Ein Coroner ist im angelsächsischen Rechtskreis ein Untersuchungsbeamter, der bei zweifelhafter oder unnatürlicher Todesart oder in Katastrophenfällen in einem rechtsförmlichen Verfahren die Identität und die Todesursache Verstorbener feststellt.

Voraussetzungen
Der Coroner ist ein Verwaltungsbeamter, Kriminalist oder Jurist, meist aber kein Rechtsmediziner ("medical examiner"). Auch in Fällen, in denen ein Mediziner Coroner ist, agiert er als "Verwaltungsbeamter". Die Voraussetzungen zur Ausübung des Amtes variieren in den Rechtsordnungen der einzelnen Staaten erheblich.

Geschichte
Das Amt des Coroners entstand im mittelalterlichen England, vermutlich schon im 11. Jahrhundert, kurz nach der normannischen Eroberung Englands 1066 und wurde im September 1194 offiziell eingeführt, um die Klagen der Krone zu verwalten ("custos placitorum coronae"). Davon leitet sich die Bezeichnung "Coroner" ab. Damals waren das Funktionsträger einer Grafschaft, deren Aufgabe es in erster Linie war, die finanziellen Interessen des Königs in Strafverfahren zu wahren. Gedacht war dies auch als Kontrolle gegenüber dem örtlichen Sheriff einer Grafschaft. In Kapitel 24 der Magna Carta von 1215 wurde dann weiter spezifiziert, dass der Coroner ein Verwaltungsbeamter war, der die Interessen der Krone zu wahren hatte und kein unparteiischer Richter.

In der Rechtspraxis war derjenige, der auf eine oder einen Toten traf, von dem er annahm, dass er eines unnatürlichen oder plötzlichen Todes gestorben sei, gehalten, das sofort öffentlich zu machen, "Zeter und Mordio" zu schreien, worauf der Coroner gehalten war, eine Untersuchung einzuleiten. Daraus ist heute die Verpflichtung für jedermann geworden, es dem örtlich zuständigen Coroner zu melden, wenn ihm ein ungewöhnlicher Todesfall bekannt wird.

Von England aus wurde das Amt in viele Rechtssysteme tradiert, die unter dem Einfluss englischen Rechts geschaffen wurden, vor allem in den britischen Kolonien. Der erste Fall solcher Tradition war die Einführung des Coroner-Amtes in Wales 1284 durch das Statut von Rhuddlan, nachdem Wales 1282 durch König Eduard I. von England erobert worden war.

Kompetenz
In welchen Fällen ein Coroner eine Untersuchung beginnen muss, wird ihm durch örtliches Recht zugewiesen. Vorrangig handelt es sich um plötzliche, unerwartete, verdächtige oder gewaltsame Todesfälle und solche, bei denen eine Betreuung durch einen Arzt zuvor nicht stattfand. Darüber hinaus stellt er Sterbeurkunden aus und führt das Sterberegister. Weitere Aufgaben können ihm durch örtliches Recht zugewiesen sein.

Verfahren
Das Verfahren des Coroners ist von der Form an ein Gerichtsverfahren angelehnt. Es wird jedoch streng nach dem Amtsermittlungsgrundsatz durchgeführt, so dass zwar Zeugen gehört werden, Prozessparteien aber nicht auftreten. Eine Untersuchung durch den Coroner kann – örtlich und von der Art des Untersuchungsgegenstandes abhängend – von ihm allein oder mit Unterstützung einer Jury aus Geschworenen durchgeführt werden. Am Ende der Untersuchung eines Todesfalles durch den Coroner steht ein schriftlicher Bericht, in dem die Identität des Toten, die Todesumstände und die Todesursache festgestellt werden. Darüber hinaus kann er oder seine Jury auch – rechtsunverbindliche – Empfehlungen dazu aussprechen, wie ein entsprechender Todesfall künftig vermieden werden kann. Das geschieht in der Regel nach Unfällen mit technischen Ursachen, etwa Verkehrsunfällen. Das durch den Coroner oder seine Jury festgestellte Untersuchungsergebnis wird gegebenenfalls seitens der Anklagebehörde als Grundlage für einen Strafprozess genutzt.

Einzelne Staaten

Australien
In Australien wird die entsprechende Rechtsmaterie auf der Ebene der Bundesstaaten geregelt. Dementsprechend unterschiedlich sind Qualifikation der Amtsträger, Amtsbefugnisse und Verfahren ausgestaltet.

Vereinigtes Königreich

England, Wales und Nordirland

In England, Wales und Nordirland ist der Coroner ein unabhängiger Beamter des Gerichts, der von der Regierung von England oder Wales ernannt wird. Der Justizminister der Zentralregierung, der Lordkanzler, betreut lediglich die rechtlichen Grundlagen für die Arbeit der Coroner, hat aber sonst keinen Einfluss auf deren Einsatz und Tätigkeit. Das Verfahren vor dem Coroner (Inquest) ist ein Gerichtsverfahren, in dem zum Beispiel hinsichtlich Vereidigung von Zeugen die gleichen Regeln wie in anderen Gerichtsprozessen gelten.

In England ist, um das Amt des Coroners ausüben zu dürfen, ein medizinischer oder juristischer Abschluss Voraussetzung, wobei das weit gefasst wird und auch Kriminologie und biomedizinische Abschlüsse anerkannt werden. Weitere Voraussetzung sind mindestens fünf Jahre Berufserfahrung als Advokat, Prokurator oder Arzt. Der Coroner hat einen Stab von Beamten (Coroner's Officers), die für ihn tätig werden. Das waren früher oft ehemalige Polizisten und sind heute vermehrt Personen aus dem Pflegebereich oder dem Rettungswesen.

Neben den oben genannten Fällen, in denen ein Coroner tätig werden muss, kommen in England und Wales noch hinzu und sind in diesen Fällen immer durchzuführen und das immer mit einer Jury: Todesfälle, die sich in Einrichtungen in der Verantwortlichkeit des Staates ereignen, also etwa bei Häftlingen im Gewahrsam der Polizei oder in Haftanstalten. In allen anderen Fällen entscheidet der Coroner selbst, ob das Verfahren mit oder ohne Jury durchgeführt werden soll. Die Jury hat gegebenenfalls sechs Geschworene.

Der Coroner stellt zunächst die Identität eines Toten fest und wie, wann und wo er zu Tode gekommen ist. Darüber hinaus stellt er fest, ob der Tod plötzlich eingetreten ist, ob die Ursache unbekannt ist, ob er gewaltsam war oder unnatürlich. Darauf basierend kann er eine Obduktion und/oder eine volle Untersuchung anordnen. Historisch konnte der Untersuchungsbericht des Coroners einen Verdächtigen benennen, worauf dann eine strafrechtliche Anklage aufbaute. Heute ist das offiziell nicht mehr vorgesehen, obwohl in der Praxis der Bericht gleichwohl so formuliert werden kann, dass er einen Schluss auf einen Verdächtigen zulässt. Das Verfahren des Coroners wird so lange vertagt, bis ein Ergebnis der Ermittlungsbehörden vorliegt. Der Untersuchungsbericht des Coroners spielt eine erhebliche Rolle in zivilrechtlichen Verfahren und bei Versicherungsfragen.

Der Coroner nimmt die Interessen des Staates in den Fällen wahr, in denen das Schatzregal ausgeübt wird. Neben diesen regulären Coroners kommt die Funktion verschiedenen Amtsinhabern ex officio zu. So ist der Lordkanzler Coroner in Fällen öffentlicher Aufstände.

Schottland
In Schottland liegt die Aufgabe, eine Leiche mit zweifelhafter oder unnatürlicher Todesart zu untersuchen, bei einer Behörde mit der Bezeichnung Fatal accident inquiry. Historisch lag diese Aufgabe beim Procurator fiscal.

Hongkong
In Hongkong existiert ein eigenes Gericht des Coroners. Bevor er handelt, holt er grundsätzlich den Bericht eines Gerichtsmediziners ein. Der Coroner ist zuständig für alle Rechtsfragen im Umgang mit Leichen, kann Begräbnis, Obduktion oder Exhumierung anordnen und die Polizei anweisen, einen Todesfall zu untersuchen.

Japan
In Japan ist die Behörde des Coroners damit betraut, in den einschlägigen Ermittlungen anderen Ermittlungsbehörden Hilfestellung zu leisten. Die Mitarbeiter sind in der Regel Kriminalbeamte mit Praxiserfahrung im Rang eines Polizeihauptmanns, die Rechtsmedizin oder Kriminalistik an der Nationalen Polizeiakademie studiert haben.

Kanada
In Kanada ist die Rechtslage uneinheitlich. Ob die entsprechende Untersuchung von einem Coroner oder einem Rechtsmediziner durchgeführt wird, hängt vom Recht der jeweiligen Provinz oder des Territoriums ab. Coroner sind dabei Teil der jeweiligen Sicherheitsbehörde. Inhaltlich haben sich die Aufgaben, die je nach regionalem System dem Coroner oder dem Rechtsmediziner zugewiesen werden aber angenähert. In den Provinzen und Territorien British Columbia, Saskatchewan, Québec, New Brunswick, Northwest Territories, Nunavut und Yukon gibt es Coroner.

Der Chief Coroner und seine Mitarbeiter (Coroner) werden von der Regierung der jeweiligen Provinz oder des Territoriums ernannt. Der Hauptakzent der Arbeit des Coroners liegt jeweils darauf herauszufinden, wie ein entsprechender Todesfall in Zukunft vermieden werden kann.

Neuseeland
In Neuseeland wurde das Verfahren ab dem 1. Juli 2007 neu geordnet. Es wurde eine Zentralbehörde, das Office of the Chief Coroner eingerichtet, um die Verfahren zu vereinheitlichen, zu koordinieren und Fachwissen zentral bereitzustellen. Die Coroner sind jetzt hauptberuflich tätig und haben eine juristische Qualifikation. Die betroffenen Angehörigen wurden in das Verfahren einbezogen und der Umgang mit Leichen, Leichenteilen und Gewebeproben neu geregelt. Der Amtsermittlungsgrundsatz wurde gestärkt. Das Verfahren ist in erster Linie darauf ausgerichtet, Ursachen für Todesfälle zu ermitteln, nicht unbedingt darauf, einen Schuldigen zu finden.

USA

In den USA wird die entsprechende Rechtsmaterie auf der Ebene der 50 Bundesstaaten geregelt. Diese haben das zum Teil an die einzelnen Counties delegiert und diese ermächtigt, die entsprechenden Aufgaben zu definieren und zu regeln. Dementsprechend vielfältig ist das Vorgehen in Bezug auf Qualifikation der Amtsträger, Amtsbefugnisse und Verfahren. Coroner werden ernannt, gewählt oder halten das Amt ex officio, weil sie ein anderes entsprechendes Amt innehaben. Von den 2342 Dienststellen in den USA, die Todesfälle untersuchen, sind 1590 Coroner (68 %). Wiederum 82 davon sind für Amtsbezirke mit mehr als 250.000 Einwohnern zuständig. In einigen Bundesstaaten ist der Coroner derjenige, der gegebenenfalls den Sheriff verhaften darf. Allen gemeinsam ist aber die zentrale Aufgabe: Ursache, Zeit und Art eines Todes festzustellen. Oft sind sie die Stelle, die eine Sterbeurkunde ausstellen muss.

Übersetzung ins Deutsche
Da es für die Funktion des "Coroners" im deutschen Rechtssystem kein zutreffendes Äquivalent gibt, bereitet die Übersetzung des Begriffs ins Deutsche oft Schwierigkeiten. Ein Coroner kommt in den zahlreichen aus dem Englischen ins Deutsche übersetzten Kriminalromanen immer wieder vor. Übersetzungen wie "Leichenbeschauer" sind häufig anzutreffen, aber problematisch, da diese dem Aufgabenspektrum des Coroners nicht gerecht werden. Der Coroner ist am ehesten noch mit einem Gerichtsmediziner zu vergleichen, der zu einem Leichenfundort gerufen wird.
In einigen neueren Übersetzungen englischsprachiger Kriminalromane wird das Wort wegen dieser Schwierigkeiten nicht übersetzt, sondern auch im Deutschen als "Coroner" wiedergegeben, wobei eine gewisse Vertrautheit des deutschen Publikums mit diesem angelsächsischen Rechtsinstitut vorausgesetzt wird.

Einzelnachweise

Recht (Vereinigtes Königreich)
Recht (Schottland)
Recht (Australien)
Recht (Hongkong)
Recht (Japan)
Recht (Neuseeland)
Recht (Vereinigte Staaten)
Berufliche Funktion des Öffentlichen Dienstes
Person (Tod und Sterben)

Coroner


Tómas Guðmundsson (6 January 1901 – 14 November 1983) was an Icelandic writer. He was known as Reykjavík's poet (Reykjavíkurskáldið, skáld Reykjavíkur).

Tómas's parents were Steinunn Þorsteinsdóttir and Guðmundur Ögmundsson, living at Efri-Brú in Grímsnes. He soon got in touch with literature and poetry. He read Icelandic sagas, Jónas Hallgrímsson's poems and more. He also started to write his own poetry at a young age.

Career
He moved to Reykjavík and studied at Menntaskólinn í Reykjavík, there he got in touch with many authors, including Halldór Laxness (they formed a close friendship during the M.R. years), Guðmundur G. Hagalín and Davíð Stefánsson. Tómas graduated from M.R. in 1921.

He then studied law at Háskóli Íslands and graduated in 1926. During that time he got in touch with even more authors, including Jón Thoroddsen junior.

After his graduation he opened an office to practise law and in 1928 he started working at Hagstofa Íslands. He closed his office in 1929 and quit the bureau in 1943.

