Benjamin Sinclair Johnson,  (born December 30, 1961) is a Canadian former sprinter. During the 1987–88 season he held the title of the world's fastest man, breaking both the 100m and the 60m indoor World Records. He won the 100 metres at the 1987 World Championships in Athletics; and at the 1988 Summer Olympics, but was disqualified for doping and stripped of the gold medal; and later he also lost most of the other medals he had achieved while being doped - with anabolic steroids (since 1981 until caught the first time in 1988). He was the first man who beat 9.9 (Rome, 1987) and 9.8 seconds (Seoul, 1988).

He won two bronze medals at the 1984 Summer Olympics, as well as gold medals at the 1985 World Indoor Championships, 1986 Goodwill Games and 1986 Commonwealth Games. He was trained by Charlie Francis.

Biography

Career background

Benjamin Johnson was born in Falmouth, Jamaica, and emigrated to Canada in 1976, residing in the Toronto suburb of Scarborough, Ontario.

Johnson met coach Charlie Francis and joined the Scarborough Optimists track and field club, training at York University. Francis was a Canadian 100 metres sprint champion himself (1970, 1971 and 1973) and a member of the Canadian team for the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich. Francis was also Canada's national sprint coach for nine years.

Johnson's first international success came when he won 2 silver medals at the 1982 Commonwealth Games in Brisbane, Australia. He finished behind Allan Wells of Scotland in the 100 metres with a time of 10.05 seconds and was a member of the Canadian 4 × 100 metres relay team which finished behind Nigeria. This success was not repeated at the 1983 World Championships in Helsinki, where he was eliminated in the semi-finals, finishing 6th with a time of 10.44, nor at the 1983 Pan American Games in Caracas where Johnson placed 5th in the 100 metres final with a time of 10.25.

At the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles, he reached the 100 metres final; after a false start, he won the bronze medal behind Carl Lewis and Sam Graddy with a time of 10.22. He also won a bronze medal with the Canadian 4 × 100 m relay team of Johnson, Tony Sharpe, Desai Williams and Sterling Hinds, who ran a time of 38.70. By the end of the 1984 season, Johnson had established himself as Canada's top sprinter, and on August 22 in Zürich, Switzerland, he bettered Williams' Canadian record of 10.17 by running 10.12.

In 1985, after eight consecutive losses, Johnson finally beat Carl Lewis. Other success against Lewis included the 1986 Goodwill Games, where Johnson beat Lewis, running 9.95 for first place, against Lewis' third-place time of 10.06. He broke Houston McTear's seven-year-old world record in the 60 metres in 1986, with a time of 6.50 seconds. He also won Commonwealth gold at the 1986 games in Edinburgh, beating Linford Christie for the 100 metres title with a time of 10.07. Johnson also led the Canadian 4x100 metres relay team to gold, and won a bronze in the 200 metres. Also in 1986, Canadian sprinter Mike Dwyer expressed concern that the use of drugs had reached "epidemic proportions" among Canadian sprinters, particularly among those who trained in the Toronto area. Atlee Mahorn also speculated that many sprinters were on steroids.

On April 29, 1987, Johnson was invested as a Member of the Order of Canada. "World record holder for the indoor 60-metre run, this Ontarian has proved himself to be the world's fastest human being and has broken Canadian, Commonwealth and World Cup 100-metre records," it read. "Recipient of the Norton Crowe Award for Male Athlete of the Year for 1985, 'Big Ben' was the winner of the 1986 Lou Marsh Trophy as Canada's top athlete."

By the time of the 1987 World Championships, Johnson had won his four previous races with Lewis and had established himself as the best 100 metres sprinter. At Rome, Johnson gained instant world fame and confirmed this status when he beat Lewis for the title, setting a new world record of 9.83 seconds as well, beating Calvin Smith's former record by a full tenth of a second.

After Rome, Johnson became a lucrative marketing celebrity. According to coach Charlie Francis, after breaking the world record, Johnson earned about $480,000 a month in endorsements. Johnson won both the Lou Marsh Trophy and Lionel Conacher Award, and was named the Associated Press Athlete of the Year for 1987.

Following Johnson's defeat of Lewis in Rome, Lewis started trying to explain away his defeat. He first claimed that Johnson had false-started, then he alluded to a stomach virus which had weakened him. Finally, without naming names, Lewis said "There are a lot of people coming out of nowhere. I don't think they are doing it without drugs." This was the start of Lewis' calling on the sport of track and field to be cleaned up in terms of the illegal use of performance-enhancing drugs. While cynics noted that the problem had been in the sport for many years, they pointed out that it did not become a cause for Lewis until he was actually defeated, with some also pointing to Lewis's egotistical attitude and lack of humility. During a controversial interview with the BBC, Lewis said:
There are gold medallists at this meet who are on drugs, that [100 metres] race will be looked at for many years, for more reasons than one.
Johnson's response was:
When Carl Lewis was winning everything, I never said a word against him. And when the next guy comes along and beats me, I won't complain about that either.
This set up the rivalry leading into the 1988 Olympic Games.

In 1988, Johnson experienced a number of setbacks to his running career. In February of that year he pulled a hamstring, and in May he aggravated the same injury. Meanwhile, in Paris in June, Lewis ran a 9.99. Then in Zurich, Switzerland on August 17, the two faced each other for the first time since the 1987 World Championships; Lewis won in 9.93, while Johnson finished third in 10.00. "The gold medal for the (Olympic) 100 metres is mine," Carl Lewis said. "I will never again lose to Johnson."

Olympic Games and subsequent disqualification
On September 24, 1988, Johnson won the 100 metres final at the Summer Olympics in Seoul, lowering his own world record to 9.79 seconds. He was the first Canadian sprinter since Percy Williams in 1928 to win the 100 metres at the Olympics. Johnson later remarked that he would have been even faster if he hadn't raised his hand in the air just before he hit the tape.

However, Park Jong-sei of the Olympic Doping Control Center found that Johnson's urine sample contained stanozolol, and he was disqualified three days after the race. He later admitted having used steroids when he ran his 1987 world record, which caused the IAAF to rescind that record as well. Johnson and coach Francis complained that they used performance-enhancing agents in order to remain on equal footing with the other top athletes. In testimony before the Dubin inquiry into drug use in sport, Francis charged that Johnson was only one of many cheaters, and he just happened to get caught. Often dubbed "the dirtiest race in history," the 1988 100 m final had only two out of a total of eight runners who remained clean throughout their careers (Calvin Smith and Robson da Silva).

Johnson's coach, Charlie Francis, a vocal critic of the IOC testing procedures, is the author of Speed Trap, which features Johnson heavily. In the book, he freely admits that his athletes were taking anabolic steroids, as he claims all top athletes at the time were, and also claims that Johnson could not possibly have tested positive for that particular steroid since Johnson actually preferred furazabol. He thought stanozolol made his body "feel tight". The numerous athletes using performance-enhancing drugs at the time understood how long before a race, and possible drug test, they should stop using the drugs. Johnson later claimed that André A. Jackson, Lewis' Santa Monica Track Club teammate, who was inside the drug testing room in Seoul, may have placed the stanozolol in one of the beers Johnson drank in order to make urine for his test. He admitted he gave him beer. His response to the stanozolol blame: "Of course I can say I didn't. But I can also say I did, too. What's the benefit?"

On 28 September 2018, the Toronto Star ran an article on the lab report which was created on Johnson's sample during the 1988 Olympic Games. It was produced by the IOC Doping Control Center in Seoul two days after Johnson handed in a urine sample taken after the 100m final. The newspaper concluded that the assumed substance Stanozolol was traceable, but "inconsistencies" are found in the report. The Toronto Star article goes on to state that no Canadian Olympic team official saw the lab report in Seoul. The lab report was requested by Canada's chief medical officer, Dr. William Stanish. The Canadian team did not object after the IOC Medical Commission assured "that its testing methods were unassailable."

Canadian reaction
Canadians initially rejoiced in the reflected glory of winning the gold medal and breaking the world record. Canadian Prime Minister Brian Mulroney watched Johnson set the new world record and after the race congratulated him over the phone. "It's a marvellous evening for Canada," Mulroney said in the televised conversation. Newspapers covered the occasion by concocting words such as "Benfastic" (Toronto Star, September 25, 1988) to describe it.

Two days later, Canadians witnessed the downfall of Johnson, when he was stripped of his gold medal and world record. Mark Tewksbury, a Canadian Olympic swimmer hung a bed sheet banner out of his Olympic Village apartment window expressing 'Hero to Zero in 9.79'. In the first week following the disqualification, Canadian newspapers devoted several pages a day to the story. One headline right after the exposure asked "Why, Ben?" (Toronto Sun, September 26, 1988). Because of the Olympic scandal, the Canadian news agency Canadian Press named Johnson "Newsmaker of the Year" for 1988.

Competitors implicated in doping controversies

Johnson was not the only participant whose success was questioned: Lewis had tested positive at the Olympic Trials for pseudoephedrine, ephedrine and phenylpropanolamine. Lewis defended himself, claiming that he had accidentally consumed the banned substances. After the supplements that he had taken were analyzed to prove his claims, the USOC accepted his claim of inadvertent use, since a dietary supplement he ingested was found to contain "Ma huang", the Chinese name for Ephedra (ephedrine is known to help weight loss). Fellow Santa Monica Track Club teammates Joe DeLoach and Floyd Heard were also found to have the same banned stimulants in their systems, and were cleared to compete for the same reason.

The highest level of the stimulants Lewis recorded was 6 ppm, which was regarded as a positive test in 1988 but is now regarded as negative test. The acceptable level has been raised to 10 parts per million for ephedrine and twenty-five parts per million for other substances. According to the IOC rules at the time, positive tests with levels lower than 10 ppm were cause of further investigation but not immediate ban. Neal Benowitz, a professor of medicine at UC San Francisco who is an expert on ephedrine and other stimulants, agreed that "These [levels] are what you'd see from someone taking cold or allergy medicines and are unlikely to have any effect on performance."

Following Exum's revelations the IAAF acknowledged that at the 1988 Olympic Trials the USOC indeed followed the correct procedures in dealing with eight positive findings for ephedrine and ephedrine-related compounds in low concentration.

Christie was found to have metabolites of pseudoephedrine in his urine after a 200m heat at the same Olympics, but was later cleared of any wrongdoing. Of the top five competitors in the race, only former world record holder and eventual bronze medalist Smith never failed a drug test during his career. Smith later said: "I should have been the gold medalist."

The Dubin Inquiry
After the Seoul test, he initially denied doping, but, testifying before the 1989 Dubin inquiry, a Canadian government investigation into drug abuse, Johnson admitted that he had lied. Charlie Francis, his coach, told the inquiry that Johnson had been using steroids since 1981. Before that, his personal best (without drugs) was 10.25 which was good for a teenager back then, fast enough for third place in the Weltklasse Zürich meeting 1985 and 1986 for instance.

In Canada, the federal government established the Commission of Inquiry Into the Use of Drugs and Banned Practices Intended to Increase Athletic Performance, headed by Ontario Appeal Court Chief Justice Charles Dubin. The Dubin Inquiry (as it became known), which was televised live, heard hundreds of hours of testimony about the widespread use of performance-enhancing drugs among athletes. The inquiry began in January 1989 and lasted 91 days, with 122 witnesses called, including athletes, coaches, sport administrators, IOC representatives, doctors and government officials.

Comeback
In 1991, after his suspension ended, he attempted a comeback. He returned to the track for the Hamilton Indoor Games in 1991 and was greeted by the largest crowd to ever attend an indoor Canadian track and field event. More than 17,000 people saw him finish second in the 50 metres in 5.77 seconds.

He failed to qualify for the 1991 World Championships in Tokyo but made the Canadian Olympic team again in 1992 in Barcelona, Spain after finishing second at the Canadian Olympic trials to Bruny Surin. He missed the 100 metre finals at the Olympics, however, finishing last in his semi-final heat after stumbling out of the blocks.

