HMCS Haida is a  that served in the Royal Canadian Navy (RCN) from 1943 to 1963, participating in World War II and the Korean War. She was named for the Haida people.

The only surviving Tribal-class destroyer out of 27 vessels constructed for the RCN, the Royal Navy, and the Royal Australian Navy between 1937 and 1945, Haida sank more enemy surface tonnage than any other Canadian warship and as such is commonly referred to as the "Fightingest Ship in the Royal Canadian Navy".

Designated a National Historic Site of Canada in 1984, she now serves as a museum ship berthed next to , an active Royal Canadian Naval Reserve Division, in Hamilton, Ontario. In 2018, Haida was designated the ceremonial flagship of the RCN.

Design and description
The Tribals were designed to fight heavily armed destroyers of other navies, such as the Japanese . Canada chose the design based on its armament, with the size and power of the Tribal class allowing them to act more like small cruisers than as fleet destroyers. Haida was among the first batch of Tribal-class destroyers ordered by the RCN in 1940–1941. They were ordered with modified ventilation and heating systems for North Atlantic winter service. Haidas design was modified after deficiencies were noted in the lead ship of the Canadian Tribals, .

Haida, as one of the British-built Tribal-class destroyers, was  long between perpendiculars and  long overall with a beam of  and a draught of . As built, the destroyer displaced  standard and  at deep load. Haida had a complement of 14 officers and 245 ratings.

The destroyer was propelled by two shafts driven by two Parsons geared turbines powered by steam created by three Admiralty-type three-drum boilers. This created  and gave the ship a maximum speed of . The destroyers could carry  of fuel oil.

As built, Haida was fitted with six quick-firing  Mk XII guns placed in three twin turrets, designated 'A', 'B' and 'Y' from bow to stern. The turrets were placed on 40° mountings with open-backed shields. The ship also had one twin turret of QF  Mk XVI guns in the 'X' position. For secondary anti-aircraft armament, the destroyer was equipped with four single-mounted 2-pounder "pom-pom" guns. The vessel was also fitted with four  torpedo tubes for Mk IX torpedoes.

Construction and career
Haidas keel was laid down by Vickers-Armstrongs, Ltd. at their shipyard in Newcastle-upon-Tyne on 29 September 1941 with the yard number 41. The destroyer was launched on 25 August 1942 and commissioned into RCN service on 30 August 1943. She underwent workups under her first commanding officer, H.G. DeWolf before reporting to the British Home Fleet at Scapa Flow in October 1943.

After commissioning Haida was assigned to the Royal Navy's Home Fleet. On 15 November the convoy JW 54A sailed from Loch Ewe. Haida was among the destroyers that joined the escort from 18 to 24 November 1943. On 28 November Haida was among the destroyer escort for the Russian convoy RA 54B, protecting it until it reached Loch Ewe on 9 December without loss. The convoy JW 55B sailed from Loch Ewe for Russia on 20 December. Haida was a member of its ocean escort. The  was deployed to intercept the convoy. While the cruisers escorting the convoy kept the German vessel at bay, Haida and the other escorting destroyers shepherded the convoy away from danger until the German battleship was sunk by a British force. On 23 December the convoy was attacked by Junkers Ju 88 bombers, but escaped unscathed. Haida joined the escort of RA 55B on the return journey to the UK which sailed from Kola Inlet on 31 December and arrived on 8 January 1944.

Operations along the French coast
On 10 January 1944, she was reassigned to the 10th Destroyer Flotilla at Plymouth and took part in the Operation Tunnel and Operation Hostile sweeps in the Bay of Biscay and along the French coast of the English Channel. The 10th Flotilla, with the cruisers  and , formed Force 26. By April, Haida had sailed on nineteen of the Operation Tunnel/Hostile missions.

During the night of 25/26 April, Haida, with Black Prince and the destroyers , , and  engaged the German 4th Torpedo Boat Flotilla comprising the German s T29, T24 and T27. Despite the German designation as 'torpedo boat', the Elbings were essentially on a par with mid-sized Allied destroyers having just slightly smaller armament. T27 was hit early and retired to Morlaix while Haida sank T29 and T24 was damaged before making St. Malo.

On the night of 28/29 April T24 and T27 attempted to move from St. Malo to Brest and encountered the destroyers Athabaskan and Haida off St. Brieux, which were performing a covering sweep as part of Operation Hostile. Athabaskan was torpedoed and sunk in the engagement. T24 is credited with the sinking the ship. Haida ran T27 aground and set the vessel afire with shelling. The torpedo boat was later destroyed by MTB 673. Of the Athabaskans crew 128 were lost, 44 survivors were recovered by Haida and 83 survivors became prisoners of war of the Germans and were brought to France.

Haida continued the Operation Hostile sorties in company of sister ship Huron during the weeks leading up to Operation Overlord. The 10th Destroyer Flotilla were part of the covering force for surface attacks at the western entrance of the English Channel during the invasion of Normandy. On 8–9 June, Haida was part of Task Force 26 which engaged the German 8th Destroyer Flotilla, comprising Z32, Z24,  and T24 northwest of the Île de Bas. Haida and Huron combined to sink Z32 in the Battle of Ushant. Following the fall of Cherbourg, the German E-boats were transferred to Le Havre, freeing up the 10th Flotilla. The flotilla was then given the dual role of covering Allied motor torpedo boat flotillas and search and sink missions against German shipping along the French coast.

On 24 June, while on patrol in the English Channel off Land's End, investigated a 311th Squadron's Liberator bomber dropping depth charges on a target. Haida and the British destroyer  began their own depth charge attacks after being informed that a submarine had been spotted. After several attacks, the submarine surfaced and attempted to run. Haida and Eskimo began to fire with all their guns and sank . Haida rescued six survivors of the sunken submarine. On 14/15 July 1944, Haida and  intercepted a group of German ships in the Île de Groix area near Lorient. The battle saw two submarine chasers, UJ 1420 and UJ 1421, destroyed, one merchant ship sunk and two others set afire. On 5–6 August, Haida was part of a force engaged in an Operation Kinetic sweep. The force attacked a German convoy north of the Île de Yeu and sank the minesweepers M 263 and M 486, the patrol boat V 414 and the coastal launch Otto. During the battle a shell exploded in one of Haidas turrets and started a fire, killing two and injuring eight, knocking the turret out of action. Staying in the line of battle, the destroyers were engaged by shore batteries when they attempted to take on a second convoy and were forced to withdraw without doing much damage to the German merchant vessels.

Refit and northern operations
Haida departed Western Europe on 22 September for Halifax, Nova Scotia, arriving on 29 September. The destroyer returned to Scapa Flow in mid-January 1945 after refitting to receive new radar. On 19 March Haida escorted aircraft carriers in minelaying operations off Granesund, Norway and assisted in attacks on shipping off Trondheim from 24 to 28 March. On 7 April, Haida escorted seven anti-submarine warfare vessels from Greenock, Scotland destined for Soviet use at Vaenga, on the Kola Inlet.
The destroyer was among the escort for convoy JW 66 that set out from the River Clyde on 16 April. Haida experienced one of the last RCN engagements of the Second World War when she escorted convoy RA 66 from Vaenga from 29 April to 2 May. The convoy was attacked in transit and Haida and Huron received near-misses from torpedoes fired by U-boats. In the skirmish, two U-boats were sunk, along with the frigate , and the convoy escaped in a snowstorm. Haida and Huron returned to Scapa Flow on 6 May and were assigned to relief operations at Trondheimsfjord, Norway on 17 May. From 29 to 31 May, Haida, Huron, the cruiser  and the 5th Escort Group were sent to Trondheim to take over custody of surrendered U-boats.

Haida, along with Huron and Iroquois, left for Halifax on 4 June to refit as part of Canada's contribution to Operation Downfall. They arrived on 10 June and Haida started a tropicalization refit but it was suspended after the surrender of Japan later that summer. Haida was paid off on 20 March 1946.

Cold War operations

Haida was in inactive reserve for approximately one year but was prepared for reactivation in 1947 and underwent a refit for updated armament and sensors. This involved replacing the main armament, with the 4.7-inch guns removed and two twin Mk XVI 4-inch gun mounts installed forward and a twin /50 calibre gun mount installed aft. The ship was given a Mk 63 fire control director for its guns. One turret was completely removed and replaced by two Squid anti-submarine mortars placed on the quarterdeck. A short aluminum mast was installed and the funnels were fitted with caps.

Haida was equipped with Type 275, SPS-10, SPS-6, Type 293 and 262 radars and Type 140 and 174 sonars. While in refit, fire gutted the wheelhouse and boiler tubes burst later during speed trials. She returned to the fleet, still carrying the pennant number G63, in May 1947.

Haida and her sister ship  participated in exercises between the RCN's Atlantic Fleet and the United States Navy and Royal Navy over the next several years and were the first RCN ships to penetrate Hudson Bay in Fall 1948. Haida was involved in assisting during the grounding of the aircraft carrier  off Port Mouton, Nova Scotia on 4 June 1949. In November 1949, Haida rescued the 18 members of the crew of a United States Air Force B-29 bomber that crashed in the Atlantic Ocean. That December, Haida was downgraded to a depot and accommodation ship in Halifax.

The opening of the Korean War on 25 June 1950 saw Haida once again activated for war duty. She was converted to a destroyer escort and began refit in July 1950 which saw various new armaments and sensors and communications systems. She was recommissioned on 15 March 1952 and carried the pennant DDE 215. She departed Halifax on 27 September for Sasebo, Japan, arriving there on 6 November after passing through the Panama Canal.

Haida relieved Nootka on 18 November off the west coast of Korea and had an uneventful patrol performing aircraft carrier screening and inshore patrol missions, returning to Sasebo to replenish on 29 November. She patrolled off the east coast of Korea beginning on 4 December and took part with the destroyer escort  in shelling of a railway yard in Songjin as well as a coastal battery and North Korean troops. On 18–19 December, Haida attacked an enemy train but missed the escaping locomotive which hid in a nearby tunnel, thus not joining the exclusive "Trainbusters Club". Haida returned to patrol on 3 January 1953 and escorted aircraft carriers as well as performing coastal bombardments. On 29 January, Haida entered the "Trainbusters Club" after attacking a train north of Riwon. The destroyer eliminated a second train on 26 May and also detonated a drifting anti-ship mine on her return to Paengyang-do. She departed Sasebo on 12 June, heading west through the Suez Canal and arrived in Halifax on 22 July 1953.

Haida departed Halifax for a second Korean tour on 14 December 1953, passing through the Panama Canal and arriving in theatre on 5 February 1954. Despite the cease fire, infractions by North Korea and China were occurring, thus the need for a naval presence around South Korea. The destroyer departed the Korean theatre on 12 September 1954 and headed for Halifax via the Suez Canal once again, arriving on 1 November.

Following the Korean operations, Haida embarked on Cold War anti-submarine warfare duties with other NATO units in the North Atlantic and West Indies. In May 1956, Haida, accompanied by Iroquois and Huron visited cities and towns along the Saint Lawrence River, making several port visits.

Haidas aging hull and infrastructure proved troublesome and in January 1958 she went into refit for hull repairs and protection for electronic equipment. Further refits in 1959 corrected various problems and she sailed for the West Indies in January 1960; however, further equipment failures culminating in the failure of her steering gear on 3 April forced her to return to Halifax. A hull survey in May found extensive corrosion and cracking, forcing her into drydock for the remainder of the year. She undertook further repairs in June–July 1961 after further cracking was found during operations in heavy seas that March. More cracks were detected in March 1962 which forced a refit through February 1963.

Preservation

With the writing on the wall, Haida undertook her last assignment, a summer tour of the Great Lakes. She departed Halifax on 25 April 1963 with a mobile television studio on board. She undertook various public tours and weapons training during the tour; one of the individuals to tour her was a former RCN rating named Neil Bruce. Bruce foresaw that she was destined for scrapping and formed HAIDA Inc. with four others as a means of attempting to acquire her for preservation. On 30 April 1963, the ship was paid off for the last time.

Haida returned to Halifax and was placed in Category C reserve at the navy base  in Sydney. Crown Assets announced Haida would be scrapped in 1964 as part of cutbacks to the RCN. HAIDA Inc. placed a bid of $20,000 and won possession on the grounds of restoration. After preparing the ship, the RCN towed the vessel to Marine Industries Limited shipyard at Sorel, Quebec where she became civilian property.

The Naval Reserve Division  provided a skeleton crew for Haida as she was towed to Toronto by two tugboats. She arrived on 25 August 1964 with guest of honour, retired Vice-Admiral Harry DeWolf, who was the destroyer's first commanding officer. Haida was restored and reacquired the pennant G63 while docked at the foot of York Street.

She opened as an attraction in August 1965 at the pier on York Street. Initially the city of Toronto had planned to build a "Serviceman's Memorial Park" near the Princes' Gates at nearby Exhibition Place to link with the Haida preservation efforts. The organization HAIDA Inc. ran into financial difficulties during the late 1960s and title to the ship was transferred to the provincial government for $1. In 1970, Haida was moved to Ontario Place at the west end of the Toronto waterfront, where it was turned into an attraction until 2002. The guns on the vessel were fired whenever the Toronto Symphony played Tchaikovsky's 1812 Overture at the nearby Forum, the outdoor in-the-round concert stage at Ontario Place. The vessel was also used as a Royal Canadian Sea Cadets training facility.

HMCS Haida National Historic Site

In 2002, at the urging of Hamilton, Ontario MP Sheila Copps, Parks Canada purchased Haida from the provincial government and towed her (with great difficulty) from her Ontario Place dock to a shipyard at Port Weller for a $5 million refit to her hull. She was taken to a new home on the Hamilton waterfront and arrived to an 11-gun salute from 31 Royal Canadian Sea Cadet Corps Lion and her 12-pounder naval field gun on 30 August 2003, the 60th anniversary of her commissioning into the RCN. The destroyer is now a National Historic Site and is a museum ship on the Hamilton waterfront in front of Hamilton's Naval Reserve Division, .

