Lacul Florica este un lac glaciar situat în Parcul Național Retezat din Munții Retezat (Carpații Meridionali, România), la o altitudine de 2090 m. Este al treilea lac în traseul lacurilor înșirate. Dimensiunile lacului variază, lățimea este de la 10 la 70 m, iar lungimea este de 200 m. Este alimentat de două izvoare care se află în partea vestică a lacului. Are o suprafața de peste un hectar și o adâncime maximă de șase metri.

Se află în imediata apropiere a Lacului Viorica, de care este despărțit de o cascadă de aproximativ 20 de metri.

Referințe

Lacuri glaciare din România
Munții Retezat

Lacul Florica


الدَنيم هو نسيج مبرد قطني متين، يتشكل بتمرير خيط اللحمة فوق خيطين أو أكثر من خيوط السدى. وينتج عن هذا الشكل المألوف ذو التضليع القطري على الجهة الداخلية لهذا النسيج. الدينيم مستخدم في أمريكا منذ أواخر القرن الثامن عشر. ومن الشائع صباغة قماش الدنيم باستخدام النيلة الزرقاء لإنتاج قماش الجينز الأزرق.

معرض صور

انظر أيضاً
 نسيج مبرد
 دنغري

المراجع

أقمشة منسوجة
جينز
رموز كاليفورنيا
قطن

دينم


Arcade Township ist der Name folgender Townships in den Vereinigten Staaten:

 Arcade Township (Kansas)
 Arcade Township (South Dakota)

Arcade Township


Katsuhiro Suzuki (født 26. november 1977) er en tidligere japansk fodboldspiller.

Han har spillet for flere forskellige klubber i sin karriere, herunder Avispa Fukuoka og Sagan Tosu.

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Japan

Katsuhiro Suzuki


Crna rika je rječica u Neretvanskoj dolini, rukavac rijeke Neretve. Nalazi se sjeveroistočno od Rogotina, a kanalom je spojena s jezerom Vlaška. Posljednja je dionica Maratona lađa.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
Rogotin - Crna rika

Rijeke u Hrvatskoj
Ploče
Delta Neretve

Crna rika


Cupa EHF Feminin 2016-17 a fost a 36-a ediție a Cupei EHF și s-a desfășurat cu începere din 9 septembrie 2016.

Formatul
Ediția din 2016-17 a fost una specială, fiind prima după schimbarea, în iulie 2016, a formatului întrecerii. Fosta Cupă EHF a fuzionat cu Cupa Cupelor EHF, rezultând o singură competiție cu un număr mai mare de echipe. În total, 65 de formații au avut șansa de a-și adjudeca trofeul. Conform noului sistem de joc, au existat trei manșe de calificare, o fază a grupelor și faze eliminatorii.

Manșa 1 de calificare
În această manșă au fost distribuite 42 de echipe, care au jucat grupate câte două, în sistem tur-retur. Turul s-a desfășurat între 9 și 17 septembrie, iar returul între 10 și 18 septembrie 2016.

Manșa a 2-a de calificare
În această manșă au fost distribuite în primă fază 11 echipe, din care 8 s-au calificat direct în această rundă, iar celelalte 3 au fost echipe învinse în turneele de calificări pentru Liga Campionilor. În manșa a 2-a au avansat și cele 21 de echipe câștigătoare din manșa 1. Cele 32 de echipe rezultate în total au jucat grupate câte două, în sistem tur-retur. Turul s-a desfășurat pe 15 și 16 octombrie, iar returul pe 22 și 23 octombrie 2016.

Manșa a 3-a de calificare
În această manșă au fost distribuite direct alte 8 echipe, printre care și cele două deținătoare ale trofeelor din sezonul 2015-16: Dunaújvárosi KKA, câștigătoare a Cupei EHF, și Team Tvis Holstebro, câștigătoare a Cupei Cupelor EHF. În manșa a 3-a au avansat și cele 16 echipe câștigătoare din manșa 1. Cele 24 de echipe rezultate în total au jucat grupate câte două, în sistem tur-retur. Turul s-a desfășurat pe 12 și 13 noiembrie, iar returul pe 19 și 20 noiembrie 2016.

Tragerile la sorți și datele manșelor
Toate tragerile la sorți au avut loc la sediul Federației Europene de Handbal din Viena, Austria. Manșele 1 și a 2-a au fost trase la sorți pe data de 19 iulie 2016, iar extragerea a fost transmisă în direct pe internet. Manșa a treia a fost trasă la sorți pe 25 octombrie 2016. Faza grupelor a fost trasă la sorți pe 24 noiembrie 2016, în timp ce ordinea celor două meciuri ale finalei pe 18 aprilie 2017.

Faza calificărilor
Pentru a reduce din costurile deplasărilor și cazărilor, unele echipe au fost de acord să joace ambele meciuri în aceeași sală, pe terenul adversarului. Aceste cazuri sunt prezentate în notele din subsolul tabelelor.

Manșa 1
Formațiile evidențiate cu caractere aldine s-au calificat în Manșa a 2-a.

|}
Note

a) Ambele meciuri au fost găzduite de VfL Oldenburg, la Oldenburg.
b) Ambele meciuri au fost găzduite de HC Dunărea Brăila, la Brăila.
c) Ambele meciuri au fost găzduite de SPONO Eagles, la Nottwil.
d) Ambele meciuri au fost găzduite de Dinamo-Sinara, la Volgograd.
e) Ambele meciuri au fost găzduite de Tertnes Bergen, la Bergen.
f) Ambele meciuri au fost găzduite de Corona Brașov, la Brașov.
g) Ambele meciuri au fost găzduite de Byasen Trondheim, la Trondheim.
h) Ambele meciuri au fost găzduite de Nantes Loire Atlantique HB, la Nantes.

i) Ambele meciuri au fost găzduite de DHK Baník Most, la Most.
j) Ambele meciuri au fost găzduite de SG BBM Bietigheim, la Ludwigsburg.
k) Ambele meciuri au fost găzduite de Galiceanka Lviv, la Lviv.
l) Ambele meciuri au fost găzduite de ŽRK Izvor, la Aranđelovac.
m) Ambele meciuri au fost găzduite de Kuban Krasnodar, la Krasnodar.
n) Ambele meciuri au fost găzduite de LC Brühl Handball, la St. Gallen.
o) Ambele meciuri au fost găzduite de Muratpaşa Belediyesi SK, la Antalya.
p) Ambele meciuri au fost găzduite de Vipers Kristiansand, la Kristiansand.

Manșa a 2-a

|}

Note

a) Ambele meciuri vor fi găzduite de Brest Bretagne Handball, la Landerneau.
b) Ambele meciuri vor fi găzduite de Iuventa Michalovce, la Michalovce.
c) Ambele meciuri vor fi găzduite de SERCODAK Dalfsen, la Dalfsen.
d) Ambele meciuri au fost găzduite de Kuban Krasnodar, la Krasnodar.
e) Ambele meciuri au fost găzduite de Randers HK, la Randers.

Manșa a 3-a
În afara celor 16 echipe venite din manșa a 2-a de calificare, alte 8 echipe au fost distribuite direct în manșa a 3-a:

 Hypo Niederösterreich
 RK Podravka Vegeta
 Team Tvis Holstebro
 Super Amara Bera Bera

 Dunaújvárosi Kohász KA
 Indeco Conversano
 MKS Selgros Lublin
 Ankara Yenimahalle BSK

Cele 24 de echipe au fost împărțite în două urne valorice de câte 12, conform coeficienților EHF. Distribuția în urne a fost anunțată pe 24 octombrie 2016:

Tragerea la sorți a echipelor a avut loc pe 25 octombrie 2016, la ora 11:00, la sediul EHF din Viena, Austria. Fiecare echipă din prima urnă valorică a fost împerecheată cu o echipă din a doua urnă valorică.

|}

Clasamentul marcatoarelor manșei a 3-a
La realizarea clasamentului au fost luate în considerare doar golurile înscrise în manșa a 3-a de calificare.

Actualizat pe 20 noiembrie 2016

Faza grupelor
În afara celor 12 echipe avansate din manșa a 3-a de calificare, în această fază au evoluat și cele 4 echipe eliminate din grupele preliminare ale Ligii Campionilor EHF. Cele 16 echipe au fost împărțite în patru urne valorice de câte 4. Distribuția în urnele valorice a fost anunțată pe 21 noiembrie 2016. Cele 4 echipe eliminate din Liga Campionilor au fost distribuite împreună în urna valorică 1. Echipele din cele patru urne valorice au fost trase la sorți în patru grupe de câte patru echipe, în care au jucat după sistemul fiecare cu fiecare, în meciuri tur și retur. Tragerea la sorți a avut loc pe 24 noiembrie 2016, de la ora 11 CET, și a fost transmisă în direct pe internet. Echipele din aceeași țară nu au fost trase la sorți în aceeași grupă.

Distribuția în urnele valorice

În urma tragerii la sorți au rezultat următoarele grupe:

Grupa A

Grupa B

Grupa C

Grupa D

Fazele eliminatorii

Diagrama

Sferturile de finală
În sferturile de finală s-au calificat câte două echipe din Danemarca, Franța, Germania și Rusia. Cele opt echipe calificate sunt:

 Nykøbing Falster HK
 Randers KH
 Brest Handball
 Nantes Handball
 SG BBM Bietigheim
 TuS Metzingen
 Kuban Krasnodar
 Rostov-Don

Semifinalele

Finala
Ordinea desfășurării celor două partide a fost stabilită prin tragere la sorți pe data de 18 aprilie 2017, la sediul EHF din Viena. Meciul tur a avut loc pe 7 mai 2017, pe terenul echipei germane SG BBM Bietigheim, în timp ce returul a avut loc pe 13 mai, în Rusia.

Clasamentul marcatoarelor
La realizarea clasamentului au fost luate în considerare doar golurile înscrise începând cu faza grupelor.

Actualizat pe 13 mai 2017

Note

Legături externe
EHF: Pagina oficială a competiției

2016-2017
2016 în handbal
2017 în handbal

Cupa EHF Feminin 2016-2017


محمد نزال «أبو براء» سياسي فلسطيني، وعضو المكتب السياسي لحركة المقاومة الإسلامية (حماس)، ينحدر من مدينة قلقيلية بالضفة الغربية، ولد في 18 فبراير/ شباط 1963 في العاصمة الأردنية عمّان. متزوج ولديه أربعة أبناء، وأحد الوجوه الإعلامية التي تتحدث باسم حركة حماس.

التعليم
أنهى دراسته الثانوية العامة في الأردن (القسم العلمي).

في السياسية
إلتحق بصفوف الحركة الإسلامية في سن مبكرة، وكان من الناشطين في العمل الطلابي في أوساط الطلبة الوافدين إلى باكستان، وتولى الأمانة العامة لاتحاد الطلبة المسلمين في باكستان، وهو اتحاد يجمع الطلاب الوافدين ذوي الميول الإسلامية .

تفرغ للعمل في حركة حماس منذ عام 1989م. وأعلِن ممثلاً لحركة «حماس» في الأردن في عام 1992م، ثم لاحقاً عضو المكتب السياسي لحركة المقاومة الإسلامية (حماس)، بعد إغلاق مكاتب الحركة في الأردن عام 1999م انتقل نزال إلى سوريا، وخلال هذه الفترة تولى الملف الإعلامي للحركة الذي عرف تطورا نوعيا، حيث أطلقت قناتا الأقصى والقدس.
مع اندلاع الثورة السورية غادر نزال سوريا متنقلا بين عدد من العواصم العربية.

في حرب غزة 2008
خلال معركة غزة ظهر كثيراً خلال 21 يوم على مختلف وسائل الإعلام المرئي والمسموع ولعب دورا بارزا.

انتخابات حماس
أعلنت حركة حماس في السابع من مايو عام 2017 عن أنتخب محمد نزال عضو في المكتب السياسي لحركة المقاومة الإسلامية «حماس»، وذلك بعد عقد مجلس الشورى العام للحركة دورته العادية.