In 1993, he won the 50 metres on January 7 in Grenoble, France, in 5.65 seconds, just 0.04 seconds shy of the world record. However, he was again found guilty of doping just after the race – this time for excess testosterone – and was subsequently banned for life by the IAAF. Federal amateur sport minister Pierre Cadieux called Johnson a national disgrace, and suggested he consider moving back to Jamaica. Johnson commented that it was "by far the most disgusting comment [he had] ever heard". In April 1999, a Canadian adjudicator ruled that there were procedural errors in Johnson's lifetime ban and allowed him to appeal. The decision meant Johnson could technically run in Canada but nobody would compete against him. They would be considered "contaminated" by the IAAF and could also face sanctions. On June 12, 1999, Johnson entered a track meet in Kitchener, Ontario, and was forced to run alone, against the clock. He posted a time of 11.0 seconds. In late 1999, Johnson failed a drug test for the third time by testing positive for hydrochlorothiazide, a banned diuretic that can be used to mask the presence of other drugs. Johnson had not competed since 1993 and had arranged the test himself as part of his efforts to be reinstated.

In 1999, Johnson made headlines again when it was revealed that he had been hired by Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi to act as a personal trainer for his son, Al-Saadi Gaddafi, who aspired to join an Italian football club. Al-Saadi ultimately did join an Italian team but was sacked after one game when he failed a drug test. Johnson's publicist in Canada had predicted in The Globe and Mail that his training of the young Gaddafi would earn Johnson a Nobel Peace Prize.

Late 1990s and beyond
Johnson briefly acted as trainer for Argentine football player Diego Maradona in 1997. This occurred at York University, Toronto.

In 1998, Johnson appeared in a charity race in Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, where he raced against a thoroughbred race horse, a harness racing horse and a stock car. Johnson finished third in the race.

According to a 1998 article in Outside magazine, Johnson spent much of the latter part of the 1990s living downstairs in the house he shared with his mother Gloria. He spent his leisure time reading, watching movies, and taking his mother to church. He lived in a spacious home in Newmarket, Ontario's Stonehaven neighborhood. He claims to have lost his Ferrari when he used it as collateral for a loan from an acquaintance in order to make a house payment. His mother died of cancer in 2004 and Johnson lived with his sister afterwards.

Shortly after his leaving Libya, it was reported that Johnson had been robbed of $7,300 by a Romani gang in Rome. His wallet was taken, containing $7,300 in cash, the proceeds of his pay for training Gaddafi. Johnson gave chase, but was unable to catch them after they vanished into a subway station.

In May 2005, Johnson launched a clothing and sports supplement line, the Ben Johnson Collection. The motto for Johnson's clothing line was "Catch Me"; however, the clothing line never caught on.

In a January 1, 2006 interview, Johnson claimed that he was sabotaged by a "Mystery Man" inside the doping control room immediately following the 100 metres final in Seoul. He also stated that 40% of people in the sports world are still taking drugs to improve their performance.

In August 2008, Johnson filed a $37 million lawsuit against the estate of his former lawyer Ed Futerman, claiming Futerman made unauthorized payments from his trust account to pay bills and 20 percent commissions to a hairdresser recruited by the lawyer to act as the sprinter's sports agent. In 2012, the lawsuit was dismissed by the Ontario Superior Court by summary judgment on the basis that "there were no genuine issues raised requiring a trial".

At present, Johnson lives in Markham, Ontario, and spends much of his time with his daughter and granddaughter. He also continues to coach, notably with New Jersey Devils defenceman P.K. Subban. In 2010, he released his autobiography entitled Seoul to Soul. In the self-published book, Johnson reviews his childhood in Jamaica, and his early bout with malaria. A Canadian Press article described the book as "an unconventional sports autobiography."

Rivalry with Carl Lewis
The duels between the two competitors reached immense popularity, fans all over the world watched the duels with excitement. They matched 17 times. Lewis won the first eight, then Johnson won seven out of nine races. In all these years only one short verbal exchange between them is known. They were very different in various aspects. They came from different countries; one from Canada, one from the USA. While Ben grew up poor, Carls parents both went to college. Ben liked to party with his other rivals and had the reputation of a ladies' man, Carl on the other hand did not party often and was not as popular among the other athletes. Ben was incredible in the first 60 metres and had difficulties in the last 10 where Lewis was the fastest one. Carl benefited from his elegance and speed endurance whereas Johnson had impressive strength. He could bench press 165 kg, weighing only 72; when Lennox Lewis pranked him, he threw the soon-to-be boxing champion at the billard table.

Acting career
In March 2006, television spots featuring Johnson advertising an energy drink, "Cheetah Power Surge", started to receive some airtime. Some pundits questioned whether Johnson was an appropriate spokesperson for an all natural energy drink considering his history of steroid use. One ad is a mock interview between Johnson and Frank D'Angelo, the president and chief executive of D'Angelo Brands, which makes the drink, in which he asks Johnson: "Ben, when you run, do you Cheetah?" "Absolutely," says Johnson. "I Cheetah all the time." The other commercial includes Johnson and a cheetah, the world's fastest land animal, and encourages viewers to "go ahead and Cheetah."

In May 2017, Johnson appeared in an advertising campaign for Australia's leading mobile bookmaker, Sportsbet. The campaign launched Sportsbet's new Android app, with Johnson cheekily saying it "has tested positive for speed and power, again and again". The campaign tagline was "Putting the 'Roid in Android" and concluded with Johnson in the starters' block on a racing track, telling punters to "get on it!" The advertisement was pulled after complaints from various parties.

Documentaries
The CBC Radio documentary series Rewind broadcast an episode titled Ben Johnson: A Hero Disgraced  on September 19, 2013, for the 25th anniversary of the race, revealing 20 athletes tested positive for drugs but were cleared by the IOC at the 1988 Seoul Olympics. An International Olympic Committee (IOC) official told the CBC that endocrine profiles done at those games indicated that 80 percent of the track and field athletes tested showed evidence of long-term steroid use, although few were banned or had their medals stripped.

9.79 (ESPN documentary) featuring Ben Johnson and the 1988 Summer Olympic 100 meter Final.

See also
 List of doping cases in athletics
 Men's 100 metres world record progression

References

External links

 1988: Gold for Johnson in 100m sprint On This Day, September 24, BBC News.
 johnson. steroids/88.johnson.mov Video clip of Ben Johnson's comments after losing his gold medal in 1988
 Cover of the "Why, Ben?" edition of the Toronto Sun – 1988
 CBC Digital Archives: Running Off Track: The Ben Johnson Story
 Order of Canada

1961 births
Living people
Canadian male sprinters
Doping cases in athletics
Ben Johnson doping case
Olympic bronze medalists for Canada
Olympic track and field athletes for Canada
Athletes (track and field) at the 1984 Summer Olympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 1988 Summer Olympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 1992 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 1984 Summer Olympics
Competitors stripped of Summer Olympics medals
Commonwealth Games gold medallists for Canada
Commonwealth Games silver medallists for Canada
Commonwealth Games bronze medallists for Canada
Commonwealth Games medallists in athletics
Athletes (track and field) at the 1982 Commonwealth Games
Athletes (track and field) at the 1986 Commonwealth Games
Pan American Games competitors for Canada
Athletes (track and field) at the 1983 Pan American Games
World Athletics Championships athletes for Canada
World Athletics Indoor Championships winners
Black Canadian track and field athletes
Canadian sportspeople in doping cases
Jamaican emigrants to Canada
Northern Star Award winners
Members of the Order of Canada
Members of the Order of Ontario
Naturalized citizens of Canada
Sportspeople from Scarborough, Toronto
Sportspeople from Trelawny Parish
Olympic bronze medalists in athletics (track and field)
Universiade medalists in athletics (track and field)
Goodwill Games medalists in athletics
Athletes stripped of World Athletics Championships medals
Universiade silver medalists for Canada
Medalists at the 1983 Summer Universiade
Competitors at the 1986 Goodwill Games
Athletes from Toronto
Canadian sportspeople of Jamaican descent
Medallists at the 1982 Commonwealth Games
Medallists at the 1986 Commonwealth Games

Ben Johnson (Canadian sprinter)


Francisco Javier Orduño Valdez (8 de enero de 1955) es un contador público y político mexicano, miembro del Partido Acción Nacional y diputado federal en representación del II Distrito Electoral Federal de Baja California en la LXI Legislatura.

Enlaces externos
 Francisco Javier Orduño Valdez en la página oficial de la Cámara de Diputados

Miembros del Partido Acción Nacional

Francisco Javier Orduño Valdez


Tinea barbae, sakallarda oluşan bir mantar enfeksiyonudur.  Özellikle tarım işçilerinde yaygındır. Bunun nedeni hayvandan insana bulaşmasının insandan hayvana bulaşması ile kıyaslandığında daha kolay olmasıdır.

Erişkin erkeklerde mantar, sakal bölgesini tutar. Hastalık pürülen, eksüdatif, yumuşak granülomlarla karakterize olup tinea barbae veya sycosis barbae trichophytica adını alır.

Mantar hastalıkları
Enfeksiyon dermatoloji hastalıkları

Tinea barbae


An Dactylorhiza erdingeri in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Anton Joseph Kerner, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Ined.. An Dactylorhiza erdingeri in nahilalakip ha genus nga Dactylorhiza, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Dactylorhiza

Dactylorhiza erdingeri


Heimskautsgerði (ensku: Arctic Henge) er listaverk á Melrakkaás fyrir utan Raufarhöfn. Verkið hönnuðu Erlingur Thoroddssen og Haukur Halldórsson.

Verkið er enn óklárað en það verður um 50 metrar í þvermál. Það sem er klárað er 10 metra hár turn í miðjunni og 4 turnar sem hver vísar í höfuðátt; norður, suður, austur og vestur.

Heimildir
https://www.northiceland.is/is/stadur/heimskautsgerdi

Norðurþing

Heimskautsgerði


An Habenaria pilosa in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Schltr.. An Habenaria pilosa in nahilalakip ha genus nga Habenaria, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae.

Subspecies

Ini nga species ginbahin ha masunod nga subspecies:

 H. p. grandiflora
 H. p. pilosa

Mga kasarigan

Habenaria

Habenaria pilosa


Hapoel Be'er Sheva Football Club (, Moadon HaKaduregel Hapoel Be'er Sheva) er en israelsk fodboldklub baseret i Beersheba. Den er en del af sportsklubben Hapoel Be'er Sheva. Den blev grundlagt i 1949, og er i øjeblikket i den bedste israelske fodboldrække, og har været en af landets topklubber siden 1970'erne.

Referencer

Fodboldklubber i Israel

Hapoel Be'er Sheva F.C.


In the C programming language, Duff's device is a way of manually implementing loop unrolling by interleaving two syntactic constructs of C: the - loop and a switch statement. Its discovery is credited to Tom Duff in November 1983, when Duff was working for Lucasfilm and used it to speed up a real-time animation program.

Loop unrolling attempts to reduce the overhead of conditional branching needed to check whether a loop is done, by executing a batch of loop bodies per iteration. To handle cases where the number of iterations is not divisible by the unrolled-loop increments, a common technique among assembly language programmers is to jump directly into the middle of the unrolled loop body to handle the remainder.
Duff implemented this technique in C by using C's case label fall-through feature to jump into the unrolled body.

Original version
Duff's problem was to copy 16-bit unsigned integers ("shorts" in most C implementations) from an array into a memory-mapped output register, denoted in C by a pointer. His original code, in C, looked as follows:

send(to, from, count)
register short *to, *from;
register count;
{
    do {                          /* count > 0 assumed */
        *to = *from++;
    } while (--count > 0);
}

This code assumes that initial . Since the output location is a memory-mapped register, the pointer  is not incremented as would be required for a memory-to-memory copy.