From 1943 he mostly worked at poetry and authorship. He was one of the editors of the literary magazines Helgafell and Nýja Helgafell, and also translated stories, plays and poems.

Death
Tómas died 1983 in Reykjavík, aged 82.

Legacy
Since 1994, the city of Reykjavík has made an award in memory of Tómas called the Bókmenntaverðlaun Tómasar Guðmundssonar (the Tómas Guðmundsson literature award).

A statue of Tómas by the sculptor Halla Gunnarsdóttir was unveiled in 2010 at the southern end of the Tjörnin, a lake in Reykjavík centrum.

Works
Tómas's poems were mostly traditional and his style did not change much during his career. The poems are mostly about Reykjavík and his place of youth.

The first three books he published, Við sundin blá, Fagra veröld and Stjörnur vorsins belong to neoromanticism and so do his last two books, Fljótið helga and Heim til þín, Ísland, but its signs are not as strong.

Publications
1925: Við sundin blá, poems
1933: Fagra veröld, poems
1940: Stjörnur vorsins, poems
1950: Fljótið helga, poems
1977: Heim til þín, Ísland, poems

References

Musterissvipurinn mikli - Inngangur að ævi Tómasar Guðmundssonar og greining á ljóði hans Við höfnina -. 13 March 2004. Tómas Guðmundsson.  [PDF]

1901 births
1983 deaths
Tomas Gudmundsson
Tomas Gudmundsson
Tomas Gudmundsson

Tómas Guðmundsson


Keisuke Ota (født 23. juli 1981) er en tidligere japansk fodboldspiller.

Han har spillet for flere forskellige klubber i sin karriere, herunder Shimizu S-Pulse og Kashiwa Reysol.

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Japan

Keisuke Ota (fodboldspiller, født 1981)


Mário Brandão da Silveira (født 26. januar 1987) er en tidligere brasiliansk fodboldspiller.

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Brasilien

Mário Brandão da Silveira


Thyone , also known as , is a retrograde irregular satellite of Jupiter. It was discovered by a team of astronomers from the University of Hawaii led by Scott S. Sheppard in 2001, and given the temporary designation .

Thyone is about 4 kilometres in diameter, and orbits Jupiter at an average distance of 21,605,000 kilometres in 603.58 days, at an inclination of 147.28° to the ecliptic (146.93° to Jupiter's equator) with an eccentricity of 0.2526. Its average orbital speed is 2.43 km/s.

It was named in August 2003 after Thyone, better known as Semele, mother of Dionysus in Greek mythology.

Thyone belongs to the Ananke group, retrograde irregular moons which orbit Jupiter between 19.3 and 22.7 million kilometres, at inclinations of roughly 150°.

References

Ananke group
Moons of Jupiter
Discoveries by Scott S. Sheppard
Irregular satellites
20011211
Moons with a retrograde orbit

Thyone (moon)


Danışment, Yüreğir - Adana ili Yüreğir ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Danışment, Osmancık - Çorum ili Osmancık ilçesine bağlı köy

Danışment


Schweizisk standardtysk (), eller Schweizisk højtysk ( eller Schweizerhochdeutsch), af schweizere kaldt Schriftdeutsch, eller Hochdeutsch, er et af Schweiz' fire officielle sprog, sammen med fransk, italiensk og rætoromansk. Det er en variant af standardtysk der udelukkende bruges i de tysktalende dele af Schweiz. Det skrives hovedsageligt, og bruges sjældent i tale.

Schweizisk standardtysk er ikke en tysk dialekt, men en variant af standardtysk. Det må ikke forveksles med schweizertysk, som er et paraplybegreb for de forskellige alemannisk tyske dialekter (forstået som "traditionelle regionale varianter") som er dagligdagssprog i tysktalende dele af Schweiz.

Tysk er et pluricentrisk sprog. I modsætning til andre lokale varianter af tysk har schweizisk standardtysk særlige egenskaber i alle lingvistiske domæner: ikke kun indenfor fonologi, men også i ordforråd, syntaks, morfologi og ortografi. Disse karakteristiske egenskaber for schweizisk standardtysk kaldes Helvetismer.

Fodnoter

Yderligere læsning

Tysk sprog
Standardtysk

Schweizisk standardtysk


Gran Premio Costa degli Etruschi 2017 var den 22. udgave af cykelløbet Gran Premio Costa degli Etruschi. Løbet var en del af UCI Europe Tour-kalenderen og blev arrangeret 5. februar 2017. Det blev vundet af italienske Diego Ulissi fra .

Hold og ryttere

Danske ryttere
Asbjørn Kragh Andersen kørte for
Sebastian Lander kørte for GM Europa Ovini

Resultater

Eksterne henvisninger

2017
UCI Europe Tour 2017

Gran Premio Costa degli Etruschi 2017


CITIC Plaza (China International Trade and Investment Corporation Plaza) 391 metre yükseklikte Çin Halk Cumhuriyeti Guangzhou şehrinde yer alan gökdelendir.

1997 yılında tamamlanan CITIC Plaza Guangzhou şehrinin en yüksek gökdelenidir.

Mimarı Dennis Lau & Ng Chun Man Architects & Engineers (H.K.) Ldt'dır.

Çatısı ile birlikte yüksekliği 322 metredir.

Dünyanın 6. yüksek gökdelenidir.

Dış bağlantılar
 Mimari Bilgi

Guangzhou'daki gökdelenler
350 metrenin üzerindeki gökdelenler
1997'de tamamlanan yapılar
Guangzhou'daki alışveriş merkezleri

CITIC Plaza


Die Swiss Crown ist ein 2000 fertiggestelltes Kabinenfahrgastschiff der Scylla AG in Basel, das im Voyage-Charter von verschiedenen Reiseanbietern auf Donau, Rhein, Main und Mosel eingesetzt wird.

Geschichte
Die Swiss Crown wurde im Winter 1999/2000 auf der Scheepswerf Grave in Grave gebaut. Der Innenausbau wurde anschließend von der Scheepstimmerbedrijf Da-Capo in  Hardinxveld-Giessendam ausgeführt. Am 5. April 2000 wurde das Schiff in Koblenz von der deutschen Prinzessin Marie-Louise zu Schaumburg-Lippe getauft. Bis 2007 bestand ein Zeit-Charter-Vertrag mit der Transocean Tours Touristik GmbH. Anschließend wurde sie bis 2011 von Phoenix Reisen eingesetzt. Seit 2012 wird sie für einzelne Reisen oder als Hotelschiff von verschiedenen Unternehmen angemietet. Das Schiff erhielt bei Wechsel des Chartervertrages jeweils eine andere Farbgebung.

In der Nacht vom 18. zum 19. September 2019 rammte das Schiff oberhalb von Trier die Eisenbahnbrücke in Konz. Dabei wurde das Dach des Ruderhauses abgerissen und das Oberdeck verwüstet. Unfallursache war das nicht ausreichend abgesenkte Ruderhaus.

Ausstattung und Technik

Die Swiss Crown ist ein Dreideck-Kabinenschiff der 4-Sterne-Plus-Kategorie mit 72 Doppelkabinen, drei Dreibettkabinen und einer Einzelkabine. Die Kabinen sind klimatisiert und jeweils mit Dusche, Toilette, Fernsehgerät, Telefon und Safe ausgestattet. Die Kabinen für die 36-köpfige Mannschaft befinden sich im hinteren Bereich des Unterdecks. Neben der im Oberdeck in vorderen Mittelschiff liegenden Eingangshalle mit Rezeption befindet sich der Panoramasalon mit Bar. Das Bordrestaurant, eine Bibliothek und das Ausflugsbüro liegen in der vorderen Hälfte des Hauptdecks. Im Unterdeck wurde ein Wellnessbereich mit Sauna, Solarium und Dampfbad eingerichtet. Das Sonnendeck ist mit Whirlpool, Schachspiel, Liegestühlen und mit mittels viertelkugelförmigen Sonnensegeln schützbaren Sitzgruppen ausgestattet. Haupt- und Oberdeck sind mit einem Aufzug verbunden.

Sie wird von zwei Caterpillar Dieselmotoren Typ 3508 à 783 kW mit zwei gegensinnig rotierenden Ruderpropellern vom Typ Veth-Z-Drive 800A-CR angetrieben, zusätzlich verfügt das Schiff über eine Bugstrahlanlage Veth-Jet vom Typ 2-K-1000 NR, die von einem 283 kW starken Elektromotor angetrieben wird. Die Stromversorgung an Bord wird im Fahrbetrieb und im Hafenbetrieb durch zwei Dieselgeneratoren Caterpillar 3406 DIT und einem Notstromgenerator John Deere 6068 D sichergestellt.

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks

Siehe auch
 Liste von Flusskreuzfahrtschiffen

Flusskreuzfahrtschiff
Passagierschiff (Schweiz)
Scheepswerf Grave

Swiss Crown


Amanda Martín é activista do Partido dos Trabalhadores (Argentina). Ela também é professora de história e sindicalista.

Tornou-se membro da legislatura da Cidade Autónoma de Buenos Aires em junho de 2021, como candidata da Frente de Esquerda Operária.

Em princípio ela ocupará o cargo até dezembro de 2023.

Ligações externas

 Vídeo do Youtube de Martín assumindo o seu assento

Mulheres da Argentina na política
Sindicalistas da Argentina
Pessoas vivas
!Mais Teoria da História na Wiki (Mulheres)

Amanda Martín


Spiele der Gruppe D der Fußball-Weltmeisterschaft 1998.

|}

Paraguay – Bulgarien 0:0

Spanien – Nigeria 2:3 (1:1)

Nigeria – Bulgarien 1:0 (1:0)

Spanien – Paraguay 0:0

Spanien – Bulgarien 6:1 (2:0)

Nigeria – Paraguay 1:3 (1:1)

Gruppe D

Fußball-Weltmeisterschaft 1998/Gruppe D


الصھاريج بلدية بولاية البويرة الجزائرية.

تضاريس
 جبل لالة خديجة

مواضيع ذات صلة
 بلديات ولاية البويرة
 دوائر ولاية البويرة

مراجع

صھاريج

الصهاريج (ولاية البويرة)


Svijet

Događaji

Osnivanja

Rođenja

Smrti

Hrvatska i u Hrvata

Događaji

 Druga redakcija Poljičkog statuta.

Osnivanja

Rođenja

Smrti

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

Pravo u 1387.


Hexham Abbey is a Grade I listed church dedicated to St Andrew, in the town of Hexham, Northumberland, in the North East of England. Originally built in AD 674, the Abbey was built up during the 12th century into its current form, with additions around the turn of the 20th century. Since the Dissolution of the Monasteries in 1537, the Abbey has been the parish church of Hexham.  In 2014 the Abbey regained ownership of its former monastic buildings, which had been used as Hexham magistrates' court, and subsequently developed them into a permanent exhibition and visitor centre, telling the story of the Abbey's history.

History
There has been a church on the site for over 1300 years since Etheldreda, Queen of Northumbria made a grant of lands to St Wilfrid, Bishop of York c.674 AD. Of Wilfrid's Benedictine abbey, which was constructed almost entirely of material salvaged from nearby Roman ruins, the Saxon crypt still remains; as does a frith stool, a 7th/8th century cathedra or throne. For a little while around that time it was the seat of a bishopric.

In the year 875 Halfdan Ragnarsson the Dane ravaged the whole of Tyneside, and Hexham Church was plundered and burnt to the ground.

About 1050, one Eilaf was put in charge of Hexham, although as treasurer of Durham, he probably never went there. Eilaf was instructed to rebuild Hexham Church, which then lay in utter ruin. His son Eilaf II completed the work, probably building in the Norman style.

In Norman times, Wilfrid's abbey was replaced by an Augustinian priory. The current church largely dates from c.1170–1250, built in the Early English style of architecture. The choir, north and south transepts and the cloisters, where canons studied and meditated, date from this period.

The east end was rebuilt in 1858. The Abbey was largely rebuilt during the incumbency of Canon Edwin Sidney Savage, who came to Hexham in 1898 and remained until 1919. This mammoth project involved re-building the nave, whose walls incorporate some of the earlier church, and the restoration of the choir. The nave was re-consecrated on 8 August 1908.

The church was recorded as Grade I listed in 1951. In 1996 an additional chapel was created at the east end of the north choir aisle; named St Wilfrid's Chapel, which offers a place for prayer or quiet reflection.

Stained glass
Four of the stained glass windows in the Abbey are the work of Jersey-born stained glass artist Henry Thomas Bosdet who was commissioned by the Abbey. The east window was the first project and was installed about 1907. Two smaller windows followed and the large west window was installed in 1918.

Crypt
The crypt is a plain structure of four chambers. Here were exhibited the relics which were a feature of Wilfrid's church. It consists of a chapel with an ante-chapel at the west end, two side passages with enlarged vestibules and three stairways. The chapel and ante-chapel are barrel-vaulted. All the stones used are of Roman workmanship and many are carved or with inscriptions. One inscription on a slab, partially erased, is:

Translated, this means The Emperor Lucius Septimus Severus Pius Pertinax and his sons the Emperor Marcus Aurelius Antoninus Pius Augustus and Publius Geta Caesar the cohorts and detachments made this under the command of  ….. The words erased are of great interest: after the Emperor Geta was murdered by his brother Caracalla, an edict was made at Rome ordering that whenever the two names appeared in combination that of Geta was to be erased. This so-called damnatio memoriae was carried out, but so poorly that the name can still be read.

Bishopric of Hexham

The first diocese of Lindisfarne was merged into the Diocese of York in 664. York diocese was then divided in 678 by Theodore of Tarsus, forming a bishopric for the country between the Rivers Aln and Tees, with a seat at Hexham and/or Lindisfarne. This gradually and erratically merged back into the bishopric of Lindisfarne. Eleven bishops of Hexham followed St. Eata, of which six were saints.

