Hans-Jochen von Arnim (Prenzlau, 17 de enero de 1893 - Bad Tölz, 1 de abril de 1972), General Mayor alemán que participó en la Segunda Guerra Mundial.

Primera Guerra Mundial
El 27 de marzo de 1913 ingresó en el servicio militar a la edad de 18 años como Alférez en la Marina Alemana. El 27 de marzo de 1913 recibió una formación básica en la Academia Naval Mürwik en Flensburgo-Mürwik y a bordo del crucero ligero SMS Graudenz hasta el 31 de enero de 1915. El 1 de febrero de 1915 embarcó en el crucero ligero SMS München hasta el 31 de octubre de 1916. El 1 de noviembre de 1916 sirvió en el crucero ligero SMS Karlsruhe hasta el 12 de diciembre de 1916.

El 13 de diciembre de 1916 es instructor de pilotos y comandante del II Batallón Aéreo de la Marina hasta el 25 de octubre de 1917. El 26 de octubre de 1917 es nombrado Jefe del Estado Mayor del comandante del aire de la Flota de Alta Mar hasta el 29 de mayo de 1918. El 30 de mayo de 1918 está al mando del II Escuadrón de Reconocimiento Aéreo de la Marina, en Borkum, hasta el 21 de noviembre de 1919. Se retiró de la Armada el 21 de noviembre de 1919.

Periodos de entreguerras
En la vida civil, el 1 de octubre de 1924 es empleado de la Junkers AG del tráfico aéreo. Desde e 1 de abril de 1925 como director de vuelo de la Alta Silesia de la empresa AG Gliwice. El 1 de abril de 1927es director de vuelo y luego Director General de lo que hoy es la Alta Silesia en el Aeropuerto GmbH en Gliwice.

El 1 de octubre de 1933 se une a la nueva Fuerza Aérea y permanece hasta el 9 de enero de 1934 (periodo de prueba). El 10 de enero de 1934 ingresa definitivamente como oficial activo en la Luftwaffe. El 10 de enero de 1934 fue asesor personal del Comando Superior de las Escuelas de Vuelo, en Warnemünde, hasta el 30 de septiembre de 1935. El 1 de octubre de 1935 es instructor de la Escuela Naval de Vuelo hasta el 28 de febrero de 1937. El 1 de marzo de 1937 fue comandante de la Base Aérea Naval de Hörnum hasta el 31 de marzo de 1938. El 1 de abril de 1938 es comandante de la Escuela de Pilotos Navales y comandante de la Base Aérea de Püttnitz hasta el 28 de enero de 1941. Fue comandante de la Escuela de Pilotos Navales en 1938, durante tres años.

Segunda Guerra Mundial
El 29 de enero de 1941 es comandante del 16º Batallón de Instrucción Aérea hasta el 1 de enero de 1942 y fue comandante de la Base Aérea Naval en Schleswig hasta el 31 de diciembre de 1941. El 1 de enero de 1942 es nombrado comandante del 16º Regimiento de Instrucción Aérea hasta el 16 de agosto de 1942. El 16 de agosto de 1942 está al mando del 16º Regimiento Aéreo hasta octubre de 1942. En octubre de 1942 es comandante de la 5º División de la Fuerza Aérea de Campo hasta noviembre de 1942. El 9 de diciembre de 1942 es independiente de información como Comandante de Área de Aeropuerto en el área del XI Comando Administrativo Aéreo hasta el 8 de enero de 1943. El 9 de enero de 1943 fue Comandante (suplente) del XI/12º Comandante de Área de Aeropuerto hasta el 24 de enero de 1943. El 25 de enero de 1943 fue Comandante del VII/9º Comandante de Área de Aeropuerto hasta el 26 de agosto de 1943. 26 de agosto de 1943 fue nombrado Líder de Reserva del O.K.L. hasta el 31 de agosto de 1943. El 1 de septiembre de 1943 fue Comandante del XII/2º Comandante de Área de Aeropuerto hasta el 14 de octubre de 1944. El 15 de octubre de 1944 fue Comandante del VII/13º Comandante de Área de Aeropuerto hasta el 24 de octubre de 1944. El 24 de octubre de 1944 fue nombrado nuevamente Líder de Reserva del O.K.L. hasta el 26 de noviembre de 1944. El 26 de noviembre de 1944 fue nombrado Líder de Reserva de la División de Reemplazo Aéreo hasta el 28 de febrero de 1945. El 28 de febrero de 1945 se retira.

