Tunul lung "de Bange" de 120 mm, model 1878 a fost un tun de câmp cu tragere lentă, de fabricație franceză. Tunul a fost modernizat în 1916 când a fost dotat cu o țeavă nouă și muniție modernă de tip "D" care i-au crescut eficaitatea.

Tunul (model 1878-16) a intrat în dotarea Armatei României în anul 1916, când au fost primite 3 baterii de tunuri din Franța. La începutul campaniei din anul 1916 din Primul Război Mondial erau în evidență un număr de 18 de bucăți, până la sfârșitul războiului numărul lor ajungând la 72.

Principii constructive
Tunul era destinat în principal pentru distrugerea forței vii a inamicului pe câmpul de luptă. Țeava era ghintuită, fiind construită din oțel forjat. Mecanismul de închidere era prevăzut cu închizător de tip "șurub" și un obturator pe bază de azbest, sistem "de Bange", în camera de ardere. Proiectilele erau explozive. Tunul era montat pe un afet de tip "cetate" și un tren rulor cu două roți cu spițe metalice, pentru transport montându-se un antetren cu roți identice.

Dezvoltarea

Primul Război Mondial

Note

Bibliografie
 Stroea, Adrian (colonel); Băjenaru Gheorghe (lt. col.), Artileria română în date și imagini, Editura Centrului Tehnic-Editorial al Armatei, București, 2010. ISBN 978-606-524-080-3

Vezi și
 Armamentul Armatei României în Primul Război Mondial

Legături externe

 Canon de 120mm L de Bange Mle 1878

Armata României
Armamentul de artilerie al Armatei României din Primul Război Mondial
 Arme din Primul Război Mondial
 Tunuri
Cioturi din proiectul România în Primul Război Mondial

Tun lung „de Bange” de 120 mm, model 1878


Regent's Canal is a canal across an area just north of central London, England. It provides a link from the Paddington Arm of the Grand Union Canal,  north-west of Paddington Basin in the west, to the Limehouse Basin and the River Thames in east London. The canal is  long.

History

First proposed by Thomas Homer in 1802 as a link from the Paddington arm of the then Grand Junction Canal (opened in 1801) with the River Thames at Limehouse, the Regent's Canal was built during the early 19th century after the Regent's Canal Act 1812 was passed. Noted architect and town planner John Nash was a director of the company; in 1811 he had produced a masterplan for George IV, then Prince Regent, to redevelop a large area of central north London – as a result, the Regent's Canal was included in the scheme, running for part of its distance along the northern edge of Regent's Park.

As with many Nash projects, the detailed design was passed to one of his assistants, in this case James Morgan, who was appointed chief engineer of the canal company. Work began on 14 October 1812. The first section from Paddington to Camden Town opened in 1816 and included a  long tunnel under Maida Hill east of an area now known as 'Little Venice', and a much shorter tunnel, just  long, under Lisson Grove. The Camden to Limehouse section, including the  long Islington Tunnel and the Regent's Canal Dock (used to transfer cargo from seafaring vessels to canal barges – today known as Limehouse Basin), opened four years later on 1 August 1820. Various intermediate basins were also constructed (e.g.: Cumberland Basin to the east of Regent's Park, Battlebridge Basin (close to King's Cross, London) and City Road Basin). Many other basins such as Wenlock Basin, Kingsland Basin, St. Pancras Stone and Coal Basin, and one in front of the Great Northern Railway's Granary were also built, and some of these survive.

All the locks were built with duplicate chambers to facilitate the heavy barge traffic.  With the demise of commercial traffic in the early 1970s, at the end of 1973, the British Waterways Board embarked on a three-year programme to convert one chamber at each lock into an overflow weir to facilitate unmanned use by pleasure craft without the risk of serious flooding due to incorrect use of the paddles.

The City Road Basin, the nearest to the City of London, soon eclipsed the Paddington Basin in the amount of goods carried, principally coal and building materials. These were goods that were being shipped locally, in contrast to the canal's original purpose of transshipping imports to the Midlands. The opening of the London and Birmingham Railway in 1838 actually increased the tonnage of coal carried by the canal. By the early twentieth century, with the Midland trade lost to the railways, and more deliveries made by road, the canal had fallen into a long decline.

Explosion of the barge Tilbury under the Macclesfield Bridge

Just before 5am on 2 October 1874 the narrowboat barge Tilbury which was loaded with sugar, nuts, three barrels of petroleum and around five tons of gunpowder exploded right under the Macclesfield Bridge, just outside London Zoo.
Until the explosion, the Tilbury was part of a convoy consisting of a tugboat and three narrowboats travelling westwards heading for a quarry in the West Midlands.

Damage and aftermath
All the people on board died; captain Charles Baxton, a labourer named William Taylor, a third man and a young boy. The Macclesfield bridge was destroyed and rebuilt in 1876 reusing the cast iron pillars (made in Coalbrookdale according to an inscription at their top), but turning them by 180° (canal side towards tow path side) so tow rope grooves that were created before the incident can be seen on the outer side of the columns.

The explosion was heard 20 miles away. Debris flew in all directions, the roofs of surrounding houses blew off, windows smashed, trees uprooted and dead fish rained down on the West End. The tugboat's keel was found embedded in a house 300 yards away. The bridge was nick-named the 'Blow-Up Bridge'.

The damage would have been far worse had the barge exploded in the highly populated areas of Camden and Islington, which the convoy had passed through earlier that morning.

The canal company that owned Tilbury was condemned for gross negligence in permitting the "highly imprudent and improper" practice of carrying petroleum and gunpowder aboard the same barge.

The incident accelerated the passing of the Explosives Act 1875, which regulates the manufacture and carriage of dangerous substances.

Railway projects
There were a number of abortive projects to convert the route of the canal into a railway. In September 1845 a special general assembly of the proprietors approved the sale of the canal at the price of one million pounds to a group of businessmen who had formed the Regent's Canal Railway Company for the purpose. The advertisement for the company explained: The vast importance of this undertaking, whereby a junction will be effected between all existing and projected railways north of the Thames, combined with the advantage of a General City Terminus, is too obvious to require comment.
By the proposed railway, passengers and goods will be brought into the heart of the City at a great saving of time and expense, and facilities will be afforded for the more expeditious transmission of the mails to most parts of the kingdom.

The railway company subsequently failed, but in 1846 the directors of the canal went about trying to obtain an Act of Parliament to allow them to build a railway along its banks. The scheme was abandoned in the face of vigorous opposition, especially from the government who objected to the idea of a railway passing through Regent's Park. In 1859, two further schemes to convert the canal into a railway were proposed. One, from a company called the Central London Railway and Dock Company, was accepted by the directors, but once again the railway company failed. In 1860 the Regent's Canal Company proposed a railway track alongside the canal from Kings Cross to Limehouse, but funds could not be raised. Further schemes over the next twenty years also came to nothing, with the Metropolitan Railway that opened to the south in 1863 serving much the same purpose of linking the lines radiating north of London.

In 1883, after some years of negotiation, the canal was sold to a company called the Regent's Canal and City Docks Railway Company at a cost of £1,170,585. The company altered its name to the North Metropolitan Railway and Canal Company in 1892, but no railway was ever built; instead it raised money for dock and canal improvement and eventually, in 1904, became the Regent's Canal and Dock Company.

The Regent's Canal and Dock Company became part of the merged Grand Union Canal Company on 1 January 1929.

New uses

A new purpose was found for the canal route in 1979, when the Central Electricity Generating Board (CEGB) installed underground cables in a trough below the towpath between St John's Wood and City Road. These 400 kV cables now form part of the National Grid, supplying electrical power to London. Pumped canal water is circulated as a coolant for the high-voltage cables. The canal is frequently used today for pleasure cruising; a regular waterbus service operates between Maida Vale and Camden, running hourly during the summer months.

Due to the increase in cycle commuting since the 2005 London Bombings and increasing environmental awareness, the canal's towpath has become a busy cycle route for commuters. National Cycle Route 1 includes the stretch along the canal towpath from Limehouse Basin to Mile End. British Waterways has carried out several studies into the effects of sharing the towpath between cyclists and pedestrians, all of which have concluded that despite the limited width there were relatively few problems at the time of the audits. More recently, in 2019, The Guardian reported on instances of conflict between pedestrians and cyclists.

Geography
The Regent's Canal forms a junction with the old Grand Junction Canal at Little Venice, a short distance north of Paddington Basin. After passing through the Maida Hill and Lisson Grove tunnels, the canal curves round the northern edge of Regent's Park, passing London Zoo and skirting round the base of Primrose Hill. It continues through Camden Town and King's Cross Central. It performs a sharp bend at Camley Street Natural Park, following Goods Way where it flows behind both St Pancras railway station and King's Cross railway station. The canal opens out into Battlebridge Basin, originally known as Horsfall Basin, home of the London Canal Museum. Continuing eastwards beyond the Islington tunnel it forms the southern end of Broadway Market and meets the Hertford Union Canal at Victoria Park, East London. It turns south towards the Limehouse Basin, where it meets the Limehouse Cut, and ends as it joins the River Thames.

Maximum craft dimensions

On the Regent's Canal the maximum length is , with a beam of  and a headroom of . The navigational depth is, on average 1.15 m (3 ft 6 in).

Culture
In 2012, playwright Rob Inglis was awarded a £16,000 Arts Council grant to write Regent's Canal, a Folk Opera, a musical that celebrates the 200th anniversary of the digging of the canal. It played in a number of locations around London in 2012.

See also
 St Pancras Cruising Club
 Camden Lock
 Kingsland Basin
 List of canal basins in Great Britain
 List of canal aqueducts in Great Britain
 List of canal locks in Great Britain
 List of canal tunnels in Great Britain

References

Further reading
 Alan Faulkner – The Regent's Canal: London's Hidden Waterway (2005)
 Alan Faulkner – The George and the Mary: A Brief History of the Grand Union Canal carrying Company Ltd (1973)

External links

 Canalplan AC Gazetteer: Grand Union Canal (Regent's Canal)
 Plan of Grand Union Canal (Regent's Canal) with links to places of interest near each lock, basin, and bridge.
 Photographs of Regent's Canal
 Regent's Canal interactive map
 More background information and history of the Regent's Arm
 Regent's Canal, Camden markets, history and pictures
 Regent's Canal Walk: Little Venice to Limehouse Basin (Walking Guide)

CRegents
Port of London
Canals opened in 1820
1820 establishments in England

Regent's Canal


Sabah State Archives (mal. Arkib Negeri Sabah) ist der Name für das Staatsarchiv des Bundesstaats Sabah in Malaysia. Es hat seinen Sitz in Kota Kinabalu und eine Außenstelle in Keningau. Es verwahrt die historische Überlieferung des Bundesstaates Sabah und seiner Vorgängerinstitutionen. Die Archivbestände gehen zurück bis auf die Zeit der Regierung durch die North Borneo Chartered Company seit dem Jahr 1881.

Archivbestand
Der Archivbestand umfasst mehr als 8 Millionen Exponate, unter anderem aus den Bereichen Landesgeschichte, Verwaltungsgeschichte, Politik, Wirtschaft, Sozialgeschichte, Kultur. Die Bestände stammen sowohl von den Regierungen und öffentlichen Verwaltungen der jeweiligen Zeit als auch aus dem privaten Sektor.

Der Zugang zum Archiv steht Behörden, akademischen Einrichtungen, Studenten, Schülern sowie Bürgern offen.

Geschichte
Nach der Kapitulation der Japanischen 37. Armee lag der Wiederaufbau in Sabah, Sarawak und Brunei von August 1945 bis Juli 1946 in der Hand der Britischen Militärverwaltung (British Military Administration (BMA)). Auf Anordnung von Brigadegeneral Charles Frederick Cunningham Macaskie wurden in diesem Zusammenhang große Mengen an Vorkriegsarchivalien und unzerstörten Dokumenten der öffentlichen Hand zusammengetragen und einer geeigneten Unterbringung zugeführt.

Mit dem Abzug der Britischen Militärverwaltung gingen die Dokumente in den Besitz der neugegründeten britischen Kronkolonie über. Der 15. Juli 1946 wird daher als Gründungstag der North Borneo Central Archives betrachtet.

Am 22. November 1957 gab das Britische Kronkolonialsekretariat ein Rundschreiben heraus, in dem die Einrichtung des North Borneo Central Archives (NBCA) am Standort des Sekretariats in Jesselton bekanntgegeben wurde. Außerdem wurde mitgeteilt, dass alle Dokumente aus der Zeit der British North Borneo Chartered Company und der Kolonialzeit zentral am NBCA gesammelt werden sollten.

1965, zeitgleich mit der Unabhängigkeit Malaysias, erhielt das Sabah Museum die Verwaltungshoheit über das NBCA. Damit kamen alle Archivtätigkeiten – mit Ausnahme der Forschungstätigkeiten – für die nächsten dreizehn Jahre zum Stillstand. Diesen Zustand konnte das Zentralarchiv erst am 18. Juli 1979 mit der Schaffung der vom Sabah Museum unabhängigen Institution "Sabah State Archives" beenden. Ein entsprechender Erlass, der State Archives Enactment, trat 1980 in Kraft. Das gesamte Archivmaterial wurde 1980 in das heutige Gebäude am Straßenkilometer 4 der Jalan Penampang verbracht. Das damals bezogene Gebäude war ursprünglich als Standort für das Sabah Museum vorgesehen.

Im Jahr 1984 wurde das Archiv wieder mit dem Sabah Museum zusammengeführt. Die beiden Institutionen kamen mit dem gemeinsamen Namen Department of Sabah Museum and State Archives als Abteilung unter die Verwaltung des Ministeriums für Kultur, Jugend und Sport. 1992 wurde diese Verbindung wieder aufgetrennt. Das Staatsarchiv arbeitet seither als eigenständige Institution innerhalb des "Chief Minister's Department".

