Le New Britain Museum of American Art (Musée d'art américain de New Britain) est un musée d'art situé à New Britain, dans le Connecticut. Fondé en 1903, il est le premier musée du pays consacré à l'art américain.

Au total, 72 000 visites ont été effectuées au musée au cours de l'année se terminant le 30 juin 2009, et 16 000 autres visites ont été effectuées dans la galerie satellite du musée au TheatreWorks à Hartford, Connecticut.

Le Walnut Hill Park, conçu par Frederick Law Olmsted, se trouve à côté du musée.

Historique
Les origines du musée remontent au "New Britain Institute", fondé en 1853 dans le but de promouvoir l'éducation et l'art dans la ville, en particulier parmi sa population d'immigrants. En 1903, le musée a reçu un don de  dollars de John Butler Talcott pour acquérir « des peintures à l'huile modernes originales réalisées par des artistes locaux ou étrangers ». Le neveu de Talcott était le tonaliste Allen Butler Talcott de la Old Lyme Art Colony. Bryson Burroughs, alors conservateur des peintures au Metropolitan Museum of Art de New York, suggéra aux responsables du musée de concentrer leurs efforts sur l'acquisition d'art américain, ce qui serait plus rentable. Le musée a suivi son conseil et a rarement dépensé plus de  dollars pour une œuvre d'art, amassant une collection qui vaut maintenant des millions.

Une riche veuve, Grace Judd Landers, s'attendait à faire don d'une importante somme d'argent au musée, mais elle a perdu son argent dans le crash boursier de 1929, et a donc fait don de sa maison comme musée en 1934.

Sanford B. D. Low, un gendre de William H. Hart, à l'époque président de la Stanley Works de New Britain, fut le premier directeur du musée. Il a acquis un certain nombre d'œuvres de son ami Thomas Hart Benton pour le musée. Low et Benton faisaient tous deux partie d'un cercle d'amis plein d'entrain (dont James Cagney) qui passait les étés à Hart Haven, la résidence d'été de William Hart à Martha's Vineyard, où Low et Benton peignaient ensemble (Hart n'avait aucun lien avec Thomas Hart Benton). À la fin des années 1940, Low apprend que le Whitney Museum de New York serait prêt à vendre la série "The Arts of Life in America" de Benton, qui n'est plus à la mode en tant qu'art figuratif. Benton s'était cru floué lorsqu'il avait vendu les peintures murales à la directrice du Whitney, Juliana Force. Low s'est arrangé pour que le musée de New Britain acquière les œuvres pour 500 dollars, payés par Alix Stanley, un membre de la famille qui a fondé Stanley Works. Le prix d'achat était inférieur au coût de la location d'une grue pour le déménagement et le transport des tableaux.

En 1964, la Sanford B. D. Low Memorial Illustration Collection a été inaugurée. Première collection muséale d'illustration américaine aux États-Unis, qui compte aujourd'hui plus de  œuvres datant du .

Douglas Hyland devient directeur exécutif du musée en 1999 après avoir été directeur du San Antonio Museum. Il a levé des fonds auprès de nouveaux donateurs en dehors de la Nouvelle-Bretagne, notamment la Walton Family Foundation et la Henry Luce Foundation. En 2003, le Chase Family Building, d'une superficie de  pieds carrés (), a été construit, doublant ainsi la taille du musée. Pendant le mandat de M. Hyland (à partir de 2009), le bâtiment du musée de New Britain a été rénové, et le musée a doublé sa collection pour atteindre  objets, doublé son personnel à temps plein pour atteindre 24 employés, doublé le nombre de ses guides pour atteindre 100 et presque triplé le nombre d'adhésions, qui est passé de  à .

Les recettes du musée, qui s'élèvent à 3,92 millions de dollars pour l'exercice financier se terminant le 30 juin 2009, sont en légère hausse par rapport aux 3,86 millions de dollars de l'exercice précédent.

Collection

La collection permanente comprend des portraits coloniaux, des œuvres de l'Hudson River School, des impressionnistes américains et de l'Ash Can School. La collection comprend des œuvres de John Singleton Copley, Marcus Jansen, Frederic Church, Thomas Cole, Rockwell Kent, Georgia O'Keeffe, N.C. Wyeth, Andrew Wyeth et Sol LeWitt.

Les portraits de l'époque coloniale et fédérale américaine sont représentés par des œuvres de John Smibert, John Trumbull, Mather Brown, John Singleton Copley, Charles Willson Peale, Sarah Peale, Gilbert Stuart et Ralph Earl. Les collections de peintures de l'Hudson River School du début et de la fin du siècle comprennent des paysages de Thomas Cole, Thomas Doughty, Asher B. Durand, Fitz Hugh Lane, Martin Johnson Heade, John Kensett, Albert Bierstadt et Frederic Church.

Les natures mortes du XIXe siècle exposées au musée comprennent des peintures de Raphaelle Peale, Severin Roesen, William Harnett, John Peto, John Haberle et John La Farge. Les peintures et sculptures de genre sont représentées par John Quidor, William Sidney Mount, Lilly Martin Spencer, John George Brown et John Rogers. Les fonds du musée en peinture et sculpture figurative de l'après-guerre civile comprennent des œuvres de Winslow Homer, Thomas Eakins, Mary Cassatt, John Singer Sargent, J. Alden Weir, George de Forest Brush, Joseph DeCamp, Frank Benson, Edmund C. Tarbell, William Paxton, Elizabeth Nourse, et 19 plâtres et bronzes de Solon Borglum.

Les œuvres des impressionnistes américains conservées au musée comprennent un pastel de Mary Cassatt et des œuvres de Theodore Robinson, John Henry Twachtman, J. Alden Weir, Willard Metcalf, ainsi que 11 peintures à l'huile de Childe Hassam. Parmi les œuvres impressionnistes plus tardives, on trouve des peintures de William Glackens, Ernest Lawson, Frederick Carl Frieseke, Louis Ritman, Richard Emil Miller et Maurice Prendergast.

La collection comprend également la série de peintures murales "The Arts of Life in America" de Thomas Hart Benton. La collection d'art contemporain du musée comprend des œuvres de Chuck Close, Dan Flavin, Eva Hesse, Julie Heffernan, Walton Ford, Ronnie Landfield et Graydon Parrish. Le grand tableau réaliste de Graydon Parrish, The Cycle of Terror and Tragedy, fait également partie de la collection. Ce tableau est un hommage allégorique aux personnes disparues lors des attentats terroristes du 11 septembre 2001.

Le musée est le premier à constituer une collection d'art post-contemporain, centrée sur la peinture de Parrish sur le 11 septembre et comprenant des œuvres de Tony Curanaj, Daniel Maidman, Richard T. Scott, Sadie Valerie, Stephanie Deshpande et Patricia Watwood, entre autres.

Notes

Références

Lien externe

Musée d'art aux États-Unis
Musée au Connecticut
Musée fondé en 1903
Hudson River School
Art au Connecticut

New Britain Museum of American Art


El urbanismo de Córdoba es el reflejo del proceso de ocupación de esta ciudad española y de la evolución de sus construcciones desde la fundación de la ciudad.

Orígenes de la ciudad
Los primeros vestigios humanos encontrados en la zona corresponden a un Neandertal que puede datar en torno al 32000 a. C. aproximadamente. Según los últimos estudios, el definitivo asentamiento de población prerromano se produjo en torno al V milenio a. C. en la actual Ciudad Sanitaria y la antigua Facultad de Agrónomos y Montes, y el romano hacia el siglo III a. C. en la zona denominada "Colina de los Quemados" hoy ocupada por el Parque Cruz-Conde y con restos a la vista (parte de los cuales han sido ocultados por obras en un campo de fútbol de arena).

Véase también
 Ley de Ordenación Urbanística de Andalucía
 Urbanismo en España

Bibliografía
 Plan General de Ordenación Urbanística

Urbanismo de Córdoba (España)


Vasile Blendea (n. 15 noiembrie 1895, Gureni-Pestișani, județul Gorj – d. 1988, București ) a fost un pictor și sculptor român.

Biografie
Vasile Blendea s-a născut în satul Gureni, județul Gorj. A absolvit Academia de Belle-Arte din București, ca elev al lui Dimitrie Paciurea la sculptură și compoziție și a lui Frederic Storck la desen. A beneficiat de o bursă de studii la Școala Română de la Fontenay-aux-Roses în 1928.

A participat la saloanele oficiale din București dar și la cele din Franța la "Salon des artistes français". Cu girul Academiei Române, Nicolae Iorga l-a trimis pe Vasile Blendea în Austria, Germania și Elveția pentru a copia portrete de voievozi români aflate în muzee și colecții de artă din aceste țări. A realizat excelente copii reprezentându-i pe Vlad Țepeș și Ștefan cel Mare.

Între anii 1930 si 1952 a fost profesor de desen la liceul "Ienăchiță Văcărescu" și la mai multe licee din Târgoviște.

Ca pictor a dovedit o sensibilitate deosebită față de natură, pe care a reprezentat-o însoțită de monumente și ruine romantice ale orașului Târgoviște.

Muzeul "Vasile Blendea"
Muzeul memorial Vasile Blendea s-a deschis în 2003 în Casa Angela Georgescu, o locuință veche, cu pridvor închis cu geamlâc așezat deasupra gârliciului pivniței, monument de arhitectură românească de la sfârșitul secolului al XVIII-lea, pe strada Poet Grigore Alexandrescu nr. 24.

Aici se află cea mai mare parte a creației artistului, uleiuri, grafică, sculptură.

Pictura sa are compoziții echilibrate, culori calde, pastelate, iar dintre lucrările expuse amintim "Așteptare II", "Așteptare iarnă", "Poarta Seimenilor", "Strada Vasile Cârlova", "Odihnă", "Inundație pe strada Șanțului", "Marginea orașului Târgoviște", "Plimbare spre Valea Voievozilor", "Intrare la Curtea Domnească", "Natură statică cu mere și nuci" etc.

În muzeu sunt expuse busturi "Bunica", "Emilia", "prof. I. Vasilescu", "dr. Hașnaș", "Marcel Olinescu", "Cerșetor", "Bibliotecara satului".

Arta monumentală
Cele mai multe lucrări de artă monumentală sunt turnate în bronz și se află în Târgoviște.

 Basorelieful "Mărăști, Mărășești", la sediul Regimentului 22 Infanterie-Târgoviște,
"Vasile Cârlova" (1932),
"Ienăchiță Văcărescu" (1936),
"I.Al. Brătescu Voinești",
"Vlad Țepeș",
"Ștefan cel Mare"
"Bustul lui Badea Cârțan", alături de Casa de Cultură din Făgăraș;
"Dan II" (1967)
"Bustul lui Tudor Vladimirescu" (1971) în Vladimir, Gorj
 Monumentul "Jertfa" în Răzvadul de Sus,
 Monumentul "Despărțirea" în Răzvadul de Jos,
 Monumentul "Omagiu eroului", în Voinești,
"Bustul lui Alexandru Ștefulescu", inaugurat în 1937, se află în fața școlii generale nr.4 din municipiul Târgu-Jiu.

Note

Sculptori români
Nașteri în 1895
Decese în 1988
Oameni din județul Gorj

Vasile Blendea


Monumentul soldatului necunoscut (numit în trecut Monumentul Eroilor, Monumentul celor căzuți pentru Patrie) este un monument militar amplasat în scuarul cu același nume din orașul Botevgrad, Bulgaria. A fost dezvelit la 20 octombrie 1929, în onoarea a 39 de ofițeri și soldați din Botevgrad care au murit în Primul Război Balcanic, al Doilea Război Balcanic și Primul Război Mondial.

Istorie

Monumentul a fost ridicat cu ajutorul Societății ofițerilor in rezervă "Sursuvul", a autorităților locale și a cetățenilor. Decizia de a-l construi a fost promovată de Comitetul pentru dezvoltare economică și culturală a orașului și a raionului, care fusese înființat în 1928. Monumentul a fost inaugurat oficial la 20 octombrie 1929, cu numele "Monumentul celor căzuți pentru Patrie". La ceremonia de deschidere au asistat peste 20.000 de oameni din oraș și din satele vecine.

Tradițional, în fiecare an în fața monumentului au loc parade militare, la data de 6 mai, cât și festivități de 1 noiembrie și 24 mai. La 9 septembrie 1944, un grup organizat de  a proclamat aici lovitură de stat și a schimbat puterea politică în Bulgaria.

Descriere
Pe latura de sud a monumentului sunt scrise numele celor 39 de ofițeri și soldați care au murit în cele trei războaie. Primul nume este cel al poetului , avansat post-mortem în grad de locotenent. Pe părțile de est, vest și nord a piedestalului sunt reprezentate scene militare și ale vieții cotidiene.