If  were always divisible by eight, unrolling this loop eight-fold would produce the following:

send(to, from, count)
register short *to, *from;
register count;
{
    register n = count / 8;
    do {
        *to = *from++;
        *to = *from++;
        *to = *from++;
        *to = *from++;
        *to = *from++;
        *to = *from++;
        *to = *from++;
        *to = *from++;
    } while (--n > 0);
}

Duff realized that to handle cases where  is not divisible by eight, the assembly programmer's technique of jumping into the loop body could be implemented by interlacing the structures of a switch statement and a loop, putting the switch's  labels at the points of the loop body that correspond to the remainder of :

send(to, from, count)
register short *to, *from;
register count;
{
    register n = (count + 7) / 8;
    switch (count % 8) {
    case 0: do { *to = *from++;
    case 7:      *to = *from++;
    case 6:      *to = *from++;
    case 5:      *to = *from++;
    case 4:      *to = *from++;
    case 3:      *to = *from++;
    case 2:      *to = *from++;
    case 1:      *to = *from++;
            } while (--n > 0);
    }
}

Duff's device can similarly be applied with any other size for the unrolled loop, not just eight as in the example above.

Mechanism
Based on an algorithm used widely by programmers coding in assembly for minimizing the number of tests and branches during a copy, Duff's device appears out of place when implemented in C.  The device is valid C by virtue of two attributes in C:
 Relaxed specification of the  statement in the language's definition.  At the time of the device's invention this was the first edition of The C Programming Language which requires only that the body of the  be a syntactically valid (compound) statement within which  labels can appear prefixing any sub-statement.  In conjunction with the fact that, in the absence of a  statement, the flow of control will fall through from a statement controlled by one  label to that controlled by the next, this means that the code specifies a succession of  copies from sequential source addresses to the memory-mapped output port.
 The ability to jump into the middle of a loop in C.

This leads to what the Jargon File calls "the most dramatic use yet seen of fall through in C". C's default fall-through in case statements has long been one of its most controversial features; Duff himself said that "This code forms some sort of argument in that debate, but I'm not sure whether it's for or against."

Although valid in C, Duff's device goes against common C guidelines, such as the MISRA guidelines. Some compilers (e.g. CompCert) are restricted to such guidelines and thus might reject Duff's device.

Simplified explanation

The basic idea of loop unrolling is that the number of instructions executed in a loop can be reduced by reducing the number of loop tests, sometimes reducing the amount of time spent in the loop. For example, in the case of a loop with only a single instruction in the block code, the loop test will typically be performed for every iteration of the loop, that is every time the instruction is executed. If, instead, eight copies of the same instruction are placed in the loop, then the test will be performed only every eight iterations, and this may gain time by avoiding seven tests. However, this only handles a multiple of eight iterations, requiring something else to handle any remainder of iterations.

Duff's device provides a solution by first performing the remainder of iterations, followed by iterating as many times as necessary the multiple of eight similar instructions. To determine the number of remainder iterations, the code first calculates the total number of iterations modulo eight. According to this remainder, the program execution will then jump to a case statement followed by exactly the number of iterations needed. Once this is done, everything is straightforward: the code continues by doing iterations of groups of eight instructions; this has become possible since the remaining number of iterations is a multiple of eight.

Duff's device provides a compact loop unrolling by using the case keyword both inside and outside the loop. This is unusual because the contents of a case statement are traditionally thought of as a block of code nested inside the case statement, and a reader would typically expect it to end before the next case statement. According to the specifications of C language, this is not necessary; indeed, case statements can appear anywhere inside the switch code block, and at any depth; the program execution will simply jump to the next statement, wherever it may be.

Performance
Many compilers will optimize the switch into a branch table just as would be done in an assembly implementation.

The primary increase in speed versus a simple, straightforward loop, comes from loop unwinding that reduces the number of performed branches, which are computationally expensive due to the need to flushand hence stallthe instruction pipeline. The switch statement is used to handle the remainder of the data not evenly divisible by the number of operations unrolled (in this example, eight short moves are unrolled, so the switch handles an extra 1–7 shorts automatically).

This automatic handling of the remainder may not be the best solution on all systems and compilers in some cases two loops may actually be faster (one loop, unrolled, to do the main copy, and a second loop to handle the remainder). The problem appears to come down to the ability of the compiler to correctly optimize the device; it may also interfere with pipelining and branch prediction on some architectures. When numerous instances of Duff's device were removed from the XFree86 Server in version 4.0, there was an improvement in performance and a noticeable reduction in size of the executable. Therefore, when considering this code as a program optimization, it may be worth running a few benchmarks to verify that it actually is the fastest code on the target architecture, at the target optimization level, with the target compiler, as well as weighing the risk that the optimized code will later be used on different platforms where it is not the fastest code.

For the purpose of memory-to-memory copies (which, as mentioned above, was not the original use of Duff's device), the standard C library provides the function memcpy; it will not perform worse than a memory-to-memory copy version of this code, and may contain architecture-specific optimizations that make it significantly faster.

See also

 Coroutine Duff's device can be used to implement coroutines in C/C++ (see Tatham external link)
 Jensen's device

References

Further reading

External links
 Description and original mail by Duff at Lysator
 Simon Tatham's coroutines in C utilizes the same switch/case trick
 Adam Dunkels's Protothreads - Lightweight, Stackless Threads in C also uses nested switch/case statements (see also The lightest lightweight threads, Protothreads)
 Pigeon's device is a related technique: intertwined switch/case and if/else statements

C (programming language)
Articles with example C code
Computer programming folklore
Programming language folklore
Source code

Duff's device


El Cairo es un bar tradicional de la ciudad de Rosario, Argentina, ubicado en la intersección de las calles Sarmiento y Santa Fe.

Fue inaugurado en 1943 en la planta baja de una casona. Se hizo famoso por sus reuniones de artistas e intelectuales locales, nacionales e internacionales. Inmortalizado por el escritor rosarino Roberto Fontanarrosa en su libro "La mesa de los galanes".

En la década del 70, tras ser remodelado, se convierte en un lugar donde un público de jóvenes intelectuales hacían del bar un punto de encuentro fundamental.
Actualmente es una de los bares más reconocidos y concurridos de Rosario, Santa Fe.

Enlaces externos
 Sitio Web Oficial

Rosario

Bar El Cairo


Seikilov skolion, najstariji je sačuvani notni zapis na svijetu koji je sasvim sačuvan. Zapisan je 200. pr. Kr. Nastao je u starogrčkoj kulturi. Melodija je zapisana na epitafu. Uz nju je na njemu pronađen prateći tekst koji preveden sa starogrčkog na hrvatski glasi: "Dok živiš / pleši i pjevaj / budi radostan / Jer život je kratak / I vrijeme odnosi svoj plijen".

U popularnoj kulturi, Seikilov skolion je uvodna pjesma s albuma Rožice Franka Krajcara & Indivie. Album je nagrađen Porinom 2014. godine. Skladba je polovicom rujna 2014. dobila svoj videospot.

Izvori

Starogrčka umjetnost

Seikilov skolion


Bradfordsville est une ville américaine située dans le comté de Marion, dans le Kentucky. Selon le recensement de 2020, sa population est de .

Liens externes

Ville au Kentucky
Comté de Marion (Kentucky)

Bradfordsville (Kentucky)


Ahora es Tiemponuevo es el tercer álbum de estudio oficial de la banda chilena Tiemponuevo, lanzado en 1971 por el sello DICAP, y el último lanzado en Chile antes de su exilio en septiembre de 1973 en Argentina y luego Alemania, producto del Golpe de Estado y posterior inicio de la dictadura militar.

El disco inicia con una versión de la canción del coterráneo Payo Grondona «Elevar la producción», aparecida ese mismo año en el álbum del cantautor Lo que son las cosas, ¿no?, y perteneciente a su sencillo Yo no sé decir adiós, amor / Elevar la producción.

Lista de canciones

Referencias

Álbumes de Chile de 1971
Álbumes de Discoteca del Cantar Popular
Álbumes de Tiemponuevo

Ahora es Tiemponuevo


Licince este o comună slovacă, aflată în districtul Revúca din regiunea Banská Bystrica. Localitatea se află la , se întinde pe o suprafață de  și în 2017 număra 780 de locuitori. Se învecinează cu comuna Hucín.

Istoric
Localitatea Licince este atestată documentar din 1243.

Note

Legături externe

Localități din Slovacia

Licince


شارع المدينة المنورة أحد شوارع العاصمة الأردنية عمّان، يربط عدة أحياء في عمان الغربية، يبدأ من تقاطع الملكة رانيا مع شارع الجامعة الأردنية، حيث حي ضاحية الرشيد شمالا، ثم يمتد إلى الجنوب مخترقا منطقة تلاع العلي، ويتقاطع مع شارع وصفي التل عند دوار اليبوبيل، ومن ثم يمتد إلى ان يفصل بين الرابية وأم أذينة ومن ثم يتقاطع مع شارع مكة عند ميدان الحرمين الشريفين ويمتد إلى جنوب العاصمة حيث ينتهي بنقطة تقع بين الدوارين السادس والسابع على شارع زهران.

يعتبر شارع المدينة المنورة من المناطق المحببة للسكن نظرا لموقعه المتوسط بين أحياء عمان الغربية ولقربها من الوسط التجاري في المدينة. لكن في بعض الأوقات يلاحظ فيه أزمة مرورية خانقة - وخاصة في أوقات الذروة.

ومع التزايد السكاني في مناطق عمان الغربية، بات الشارع بمثابة عصب حيوي في العاصمة عمان بحيث يصعب التنقل بين أحياء عمان الغربية دون المرور به أو التقاطع معه.

ينقسم الشارع إلى قسمين، تجاري وسكني، حيث يمتد الجزء التجاري من الشمال حيث مستشفى الجامعة إلى تقاطع الحرمين الشريفين جنوبا، مرورا بدوار الواحة (أو اليوبيل)، ويبدأ الجزء السكني من دوار الحرمين الشريفين حتى نهاية الشارع المؤدّي إلى شارع زهران.

وصلات خارجية

شوارع في مدينة عمان

شارع المدينة المنورة (عمان)


SELENE (; Selenological and Engineering Explorer), යනු ජපානයේ ප්‍රකට ලෙස  () ලෙස හැඳින්වෙන චන්ද්‍ර කක්ෂයේ සිට නිරීක්ශණය කරන යානයකි.

ආශ්‍රිත
 ඇපොලෝ සඳ තරණය පිළිබඳ තෙවන පාර්ශවීය සාක්ෂි

චන්ද්‍ර ගවේෂණ

SELENE


Die katholische Pfarrkirche San Pelayo in Diomondi, einem Ort der Gemeinde O Saviñao in der Provinz Lugo der spanischen Autonomen Gemeinschaft Galicien ist eine romanische Kirche aus dem 12. Jahrhundert. Im Jahr 1931 wurde die Kirche zum Baudenkmal (Bien de Interés Cultural) erklärt.

Geschichte
Die heutige Pfarrkirche San Pelayo gehörte ehemals zu einem Benediktinerkloster, das im 10. Jahrhundert gegründet wurde. Die Kirche wurde um 1170 errichtet und dem heiligen Pelagius von Córdoba (spanisch Pelayo, portugiesisch Paio) geweiht. Pelagius, der besonders in Spanien verehrt wird, war nach der Legende ein Enkel oder Neffe des Bischofs von Tui und soll zu Beginn des 10. Jahrhunderts in Córdoba zur Zeit des  Emirats von Córdoba den Märtyrertod erlitten haben. 1178 erhielt das Kloster eine Schenkung von König Ferdinand II. Vom Kloster ist heute nur noch die Kirche erhalten.

Architektur

Außenbau

Die Außenmauern des  Langhauses unterteilen flache Strebepfeiler. Die eingezogene, halbrunde Apsis wird von schlanken Dreiviertelsäulen gegliedert. Apsis und Langhaus sind von Rundbogenfenstern durchbrochen, deren Archivolten auf Säulen mit skulptierten Kapitellen aufliegen und von einem breiten Rollenfries umrahmt werden.

Westfassade und Hauptportal
Die Westfassade, über der sich ein Glockengiebel (espadaña) erhebt, wird von drei Rundbögen gegliedert. Die seitlichen Bögen rahmen Blendfelder, im mittleren Bogen öffnet sich das stufenförmig eingeschnittene Hauptportal. Es wird von schlanken, eingestellten Säulen gerahmt, die mit figürlich skulptierten Kapitellen versehen sind. Auf diesen sind das Tierkreiszeichen des Schützen, Vögel und Tiere, zum Teil mit menschlichen Köpfen, dargestellt. Die beiden Konsolen (mochetas), auf denen das schmucklose Tympanon aufliegt, sind als Köpfe von Wölfen gestaltet.