In July 2006 Haida was "twinned" with the Polish destroyer Błyskawica in a ceremony in Gdynia, Poland. Both ships served in the 10th Destroyer Flotilla during the Second World War. The ceremony was attended by former crew members of both ships and the general public. The ship was visited in 2009 by Prince Charles, Prince of Wales, and his wife, Camilla, Duchess of Cornwall, and, on June 29, 2010, at Government House in Nova Scotia, Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, presented to representatives of HMCS Haida the World Ship Trust Certificate. In September 2016, the ship was towed to Heddle Marine to undergo repairs and upgrades. The repairs took until December 2016 to complete. In February 2018, Haida was designated the ceremonial flagship of the Canadian Navy, now marked by the hoisting of a Haida tribal flag.

Affiliations and organizations
There is also a Sea Cadet Corps named after the ship, located in Streetsville, Mississauga. 186 Royal Canadian Sea Cadet Corps Haida, was established on 9 January 1963. The museum is affiliated with the Canadian Museums Association, Canadian Heritage Information Network, Organization of Military Museums of Canada and the Virtual Museum of Canada.

See also
 List of attractions in Hamilton, Ontario
 List of museum ships
 Ships preserved in museums

Notes

Citations

References

Further reading

External links

Parks Canada HMCS Haida website
HNSA Web Page: HMCS Haida

Tribal-class destroyers (1936) of the Royal Canadian Navy
World War II destroyers of Canada
Cold War destroyers of Canada
Museum ships in Canada
Museum ships in Ontario
Museums in Hamilton, Ontario
National Historic Sites in Ontario
1942 ships
Korean War destroyers of Canada
Ships built on the River Tyne
Ships built by Vickers Armstrong

HMCS Haida


La rue Honoré-d'Estienne-d'Orves est une voie publique de la commune de Suresnes, dans le département français des Hauts-de-Seine.

Situation et accès

Cette rue orientée du nord-ouest au sud-est commence son tracé à la perpendiculaire du faisceau ferrovaire de la ligne 2 du tramway d'Île-de-France et de la ligne de Paris-Saint-Lazare à Versailles-Rive-Droite.

Elle traverse le carrefour de la rue des Puits et de la rue Gambetta, puis croise la rue Carnot. Elle marque ensuite le début de la rue Perronet, bifurque vers la gauche et se termine dans l'axe de la rue Gustave-Flourens.

Comme de nombreuses voies suresnoises, elle présente un dénivelé, du fait de la présence proche du mont Valérien.

Sa desserte est assurée par la gare de Suresnes-Mont-Valérien et l'arrêt Belvédère sur le T2.

Origine du nom

C'est en hommage à Honoré d'Estienne d'Orves, héros de la Seconde Guerre mondiale et martyr de la Résistance, que cette rue a été renommée.

Honoré d'Estienne d'Orves est mort le  à la forteresse du Mont-Valérien, fusillé parmi cent otages, en représailles de l'assassinat de l'aspirant d'intendance de la Kriegsmarine Alfons Moser au métro Barbès par Pierre Georges.

Au croisement avec la rue de Verdun, une plaque commémorative rend hommage à Honoré d'Estienne d'Orves.

Historique

Durant des siècles, la partie est de la rue est une des limites du vieux village de Suresnes.

La rue Honoré-d'Estienne-d'Orves, jadis nommée « rue de Nanterre », faisait partie d'un long chemin menant vers Nanterre par ce qui est aujourd'hui la rue de la Liberté et est prolongé plus au nord par la « rue de Suresnes » à Nanterre. Son tracé fut coupé par la construction de la ligne de Paris-Saint-Lazare à Versailles-Rive-Droite en 1839.

Sous le Second Empire, au milieu des années 1850, il est proposé de « macadémiser » la rue de Nanterre, une innovation à l'époque.

En 1885, près de l'entrée nord du tunnel des Moulineaux (qui longe la rue Gardenat-Lapostol), les travaux de la construction de la « ligne des Moulineaux » mettent à jour quinze cercueils de plâtre datant de l'époque des Francs, vers le . Ces sarcophages étaient en forme de trapèze allongé et orientés les pieds au sud-est. On y retrouva de plus un scramasaxe, les fragments d'une fiole à parfum, un morceau d'une épée de fer et des boucles de bronze.

Bâtiments remarquables et lieux de mémoire
 Église du Cœur-Immaculé-de-Marie de Suresnes, construite en 1907-1908, au croisement avec la rue de Verdun (alors rue de Neuilly). Le terrain appartenait auparavant auparavant aux sœurs de la Providence de Portieux, qui en avaient été expulsées.
 En 1929, création de la société Ydral, fabricant français de moteurs deux temps.
 Au 18, ancien siège de la Compagnie aérienne française. Au début de l'Occupation, un colonel allemand qui avait travaillé avant-guerre pour cette entreprise s'y rend pour s'emparer d'un fichier où figurent les plans de lignes aériennes. Il reviendra plusieurs fois par la suite, notamment pendant la campagne d'Afrique.

Références

Bibliographie
 Octave Seron, Suresnes d'autrefois et d'aujourd'hui, Le Livre d'histoire (rééd. 2000), 1926.
 René Sordes, Histoire de Suresnes : Des origines à 1945, Société historique de Suresnes, 1965.
 Suresnes, ses lieux dits et ses rues vous parlent, Société historique de Suresnes, 1968.
 Francis Prévost, Histoires de Suresnes, Suresnes Information, 1989.
 .
 .

Article connexe
 Histoire de Suresnes

Honore Estienne Orves

Rue Honoré-d'Estienne-d'Orves (Suresnes)


Tom and Jerry Special Shorts é uma série de animação americana de curta duração baseada em Tom and Jerry que estreou e terminou na HBO Max em 20 de fevereiro de 2021, tornando-se o mais curto de todos os programas relacionados a Tom e Jerry. A série é desenvolvida por Peter Browngardt e produzida pela Warner Bros. Animation. Os curtas apresentavam as vozes não creditadas em arquivo de William Hanna ao lado de Andrew Dickman. Os curtas são apresentados no estilo de Looney Tunes Cartoons, outra curta série desenvolvida por Browngardt.

Ligações externas

Tom and Jerry Special Shorts


Kolovoški puč (rus. Августовский путч) bio je neuspjeli pokušaj državnog udara od 19. do 21. kolovoza 1991. kojeg su izveli pojedini članovi Vlade SSSR-a udruženi u samoprozvano tijelo, tzv: "Državni komitet za izvanredno stanje", želeći preuzeti kontrolu nad zemljom od nepopularnog predsjednika Mihaila Gorbačova. Kolovođe puča bili su "tvrdolinijaši" unutar Komunističke partije Sovjetskog Saveza (KPSS) koji su se protivili programu Gorbačovljevih reformi poput Perestrojke i najavama novog sporazuma o decentralizaciji SSSR-a, te prebacivanju saveznih nadležnosti na republike. Svoje protivnike pučisti su uglavnom imali u Moskvi među građanskim grupama otpora, te antikomunističkim Borisom Jeljcinom, demokratski izabranim predsjednikom Ruske Sovjetske Federativne Socijalističke Republike. Iako je puč nakon dva dana propao uz povratak Gorbačova na vlast, smatra se da je imao ključnu ulogu u raspadu Sovjetskog Saveza.

Pozadina

Čim je 1985. godine došao na vlast, Gorbačov je odmah pokrenuo seriju reformi, poznatijih kao perestrojka i glasnost, čiji je cilj bio ekonomsko–političko restrukturiranje i otvaranje. Ovo je odmah pokrenulo otpor i sumnje među partijskim tvrdolinijašima. Reforme također su potaknule neke snage i pokrete koje Gorbačov nije očekivao; što se posebno odnosilo na nacionalističku agitaciju u neruskim područjima SSSR-a. Uz sve to, Sovjetski Savez su 1991. godine potresale ozbiljna politička i ekonomska kriza uz nedostatak osnovnih životnih namirnica za koje su građani čekali u dugačkim redovima.

U sklopu ranije spomenutih nacionalističkih pokreta, do 1991. godine: Estonija, Latvija, Litva i Gruzija već su proglasile nezavisnost od SSSR-a. Gorbačov je u siječnju 1991. slanjem vojnih snaga silom pokušao vratiti Litvu u sastav SSSR-a. Tjedan dana kasnije lokalne prosovjetske snage isto će pokušati i u Latviji. Oružani sukobi već su trajali na prostoru Nagorno-Karabakha i Južne Osetije.

Najveća sovjetska republika Rusija pod Jeljcinom je 12. lipnja 1990. proglasila "deklaraciju o državnom suverenitetu" i posljedično ograničila primjenu sovjetskih zakona, posebice onih iz područja financija i ekonomije, na teritoriju Rusije. Vrhovni sovjet Ruske SFSR usvojio je zakone koji su bili u suprotnosti sa sovjetskim zakona (tzv. Rat zakonima).

Na referendumu o budućnosti SSSR-a održanom 17. ožujka 1991. godine, kojeg su bojkotirale baltičke republike, Azerbajdžan, Gruzija i Moldavija, većina građana ostalih republika izrazila je želju za ostankom u reformiranom SSSR-u. Tijekom pregovora osam od devet republika (izuzev Ukrajine) pod određenim je uvjetima prihvatilo ugovor o novoj zajednici. Taj ugovor, pod Gorbačovljevom politikom, trebao je pretvoriti SSSR u federaciju nezavisnih republika sa zajedničkim predsjednikom, vojskom i vanjskom politikom. Rusija, Kazahstan i Uzbekistan trebali su potpisati ugovor u Moskvi 20. kolovoza 1991. godine. U iščekivanju neizvjesne situacije s potpisivanjem ovog ugovora, predsjednik Gorbačov je 4. kolovoza otišao u svoju vikendicu u Forosu na Krimu. Planirao se vratiti u Moskvu na potpisivanje ugovora o novoj zajednici 20. kolovoza.

Priprema puča

Protiv Gorbačovljeve službene politike, direktor KGB-a Vladimir Krjučkov još je 11. prosinca 1990. pozvao na uspostavljanje reda na moskovskoj Centralnoj televiziji. Istog dana pozvao je i dvojicu časnika KGB-a da naprave plan o mjerama koje se mogu poduzeti u slučaju proglašenja izvanrednog stanja u SSSR-a. Kasnije su u urotu uključeni i sovjetski ministar obrane Dmitrij Jazov, ministar unutarnjih poslova Boris Pugo, premijer Valentin Pavlov, potpredsjednik Genadij Janajev, zamjenik predsjednika Vijeća obrane Oleg Baklanov, šef Gorbačovljevog sekretarijata Valeriij Boldin i sekretar Centralnog komiteta KPSS-a Oleg Šenjin.

Pučisti su se nadali da bi mogli izvršiti pritisak na Gorbačova da proglasi izvanredno stanje u cilju uspostavljanja reda i zakona. U tvrdolinijaškom glasniku "Sovjetska Rusija" se 23. srpnja 1991. pojavio tekst "Riječ narodu" usmjeren protiv Perestrojke koji su potpisali visokopozicionirani dužnosnici SSSR-a.

Šest dana kasnije, Gorbačov, ruski predsjednik Boris Jeljcin i kazahstanski predsjednik Nursultan Nazarbajev razgovarali su o mogućnosti da zamijene tvrdolinijaše kao što su Pavlov, Jazov, Krjučkov i Pugo liberalnijim osobama. S obzirom na to da je Gorbačov kao Subjekt 110 tada već mjesecima bio pod strogim mjerama nadzora KGB-a, Krjučkov je ubrzo saznao za navedeni razgovor.

Izolacija Gorbačova
Urotnici su se 17. kolovoza sastali u prostorijama KGB-a u Moskvi i proučili sporazum. Vjerovali su da reformiranje Sovjetskog Saveza vodi ka njegovom raspadu i odlučili su da je vrijeme za akciju. Sljedećeg dana, Baklanov, Boldin, Šenjin i zamjenik ministra odbrane Sovjetskog Saveza general Valentin Varenjikov posjetili su Gorbačova u njegovoj rezidenciji na Krimu sa zahtjevom da ili sam proglasi izvanredno stanje ili da odstupi s dužnosti i mjesto ustupi Janajevu. Međutim, Gorbačov je čvrsto podržavao ugovor o novoj zajednici i odbio je postavljeni ultimatum. Gorbačovu je stoga zapovjeđeno da ostane u svojoj vikendici na Krimu, pri čemu su mu sve komunikacijske linije (pod kontrolom KGB-a) odmah prekinute. Dodatna straža KGB-a raspoređena je oko vikendice koju nitko nije smio napustiti.

Zapovjeđeno je da se iz tvornice u Pskovu u Moskvu dostavi 250.000 policijskih lisica i 300.000 formulara za uhićenje. Krjučkov je udvostručio plaće osoblju KGB-a, pozvao ih s odmora i stavio u stanje pripravnosti. Zatvor Lefortovo je ispražnjen da bi se napravilo mjesta za eventualne uhićenike.