Statuia reprezintă un soldat în uniformă militară cu o pușcă la picioarele lui. Soldatul privește la sud-vest, spre pământurile bulgare din Tracia și Macedonia. Ca model a servit o fotografie a soldatului Iordan Kurpurov, care a participat la războaie și s-a intors schilodit, decedând in 1924. Aceeași fotografie a fost folosită ca model și la un monument militar din Etropole. Sculptura a fost turnată din bronz la Roma.

Note

Bibliografie

Legături externe

Monumente din Bulgaria
Fondări în 1929

Monumentul soldatului necunoscut din Botevgrad


est une maison d'édition japonaise fondée en 1887, en pleine période de modernisation de l'ère Meiji. Elle débute en imprimant un magazine nationaliste et se développe dans l'impression, la publicité, la fabrication de papier et les activités connexes, devenant ainsi l'une des plus grandes sociétés d'édition du Japon.

L'activité principale de Hakubunkan shinsha est désormais la publication de divers journaux intimes, revues et agendas, en particulier ceux de l'époque de la société Hakubunkan d'origine.

Il est à noter que Hakubunkan n'a aucun lien avec la société Hakubun qui produit du matériel pédagogique.

Histoire
En 1887,  fonde la société à Yumi dans le quartier tokyoïte de Hongō (dans l'actuel arrondissement de Bunkyō). Elle porte le nom d'Itō Hirobumi, sur la base d'une prononciation alternative de son prénom. Hakubunkan commence à publier le magazine  également en 1887. L'une des histoires les plus célèbres à paraître dans le magazine est  (aussi intitulé Le Démon d'or) d'Ozaki Kōyō, qui s'inspire pour deux des personnages de la pièce d'Ōhashi Shintarō (fils du fondateur de la société) et Tomiyama Tadatsugu.

Hakubunkan fonde ensuite la chaîne de librairies Tōkyōdō (l'ancêtre de  et Tohan Corporation) en 1891. L'année suivante, Tōkyōdō déménage à Hongoku, un quartier de Nihonbashi à Tokyo (aujourd'hui dans l'arrondissement de Chūō). En 1893, Tōkyōdō devient une agence de presse nationale et internationale. Au début de 1895, Hakubunkan commence à publier le magazine généraliste . Le bureau d'impression de Hakubunkan (ancêtre de Kyodo Printing) est ensuite fondé en 1896.

Pour célébrer son quinzième anniversaire, Hakubunkan ouvre gratuitement la bibliothèque privée Ōhashi (actuelle bibliothèque Sankō) le  dans le parc de Shiba de l'arrondissement de Minato à Tokyo.

Lors du séisme du Kantō de 1923, le bâtiment qui abrite le siège de Hakubunkan est détruit par un incendie et la société déménage dans le quartier de Tozaki dans l'arrondissement de Koishikawa (aujourd'hui dans Bunkyō). Après que le magazine Taiyō ait cessé de paraître en 1927, Hakubunkan continue à fonctionner dans le rouge, se divisant finalement en trois sociétés en 1948 : Hakuyūsha, Kōyūsha et Kōbunkan. Hakuyūsha recommence à utiliser le nom Hakubunkan en 1949 avant de le changer à nouveau en Hakubunkan Shinsha en 1950.

Magazines

Hakubunkan a publié de nombreux magazines, dont les suivants :
 Bōken Sekai (冒険世界, janvier 1908 - décembre 1919) est remplacé par Shinseinen.
 Bungei Club (文芸倶楽部, janvier 1895 - janvier 1921) change son titre en  à partir du numéro de janvier 1921, puis hérite ensuite de Shin Shumi jusqu'en 1933.
 Bunshō Sekai (文章世界, mars 1906 - février 1921) change son titre en  à partir du numéro de janvier 1921, puis a été remplacé par Shin Shumi.

 Kōdan Zasshi (講談雑誌, avril 1915 - 1954) change ensuite son éditeur en Kōdanzasshisha, puis Bunyūkan, puis enfin Hakuyūsha.
 Nihon Taika Ronshū (日本大家論集, juin 1887 - décembre 1894) est remplacé par .
 , change son éditeur en Nōgyō Sekaisha, puis en Hakuyūsha.

 Shin Seinen (新青年, janvier 1920 - juillet 1950) change son éditeur de Ekoda Shobō à Bunyūkan, puis à Hakuyūsha.
 Shin Shumi (新趣味, janvier 1922 - novembre 1923)
 Shōjo Sekai (septembre 1906 - octobre 1931)
  (janvier 1895 - janvier 1933?)
 , publié à partir de janvier 1940 sous le nom de Kagaku to Kokubō Tankai
  (太陽, janvier 1895 - février 1928)
 , septembre 1931 - 1932)
  est transféré de Yakyūkaisha à Hakuyūsha, tandis que le titre du magazine est changé à quelques reprises.

Notes et références

Maison d'édition ayant son siège au Japon
Entreprise fondée en 1887

Hakubunkan


මානව ශිෂ්ටාචාරය සම්බන්ධ අධ්‍යනයයන්හි අතිශය වැදගත් තේමාවක් වු 'විවාහය' නම් සංස්ථාව මිනිසා පිළිබඳ වෘත්තාන්තයෙහි, එක් වැදගත් සන්ධිස්ථානයක් සනිටුහන් කරයි . විශේෂයෙන්,මානව සංහතිය උදෙසා අවශ්‍ය ප්‍රජාව බිහි කරන නෛතික පදනම හිමිවනුයේ ද,ස්ත්‍රියක් හා පුරුෂයෙක් විවාහ සංස්ථාවට ඇතුළු වීමෙනි. ඒ අනුව විවාහය,සභ්‍ය සමාජයේ නීත්‍යානුකූල ක්‍රියාකාරී සංස්ථාවක් වී ඇත. විවාහ ජීව්තය නම් ස්වාමියා හා භාර්යාව අ‍න්‍යෝන්‍ය ගෞරවය හා ප්‍රේමය පදනම් කර‍ගෙන ගත කරන්නා වු චර්යා මාර්ගයක් වෙයි. එකී චර්යා පද්ධතිය විශ්වාසය හෝ ආවේණික සම්ප්‍රදායන් මඟින් අනාදිමත් කාලයක සිට පැවතුණි. වර්ගයා‍ගේ ව්‍යාප්තිය පමණක් නොව ආදරය, ආරක්ෂාව, ශික්ෂණය ආදී චෛතසික ගුණ වගාවේ අර්ථ සිද්ධීන් රැසක් ඉටු කරන 'විවාහය' නම් සැබවින් ම සංකීර්ණ සංස්ථාවකි.

බොනිස්ලෝ මැලි‍නොවුස්කි වරක් පවසා ඇත්තේ; "විවාහය වු කලී දරුවන් බිහි කිරීම හා වැඩී ම පිළිබඳ ගිවිසුමක්" ලෙස යි. එලෙස විවාහය
සම්බන්ධයෙන් නිර්වචන පළ වෙද්දී, නූතන සමාජ ලෝකය දෙස බැලූ කළ එය ස්වජාතික ද නැතිනම් විජාතික ද යන්න පවා නීර්ණය කළ
නොහැකි තරමට සංකීර්ණත්වයට පත් ව තිබේ. නීති රීති ආදිය කාලානුරූපව වෙනසකට භාජනය වුවත් විචාර බුද්ධියකින් ක්‍රියා කිරීම වැදගත් සභ්‍යත්ව ලක්ෂණයකි. මේ අතර,සම්ප්‍රදායානුකූලව හෙළ කුළ සිරිතට අනුව යමින් පාවඩ ලා, ජයසක්හඬ මධ්‍යයේ, පතිකුලයට සපැමිණෙන සීංහල විවාහ මංග‍ලෝත්සව අද වුව මැනවින් දෘශ්‍යමාන වේ. එවැන්නකින් හෙළි වන්නේ අමුතුම ආකාරයේ හෙළ අනන්‍යතාවකි. එය සැබවින් ම 'සීංහල විවාහයක්' බවට දුටු දුටු දනන්ගේ නෙත් සිත් සපථ කරවන්නකි.

සිංහල විවාහ ක්‍රම

පුරාණ සිංහල සමාජයේ විවාහ ක්‍රම ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් දෙවැදෑරුම් වේ.
 දීග  විවාහ
 බින්න විවාහ

දීග  විවාහ

ස්ත්‍රියක් සරණ පාවා දීම හෙවත් ස්වාමි පුරුෂයාගේ නිවසට ඇය කැන්දා ගෙන යාම දීග විවාහය යි. 1938 අංක 39 දරණ උඩරට නීති ප්‍රකාශන අනුව දීග විවාහයකින් පියා සතු වස්තුව දුවට අහිමි වේ. එහෙත් පුරාණ නීතියට අනුව දීග ගිය දූවණියකට පියා සතු දේපළ(සිය අයිතිවාසිකම්) ලබා ගැනීමේ ක්‍රම පවතී. නමුදු, මෙය සදාචාරාත්මක ගැටළුවකි.

ක්‍රි.ව. 1660 දී, ලංකාවට ගොඩ බැස විසි වසරක් වාසය කළ රොබට් නොක්ස් සිංහලයන්ගේ සිරිත් විරිත් හා ගතිගුණ ආශ්‍රයෙන් ලියු ඓතිහාසික විස්තර‍යේ 16 වැනි සියවසේ, සිංහලයින්ගේ අවාහ-විවාහ සම්බන්ධව ලියූ කොටසක් පහත දැක්වෙන පරිදි 'එදා හෙළ දිව' කෘතියෙන් උපුටා ගන්නා ලදී.

"මනාලිය සිය ගෙදරට කැන්දා ගෙන ඒමෙන් පසු ස්‍වශක්ති ප්‍රමාණයෙන් මනාලයා සිය නිවසෙහි මංගල සාදයක් පිළියෙල කරන්නේය.දින කිහිපයකට පසු මනාලියගේ බන්ධූහු ආහාර අඩුක්කු කඳ බැඳ ගෙන නැතහොත් ගැල්වල පටවාගෙන මනාලිය බලන්නට මනාලයාගේ නිවසට පැමිණෙති. මෙදින ද සුළු උත්සවයක් වෙයි. එනම්, මනාලයා ස්ත්‍රිය ඇඳි වස්ත්‍රයෙන් කොණක් ගෙන, ස්ත්‍රිය අනෙක් කොණ ඇඳගෙන සිටියදී දෙදෙනාම තෙමී යන පරිද්දෙන් වතුර වත් කිරීමයි. මෙම අභිෂේකයෙන් පසු ඔවුහු ජීවිතාන්තය දක්වා, නැතහොත්
හැකිතාක් කල්, එක්ව වාසය කිරීමට තදින්ම බැඳුණාහු වෙති."

බින්න විවාහ

පුරුෂයා ස්වකීය නිවසින් වෙන් ව ගොස් භාර්යාවගේ නිවසෙහි පදිංචියට යාමෙන් සිදු කරන විවාහය යි. යුරෝපීයන් පැමිණීමට පෙර සිට ම බින්න විවාහ මෙරට සමස්ථ සමාජය පුරා ම ව්‍යාප්ත ව පැවති බවට සාක්ෂි හමු වේ. එසේ ම,බින්න විවාහයට පත් වන ස්වාමි පුරුෂයින් ගිනි හුලක්, තල් අත්තක්,සැරයටියක්, සුදානම් කරගෙන සිටිය යුතු යැයි ග්‍රාමීය ව්‍යවහාරයේ පවතී. මෙම උපහාසාත්මක වැකියෙන් හැඟෙනුයේ බිරිඳගේ නිවසින් ඔහුට කුමන හෝ වෙලාවක ගෙයින් පිටවී යන්නට සිදු වේද කියා නොකියා කීමට යි.

මීට අවශේෂ විවාහ ක්‍රමයක් පිළිබඳව ද පුරාණ ලක් සමාජයෙන් හෙළි වේ.