مراجع

وصلات خارجية
 سيرته الذاتية - الجزيرة نت
 ملف وثائق الأجهزة الأمنية الفلسطينية، برنامج بلا حدود، قناة الجزيرة، 24 ديسمبر 2008م
 ، برنامج مباشر مع، قناة الجزيرة مباشر، 27 فبراير 2010

أشخاص من قلقيلية
أعضاء حركة المقاومة الإسلامية (حماس)

سياسيون إسلاميون
سياسيون فلسطينيون
مسلمون فلسطينيون
مواليد في مدينة عمان

محمد نزال


Selective Service System (SSS) er en amerikansk føderal etat, som administrerer landets værnepligtssystem, kaldt Selective Service ("selektionstjeneste"). Systemet indebærer, at alle mænd mellem 18 og 26 år i USA skal registrere sig hos SSS for at give myndighederne et overblik over, hvem som er tilgængelig for militærtjeneste, hvis der opstår en nødssituation.

USA afskaffede værnepligten i 1973, men opretholder Selective Service som en mulighed for at genindføre værnpligt, hvis der skulle udbryde krig, eller hvis USAs forsvar af andre grunde behøver en hurtig udvidelse. En lov om genindførelse af værnepligten skal vedtages af Kongressen.  Selective Service indebærer, at myndighederne hurtigt kan gennemføre en indkaldelse - normalt i form af et lotteri hvis en sådan situation skulle opstå. Sidste gang man benyttede sig af værnepligt i USA, under Vietnamkrigen, blev lotteriet gennemført ved, at man udtrak et antal datoer og indkaldte de unge mænd, som var født på disse datoer.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger
 www.sss.gov

Etableret i 1917
USA's myndigheder

Selective Service System


Claudia Heeb-Fleck (geb. 1959) ist eine liechtensteinische Historikerin und Politikerin (Freie Liste).

Leben
Heeb-Fleck studierte an der Universität Bern und erhielt dort 1988 ihr Lizenziat. Ihre Lizenziatsarbeit hatte den Titel Frauenarbeit in Liechtenstein in der Zwischenkriegszeit 1924-1939

Ab 2005 bekleidete sie zusammen mit Egon Matt das Amt des Präsidenten der Freien Liste, das damit erstmals in der Geschichte der Partei als Doppelspitze besetzt war. Bei der 2005 stattfindenden Landtagswahl kandidierte Heeb-Fleck für ihre Partei im Wahlkreis Oberland und wurde stellvertretende Abgeordnete im liechtensteinischen Landtag. 2009 kandidierte sie erneut, konnte diesmal jedoch kein Mandat erringen. Im Juni 2009 wurden Heeb-Fleck und Matt von Wolfgang Marxer als Parteipräsident abgelöst. Heeb-Fleck gehört weiterhin dem Parteivorstand an.

Des Weiteren ist Heeb-Fleck Geschäftsführerin von infra (Informations- und Kontaktstelle für Frauen).

Veröffentlichungen
 Zusammen mit Veronika Marxer-Gsell: Die liechtensteinische Migrationspolitik im Spannungsfeld nationalstaatlicher Interessen und internationaler Einbindung 1945-1981. 2001

Weblinks
 Chronologie der Freien Liste

Einzelnachweise

Politiker (Liechtenstein)
Parteipräsident (Liechtenstein)
Freie-Liste-Mitglied
Liechtensteiner
Geboren 1959
Frau

Claudia Heeb-Fleck


Radio M (Split), radijska postaja iz Splita
Radio M (Vela Luka), radijska postaja iz Vele Luke

Radio M


Craniolaria, biljni rod iz porodice martinijevki raširen na sjeveru od Antila do Argentine na jug. Pripadaju mu dvije vrste zeljastog bilja.

Vrste
 Craniolaria annua L.
 Craniolaria integrifolia Cham.

Sinonimi
 Petramnia Raf.

Izvori

Martinijevke

Craniolaria


Hit the Lights puede referirse a:

 Hit the Lights, una banda estadounidense formada en 2003.
 «Hit the Lights», una canción de Jay Sean.
 «Hit the Lights», una canción de Metallica.
 «Hit the Lights», una canción de Selena Gomez & the Scene.

Hit the Lights


Rolette Revilliod (†1626), avant-dernière « sorcière » brûlée vive à Genève
 Gustave Revilliod (1817-1890), archéologue, et politique genevois
 Pierre Revilliod (1883-1954), naturaliste genevois

Revilliod


Žene u staroj Grčkoj živjele su unutar skučenog okvira patrijarhatskog i isključujećeg društva. Žene su sa strancima i s robovima pripadale podskupini osoba koje su bili isključeni iz političkog života nekog polisa. Isto tako njihov položaj sadržavao je ograničenja u odnosu na zakone te mogućnost zarade ili posjedovanje neke kategorija imovine kao recimo nekretnine. Žene su za vrijeme arhaičnog doba imala neka prava, no ta prava su ovisila o polisu kojem su pripadale. Poslije arhaičnog doba tj. za vrijeme helenizma, većina prava žena su oduzeta kada su doneseni zakoni o segregaciji po spolovima.

Na primjer u Ateni žene nisu imale pravo glasa niti su imala punopravno upravljanje nad imanjem kojeg su imale u svom posjedu, dok recimo u Sparti žene su imale pravo nasljeđivanja pokretne i nepokretne imovine. Bez obzira na to što su mogle nasljeđivati i upravljati nad imovinom spartanke bile su isključene iz političke vlasti. Žene u nekim drugim polisima također su mogle nasljeđivati imovinu kao u: Delfima, Grotysu i Tesaliji. Prava žena u staroj Grčkoj bila su mnogostruko manja nego prava žena u Indiji (vedsko doba) i Egiptu u kojoj su imala sva prava kao i muškarci. U Mezopotamiji prava žena bila skoro jednaka kao i prava muškaraca i jedina razlika je bila oko razvoda braka. U Mezopotamiji žene su imala manja prava nego muškarci prilikom razvoda braka. Položaj žena u staroj Grčkoj bilo je uvjetovano: zakonima, ustaljenim običajima, ekonomskim uslovima, te religiozne i filozofskog poimanja položaja žene u svijetu i unutar njihove zajednice.

Položaj žene kroz razdoblja

Homer jer glavni izvor informacija o soci-političkom položaju žena u arhaičnom razdoblju stare Grčke. Kroz opise koji su bili sačuvani u epovima Ilijada i Odiseji Homer je opisao svakidašnjicu stare Grčke kroz opise bitaka i drugih događaja u kojima su žene nekada bile u njihovom samom središtu. Iako neki povjesničari ne pridaju veću povijesnu vrijednost Homerovim epovima kao izvoru povijesnih činjenica, mnogi opisi koje je su razni pjesnici dodali kroz vrijeme opisuju običaje koji su postojali u 8. stoljeću pr.Kr. U Ilijadi, a posebno u Odiseji, žena je imala tri uloge: supruge, kraljice, i kućanice. U pjevanjima Ilijade, Homer opisuje mnoge događaje u kojima su žene bile u središtu događanja. Homer je pokupio mnoge detalje i tako da je moguće kroz te opise dokučiti o razvijenosti običaja u društvu stare Grčke te uloge i položaju žena u tadašnjem starogrčkom društvu. Na primjer u 9. pjevanju Ilijade Agamemnon nudi Ahileju jednu od njegovih tri kćeri s mirazom kao poticaj da se Ahilej vrati nazad u bitku. Opis ovog događaja protivi tadašnjem običaju gdje je mladoženja kupovao sebi ženu od staratelja obitelji. Mladoženja je trebao platiti staratelju cijenu za ženu koju je on htio uzeti, tj. trebao je platiti ἕδνα (hedna) za ekonomski gubitak koji bi staratelj te žene odnosno kyrios izgubio jer ona neće biti više dio njegovog gospodarstva. Nakon što bi se platio hednu, žena bi mogla prijeći u dom mladoženje. Običaj je u stvari bio još nasilniji, muškarci bi došli u punoj ratnoj opremi i kupili bi ženu od gospodara domaćinstva.

Iz vremena brončanog doba iz stare Grčke postoje sačuvani spisi na kamenim odlomcima u kojima se opisivao život žena toga doba. Prema sačuvanim fragmentima fresaka i posuda žene su obično prikazane s bijelom puti, jer su žene većinom radile poslove unutar kuće koje su dijelile sa sluškinjama i s robovima. Za razliku od slobodnih muškaraca koji su mogli raditi sve poslove i jedini su mogli nositi oružje te ići u ratne pohode. Prema sačuvanim fragmentima kamenih tablica bilo je napisano da su žene radile kućne poslove kao: rad na preslici, tkalačkom stanu, pletenju, vezenju, mljevenju žitarica, nošenju vode, pripravljanje kade za kupanje. Prema sačuvanim fragmentima moguće je isto tako spoznati da su žene dobivale dva i pol puta manje hrane nego muškarci.

Filozofsko stajalište, pravni temelji i religiozni pogledi

U staroj Grčkoj postojala su različita stajališta u pogledu položaja žene u društvu. Ta su mišljenja kretala od služanjstva i isključenja iz društva do potpune ravnopravnosti spolova. Na primjer prema Aristotelu u prirodi ima nejednakosti, te da zbog različitosti između spolova takva da su muškarci predodređeni da budu superiorniji od žena, te da je ženina funkcija prokreacija i održavanje doma. Ovo mišljenje nije dijelio njegov učenik Platon koji je je naučavao da iako postoje razlike između spolova u fizičkoj snazi, ali da i kao takve žene su vrednije državi nego samo u funkciji produženja vrste ili i održavanju domaćinstva. Platon je Republici naglasio da žene s obrazovanjem i učenju vještina mogu doprinijeti sebi i društvu. Platonu je bilo jasno da je tada ogromni ljudski resurs bio neiskorišten, posebno kad je znao da bi žena srednjeg sloja bila bila udata kad je bila 14 ili 15 godina, i ako ne bi umrla u rađanju djece, tada bi svoj cijeli život provela zaključana u kući tkajući platno na tkalačkom stanu. Platonu je isto bilo jasno da iako su žene bile fizički slabije od muškaraca no da to ne bi trebao biti razlog da žene nisu uključene u ratno obučavanju ili da sudjeluju u ratu.  Kinički i stoički filozofi za razliku od Aristotela smatrali su da rodna nejednakost se protivi zakonima prirode, te da je brak etička zajednica ravopravnih osoba, a ne socijalna ili biološka nužnost. Prema njihovim naučavanjima žene i muškarci trebaju biti jednaki po pravima u svakom smislu, da bi trebali imati isti pristup obrazovanju, glasovanju i mjestu u ekonomiji i politici nekog društva.

Značaj oikosa

U staroj Grčkoj oikos je najmanja ekonomska i socijalna jedinica. Pojam se odnosi na: kuću, dom, posjed, imanje koje je kao skup predstavlja osnovicu za život. Oikos je nadpojam koji nadilazi bračno-obiteljsku vezu. Oikosu također pripadaju: robovi, žena i djeca. Glava oikosa je muškarac. Prevlast muškarca nad ženom unutar stare Grčke bila je specifikum koji nije bio općeprihvaćeno uređenje za sve civilizacije za vrijeme antike.

Žene u starogrčkoj religiji

U starogrčkoj religiji žene su za razliku od žena u starogrčkom društvu imale su važnu ulogu i imale su snažne kultove, a svećenice su imale veliku ulogu unutar društva vodeći ceremonije, sprovode. Za vrijeme klasičnog perioda u staroj Grčkoj postojalo je preko 2000 kultova, te da je u godišnjem kalendaru postojalo 170 dana u kojima su bili religijski festivali, koji su omogućavali ženama da iziđu vani iz svojih domova, što je bilo osobito važno u Ateni gdje su žene trebale biti van javnog života, nevidljive, nijeme, pod konstantnim okom staratelja. Svećenice su isto tako unutar stare Grčke imale su važnu ulogu savjetnica, prorokinja, i mnoge od njih su imale važnu ulogu o političkom životu mnogih polisa. Na primjer u Ateni, kult Atene božice zaštitnice Atene, svećenice Atene imale su zavidan utjecaj na politički život Atene. Mjesto visoke svećenice u hramu Atene bila je visoka politička i religiozna pozicija. Mjesto visoke svećenice bilo je određeno za žene iz atenske aristokracije. Kao svećenice Atene, one su bile slobodne da se kreću unutar muške političke elite, za razliku od ostalih žene kojima je mjesto bilo u domaćinstvu i kojima svako miješanje sa suprotnim spolom bilo sputavano.