Kolovoški puč

Pučisti su održali sastanak u Kremlju nakon što su se Baklanov, Boldin, Šenjin i Varenjikov vratili s Krima. Janajev, Pavlov i Baklanov potpisali su "Deklaraciju o sovjetskom vodstvu" u kojoj su proglasili izvanredno stanje na teritoriju čitavog SSSR-a i objavili da je osnovan Državni komitet za izvanredne situacije radi efikasnog upravljanja zemljom tijekom izvanrednog stanja. Komitet su činili:

 Genadij Janajev
 Valentin Pavlov
 Vladimir Krjučkov
 Dmitrij Jazov
 Boris Pugo
 Oleg Baklanov
 Vasilij Starodubcev, predsjednik Unije seljaka Sovjetskog Saveza
 Aleksadnar Tizjakov, predsjednik Udruženja državnih poduzeća i industrijskih, prometnih i komunikacijskih konglomerata

Janajev je potpisao dekret kojim je sebe proglasio za predsjednika SSSR-a zbog Gorbačovljeve bolesti, kako je glasio izgovor. Ovaj osmočlani kolektiv nazvan je "Bandom osmorice". Komitet je zabranio sav tisak osim partijskih novina uz poziv za "obnovu dostojanstva sovjetskog čovjeka".

19. kolovoz

Odluke Komiteta emitirane na državnom radiju i televiziji počevši od 07:00 sati. Radio Rusija i Televidenije Rusija, pod kontrolom Ruske SFSR i Eho Moskva, jedina neovisna radio postaja, odstranjene su iz etera. Oklopne jedinice Tamanske divizije i Kantemirovska tenkovska divizija ušle su u Moskvu praćene padobrancima. Četiri zastupnika Kongresa narodnih deputata Ruske SFSR (koji su smatrani najopasnijima) KGB je zadržao u vojnoj bazi u blizini Moskve. Pučisti su namjeravali uhititi predsjednika Rusije Borisa Jeljcina prilikom njegovog povratka iz Kazahstana ili dok bude u svojoj vikendici u blizini Moskve, ali iz nepoznatog razloga to nisu uradili. Ostavljanje Jeljcina na slobodi ispostavit će se ključnim za propast njihovih planova.

Jeljcin je stigao u Bijeli dom (zgradu ruskog parlamenta) 19. kolovoza u 9 sati ujutro. Malo kasnije popeo se na jedan od oklopnih transportera te je okupljenom narodu održao govor u kojem je rekao sljedeće: Građanstvu Rusije!

U noći s 18. na 19. kolovoza 1991. zakonito izabrani predsjednik države [Gorbačov] je svrgnut. Unatoč navedenim razlozima za njegovo svrgavanje, riječ je o: desničarskom, reakcionarnom i protuustavnom državnom udaru. [...] Smatramo da su takve nasilne metode neprihvatljive. One diskreditiraju Savez u očima svijeta, umanjuju naš prestiž u međunarodnoj zajednici, vraćaju nas u doba hladnog rata, te u izolaciju SSSR-a u međunarodnoj zajednici.

Zbog svega ovoga prisiljeni smo proglasiti preuzimanje vlasti takozvanoga "Komiteta" nezakonitim. U skladu s tim, proglašavamo sve odluke i smjernice komiteta nezakonitima. [...] Pozivamo građanstvo Rusije da pruži snažan otpor pučistima i traži povratak države unutar normalnih ustavnih okvira. [...] Također pozivamo sve pripadnike vojske da pokažu uzvišenu građansku svijest i odbiju sudjelovati u reakcionarnom državnom udaru. Dok ovi uvjeti ne budu ostvareni, pozivamo na opći i neograničeni štrajk!Zajedno s visokim dužnosnicima Ruske federalne jedinice proglasio je puč neustavnim, zahtijevao je od vojske da ne sudjeluje u puču, proglasio je generalni štrajk i zahtijevao da se Gorbačov obrati narodu. Deklaracija je distribuirana širom Moskve u formi letka.

Građani Moskve su se poslijepodne počeli okupljati oko Bijelog doma i postavljati barikade. Kao odgovor na to Janajev je proglasio izvanredno stanje u Moskvi s početkom u 16:00 sati. Janajev se obratio javnosti u 17:00 sati s tvrdnjom da je Gorbačov na "odmoru". U međuvremenu bojnik Evdokimov, načelnik štaba tenkovskog bataljuna Tamanske divizije koja je čuvala Bijeli dom, objavio je lojalnost vodstvu Ruske SFSR. Jeljcin se popeo na jedan od njihovih tenkova i obratio se okupljenim građanima. Neočekivano, ovaj događaj se pojavio u državnim medijima tijekom večernjih vijesti.

20. kolovoz

U podne zapovjednik Moskovskog vojnog okruga, general Kalinjin, kojeg je Janajev proglasio za vojnog zapovjednika Moskve, proglasio je u Moskvi policijski sat od 23:00 do 5:00 sati. Ovo je shvaćeno i kao znak da je napad na Bijeli dom neizbježan. Branitelji Bijelog doma, iako većinom nenaoružani, pripremili su se za obranu. Evdokimovljevi tenkovi su se predvečer odmaknuli od Bijelog doma. Krizni stožer za obranu Bijelog doma predvodio je general Konstantin Kobec, zastupnik u parlamentu Ruske SFSR.

Krjučkov, Jazov i Pugo su 20. kolovoza poslijepodne donijeli su konačnu odluku o napadu na Bijeli dom. Ovu odluku su podržali i drugi članovi Komiteta. Krjučkovljevi i Jazovljevi zamjenici, general KGB-a Agejev i general armije Ačalov, planirali su napad pod imenom "Operacija Grom", u kojem su trebali sudjelovati dijelovi Alfa grupe i Vimpel grupe, uz podršku padobranaca, moskovskog OMON-a, unutarnje jedinice divizije Dzeržinski, tri tenkovske satnije i eskadrila helikoptera. Zapovjednik Alfa grupe, general Viktor Karpuhin i drugi viši časnici grupe zajedno sa zamjenikom zapovjednika zrakoplovnih jedinica generalom Aleksandrom Lebedom prišli su demonstrantima pored Bijelog doma da bi procijenili mogućnost provođenja takve operacije. Poslije toga Karpuhin i zapovjednik Vimpela pukovnik Beskov pokušali su uvjeriti Agejeva da bi eventualna operacija dovela do krvoprolića i da bi je stoga trebalo otkazati. Lebed se uz suglasnost svog prvonadređenog, generala Pavela Gračeva, vratio u Bijeli dom i tajno informirao tamošnje rukovodstvo da napad počinje u 2:00.

21. kolovoz
Oko 1:00, nedaleko od Bijelog doma, trolejbusi i komunalna vozila iskorištena su kao barikade u tunelu protiv dolazećih borbenih vozila Tamanske divizije. Tri osobe su ubijene tijekom incidenta, a nekoliko ih je ranjeno. Dvije žrtve pokušale su prekriti periskope jednog od oklopnih vozila. Demonstranti su kasnije zapalili jedno oklopno vozilo, ali nijedan vojnik nije stradao. S druge strane Alfa grupa i Vimpel nisu ušle u Bijeli dom kako je bilo planirano i Jazov je naredio trupama da se povuku iz Moskve.

Trupe su s povlačenjem iz Moskve počele u 8 sati ujutro. Članovi Komiteta sastali su se u Ministarstvu obrane i neznajući što dalje te su odlučili poslati Krjučkova, Jazova i još nekoliko visokih činovnika na Krim, gdje se Gorbačov odbio sastati s njima. Pošto su komunikacijske linije između Gorbačovljeve vikendice i Moskve obnovljene, Gorbačov je sve odluke Komiteta proglasio nevažećima, a sve članove razriješio njihovih dužnosti. Ured državnog tužitelja SSSR-a počeo je s istragom puča.

Posljedice

Gorbačov i delegacija Komiteta doletjeli su u Moskvu, a Krjučkov, Jazov i Tizijakov su uhićeni u ranim jutarnjim satima 22. kolovoza. Pugo je također uhićen. Sljedećeg dana izvršio je samoubojstvo zajedno sa svojom suprugom. Ostali članovi Komiteta zadržani su u dvodnevnom pritvoru. Iako nije direktno sudjelovao u puču, nakon neuspjeha puča samoubojstvo je izvršio i bivši načelnik generalštaba Sovjetskih oružanih snaga maršal Sergej Ahromejev.

Kako je nekoliko šefova regionalnih izvršnih komiteta podržalo zavjerenike, Vrhovni sovjet Ruske SFSR donio je odluku br. 1626-1, kojom je ovlastio predsjednika Rusije Borisa Jeljcina da postavlja šefove lokalnih administracija, iako po Ustavu Rusije nije imao takva ovlaštenja. Jeljcin je još donio i odluku o vraćanju zastave iz vremena Ruskog Carstva kao zastave Ruske Federacije.

Gorbačov je 24. kolovoza podnio ostavku na mjesto generalnog sekretara KPSS-a. Vladimir Ivaško ga je zamijenio kao vršitelj dužnosti generalnog sekretara, ali je i on podnio ostavku 29. kolovoza. Otprilike u isto vrijeme, Jeljcin je zapovjedio premještaj arhiva KPSS-a u državni arhiv, kao i nacionalizaciju sve imovine KPSS-a u Rusiji (što je pored sjedišta partijskih komiteta obuhvaćalo i obrazovne ustanove, hotele, i sl.). Jeljcin je proglasio privremenu zabranu svih aktivnosti KPSS-a na teritoriju Rusije, što je de facto označilo kraj KPSS-a.

Kip Feliksa Dzeržinskog ispred zgrade KGB-a na Trgu Feliksa Dzeržinskog (Lubjanka) je rastavljen 24. kolovoza, dok je na tisuće Moskovljana nazočilo pokopu stradalih Komara, Usova i Kričevskog, koje je Gorbačov postumno proglasio Herojima Sovjetskog Saveza.

Istog dana Vrhovna rada je usvojila Deklaraciju o neovisnosti Ukrajine i raspisala referendum na kojem će se potvrditi ta deklaracija. Vrhovni sovjet Moldavije je 27. kolovoza proglasio neovisnost Moldavije od Sovjetskog Saveza. Vrhovni sovjeti Azerbajdžana i Kirgistana su to napravili 30. i 31. kolovoza.

Članovi Komiteta i njihovi sudionici optuženi su za izdaju u vidu urote s ciljem preuzimanja vlasti. Međutim, krajem 1992. svi su pušteni iz pritvora do početka suđenja. Suđenje u Vojnom odsjeku Vrhovnog Suda Rusije počelo je 14. travnja 1993. godine. Državna Duma je 23. veljače 1994. godine proglasila amnestiju za sve članove Komiteta i njihove sudionike, uključujući tu i sudionike kriznih događanja iz 1993. Svi su prihvatili amnestiju, osim generala Varenjikova, koji je zahtijevao nastavak suđenja koje je konačno završeno 11. kolovoza 1994. oslobađajućom presudom.

Izvori

Povijest Rusije
Raspad SSSR-a
Hladni rat

Kolovoški puč


Cromniomancy is divination by onions. It is usually done by interpreting their sprouting behaviour, after some kind of ritual to state the topic of the divination. This often involves inscribing the onions, dedicating them on an altar or something similar. But cromniomancy is/was also done in idiosyncratic way not involving sprouting them.

It is not known why the onion was chosen for that kind of divination, as opposed to other fast-sprouting plants. Comparing other divination methods shows that plants used for divination have or had some significance as important food source and/or as medicinal herbs. The onion is rich in Vitamin C and was important because of this, and it was widely used as medicinal herb against colds and other infections.

Etymology
The word is derived from the Ancient Greek word for onion = κρόμμυον(phonetically crom-mee-on) and oracle = μαντεία (phonetically man-dee-ah).

History
Cromniomancy was historically performed across Europe, Africa and northern Asia. The sphere within a sphere of the onion made it a much-revered symbol of spirituality and eternity, to the extent that the ancient Egyptians took their sacred oaths with their right hand on an onion. There are many forms of cromniomancy, from divining the weather by the thickness of the skin, to gaining inside information.

The earliest written mention occurs in Burton's The Anatomy of Melancholy, referring to cromnyomantia as a custom of laying onions on an altar on Christmas Eve in order to divine when someone will be married.

Specific methods
One method is to place onions on a sacred altar to learn about friends and family far away and out of contact. The names of the beloved are inscribed on individual onions and left undisturbed until they began to sprout. The faster the sprouting, the better health and happiness was enjoyed by the friend named on the onion.

Onions also provided romantic advice for the love-lorn. A woman trying to choose between lovers would carve out their names on separate onions. The one that sprouted first would reveal the suitor most worthy of her affections. Some sources have it that this should best be done on December 1.

Answers to any question could be sought by inscribing yes and no on two separate onions and planting them to see which sprouted first.

A method practiced in southern Germany to predict the weather for the following year goes like this: At Silvester evening twelve big, sphere-like pieces of onion are taken and put on a wooden board in a row. They represent the months from January to December. Then a grain of salt is put into every piece of onion, and the whole thing is left overnight in a room without heating, but without frost. The amount of liquid in every onion piece tells how much rain/snow there will be in the respective month.

References

Divination

Cromniomancy


فيرشينو-شاكتامينسكيي  هي مدينة في مقاطعة زابايكالسكي كراي في روسيا.

يبلغ عدد سكانها حوالي 1638   نسمة.

مراجع

مدن زابايكالسكي كراي

فيرشينو-شاكتامينسكيي (سيتا)


dbx is a source-level debugger found primarily on Solaris, AIX, IRIX, Tru64 UNIX, Linux and BSD operating systems. It provides symbolic debugging for programs written in C, C++, Fortran, Pascal and Java. Useful features include stepping through programs one source line or machine instruction at a time. In addition to simply viewing operation of the program, variables can be manipulated and a wide range of expressions can be evaluated and displayed.

History
dbx was originally developed at University of California, Berkeley, by Mark Linton during the years 1981–1984 and subsequently made its way to various vendors who had licensed BSD.

Availability
Besides being provided to various vendors through BSD, dbx has also found its way into other products:

 dbx is also available on IBM z/OS systems, in the UNIX System Services component. dbx for z/OS can debug programs written in C and C++, and can also perform machine level debugging. As of z/OS V1R5, dbx is able to debug programs using the DWARF debug format. z/OS V1R6 added support for debugging 64-bit programs.
 dbx is included as part of the Oracle Solaris Studio product from Oracle Corporation, and is supported on both Solaris and Linux. It supports programs compiled with the Oracle Solaris Studio compilers and GCC.