Abteilungen
Das Archiv ist in sechs Abteilungen gegliedert:
Public Archives Management & Research
Restoration & Reprography
Verwaltung & Finanzen
Records Management & Consultation
Acquisition & Processing
Organisation & Human Resource Development

Direktoren
Derzeitiger Direktor des Staatsarchives ist Sairin Melin.

Literatur
 Bundesstaat Sabah: Enakmen Rekod dan Arkib Negeri Sabah 2007 vom 27. Dezember 2007

Einzelnachweise

Anmerkungen

Kultur (Sabah)
Staatsarchiv
Kota Kinabalu

Sabah State Archives


الرجل الأخضر هو نحت رسم أو تمثال لوجه محاطة أو مصنوعة من أوراق.
فروع الأشجار ربما تخرج من أنف فم، أو أي أجزاء أخرى من الوجه ومن الممكن لهذه الفروع أن تزهر أو تحمل ثماراً.
تستخدم بشكل كبير كنوع من الزينة المعمارية وغالباً مايوجد الرجل الأخضر في الكنائس أو الأبنية الأخرى.

هناك العديد من الأشكال للرجل الأخضر في العديد من حضارات العالم، وغالباً مايرمز لعودة الحياة أو الإحياء ممثلاً بذلك دورة النمو في كل ربيع. يقول البعض أن أسطورة الرجل الأخضر تتطورت بشكل منفصل في الحضارات المختلفة ولهذا فإن لها معانِ مختلفة في التاريخ.

مراجع

آلهة عادت للحياة
أساطير العصور الوسطى
بشر هجينون أسطوريون
جنيات
شخصيات عيد الميلاد
علم رسم الأيقونات
عمارة كنسية
تراث شعبي إسكتلندي
تراث شعبي إنجليزي
فن رومانسكي
موروثات شعبية خارقة للطبيعة
نباتات أسطورية
فلكور كورني

رجل أخضر


Henrique Selicani Teixeira, brazilski rukometaš
Henrique Teixeira de Sousa, zelenortski pisac
Henrique Teixeira de Queirós de Barros, portugalski političar
Henrique Teixeira Lott, brazilski nogometaš
Matheus Henrique Teixeira, nogometaš
Henrique Teixeira de Sampaio, portugalski političar
Juliana Henrique Teixeira, brazilska anelidologistica
Henrique José Teixeira Matos, portugalski slikar
Luiz Henrique Fonseca Teixeira, brazilska vojno-policijska osoba
Henrique C. Teixeira

Henrique Teixeira


Philip V may refer to:

 Philip V of Macedon (221–179 BC)
 Philip V of France (1293–1322)
 Philip II of Spain, also Philip V, Duke of Burgundy (1526–1598)
 Philip V of Spain (1683–1746)

Philip V


Cherguihttp://mapcarta.com/17279640 (en árabe: جزيرة شرقي) es la mayor de las islas Querquenes en la costa norte del país africano de Túnez. El nombre significa "Oriental" en lengua árabe. La ciudad principal es Remla. La isla tiene una superficie de 110 km². Se llama así en contraste con la segunda isla más grande del grupo, Garbi, que significa "occidental" en árabe.

Véase también
 Anexo:Islas del Mediterráneo
 Geografía de África

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Mapa de la Isla en Wikimapia

Archipiélagos e islas de Túnez

Isla oriental de las Querquenes


Cthulhu, Howard Phillips Lovecraft'in yarattığı Cthulhu Mitosu'ndaki Yüce Eskiler'den () biridir. Cthulhu'nun devasa boyutları ve ima ettiği dehşet ilk akla gelen özellikleridir.

Cthulhu ilk olarak Lovecraft'ın "Cthulhu'nun Çağrısı" () (1928) isimli kısa hikâyesinde görünmüştür.

Cthulhu'nun Çağrısı
Cthulhu'nun detaylı betimlemeleri heykelleri baz alınarak yapılmıştır. Hikâyede ilk görünen heykel "aynı anda bir ahtapotun, bir ejderin ve bir insan karikatürünün resimleri […] etli, duyargalı bir kafa gelişmemiş kanatlı, grotesk ve pullu bir bedenin üstünde duruyordu; ancak onu şok edici kadar korkutucu yapan bütün genel hatlarıydı." şeklinde tanımlanmıştır. Bir polis baskını sonrasında el geçirilen heykel "Belirsiz antropoit hatlarına sahip bir canavar […] ancak ahtapot benzeri ve suratı duyargalarla dolu bir kafaya, pullu lastiksi görünüşlü bir bedene, ön ve arka bacaklarında çok büyük pençelere ve sırtında uzun, dar kanatlara sahipti." şeklinde anlatılmıştır.

Cthulhu'nun kendisi sonunda göründüğünde, "yaratık bütün tanımlamaların ötesindeydi […] yürüyen ya da tökezleyen bir dağdı O" diye betimlenmiştir ve "gevşek pençeler"e sahip olduğu söylenmiştir.

Cthulhu'nun Arabistan merkezli dünya çapında bir mezhebi vardır. Mezhep liderlerinin Çin dağlarında oldukları ve ölümsüz oldukları söylenmiştir.

Yüce Eskiler'in şekilli oldukları ama et ve kandan değil, madde diye tanımlanamayacak bir şeyden var oldukları, yaşamadıklarını ama ölü de olmadıkları, Cthulhu'nun büyülerinin hepsini koruduğunu ve "yıldızlar uygun konuma geldiklerinde" yeniden dünyaya çıkacakları, Mezheb'in görevinin yıldızlar doğru konuma geldiklerinde Yüce Eskiler'i serbest bırakmak olduğu, ve Yüce Eskiler'in telepatik olup insanların rüyalarıyla oynayarak Cthulhu mezhebini kurdukları bilgilerini verir polisin sorguladığı Yaşlı Castro isimli bir mezhep üyesi.

Mezhebin baz aldığı bir de kitap vardır Necronomicon adında. Necronomicon Deli Arap Abdül Alhazred tarafından yazılmıştır ve "pek çok tartışmalara yol açmış" olan
"Sonsuza kadar yatabilen ölü değildir,
ve tuhaf uzak zamanlarda (İng. ) ölüm bile ölebilir."
dizelerinden bahsedilir.
Mezhep ayrıca bilinmeyen bir dilde söylenen şu formülü tekrar eder:
"Ph'nglui mglw'nafh Cthulhu R'lyeh wgah'nagl fhtagn", çevirisi ise aşağı yukarı "R'lyeh'deki evinde ölü Cthulhu düş görerek bekliyor"dur.

Lovecraft'ın diğer yazılarında
Cthulhu'nun ayrıca "Deliliğin Dağlarında", "Dunwich Korkusu", "Karanlıkta Fısıldayan" ve "Innsmouth Üzerindeki Gölge"'de bahsi geçer. Inssmouth Üzerindeki Gölge'de ise Cthulhu'nun ayrıca "Deep One" isimli insan-kertenkele-balık kırması yaratıklar tarafından da tapıldığı öğrenilir.

Diğer

"Cthulhu Mitosu" ismi Lovecraft'in ölümünden sonra yazılarının basılmasını ve tanıtılmasını sağlayan arkadaşı August Derleth tarafından (HPL'nin ölümünden sonra) bulunmuştur. Derleth'in kurduğu evrende ise Yüce Eskiler (kötü) ve Yaşlı Tanrılar (iyi) savaşmaktadır, Derleth'in bu enterpretasyonu çoğu Lovecraft hayranı tarafından "iyi kötüye karşı" senaryosu kurduğu için eleştirilir.

Ayrıca Cthulhu Mitosu bir sürü yazar tarafından kullanılmış olan ve üzerine hikâye kurmak için çok kapsamlı bir evrendir.

Cthulhu'nun (ve Mitos'un) ayrıca popüler kültürde müziklerden filmlere kadar çok büyük bir etkisi olmuştur.

Müziklerde Metallica'nın yazdığı "The Call of Ktulu" (enstrümantal, Ride The Lightning albümünden), "The Thing That Should Not Be" (Master of Puppets albümünden), "Dream No More" (Hardwired...To Self Destruct albümünden) ve gotik-korku müzik grubu Nox Arcana'nın hazırladığı 21 parçalık "Necronomicon" albümü sayılabilir.

Filmlerde ise Lovecraft'in bazı hikâyeleri direkt uyarlanmıştır (örn: Herbert West-Reanimator ve sessiz film ), bazen de Lovecraft temaları etki etmiştir (en ünlü örnek "" - Kötü Ruh/Şeytan'ın Ölüsü film serisidir, orada Necronomicon olayların başlama noktasıdır; uzak bir örnek ise hikâye işlenişi olarak Deliliğin Dağlarında ile benzerlik gösteren "Alien" - Yaratık'dır) ve ayrıca 'ın 14'üncü sezonunun 11, 12 ve 13'üncü bölümlerinde görülmüştür.

Cthulhu Mitosu oyunlara da uyarlanmıştır, özellikle rol yapma oyunu Call of Cthulhu olarak. Yine filmlerdeki gibi Lovecraft temalarından etkilenmiş bilgisayar oyunları vardır ( Terraria'dan 'e kadar), 2005 yılının korku oyunu " ve de son yıllarda çıkış yapan  oyununda bu Mitostan etkilenmiş bir sürü örnek içinden sayılabilir.

Cthulhu'nun ve öbür Mitos elementlerinin resimleri de yapılmıştır.

Kaynakça
 Cthulhu'nun Çağrısı, İthaki, 200
 Lovecraft kitapları

Cthulhu Mitosu

Cthulhu


Cihanbeyli, Konya ilinin bir ilçesidir.

Adlandırma
Bölgede daha önce göçebe olarak yaşayan ve Osmanlı idari sisteminde aşiret kazası olarak tanımlanan Yörük Atçeken Aşireti bulunmaktaydı. İlçe şimdiki adını 18.yy'da Urfa yöresinden buraya gelen Canbegli Kürt aşiretinden alır. Kaza merkezi eskiden Böğrüdelik köyünde iken, 19.yy'da şimdi bulunduğu İnevi mevkiine taşındı.

Tarihçe
Cihanbeyli, tarihi gelişimi, coğrafi yapısı ve sosyal yaşantısı yönünden Konya ünitesinin bir parçasıdır. Cihanbeyli'nin ilk adı Esbikeşan'dır. Daha sonraları "İnevi" adını almış ve uzun yıllar İnevi adını taşımıştır. Esbikeşan, ilçelikten bucaklığa, bucaklıktan ilçeliğe çok kez yer değiştirmiştir. 1866 yılında Kulu Köyü, Esbikeşan adı ile ilçe olmuştur ve Cihanbeyli ile Şereflikoçhisar, Kulu köyüne bağlanmıştır. Ancak Cihanbeyli ve Koçhisar'ın Aşair beyleri Kulu'ya bağlanmak istememişler ve Ankara'ya baskı yapmışlardır. Bunun üzerine Kulu'nun ilçe teşkilatı kapatılmış ve Cihanbeyli ile Koçhisar Kulu'dan ayrılmıştır. Kulu'da Konya'nın Sille Bucağına bağlanmıştır.

Böğrüdelik Köyüne Canbegli Aşireti yerleşir. Böğrüdelik, 1928 yılında ilçe merkezi olur. Cihanbeyli "Mürseli Efendi" Nahiyesi adını alarak bu ilçeye bağlanır. 1929 yılında Böğrüdelik'ten ilçelik kaldırılır, Mürseli Efendi Bucağı ilçe olur. Böğrüdelik'te bulunan Canbeyli Aşiretinin adına uygun olarak Mürseli Efendi adı Cihanbeyli'ye dönüştürülür. Yeni kurulan ilçeye Kulu Köyü, Altınekin ve Yeniceoba Bucakları bağlanır. Daha sonra 1954 yılında Kulu, 1987 yılında da Altınekin ilçe merkezi durumuna getirilerek Cihanbeyli'den ayrılmışlardır.

Coğrafya
Cihanbeyli'nin doğusunda Tuz Gölü ve Aksaray ili, batısında Sarayönü ve Yunak ilçeleri vardır. Güneyi Altınekin İlçesi, Kuzeyi Kulu ve Ankara'nın Haymana ilçeleriyle çevrilmiştir. Yüzölçümü yaklaşık 4.109 km²'dir. Bağlı olduğu Konya ilinin 100 km kuzeyinde, Tuz Gölünün batısındadır. Cihanbeyli, kuzeye doğru uzanan Konya Ovası'nın devamı gibidir. İlçenin bulunduğu kesimler, geniş yayla özelliği gösterir. Ova-yayla özellikleri Ankara'ya doğru Kulu ilçesi komşusunu da alarak sürer. Ovaların, deniz yüzeyinden yüksekliği genellikle 950 ile 1000 metre arasındadır. Yayla kısımlarının deniz yüksekliği 1000 metreyi aşar.

İlçe sınırlarındaki Tersakan Gölü, çevresindeki bataklık ve göletlerle birlikte 5500 hektarlık yer kaplar. Bu gölden sodyum sülfat madeni çıkarılmaktadır. Bu maden: soda, sabun, deri, boya, cam ve deterjan sanayisinde kullanılmaktadır. Kimyasal gübre yapımında kullanılan sodyum ve potasyum madenleri çıkarılır.