Mit o stvaranju žene

Prema starogrčkom mitu Zeus je stvorio prvu ženu Pandoru kao kaznu za ljude jer je Prometej dao vatru ljudima, bez obzira na Zeusovu izričitu zabranu. Pri stvaranju Pandore, Zeus je također stvorio kutiju odnosno vrč svih zala, i zapovjedio je Pandori da je ne otvori. Pandora je u svojoj radoznalosti otvorila tu kutiju odnosno vrč i oslobodila zlo u svijetu. Žena prema starogrčkoj predaji je nužno zlo, ljupko prokletstvo, smrtonosna zamka koja je potrebna ljudima da se nastavi ljudska loza, da se stvore potomci koji će se o njima brinuti kada ostare. Ne primiti ženu znači ići u propast, primiti ženu jest primiti nevolju.

Atena

Atensko društvo bilo je patrijarhatno društvo u kojem su žene nisu bile pravni subjekti već su bile podređene muškoj osobi u obitelji ili podređene muškoj osobi kroz brak. U Ateni žene nisu imala ista prava kao muški građani, nisu mogle javno pokazati lice, dok su muškarci mogli biti javni ljudi žene su živjele privatni život. Žene su bile minorni subjekti u pravnom i ekonomskom sustavu. Žene su bile smatrane dijelom domaćinstva(oikos) koje su bile podređene muškarcu gospodaru domaćinstva (kyrios).  Neudate žene bile su pod starateljstvom oca ili po nedostatku oca neke muške glave obitelji. Kad bi se žena udala ulogu gospodara žene preuzeo bi suprug. Pošto su žene bile podređene svome gospodaru one same u svoje ime nisu mogle raspolagati odnosno posjedovati imovinu (pokretnu ili nepokretnu). I kad bi žena dobila imanje na poklon, kroz miraz ili kroz nasljedstvo, one nisu bile punopravne posjednice imovine jer tom imanju pristup je imao gospodar odnosno kyrios. Atenjani su također bili spremi oduzeti mogućnost stjecanja građanskog prava nekog muškog djeteta, ako recimo bilo sumnje u očinstvo nekog djeteta i ako je dijete nastalo kao plod nekog preljuba. Ženska djeca u Ateni dobivali su manje pažnje i manje hrane nego muška djeca. Ženska djeca obično bi se udavala se 14 ili 15 godina starosti, dok pravno djevojčice su se nekada udavale s navršenih 12 godina starosti. Kod rastave braka atenjanke su bile vraćene ocu ili muškom članu obitelji iz koje je proistekla. Jedino imanje koje je mogla sa sobom ponijeti je miraz s kojim je bila otpremljena. Poslije rastave djeca su pripadala biološkom ocu. Isto tako ako bi žena postala udovica, imanje kuće bi prešlo na prvu mušku punopravnu osobu u obitelji i mnogim slučajevima udovice su trebale napustiti domaćinstvo i jedno imanje koje su mogle ponijeti sa sobom bio je miraz koji su donijeli u domaćinstvo. U Atenskom političkom okruženju punopravno građanstvo odnosno pravno stajalište osoba je se ostvarivala kroz posjedovanje imanja odnosno imovine, te mogućnost sklapanja kupoprodajnih transakcija. Žene prema atenskom pravnom uređenju nisu imale ista prava kao slobodni građani jer nisu mogle posjedovati imanje niti vršiti transakcije koje nisu bile skuplje od jedne mjerice ječma. U transakcijama i u javnim sporovima, žene su zastupali njihovi gospodari. Žene nisu tako imale pravo glasa niti pravo da budu izabrane u bilo koje političko tijelo.

Zbog svog podređenog položaja u društvu atenjanke su rijetko izlazile u javnost, i kad bi izašle u javnost trebale su biti potpuno pokrivene. Ženama u Ateni bilo je zabranjeno se miješati s muškarcima, nisu pohađale škole, niti su smjele piti vino. Isto tako u atensko društvo bilo je opsjednuto s puritanstvom u odnosu ponašanja žena u društvu kao recimo izlazak vani, miješanje s muškarcima koji nisu rod ili koji su robovi.

Kaste untar ženskog pučanstva

U Ateni postojale su razne kaste žena koje su imale različita prava unutar društva. Pošto žene koje su proistekle iz građanskih obitelji nisu bile osobe s punim pravima unutar društva. Još tome način na koji su stjecana građanska prava, i zbog postojanja robova unutar društva i mogućnost posjedovanja robova Atena je imala pravni sustav koji je bio prilagođen kasti kojoj je neka osoba pripadala. Tako su postojale razne klase žena unutar Atene:
 ropkinje
 prostituke
 kurtizane
 došljačke žene (μετοίκιον / metoíkion)
 žene s pravom građanstva
 imućne žene
 manje imućne žene - one su radile kao trgovkinje, prerada vune, doilje
 svećenice

Ovaj komplicirani sustav ženskih kasti imalo je i komplicirane običaje, pravila i norme koji su se oni trebali pridrižavati. Unutar Atene, svećenice su imala najviše prava i bile su savjetovane u pitanjima rata ili politike kao vidovnjakinje ili savjetnice.

Gortysa

Gortysa je mjesto na otoku Kreti, koji je za vrijeme stare Grčke kodificirao zakone, i čiji je dio sačuvan na tri kamena odlomka koji se zovu Gortyski zakonik. Ovaj zakonik je imao sedam poglavlja koji su većinom bili usredočeni na obiteljski zakon. U Gortysu kao u mnogim drugim grčkim polisima, žene su bile podležne moći muškarca u kući bilo to njen otac, brat, rođak ili suprug. Brak je bila unija dviju porodica, a kyrios je mogao dati svoju ženu nekome drugome ako ga je bila volja, isto tako on ako ga je bila želja priznati djecu ili ne priznati djecu koja su se rodila u tom braku.

Za razliku od drugih polisa, u Gortysi žene su mogle u potpunost posjedovati pokretnine i nekretnine. Imanje je mogla steknuti na razne načine bilo kroz miraz, nasljeđe, kupovinu, prodaju ili slično. Žene su imale pravo na svoje imanje tako da same mogle činiti što žele s tim, isto tako imaje koje je posjedovala žene njen kyrios ili djeca nisu mogli založiti imanje za kredit. U slučaju rastave ili da je žena postala udovica, žena je imala na potpuno pravo na miraz. U slučaju rastave, muž je imao pravo na polovinu kamata na miraz, bez obzira tko je izazvao rastavu braka. U slučaju da je u nekoj porodici ostala jedinica kćer koja nije imala braće ni sestara da dijele nasljeđe (patroiokos), mogla je odbiti vlast ili patronstvo osobe muškog roda u bližoj rodbini, ili ako ju je ta muška osoba odbila tada je ta žena tj. patroiokos mogla udati za po svome izboru.

Sparta

Položaj žena u Sparti bio je drugačiji nego u drugim polisima u Grčkoj. Pošto spartanci nisu sačuvali svoje spise o svojoj povijesti, život žena u Sparti opisali su razni pisci, povjesničari i filozofi toga vremena kao Aristotel, Ksenofon, i Plutarh. Sparta kao grad država imala je jaku centralnu vladu, koja je imala militarističko uređenje te mnoge funkcije unutar države bile su pod strogom upravom. Na primjer djeca u Spartu morali su pohađati školu bilo da su muška ili ženska djeca, dok u drugim polisima djeca su bila na upravi roditeljima. Muška djeca su zbog vojnog uređenja bili smješteni u vojno obrazovnom sustavu, tako da bi mogli imati disciplinirane i obrazovanje vojnike, dok je škola za žensku djecu bila obvezna da bi mogle vršiti funkciju majki i upraviteljica imanja. Svoje znanje i obrazovanje žene nisu smjele koristiti izvan domaćinstva. Pošto su muškarci provodili većinu svoga vremena u ratovima ili u spremanju za rat, spartanke su postale osnovica ekonomskog sustava. Da bi spartanska ekonomija mogla funkcionirati žene su imala veća prava tako da bi mogli držati u posjed zemlju i sredstva za stvaranje dobiti, te su pravno imale i neovisnost u odlučivanju i upravljanju imanjem.Ova prava davalo je spartanskim ženama veliku ekonomsku moć unutar društva. Na primjer tokom 4. stoljeća p.Kr. žene su držale između 30% do 40% cjelokupnog bogastva Sparte, i najbogatiji žitelji Sparte bile su žene. Žene su to bogastvo stekle jer su upravljale imanjem svojeg muža i ostalih muških rođaka koji su provodili vrijeme u ratnim pohodima. Iako su posjedovale ekonomsku moć, spartanke nisu imale eskplititnu političku moć u Sparti. Glavna uloga spartanki u društvu bilo je rađanje zdrave djece odnosno zdrave muške djece, koji su bili nužni za ratovanje. Inače u Sparti bio je konstantan manjak vojnosposobnih muškaraca koja se zvala oliganthrōpia. Zato je ženama bila posvećena pažnja da su zdrave, da su dobro ishranjene te da su fizički izgrađene. Spartanke su se obično udavale s 18 godina starosti, isto kao i muškarci. Nakon bračne ceremonije, mlada je morala ošišati svoju kosu na kratko, i očekivanje je bilo da udate žene drže kratku kosu. Ako tijekom probnog dijela braka par nije mogao proizvesti djecu, tada su mogli zatražiti rastavu braka. Pri rastavi braka spartanke su imale puno pravo na imanje i na djecu koja su nastala tokom toga braka. Spartanke nisu trebale se ponovno udati ako nisu htjele, niti su postojali pritisci da se ne mogu ponovno udati. Spartanke koje su umirale pri rađanju djece bile su priznate isto tako i ratnici koji su poginuli u boju tako što bi zapisali njena imena na nadgrobnim spomenicima.

Poliandrija u Sparti

Prema mnogim izvorima unutar Sparte više muškaraca bi dijelilo jednu ženu. Razlozi su bili raznorazni. Jedan od razloga jest visoka dob u kojem su neki muškarci stupali u brak s mlađim ženama te radi vlastite neplodnosti stariji muškarci su dozvoljavali da mlađi muškarci ulaze u njihov brak. Isto tako neoženjeni muškarci bi mogli zatražiti od nekog para dopuštenje da ima djecu s nekom ženom, posebno ako je žena bila poznata ili sposobna po rađanju zdrave ili jake djece. Dozvolu za ulazak drugog muškarca u bračnu zajednicu bila je u rukama prvog muža, i on je odlučivao tko bi mogao imati pristup. Poliandrija nije bila samo radi proizvodnje djece za državu, već i način da se ekonomski potpomogne obitelj. Jer žena bi i djeca koja su nastala kroz takvu bračnu zajednicu imala izravnu korist od imanja i nasljednine, osobito za one spartance koji nisu mogli platiti svoju daću za kasarnu. Neplaćanjem te daće osoba nije mogla postati građaninom Sparte i tako bi izravno gubili mnoga prava. S vremenom preko poliandrije, unutar Sparte nastala je velika akumulacija imanja u rukama manjine građana. Ekonomskom stratifikacijom nastala je društvena stratifikacija i siromašenje velikog dijela Sparte.

Poznate žene iz stare Grčke

 Aspazija iz Mileta, Periklova hetera
 Sapfo s otoka Lezbosa, pjesnikinja
 Frina
 Glikera
 Taida
 Laida
 Agnodika
 Hipatija

Boginje iz starogrčkog panteona

 Hera
 Hestija
 Afrodita
 Artemida
 Atena
 Demetra

Izvori

Literatura
 Monika Bereš, Položaj žena u antičkoj Grčkoj

Vidi još
 Herine igre

Vanjske poveznice

Stara Grčka

Žene u staroj Grčkoj


Čifáre este o comună slovacă, aflată în districtul Nitra din regiunea Nitra. Localitatea se află la , se întinde pe o suprafață de  și în 2017 număra 607 locuitori.

Istoric
Localitatea Čifáre este atestată documentar din 1209.

Note

Legături externe

Localități din Slovacia

Čifáre


La Stott Highway est un axe routier d'Australie-Méridionale qui relie Angaston (Yalumba Terrace) à l'autoroute de . Il fut créé après que les conseils locaux eurent demandé le changement de nom de la route B55.

La Stott Highway au départ d'Arganston traverse les villes de , Sedan, Murray River, Murray Bridge, Maggea, Naidia, Swan Reach, Wunkar et Loxton au terminus.

La route a été nommée en hommage à , en 2008, qui fut l'un des pionniers de la région, né le , et décédé le , à avoir été élu au parlement de l'État. Tom Cleave Stott CBE a toujours montré un grand intérêt pour les problèmes auxquels étaient confrontés ses collègues producteurs de blé.