GCC removed support for dbx in release 13.

See also
 Modular Debugger (mdb)
 GNU Debugger

References

External links
 dbx for z/OS
 dbx for AIX
 Sun Studio Compilers and Tools for Solaris OS and Linux
 Sun Studio 12: Debugging a Program With dbx

Debuggers
Unix programming tools

Dbx (debugger)


Johann Wachter (* 26. März 1884 in Schaan; † 12. August 1959 ebenda) war ein liechtensteinischer Politiker (VU).

Biografie
Johann Wachter war der Sohn von Johann Valentin Wachter und dessen Frau Maria Aloisia (geborene Falk). Er war Bürger der Gemeinde Schaan und arbeitete als Schreiner und Landwirt.
Von 1924 bis 1958 war er Kassier der Liechtensteinischen Krankenkasse. Von 1929 bis 1951 fungierte er als Geschäftsführer des Liechtensteinischen Bauernverbands. Von 1927 bis 1936, sowie erneut von 1940 bis 1948 gehörte er dem Gemeinderat von Schaan an. Für die Vaterländische Union sass er mehrere Jahre im Landtag des Fürstentums Liechtenstein zuerst von 1939 bis 1945 als stellvertretender Abgeordneter, von 1945 bis 1953 als Abgeordneter und schliesslich 1953 erneut als stellvertretender Abgeordneter.

1912 heiratete er Johanna Josefa Wachter. Aus der Ehe gingen neun Kinder hervor.

Weblinks

 Eintrag zu Johann Wachter auf www.e-archiv.li

Landtagsabgeordneter (Liechtenstein)
VU-Mitglied
Liechtensteiner
Geboren 1884
Gestorben 1959
Mann

Johann Wachter (Politiker, 1884)


XXE steht für:
 XXE, Datenkompressionsprogramm, siehe Liste von Datenkompressionsprogrammen
 eXternal Entity injection, Angriffsszenario mittels XML

Abkürzung

XXE


O BET Award para Melhor Atriz (do original em inglês, BET Award for Best Actress) é uma das atuais categorias do BET Awards, premiação estabelecida em 2001 para reconhecer destaques do mercado fonográfico e de entretenimento afro-americano. Esta categoria foi iniciada junto com a premiação em 2001 e destina-se a reconhecer performances de atrizes afro-americanas que obtiveram destaque crítico em cinema ou televisão durante o ano anterior à cada edição específica.

A atriz Sanaa Lathan foi a primeira vencedora da categoria em seu ano de estreia por sua performance no drama Love & Basketball, sendo indicada novamente em 2003 e 2004. No ano seguinte, Halle Berry foi vencedora da categoria pela primeira de outras duas vezes (2004 e 2008) por sua performance em Monster's Ball. Premiada pela primeira vez por sua performance em Hustle & Flow em 2006, a atriz Taraji P. Henson é a maior vencedora e o nome mais frequente da categoria, totalizando 6 vitórias e 11 indicações; sendo a mais recente delas por sua atuação na série televisiva Empire em 2019. Por sua vez, Angela Bassett possui a marca de 11 indicações sem alcançar nenhuma vitória sequer, sendo também uma das duas atrizes mais indicadas ao prêmio. Após duas indicações em 2020 e 2021, respectivamente, Zendaya tornou-se a atriz mais jovem a vencer o prêmio por sua atuação na série televisiva Euphoria e no filme de aventura Spider-Man: No Way Home.

Vencedores e indicados

Ver também
 Oscar de melhor atriz
 Prémio Screen Actors Guild de melhor atriz principal em cinema

Melhor Atriz
Prémios estabelecidos em 2001
Prémios de televisão para atriz principal
Prémios de cinema para atriz principal

BET Award para Melhor Atriz


Osamu Taninaka (født 24. september 1964) er en japansk fodboldspiller.

Japans fodboldlandshold

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Eksterne henvisninger

Japan National Football Team Database

Fodboldspillere fra Japan

Osamu Taninaka


Die Nördliche Okeraue zwischen Hülperode und Neubrück ist ein Naturschutzgebiet in der niedersächsischen Gemeinde Schwülper in der Samtgemeinde Papenteich im Landkreis Gifhorn und in der Gemeinde Wendeburg im Landkreis Peine.

Das Naturschutzgebiet mit dem Kennzeichen NSG BR 099 ist 250 Hektar groß. Davon entfallen 195,6 Hektar auf den Landkreis Gifhorn und 54,4 Hektar auf den Landkreis Peine. Das Naturschutzgebiet ist nahezu vollständig Bestandteil des FFH-Gebietes "Aller (mit Barnbruch), untere Leine, untere Oker". Im Süden grenzt es an das Naturschutzgebiet "Braunschweiger Okeraue", im Norden an das Naturschutzgebiet "Okeraue bei Didderse". Das Gebiet steht seit dem 17. September 1996 unter Naturschutz. Zuständige untere Naturschutzbehörden sind die Landkreise Gifhorn und Peine.

Das Naturschutzgebiet liegt zwischen Braunschweig und Neubrück. Es stellt einen naturnahen, mäandrierenden Abschnitt der Oker einschließlich der Talaue und der angrenzenden Hangterrasse unter Schutz. Die Aue ist überwiegend von Grünland geprägt, das periodisch überschwemmt wird. Die teilweise unbefestigten Ufer der Oker bilden Abbruchkanten und Aufsandungen. Weiterhin sind Altarme und Flutmulden zu finden. Reste der Auenwälder sind noch vorhanden. Daneben sind Hochstaudenfluren, Seggenriede und Röhrichtflächen zu finden. Im Gebiet befindet sich auch das Mündungsgebiet der Schunter.

Während des Vogelzuges ist das Schutzgebiet ein wichtiges Rast- und Nahrungsbiotop für durchziehende Wasservogelarten.

Siehe auch
 Liste der Landschaftsschutzgebiete im Landkreis Gifhorn
 Liste der Landschaftsschutzgebiete im Landkreis Peine

Weblinks

Naturschutzgebiet im Landkreis Gifhorn
Naturschutzgebiet im Landkreis Peine
Schutzgebiet (Umwelt- und Naturschutz) in Europa
Schwülper
Oker


Casa de Habsburg-Lorena este una din ramurile cognatice ale Casei de Habsburg, cealaltă fiind actuala casă imperială a Mexicului (Casa de Habsburg-Iturbide). Linia de Habsburg-Lorena a fost întemeiată în 1736 prin căsătoria ducelui de Lorena, Francisc Ștefan, cu arhiducesa Maria Terezia de Habsburg.

Istorie

Origine
Cum în 1740 dinastia de Habsburg s-a stins pe linie masculină prin moartea lui Carol al VI-lea, Maria Terezia, ca fiică mai mare, i-a urmat la conducerea Casei de Habsburg potrivit Pragmaticei Sancțiuni.

Maria Terezia era căsătorită cu Francisc Ștefan de Lorena. Însă pentru a-și întări pretenția asupra țărilor austriece, boeme și ungare și pentru a construi reale relații de putere, familia a adoptat numele dublu Habsburg-Lorena, deși dinastia continua pe linie masculină doar Casa de Lorena.

În moștenirea Casei de Lorena se găsea și titlul de Rege al Ierusalimului, care ajunsese în posesia Casei de Anjou în 1473. Pretențiile de suveranitate ale nou-întemeiatei dinastii au fost confirmate, în mare parte, în Războiul de Succesiune Austriacă.

Domnie
În total, șase membri ai Casei de Habsburg-Lorena, care își mai spunea și Casa de Austria, au domnit până în 1918 ca arhiduci ai Austriei (prin care se înțelegea Austria de Jos și Austria de Sus din zilele noastre) și ca regi ai Ungariei și ai Boemiei, până în 1806 ca Sfinți Împărați Romani (împărați romano-germani), precum și ca Împărați moștenitori ai Austriei din 1804 până în 1918:
 Iosif al II-lea, din 1765, Sfânt Împărat Roman și coregent al mamei sale, Maria Terezia, în țările moștenirii habsburgice, iar în perioada 1780–1790, a domnit singur peste moștenire;
 Leopold al II-lea, fratele lui Iosif al II-lea, 1790–1792;
 Francisc al II-lea/I, fiul lui Leopold al II-lea, 1792–1835;
 Ferdinand I, fiul lui Francisc, 1835–1848;
 Francisc Iosif I, nepotul lui Ferdinand, 1848–1916;
 Carol I/al IV-lea, strănepotul de frate al lui Francisc Iosif, 1916–1918.

Cu excepția cazului Mariei Terezia, care, ca femeie, nu putea fi împărăteasă suverană, toate funcțiile menționate mai sus au fost învestite de fiecare dată doar unui membru masculin al familiei. Imperiul austriac, fondat ca stat unitar în 1804, a fost transformat în 1867 în uniunea reală a Monarhiei austro-ungare, ceea ce a condus la punerea în evidență în mod special a titlului Rege Apostolic al Ungariei.

Două membre feminine ale Casei de Habsburg-Lorena au fost măritate, din motive politice, în Franța:
 Maria Antoaneta – fiica Mariei Terezia și a lui Francisc Ștefan a fost, ca regină a Franței, executată prin ghilotinare alături de soțul ei, Ludovic al XVI-lea.
 Marie Louise – fiica lui Francisc al II-lea/I a fost cea de-a doua soție a lui Napoleon I, pe care însă nu l-a urmat în exil ca împărăteasă a francezilor, ci a domnit mai târziu în Ducatul Parma.

După ele, familia de Habsburg-Lorena a ales ca soți pentru arhiducesele ajunse la vârsta măritișului prinți egali ca statut, însă puțin însemnați din punct de vedere politic, pentru evitarea problemelor de politică externă.

Sfârșitul domniei
Uniunea reală a fost denunțată de Regatul Ungariei în 31 octombrie 1918, cu puține zile înainte de sfârșitul Primului Război Mondial. În 11 noiembrie 1918, împăratul Carol I, aflat la Viena, s-a retras din orice participare la treburile statului. Ca rege al Ungariei, Carol al IV-lea a reiterat retragerea la Castelul Eckartsau în 13 noiembrie 1918. Prin aceste declarații împăratul nu a abdicat, însă, după plecarea lui în Elveția în 3 aprilie 1919, a fost expulzat pentru totdeauna din țară prin Legea Habsburgilor.

Cum Carol al IV-lea a încercat de două ori să-și recupereze tronul regal din Ungaria, Antanta, câștigătoare a Primului Război Mondial, l-a exilat pe insula Madeira. În Ungaria, prin legea detronării din 1921, dinastia a fost pentru totdeauna îndepărtată de tronul regal (care a fost ocupat de Horthy, ca regent).

Otto de Habsburg-Lorena, fiul cel mare al împăratului Carol și ultimul moștenitor oficial al tronului austro-ungar, a murit în anul 2011 în Germania.

Vezi și
 Casa de Habsburg
 Casa de Lorena
Casa de Habsburg-Iturbide

Imperiul Austriac
Austro-Ungaria

Habsburg-Lorena


11056 Volland este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
11056 Volland este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Observatorul La Silla de Eric Walter Elst. Asteroidul prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 2,45 ua, o excentricitate de 0,16 și o înclinație de 7,4° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 11001-12000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Familia  Vesta

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1991
Centura de asteroizi

11056 Volland


الرافع أو الروافع  هي أسطح توجيه الطيران، تكون بالعادة موجودة بالخلف حيث تتحكم بتوجيه التموج للطائرة، وأيضا درجة زاوية المواجهة (Angle Of Attack) للجناح. زيادة بزاوية المواجهة سينتج زيادة بقوة الرفع حسب شكل الجناح ونقص بالسرعة الجوية والعكس أيضا صحيح. والرافع هو الوحيد الذي يتحكم بتوجيه التموج للطائرة (أحيانا يستبدل الرافع بما يسمى ستابلاتر أو (Stabilator) وهو معلق بالموازن الأفقي horizontal stabilizer.

الجناح الخلفي أو الذيل حيث يكون الرافع مثبت به له تأثير معاكس للجناح. وتنتج ضغط تنزيل يعاكس العزم الغير متوازن لأن مركز الثقالة للطائرة (centre of gravity) ليست بموقعها بسبب تغير بمركز الضغط (centre of pressure) مما ينتج الرفع بواسطة الجناح وتأثير قوة السحب (drag) ودفع المحرك. الرافع يزيد أو ينقص قوة الهبوط للذيل. فزيادة قوة التنزيل تزداد بواسطة رفع الروافع للأعلى، مما ينتج لرفع مقدمة الطائرة للأعلى وهبوط للسرعة (بمعنى أنه كلما ازدادت زاوية المواجهة للجناح قلت السرعة مما يزيد من كفاءة الرفع)، ونفس الشيء عندما نخفض الروافع إلى ماتحت المستوى كما بالصورة فقوة التنزيل تنخفض مما يرفع الذيل للأعلى وذلك يؤدي بالطبع لخفض مقدمة الطائرة، وينتج زاوية مواجهة أقل للجناح مما يخفض من كفاءة الرفع، ولتعويض هذا الهبوط يجب على الطائرة أن تزيد من سرعتها (إما بواسطة زيادة الدفع للمحركات أو جعل الطائرة تنحدر أكثر) لتعويض النقص بالرفع.

مراجع

توجيه الطائرة
تحكم بالوضعية

رافع


Ioan Anca (n. 6 septembrie 1866, Șomcuta Mare - d. în sec. al XX-lea) a fost un deputat în Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia, organismul legislativ reprezentativ al "tuturor românilor din Transilvania, Banat și Țara Ungurească", cel care a adoptat hotărârea privind Unirea Transilvaniei cu România, la 1 decembrie 1918.