Südportal
Das Tympanon des schlichteren Südportals ist mit zwei Zackenbögen verziert und wird ebenfalls von Konsolen getragen, die Tierköpfe darstellen. Über dem Rundbogen verläuft ein Rollenfries.

Innenraum

Die Kirche ist einschiffig und in fünf Joche unterteilt. Das Langhaus wird von einer Holzdecke gedeckt, der Chor besitzt ein Gewölbe aus Stein, das von Gurtbögen unterfangen wird.

Ausstattung

In der Kirche ist ein reich verziertes steinernes Taufbecken erhalten.

Literatur
 Jaime Cobreros: Las Rutas del Románico en España. Band. I, Guía Total, Madrid 2004, ISBN 84-9776-010-7, S. 323–324.

Weblinks

 Monasterio de San Paio de Diomondi. Monasterios de Galicia (spanisch)
 Diomondi. Iglesia de San Pelayo. La guía digital del arte románico, arquivoltas.com (spanisch)

Einzelnachweise

Bauwerk in der Provinz Lugo
Bauwerk der Romanik in Galicien
Kirchengebäude in Galicien
Kulturdenkmal in der Provinz Lugo
Erbaut im 12. Jahrhundert
Ehemaliges Benediktinerkloster in Spanien
Pelagius-von-Córdoba-Kirche
Kloster (10. Jahrhundert)
Kloster in Galicien
Geschichte (Galicien)
Diomondi

San Pelayo (Diomondi)


Die Saison 2012/13 der Österreichischen Eishockeyliga begann am 6. September 2012 und endete am 5. April 2013. Titelverteidiger war der EHC Linz, der jedoch bereits im Halbfinale ausschied. Neuer Meister wurde zum dreißigsten Mal in der Vereinsgeschichte der EC KAC, der im Finale in einem Sweep die Vienna Capitals besiegte.

Teilnehmende Mannschaften

Bereits kurz nach Ende der vorangegangenen Meisterschaft erwog der HC Innsbruck, der bereits bis zur Saison 2008/09 in der höchsten Spielklasse aktiv war, sich nach dem Sieg in der Nationalliga um den Wiederaufstieg zu bewerben. Der ÖEHV hatte zuvor den Antrag der Innsbrucker, in die italienische Serie A1 zu wechseln, abgelehnt, die dank niedrigerer Budgets leichter zu finanzieren gewesen wäre. Der HCI veröffentlichte hierzu einen offenen Brief, der ÖEHV argumentierte jedoch mit der Tatsache, dass es in Österreich ohnehin zu wenige Eishockeyclubs gäbe, die den Sport auf professioneller Ebene finanzieren konnten. Infolgedessen entschied sich der Vorstand des HC Innsbruck im Mai, den Antrag für den Wiederaufstieg in die EBEL zu stellen. Diesem wurde bei der Ligasitzung in Klagenfurt entsprochen.

Neben den Tirolern entschloss sich auch der Vorarlberger Club Dornbirner EC, den Aufstieg in die höchste Spielklasse zu wagen. Damit nahmen erstmals seit über zehn Jahren wieder acht österreichische Clubs an der höchsten Spielklasse des Landes teil.

Anfang April wurde außerdem bekannt, dass der Deutsche Zweitligist Landshut Cannibals einen Einstieg in Erwägung zog. Die Deutschen hatten ebenso die Option, um zwei Millionen Euro die DEL-Lizenz der Hannover Scorpions zu erwerben, was dem Club jedoch Berichten zufolge zu teuer war. Das Vorhaben der Cannibals rief Erinnerungen an das Vorgehen des EHC München hervor, der zwei Jahre zuvor den möglichen EBEL-Einstieg als Druckmittel gegen die DEL anwandte, und das Vorhaben verlief letzten Endes im Sande.

Auch der slowakische Club ŠHK 37 Piešťany hatte mit einer Teilnahme an der EBEL spekuliert und bereits einen Antrag auf Aufnahme gestellt, der slowakische Verband verweigerte dem Vorhaben jedoch die Zustimmung.

HK Jesenice
Die Situation beim HK Jesenice war bereits in der Vorsaison kritisch geworden. Mehrmals verließen Spieler den verschuldeten Club, der die Spielzeit mit einem Rumpfkader beenden musste und dabei den letzten Platz belegte. Zwischenzeitlich war eine Spendenaktion der Fans ins Leben gerufen worden, die jedoch kaum half. Daher sah bereits zum Ende des Grunddurchgangs der Saison 2011/12 alles nach einem Ausstieg der Slowenen aus. Dies bewahrheitete sich im Mai; bei der Ligasitzung zum Ablauf der neuen Saison einigte man sich darauf, dass die Slowenen eine mehrjährige Pause einlegen sollten, um sich finanziell zu konsolidieren.

Das konnte der Verein jedoch auch finanziell nicht stemmen und gab am 31. August 2012 seine Auflösung bekannt.

Teams der Saison 2012/13
(gereiht nach Vorjahrsplatzierung)

Farmteams
Nachdem die österreichischen EBEL-Clubs in den letzten beiden Jahren Farmteams in der Oberliga bzw. Nationalliga betrieben hatten und die Ergebnisse eher durchwachsen ausgefallen waren, gab es bereits zum Jahreswechsel 2012 Planungen, eine EBEL-interne Nachwuchsliga ins Leben zu rufen, wobei für alle EBEL-Clubs, ungeachtet ihrer Nationalität, die Teilnahme verpflichtend sein sollte. Aus diesem Vorhaben wurde die Erste Bank Young Stars League, die schließlich parallel zur EBEL-Saison 2012/13 mit vierzehn Teams ihren Spielbetrieb aufnahm.

Nachwuchsliga

Die folgende supranationalen Nachwuchsliga wird seit dieser Saison von der Erste Bank Eishockey Liga organisiert:

Modus und Reglement
Der Modus blieb im Vergleich zum Vorjahr praktisch unverändert. Im Grunddurchgang wird eine doppelte Hin- und Rückrunde gespielt, was 44 Spiele je Mannschaft ergibt. Es folgen eine Platzierungsrunde für die Teams auf den Plätzen eins bis sechs und eine Qualifikationsrunde für die restlichen sechs Teams um die beiden letzten Playoff-Plätze.

Die Post-Season wird anschließend mit Viertelfinale, Halbfinale und Finale ausgetragen, wobei in der ersten Runde die drei bestplatzierten Teams ihre Gegner aus dem unteren Tableau wählen können.

Transfers

Transfers im Zuge des NHL-Lockouts
Aufgrund des Lockouts in der National Hockey League fand ab Oktober auch eine Anzahl Spieler aus der nordamerikanischen Topliga den Weg in die EBEL, wenngleich alle Verträge zunächst bis 14. Dezember beschränkt waren. Die getätigten Transfers sind in der folgenden Tabelle zusammengefasst.

Saisonvorbereitung
Wie in den vergangenen Spielzeiten spielten die EBEL-Clubs mehrere Turniere zur Vorbereitung auf die neue Saison. Das wichtigste dieser Turniere stellt die dritte Austragung der European Trophy dar, an der erneut der EC Red Bull Salzburg und die Vienna Capitals teilnahmen.

Übersicht aller Vorbereitungs-Turniere
Anmerkung: Mannschaften aus der EBEL sind fett dargestellt.

Grunddurchgang

Hauptrunde

Erste Hinrunde (Runden 1 bis 11)

Tabellensituation nach der ersten Hinrunde (11 Runden)

Mit der Auftaktrunde am 6. September startete die Liga so früh wie nie zuvor in die neue Saison. Gleich vom Start weg machte der EC VSV auf sich aufmerksam und setzte sich mit souveränen Leistungen an die Tabellenspitze. Die Mannschaft erwies sich als offensiv wie defensiv herausragend und entschied Spiele gegen designierte Favoriten zum Teil mit deutlichen Ergebnissen für sich. Dieser Lauf wurde jedoch zwischenzeitlich gebremst, als Stammtorhüter Jean-Philippe Lamoureux nach einer Tätlichkeit gegen einen Schiedsrichter für fünf Spiele gesperrt wurde und dessen Backup Thomas Höneckl sich nicht als stark genug erwies.

Ebenfalls stark präsentierten sich nach der verpatzten Vorsaison die Vienna Capitals, die sich gemeinsam mit KHL Medveščak Zagreb als erste Verfolger der Villacher etablierten. Der EC Dornbirn erwies sich als würdiger Neuzugang und konnte trotz vieler Niederlagen sein Niveau beweisen. Im Gegensatz dazu machte der HC Innsbruck in negativer Hinsicht von sich reden, da die Mannschaft den schlechtesten Saisonstart seit Gründung der EBEL für sich verbuchte und bereits nach wenigen Spielen abgeschlagen auf dem letzten Platz stand. Mit einem Schnitt von mehr als fünf Gegentoren pro Spiel zeigte das Team auch die schlechteste Defensivleistung der EBEL-Historie.

In negativer Hinsicht Schlagzeilen machte auch der EC Red Bull Salzburg, wo zwischenzeitlich sogar an Trainer Pierre Pagé gerüttelt wurde. Die Mannschaft zeigte sich inkonstant und vor allem defensiv schwach; interne Querelen schwächten die Mannschaft zusätzlich. Torhüter Alex Auld wurde entlassen und zwischenzeitlich durch Bernd Brückler ersetzt. Ähnlich erging es auch Meister Linz, wo trotz des nur geringfügig veränderten Kaders viele Niederlagen mit zum Teil auffallend vielen Gegentoren zu Buche standen. Die Linzer reagierten darauf, indem sie ihren langjährigen Stamm-Torwart Alex Westlund entließen und durch den EBEL-erfahrenen David LeNeveu ersetzten.

Besondere Aufmerksamkeit erhielt die Liga gleich zu Beginn durch zwei Freiluftspiele, die von KHL Medveščak Zagreb im Amphitheater Pula veranstaltet wurden. Der HDD Ljubljana und die Vienna Capitals traten gegen die Kroaten in der historischen Arena an, worüber auch in der internationalen Presse berichtet wurde.

Auch zwei Trainerwechsel wurden relativ knapp nach Beginn der Spielzeit vermeldet. In Ljubljana wurde Heikki Mälkiä nach nur wenigen Spielen entlassen und durch Co-Trainer Bojan Zajc ersetzt. Bei Székesfehérvár wurde der Vertrag von Kevin Primeau gelöst, und der Tscheche Jan Neliba übernahm dessen Posten.

Auf dem Transfermarkt wurde vor allem von dem Lockout in der National Hockey League profitiert (s. hierzu auch Transfers). Insbesondere das Gastspiel von Thomas Vanek bei den 99ers erfuhr große mediale Aufmerksamkeit und brachte dem Club ein deutliches Zuschauerplus. Im Zuge des Lockouts wurde seitens der Liga auch die Transferfrist verlängert.

Erste Rückrunde (Runden 12 bis 22)

Tabellensituation nach der ersten Rückrunde (22 Runden)

Im zweiten Viertel des Grunddurchgangs zeichneten sich einige vor der Saison nicht erwartete Entwicklungen ab. So konnten sich Alba Volán Székesfehérvár und Orli Znojmo in der Tabelle weiter nach oben orientieren, während der EC KAC in die untere Tabellenhälfte abrutschte. Die Klagenfurter, die zwischenzeitlich bis zu elf Verletzte Spieler hatten, kämpften mit einer mangelhaften Torausbeute, was auch durch die Verpflichtung von drei Lockout-Spielern – namentlich Tyler Myers, Sam Gagner und Andrew Cogliano – nicht kompensiert werden konnte.