Intersections principales

Notes et références

Route en Australie-Méridionale
Transport en Australie

Stott Highway


An Aechmea egleriana in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Lyman Bradford Smith. An Aechmea egleriana in nahilalakip ha genus nga Aechmea, ngan familia nga Bromeliaceae.

Subspecies

Ini nga species ginbahin ha masunod nga subspecies:

 A. e. egleriana
 A. e. major

Mga kasarigan

Aechmea

Aechmea egleriana


Division Enquêtes Criminelles () est une série télévisée policière britannique en douze épisodes de 60 à 90 minutes diffusée entre le  et le  sur ITV.

En France, la série est diffusée depuis le  sur TPS Star. Elle reste inédite dans les autres pays francophones. C'est un spin-off de la série .

Synopsis

Distribution

Acteurs principaux
  : Sergent Rosie MacManus
  : Sergent puis Inspecteur principal Trevor Hands
 Samantha Spiro : Inspectrice principale Vivien Friend (saison 1)
  : Agent de police Eva Sharpe (saison 2)

Épisodes

Première saison (2003)
 Cibles mouvantes ()
 Affaires de familles ()
 Sans cœur ()
 L'ABC du meurtre ()
 L'Hygiène de l'assassin ()
 Le Sacrifice des agneaux ()
 La Belle et la bête ()
 Suivi à la trace ()

Seconde saison (2005)
 Le Chat et la souris ()
 Le Secret médical ()
 Des fleurs pour Judas ()
 Mise en scène ()

Références

Article connexe
 Liste des séries policières britanniques

Liens externes

Série télévisée créée en 2003
Série télévisée disparue en 2005
Série télévisée britannique des années 2000
Série télévisée de ITV
Série télévisée policière britannique
Série télévisée se déroulant à Londres
Spin-off de série télévisée

Division Enquêtes Criminelles


Bunny Lake Is Missing Otto Preminger tarafından yönetilmiş bir psikolojik gerilim filmidir. İngiltere'de, siyah-beyaz olarak ve geniş ekran formatında çekilmiştir. 1965'te yayınlanmıştır. Müziklerini Paul Glass yapmıştır ve açılış müziği film boyunca tekrarlanır. Zombiler de filme kendi müzikleri ile katılırlar.

Hem Otto Preminger hem de eleştirmenler tarafından önemsiz bir film olarak kabul edilmiştir. Ama bir kült klasiği olmayı başarmıştır. 2005 yılında DVD ve kaseti çıkmıştır.

Ödül adaylıkları
 1966 Edgar Allan Poe Ödülleri - En iyi sinema filmi (John Mortimer ve Penelope Mortimer)
 1967 BAFTA - En iyi İngiliz sanat yönetmenliği, s&b (Donald M. Ashton)
 1967 BAFTA - En iyi görüntü yönetmenliği, s&b (Denys N. Coop)

İngiltere filmleri
1965 çıkışlı filmler
1960'larda gerilim filmleri
Otto Preminger'in yönettiği filmler
Psikolojik gerilim filmleri
Birleşik Krallık gizem filmleri
Birleşik Krallık yapımı siyah-beyaz filmler
Konusu Londra'da geçen filmler
1960'larda İngilizce filmler

Bunny Lake is Missing


LazyTown (Latibær på islandsk) er en islandsk musical-komedie serie til børn. Serien er lavet ud fra børnebogen Áfram Latibær! fra 1991 og var lavet af Magnús Scheving, som også spiller rollen som Sportacus. Den er oversat til flere sprog.

Handlingen centrerer om Stephanie, som bor i byen LazyTown med sine venner Trixie, Pixel, Stingy og Ziggy, samt Sportacus. De skal redde LazyTown fra Robbie Rutten, som altid forsøger at gøre livet surt for indbyggerne.

Julianna Rose Mauriello, der spillede rollen som Stephanie, var 13 år, da indspilningerne begyndte, men efter tre sæsoner blev hun erstattet pga. sin alder. Indspilningerne foregik fra 2004 til 2014.

Rolleliste

Eksterne henvisninger
 Officiel hjemmeside

Tv-serier fra Island
Animerede børneserier
Tv-serier fra 2000'erne

LazyTown


دزهيغينكا  هي مدينة في مقاطعة كراسنودار كراي في روسيا. يبلغ عدد سكانها حوالي 4004 نسمة.

مراجع

مدن كراسنودار كراي

دجيغينكا


Undercover kan henvise til:

 Undercover (musikgruppe) – dance-gruppe fra Storbritannien
 Undercover (film) – dansk komediefilm fra 2016 af Nikolaj Peyk
 Undercover (album) – album fra 1983 fra The Rolling Stones
 Undercover (Ministry album) – album af Ministry

Undercover


Mönekraven eller Mönehalsringen er en halsring i guld der stammer fra folkevandringstiden i jernalderen. Den blev fundet i 1864 i Möne sogn i Ulricehamns kommun i Västergötland. Fundet blev sandsynligvis gjort i forbindelse med at husmanden Johannes Andersson ryddede en bunke sten, mens andre hævder, at han fandt den, da han dyrkede jorden. Anderssons findeløn var 2.123 rigsdaler og 47 øre i sølvmønter, hvilket svarer til omkring 200.000 kr. i vore dage. Rigsantikvar Bror Emil Hildebrand kom personligt fra Stockholm for at hente fundet.

Mönekraven er den største halsring i guld, der er fundet i Sverige. Den har også de fleste figurer i udsmykningen. I alt er der 458 på halsringen. Der findes yderligere to lignende halsringe i guld, der fundet i henholdsvis Ålleberg i Västergötland og Färjestaden på Öland.

Guldet fra mönekraven stammer sandsynligvis fra Romerriget, da store mængder romersk guld var i omløb før det Vestromerske riges fald i 476.

Mönekraven er udstillet på Historiska museet i Stockholm.

Referencer

Arkæologiske fund fra Sverige
Oldsager fra skandinavisk jernalder
Västergötland

Mönekraven


An Restrepia in uska genus han Liliopsida. An Restrepia in nahilalakip ha familia nga Orchidaceae.

Ilarom nga taxa

 Restrepia aberrans
 Restrepia antennifera
 Restrepia aristulifera
 Restrepia aspasicensis
 Restrepia brachypus
 Restrepia chameleon
 Restrepia chocoensis
 Restrepia chrysoglossa
 Restrepia citrina
 Restrepia cloesii
 Restrepia condorensis
 Restrepia contorta
 Restrepia cuprea
 Restrepia cymbula
 Restrepia dodsonii
 Restrepia driessenii
 Restrepia echinata
 Restrepia echo
 Restrepia elegans
 Restrepia ephippium
 Restrepia escobariana
 Restrepia falkenbergii
 Restrepia flosculata
 Restrepia fritillina
 Restrepia guttulata
 Restrepia howei
 Restrepia iris
 Restrepia jesupiana
 Restrepia lansbergii
 Restrepia limbata
 Restrepia mendozae
 Restrepia metae
 Restrepia mohrii
 Restrepia muscifera
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 Restrepia pelyx
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 Restrepia radulifera
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 Restrepia roseola
 Restrepia sanguinea
 Restrepia schizosepala
 Restrepia seketii
 Restrepia tabeae
 Restrepia teaguei
 Restrepia trichoglossa
 Restrepia tsubotae
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Restrepia

Restrepia


Sir Robert Thorburn (March 28, 1836 – April 12, 1906) was a British-born Newfoundland merchant and politician who served as the colony's Premier from 1885 to 1889.

Life
Born in Scotland, Thorburn emigrated to Newfoundland in 1852 when he was sixteen. From 1870 to 1885 and again from 1893 to 1906 he was a member of the colony's appointed Legislative Council, the Upper House of Newfoundland's parliament.

Thorburn was an opponent of Sir William Whiteway's plans to build a cross-Newfoundland railway as a means of diversifying and industrialising the economy. Thorburn, a leading  merchant, argued that the colony should be developed along strict commercial lines based on the fisheries.

Traditionally, Newfoundland politics had been divided along sectarian lines with Catholics supporting the Liberals and Protestants supporting the Conservative Party of Newfoundland. Whiteway, however, who had been elected as a Conservative with the support of Protestants had lost the support of much of the business community with his support of the railway over the fishery and reached out to the Catholic Liberals  In order to stay in power creating a cross denominational coalition.

Thorburn created the New Party to represent the interest of St. John's businessmen.

The Harbour Grace Affray, an 1883 sectarian melee between Irish Catholics of Riverhead and the Southside of Harbour Grace who confronted a parade of  Orangemen. The resulting battle killed five and wounded seventeen. The riot strained relations between Catholics and Protestants and led to the collapse of Whiteway's government when Protestants deserted it.

The religious violence gave Thorburn an opportunity. He joined with Orangemen and Protestants who had deserted Whiteway's government in the wake of the riot  to create a new party, the Reform Party as a Protestant Rights organization and swept to power in the 1885 election making Thorburn the new premier.

In power, Thorburn's government turned away from the sectarian agenda that had brought it to power and implemented Thorburn's real agenda, the rejection of the railway plan and focussing on developing the economy along the fishers. An economic downturn was exacerbated by the colony's one industry economy  forcing Thorburn to belatedly reverse himself and implement a public works agenda. It was too late, however, and Thorburn was defeated in 1889 by Whiteway and his new Liberal Party which had been created to promote the railway plan. The Reform Party collapsed and a new Tory Party emerged from its ashes but was only able to hold power twice for brief periods before disappearing.

References

1836 births
1906 deaths
Premiers of Newfoundland Colony
Members of the Legislative Council of Newfoundland

Robert Thorburn


Sunroof, şibidak (Almanca Schiebedach kelimesinden alıntı), açılır tavan veya sürgülü tavan, genellikle otomobillerde yolcu bölmesine hafif ve temiz havanın girmesine olanak sağlayan, araç tavanındaki hareketli (genellikle camdır) bir paneli belirtmek için kullanılır. Ayrıca stadyumlar (futbol sahaları, tenis kortları ve benzeri), yüzme havuzları (örneğin, Budapeşte'de 1918'de açılan Gellért Spa) ve diğer binalar üzerindeki açılır çatı sistemleri için de bu terim kullanılmaktadır. Sürgülü tavanlar manuel veya elektrikli bir motorla çalıştırılır ve birçok boyut ve çeşide sahiptir.

Bir otomobilin sürgülü tavanı genellikle cam bir kapak, bir güneşlik ve bir elektrikli tahrikten oluşur. Özellikle eski model araçlarda sunroof kapağı çelik saçtan veya katlanır bir tavandan ibarettir. Elektrikli tahrik, basınca dayanıklı kablolar vasıtasıyla kapağı ve otomobilin donanımına göre bazen güneşliği hareket ettiren bir mekanizma ile çalıştırılır.

Dünyanın en büyük sunroofuna sahip otomobil modeli Cadillac SRX'dir.

Ayrıca bakınız
 Tavan üstü bagaj taşıyıcısı

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

How to Repair Your Sunroof - An example of how a sunroof can be repaired.

Taşıt parçaları
Otomobiller tasarımı
Otomotiv aksesuarları
Otomobil pencereleri
Otomotiv karoser parçaları

Sunroof


Maxime Vachier-Lagrave (Nogent na Marni, 21. listopada 1990.), francuski šahovski velemajstor. Međunarodni majstor od 2004., velemajstor od 2005. godine. Skraćeno ga se naziva MVL.

Svjetski juniorski prvak 2009. godine.
Trostruki prvak Francuske.
Prvak Pariza 2007. i 2008. godine.

FIDE rejting mu je 2796, a u brzopoteznim kategorijama "rapid" 2770 i 2825 u kategoriji "blitz" siječnja 2017. godine. Siječnja 2017. najbolje je rangirani francuski igrač.

Najviši rejting u standardnom šahu po Elo rankingu bio mu je kolovoza 2016. godine, 2819 bodova. Najbolji rejting na svjetskoj ljestvici bilo mu je drugo mjesto, kolovoza 2016.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

Partije na Chessgames.com

Francuski šahisti
Šahovski velemajstori

Maxime Vachier-Lagrave


St. Louis İsyanı, 1917 yılının Temmuz ayında ABD'nin St. Louis şehrinde meydana gelen bir halk hareketidir.