එකගෙයි කෑම
පුරාණ සිංහල විවාහ ක්‍රම අතර සහෝදරයන් කිහිප දෙනෙකු සිටින පවුලක එක් බිරිඳක් කැන්දා ගෙන ඒමේ විවාහ ක්‍රමයක් ද දක්නට ලැබු‍ණි. එහි අරමුණ වූයේ එකී පවුලේ දේපළ බෙදී යාම වැළැක්වීම යි.මෙම විවාහ ක්‍රමය අනුව පවුලක වැඩිමහළු පිරිමි දරුවා දෙපාර්ෂවයේම ඥාති සමූහයාගේ එකගත්වයෙන් චාරිත්‍රානුකූලව බිරිදක් කැදවාගෙන එයි එලෙස පවුලේ වැඩිමහළු පිරිමි සහෝදරයා විසින් ආවාහ කරගත් බිරිද තමාගේද බිරිද ලෙස සලකා ලිංගික ඇසුර පැවැත්වීමට ඔහුට බාල සහෝදරයන් හය දෙනකු දක්වා පිරිසකට අවසර මෙම විවාහ ක්‍රමයේදී ලැබේ ඒ අනුව එකම පවුලේ පිරිමි සහෝදරයන් හත් දෙනකුට එක පොදු බිරිදක් සිටීම මෙම විවාහ ක්‍රමයේ ලක්ෂණයකි කෙසේ වෙතත් පවුලේ පිරිමි සහොදරයන් හතකට වඩා සිටීනම් ඔහුට වෙනත් බිරිදක් කැදවාගෙන ඒමට අවසර හිමිවිය අටවන සාමාජිකයාට පසු තවත් පිරිමි සහොදරයන් සිටීනම් පෙර පරිදි තම වැඩිමහල් සොයුරා(අටවන සාමාජිකයා)ආවාහ කරගත් බිරිද තමාගේ බිරිද ලෙස සලකා අඹුසැමි ඇසුර පැවැත්වීමට අවසර තිබිණ

මෙම විවාහ ක්‍රමයට අයත් විශේෂ ආචාර ධර්ම පද්ධතියක්ද පැවතිණ සැම විටම එකගෙයි කෑම විවාහ ක්‍රමයේ දී පුරුෂයන් සත් දෙනාම එකම පවුලකට අයත් විය යුතුවීම ඇතැම් විට සත් දෙනාට වඩා අඩු සාමාජිකයන් සිටින පවුල් ද මෙම විවාහ ත්‍රමය අනුගමනය කළහ පවුලේ පිරිමි සහෝදරයන් සත් දෙනකුට වඩා වැඩිනම් අට වැන්නාට වෙනත් බිරිදක් ආවාහ කරදීම බාල සහෝදරයෙකු මෙම ක්‍රමය යටතේ විවාහ කරගත් බිරිදක් තමාගේ බිරිද ලෙස සැලකීමට නොහැකිවීම එක් සොයුරකු තම බිරිද සමග අඹුසැමි ඇසුර පවත්වන විට අමුඩ ලේන්සුව උළුවස්ලේ තබා වෙනත් සහෝදරයෙකු එතැනට නොපැමිනෙන ලෙස සංඥා කිරීම අදී ආචාර ධර්ම පද්ධතියක් පැවතිණ අතීතයේ මෙසේ එකගෙයි කෑමේ විවාහයට සම්බන්ධවන ස්ත්‍රීන් ඉතා වාසනාවන්ත ස්ත්‍රීන් ලෙස සැලකීය මෙම විවාහ ක්‍රමය වර්තමාන සමාජයේ නොපවතින විවාහ ක්‍රමයකි

පොරොන්දම් බැලීම

පුරාණ ගැමියන් විසින් පවසන පරිදි පෙර භවයේ පතාගෙන එන අන්දම 'පෙර උන්දම්' පොරොන්දම් වී ඇතැයි පැවසේ. මෙය විවාහයේ පැවැත්ම මුල් කරගෙන කායික, මානසික හා ජීව විද්‍යාත්මක වශයෙන් ගැළපීමේ පරීක්ෂණයකි.ප්‍රථමයෙන්, නැකැත් පොරොන්දම් බැලීමබොහෝ සීංහල විවාහයන්හි සිදු කෙරේ.මෙය ධනය, බලය, සමගිය හා සැපය ගැළපේ ද, යන්න පිළිබඳ කෙරෙන්නා වූ පරීක්ෂණයකි.දශ පොරොන්දම් ගැළපීමෙන් ආරම්භව විසි පොරොන්දම් ආදී වශයෙන් පොරොන්දම් බැලීම සිදුවේ.

මංගල උත්සවය

අවාහ-විවාහවලදී සිංහලයෝ ස්වකීය කුලය ගැන විශේෂයෙන් පරික්ෂාකාරී වූහ.තමන්ගේ කුලයේම කෙනෙකු මිස පහත් යැයි සම්මත කුලයකින් ඔවුහු අවාහ-විවාහයට සම්බන්ධ නොවූහ.මෙවැනි තත්ත්වයන් නූතන සිංහල සමාජයන්හි වුව අවශේෂව පවතින බැව් විද්‍යමාන වනූ නියතය.

නැකැත් පත්‍රය

මනාලයාගේ පාර්ශවය විසින් මංගල දිනයට ප්‍රථමව මනාලියගේ පාර්ශවය වෙත මංගල දින‍යේදී සිදු කරනු ලබන සියලු චාරිත්‍ර ඇතුළත් ලියවිල්ලක් රැගෙන යනු ලබයි.එය නැකැත් පත්‍රයයි.

මංගල්‍යාරාධනය

"නැකැත් දීමෙන් විවාහය ගිවිස ගත් පසු සතියකට දෙකකට පමණ කලින් දෙපාර්ශවයේ අය තම නෑයන්ගේ ගෙවල්වලට ගොස් මඟුල් කෑමට එන ලෙසට වැඩිහිටියෙකු ලවා ආරාධනය කෙරේ. පිත්තල හෙප්පුවක හෝ රිදී බන්දේසියක බුලත් තබා සුදු ලේන්සු‍වකින් වසා බුලත් දීම, බුලත් හුරුලු දීම, හසුන් පත් යැවීම ආදී වශයෙන් ආරාධනා කිරීම උඩරට හා පහතරට සිරිතය."
(ශ්‍රී ලංකා‍වේ විවාහ චාරිත්‍ර-සේනාරත්න,පී.ඇම්.)

මංගල පෝරුව

පුරාණ සිංහල සමාජයන්හි නූතනයේ මෙන් කුලියට මංගල පෝරු නොවීය.එය ද මංගල්‍යයට දින කිහිපයකට පෙර සුභ හෝරාවකින් සෑදීම ආරම්භ
කෙරේ.සුභ දිසාවට මුහුණලා සිටින සේ  එය නිර්මාණය කෙරේ.එසේම, පෝරුව මතට පාවාඩ එළීම හා එයට උඩින් වියන් බැඳීම ග්‍රාමයන්හි හේන මාමා
විසින් සිදු කෙරේ.නියම වූ සුභ මුහූර්තියෙන් මනාල යුවළ පෝරුවට නැංවීම සිදු කරනුයේ ඔවුනගේ මාමලා විසිනි.නියමිත දිසාව බලා පෝරුවට නංවන
මොහොතේ මඟුල් බෙර වැයීම සිදූවේ.

පෝරු‍වේ චාරිත්‍ර ලෙසින් මනාලයා පළමුව සිය මනාලියට තැලි පිළි පළඳවයි. මනාලිය විසින් ද මනාලයාහට මුදුවක් පළඳවයි.ඉන් අනතුරුව,පවුලේ
වැඩිහිටියෙකු විසින් දෙදෙනාගේ සුළැඟිලි පිරිත් නූලකින් බැඳ අත් පැන් වැඩීම සිදු කෙරේ.පසුව, මනාලිය විසින් තම මෑණියන්ට කිරිකඩ සේලයක්
පිරිනමා,බුලත් හුරුල්ලක් දී ඇගේ දෙපා නමදියි.මනාලියගේ මව එය පිළිගනූයේ හිස මත තබා ගනිමිනි.යුවතිපති දෙදෙනාගේ සුළැඟිලි බැඳ අත් පැන්
වඩන විට කන්‍යා ලඳුන් විසින් 'ජයමංගල ගාථා' කියනු ලබයි.එසේම, මේවායෙහි පළාතෙන් පළාතට වෙනස් වූ ලක්ෂණ පෙන්නුම් කරයි.පෝරුවෙන්
බසිනවාත් සමඟම පොල් ගෙඩියක් පිහියෙන් ගසා දෙපලූ කරයි.මෙය ගණ දෙවියන් උදෙසා කරන පූජාවක් ලෙස සැලකේ. එසේම,ඒ දෙස බලා
පැරැන්නෝ විවිධ අනාවැකි පළ කරති.

විවාහ මංගල උත්සවය

මනාල පාර්ශවයේ පිරිස මනාලිය 'කැන්දන් ඒමට' නැකතකට අනුව පිටත් වේ.බොහෝ විට, එකී සිරිත් විරිත් සියල්ල සිදුවුයේ ආගමානුකූල චාරිත්‍ර ඉටු කිරිමෙන් අනතුරුවය. සීංහල විවාහ සම්බන්ධව සැලකීමේදී, නීතියෙන් යුග දිවියට ප්‍රවිශ්ඨ වූ බවක් කිසිදු තැනක සඳහන් නොවන කරුණකි. සිදුහත් කුමරුන්ගේ සරණ මංගල්‍යයේ සිටම, අවාහ-විවාහ සිදුවුව ද 'කසාඳ බැඳීම' යනුවෙන් නීතිගත ලියවිලි,රෙජිස්ටාර් කිරිම් පිළිබඳ අසන්නට නොමැත.
එවැන්නක් ප්‍රථම වරට දෘශ්‍යමාන වනුයේ, විදේශිකයන් ලංකාව‍ට පැමිණීමෙන් අනතුරුවය.

අතීතයේ ජෝඩුව වෙනුවෙන් සුදු ගොන් හා ගෙජ්ජි බැඳි කරත්තයක් සරසන ලදී. සෙසු ඥාතීන් සඳහා වෙන වෙනම කරත්ත යොදා ගැණින.නමුදු අද වන විටඑකී තත්ත්වය කුලී මෝටර් රථ දක්වා වර්ධනය වී ඇත.මනාලිය කැන්දන් ඒමට මනාලයාගේ මව,පියා ඇතුළු හතරවරිගේ ප්‍රධාන නෑදෑයින් මෙ‍ම විවාහ මංගල උත්සවයට සහ-සම්බන්ධ වෙයි.

විවාහ මංගල්‍යය

මංගල භෝජනය

බිම පැදුරු මත වාඩි වී සාමූහිකව භුක්ති විඳි මංගල භෝජනය වත්මන වන විට, මේස පුටු සැරසිලි කරන ලද 'මඟුල් මඩුවක්' දක්වා වර්ධනය වී තිබේ.
එදා මංගල පෝරුවෙන් බසින යුවති පති දෙපළ පළමුව සිදු කළ කාර්ය වූයේ, මංගල භෝජනය ගැනීමයි. මනාලයා සහ මනාලිය මෙහිදී එක බඳුනේ ආහාර ගත්තෝය.

මංගල භෝජන සංග්‍රහය අවස්ථා 04 කින් යුක්ත විය.

1.ලාදර බත: මඟුල් ගෙදරට උදව් පදව් කළ නෑදෑයන් වෙනුවෙන් දෙනුයේ;ලාදර බතයි.

2.ආදර බත: මංගල භෝජනයයි.

3.කෑදර බත: මඟුල් ගෙදරට වෙහෙස මහන්සි වූ නෑදෑ හිතවතුන් වෙනුවෙන් දෙනුයේ; කෑදර බත‍යි.

4.යෝදර බත: පසුදා මනාලයා දෙන විශේෂ බතයි.

යුවතිපති දෙපළට ආශිර්වාද

මංගල භෝජන‍යෙන් පසුව, ඈත අතීතයේ කවිකාර මඩුවක් පැවැත්විණි. එය පසු කලෙක කතා පැවැත්වීම, මනාලියට මනාලයාට අවවාද දීම්, සංග්‍රහ උදෙසා ස්තූතිය ප්‍රකාශ කිරීම්, අඩුපාඩු සඳහා සමාව භජනය කිරීම් ආදියෙන් සමන්විත සභාවක් බවට පත්ව තිබේ.	මනාලිය, මනාලයාගේ මවට භාර දීම, මනාලියගේ මව, පියා ඇතුළු වැඩිහිටියන්ට වැඳ නමස්කාර කිරීම් එහිදී සිදුවේ.විශේෂයෙන්, මනාලිය කැන්දාගෙන යාමට ආසන්නව ඇය‍ට අවවාද දීම් අසන්නට, දකින්නට ලැබේ.

ශ්‍රී රාහුල හිමියන් විසින් රචිත කාව්‍ය ශේඛරයේ මංගල අවස්ථාවක පියකු දියණියකට දුන් අවවාද මෙසේ දැක්වේ.

"නොකියා සිය හිමිට ,
නැතිවද උතුරු සළු පට,
ගමන් ඉක්මන් නොකොට,
නොයන් නුඔ වසන ගෙන් පිටතට"

මංගල පෙරහැර

මනාලිය කැන්දාගෙන යන මෙම මංගල පෙරහැර ඉතා අලංකාරවත් වූවකි. අසවලා අසවල් තැනින් කැන්දාගෙන යන බැව් ඉන් සංකේතවත් කරයි. ප්‍රසිද්ධිය ගෙ‍නෙ‍න අංග මීට ඇතුළත්ය.