No successor was appointed in 821, the condition of the country being too unsettled. A period of disorder followed the Danish devastations, after which Hexham monastery was reconstituted in 1113 as a priory of Austin Canons, which flourished until its dissolution under Henry VIII. Meantime the bishopric had been merged in that of Lindisfarne, which latter see was removed to Chester-le-Street in 883, and thence to Durham in 995.

Bishops
Eata, 'bishop of Bernicia', with his seat at Hexham and/or Lindisfarne, died 685, succeeded by John of Beverley (Bede, Ecclesiastical History IV.12)
Trumbert, 682, as 'bishop of Hexham', at the same time as Trumwine's installation, with Eata continuing as bishop at Lindisfarne
Cuthbert of Lindisfarne, 685, after Trumbert's deposition, moving his seat to Lindisfarne to become bishop of Lindisfarne (Bede, IV.28)
St. John of Beverley (685–705) (Bede, V.2). From then on, the seat was at Hexham, and the bishopric of Lindisfarne continued independently, with Eadberht succeeding Cuthbert
St. Wilfrid, who, resigning the See of York, died as Bishop of Hexham in 709
St. Acca, Wilfrid's successor, from 709 (Bede, V.20)
Frithubeorht 734–766
St. Eahlmund 767–781
Tilbeorht 781–789
Æthelberht 789–797 transferred from Whithorn
Heardred 797–800
Eanbehrt 800–813
Tidfrith, last bishop in this line, who died about 821

Rectors
Canon Barker 1866–18[98?]
Edwin Sidney Savage 1898–1918
James Vaux Cornell Farquhar 1919–1945
Archibald George Hardie 1945–1962
Rowland Lemmon 1962–1975
Bishop Anthony Hunter 1975–1979
Timothy Withers Green 1979–1984
Michael Middleton 1985–1992
Canon Michael Nelson 1992–2004
Canon Graham Usher 2004–2014
Canon Dr Dagmar Winter 2015–2019
Rev'd David Glover 2020

Other notable clergy
Reverend Thomas Henry Sparshott  1876, temporary junior curate

Notable burials
Ælfwald I of Northumbria
Eata of Hexham
Frithubeorht
Acca of Hexham
Alchmund of Hexham
Henry Beaufort, 3rd Duke of Somerset
Thomas de Ros, 9th Baron de Ros
Robert Umfraville I (d. 1145)
Odinel Umfraville I
Gilbert de Umfraville
Gilbert de Umfraville, Earl of Angus
Matilda, Countess of Angus
Robert Ogle (MP)
Caleb Rotheram D.D. (1694–1752), dissenting minister and tutor

Tombstone of Flavinus, Roman standard-bearer

The tombstone of Flavinus is one of the most significant Roman finds in Britain. It can be found in the Abbey in front of a blocked doorway at the foot of the Night Stair. Flavinus was a Roman cavalry officer who died aged 25 in the first century. The slab is thought to have once stood near the fort of Coria near Corbridge and was brought here as a building stone in the 12th century. The slab was laid face-upward in the foundations of the cloister and was rediscovered in 1881.

Hexham Hoard
In 1833 a hoard of approximately 8000 stycas were discovered whilst a grave was being dug in the Campey Hill area close to the north transept. The Hexham Hoard was concealed circa 850. It was composed of coins from the reigns of Eanred, Aethelred II and Redwulf, as well as coins of two archbishops Eanbald and Wigmund.

Organ

In 1865 the Abbey acquired a second-hand organ from Carlisle Cathedral dating from 1804. It was installed in Hexham by Nicholson of Newcastle and opened on 19 October 1865. In 1905 this was rebuilt by Norman and Beard with Sir Frederick Bridge of Westminster Abbey as the consultant.

In 1974 a new instrument by Lawrence Phelps of Pennsylvania was installed. It is a two manual 34-stop mechanical action instrument.

Organists
George Agnew Reay 1820–????
William Turner 1826-1865 1834–1855–1865
John Nicholson 1865–1878
James Price 1878–1882 (afterwards organist of St. Margaret's Church, Ipswich)
Thomas Simpson Camidge 1882–1889
Richard Seaton 1889–1909
Ronald Richardson Potter 1909–1911
Newell Smith Wallbank 1911–1917 (later organist of Wakefield Cathedral)
Harry William Tupper 1917–1918 (afterwards Organist of Southwell Minster)
Hubert Henry Norsworthy 1918
Newell Smith Wallbank 1918–1926 (later organist of Wakefield Cathedral)
Cecil S. Richards 1926
Reginald Tustin Baker 1928–1929 (later organist of Sheffield Cathedral)
Thomas Christy 1933–1945 (formerly sub-organist of Newcastle Cathedral 1928–1933)
Alfred Southcott Morrish 1945–1948
Frederick Hudson 1948–1949
Dr Reginald Cooper
Ronald Womersley
Terence Atkinson 1965–1985
John Green 1985–2000 (also Director of Music at Dame Allan's Schools, Newcastle, 1967–1990)
Michael Haynes 2000–2011
Marcus Wibberley 2011–2017
Michael Haynes 2017–

Assistant organists
Colin Basil Fanshaw 1947–1949
Dorothy Alder
John Green 1961–1968
Ron Lane 1969–1977
John Green 1977–1983
Henry Wallace 1983–1999
Hugh Morris 2001–2009 (currently director of the Royal School of Church Music)
Alexander Woodrow 2009–2012 (later director of music at Bradford Cathedral and currently Organist and Director of Music at Leeds Minster
Andrew Wyatt 2012–2015 (currently assistant organist at Truro Cathedral)
Michael Haynes 2015–2017 (formerly director of music 2000–2011, currently director of music 2017–)
Keith Dale 2017–

Choirs

Hexham Abbey Boys' Choir consists of boys' and men's voices and sings choral evensong on Wednesdays in addition to morning and evening services on the second and fourth Sundays of the month. The choir has made two CDs in recent years and has toured to Paris (2007), Rome (2009), Hanover (2011), Berlin (2012), Antwerp (2014) and Tallinn (2015), in addition to several tours within Great Britain. Several past members of the choir have gone on to win choral/organ scholarships at Oxford and Cambridge colleges. The choir has appeared on BBC Songs of Praise.

Hexham Abbey Girls' Choir consists of girls and men and sings for the Parish Eucharist & Choral Evensong on the third Sunday of the month. The girls also sing with the boys on the fourth Sunday of the month and girls' voices also sing evensong on Thursdays. The choir began in September 2001 and is divided into junior & senior choristers aging from 7–18. The choir has toured to Dublin (2007), Paris (2009), Hanover (2011), Berlin (2012) and several other places.

Hexham Abbey Chamber Choir is entirely made up of adults. They sing evensong on the first Sunday of the month and when the other Abbey Choirs are unavailable. It has appeared live on BBC Radio 4 Sunday Worship.

See also

Bishop of Hexham
List of English abbeys, priories and friaries serving as parish churches

References

External links

Hexham Abbey official web site
Read a detailed history about Hexham Priory
A Panoramic virtual tour of Hexham Abbey

7th-century church buildings in England
Anglo-Saxon monastic houses
Churches completed in 674
Religious buildings and structures completed in 1250
13th-century church buildings in England
Anglo-Saxon cathedrals
Former cathedrals in England
Benedictine monasteries in England
Augustinian monasteries in England
Hexham
Hexham
Monasteries in Northumberland
Tourist attractions in Northumberland
Christian monasteries established in the 7th century
7th-century establishments in England
1537 disestablishments in England
Hexham
Monasteries dissolved under the English Reformation

Hexham Abbey


Vincenzo Bettiza (7. lipnja 1927.  28. srpnja 2017.), talijanski pisac, novinar i političar.

Biografija
Bettiza je rođen u Hrvatskoj, tada u sastavu Kraljevine Jugoslavije, u bogatoj talijansko-hrvatskoj obitelji. Njegova majka potječe iz obitelji s otoka Brača. Obitelj Bettiza je bila u vlasništvu najvažnijeg poduzeća u Dalmaciji, tvornice cementa "Gilardi i Bettiza", u gradu Splitu. Godine 1941., Sile osovine, Italija i Njemačka, napadaju te okupiraju Jugoslaviju. Za vrijeme talijanske okupacije, Bettičin otac pomaže mnogim Hrvatima te ih spašava iz fašističkog zatvora. Enzov rođak Pietro baca bombu na talijanski vojni orkestar dok je izvodio fašističke koračnice, dok Enzo bojkotira fašističke skupove i organizacije. 1943., grad se vraća Hrvatskoj, a 1944. godine, Hrvatskoj u novoj Jugoslaviji.  Odmah nakon pada Mussolinija mnoge talijanske obitelji odlaze, nakon što su shvatile da situacija u zemlji postaje sve lošija po njih. Neki su doduše ostali, skupa s pripadnicima tzv. miješanih brakova, dok je dio njih iskoristio mogućnost odabiranja talijanskog državljanstva. Nove vlasti se obračunavaju sa suradnicima okupatora, i sa svima ostalima koje su smatrali "neprijateljima naroda", neovisno da li su Hrvati, Talijani ili neki drugi. Njihova imovina bila je nacionalizirana. Bettiza se nakon završetka Drugoga svjetskog rata seli u Goricu, u dobi od 18 godina. Kasnije se seli u Trst, zatim u Milano: odavde uvijek objavljuje da živi "u egzilu".

Bettiza je bio direktor nekoliko talijanskih novina i autor brojnih knjiga. Kao novinar, posebnu je pozornost posvetio zemljama i nacionalnostima istočne Europe, te jugoistočne Europe, napose oblasti tadašnje Jugoslavije.

U razdoblju 1957-1965 radi kao vanjski dopisnik novina La Stampa, prvo iz Beča, a zatim iz Moskve. Kasnije se zapošljava u "Corriere della Sera", u kojoj je radio deset godina.

1974. godine, zajedno s Indrom Montanellijem, pokreće milanske novine "Il Giornale nuovo", u kojima je zamjenik direktora, sve do 1983. godine.

Od 1976. godine, član je talijanskog Senata i Europskog Parlamenta. Živi u Rimu sa svojom obitelji i ženi se nekoliko puta. Njegova posljednja supruga je Laura Laurenzi, talijanska spisateljica.

Bettizin glavni roman, "Duhovi Moskve", smatra se najobjavljivanijim romanom koji je izvorno napisan na talijanskom jeziku.

Odabrane reference
 Mit i realnost u Trstu
 Misterij Lenjina
 Godina Tigra
 Duhovi Moskve (1993.)
 Egzil (1995.)
 Izgubljena knjiga

Nagrade i medalje
Predsjednik Hrvatske Stipe Меsić dodijelio mu je "Red Danice Hrvatske s likom Marka Marulića", nakon prijedloga novinara iz Splita.

Izvori

Talijanski novinari
Životopisi, Split
Talijani u Hrvatskoj

Enzo Bettiza


An Tillandsia baptistana in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni C.N.Gonç. ngan Azevêdo-gonç.. An Tillandsia baptistana in nahilalakip ha genus nga Tillandsia, ngan familia nga Bromeliaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Tillandsia

Tillandsia baptistana


Bernardo Minozzi, aussi connu sous le nom de Bernardino Minozzi, né le  à Bologne et mort le  dans la même ville, est un peintre de paysages baroque italien.

Biographie
Bernardo Minozzi naît en 1699 à Bologne. À seize ans, intéressé par la peinture de paysages, le jeune Minozzi devient élève de Nunzio Ferraiuoli, qui lui suggère de commencer par l'étude de la figure humaine, que Minozzi effectue chez Angelo Michele Cavazzoni et à l'Académie du nu. Il revient par la suite chez Ferraiuoli et est son disciple conjointement avec Carlo Lodi. Après le départ de Lodi, Minozzi continue d'être sous Ferraiuoli pendant une dizaine d'années.

Vers 1727, Minozzi devient indépendant et ouvre sa propre boutique. Il se marie avec Maria Trebbi. Son expérience qu'il a eu avec Ferraiuoli lui permet de décrocher plusieurs contrats, dont quelques-uns d'Angleterre du marchand Owen McSweeney, qui a précédemment recruté Ferraioli. Ses œuvres sont aussi utilisées par le marchand Andrea Forni, qui les vend en les faisant passer pour les œuvres d'un certain « Monsù Bernardo ». En 1729, Minozzi est à Venise où il est connu comme un peintre bolonais de renommée. Il retour peu après, mais s'installe par la suite à Florence pour six ans (jusqu'à 1738 et vers 1740), où il acquiert une certaine renommée. Il réalise plusieurs peintures pour Niccolò Gaburri et y rencontre Paolo Anesi, qui l'incite à aller à Rome. Il est élu à l'Accademia Fiorentina en 1735, et reste membre jusqu'en 1756. En 1737, il expose notamment des peintures de la Basilique de la Santissima Annunziata.

En 1738, il s'installe à Rome et y séjourne pendant deux ans. Il y réalise plusieurs séries de vues de la ville, dont certaines semblables aux collections du musée du Prado. Il y revient en 1741, d'où il envoie une lettre à Gaburri lui informant de la mort d'Andrea Locatelli. Minozzi finit par retourner définitivement à Bologne, où il enchaîne les commandes municipales de paysages de campagnes et de villages. De 1745 à 1747, Minozzi travaille sur sa plus importante commande, la décoration de la salle de la Gonfaloniere au palais municipal. À son achèvement, il est rapidement accepté dans lAccademia Clementina, dont il est élu prince en 1750.