2 Temmuz 1917'de o güne kadar beyazların çalıştığı fabrikalara siyahların alınmaya başlamasıyla işlerini kaybedeceğine inanan beyazlar büyük bir isyan çıkardılar.

Olaylar sırasında, aralarında olaylarla alakası bile olmayanların da bulunduğu 6.000 siyah dövülerek, bıçaklanarak, asılarak bir daha dönmemek üzere evlerinden sürülmüş, 40 siyah, 8 beyaz katledilmiştir.

Ünlü siyahi Amerikalı caz ustası Miles Davis demiştir ki:
Aynı yıl siyahlar I. Dünya Savaşı'nda Amerikan Ordusu'nda, Amerika'nın demokrasiyi savunabilmesi için dövüşüyorlardı. Beyazlar bir yandan bizi savaşa yollayıp onlar için ölmemizi isterken, diğer yandan bizi burada bir sinek gibi öldürdüler...

1917'de Amerika Birleşik Devletleri
Irkçılık
1917'de ayaklanmalar
Illinois'da linç
Amerika Birleşik Devletleri'ndeki katliamlar

Doğu St. Louis İsyanı


Protostropharia islandica  er tegund blínusveppa sem er einlend á Íslandi og fannst fyrst 1999.

Tilvísanir

Strophariaceae
Tegundir nefndar eftir Íslandi
Sveppir á Íslandi

Protostropharia islandica


Das Gut Geissel ist ein denkmalgeschütztes Profangebäude am Jagdweg 215 in Langenberg, einer Gemeinde im Kreis Gütersloh (Nordrhein-Westfalen).

Geschichte und Architektur
Das Gut wurde 1231 erstmals urkundlich erwähnt als Graf Gottfried von Arnsberg den Hof zu Gestelle dem Kloster Marienfeld durch Schenkung übertrug. Eine weitere Erwähnung findet sich 1255. Der damalige Verwalter konnte des Gut nicht mehr aus eigenen Mitteln bewirtschaften und musste gegen eine Entschädigung auf seine Rechte am Hof verzichten. Weitere Erwähnungen in den Zehntregistern der Abtei Marienfeld erfolgten erst wieder 1456 "curia in Geystel" und 1504 "sculte to Geystelen".

Am 21. April 1520 verkauften der Abt Heinrich und der Konvent von Marienfeld das Gut an den Grafen Otto von Rietberg. Zur Bewirtschaftung des Hofes setzten die Grafen von Rietberg die Vorfahren der jetzigen Besitzerfamilie ein. Wann genau das Gut in den Besitz der Familie Geissel überging, ist nicht überliefert. Jedenfalls wird bereits 1648 erstmals ein Meier zu Geissel erwähnt und ab 1681 regelmäßig in den Rietberger Kirchenbüchern genannt. Als die Familie 1748 in der männlichen Linie ausstarb, heiratete die Erbtochter Anna Margaretha einen Franz Arnold Wiesbrock, der seinen Geburtsnamen ablegte und sich von nun an Meier zu Geissel nannte. Kurz vor ihm und unter seiner Regie, erhielt das Gut bis zur Mitte des 18. Jahrhunderts sein heutiges Aussehen.

Die dreiseitig von Wald umschlossene Fachwerkanlage mit geschlämmten Backsteinausfachungen besteht aus dem Wohn- und Wirtschaftsgebäude, dem Pferdestall und den Scheunen. Das Wohn- und Wirtschaftsgebäude ist mit 1748 bezeichnet. Bei dem Längsdielenhaus handelt es sich um ein niederdeutsches Vierständer-Hallenhaus, das mit einem zweifach vorkragenden Giebel und einer Feierabendglocke aus dem Jahr 1660 ausgestattet ist. Die kleinere Scheune unter einem Krüppelwalmdach, mit einem vorkragenden Giebel, ist ein älteres Hofhaus. Sie diente auf dem Vorgängerhof als Wohn- und Stallhaus und ist mit 1713 bezeichnet. Die größere Scheune wurde in der ersten Hälfte des 18. Jahrhunderts errichtet, der Pferdestall ist mit 1750 bezeichnet.

Der Sattelmeierhof Geissel war ein sog. Vollspann (= volles Erbe) und erreichte mit dem weiten Gebiet seines Eigenlandes sowie seinen Leibzuchten und Erbpächtern nahezu gutsherrlichen Charakter. Das Gut galt lange Zeit als größter und bedeutendster Hof in der Grafschaft Rietberg. Von der Mitte des 17. Jahrhunderts bis in das späte 18. Jahrhundert waren die Gutsbesitzer zu Geissel als Bauernrichter im Gebiet Bokel und Rietberg, teils mit besonderen Aufsichtsbefugnissen, tätig.

In napoleonischer Zeit fungierte die Gutsanlage als "Maximilian-Commune-Mairie" im Königreich Westphalen. Bürgermeister Johann Maximilian Geissel (1775–1857) baute das Anwesen in eine auf Repräsentation bedachte Anlage um. An der Westseite des Wohnteils wurden nach Maßgabe mehrflügliger Herrensitze, traufseitig zwei doppelgeschossige Ausfluchten angegliedert. Gleichzeitig wurde der entstandene Vorhof als Ehrenhof gestaltet und der noch heute erhaltene barocke Garten angelegt. Eine repräsentative Treppe und eine dreiseitige Galerie wurden eingebaut. In Anlehnung an barocke Schlossbauten gab ein heller Schlemmputz, wie er auch an den Gebäuden der ehemaligen Grafschaft Rietberg zu finden ist, der Anlage ein herrschaftliches Gepräge. Die umgebenden Teiche wurden verbunden und zu einer das Gut rechteckig umschließenden Gräfte erweitert. Vorgelagert ist ein weiterer Teich mit einer kleinen Insel.

Im Jahr 1841 erbaute Franz Arnold Geissel (1807–1898) eine Sandsteinbrücke sowie die Einfriedung in Form einer eisernen Zaunanlage mit großen Toren und Sandsteinpfeilern an den Zufahrten des Hofes.

Die Flächen rund um den Hof am Rande der Emsniederung waren früher teilweise sumpfig und nur bedingt ackerfähig. Nach der Flurbereinigung in den frühen 1980er Jahren und den mit ihr einhergehenden Entwässerungsmaßnahmen, konnten die Weiden in Ackerland umgewandelt werden.

Heute bewohnt und bewirtschaftet die Familie Geissel das Gut in vermutlich elfter Generation und öffnet es für Kulturveranstaltungen wie das Literatur- und Musikfestival "Wege durch das Land". Die Gesamtanlage ist nahezu unverändert erhalten. In den vergangenen dreißig Jahren wurden umfangreiche Renovierungen vorgenommen. Das Engagement der Besitzerfamilie wurde 2014 mit dem "Landbaukultur-Preis Westfalen-Lippe" gewürdigt.

Das Haus ist das Stammhaus des Juristen Maximilian Geissel (1842–1931), der 1871 Justizrat in Borgentreich, später Justizrat, Notar, Beigeordneter und Ehrenbürger in Warburg war und nach seiner Pensionierung wieder auf dem Familiensitz wohnte. Nach ihm ist der Geissel'sche Garten in der Paderborner Stadtmitte benannt.

Seine Tochter Maria Anna Rosa Geissel, die den väterlichen Hof oft besuchte, wurde später unter dem Namen Jenny Kork als Malerin bekannt.

Namensgebung
Das Gut Geissel liegt in der östlichen Randlandschaft der Beckumer Berge an der Schwelle zur flachen Emsniederung, aus der es sich inselartig erhebt. Aus dieser topographischen Situation erklärt sich zugleich der Hofname: Gestelle (=Geistsel), geest, geist, nämlich bedeuten "erhöht gelegenes Land", und noch heute tragen einige Flurstücke die Bezeichnung Geist.

Schwanewert-Legende
Zu Beginn des 18. Jahrhunderts suchte der berüchtigte Schwanewert, ein Gastwirtssohn aus dem Delbrücker Land, als Soldatenwerber des preußischen Soldatenkönigs Friedrich Wilhelm I. in der Grafschaft Rietberg nach sog. "Langen Kerls" für dessen Garderegiment in Potsdam. Auf Gut Geissel soll er versucht haben, den langen Schäfer zu verschleppen. Die Entführung blieb aber nicht unbemerkt. Mit großen Hunden wurde dem Wagen des Schwanewert nachgesetzt und der Schäfer befreit. Schwanewert bekam als Lektion eine Tracht Prügel. Zum Gedenken an diesen Tag wurde dem Landespatron Johannes Nepomuk ein Denkmal gesetzt, dessen steinerner Sockel sich heute im Garten des Gutes befindet.

Der Legende nach soll Schwanewert nach seinem gewaltsamen Tod keine Ruhe gefunden haben und als schwarzer Hund mit einem Knüppel am Halsband und zinntellergroßen Augen ("Knüppelrühe") noch jahrzehntelang sein Unwesen getrieben haben.

Literatur
 Dehio, Georg, unter wissenschaftlicher Leitung von Ursula Quednau: Handbuch der deutschen Kunstdenkmäler. Nordrhein-Westfalen II Westfalen. Deutscher Kunstverlag, Berlin/München 2011, ISBN 978-3-422-03114-2

Weblinks

 Foto des Gutes und Bericht über eine Kulturveranstaltung (abgerufen am 3. Mai 2012)

Einzelnachweise

Fachwerkhaus im Kreis Gütersloh
Baudenkmal in Langenberg (Kreis Gütersloh)
Geissel
Wohngebäude im Kreis Gütersloh

Gut Geissel


Panicinae, podtribus trava od pet rodova, dio tribusa Paniceae, potporodica Panicoideae.. Postoje dva priznata roda.

Rodovi
 Panicum L. (275 spp.)
 Cnidochloa Zuloaga (1 sp.)
 Yakirra Lazarides & R. D. Webster (7 spp.)
 Arthragrostis Lazarides (4 spp.)
 Louisiella C. E. Hubb. & J. Léonard (3 spp.)

Izvori

Paniceae

Panicinae


Paris-Roubaix 2019 var den 117. udgave af cykelløbet Paris-Roubaix. Det var det 16. arrangement på UCI's World Tour-kalender i 2019 og blev arrangeret 14. april 2019. Løbet blev vundet af belgiske Philippe Gilbert fra .

Hold og ryttere

Danske ryttere
Mads Pedersen kørte for
Matti Breschel kørte for
Mads Würtz Schmidt kørte for
Kasper Asgreen kørte for
Magnus Cort kørte for
Lars Bak kørte for
Asbjørn Kragh Andersen kørte for
Casper Pedersen kørte for

Resultater

Startliste

Eksterne henvisninger

2019
UCI World Tour 2019

Paris-Roubaix 2019


The Boulton Paul Defiant is a British interceptor aircraft that served with the Royal Air Force (RAF) during World War II. The Defiant was designed and built by Boulton Paul Aircraft as a "turret fighter" to meet the RAF requirement for day and night fighters that could concentrate their firepower on enemy bombers which were not expected to have fighter escorts due to the distance from Germany to the United Kingdom. The Defiant had all its armament in a dorsal turret offering the ability to fire in most directions. The same principle was used in the Royal Navy's Blackburn Roc which was also built by Boulton Paul.

In combat, the Defiant was found to be effective at destroying bombers, the role it was designed for, but was vulnerable to the Luftwaffes more manoeuvrable, single-seat Messerschmitt Bf 109 fighters operating from bases in Northern France. The Defiant had been designed to destroy unescorted bombers by means of beam or ventral attacks and therefore lacked forward-firing armament, which proved to be a great weakness in daylight combat with fighters. It was withdrawn from daytime operations for use as a night fighter and found success in combination with the use of airborne radar to locate the enemy. It eventually equipped thirteen squadrons in this role, compared to just two squadrons as a day-fighter, though this was mainly due to slow initial production. In mid-1942 it was replaced by better performing night-fighters, the Bristol Beaufighter and de Havilland Mosquito. The Defiant continued to find use in gunnery training, target towing, electronic countermeasures and air-sea rescue. Among RAF pilots it had the nickname "Daffy".

Development

Origins
During the 1930s, the increasing speed of military aircraft posed a particular challenge to anti-aircraft defences. Advances in aircraft design achieved during the 1920s and 1930s had resulted in a generation of multi-engined monoplane bombers that were substantially faster than their contemporary single-engined biplane fighters then in service. The RAF came to believe that its new generation of turret-armed bombers, such as the Vickers Wellington, would be capable of readily penetrating enemy airspace and of defending themselves without any accompanying fighter escort, but also recognised that the bombers of other European air forces, such as the Luftwaffe, would similarly be able to penetrate British airspace with impunity.