Nüfus

İklimi
Karasal iklim görülür ve kuraktır

İlçe merkezindeki okullar

Anaokulu
 Atatürk Anaokulu
 Cihanbeyli Çocuklar Gülsün Diye Necla Süreyya Tercan Anaokulu

İlkokullar
 Adnan Menderes İlkokulu
 Bulduk İsmet İnönü İlköğretim Okulu
 Beşkavak İlkokulu
 Cihanbeyli Şehit Burhan Küçükkartal İlkokulu
 Kuşça İlkokulu
 Merkez Atatürk İlkokulu
 Seniha Belgin İlkokulu
 Vedat Kora İlköğretim okulu

Ortaokullar
 İmam Hatip Ortaokulu
 Merkez Atatürk Ortaokulu
 Faik Türkmen Ortaokulu
 Sağlık Ortaokulu

Ortaöğretim okulları
 Güven Belgin Anadolu Lisesi
 Cihanbeyli Necip Fazıl Kısakürek Anadolu Lisesi
 Anadolu İmam Hatip Lisesi
 Borsa İstanbul Anadolu Sağlık Meslek Lisesi
 Seniha Ali Fuat Belgin Anadolu Teknik Lisesi ve Endüstri Meslek Lisesi

Yüksekokul
 Selçuk Üniversitesi Cihanbeyli Meslek Yüksek Okulu

Mutfak
Cihanbeyli gömeç ekmeği 17.10.2022 tarihinde Türk Patent ve Marka Kurumu tarafından tescillenmiş ve coğrafi işaret almıştır.

Kaynakça

Cihanbeyli

Cihanbeyli


Wilhelm Kürschner (* 28. Juli 1869 in Liebenau in Sachsen; † 14. Februar 1914 in Gries bei
Bozen) war ein Baumeister des Historismus. Er war von 1901 bis 1908 Stadtbaumeister in Bozen.

Wilhelm Kürschner war als Maurerlehrling 1884/85 in Sonnenstein tätig, als Bautechniker 1889 in Dresden, als Architekturzeichner 1892–1896 in Augsburg und München. 1899/1900 übernahm er als Vertreter von Martin Dülfer die Bauleitung des Meraner Stadttheaters. 1901 wurde er in Bozen zum Stadtbaumeister ernannt. Unter seiner Leitung wurde im Zuge der von Sebastian Altmann begonnenen Stadterweiterung 1907 die Defreggerstraße (heute Leonardo-da-Vinci-Straße) zur Goethestraße durchbrochen.

Bauwerke
 1901–1905 Bau des Bozner Stadtmuseums (nach Plänen des akademischen Malers Alois Delug)
 1903–1904 Reform-Realgymnasium (heute Mittelschule "Josef von Aufschnaiter")
 1904–1907 Bau des Rathauses der Stadt Bozen am Rathausplatz (geplant vom Münchner Carl Hocheder)
 1904–1907 Sparkassengebäude in der Sparkassenstraße (1938/39 umgebaut)
 1906–1908 Hotel Zentral (heute "Forst")
 1906–1908 Franz-Joseph-Mädchenschule (heute Goetheschule)
 1907–1909 Kolonnadenhof beim Durchbruch der heutigen Leonardo-da-Vinci-Straße

Weblinks

Literatur
 Viktor Malfér: Bautätigkeit in Bozen-Gries 1850–1914. In: Der Schlern, 1984, S. 145–146.
 Renate Brenn-Rammlmair: Stadtbaumeister Gustav Nolte. Der Heimatstil in Bozen 1908–1924, Athesia, Bozen 2007, S. 17–18.

Baumeister (Bozen)
Historische Person (Südliches Tirol)
Geboren 1869
Gestorben 1914
Mann

Wilhelm Kürschner


محمود مختار رفاعي والشهير بمختار التتش كابتن منتخب مصر لكرة القدم ولاعب النادي الأهلي المصري.

بداياته
ولد مختار التتش في 29 سبتمبر 1905م بالسيدة زينب بالقاهرة، شارك وهو في الثامنة عشر من عمره مع فريق مدرسة محمد على الأبتدائية وكان أصغر لاعبيها جسما وسنا ولكنه كان أكثرهم مهارة، أنتقل بعدها إلى مدرسة السعيدية وبعد أن أنهى دراسته الثانوية ألتحق بكلية الحقوق وحصل على البكالوريا.[1]

اكتشفه النادي الأهلي وضمه إلى فريقه الأول في العام 1922م، وكانت أولى مبارياته مع الأهلي ضد فريق الطيران الأنجليزى في الكأس السلطانية وفاز فيها الأهلى بهدفين مقابل هدف أحرز التتش فيها هدف الفوز.[2]

لقب التتش
يرجع لقب مختار بالتتش إلى اللورد لويد المندوب السامى البريطاني في مصر آنذاك، وكلمة التتش تطلق على لاعب السيرك الصغير الحجم السريع الحركة الذي يبهر المشاهدين بحركاته وقفزاته ومرونته.

كان اللورد لويد لاعب كرة قدم قديما ولذلك كان يحرص على متابعة مباريات كرة القدم في مصر وعندما شاهد مختار يلعب أعجب به إعجابا شديدا حتى انه كان يخبر جلسائه بأن تحكم قدم التتش بالكرة أفضل من تحكم يدى اللورد بالبرتقالة، وكان كلما يقابله يبادره بقوله (هاللو تتش).

إنجازاته
تولى مختار التتش قيادة منتخب مصر والنادي الأهلي طوال 17 عاما وشارك في ثلاث دورات أوليمبية الأولى دورة الألعاب الأوليمبية الثامنة بباريس 1924م، ومن الجدير بالذكر أن توقيت هذه الدورة كان يواكب توقيت موعد أمتحان شهادة الكفاءة في مصر فكان على مختار إما التضحية بالشهادة أو بالسفر وقيادة منتخب مصر، فختار مختار التتش السفر مع الفريق ولكن والده رفض خوفا على مستقبله، ووصل الأمر إلى رئيس مجلس الوزراء الزعيم سعد زغلول باشا الذي أصدر قرارا بمشاركة محمود التتش مع الفريق على أن يتم إرسال أوراق الأمتحان إلى المفوضية المصرية لكى يؤدى الأمتحان هناك.
كما شارك مختار التتش في دورة الألعاب الأوليمبية التاسعة بأمستردام عام 1928م، وكانت من أروع مبارياته التي لعبها في هذه الدورة مباراة مصر والبرتغال والتي فازت بها مصر بهدفين مقابل هدف وأحرز الهدفين مختار التتش، وقد أشادت به صحف أوروبا وأجمعت على أنه أحسن ساعد أيسر في العالم، وتم أختياره ضمن منتخب العالم الذي لعب بعد الدورة مع منتخب أوروبا.كما شارك مختار في دورة الألعاب الأوليمبية الحادية عشر ببرلين عام 1936م، وأختير ضمن أحسن 12 لاعبا في العالم.[1]
ويعتبر أكثر اللاعبين مشاركة في تاريخ نهائي كأس مصر بواقع 11 نهائي، و14 مباراة؛ حيث أعيد نهائي 1924 و1925 و1926 بعد التعادل في أول مباراة.

اعتزاله

قرر مختار التتش أعتزال كرة القدم وهو في أوج مجده عام 1940م، وحاول الكثيرين من الرياضيين والصحفيين والمشاهير إثناءه عن قراره ولكنه فضل أن تبقى ذكراه وهو في أفضل حالاته.

بعد أعتزال التتش مارس لعبة الهوكى كهواية وأشرف على كرة القدم بالنادي الأهلي، وتولى منصب سكرتير عام اللجنة الأوليمبية المصرية من عام 1956م وحتى عام 1959م.

وفي العام 1965م كرمه الرئيس جمال عبد الناصر ومنحه وسام الرياضة من الطبقة الأولى.

توفى مختار التتش في 21 فبراير عام 1965م، وقد سُمي ملعب النادي الأهلي بالجزيرة بملعب مختار التتش تكريماً لذكراه ودوره الكبير في رفع مستوى اللعبة في النادي الأهلي.

روابط خارجية

مصادر

1- تاريخ الألعاب الأوليمبية - رياض شرارة

2- الهيئة العامة للأستعلامات.

لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مصريون
مهاجمو كرة قدم رجالية
رياضيون من القاهرة
لاعبو النادي الأهلي (مصر)
لاعبو كأس العالم 1934
لاعبو كرة قدم أولمبيون مصريون
لاعبو كرة قدم عرب شاركوا في كأس العالم
لاعبو كرة قدم في الألعاب الأولمبية الصيفية 1924
لاعبو كرة قدم في الألعاب الأولمبية الصيفية 1928
لاعبو كرة قدم في الألعاب الأولمبية الصيفية 1936
لاعبو كرة قدم مصريون
لاعبو منتخب مصر لكرة القدم
مصريون حائزون على وسام الرياضة
مواليد 1323 هـ
مواليد 1325 هـ
مواليد 1905
مواليد في القاهرة
وفيات 1384 هـ
وفيات 1385 هـ
وفيات 1965
وفيات في القاهرة

مختار التتش


Mark Catesby (24 March 1683 – 23 December 1749) was an English naturalist who studied the flora and fauna of the New World. Between 1729 and 1747, Catesby published his Natural History of Carolina, Florida and the Bahama Islands, the first published account of the flora and fauna of North America. It included 220 plates of birds, reptiles, amphibians, fish, insects, mammals and plants.

Life and works
Catesby was born on 24 March 1683 and baptised at Castle Hedingham, Essex on 30 March 1683. His father, John Catesby (buried 12 November 1703), was a local politician and gentleman farmer. His mother was Elizabeth Jekyll (buried 5 September 1708). The family owned a farm and house, Holgate, in Sudbury, Suffolk as well as property in London. An acquaintance with the naturalist John Ray led to Catesby becoming interested in natural history. The death of his father left Catesby enough to live on, so in 1712, he accompanied his sister Elizabeth to Williamsburg, Virginia. She was the wife of Dr. William Cocke, who had been a member of the Council and Secretary of State for the Colony of Virginia. According to their father's will, Elizabeth had married Dr. Cocke against her father's wishes. Catesby visited the West Indies in 1714, and returned to Virginia, then home to England in 1719.

Catesby had collected seeds and botanical specimens in Virginia and Jamaica. He sent the pressed specimens to Dr Samuel Dale of Braintree in Essex, and gave seeds to a Hoxton nurseryman Thomas Fairchild as well as to Dale and to the Bishop of London, Dr Henry Compton. Plants from Virginia, raised from Catesby's seeds, made his name known to gardeners and scientists in England, and in 1722 he was recommended by William Sherard to undertake a plant-collecting expedition to Carolina on behalf of certain members of the Royal Society. From May 1722, Catesby was based in Charleston, South Carolina, and travelled to other parts of that colony, collecting plants and animals. He sent preserved specimens to Hans Sloane and to William Sherard, and seeds to various contacts including Sherard and Peter Collinson. Consequently, Catesby was responsible for introducing such plants as Catalpa bignonioides and the eponymous Catesbaea spinosa (lilythorn) to cultivation in Europe. Catesby returned to England in 1726.

Catesby spent the next twenty years preparing and publishing his Natural History. Publication was financed by subscriptions from his "Encouragers" as well as an interest-free loan from one of the fellows of the Royal Society, the Quaker Peter Collinson. Catesby learnt how to etch the copper plates himself. The first eight plates had no backgrounds, but from then on Catesby included plants with his animals. He completed the first part in May 1729 and presented it to Queen Caroline; first volume, comprising five parts, was finished in November 1732. Mark Catesby was elected a fellow of the Royal Society in February 1733 and was made a member of the Society of Gentlemen of Spalding in December 1743. The second volume containing another five parts was completed in December 1743, and in 1747 he produced a supplement from material sent to him by friends in America, particularly John Bartram, and also his younger brother, John, who was based with a British regiment in Gibraltar. Not all the plates in Natural history are by Catesby: several, including the splendid and famous image of Magnolia grandiflora were by Georg Ehret. Catesby's original preparatory drawings for Natural History of Carolina, Florida and the Bahama Islands are in the Royal Library, Windsor Castle, and selections have been exhibited in USA, Japan and various places in England including at the Queen's Gallery, London, in 1997–1998, and Gainsborough House in Sudbury in 2015.
On 5 March 1747, Catesby read a paper entitled "Of birds of passage" to the Royal Society in London, and he is now recognised as one of the first people to describe bird migration.

Mark Catesby married Elizabeth Rowland on 8 October 1747 in St George's Chapel, Hyde Park Corner, but they had been a couple for about 17 years, having at least six children between April 1731 and June 1740. They were parishioners of St Giles Cripplegate in London and later, when that parish was subdivided, of St Luke Old Street. He died just before Christmas 1749 on Saturday 23 December in his house behind St Luke Old Street, London, and was buried in its churchyard. His grave is now lost. Catesby's Hortus britanno-americanus ... was published posthumously in 1763, and a second edition, entitled Hortus Europae americanus ... was issued in 1767.

The Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus included information from Catesby's Natural History in the 10th edition of his Systema Naturae (1758).

Legacy
Catesbaea, lilythorn, a genus of thorny shrubs belonging to Rubiaceae (madder family) from the West Indies and southeastern USA was named after Catesby, originally by J. K. Gronovius. However, under present rules of nomenclature, this name was formally published by Linnaeus in 1753 in his Species plantarum (volume 1, pp 108–109), based on plate 100 in volume two of Catesby's Natural history of Carolina, Florida and the Bahama Islands.

The American bullfrog, Lithobates catesbeianus, is named in honor of Catesby.

Catesby is commemorated in the scientific names of two species of New World snakes: Dipsas catesbyi and Uromacer catesbyi.