Les prochaines seize années se passent au service des Caprara, pour qui il réalise de nombreux paysages (dont neuf dans leur villa « Le Budrie »). En 1760, Luigi Guidotti publie la Scelta di paesi inventati, ed intagliati da Piero Jacopo Palmieri, e da altri bolognesi per uso de pittori dilettanti, où l'on retrouve deux paysages gravés par Minozzi. En prévision du mariage du sénateur Ulisse Giuseppe Gozzadini et Anna Segni, le peintre collabore avec Ubaldo Gandolfi à la décoration d'une voûte d'une salle du palais sénatorial, pour laquelle il ne reçoit que 5 lires.

Dans ses dernières années, Bernardo Minozzi reste très actif à lAccademia Clementina. De 1766 à 1767, il est juge des prix Fiori et Marsili Aldovandri pour l'architecture et doit visiter les académiciens malades en 1768 avec . Il participe la même année à l'élaboration d'une nouvelle loi. Il meurt le . Il laisse deux enfants qui se sont spécialisés dans la peinture de Quadratura : Angelo (1742-1825), peu connu dans le milieu de la peinture, et Flaminio Innocenzo, qui est devenu plutôt prospère.

Œuvres
Bernardo Minozzi laisse quatre esquisses de paysages au lavis brun exposés au British Museum. Ils ont été faussement attribués à Marco Ricci.

Notes et références

Annexes

Articles connexes
 Liste de peintres italiens

Bibliographie
 .

Liens externes

Peintre italien du XVIIIe siècle
Peintre baroque italien
Naissance en août 1699
Naissance à Bologne
Naissance dans les États pontificaux
Décès en mars 1769
Décès dans les États pontificaux
Décès à Bologne
Décès à 69 ans

Bernardo Minozzi


Carlos Saúl Menem (2. júlí 1930 – 14. febrúar 2021) var argentínskur stjórnmálamaður sem var forseti Argentínu frá 1989 til 1999. Menem var perónisti úr hægri væng Réttlætisflokksins og á stjórnartíð sinni rak hann markaðsvæna efnahagsstefnu í anda nýfrjálshyggju. Undir lok forsetatíðar hans hófst efnahagskreppa í Argentínu sem endaði með gjaldþroti argentínska ríkisins árið 2001. Menem reyndi að komast aftur til valda í forsetakosningum árið 2003 en dró framboð sitt til baka eftir fyrri kosningaumferð vegna slæms gengis í skoðanakönnunum gegn Néstor Kirchner.

Æviágrip
Carlos Menem var af sýrlenskum ættum og ólst upp í íslamstrú. Hann snerist til kaþólskrar trúar seint á ævinni til þess að eiga auðveldara með að fóta sig í argentínskum stjórnmálum.

Eftir að síðasta herforingjastjórn Argentínu leið undir lok árið 1983 var Menem kjörinn fylkisstjóri heimafylkis síns, La Rioja, sem var eitt fátækasta fylki Argentínu. Menem þótti litríkur persónuleiki og var þekktur sem glaumgosi með dálæti á glæsibifreiðum og fögrum konum. Árið 1989 bauð Menem sig fram fyrir peróníska Réttlætisflokkinn í forsetakosningum Argentínu og vann sigur með 49 prósentum atkvæða gegn Eduardo Angeloz, frambjóðanda Róttæka borgarabandalagsins, sem þá sat við stjórn landsins.

Þegar Menem tók við forsetaembætti árið 1989 var efnahagsástandið í Argentínu mjög slæmt. Landið var stórskuldugt og rambaði á barmi gjaldþrots. Menem brást við ástandinu með því að ráðast í verulegan niðurskurð í ríkisútgjöldum og með einkavæðingu á fjölda ríkisfyrirtækja. Aðhaldsstefna Menems kom mörgum í opna skjöldu þar sem hún stakk í stúf við hefðbundna hugmyndafræði perónismans. Mörg verkalýðsfélög landsins, sem höfðu áður stutt Menem, snerust því gegn honum og sömuleiðir margir hefðbundnir perónistar á þinginu. Menem beitti ítrekað ákvæði í argentínsku stjórnarskránni sem heimilar forsetanum að gefa út tilskipanir til að fá vilja sínum framgegnt án aðkomu þingsins.

Efnahagsstefna Menems bar ekki mikinn árangur fyrstu tvö stjórnarár hans en fór að bera ávöxt árið 1991 þegar stjórnin setti svokölluð "innleysanleikalög" sem bundu gengi argentínska pesans við Bandaríkjadollara. Um leið varð stjórn Menems þó einnig þekkt fyrir spillingu sem kom upp í tengslum við einkavæðingu ríkisfyrirtækja.

Sömuleiðis varð það afar umdeilt þegar Menem ákvað að náða fjölda argentínskra herforingja sem höfðu verið ákærðir fyrir mannréttindabrot og fjöldamorð í skítuga stríðinu á tíma herforingjastjórnarinnar. Menem veitti sakaruppgjafirnar til að stuðla að "þjóðarsátt" en þær vöktu verulega reiði árið 1995 eftir að listi var birtur af um 10.000 manns sem höfðu látið lífið vegna stjórnaraðgerða í skítuga stríðinu. Gagnrýnendur Menems vændu hann um að gefa út sakaruppgjafirnar til að tryggja sér stuðning herforingjanna og forðast hugsanlegar uppreisnir gegn sér.

Árið 1994 náði Menem fram breytingu á stjórnarskrá Argentínu sem heimilaði honum að bjóða sig fram til annars kjörtímabils. Menem bauð sig fram til endurkjörs næsta ár og vann sigur. Vinsældir Menems fóru hins vegar dvínandi á öðru kjörtímabilinu vegna hneykslismála og versnandi kjara argentínsku millistéttarinnar og því fór svo að flokkur forsetans bað ósigur gegn bandalagi mið- og vinstriflokka í þingkosningum árið 1997. Í aðdraganda forsetakosninga árið 1999 viðraði Menem hugmyndir um að breyta eða endurtúlka stjórnarskrána til þess að heimila sjálfum sér að bjóða sig fram til þriðja kjörtímabils í röð. Þessar áætlanir runnu út í sandinn þegar hæstiréttur Argentínu staðfesti að Menem væri ókjörgengur til endurkjörs.

Á síðustu stjórnarárum Menems versnaði efnahagur Argentínu á ný samhliða Asíukreppunni 1997 og gengisfesting pesans við Bandaríkjadollara fór að gera Argentínu erfiðara fyrir að bregðast við ástandinu. Efnahagskreppa var því aftur farin að skekja landið þegar Menem lét af völdum í lok ársins 1999 og fáeinum árum leiddi hún til þess að Argentína var lýst gjaldþrota.

Stuttu eftir forsetatíð sína sat Menem um skeið í stofufangelsi vegna rannsókna á spillingarmálum stjórnar hans, meðal annars á fjárdrætti og ólöglegum vopnasölum til Króatíu og Ekvador. Ákærurnar voru síðar látnar niður falla og Menem sleppt. Árið 2003 gaf Menem kost á sér til endurkjörs á forsetastól og sagðist munu leiða landið úr efnahagskreppunni sem þá tröllreið þjóðinni. Menem hlaut flest atkvæði, um 24,3 prósent, í fyrri umferð forsetakosninganna sem fóru fram í apríl 2003 en þetta nægði ekki til að sleppa við aðra kosningaumferð. Stefnt var að því að kosið yrði á milli Menems og mótframbjóðanda hans, vinstrisinnaða perónistans Néstors Kirchner, en þar sem skoðanakannanir spáðu Menem afgerandi ósigri í annarri umferð ákvað hann að draga framboð sitt til baka áður en hún fór fram.

Tilvísanir

Forsetar Argentínu

Carlos Menem


Newbrough Hall est une maison de campagne du début du  à Newbrough, à environ  à l'ouest de Hexham, Northumberland, Angleterre. Il s'agit d'un bâtiment classé Grade II*.

Histoire
Newbrough fait autrefois partie du manoir de Thornton. La maison-tour médiévale connue sous le nom de Thornton Tower est signalée comme étant en état de délabrement lors d'une enquête en 1541. Le bâtiment classé Grade II est maintenant complètement ruiné.

Le domaine est détenu par John Armstrong en 1692 et par John Bacon au début du . Par héritage, la propriété passe à l'arrière-petit-fils de Bacon, le révérend Henry Wastell, en 1811.

Wastell construit une nouvelle maison adjacente à l'ancienne tour, selon une conception de l'architecte John Dobson (architecte) en 1812. Le domaine passe plus tard à sa fille et son mari de 1901, le colonel Coulson. Ils chargent l'architecte Francis William Deas (1862–1951) de moderniser la maison en 1902. La maison à deux étages qui en résulte, à cinq travées dont la centrale est à fronton, est prolongée par deux ailes arrière rattachées à la remise de 1813 pour créer une cour centrale. La maison est équipée d'électricité pour laquelle une centrale électrique indépendante est construite sur le terrain. (La centrale électrique, maintenant une habitation séparée, est classée Grade II).

La fille de Coulson épouse Walter Benson, haut shérif de Northumberland en 1917. William Archer Benson est haut shérif en 1951. La famille Benson y habite jusqu'en 1999. La maison est occupée par leurs descendants qui proposent un logement de vacances.

Références

 Une histoire de Northumberland, John Hodgson (1840) Pt 2 Vol 3 p390.
 English Heritage: Heritage Gateway, description architecturale du bâtiment classé, Newbrough Hall

Liens externes

Monument classé de Grade II dans le Northumberland

Newbrough Hall


The Perils of Penelope Pitstop is an American animated television series produced by Hanna-Barbera Productions that premiered on CBS on September 13, 1969. The show ran for one season with a total of 17 half-hour episodes, the last first-run episode airing on January 17, 1970. Repeats aired on CBS until September 4, 1971; and in syndication as Fun World of Hanna-Barbera from 1976 to 1982. It is a spin-off of Wacky Races, reprising the characters of Penelope Pitstop and the Ant Hill Mob.

Rebroadcasts of the show air on the Cartoon Network-owned channel Boomerang and the series can be streamed in its entirety on the Boomerang streaming service.

Production
The series was patterned on the silent movie era melodrama cliffhanger movie serial The Perils of Pauline. It originally was to also star the characters of Dick Dastardly and Muttley, though Dastardly and Muttley were later dropped in pre-production. Those characters would be later reused in their own series, Dastardly and Muttley in Their Flying Machines.

Joe Ruby and Ken Spears were the head writers for the series, and Ruby, Spears, and Warner Bros. Cartoons veteran Michael Maltese wrote the stories for the individual episodes. Deciding to feature the characters in a different setting, studio heads decided to set the characters into an active adventure format strongly reminiscent of the 1910s.

Plot
The series features characters from Wacky Races, Penelope Pitstop and the Ant Hill Mob, the latter of whom take on the role of heroes in contrast to their previously nefarious personalities.

In each episode, Penelope's guardian, Sylvester Sneekly, attempts to claim Penelope's inheritance for himself by attacking her in the disguise of his sinister alter-ego the Hooded Claw. Aided by his twin henchmen the Bully Brothers, who always speak in unison, the Claw creates overly elaborate Rube Goldberg-style plots to do away with Penelope. Even though the Ant Hill Mob often come to Penelope's rescue, she herself often needs to save the Mob from the unintended effects of their attempts to rescue her. But just as quickly as Penelope is delivered from one quandary, she almost immediately finds herself ensnared in another one of the Claw's traps. Despite their overall bumbling, however, the Ant Hill Mob always manage to rescue Penelope and foil the Hooded Claw's plans in the end.

While Penelope is curiously helpless whenever the Hooded Claw grabs her, once he leaves her tied up for his fiendish plans to take effect she usually becomes resourceful and ingenious, sometimes coming up with spontaneous or creative methodologies to escape her own predicaments.

Characters
 Penelope Pitstop is the title character and the protagonist of the spin-off. She is the heiress who inherits the Pitstops' vast fortune, but is unaware that her guardian, Sylvester Sneekly, who disguises himself as the Hooded Claw, has plans to kill her for her fortune. She is often rescued by the Ant Hill Mob from her perils and she also rescues them when they fail to rescue her. Despite constantly being portrayed as the typical damsel-in-distress, Penelope is shown to be clever and resourceful when in danger.
 The Ant Hill Mob is a group of seven reduced height adventures. This incarnation is vastly altered from their Wacky Races incarnation where they are active gangsters constantly being chased by various law officials into a collection of thrill seekers who openly reflect characteristics of the Seven Dwarfs of the fairy tale Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs.  The Mob are usually the ones called upon to rescue Penelope when she is caught in one of the Hooded Claw's schemes.
 Clyde: The Moe Howard-like leader of the Mob. He is the only character who retains his Wacky Races format though drastically reduced in the Wacky Races aggressive nature
 Dum Dum: comedic foil to "straight man" Clyde and is the marksman of the group despite his reduced intellect.
 Pockets: inventor and technical support person of the group who carries an excessive number of devices or creating such devices from the source material he carries in his multitude of pockets visible on his suit.
 Snoozy: A constantly sleeping character.
 Softy: Cries at any opportunity, often at ironic times (often heard sobbing "Penelope is saved!").
 Yak Yak: In many ways Softy's opposite, Yak Yak instead chuckles at any opportunity, including inappropriate ones ("Hee-hee-hee-hee-hee-hoo! We're gonna crash! Hee-hee-hee-hee-hee-hoo!").
 Zippy: A character with impressive speed.
 Chugga-Boom (a.k.a. Chuggie): The Ant Hill Mob's sentient touring car.
 Sylvester Sneekly/the Hooded Claw: The guardian of Penelope Pitstop and the main antagonist of the spin-off, who plots to kill Penelope to inherit her vast fortune. Described by the show's narrator as "that villain of villains" in his disguise as the Hooded Claw, he manages to capture or kidnap Penelope, who is unaware of her guardian's secret identity. In most episodes, he usually makes deadly traps for Penelope to get her killed and thereby get her inheritance. However, he always fails to kill Penelope when the Ant Hill Mob rescues her or Penelope outsmarts him when she manages to free herself from his traps. When his plans are foiled, he angrily yells "Blast!"
 The Bully Brothers: The Hooded Claw's henchmen. The two large goons speak almost entirely in unison in a guttural voice: "Right, Claw."