During 1935, the concept of a turret-armed defensive fighter to counter the bomber threat emerged during a time in which the RAF anticipated having to defend Great Britain against massed formations of unescorted enemy bombers. The RAF did not expect bombers to be escorted by fighters because fighters would not have the range to reach the UK from Germany. In theory, turret-armed fighters would approach an enemy bomber from below or from the side and coordinate their fire. The separation of the tasks of flying the aircraft and firing the guns would allow the pilot to concentrate on putting the fighter into the best position for the gunner to engage the enemy. However, manually-traversed turrets were viewed as having becoming more problematic and increasingly inadequate to effectively respond to ever-faster hostile aircraft, thus there was considerable interest in using a power-augmented turret.

The earlier Hawker Demon biplane had tested the concept with 59 of the fighters, which had been manufactured by Boulton Paul under a sub-contract, having been equipped with a hydraulically-powered rear turret, while a number of aircraft already built were also converted as such. Boulton Paul and its managing director John Dudley North had gained considerable experience with defensive turrets from producing several earlier aircraft, including the Boulton Paul Overstrand bomber, and had devised a four-gun power-operated turret, the concept and development work of which would later be a core part of the Defiant design. Boulton Paul had acquired a four-gun powered turret from the French SAMM company in 1935.

In April 1935, the Air Ministry released Specification F.9/35, which required a two-seater day and night "turret fighter" capable of  at . The aircraft was to feature a clean design, concentrating its armament within a power-operated turret, and the accepted performance was to be only slightly beneath that of other emergent fighter designs of the period, along with a sufficient fuel capacity to allow it to perform standing patrols. In particular, the powered turret was to offer considerable flexibility, possessing both a 360-degree upper hemisphere field of fire and the ability to engage enemy bombers from a range of quarters, including below the aircraft itself. Specification F.9/35 had followed the earlier Specification F.5/33, which had sought a pusher design combined with a forward-set turret; F.5/33 had been abandoned as the proposals had offered little in terms of performance gains over existing fighters, and the corresponding Armstrong Whitworth AW.34 design which had been ordered was not completed.

F.5/35 was issued to British manufacturers in June 1935. Seven responded to the tender: Armstrong Whitworth (twin-engines, based on the AW.34), Boulton and Paul (P.82), Bristol (Type 147), Fairey, Gloster, Hawker, and Supermarine (Type 305). Vickers did start on a design but did not provide it to the Air Ministry In September 1935 the Air Ministry picked Hawker, Boulton Paul and  Armstrong Whitworth designs as the top three (in decreasing order); Gloster and Bristol were rejected due to their turret designs. The Air Ministry wanted several designs investigated and the production of two prototypes of each. To get this large number of aircraft, HM  Treasury had to approve the expenditure above that already allocated. Seven prototypes were ordered - one from Armstrong Whitworth, two each from Fairey, Hawker and Boulton Paul - but only the two Defiant prototypes and one Hawker were completed.

P.82
Boulton Paul, having been focused on turret-equipped aircraft for some time, made the submission to Specification F.9/35; with the company designation of P.82. The proposed fighter was similar in size and appearance to the more conventional Hawker Hurricane, differing in weight primarily due to the use of turret-based armaments. The central feature of the P.82 was its four-gun turret, based on a design by French aviation company  (SAMM), which had been licensed by Boulton Paul for use in the earlier Boulton Paul Sidestrand bomber, eventually installed in the "follow-up" design, the Boulton Paul Overstrand and in the Blackburn Roc naval fighter. The 'Type A' turret was an electro-hydraulically powered "drop-in" unit, with a crank-operated mechanical backup. Small bombs could be housed in recesses in the outer wing. Some of the development work from the company's earlier B.1/35 tender was carried over into the P.82.

In 1936, Boulton Paul commenced assembly on the first P.82 prototype, K8310, at their new Wolverhampton facility; an order for a second prototype, K8620, was received by the following year.
In 1937, the first P.82 prototype, K8310, was rolled out. Furnished with a 1,030 hp (768 kW) Rolls-Royce Merlin I and initially lacking its turret, the aircraft bore a great resemblance to the contemporary Hawker Hurricane, although it was at least  heavier. On 11 August 1937, K8310, which had recently received the name Defiant, conducted its maiden flight. This initial flight, piloted by Boulton Paul's chief test pilot Cecil Feather, occurred nearly a year ahead of the rival Hotspur but still without the turret. Official acceptance trials did not commence until nine months later. On 30 July 1939, the second prototype, K8620, equipped with a Merlin II engine and a full turret, conducted its first flight. K8620 had received various modifications over the first prototype, such as telescopic radio masts and revisions to the canopy and to the undercarriage fairing plates; implementing these improvements had incurred delays to the completion of the second prototype.

Production orders had been prepared for the Hotspur, the initial front-running submission but Boulton Paul's turret design had gained the attention of the Air Ministry. Hawker's progress on the project had been delayed by their commitments on other aircraft programs including the more conventional Hurricane; thus the prototype Hotspur, K8309, did not conduct its maiden flight until 14 June 1938. On 28 April 1937, an initial production order for 87 aircraft was received by Boulton Paul for the P.82; as this was prior to the first flight of the prototype, the aircraft had effectively been ordered 'off the drawing board'. The order for the rival Hotspur was cancelled in 1938.

Completing its acceptance tests with the turret installed, the Defiant attained a top speed of  and subsequently was declared the victor of the turret fighter competition. Flight trials had revealed the aircraft to possess positive flight characteristics and considerable stability, which was of particular value when using the turret. According to aviation author Michael Bowyers, the usefulness of the Defiant had suffered due to the overly long development time for the type, observing that the Defiant's service entry was delayed to such an extent that only three production aircraft had reached the RAF, and these were only for trial purposes, by the outbreak of the Second World War. Due to delays with the type entering production, there were not enough available Defiants to begin standing patrols in 1940, by which point the introduction of not only more advanced fighters but bombers as well had allegedly undermined the usefulness of the type.

Production
On 30 July 1939, the first production Defiant, L6950, conducted its maiden flight; it commenced official trials with the Aeroplane and Armament Experimental Establishment (A&AEE) in September that year. Apart from some detail changes, the production Defiant Mk I looked similar to the two Defiant prototypes. It was powered by the Rolls-Royce Merlin III engine, which was capable of generating 1,030 hp/768 kW or 1,160 hp/865 kW.

By January 1940, over half of the original production batch had been completed. Beyond the initial production order in April 1937, follow-on orders had been issued for the type; in February 1938, an additional 202 Defiant Mk I aircraft were ordered; three months later, another 161 aircraft were ordered. At the same time Boulton Paul were engaged in production of the Blackburn Roc. In December 1939, yet another 150 aircraft were ordered, raising the overall total to 513. In 1940, this rose to 563 Defiant Mk Is on order, while a further 280 were ordered under a rearranged manufacturing plan issued in mid-1940. However, the performance of the Defiant had been determined to be inadequate by this point, which led to manufacturing being sustained principally for economic reasons. A total of 713 Defiant Mk I aircraft were completed.

In response to a service request which sought greater performance, the Defiant Mk II, powered by the 1,260 hp Merlin XX engine, was promptly developed. On 20 July 1940, N1550, the first production Defiant Mk II performed its initial flight. The Mk II featured a pressurised fuel system, additional fuel, an enlarged rudder, a deeper radiator, a modified engine mounting and elongated cowling. Once sufficient numbers of the Merlin XX engine were available, production of the improved variant commenced; in August 1941, the first production deliveries of the Defiant Mk II took place.

The Defiant Mk II was soon paired with the newly developed airborne interception radar (AI) to become more effective night fighter. While initial AI equipment was too heavy and bulky to be practical for equipping smaller aircraft, the improved AI Mk. IV radar was suitably sized for the Defiant; the first such equipped Defiants were introduced in late 1941. Later versions of the AI radar were adopted over time, such as the AI Mk VI. The need for both the Defiant (and the Hurricane) in the night fighter role petered out by 1942 as the larger Bristol Beaufighter became the RAF's primary night fighter type, freeing both aircraft for other duties.

In the search for alternative uses for the Defiant, which included limited service with the RAF Search and Rescue Force and suitability trials for cooperative operations with the British Army, it was determined that Defiant production would continue in order to satisfy a pressing requirement for high speed gunnery targets. A dedicated version of the aircraft, the Defiant TT Mk I, was developed for this purpose; modifications included the removal of the turret, the installation of target-towing equipment, including a target stowage box and a wind-driven winch, and the addition of a winch operator under an enclosed canopy. In January 1942, the prototype Defiant TT Mk I, DR863, conducted its maiden flight; fighter production was phased out shortly thereafter.

The last Defiant Mk IIs under construction were completed as TT Mk I aircraft. Dozens of existing Defiant Mk Is would be remanufactured to the similar Defiant TT Mk III standard; roughly 150 of such conversions took place during 1943–1944. So that the type could be used to meet the growing overseas demand for target-towing aircraft, the Defiant was tropicalized, a large portion of which was the installation of large filters underneath the aircraft's nose.

P.85
The P.85 was Boulton Paul's tender to Specification O.30/35 for the naval turret fighter. A version of the Defiant for Fleet Air Arm (FAA), it had leading edge slats and a deeper fuselage, for the lower landing speeds required of carrier aircraft. The engine would be either a Bristol Hercules radial or the Merlin. Despite the P.85's higher estimated top speed, the Blackburn Roc was selected. With Blackburn already busy producing other projects, the detail design and production of the Roc was given to Boulton Paul. Ultimately, the only use of the Defiant within the FAA was its adoption of the target tug version.

P.94
The first Defiant prototype had not been fitted with a turret at first and had an impressive top speed. In 1940, Boulton Paul removed the turret from the prototype as a demonstrator for a fixed-gun fighter based on Defiant components. The armament offered was either 12  Browning machine guns (six per wing) or four  Hispano cannon in place of eight of the Brownings. The guns could be depressed for ground attack. By that time, the RAF had sufficient quantities of Hawker Hurricanes and Supermarine Spitfires and did not require a new single-seat fighter. With a calculated top speed of about  at  the P.94 was almost as fast as a contemporary Spitfire although less manoeuvrable.

Design

The Defiant was a single-engine interceptor aircraft. It used a monoplane structure which was coupled with main landing gear which retracted into a broad mainplane section. The pilot's cockpit and rear turret were faired into a streamlined upper fuselage section. Tankage for up to  of fuel was housed within the wing centre section along with a large ventral radiator that completed the resemblance to the Hawker fighter. The center section employed a two-spar arrangement, and the wing itself had removable wingtips. The rear fuselage comprised two metal cones connected by a two-foot transitional section and a flat upper deck. The Defiant employed an all-metal stressed skin monocoque structure. The fuselage was built in sections that were subsequently bolted together, a manufacturing method previously used on other Boulton Paul-designed aircraft which they thought made the riveting process easier. It was a relatively clean design and made use of a simple, weight-saving structure.

The primary mission of the Defiant was the destruction of incoming enemy bombers. The principal armament of the aircraft is its powered dorsal turret, equipped with four 0.303 in (7.7 mm) Browning machine guns. The fuselage was fitted with aerodynamic fairings that helped mitigate the drag of the turret; they were pneumatically powered and automatically raised and lowered into the fuselage so that the turret could rotate freely. The Brownings were electrically fired and insulated cut-off points in the turret ring prevented the guns firing when they were pointing at the propeller disc or tailplane. The gunner could rotate the turret directly forward and transfer firing control of the guns to the pilot, with the guns firing along each side of the cockpit canopy; this was rarely done as the turret's minimum forward elevation was 19° and the pilot did not have a gunsight, possibly because the Defiant was outfitted to perform zero deflection shooting, as were several contemporaneous designs arising from Air Ministry specifications.

