The National Capital Commission (NCC; , CCN) is the Crown corporation responsible for development, urban planning, and conservation in Canada's Capital Region (Ottawa, Ontario and Gatineau, Quebec), including administering most lands and buildings owned by the Government of Canada in the region.

The NCC is the capital's largest property owner, owning and managing over 11% of all lands in the Capital Region. It also owns over 1,600 properties in its real estate portfolio, including the capital's six official residences; commercial, residential and heritage buildings; and agricultural facilities.

The NCC reports to the Parliament of Canada through whichever minister in the Cabinet of Canada is designated responsible for the National Capital Act, currently the Minister of Public Services and Procurement.

History

Ottawa Improvement Commission (1899–1927)
Through the 19th century, the character of what is known today as the National Capital Region was blemished and transformed by industrialization. According to then-Prime Minister Wilfrid Laurier, what became the City of Ottawa was "not a handsome city" by the 1880s. Laurier, together with Lady Aberdeen, the wife of the governor general, advanced the idea of planning for a better capital.</ref>

In 1899, the Ottawa Improvement Commission (OIC) was established with the core mandate of improving and beautifying the city. What began as the OIC evolved as an organization in terms of both mandate and scope over 120 years.

The OIC initially consisted of 4 (later 6) volunteer commissioners: three federal appointees, as well as the mayor of Ottawa. The OIC was supported by notable Capital builders, such as Government of Canada botanist William Saunders and Robert Surtees, former city engineer and designer of Major's Hill Park. The Commission acquired land as early as 1901, and its first priority was to clean up the banks of the Rideau Canal, create and expand a park system, as well as a network of boulevards and parkways. One of the OIC's first projects was the Rideau Canal Driveway (now the Queen Elizabeth Driveway).

Four years following its establishment, the OIC hired Frederick G. Todd, a pioneer in landscape architecture, to aid in reshaping the city. Todd completed his plan, dubbed as the Todd Report, in 1903. Two of his major recommendations were the construction of a ceremonial boulevard linking Rideau Hall and the Parliament Buildings, and the preservation of large natural parks adjacent to the Capital. This plan was the first to recommend improvements north of the Ottawa River.

The Todd, Holt, and Cauchon Reports
Following the Todd Report was a master plan for Canada's Capital, tabled by Herbert S. Holt's Federal Plan Commission (or, the Holt Commission). The Federal Plan Commission was established in 1913 by Order-In-Council of Prime Minister Robert Borden's government with the purpose of "draw[ing] up and perfect[ing]" a comprehensive scheme for the future of the rapidly growing Federal Capital, called the "General Plan." The Commission was joined by a renowned architect and urban planner from Chicago, Edward H. Bennett, who prepared the General Plan.

The "Report of the Federal Plan Commission on a General Plan for the Cities of Ottawa and Hull," better known as the "Holt Report" or the "Bennett Plan," was released in January 1915 and was one of Canada's first comprehensive plans. The report recommended that the work of the OIC be broadened, expanding on the 1903 Todd Commission's beautification proposals for urban parkways and a linked city park system. This included formally establishing Gatineau Park.

Most notably, the Report recommended a major political reform: the creation of a federal district and federal authority to exercise control over planning and development. The General Plan recommended extinguishing the Ottawa and Hull municipal governments. In their place, a Federal District Commission, similar to the governance model of Washington, D.C., was recommended. This Commission, reporting to the Government of Canada, would benevolently dictate the planning, development and operation of Canada's Capital. Ultimately, the Holt/Bennett General Plan was shelved; however, many of its technical recommendations were implemented over 40 years after it was written.

In 1922, Noulan Cauchon, one of the founders of the Town Planning Institute of Canada, published a report (known as the "Cauchon Report") containing a new planning strategy for the Capital. The report included numerous studies on the Capital done by Cauchon over a period of around 16 years. It also proposed the reorganization of railway tracks, the building of highways, the development of parks and parkways, and the relocation of industrial activities.

Federal District Commission (1927–58)

In 1927, the OIC was reorganized as the Federal District Commission (FDC). As its jurisdiction grew to include parts of Quebec, the FDC expanded the region's open spaces, extended parkways, improved Dow's Lake, and developed Confederation Square in conjunction with the City of Ottawa. In 1934, a citizens' group urged the government to purchase land in the Gatineau Hills to save its forests. In 1937, three years later, the FDC began to acquire land for Gatineau Park and, by 1939, a total of 6,500 hectares had been acquired.

In 1936, Prime Minister William Lyon Mackenzie King invited French town planner Jacques Gréber to act as an advisor for planning in the Capital. A couple of years later, in 1938, Gréber was commissioned to develop a vision and plan for the National Capital Region, now famously known as the Gréber Plan.

Due to the Second World War, however, Gréber's plan was put on hold. At the conclusion of the War in 1945, an area of  was declared the "National Capital District," and the Federal District Commission Act was amended to expand the responsibilities of the FDC, giving it a truly national scope.

Gréber was eventually invited back to develop his plan for the Capital, which was finally published in 1950.

National Capital Commission (1959–present)
In 1958, Parliament passed the National Capital Act, which established the National Capital Region as well as a new National Capital Commission (NCC) to succeed the FDC as responsible for bringing Gréber's plan into reality. The replacement of the FDC came as result of it having repeatedly failed to convince municipal governments to cooperate in planning efforts regarding the National Capital Region.

The National Capital Region was expanded to a total of  of land on both sides of the Ottawa River; for one thing, the NCC acquired the funds to purchase lands to create the Greenbelt. The National Capital Act gave, and continues to give, the NCC statutory authority to implement its plans, an authority confirmed by the Supreme Court of Canada's ruling in Munro v National Capital Commission.

After the 2006 elections, the Government of Canada asked for a formal review of the mandate of the NCC. A panel conducting the review, in its report, suggested that the NCC needed more money and should become more transparent.

In 2018, the federal Canada announced CA$55 million in funding to support critical repair and maintenance of NCC's major infrastructure assets. In 2020, the NCC secured $52.4 million in funding towards some of its most significant assets.

Organization

The NCC is the responsibility of the Minister of Public Works and Procurement, currently Filomena Tassi. In the 28th Canadian Ministry under Stephen Harper, the NCC reported to Parliament through the Minister of Foreign Affairs, and then through senior Ottawa-area cabinet ministers, the last of whom was Pierre Poilievre.

It is governed by the National Capital Act, which explains the boundaries of the National Capital Region in great detail. Its headquarters are in the Chambers Building on Elgin Street, between Queen and Sparks Streets.

Board of directors
Oversight and direction of the NCC's operations and assets are the responsibility of its national board of directors.

As defined in the National Capital Act, the board consists of a chairperson, a chief executive officer (CEO), and 13 other members with relevant professional backgrounds from the Capital Region and across Canada. Since April 2016, the mayors of Ottawa and Gatineau have also ex officio held seats on the board, on a non-voting basis.

The NCC holds an annual public meeting in which members of the public are able to express their ideas and ask questions directly to the board. The scope of these annual meetings includes direct public input in a workshop to "discuss the NCC's strategic priorities for the coming year."

, current board members include:

 Tobi Nussbaum — Chief Executive Officer
 Marc Seaman — Chairperson
 Maxime Pedneaud-Jobin — non-voting ex-officio participant (Mayor of Gatineau)
 Jim Watson — non-voting ex-officio participant (Mayor of Ottawa)
 Lisa M. MacDonald
 Tanya Gracie
 Mireille Apollon
 Larry Beasley
 Lise Bernier
 Victor Brunette
 Michael Foderick
 Caroline Lajoie
 Deborah Lynn Morrison
 Norm Odjick
 Sara Jane O'Neill
 Lou Ragagnin
 Denis B. Vaillancourt

Chairpersons and CEOs
The CEO is accountable to the board of directors for the management of the NCC's operations and "the implementation of the board's strategic directions for the coming year."

Committees
The following are the committees and committee members of the NCC .

The 5-person Executive Committee is called upon when necessary to deal with specific business or issues. It can be delegated certain powers and functions by the board of directors. This Committee includes: Marc Seaman (chairperson), Mireille Apollon, Larry Beasley, Norm Odjick, and Tobi Nussbaum.

The 8-person Audit Committee oversees the NCC's internal audit function, and reviews the special examinations and annual financial audits of the federal Office of the Auditor General. It also oversees the reporting of financial information, ensuring that the necessary processes and controls are in place for the NCC to achieve its objectives. This committee consists of 6 board members, plus the NCC chairperson and the CEO (as ex officio members).

The Governance Committee reviews (and makes recommendations to the board on) matters relating to amendments to the by-laws; the selection criteria for, duties of and benefits for the chairperson, CEO and other board and committee members; the mandate, functioning, competency profile and performance appraisals of the board and its committees; the terms of reference and the selection process for the ombudsman; and general governance issues. A minimum of 5 board members, plus the NCC chairperson and the CEO (as ex officio members) sit on the Governance Committee.

The Advisory Committee on Planning, Design and Realty advises on the long-range plans and policies for the use of public lands and properties in the Capital Region; design proposals affecting federal lands; and matters of real property. The committee consists of experts in real estate development; environmental, urban, and regional planning; urban design; architecture; and landscape architecture. The committee has 11 members, in addition to two board members who act as observers and two ex officio members (NCC chairperson and CEO). Aside from the NCC chairperson and CEO, this committee includes: Anne McIlroy (chairperson), Vincent Asselin, Scott Burns, Clément Demers, Cecelia Paine, Julian Smith, Pamela Sweet, Collinda Joseph (observer), Caroline Lajoie (observer), and Denis B. Vaillancourt (observer).

The Advisory Committee on the Official Residences of Canada advises on asset management and matters that pertain to the 6 official residences in the Capital Region. The committee also provides advice to Public Services and Procurement Canada, who is responsible for the Citadel, i.e., the Governor General's official residence in Québec City. The committee consists of experts in interior design, architecture, heritage, and real estate development. It has 7 members, plus 1 board observer and 2 ex officio members (the NCC chairperson and the CEO). Aside from the ex officio and observer members, committee members include: Marta Farevaag (chairperson), Bernard Serge Gagné (vice chairperson), Ken Greenberg, Hagit Hadaya, and Chris Piché.

The Canadiana Fund solicits donations of heritage art, furniture, and funds to augment the staterooms of the official residences. Pieces that are chosen are meant to "reflect Canada's heritage, artistic traditions and historical associations," or they "complement the architectural style of a particular residence." The Canadiana Fund consists of Cynthia Price Verreault (chairperson), Anne Fotheringham, Kathy Hays, Douglas B. Richardson, Deborah Riley, Harvey A. Slack, Candace Stevenson, Clyde Wells, and Fei Wong.

The Advisory Committee on Universal Accessibility is mandated to assist the NCC by considering those projects that involve a significant universal accessibility component. It has 7 members—4 from outside the NCC and 3 NCC employees—all of whom are those who have expertise and experience in matters related to the subject. These members are Anne Ménard (chairperson), Collinda Joseph (vice-chairperson), Yoland Charette, Catherine Gardner, Rita Tadi, Daryl Rock, and Monique Beaudoin.

Responsibilities and projects

The role of the NCC is to champion the interests of Ottawa, Gatineau, and surrounding region as the nation's capital, typically with regard to issues of national interest, such as the location of monument and museum sites, and major streetscapes such as Confederation Boulevard.

The objects and purposes of the NCC are "to prepare plans for and assist in the development, conservation and improvement of the National Capital Region in order that the nature and character of the seat of the Government of Canada may be in accordance with its national significance."

The NCC is the Capital's largest property owner, owning and managing over 11% of all lands in the Capital Region. It also owns over 1,600 properties in its real estate portfolio, including the Capital's six official residences; commercial, residential and heritage buildings; and agricultural facilities.

The NCC manages:
 Gatineau Park
 the Greenbelt
 the Rideau Canal Skateway
 urban lands and parks (e.g., Major's Hill Park, Jacques-Cartier Park, Commissioners Park)
pathways (i.e., Capital Pathway)
 scenic parkways (e.g., Kichi Zibi Mikan, Sir George-Étienne Cartier Parkway)
 real property and heritage buildings
 agricultural and research facilities
 commemorative monuments (e.g., National Holocaust Monument, Royal Canadian Navy Monument)

The NCC is also the steward of the Capital's six official residences: Rideau Hall, 24 Sussex Drive, Harrington Lake, Stornoway, The Farm and 7 Rideau Gate. Over 70 NCC-managed buildings that are older than 40 years have been designated as "classified" or "recognized" federal heritage buildings by the Federal Heritage Buildings Review Office (FHBRO).