මනාලියගේ පාර්ශවයේ උත්සවය

සිය මනාලිය ස්වකීය නිවසට කැන්දාගෙන ඒමෙන් මනාලයාගේ පාර්ශවයේ උත්සවය ආරම්භ වේ. මෙය 'දෙවැනි ගමන් යාම' ලෙස සිංහල විවාහයන්හි දී හඳුන්වයි. එදා, අද මෙන් 'මධුසමය' සඳහා පිටත් ව යාමක් නොපැවතුනු අතර, මනාලියගේ නිවසින් මනාලයාගේ නිවස වෙත ගමන් ඇරඹීය.
එතෙක්, තමා හැදුනු, වැඩුනු පරිසරයෙන් වියුක්තව මනාලිය එතැන් සි‍ට නව දිවියක් අරඔයි.

එලෙසින්, සීංහල විවාහ මංගලෝත්සවයක නිමාව සනිටුහන් වුව ද, යහපත් සමාජයක ඉදිරි පැවැත්ම නීර්ණය කෙරෙන සොඳුරු ගමන් මඟක‍ට කවුළු පියන් පත් ඉන් විවර වනු ඇත.

ආශ්‍රිත ග්‍රන්ථ

කරුණරත්න,ඩේවිඩ්.(අනුවාදක),රොබට් නොක්ස්ගේ එදා හෙළ දිව,සීමාසහිත ඇම්.ඩී.ගුණසේන සහ සමාගම,කොළඹ,1962.
සේනාරත්න,පී.ඇම්.ශ්‍රී ලංකා‍වේ විවාහ චාරිත්‍ර,සීමාසහිත ඇම්.ඩී.ගුණසේන සහ සමාගම,කොළඹ,1999.

මේ ලිපිත් බලන්න
 මංගල චාරිත්‍ර
 උඩරට සාම්ප්‍රදායික මංගල ආභරණ
 ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ විවාහ නීතිය
 දික්කසාදය
 පවුල

විවාහය
සිංහල ජාතිය

සාම්ප්‍රදායික සිංහල විවාහ


En fremmed flytter ind er en dansk dokumentarfilm fra 2017, som er instrueret af Nicole N. Horanyi. Den bygger over podcasten I Et Forhold Med..., som er blevet produceret af Third Ear.

Handling
Amanda støder på Casper på Facebook. Han er arving til Augustinusfonden, fraskilt, har en datter han ikke må se – og et kompliceret forhold til sin ekstremt rige familie. Det er derfor Casper ender med at flytte ind til Amanda, som bor med sin lille datter i en lejlighed i Hvidovre. Der går 3 måneder, før Amanda en dag opdager, at intet, Casper fortæller om sig selv, er rigtigt. I virkeligheden hedder Casper noget helt andet, er bistandsklient og bor i kælderen under sine bedsteforældres hus i Præstbro i Nordjylland. Men hvordan kunne Amanda være så blind? Hvordan kunne hun lade sig forføre så grundigt? Da Amanda sætter sig for at finde ud af, hvem det er hun har finder hun samtidig ud af, at hun langt fra er den eneste, der er faldet for Caspers charme.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Dokumentarfilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 2017

En fremmed flytter ind


A Expedição Antártica Sueca de 1901-1903 foi uma expedição científica liderada por Otto Nordenskjöld e Carl Anton Larsen. Foi o primeiro esforço sueco para a Antártida na Era Heroica da Exploração Antártica.

Antecedentes
Otto Nordenskjöld, geólogo e geógrafo sueco, organizou e liderou uma expedição científica da Península Antártica. O comando geral da expedição foi colocado sob o norueguês Carl Anton Larsen, um experiente explorador antártico que serviu como capitão da Antártida e que já havia comandado uma missão de reconhecimento baleeiro em 1892-1893. Sete outros cientistas, incluindo o arqueólogo Johan Gunnar Andersson, o botânico Carl Skottsberg e o zoólogo Axel Ohlin, juntamente com 16 oficiais e soldados, juntaram-se a eles na viagem. Em 16 de outubro de 1901, o Antarctic deixou o porto de Gotemburgo.

Eventos
Apesar de seu fim e das grandes dificuldades enfrentadas, a expedição seria considerada um sucesso científico, com as partes explorando grande parte da costa leste de Graham Land, incluindo Cape Longing, ilha James Ross, o grupo de ilhas Joinville e o Arquipélago de Palmer. A expedição, que também recuperou valiosas amostras geológicas e de animais marinhos, rendeu a Nordenskjöld fama duradoura em casa, mas seu enorme custo o deixou muito endividado.

Duas ilhas antárticas importantes estão associadas à expedição: Ilha Snow Hill, onde Nordenskjöld e cinco de seus colegas passaram dois invernos - um deles planejado e o segundo forçado pelo naufrágio do Antarctic - e Paulet Island, onde a tripulação do Antarctic ficaram presos de fevereiro a novembro de 1903. A expedição foi resgatada pelo navio da marinha argentina Uruguay.

Ilha Snow Hill
A caminho da Ilha Snow Hill em 1901, Nordenskjöld passou por Buenos Aires, onde o governo argentino lhe deu suprimentos e outras assistências com a condição de incluir em sua festa de invernada um jovem oficial da marinha argentina, o tenente José María Sobral. O artista americano Frank Wilbert Stokes também se juntou à expedição e passou dois anos com Nordenskjöld em Ilha Snow Hill. Em 1903, o governo argentino organizou um esforço de resgate com a corveta , que trouxe de volta com sucesso todos os membros sobreviventes do partido Nordenskjöld.

Ilha Paulet
Depois que seu navio afundou, esmagado pelo gelo a cerca de 40 km de distância, os 20 homens da Antártida desembarcaram na Ilha Paulet em seu bote salva-vidas e construíram uma robusta cabana de pedra com paredes duplas cujos restos são claramente visíveis hoje. Além dos suprimentos limitados que trouxeram da Antártida, eles sobreviveram com os cerca de mil pinguins que mataram, bem como os ovos das aves.

Referências

Links externos

 Antarctic Swedish Antarctic Expedition 1901–1903
 Nordenskjöld's Antarctic Expedition
 Map of the area explored by the expedition
 2002 revisit the sites of the 1902 Expedition

Expedições antárticas

Expedição Antárctica Sueca


Os resultados do Carnaval de Porto Alegre em 2023, foram divulgados no dia 7 de março no Complexo Cultural do Porto Seco. A campeã foi a Estado Maior da Restinga apresentando o enredo: Bendita és Tu, Anastácia. Negra dos Olhos Azuis.

Série Ouro

Série Prata

2023
Porto Alegre
2023 no Rio Grande do Sul

Resultados do Carnaval de Porto Alegre em 2023


El Wadsworth Atheneum es un museo de artes decorativas, arte antiguo, arte moderno y arte contemporáneo. Se encuentra en Hartford, Connecticut en los Estados Unidos y es uno de los más antiguos de ese país al ser fundado en 1842. Fue diseñado por el arquitecto Alexander Jackson Davis.

El museo expone obras y paisajes de la Escuela del río Hudson, así como trabajos de Sebastiano del Piombo, Hendrick Goltzius, Caravaggio, Orazio Gentileschi, Bernardo Strozzi, José de Ribera, Francisco Zurbarán, Pierre Bonnard, Paul Cézanne, Salvador Dalí, Jacques-Louis David, Eugène Delacroix, Edouard Manet, Claude Monet, Pablo Picasso, Camille Pissarro, Pierre-Auguste Renoir, Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec, Vincent Van Gogh  y otros.

Obras destacables
 San Francisco de Asís en éxtasis, cuadro de Caravaggio.
 El matrimonio de la Virgen, obra atribuida a Veronese.
 [[San Serapio (Zurbarán)|San Serapio]]'', obra maestra de Francisco de Zurbarán.

Véase también
 Artes en Estados Unidos

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Museos de arte de Estados Unidos
Museos de Connecticut
Edificios y estructuras de Hartford
Museos inaugurados en 1844
Museos de Estados Unidos del siglo XIX
Arquitectura de Estados Unidos de 1844
Registro Nacional de Lugares Históricos de Connecticut
Arquitectura neogótica en Estados Unidos

Wadsworth Atheneum


An Aechmea farinosa in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Eduard August von Regel, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Lyman Bradford Smith. An Aechmea farinosa in nahilalakip ha genus nga Aechmea, ngan familia nga Bromeliaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Aechmea

Aechmea farinosa


En muselmand er en medicinsk betegnelse for et menneske, der på grund af sygdom eller sult er stærkt afmagret, et "omvandrende skelet". Betegnelsen har fået navn efter det persiske ord for muslimer, musliman, og ordet bruges også i en anden betydning som synonym for "muslim".. Analogien er ikke helt klar. Måske hentydes der til "østerlandske asketer", måske til afkræftede personers tendens til at hylle sig i tæpper eller hvad der nu er til at få fat i for at holde varmen. En tredje forklaring peger på den svajende gangart, der skulle minde om en person i bøn. Betegnelsen blev taget i brug under og efter 2. Verdenskrig om de voldsomt afmagrede koncentrationslejrfanger.

Kildeangivelser

Eksterne henvisninger
 Muselmænd hos Holocaust-uddannelse.dk
 Muselmand hos Sproget.dk

Koncentrationslejre i Det tredje rige
Mangelsygdomme
Holocaust
Islam

Muselmand


Health insurance or medical insurance (also known as medical aid in South Africa) is a type of insurance that covers the whole or a part of the risk of a person incurring medical expenses. As with other types of insurance, risk is shared among many individuals. By estimating the overall risk of health risk and health system expenses over the risk pool, an insurer can develop a routine finance structure, such as a monthly premium or payroll tax, to provide the money to pay for the health care benefits specified in the insurance agreement. The benefit is administered by a central organization, such as a government agency, private business, or not-for-profit entity.

According to the Health Insurance Association of America, health insurance is defined as "coverage that provides for the payments of benefits as a result of sickness or injury. It includes insurance for losses from accident, medical expense, disability, or accidental death and dismemberment".

Background

A health insurance policy is:
 A contract between an insurance provider (e.g. an insurance company or a government) and an individual or his/her sponsor (that is an employer or a community organization). The contract can be renewable (annually, monthly) or lifelong in the case of private insurance. It can also be mandatory for all citizens in the case of national plans. The type and amount of health care costs that will be covered by the health insurance provider are specified in writing, in a member contract or "Evidence of Coverage" booklet for private insurance, or in a national [health policy] for public insurance.
 (US specific) In the U.S., there are two types of health insurance – tax payer-funded and private-funded. A private-funded insurance plan example includes an employer-sponsored self-funded ERISA (Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974) plan. Typically, these companies promote themselves as having ties to major insurance providers. However, in the context of an ERISA plan, these insurance companies do not actively participate in insurance practices; instead, they handle administrative tasks. Consequently, ERISA plans are exempt from state regulations and fall under federal jurisdiction, overseen by the US Department of Labor (USDOL). Specific details about benefits or coverage can be found in the Summary Plan Description (SPD). Should there be a need for an appeal, the process typically involves initiating it through the insurance company and then reaching out to the Employer's Plan Fiduciary. If a resolution is still not achieved, the decision can be escalated to the USDOL for review to ensure compliance with ERISA regulations, and, if necessary, legal action can be taken by filing a lawsuit in federal court.