Después de la guerra
Vivió en Bad Tölz, donde también viven algunos otros generales. El Teniente General Hans Degen, un General de las tropas de montaña, que falleció el 11 de agosto de 1971, y el SS Obergruppenführer Hans Jüttner, que murió el 24 de mayo de 1965. Von Arnim murió a la edad de 79 años el 1 de abril de 1972 y fue sepultado con sus "Camaradas" en Bad Tölz, Waldfriedhof, Abt 53-Reihe 1-Grab 17/18, Alemania.

Fechas de ascensos
 Alférez - (1 de febrero de 1915)
 Teniente de fragata - (18 de septiembre de 1915)
 Teniente de navío - (21 de noviembre de 1919)
 Capitán - (1 de octubre de 1933)
 Mayor - (10 de enero de 1934)
 Teniente Coronel - (?)
 Coronel - (1 de abril de 1939)
 Mayor General - (1 de noviembre de 1942)

Referencias

 WW2gravestone - Generalmajor Hans-Joachim von Arnim
 Balsi - Generalmajor Hans-Joachim von Arnim

Militares alemanes de la Segunda Guerra Mundial

Hans-Jochen von Arnim


قائمة جبال مكة تضم هذه القائمة جميع الجبال الموجودة في مكة:
 جبل النور
 جبل ثور
 جبل عمر
 جبل خندمة
 جبل عرفة
 جبل أبي قبيس
 جبل الكعبة
 جبل السيدة
 جبل المدافع
 جبل قينقاع
 جبل الرخم

مراجع

قوائم تضاريس المملكة العربية السعودية

قائمة جبال مكة


Akhmat-Iourt (en ) ou Aẋmad-Yurt (en ) est un village de Tchétchénie en fédération de Russie, dans le raïon Kourtchaloï, à  au sud-est de Grozny. Sa population s'élevait à  habitants en 2021. Le chef de la république de Tchétchénie Ramzan Kadyrov y est né en 1976.

Toponymie
Le nom historique tchétchène du village est Khossi-Iourt (Хоси-Йурт). De 1859 à 1944 le village s'appelait en russe Tsentaroï (d'après le clan tchétchène y résidant), il est rebaptisé en 1944 en Krasnoarmeïskoïe (en l'honneur de l'Armée rouge) et reprend son nom de Tsentaroï en 1958. En 2019 Tsentaroï devient Akhmat-Iourt en hommage à Akhmad Kadyrov dont la famille est originaire du village et qui y est enterré.

Géographie
Akhmat-Iourt est traversé par la rivière Mitchik, à  au nord-est de Kourtchaloï, et se trouve à 253 m d'altitude.

Population
Le village avait une population de  habitants en 1990,  habitants en 2010 et  habitants en 2021.

Il est peuplé à 99,7 % de Tchétchènes.

Notes et références

Village en Tchétchénie

Akhmat-Iourt


Stefanie van der Gragt (født 16. august 1992) er en hollandsk fodboldspiller, der spiller som forsvarer for AFC Ajax i Æresdivisionen og . Hun spillede senest for spanske FC Barcelona. Forinden havde hun fra 2016 til 2017 spillet hun for FC Bayern München, i 2017-18 for AFC Ajax. Hun har vundet sølv ved VM i fodbold for kvinder 2015 og guld ved EM i fodbold for kvinder 2017 .