The continuing preservation, evolution and management of Confederation Boulevard, the ceremonial route linking key attractions in National Capital Region, on both sides of the Ottawa River, in Ottawa as well as Gatineau, Quebec, are the responsibility of the NCC and its partners.

These roles are in contrast with the mandates of the various municipal governments, which serve the benefit of their immediate resident, under provincial legislation, on issues like road maintenance, sewer, water and public transport.

Partnerships
The NCC has built relationships with people and organizations throughout the Capital Region and across Canada, including local municipalities and Indigenous communities. To foster partnerships in the planning and stewardship of the Capital, the NCC created the Urbanism Lab, where lectures, events, and public consultations take place on a regular basis.

The NCC is the Capital's largest property owner, owning and managing over 11% of all lands in the Capital Region. As such, the NCC collaborates with the region's municipalities on various issues, including urban planning, safe and active transportation, and property and land stewardship. The Capital Region includes 13 municipalities, the largest of which are Ottawa and Gatineau.

The Algonquin First Nation are among the region's indigenous communities with whom the NCC works with in particular. Major Algonquin communities include: Pikwàkanagàn First Nation, located on the shores of the Bonnechere River and Golden Lake; and Kitigan Zibi Anishinabe First Nation, located just outside the municipality of Maniwaki.

The NCC also collaborates with other Government of Canada departments and agencies, as well as with national and international organizations and associations.

Other key collaborations and partnerships include:

 Canada's Capital Cities Organization (CCCO) — includes representatives from the national, provincial, and territorial capitals of Canada, with the aim to foster dialogue among participants from various parts of the country.
 Capitals Alliance — a global forum for planners and urban designers in capital cities around the world.
 Ottawa Tourism — a private, nonprofit, membership-based organization that promotes tourism in Ottawa and the region.
 Outaouais Tourism — a private, nonprofit organization that encourages tourism in Gatineau, the Outaouais, and the region.
 Nokia — the title sponsor of the NCC's Sunday Bikedays program since at least 2016.

Criticisms
The Government of Canada is the largest employer and largest landowner in these two areas, and the NCC thus has a great deal of influence over the cities. This has sometimes been criticized by city officials from Ottawa and Gatineau for a lack of cooperation, such as in 1998 when the NCC proposed levelling a large strip of downtown Ottawa to build a ceremonial boulevard along the city's existing Metcalfe Street.

Over the last 30 years, the activities of the NCC have been denounced or castigated by several Quebec governments. They considered municipal affairs to be a purely provincial jurisdiction, according to the constitution of Canada. Others have criticized the group for what they perceive to be poor or misguided planning decisions.

See also

 Greber Plan

References

Legislation
National Capital Act, Revised Statutes of Canada (1985, c. N-4).

Notes

External links

Federal departments and agencies of Canada
1959 establishments in Ontario

Canadian federal Crown corporations

National Capital Commission


Kenneth Harry "Ken" Clarke, baron Clarke af Nottingham, CH QC (født 2. juli 1940) er en britisk jurist og konservativ politiker. Han var kandidat til posten som konservativ partileder i 1997, 2001 og 2005.

Kenneth Clarke havde adskillige ministerposter mellem 1985 og 2014.

Medlem af parlamentet
Siden 1970 har Kenneth Clarke været medlem af Underhuset som repræsentant for den sikre konservative kreds Rushcliffe i Nottinghamshire. Han blev senest genvalgt i 2015.

Minister
Kenneth Clarke blev understatssekretær i regeringen i 1979. I 1985 fik han sin første egentlige ministerpost.

Kenneth Clarke har bl.a. været sundhedsminister, arbejdsminister, kansler for Lancaster, minister for uddannelse og videnskab, indenrigsminister, finansminister, justitsminister og lordkansler samt senest Minister uden portefølje.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Britiske konservative politikere
Kanslere af hertugdømmet Lancaster
Finansministre fra Storbritannien
Indenrigsministre fra Storbritannien
Justitsministre fra Storbritannien
Lord High Chancellors
Conservative life peers

Kenneth Clarke


الحمرا قرية عربية على بُعد 7 كم جنوب بيسان سكنها عرب الحمراء من قبيلة الصقر؛ مرت بها طريق بيسان – الجفتلك – أريحا بالطرف الغربي من أراضي القرية.

الموقع والسكان
تقع القرية في الجزء الجنوبي من وادي بيسان، وتشرف على نهر الأردن الواقع على بعد 8 كم إلى الشرق؛ تنخفض 175 م عن سطح البحر وتبلغ مساحتها 11511 دونما. كانت القرية تتألف من منازل من اللبن ومضارب من بيوت الشَعر منتشرة قرب التقاء وادي المدوع بوادي شوباش؛ وتحيط بها أراضي العريضة والخنيزير والسامرية والأشرفية والفاطور. وقدر عدد سكانها عام 1945 م حوالي 730 نسمة، وقد سمّيت نسبة إلى سكانها من عشيرة الحمراء، أحد فروع قبيلة الصقر.

تحتوى القرية على العديد من المعالم والمواقع والتلال الأثرية الهامة، ومن الأحداث التاريخية التي جرت فيها إعدام السلطان المملوكي (قلاوون) قواده الذين تآمروا على اغتياله في عام 1281م.

من أعلام القرية الثائر سرحان حسين العلي الذي قاد فصائل الثوار في ثورة 1936-1939 في منطقة بيسان وقتل بعد عملية نسف أنبوب بترول الموصل-حيفا، وقد خلده الشاعر توفيق زياد في لوحة شعرية غنتها فرقة أغاني العاشقين الفلسطينية.

القرية بعد نكبة 1948
بعد احتلالها في 31 أيار 1948 هدمت المنظمات الصهيونية المسلحة القرية وشرّدت أهلها الذين كان عددهم في عام 1949 حوالي 487 نسمة. ويبلغ مجموع اللاجئين من هذه القرية في عام 1998 م حوالي 5200 نسمة.

باستثناء خرائب منازلها (التي تحولت إلى ركام من الأسمنت) والمقبرة وبعض الآثار، لا يوجد في الموقع سوى الأشواك. أما الأراضي المجاورة فيستولي عليها الإحتلال الصهيوني وقطعانه للزراعة ولرعي المواشي.

المستعمرات الصهيونية على أراضي القرية

تقع مستعمرة حرمونيم الصهيونية التي أقيمت في سنة 1942 على بعد كيلومترين إلى الجنوب من موقع القرية، بالقرب من أراضي القرية لا عليها. وقد أعيدت تسمية هذه المستعمرة باسم حمادياه في سنة 1952، كي يماثل اسمها العربي: المحيدية.

المراجع

 موقع فلسطين في الذاكرة

قرى بيسان
قرى فلسطينية أخليت من سكانها في الحرب العربية الإسرائيلية 1948
مجموعات بدوية
مقالات تتضمن معلومات من موقع فلسطين في الذاكرة

الحمرا (فلسطين)


Peter Henry Fonda () a fost un actor, scenarist, producător și regizor de film american.

Filmografie

Film

Televiziune

Jocuri video

Note

Legături externe

Nașteri în 1940
Decese în 2019
Actori de film americani
Regizori de film americani
Actori americani din secolul al XX-lea
Actori americani din secolul al XXI-lea
Scenariști americani
Producători de film americani
Oameni din New York City

Peter Fonda


, also known as , is a 1983 war film co-written and directed by Nagisa Ōshima, co-written by Paul Mayersberg, and produced by Jeremy Thomas. The film is based on the experiences of Sir Laurens van der Post (portrayed by Tom Conti) as a prisoner of war in Japan during World War II, as depicted in his books The Seed and the Sower (1963) and The Night of the New Moon (1970). It stars David Bowie, Ryuichi Sakamoto, Takeshi Kitano and Jack Thompson; Sakamoto also wrote the score including the vocal version of the main theme "Forbidden Colours", with lyrics written and sung by David Sylvian.

The film was entered into the 1983 Cannes Film Festival in competition for the Palme d'Or. Sakamoto's score won the film a BAFTA Award for Best Film Music.

Plot
In 1942, Captain Yonoi is the commander of the POW camp in Lebak Sembada in Japanese-occupied Java. A strict adherent to the bushido code, his only sources of connection to the prisoners lie in the empathetic Lt. Col. John Lawrence, the only inmate fluent in Japanese, and the abrasive spokesman Gp. Capt. Hicksley, who repeatedly resists Yonoi's attempts to find weapons experts among the prisoners for the Japanese army's interests. Lawrence has befriended Sgt. Gengo Hara, but remains at odds with the rest of the staff. Summoned to the military trial of the recently-captured Major Jack Celliers, Yonoi is fascinated by his resilience and has him interned at the camp. After the trial, Yonoi confides with Lawrence that he is haunted with shame due to his absence during the February 26 Incident, believing he should have died alongside the rebels and implying that his focus on honor stems from this. Sensing a kindred spirit in Celliers, Yonoi's fascination grows into a romantic obsession: he treats him specially, watches him sleep, and repeatedly asks Hara about him in private.

When the inmates are made to fast as punishment for insubordination during the forced seppuku of a guard (Okura), Celliers sneaks in food. The guards catch him and find a smuggled radio during the subsequent investigation, forcing him and Lawrence to take the blame. Yonoi's batman, realizing the hold Celliers has on him, attempts to kill Celliers in his sleep that night, but fails after he wakes up and escapes, freeing Lawrence too. Yonoi catches Celliers and challenges him to a duel in exchange for his freedom, but Celliers refuses; the batman returns and commits suicide for his failure, urging Yonoi to kill Celliers before his feelings overpower him.

At the funeral, Lawrence learns that he and Celliers will be executed for the radio, despite the lack of evidence, to preserve order in the camp; enraged, he trashes the funeral altar and is forced back into his cell. That night, Celliers reveals to Lawrence that as a teenager, he betrayed his younger brother, long bullied for his hunchback, by refusing to spare him a humiliating and traumatizing initiation ritual at their boarding school. Confronting his past, he describes the lifelong shame he felt towards his actions, paralleling Yonoi's predicament. During their conversation, the pair are released by a drunken Hara, as a different prisoner confessed to delivering the radio. As they leave, Hara calls out in English, "Merry Christmas, Lawrence!" Although Yonoi is angry at Hara for exceeding his authority, he only mildly reprimands him.

Hicksley, realizing that Yonoi wants to replace him with Celliers as spokesman, confronts him. The two argue over their withholding of information from one another before an enraged Yonoi orders the whole camp to form up outside the barracks, including the sick bay's ailing patients, resulting in one's death. Hicksley, who refused to bring out the patients, is to be punished for his insubordination with an on-the-spot execution. Before he can be killed, however, Celliers breaks rank and kisses Yonoi on each cheek, choosing to save Hicksley's life at the cost of his own. Caught between a desire for vindication and his feelings for Celliers, a distraught Yonoi collapses and is ultimately relieved from duty. His more rigid replacement has Celliers buried in the sand up to his neck and left to die. Before leaving, Yonoi sneaks into his pen and cuts a lock from his hair, moments before his death.

Four years later, Lawrence visits Hara, who is now a prisoner of the Allies. Hara has learned to speak English and reveals he is to be executed the following day for war crimes. Expressing confusion over the harshness of his sentence given how commonplace his actions were among both sides of the war, he and Lawrence both conclude that while the Allies officially won, morally "we are all wrong." The two reminisce on Celliers and Yonoi, the latter of whom was reported to have been killed after the war, before bidding each other goodbye. As he is leaving, Hara calls out, "Merry Christmas, Mr. Lawrence!".