The individual insured person's obligations may take several forms:

 Premium: The amount the policy-holder or their sponsor (e.g. an employer) pays to the health plan to purchase health coverage. (US specific) According to the healthcare law, a premium is calculated using 5 specific factors regarding the insured person. These factors are age, location, tobacco use, individual vs. family enrollment, and which plan category the insured chooses. Under the Affordable Care Act, the government pays a tax credit to cover part of the premium for persons who purchase private insurance through the Insurance Marketplace.
 Deductible: The amount that the insured must pay out-of-pocket before the health insurer pays its share. For example, policy-holders might have to pay a $7500 deductible per year, before any of their health care is covered by the health insurer. It may take several doctor's visits or prescription refills before the insured person reaches the deductible and the insurance company starts to pay for care. Furthermore, most policies do not apply co-pays for doctor's visits or prescriptions against your deductible.
 Co-payment: The amount that the insured person must pay out of pocket before the health insurer pays for a particular visit or service. For example, an insured person might pay a $45 co-payment for a doctor's visit, or to obtain a prescription. A co-payment must be paid each time a particular service is obtained.
 Coinsurance: Instead of, or in addition to, paying a fixed amount up front (a co-payment), the co-insurance is a percentage of the total cost that an insured person may also pay. For example, the member might have to pay 20% of the cost of a surgery over and above a co-payment, while the insurance company pays the other 80%. If there is an upper limit on coinsurance, the policy-holder could end up owing very little, or a great deal, depending on the actual costs of the services they obtain.
 Exclusions: Not all services are covered. Billed items like use-and-throw, taxes, etc. are excluded from admissible claim. The insured are generally expected to pay the full cost of non-covered services out of their own pockets.
 Coverage limits: Some health insurance policies only pay for health care up to a certain dollar amount. The insured person may be expected to pay any charges in excess of the health plan's maximum payment for a specific service. In addition, some insurance company schemes have annual or lifetime coverage maxima. In these cases, the health plan will stop payment when they reach the benefit maximum, and the policy-holder must pay all remaining costs.
 Out-of-pocket maximum: Similar to coverage limits, except that in this case, the insured person's payment obligation ends when they reach the out-of-pocket maximum, and health insurance pays all further covered costs. Out-of-pocket maximum can be limited to a specific benefit category (such as prescription drugs) or can apply to all coverage provided during a specific benefit year.
 Capitation: An amount paid by an insurer to a health care provider, for which the provider agrees to treat all members of the insurer.
 In-Network Provider: (U.S. term) A health care provider on a list of providers preselected by the insurer. The insurer will offer discounted coinsurance or co-payments, or additional benefits, to a plan member to see an in-network provider. Generally, providers in network are providers who have a contract with the insurer to accept rates further discounted from the "usual and customary" charges the insurer pays to out-of-network providers.
 Out-of-Network Provider: A health care provider that has not contracted with the plan. If using an out-of-network provider, the patient may have to pay full cost of the benefits and services received from that provider. Even for emergency services, out-of-network providers may bill patients for some additional costs associated.
 Prior Authorization: A certification or authorization that an insurer provides prior to medical service occurring. Obtaining an authorization means that the insurer is obligated to pay for the service, assuming it matches what was authorized. Many smaller, routine services do not require authorization.
 Formulary: the list of drugs that an insurance plan agrees to cover.
 Explanation of Benefits: A document that may be sent by an insurer to a patient explaining what was covered for a medical service, and how payment amount and patient responsibility amount were determined. In the case of emergency room billing, patients are notified within 30 days post service. Patients are rarely notified of the cost of emergency room services in-person due to patient conditions and other logistics until receipt of this letter.

Prescription drug plans are a form of insurance offered through some health insurance plans. In the U.S., the patient usually pays a copayment and the prescription drug insurance part or all of the balance for drugs covered in the formulary of the plan. Such plans are routinely part of national health insurance programs. For example, in the province of Quebec, Canada, prescription drug insurance is universally required as part of the public health insurance plan, but may be purchased and administered either through private or group plans, or through the public plan.

Some, if not most, health care providers in the United States will agree to bill the insurance company if patients are willing to sign an agreement that they will be responsible for the amount that the insurance company does not pay. The insurance company pays out of network providers according to "reasonable and customary" charges, which may be less than the provider's usual fee. The provider may also have a separate contract with the insurer to accept what amounts to a discounted rate or capitation to the provider's standard charges. It generally costs the patient less to use an in-network provider.

Comparisons

The Commonwealth Fund, in its annual survey, "Mirror, Mirror on the Wall", compares the performance of the health care systems in Australia, New Zealand, the United Kingdom, Germany, Canada and the U.S. Its 2007 study found that, although the U.S. system is the most expensive, it consistently under-performs compared to the other countries. One difference between the U.S. and the other countries in the study is that the U.S. is the only country without universal health insurance coverage.

The Commonwealth Fund completed its thirteenth annual health policy survey in 2010. A study of the survey "found significant differences in access, cost burdens, and problems with health insurance that are associated with insurance design". Of the countries surveyed, the results indicated that people in the United States had more out-of-pocket expenses, more disputes with insurance companies than other countries, and more insurance payments denied; paperwork was also higher although Germany had similarly high levels of paperwork.

Australia

The Australian public health system is called Medicare, which provides free universal access to hospital treatment and subsidised out-of-hospital medical treatment. It is funded by a 2% tax levy on all taxpayers, an extra 1% levy on high income earners, as well as general revenue.

The private health system is funded by a number of private health insurance organizations. The largest of these is Medibank Private Limited, which was, until 2014, a government-owned entity, when it was privatized and listed on the Australian Stock Exchange.

Australian health funds can be either 'for profit' including Bupa and nib; 'mutual' including Australian Unity; or 'non-profit' including GMHBA, HCF and the HBF Health Insurance. Some, such as Police Health,  have membership restricted to particular groups, but the majority have open membership. Membership to most health funds is now also available through comparison websites. These comparison sites operate on a commission-basis by agreement with their participating health funds. The Private Health Insurance Ombudsman also operates a free website that allows consumers to search for and compare private health insurers' products, which includes information on price and level of cover.

Most aspects of private health insurance in Australia are regulated by the Private Health Insurance Act 2007. Complaints and reporting of the private health industry is carried out by an independent government agency, the Private Health Insurance Ombudsman. The ombudsman publishes an annual report that outlines the number and nature of complaints per health fund compared to their market share

The private health system in Australia operates on a "community rating" basis, whereby premiums do not vary solely because of a person's previous medical history, the current state of health, or (generally speaking) their age (but see Lifetime Health Cover below). Balancing this are waiting periods, in particular for pre-existing conditions (usually referred to within the industry as PEA, which stands for "pre-existing ailment"). Funds are entitled to impose a waiting period of up to 12 months on benefits for any medical condition the signs and symptoms of which existed during the six months ending on the day the person first took out insurance. They are also entitled to impose a 12-month waiting period for benefits for treatment relating to an obstetric condition, and a 2-month waiting period for all other benefits when a person first takes out private insurance. Funds have the discretion to reduce or remove such waiting periods in individual cases. They are also free not to impose them, to begin with, but this would place such a fund at risk of "adverse selection", attracting a disproportionate number of members from other funds, or from the pool of intending members who might otherwise have joined other funds. It would also attract people with existing medical conditions, who might not otherwise have taken out insurance at all because of the denial of benefits for 12 months due to the PEA Rule. The benefits paid out for these conditions would create pressure on premiums for all the fund's members, causing some to drop their membership, which would lead to further rises in premiums, and a vicious cycle of higher premiums-leaving members would ensue.

The Australian government has introduced a number of incentives to encourage adults to take out private hospital insurance. These include:
 Lifetime Health Cover: If a person has not taken out private hospital cover by 1 July after their 31st birthday, then when (and if) they do so after this time, their premiums must include a loading of 2% per annum for each year they were without hospital cover. Thus, a person taking out private cover for the first time at age 40 will pay a 20 percent loading. The loading is removed after 10 years of continuous hospital cover. The loading applies only to premiums for hospital cover, not to ancillary (extras) cover.
 Medicare Levy Surcharge: People whose taxable income is greater than a specified amount (in the 2011/12 financial year $80,000 for singles and $168,000 for couples) and who do not have an adequate level of private hospital cover must pay a 1% surcharge on top of the standard 1.5% Medicare Levy. The rationale is that if the people in this income group are forced to pay more money one way or another, most would choose to purchase hospital insurance with it, with the possibility of a benefit if they need private hospital treatment – rather than pay it in the form of extra tax as well as having to meet their own private hospital costs.
 The Australian government announced in May 2008 that it proposes to increase the thresholds, to $100,000 for singles and $150,000 for families. These changes require legislative approval. A bill to change the law has been introduced but was not passed by the Senate. An amended version was passed on 16 October 2008. There have been criticisms that the changes will cause many people to drop their private health insurance, causing a further burden on the public hospital system, and a rise in premiums for those who stay with the private system. Other commentators believe the effect will be minimal.
 Private Health Insurance Rebate: The government subsidises the premiums for all private health insurance cover, including hospital and ancillary (extras), by 10%, 20% or 30%, depending on age. The Rudd Government announced in May 2009 that as of July 2010, the Rebate would become means-tested, and offered on a sliding scale. While this move (which would have required legislation) was defeated in the Senate at the time, in early 2011 the Gillard Government announced plans to reintroduce the legislation  after the Opposition loses the balance of power in the Senate. The ALP and Greens have long been against the rebate, referring to it as "middle-class welfare".

Canada

As per the Constitution of Canada, health care is mainly a provincial government responsibility in Canada (the main exceptions being federal government responsibility for services provided to aboriginal peoples covered by treaties, the Royal Canadian Mounted Police, the armed forces, and Members of Parliament). Consequently, each province administers its own health insurance program. The federal government influences health insurance by virtue of its fiscal powers – it transfers cash and tax points to the provinces to help cover the costs of the universal health insurance programs. Under the Canada Health Act, the federal government mandates and enforces the requirement that all people have free access to what are termed "medically necessary services," defined primarily as care delivered by physicians or in hospitals, and the nursing component of long-term residential care. If provinces allow doctors or institutions to charge patients for medically necessary services, the federal government reduces its payments to the provinces by the amount of the prohibited charges. Collectively, the public provincial health insurance systems in Canada are frequently referred to as Medicare. This public insurance is tax-funded out of general government revenues, although British Columbia and Ontario levy a mandatory premium with flat rates for individuals and families to generate additional revenues – in essence, a surtax. Private health insurance is allowed, but in six provincial governments only for services that the public health plans do not cover (for example, semi-private or private rooms in hospitals and prescription drug plans). Four provinces allow insurance for services also mandated by the Canada Health Act, but in practice, there is no market for it. All Canadians are free to use private insurance for elective medical services such as laser vision correction surgery, cosmetic surgery, and other non-basic medical procedures. Some 65% of Canadians have some form of supplementary private health insurance; many of them receive it through their employers. Private-sector services not paid for by the government account for nearly 30 percent of total health care spending.

In 2005, the Supreme Court of Canada ruled, in Chaoulli v. Quebec, that the province's prohibition on private insurance for health care already insured by the provincial plan violated the Quebec Charter of Rights and Freedoms, and in particular, the sections dealing with the right to life and security, if there were unacceptably long wait times for treatment, as was alleged in this case. The ruling has not changed the overall pattern of health insurance across Canada, but has spurred on attempts to tackle the core issues of supply and demand and the impact of wait times.

China

Cyprus
In 2020 in Cyprus introduced the General Healthcare System (GHS, also known as GESY) which is an independent insurance fund through which clinics, private doctors, pharmacists, laboratories, microbiological laboratories, and physiotherapists will be paid so that they can offer medical care to permanent residents of Cyprus who will be paying contributions to this fund.

In addition to GESY, more than 12 local and international insurance companies (e.g. Bupa, Aetna, Cigna, Metlife) provide individual and group medical insurance plans. The plans are divided into two main categories plans providing coverage from inpatient expenses (i.e. hospitalization, operations) and plans covering inpatient and outpatient expenses (such as doctor visits, medications, physio-therapies).

France

The national system of health insurance was instituted in 1945, just after the end of the Second World War. It was a compromise between Gaullist and Communist representatives in the French parliament. The Conservative Gaullists were opposed to a state-run healthcare system, while the Communists were supportive of a complete nationalisation of health care along a British Beveridge model.

The resulting programme is profession-based: all people working are required to pay a portion of their income to a not-for-profit health insurance fund, which mutualises the risk of illness, and which reimburses medical expenses at varying rates. Children and spouses of insured people are eligible for benefits, as well. Each fund is free to manage its own budget, and used to reimburse medical expenses at the rate it saw fit, however following a number of reforms in recent years, the majority of funds provide the same level of reimbursement and benefits.

The government has two responsibilities in this system.
 The first government responsibility is the fixing of the rate at which medical expenses should be negotiated, and it does so in two ways: The Ministry of Health directly negotiates prices of medicine with the manufacturers, based on the average price of sale observed in neighboring countries. A board of doctors and experts decides if the medicine provides a valuable enough medical benefit to be reimbursed (most medicine is reimbursed, including homeopathy). In parallel, the government fixes the reimbursement rate for medical services: this means that a doctor is free to charge the fee that he wishes for a consultation or an examination, but the social security system will only reimburse it at a pre-set rate. These tariffs are set annually through negotiation with doctors' representative organisations.
 The second government responsibility is oversight of the health-insurance funds, to ensure that they are correctly managing the sums they receive, and to ensure oversight of the public hospital network.