Der EC Red Bull Salzburg hatte insbesondere in der Defensive Probleme und machte ebenso durch eine rege Transfertätigkeit auf sich aufmerksam; auch hier wurden mit Johnny Boychuk, Derick Brassard und Derek Dorsett neben Rob Schremp (zuletzt in der KHL) gleich mehrere Lockout-Spieler verpflichtet. Eine ähnliche Verteidigungsschwäche beendete auch den Lauf des EC VSV, der rasch ins Mittelfeld der Tabelle abrutschte. Mit Antti Pusa machte ein Spieler des Clubs auch abseits des Eises Schlagzeilen, nachdem er in betrunkenem Zustand eine Wohnungstür verwechselt hatte.

Zagreb führte zwischenzeitlich erstmals die EBEL-Tabelle an. Die Liga profitierte gleichzeitig auch vom jährlich von den Kroaten veranstalteten Arena Ice Fever, in dessen Rahmen der Club eine Reihe von Begegnungen in der 15.000 Zuschauer fassenden Arena Zagreb austrug.

Die Liga-Neulinge Dornbirn und Innsbruck hatten weiterhin mit dem gegenüber der Nationalliga deutlich höheren Niveau der Liga zu kämpfen, wobei die Vorarlberger den Sprung deutlich besser meisterten und den Anschluss an das Tabellen-Mittelfeld bewahren konnten. Der HC Innsbruck schlitterte in mehrere hohe Niederlagen, in denen der Klassenunterschied deutlich erkennbar war.

Meister Linz stabilisierte seine Leistungen nach dem Torhüterwechsel und näherte sich dank verbesserter Konstanz der oberen Tabellenhälfte an. Ljubljana ließ letztere jedoch vermissen und gewann weiterhin überraschend gegen deutlich stärker eingeschätzte Gegner, während die Mannschaft gleichzeitig als Pflichtsiege zu betrachtende Partien verlor.

Die Capitals profitierten indessen von einer herausragenden Defensive und festigten ihren Platz unter den Top-Mannschaften der Liga.

Zweite Hinrunde (Runden 23 bis 33)

Tabellensituation nach der zweiten Hinrunde (33 Runden)

In der dritten Hinrunde kam es zum Showdown der beiden Topteams Zagreb und Wien um die zwischenzeitliche Tabellenführung, den die Wiener für sich entscheiden konnten. Die Mannschaft um Trainer Samuelsson machte insbesondere mit einer starken Verteidigungsarbeit auf sich aufmerksam. Mit einem Gegentorschnitt von nur knapp über zwei Gegentreffern pro Spiel hatte sie die beste Defensivarbeit der EBEL-Geschichte vorzuweisen. Dem gegenüber stand der HC Innsbruck, der knapp fünf Tore pro Spiel hinnehmen musste und damit zum schlechtesten Neueinsteiger seit Székesfehérvár in der Saison 2007/08 avancierte.

Das Tabellen-Mittelfeld blieb weiterhin eng zusammen, wobei der EC VSV die Gruppe nun ergänzte; der Club hatte aufgrund mehrerer Niederlagen den Anschluss an das Top-Trio verloren, während die Salzburger sich von unten annähern konnten. Nach dem HDD Ljubljana klaffte weiterhin eine Lücke hin zu den beiden Liga-Neulingen, wobei der EC Dornbirn sich weiterhin besser behaupten konnte als die Innsbrucker.

Im Zuge des Endes der Try-out-Frist wurden auch einige Umstellungen in den Kadern vorgenommen. Der EC KAC entließ Cogliano und verpflichtete stattdessen Verteidiger Florian Iberer und Stürmer Tomislav Zanoški vom Ligakonkurrenten Zagreb. Der EHC Linz holte mit Shawn Matthias doch noch einen Lockout-Spieler an Bord, während die Capitals Stürmer Justin Keller von den Salzburgern übernahmen. Dornbirn trennte sich von Christoph Harand und Michael Lebler.

Der EC Red Bull Salzburg hatte inzwischen mit Image-Problemen zu kämpfen. Nachdem Derick Brassard den Club ohne Rücksprache verlassen hatte, erregte dessen Manager Allan Walsh in den Medien mit der Aussage Aufsehen, es gäbe »in ganz Europa keinen unprofessionelleren Verein als Red Bull Salzburg«. Außerdem verbreite der Klub Unwahrheiten, um den Abgang der NHL-Spieler vor Fans und Medien zu rechtfertigen, fuhr er fort. Salzburg reagierte darauf, indem der Club die Ausschöpfung aller Rechtsmittel wegen des Vertragsbruchs ankündigte.

Ein nicht weniger peinlicher Faux-pas unterlief dem EC KAC, wo knapp vor Weihnachten aufgrund schlechter Kommunikation mit Pressevertretern einige Formate bereits die Ablöse von Trainer Christian Weber verkündet hatten. Die Vereinsführung stellte dies zwar richtig, löste damit aber dennoch heftige Diskussionen über Zusammensetzung und Handlungsweise des Präsidiums aus.

In die dritte Hinrunde fielen auch zwei zweistellige Kantersiege: der EC VSV besiegte zu Hause die Bären aus Zagreb mit 11:2, während EC Red Bull Salzburg ein 12:3-Heimsieg gegen den Liganeuling aus Dornbirn gelang.

Zweite Rückrunde (Runden 34 bis 44)
Die letzte Phase der Vorrunde brachte nochmals einige Veränderungen in der Tabelle. Während die Rangfolge der vier besten Teams unverändert blieb, rutschte Alba Volán Székesfehérvár in das untere Tableau ab. Der EC KAC, der inzwischen Trainer Christian Weber abgelöst und durch Christer Olsson ersetzt hatte, konnte sich dank einer souveränen Siegesserie noch in die obere Tabellenhälfte bringen. Im Mittelfeld kämpften der EHC Linz und Orli Znojmo noch um den letzten verbliebenen Platz in der Platzierungsrunde, wobei sich die Oberösterreicher schließlich durchsetzten.

Der EC Red Bull Salzburg hatte schon einige Runden vor Schluss die fixe Playoff-Qualifikation verpasst und haderte weiterhin mit unkonstanten Leistungen. Gleichzeitig wurde bekannt, dass Cheftrainer Pierre Pagé in Zukunft als Sportdirektor der beiden Red-Bull-Mannschaften in Salzburg und München fungieren sollte. Diese Meldungen löste auch Besorgnis um die zukünftige Bedeutung des Standorts in Österreich aus.

Am unteren Tabellenende verblieben weiterhin die Neuzugänge aus Dornbirn und Innsbruck, wobei insbesondere erstere zwischenzeitlich mit guten Leistungen auf sich aufmerksam machten.

Tabelle nach dem Grunddurchgang

Kreuztabelle der Ergebnisse
Stand: Grunddurchgang komplettiert

Kreuztabelle der Grunddurchgangs-Ergebnisse

Legende:KAC = EC KAC, VSV = EC VSV, VIC = EV Vienna Capitals, G99 = EC Graz 99ers, HCI = HC Innsbruck, ECD = EC Dornbirn, EHL = EHC Linz, OLJ = HDD Olimpija Ljubljana, AVS = Alba Volán Székesfehérvár, MZA = KHL Medveščak Zagreb, ZNO = HC Orli Znojmo, RBS = EC Red Bull Salzburg

Platzierungsrunde
In der Platzierungsrunde erwies sich Meister EHC Linz als das stärkste Team, das acht seiner zehn Begegnungen gewinnen konnte. Die Vienna Capitals konnten sich erst am letzten Spieltag durch einen Shootout-Sieg über den EC KAC Rang eins in der Tabelle sichern. Der EC KAC erspielte sich den dritten Rang und überholte damit auch Medveščak Zagreb, dessen Zwischenrunden-Bilanz negativ ausfiel. Am Tabellenende landeten die Graz 99ers und der EC VSV, die beide sieben von zehn Spielen verloren.

Tabelle der Platzierungsrunde

Kreuztabelle der Ergebnisse
Stand: Endstand nach Runde 10

Kreuztabelle der Platzierungsrunden-Ergebnisse

Qualifikationsrunde
In der Qualifikationsrunde konnte sich der HC Orli Znojmo rasch von den restlichen Teilnehmern absetzen und hatte schlussendlich mit einer Bilanz von 8:2-Siegen dasselbe Ergebnis vorzuweisen wie der EHC Linz, das beste Team der Platzierungsrunde. Den zweiten Playoff-Platz hielt zu Beginn der HDD Olimpija Ljubljana, während Salzburg als Favorit durchwachsene Leistungen zeigte; erst nach der Nationalteam-Pause (Olympiaqualifikation) konnten die Salzburger zulegen und sich schließlich souverän Rang zwei sichern.

Erwartungsgemäß nur eine Nebenrolle spielten die beiden Neuzugänge aus Dornbirn und Innsbruck. Auch Székesfehérvár konnte die relativ gute Form aus der Hauptrunde nicht halten und landete letzten Endes auf dem insgesamt elften Rang.

Tabelle der Qualifikationsrunde

Kreuztabelle der Ergebnisse
Stand: Endstand nach Runde 10

Kreuztabelle der Qualifikationsrunden-Ergebnisse

Statistiken

Topscorer

Beste Torhüter

Legende:
Feldspieler: GP = Spiele, G = Tore, A = Assists, PTS = Scorerpunkte, PIM = Strafminuten, PPG = Powerplaytore, PPA = Powerplay-Assists, SHG = Unterzahltore, SHA = Unterzahl-Assists, GWG = Gamewinning Goals, SOG = Schüsse aufs Tor, SG% = Schusseffizienz

Torhüter: GP = Spiele, GPI = Tatsächliche Einsätze, MIP = Spielminuten, GA = Gegentore, GAA = Gegentorschnitt, SOG = Schüsse aufs Tor, SVS = gehaltene Schüsse, SVS% = Fangquote, SO = Shutouts, W = Gewonnene Spiele, L = Niederlagen in regulärer Spielzeit, OTL = Niederlagen in Overtime/Penaltyschießen, A = Assists, PIM = Strafminuten, Fettschrift = Bestwert

Teams: KAC = EC KAC, VSV = EC VSV, VIC = Vienna Capitals, EHL = EHC Linz, G99 = EC Graz 99ers, DEC = EC Dornbirn, HCI = HC Innsbruck, RBS = EC Red Bull Salzburg, OLL = HDD Olimpija Ljubljana, AVS = Alba Volán Székesfehérvár, MZA = KHL Medveščak Zagreb, ZNO = Orli Znojmo

Playoffs

Auswahl der Gegner für das Viertelfinale
Erstmals hatten in dieser Saison die drei bestplatzierten Mannschaften, nach schwedischem Vorbild, ein Wahlrecht für ihre jeweiligen Gegner im Viertelfinale. Die Wahl fand unmittelbar im Anschluss an die letzten Spiele des Grunddurchgangs live auf Servus TV statt, wo Vertreter der Vienna Capitals, des EHC Linz und des EC KAC ihre Entscheidungen bekanntgaben. Zagreb erhielt mit dem EC Red Bull Salzburg das letzte verbliebene Team als Gegner.

Playoff-Baum

Viertelfinale
 Vienna Capitals (1) – HC Orli Znojmo (7): Endstand 4:1
 Saisonbilanz: 4 Spiele im Grunddurchgang, 4 Siege für die Capitals, Torverhältnis: 14:7
 Die Serie zwischen dem Grunddurchgangssieger und dem Ersten der Qualifikationsrunde startete aufgrund der Saisonbilanz unter klaren Vorzeichen. Die Capitals konnten die ersten beiden Begegnungen klar für sich entscheiden; erst im dritten Spiel konnten die Tschechen gegen die Wiener – auf fremdem Eis – erstmals gewinnen. Die Capitals steigerten sich jedoch weiterhin und ließen in den beiden letzten Partien keinen Gegentreffer mehr zu. Insbesondere Spiel vier geriet zu einem Debakel für Znojmo, als die Capitals auswärts nach Belieben zum Torerfolg kamen. Im alles entscheidenden letzten Spiel siegten die Wiener anschließend souverän und sicherten sich so einen Platz im Halbfinale.