Cast
 David Bowie as Maj. Jack "Strafer" Celliers
 Chris Broun as Jack Celliers (aged 12)
 Tom Conti as Lt. Col. John Lawrence
 Ryuichi Sakamoto as Capt. Yonoi
 Takeshi Kitano as Sgt. Gengo Hara
 Jack Thompson as Gp. Capt. Hicksley
 Johnny Okura as Kanemoto
 Alistair Browning as De Jong
 James Malcolm as Celliers' brother
 Yuya Uchida as Commandant of military prison
 Ryunosuke Kaneda as Colonel Fujimura, President of the Court
 Takashi Naitō as Lt. Iwata
 Yuji Honma as PFC. Yajima
 Tamio Ishikura as Prosecutor
 Rokko Toura as Interpreter
 Kan Mikami as Lt. Ito
 Hideo Murota as New commandant of the camp

Production

David Bowie was cast as Jack Celliers after director Nagisa Ōshima saw him in a production of The Elephant Man on Broadway. He felt that Bowie had "an inner spirit that is indestructible". While shooting the film, Bowie was amazed that Ōshima had a two- to three-acre camp built on the remote Polynesian island of Rarotonga, but most of the camp was never shot on film. He said Ōshima "only shot little bits at the corners. I kind of thought it was a waste, but when I saw the movie, it was just so potent – you could feel the camp there, quite definitely." Bowie noted how Ōshima would give an incredible amount of direction to his Japanese actors ("down to the minutest detail"), but when directing him or fellow Westerner Tom Conti, he would say "Please do whatever it is you people do." Bowie thought his performance in the film was "the most credible performance" he had done in a film up to that point in his career.

The boarding school sequence was shot on location at King's College, a private high school in Auckland, New Zealand. In a shot of two students playing billiards, another boy in the room can be seen wearing a King's blazer. Other scenes were filmed in various locations around Auckland including Auckland Railway Station.

Ōshima chose Ryuichi Sakamoto after seeing his photographs in a photo book Fifty Representative Figures of Today, and without even meeting him. The film was Sakamoto's debut soundtrack just as it was his inaugural acting role. It was also Takeshi 'Beat' Kitano's debut movie acting role, having only been known up to that point as a comedian on TV variety shows in Japan.

Contrary to usual cinematic practice, Ōshima shot the film without rushes and shipped the film off the island with no safety prints. "It was all going out of the camera and down to the post office and being wrapped up in brown paper and sent off to Japan", Bowie stated. Ōshima's editor in Japan cut the movie into a rough print within four days of Ōshima returning to Japan.

On set, David Bowie made a bond with his on-screen brother, James Malcolm, whom he later called his "New Zealand brother". For one pivotal scene in the movie, Malcolm had to sing for Bowie. The next year, Bowie invited Malcolm to join him on stage at Western Springs in Auckland for the Serious Moonlight tour, where they released a dove together as a sign of peace.

Soundtrack

Reception
Review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes gives Merry Christmas, Mr. Lawrence an 86% approval rating and an average rating of 6.60 out of 10 based on 28 reviews. The site's consensus states: "Worthy themes and strong performances across the board make Merry Christmas, Mr. Lawrence an impactful story about bridging cultural divides." Metacritic assigned the film a weighted average score of 53 out of 100, based on 13 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".

The New York Times critic Janet Maslin wrote:

On the film's Japanese actors, Maslin wrote that

The Japanese filmmaker Akira Kurosawa and the British-American director Christopher Nolan named Merry Christmas, Mr. Lawrence as among their favorite films.

Box office
In Japan, the film earned  in distributor rentals. In the United States, it grossed .

It sold 2,385,100 tickets in the United States, France and Sweden. It also sold 423,778 tickets in Germany, and 54 tickets in Switzerland and Spain since 2007, for a combined  tickets sold in overseas territories outside of Japan and the United Kingdom.

See also
 List of anti-war films
 List of Christmas films

References

External links

 Lawrence of Shinjuku: Merry Christmas Mr. Lawrence an essay by Chuck Stephens at the Criterion Collection

1983 drama films
1983 LGBT-related films
Gay-related films
1980s war drama films
1980s Christmas films
Japanese Christmas films
Japanese war drama films
British Christmas films
British war drama films
1980s English-language films
English-language Japanese films
1980s Japanese-language films
World War II prisoner of war films
Pacific War films
HanWay Films films
Recorded Picture Company films
Films directed by Nagisa Ōshima
Japanese LGBT-related films
British LGBT-related films
Films scored by Ryuichi Sakamoto
Films set in Indonesia
Films shot in the Cook Islands
Films shot in New Zealand
Films produced by Jeremy Thomas
Albums produced by Ryuichi Sakamoto
Films with screenplays by Paul Mayersberg
Japan in non-Japanese culture
British World War II films
Japanese World War II films
1980s British films
1980s Japanese films
Films about the British Army

Merry Christmas, Mr. Lawrence


Bananas er en kortfilm instrueret af Kasper Dahl Aftenstjerne efter eget manuskript.

Handling
Under en date fantaserer et par om hævn og tortur. Fantasien synes at blive til virkelighed.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Danske film fra 2012

Kortfilm fra Danmark

Bananas


කාජල් ලෙසින් ප්‍රකට,කාජල් දේව්ගන් 1974 අගෝස්තු 5 වැනි දින උපත ලැබූ ඉන්දීය සිනමා නිළියෙකි. ඈ රඟපෑ "බාසිගර්(1993)" චිත්‍රපටය වාණිජමය ලෙස සාර්ථක වු පළමු චිත්‍රපටය විය. ඇය ශාරුක් ඛාන් සමඟ රඟපෑ "දිල් වාලේ දුල්හනියා ලේජායෙන්ගි(1995), කුච් කුච් හෝතා හේ(1998), "කබි කුශි කබි ගම්(2001),මයි නේම් ඊස් ඛාන්,කල් හෝ නාහෝ,දිල්වාලේ(2015) සාර්ථක වු චිත්‍රපට විය. මෙම චිත්‍රපට තුනෙහිම රඟපෑම ප්‍රශංසනීය වු අතර, එ සඳහා ඇයට හොඳම නිළියට හිමි සම්මානය ෆිල්ම් ෆෙයාර් උලෙලේදී ලැබිණි. 2001 සාර්ථක වු කබි කුශි කබි ගම් චිත්‍රපටයෙන් පසුව ඇය අවුරුදු පහක විරාමයක් ගත්තාය. ඇය නැවත පැමිණියේ "කුනාල් කොහ්ලි" ගේ "ෆනා"(2006) චිත්‍රපටයෙනි.එ සඳහා ඇයට හොඳම නිළියට හිමි සම්මානය හතරවෙනිවරටද ලැබිණි. අජේ දේව්ගන් හා විවාහ වී සිටින කාජල් ඉන්දීය සිනමාවේ,වඩාත් සාර්ථක මෙන්ම, දක්ෂතාවයක් සහිත නිළියක් ලෙස සැලකේ.

මුල් ජීවිතය හා පසුබිම

කාජල් උපත ලැබුවේ බොම්බායේ (මුම්බායි) බෙංගාලි-මරාති සම්භවයක් ඇති මුකර්ජි-සමර්ත් චිත්‍රපට පවුලට ය.ඇගේ මව තනුජා නිළියක් වන අතර ඇගේ පියා ෂෝමු මුකර්ජි චිත්‍රපට අධ්‍යක්ෂවරයකු සහ නිෂ්පාදකවරයකු වේ.හෘදයාබාධයකින් 2008 දී ෂෝමු මිය ගියේය.ඇගේ බාල සොහොයුරිය වන ටානීෂා ද නිළියකි. ඇගේ මවගේ නැන්දණිය වූයේ නිළිය වන නූටන් සහ ඇගේ මවගේ මිත්තණිය වන ශෝබ්නා සමර්ත් සහ මිත්තනිය වන රත්තන් බායි යන දෙදෙනාම හින්දි සිනමාවට සම්බන්ධ වූහ.ඇගේ පියාගේ මාමා වන ජෝයි මුකර්ජි සහ ඩෙබ් මුකර්ජි චිත්‍රපට නිෂ්පාදකයින් වන අතර ඇගේ පියා සහ මාතෘ සීයා වන සාෂදර් මුකර්ජි සහ කුමාර්සන් සමර්ත් චිත්‍රපට නිෂ්පාදකයින් වූහ.

වෘත්තිය

1992-1996: ආරම්භක සහ ප්‍රමුඛත්වය දක්වා

1997-1998: පුළුල් සාර්ථකත්වය

1999-2001: වාණිජමය උච්චාවචනයන් සහ කබි කුෂි කබී ගම් ...

2006-2010: ෆනා සහ මයි නේම් ඊස් ඛාන්

2015 - වර්තමානය: දිල්වාලේ සහ ඉන් ඔබ්බට

තිරයෙන් බැහැර වැඩ

කළමනාකරණ කටයුතු

වේදිකා කාර්ය සාධනය සහ රූපවාහිනිය

සමාජ වැඩ

පුද්ගලික ජීවිතය

මාධ්‍ය තුළ

ආශ්‍රිත

සිනමාව
ඉන්දීය සිනමාව
නිලියෝ
චරිත කතා

කාජල් දේවගන්


Bernhard Hofmann (* 22. November 1896 in Jahnsbach; † 19. November 1982 in Crailsheim) war ein hochrangiger deutscher SA-Führer.

Leben
Hofmann trat 1915 als Freiwilliger in das sächsische Fußartillerie-Regiment Nr. 19  ein und nahm mit dem Dienstgrad eines Leutnants der Reserve am Ersten Weltkrieg teil. Im Sommer 1919 führte er eine Einheit im Freikorps Württembergische Freiwilligen-Abteilung Haas. Nach seiner Entlassung aus dem Heer am 21. Januar 1920 absolvierte Hofmann ein Studium am Staatlichen Technikum in Reutlingen und arbeitete anschließend als Handels- und Industrieangestellter in Sachsen.

1924 trat er in den Stahlhelm ein, den er bei seinem Beitritt zur NSDAP zum 1. Mai 1930 (Mitgliedsnummer 244.096) wieder verließ und am selben Tag in die SA beim SA-Sturm 4/1 in Chemnitz eintrat. In den folgenden Jahren stieg Hofmann durch mehrere Beförderungen innerhalb der SA auf; daneben wurde er am 1. Oktober 1935 als Oberleutnant der Reserve in die Wehrmacht übernommen. Im Januar 1934 wurde er zudem Angehöriger des Stadtrats von Annaberg und stand auf der Liste der Vorschläge für die Reichstagswahl 1936, erhielt jedoch kein Mandat.

Am 29. August 1939 wurde Hofmann zum Kriegsdienst bei der Infanterie einberufen und nahm als Offizier am Frankreichfeldzug 1940 sowie dem Russlandfeldzug 1941 teil. Nach der Verleihung des Ritterkreuzes am 26. September 1942 folgte am 22. Oktober die Beförderung zum Gruppenführer, dem zweithöchsten Rang der SA. Einen Tag nach der Versetzung in die Führerreserve am 31. Mai 1943 wurde Hofmann zum Oberstleutnant der Reserve befördert und am gleichen Tag zur Führung der SA-Gruppe Hochland nach München versetzt. Am 20. Juni wurde er aus dem Kriegsdienst entlassen und als SA-Führer u.k.-gestellt.

Vom Oktober 1944 an war Hofmann Gaustabsführer des Volkssturms im Gau München-Oberbayern und zuletzt vom 25. bis 28. April 1945 Kampfkommandant von München, bis seine mit mangelnder Härte begründete Ablösung erfolgte und er durch Rudolf Huebner ersetzt wurde.

Weblinks
Bayerische Landesbibliothek Online: Staatsminister, leitende Verwaltungsbeamte und (NS-)Funktionsträger in Bayern 1918 bis 1945

Einzelnachweise

Militärperson (Heer der Wehrmacht)
NSDAP-Mitglied
SA-Mitglied
Mitglied im Stahlhelm
Freikorps-Mitglied
Person im Ersten Weltkrieg (Deutsches Reich)
Deutscher
Geboren 1896
Gestorben 1982
Mann

Bernhard Hofmann (SA-Mitglied)


El Río Cuenca, es un río de Ecuador. El río surge de la unión del río Tomebamba con el río Machángara al noreste de la ciudad de Cuenca. El río es el resultado de la unión de los caudales de los cuatro ríos que atraviesan la ciudad.

Cuando el río Cuenca se une con el río Santa Bárbara forman el río Paute. El agua del Cuenca luego de pasar por otros ríos llega hasta el río Amazonas y luego al océano Atlántico.

El principal afluente del río Cuenca, es el río Tomebamba.

Véase también
 Río Tomebamba.
 Río Yanuncay.
 Río Machángara.
 Río Tarqui.
 Río Paute.
 Río Santa Bárbara.