Cast
 Janet Waldo as Penelope Pitstop
 Mel Blanc as Yak Yak, Chug-a-Boom, the Bully Brothers
 Don Messick as Dum Dum, Snoozy, Pockets, Zippy
 Paul Winchell as Clyde, Softy
 Gary Owens as Narrator
 Paul Lynde as Sylvester Sneekly/the Hooded Claw (uncredited)

Episodes

Home media
On , Warner Home Video (via Hanna-Barbera Cartoons and Warner Bros. Family Entertainment) released the complete series on DVD in Region 1 territories. The UK had the full series released on DVD on July 31, 2006 in Region 2 PAL format. The series is also available at the iTunes Store.

Cultural references
 The 1984 song "The Power of Love" by British dance-pop band Frankie Goes to Hollywood makes reference to the show's main villain, the Hooded Claw.
 The 2008 series Headcases featured segments parodying The Perils of Penelope Pitstop.
 The Hooded Claw appears in the Wacky Races episode "The Trial of Dick Dastardly" voiced by Tom Kenny impersonating Paul Lynde. He appears as the prosecutor at Dick Dastardly's trial. There is also a reference to the original voice actor Paul Lynde's appearances on the original 1966-1981 version of Hollywood Squares as the Hooded Claw is shown in a middle square. The Hooded Claw was planned to return in season 3 but the series was canceled after season 2.
 The Hooded Claw and the Bully Brothers will appear in Jellystone!.

References

External links

 The Perils of Penelope Pitstop  site
 The Perils of Penelope Pitstop at Don Markstein's Toonopedia. Archived from the original on September 4, 2015.

American children's animated comedy television series
1960s American animated television series
1970s American animated television series
1969 American television series debuts
1970 American television series endings
English-language television shows
Television series set in the 1910s
First-run syndicated television programs in the United States
CBS original programming
American animated television spin-offs
Television series by Hanna-Barbera
Wacky Races spin-offs

The Perils of Penelope Pitstop


León Gabalas (en griego: Λέων Γαβαλᾶς) fue un magnate griego bizantino, que en 1204, con la disolución del Imperio bizantino por la Cuarta Cruzada se apoderó de la isla de Rodas. Estableció allí un independiente, principado soberano, que se extendía por las cercanas islas del Egeo, reclamando los títulos de "César" y "Señor de Rodas y las Cícladas".

En 1226, el emperador de Nicea Juan III Vatatzés lanzó una expedición contra él y lo derrotó, obligándolo a reconocer la soberanía de Nicea. Sin embargo Gabalas mantuvo el control de Rodas, y pronto comenzó a reafirmar su independencia. En 1233, una nueva expedición nicena en su contra bajo Andrónico Paleólogo fracasó. Al año siguiente Gabalas firmó una alianza con Venecia contra Nicea, e incluso prestó apoyo a los venecianos contra la rebelión patrocinada por Nicea a los habitantes griegos de Creta. León gobernó Rodas hasta su muerte en 1239/1240, cuando fue sucedido por su hermano Juan Gabalas.

Bibliografía
 (En griego) το λήμμα Λέων Γαβαλάς του Παγκόσμιου Βιογραφικού Λεξικού της εγκυκλοπαίδειας της Εκδοτικής Αθηνών ISBN 960-213-114-4.
 (En griego) πληροφορίες από τον τόμο Ελληνική Ιστορία της εγκυκλοπαίδειας της Εκδοτικής Αθηνών ISBN 960-213-260-4.

 Setton, Kenneth M. (1976). The Papacy and the Levant (1204–1571), Volume I: The Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries. Philadelphia: The American Philosophical Society. ISBN 0-87169-114-0.

Referencias

Nacidos en año desconocido
Fallecidos en 1240
Nobles del Imperio bizantino del siglo XIII
Rodas

León Gabalas


Quvenzhané Wallis (/kwə.ˈvɛn.ʒə.neɪ/ kwə-VEN-zhə-nay; født 28. august 2003) er en amerikansk skuespillerinde. Hun blev nomineret til en Oscar for bedste kvindelige hovedrolle, for sin præstation i Beasts of the Southern Wild; i en alder af bare 8 år og er dermed den yngste til at blive nomineret, samt den første person født i det 21. århundrede til at blive nomineret.

I 2014 medvirkede Wallis i genindspilningen Annie, som hun modtog en Golden Globe nominering for bedste kvindelige hovedrolle i en film - Komedie eller Musical.

Kildehenvisninger

Eksterne henvisninger

Skuespillere fra Louisiana

Quvenzhané Wallis


Dalkurd FF (DFF) er en svensk-kurdisk fodboldklub fra Borlänge. Klubben blev grundlagt af kurdere den 26. september 2004. Klubben spillede sin første ligakamp i 2005 i Division 6. og Dalkurd betragtes som et "landshold" blandt kurdere. Klubben klatrede fra Division 6 til Division 1 på fem sæsoner.

Klubben spiller fra 2018 i den bedste svenske fodboldliga, Allsvenskan

Dalkurd FF er forbundet til Dalarna Fodboldforbund.

Historie

Klubben blev grundlagt år 2004 af kurdere fra Borlänge og startede som et socialt projekt. Formålet med klubben var at bidrage til de unge i Borlänge ved at tillbyde aktiviteter for dem. I den første sæson bestod truppen af en gennemsnitsalder på 17 år. Udover at bidrage til de unge havde formanden, Ramazan Kizil, en høj forventning fra fodboldspillere og det ultimative mål: Han ønskede at tage Dalkurd FF til de højere  niveauer i den svenske liga. Dalkurd vandt hver division de deltog i fra deres første sæson i 2005 og frem til 2009. Denne succes bragte dem en masse opmærksomhed i medierne, både i Sverige og i andre lande.

Klubben undgik snævert en katastrofe, da de skulle rejse hjem fra Spanien i marts 2015. Klubben havde oprindeligt til hensigt at flyve fra Barcelona til Düsseldorf på Germanwings Flight 9525, men ændrede deres bestilling i sidste øjeblik, da de besluttede at ventetid i Tyskland ville være for lang.  Flight 4U 9525 styrtede ned i de franske alper den 24. marts og dræbte alle om bord.

Supporters
Klubbens officielle fanklub er Roj Fans, der dannes af et par tilhængere fra Västerås 2010.

Spillertrup

Trænere

Trænerstab 2018

 Azrudin Valentic – Cheftræner
 Amir Azrafshan - Assisterende træner
 Peter Björklund – Målmandstræner
 Omar Fandi – Materialeforvaltere
 Niclas Dymling – Kiropraktor
 Pálmar Hreinsson – Fysioterapeut
 Masih Khedri – Læge

Oversigt sidst opdateret: .

Trænere gennem tiden

Placeringer gennem årene

Referencer

Fodboldklubber i Sverige
Etableret i 2004

Dalkurd FF


El Mercado Barceló puede hacer a dos conceptos:
 El Mercado de Barceló es un mercado de abastos ubicado en la calle Barceló (Madrid).
 El Mercado de Barceló una recopilación de artículos de la escritora Almudena Grandes publicados entre 1999 y 2002 en el diario El País.

Mercado Barceló (desambiguación)


La maison, 42 rue de la Concorde est une ancienne demeure particulière dans la ville d'Amboise, dans le département français d'Indre-et-Loire.

Construite à la charnière des , ses façades, sa toiture et des cheminées intérieures sont inscrites comme monuments historiques en 1948.

Localisation
Situé en bordure de la Loire en contrebas du château, la maison possède deux façades, la principale au sud sur la rue de la Concorde, l'autre au nord sur le quai Guinot.

Histoire
La maison est construite à la fin du  ou au début du .

Sa façade méridionale et la toiture correspondante, ainsi que deux cheminées à hotte à l'intérieur du bâtiment, sont inscrites comme monuments historiques par arrêté du .

Description
Deux étages en encorbellement s'élèvent sur le rez-de-chaussée. La façade méridionale de la maison présente deux étages à pans de bois en encorbellement au-dessus d'un rez-de-chaussée en pierre de taille. Des poteaux corniers et des traverses moulurées soutiennent le premier étage. Deux cheminées à hotte soutenues par des piédroits moulurés subsistent à l'intérieur de la maison, dotée par ailleurs d'une cage d'escalier à pans coupés.

Notes et références

Pour en savoir plus

Bibliographie
 .
 .
 .

Articles connexes
 Liste des monuments historiques d'Amboise

Liens externes

Monument historique inscrit en 1948
Patrimoine du XVe siècle
Monument historique à Amboise
Maison monument historique (France)

Maison à pans de bois (Amboise, 42, rue de la Concorde)


Zsófia Torma (Csicsókeresztúr, 26 de setembro de 1832 – Szászváros, 14 de novembro de 1899) foi uma arqueóloga, antropóloga e paleontóloga húngara.

Biografia
Torma nasceu em Csicsókeresztúr, Condado de Beszterce-Naszód, Áustria-Hungria (hoje Cristeștii Ciceului, Condado de Bistrița-Năsăud, Romênia). Depois que seus pais morreram, ela se mudou com sua irmã para Szászváros, agora na Romênia, onde começou a estudar as fazendas de caracóis que encontrou no condado de Hunedoara.

Ela era principalmente autodidata. Em 1875, ela foi incentivada por Flóris Rómer, considerado por alguns como o pai da arqueologia húngara, a iniciar suas próprias escavações no antigo assentamento de Turdas, ao longo do Rio Mureş. Os símbolos e inscrições em objetos de barro que ela encontrou durante uma escavação no condado de Hunyad tornaram-se uma sensação arqueológica. Ela também encontrou artefatos da cultura Tordos de  a  anos, alguns dos quais estavam cobertos com símbolos Vinca. Segundo Gizela:

Zsófia Torma foi a primeira a descobrir a cultura neolítica de Tordos, chamando a atenção para a ligação entre os signos de Tordos e a alfabetização assírio-babilônica, a penetração da literatura suméria pelo sudeste da Europa. Trabalhou em Tordos durante vinte anos, mais de trinta anos antes da descoberta dos achados e dissertações cuidadosamente recolhidos e extremamente valiosos sobre eles, pois a cultura Vinca-Tordos só foi explorada em 1908.

Torma teve sérios problemas financeiros causados por suas escavações autofinanciadas. Ela também lutou com arqueólogos em seu próprio país, que "a ridicularizaram e a ignoraram, como mulher e amadora no campo da arqueologia, bem como suas ideias e esforços inovadores".  No entanto, seus achados e escritos encontraram aceitação entre pesquisadores estrangeiros que mantinham longas correspondências com ela.

Seu trabalho mais conhecido, o Ethnographische Analogien, foi publicado em Jena, Alemanha, em 1894.

Torma teve um papel importante na fundação do Museu Nacional de História da Transilvânia de Kolozsvár (atual Cluj-Napoca). Em seu testamento, ela deixou sua coleção de  peças arqueológicas para o Museu de Medalhas e Antiguidades do Museu Nacional da Transilvânia.

Em 24 de maio de 1899, apenas alguns meses antes de sua morte, ela se tornou a primeira mulher a ser nomeada médica honorária no Kolozsvári m. kir. Ferencz József Tudomány, o que é hoje a Universidade Babeș-Bolyai.

Torma morreu em Szászváros (atual Orăştie), em 14 de novembro de 1899.

Ver também

 Cronologia das mulheres na ciência

Bibliografia

 Coltofean, Laura. 2017. Zsófia Torma: Uma pioneira da arqueologia pré-histórica na Transilvânia do século XIX. (em inglês). Em: C. Szabó, V. Rusu-Bolindeț, GT Rustoiu, M. Gligor (eds. ): Adalbert Cserni e seus contemporâneos. Os pioneiros de Alba Iulia e além. Mega Editora, Cluj-Napoca, 2017: 327-354.
 Coltofean, Laura. 2015. Fotografia de objetos na arqueologia do século XIX. (em inglês). As Fotografias da Coleção Arqueológica de Zsófia Torma. Brukenthal. Acta museu X.1: 35-48.
 Coltofean, Laura. 2015. Importanța ediției a opta a Congrès international dꞌanthropologie et dꞌarchéologie préhistoriques în dezvoltarea arheologiei preistorice în Transilvania secolului al XIX-lea / The Importance of CIAAP 1876 in the Development of Prehistoric Archaeology in 19th Century Transylvania. (em romeno) In: ArheoVest, nº. III / No. III: In Memoriam Florin Medeleț (1943-2005), Interdisciplinaritate în Arheologie [ Interdisciplinaridade em Arqueologia ], Timişoara, 28 de novembro de 2015 / 28 de novembro de 2015, Vol. 2: Metode Interdisciplinare și Istorie [ Métodos Interdisciplinares e História ] : 1035-1055. ISBN 978-963-315-264-5
 Coltofean, Laura. 2014. Revelando Zsófia Torma. O diário de uma mulher, uma arqueóloga e uma visionária. (em inglês) In: Marler, Joan (ed. ), Cinquenta Anos de Escavações Tărtăria. Festschrift em homenagem a Gheorghe Lazarovici por ocasião de seu 73º aniversário . Sebastopol: 258-273.
 Coltofean, Laura. 2012. Quando a paixão é mais forte que a morte… Reflexões de Zsófia Torma. (em inglês). Brukenthalia. Revisão da história cultural romena 2: 67-77.