Today, this system is more or less intact. All citizens and legal foreign residents of France are covered by one of these mandatory programs, which continue to be funded by worker participation. However, since 1945, a number of major changes have been introduced. Firstly, the different health care funds (there are five: General, Independent, Agricultural, Student, Public Servants) now all reimburse at the same rate. Secondly, since 2000, the government now provides health care to those who are not covered by a mandatory regime (those who have never worked and who are not students, meaning the very rich or the very poor). This regime, unlike the worker-financed ones, is financed via general taxation and reimburses at a higher rate than the profession-based system for those who cannot afford to make up the difference. Finally, to counter the rise in health care costs, the government has installed two plans, (in 2004 and 2006), which require insured people to declare a referring doctor in order to be fully reimbursed for specialist visits, and which installed a mandatory co-pay of €1 for a doctor visit, €0.50 for each box of medicine prescribed, and a fee of €16–18 per day for hospital stays and for expensive procedures.

An important element of the French insurance system is solidarity: the more ill a person becomes, the less the person pays. This means that for people with serious or chronic illnesses, the insurance system reimburses them 100% of expenses, and waives their co-pay charges.

Finally, for fees that the mandatory system does not cover, there is a large range of private complementary insurance plans available. The market for these programs is very competitive, and often subsidised by the employer, which means that premiums are usually modest. 85% of French people benefit from complementary private health insurance.

Germany

Germany has the world's oldest national social health insurance system, with origins dating back to Otto von Bismarck's Sickness Insurance Law of 1883.

Beginning with 10% of blue-collar workers in 1885, mandatory insurance has expanded; in 2009, insurance was made mandatory on all citizens, with private health insurance for the self-employed or above an income threshold. As of 2016, 85% of the population is covered by the compulsory Statutory Health Insurance (SHI) (Gesetzliche Krankenversicherung or GKV), with the remainder covered by private insurance (Private Krankenversicherung or PKV). Germany's health care system was 77% government-funded and 23% privately funded as of 2004. While public health insurance contributions are based on the individual's income, private health insurance contributions are based on the individual's age and health condition.

Reimbursement is on a fee-for-service basis, but the number of physicians allowed to accept Statutory Health Insurance in a given locale is regulated by the government and professional societies.

Co-payments were introduced in the 1980s in an attempt to prevent over utilization. The average length of hospital stay in Germany has decreased in recent years from 14 days to 9 days, still considerably longer than average stays in the United States (5 to 6 days). Part of the difference is that the chief consideration for hospital reimbursement is the number of hospital days as opposed to procedures or diagnosis. Drug costs have increased substantially, rising nearly 60% from 1991 through 2005. Despite attempts to contain costs, overall health care expenditures rose to 10.7% of GDP in 2005, comparable to other western European nations, but substantially less than that spent in the U.S. (nearly 16% of GDP).

Germans are offered three kinds of social security insurance dealing with the physical status of a person and which are co-financed by employer and employee: health insurance, accident insurance, and long-term care insurance. Long-term care insurance (Gesetzliche Pflegeversicherung) emerged in 1994 and is mandatory. Accident insurance (gesetzliche Unfallversicherung) is covered by the employer and basically covers all risks for commuting to work and at the workplace.

Greece
The National Health System in Greece covers both out and in-patient treatment.
The out-patient treatment is carried out by social administrative structures as following:
 EOPPY (National Organization for the Provision of Health Services): contracted private healthcare providers
 PEDY (National Primary Healthcare Network) units: public healthcare
 State hospitals, rural and regional medical units, health centers of the ESY (National Health System)
 Private health professionals: Medical professionals and services not contracted with EOPYY.
The in-patient treatment is carried out by:
 State hospitals of the National Health System (ESY).
 Private Clinics contracted with the National Health Carrier (EOPYY)
 Private hospitals and clinics that are not contracted with the National Health Carrier.
In Greece anyone can cover the hospitalization expenses using a private insurance policy, that can be bought by any of the local or multinational insurance companies that operate in the region (e.g. Metlife, Interamerican, Aetna, IMG).

India

In India, provision of health care services varies state-wise. Public health services are prominent in most of the states, but due to inadequate resources and management, major population opts for private health services.

To improve the awareness and better health care facilities, Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority of India and The General Corporation of India runs health care campaigns for the whole population. IN 2018, for under privileged citizens, Prime Minister Narendra Modi announced the launch of a new public health insurance fund called Ayushman Bharat Yojana and the government claims that the new system will try to reach more than 500 million people.

In India, Health insurance is offered mainly in two Types:
 Indemnity Plan basically covers the hospitalisation expenses and has subtypes like Individual Insurance, Family Floater Insurance, Senior Citizen Insurance, Maternity Insurance, Group Medical Insurance.
 Fixed Benefit Plan pays a fixed amount for pre-decided diseases like critical illness, cancer, heart disease, etc. It has also its sub types like Preventive Insurance, Critical illness and Personal Accident.

Depending on the type of insurance and the company providing health insurance, coverage includes pre-and post-hospitalisation charges, ambulance charges, day care charges, Health Checkups, etc.

It is pivotal to know about the exclusions which are not covered under insurance schemes:
 Treatment related to dental disease or surgeries
 All kind of STD's and AIDS
 Non-Allopathic Treatment

Few of the companies do provide insurance against such diseases or conditions, but that depends on the type and the insured amount.

Some important aspects to be considered before choosing the health insurance in India are Claim Settlement ratio, Insurance limits and Caps, Coverage and network hospitals.

Japan

There are three major types of insurance programs available in Japan: Employee Health Insurance (健康保険 Kenkō-Hoken), National Health Insurance (国民健康保険 Kokumin-Kenkō-Hoken), and the Late-stage Elderly Medical System (後期高齢医療制度 Kouki-Kourei-Iryouseido). Although private health insurance is available, all Japanese citizens, permanent residents, and non-Japanese with a visa lasting one year or longer are required to be enrolled in either National Health Insurance or Employee Health Insurance. National Health Insurance is designed for those who are not eligible for any employment-based health insurance program. The Late-stage Elderly Medical System is designed for people who are age 75 and older.

National Health Insurance is organised on a household basis. Once a household has applied, the entire family is covered. Applicants receive a health insurance card, which must be used when receiving treatment at a hospital. There is a required monthly premium, but co-payments are standardized so payers are only expected to cover ten to thirty percent of the cost, depending on age. If out-of-pocket costs exceed pre-determined limits, payers may apply for a rebate from the National Health Insurance program.

Employee Health Insurance covers diseases, injuries, and death regardless of whether an incident occurred at a workplace. Employee Health Insurance covers a maximum of 180 days of medical care per year for work-related diseases or injuries and 180 days per year for other diseases or injuries. Employers and employees must contribute evenly to be covered by Employee Health Insurance.

The Late-stage Elderly Medical System began in 1983 following the Health Care for the Aged Law of 1982. It allowed many health insurance systems to offer financial assistance to elderly people. There is a medical coverage fee. To be eligible, those insured must be either: older than 70, or older than 65 with a recognized disability. The Late-stage Elderly Medical System includes preventive and standard medical care.

Issues of the healthcare system
Due to Japan's aging population, the Late-stage Elderly Medical System represents one third of the country's total healthcare cost. When retiring employees shift from Employee Health Insurance to the Late-stage Elderly Medical System, the national cost of health insurance is expected to increase since individual healthcare costs tend to increase with age.

Netherlands

In 2006, a new system of health insurance came into force in the Netherlands. This new system avoids the two pitfalls of adverse selection and moral hazard associated with traditional forms of health insurance by using a combination of regulation and insurance equalization pool. Moral hazard is avoided by mandating that insurance companies provide at least one policy that meets a government set minimum standard level of coverage, and all adult residents are obliged by law to purchase this coverage from an insurance company of their choice. All insurance companies receive funds from the equalization pool to help cover the cost of this government-mandated coverage. This pool is run by a regulator which collects salary-based contributions from employers, which make up about 50% of all health care funding, and funding from the government to cover people who cannot afford health care, which makes up an additional 5%.

The remaining 45% of health care funding comes from insurance premiums paid by the public, for which companies compete on price, though the variation between the various competing insurers is only about 5%. However, insurance companies are free to sell additional policies to provide coverage beyond the national minimum. These policies do not receive funding from the equalization pool but cover additional treatments, such as dental procedures and physiotherapy, which are not paid for by the mandatory policy.

Funding from the equalization pool is distributed to insurance companies for each person they insure under the required policy. However, high-risk individuals get more from the pool, and low-income persons and children under 18 have their insurance paid for entirely. Because of this, insurance companies no longer find insuring high-risk individuals an unappealing proposition, avoiding the potential problem of adverse selection.

Insurance companies are not allowed to have co-payments, caps, or deductibles, or deny coverage to any person applying for a policy, or charge anything other than their nationally set and published standard premiums. Therefore, every person buying insurance will pay the same price as everyone else buying the same policy, and every person will get at least the minimum level of coverage. This applies to all people permanently living and working in the Netherlands. International students that move to the Netherlands for study purposes have to take out compulsory Dutch health insurance if they also decide to work (zero-hour contracts included) or do a paid internship during their stay. In that case, they'll need to take out the compulsory basic package of Dutch health insurance. Additional insurance is optional, depending on the student's personal needs.

New Zealand

Since 1974, New Zealand has had a system of universal no-fault health insurance for personal injuries through the Accident Compensation Corporation (ACC). The ACC scheme covers most of the costs of related to treatment of injuries acquired in New Zealand (including overseas visitors) regardless of how the injury occurred, and also covers lost income (at 80 percent of the employee's pre-injury income) and costs related to long-term rehabilitation, such as home and vehicle modifications for those seriously injured. Funding from the scheme comes from a combination of levies on employers' payroll (for work injuries), levies on an employee's taxable income (for non-work injuries to salary earners), levies on vehicle licensing fees and petrol (for motor vehicle accidents), and funds from the general taxation pool (for non-work injuries to children, senior citizens, unemployed people, overseas visitors, etc.)

Rwanda

Rwanda is one of a handful of low income countries that has implemented community-based health insurance schemes in order to reduce the financial barriers that prevent poor people from seeking and receiving needed health services. This scheme has helped reach 90% of the country's population with health care coverage.

Singapore

Singaporeans have one of the longest life expectancy at birth in the world. During this long life, encountering uncertain situations requiring hospitalization are inevitable. Health insurance or medical insurance cover high healthcare costs during hospitalization.

Health insurance for Singapore Citizens and Permanent Residents

MediShield Life, is a universal health insurance covering all Singapore Citizens and Permanent Residents. MediShield Life covers hospitalization costs for a stay in ward B2 or C in a Public hospital. For the hospitalization in a Private hospital, or in ward A or B1 in Public hospital, MediShield Life coverage is pegged to B2 or C ward prices and insured is required to pay the remaining bill amount. This remaining bill amount can be paid using MediSave but limits are applied on the MediSave usage. MediShield Life does not cover overseas medical expenses and the treatment of serious pre-existing illnesses for which one has been receiving treatment during the 12 months before the start of the MediShield Life coverage. MediShield Life also does not cover treatment of congenital anomalies (medical conditions that are present at birth), cosmetic surgery, pregnancy-related charges and mental illness.

As the MediShield Life benefits are capped for B2 or C ward hospitalization in public hospitals, Integrated Shield plans provide coverage for the hospitalization in private hospitals, or ward A or B1 in public hospitals. Integrated Shield insurance plans cover large hospitalization bills for Private hospitals or, ward A or B1. However, insured is still required to pay a portion of the bill amount. This is in accordance with Singapore's healthcare philosophy which promotes personal responsibility with getting individuals to share the cost of healthcare. With this philosophy, deductible, co-insurance and peroration are applied on most of the Health Insurance plans in Singapore. Such health insurance plans provide an option to purchase a health insurance rider to cover these charges.

Health insurance for Foreigners in Singapore

Unlike Singapore Citizens and Permanent Residents, Foreigners are not automatically covered by the MediShield Life. Foreigners can purchase the health insurance plans from several life insurers in Singapore.

Switzerland

Healthcare in Switzerland is universal and is regulated by the Swiss Federal Law on Health Insurance. Health insurance is compulsory for all persons residing in Switzerland (within three months of taking up residence or being born in the country). It is therefore the same throughout the country and avoids double standards in healthcare. Insurers are required to offer this basic insurance to everyone, regardless of age or medical condition. They are not allowed to make a profit off this basic insurance, but can on supplemental plans.

The universal compulsory coverage provides for treatment in case of illness or accident and pregnancy. Health insurance covers the costs of medical treatment, medication and hospitalization of the insured. However, the insured person pays part of the costs up to a maximum, which can vary based on the individually chosen plan, premiums are then adjusted accordingly. The whole healthcare system is geared towards to the general goals of enhancing general public health and reducing costs while encouraging individual responsibility.

The Swiss healthcare system is a combination of public, subsidized private and totally private systems. Insurance premiums vary from insurance company to company, the excess level individually chosen (franchise), the place of residence of the insured person and the degree of supplementary benefit coverage chosen (complementary medicine, routine dental care, semi-private or private ward hospitalization, etc.).