Referencias
 Rand McNally, The New International Atlas, 1993.
  GEOnet Names Server
 Water Resources Assessment of Ecuador
 Cajas National Park Cuenca-Ecuador - Los cuatro ríos de Cuenca

Cuenca
Provincia de Azuay

Río Cuenca


Champ-de-Mars ist eine U-Bahn-Station in Montreal. Sie befindet sich im Arrondissement Ville-Marie, an der Kreuzung von Avenue Viger und Rue Sanginet. Hier verkehren Züge der orangen Linie 2. Im Jahr 2019 nutzten 4.188.317 Fahrgäste die Station, was dem 28. Rang unter den insgesamt 68 Stationen der Metro Montreal entspricht.

Bauwerk

Die von Adalbert Niklewicz entworfene Station liegt in einer kleinen Grünfläche am Rande der Montrealer Altstadt, von dieser getrennt durch die Autoroute 720. Eine Fußgängerbrücke überquert die parallel zur U-Bahn verlaufende Stadtautobahn und stellt eine direkte Verbindung zur Rue Saint-Antoine und zur Altstadt her.

Die Bahnsteigebene mit zwei Seitenbahnsteigen liegt 6,1 Meter unter der Erdoberfläche und entstand in offener Bauweise. Die Entfernungen zu den benachbarten Stationen, jeweils von Stationsende zu Stationsanfang gemessen, betragen 370,60 Meter bis Place-d'Armes und 720,50 Meter bis Berri-UQAM. Es bestehen Anschlüsse zu 12 Buslinien und sieben Nachtbuslinien der Société de transport de Montréal. Zu den Sehenswürdigkeiten in der Nähe gehören unter anderem das Hôtel de Ville (Rathaus), der Alte Hafen, die Markthalle Marché Bonsecours, die Wallfahrtskapelle Notre-Dame-de-Bon-Secours, die Place Jacques-Cartier und das Château Ramezay.

Kunst
Das Eingangsgebäude gehört zu den künstlerisch herausragendsten Bauwerken der Montrealer Metro. Drei der vier Wände der ebenerdigen Verteilerebene sind verglast und so ausgerichtet, dass das Tageslicht durchscheinen kann. Sie sind mit großformatigen Glasmalereien versehen, die von der Künstlerin Marcelle Ferron, einem Mitglied der surrealistischen Künstlergruppe Automatistes, geschaffen wurden. Die Glasfenster mit der Bezeichnung Les grandes formes qui dansent ("Die großen tanzenden Formen") erzeugen auf der Bahnsteigebene ein abwechslungsreiches Farbenspiel. Nach der Eröffnung war die Station noch schmucklos, eher unansehnlich und von Vandalismus betroffen. Daraufhin beauftragte die Provinzregierung von Québec Ferron mit der Ausgestaltung der Station und ließ ihr nach einigen Auseinandersetzungen freie Hand. Die mundgeblasenen farbigen Glasteile entstanden in Paris in den Werkstätten der Compagnie de Saint-Gobain, für die übrigen Teile und die Schutzschicht war die Glasbläserei Superseal in Saint-Hyacinthe verantwortlich.

Geschichte
Die Eröffnung der Station erfolgte am 14. Oktober 1966, zusammen mit dem Teilstück zwischen Place-d'Armes und Henri-Bourassa. Sie gehört somit zum Grundnetz der Metro. Namensgeber der Station ist das nahe gelegene Champ-de-Mars ("Marsfeld"), der ehemalige Exerzierplatz der Stadt, auf dem Überreste der Montrealer Stadtmauern zu finden sind.

Weblinks

 Seite der STM über die Station Champ-de-Mars (französisch)
 Detaillierte Informationen zur Station Champ-de-Mars (französisch)

Einzelnachweise

Station der Metro Montreal
Erbaut in den 1960er Jahren

Champ-de-Mars (Metro Montreal)


المهدي صلاح بن علي (توفي في 1446) إمام الدولة الزيدية في اليمن من 1436 إلى 1446.

صلاح سليل الإمام المنصور يحيى بن الناصر من الجيل الثالث عشر. كان والده الباحث الزيدي المعروف علي بن محمد بن أبو القاسم الذي توفي في 1433. عندما توفي ثلاثة الإمام السابق المنصور علي بن صلاح الدين بمرض الطاعون في 1436 ادعى ثلاث سادة الإمامة. أحدهم كان صلاح الذي اتخذ اسم المهدي صلاح. كانت منافسيه المنصور الناصر بن محمد والمتوكل على الله المطهر بن محمد بن سليمان الذين ينتمون إلى فروع أخرى من الرسيين. أصبح المنصور الناصر الذي تربطه علاقات بأسرة الإمام المتوفى المهيمن في أوساط المجتمع الزيدي في شمال اليمن. في نهاية المطاف قبض على المهدي صلاح الذي توفي في السجن في كوكبان في 1445. دفن في مسجد موسى أحد أصغر مساجد صنعاء.

طالع أيضا
 تاريخ اليمن
 قائمة أئمة اليمن

مصادر

أئمة اليمن
أئمة زيديون
اليمن في القرن 15
تاريخ اليمن
حكام اليمن
سنة الولادة غير معروفة
عرب في القرن 15
وفيات 1445
وفيات في السجن

المهدي صلاح بن علي


Confessions of a Shopaholic (Loca por las compras en Hispanoamérica) es una película estadounidense de comedia de 2009 dirigida por P. J. Hogan y protagonizada por Isla Fisher, Hugh Dancy, Joan Cusack, John Goodman y John Lithgow. Está libremente basada en las dos primeras entregas en la serie de novelas Shopaholic de Sophie Kinsella.

La película fue lanzada por Touchstone Home Entertainment en DVD y Blu-ray el 23 de junio de 2009 en Norteamérica y en Australia el 5 de agosto de 2009.

Argumento
En su infancia, Rebecca Bloomwood (Isla Fisher) sentía desagrado por la forma en que sus humildes padres escogían su ropa y otras necesidades, siempre priorizando la durabilidad y economía en lugar de la apariencia y la marca como ella deseaba. Eventualmente esta inconformidad degeneró en una adicción a las compras que la acosa hasta el presente y la mantiene escapando de Derek Smeath (Robert Stanton), cobrador de sus acreedores por causa de sus enormes deudas y sobregiros.

Rebecca vive en Nueva York con su mejor amiga Suze (Krysten Ritter), quien está pronta a casarse y se preocupa por cómo Rebecca acumula cosas que no usa y se endeuda, por lo que la hace prometer cambiar. Ambas son columnistas para una revista de jardinería, pero Rebecca sueña unirse a la revista de moda Alette. En el camino a una entrevista con Alette (Kristin Scott Thomas), dueña de la revista homónima, no puede reprimir el impulso de comprar una pañoleta verde, pero como sus tarjetas de crédito son rechazadas se cuela en la fila de un puesto de hot dogs y ofrece comprar todas las salchichas con un cheque si el vendedor le da cambio en efectivo, diciendo que la pañoleta será un regalo para su tía enferma. Esto lleva a que uno de los clientes le regalarle los veinte dólares que necesita para que deje que él y los demás en la fila puedan comer en paz.

Cuando Rebecca llega a la entrevista, le explican que el puesto ha sido ocupado internamente. Sin embargo, el recepcionista señala que hay una vacante en Successful Saving, una revista financiera instalada en el mismo edificio, y le explica que ambas pertenecen a la misma editorial, por lo que conseguir un trabajo allí podría llevarla a ser transferida a Alette. Rebecca se entrevista con Luke Brandon (Hugh Dancy), editor de Successful Saving, y descubre que es el hombre que le dio el dinero para la pañoleta. Ella esconde la prenda fuera de la oficina, pero la asistente de Luke entra y se la devuelve. Esto sumado a su total ignorancia respecto a temas económicos hacen de la entrevista un fracaso.

Esa tarde ella y Suze, borrachas, deciden escribir y enviar dos cartas, la primera es un artículo sobre moda que demuestre a Alette su habilidad y la segunda es un mensaje lleno de groserías para Luke; pero debido a su embriaguez, las envía a la revista equivocada. Poco después Luke la llama con una mejor opinión de ella, malinterpretando el contenido de la carta y creyendo que se trataba de una metáfora sobre la economía y el consumismo, por lo que desea contratarla como columnista razonando que puede hacer ver los temas financieros menos técnicos y más cercanos a la gente común. Tras colarse en las oficinas de Alette y recuperar la carta grosera antes que sea abierta, asiste a una reunión de personal de Successful Saving donde Luke le encarga crear un artículo para la próxima edición.

En lugar de completar la tarea encargada, Rebecca va a una venta de ropa y compra un abrigo de cachemir y unas botas Gucci, metiéndose en una pelea con otra chica, pero al llegar a casa descubre que las botas son sintéticas y ha sido engañada. Esto la inspira a escribir un artículo sobre la manipulación de las expectativas de la gente por parte de las empresas, con lo que Luke se muestra encantado al ver que no se equivocó con ella. Cuando se le pregunta si el artículo se publicará con su nombre, Rebecca avergonzada de ser relacionada con una revista financiera, pide a Luke firmar con el seudónimo "La chica de la pañoleta verde", convirtiéndose en un éxito.

Rebecca había prometido a Suze tirar lo innecesario de su guardarropa pero, en lugar de ello, intentó esconderlo. Cuando Suze lo descubre la obliga a ingresar a un grupo de rehabilitación para compradores compulsivos. Allí no solo no hace caso, insistiendo que no tiene un problema ni su estilo de vida es algo negativo, sino que incluso se muestra como una mala influencia para el resto al convencer a los demás asistentes que recaer en su adicción será algo positivo y placentero. En paralelo, ha convencido a Luke que Smeath es un acosador que la persigue, lo que evita que le permitan entrar a la revista y se enteren de sus deudas.

Pronto sus artículos adquieren renombre entre los grupos empresariales y se convierte en una voz que aconseja a la gente común, lo que hace que Successful Saving se vuelva de gusto popular a la vez que se internacionaliza. Esto trae muchos elogios a Rebecca, de sus compañeros en el lugar de trabajo y su amiga Suze, quien en paralelo organiza su boda y ha mandado a hacer a medida un vestido para Rebecca, ya que será su dama de honor. "La chica de la pañoleta verde" se vuelve tan popular que se le pide que asista a una entrevista televisiva en vivo junto a Luke, con quien poco a poco es más cercana, descubriendo que él pertenece a una importante familia del mundo de la moda, pero que rechaza esa vida por encontrarla frívola y promotora del consumismo.

De regreso de una juerga de compras, donde compró un vestido para la entrevista y recogió su vestido de dama de honor, Rebecca descubre que la permisiva monitora del grupo de rehabilitación ha sido reemplazada por la estricta señorita Korch (Wendie Malick), quien la obliga a donar a la caridad lo que compró como prueba de su compromiso con el tratamiento, incluyendo su vestido de dama de honor ya que no le cree que no es una compra. Más tarde Rebecca intenta recuperar sus prendas pero como solo se le permite recuperar una, decide desechar el vestido del matrimonio y recuperar el que compró para el programa.

Durante la entrevista en el programa, Smeath se presenta y frente a las cámaras la desenmascara como una endeudada adicta a las compras, lo que destruye su credibilidad y la de la revista, además de enfurecer a Luke. Suze descubre lo que Rebecca hizo con el vestido para la boda y corta su amistad al verse traicionada. Los padres de Rebecca ofrecen vender la casa rodante en que viven para ayudarla pero Rebecca rechaza su oferta señalando que ellos la obtuvieron tras años de arduo trabajo y ahorro, decidiendo hacer frente a sus deudas por su cuenta. Alette se presenta ante Rebecca y le ofrece un puesto en su revista, sin embargo, cuando comprende que lo que desea es usar la reputación de "La chica de la pañoleta verde" para convencer a la gente que compre productos costosos a crédito, ella se niega.

Para ganar el dinero con que pagar sus deudas y demostrar que desea superarse, Rebecca pide ayuda a los miembros del grupo de rehabilitación y organiza una subasta donde remata al mejor postor todas las prendas de marca que la han endeudado. Esto genera muchos ingresos, pero no lo suficiente como para saldar sus deudas por lo que finalmente decide subastar la pañoleta, lo que causa furor entre los asistentes sabiendo que es el símbolo de "La chica de la pañoleta verde" y cuando una mujer la obtiene por U$300, le permite saldar sus deudas a Smeath, a quien paga el total de su deuda (U$9.412,25) en monedas de un centavo para "darle lo que merece, pero de la manera más inconveniente posible", de la misma forma en que él lo hizo al humillarla en televisión.