Mulheres cientistas do século XIX
Mulheres na paleontologia
Mortos em 1899
Nascidos em 1832
!Mais Teoria da História na Wiki (Wikiconcurso de edição)

Zsófia Torma


Everything to Everyone (commonly abbreviated E2E) is the sixth full-length studio album by Barenaked Ladies. It was released in 2003 and was produced by Ron Aniello. Singles from the album include "Another Postcard", "Testing 1, 2, 3", "For You", "Celebrity" and "Maybe Katie". The content of the album is noted for its increased political commentary over previous albums. This was their last album with Reprise Records (or any major label for that matter) before switching to a more independent label, Desperation Records and subsequently Raisin' Records.

Creative process
After recording and touring incessantly from 1995 until 2001, the quintet opted to take some time off for 2002 and most of 2003. It was the first long-term hiatus for the band since their inception. Upon returning to the recording studio to begin recording what would become Everything to Everyone, BNL adopted a new policy of keeping the writing exclusively within the band members. This resulted in increased contribution from Jim Creeggan and Kevin Hearn, and the band ended up recording more songs than usual (which in turn resulted in a 14-song album plus a bonus track). The album was recorded in Los Angeles, and was the first album the band recorded following the inception of their online blog. This allowed the band to communicate with their fans on a continual basis during the recording, and gave additional insight into the creative process.

The band took to the facility's B-studio near the end of the recording to record versions of the album's songs on acoustic instruments. This was quickly set up, and drummer Tyler Stewart ended up using a drum kit assembled from various unusual objects. The band performed eleven songs which comprised the entire released album except for "Shopping", "Unfinished", "War on Drugs" and the bonus track "Yes! Yes!! Yes!!!". This acoustic session proved successful, and a similar performance would be undertaken for their next album, Barenaked Ladies Are Me (abbreviated as BLAM).

The album's cover was painted by Canadian Chris Woods, and depicts the band in profile displaying a white flag of surrender. The title text was displayed over the flag, though to preserve the meaning of the white flag, the album title was not printed on the cover itself. It was instead placed as a sticker on the transparent wrapping, and was "flat", not wavy to match the flag's contours. For the special edition, the title was on the clear plastic sleeve, and matched the flag's waves. The original painting, a 60" x 60" oil on canvas, reportedly hangs at Page's farmhouse studio, Fresh Baked Woods.

Tracks recorded but not included on the album:
 "Statue of Los Angeles" (unreleased) – a Hearn song; released on his album The Miracle Mile
 "Sign Me Up" (unreleased) – described as "basically us swearing our heads off for six minutes"
 "Adrift" (re-recorded for BLAM, and released on the album Stop Us If You've Heard This One Before)
 "What a Let Down" (re-recorded for BLAM)
 "I Can, I Will, I Do" (previously recorded on Disc One, and re-recorded for BLAM; appears on iTunes Originals - Barenaked Ladies. Later released on Stop Us If You've Heard This One Before).
 "Yes! Yes!! Yes!!!" (bonus track on the special edition's DVD, and b-side on the UK single for "Celebrity". Later released on Stop Us If You've Heard This One Before).

As with each of their early albums, the band recorded one song, "Sign Me Up", completely naked. Everything to Everyone is the band's last album for which a naked track (recorded in the nude) was recorded.

Release
The album was released in three versions:
The standard 14-track album
A limited edition, marked with a sticker, that contained three bonus tracks from the acoustic session
A special edition in a threefold digipack with plastic sleeve; with the standard CD, and a bonus DVD labeled Everything Else (containing DVD-Audio of the album including bonus track "Yes! Yes!! Yes!!!", and both video and stereo-audio forms of the acoustic show, and several video clips from the recording studio)

The album's first single was "Another Postcard", which many fans perceived as an attempt by the record company to repeat the success of hit singles "One Week" from Stunt and "Pinch Me" from Maroon, which have similar styles and rap-based vocals. Though the band appeared on a number of major U.S. talk shows to promote it, the single was not significantly successful. The band supported the album release with a U.S. tour called the Peepshow tour, which was not a typical promotional tour for the band and was seen as being somewhat geared towards the band's biggest fans, rather than promoting the album to casual fans. Everything to Everyone debuted in the Canadian and US Top 10, but dropped fairly quickly down the charts. At the time it was only the band's second album to have not at least been certified Gold in the US, along with 1994's Maybe You Should Drive.

The album's second single, "Testing 1,2,3", was released early in 2004 with its own music video, coinciding with a more traditional arena tour. A different single, "Maybe Katie", was released to radio in Canada. The album, however, did not see a significant resurgence in sales.

A third single, "For You", was released on a single with the album version and a live version from Glasgow, Scotland, but did not receive a video. The song received little airplay. In the UK, "Celebrity" was released as a radio and commercial single.

DualDisc version
Everything to Everyone was included among a group of 15 DualDisc releases that were test marketed in Boston and Seattle. It contains the standard CD album on one side, and bonus DVD material on the second side. The DualDisc version has not been reissued.

Track listing

Personnel

Barenaked Ladies
Jim Creeggan – double bass, electric bass, vocals,
Kevin Hearn – organ, acoustic guitar, mandolin, piano, accordion, electric guitar, keyboards, vocals, saw, vibraphone
Steven Page – acoustic guitar, electric guitar, vocals
Ed Robertson – acoustic guitar, electric guitar, vocals
Tyler Stewart – drums, percussion, vocals

Additional personnel
Ron Aniello – banjo, percussion, electric guitar
Charlie Bisharat – violin
Blue Man Group (Chris Bowen, Matt Goldman, Brian Scott, Phil Stanton, Chris Wink) – percussion
Larry Corbett – cello
Joel Derouin – violin
Yvonne Gallegos – vocals
Annabelle Hill – vocals
Chris Wonzer – vocals
Roberto "Tiny" Menegoni – percussion

Production
Producer: Ron Aniello
Engineers: Tim Oberthier, Clint Roth, Eric Sarafin, Ed Thacker
Assistant engineers: Daniel Kresco, Brian Wohlgemuth, Chris Wonzer
Mixing: Mike Shipley
Mastering: Bob Ludwig
Digital Editing: Clint Roth
A&R: Jeffrey Aldrich
String arrangements: Jim Creeggan
String contractor: Suzie Katayama
Design: Stephen Walker
Collage: Phil Mucci
Photography: Phil Mucci
Cover painting: Chris Woods
Office coordinator: Jonathan Abrams

References

External links

Barenaked Ladies albums
2003 albums
Reprise Records albums

Everything to Everyone


Tevbe Suresi (Arapça: سورة التوبة) veya Berâe Suresi, Kur'an'ın dokuzuncu suresidir. Sure 129 ayetten oluşur.

Tamamı Medine'de indirilen(son iki ayet hariç) indiriliş sırasıyla 113. suredir. Sure ismini, Allah'ın kendisine samimiyetle inanan ve tövbe edenleri affedeceğini bildirdiği 104. ayetinden almaktadır. Diğer surelerin aksine bu surenin başında 'besmele' bulunmamaktadır. İslam alimleri bunu Enfal Suresi'nin devamı niteliğinde olduğunu belirtse de diğer alimlere göre inkarcılara bir uyarıyla başladığı için içinde Allah'ın 'rahmet' isimleri geçen besmelenin konmadığı yönündedir.

Tevbe Suresi, Mekkeli paganlara bir uyarı niteliğindedir. Keza ilk ayeti de bu yönde bir uyarıyla başlamaktadır: "Allah ve Resûlünden, kendileriyle antlaşma yapmış olduğunuz müşriklere bir ültimatomdur."  Surede yaptıkları antlaşmalara bağlı kalmayan puta tapanlara "haram aylar"ın bitmesine kadar süre verildiği, süre bitiminde nerede bulunurlarsa yakalanıp öldürülecekleri, antlaşmalara bağlı kalanlara karşı ise antlaşmalara bağlı kalınmasının gerekliliği ifade edilir.

Tevbe Suresi'nin başında besmele bulunmaması hakkında İslam bilimcileri iddialar öne sürmüşlerdir.
 Ali'nin bir rivayetine dayandırılan iddiaya göre surenin yaptıkları antlaşmaları bozan paganlara bir uyarı niteliği taşımasından dolayı başına besmele yazılmamıştır. Besmelede Allah'ın şefkat ve affedici sıfatını vurgulayan iki isim olmasından dolayı paganlara affın ve şefkatin söz konusu olmamasıdır.
 Bir diğer iddiaya göre ise bu sure Enfal Suresi'nin devamı niteliğinde olduğundan ayrı bir sure olarak algılanmamış ve Müslümanlar tarafından besmelesiz olarak yazılagelmiştir.
 Diğer iddia ise bu âyetteki kıtal (öldürme) emrinin bulunmasıdır.

Dokuzuncu ayetine kılıç ayeti ismi verilen Tevbe suresinde savaştan bahsedilir.

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
Diyanet İşleri Başkanlığı'na göre Tevbe Suresi

Sureler

Tevbe Suresi


Takeshi Aoki (; født 28. september 1982) er en japansk fodboldspiller, som spiller for den japanske fodboldklub Sagan Tosu.

Japans fodboldlandshold

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Eksterne henvisninger

Japan National Football Team Database

Fodboldspillere fra Japan

Takeshi Aoki


بلدية أرينالس دي سان جريجوريو ، هي إحدى بلديات مقاطعة سيوداد ريال إحدى مقاطعات إسبانيا، والتي تقع في منطقة قشتالة لا منتشا وسط إسبانيا.

يبلغ عدد سكانها 727 نسمة وفقاً لإحصائية سنة (2007).

مراجع

أماكن مأهولة في ثيوداد ريال
بلديات سيوداد ريال

أرينالس دي سان جريجوريو (سيوداد ريال)


I'll Never Forget What's 'Isname (title on the original British posters and on the DVD cover) or I'LL NEVER FORGET WHAT'S 'iSNAME (title on the original print, trailer and soundtrack album) is a 1967 British comedy-drama film directed and produced by Michael Winner. It stars Oliver Reed and Orson Welles. The film deals with creativity and commercialism. An interesting fact. Oliver Reed's uncle Carol Reed had directed Orson Welles in the 1949 film THE THIRD MAN.

Plot
The opening credits run as a man carries a large axe through the streets of London. He then enters an office and destroys a desk with the axe. The man, Quint (Oliver Reed) works for Dallafield Advertising alongside Lute (Orson Welles). Quint has a string of affairs with younger women despite being married. He begins to recall his torturous school days, and these memories entwine with the present.

Quint attempts to get back at his boss Jonathan Lute by making a negative commercial reusing themes from earlier in the film, including Lute saying "The number one product of all human endeavor is waste... waste." The commercial, advertising a Super-8 camera, talks about capturing events while you still can before everything is destroyed and discarded. It ends with Quint operating a car crusher and destroying numerous cameras. The commercial is hailed as a masterpiece, and wins an award, but Quint hurls the award into the River Thames, and escapes into Swinging London.

Cast

Soundtrack
The soundtrack by Francis Lai was released on LP by Decca Records.

Reception
The film received generally positive reviews.

Controversy
In the United States, the film was denied a MPAA seal of approval due to a scene between Oliver Reed and Carol White which supposedly implied cunnilingus. Winner, in his audio commentary, said he considered the scene to show masturbation. The Catholic League inaccurately described it as "fellatio". Universal distributed the film through Regional Film Distributors, a subsidiary that was not a member of the MPAA. Along with a similar scene in Charlie Bubbles (1967), this helped to bring about the end of the Production Code in the U.S. and its replacement with a ratings system.

The film has been incorrectly named as the first mainstream film to propose the use in the dialogue of "fuck". In fact, the BBFC certified the film after demanding the removal, or at least obscuring, of the word fucking (via the sound of a car horn) in June 1967, three months later than Ulysses, which suffered heavier cuts. The error seems to have arisen because of a longstanding lack of easily obtainable film release date information.

References

External links

1967 films
1967 comedy films
British comedy films
British satirical films
1960s English-language films
Films about advertising
Films directed by Michael Winner
Films set in London
Films scored by Francis Lai
Films produced by Michael Winner
Adultery in films
1960s British films

I'll Never Forget What's'isname


Viscount Younger of Leckie, of Alloa in the County of Clackmannan, is a title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. It was created on 20 February 1923 for the Unionist politician Sir George Younger, 1st Baronet. He had already been created a Baronet, of Leckie in the County of Clackmannan, in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom, on 12 July 1911. His grandson, the third Viscount, served as Lord Lieutenant of Stirlingshire (renamed Stirling and Falkirk in 1975) from 1964 to 1979, whilst the third Viscount's brother was Labour MP Kenneth Younger. His son, the fourth Viscount, was a prominent Conservative politician. In 1992, five years before he succeeded his father, he was created a life peer as Baron Younger of Prestwick, of Ayr in the District of Kyle and Carrick. , the titles are held by his son, the fifth Viscount, who succeeded in 2003 and joined the House of Lords as an elected hereditary peer in 2010.

The family seat is Leckie House, near Gargunnock, Stirlingshire.