 EHC Linz (2) – EC VSV (6): Endstand 4:3
 Saisonbilanz: 6 Spiele in Grunddurchgang und Platzierungsrunde, 3:3 Siege, Torverhältnis: 19:21
 Die Entscheidung des EHC Linz, den VSV als Viertelfinalgegner zu wählen, stieß vor allem aufgrund der ungleich besseren Bilanz gegen die Graz 99ers auf großes Unverständnis insbesondere unter den eigenen Fans. Gleich im ersten Spiel unterlagen die Linzer auch auf eigenem Eis. Zwar konnten sie die nächsten drei Begegnungen, drei davon auswärts, anschließend gewinnen, aber im Gegensatz zu Znojmo hielt der VSV mit kämpferisch starken Leistungen die Chance am Leben und konnte zwischenzeitlich in der Serie ausgleichen, letztlich setzten sich die Linzer in der Serie jedoch durch.

  EC KAC (3) – EC Graz 99ers (5): Endstand 4:1
 Saisonbilanz: 6 Spiele in Grunddurchgang und Platzierungsrunde, 4:2, Torverhältnis: 20:17
 Ähnlich wie bei der Serie der Capitals gegen Znojmo, wenngleich weniger eindeutig, wurde auch der EC KAC in seiner Serie gegen die 99ers als Favorit gehandelt. Nach einer knappen Niederlage in Spiel eins zeigten die Grazer aber in der zweiten Begegnung ihre mannschaftliche Stärke und zeigten mit einem souveränen 5:1-Heimsieg, dass die Kräfteverhältnisse keineswegs so klar waren. In diesem Spiel ersetzte KAC-Coach Christer Olsson gegen Ende Torhüter Andy Chiodo gegen dessen Backup René Swette, der von diesem Moment an die Position der Nummer eins bekleidete. Mit Swette im Tor gelangen zunächst die Revanche mit gleichem Ergebnis auf eigenem Eis und anschließend ein 3:0-Shutout-Erfolg in Graz. Das entscheidende fünfte Spiel hielten die Grazer lange offen, gegen Ende sicherte sich der KAC aber mit einem 5:2-Sieg inklusive Empty-Net-Treffer das Halbfinal-Ticket.

 KHL Medveščak Zagreb (4) – EC Red Bull Salzburg (8): Endstand 2:4
 Saisonbilanz: 4 Spiele im Grunddurchgang, 2:2 Siege, Torverhältnis: 9:5
 Die Serie zwischen Zagreb und Salzburg galt vor Playoff-Beginn als ausgeglichenste des Viertelfinales, und tatsächlich wurden drei der sechs Spiele erst in einer Overtime entschieden. Auffallend an der Serie war ein hohes Maß an regelwidrigen Aktionen, die auch zu Sperren führten. Bereits in Spiel zwei kam es zu einem Eklat, als Daniel Welser den Torhüter der Zagreber, Robert Kristan, rammte, woraufhin dieser verletzt ausschied. Nur wenig später revanchierte sich Kyle Greentree am Salzburger Torwart Bernd Brückler. Auch in der Folge blieb die Gangart zum Teil ruppig. Salzburg setzte sich schließlich auch dank konditioneller Vorteile in der Serie durch; die drei Verlängerungen gingen allesamt an die Mozartstädter.

Halbfinale
 Vienna Capitals (1) – EC Red Bull Salzburg (8): Endstand 4:2
 Saisonbilanz: 4 Spiele im Grunddurchgang, 2:2 Siege, Torverhältnis: 12:12
 Die Halbfinalserie der Capitals gegen die Salzburger stellte aus statistischen Gründen eine Besonderheit dar: die entsprechende Begegnung war seit Gründung der EBEL im Jahr 2003 bereits fünf Mal ausgespielt worden, wobei in allen Fällen die Salzburger das bessere Ende für sich gehabt hatten. Erstmals starteten die Roten Bullen jedoch nicht als Favoriten in die Serie. Bereits im ersten Spiel konnten die Capitals mit 6:2 einen deutlichen Sieg feiern. Die Salzburger drehten jedoch mit Spiel drei zwischenzeitlich die Serie. Mitverantwortlich für die beiden Siege war auch der slowenische Torwart Luka Gračnar, der bereits im Grunddurchgang mit guten Leistungen auf sich aufmerksam gemacht hatte. Die Capitals holten sich jedoch mit einem Auswärtssieg das Heimrecht zurück und verwerteten in Spiel sechs auf fremdem Eis den Matchpuck zum Seriengewinn. Für Pierre Pagé stellte die 2:4-Niederlage auch das letzte Spiel als Trainer der Salzburger dar.

 EHC Linz (2) – EC KAC (3): Endstand 2:4
 Saisonbilanz: 6 Spiele in Grunddurchgang und Platzierungsrunde, 2:4 Siege, Torverhältnis: 17:14
 Die zweite Halbfinal-Begegnung war die Neuauflage des Vorjahres-Finales. Die Serie entsprach bis zum vierten Spiel den Prognosen und zeichnete sich durch knappe Ergebnisse und Heimsiege aus. Erst in Spiel fünf gelang dem EC KAC das nötige Break mit einem 3:2-Sieg auf Linzer Eis. Mit dem anschließenden Heimsieg entschieden die Klagenfurter das Halbfinale für sich und standen damit zum dritten Mal in Folge im Finale.

Finale
Die Finalserie stellte die Neuauflage des Finales aus der Saison 2004/05 dar, als ebenfalls die Capitals die Saison dominiert und als Favorit in die Endspielserie gegangen waren. Das Duell bedeutete auch die Begegnung der beiden einzigen schwedischen Coaches in der Liga: Christer Olsson auf Seiten des EC KAC und Tommy Samuelsson auf Seiten der Capitals. Die Favoritenrolle der Wiener gründete sich neben der Tabellenposition auch auf die direkte Saisonbilanz, welche die Capitals mit 5:1 Siegen klar für sich entschieden hatten.

Das Finale begann mit einem knappen 1:0-Auswärtssieg des EC KAC auf fremdem Eis und setzte sich mit einem 2:1-Overtime-Sieg in Klagenfurt fort. Zu diesem Zeitpunkt zeichnete sich aufgrund der guten Defensivleistungen beider Mannschaften und der in Hochform agierenden Torhüter Matt Zaba (Wien) und René Swette (KAC) bereits eine torarme und enge Serie ab. Erst in Spiel drei zeigten beide Clubs offensivere Bemühungen, wobei der EC KAC jedoch die erfolgreichere Mannschaft blieb. Den Kärntnern gelangen vier Tore in der ersten Hälfte der Begegnung. Das letzte Drittel war gekennzeichnet vom vergeblichen Bemühen der Wiener, wobei René Swette jedoch das glücklichere Ende für sich hatte und das zweite Shutout im dritten Finalspiel für sich verbuchen konnte. Die beiden Spiele waren gleichzeitig die ersten seit der oben genannten Finalserie (Spiel drei, 0:5 durch den EC KAC am 3. April 2005), in denen die Wiener auf eigenem Eis ohne Torerfolg blieben.

Im entscheidenden vierten Spiel gelang es den Capitals, erstmals in der Serie in Führung zu gehen. Nach dem zwischenzeitlichen 2:0 erzielte Tyler Scofield per Strafschuss den Anschlusstreffer. Ein Doppelschlag im Mittelabschnitt drehte das Ergebnis zugunsten des EC KAC. In der Schlussphase gelang den Capitals mit sechs Feldspielern der Anschlusstreffer zum 4:3. Der kurz zuvor zum MVP gewählte Jamie Lundmark stellte jedoch mit einem Empty-Net-Treffer den Endstand her.

Den Klagenfurt gelang damit der erste Sweep in einem Finale seit Gründung der EBEL und der erste Finalsweep der österreichischen Ligageschichte bei einer Distanz von Best-of-Seven. Gleichzeitig gewann der Club damit den dreißigsten ÖEHL-Meistertitel der Vereinsgeschichte.

Statistiken

Topscorer

Beste Torhüter

Legende:
Feldspieler: GP = Spiele, G = Tore, A = Assists, PTS = Scorerpunkte, PIM = Strafminuten, PPG = Powerplaytore, PPA = Powerplay-Assists, SHG = Unterzahltore, SHA = Unterzahl-Assists, GWG = Gamewinning Goals, SOG = Schüsse aufs Tor, SG% = Schusseffizienz

Torhüter: GP = Spiele, GPI = Tatsächliche Einsätze, MIP = Spielminuten, GA = Gegentore, GAA = Gegentorschnitt, SOG = Schüsse aufs Tor, SVS = gehaltene Schüsse, SVS% = Fangquote, SO = Shutouts, W = Gewonnene Spiele, L = Niederlagen in regulärer Spielzeit, OTL = Niederlagen in Overtime/Penaltyschießen, A = Assists, PIM = Strafminuten, Fettschrift = Bestwert

Teams: KAC = EC KAC, VSV = EC VSV, VIC = Vienna Capitals, EHL = EHC Linz, G99 = EC Graz 99ers, DEC = EC Dornbirn, HCI = HC Innsbruck, RBS = EC Red Bull Salzburg, OLL = HDD Olimpija Ljubljana, AVS = Alba Volán Székesfehérvár, MZA = KHL Medveščak Zagreb, ZNO = Orli Znojmo

Kader des österreichischen Meisters

Zuschauerzahlen
Auch in der Saison 2012/13 hielt der Trend an, und die Zuschauerzahlen stiegen erneut an. Insgesamt besuchten 1.323.939 die 362 Spiele der Liga (Zuschauerschnitt 3.657), womit der Rekord aus dem Vorjahr (1.148.595 Zuschauer in 308 Spielen, Schnitt 3.729) übertroffen werden konnte. Zu einem Teil dafür verantwortlich waren aber auch die vielen Sonder-Veranstaltungen wie z. B. Freiluftspiele, im Grunddurchgang.

Schiedsrichter
In der folgenden Liste sind alle an der Saison 2011/12 beteiligten Schiedsrichter aufgeführt. In Klammer ist angegeben, ob der Schiedsrichter eine Lizenz der internationalen Eishockey-Föderation zum Leiten internationaler Begegnungen besitzt (IIHF). Die neu eingeführten Rückennummern sind in der Liste mit angegeben.

Disziplinarsenat und Department of Player Safety
Zur Ahndung von Verstößen gegen das Regelwerk auf und abseits des Eises wurde ein neuer Disziplinarsenat eingeführt, der sich in zwei Ebenen gliederte. Die EBEL-Rechtskommission kümmerte sich nun um juristische Fragen wie Spieleranmeldungen u. Ä., während das Department of Player Safety (kurz: DOPS) sich um Vergehen auf dem Eis kümmerte. Lyle Seitz, der im Vorjahr zur Qualitätssicherung bei der Schiedsrichterarbeit engagiert worden war, entschied darin gemeinsam mit Mitgliedern des zur Vereinigung Hockey Europe gehörenden Gremiums über Disziplinarmaßnahmen wie z. B. Sperren. Gleichzeitig wurde erstmals ein Casebook für die EBEL vorgelegt.

Einzelnachweise

2012/13
Eishockeysaison 2012/13

Österreichische Eishockey-Liga 2012/13


An Scleria setulosociliata in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Johann Otto Boeckeler. An Scleria setulosociliata in nahilalakip ha genus nga Scleria, ngan familia nga Cyperaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Scleria

Scleria setulosociliata


Serenity is a 2005 American space Western film written and directed by Joss Whedon in his feature directorial debut. The film is a continuation of Whedon's short-lived 2002 Fox television series Firefly and stars the same cast, taking place after the events of the final episode. Set in 2517, Serenity is the story of the crew of Serenity, a "Firefly-class" spaceship. The captain and first mate are veterans of the Unification War, having fought on the losing Independent side against the Alliance. Their lives of smuggling and cargo-running are interrupted by a psychic passenger who harbors a dangerous secret.

The film stars  Nathan Fillion, Alan Tudyk, Adam Baldwin, Summer Glau and Chiwetel Ejiofor. Serenity was released in North America on September 30, 2005, by Universal Pictures to generally positive reviews and several accolades, including the Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation, the Prometheus Special Award and the Nebula Award for Best Script, but underperformed at the box office.