See also
List of wildlife artists

References

Further reading

Frick, George Frederick; Stearns, Raymond Phineas (1961). Mark Catesby: The Colonial Audubon. Urbana: The University of Illinois Press.
Jackson, Christine E. (1985). Bird Etchings: The Illustrators and Their Books, 1655-1855. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. .
Wiatt, Alex L. (1992). The Descendants of Stephen Field of King and Queen County, Virginia, 1721. Fredericksburg, Virginia: BookCrafters.
McBurney, Henrietta; Myers, Amy R. W. (1997). Mark Catesby's Natural History of America. The watercolours from the Royal Library Windsor Castle. London: Merrell Holberton, in association with The Museum of Fine Arts, Houston. .
Myers, Amy R. W.; Pritchard, M. B. (1998). Empire's Nature: Mark Catesby's New World Vision. Chapel Hill and London: University of North Carolina Press. .
Walters, Michael (2003). A Concise History of Ornithology. London: Christopher Helm. .
Nelson, E. Charles; Elliott, David J. (2015). The Curious Mister Catesby: a "truly ingenious" naturalist explores new worlds. Athens, Georgia: University of Georgia Press.
McBurney, Henrietta (2021). Illuminating Natural History: The Art and Science of Mark Catesby. New Haven and London: Yale University Press.
Dean, Patrick (2023). Nature's Messenger: Mark Catesby and His Adventures in a New World. New York: Pegasus Books. ISBN 978-1639364138

External links

Catesby, Mark (1729–32). The Natural History of Carolina, Florida and (v1). Online scanned edition from Rare Book Room.
Catesby, Mark (1734–43, 1747). The Natural History of Carolina, Florida and (v2). Online scanned edition from Rare Book Room.
Catesby, Mark (1729–1747). The Natural History of Carolina, Florida and the Bahamas Electronic edition: high quality images and user-friendly text from the American Studies Programs at the University of Virginia.
University of South Florida Libraries: Catesby Collection
View works by Mark Catesby online at the Biodiversity Heritage Library.
Digitized works by Mark Catesby at the John Carter Brown Library can be viewed here.

1683 births
1749 deaths
People from Castle Hedingham
English botanists
English naturalists
English ornithologists
Fellows of the Royal Society
Natural history of the Bahamas
Natural history of Florida
Natural history of North Carolina
Natural history of South Carolina
Natural history of the Caribbean
British bird artists
Botanical illustrators

Mark Catesby


عمرو بن العاص هو مسلسل ديني تاريخي من إنتاج مدينة الإنتاج الإعلامي يتناول فترة حياة عمرو بن العاص. المسلسل بطولة نور الشريف، الذي أعد لشخصية عمرو بن العاص لمدة ثلاثة سنوات. المسلسل يمر بمرحلتين :
 قبل إسلام عمرو بن العاص ومعارضته للإسلام والمسلمين.
 بعد إسلام عمرو بن العاص وكفاحه للدفاع عن الإسلام وفتحه لمصر.

تمثيل
 نور الشريف: عمرو بن العاص
 سوسن بدر: ريطة بنت منبه زوجة عمرو
 أيمن عزب: هشام بن العاص أخو عمرو
 حنان مطاوع: سلمي زوجة هشام وعمرو من بعده
 بهاء ثروت: عمارة بن الوليد
 خليل مرسي: العاص بن وائل والد عمرو
 محمود مسعود: معاوية بن أبي سفيان
 محمد الصاوي: وردان خادم عمرو بن العاص
 علي عبد الرحيم: أصحمة النجاشي حاكم الحبشة
 خالد الصاوي: القائد الروماني اركاديوس
 رؤوف مصطفى: المقوقس قيرس حاكم مصر قبل الفتح
 محمد توفيق إبراهيم: أبو جهل
 ياسر علي ماهر: خالد بن الوليد
 سامي مغاوري: صاحب حانة بمكة
 وفاء الحكيم: خادمه لدي عمرو وابيه من قبله
 ألفت سكر: زوجة العاص بن وائل وام هشام بن العاص
 محمد سامي: عبد الله بن عمرو بن العاص
 محمد ولاء الدين: الوليد بن المغيرة
 فهمي الخولي: أبو سفيان بن حرب
 سماح السعيد: ماريا أبنة يوحنا
 أمين هاشم: ورقة بن نوفل
 محمد ريحان
 رشوان سعيد: أبو طالب بن عبد المطلب
 فاروق عيطة: القائد أطربون
 مجدي إدريس: يوحنا المصري
 حمدي هيكل: أمية بن خلف
 مجدي رشوان: جيفر
 أحمد صفوت:عبد بن الجلندي
 منى حسين: الجارية الرومية لؤلؤة
 حمدي السخاوي: القائد الروماني مندافور
 مصطفى درويش: أبو لهب بن عبد المطلب
 سعيد صديق: ظيفار
 ماهر سليم: حزيل
 عبد السلام الدهشان: القيصر هرقل

مراجع

مصادر

مسلسلات تاريخية تلفزيونية مصرية
مسلسلات تلفزيونية إسلامية
مسلسلات تلفزيونية مصرية بدأ عرضها في 2003
مسلسلات سوسن بدر
مسلسلات سيرة شخصية
مسلسلات نور الشريف

رجل الأقدار (مسلسل)


مؤشر الانعطاف أو مؤشر الدوران  هو من أجهزة قياس طيران وتظهر معدل الانعطاف.

مراجع

أجهزة طيران
أجهزة ملاحة

مؤشر الانعطاف


Gumi , oficialmente Ciudad de Gumi (, Gumi-si), Es una ciudad en la provincia de Gyeongsang del Norte al suroeste de la república de Corea del Sur. Está ubicada al sur de Seúl a unos 200 km y a 37 km al noreste de Daegu pasando el Río Nakdong. Su área es de 616.31 km² (50% bosque) y su población total es de 405.000.

Administración
La ciudad de Gumi se divide en 19 distritos, 6 condados y 2 villas.

Historia
En el periodo de Tres Reinos de Corea, Gumi fue parte del territorio del reino de Silla. El primer templo de Silla, el templo Dori fue construido aquí.

Park Chung-hee, militar y político nació aquí en 1917 y la ciudad en su periodo tuvo un amplio desarrollo económico, hoy su casa es museo en la ciudad.

En los años de 1960 esta región tuvo un boom económico, creciendo rápidamente de una área rural a una ciudad importante gracias al apoyo del gobierno.

Economía
Gumi es la segunda ciudad más grande de la provincia. Es una zona de eje y centro industrial , donde muchas compañías internacionales tienen una sede incluido Samsung Electronics y LG Display. Su economía se obtiene de industrias textiles, electrónica, fibras, caucho, plástico y productos de metal. En Gumi 1.772 empresas emplean a 80.000 personas. En 2009 la ciudad exportó el 96,9% del superávit comercial del país.

Por la ciudad pasan las autopistas Gyeongbu (경부 고속도로) y la Línea Gyeongbu (경부선) que conecta al suroeste del país con Seúl.

Geografía
En los límites de Gumi hay montañas como el Geumo que alcanza los 967 m de alto y se encuentra en el parque Geumo donde también se ubica un embalse, una cascada de 27 m de altura , que se seca por completo en los periodos de sequía y se congela en el invierno.

Clima

Ciudades hermanas
  Otsu, Japón (desde 1990)
  Biskek, Kirgizstán (desde 1991)
  Shenyang, República Popular China (desde 1997)
  Changsha, República Popular China (desde 1998)
  Mexicali, México (desde 1998)
  Eindhoven, Países Bajos (desde 2003)

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Gumi.com Disponible en Coreano, Inglés y Mandarín.

Localidades de Gyeongsang del Norte

Gumi


Fatmir Sejdiu veya Fatmir Seydiu (d. 23 Ekim 1951), Kosova eski cumhurbaşkanıdır. 1951'de Poduyeva Belediyesi'ne bağlı Pakaştiça köyünde dünyaya gelen Dr. Fatmir Seydiu, evli ve üç çocuk babası. Siyaset bilimi doktorası bulunan Seydiu, Priştine Üniversitesi'nde öğretim görevlisiydi. Fransızca ve İngilizce bilmektedir.

Kaynakça

1951 doğumlular
Kosovalı siyasetçiler
Kosova cumhurbaşkanları
Yaşayan insanlar
Kosova Arnavutları

Fatmir Sejdiu


Josef Kaiser (* 20. Oktober 1862 in Neuenkirchen, Westfalen; † 17. Juni 1950 in Waldniel) war ein deutscher Unternehmer und Gründer der Kaiser's Kaffee-Geschäft GmbH.

Leben
Josef Kaiser wuchs in Viersen-Hoser, wo sein Vater Hermann Kaiser eine Handweberei und seine Mutter einen Kolonialwarenladen betrieben, auf. Die eintretende Umstellung auf mechanische Webstühle ließ die Erträge der Handweber sinken und veranlasste Josef Kaiser, nicht in den Beruf des Vaters einzutreten. So ging er zunächst von 1877 bis 1880 bei einem Schlosser und Kupferschmied in die Lehre, übernahm dann aber 1880 das elterliche Kolonialwarengeschäft. Er lernte Waren anzubieten und zu verkaufen. Er ging auf die Wünsche seiner Kunden ein, insbesondere röstete er selbst die grünen Kaffeebohnen und erzielte eine bessere Qualität als die Hausfrauen, die bis dahin am heimischen Herd in der Pfanne den Kaffee zubereitet hatten. Ein überdurchschnittlicher Geschmacks- und Geruchssinn unterstützen ihn dabei. Er brachte die Waren mit Pferd und Wagen über Land und verkaufte sie. 1882 erwarb die "Dampf-Kaffee-Rösterei von Hermann Kaiser", wie die Firma seit ihrer Gründung 1880 hieß, zwei Rösttrommeln, die 1885 auf Gasmotorbetrieb umgestellt wurden. Der erste Schritt zur Mechanisierung der Kaffeeverarbeitung war getan. Im selben Jahr wurde der erste Angestellte in das Geschäft aufgenommen und in Duisburg (Beeckstraße), Essen (Limbecker Tor) und in Bochum (Bongardstraße) wurden die ersten Filialen eröffnet. Der unternehmerische Grundgedanke war geboren: gute Standardwaren in überschaubarem Sortiment zu niedrigen Preisen auf dem kürzesten Weg bei einheitlicher Ausstattung des Filialnetzes zu vermarkten. Beim Tod des Vaters 1890 war bereits ein Kapitalwert von 30.000 Mark erwirtschaftet.

1891 heiratete Josef Kaiser die Viersener Brauereibesitzer-Tochter Julie Didden (1870–1942), des  Brauereibesitzers und Landwirts August Didden, der Kaiser in die Malzkaffeeherstellung einführte. Die Heirat erweiterte nicht nur den finanziellen Rahmen des jungen Unternehmers, sondern stellte ihm auch eine kluge und energische Partnerin zur Seite, die in den folgenden Jahren den geschäftlichen Werdegang wesentlich mitbestimmte. Risikobereitschaft und Phantasie Josef Kaisers wurden häufig durch den nüchternen Sinn der Ehefrau für das kaufmännisch Vertretbare geleitet.
Das Paar hatte 2 Söhne und 5 Töchter.

Ab 1894 setzte in dem Betrieb eine großzügige Industrialisierung ein. Die Zahl der Angestellten stieg auf vier. In rascher Zahl wuchsen die Filialen und eigene Produktionsbetriebe, die 100. Filiale wurde 1897 in Bamberg eröffnet, die 200. folgte bereits 1898, 1899 in Regensburg die 400., die 500. erschien 1900. Ab 1899 hieß die Firma offiziell "Kaiser's Kaffee-Geschäft GmbH". 1905 – zum 25-jährigen Bestehen des Unternehmens – konnte eine beeindruckende Leistungsbilanz vorgelegt werden: In 900 Filialen waren 2060 Angestellte und Arbeiter beschäftigt, Zweigbetriebe in Berlin, Heilbronn, Breslau und Basel unterstützten den raschen Verkauf der Waren im weitgespannten Vertriebsnetz, und ein eigenes Verwaltungsgebäude in Viersen war errichtet worden.

1910 wurde Josef Kaiser der Titel Kommerzienrat verliehen. Bei Ausbruch des Ersten Weltkriegs arbeiteten in 1333 Geschäften 3810 Arbeiter, deren soziale Lage durch betriebliche Unterstützungs- und Altersversorgungskassen sowie eine eigene Geschäftssparkasse und eine "Julie-Kaiser-Stiftung" für Wöchnerinnen verbessert worden war. In der Inflationszeit stiftete das Unternehmen 1921 jeder Gemeinde mit einer Kaiser's Filiale 1000 Mark zur Unterstützung der Armen und während der Weltwirtschaftskrise 1931/1932 jeder Filiale 50 Pfund Lebensmittel für 6 bzw. 3 Monate zur Verteilung an die Armen. 1931 entstand die "Josef-Kaiser-Stiftung" für Arbeiter mit einem Stammkapital von 75.000 Reichsmark und für Angestellte mit einem Kapital von 125.000 Reichsmark. Seine intensive Beteiligung am städtischen Leben Viersens – Josef Kaiser spendete u. a. 130.000 Mark für den Bau der Festhalle (1913) – würdigte die Stadt mit dem Ehrenbürgerbrief zu seinem 70. Geburtstag (1932). Seit 1937 war das angekaufte Haus Clee in Waldniel fester Wohnsitz der Familie. Hier trug Kaiser eine bedeutende Sammlung von Kunst des 19. Jahrhunderts zusammen. Des Weiteren stiftete Kaiser der Kirchengemeinde St. Anna in seiner Geburtsgemeinde Neuenkirchen das Werk "Tod des heiligen Joseph". Berühmt waren die Kaiserschen "Malerbutterbrote" zur Unterstützung der Künstler. Schon bald nach dem gelungenen Wiederaufbau nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg starb Josef Kaiser am 17. Juni 1950 auf Haus Clee und hinterließ seinem Nachfolger als Unternehmenschef, seinem Sohn Walter (1895–1983), ein wohlgeordnetes Wirtschaftsimperium. Der Totenzettel Josef Kaisers charakterisiert einen bestimmenden Wesenszug: "Trotz des hohen Ansehens, das er in der Bürgerschaft besaß, blieb er doch der bescheidene Mensch", der gelegentlich zu sagen pflegte: "Mehr sein als scheinen."

Literatur
 Karl Ritter von Klimesch (Hrsg.): Köpfe der Politik, Wirtschaft, Kunst und Wissenschaft. Verlag Johann Wilhelm Naumann, Augsburg 1951, o. S.