Rebecca se presenta a la boda de Suze tras haber recuperado su vestido de dama de honor y ambas se reconcilian. Una vez acabada la ceremonia, mientras pasea, termina frente a las vitrinas de Yves Saint Laurent, pero descubre que no se siente tentada a comprar y se aleja. Rebecca se encuentra con Luke, quien le devuelve la pañoleta y revela que la persona que lo compró en la subasta estaba actuando como su agente. Rebecca inicia una relación romántica con Luke y comienzan a trabajar en la nueva compañía de Luke, Brandon Communications.

Reparto

Producción
La película adapta los dos primeros libros de la Saga Shopaholic: The Secret Dreamworld of a Shopaholic y Shopaholic Abroad, de Sophie Kinsella y que en los Estados Unidos se conocieron como Confessions of a Shopaholic y Shopaholic Takes Manhattan''', respectivamente. [3] La película utiliza el título estadounidense de la novela (Confesiones de una compradora compulsiva) que re-interpreta a Rebecca como estadounidense en lugar de una inglesa.

La filmación tuvo lugar en Nueva York, Connecticut y Florida entre febrero y mayo de 2008, sin embargo en diciembre del mismo año se volvió a grabar el final de la historia, descartando la idea original y dando origen al que finalmente llegó a los cines, esto porque se consideró que el nuevo desenlace tendría mejor acogida con el público en vista que se vivía un período de recesión.

 Recepción
Confessions of a Shopaholic recibió críticas generalmente negativas. A partir del 6 de marzo de 2009, la película tiene una calificación promedio 38 de 100, basado en 30 comentarios en el sitio web Metacritic. En Rotten Tomatoes, la película tiene una calificación del 25%, basada en 164 reseñas con un puntaje promedio de 4,37 de 20. El consenso del sitio dice: "Esta comedia romántica mediocre desaprovecha un elenco talentoso y entrega mensajes confusos sobre el materialismo y el consumo conspicuo''".

La actuación de Isla Fisher generó buenas críticas y fue nominada a la Mejor Actriz de Comedia en los Teen Choice Awards 2009, pero perdió ante Anne Hathaway y su rol en Bride Wars. La película en sí también fue nominada para la categoría Romance de los Teen Choice Awards, pero perdió ante Crepúsculo.

En su primer fin de semana, sin incluir el Día de los Presidentes, la película se estrenó en el puesto número 4 detrás de Taken, He's Just Not That Into You y Viernes 13 recaudó U$ 15,054,000 en 2,507 salas con un promedio de U$ 6,005. Al 22 de mayo de 2009, la película recaudó U$ 44.277.350 en la taquilla nacional, mientras que su taquilla mundial es de U$ 106.904.619.

Banda sonora

Lista de canciones

Premios y nominaciones

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Películas de Touchstone Pictures
Películas basadas en libros

Confessions of a Shopaholic


A feed forward (sometimes written feedforward) is an element or pathway within a control system that passes a controlling signal from a source in its external environment to a load elsewhere in its external environment. This is often a command signal from an external operator.

In mechanical engineering, a feedforward control system is a control system that uses sensors to detect disturbances affecting the machine and then applies an additional input to minimize the effect of the disturbance. This requires a mathematical model of the machine so that the effect of disturbances can be properly predicted.

A control system which has only feed-forward behavior responds to its control signal in a pre-defined way without responding to the way the load reacts; it is in contrast with a system that also has feedback, which adjusts the input to take account of how it affects the load, and how the load itself may vary unpredictably; the load is considered to belong to the external environment of the system.

In a feed-forward system, the control variable adjustment is not error-based. Instead it is based on knowledge about the process in the form of a mathematical model of the process and knowledge about, or measurements of, the process disturbances.

Some prerequisites are needed for control scheme to be reliable by pure feed-forward without feedback: the external command or controlling signal must be available, and the effect of the output of the system on the load should be known (that usually means that the load must be predictably unchanging with time). Sometimes pure feed-forward control without feedback is called 'ballistic', because once a control signal has been sent, it cannot be further adjusted; any corrective adjustment must be by way of a new control signal. In contrast, 'cruise control' adjusts the output in response to the load that it encounters, by a feedback mechanism.

These systems could relate to control theory, physiology, or computing.

Overview
With feed-forward or feedforward control, the disturbances are measured and accounted for before they have time to affect the system. In the house example, a feed-forward system may measure the fact that the door is opened and automatically turn on the heater before the house can get too cold. The difficulty with feed-forward control is that the effects of the disturbances on the system must be accurately predicted, and there must not be any unmeasured disturbances. For instance, if a window was opened that was not being measured, the feed-forward-controlled thermostat might let the house cool down.

The term has specific meaning within the field of CPU-based automatic control. The discipline of "feedforward control" as it relates to modern, CPU based automatic controls is widely discussed, but is seldom practiced due to the difficulty and expense of developing or providing for the mathematical model required to facilitate this type of control. Open-loop control and feedback control, often based on canned PID control algorithms, are much more widely used.

There are three types of control systems: open loop, feed-forward, and feedback. An example of a pure open loop control system is manual non-power-assisted steering of a motor car; the steering system does not have access to an auxiliary power source and does not respond to varying resistance to turning of the direction wheels; the driver must make that response without help from the steering system. In comparison, power steering has access to a controlled auxiliary power source, which depends on the engine speed. When the steering wheel is turned, a valve is opened which allows fluid under pressure to turn the driving wheels. A sensor monitors that pressure so that the valve only opens enough to cause the correct pressure to reach the wheel turning mechanism.  This is feed-forward control where the output of the system, the change in direction of travel of the vehicle, plays no part in the system. See Model predictive control.

If the driver is included in the system, then they do provide a feedback path by observing the direction of travel and compensating for errors by turning the steering wheel. In that case you have a feedback system, and the block labeled "System" in Figure(c) is a feed-forward system.

In other words, systems of different types can be nested, and the overall system regarded as a black-box.

Feedforward control is distinctly different from open loop control and teleoperator systems. Feedforward control requires a mathematical model of the plant (process and/or machine being controlled) and the plant's relationship to any inputs or feedback the system might receive. Neither open loop control nor teleoperator systems require the sophistication of a mathematical model of the physical system or plant being controlled. Control based on operator input without integral processing and interpretation through a mathematical model of the system is a teleoperator system and is not considered feedforward control.

History
Historically, the use of the term "feedforward" is found in works by Harold S. Black in US patent 1686792 (invented 17 March 1923) and D. M. MacKay as early as 1956. While MacKay's work is in the field of biological control theory, he speaks only of feedforward systems. MacKay does not mention "Feedforward Control" or allude to the discipline of "Feedforward Controls." MacKay and other early writers who use the term "feedforward" are generally writing about theories of how human or animal brains work. Black also has US patent 2102671 invented 2 August 1927 on the technique of feedback applied to electronic systems.

The discipline of "feedforward controls" was largely developed by professors and graduate students at Georgia Tech, MIT, Stanford and Carnegie Mellon. Feedforward is not typically hyphenated in scholarly publications. Meckl and Seering of MIT and Book and Dickerson of Georgia Tech began the development of the concepts of Feedforward Control in the mid-1970s. The discipline of Feedforward Controls was well defined in many scholarly papers, articles and books by the late 1980s.

Benefits
The benefits of feedforward control are significant and can often justify the extra cost, time and effort required to implement the technology. Control accuracy can often be improved by as much as an order of magnitude if the mathematical model is of sufficient quality and implementation of the feedforward control law is well thought out. Energy consumption by the feedforward control system and its driver is typically substantially lower than with other controls. Stability is enhanced such that the controlled device can be built of lower cost, lighter weight, springier materials while still being highly accurate and able to operate at high speeds. Other benefits of feedforward control include reduced wear and tear on equipment, lower maintenance costs, higher reliability and a substantial reduction in hysteresis.  Feedforward control is often combined with feedback control to optimize performance.

Model
The mathematical model of the plant (machine, process or organism) used by the feedforward control system may be created and input by a control engineer or it may be learned by the control system. Control systems capable of learning and/or adapting their mathematical model have become more practical as microprocessor speeds have increased. The discipline of modern feedforward control was itself made possible by the invention of microprocessors.

Feedforward control requires integration of the mathematical model into the control algorithm such that it is used to determine the control actions based on what is known about the state of the system being controlled. In the case of control for a lightweight, flexible robotic arm, this could be as simple as compensating between when the robot arm is carrying a payload and when it is not. The target joint angles are adjusted to place the payload in the desired position based on knowing the deflections in the arm from the mathematical model's interpretation of the disturbance caused by the payload. Systems that plan actions and then pass the plan to a different system for execution do not satisfy the above definition of feedforward control. Unless the system includes a means to detect a disturbance or receive an input and process that input through the mathematical model to determine the required modification to the control action, it is not true feedforward control.

Open system
In systems theory, an open system is a feed forward system that does not have any feedback loop to control its output. In contrast, a closed system uses on a feedback loop to control the operation of the system.  In an open system, the output of the system is not fed back into the input to the system for control or operation.

Applications

Physiological feed-forward system

In physiology, feed-forward control is exemplified by the normal anticipatory regulation of heartbeat in advance of actual physical exertion by the central autonomic network.  Feed-forward control can be likened to learned anticipatory responses to known cues (predictive coding). Feedback regulation of the heartbeat provides further adaptiveness to the running eventualities of physical exertion. Feedforward systems are also found in biological control of other variables by many regions of animals brains.

Even in the case of biological feedforward systems, such as in the human brain, knowledge or a mental model of the plant (body) can be considered to be mathematical as the model is characterized by limits, rhythms, mechanics and patterns.

A pure feed-forward system is different from a homeostatic control system, which has the function of keeping the body's internal environment 'steady' or in a 'prolonged steady state of readiness.' A homeostatic control system relies mainly on feedback (especially negative), in addition to the feedforward elements of the system.

Gene regulation and feed-forward
Feed-forward loops (FFLs), a three-node graph of the form A affects B and C and B affects C, are frequently observed in transcription networks in several organisms including E. coli and S. cerevisiae, suggesting that they perform functions that are important for the functioning of these organisms. In E. coli and S. cerevisiae transcription networks have been extensively studied, FFLs occur approximately three times more frequently than expected based on random (Erdös-Rényi) networks.

Edges in transcription networks are directed and signed, as they represent activation (+) or repression (-). The sign of a path in a transcription network can be obtained by multiplying the signs of the edges in the path, so a path with an odd number of negative signs is negative. There are eight possible three-node FFLs as each of the three arrows can be either repression or activation, which can be classified into coherent or incoherent FFLs. Coherent FFLs have the same sign for both the paths from A to C, and incoherent FFLs have different signs for the two paths.

The temporal dynamics of FFLs show that coherent FFLs can be sign-sensitive delays that filter input into the circuit. We consider the differential equations for a Type-I coherent FFL, where all the arrows are positive:

Where  and  are increasing functions in  and  representing production, and  and  are rate constants representing degradation or dilution of  and  respectively.  can represent an AND gate where  if either  or , for instance if  where  and  are step functions. In this case the FFL creates a time-delay between a sustained on-signal, i.e. increase in  and the output increase in . This is because production of  must first induce production of , which is then needed to induce production of . However, there is no time-delay in for an off-signal because a reduction of  immediately results in a decrease in the production term . This system therefore filters out fluctuations in the on-signal and detects persistent signals. This is particularly relevant in settings with stochastically fluctuating signals. In bacteria these circuits create time delays ranging from a few minutes to a few hours.

Similarly, an inclusive-OR gate in which  is activated by either  or  is a sign-sensitive delay with no delay after the ON step but with a delay after the OFF step. This is because an ON pulse immediately activates B and C, but an OFF step does not immediately result in deactivation of C because B can still be active. This can protect the system from fluctuations that result in the transient loss of the ON signal and can also provide a form of memory. Kalir, Mangan, and Alon, 2005 show that the regulatory system for flagella in E. coli is regulated with a Type 1 coherent feedforward loop.