Plot
In the 26th century, humanity has colonized a new solar system. The central planets formed the Alliance and won a war against the outer planet Independents who resisted joining the Alliance. River Tam is conditioned by Alliance scientists into becoming a psychic and an assassin but is soon rescued by her brother Dr. Simon Tam. During her training, River inadvertently read the minds of several top government officials and learned their secrets. Consequently, an Alliance agent known only as the Operative is tasked with recapturing her.

The siblings have found refuge aboard the transport spaceship Serenity with Captain Malcolm "Mal" Reynolds, first mate Zoe Washburne, pilot Hoban "Wash" Washburne, mercenary Jayne Cobb, and mechanic Kaylee Frye. Despite Simon's objections, Mal brings River on a bank robbery. River warns them that savage and cannibalistic Reavers are coming. They escape, but Simon decides he and River will leave Serenity at the next port. Once there, however, a subliminal message in a television commercial causes River to attack numerous bar patrons, and Mal takes the siblings back aboard the ship. The crew contacts reclusive hacker Mr. Universe, who discovers the message designed to trigger River's mental conditioning. He notes River whispered "Miranda" before attacking and warns that someone else has viewed the footage.

Mal receives an invitation from Inara Serra. Realising it is a trap, Mal goes to confront the Operative who promises to let him go free if he hands over River. Mal barely escapes. Miranda is discovered to be a planet located beyond a region of space swarming with Reavers. The crew flies to the planet Haven but find it devastated and their friend Shepherd Book mortally wounded. The Operative promises to kill anyone who assists them until he gets River.

Mal has the crew disguise Serenity as a Reaver ship and they travel to Miranda undetected. They find its 30 million colonists dead, and a recording that explains an experimental chemical to suppress aggression had been added into Miranda's atmosphere. The population became so docile they stopped performing all activities of daily living and placidly died. A small proportion of them had the opposite reaction and became insanely aggressive and violent. The Alliance had created the Reavers and this was the secret in River's subconscious.

Mr. Universe agrees to broadcast the recording. However, the Operative kills him and prepares an ambush. Knowing this, the crew provoke the Reaver fleet into chasing them toward the Alliance armada. The Reavers and Alliance battle while Wash pilots Serenity through the crossfire. He crash lands near the broadcast tower before being fatally impaled by a Reaver spear.

The crew make a last stand against the Reavers to buy Mal time to broadcast the recording. The crew retreats behind a set of blast doors that fail to properly close. Simon is shot, and River dives through the doors to throw back Simon's medical kit and close the doors before the Reavers drag her away. At the transmitter, Mal fights the Operative, finally subduing him and forcing him to watch as the recording is broadcast. Mal returns to the crew. The blast doors open to reveal that River has killed all the Reavers. The Operative orders the Alliance troops to stand down.

The Operative provides medical aid and resources to repair Serenity. He tells Mal the broadcast has weakened the Alliance government, but while he will try to convince the Parliament that River and Simon are no longer threats, he warns that they may continue their pursuit in retribution for getting the word out. Serenity takes off, with River as Mal's new pilot.

Cast

Production

Development
The film is based on Firefly, a television series canceled by the Fox Broadcasting Company in December 2002, after 11 of its 14 produced episodes had aired. Attempts to have other networks acquire the series failed, and creator Joss Whedon started to sell it as a film. He had been working on a film script since the show's cancellation. Shortly after the cancellation, he contacted Barry Mendel, who was working with Universal Studios, and "flat-out asked him" for a way to continue the series as a film, including as a low-budget television film. Mendel introduced Whedon to then Universal executive Mary Parent. She had seen Firefly and immediately signed on to the project, even though Whedon had yet to create a story. Whedon remarked:
In July 2003, Whedon said that though there was interest in the project, "I won't know really until I finish a draft whether or not it's genuine." He felt that any film deal was contingent on keeping the show's original cast, though he later stated that retaining the cast was "never an issue" as Universal executives believed the cast suitable after watching every episode of the series.

In early September 2004, a film deal with Universal was publicly confirmed. Universal acquired the rights to Firefly shortly before the confirmation. Whedon felt that the strong sales of the Firefly DVD, which sold out in less than 24 hours after the pre-order announcement, "definitely helped light a fire and make them [Universal] go, 'Okay, we've really got something here.' It definitely helped them just be comfortable with the decisions they were making, but they really had been supporting us for quite some time already." Whedon felt it was "important people understand that the movie isn't the series", and so the project was titled Serenity.

Writing
After Universal acquired the film rights from Fox, Whedon began writing the screenplay. His task was to explain the premise of a television series that few had seen without boring new viewers or longtime fans. He based his story on original story ideas for Fireflys un-filmed second season. Whedon's original script was 190 pages, and attempted to address all major plot points introduced in the series. After presenting the script to Barry Mendel under the title "The Kitchen Sink", Whedon and Mendel collaborated on cutting down the script to a size film-able under his budget constraints. All nine principal cast members from the television series were scheduled to return for the movie, but Glass and Tudyk could not commit to sequels, leading to the death of their characters in the second draft of the script. The tightened script and a budget Mendel and Whedon prepared were submitted to Universal on a Friday and on the following Monday morning, Stacey Snider, then head of Universal, called Mendel to officially greenlight the movie.

Universal planned to begin shooting in October 2003, but delays in finishing the script postponed the start of shooting to June 2004.

Filming

Principal photography for Serenity was originally estimated to require 80 days, lasting a typical 12 to 14 hours each, with a budget of over $100 million. Unwilling to approve of such a large budget, Universal Studios wished to shoot abroad to minimize production costs. However, Whedon, reluctant to uproot his family, insisted that filming take place locally and maintained that it was possible for a local production to cost fewer days and less than half the expected budget. On March 2, 2004, the film was greenlit for production with a budget of under $40 million. At the project's completion, the film spent $39 million, considered low for a science fiction action film featuring heavy special effects.

Serenity was filmed over a period of 50 ten-hour days, beginning June 3, 2004, and ending September 17, 2004. The film was primarily shot on Universal Studio sound stages with locations throughout Los Angeles. The sequence where the crew is pursued by Reavers after a bank robbery was filmed along the Templin Highway north of Santa Clarita. The shoot typically would have lasted 30 days, but the production completed filming the sequence in five days. Pyrotechnics were shot at Mystery Mesa, near Santa Clarita, over a period of three days rather than a typical two weeks. The scenes on the planet Miranda were filmed at Diamond Ranch High School in Pomona.

The production expected to save money by reusing the Serenity ship interior set from the Firefly television series, but the set was not available. Instead the ship was rebuilt, using DVD images of the television series as a guide. Construction was completed over 14 weeks on Universal Studios' Stage 12 by 23 supervised crews working independently but in coordination with one another. Universal was concerned about the extra cost but were satisfied when it was completed in just 14 weeks, according to executive producer David Lester.

Visual effects
As the budget for the film was considerably smaller than for the TV series, practical special effects were used as much as possible: if a computer-generated imagery (CGI) composite was required, as many tangible sets and props as possible were constructed to minimize the use of computer effects. The most technically challenging scene was the mule skiff chase. For budgetary reasons, a gimbal and CGI, much like those used in the pod race in Star Wars: Episode I – The Phantom Menace, were quickly ruled out. Instead, the crew fashioned a trailer with a cantilevered arm attached to the "hovercraft" and shot the scene while riding up Templin Highway north of Santa Clarita. Zoic Studios, the company that produced the graphics for the series, had to perform a complete overhaul of their computer model of Serenity, as the television model would not stand up to the high-definition scrutiny of cinema screens.

Musical score

In pre-production memos, Whedon described his vision for the score as "spare, intimate, mournful and indefatigable". Just as the landscape and speech drew from elements of the Western, he wished the same of the musical style and instrumentation. However, he did not want to step too far into Western clichés to "cause justified derision" and hoped the score would also draw from Chinese and other Asian musical elements. He wanted the musical elements "mixed up, hidden, or it's as much a cliché as the western feel. We don't want to be too specific about culture or time. We want to be comfortable enough with the sounds not to let them take us out of the story, but not so comfortable that we begin to be told where the story is." Music was to draw heavily on what could be carried, and he highlighted four instruments: voice, percussion, woodwind, strings particularly guitar. He cautioned against vocal orchestration, believing there to be only two voices in Hollywood and wishing to avoid both, and advised moderation in woodwind, feeling wind instruments to be "either too airy or too sophisticated".

Universal Studios wanted a composer with experience scoring films, ruling out Firefly composer Greg Edmonson. Whedon first thought of Carter Burwell, of whom Whedon was a huge fan. However, Whedon later felt that Burwell was not the right choice because as the film changed, the needs of the score changed as well. Burwell found working on the project difficult as it required he work "opposite" to his usual approach. The production would have continued with Burwell, but his other obligations left him little time to compose an entirely new score for Serenity. Burwell was dropped from the project a few weeks before the scheduled February 2005 recording.

David Newman was recommended by Universal's music executives when Whedon requested a composer capable of "everything" and "quickly". Whedon's instructions to Newman for the ship Serenity theme was something homemade and mournful, evoking the idea of pioneers who had only what they could carry. Whedon wished the theme to let viewers know they were now home. River Tam's theme was played on a uniquely shaped, square, antique piano that was slightly out of tune. The piano reminded Newman of River and composed a "haunting, haunted, vaguely eastern and achingly unresolved" theme that Whedon felt proved Newman's understanding of the film's musical needs.

The score was performed by the Hollywood Studio Symphony under Newman's direction. The official soundtrack was released September 27, 2005.

Release
Serenity had its world premiere at the Edinburgh International Film Festival on August 22, 2005. The premiere sold out, and the festival arranged for two more screenings on August 24, which sold out in twenty-four hours, and in the "Best of the Fest" line-up on August 28. The film was theatrically released September 30, 2005.

Serenity was originally released on traditional film prints. Because the original 2K digital intermediate scans were readily available, the film was chosen by Universal Pictures to test conversion to a Digital Cinema Distribution Master of the film and to "test the workflow required to create a ." Serenity became the first film to fully conform to Digital Cinema Initiatives specifications, marking "a major milestone in the move toward all-digital projection".

Marketing
In April 2005, Universal launched a three-stage grassroots marketing campaign. A rough cut of the film was previewed in a total of thirty-five North American cities where the Firefly television series received the highest Nielsen ratings. The screenings did not bear the name of the film and relied on word-of-mouth within the fanbase for promotion. All screenings sold out in less than twenty-four hours, sometimes in as quickly as five minutes. The first screening was held May 5, 2005, in ten cities. The second screening on May 26 increased the number of cities to twenty. In the twenty-four hours following the announcement of the second screening, the Firefly fanbase launched trial and error efforts to uncover the theaters holding the screenings, leading the event to be sold out before the official listing was released. The third screening on June 23 was held in thirty-five cities. A final screening was held at Comic-Con International, followed by a panel with Whedon and the cast.

Session 416
Session 416, also known as the R. Tam Sessions, are a series of five short videos anonymously released by Whedon through various websites and message boards as viral marketing. The first video, bearing the title card "R. Tam, Session 416, Second Excerpt", was released on the iFilm website on August 16, 2005. By September 7, 2005, all five videos had been released.

The series grew out of Universal executives' request that Whedon supply content for an online viral marketing campaign (though a representative from Universal Studios denied knowledge of the videos' origin). He decided to explore events before the film and the television series. The clips were filmed with a "tiny" crew in a single day and are shot in grainy, low quality, black-and-white. They were later included on the Collector's Edition DVD.

The videos, sequenced out of chronological order, depict excerpts of counseling sessions between River Tam, played by Summer Glau, and her unnamed therapist, played by Whedon, while she is held at the Alliance Academy. They follow her change from shy and sweet child prodigy to the mentally unstable girl of the television series.