 Paul Günter Schulte: Kommerzienrat Josef Kaiser (1862–1950). In: Heimatbuch des Kreises Viersen. , Jg. 32 (1981), S. 21–32.
 "Josef Kaiser: Unternehmer, Schlosser, Mäzen", in: Paul Eßer/Torsten Eßer: Viersener Köpfe. Bekannte Bürger(innen) unserer Stadt und ihre Geschichte(n), Kater Verlag, Viersen 2023, S. 128–137.

Weblinks

 Gedenkmedaille des Kreises Viersen 1980 Josef Kaiser 1862–1950

Unternehmer (Kaffeeverarbeitung)
Unternehmer (Lebensmittelhandel)
Ehrenbürger im Kreis Viersen
Kommerzienrat
Deutscher
Geboren 1862
Gestorben 1950
Mann

Josef Kaiser (Unternehmer)


ආර්ථික විද්‍යාඥයා යනු, සමාජ විද්‍යාවක් වන ආර්ථික විද්‍යාවේ විශේසඥයෙකි.  මොහු ආර්ථික විද්‍යාවේ න්‍යායන් සහ සංකල්ප අධ්‍යනය කිරීම, ගොඩනැගීම හා යෙදවීමත් ආර්ථික ප්‍රතිපත්තිය ගැන රචනා කිරීමක් සිදු කරයි.  මෙම ක්ෂේත්‍රය තුළ අනු ක්ෂේත්‍ර රාශියක් ඇත.  මේවා දාර්ශනික න්‍යායන්ගේ සිට වෙළඳපොල, සාර්ව ආර්ථික විශ්ලේෂණය, සූක්ෂම ආර්ථික විශ්ලේෂණය හෝ මූල්‍යමය විශ්ලේෂණය වැනි ඉලක්ක ගත අධ්‍යනයන් දක්වා විහිදේ.  ආර්ථික මිතිකය, සංඛ්‍යානය, ආර්ථික ගණනය කිරීමේ ආකෘති, මූල්‍ය ආර්ථික විද්‍යාව සහ සංඛ්‍යානය, ආර්ථික ගණනය කිරීමේ ආකෘති, මූල්‍ය ආර්ථික විද්‍යාව සහ ගණිතමය ආර්ථික විද්‍යාව වැනි ක්‍රම සහ මෙවලම් මෙහිදී යොදාගනී.

ශාස්ත්‍රානුකූලව
ශාස්ත්‍රානුකූලව දක්වා ඇති ආර්ථික විද්‍යවේ වෘත්තීයකරණය 1900 වකවානුවේ සිට ආර්ථික විද්‍යාවේ ඇතිවූ ප්‍රධාන වෙනස ලෙස පැහැදිලි කර තිබේ.  බොහෝ ප්‍රධාන විශ්ව විද්‍යාල තුළ ආර්ථික විද්‍යාව සඳහා ශ්‍රාස්ත්‍රීය උපාධි ප්‍රධානය කරන ආර්ථික විද්‍යා පීඨ, පාසල් හෝ දෙපාර්තමේන්තු පිහිටුවා තිබේ.  කෙසේ නමුත් බොහෝ ප්‍රසිද්ධ ආර්ථික විද්‍යාඥයන් බිහිවී තිබෙන්නේ ගණිතය, ඉංජිනේරු විද්‍යාව, ව්‍යාපාර, නීතිය, සමාජ විද්‍යාව හෝ ඉතිහාසය යන ක්ෂේත්‍ර තුළිනි.

සෑම වසරකම ආර්ථික විද්‍යා ක්ෂේත්‍රය සඳහා කැපී පෙනෙන බුද්ධිමත් මෙහෙවරක් සිදු කරන්නන් වෙනුවෙන්, 1968දී ස්වෙරිජ්ස් රික්ස්බෑන්ක් (Sveriges Riksbank) විසින් පිහිටුවන ලද නොබෙල් අනුස්මරණ ත්‍යාගය පිරිනමනු ලබයි.  සෑම වසරකම ඔක්තෝබර් මාසයේදී සම්මානලාභීන් ප්‍රකාශයට පත්කරනු ලබයි.  ඇල්ෆ්‍රඩ් නොබෙල්ගේ මරණය අනුස්මරණය කරන දෙසැම්බර් 10 වෙනිදා මොවුන්ට තමන්ට හිමි ත්‍යාගය (මුදල් ප්‍රමාණය, රත්‍රං පදක්කම හා ඩිප්ලෝමාව) ප්‍රධානය කරයි.

වෘත්තීන්
ආර්ථික විද්‍යාඥයන් ශාස්ත්‍රීය, රාජ්‍ය සහ පෞද්ගලික අංශයේ වැනි බොහෝ ක්ෂේත්‍ර වල නියැලී සිටි.  ඔවුන් ආර්ථික ක්‍රියාකාරකම් වල උපනතීන්, ආර්ථික විශ්‍රම්භ මට්ටම් සහ පාරිභෝගික ආකල්ප සොයා ගැනීම සඳහා දත්ත සහ සංඛ්‍යාද අධ්‍යයනය කරනු ලබයි.  මෙම තොරතුරු තක්සේරු කිරීම සඳහා ඔවුන් සංඛ්‍යානමය විශලේෂණයෝ උසස් ක්‍රමයන්, ගණිතය, පරිගනක වැඩසටහන් නිර්මාණය යොදා ගැනීම සහ පද්ධතියක කාර්යක්ෂමතාව වැඩි කිරීමේ ක්‍රම යෝජනා කිරීම හෝ උපනතීන් ඇතිවීමත් සමඟම ඉන් වාසි ලබාගන්නා ආකාරය දක්වයි.

වෛද්‍ය, නීතිය හෝ ඉංජිනේරු වැනි විධිමත් වෘත්තීන් නිර්වචනය කිරීමට වඩා ආර්ථික විද්‍යාඥයා යන වෘත්තීය ප්‍රභේදය නිර්වචනය කිරීම අපහසු වේ.  උදාහරණයක් ලෙස නීති උපාධියක් සහ රාජ්‍ය වලංගු පත්‍රයක් හිමි නීතිය ප්‍රගුණකල පුද්ගලයෙකු නීතීඥයෙකු ලෙස නිර්වචනය කල හැකිය.  නමුත් ආර්ථික විද්‍යාඥයෙකු සඳහා එසේ නීතියෙන් නියම කරනු ලබන අධ්‍යාපන සුදුසුකමක් හෝ බලපත්‍රයක් නොමැත.  සමහර රැකියා මට්ටම් වලදී ආර්ථික විද්‍යාව සඳහා ප්‍රථම උපාධියකට හෝ පශ්චාත් උපාධියකට හිමිකම් කීම ආර්ථික විද්‍යාඥයෙකු වීම සඳහා අවම විස්වාසනීයත්වය ලෙස සැලකේ.  කෙසේනමුත් එක්සත් ජනපදයේ ඇතැම් රාජ්‍ය ප්‍රදේශ වල ආර්ථික විද්‍යාව සඳහා විශ්ව විද්‍යාල පාඨමාලා 4ක් හෝ ඊට වැඩි සංඛ්‍යාවක් හදාරා ඇති පමණින් එම පුද්ගලයා ආර්ථික විද්‍යාඥයෙකු ලෙස සැලකේ.  ක්‍රීඩා න්‍යාය, ගණිතමය මූලය වැනි ව්‍යවහාරික ගණිත ක්‍රමයන් හෝ සංඛ්‍යානය වැනි අදාල පුහුණුවක් ලබා ඇති පුද්ගලයෙකුට වෘත්තිය ආර්ථික විද්‍යාඥයෙකු වීම සඳහා අවශ්‍ය කුසලතා ලබාගත හැකිය.

ආර්ථික විද්‍යාවේ ඇති බොහෝ ක්ෂේත්‍ර අතරින් එක් ක්ෂේත්‍රයක වැඩකරන වෘත්තිකයෙකු හෝ මෙම විෂයට අදාලව ශාස්ත්‍රීය උපාධියක් ලබා ඇති පුද්ගලයෙකු බොහෝ විට ආර්ථික විද්‍යාඥයෙකු ලෙස සලකනු ලබයි.  එසේම මෙම ඕනෑම ක්ෂේත්‍රයක වැඩකරන පුද්ගලයෙකුට ආර්ථික විද්‍යාඥයෙකු වීම සඳහා හිමිකම් කිවහැක.  ලාභ අරමුණු කර නොගත් ආයතන හෝ ලාභ උපයන්නේ නොමැති ආයතන, ව්‍යාපාර පරිපාලනය, අලෙවිකරණය, සභාකක්ෂ මන්ත්‍රණය, වාණිජ්‍ය, ගණකාධිකරණය, මූලය හෝ බැංකු යන ඒවායේ ආර්ථික විද්‍යාඥයන් කටයුතු කරයි.

ප්‍රතිපත්තියක් නීතිගත කිරීමට ප්‍රථමයෙන් බොහෝවිට දේශපාලඥයන් ආර්ථික විද්‍යාඥයන්ගේ උපදෙස් ලබාගනී.  එසේම බොහෝ විකුණුම්කරුවන්ට ආර්ථික විද්‍යාව සම්බන්ධව උපාධියක් ඇත.  (ආර්ථික පුහුණුවක් ඇති දේශපාලඥයින්ගේ ලයිස්තුව බලන්න)

ආර්ථික විද්‍යඥයා


هدى حداد (15 أغسطس 1944 -)، مغنية وممثلة لبنانية، والشقيقة الصغرى للمطربة فيروز.

نشأتها
أمها هي ليزا بستاني، لديها شقيق يدعى جوزيف وشقيقتين أمال ونهاد (المطربة فيروز)، نزحت عائلتها إلى زقاق البلاط وهي منطقة في بيروت، وتُعد هدى حداد ابنة الشوف أيضاً حيث تزوجت من شوقي زياده وهو من الشوف ولديهما ابن وابنة وهما: جوزيف ودينا.

حياتها الفنية
هدى حداد لازمت أختها الفنانة الكبيرة فيروز في جل أعمالها الفنية وإن اكتفت أحياناً بأدوار قصيرة ولكن هذا لم يمنع من أنها حققت لنفسها الكثير من المجد والشهرة التي تصاحب كل من غنى للرحابنة أو وقف مشاركاً لفيروز في أعمالها الضخمة الناجحة من أفلام ومسرحيات.
كما قامت بتمثيل مجموعة من المسلسلات التلفزيونية اللبنانية مثل مسلسل «أيام الدراسة» مع علي الخليل ولمياء فغالي ودارينا الجندي وإبراهيم مرعشلي وأحمد الزين وليلى كرم. ومسلسل من يوم ليوم سنة جزءأول 1972 والجزء الثاني سنة 1979 وقامت بالغناء مع أختها فيروز في مسرحية ميس الريم ولولو وسهرة حب ومسرحية بترا في 1977. كذلك مسرحية أخر أيام سقراط لمنصور رحباني سنة 1998 وأخيراً أوبرا الضيعة سنة 2009 . وقدمت البرنامج الغنائي دفاتر الليل 1971. كما شاركت الفنان رياض شرارة في تقديم البرنامج الإستعراضي «ساعة وغنّيّة»، وفيه غنت للمرة الأولى أغنية «خليني حبك» من كلمات زياد الرحباني.

جميلة ورقيقة ومُعبرة الصوت،
عذبة الإحساس، صوت ساحر،
سالوهـا مرة عن سبب عدم انتشارها؟
قالت إذا شرقت الشمس نورها بيغطي النجوم

اشتركت الفنانة هدى حداد في المدرسة الفنية الرحبانية ابتداءً من مسرحية (دواليب الهوى) عام 1962، وكانت تمثل البنت الريفية البريئة بوجهها الحيوي الشاعري الذي يفيض حيوية وأنوثة وبراءة. وقد غنت مجموعة من الأغاني الخفيفة في المسرحيات والاسكتشات التلفزيونية نذكر منها في إحدى الاسكتشات أغنية (درج الياسمين يا طالع طالع، درج الياسمين لعندو طالع، حبينا كتير وانطرنا كتير وعدنا تلاقينا ع درج الياسمين).
هذه الأغنية مميزة جداً باللحن والتوزيع والكلمات والأداء، إنها أغنية مرحة وعذبة وتثير مشاعر الحب، هذه الأغنية تجعلنا نعيش في عالم وردي وكأننا ننتظر أن نعيش قصة حب حتى ولو في الخيال. كما أدت أيضاً أغنية وردية أخرى في مسرحية (قصيدة حب) اسمها (اسمي خبيتو بنسمة وقلتلها غيبي مين اللي سرقلي اسمي وعطيو لحبيبي).

أيضاً كان للفنانة هدى حداد حوارات نثرية في جميع المسرحيات، ابتداءً من مسرحية (بياع الخواتم) حتى (بترا)،1977 إما شخصية ثانية أو ثالثة. كما أدت أغاني حقيقية مثل (رزق الله ع العربيات) و (ع الشارة تلاقينا). إن وجود شخصية بريئة مثل هدى حداد ضروري لاكتمال المسرح الغنائي الشاعري البريء البعيد عن الإثارة والفتنة.

ظهرت فنانة صاعدة تحمل نفس الاسم وذلك ليكتمل الخناق على هذه الفنانة الكبيرة ورغم ذلك بقيت في قلوب الكثيرين رغم استغلال البعض لإسمها وفنها.
هدى حداد كشقيقتها الكبرى فيروز قليلة الظهور وخاصة في الآونة الأخيرة ولو أُعطيت حقها لكانت كفيروز.
إنها هدى حداد بصمة متميزة في عالم الفن.

قدمت العديد من المسلسلات والأغاني في الثمانينيات والتسعينيات، بيني وبينك يا هالليل، يابياعة، لا يسمعنا حدا، لينا ويا لينا، عالشارة تلاقينا، لو أنا سعيدة. أيضاً قامت بأداء حفلات غنائية في لبنان كما قامت بتمثيل مجموعة من المسلسلات التلفزيونية اللبنانية.