The zero deflection gunnery technique was practised, among others, by British ace Albert Ball using Lewis guns on Forster mounts – which largely eliminated the need for either complex gun sights or aiming-off by eye. An elevation of +19° combined with ballistic properties of .303 (7.7mm) Brownings and the Defiant's operational speed made 'line of sight' aiming – as practised by Luftwaffe pilots – a practical proposition. This technique, applied later in the war by Germany as Schräge Musik, seems to have been neither taught nor practised by the RAF. Despite being common knowledge among veteran First World War aircrew, featuring in Air Ministry requirements reflected in fighter designs such as the contemporaneous Gloster F.9/37 (Gloster G9) twin-engine bomber-interceptor – armed with five 20mm cannon at +12° – virtually all losses of Bomber Command aircraft shot down by Luftwaffe night fighters using upward-firing were ascribed to flak until 1944.

The gunner operated the turret through a control column with the firing button on the top. The motor could be put in high speed mode for swift changes of direction and the there was a handle for  manual rotation of the turret.

The gunner's hatch was in the rear of the turret, which had to be rotated to the side for entry and exit. There was not enough room in the turret for the gunner to wear a seat-type or back pack parachute; the parachute was stowed alongside the gunner instead. This made escape from the aircraft so difficult that gunners were later provided with a special all-in-one garment, a 'parasuit', nicknamed the "rhino suit". Frederick "Gus" Platts, an air gunner who served in 230, 282 and 208 squadrons, stated: "The Rhino suit we had to wear on Defiants was a bear but I couldn't come up with an alternative, even though it killed dozens of us. I forget the details of it but we could not have sat on our chute or even keep it nearby as in other turrets, so you wore – all in one – an inner layer that fitted a little like a wetsuit of today. The chute fitted around this, and then the dinghy and the outer clothing. There was inner webbing and pockets that literally fell apart (I presume) when one bailed out".

Operational history

Air combat

In October 1939, No. 264 (Madras Presidency) Squadron was reformed at RAF Sutton Bridge to operate the Defiant. Initial training, formal squadron acceptance, and development of tactics began with other aircraft as it received its first Defiants only in early December at Martlesham Heath. In February 1940, the Defiant commenced night fighter training operations; the squadron tested its tactics against British medium bombers – Hampdens and Blenheims – and 264's CO flew against Robert Stanford Tuck in a Spitfire, showing that the Defiant could defend itself by circling and keeping its speed up. It became clear during these trials that the Defiant was suited only to performing its designed for bomber-destroyer duties and was vulnerable to fighters.

By March 1940, 264 Squadron had two flights operational with Defiants and No. 141 Squadron received its first Defiant. When the Defiant was first introduced to the public, the RAF put out a disinformation campaign, stating that the Defiant had 21 guns: four in the turret, 14 in the wings and three cannon in the nose. On 12 May 1940, the first operational sortie occurred as a flight of six Defiants flew with six Spitfires of 66 Squadron over the English Channel to the coastline in the vicinity of The Hague, Netherlands; during this flight, a single Ju 88, which had been in the process of attacking a destroyer, was shot down. The following day, in a patrol that was a repetition of the first, Defiants claimed four Junkers Ju 87 Stuka dive bombers, but were subsequently attacked by a flight of Bf 109Es. The escorting Spitfires were unable to prevent five of the six Defiants from being shot down by a frontal attack.

During the evacuation of the British Expeditionary Force from Dunkirk, the squadron was based at RAF Manston, as one of the 16 squadrons that No. 11 Group had for the evacuation. On 27 May 264 Squadron claimed three He 111 and two damaged. On 28 May, shortly after take-off, 10 Defiants were attacked by about 30 Bf 109s – forming a circle, they claimed six German fighters for the loss of three Defiants. The Defiant was initially successful against enemy aircraft and its best day was 29 May, when No. 264 Squadron claimed 37 kills in two sorties: 19 Ju 87 Stukas, mostly picked off as they came out of their dives, nine Messerschmitt Bf 110 twin-engined heavy fighters, eight Bf 109s, and a Ju 88. One Defiant gunner was lost after he bailed out but the pilot managed to fly the aircraft back to its base and it was subsequently repaired. On 31 May, seven Defiants were lost in one day as Hurricanes and Spitfires failed to come to their aid in a battle with Bf 109s. It was concluded that underslung radio aerials on the Defiants had affected radio communication between the fighter squadrons

Luftwaffe fighters suffered losses when "bouncing" flights of Defiants from the rear, apparently mistaking them for Hurricanes. The German pilots were unaware of the Defiant's rear-firing armament and encountered concentrated defensive fire. The Luftwaffe changed tactics, to outmanoeuvre the Defiant and attack from below or dead ahead, where the turret guns offered no defence. Defiant losses quickly mounted, particularly among the gunners, who were often unable to leave stricken aircraft. The additional weight of the turret and the second crewman plus the aerodynamic drag gave the Defiant a lower performance than conventional single-seat fighter aircraft.

264 Squadron developed a counter against single-seat aircraft such as the Bf 109. By flying in an ever-descending Lufbery circle, Defiant crews sacrificed the advantage of height but eliminated the possibility of attack from underneath, while giving 360° of defensive fire. This tactic was used by 264 Squadron, but when the Defiants of 141 Sqn were committed to combat a few months later during the Battle of Britain, it chose to ignore their advice. On 19 July, seven out of nine 141 Squadron Defiants sent to cover a convoy off Folkestone were shot down by Bf 109s of JG 51, and the remaining two survived, one badly damaged, thanks only to the intervention of Hurricanes of 111 Sqn. The Hurricane pilots reported that the Defiants had shot down four Bf 109s. Although 264 Squadron claimed 48 kills in eight days over Dunkirk, the cost was high with 14 Defiants lost. Actual German losses were no more than 12–15 enemy aircraft; the turret's wide angle of fire meant that several Defiants could engage the same target at one time, leading to multiple claims.

On 22 August, in response to an urgent demand for aircraft to defend Britain's airspace, 264 Squadron relocated to RAF Hornchurch, Essex, while also using RAF Manston as a forward base. On 24 August, nine Defiants of 264 scrambled from Manston to engage an incoming German force; in the ensuing engagement, three Ju 88s and a single Bf 109E were shot down for the loss of two Defiants. Later that same day, another cluster of bombers appeared and were engaged by seven Defiants that had been in the process of refuelling; three Ju 88s and two Bf 109Es were downed while one Defiant was in turn downed along with another damaged.

On 26 August 264 Squadron engaged a formation of 12 Dornier Do 17 bombers over north-eastern Kent but was attacked by a large formation of Bf 109s. Three aircraft were lost (two to ace Hpt. Gunther Lutzow of JG 3) but six Do 17s and a Bf 109 were shot down. Three of those victories were awarded to one Defiant, crewed by Flight Sergeants E. R. Thorn (pilot) and F. J. Barker (air gunner). They shot down two Do 17s but were then engaged by a Bf 109, which set their Defiant on fire; they managed to shoot down the German fighter before making a forced landing. For this, they were awarded a bar to the Distinguished Flying Medal.

The squadron lost a further five aircraft (to JG 26) on 28 August, with nine crew killed, and effectively ended operations, withdrawing to RAF Duxford the following day. With these losses, the Defiant—which had been intended from the start as a day and night fighter—was transferred to night operations instead. The type had proven unsuited to the demands of the day fighter when set against the likes of the Bf 109E, and was less capable than other RAF aircraft such as the Hurricane and the Spitfire. By 31 August, over half the delivered Defiants had been shot down by Luftwaffe aircraft, a rate that was deemed to be unacceptable.

The Defiant's kill ratio was better than is commonly thought. In 20 days of frontline service in the Battle of Britain in July and August, 141 and 264 Squadron shot down 25 German aircraft for the loss of 17 Defiants. It was concluded that when operating against escorted bombers the Defiant should always be sent into battle with a top cover of Hurricanes or Spitfires so it could concentrate on its designed for role of shooting down the bombers, but this proved impractical particularly as the Defiant's radio reception (due to its underslung antenna) was relatively poor.

On 1 July, 141 Squadron despatched L6997 on the first Defiant night patrol. In August, the squadron was operating both by day and night; on 15 August, the first possible nighttime success by a Defiant was recorded, and from September onwards, the squadron principally operated at night. In September, as a response to the commencement of heavy attacks upon London by the Luftwaffe, known as the Blitz, B Flight of No. 141 moved to RAF Biggin Hill, Bromley, while A Flight relocated to Gatwick Airport, West Sussex in October prior to moving to RAF Gravesend, Kent. Successful claimed interceptions took place, such as two He 111s being claimed on 15/16 September; the first confirmed kill by Defiant of the squadron was made on 22 December, of a single He 111.

The Defiant night fighters had initially lacked airborne interception radar, thus enemy aircraft were spotted and attacked via the eyes of the crew alone, aided by ground-based searchlights intended to illuminate attacking bombers. In the opening months of 1941, as the German night bombing campaign reached its peak, increasing numbers of Defiant night fighter-equipped squadrons became operational and commenced night patrols although, according to Bowyers, there were relatively few claims across many Defiant sorties. As a counterpoint, aviation author John Taylor noted that during the Blitz on London of 1940–41, the four Defiant-equipped squadrons were responsible for shooting down more enemy aircraft than any other type in the theatre.

The improved Defiant Mk II model was fitted with the AI Mk. IV radar and a Merlin XX engine, increasing the aircraft's performance, particularly at night time. In September 1941, 264 Squadron became the first to receive the Defiant Mk II, bringing them into operational use by mid-September. The principal users of the Mk II night fighter were 96, 151, and 262 Squadrons. As the radar-equipped Defiants began filtering through to operational squadrons, the Luftwaffe'''s bombing campaign petered out as German forces had become heavily engaged on the Eastern Front as they embarked upon the Operation Barbarossa the invasion of the Soviet Union.

Defiant night fighters typically attacked enemy bombers from below, in a similar manoeuvre to the later German Schräge Musik method. Defiants attacked more often from slightly ahead or to one side, rather than from directly under the tail. The turret-fighter concept was not immediately discarded. Four-gun turrets were fitted to Beaufighter (Mk II, in 1941) and Mosquito (Bristol design turret, September 1941) night fighters to test the advantages of flexible firing in nightfighting but the effect on top speed (for the Beaufighter reduced from 303 mph to 272 mph at altitude) was not acceptable and those conversions were abandoned. Further developments were considered using more powerful engines, but the idea of a Defiant replacement was finally dropped in 1942

Other roles

After trials in 1940 with the School of Army Co-operation to assess its capabilities in that role, the Defiant was tested as a high-speed gunnery trainer with the Air Ministry agreeing to continue production. The Defiant was removed from combat duties in 1942 and used for training, target towing, electronic countermeasures and air-sea rescue.

Two types of electronic countermeasures equipment were carried by the Defiant, both countering the German Freya early warning radar. The first system to be deployed was "Moonshine", which re-transmitted the radar's signals to simulate large formations of aircraft. As each "Moonshine" transmitter only covered part of the Freya's frequency, a formation of eight Defiants was needed, giving the appearance of over 100 aircraft. As the system required formation flying, it could only be used in daylight, where it could draw German fighters onto British fighters leaving another area relatively free for a British bombing raid.Price 1979, pp. 99–100.

A "Special Duties Flight" was set up in May 1942 to use the new countermeasures equipment, with "Moonshine" being used for its first live test on 6 August 1942. Subsequently, it was used operationally as part of "Circuses" against coastal targets and on 19 August in support of the Dieppe Raid. The Flight became No. 515 Squadron RAF on 1 October 1942, operations with "Moonshine" continuing until November 1942.Brew 2002, p. 123.

515 Squadron continued operations with the second countermeasures system, "Mandrel", a noise jammer which overwhelmed the signals from Freya. Individual Defiants were sent to orbit positions 50 miles (80 km) off the enemy coast. By using nine aircraft a 200-mile (320-km) gap could be made in the Germans' radar coverage. 515 Squadron flew its first mission using Mandrel on the night of 5/6 December 1942, continuing to use its Defiants for jamming operations until early 1943, when it began to receive twin-engined Bristol Beaufighters which had longer range and could carry more electronic equipment. The Defiant flew its last jamming mission on 17 July 1943, with one aircraft being lost out of four sent out that night.

In the air-sea rescue role, the Defiant was the intended replacement for the Westland Lysander in shallow air-sea rescue units. In order for this task to be performed, Defiants in this capacity were equipped with a pair of underwing pods that each contained two M-type dinghies. In March 1942, No. 281 Squadron formed at RAF Ouston, Northumberland, partially operating Defiant Mk Is; four more squadrons received the type within the next two months. However, six months following their introduction to the role, the Defiant had proved to be a poor choice for the role, in part due to the aircraft already been worn out by their previous service, which limited the sortie rate; other issues included its high stalling speed and wide turning radius. By the end of 1942, the Defiant had been phased out of the air-sea role.