Biografie
Ioan Anca s-a năcut în Șomcuta Mare, jud. Satu Mare, la data de 6 septembrie 1866. A urmat cursurile ciclului liceal la Liceu Român Unit din Blaj, iar pe cele ale ciclului superior la academia teologică din Gherla.

În anul 1893 a fost numit preot paroh în Copalni, în 1899 la Coaș, iar în 1915 paroh protopopesc în orașul Baia Sprie.

În 1935 a fost transferat la Baia Mare, unde a fost numit canonic consilier eparhial al Eparhiei Maramureșului, Baia Mare. La 1 martie 1940 a ieșit la pensie. S-a mutat mai întâi la Cluj, apoi la 6 septembrie 1940 s-a refugiat la București.

Activitatea politică

A fost președintele Consiliului Național Român din Baia Sprie și a participat la Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia în calitate de deputat al cercului electoral din Baia Sprie, alături de Victor Anca (fiul său), avocat, Viliam Nistor și Gheorghe Nistor, avocat.

Note

Bibliografie
 Gelu Neamțu, Mircea Vaida-Voevod, 1 decembrie 1918. Mărturii ale participanților, vol. I-II, Editura Academiei Române, București, 2005, ISBN 973-27-1258-9 (vol. I); ISBN 973-27-1264-3 (vol. II)

Lectură suplimentară
 Daniela Comșa, Eugenia Glodariu, Maria M. Jude, Clujenii și Marea Unire, Muzeul Național Transilvania, Cluj-Napoca, 1998
 Florea Marin, Medicii și Marea Unire, Editura Tipomur, Târgu Mureș, 1993
 Silviu Borș, Alexiu Tatu, Bogdan Andriescu, (coord.), Participanți din localități sibiene la Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia din 1 decembrie 1918, Editura Armanis, Sibiu, 2015
 Ioan I. Șerban, Dorin Giurgiu, Ionela Mircea, Nicolae Josan, Dicționarul personalităților Unirii. Trimișii românilor transilvăneni la Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia, Muzeul Național al Unirii, Alba Iulia, 2003, ISBN 973-8141-90-7

Legături externe
  Membrii de drept ai Marii Adunării Naționale de la Alba-Iulia din 1 decembrie 1918, lista publicată în "Gazeta Oficială", Sibiu, nr. 1, 1/14 decembrie 1918

Vezi și
 Lista delegaților la Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia

Nașteri în 1866
Preoți greco-catolici români
Delegați la Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia
Decese în secolul al XX-lea

Ioan Anca


Indiferență este un film românesc din 2011 regizat de Erich Nussbaum.

Prezentare

Note

Legături externe

Vezi și
 2011 în film

Filme românești
Filme în limba română
Filme din 2011
Filme dramatice românești

Indiferență


5. Ordu, Osmanlı İmparatorluğu tarafından 24 Mart 1915 tarihinde kuruldu ve 21 Kasım 1918 tarihinde lağvedildi. Bu orduya I. Dünya Savaşı sırasında Çanakkale Boğazı'nı ve Gelibolu Yarımadası'nı savunma görevi verildi. Almanya'dan gelen askerî danışman General Otto Liman von Sanders bu ordunun ilk komutanı oldu.

1908 Yılı Beşinci Ordu Birlikleri ve Kumandanları

 5. Orduyu Hümayun (Kumandan: Birinci Ferik Mustafa Nuri Paşa)
 9ncu Fırka-i Hümayun (Kumandan: Müşir İbrahim Ethem Paşa)
 17nci Nizamiye Livası (Kumandan: Mirliva Halil Agah Paşa)
 18nci Nizamiye Livası (Kumandan: Mirliva Ahmed Paşa)
 19ncu Nizamiye Fırkası
 10ncu Fırka-i Hümayun ve Haleb ve Adana Fevkalade Kumandan Vekili (Kumandan: Birinci Ferik Bekir Paşa)
 19ncu Nizamiye Livası (Kumandan: Mirliva İsmet Paşa)
 20nci Nizamiye Livası (Kumandan: Mirliva Ahmed Rıfat Paşa)
 5. Süvari Fırka-i Hümayunu (Kumandan: Ferik Mustafa Nuri Paşa)
 5. Topçu Fırka-i Hümayun ve Orduyu Hümayun Esliha-i Harbiye ve Mühimmat-ı Nariye Müfettişliği (Kumandan: Ferik Mehmed Tevfik Paşa)

Nisan 1915 Savaş Düzeni
Nisan sonu 1915'te ordu, aşağıdaki şekilde yapılandırıldı:

 3. Kolordu (Esat Paşa komutasında)
 7. Tümen, 9. Tümen, 19. Tümen (Mustafa Kemal komutasında)
 15. Kolordu (Albay Hans Kannengiesser komutasında)
 3. Tümen, 11. Tümen
 Çanakkale Müstahkem Mevkii Komutanlığı
 Bir uçak filosu

I. Dünya Savaşı

Yaz Sonu 1915 Savaş Düzeni

5. Ordu Komutanı Mareşal Liman von Sanders, karargâhıyla Gelibolu'daydı.

 1. Kolordu
 2. Tümen, 3. Tümen
 2. Kolordu
 4. Tümen, 5. Tümen, 6. Tümen
 3. Kolordu
 7. Tümen, 8. Tümen, 9. Tümen, 19. Tümen
 4. Kolordu
 10. Tümen, 11. Tümen, 12. Tümen
 5. Kolordu
 13. Tümen, 14. Tümen, 15. Tümen
 Çanakkale Müstahkem Mevkii Komutanlığı
 Bir uçak filosu

Ayrıca doğrudan doğruya 5. Ordu Komutanlığına bağlı bir tümen (19. Fırka), bir süvari tugayı (1. Tugay), bir piyade alayı ve dört jandarma taburu vardı. 19. Fırka, Yarbay Mustafa Kemal emrinde ve Eceabat'ta 5. Ordu'nun ihtiyatını oluşturuyordu. Süvari Tugayı ise yine ordu emrinde olarak Saros Körfezi batısında Bulgar hududuna kadar olan geniş kıyı kesimini gözetlemekteydi. Jandarma taburları da, düşmanın fazla beklenmediği kıyılarda gözetleme görevi yapmaktaydılar. 5. Ordu'nun asker sayısı 84.000 (Müttefiklerin 75.000), top sayısı 72 (Müttefiklerin donanma hariç 140) idi. Osmanlı asker sayısı düşmana nazaran 9.000 kişi daha fazla idi ama bu bir sayısal görüntüden ibaretti. Aslında tarafların savaş gücünü belirleyen, (eğitim ve moral başta olmak üzere) silahların kalitesi, silah, cephane, araç, gereç bütünlemesi ve özellikle ağır makineli tüfek ve topun miktarı idi ve bunlar da düşmandan yana idi.

Ağustos 1916 Savaş Düzeni
Ağustos 1916'da ordu, aşağıdaki şekilde yapılandırıldı:

 1. Kolordu
 14. Tümen, 16. Tümen
 Çanakkale Müstahkem Mevkii Komutanlığı

Aralık 1916 Savaş Düzeni
Aralık 1916'da ordu, aşağıdaki şekilde yapılandırıldı:

 14. Kolordu
 57. Tümen, 59. Tümen
 Çanakkale Müstahkem Mevkii Komutanlığı

Ağustos 1917, Ocak 1918 Savaş Düzeni
Ağustos 1917, Ocak 1918'de ordu, aşağıdaki şekilde yapılandırıldı:

 14. Kolordu
 57. Tümen
 19. Kolordu
 59. Tümen
 21. Kolordu
 49. Tümen
 Çanakkale Müstahkem Mevkii Komutanlığı

Haziran, Eylül 1918 Savaş Düzeni
Haziran, Eylül 1918'de ordu, aşağıdaki şekilde yapılandırıldı:

 14. Kolordu
 57. Tümen
 19. Kolordu
 Yok
 21. Kolordu
 49. Tümen
 Çanakkale Müstahkem Mevkii Komutanlığı

Mondros Sonrası

Kasım 1918 Savaş Düzeni
Kasım 1918'de ordu, aşağıdaki şekilde yapılandırıldı:

 1. Kolordu
 55. Tümen
 14. Kolordu
 49. Tümen, 60. Tümen, 61. Tümen

Kaynakça

5. Ordu (Osmanlı İmparatorluğu)


5399 Awa este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
5399 Awa este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Tokushima de Masayuki Iwamoto și Takeshi Urata. El prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 2,81 ua, o excentricitate de 0,19 și o înclinație de 3,7° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 5001-6000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1989
Centura de asteroizi

5399 Awa


Chișinău este un nume propriu, care se referă la capitala Republicii Moldova.

Unități administrative
Uiezdul Chișinău (1818–1917), unitate administrativ-teritorială din gubernia Basarabia, Imperiul Rus.
Județul Lăpușna/Chișinău (1918–1938, 1941–1944), unitate administrativă de ordinul întâi din Regatul României.
Plasa Chișinău (–1938), unitate administrativă subdivizionară de ordinul doi din județul Lăpușna.
Raionul Chișinău (1940–1941, 1944–1949, 1953–1956), unitate administrativ-teritorială din RSS Moldovenească, URSS.
Districtul Chișinău (1952–1953), unitate administrativ-teritorială din RSS Moldovenească.
Județul Chișinău (1998–2003), fost județ al Republicii Moldova.
Municipiul Chișinău, unitate administrativ-teritorială de nivelul al doilea din Republica Moldova.

Alte sensuri
Chișinău (bere)

Nume proprii

Chișinău (dezambiguizare)


Deniztepesi, Antalya ilinin Serik ilçesine bağlı bir mahalledir.
Deniz tepesi eskiden ada idi sonra sular çekilince oraya yerleşenler bu mahallenin adını Deniz tepesi olarak adlandırılmıştır

Tarihçe
Mahallenin adını, mahallenin arkasında duran tepeden alır.

Coğrafya
Antalya il merkezine 46 km, Serik ilçesine 8 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Serik'in mahalleleri

Deniztepesi, Serik


NGC 3412 es una galaxia espiral barrada (SB0) localizada en la dirección de la constelación de Leo. Posee una declinación de +13º 24' 43" y una ascensión recta de 10 horas, 50 minutos y 53,3 segundos.

La galaxia NGC 3412 fue descubierta el 8 de abril de 1784 por William Herschel.

Véase también
 Astronomía extragaláctica
 Lista de galaxias
 Lista de objetos NGC
 New General Catalogue

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 SIMBAD: UGC 12099 -- Datos de NGC 3412.

NGC 3412
Constelación de Leo
Galaxias elípticas
Grupo M96

NGC 3412


Yvette Lewis (* 16. März 1985 in Newport News) ist eine US-amerikanische Dreispringerin und Hürdenläuferin.

2006 wurde sie NCAA-Hallenmeisterin im Dreisprung. Im Jahr darauf wurde sie in dieser Disziplin NCAA-Meisterin im Freien und US-Vizemeisterin. Bei den Panamerikanischen Spielen 2007 in Rio de Janeiro wurde sie Sechste im Dreisprung und Achte im 100-Meter-Hürdenlauf.

2011 siegte sie bei den Panamerikanischen Spielen in Guadalajara über 100 m Hürden, gewann mit der US-Mannschaft Silber in der 4-mal-100-Meter-Staffel und wurde Siebte im Dreisprung.
Seit 2013 ist Yvette Lewis für Panama startberechtigt. Dieses Land vertrat sie auch bei den Olympischen Spielen 2016.
Yvette Lewis graduierte 2007 an der Hampton University.

Persönliche Bestleistungen

 60 m Hürden (Halle): 7,90 s, 3. Februar 2010, Düsseldorf
 100 m Hürden: 12,76 s, 30. Juli 2011, Budapest
 100 m: 11,56 s, 13. Juli 2007, New York City
 Dreisprung: 13,84 m, 29. Juni 2008, Eugene
 Halle: 13,75 m, Fayetteville

Weblinks

 Athletenporträt bei USA Track & Field
 Athletenporträt bei Tilastopaja OY

Olympiateilnehmer (Panama)
Teilnehmer der Olympischen Sommerspiele 2016
100-Meter-Läufer (Vereinigte Staaten)
4-mal-100-Meter-Staffel-Läufer (Vereinigte Staaten)
100-Meter-Hürdenläufer (Vereinigte Staaten)
Dreispringer (Vereinigte Staaten)
Teilnehmer an den Panamerikanischen Spielen (Vereinigte Staaten)
Teilnehmer an den Südamerikaspielen (Panama)
Panamerikaspielesieger (Leichtathletik)
Südamerikaspielesieger (Leichtathletik)
Südamerikameister (100-Meter-Hürdenlauf)
US-Amerikaner
Geboren 1985
Frau

Yvette Lewis


Klaus von der Groeben (né le  à , Prusse-Orientale et mort le  à Kiel) est un avocat administratif allemand et un fonctionnaire du ministère.

Biographie

Klaus von der Groeben est issu de la famille noble von der Groeben, originaire de la région de la Marche. Il est le fils du propriétaire terrien de Prusse-Orientale Georg von der Groeben et de sa femme Eva von Mirbach. Son jeune frère Hans von der Groeben est également avocat administratif et fonctionnaire du ministère.