Viscount Younger of Leckie (1923)
George Younger, 1st Viscount Younger of Leckie (1851–1929)
James Younger, 2nd Viscount Younger of Leckie (1880–1946)
Edward George Younger, 3rd Viscount Younger of Leckie (1906–1997)
George Kenneth Hotson Younger, 4th Viscount Younger of Leckie (1931–2003)
James Edward George Younger, 5th Viscount Younger of Leckie (born 1955)

The heir apparent is the present holder's son, the Hon. Alexander William George Younger (born 1993)

Line of succession

  George Younger, 1st Viscount Younger of Leckie (1851–1929)
  James Younger, 2nd Viscount Younger of Leckie (1880–1946)
  Edward George Younger, 3rd Viscount Younger of Leckie (1906–1997)
   George Kenneth Hotson Younger, 4th Viscount Younger of Leckie, Baron Younger of Prestwick (1931–2003)
  James Edward George Younger, 5th Viscount Younger of Leckie (born 1955)
 (1) Hon. Alexander William George Younger (born 1993)
 (2) Hon. Charles Gerald Alexander Younger (born 1959)
 (3) Geordie Charles Kenneth Younger (born 1997)
 (4) Hon. Andrew Seymour Robert Younger (born 1962)
 Hon. Alexander James Younger (1933–2016)
 (5) Nicholas Gerald Gilmour Younger (born 1963)
 (6) Rupert Edward Alexander Younger (born 1966)
 (7) Alec Gilmour Younger (born 1998)
 Hon. Robert Edward Gilmour Younger (1940–2012)
 (8) Fergus Robert Younger (born 1975)
 Hon. Kenneth Gilmour Younger (1908–1976)
 (9) (James) Samuel Younger (born 1951)
 (10) Edward Kenneth Spencer Younger (born 1986)

Arms

References

Kidd, Charles & Williamson, David (editors). Debrett's Peerage and Baronetage (1990 edition). New York: St Martin's Press, 1990,

Viscountcies in the Peerage of the United Kingdom
Noble titles created in 1923
Noble titles created for UK MPs

Viscount Younger of Leckie


Yulaf (Avena), bol nişastalı taneleri (tohumları) için yetiştirilen bir tarım bitkisi. Daha çok hayvan yemi olarak kullanılan bu tahıldan insanların beslenmesinde de yararlanılır. Bir yulaf tarlası, buğday ya da arpa başaklarına benzemeyen, salkım biçimindeki dağınık başakları sayesinde öbürlerinden kolayca ayırt edilebilir. Sapçıkların ucunda bulunan başakcıkların her biri iki ya da üç tohum içerir. Dışları kılıfta (iç kavuz) örtülü olan bu tohumların ikisini (ya da üçünü) birden yeniden zarsı iki yaprak (dış kavuz) kuşatır.

Yulafın beyaz, siyah, sarı, kırmızı ya da boz tohumlu, kısa ya da uzun saplı pek çok çeşidi vardır. Tarım uzmanlarının öteden beri sürdürdükleri çalışmalarla değişik iklim ve toprak koşullarına uygun yulaf çeşitleri geliştirilmiştir. Örneğin, bunlardan kırmızı yulaf sıcak ve nemli iklimlerde yetiştirilir.

Yulafın dünyaya, yabanıl olarak yetiştiği Asya'nın batısı ile Avrupa'nın doğusu arasında kalan bölgelerden yayıldığı sanılır. Yabanıl yulaflardan türeyerek günümüze ulaşmış olan kültür yulafları içinde en çok yetiştirileni hiç kuşkusuz Avena sativa türüdür. Bugün yulaf, arpa ve çavdardan daha büyük miktarlarda üretilen bir tahıldır. Serin ve nemli iklimleri sevdiği için en iyi Avrupa'nın batı ve İskandinav ülkelerinini de içine alan kuzey bölümlerinde, Rusya'da ve Kuzey Amerika'da yetişir. Bununla birlikte Avustralya ve Yeni Zelanda'da da ekilir. Yulaf fazla yağış almayan kurak yerlerde kalın kavuzlu, uzunca tohumlar verir.

ABD ve Rusya dünyanın en çok yulaf üreten ülkeleridir; ama, İskoçya, İsveç ve Finlandiya gibi küçük kuzey ülkelerinde, buğday ve çavdardan daha iyi ürün verdiği için yulaftan geniş ölçüde yararlanılır. Türkiye'de ise başlıca Marmara, Ege ve İç Anadolu bölgelerinde yetiştirilen yulafın üretimi 350 bin tona yaklaşır.

Bol miktarda nişasta ile protein, vitamin ve mineraller de içeren yulaf taneleri en çok hayvan yemi olarak kullanılır. Ayrıca bitki tazeyken biçilerek yeşil yem ya da taneler hasat edildikten sonra kuru yem olarak hayvanlara yedirilir. Yulaf unundan hazırlanan hamur buğday unu gibi kabarmadığından ekmek yapımında kullanılmaz. Yulaf unundan daha çok lapa ya da gözleme gibi yiyecekler yapılır; taneleri ise özellikle kahvaltı için hazırlanan, besleyici değeri yüksek tahıl karışımlarına katılır. Yulaf eskiden buğdayın pahalı olduğu dönemlerde onun yerini almıştır. Bugün de kuzey ülkelerinde yulafın gıda ürünleri arasında küçümsenmeyecek bir yeri vardır.

Yulaf üretiminin yapıldığı bölgelerin çoğunda yulaf ilkbaharda ekilir. Kış yulafları dona ve kara dayanıklı olmadığı için Kuzey Kutbu'na yakın bölgelerde yetiştirilemez. Aynı arpa gibi yulaf da bazen üçgül ve buğdaygillerden öbür bazı bitkilerin fidelerini güneş ve rüzgârın zararlı etkisinden korunmak için, onlarla birlikte ekilir.

Sınıflandırma
Yulafların iç kavuz uçlarının sorguçlu veya dişli, kromozon sayılarına, yabani ve kavuzlu ya da çıplak daneli kültür formu oluşlarına göre sınıflandırılmaktadır.

Aristulatae (sorguçlu yulaflar)
İç kavuzun uçları iki parçalı tüy şeklinde uzamıştır. Bu yüzden diploid ve tetraploid grup yulaf türlerine "sorguçlu yulaflar" adı verilir. Bazı Avrupa kıyılarında, Akdeniz çevresinde, Habeşistan, İran, Afganistan dolaylarında yayılmıştır. Bu grup yulaflarında vegetatif ve generatif organlar küçük, bitkiler cılızdır. Daneleri ufak, ermeleri eş zamanlı ve dökülmeleri çok fazladır. Diploid ve tetraploid yulafların dünya yulafçılığında fazla önemleri yoktur. Bu grup yulafların orijini Akdeniz çevresindeki ülkelerdir.

Denticulatae (dişli yulaflar)
İç kavuzun ucu iki parçalı diş şeklini almıştır. Bu bakımdan hekzoploid yulaflara "Dişli yulaflar" adı verilir.
Avena fatua (yabani beyaz yulaf): Türkiye'de yaygın bir tarla zararlı otu olarak bulunur ve erken olgunlaşıp dökülür.  Dökülen tohumlar çimlenme ermelerini bölüm bölüm ve birkaç yıl içinde tamamladıklarından, yabani yulafla kirlenen bir tarlada ertesi yıl hiç tohum dökülmese bile, yine yabani yulaf bitkileri ortaya çıkar. Erme zamanında öteki bitkilerden daha beyaz görünür. Başakcığı saptan kopunca (ya da koparılınca)  birinci danenin dibi oyuk görünür. Başakçıkta ikinci dane birinciden ayrılınca (koparılınca), iki daneyi birbirine bağlayan sapçık parçası birinci danenin karın kısmında kalır. Başakcığın dibi ve sapçık tüylüdür. İç kavuzlarda dişlilik belirli değildir. Kılçıklar kısa olmakla birlikte, kaba ve büyüktür.
Avena sativa (beyaz yulaf) :Dünyadaki kültür yulafının 2/3'ünü oluşturur. Orta Anadolu bölgesinde yaygın olarak ekilmektedir. Ekonomik önemi fazladır. Koparılan başakcığın dibinde A. Fatua'da olduğu gibi çukurluk görülmez; çoğu çeşitlerde burası, sivri bir nokta ya da çıkıntı halindedir. Alt ve ikinci daneyi birbirine bağlayan sapçık parçası, ikinci daneyi koparınca, tümüyle birinci danenin karın kısmında kalır. Bu türe giren çeşitlerin çoğunda, daneler beyazdır, sarı gri-siyah renkli çeşitleri de vardır. İç kavuzlarda, sapçık ve başakçık dibinde tüylülük gösterebilir. Çoğunlukla kılçıksızdırlar; bazı çeşitlerde alt danede zayıf bir kılçık bulunur.
Avena nuda (çıplak yulaf) : Daneleri oldukça iri ve çıplaktır; içkavuz ve kapçık öteki türlerde olduğu gibi daneyi sıkıca sarmamıştır.  "İri daneli çıplak yulaf'ta denilir. Bu türde başakcık ekseninin boğumları çok uzamıştır ve başakcıklar çok çiçeklidir. Kavuzlar çok gevşek olduğundan dane dökümü fazladır. Karyopsiz üzerinde tüylülük de fazladır.
Avena sterilis(kırmızı yabani yulaf): Akdeniz çevresinde ve özellikle Türkiye'de yaygındır.
Avena byzantina(kırmızı yulaf) : Kavuzlu kültür formunun bu türden çıktığı kabul edilir. Son yıllarda kışa dayanıklı çeşitler bu tür içinden elde edilmesiyle, yeryüzünde ekimi gitgide genişlemektedir. Akdeniz, Ege ve Marmara ve Trakya bölgelerinde yaygın olarak ekilmektedir. Bitki boylu, yaprakları geniş, daneleri iridir. Tahıl tarlalarının zararlı otlarındandır. Başakcığın dip kısmı, başakcık ekseni boğumları ve içkavuzun sırtı tüylüdür

Adaptasyon
Yulaf kültürü 640 kuzey, 350 güney enlemleri arasında yayılmıştır; önemli alanları ise kuzey yarımkürede 400-550 enlemleri arasıdır. Yayılışın kuzey sınırına çıkabilen yulaflar, A sativa çeşitleridir. Daha ılıman bölgelerde ise kırmızı yulaf çeşitleri yayılmıştır.

İklim İstekleri
Yulaf, serin iklim tahılları içerisinde iklim istekleri en fazla olan bir genustur. Daha çok sahil bölgelerinde, dağ eteklerindeki ovalarda yetiştirilir. Yulaftan iyi ürün alınabilmesi, bitkinin vejetasyon süresindeki yağışların iyi dağılmasına ve havanın fazla sıcak olmamasına bağlıdır. Çimlenmeden başaklanmaya kadar geçen devrelerde serin bir hava (15 0C'yi geçmeyen) ve yüksek bir nem ister. 1 g. kuru madde oluşturmak için 600 g'ın üstünde su ister. Yıllık yağış 700–800 mm olan yerler yulaf için en uygun yerlerdir. Çok az nemli yerlerde yetişse de verim düşer. Böyle yerlerde gerekli suyu alabilmesi için kökler yanlara ve derinlere doğru fazla gelişir. Kumlu bölgelerde ve kurak ve sıcak yerlerde su yetersizliği özellikle generatif devrede çok fazla olur. Bu bölgelerde yulaf ekimi, kurakların başlamasından önce ermeye geçebileceği uygun bir tarihte yapılır. Yulaf kışa pek dayanıklı değildir. Isının –150C'ye düştüğü yerlerde yulafı kışlık olarak yetiştirmek sakıncalıdır. Bu nedenle kışlık yulaf kültürü daha ılıman bölgelerde yerleşmiştir. Bir bölgenin kışına dayanabilen çeşitlerle kışlık ekimde bitkilerin kök sistemi kuvvetli, gelişme devresi uzun olduğundan, bitkiler yazlık bölgede ekilen yulaftan 5-10 gün önce ermesini tamamlar dolayısıyla dane ve saman verimi daha yüksek, hastalık ve böceklerden zarar görmesi daha az olur. Çok nemli ve güneşlenmesi az olan bölgelerde yatma problemi önem kazanır.

Toprak İstekleri
Çavdardan sonra, toprak seçiciliği en az olan yulaf, yeteri kadar nemi bulunan en fakir topraklarda bile yetişir. Kök sistemi çok kuvvetlidir, yanlara ve derinlere doğru iyi gelişir. Çok ağır ve havasız topraklarda toprak yüzeyine yakın kökler meydana getirerek havalanmayı sağlar. Killi-tınlı ve kumlu fakat hümüsü bol olan topraklarda yeter nem bulabilirse en yüksek verimi getirebilir. Toprak reaksiyonuna duyarlılığı fazla değildir.  Bunun içindir ki,  bataklık yerlerin kurutularak tarlaya çevrilmesinde ilk ele alınıp yetiştirilecek kültür bitkisi yulaftır. Yulaf, toprak tuzluluğuna da arpadan daha dayanıklıdır.

Yulaf kültürü

Toprak işleme
Yulaf genellikle yağışı bol taban yerlerde ekildiğinden, bu toprakların tava gelmesi kolay olmadığı hallerde toprak devrilerek sürülebilir. Böyle yerlerde su kaybı önemli olmadığı gibi, devirerek işleme ile ilk gelişmesi çok yavaş olan yulaf için yabancı otlara karşı daha iyi bir mücadele yapılmış olur. Kuru ziraat bölgelerinde ise toprak, suyu uçurmayacak ve erozyonu önleyecek şekilde, kırlangıçkuyruğu pulluklar veya kazayağı ile devrilmeden alttan işlenerek otlar yok edilir. Tarla otlandıkça aynı aletlerle ikileme gerekirse üçleme yapılarak tarla hazırlanır.