A high-speed target tug variant, the Defiant Mk III, was developed in response to a growing demand for such a type; this model featured considerable modifications for the role, such as lacking the dorsal turret. Many of the surviving Mk I and Mk II Defiants also had their turrets removed when they were converted for the same role. In this final target towing variant, the Defiant ended up with a number of overseas assignments with both the RAF and Fleet Air Arm in the Middle East, Africa and India.Bowyer 1966, pp. 6, 10. Further deployments occurred to Canada, where the Defiant was used as a target tug and trainer with the British Commonwealth Air Training Plan.

Defiants were also used for "special" work including tactical evaluations with the RAF Gunnery Research Unit and the Air Fighting Development Unit (AFDU) at Farnborough. Two Defiants were issued for ejection seat development work: one to R Malcolm Ltd (later ML Aviation) and the other to Martin-Baker. On 11 December 1944, Defiant DR944 was delivered to Martin-Baker's facility at Denham; sometime thereafter, a primitive ejector seat was fitted into the observers position for trial purposes. On 11 May 1945, Martin-Baker used DR944 to test their first ejection seat with dummy launches. Various trials using DR944 took place until May 1948. The other Defiant, AA292, was delivered to R Malcolm Ltd at White Waltham Airfield on 15 April 1945 and the first airborne trial with dummies was held in the following October.

The last operational use of Defiants was in India, where they were used as target tugs.

Variants

Defiant Mk I
Two-seat turret fighter for the RAF, powered by a 1,030 hp (768 kW) Rolls-Royce Merlin III piston engine; 723 built.

Defiant NF Mk I
Defiant Mk I converted into night fighters

Defiant NF Mk IA
NF Mk I with Airborne Interception radar.

Defiant ASR Mk I
Mk I carrying air-dropped dinghies for air-sea rescue.

Defiant TT Mk I
Defiant Mk IIs converted to target tugs; 150 conversions.

Defiant Mk II
Two-seat night fighter for the RAF, powered by a 1,280 hp (954 kW) Rolls-Royce Merlin XX piston engine, and fitted with the AI Mk IV airborne interception radar; 210 built.

Defiant TT Mk III
Dedicated turret-less target tug; 140 built from new.

Operators

  British India

Surviving aircraft

The surviving complete example of the type is a Defiant I, N1671, on display as a night fighter at the Royal Air Force Museum Cosford in Shropshire. It was one of four Defiants delivered to No. 307 Polish Night Fighter Squadron at RAF Kirton in Lindsey, Lincolnshire on 17 September 1940 and was passed to No. 153 Squadron at the end of October 1941 and 285 Sqn in 1942. In 1954, it was identified for storage as a historical aircraft and passed to the RAF Museum at Hendon, London in 1971.

The aircraft was moved on 20 May 2009 to Rochester Airport, where it was restored by the Medway Aircraft Preservation Society (MAPS). It was returned to Hendon on 6 December 2012, and was then moved from Hendon to Royal Air Force Museum Cosford in November 2016 for display in the War in the Air hangar.

Major parts of at least two other Defiants survive; N1766 and N3378, both Mk Is. A full-scale replica Defiant was created on site at Boulton Paul in Wolverhampton by ex-Boulton Paul engineer Jack Holmes and team at the Boulton Paul Heritage Society. More than 50,000 man hours went into its production and it was unveiled in 2003 marking 60 years since the last Defiant flew out of Penderford (the World War II training airfield next to the Boulton Paul Factory in Wolverhampton). Due to change of ownership at the Boulton Paul site, the Defiant faced losing its home in Wolverhampton, and in 2015 was relocated to its now permanent home on display at the Kent Battle of Britain Museum.

A second example built by the Boulton Paul Association, in the colours of 264 Squadron (L7005), now resides at the Kent Battle of Britain Museum in Hawkinge. It was acquired by the Museum in 2015 after the association went into administration.

Specifications (Mk I)

See also

Notes

References
Citations

Bibliography

 Ansell, Mark. Boulton Paul Defiant. Redbourn, Herts, UK: Mushroom Model Publications, 2005. .
 Bowyer, Michael J.F. "The Boulton Paul Defiant." Aircraft in Profile, Vol. 5. London: Profile Publications Ltd., 1966.
 Brew, Alex. The Turret Fighters – Defiant and Roc. Ramsbury, Marlborough, Wiltshire, UK: Crowood Press, 2002. .
 Brew, Alex. The Defiant File. Tonbridge, Kent, UK: Air-Britain (Historians) Ltd., 1996. .
 Buttler, Tony. British Secret Projects: Fighters & Bombers 1935–1950. Hinckley, UK: Midland Publishing, 2004. .
 Carter, Graham. ML Aviation Ltd: A Secret World. Chippenham: Keyham Books, 2006.
 Caygill, Peter. Flying to the Limit: Testing WW II Single-engined Fighters. Casemate Publishers, 2005.
 Green, William. War Planes of the Second World War: Fighters, Vol. 2. London: Macdonald & Co., 1961. No ISBN.
 Green, William and Gordon Swanborough. WW2 Aircraft Fact Files: RAF Fighters, Part 1. London: Macdonald and Jane's Publishing Ltd., 1978. .
 Hall, Alan W. and Andrew Thomas. Boulton Paul Defiant (Warpaint Series No. 42). Luton, Bedfordshire, UK: Warpaint Books, 2003.
 Mondey, David. The Hamlyn Concise Guide to British Aircraft of World War II. London: Chancellor Press, 2002. .
 Nijboer, Donald. Gunner: An Illustrated History of World War II Aircraft Turrets and Gun Positions. Shrewsbury, UK: Airlife Publishing Company Limited (reprinted by Boston Mills Press (Canada), 2001. .
 Price, Alfred. Instruments of Darkness: The History of Electronic Warfare. St. Albans, UK: Granada, 1979. .
 Taylor, John W.R. "Boulton Paul Defiant." Combat Aircraft of the World from 1909 to the present. New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1969. .
 .

 Whitehouse, Les. "The Disappointing Defiant." Air Enthusiast Volume 5, November 1977 – February 1978. Bromley, Kent, UK: Pilot Press Ltd., 1977.
 Wheeler, Barry C. The Hamlyn Guide to Military Aircraft Markings. London: Chancellor Press, 1992. .
 Winchester, Jim. "Boulton Paul Defiant." The World's Worst Aircraft: From Pioneering Failures to Multimillion Dollar Disasters''. London: Amber Books Ltd., 2005. .

External links

 Death of the Defiant: A closer look at the Defiant, its faults and its achievements
 Fleet Air Arm Archive
 Aeroflight.co.uk
 The Boulton Paul Association
 "Boulton Paul Defiant." Flight, 12 February 1942, pp. 132–135.
 in German featuring Boulton Paul P.94

Aircraft first flown in 1937
Defiant
1930s British fighter aircraft
Low-wing aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Turret fighters
World War II British night fighter aircraft

Boulton Paul Defiant


Raisio Oyj, known internationally as Raisio Group, is a Finnish company specialised in healthy, responsibly produced food and ingredients.

Raisio Group's well-known international brands are Benecol and Elovena.

Benecol foods were launched in Finland in 1995 as part of major public health initiative to lower the nation's cholesterol. Two decades later Benecol product range has grown to include spreads, yogurts and yogurt drinks trusted by millions around the world.

In 2021, the Group's net sales totalled EUR 246 million and comparable EBIT was EUR 22 million. Raisio employs some 400 persons. Raisio's production plants are located in Finland and the company has operations in ten countries. The Group's headquarters is in Raisio, Western Finland. The key markets of Benecol products are Finland, the UK, Poland, Ireland and Belgium.

In 2004, the company divested its paper chemical division, Raisio Chemicals, to Ciba Specialty Chemicals. In 2009, Raisio sold its margarine business to Bunge Limited. Raisio Group acquired the British food company Glisten in 2010. The next year, Raisio acquired Big Bear. In November 2014 Raisio acquired the Benecol business from the affiliates of Johnson & Johnson in the UK, Ireland and Belgium and amended the agreement on the Northern American markets of Benecol. In 2016 Raisio divested its snack bar business in the UK.

The main target for 2007 was to improve profitability through streamlining, focusing and enhancing operations. Hereby Raisio divested its food potato and diagnostics businesses and carried through several minor structural changes. Raisio and its partner McNeil signed an agreement that returned Benecol rights to Raisio. The company divested its confectionery business in the end of 2017 and the cattle feed business in 2018. The strategy 2022–2025 has a clear focus on healthy, responsibly produced food. In 2021, Raisio acquired the Finnish company Verso Food Oy and published a new strategy for 2022–2025. The strategy is based on three focus areas: Benecol products and plant stanol ester solutions, oat-based consumer products and oats as an industrial raw material, and plant-based food.

References

External links

Companies listed on Nasdaq Helsinki
Food and drink companies of Finland
Food and drink companies established in 1939
1939 establishments in Finland

Raisio Group


O VIM ou Vickers Instructional Machine era uma aeronave biplano de treinamento construída para a República da China pela Vickers a partir de estoques excedentes de guerra de peças do F.E.2d da Royal Aircraft Factory, movida por um motor Rolls-Royce Eagle excedente, mas equipado com uma nacele inteiramente nova, proporcionando controles duplos para o aluno e instrutor. Trinta e cinco foram construídos e fornecidos a partir de 1920.

Operadores

 Força Aérea da República da China

Ver também
Desenvolvimentos relacionados
 Royal Aircraft Factory F.E.2

Bibliografia
 Andrews, C.F. and Morgan, E.B. Vickers Aircraft since 1908. London:Putnam, 1988. .

Ligações externas

Aeronaves da Vickers
Aviões militares a pistão
Aviões monomotor
Aviões biplanos

Vickers VIM


An Dichaea mosenii in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Heinrich Gustav Reichenbach. An Dichaea mosenii in nahilalakip ha genus nga Dichaea, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Dichaea

Dichaea mosenii


NGC 6046 est une galaxie lenticulaire située dans la constellation d'Hercule. Sa vitesse par rapport au fond diffus cosmologique est de , ce qui correspond à une distance de Hubble de . NGC 6046 a été découverte par l'astronome germano-britannique William Herschel en . Cette galaxie a aussi été observée par l'astronome français Guillaume Bigourdan le  et elle a été inscrite au New General Catalogue sous la cote NGC 6028.

NGC 6046 présente une large raie HI. NGC 6046 est considéré comme un objet de Hoag, bien qu'elle présente des différences morphologiques significatives avec la galaxie découverte par Arthur Hoag. La galaxie de Hoag présente un anneau presque parfaitement circulaire d'étoiles bleues qui entoure son noyau plus ancien d'étoiles jaunes, alors que l'anneau de NGC 6046 ne contient pas de jeunes étoiles bleues, comme on peut le constater sur l'image obtenue des données du relevé SDSS.

Selon la base de données Simbad, NGC 6028 (6046) est une galaxie LINER, c'est-à-dire une galaxie dont le noyau présente un spectre d'émission caractérisé par de larges raies d'atomes faiblement ionisés.

À ce jour, trois mesures non basées sur le décalage vers le rouge (redshift) donnent une distance de , ce qui est à l'intérieur des valeurs de la distance de Hubble.

NGC 6046 (6028 dans l'article) est un membre du superamas d'Hercule.

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Liste des objets du New General Catalogue

Liens externes

 NGC 6046 sur le site du professeur C. Seligman

6046
Constellation d'Hercule
Galaxie lenticulaire
Galaxie à anneau
Galaxie LINER
Galaxie découverte en 1784
Objet céleste découvert par William Herschel

NGC 6046


Lawrence J. Brock (né le ) est un homme politique canadien en Ontario. Il représente la circonscription fédérale ontarienne de Brantford—Brant à titre de député conservateur à partir de 2021.

Biographie
Né à Brantford au Ontario, Brock travaille comme procureur de la Couronne avant son élection.

Résultats électoraux

Références
Larry Brock - Chambre des communes du Canada

Actuel député fédéral canadien
Naissance à Brantford
Député du Parti conservateur du Canada
Député fédéral canadien provenant de l'Ontario
Étudiant de l'Université de Waterloo
Étudiant de l'Université de Calgary

Larry Brock