For instance, the regulation of the shift from one carbon source to another in diauxic growth in E. coli can be controlled via a type-1 coherent FFL. In diauxic growth cells growth using two carbon sources by first rapidly consuming the preferred carbon source, and then slowing growth in a lag phase before consuming the second less preferred carbon source. In E. coli, glucose is preferred over both arabinose and lactose. The absence of glucose is represented via a small molecule cAMP. Diauxic growth in glucose and lactose is regulated by a simple regulatory system involving cAMP and the lac operon. However, growth in arabinose is regulated by a feedforward loop with an AND gate which confers an approximately 20 minute time delay between the ON-step in which cAMP concentration increases when glucose is consumed and when arabinose transporters are expressed. There is no time delay with the OFF signal which occurs when glucose is present. This prevents the cell from shifting to growth on arabinose based on short term fluctuations in glucose availability.

Additionally, feedforward loops can facilitate cellular memory. Doncic and Skotheim (2003) show this in the regulation in the mating of yeast, where extracellular mating pheromone which indices mating behavior including preventing cells from entering the cell cycle. The mating pheromone activates the MAPK pathway which then activates the cell-cycle inhibitor Far1 and activates the Ste12 transcription factor that increases the synthesis of inactive Far1. In this system the concentration of active Far1 depends on the time integral of a function of the external mating pheromone concentration. This dependence on past levels of mating pheromone is a form of cellular memory. This system simultaneously allows for the stability and reversibility.

Incoherent feedforward loops, in which the two paths from the input to the output node have different signs result in short pulses in response to an ON signal. In this system input A simultaneous directly increases and indirectly decreases synthesis of output node C. If the indirect path to C (via B) is slower than the direct path a pulse of output is produced in the time period before levels of B are high enough to inhibit synthesis of C. Response to epidermal growth factor (EGF) in dividing mammalian cells is an example of a Type-1 incoherent FFL.

The frequent observation of feed-forward loops in several biological contexts across scales suggests that they have structural properties that are highly adaptive in several contexts. Several theoretical and experimental studies including those discussed here show that FFLs create a mechanism for biological systems to process and store information, which is important for predictive behavior and survival in complex dynamically changing environments.

Feed-forward systems in computing

In computing, feed-forward normally refers to a perceptron network in which the outputs from all neurons go to following but not preceding layers, so there are no feedback loops.  The connections are set up during a training phase, which in effect is when the system is a feedback system.

Long distance telephony
In the early 1970s, intercity coaxial transmission systems, including L-carrier, used feed-forward amplifiers to diminish linear distortion.  This more complex method allowed wider bandwidth than earlier feedback systems.  Optical fiber, however, made such systems obsolete before many were built.

Automation and machine control
Feedforward control is a discipline within the field of automatic controls used in automation.

Parallel feed-forward compensation with derivative (PFCD)
The method is rather a new technique that changes the phase of an open-loop transfer function of a non-minimum phase system into minimum phase.

See also
 Black box
 Smith predictor

References

Further reading

 S. Mangan A. Zaslaver & U. Alon, "The coherent feed-forward loop serves as a sign-sensitive delay element in transcription networks", J. Molecular Biology 334:197-204 (2003).
 Foss, S., Foss, K., & Trapp. (2002). Contemporary Perspectives on Rhetoric (3rd ed.). Waveland Press, Inc.
 Book, W.J. and Cetinkunt, S., "Optimum Control of Flexible Robot Arms OR Fixed Paths", IEEE Conference on Decision and Control. December 1985.
 Meckl, P.H. and Seering, W.P., "Feedforward Control Techniques Achieve Fast Settling Time in Robots", Automatic Control Conference Proceedings. 1986, pp 58–64.
 Sakawa, Y., Matsuno, F. and Fukushima, S., "Modeling and Feedback Control of a Flexible Arm", Journal of Robotic Systems. August 1985, pp 453–472.
 Truckenbrodt, A., "Modeling and Control of Flexible Manipulator Structures", 4th CISM-IFToMM Symp., Warszawa, 1981.
 Leu, M.C., Dukovski, V. and Wang, K.K., "An Analytical and Experimental Study of the Stiffness of Robot Manipulators with Parallel Mechanisms", 1985 ASME Winter Annual Meeting PRD-Vol. 15 Robotics and Manufacturing Automation, pp. 137–144
 Asada, H., Youcef-Toumi, K. and Ramirez, R.B., "Designing of the MIT Direct Drive Arm", Int. Symp. on Design and Synthesis, Japan, July 1984.
 Rameriz, R.B., Design of a High Speed Graphite Composite Robot Arm, M.S. Thesis, M.E. Dept., MIT, Feb. 1984.
 Balas, M.J., "Feedback Control of Flexible Systems", IEEE Trans. on Automatic Control, Vol.AC-23, No.4, Aug. 1978, pp. 673–679.
 Balas, M.J., "Active Control of Flexible Systems", J. of Optim. Th. and App., Vol.25, No.3, July 1978,
 Book, W.J., Maizzo Neto, 0. and Whitney, D.E., "Feedback Control of Two Beam, Two Joint Systems With Distributed Flexibility", Journal of Dynamic Systems, Measurement and Control, Vol.97, No.4, December 1975, pp. 424–430.
 Book, W.J., "Analysis of Massless Elastic Chains With Servo Controlled Joints", Journal of Dynamic Systems, Measurement and Control, Vol.101, September 1979, pp. 187–192.
 Book, W.J., "Recursive Lagrangian Dynamics of Flexible Manipulator Arms Via Transformation Matrices", Carnegie-Mellon University Robotics Institute Technical Report, CMU-RI-TR-8323, Dec. 1983.
 Hughes, P.C., "Dynamics of a Flexible Manipulator Arm for the Space Shuttle", AAS/AIAA Astrodynamics Conference, September 1977, Jackson Lake Lodge, Wyoming.
 Hughes, P.C., "Dynamics of a Chain of Flexible Bodies", Journal of Astronautical Sciences, 27,4, Oct.-Dec. 1979, pp. 359–380.
 Meirovitch, L., "Modeling and control of Distributed Structures" Proc. of the Workshop on Application of Distributed System Theory to Large Space Structures, JPL/CIT, NTIS #N83- 36064, July 1, 1983.
 Schmitz, E., "Experiments on the End-point Position Control of a Very Flexible One Link.Manipulator", Ph.D. Dissertation,-Stanford Univ., Dept. of Aero & Astro., June 1985.
 Martin, G.D., On the Control of Flexible Mechanical Systems, Ph.D. Dissertation, Stanford Univ., Dept. of E.E., May 1978.
 Zalucky, A. and Hardt, D.E., "Active Control of Robot Structure Deflections", J. of Dynamic Systems, Measurement and Control, Vol. 106, March 1984, pp. 63–69.
 Sangveraphunsiri, V., The Optimal Control and Design of a Flexible Manipulator Arm, Ph.D. Dissertation, Dept. of Mech. Eng., Georgia Inst, of Tech., 1984. 1985.
 Nemir, D. C, Koivo, A. J., and Kashyap, R. L., "Pseudolinks and the Self-Tuning Control of a Nonrigid Link Mechanism", Purdue University, Advance copy submitted for publication, 1987.
 Widmann, G. R. and Ahmad, S., "Control of Industrial Robots with Flexible Joints", Purdue University, Advance copy submitted for publication, 1987.
 Hollars, M. G., Uhlik, C. R., and Cannon, R. H., "Comparison of Decoupled and Exact Computed Torque Control for Robots with Elastic Joints", Advance copy submitted for publication, 1987.
 Cannon, R. H. and Schmitz, E., "Initial Experiments on the End- Point Control of a Flexible One Link Robot", International Journal of Robotics Research, November 1983.
 Oosting, K.W. and Dickerson, S.L., "Low-Cost, High Speed Automated Inspection", 1991, Industry Report
 Oosting, K.W. and Dickerson, S.L., "Feed Forward Control for Stabilization", 1987, ASME
 Oosting, K.W. and Dickerson, S.L., "Control of a Lightweight Robot Arm", 1986, IEEE International Conference on Industrial Automation
 Oosting, K.W., "Actuated Feedforward Controlled Solar Tracking System", 2009, Patent Pending
 Oosting, K.W., "Feedforward Control System for a Solar Tracker", 2009, Patent Pending
 Oosting, K.W., "Smart Solar Tracking", July, 2010, InterSolar NA Presentation

Control theory
Artificial neural networks
Neuroethology concepts
and

Feed forward (control)


أفلام
 شوق (فيلم)، فيلم مصري أصدر في عام 1976
 الشوق (فيلم)، فيلم مصري أصدر في عام 2017

مسلسلات
 شوق (مسلسل)، مسلسل سوري عُرض في عام 2017
 شوق (مسلسل أردني)، مسلسل أردني عُرض في عام 2017

أشخاص
 شوق (ممثلة)، ممثلة كويتية من مواليد 1985
 شوق الهادي، ممثلة كويتية من مواليد 1996

أخرى
 الشوق (سهرة تليفزيونية) سهرة تليفزيونية مصرية
 الشوق، قرية سعودية

صفحات توضيح

شوق


An Haworthia springbokvlakensis in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Charles Leslie Scott. An Haworthia springbokvlakensis in nahilalakip ha genus nga Haworthia, ngan familia nga Xanthorrhoeaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Haworthia

Haworthia springbokvlakensis


Kaşıkgaga, Ördekgiller (Anatidae) familyasının Anas cinsinden bazı ördek türlerinin ortak adı.

 Bayağı kaşıkgaga (Anas clypeata)
 Kızıl kaşıkgaga (Anas platalea)
 Avustralya kaşıkgagası (Anas rhynchotis)
 Kap kaşıkgagası (Anas smithii)

Kaşıkgaga


Is That What People Do? (Asta fac oamenii?) este o colecție de povestiri științifico-fantastice de Robert Sheckley din 1984. A fost publicată de Holt, Rinehart and Winston.

Conține o serie de povestiri noi și altele apărute inițial în colecțiile trecute între paranteze.

 "The Language of Love" (1957, publicată inițial în Notions: Unlimited)
 "The Accountant" (1954, publicată inițial în Citizen in Space)
 "A Wind Is Rising" (1957, publicată inițial în Notions: Unlimited)
 "The Robot Who Looked Like Me" (1973, publicată inițial în The Robot Who Looked Like Me)
 "The Mnemone" (1971, publicată inițial în Can You Feel Anything When I Do This?)
 "Warm" (1953, publicată inițial în Untouched by Human Hands)
 "The Native Problem" (1956, publicată inițial în Notions: Unlimited)
 "Fishing Season" (1953, publicată inițial în The People Trap)
 "Shape" (1953, publicată inițial în  Untouched by Human Hands, cunoscută și ca "Keep Your Shape")
 "Beside Still Waters" (1953, publicată inițial în  Untouched by Human Hands)
 "Silversmith Wishes" (1977, publicată inițial în  The Robot Who Looked Like Me)
 "Fool's Mate" (1953, publicată inițial în  Shards of Space)
 "Pilgrimage to Earth" (1956, publicată inițial în  Pilgrimage to Earth, cunoscută și ca "Love, Incorporated")
 "All the Things You Are" (1956, publicată inițial în  Pilgrimage to Earth)
 Tradusă în limba română ca "Ceea ce sîntem" de Dan Alexe, publicată în Almanah Anticipația 1986 din 1985
 "The Store of the Worlds" (1959, publicată inițial în  Store of Infinity, cunoscută și ca "The World of Heart's Desire")
 "Seventh Victim" (1953, publicată inițial în  Untouched by Human Hands)
 "Cordle to Onion to Carrot" (1969, publicată inițial în Store of Infinity)
 "The Prize of Peril" (1958, publicată inițial în Store of Infinity)
 "Fear in the Night" (1952, publicată inițial în Pilgrimage to Earth)
 "Can You Feel Anything When I Do This?" (1969, publicată inițial în Can You Feel Anything When I Do This?)
 "The Battle" (1954, publicată inițial în Citizen in Space)
 "The Monsters" (1953, publicată inițial în Untouched by Human Hands)
 "The Petrified World" (1968, publicată inițial în Can You Feel Anything When I Do This?)
 "Is THAT What People Do?" (1978, publicată inițial în  The Robot Who Looked Like Me)

Povestirile care nu au apărut anterior în alte colecții sunt:

 "Meanwhile, Back at the Bromide" (1962)
 "Five Minutes Early" (1982)
 "Miss Mouse and the Fourth Dimension" (1982)
 "The Skag Castle" (1956)
 "The Helping Hand" (1981)
 "The Last Days of (Parallel?) Earth" (1980)
 "The Future Lost" (1980)
 "Wild Talents, Inc." (1953)
 "The Swamp" (1981)
 "The Future of Sex: Speculative Journalism"(1982)
 "The Life of Anybody" (1984)
 "Good-Bye Forever to Mr. Pain" (1979)
 "The Shaggy Average American Man Story" (1979)
 "The Shootout in the Toy Shop" (1981)
 "How Pro Writers Really Write—Or Try To" (1982)

Referințe și note

Legături externe

Cărți din 1984
Colecții de povestiri științifico-fantastice
Povestiri americane
Colecții de povestiri de Robert Sheckley
1984 în științifico-fantastic

Is That What People Do?


