait pour le reste de la compétition. Avec 4 représentants, le Bayern Munich est le club le plus représenté dans l'effectif français.

Compétition

Hébergement
L'équipe de France a choisi comme camp de base pour la compétition l'hôtel Al-Messila, une structure hôtelière de grand luxe propriété du groupe Marriott.

Dès le  ce choix est l'objet d'une polémique à la suite de la diffusion d'une enquête sur les conditions de vie du personnel travaillant à l'hôtel. Cette enquête diffusée dans le magazine Complément d'enquête sur France 2 met en évidence les conditions déplorables de l'hébergement des salariés, dans un quartier éloigné de Doha, sans transports en commun, sans espaces verts. Les bâtiments sont vétustes, avec des toilettes insalubres, des chambres exigües où s'entassent les travailleurs. La réponse de Noël Le Graët, , fait jaser jusqu'au sommet de l'État puisque la ministre des sports Amélie Oudéa-Castéra réagit promptement en considérant cette réponse comme . Face à la polémique, l'OIT propose une grille d'évaluation pour vérifier le respect des règles de travail au sein de l'hôtel, mais la FFF ne répond même pas à cette proposition, contrairement aux fédérations anglaises, américaines, belges et danoises.

Format et tirage au sort
Le tirage au sort de la Coupe du monde a lieu le vendredi  au Centre des expositions à Doha. C'est le classement de mars qui est pris en compte, la sélection se classe  du classement FIFA, et est placée dans le chapeau 1.

Premier tour - Groupe D

France - Australie

France - Danemark

Tunisie - France

Huitième de finale

France - Pologne

Quart de finale

Angleterre - France

Demi-finale

France - Maroc

Finale
Argentine - France

L'Argentine joue sa sixième finale de Coupe du monde, après 1930, 1978, 1986, 1990 et 2014. Il s'agit de la quatrième finale de la France après 1998, 2006 et 2018. L'équipe sud-américaine domine le match durant plus de soixante-dix minutes. Elle se détache 2-0, avec en premier lieu un penalty sifflé pour une faute d'Ousmane Dembélé sur Ángel Di María transformé par Lionel Messi à la  minute puis, moins d'un quart d'heure plus tard, une remontée fulgurante du terrain, avec une déviation de Messi vers Julián Álvarez qui lance Alexis Mac Allister lequel, à l'entrée de la surface renverse sur Di Maria esseulé qui bat Hugo Lloris. Pendant plus d'une heure, l'équipe de France prend l'eau et ne compte pas le moindre tir vers le but défendu par Emiliano Martínez. Didier Deschamps procède à sept changements pour tenter d'infléchir le cours des évènements, sortant Dembélé et Olivier Giroud en première mi-temps, Antoine Griezmann et Théo Hernandez en deuxième mi-temps, puis Adrien Rabiot, Raphael Varane et Jules Koundé en prolongations. Dans l'ordre d'apparition, Marcus Thuram et Randal Kolo Muani puis Eduardo Camavinga et Kingsley Coman et enfin, Youssouf Fofana, Ibrahima Konaté et Axel Disasi, entrent sur le terrain.

Le cours du match change à la  minute, quand Kylian Mbappé transforme le penalty sifflé après une faute de Nicolás Otamendi sur Kolo Muani qui lui est passé devant balle au pied en entrant dans la surface. D'un seul coup, les Bleus se mettent à gagner leurs duels, à assurer leurs passes et à récupérer les ballons. 97 secondes plus tard, Coman récupère la balle dans les pieds de Messi, transmet à Rabiot, qui alerte Mbappé à l'entrée de la surface, lequel s'appuie sur Thuram qui lui remet d'une louche ; le Parisien reprend de volée et égalise à 2-2, score à l'issue du temps réglementaire. Lors de la deuxième mi-temps des prolongations, les Argentins en contre-attaque se présentent à trois dans la surface française, le remplaçant Lautaro Martínez tire en force sur Lloris qui repousse, mais Messi reprend le ballon et inscrit son septième but de la compétition donnant l'avantage 3-2 à son équipe. Puis Gonzalo Montiel concède un penalty après avoir détourné de l'avant-bras, dans la surface, une frappe de Mbappé, lequel transforme le penalty, son troisième but de la finale. Il n'est que le second joueur à réussir cet exploit en finale après Geoff Hurst en 1966, mais le premier à totaliser quatre buts (en comptant celui inscrit en 2018) en finale. Il devient aussi le meilleur buteur du tournoi avec huit réalisations. Alors que les deux équipes se procurent tour à tour de belles occasions, la dernière, dans le temps additionnel de la prolongation, voit un tir à bout portant de Randal Kolo Muani être détourné du bout du pied gauche par Emiliano Martinez, ce qui est considéré notamment par Didier Deschamps comme une véritable balle de match. Le score en reste à 3-3, ce qui entraine la séance des tirs au but pour départager les deux équipes.

Lors de la séance de tirs au but, tous les tireurs argentins réussissent leurs tentatives, alors que Martinez repousse celle de Kingsley Coman et qu'Aurélien Tchouaméni frôle le poteau. L'Argentine l'emporte 4 tirs au but à 2, et la formation emmenée par Lionel Messi, désigné meilleur joueur de la compétition, accroche une troisième étoile à son maillot, trente-six ans après la victoire de Diego Maradona et les siens au Mexique. Par ailleurs la France est le troisième tenant du titre battu en finale, après l'Argentine en 1990 et le Brésil en 1998.

Statistiques

Temps de jeu

Buteurs

Passeurs décisifs

Audiences

Notes et références

2022
France
Football en France en 2022

Équipe de France de football à la Coupe du monde 2022