Gübreleme
Ahır gübresi toprağın su tutmasını ve havalanmasını sağladığından yulafta verimi çok artırır. Killi topraklarda 2-2.5 ton ahır gübresi verme uygun bir gübrelemedir. Azot devamlı kardeşlenmeye sebep olduğundan, bu yüzden de aynı bitki üzerinde ermesini tamamlayan saplar yanında yeni çiçeklenen saplar bulunacağından hasat çok güçleşir. Bunun içindir ki azot gübresinin yulafa fazla verilmesi doğru değildir. En iyisi azotlu gübrenin büyük çoğunluğu başaklanmadan hemen önceki devrede verilmelidir. Verilecek gübre miktarı ortalama olarak dönüme 4 kg N, 4–6 kg P2O5 üzerinden hesaplanmalıdır. Fosforlu gübrenin tamamı, verilecek azotlu gübrenin 1/3'ü tohumla beraber verilir. Geriye kalan azot ise başaklanmadan önce verilmelidir.

Ekim nöbeti
Yulaf köklerinin topraktan zor alınabilen besin maddelerini ve suyu alma gücü buğday ve arpaya göre daha fazladır. Özellikle kurak bölgelerde yulafın arpa ve buğday anızına ekilmesi doğru değildir. Yulaftan sonra da hemen ara vermeden diğer tahılların ekimi de yapılmamalıdır. Çünkü yulaf tarlanın suyunu iyice sömürür. Kurak bölgelerde sınırlı olan su azalacağından yulaftan sonra gelen buğday, arpa veya yine yulaf kuraklıktan zarar görür. Çavdardan sonra ekilen yulafın verimi yeterli düzeyde olabilmektedir. Yulaf çapa bitkilerinin ekim nöbetine girebilir. Gübreli çapa bitkilerinden sonra kışlık yulaf ekilebilir. Yulaf, silo yemi olarak baklagil yem bitkilerinden tırfılla karışık olarak ekilir. Yulaf fiğ karışımının ekimi, yem üretimi yönünden önem taşır.

Ekim
Yüksek verim için yulafın kışa dayanabileceği yerlerde ekim kıştan yapılmalıdır. Kışlık ekimde ekim tarihi, bölgelere göre değişmekle birlikte, bitkinin kışa 3-4 yapraklı girecek şekilde ekiminin yapıldığı zamandır. Türkiye için 15 Ekim- Aralık sonu en uygun ekim zamanı aralığıdır. Yulaf yazlık ekilecekse ekim erken yapılmalıdır. Çünkü yulafta vernelizasyon uzun sürelidir. Ayrıca sıcak ve kurak bastırmadan başaklanmış olacak şekilde ayarlanmalıdır. Çimlendikten sonra 1-3 0C'lik sıcaklıklarda en az 2 hafta kaldıktan sonra ilk gelişmesini tamamlar. Kışlık erken de ekilse, çimlenen bitki toprak yüzünde ilk gelişmesini yapabilmek için bu düşük sıcaklığın gelmesini bekler. Bunun için yulafta ilk gelişme öteki genuslara oranla çok yavaştır. Yulaf genelde ağır ve nemli topraklarda yetiştirildiğinden mibzer, bu topraklarda kolay çalışmaz bu nedenle ekim el ile serpmeyle yapılır, çalı sürgüsü veya tırmıklarla tohumlar kapatılır. Böyle ağır tavlı topraklarda ekimi yüzden yapmak gerekir. Toprak tipi ne olursa olsun tav durumu uygunsa mibzer kullanılmalıdır. Kuru ziraat bölgelerinde kışlık ekim daha derine, en iyisi de arkvari ekim yapan üstten baskılı düz mibzerler ile yapılır. Kavuzların kalın olması tohumun su almasını geciktirir. Derine ekilmesinde amaç çimlenme suyunu zamanında bulmasıdır. Ancak, tohumu örten toprak tabakasının kalın olması cücüğün toprak yüzüne çıkmasını tehlikeye koyabilir. Tohumluk kalburlanmış ve böylece küçük, cılız ve yeşil danelerden temizlenmiş, çimlenme hızı yüksek tohumluk olmalıdır. Soğuk ve kurak zararı ilk gelişmenin hızlı olmasıyla azalacağı için, çimlenme ve sürme hızının yüksek olması istenir. Tohumluğun 1000-dane ağırlığı 25 g'ın altına düşmemelidir. Dekara 15–18 kg tohum atılır. 1000-dane ağırlığı düşükse, metrekareye atılacak tohum sayısı 600'e kadar çıkabilir. Sık ekim, ilk gelişmenin hızlı olmasını sağlar, sonraki devrelerde etkisi azalır. Danesi için yetiştirilmediğinde ekimini daha sık yapmak uygun olur.

Hasat Harman
Yulaf, genellikle ana saptaki danelerin sarı erme ile tam erme arasında bulunduğu sırada biçilmelidir. Sarı erme sonunda başakçıkların sapçıklarla ilgisi kesildiğinden dane dökme fazla olur. Bu devrede birinci sapın bütün yaprakları sararmış, yalnız uç yaprağın dip kısımları yeşildir ve 1. boğum az çok sararmıştır,  öteki kardeşler henüz yeşildir. Bu devrede biçilip 3-5 gün kurutulduktan sonra harman yapılır. Biçerdöver ile bu zamanda hasat yapılmaz.  Biçerdöverle hasat için 1. ve 2. saptaki danelerin tam erme devresine girmesini beklemek gereklidir.

Hastalıkları

Pas (Puccinia)
Yulafın en önemli hastalığıdır. İki türü vardır.
Puccinia graminis avenae (yulaf karapası): Belirtisi buğday karapasında olduğu gibidir.
Puccinia coronata (taçlı pas): Yapraklarda ve yaprak kınında bazen sapta açık püstüller görülür. Her iki pas da kıyı bölgelerimizde ve Orta Anadolu'da zarar yapar. Mücadele için dayanıklı çeşitlerin seçilmesi gerekmektedir.

Yaprak Lekesi Hastalığı (Septoria)
Serin ve fazla yağışlı mevsimlerde ortaya çıkar. Genç yapraklarda önce belirsizce sonradan kahverengiye dönen lekeler görülür. İleri devrelerde sap siyah bir renk alır, incelip kırılır.

Yaprak çizgi hastalığı (Helminthosporium)
Gelişmenin çeşitli devrelerinde zarar yapabilir. Çim devresinde kök gelişmesi durur; çimler koyu renk alarak ölür. Başaklanma öncesi devrede yapraklarda uzunluğuna sarı çizgiler görülür, sap boğumlarında renksizlik alt boğumlarda siyah renkli spor yığınları görülür. Bitkide başaklanma sırasında yatma görülür.

Rastık (Ustilago
İki türü vardır.
Yulaf açık rastığı (U. avenae): Danelerin yerini önce çok ince bir zar içinde bulunan siyah renkli sporlar doldurur, bu zar kolayca yırtılır ve sporları dökülür, geriye salkım ekseni ve dalları kalır.
Yulaf kapalı rastığı (U. kolleri):Danelerin yerini dolduran sporları saran zar bunda daha kalındır ve körlü dane harmana kadar bütün kalır.

Kaynakça

Yulaflar
Buğdaygiller
Carl Linnaeus tarafından adlandırılmış taksonlar

Yulaf


Starzing ist eine Ortschaft und Katastralgemeinde der Marktgemeinde Asperhofen in Niederösterreich.

Geografie
Das Straßendorf liegt 6 Kilometer südöstlich vom Asperhofen und ist über die Landesstraßen L2243 und L2244 erreichbar. Das Dorf ist landwirtschaftlich geprägt, besteht aus zahlreichen bäuerlichen Anwesen sowie einigen Einfamilienhäusern. Etwas südlich von Starzing befindet sich die Siedlung Starzing-Eichberg.

Geschichte
Im Franziszeischen Kataster von 1821 ist Starzing mit einigen Gehöften verzeichnet. Laut Adressbuch von Österreich waren im Jahr 1938 in Starzing ein Bäcker, ein Baumeister, ein Binder, ein Gastwirt mit Gemischtwarenhandlung, ein Schneider und eine Schneiderin, ein Schuster und ein Viktualienhändler ansässig.

Literatur
 Marktgemeinde Asperhofen (Hrsg.): Asperhofen 1900 - 1999 : Pressespiegel des 20. Jahrhunderts, in zwei Teilen, Asperhofen 2000

Einzelnachweise

Geographie (Asperhofen)
Ort im Bezirk Sankt Pölten-Land
Katastralgemeinde im Bezirk Sankt Pölten-Land

Starzing (Gemeinde Asperhofen)


Den internationale boykot af sommer-OL 1980 var en boykot, der blev gennemført mod sommer-OL 1980 i Moskva i Rusland som en protest mod Sovjetunionens invasion af Afghanistan 27. december 1979.

Baggrund
Selv om Den Internationale Olympiske Komité (IOK) ikke ønsker at blande politik og idræt sammen, sagde USAs præsident Jimmy Carter at USA ville boykotte legene i Moskva hvis ikke Sovjetunionen trak sine styrker ud af Afghanistan inden 23. februar 1980. Dette skete ikke, og boykotten blev gennemført.

Stater, der deltog i fuld boykot af legene

Alternative markeringer fra deltagende nationer
Seksten stater, som valgte at deltage under legene, markerede sympati med Afghanistan på forskellige måder. Tretten stater valgte at deltage under det olympiske flag i stedet for deres eget nationale flag. Tre stater valgte at deltage under sit nationale olympiske komités (NOK) flag. Under medalje ceremonier, hvor disse stater havde vundet medaljer, blev henholdsvis det olympiske flag eller NOK flag hejst. Hvis en af disse stater vandt guldmedalje, blev den olympiske hymne afspillet i stedet for nationalsangen.

Stater, der deltog under det olympiske flag

Stater, der deltog under NOK-flag

Stater, der ikke deltog under åbningsceremonien
Syv nationer valgte ikke at deltage ved åbningsceremonien:

Stater, der deltog i åbningsceremonien med kun flagbærer
To nationer deltog i åbningsceremonien med kun flagbærer:
  – Richard Palmer
  – Ken Ryan

Se også
 Sommer-OL 1980
 Sommer-OL 1984

Kilder


Centennial is a novel by American author James A. Michener, published in 1974. It traces the history of the plains of north-east Colorado from prehistory until the mid-1970s. Geographic details about the fictional town of Centennial and its surroundings indicate that the region is in modern Weld County.

Centennial was made into a popular twelve-part television miniseries, also titled  Centennial, that was broadcast on NBC from October 1978 through February 1979 and was filmed in several parts of Colorado. NBC Universal released a six volume DVD set in 2008.

Overview
Michener lived in Greeley during the late 1930s and was familiar with the area. He used a variety of source material for his fictional town taken from various areas in eastern Colorado, and Centennial is not meant to represent a single settlement. His description of the town's location places it at the junction of the South Platte River and the Cache la Poudre River. This is roughly halfway between the Colorado towns of Greeley and Kersey, in central Weld County on the High Plains about  east of the base of the Rockies. There is a city called Centennial, Colorado, but it did not exist until 2001 and its location and history are not like the town described in either the book or miniseries.

Many episodes in the book are loosely based on events in eastern Colorado and south-east Wyoming, which for novelistic reasons are brought to one locale. For example, "The Massacre" is based on the Sand Creek Massacre which took place in Kiowa County, Colorado, in 1864. Other parts of the book are loosely based on a family from Sterling in Logan County. In explaining fact from fiction, Michener states in the text that:

This is a novel. Its characters and scenes are imaginary. There was no Venneford Ranch, no prairie town of Line Camp, no Skimmerhorn cattle drive of 1868, no Centennial. None of the families depicted here were real, nor founded upon real precedents. There was no Lame Beaver, nor Skimmerhorn nor Zendt nor Grebe. On the other hand, certain background incidents and characters are real. There was a great convocation in 1851 at Fort Laramie. There was a drought in 1931–5. Jennie Jerome, the mother of Winston Churchill, did frequent the English ranches near Cheyenne. Charles Goodnight, one of the great men of the west, did haul the corpse of his partner home in a lead box. Melchior Fordney, the master gunsmith, was murdered. The South Platte River did behave as described.

Chapters
 "The Commission": The fictional preface for the book.
 "The Land": The formation of the Earth, specifically the Rockies and the land directly around Centennial.
 "The Inhabitants": A series of stories about animals that supposedly lived near what would become Centennial, from the dinosaur Diplodocus to the arrival of man.
 "The Many Coups of Lame Beaver": A biography of Lame Beaver, an Arapaho Native American.
 "The Yellow Apron": The lives of the beaver trappers Pasquinel and Alexander McKeag.
 "The Wagon and the Elephant": Describes Levi Zendt's journey out of Pennsylvania in search of a new life in Oregon.
 "The Massacre": Frank Skimmerhorn leads the militia to massacre a group of Arapaho.
 "The Cowboys": Chronicles a cattle drive from Texas to Centennial and the establishment of the Venneford Ranch.
 "The Hunters": Describes three separate Buffalo hunts which led to the near extermination of the Buffalo in the west.
 "A Smell of Sheep": The arrival of sheepmen in Colorado and the fights between them and the cattlemen.
 "The Crime": Describes the arrival of the Wendell family in Centennial and the crime that they commit.
 "Central Beet": Describes the establishment of the sugar beet industry and the arrival of Chicanos to Centennial.
 "Drylands": The arrival of dryland farming to Colorado from the perspective of the Grebe family.
 "November Elegy": A snapshot of the life of Paul Garrett, a descendant of many of the characters from previous chapters.

Characters
Most of the primary characters of the novel are represented in the ancestry of Paul Garrett as follows:

References

External links
 James Michener's Greeley, Jefferson, and Centennial

1974 American novels
American historical novels
American novels adapted into television shows
Books about Native Americans
Novels by James A. Michener
Novels set in Colorado
Random House books
Weld County, Colorado

Centennial (novel)