Hæder
AZ Alkmaar
 Eredivisie: 2009–10
 KNVB Women's Cup: 2010–11

FC Twente
 Eredivisie: 2015–16

FC Barcelona
Copa Catalunya: Vinder 2018

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Kvindelige fodboldspillere fra Holland
Kvindelige fodboldlandsholdsspillere fra Holland
Fodboldspillere fra FC Twente (kvinder)
Fodboldspillere fra FC Bayern München (kvinder)
Fodboldspillere fra FC Barcelona Femení
Fodboldspillere fra AFC Ajax (kvinder)

Stefanie van der Gragt


Clive Maxwell Hitch (* 17. Mai 1931 in Shepparton; † 23. November 2008 in Springvale, Victoria) war ein australischer Eishockeyspieler.

Karriere
Clive Hitch nahm für die australische Nationalmannschaft an den Olympischen Winterspielen 1960 in Squaw Valley teil. Mit seinem Team belegte er den neunten und somit letzten Platz. Er selbst kam im Turnierverlauf in allen sechs Spielen seiner Mannschaft zum Einsatz. Auf Vereinsebene spielte er für den Blackhawks Ice Hockey Club in Melbourne.

Weblinks

Eishockeynationalspieler (Australien)
Olympiateilnehmer (Australien)
Teilnehmer der Olympischen Winterspiele 1960
Australier
Geboren 1931
Gestorben 2008
Mann

Clive Hitch


فاتوتينكي  هي مدينة في مقاطعة موسكو أوبلاست في روسيا. يبلغ عدد سكانها حوالي 9607 نسمة.

مراجع

مدن مقاطعة موسكو

فاتوتينكي


Bilješke
NK Kupa Donje Mekušje se u prvenstvo uključila nakon trećeg kola

Izvori

 Krešimir Perušić - 100 godina nogometa u Karlovačkoj županiji 1903-2003, Karlovac 2004., ISBN 953-9969-0-6, str. 295

1967-68 2
Karlovac-2

2. Podsavezna nogometna liga NP Karlovac 1967./68.


نيسان إكستيرا هي سيارة دفع رباعي من تصنيع وتسويق شركة نيسان موتورز من 1999 إلى 2015 عبر جيلين؛
ذات محرك أمامي، أو بعجلتين أو 4 عجلات، وخمسة أبواب، وخمسة ركاب، ودفع رباعي مدمجة قائمة على الشاحنات، الجيل الأول (1999-2004) يشترك في المنصة بالإضافة إلى المصد الأمامي، وغطاء المحرك، والعمود أي، والزجاج الأمامي والأبواب الأمامية مع نيسان فرونتير بيك آب - والجيل الثاني (2005-2015) يتشارك أيضاً في منصته مع فرونتير.

المقدمة
في حين أن جيلين إكستيرا اختلفوا بشكل كبير، فقد أعطى كل من الصلابة والقدرة على تحمل التكاليف الأولوية على الرفاهية واستخدام الهيكل على الإطار جنباً إلى جنب مع ألواح الانزلاق السفلي.

استخدم كلا الجيلين أيضاً تصميماً من صندوقين مع مقابض أبواب خلفية مثبتة على عمود سي، ونافذة خلفية غير متكافئة، ونزول في الباب الخلفي لمجموعة إسعافات أولية يمكن الوصول إليها من الداخل - وسقف بارز من مستويين يتيح الجلوس في الملعب في الصف الثاني. يستوعب السقف المتدرج رف سقف أمامي سفلي مع سلة تروس قابلة للإزالة ورف سقف تقليدي أكثر في السقف الخلفي والخلفي.

قامت نيسان بترخيص اسم إكستيرا من سلسلة سباقات إكستيرا على الطرق الوعرة ثلاثية الطرقات وصنعت سيارات الدفع الرباعي في جمعية سميرنا نيسان، وكذلك في كانتون، ميسيسيبي. تم تصنيع المتغيرات أيضاً في البرازيل والصين.

صممت إكستيرا بواسطة مدير التصميم في المعهد الوطني الديمقراطي وتم تطويره في نيسان ديزاين أمريكا في لاجولا، كاليفورنيا، وكانت أول سيارة نيسان تم تصميمها وتطويرها وتصنيعها بالكامل في الولايات المتحدة. وفقاً لجيري هيرشبرغ، رئيس شركة نيسان ديزاين إنترناشونال، "كان الدافع لمصممي إكستيرا هو ابتكار معدات متينة وذات جودة عالية وبأسعار معقولة". وصفها لاحقاً بأنها "أداة في المرآب كأنها تقول"عاملني بقسوة " وقال أيضاً "إنها مصممة لتبدو أفضل قذرة من نظيفة".