The insured person has full freedom of choice among the approximately 60 recognized healthcare providers competent to treat their condition (in their region) on the understanding that the costs are covered by the insurance up to the level of the official tariff. There is freedom of choice when selecting an insurance company to which one pays a premium, usually on a monthly basis. The insured person pays the insurance premium for the basic plan up to 8% of their personal income. If a premium is higher than this, the government gives the insured person a cash subsidy to pay for any additional premium.

The compulsory insurance can be supplemented by private "complementary" insurance policies that allow for coverage of some of the treatment categories not covered by the basic insurance or to improve the standard of room and service in case of hospitalization. This can include complementary medicine, routine dental treatment and private ward hospitalization, which are not covered by the compulsory insurance.

As far as the compulsory health insurance is concerned, the insurance companies cannot set any conditions relating to age, sex or state of health for coverage. Although the level of premium can vary from one company to another, they must be identical within the same company for all insured persons of the same age group and region, regardless of sex or state of health. This does not apply to complementary insurance, where premiums are risk-based.

Switzerland has an infant mortality rate of about 3.6 out of 1,000. The general life expectancy in 2012 was for men 80.5 years compared to 84.7 years for women. These are the world's best figures.

United Kingdom

The UK's National Health Service (NHS) is a publicly funded healthcare system that provides coverage to everyone normally resident in the UK. It is not strictly an insurance system because (a) there are no premiums collected, (b) costs are not charged at the patient level and (c) costs are not pre-paid from a pool. However, it does achieve the main aim of insurance which is to spread financial risk arising from ill-health. The costs of running the NHS (est. £104 billion in 2007–8) are met directly from general taxation. The NHS provides the majority of health care in the UK, including primary care, in-patient care, long-term health care, ophthalmology, and dentistry.

Private health care has continued parallel to the NHS, paid for largely by private insurance, but it is used by less than 8% of the population, and generally as a top-up to NHS services.
There are many treatments that the private sector does not provide. For example, health insurance on pregnancy is generally not covered or covered with restricting clauses. Typical exclusions for Bupa schemes (and many other insurers) include:

aging, menopause and puberty; AIDS/HIV; allergies or allergic disorders; birth control, conception, sexual problems and sex changes; chronic conditions; complications from excluded or restricted conditions/ treatment; convalescence, rehabilitation and general nursing care ; cosmetic, reconstructive or weight loss treatment; deafness; dental/oral treatment (such as fillings, gum disease, jaw shrinkage, etc.); dialysis; drugs and dressings for out-patient or take-home use† ; experimental drugs and treatment; eyesight; HRT and bone densitometry; learning difficulties, behavioural and developmental problems; overseas treatment and repatriation; physical aids and devices; pre-existing or special conditions; pregnancy and childbirth; screening and preventive treatment; sleep problems and disorders; speech disorders; temporary relief of symptoms.
(† = except in exceptional circumstances)
There are a number of other companies in the United Kingdom which include, among others, Chubb Limited, AXA, Aviva, Bupa, Groupama Healthcare, WPA and VitalityHealth. Similar exclusions apply, depending on the policy which is purchased.

In 2009, the main representative body of British Medical physicians, the British Medical Association, adopted a policy statement expressing concerns about developments in the health insurance market in the UK. In its Annual Representative Meeting which had been agreed earlier by the Consultants Policy Group (i.e. Senior physicians)
stating that the BMA was "extremely concerned that the policies of some private healthcare insurance companies are preventing or restricting patients exercising choice about (i) the consultants who treat them; (ii) the hospital at which they are treated; (iii) making top up payments to cover any gap between the funding provided by their insurance company and the cost of their chosen private treatment." It went in to "call on the BMA to publicise these concerns so that patients are fully informed when making choices about private healthcare insurance." The practice of insurance companies deciding which consultant a patient may see as opposed to GPs or patients is referred to as Open Referral. The NHS offers patients a choice of hospitals and consultants and does not charge for its services.

The private sector has been used to increase NHS capacity despite a large proportion of the British public opposing such involvement. According to the World Health Organization, government funding covered 86% of overall health care expenditures in the UK as of 2004, with private expenditures covering the remaining 14%.

Nearly one in three patients receiving NHS hospital treatment is privately insured and could have the cost paid for by their insurer. Some private schemes provide cash payments to patients who opt for NHS treatment, to deter use of private facilities. A report, by private health analysts Laing and Buisson, in November 2012, estimated that more than 250,000 operations were performed on patients with private medical insurance each year at a cost of £359 million. In addition, £609 million was spent on emergency medical or surgical treatment. Private medical insurance does not normally cover emergency treatment but subsequent recovery could be paid for if the patient were moved into a private patient unit.

United States

Short Term Health Insurance

On the 1st of August, 2018 the DHHS issued a final rule which made federal changes to Short-Term, Limited-Duration Health Insurance (STLDI) which lengthened the maximum contract term to 364 days and renewal for up to 36 months. This new rule, in combination with the expiration of the penalty for the Individual Mandate of the Affordable Care Act, has been the subject of independent analysis.

The United States health care system relies heavily on private health insurance, which is the primary source of coverage for most Americans. As of 2018, 68.9% of American adults had private health insurance, according to The Center for Disease Control and Prevention. The Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) found that in 2011, private insurance was billed for 12.2 million U.S. inpatient hospital stays and incurred approximately $112.5 billion in aggregate inpatient hospital costs (29% of the total national aggregate costs). Public programs provide the primary source of coverage for most senior citizens and for low-income children and families who meet certain eligibility requirements. The primary public programs are Medicare, a federal social insurance program for seniors and certain disabled individuals; and Medicaid, funded jointly by the federal government and states but administered at the state level, which covers certain very low income children and their families. Together, Medicare and Medicaid accounted for approximately 63 percent of the national inpatient hospital costs in 2011. SCHIP is a federal-state partnership that serves certain children and families who do not qualify for Medicaid but who cannot afford private coverage. Other public programs include military health benefits provided through TRICARE and the Veterans Health Administration and benefits provided through the Indian Health Service. Some states have additional programs for low-income individuals.

In the late 1990s and early 2000s, health advocacy companies began to appear to help patients deal with the complexities of the healthcare system. The complexity of the healthcare system has resulted in a variety of problems for the American public. A study found that 62 percent of persons declaring bankruptcy in 2007 had unpaid medical expenses of $1000 or more, and in 92% of these cases the medical debts exceeded $5000. Nearly 80 percent who filed for bankruptcy had health insurance. The Medicare and Medicaid programs were estimated to soon account for 50 percent of all national health spending. These factors and many others fueled interest in an overhaul of the health care system in the United States. In 2010 President Obama signed into law the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act. This Act includes an 'individual mandate' that every American must have medical insurance (or pay a fine). Health policy experts such as David Cutler and Jonathan Gruber, as well as the American medical insurance lobby group America's Health Insurance Plans, argued this provision was required in order to provide "guaranteed issue" and a "community rating," which address unpopular features of America's health insurance system such as premium weightings, exclusions for pre-existing conditions, and the pre-screening of insurance applicants. During 26–28 March, the Supreme Court heard arguments regarding the validity of the Act. The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act was determined to be constitutional on 28 June 2012. The Supreme Court determined that Congress had the authority to apply the individual mandate within its taxing powers.

History and evolution

In the late 19th century, "accident insurance" began to be available, which operated much like modern disability insurance. This payment model continued until the start of the 20th century in some jurisdictions (like California), where all laws regulating health insurance actually referred to disability insurance.

Accident insurance was first offered in the United States by the Franklin Health Assurance Company of Massachusetts. This firm, founded in 1850, offered insurance against injuries arising from railroad and steamboat accidents. Sixty organizations were offering accident insurance in the U.S. by 1866, but the industry consolidated rapidly soon thereafter. While there were earlier experiments, the origins of sickness coverage in the U.S. effectively date from 1890. The first employer-sponsored group disability policy was issued in 1911.

Before the development of medical expense insurance, patients were expected to pay health care costs out of their own pockets, under what is known as the fee-for-service business model. During the middle-to-late 20th century, traditional disability insurance evolved into modern health insurance programs. One major obstacle to this development was that early forms of comprehensive health insurance were enjoined by courts for violating the traditional ban on corporate practice of the professions by for-profit corporations. State legislatures had to intervene and expressly legalize health insurance as an exception to that traditional rule. Today, most comprehensive private health insurance programs cover the cost of routine, preventive, and emergency health care procedures. They also cover or partially cover the cost of certain prescription and over-the-counter drugs. Insurance companies determine what drugs are covered based on price, availability, and therapeutic equivalents. The list of drugs that an insurance program agrees to cover is called a formulary. Additionally, some prescriptions drugs may require a prior authorization before an insurance program agrees to cover its cost.

Hospital and medical expense policies were introduced during the first half of the 20th century. During the 1920s, individual hospitals began offering services to individuals on a pre-paid basis, eventually leading to the development of Blue Cross organizations. The predecessors of today's Health Maintenance Organizations (HMOs) originated beginning in 1929, through the 1930s and on during World War II.

The Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 (ERISA) regulated the operation of a health benefit plan if an employer chooses to establish one, which is not required. The Consolidated Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1985 (COBRA) gives an ex-employee the right to continue coverage under an employer-sponsored group health benefit plan.

Through the 1990s, managed care insurance schemes including health maintenance organizations (HMO), preferred provider organizations, or point of service plans grew from about 25% US employees with employer-sponsored coverage to the vast majority. With managed care, insurers use various techniques to address costs and improve quality, including negotiation of prices ("in-network" providers), utilization management, and requirements for quality assurance such as being accredited by accreditation schemes such as the Joint Commission and the American Accreditation Healthcare Commission.

Employers and employees may have some choice in the details of plans, including health savings accounts, deductible, and coinsurance. As of 2015, a trend has emerged for employers to offer high-deductible plans, called consumer-driven healthcare plans which place more costs on employees, while employees benefit by paying lower monthly premiums. Additionally, having a high-deductible plan allows employees to open a health savings account, which allows them to contribute pre-tax savings towards future medical needs. Some employers will offer multiple plans to their employees.

Russia

The private health insurance market, known in Russian as "voluntary health insurance" () to distinguish it from state-sponsored Mandatory Medical Insurance, has experienced sustained levels of growth. It was introduced in October 1992.

Taiwan

See also

 ANSI 834 Enrollment Implementation Format
 Economic capital
 Health administration
 Health Advocate (a US-based patient advocacy company)
 Health system – cross-national comparisons
 Health care reform
 Healthcare in Costa Rica
 Health Insurance Innovations
 Health crisis
 Health economics
 Health insurance marketplace
 Health insurance mandate
 Hospital accreditation
 International healthcare accreditation
 Nyman's model
 Philosophy of healthcare
 Prescription analytics
 ProtectSeniors.Org (a US lobbying group)
 Public health
 Quality-adjusted life year
 Self-funded health care
 Single-payer healthcare
 Social security
 Welfare
 The Hospital Uninsured Patient Discount Act (Illinois)
 Universal Declaration of Human Rights

References

External links

Insurance
Types of insurance
Health care reform
Universal health care
Health policy
Health education
Public health

Health insurance


Stine den plettede so er en børnefilm instrueret af Adam Schmedes efter manuskript af Dorthe Rosenørn Schmedes og Peter I. Lauridsen.

Handling
Stine er en økologisk gris, der har sit eget hus på marken. En sommerdag føder hun 12 små pattegrise. De har en sjov leg med at løbe hurtigt rundt efter hinanden. De er også nysgerrige, og en af hendes pattegrise stikker af og farer vild. Sidst på sommeren skal Stine op på gården og parre sig med ornen igen. De små grise kommer i stald og bliver fedet op. Stine er gravid igen og flytter tilbage på marken, der nu er dækket af sne.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Danske film fra 2008

Børnefilm fra Danmark

Stine den plettede so


François-Xavier Laire, né le  à Vadans et mort le  à Auxerre, est un bibliothécaire et bibliographe français.

Biographie
Laire a manifesté, dès l'enfance, des dispositions pour les études qui ont déterminé un de ses oncles, curé d'une paroisse voisine, à se charger de son éducation qu'il a complétées au collège de Dôle. Inclinant à la retraite et à la méditation, il est entré dans l'ordre des Minimes, où il avait trouvé ses premiers encouragements et ses premières affections. Dans les diverses bibliothèques de Dôle, il s'est passionné pour la bibliographie.