Home media
Serenity was released on Region 1 DVD, VHS and UMD on December 20, 2005. The DVD ranked #3 in sales for the week ending December 25, 2005. Bonus features on the DVD version include audio commentary from Whedon; deleted scenes and outtakes; a short introduction by Whedon for advance screenings; a hidden featurette on the creation of the Fruity Oaty Bar commercial; and three featurettes on the Firefly and Serenity universe, special effects, and the revival of the television series to film. Region 2 releases included an additional making-of featurette, and Region 4 releases included additional extended scenes, a tour of the set, a feature on cinematographer Jack Green, and a question-and-answer session with Whedon filmed after an advance screening in Australia.

Serenity was released on HD DVD on April 18, 2006, the first Universal Studios film released on the format. In January 2007, it became the first full-resolution rip of an HD DVD release uploaded to the BitTorrent network after its title key was ripped from a software player and released online.

A 2-disc Collector's Edition DVD was released for Region 1 on August 21, 2007. It included the special features  on the Region 4 disc, except the question-and-answer session; Session 416, a documentary on the film; and a second commentary with Whedon and actors Nathan Fillion, Adam Baldwin, Summer Glau, and Ron Glass. The film was released on Blu-ray on December 30, 2008, adding to the special features a video version of the cast commentary, picture-in-picture visual commentary, two databases of in-universe material, and a digital tour of Serenity. Serenity was released on 4K UHD Blu-ray on October 17, 2017.

Reception

Box office
Despite high anticipation, Serenity performed poorly at the box office. Although several pundits predicted a #1 opening, the film opened at #2 in the United States, taking in $10.1 million on its first weekend, spending two weeks in the top ten, and closed on November 17, 2005 with a domestic box office gross of $25.5 million. Movie industry analyst Brandon Gray described Serenitys box office performance as "like a below average genre picture".

Serenitys international box office results were mixed, with strong openings in the UK, Portugal and Russia, but poor results in Spain, Australia, France and Italy. United International Pictures canceled the film's theatrical release in at least seven countries, planning to release it directly to DVD instead. The box office income outside the United States was $14.9 million, with a worldwide total of $40.4 million.

Critical reception

On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 82% based on 187 reviews, with an average rating of 7.15/10. The site's critical consensus states: "Snappy dialogue and goofy characters make this Wild Wild West soap opera in space fun and adventurous." On Metacritic the film has a weighted average score of 74 out of 100, based on reviews from 34 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews". Audiences surveyed by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A" on an A+ to F scale.

Ebert and Roeper gave the film a "Two Thumbs Up" rating. Roger Ebert, in his review for the Chicago Sun-Times, gave the film three out of four stars, commenting that it is "made of dubious but energetic special effects, breathless velocity, much imagination, some sly verbal wit and a little political satire". "The movie plays like a critique of contemporary society", he observed, also stating that in this way it was like Brave New World and Nineteen Eighty-Four. Peter Hartlaub in the San Francisco Chronicle called it "a triumph", comparing its writing to the best Star Trek episodes. Manohla Dargis of The New York Times described it as a modest but superior science fiction film. Science fiction author Orson Scott Card called Serenity "the best science fiction film ever", further stating "If Ender's Game can't be this kind of movie, and this good a movie, then I want it never to be made. I'd rather just watch Serenity again."

USA Today film critic Claudia Puig wrote that "the characters are generally uninteresting and one-dimensional, and the futuristic Western-style plot grows tedious". Derek Elley of Variety declared that the film "bounces around to sometimes memorable effect but rarely soars".

Awards

Serenity won several awards after its release. It won the Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation—Long Form, the Nebula Award for Best Script, and the Prometheus Special Award. The film was also named film of the year by Film 2005 and FilmFocus, and it was determined by SFX magazine to be the best science fiction movie of all time in 2007. IGN Film awarded Serenity Best Sci-Fi, Best Story, and Best Trailer for the year, and it won second for Overall Best Movie after Batman Begins. The SyFy Genre Awards awarded it runner-up in the categories for Best Movie, Best Actor in a film (Nathan Fillion), and Best Actress in a film (Summer Glau), losing in all categories to Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire. Serenity later ranked 383 on Empire magazine's 500 Greatest Films of All Time and 90 of the 301 Greatest Movies of All Time as voted by the magazine's readers.

Cultural impact
NASA astronaut Steven Swanson, an ardent fan of the series, took the Region 1 Firefly and Serenity DVDs with him on Space Shuttle Atlantis' STS-117 mission, which lifted off on Friday June 8, 2007. The DVDs currently reside on the International Space Station (ISS) as entertainment for the station's crews.

On February 20, 2009, NASA announced an online poll to name Node 3 of the ISS; NASA-suggested options included Earthrise, Legacy, Serenity, and Venture. At the March 20, 2009 poll close, 'Serenity' led those four choices with 70% of the vote. In the end, the poll was discarded and the node was named 'Tranquility'.

Charity screenings
Beginning in January 2006, fans (with Universal's blessing) began organizing charity screenings of Serenity to benefit Equality Now, a human rights organization supported by Joss Whedon. By mid-June, 41 such screenings had been confirmed for cities in Australia, Canada, New Zealand, the United Kingdom and United States, and as of June 19, 2006, there were 47 scheduled screenings. The project was referred to as "Serenity Now/Equality Now" on the official website, but was often referred to in shortened form as "Serenity Now", and was coordinated through "Can't Stop The Serenity". The name officially changed in 2007 to Can't Stop The Serenity (CSTS)

This has become a multi-venue event held each calendar year in various countries and cities and on various dates throughout the year. Funds raised by the events go to Equality Now (and other charities).

Related works and merchandise

Comics

Universal Studios wanted to do an animated prequel to the Serenity film, but after Whedon and Brett Matthews wrote a story, Universal scuttled the project. The story was rewritten into a three-issue comic book miniseries intended to bridge the gap between the television series and the film. Serenity: Those Left Behind was released from July through September 2005 by Dark Horse Comics.

After Those Left Behind, other comics of the series were also published.

Books
A novelization of the film was written by Keith DeCandido and published by Simon & Schuster under their Pocket Star imprint on August 30, 2005. Titan Publishing published Serenity: The Official Visual Companion on September 1, 2005, and Titan Magazines released a one-shot souvenir magazine. Margaret Weis Productions released the Serenity tabletop role-playing game based on the film on September 19, 2005.

Trading card set and action figures
Inkworks issued a 72-card trading card set, including autographed cards and cards with swatches of costumes used in the film, on September 21, 2005. The set won Diamond Comics' 2005 Non-Sports Card Product of the Year Gem Award. Diamond Select Toys released five six-inch action figures initially featuring Malcolm Reynolds, Jayne Cobb, and a Reaver, later adding River Tam, Inara Serra, and Zoe Washburne. The line was deemed to be "disappointing" with the figure of Malcolm Reynolds particularly singled out; both won MWCToys' silver award for Worst Line and Worst Male Figure under twelve inches for 2005.

Themes and cultural allusions
While the film depicts the Alliance as an all-powerful, authoritarian-style regime, Whedon notes it is not so simple. "The Alliance isn't some evil empire", he explains, but rather a largely benevolent bureaucratic force. The Alliance's main problem is that it seeks to govern everyone, regardless of whether they desire to belong to the central government or not. What the crew of Serenity represent—specifically Mal and his lifestyle—is the idea that people should have the right to make their own decisions, even if those decisions are bad.

The Operative embodies the Alliance and is, as Whedon describes, the "perfect product of what's wrong with the Alliance". He is someone whose motives are to achieve a good end, a "world without sin". The Operative believes so strongly in this idea that he willingly compromises his humanity in furtherance of it—as he himself admits, he would have no place in this world. In contrast, Mal is, at the movie's beginning, a man who has lost all faith. By the movie's ending, Mal has finally come to believe so strongly in something—individual liberty—that he becomes willing to lay down his life to preserve it.

Whedon has said that the most important line spoken in the film is when Mal forces the Operative to watch the Miranda footage at the climax of the film, promising him: "I'm going to show you a world without sin". Whedon makes the point that a world without sin is a world without choice, and that choice is ultimately what defines humanity.  According to Whedon, the planet "Miranda" was named for William Shakespeare's Miranda in The Tempest, who in Act V, scene I says: "O brave new world, / That has such people in't!" A spaceship found on the planet Miranda carries the codename "C57D", a reference to the flying saucer in the 1956 film Forbidden Planet. The plot to Forbidden Planet is based on The Tempest and, like Serenity, features a character struggling with his subconscious. The Alliance had hoped that Miranda would be a new kind of world, filled with peaceful, happy people, and represents the "inane optimism of the Alliance".

The Fruity Oaty Bar commercial shown in the Maidenhead spaceport bar, which carried the subliminal message that triggered River Tam, is partially inspired by Mr. Sparkle, the mascot of a fictional brand of dish-washing detergent, who was featured in The Simpsons episode "In Marge We Trust". Whedon mentions in a DVD feature that when the Fruity Oaty Bar commercial was being designed, he constantly asked the animators to redesign it and make it even more bizarre than the previous design, until it arrived at the version presented on screen.

Canceled sequel
Fans had hoped that if Serenity had been successful, it might lead to either a sequel or a film trilogy.

The first major sequel rumor began on December 1, 2005, when IGN Filmforce reported that Universal had expressed an interest in making a Serenity television movie for broadcast on the Sci-Fi Channel. It was expected that commissioning of a television sequel would be contingent on strong DVD sales of Serenity. In a January 2006 interview, Whedon doubted the chances of a sequel. On October 1, 2006, Whedon posted a comment to the Whedonesque.com website, debunking a rumor that he was working on a sequel.

In an interview at the 2007 Comic-Con, Whedon stated that he believes hope for a sequel rests in the sales of the Collector's Edition DVD. In an August 2007 interview with Amazon.com prior to the Collector's Edition DVD release, Whedon stated, "It's still on my mind, I mean, but I don't know if mine is the only mind that it's on." He later said, "You know, whether or not anybody who's involved would be available at that point—everybody's working, I'm happy to say—is a question, but whether I would want to do another one is not a question."

References

Further reading

External links

2005 films
2005 science fiction action films
2000s Western (genre) science fiction films
2005 Western (genre) films
American Western (genre) science fiction films
American science fiction action films
American space adventure films
American space opera films
Films based on television series
Films based on works by Joss Whedon
Films directed by Joss Whedon
Films produced by Barry Mendel
Films scored by David Newman
Films set in the 26th century
Films set on fictional planets
Films set on spacecraft
Films shot in Los Angeles
Firefly (franchise)
Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation, Long Form winning works
Nebula Award for Best Script-winning works
American science fiction adventure films
Films with screenplays by Joss Whedon
Sequel films to television series
Space Western films
Universal Pictures films
2005 directorial debut films
2000s English-language films
2000s American films

Serenity (2005 film)


Deuterium burning එසේත් නැත්නම් Deuterium fusion යනු න්‍යෂ්ටි සංස්ලේෂණ ක්‍රියාවලියකි.

ආශ්‍රිත
 න්‍යෂ්ටි සංස්ලේෂණය

ඩියුටීරියම් විලයනය


Ashland es una estación en las líneas Rosa y Verde del Metro de Chicago. La estación se encuentra localizada en 1601 West Lake Street en Chicago, Illinois. La estación Ashland fue inaugurada el 6 de noviembre de 1893.  La Autoridad de Tránsito de Chicago es la encargada por el mantenimiento y administración de la estación.

Descripción
La estación Ashland cuenta con 2 plataformas laterales y 2 vías.

Conexiones
La estación es abastecida por las siguientes conexiones de autobuses:
 Rutas del CTA Buses: #9 Ashland

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Estación Ashland
 Líneas y estaciones del Metro de Chicago

Estaciones de ferrocarril de Estados Unidos inauguradas en 1893
Estaciones de la línea Rosa (Metro de Chicago)
Estaciones de la línea Verde (Metro de Chicago)

Ashland (Metro de Chicago)


Jordspætte () er en fugleart, der lever i det sydlige Afrika (Lesotho, Sydafrika og Swaziland).

Noter
 Avibase - the world bird database

Eksterne henvisninger

Egentlige spætter
Fugle fra det sydlige Afrika

Jordspætte