Prusse-Orientale
Groeben étudie au Collegium Fridericianum à Königsberg. Après avoir obtenu son diplôme d'études secondaires, il étudie le droit et les sciences politiques à l'Université de Königsberg, à l'Université Louis-et-Maximilien de Munich et à l'Université de Heidelberg. En 1922, il devient membre du Corps Saxo-Borussia Heidelberg. Après l'examen d'État juridique et le stage juridique, il travaille entre 1932 et 1933 comme consultant pour le commissaire à l'aide de l'Est à Königsberg. En , il rejoint le Parti national-socialiste des travailleurs allemands. 1933-36, il est employé dans le Ministère prussien de l'Intérieur du Reich comme conseiller du gouvernement. En 1936, il devient  de l'arrondissement de Königsberg. De 1939 jusqu'à la fin de la Seconde Guerre mondiale, il est administrateur du nouveau arrondissement du Samland, qu'il quitte en . Parallèlement, d' à , il est administrateur de l', de  à  officier du personnel dans l'administration du Reichskommissariat Ukraine à Rowno et du printemps 1943 à  adjoint administrateur de l'arrondissement de Labiau.

Schleswig-Holstein
Le , il est élu directeur général de l'assemblée des arrondissements du Schleswig-Holstein. En 1956, il est nommé administrateur de l'arrondissement de Stormarn. Dès 1957, il rejoint le ministère de l'Intérieur du Schleswig-Holstein en tant que directeur ministériel, où il est ensuite promu secrétaire d'État. Groeben invente la . En tant que marin passionné, il est membre du conseil d'administration du  de 1950 à 1958. Mis à la retraite le  pour raison d'âge, Groeben s'occupe, à la suite de Herbert Ziemer et jusqu'au , en tant que mandataire local de la Banque de péréquation et du ministre fédéral de l'Intérieur, la gestion fiduciaire des biens du Mecklembourg dans les communes de Ziethen et Bäk et les domaines de Römnitz et Mechow, qui sont rattachés à l'arrondissement du duché de Lauenbourg par l'. Edzard Schmidt-Jortzig prononce l'éloge pour le titre de docteur honoris causa. Groeben est membre de la CDU. Il décède peu après son . Il est cofondateur et coéditeur (1968-1985) de la revue Die Verwaltungs.

Famille
Le , Groeben épouse Christiane Gerstein (née le  à Hagen), une fille du fabricant Maxilimian Gerstein et de sa femme Carola née Kubier. De leur mariage sont nés leur fille Susanne Eva Marei (née le  à Kiel) et leur fils Daniel Carl Georg Maximilian (né le  à Bad Oldesloe).

Honneurs
 Grand-croix du mérite avec étoile (1967)
  (1991)
 docteur votre. hc de l'Université Christian-Albrecht de Kiel (1992)
 Membre honoraire de la Commission historique pour la recherche d'État de Prusse-Orientale et Occidentale (1998)

Travaux
 Das Ende in Ostpreußen. Der Ablauf der Geschehnisse im Samland 1944–1945.
 Im Dienst für Staat und Gemeinschaft: Erinnerungen, 2. Auflage. Lorenz von Stein-Institut für Verwaltungswissenschaften an der Christian-Albrechts-Universität, Kiel 1996
 Verwaltung und Politik 1918–33 am Beispiel Ostpreußens. 2., erweiterte Auflage. Lorenz von Stein-Institut für Verwaltungswissenschaften an der Christian-Albrechts-Universität, Kiel 1988
 Die öffentliche Verwaltung im Spannungsfeld der Politik, dargestellt am Beispiel Ostpreußen. Duncker & Humblot, Berlin 1979
 Landräte in Ostpreußen. Grote, Köln & Berlin 1972
 Disparitäten im ländlichen Raum. Deutscher Landkreistag, Bonn 1970
 Die Erfüllung von allgemeinen und polizeilichen Aufgaben
 Die Provinzen Ost- und Westpreußen 1818–1945
 Persönlichkeiten der Deutschen Verwaltung 1648–1945.
 Das Mecklenburgische Liegenschaftsvermögen in den Gemeinden Ziethen, Mechow, Bäk und Römnitz. 1983
 Das Land Ostpreußen. Selbsterhaltung, Selbstgestaltung, Selbstverwaltung 1750 bis 1945. Quellen zur Verwaltungsgeschichte, Nr. 7, Lorenz von Stein-Institut für Verwaltungswissenschaften an der Christian-Albrechts-Universität, Kiel 1993
 Entstehung und Bedeutung des Schleswig-Holsteinischen Landesverwaltungsgesetzes für das rechtsstaatliche Verwaltungsrecht
 Nikolaus Christoph v. Halem im Widerstand gegen das Dritte Reich. Böhlau, Wien Köln 1990.
 mit Fried v. Batocki: Adolf von Batocki. Ein Lebensbild, Im Einsatz für Ostpreußen und das Reich. Raisdorf 1998.

Bibliographie
 Georg-Christoph von Unruh: Klaus von der Groeben 1902–2002. In: . 35. Bd., 2002, S. 289–292.

Liens externes

 Administrateurs de district District de Stormarn

Références

Historien allemand
Skipper allemand
Personnalité du Parti national-socialiste des travailleurs allemands
Centenaire allemand
Docteur honoris causa de l'université de Kiel
Grand officier de l'ordre du Mérite de la République fédérale d'Allemagne
Naissance en janvier 1902
Naissance dans la province de Prusse-Orientale
Décès en janvier 2002
Décès à Kiel
Décès à 100 ans

Klaus von der Groeben


Zaa, petit chameau blanc est un court métrage français réalisé par Yannick Bellon en Tunisie. Le film, réalisé en 1960, est sorti en 1961.

Résumé
Zaa, adorable chamelon blanc, est le meilleur ami d'Aïdi, petit garçon plein de vie et d'énergie. Ils sont heureux tous les deux dans leur belle oasis de Tozeur, quand un jour le maître de Zaa s'avise de le vendre à un marchand de chameaux. Rude est la séparation. Pleurant toutes les larmes de l'impuissance, Aïdi voit s'éloigner à tout jamais son grand copain. Cependant, une intercession d'Allah est toujours possible. En attendant, Zaa passe des mains du marchand à celles d'Ali le potier, d'un photographe pour touristes, du petit guide des ruines romaines de Dougga, du père d'une petite tisserande de Kairouan, ce dernier le condamnant à faire tourner sa noria les yeux bandés. Mais l'amitié et la foi naïve de la petite Asna le sauveront de ce sort funeste. Le petit chameau retrouve enfin Aïdi.

Fiche technique
 Titre original :
 Réalisation : Yannick Bellon
 Scénario : Claude Roy (également commentaire), Yannick Bellon et Jean Salvy (également assistant réalisateur)
 Musique : Guy Bernard sous la direction d'André Girard
 Décors : naturels
 Photographie : André Dumaître
 Photographe de plateau (non créditée) : Denise Bellon
 Musique : Guy Bernard sous la direction d'André Girard
 Son : Alain Vié
 Montage : Etiennette Muse
 Société de production : Coferc
 Société de distribution :
 Unidex (en salles)
 Doriane Films, puis Les Films de l'Equinoxe (en DVD)
 Pays : France
 Langue originale : français
 Genre : conte philosophique
 Durée : 28 minutes, couleurs, 1 x 1,37, son mono
 Date de sortie :  1961
 Visa CNC : 24165 délivré le
 Classification France : tous publics lors de sa sortie

Distribution
 Acteurs non professionnels
 Commentaire dit par François Périer

Autour du film
Le film est tourné entièrement en extérieurs dans lieux suivants en Tunisie : Tozeur, Djerba, amphithéâtre d'El Jem, Monastir, Sidi Bou Saïd, ruines romaines de Dougga et Kairouan.

Liens externes

Film français sorti en 1961
Court métrage français
Film réalisé par Yannick Bellon
Film tourné en Tunisie

Zaa, petit chameau blanc


Chausseehaus ist ein Gemeindeteil der Gemeinde Steinsfeld im Landkreis Ansbach (Mittelfranken, Bayern).

Geografie
Die Einöde liegt am Saubach, der über den Steinbach zur Tauber entwässert. Östlich des Ortes, der an dessen Damm steht, ist der Kleine Lindleinsee angestaut, wenig weiter aufwärts der Große Lindleinsee, die beide den Kern des Naturschutzgebietes Vogelfreistätte Großer und Kleiner Lindleinsee bilden. 0,5 km nördlich erhebt sich die Lerchenhöhe (). Die Staatsstraße 2419 führt über den Seedamm von Rothenburg ob der Tauber im Südsüdwesten nach Steinsfeld im Nordnordosten, deren Ortsränder zwischen 1,5 km und 2,5 km entfernt sind.

Geschichte
Mit dem Gemeindeedikt (frühes 19. Jahrhundert) wurde Chausseehaus dem Steuerdistrikt Schweinsdorf und der Ruralgemeinde Gattenhofen zugeordnet. Im Zuge der Gebietsreform wurde Chausseehaus am 1. Mai 1978 nach Steinsfeld eingemeindet.

Einwohnerentwicklung

Religion
Der Ort ist evangelisch-lutherisch geprägt und nach St. Michael (Gattenhofen) gepfarrt. Die Einwohner römisch-katholischer Konfession sind nach St. Johannis (Rothenburg ob der Tauber) gepfarrt. 2023 gibt es dort keine Einwohner mehr.

Weblinks

Fußnoten

Ortsteil von Steinsfeld
Ort im Landkreis Ansbach
Einzelsiedlung

Chausseehaus (Steinsfeld)


Hans-Joachim Preuss (Neuwied am Rhein, 5 de junho de 1955) é um economista agrícola alemão.

Biografia

Histórico profissional
Após a conclusão do ensino secundário, Preuss completou primeiro um estágio comercial antes de obter o seu diploma geral de entrada na universidade no Koblenz State College em Koblenz.

Depois de um estágio pedagógico social no departamento de jovens da Igreja Evangélica na Renânia em Kastellaun (Hunsrück) e um estágio agrícola em Kirchberg (Rhein-Hunsrück), ele começou a estudar ciências agrícolas  na Universidade de Giessen, onde se formou como engenheiro agrônomo. Ele então começou seus estudos de pós-graduação no :en:German Development Institute (DIE), Bonn. Em 1986, Preuss iniciou sua atividade profissional em cooperação para o desenvolvimento na GTZ como assistente de projeto na Mauritânia e continuou como economista de projeto e líder de equipe em Benin. De 1991 a 1994 foi pesquisador associado no Centre for Regional Development Research da Universidade de Giessen, onde obteve seu doutorado com um estudo de caso sobre pesquisa agrícola orientada para grupos-alvo em países em desenvolvimento. Depois de retornar à GTZ em 1994, foi membro do departamento de desenvolvimento corporativo até 1996.

Em 1996, Preuss mudou-se para :en:Welthungerhilfe em Bonn, onde inicialmente trabalhou como chefe do departamento de "Programas e Projetos". De 2003 a 2009, foi secretário-geral da :de:Welthungerhilfe e chefiou a organização como diretor administrativo. Em 1º de julho de 2009, Hans-Joachim Preuss tornou-se diretor administrativo da GIZ e é membro do conselho executivo de cinco membros desde 2011. De 2018 a 2021, H.J. Preuss foi representante nacional da Fundação Friedrich Ebert em Cotonou, Benim. Desde 2014, Preuss é professor no Instituto de Ciência Política e Sociologia da Universidade de Bonn.  Ele ensina em particular sobre desenvolvimento alemão e europeu e questões de política de segurança com Áfrican, Caribe e Estados insulares do Pacífico. Ele tem muitos anos de experiência profissional em vários níveis em várias organizações governamentais, não governamentais e de cooperação acadêmica para o desenvolvimento na Alemanha e no exterior. Ele estava preocupado principalmente com os problemas de desenvolvimento e segurança na África, com os movimentos globais de migração e o futuro da cooperação internacional e documentou essas considerações em várias publicações.

Preuss é membro do SPD há muitos anos e é membro da associação local em Troisdorf desde 1996. Ele também é presidente do conselho de administração do Berlin Governance Platform GmbH, membro do conselho da Andheri-Hilfe e.V. Bonn e presidente da casa de conferências Hunsrück e.V.

Publicações (seleção)
 ... Klimawandel und globale Wanderungsbewegungen, in: Beck, Ralf-Uwe, Klaus Töpfer und Angelika Zahrnt (eds.), "Flucht – Ursachen bekämpfen, Flüchtlinge schützen. Plädoyer für eine humane Politik", pp.. 39–44, Munique, 2022: Oekom Verlag
 ... 20 Jahre Afghanistan: Lehren für das deutsche Engagement in Krisenregionen. :de:Zeitschrift für Außen- und Sicherheitspolitik, vol. 15, pp. 1–21 (2022).
 ... Der schleichende Niedergang der Demokratie in Benin. Konsequenzen für die Förderung von Rechtsstaatlichkeit und gutem Regieren in der internationalen Zusammenarbeit mit Westafrika. Zeitschrift für Außen- und Sicherheitspolitik, vol. 13 (4); pp. 343–356 (2019)
 .... Forced Displacement and Migration – Approaches and Programmes of International Cooperation, Wiesbaden 2022: Springer (edited with: Christoph Beier und Dirk Messner)
 ... Potenziale und Grenzen der Zusammenarbeit von staatlichen und nichtstaatlichen Organisationen in Entwicklungspolitik und internationaler Zusammenarbeit. In: Heuser, M., Abdelalem, T. (eds) Strategisches Management humanitärer NGOs. Springer Gabler, Berlim, Heidelberg. (2018)
 ... Fragile Staatlichkeit in Afrika. Was kann Entwicklungszusammenarbeit leisten? . :de:Zeitschrift für Außen- und Sicherheitspolitik, vol 6, pp. 309–318 (2013)
 ... Problems and Prospects of Agricultural Development in Cuba, Quarterly Journal of International Agriculture (2001), No. 2 (com: H. Gaese).
 ... Paysans, vulgarisateurs et chercheurs au sud du Bénin: Le trio déconnecté, Studien zur ländlichen Entwicklung, vol. 54, Münster, Hamburgo, 1996 (com: A. Floquet and N. von der Lühe)
 ... Ländliche Entwicklung und regionales Ressourcenmanagement – Einführung und Überblick, in: Preuss, H.-J. A.; Roos, G. (eds.), "Ländliche Entwicklung und regionales Ressourcenmanagement: Konzepte – Instrumente – Erfahrungen", Gießen, 1994 (com: G. Roos)
 ... Vom Camarade zum Monsieur. Sozioökonomische Probleme der Strukturanpassung in Benin. :de:Peripherie (Zeitschrift) ,vol. 46 (1992), pp. 47–70 (com: D. Kohnert).
 ... ''Perspektiven Zielorientierter Projektplanung in der Entwicklungszusammenarbeit (= Ifo-Studien zur Entwicklungsforschung, vol. 22, Londres 1992 (com: D. Kohnert und P. Sauer).