Mıgırdıç Şellefyan (1914, Adapazarı - 10 Aralık 1987), Ermeni asıllı Türk siyasetçidir.

Lise mezunu olan Şellefyan Fransızca ve az miktarda İngilizce ve İtalyanca bilmekteydi. Türkiye'deki Ermeni cemaati ve Patrikhane, öldüğü 10 Aralık gününü matem günü ilan etti. Tüccarlık, Ermeni Cemaati Merkez Mütevelli Heyeti Başkanlığı, İstanbul Şehir Meclisi Azalığı, TBMM XI. Dönem
İstanbul Milletvekilliği yapmıştır. Evli ve iki çocuk babasıdır.

27 Mayıs Dönemi Temsilciler Meclisi'ne ve 1962 Cumhuriyet Senatosu'na yapılmış iki atama sayılmazsa, Meclis'e seçilen son Ermeni Türk vatandaşı olmuş bir siyasetçi ve iş adamıdır.

Süleyman Demirel'in 1960'lı yıllardaki Başbakanlığı esnasında kendisine ve ailesine çok yakın bir isim olarak tanınmıştır. Türkiye'nin sonradan tanık olacakları yanında miktar açısından nispeten önemsiz kalacak, Gaziantep Havaalanı ihalesini kazanıp parayı aldıktan sonra batması, teneke kaçakçılığı (yolsuzluğu) ve Başbakan'ın yeğeni Yahya Demirel ile ortaklaşa sunta mobilya hayali ihracatı gibi konularla akıllarda kalmıştır.

Kaynakça

1914 doğumlular
1987 yılında ölenler
Adapazarı doğumlular
TBMM 11. dönem İstanbul milletvekilleri
Türkiye'de azınlık milletvekilleri
Resim aranan siyasetçiler
Demokrat Parti (1946) mensubu siyasetçiler
20. yüzyıl Türk siyasetçileri
Türk tüccarlar

Mıgırdıç Şellefyan


Tom Scott (født 25. november 1984) er en britisk komiker, programmør, og programleder på Tv-programmet Gadget Geeks på Sky One.

I 2004 lavede Scott en hjemmeside med en parodi på det britiske beredskabsprocedure og inkluderede en sektion som forklarede hvad man skulle gøre ved en zombieapokalypse. GICS Operations Web Teamet svarede ved at kræve at hjemmesiden skulle fjernes.

Andre web-humor relaterede ting Scott har lagt ud inkluderer "Evil", en webapplikation som afslører telefonnumre til Facebookbrugere, "Tweleted", som lader én se slettede beskeder fra Twitter, og "What's Osama bin Watchin?", som sammenblander et billede af Osama bin Laden med internetmeme videoer fra Youtube, som for eksempel sangen "Friday". I 2012 lavede Scott "Klouchebag", der er en parodi af sociale medie vurderingsiden Klout.

Scott har også en populær Youtubekanal med over 4.900.000 abonnenter. Scott bliver også set i flere videoer fra Youtubekanalen Computerphile.

Scott var også den britiske organisator af International Talk Like A Pirate Day, og uklædte sig som "Mad Cap'n Tom" og stillede op (og blev valgt) som studentorganisationsformand ved University of York.

I 2008 vandt hans radioshow The Technical Difficulties Kevin Greening Prisen.

I 2010, efter hans involvering i piratrelateret humor, stillede Scott som parlamentsmedlem som "Mad Cap'n Tom" i valgkredsen London and Westminster som en joke, og gav løfter om at sænke skatten på rom, få skoler til at uddanne elever i "fægtning og brug af pistoler", og at putte en 50% højere skat på Cheryl Coles MP3'er. Han beskrev sin chancer for at vinde som "Lige så stor som en snebolds chance i helvede". Han fik 84 stemmer, 0,2% af de totale stemmer.

I 2014, grundlagde Scott sammen med Matt Gray Emojli, en kommunikationsapplikation hvor man kun kan bruge emojis, baseret på applikationen Yo. Den blev beskrevet som "en intern spøg som blev virkelighed".

Se også
 Kurzgesagt
 CGP Grey
 Derek Muller

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger
 Tom Scotts Youtube kanal

Komikere fra Storbritannien
Youtubere fra England

Tom Scott (komiker)


Osmoz, çözücü maddelerinin çok yoğun ortamdan az yoğun ortama, seçici geçirgen bir zardan enerji harcanmadan geçişidir.

Canlı sistemlerde çözücü madde su olduğu için, biyoloji biliminde osmoz terimi ile kastedilen, suyun çok yoğun ortamdan az yoğun ortama seçici geçirgen bir zardan enerji harcanmadan geçişidir. Bu tanımda, seçici geçirgen zardan kasıt, çözünenleri geçirmeyen fakat çözücüleri geçiren bir zardır.

Süzgeç gibi davranan zar, küçük moleküllerin kolayca geçmelerine olanak verirken büyük moleküllerin geçişini engeller. Yoğunluğu daha az olan taraftaki sıvı moleküllerinin, yoğunluğu yüksek tarafa geçmeleri, zarın iki tarafındaki yoğunlukların dengelenmesine yardımcı olur. (bkz: Geçişme dengesi)

Canlı bir hücre, konsantrasyonu hücre sitoplazmik konsantrasyonundan daha düşük hipotonik bir ortama konulduğunda, ortamdan hücre içine, hücre zarı vasıtası ile su geçişi, bir başka deyişle osmoz gerçekleşir. Bu geçiş, hücrenin sitoplazmik konsantrasyonu, hipotonik çözeltinin konsantrasyonuna seyrelinceye kadar devam eder. Hipotonik çözeltilerde hayvan hücreleri şişer, bitki hücreleri ve hücre duvarı bulunan diğer hücreler ise şişmez. Eğer, bir hayvan hücresi, hipotonik çözeltinin konsantrasyonunun çok düşük olması sebebiyle çok fazla su alırsa, hücre zarının esnekliği yeterli olmaz ve hücre patlayabilir. Hayvan hücresinin patlamasına hemoliz denir.
Canlı bir hücre, konsantrasyonu hücre sitoplazmik konsantrasyonundan daha yüksek hipertonik bir ortama konulduğunda, hücre içinden ortama, hücre zarı vasıtası ile su geçişi, başka deyişle osmoz gerçekleşir. Bu geçiş, hücrenin sitoplazmik konsantrasyonu, hipertonik çözeltinin konsantrasyonuna yükselinceye kadar devam eder. Bu durumda, su kaybından dolayı hücrelerin hacimleri küçülür ve büzülürler.

Canlı bir hücre, konsantrasyonu hücre sitoplazmik konsantrasyonu ile aynı olan izotonik bir ortamda iken, hücre içi ile ortam arasında konsantrasyon dengesi sağlanmış demektir. Bu durumda, hücre zarından su geçişi gerçekleşir ama dengelidir. Yani hücre içindeki su miktarı aynı kalır.

Pasif taşıma sırasında ATP harcanmaz. Canlı ve cansız ortamda gerçekleşebilir. Küçük moleküllerin geçişidir.

Ayrıca bakınız
 Ters osmoz
 Difüzyon
 Osmotik basınç
 Turgor
 Efüzyon

Kaynakça

Difüzyon
Hücre fizyolojisi
Biyofizik
Su teknolojisi
Membran teknolojisi

Osmoz


Fernando Henrique Mariano (født 3. april 1967) er en tidligere brasiliansk fodboldspiller.

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Brasilien

Fernando Henrique Mariano


Lombardiet Rundt 2016 var den 110. udgave af endagsløbet Lombardiet Rundt og blev afholdt den 1. oktober. Det var det 27. og sidste arrangement på UCI World Tour 2016. Løbet blev vundet af Esteban Chaves fra .

Hold og ryttere

Danske ryttere
 Jakob Fuglsang kørte for
 Jesper Hansen kørte for

Resultater

Eksterne henvisninger
 Officielle hjemmeside

UCI World Tour 2016
2016

Lombardiet Rundt 2016


Un referéndum o plebiscito sobre Estatus Político fue sostenido en Puerto Rico el domingo 13 de diciembre de 1998. Los votantes fueron provistos de varias elecciones entre las cuales se hallaban Estadidad, Independencia,  Libre Asociación, Estado Libre Asociado y Ninguna de las Anteriores. Los votantes favorecieron la Ninguna de las Anteriores con un 50.5%. La participación fue de un 71.3%. La opción  con mayor cantidad de  votos fue "ninguna de las anteriores" que sumó la mayoría absoluta de los votos.

Texto de la petición

"Petición al Gobierno de los Estados Unidos:

"Nosotros, el Pueblo, por la presente y en el ejercicio de nuestro derecho al amparo de la primera enmienda a la Constitución de los Estados Unidos, firmemente solicitamos al Congreso de los Estados Unidos, que con toda rapidez deliberada y tras cien años de subordinación política, se defina de manera concluyente la condición política del Pueblo de Puerto Rico y el alcance de la soberanía de los Estados Unidos de América, a los fines de resolver el actual problema territorial de la isla bajo la siguiente opción:"

Opción 1 (Commonwealth):

"La aplicación sobre Puerto Rico de la soberanía del Congreso, que por virtud de la Ley Federal 600 de 3 de julio de 1950, delega a la Isla la conducción de un gobierno limitado a asuntos de estricto orden local bajo una Constitución propia. Dicho gobierno local estará sujeto a la autoridad del Congreso, la Constitución, las leyes y tratados de los Estados Unidos. Por virtud del Tratado de París y la Cláusula territorial de la Constitución federal, el Congreso puede tratar a Puerto Rico en forma distinta a los estados, mientras haya una base racional. La ciudadanía americana de los puertorriqueños será estatutaria. El inglés continuará siendo el idioma oficial de las agencias y tribunales del Gobierno Federal que operen en Puerto Rico."

Opción 2 (Libre Asociación):

"Un Tratado que reconozca la soberanía plena de Puerto Rico para desarrollar su relación con los Estados Unidos en asociación no colonial, no territorial. Estados Unidos renunciará a todos sus poderes sobre Puerto Rico, entrando al Tratado en el mismo acto. Puerto Rico retendrá todos los poderes que no se deleguen expresamente a los Estados Unidos. Puerto Rico dispondrá sobre la ciudadanía puertorriqueña. Los ciudadanos actuales de los Estados Unidos en Puerto Rico retendrán la ciudadanía americana, si así lo desean, y podrán trasmitirla a sus descendientes, sujeto a lo que dispongan las leyes de los Estados Unidos o el Tratado. Debe entenderse que, a partir de la vigencia del Tratado, el solo hecho de nacer en Puerto Rico no concederá derecho a ser ciudadano americano. El Tratado a negociarse dispondrá sobre asuntos de mercado, defensa, el uso del dólar, asistencia económica y la protección de derechos personales adquiridos. El Tratado también reconocerá la capacidad soberana de Puerto Rico para concertar convenios y otros tratados internacionales."

Opción 3 (Estadidad):

"El ingreso de Puerto Rico a la Unión de los Estados Unidos de América como un estado soberano, en completa igualdad de derechos, responsabilidades y beneficios con los demás estados. Reteniendo, además, la soberanía de Puerto Rico en aquellos asuntos no delegados por la Constitución de los Estados Unidos al Gobierno Federal. El derecho al voto presidencial y la representación igual en el Senado y proporcional en la Cámara de Representantes, sin menoscabo de la representación de los demás estados. Manteniendo también la presente Constitución de Puerto Rico y las mismas leyes estatales; y con ciudadanía americana permanente garantizada por la Constitución de los Estados Unidos de América. Las disposiciones de la ley federal sobre el uso del idioma inglés en las agencias y tribunales del gobierno federal en los cincuenta estados de la Unión aplicarán igualmente en el Estado de Puerto Rico, como ocurre en la actualidad."'