أعمالها

المسلسلات
 أيام الدراسة
 من يوم ليوم الجزء الأول 1972 والجزء الثاني سنة 1979

المسرحيات
 دواليب الهوى
 قصة حب
 ميس الريم
 المحطة
 لولو
 بترا
 آخر أيام سقراط، 1998
 ناطورة المفاتيح الضيعة

الأفلام
 بياع الخواتم
 سفر برلك
 الزوجة المفقودة

البرامج
 ساعة وغنية
 دفاتر الليل

مراجع

أشخاص على قيد الحياة
لبنانيون سريان
مغنون ومغنيات لبنانيون
مغنيات لبنانيات في القرن 20
ممثلات أفلام لبنانيات
ممثلات تلفزيون لبنانيات
ممثلات لبنانيات
ممثلات لبنانيات في القرن 20
ممثلات مسرح لبنانيات
مواليد 1363 هـ
مواليد 1944
موسيقيون من بيروت

هدى حداد


O Campeonato Potiguar de Futebol de 2022, foi a 103ª edição do campeonato estadual de futebol do Rio Grande do Norte. A competição deu vagas à Copa do Brasil de 2023, à Copa do Nordeste de 2023, e à Série D de 2023.

Regulamento
Em reuniões realizadas no dia 3 e 18 de novembro na sede da FNF com os dirigentes dos clubes participantes da competição, foi definido o regulamento do  Campeonato Potiguar de 2022, que seguirá, praticamente, o mesmo modelo de disputa de anos anteriores.

O campeonato terá dois turno, denominados: "Copa Cidade de Natal" e "Copa Rio Grande do Norte". Na primeira fase, as equipes se enfrentarão em jogos somente de ida, totalizando sete jogos por equipe. Diferente de anos anteriores, os quatro primeiros colocados passarão para as semifinais, tanto à semi quanto à final será disputada em jogo único. Tudo isso também contará para o segundo turno do campeonato.

A equipe que tiver a pior colocação na classificação geral, (soma da Copa Cidade de Natal e Copa Rio Grande do Norte), será rebaixada à Segunda Divisão Potiguar 2022.

Equipes participantes

Promovidos e rebaixados

Informações das equipes

Copa Cidade de Natal

Confrontos

Rodadas na liderança e Lanterna
Em negrito, os clubes que mais permaneceram na liderança.

Fase final
Em itálico, os times que possuem o mando de campo no confronto e em negrito os times classificados.

 Final da Copa Natal

Premiação

Copa Rio Grande do Norte

AO Santa Cruz de Natal foi punido pelo TJD-RN com a perda de 6 pontos, por ter escalado o atleta Marquinhos Taipu, suspenso pelo terceiro cartão amarelo.
BO ASSU foi punido pelo TJD-RN com a perda de 3 pontos, por ter escalado o atleta Luan, suspenso pelo terceiro cartão amarelo.

Confrontos

Rodadas na liderança e Lanterna
Em negrito, os clubes que mais permaneceram na liderança.

Fase final
Em itálico, os times que possuem o mando de campo no primeiro jogo do confronto e em negrito os times classificados.

Premiação

Final

Classificação Geral

AO Santa Cruz de Natal foi punido pelo TJD-RN com a perda de 6 pontos, por ter escalado o atleta Marquinhos Taipu, suspenso pelo terceiro cartão amarelo.
BO ASSU foi punido pelo TJD-RN com a perda de 3 pontos, por ter escalado o atleta Luan, suspenso pelo terceiro cartão amarelo.

Premiação

2022
Futebol de 2022 no Rio Grande do Norte

Campeonato Potiguar de Futebol de 2022


Le lac de Lustou est un lac pyrénéen français situé administrativement dans la commune d'Azet dans le département des Hautes-Pyrénées en région  Occitanie.

C'est un lac naturel qui a une superficie de  pour une altitude de .

Toponymie

Géographie
Le lac est situé en vallée d'Aure à l'est de la vallée du Rioumajou, dans le sud-est du département français des Hautes-Pyrénées.
Il est entouré de nombreux pics comme le pic de Thou (), le pic de Bocou (), le pic de Lustou () entre les crêtes de Lustou et de Parraouis.

Topographie

Hydrologie
Le lac a pour émissaire le ruisseau de Lustou qui rejoint le ruisseau du Pla d'Arsoué affluent droit de la Neste d'Aure.

Climat

Protection environnementale

Le lac fait partie d'une zone naturelle protégée, classée ZNIEFF de type 1 : Haute vallée d'Aure en rive droite, de Barroude au col d'Azet

Voies d'accès
Pour atteindre le lac versant est, au départ sud de la station du Val-Louron, il faut passer par un chemin en direction du lac de Sarrouyes et prendre vers Lustou.

Par le versant ouest par la vallée du Rioumajou, au départ de Frédancon par le sentier de la cabane de Lustou qui mene au col de Lustou.

Par le versant nord et le village d'Azet, au départ du Pla d'Arsoué. Le sentier est peu fréquenté, très long et possède un fort dénivelé. Le tracet reste cependant assez bien marqué la plupart du temps, et demeure parallèle au ruisseau sur un axe sud-nord.

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Liste des lacs des Hautes-Pyrénées
 Liste des lacs des Pyrénées

Liens externes
 Lac de Lustou

Lustou
Lustou
Massif de Suelza

Lac de Lustou


Víctor Aytor Iturralde Rúa -a veces firmaba VAIR-, (Buenos Aires, 6 de agosto de 1927, ídem, 25 de enero de 2004), fue un crítico de cine, realizador, animador, documentalista, docente, escritor, crítico, erudito, investigador, historiador, cineclubista, anarquista y bohemio, uno de los precursores del cine infantil en la Argentina.

Trayectoria
Nació en el barrio de Flores y en 1946 comenzó a estudiar Química en la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas de la Universidad de Buenos Aires, que pronto dejó por el cine, al que empezó a estudiar de forma casi autodidáctica, salvo algunos cursos con maestros de música, historia, o fotografía. Continuó su labor como cineasta de cortos de animación a lo que unió, en 1953, su labor como director de cortos publicitarios.

Se integró al Cineclub Gente de Cine, que por la década del cuarenta integraban críticos como Carlos Burone, Rolando Fustiñana (Roland), Salvador Sammaritano y Edmundo Eichelbaum. Allí conoció los filmes y los realizadores más importantes de la época, y con un gran bagaje cultural y vocacional consagró su vida a la crítica del cine y, al mismo tiempo, tradujo libros del inglés para las editoriales Acme, Eudeba y Muchnick.

Fue cofundador de la Cinemateca Argentina, del Cine Club Núcleo, y de la revista Tiempo de Cine. Fue un sagaz crítico que colaboró en las revistas Butaca Crítica, Gente de Cine y Tiempo de Cine, entre otras, y también en diarios de Argentina y del extranjero.

Dirigió, para la Universidad de Buenos Aires, el documental de 25 ninutos "Crónica de Maciel" (1958) sobre una experiencia educativa primaria en la Isla Maciel, que es el único documental de Iturralde que se conserva completo.

Fue el principal docente en la asignatura de historia del cine de la UBA, donde se destacó por difundir la más excelente cinematografía apartándose de los filmes "taquilleros" y adocenados y en cambio buscando recuperar los grandes aunque casi desconocidos directores del cine mundial, esto le trajo problemas con sus colegas de la misma cátedra.

Iturralde despreciaba al cine comercial lleno de lugares comunes y en cambio hacía conocer a una cinematografía genial no comercial como las películas El globo rojo, de Lamorisse, o El Golem de Paul Wegener, Nosferatu, de Murnau, o Codicia (Greed traducida a veces como La avaricia), de Erich Von Stroheim o las películas de Preminger, o las obras del neorrealista de la India Pather Panchali como Aparajito, o las primeras ciencias ficciones surrealistas avant la lettre de G. Meliès, o las obras de cineastas checoslovacos como František Vláčil etc. que nunca eran pasadas por circuitos comerciales o las obras pioneras en animación mezcladas con humanos actuando como Ladys and Gentlemans! y otras del canadiense Norman McLaren.

Muchas veces para lograr esto recorría embajadas en las que lograba que se le cedieran "rollos" de filmes de gran valor despreciados por el público masivo, del mismo modo se especializaba en reparar las cintas de celuloide que encontraba con algún defecto. Del mismo modo, logró recuperar algunos rollos con filmes de un contenedor de basura que fueron arrojados durante el (según él, provocado) incendio de la Cinemateca Argentina.

Creador de cineclubes infantiles
En 1956, con un amigo de su barrio, Floreal Seijas, armó el Recreo Infantil La Calesita, inspirado un poco en la experiencia de la educadora y cineasta parisina Sonika Bo y, sobre todo, en la Escuela Viva de las maestras rosarinas Olga y Leticia Cossetini a las que años después evocara Mario Piazza en su documental La escuela de la señorita Olga.

Así, entre dibujos, cantos y plastilinas, fue elaborando su idea de cine clubes infantiles, con filmes pensadas para los chicos, y funciones donde estos se sintieran realmente contenidos, gracias a un ambiente cordial, con recursos tales como reemplazar la oscuridad completa por la penumbra, convertir la sala en un barco pirata, poner a todos los chicos a soplar al mismo tiempo para probar cuánto aire cabe en los pulmones.

Tener un conductor que charla con ellos, recibe sus comentarios, y los orienta para distenderse, aprender más del mundo que nos rodea, elaborar artísticamente lo que han visto, etc. Así en Buenos Aires y alrededores surgieron, algunos en barrios residenciales y otros en villas miserias de Quilmes y Solano, El duendecito, La casita, Pla Pla, Platero, Mamarracho, Miranda y Mirón, Casimira, Muni Muni, El Principito en la Biblioteca Mariano Moreno de Bernal, e incluso hubo cineclubes para niños con discapacidades, y pudieron ver cine cientos de niños de todo el país que, en la mayor parte de los casos, nunca habían ido a una sala cinematográfica.

En su labor fue teniendo ayudantes y discípulas, como Irene Blei y Lucía Cano, con su Taller de Cine El Mate.

En 1979, en plena dictadura, hizo posible la fundación y permanencia del Cineclub Jaén (en la biblioteca anarquista José Ingenieros), que resultó ser el segundo cineclub en longevidad de Buenos Aires, después del Cineclub Núcleo. Él atendía a la policía que llegaba para prohibir las funciones y los convencía de que allí solo se pasaban "dibujitos animados".

En los 1980 trabajó casi ad honorem para difundir gratis los sábados y domingos y en vacaciones filmes de calidad con alto nivel intelectual y traduciendo muchas veces las películas dedicadas al público infantil, tal labor y obra la realizó en las Salas A-B y Enrique Muiño del Centro Cultural General San Martín que correspondía a la Municipalidad de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires.

Fue nombrado profesor de Historia del Cine en la Universidad, a la que llegaba de zapatillas y remera, cargando con el pesadísimo proyector de 16 mm, la pantalla plegable y las latas de películas de Georges Méliès que traía desde su casa.

Televisión
Estuvo en TV desde La luna de Canela (programa cultural dedicado a los niños) con Canela, hasta Cine Club Infantil que hizo durante tres años (fines de los años '70) con Mario Grasso por Canal 13 y Taller del sol por el mismo canal (1984). Durante el año 1984 realizó en Canal 7 otro ciclo para niños Aquí la ventana.
Años más tarde en el mismo canal colaboró en el programa de Hugo Midón Vivitos y coleando (1898).
Colaboró también el sábados circulares de Nicolás Mancera durante los años '70 y en Badía y Cia también por canal 13.
En 1990 estuvo de asesor junto a Paraná Sendrós en el programa Caloi en su tinta que se transmitía por ATC basado en proyecciones de cortos con comentarios del célebre humorista gráfico Caloi donde programaba emisiones para chicos.

Valoración
Hizo conocer y difundió el cine en los muchos cineclubes para niños que coordinó, las innumerables clases que dictó, los talleres de animación que dirigió o los programas de televisión que creó y condujo.

Mucho del material que utilizaba era no convencional: documentales, filmes de animación independiente, cine mudo primitivo y obras abstractas de todo tipo, que obligaban a sus espectadores a redefinir lo que consideraban cine. Privilegiaba películas en las que la creación artística pura se demostraba tan posible como en la pintura o en la literatura, es decir, prescindente de los condicionamientos industriales y comerciales. Predicaba que el cine entendido de ese modo era de realización accesible para cualquiera y apostaba al estímulo de la imaginación, la curiosidad, los valores humanistas, la comunicación: El arte y el conocimiento como caminos directos hacia una verdadera libertad individual.

Premios
Premio Konex 1981 en el rubro cultura.

Nominado para el Premio Martín Fierro por Caloi en su tinta, en el rubro cultural/educativo en 1991 y 1995/99 y lo ganó en 1993.

Muerte
Falleció en Buenos Aires el 25 de enero de 2004 en un instituto geriátrico adonde se había retirado tiempo atrás.

Su familia donó los filmes de su cinemateca personal a la Filmoteca Buenos Aires.

Notas

Referencias

Críticos de cine de Argentina
Diplomas al mérito Konex

Víctor Iturralde


El 26 de febrero de 2012 se celebraron elecciones presidenciales en Senegal, en medio de una importante controversia sobre la validez constitucional de la presentación a un tercer mandato del presidente en el poder, Abdoulaye Wade. Tras la primera vuelta, en la cual ningún candidato obtuvo mayoría absoluta, se celebró una segunda vuelta el 25 de marzo. Macky Sall derrotó al candidato presidencial Wade, quien buscaba su segunda reelección.