Ligações externas
 ... Preussens Nachtgedanken, web-blog
 ...Hans-Joachim Preuss, de e sobre H.J. Preuss no catálogo da Biblioteca Nacional da Alemanha (DNB)
 ...| Hans-Joachim Preuß, academia.edu
 ...| Hans-Joachim Preuss, ResearchGate

Referências

Nascidos em 1955
Economistas da Alemanha
Naturais de Neuwied
Estudos africanos
Homem

Hans-Joachim Preuss


Traffic psychology is a discipline of psychology that studies the relationship between psychological processes and the behavior of road users. In general, traffic psychology aims to apply theoretical aspects of psychology in order to improve traffic mobility by helping to develop and apply crash countermeasures, as well as by guiding desired behaviors through education and the motivation of road users.

Behavior is frequently studied in conjunction with crash research in order to assess causes and differences in crash involvement.   Traffic psychologists distinguish three motivations of driver behavior: reasoned or planned behavior, impulsive or emotional behavior, and habitual behavior. Additionally, social and cognitive applications of psychology are used, such as enforcement, road safety education campaigns, and also therapeutic and rehabilitation programs.

Broad theories of cognition, sensory-motor and neurological aspects psychology are also applied to the field of traffic psychology. Studies of factors such as attention, memory, spatial cognition, inexperience, stress, inebriation, distracting/ambiguous stimuli, fatigue, and secondary tasks such as phone conversations are used to understand and investigate the experience and actions of road users.

Some definitions
 Traffic psychology deals with the noncognitive, cognitive, and sensory-motor aspects of people in the context of driving, dealing with traffic, and dealing with others. By identifying feelings that cause cognitive thoughts, traffic psychology allows the understanding of resulting actions and gives a way of modifying behavior.
 Traffic psychology can be defined as a tool that through subjective analysis, helps to increase the overall quality of lives through behavioral observation, identification, and modification.

 The task of traffic psychology is to understand, predict and provide measures to modify road user behavior at levels identified with a general objective to minimize the harmful effects of traffic participation.

Behavior research
Behavior research in traffic psychology often deals with subjects like motivation, personality and gender differences, habits, overconfidence, age and skill differences, attention, and violation of traffic rules.

A classification of behavioral factors into those that reduce driving capability and those that promote risky behavior with further division into those with short- and long-term impact helps the conceptualization of the problems and may contribute to the prioritization of behavior modification.

Traffic and transport sciences concern themselves with the study, comprehension, explanation and prediction of everything related to the mobility of people and products. It incorporates several aspects of the transportation systems along with multiple techniques. This process attempts to develop valid and reliable methods to better understand and predict the effects of human variability with its environmental interactions on safety.

The transportation system consists of road, rail, sea and air infrastructures. It includes the possibilities and limitations of its economics, laws and regulations, which sets barriers to the capabilities of an individual and mass motorist. For instance, speed can be influenced by method of travel (vehicle, airplane, train or ship), by financial capabilities for the type of vehicle (jet versus commercial, speed boat against sail boat and sedan compared to a luxury sports car), or by regulations such as speed limits in rural areas versus city driving.

The traffic environment takes into account location, time constraints, population and dangers that are exposed to motorists. These environmental factors pose danger and risk to motorists that may be fatal. Driving in wet, narrow, and dark conditions exposes drivers to far greater risk than driving on a sunny day on an open road. This is just one type of road factor for crashes that Sullman goes on to explain in further detail:
…crashes include lack of visibility or obstructions, unclean road or loose material, poor road conditions or road markings, and the horizontal curvature of the road. Environmental influences such as cold or hot weather, noise and vibration are all more likely to impact on stress and fatigue states

Variability of the driver's age, personality, temperament, stress and expertise affect speed, control and decisions. Drivers generally use some degree of risk compensation to assess driving decisions and it is skewed by varying levels of intoxication. Alcohol and drug usage, alertness and fatigue, distraction and focus are a few of the main factors attributed to driver error and crashes.

Crash research
In addition to behavior research, crash research is also a component in traffic psychology, looking at driving methodology, individual differences, characteristics of personality, temporary impairments, and relevant capabilities, the driver as an information processor (includes perception and reaction times), human factors on highway crashes, and the pedestrian (identifying vulnerability, causes and prevention of crashes).

Human factors
Examination of the operator plays a large role in transportation psychology. While many external factors influence traffic safety, internal factors are also significant. Some factors include:
 Decision-making
 Demographics
 Distraction
 Detection Thresholds
 Drugs and alcohol
 Driving training and experience
 Familiarity with vehicle and environment
 Fatigue
Individual differences in driving
 Inattention
 Perception-reaction time
 Response to the unexpected
 Risky behaviors
 Stress and panic
Task capability

Psychological research

Neuropsychology
Linking brain regions, networks, and circuits with behaviors involved in operating a vehicle is one of the more salient topics of research within traffic psychology. Seven separate brain networks have been identified in driving simulations as being of importance to the neurophysiological processes involved in driving. The networks each have a unique function as outlined by Porter: The parietoccipital sulcus is involved in visual monitoring, motor cortex and cerebellar areas—for gross motor control and motor planning; orbitofrontal and cingulate — for error monitoring and inhibition, including motivation, risk assessment, and internal space; and medial frontal, parietal, and posterior cingulate for vigilance, including spatial attention, visual stream, monitoring, and external space. By linking neuropsychological processes and driving, the ability to understand errors, development, and safety is enhanced. The involvement of motor and cerebellar networks in driving was confirmed by Calhoun, Pekar, and Pearlson (2004). Research in alcohol dosage and its related effect on neuropsychological processes found that greater quantities of alcohol created a larger likelihood to engage in high speed driving and an increase in the number of times the speed limit was exceeded.

Psychological assessment, counseling, and rehabilitation
Rehabilitation counseling is a process because of the many steps involved for an individual to become self-reliant. A driver rehabilitation specialist (DRS) is one who "plans, develops, coordinates and implements driving service for individuals with disabilities"  DSR's may come from backgrounds such as physical therapy, psychology, and driver education.

Evaluating a driver requires many aspects. A clinical assessment includes a review of the medical history, driving history, and driving needs. Visual and perceptual assessment along range of motion, motor strength, coordination, sensation, reaction time and cognitive assessment is a crucial aspect and the focus of the medical history evaluation.

"An initial driver evaluation can last one to four hours, depending on the client's presenting disabilities and driving needs. Following the clinical assessment, clients undergo an on-road assessment if they meet the minimum state standards for health and vision, and the client holds a valid driver's license or permit. The on-road assessment is performed in a driver rehabilitation vehicle equipped with dual brakes, rear-view mirror and eye-check mirror for the DRS, and any necessary adaptive equipment"

The goal in the rehabilitation process is to have the individual realize their condition and attempt to reinstate them into a driving environment in which they will pose no threat to others.

Approach
Transportation psychology has emerged rapidly since the 1980s and, from its inception, has followed an interdisciplinary approach and has shared common topics with other fields, in particular medicine (e.g. driving aptitude), engineering (e.g. ergonomics and human factors), and economics (e.g. travel demand management). Mobility, including its positive and negative repercussions, originates in people's decisions and behavior – and these could be influenced. The main causes of traffic crashes are errors due to maladaptive behavior in interaction with roadways or other vehicles.

See also

Cognitive ergonomics
Engineering psychology
Human factors
Mental chronometry
Road rage
Karl Peglau

Roundabout

References

Further reading
 Traffic and transportation psychology
 PASS - Psychological and medical assistance for safe mobility . An interdisciplinary model to promote and secure mobility competence in Europe.
 Barjonet, P. E. (Hrsg). (2001). Traffic psychology today. Boston, London: Kluwer Academic Publishers.

 James, Leon and Nahl, Diane. Road Rage and Aggressive Driving (Amherst, N.Y.: Prometheus Books, 2000.)
 Novaco, R. W. (2001). Psychology of Transportation. International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences, 15878-15882.
 Rothengatter, T. & Huguenin, D. (eds.) (2004). Traffic and Transport Psychology. Theory and Application. Proceedings of the ICTTP 2000. Oxford: Elsevier.
 Underwood, G. (ed.) (2005). Traffic and Transport Psychology. Theory and Application. Proceedings of the ICTTP 2004. Oxford: Elsevier.
 Wilde G. J. S. (1994). Target risk: dealing with the danger of death, disease and damage in everyday decisions. Toronto: PDE Publ.

Automotive safety
Road traffic management
Applied psychology
Traffic psychologists

Traffic psychology


දක්ෂිණ ලංකාවේ ගාලු කොටුව - පළමුව පෘතුග්‍රීසීන්ගේද පසුව ලන්ද්සීන්ගේද ආරක්ෂිත ස්ථානය

ගිවිසුම නැවත පණ ගැන්වුවද ලන්දේසීන් හා උඩරට අතර නොසන්සුන්තාවය නිම නොවීය. මුන්ස්ටර් (Munster) ගිවිසුම මගින් 1648 දී යුරෝපය තුළ ලන්දේසීන්ගේ ස්වාධිපත්‍ය තහවුරු කරන ලදී. ඒ නිසා තම අසල් වාසීන් සමග එකවිට විනාශකාරී යුද්ධයක පැටලීමකින් තොරව වෙළඳාම හා යටත් විජිත පුළුල් කර ගැනීම නොකඩවා කරගෙන යාමට ඔවුනට අවස්ථාව උදා විය. මෙයට වෙනස්ව උඩරට රාජධානිය නිරතුරුව කෙරුණු සටන්වලින් හෙම්බත්ව සිටියේය. එයට ඒ දක්වා මඩකලපුව, ත්‍රීකුණාමලය සහ මුහුදුබඩ පෙදෙස් අල්ලා ගත නොහැකි විය. එයට තිබුණු සීමිත සම්පත් ප්‍රමාණය අභ්‍යන්තර අස්ථාවරත්වය හේතුවෙන් විනාශ විය.

එසේ වුවද 1652 සිට ලන්දේසි - උඩරට ඒකාබද්ධ හමුදා මුහුදුබඩ පෘතුග්‍රීසි බලකොටුවලට එරෙහිව සටන් කළහ. මෙම කාලයේදී රාජසිංහ රජුට කොග්ගල "පටබැඳි" නම් උප රජෙකුගෙන් උදව් ඉල්ලීමට සිදු විය. එයින් අදහස් වන්නේ මේ වන විට උඩරට රාජ්‍ය විමධ්‍යගත වී තිබුණූ බව සහ ප්‍රාදේශීය රජවරුන්ට සෑහෙන බලතල හිමිව තිබුණු බවයි.

ගොඩබිමින් වටවුණු උඩරට ජනතාව කෝරළවල සහ සබරගමුව යන ප්‍රදේශවල හොඳින් ජිවත් වූ නමුත් ඔවුනට ලන්දේසීන්ගේ මුහුදු බලය කෙරේ විශ්වාසය තබන්නට සිදු විය. ඉක්බිති 1655 දී ජෙරාර්ඩ් හල්ෆ්ට් (Gerard Hulft) යටතේ විශාල නාවික හමුදාවක් ළඟා වූ අතර පෘතුග්‍රීසීන්ගේ යටත් විජිත අගනුවර වූ කොළඹ මුහුදෙන් සහ ගොඩබිමින් වටකොට යුද්ධයේ අවසාන අදියර කරා පැමිණ තිබුණේය. මෙම අවස්ථාවෙදී රාජසිංහ රජු කිසිසේත් ලන්දේසීන් විශ්වාස නොකළේය. නගරය අල්ලා ගත් සැණෙකින් එය උඩරට රාජධානියට භාරදිය යුතු බව රජු ඉතා දැඩිව කියා සිටියේය. 1656 දී මෙය සිදු වූ විට ලන්දේසීන් කළේ දොරටු වසා දමා උඩරැටියන්ට ප්‍රත්‍යන්ත දේශයේ සිටින්නට සැලැස්වීමයි. සිදු වූ දෙය ලන්දේසීන්ගේ තවත් ද්‍රෝහි ක්‍රියාවක් ලෙස වටහා ගත් රාජසිංහ රජු ඔහුගේ විනාශකාරී ක්‍රියාවන් නැවත වරක් ආරම්භ කළේය. ඔහු 1640 මැද භාගයේදී කොළඹ අවට ප්‍රදේශයේ විනාශකාරී ක්‍රියාවන් කර උඩරට බලා ආපසු ගියේය. ලන්දේසීහු මේ අතර 1658 දී යාපනය රාජධානියේ බලය අත්පත් කර ගෙන උඩරට රාජ්‍යයෙහි ස්වභාවික සතුරා වූ පෘතුග්‍රීසීන් පිටමං කළහ.