Opción 4 (Independencia):"El reconocimiento de que Puerto Rico es una república soberana con autoridad plena sobre su territorio y en sus relaciones internacionales con una Constitución que será la Ley Suprema que provea para un sistema de gobierno republicano y la protección de los derechos humanos. Los residentes de Puerto Rico deberán lealtad a, y tendrán la ciudadanía y nacionalidad de la república de Puerto Rico. El haber nacido en Puerto Rico o tener parientes con la ciudadanía americana estatutaria por nacimiento en el anterior territorio, dejarán de ser fundamento para la ciudadanía americana; excepto que las personas que tenían la ciudadanía americana tendrán el derecho estatuario de mantener esa ciudadanía de por vida, por derecho o decisión, según provisto por las leyes del Congreso federal. Los beneficios de los individuos en Puerto Rico, adquiridos por servicios o por contribuciones hechas a los Estados Unidos, serán honrados por los Estados Unidos. Puerto Rico y los Estados Unidos desarrollarán tratados de cooperación, incluyendo asistencia económica y programatica por un período razonable, libre comercio y tránsito y el status de las fuerzas militares."''

Ninguna de las Anteriores.

Resultados

Resumen

Las siguientes estadísticas responden a los resultados oficiales publicados por la Comisión Estatal de Elecciones (CEE) de Puerto Rico:

Municipios

Resultados por Municipios

Véase también
 Plebiscito sobre el estatus político de Puerto Rico (1967)
 Plebiscito sobre el estatus político de Puerto Rico (1993)
 Plebiscito sobre el estatus político de Puerto Rico (2012)
 Estatus político de Puerto Rico
 Estado 51

Referencias

Puerto Rico
Elecciones de Puerto Rico
Puerto Rico en 1998
Puerto Rico

Plebiscito sobre el estatus político de Puerto Rico de 1998


An Stelis bifalcis in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Schltr., ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Alec M. Pridgeon och Mark W. Chase. An Stelis bifalcis in nahilalakip ha genus nga Stelis, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Stelis (Orchidaceae)

Stelis bifalcis


A tarn (or corrie loch)  is a mountain lake, pond or pool, formed in a cirque excavated by a glacier.  A moraine may form a natural dam below a tarn.

Etymology

The word is derived from the Old Norse word tjörn ("a small mountain lake without tributaries") meaning pond. In parts of Northern England – predominantly Cumbria (where there are 197), but also areas of North Lancashire and North Yorkshire – 'tarn' is widely used as the name for small lakes or ponds, regardless of their location and origin (e.g. Talkin Tarn, Urswick Tarn, Malham Tarn). Similarly, in Scandinavian languages, a tjern or tjørn (both Norwegian) or tjärn or tärn (both Swedish) is a small natural lake, often in a forest or with vegetation closely surrounding it or growing into the tarn.

The specific technical use for a body of water in a glacial corrie comes from high number of tarns found in corries in the Lake District, an upland area in Cumbria. Nonetheless, there are many more bodies of water called 'tarn' in the Lake District than actually fit this technical use.

Formation
Tarns are the result of small glaciers called cirque glaciers. Glacial cirques (or 'corries') form as hollows on mountainsides near the firn line. Eventually, the hollow in which a cirque glacier develops may become a large bowl shape in the side of the mountain, caused by weathering, by ice segregation, and as well as being eroded by plucking. The basin will become deeper as it continues to be eroded by ice segregation and abrasion. A cirque typically will be partially surrounded on three sides by steep cliffs, with a fourth side a form of moraine constructed from glacial till, which forms the lip, threshold or sill, from which either a stream or glacier will flow away from the cirque.

Tarns form from the melting of the cirque glacier. They may either be seasonal features as supraglacial lakes, or permanent features which form in the hollows left by cirques in formerly glaciated areas.

Gallery

See also

 Pond
 Proglacial lake
Kettle (landform)

References

External links

de:Karsee

Tarn (lake)


Hama katliâmı (Arapça: مجزرة حماة Ahdas Hamah), 2 Şubat 1982'de Suriye hükûmetinin Müslüman Kardeşler'in Hama şehrinde başlattığı ayaklanmayı bastırmak amacıyla saldırarak binlerce kişiyi öldürdüğü katliam. Uluslararası Af Örgütü'ne göre ölenlerin sayısı 10.000-25.000 arasında olmasına rağmen gerçek rakam bunun çok üstünde veya altında olabilir. Suriye hükûmeti ölenlerin sayısı hakkında resmî bir açıklama yapmamıştır.

Arka plan
Hafız Esad'ın darbe ile iktidara gelmesinden sonra Nusayriler, Suriye yönetiminde güçlü bir konuma geldiler. Bu durum ülkedeki Sünni grupların tepkisini çekmeye başladı. 1976'da başlayan Lübnan İç Savaşı'na saplanıp kalmış olan Suriye'nin zor durumundan faydalanmak isteyen Sünni Müslüman Kardeşler'in bir hizbi bu durumu avantaja çevirmek istedi. Nusayri kökenli olan Hafız Esad'ın rejimini kabul etmeyen Sünni Müslüman Kardeşler Cemaati ülke çapında silahlı bir ayaklanmaya girişti. Örgüt, 1970'lerin sonlarından itibaren Suriye içinde sivil ve askeri hükûmet görevlilerini, Hristiyanları ve altyapı tesislerini hedef alan gerilla savaşına girişti. Baas hükûmeti ise bu saldırılara işkence, toplu tutuklama ve idam gibi sert baskılarla karşılık verdi. Rejim aleyhtarı şiddet haziran 1979'da, Halep'teki bir topçu okulunda çoğu Nusayri olan 83 askeri öğrencinin öldürülmesi ve Ağustos-Kasım 1980 arasında Şam'da yüzlerce kişinini öldürüldüğü üç bombalı araba saldırısını da içeriyordu.

Hafız Esad yönetiminin saldırılara verdiği sert cevaplarla birlikte Müslüman Kardeşlerin eylemleri daha da arttı. Olaylar, Şubat 1982'de muhafazakâr Sünni şehri Hama'da başlayan bir genel ayaklanmayla doruğa çıktı. İslamcılar ve diğer muhalif militanlar Hama'yı "kurtarılmış şehir" ilan ederek, Suriyelileri "kâfir" olarak adlandırdıkları hükûmet güçlerine karşı ayaklanmaya çağırdılar. Müslüman Kardeşler militanları Baas Partisi üylerinin, hükûmet ajanlarının ve rejim destekçilerinin evlerini basarak yaklaşık elli kişiyi öldürdüler.

Katliam
Bu olay üzerine Suriye ordusu seferber edildi, Hafız Esad'ın kardeşi Rıfat Esad'ın özel kuvvetleri bölgeye gönderildi. Saldırı başlamadan önce şehrin teslim olması ve boşaltılması için son bir çağrıda bulunuldu. Uluslararası Af Örgütü'ne göre piyadelerin ve tankların dar sokaklara rahatça girebilmesi için önce eski şehir merkezi havadan bombalandı, binalar tanklar tarafından yıkıldı. Eski şehir neredeyse tamamen yok edildi. Bazı iddialara göre Suriye ordusu yıkılmış binaların içinde saklanan asileri öldürmek veya ortaya çıkarmak için zehirli gaz kullandı. Şehirdeki direnişin devam etmesi üzerine şehir büyük toplarla çevrilerek üç hafta boyunca dövüldü. 2 Şubat 1982'de Suriye ordusu geniş çaplı bir top saldırısının eşliğinde şehre saldırdı.

Sonra, askeri ve sivil güvenlik personeli Müslüman Kardeşler'in kalan son üyelerini ve sempatizanlarını bulmak için şehre dağıldı. Yakalanan şüpheliler işkence ve onu takip eden toplu idamlarla yüz yüze kaldı.

Kayıplar
Hama katliamı sonucunda ölenlerin sayısı kesin değildir, çeşitli kaynaklara göre 7.000 ile 35.000 arasında değişmektedir. Olaylardan hemen sonra bölgeye gelen İngiliz gazeteci Robert Fisk ölü sayısını en fazla 10 bin olarak tahmin ederken, New York Times gazetesi ölü sayısının 20 bine kadar olabileceğini tahmin etti. Amerikalı gazeteci Thomas Friedman'a göre ise Rıfat Esad 38.000 kişinin yaşamını kaybettiğini açıkladı. Suriye İnsan Hakları Komitesi'nin rakamlarına göre ise ölülerin sayısı 30.000 ile 40.000 arasındadır.

Sonrası
Hama'daki katliamdan sonra Suriye'deki isyan sona erdi, Müslüman Kardeşler'in üyeleri ve sempatizanları ya sürgüne gitti ya da yeraltına çekildi.

Ayrıca bakınız
 Kamışlı Olayı

Kaynakça

Suriye'deki katliamlar
Katliam
1982'de Suriye
1982'de çatışmalar

Hama Katliamı


Chrono Trigger (Japonca: クロノ・トリガー) Square Co. Ltd. (günümüzde Square Enix olmuştur) tarafından çıkartılan RPG tarzı bir Super Nintendo oyunudur. Japonya'da 11 Mart 1995'te çıkan bu oyun, Kuzey Amerika'da da 22 Ağustos'ta satılmaya başlamıştır. Oyunun hikâyesi genç maceraperestlerin zaman içinde dolaşarak yok olmuş geleceklerini kurtarması üzerinedir. Olacak felaketi engellemek için dünyayı kurtarmaya çalışırlar.

Chrono Trigger "Rüya Takımı" ya da "Rüya Projesi" olarak tanımlanarak çıkmıştır. Her biri kendi alanında en iyi olarak gösterilen Hironobu Sakaguchi, Kazuhiko Aoki ve besteci Nabuo Uematsu (Final Fantasy serisinde de görev yapmışlardır), ayrıca Yuuji Horii ve tasarımcı Akira Toriyama (Dragon Quest serisinde de görev yapmışlardır) bu oyunda görev almışlardır.

Chrono Trigger'da kullanılan birçok husus alanında ilktir ve RPG oyunlarının kaderini değiştirmiştir. Oyunu birçok şekilde bitirebilir olmak, yan mecaralar, karakter gelişmeleri, eşsiz savaş sistemi ve ayrıntılı grafikler ilk defa kullanılmıştır. Birçok bilgisayar oyunu hayranları tarafından tüm zamanların en iyi oyunu olarak kabul görür. Playstation'a da tamamen aynı şekilde 1999'da sunulmuştur. 2001'de yayımlanan Final Fantasy Chronicles'ın da bir parçasıdır. Hiçbir zaman PAL sunucularına varamamış, bu bağlamda Avrupa'da tanınmamıştır.

Ancak gelişen yıllar ve Super Nintendo emülatörleri (ZSNES gibi) popüler oldukça; Chrono Trigger da tekrar yüksek bir ilgi görmüştür.

Dış bağlantılar
 Resmi Chrono Trigger web sitesi

Japonya'da geliştirilen video oyunları
Rol yapma video oyunları
Kurgusal çarpma olayları
Akira Toriyama
1995 video oyunları
Toei Animation
Microsoft Windows oyunları

Chrono Trigger


Wychwood est une forêt située dans l'ouest de l'Oxfordshire, en Angleterre, près de la ville de Charlbury.

Étymologie

Le toponyme Wychwood est d'origine vieil-anglaise et désigne la forêt des Hwicce, un peuple anglo-saxon établi dans l'ouest des Midlands au haut Moyen Âge. Il est attesté sous la forme Huiccewudu en 840.

Trois villages voisins ont un nom qui fait référence à la forêt : Ascott-under-Wychwood, Milton-under-Wychwood et Shipton-under-Wychwood.

Conservation

La forêt de Wychwood est protégée à plusieurs titres :
 une surface de  constitue un site d'intérêt scientifique particulier ;
 une surface de  constitue une

Références

Géographie de l'Oxfordshire
Forêt royale en Angleterre
Site d'intérêt scientifique particulier en Angleterre
Réserve naturelle nationale en Angleterre

Wychwood