Contexto
El 26 de febrero de 2012, fecha decretada por el Presidente de Senegal Abdoulaye Wade el 23 de noviembre de 2010, tuvieron lugar las elecciones generales. El Presidente Wade había expresado que lograría conservar su puesto para un tercer mandato, fijado en una duración de siete años por la Constitución. Si bien la Constitución de 2001 limitaba el mandato presidencial a dos legislaturas, Wade argumentó que su elección en el año 2000 para su primer mandato de 7 años entraba dentro de la anterior constitución, lo que hacía que no estuviera limitado por el límite de mandatos.

Decisión de la Corte Constitucional sobre el límite de mandatos
El 27 de enero de 2012, la Corte Constitucional de Senegal estimó que Wade podía presentarse a un tercer mandato. De acuerdo con la decisión, su primer mandato no contaba para la nueva Constitución. Además, Youssou N'Dour fue desestimado de las elecciones. En total, 14 candidatos fueron aprobados (incluyendo los antiguos primeros ministros Idrissa Seck, Macky Sall y Moustapha Niasse así como el líder de la oposición Ousmane Tanor Dieng).

Protestas sobre el límite de mandatos
El día siguiente comenzaron las protestas. Diferentes edificios de la capital, Dakar, fueron quemados. La policía lanzó gas lacrimógeno contra los protestantes, mayoritariamente jóvenes, que cuestionaban la decisión. Wade realizó una aparición televisada en la que calificaba a las protestas de "muestra de petulancia" y prometía una campaña electoral "abierta" sin "ninguna restricción a la libertad". Los manifestantes afirmaron que convertirían la Plaza del Obelisco en el centro de Dakar en la versión senegalesa de Plaza Tahrir , el punto central de la Revolución egipcia que llevó al derrocamiento del Presidente egipcio Hosni Mubarak.

Amath Dansokho, cabeza del Partido de la Independencia y del Trabajo y miembro del grupo de oposición M23 expresó a los periodistas que "Abdoulaye Wade ha declarado la guerra al pueblo". Tras la continuación de las manifestaciones y los disturbios, el activista por los derechos humanos Alioune Tine fue detenido posteriormente.

Las protestas continuaron durante el mes de febrero de 2012. La policía antidisturbios disparó gas lacrimógeno y pelotas de goma en Dakar durante las manifestaciones que tuvieron lugar durante la semana previa a las elecciones.

Candidatos

Candidaturas descartadas
Bruno d'Erneville, Amsatou Sow Sidibé, el músico Youssou N'Dour, y el antiguo primer ministro Ibrahim Fall anunciaron que participarían en las elecciones. No obstante, Youssou N'Dour fue apartado posteriormente de la carrera electoral en virtud del número de firmas que había recogido.

Resultado
Primera ronda
De acuerdo al resultado oficial anunciado pro el Consejo Constitucional para la primera ronda, Wade habría obtuvo el 34.8% de los votos, forzando así Sall una segunda vuelta tras obtener el 26.5% de los votos. Moustapha Niasse alcanzó el tercer lugar con el 13.2%, Ousmane Tanor Dieng el cuarto lugar con el 11.3%, siguiéndole Idrissa Seck con el 7.86%.

Segunda vuelta
Una segunda vuelta tuvo lugar el 25 de marzo entre los candidatos Wade y Sall, siendo Sall el ganador de la Presidencia. Aún sin conocerse resultados oficiales, el Presidente saliente Wade y candidato a una tercera reelección reconoció su derrota la misma noche de la cita electoral.

La comisión electoral había prevenido a ambos candidatos de declarar la victoria prematuramente. La votación ocurrió sin incidentes.

Resultado

Véase también
 Protestas en Senegal de 2012

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Adam Carr's Election Archive
 Base de datos de elecciones africanas

Elecciones en Senegal
Senegal
Política de Senegal
Senegal en 2012

Elecciones presidenciales de Senegal de 2012


Renato Carlos Martins Júnior (født 14. maj 1987) er en brasiliansk fodboldspiller.

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Brasilien

Renato Carlos Martins Júnior


Pedro Massacessi (født 9. januar 1966) er en tidligere argentinsk fodboldspiller.

Han har spillet for flere forskellige klubber i sin karriere, herunder Yokohama Marinos.

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Argentina

Pedro Massacessi


غليكا نيرا (Γλυκά Νερά) هي مدينة في إقليم أتيكا في اليونان.

يبلغ عدد سكانها حوالي 7546 نسمة.

مراجع

أماكن مأهولة في أتيكا الشرقية
مدن اليونان
مقاطعة أتيكا الشرقية

غليكا نيرا


Yevhen Halych (født 29. april 1984) er en ukrainsk sanger som er forsangeren i rock metal bandet O.Torvald som repræsenterede værtslandet Ukraine ved Eurovision Song Contest 2017 med sangen "Time", hvor de opnåede en 24. plads.

Eksterne henvisninger

Sangere fra Ukraine
Deltagere ved Eurovision Song Contest 2017

Yevhen Halych


The Corean Chronicles is a fantasy series of books by the author L. E. Modesitt, Jr. As of 2011, it consists of:

 Legacies (2002)
Darknesses (2003)
Scepters (2004)
Alector's Choice (2005)
Cadmian's Choice (2006)
Soarer's Choice (2006)
The Lord-Protector's Daughter (2008)
Lady-Protector (2011)

Plot and background

The current books in the series comprise two trilogies in different time frames of the same world, with significant ties to each other.  The first three books are set in a time frame roughly a thousand years after the events in the later three books.

The first trilogy introduces the world of Corus as a world that used to be ruled by a great civilization, that spanned the entire continent. However, a magical disaster caused its fall, ending a golden age. In the books, Corus is full of countries fighting for superiority, humans struggling to survive, and strange animals that are a product of and dependent on the life force-derived magic of the world. Additionally, there are rarely seen creatures – Soarers and Sanders – that are entities of pure life force. The fall of the civilization caused much to have been forgotten, but some few of the people of Corus still command magical powers, referred to as Talent. With that power comes the cost of having the lords of the world trying to gain influence over and control of Talent wielders.  Among the denizens of Corus, these special features of the world are commonly referred to with phrases such as Talent magic, Talent wielders, and Talent creatures, among others.

The second trilogy, returning to the era of the lost civilization, introduces the civilization's caretaker minority, the Alectors, who are human-like entities that exist on Corus, "linked" to their former worlds with pure life-force. While the first trilogy portrays these beings as evil – for indeed they are not natives of Corus – the later books portray the Alectors through their own point of view. Paradoxically, humans are not native to Corus either. (They are ancient genetic creations of the Alectors.) The Alectors consider regular humans (commonly referred to as steers, Landers, Indigens) inferior.  Alectors are by nature, Talent wielders.  Fusing their powers with technical knowledge, they are the ones that have created the infrastructure and glory of civilization that is later lost.

Place names are used frequently and complexly, however, a full map of Corus is included in each book - readers are advised to check it often.

Legacies
Legacies begins during the childhood of the main character, Alucius. His father is killed in action while serving in the Militia, leaving his grandparents and mother to raise him on the family Nightsheep farm in the small country of The Iron Valleys. When older, he himself is conscripted into the Militia to fight off the impending invasion by the western super-power, Madrien. During a pitched battle, he is captured and enslaved into the armies of the monarch of Madrien, the Material. After many months of combat against other nations, he discovers how to free himself from the magical collars that control the slave armies, and frees a company of others who then flee back to the Iron Valleys, and freedom.

Parallels to The Saga of Recluce

The Corean Chronicles deal with many of the same issues as The Saga of Recluce, in a similarly detailed world. There are small differences in how the magic works with a less clearly defined good and evil magic. Also, wild nature magic has become a strong component.

The Alectors
On Acorus, the Duarchs, a pair of joint rulers, oversee the remaining Alectors from their seats of power in the cities of Elcien and Ludar. The Duarchs report only to the Archon, the ruler of all Alectors, who resides on whichever planet houses the Master Scepter, a mechanism on which most Alector technology depends. At the time of these stories, both the Archon and the Master Scepter reside on Ifryn. Because they have equal power and because their superior is so far away, the Duarchs intrigue against each other, co-opting various lesser Alectors into these schemes. Strict rules govern what Alectors may do, and the punishment for violating these rules is generally death (with the offender's life force painfully stripped from him by a scourge-like device). For this reason, the schemes are complex, designed to maximize advantage while minimizing actions likely to require overt response. Within this framework, accidents, usually fatal, occur regularly. Generally speaking, such struggles violate the tenets of The Views of the Highest a set of teachings that forms the basis of the Alectors' ethical framework. As a framework, it contains many ideas derived from sound ethics, but places the Alectors firmly in a stewardship role over their subjects, in some sense like the attitudes of Victorian England.

When a world has a sufficiency of life-force, Alectors transfer to it in larger numbers. Their activities generally overwhelm the world's ability to sustain them, and they eventually drain the world entirely. For this reason, among the projects Alectors normally launch from a new world is the location and establishment of their presence on yet another world (or worlds) to which they can move when they must. As of this story, the world of Ifryn has established two such colonies - Acorus, and a rival Efra.

Individuals of the subject races (steers) occasionally manifest Talent. The Alectors are jealous of their supposed monopoly on this array of powers, and usually destroy any steer who demonstrates signs of Talent. Steers that survive do so either because no Alector notices them, because they are powerful enough to destroy Alectors that attempt to destroy them (very rare), or because they are employed in some Alector plot or other. Involvement in Alector machinations, either willingly or otherwise, generally only delays destruction. Even if the steer's faction wins, when he is no longer useful the Alectors of his faction will destroy him. The most powerful steers can rival an Alector in Talent, but usually lack formal training and are therefore generally overmatched. Among steers, Talent is at least partially heritable.

The Ancients
Acorus was once inhabited by a race variously called the Ancients or the Soarers. They are wispy, fairy-like creatures usually surrounded by an amber-green glow (generally visible only to the Talented), the Soarers are few in number and appear only infrequently. They also live off the life force of Acorus, so the Alectors' activities threaten their survival. They oppose the Alectors within the limits of their numbers and their powers, but the use of their powers, and corresponding use of the Alectors' powers in opposition, simply makes the situation worse. Their species is actually made up of two very dissimilar "genders" the intelligent, talented but weak Soarers, and the strong but unintelligent Sanders that have the ability to drain life force.

Certain Alectors can link themselves directly to the world where they reside. This process disconnects them from the Master Scepter and the network of Tables, changes the nature of their Talent, and even appearance. Most other Alectors regard such individuals as little better than talented steers, but they can survive massive disruptions of the Table network that kill Alectors still connected to the Master Scepter through it.

Powers of the Talented
All Alectors and a few of their subjects (landers, or steers) possess a psionic potential called Talent. The degree of Talent varies among individuals. Alectors receive formal training in the use of their Talent, to the limits of their ability. Talent occasionally strengthens in later life. Specific noted powers include:

Detection of Talent
Everyone with Talent can generally see Talent in other objects. The ability manifests as a perceived glow or aura surrounding the object. The color represents the nature of the talent. Talent mechanisms generally produce a black or silver glow, while individuals glow according to the nature of their talent and the power of it. The natives of Acorus, called Ancients, have a yellowish-green aura, while many Alectors have a purplish-pink aura, and talented steers have a deeper green aura shading to black. The Talented can often sense whether someone is truthful, and can sometimes read an individual's emotional state. Individuals whose auras bear reddish streaks usually cause trouble sooner or later; they lack control of their baser impulses.

Talent probes, essentially "feelers" or tendrils of invisible Talent can be used to examine areas beyond normal Talent detection, to manipulate the life force energy embedded or contained in objects, or to draw upon Talent energy from an open source, such as a Table or a ley line.

Empathic Projection
Alectors and talented steers can use their talent to project feelings to help in the persuasion or domination of others. This ability sees much use by both Alectors and talented steers to help them reassure, persuade or command usually less-Talented others. Rarely, it has been used to try to force another to perform an action against their will.

Shields
Alectors, and occasionally powerful landers, can form defensive shields that can block detection of their Talent (except at close range) and feelings, turn aside hostile physical and Talent attacks, create barriers to prevent the movement of others or even crush them. Usually a more powerful individual can eventually pierce such shields, but as this is time consuming and exhausting, it may leave the attacker vulnerable to counter-attack from other sources.

Piercing
Somewhat related to shields, some Alectors can form what they see as points or wedges of Talent, and can direct these against the shields of another Alector in advance of or as part of an attack. This amounts to a Talent vs. Talent competition; the individual whose Talent shields are weaker loses.

Invisibility
Highly Talented Alectors can bend light around themselves, producing a form of invisibility. Others with Talent and training can detect them if they have reason to suspect their presence, but do not do so automatically.

Talent locks
A Talent lock employs life force to create a secure condition on a door or container. Safe passage requires removal of such a lock by a similarly Talented individual (who normally replaces it).

Infuse life-force
Alectors with the aptitude and training become Engineers, and they can infuse life force into crystals of various sorts. These crystals form the basis of Alector technology, and extend what may be done with Talent. Objects infused with life-force are exceptionally durable (lasting for thousands of years), but they draw on the life-force base of the world in small measure, limiting the quantity that may be safely produced. For this reasons, only the structures and property of the Alectors are generally so treated.

Aiming
Extremely Talented landers seem able to use their Talent to "will" projectiles such as bullets or Talent energy to strike their target. Such projectiles are normally far more accurate. In addition, they can be imbued with a "charge" of life force that can disrupt the life force of the target and pierce Talent shields. Alectors hit by such bullets may be severely injured or (more often) killed immediately. Wild translations, the unfortunate result of using certain Alector technology incorrectly, also die when hit by such bullets; they contain more life-force and usually explode or immolate when they die.

Wild translations
Interplanetary travel, as from Ifryn to Acorus, carries additional hazards. If too few attempt it, the translation corridors become balky, so that only those of great Talent can pass. If too many attempt it, the corridors become porous, occasionally decanting travelers midway to their destination, a fatal mishap. Even with the corridor operating properly, individuals may fail to translate correctly, due to weakness of Talent, accident, or sabotage. These unfortunates become Wild Translations, creatures tied directly to life-force and usually of some monstrous form of another. Alectors commonly seek out and destroy such creatures when they appear, for they are very dangerous. Wild translations often appear in the vicinity of a table, but can appear miles away. A Talented individual can sometimes sense a change before a Wild Translation materializes. Occasionally, the life-force of an individual splits into several creatures, when this happens, all appear at once. Wild translations are not intelligent.