රාජසිංහ රජු ඔහුගේ ආරක්ෂිත කඳුකර දුර්ගයේ සිට පෘතුග්‍රීසීන්ට කළාක් මෙන් ලන්දේසීන්ටද එම උපක්‍රම යොදා ගනිමින් හිරිහැර කිරීම ආරම්භ කළේය. 1660 දී ලන්දේසි පාලනය යටතේ තිබුණු ත්‍රීකුණාමලය ආසන්නයේ සිටි රාජසිංහ රජුගේ හමුදාව රොබට් නොක්ස් නම් ඉංග්‍රීසි ජාතිකයා අල්ලා ගත්තේය. අනතුරුව සෙංකඩගලට ගෙන යනු ලැබූ නොක්ස් 1680 දක්වා එහි ජීවත් වූයේය. ඔහුගේ ලේඛණවල 17 වැනි සියවසේ කන්ද උඩරට රාජධානිය ගැන ඉතා අගනා ඓතිහාසික තොරතුරු අඩංගුවේ. රාජසිංහ රජු සමහර විට ලන්දේසි බලය ලංකාවෙන් තුරන් කිරීමට ප්‍රංශ ජාතිකයන්ගෙන් උදව් ලබා ගැනීම සම්බන්ධයෙන් සලකා බලන්නටද ඇත.

ලන්දේසීන් සමග රාජසිංහ රජුගේ සන්ධානය සම්බන්ධයෙන්  අතෘප්තියට පත් ප්‍රභූවරු හා ජනතාව දැක්වූ විරෝධතාවන්ට මුහුණ දීමට රජුට සිදු විය. රාජ්‍යයේ අභ්‍යන්තර තත්වය කෙතරම් අස්ථාවර තත්වයකට පත් වූයේද කිවහොත් රාජසිංහ රජුට ටික කලකට මාළිගය අතහැර යාමට සිදුවුණු අතර කැරලිකරුවෝ සෙංකඩගල නගරය අල්ලා ගත්හ. වාර්ෂික ඇසල පෙරහැර පැවැත්වීම අත්හිටුවන ලදී. 1664 දී රජු අඹන්වෙල රාළ නම් ප්‍රභුවරයා විසින් මෙහෙයවූ කැරැල්ලකට මුහුණ දුන්නේය. මහත් සේ කෝපයට පත් රජු දිය යුතු දඬුවම කුමක්දැයි තීරණය කර ගත නොහැකිව ඔහු ලන්දේසීන් වෙත පිටත් කර හැරියේ උඩරට ප්‍රභූවරයෙක් හෙයින් ඔහුට මරණය පමුණුවනු ඇතැයි අපේක්ෂාවෙනි. එහෙත් එය වැරදීමක් විය. අඹන්වෙල රාළ කන්ද උඩරට පිළිබඳව ඔහුගේ දැනුම ලන්දේසීන්ගේ විශාල පොල්වත්තක් ලබා ගැනීම උදෙසා ලන්දේසීන් සමග හුවමාරු කර ගත්තේය. ඔහු මිය ගියේ මහා ධනවතකු ලෙසිණි.

මේ සියලු සිද්ධීන් සිදු වෙද්දී රජු ඔටුන්න රැක ගැනීමට සමත් විය. ඔහු දළදා මාළිගාවේ ප්‍රධාන ගොඩනැගිල්ලට තවත් වහළක් එකතු කරමින් පුද බිම පුළුල් ක‍ළේය.

References
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A2jasimha_II#Late_Reign:_Stalemate

පසු කාලීන පාලනය: දෙපාර්ශවය අතර විරාමය


اختصار لفظي للكويت
 شركة بترول الكويت العالمية
 ترانس إير الكونغو

Q8 (توضيح)


Andrómaca (título original en italiano, Andromaca) es un dramma per musica en tres actos, con música de Vicente Martín y Soler según un libreto de Apostolo Zeno, basado en la obra Andrómaca, de Jean Racine. Se estrenó en el Teatro Regio de Turín el 26 de diciembre de 1780.

Historia
Esta ópera se ambienta en Troya, después de su caída ante los griegos. El libreto de Zeno, según él mismo explicó, era una síntesis de la Andrómaca de Eurípides, la Andrómaca de Racine, Las troyanas de Eurípides y Las troyanas de Séneca. Ninguno de los personajes es invención del propio Zeno.

Esta ópera rara vez se representa en la actualidad; en las estadísticas de Operabase aparece con sólo una representación en el período 2005-2010.

Personajes
{| class="wikitable"
!Personaje
!Tesitura
!Reparto del estreno, 26 de diciembre de 1780(Director: Paolo Domenico Canavasso)
|-
|Andrómaca / Andromaca - viuda de Héctor, princesa troyana y esclava de Pirro
|mezzosoprano
|Luísa Todi
|-
|Astianacte / Astianatte - hijo de Andrómaca y Héctor
|-
|Telémaco / Telemaco - hijo de Ulises, secuestrado y criado por Andrómaca
|-
|Pirro / Pirro - hijo de Aquiles, rey de Epiro y amante de Andrómaca
|sopranista
|Domenico Bedini
|-
|Hermíone / Ermione - hija de Menelao, rey de Esparta, y de Helena, y prometida a Pirro y amante de Orestes
|soprano
|Rosa Bagioni
|-
|Ulises / Ulisse - rey de Ítaca y embajador griego
|
|
|-
|Orestes / Oreste - hijo de Agamenón, rey de Argos, y amante de Hermíone
|tenor
|Antonio Prati
|-
|Pílades / Pilade - amigo de Orestes
|sopranista
|Giuseppe Benigni
|-
|Clearte - confidente de Hermíone
|mezzosoprano "en travesti"
|Angiola Marzorati "l'Ingesina"
|}

 Argumento

Al final de la Guerra de Troya, Andrómaca, fiel viuda de Héctor, su hijo Astianacte y Telémaco, el hijo de Ulises, al que ella ha secuestrado y criado como hijo propio, son cautivos de Pirro (soprano), rey de Epiro, quien desea a Andrómaca aunque ella rechaza su amor y teme por la vida de Astianacte, a quien los griegos consideran heredero de la fuerza de Héctor. La princesa espartana Hermíone, prometida a Pirro, se ve superada por los celos ante la traición de su amante, y quiere eliminar a su rival. Ulises llega para obligar a Pirro a que cumpla con su compromiso con Hermíone, para castigar a Andrómaca por el secuestro y la muerte (que cree él) de su hijo y para matar a Astianacte. Protegida por Pirro, Andrómaca esconde a los niños en la tumba de Héctor. Cuando los descubre Ulises, ella revela que uno es el hijo de él. Después de que Hermíone identifique a Telémaco y Astianacte sea llevado a la ejecución, Pirro manda que también muera Telémaco. Ulises entonces transige y se perdonan ambas vidas. Pirro, al oír que Andrómaca se suicidará si se ve obligada a casarse con él, acepta a Hermíone.

 Discografía

 Grabación en estudio. Intérpretes: Elena de la Merced (Andromaca), Flavio Oliver (Pirro), José Ferrero (Oreste), Beatriz Lanza (Ermione), María José Martos (Pilade), Pilar Moral (Clearte), Luis Soto (Astianatte). Cuarteto Canales: Juan Linares (violín), Esther Rubio (violín), Luis Llácer (viola) y Javier Albarés (violonchelo). Grabación en vivo, el 5 de julio de 2006, en el Patio de los Mármoles del Hospital Real de Granada.

 Notas y referencias

Fuentes
 Andromaca'', en el sitio Opera Today.

andromaca
Óperas de 1780
Óperas en italiano
Óperas estrenadas en Turín
martin soler
Adaptaciones de obras de Jean Racine

Andrómaca (Martín y Soler)


La  est l'une des quinze circonscriptions législatives que compte la préfecture d'Aichi au Japon. Cette circonscription comptait  électeurs en date du .

Description géographique

La huitième circonscription de la préfecture d'Aichi regroupe les villes de Handa, Tokoname, Tōkai et Chita avec le district de Chita.

Députés

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Chambre des représentants du Japon

Circonscription législative au Japon

Huitième circonscription de la préfecture d'Aichi


Česma u mjestu Podgori, Obala Petra Krešimira IV., općina Podgora, zaštićeno kulturno dobro.

Opis dobra
Javna česma u Podgori izgrađena je 1898. godine na podgorskoj rivi, danas smještena između dvije stambene zgrade, uz lokalni put. Prema povijesnim izvorima, uz česmu je postojala i kamena klupa te su uz česmu zasađene topole. Krajem 20. stoljeća zatvorene su slavine s vodom na česmi, a izmijenjen je i okolni prostor. Ova česma izgrađena krajem 19. stoljeća govori o važnosti izvorske vode za naselje, koja se koristila kako za piće tako i za pranje rublja. Česma je bila i prostor komunikacije koji je imao višestruku ulogu u životu naselja kao mjesto okupljanja stanovnika i uspostavljanja različitih društvenih odnosa.

Zaštita
Pod oznakom Z-5663 zavedena je kao nepokretno kulturno dobro - pojedinačno, pravna statusa zaštićena kulturnog dobra, klasificirano kao "javne građevine".

Izvori

Zaštićene javne građevine u Splitsko-dalmatinskoj županiji
Građevine u Podgori

Česma u Podgori


Busalbo () foi um oficial bizantino do , ativo durante o reinado de Zenão (r. 474–475; 475–491). Em 479, lutou ao lado dos rebeldes Marciano e Procópio Antêmio contra o imperador. Quando a revolta foi debelada, fugiu com Procópio para junto de Teodorico Estrabão na Trácia, que se recusou a entregá-los. Não é claro qual ofício ocupou, mas é possível que fosse tribuno militar e comandasse uma unidade em ou perto de Constantinopla.

Bibliografia

Tribunos militares do Império Bizantino do século V
Rebeldes do Império Bizantino do século V

Busalbo


La Ruta Estatal de California 84, y abreviada SR 84 (en inglés: California State Route 84) es una carretera estatal estadounidense ubicada en el estado de California. La carretera está dividida en dos segmentos, en el primer segmento inicia en el Sur desde la  y termina en el Norte en la . El segundo segmento inicia en el Sur en la  hasta culminar en el Norte en la . La carretera tiene una longitud de 154,5 km (96 mi).

Mantenimiento
Al igual que las autopistas interestatales, y las rutas federales y el resto de carreteras estatales, la Ruta Estatal de California 84 es administrada y mantenida por el Departamento de Transporte de California por sus siglas en inglés Caltrans.

Cruces
La Ruta Estatal de California 84 es atravesada principalmente por la .

Véase también

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Página oficial de Caltrans

 Lista de Autopistas por estado
 Lista de sitios web de carreteras para cada estado

Carreteras estatales de California
Carreteras del condado de San Mateo
Carreteras del condado de Alameda
Carreteras del condado de Solano
Carreteras del condado de Yolo

Ruta Estatal de California 84


Shunta Nagai (født 12. juli 1982) er en tidligere japansk fodboldspiller.

Han har spillet for flere forskellige klubber i sin karriere, herunder Kashiwa Reysol.

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Japan

Shunta Nagai


Eyzahut ist eine französische Gemeinde mit  Einwohnern (Stand ) in der Region Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes im Département Drôme; sie gehört zum Kanton Dieulefit im Arrondissement Nyons. Die Bewohner nennen sich Eyzahutiennes.

Geografie
Der Ort liegt auf einer mittleren Höhe von 500 Metern über dem Meeresspiegel im Süden des Départements Drôme, acht Kilometer nordwestlich von Dieulefit und 25 Kilometer östlich von Montélimar. Drei Flussläufe schneiden das Gemeindegebiet – der Ruisseau de Salettes, der Ruisseau de Rioussec und der Ruisseau de Ribesaille.

Die nächstgelegenen Orte zu Eyzahut sind La Bégude-de-Mazenc und Salettes.

Geschichte
Die älteste urkundliche Erwähnung als Castrum de Eyzahuco stammt aus dem Jahr 1237. Der Ortsname ist eigentlich keltischen Ursprungs (Aysahûgs), 1340 wurde es als Aysahuco, 1442 als Esaü beurkundet. Im Mittelalter unterstand Eyzahut der Malteser-Kommende von Le Poët-Laval.

Das recht unzugänglich zwischen steilen Felsformationen gelegene Dorf und seine Umgebung war sowohl zu Zeiten der Hugenottenkriege wie auch im Zweiten Weltkrieg Rückzugsort für Widerständler bzw. die Résistance.

Bevölkerungsentwicklung

Literatur
 André Lacroix: L'arrondissement de Montélimar: géographie, histoire & statistique. Bände 1–2. Valence, Combier et Nivoche 1868

Weblinks

 Eyzahut auf annuaire-mairie.fr
 Einwohnerentwicklung seit 1793

Einzelnachweise

Ort in Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes
Ersterwähnung 1237

Eyzahut


Guineadue () er en dueart, der lever i det subsahariske Afrika.

Noter
 Avibase - the world bird database

Eksterne henvisninger

Duefugle
Afrikas fugle

Guineadue


Spiraea alba, es una especie de arbusto perteneciente a la familia de las rosáceas. Se encuentra en los suelos húmedos de los montes Allegheny y en el este de Norteamérica.

Descripción
Es un arbusto que alcanza un tamaño de 3 m de altura. Esta especie es a menudo la parte más visible de la vegetación en su hábitat, abarcando grandes extensiones de tierra. Sus hojas son oblongas o lanceoladas, dentados los bordes, y sus ramas son fuertes y de color marrón amarillento. Las flores blancas crecen en racimos de espigas en los extremos de las ramas, florece desde principios de verano hasta septiembre.

Los tallos huecos, verticales fueron utilizados históricamente como tubos de conducción.

Taxonomía
Spiraea alba fue descrita por Johann Philipp Du Roi y publicado en Die harbkesche wilde Baumzucht: theils Nordamerikanischer und anderer fremder, theils einheimischer Bäume, Sträucher und strauchartigen Pflanzen ... 2: 430–432, en el año 1772.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

alba

Spiraea alba