À la fin de ses études, il a été envoyé chez les Minimes d'Arbois pour professer la philosophie dans leur collège, lorsque l'occasion qui lui a été offerte, en 1774, d'un voyage à Rome. Établi au couvent de la Trinité du Mont, il a fouillé avec ardeur les riches bibliothèques romaines et y a signalé des trésors ignorés. La multiplication de ses relations l'a fait bien accueillir dans les principales bibliothèques italiennes, notamment à Venise, à Florence, à Bologne, à Milan. Il est ainsi parvenu à former un catalogue de  du , restés inconnus à Maittaire et à Debure. Rapidement devenu une autorité à laquelle il fallait recourir dans toutes les entreprises bibliographiques et à laquelle ses nombreux correspondants n'ont jamais recouru en vain.

Au moment de quitter l'Italie, Laire a publié son premier ouvrage : Specimen historicum typographiæ romanæ, XV seculi, opere et studio P. Francisci-Xaver. Laire, sequano-burgundi, in familiâ Minimorum S. T. lectoris, et serenissimi principis de Salm Salm bibliothecarii, Romæ, MDCCLXXVIII, 1 vol. in-8°. Cet ouvrage mit le sceau à sa réputation. Il est divisé en deux parties. La première est une notice historique sur l'imprimerie en général et en particulier sur son introduction et ses progrès en Italie. La seconde partie est le catalogue chronologique et raisonné de 430 éditions sorties des presses de Rome, depuis 1465 jusqu'à la fin du . S'étant attaché, pendant son séjour en Italie, au prince Louis Charles Othon de Salm-Salm, en qualité de bibliothécaire, il a appris, à peine de retour en France que le prince venait d'y mourir, après trois jours de maladie, le laissant ainsi sans emploi et rendu purement et simplement à son point de départ.

La mort du prince de Salm Salm l'ayant obligé à rentrer dans une maison de son ordre, il a choisi celle de Besançon, dans le but sans doute de continuer plus fructueusement ses recherches bibliographiques. Un jour, son supérieur lui a appris que l'abbé Mercier, ancien bibliothécaire de Sainte-Geneviève, ayant été chargé par l'Académie des sciences de faire des recherches sur les livres édités au  et sur l'époque de l'établissement de l'imprimerie dans les différentes villes de France, avait commencé par le faire rechercher. Gobet a également sollicité sa participation, en 1780, en faveur d'une publication qu'il se proposait de faire sous le titre de Bibliothèque curieuse des livres imprimés sur vélin, et ses observations ont contribué, à la même époque, à perfectionner l'emploi du vélin dans les imprimeries de Paris. Cette difficulté était assez importante.

En 1782, l'Académie de Besançon l'a admis au nombre de ses membres. Il avait été nommé précédemment membre de l'Académie des Arcadiens à Rome, et de la société Colombaire de Florence. En 1787, devenu bibliothécaire du cardinal Loménie de Brienne, et ce dernier presque en même temps au ministère des Finances, ce dernier a été en mesure de seconder les vues de son bibliothécaire et de favoriser le projet qu'il avait conçu d'aller en Italie acheter les livres rares du , dont il connaissait bien les traces et la valeur. Aussi a-t-il pu partir pour Rome, dès le mois de février 1788, chargé par le roi d'une mission scientifique près des cours d'Italie et travailler de fait à enrichir la bibliothèque de son mécène. À Rome, Laire a obtenu, à la faveur de sa position, un peu de liberté anticipée, avec sa sécularisation. Après avoir acquis en Italie toutes les richesses bibliographiques qu'il avait pu se procurer, il fait de même en Franche-Comté, avant de rejoindre le cardinal à Sens.

L'avènement de la révolution la trouvé occupé à rédiger le catalogue des livres du , qui distinguaient la bibliothèque sont il avait la responsabilité, mais la révolution allait plus vite que ses recherches : les ordres religieux avaient été abolis, et la constitution civile du clergé promulguée. Le cardinal-archevêque de Sens y avait adhéré des premiers, échangeant, cette fois, ses hautes dignités ecclésiastiques contre le titre d'évêque électif du département de l'Yonne, sans que son protégé n'ait eu le temps d'achever son catalogue. Dans le but de vendre la riche collection qui lui avait coûté tant de peine, de soins et d'intelligence, il a fait imprimer et répandre le catalogue édité sous le titre d'Index librorum ab inventâ typographiâ ad annum 1,500, chronologice dispositus, Sens, 1791, 2 vol. in-8°.

Ayant adopté, comme son mécène, les principes de la constitution civile du clergé, il a échangé son poste de bibliothécaire du cardinal-archevêque de Sens contre celui de bibliothécaire de l'École centrale du département de l'Yonne avec un traitement de 800 fr. En six mois de travail, celui-ci a dressé le catalogue des livres da district au moyen de  cartes analytiques et, dès le , il a été en capacité, en rendant compte de la situation de son travail, de proposer la formation d'une bibliothèque centrale au chef-lieu de chaque département et recommander la conservation des chartes, diplômes, bulles, etc., importants pour l'histoire de France. Peu après, le Conseil Général du département, présidé par Lepeletier de Saint-Fargeau, appréciant les vues élevées de ce projet, l'a invité à préparer un plan général d'organisation des bibliothèques des départements, pour être présenté à l'Assemblée nationale. En même temps, il a été chargé de la rédaction du catalogue de tous les livres appartenant au département de l'Yonne.

Il en a résulté un plan d'organisation des bibliothèques publiques intitulé Nouveau Système bibliographique mis à la portée d'un chacun. Il jouissait à Auxerre d'une modeste aisance, sa vie y était douce et occupée, lorsqu'il a été atteint d'une maladie qui l'a enlevé en peu de temps. Il n'avait fait aucune disposition testamentaire.

Publications
  Ad abbatem Ugolini Fulginatem epistola autoris libri cui titulus : "Specimen typographiae romanae". [Signé : P. Laire, Vesuntione, calend. august. 1779.] Strasbourg, Mentellii, (s. d.), in-8° , 14 p.
  Specimen historicum typographiae romanae XV. saeculi, opera et studio P. Francisci Xaver. Laire, Rome, V. Monaldini, 1778, -308 p., in-8°, frontisp. gravé, pl.
 Dissertation sur l'origine et les progrès de l'Imprimerie en Franche-Comté, pendant le quinzième siècle, Joseph-François-Xavier Joly, 1785, -51-[1] p. ; in-8°.
  Serie dell'edizioni aldine per ordine cronologico ed alfabetico, [Dal P. F. X. Laire.], Pise, L. Rafaelli, 1790, in-12, 288 p.
  Index librorum ab inventa typographia ad annum 1500, chronologice dispositis cum notis historiam typographico-litterariam illustrantibus. Hunc disposuit Franc.-Xav. Laire,... - Catalogue des livres de la bibliothèque de M*** [le cardinal Loménie de Brienne] faisant suite à l'"Index librorum ab inventa typographia ad annum 1500, auct. Fr.-Xav. Laire", par Guillaume de Bure l'aîné, dont la vente se fera le... 12 mars 1792... en l'une des salles de l'hôtel de Bullion, rue J.-J. Rousseau... Tome III apud viduam et filium P.-H. Tarbé
  Ad abbatem Ugolini Fulginatem Epistola autoris libri cui titulus : "Specimen typographiae Romanae". [In fine : Dabam Vesuntione, calend. august. 1779. P. Laire,...]

Notes et références

Notes

Références

Bibliographie
 Aristide Déy, F. X. Laire, bibliothécaire et professeur de l'École centrale de l'Yonne, Auxerre, 1887, in-8°.
 Francis Molard, Histoire de la Bibliothèque d'Auxerre, introduction au tome II du Catalogue de cet établissement, Auxerre, 1890, gr. in-8°, .
  Graziano Ruffini, La Chasse aux livres : bibliografia e collezionismo nel viaggio in Italia di Étienne-Charles de Loménie de Brienne e François-Xavier Laire (1789-1790), Florence, Firenze University Press, 2012, 160 p. : ill. ; 24 cm.
 Charles Schmidt, Un cours de bibliographie [du P. Laire] à la fin du , Besançon, P. Jacquin, 1900, in-8° , 23 p.
 Michel Vernus, Une vie dans l'univers du livre : François-Xavier Laire (1738-1801), Lons-le-Saunier, les Bibliophiles comtois, 2001, 479 p., 30 cm.

Liens externes

Minime
Bibliothécaire français
Bibliographe français
Écrivain français de langue latine
Membre de l'Académie des sciences, belles-lettres et arts de Besançon et de Franche-Comté
Naissance en septembre 1738
Naissance dans la province de Franche-Comté
Décès en mars 1801
Décès à Auxerre
Décès à 62 ans

François-Xavier Laire


Aframomum, biljni rod iz porodice đumbirovki. Pedesetak vrsta korisnih trajnica raste po tropskoj Africi, Madagaskaru, Sejšelima i Mauricijusu.

Od vrste A. melegueta dobivaju se zrna melegueta papra oštrog, ljutog i paprenog okusa. Ova zrnca poznata su i kao gvinejski papar, melegueta papar i krokodilski papar.

Vrste

 Aframomum albiflorum Lock
 Aframomum alboviolaceum (Ridl.) K.Schum.
 Aframomum alpinum (Gagnep.) K.Schum.
 Aframomum angustifolium (Sonn.) K.Schum.
 Aframomum arundinaceum (Oliv. & D.Hanb.) K.Schum.
 Aframomum atewae Lock & J.B.Hall
 Aframomum aulacocarpos Pellegr. ex Koechlin
 Aframomum cereum (Hook.f.) K.Schum.
 Aframomum chrysanthum Lock
 Aframomum citratum (J.Pereira) K.Schum.
 Aframomum colosseum K.Schum.
 Aframomum cordifolium Lock & J.B.Hall
 Aframomum corrorima (A.Braun) P.C.M.Jansen
 Aframomum daniellii (Hook.f.) K.Schum.
 Aframomum dhetchuvii D.J.Harris & Wortley
 Aframomum elegans Lock
 Aframomum elliottii (Baker) K.Schum.
 Aframomum exscapum (Sims) Hepper
 Aframomum fragrans D.J.Harris & Wortley
 Aframomum giganteum (Oliv. & D.Hanb.) K.Schum.
 Aframomum glaucophyllum (K.Schum.) K.Schum.
 Aframomum hirsutum D.J.Harris & Wortley
 Aframomum kamerunicum D.J.Harris & Wortley
 Aframomum kayserianum (K.Schum.) K.Schum.
 Aframomum kodmin D.J.Harris & Wortley
 Aframomum laxiflorum Loes. ex Lock
 Aframomum leptolepis (K.Schum.) K.Schum.
 Aframomum letestuanum Gagnep.
 Aframomum limbatum (Oliv. & D.Hanb.) K.Schum.
 Aframomum longiligulatum Koechlin
 Aframomum longipetiolatum Koechlin
 Aframomum longiscapum (Hook.f.) K.Schum.
 Aframomum lutarium D.J.Harris & Wortley
 Aframomum luteoalbum (K.Schum.) K.Schum.
 Aframomum makandensis Dhetchuvi
 Aframomum mala (K.Schum.) K.Schum.
 Aframomum mannii (Oliv. & D.Hanb.) K.Schum.
 Aframomum melegueta K.Schum.
 Aframomum mildbraedii Loes.
 Aframomum ngamikkense Eb.Fisch., Kirunda, Ewango, M.E.Leal & Plumptre
 Aframomum orientale Lock
 Aframomum parvulum D.J.Harris & Wortley
 Aframomum pilosum (Oliv. & D.Hanb.) K.Schum.
 Aframomum plicatum D.J.Harris & Wortley
 Aframomum polyanthum (K.Schum.) K.Schum.
 Aframomum pseudostipulare Loes. & Mildbr. ex Koechlin
 Aframomum rostratum K.Schum.
 Aframomum rotundum D.J.Harris & Wortley
 Aframomum scalare D.J.Harris & Wortley
 Aframomum sericeum Dhetchuvi & D.J.Harris
 Aframomum singulariflorum Dhetchuvi
 Aframomum spiroligulatum Lock & A.D.Poulsen
 Aframomum stanfieldii Hepper
 Aframomum strobilaceum (Sm.) Hepper
 Aframomum submontanum D.J.Harris & Wortley
 Aframomum subsericeum (Oliv. & D.Hanb.) K.Schum.
 Aframomum sulcatum (Oliv. & D.Hanb. ex Baker) K.Schum.
 Aframomum tchoutoui D.J.Harris & Wortley
 Aframomum thonneri De Wild.
 Aframomum uniflorum Lock & A.D.Poulsen
 Aframomum verrucosum Lock
 Aframomum wuerthii Dhetchuvi & Eb.Fisch.
 Aframomum zambesiacum (Baker) K.Schum.

Sinonimi
 Alexis Salisb.
 Marogna Salisb.

Izvori

Đumbirovke

Aframomum