Shadow-matching
Alectors with very important responsibilities are shadow-matched to hierarchically superior Alectors. For example, the Duarchs of a colony are shadow-matched to the Archon who rules all Alectors. Shadow-matching prevents the matched individual from disobeying orders and compels him to act in the best interests of another individual, even to the point of being unable to consider ideas that conflict with these interests. The shadow-matched individual retains free will in other areas, and is aware of the constraints on his behavior. A shadow-matched individual may possess additional reserves of talent tied to the shadow-match conditions; anything that breaks these conditions generally dissipates this reserve. The example contained in the stories is that of the Duarches, dual rulers of Acorus. These men possessed enormous reserves of Talent, but when they learned that the Master Scepter would go to Efra and not to Acorus, their shadow-match conditioning broke, and their reserves of Talent dissipated. This event weakened the rulers considerably, and strengthened lesser but ambitions Alectors seeking power for themselves.

Soaring
The Ancients were also called Soarers for their common appearance in the air.
When connected to the world life force web, especially the ley lines, talented humans such as Alucius (Scepters) and Mykella (Lady-Protector) could also soar (levitate).

Alector technology
Most Alector technology revolves around the artificial manipulation of life force, sometimes referred to as Talent energy. At least one Alector Engineer makes comments strongly suggesting that Alector technology has been in slow decline for thousands of years.

The Master Scepter
The Master Scepter ties all Alectors to their world. Even Alectors born on other worlds are tied through the Master Scepter. This link grants Alectors greatly increased lifespans, the ability to manipulate Talent to various degrees, and changes their appearance - Alectors on other worlds are very pale skinned and have very dark hair. (Hair and skin color are recurring distinguishing characteristics in Modesitt novels). These Alectors are also quite tall, and their physical height is often proportionate to their Talent energy. The Duarchs and Archon, the most Talented Alectors, are around three meters (ten feet) tall. Alectors linked to the Master Scepter, but existing on other worlds disintegrate when they die, leaving behind little beyond a fine ash.

When a world which hosts the Master Scepter is exhausted of most life force (to the point that it cannot support Alectors), the Archon, leader of the Alectors, moves the Master Scepter to a new world. Modesitt does not discuss the specifics of this process, but it creates instability in the Table networks, causing tables to release energies that kill those nearby.

The Dual Scepters
The Dual Scepters form part of the power network on Acorus. Modesitt implies that these powerful devices are closely connected to the Master Scepter, and are the first devices Alectors bring to a new world. They form the basis of the Table network. Individuals, such as Engineers, with sufficient training and skill may exploit the scepters to create other effects. The matriarchy of Madrien, in the later books, employed one of the scepters to project a kind of gem through which every male soldier could be killed or tortured. Male soldiers wore a collar controlled by their superiors that could interfere with their life force; all of these collars were connected to the gem and the scepter.

Tables
Early in their rule, Talented Alector engineers establish a network of tables. These black slabs, composed of many small energy storage crystals, establish a grid. The relative geometry of table placement affects the stability of such a grid, which somewhat limits table placement. Once established, Tables may not be removed or moved. Attempts to tamper with them generally cause Talent explosions, which are normally fatal for those in the vicinity. The planet of Acorus possesses a web, or mesh, of life force lines (compare to ley lines) that intersect in various places. Places where three or more such intersections occur are suitable locations for Tables, since they draw on this life force parasitically.

Talented individuals may employ a Table to travel to any other Table within a few seconds. During the travel interval the traveler perceives a series of tubes or conduits with colored markers. Each color designates a destination. Talent and skill partially control this; it is possible for a more Talented Alector to leave later and arrive earlier than a less talented Alector.

A subclass of Alectors known as Recorders of Deeds maintain and operate the Tables. They know the secrets of their operation, and generally do not share these with anyone outside their profession (but there have been exceptions {Dainyl} ). Talented individuals trained by Recorders can learn to perceive the psionic mechanisms that operate the Tables; using these controls, the Table may be employed to scan other parts of Acorus (even into the recent past) and may be temporarily or permanently deactivated. Recorders may also create "limbs" of Talent that they may use to attack others, but care is important, for any error may cause a Talent explosion. Recorders can also monitor the network, the operating status of other tables and of the grid, and can usually discern who is traveling and when they will arrive. It is very difficult to damage a Table (they have survived the complete collapse of the building housing them), but the effects of doing so are usually catastrophic. If sufficient Tables fail, the entire grid can collapse, so Alectors usually investigate and correct Table problems quickly.

Eternastone/Life Force imbued materials
Alectors could bind life force into various materials. Such materials possessed great durability (lasting in some cases thousands of years after the end of the Alector occupation). Eternastone, a building material used for roads and official buildings, is one example of this. Alector garments so treated could turn aside bullets (doubtless such garments were created so that Alectors might permit their Cadmians - armed forces recruited from locals - to have firearms).

Light sources
Alector residences and official buildings were commonly lit by steady burning torches that exploited small amounts of life force to create light. Although not particularly greedy of life force, such devices were reserved to Alectors only, at least during the earliest portions of their reign.

Talent creatures
Alectors have, or had, the ability to create life from life force. At the time of their occupation of Acorus, they seem limited in the forms available: there are Sandoxen, large beasts of burden, and Pteridons, reptilian fliers used by the Alector airforce, the Myrmidons. If other forms exist, these are not widely used. Talent creatures tend to explode into flames if sufficiently damaged; this usually incinerates anyone in the vicinity. Pteridons are tied to specific living Alectors (their Myrimdon pilots); they may be easily reassigned if their pilot dies, but are reassigned only with great effort if their pilot still lives.

Skylances
The main weapons of mounted Myrmidons, skylances draw on either their stored life-force (enough for one or two firings) or the lifeforce of the pteridon being ridden to emit a stream of blue fire. For security reasons, the design of the skylance, which is a sealed unit, precludes its use without a pteridon. Since a pteridon is tied to a living Alector, this limits the ability of ambitious Alectors to employ these dangerous weapons in rebellion. This is a design decision, and not a limitation on Alector technology generally. Pteridons will retrieve and protect their designated skylance when not in use, or if their pilot has been killed.

Lightcutters
Essentially a laser, the lightcutter draws life energy stored in an attached crystal and focuses it into a beam that may be used as a tool, or offensively. A sufficiently Talented Alector can turn aside such beams with his Talent shields, or sometimes even turn them back on the attacker. Because they draw life force, and because ambitious Alectors could use them in rebellion, lightcutters are normally found only in hand held, pistol sized models. Towards the end of the reign of Alectors on Acorus, much more powerful versions existed; these or their plans were brought from Ifryn. Loyal Alectors made their destruction a priority, as their monstrous life force requirements threatened the long-term future of all life on Acorus. While such weapons are deadly, they are also vulnerable. A Talented Alector can sense their presence, and the energy flow present when they operate. At close range, he can isolate and attack the control crystals; the failure of such crystals usually causes an explosion that frees all the stored life force, and sometimes creates a vacuum that drains anyone nearby of their life force.

Crystal spear thrower
The crystal spear thrower played a role in the first three novels; it was mentioned obliquely in the prequel trilogy. The engineer who constructed it stated that only one such device might operate in the world at a time. Considering that Alector heavy weapons draw greedily on the planetary life force, one presumes that operating more than one such device would send Acorus hurtling towards a possibly fatal life force deficit, but this is never explicitly stated. A complex mechanism of crystals and wiring, the spear thrower fuses sand (shoveled into a hopper) into glassy flechettes that it hurls from a barrel-like "formulator." The engineer simply points this at the target. The device can reduce even stony hills to gravel in short order; it was derived from equipment used to cut passes through high land formations in the process of road building.

Internal chronology
The first Alectors reached Corus almost five thousand years prior to Alector's Choice.

Modesitt has said there is no definitive chronology for the books; he has stated that The Lord Protector's Daughter takes place roughly 200 to 300 years after Soarer's Choice, and 1,000 to 1,500 years before Legacies.

References

External links
 About the Corean Chronicles series at the publisher's official website
 Corean Chronicles at the Recluce wiki: world info and map
 The map of Corus from hardcover endpapers

Corean Chronicles
Novels by L. E. Modesitt Jr.

The Corean Chronicles


Record Store Day er en årlig begivenhed, der har været afholdt siden 2008 en lørdag i april og på hver black friday i november, for at "fejre kulturen ved de uafhængige pladebutikker". Mange musikalbums og singler bliver fremstillet og udgivet specifikt til Record Store Day, med unikke tracklister til hvert land, og de bliver kun distribueret til butikker, der deltager i Record Store Day. Begivenheden begyndte i USA, men der findes i dag internationale kontorer i Storbritannien, Irland, Frankrig, Tyskland, Holland, Italien, Japan, Mexico, Australien og Spanien.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Helligdage
Musikindustri
Etableret i 2007

Record Store Day


Praseodym(III,IV)-oxid (Pr6O11) ist eine chemische Verbindung der chemischen Elemente Praseodym und Sauerstoff aus der Gruppe der Metalloxide.

Vorkommen
Praseodym(III,IV)-oxid kommt natürlich als Beimischung in Mineralien wie Bastnäsit, Monazit und Xenotim vor.

Gewinnung und Darstellung
Praseodym(III,IV)-oxid kann durch Verbrennung von Praseodym mit Sauerstoff gewonnen werden.

Eigenschaften
Praseodym(III,IV)-oxid ist ein schwarzer geruchloser Feststoff, der praktisch unlöslich in Wasser ist. Das dreiwertige Praseodym ist zweifach, das vierwertige Praseodym ist viermal vertreten. Formal kann man es als Pr2O3 · 4 PrO2 auffassen. Es kristallisiert im kubischen Kristallsystem in der Fluorit-Struktur, wobei 1/12 der Sauerstoffplätze unbesetzt bleiben; der Gitterparameter beträgt 546,8 pm. Es zersetzt sich bei Kontakt mit Wasserdampf zu Praseodym(IV)-oxid und Praseodym(III)-hydroxid.

Zu beachten ist, dass noch andere Zwischenphasen zwischen Praseodym(III)-oxid und Praseodym(IV)-oxid existieren mit der allgemeinen Formel 2 Pr2O3 · m PrO2 (0 <= m <= 8) bzw. PrnO2n-2 (4 <= n <= 12).

Verwendung
Praseodym(III,IV)-oxid wird für das Färben von Glas und Keramik verwendet.

Literatur
 R. L. Martin: "Oxides of Praseodymium", Nature (4. Februar 1950), 165, S. 202–203 ().
 T. Weisemoeller, C. Deiter, F. Bertram, S. Gevers, A. Giussani, P. Zaumseil, T. Schroeder, J. Wollschläger: "Epitaxy of single crystalline PrO2 films on Si(111)", in: Appl. Phys. Lett., 2008, 93, 032905 (; PDF).
 M. Shamshi Hassan, M. Shaheer Akhtar, Kyung-Bo Shim, O-Bong Yang: "Morphological and Electrochemical Properties of Crystalline Praseodymium Oxide Nanorods", in: Nanoscale Research Letters, 2010, 5, S. 735–740 ().
 Sergio Ferro: "Physicochemical and Electrical Properties of Praseodymium Oxides", International Journal of Electrochemistry, Volume 2011, Article ID 561204, 7 pages ().

Einzelnachweise

Praseodymverbindung
Oxid

Praseodym(III,IV)-oxid


Pajasen (pajesan, lat. Ailanthus), rod korisnog drveća iz porodice gorkuničevki, raširen po Australaziji i istočnoj Aziji.

Priznato je šest vrsta, od kojih je najpoznatije brzorastuće kiselo drvo ili Ailanthus altissima, koje naraste do 30 metara visine, široke a rijetke krošnje. Latinsko ime roda dolazi iz indonezijske riječi ailanto (nebesko drvo, drvo bogova).

Pajasen teško gori i srvara mnogo dima, tako da je kao ogrjev nepogodno, ali se koristi u proizvodnji papira.

Vrste
 Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle
 Ailanthus excelsa Roxb.
 Ailanthus fordii Noot.
 Ailanthus integrifolia Lam.
 Ailanthus triphysa (Dennst.) Alston
 Ailanthus vietnamensis H.V.Sam & Noot.

Sinonimi
 Hebonga Radlk.
 Pongelion Adans.

Vanjske poveznice

Izvori

Gorkuničevke

Pajasen


Eclipsa de Soare din 11 iunie 1983 a fost totală. A fost cea de-a 56-a eclipsă din seria saros 127.

Fenomenul astronomic a avut loc în urmă cu .

Parcurs
Drumul eclipsei a trecut prin Indonezia (îndeosebi peste Insula Java), Papua Noua Guinee, Insulele Solomon.

Note

Legături externe

 Prof. Druckmüller's eclipse photography site
 Solar Corona Shape
 The 1983 Eclipse in Java

Eclipse de Soare 1983 06 11
Eclipse de Soare 1983 06 11
Eclipse de Soare

Eclipsa de Soare din 11 iunie 1983


Hay varias consejerías autonómicas en España denominadas Consejería de Economía y Hacienda:
 Consejería de Economía y Hacienda de la Junta de Andalucía;
 Consejería de Economía y Hacienda del Gobierno de Canarias;
 Consejería de Economía y Hacienda del Gobierno de Cantabria;
 Consejería de Economía y Hacienda del Gobierno de la Comunidad de Madrid;
 Consejería de Economía y Hacienda de la Junta de Extremadura;
 Consejería de Economía y Hacienda de la Junta de Castilla y León.

Consejería de Economía y Hacienda