وصفت شركة روود آند ترك سيارة إكستيرا بأنها "سيارة رياضية متعددة الاستخدامات صادقة لا تحاول أن تكون بديلاً لسيارة فاخرة، ولا تحاول إخفاء ركائز شاحنتها".

وصفها جالوبنيك بأنها "مقلدة من لاند روفر ديسكفري". ووصفتها صحيفة واشنطن بوست بأنها "قاس بلا تبجح".

الجيل الأول

(دبليو دي 22 1999)

1999-2001
تم تقديم إكستيرا في أمريكا الشمالية في عام 2000، باستخدام كل ما تحتاجه، لا شيء لا تريده كشعار تسويقي.

خلال العامين الأولين من إكستيرا، تم تقديم مستويين من القطع، وتم تسويقهما على أنهما إكس إي وأس إي.

تتميز إكس إي بمحرك KA24DE I4 بقوة 143 حصاناً (107 كيلوواط)، وناقل حركة يدوي 5 سرعات، وعجلات فولاذية بالإضافة إلى العديد من الحزم الاختيارية التي تجمع بين محرك VG33E V6 بقوة 170 حصاناً سعة 3.3 لتر مع ناقل حركة يدوي 5 سرعات أو ناقل حركة أوتوماتيكي بـ 4 سرعات، بالإضافة إلى رف السقف (المصنف لحمل يصل إلى 125 رطلاً) وسلالم جانبية، وفتحة سقف، وحصائر أرضية مغطاة بالسجاد.

يتميز أس إي بمعدات قياسية كانت اختيارية في إكس إي. تتميز جميع الطُرز بوسائد للمقعد الخلفي قابلة للإزالة ومثبتة بعلامات تبويب لاستيعاب ظهر المقعد الخلفي المسطح القابل للطي. كانت الموديلات الكندية من 1999 إلى 2004 مقتصرة على محرك VG33E V6 بدوام جزئي 4WD.

2002-2004
مع تطوير إكستيرا 1999 في نيسان ديزاين أمريكا في كاليفورنيا، تم تنفيذ جميع التحديثات لعام 2002 إكستيرا في مركز نيسان التقني بأمريكا الشمالية في فارمنجتون هيلز، ميشيغان.

ظهر الطراز المحسن لأول مرة في معرض شيكاغو للسيارات 2001 بتصميم أمامي منقح بشكل بارز مع مصابيح أمامية مستديرة ولوحة عدادات معدلة ووحدة تحكم مركزية وحجرة قفاز أكبر وحوامل أكواب خلفية قابلة للسحب وأربع نقاط طاقة داخلية وفرامل وقوف بدواسة تعمل بالقدم (مقابل. سابقاً، مكابح انتظار مثبتة على لوحة العدادات) - وزيادة بمقدار 10 حصان لمحرك V6.

الترس التفاضلي الخلفي لجميع إكستيرا وفرونتير هو H233B مع عدد من نسب التروس المتوفرة في كل من التكوينات المحدودة للانزلاق والمفتوحة. الأكثر شيوعاً هو 4.636: 1 و4.9: 1. التفاضلات المبكرة لها مدخلات نمط شفة في الترس الصغير بينما أواخر عام 2004 وحتى نهاية الإنتاج كان لها مدخل من نمط نير سبايسر للجناح.

تمت ترقية محرك VG33E V6 سعة 3.3 لتر إلى 180 حصاناً (134 كيلوواط) عند 4800 دورة في الدقيقة و202 رطل قدم (274 نيوتن متر) عند 2800 دورة في الدقيقة، مع خيار إيتون M62 سوبر تشارجد VG33ER الذي تم ترحيله من 2001  نيسان فرونتير، ينتج 246 رطل قدم (334 نيوتن متر) من عزم الدوران للأوتوماتيكي، و231 رطل قدم (313 نيوتن متر) من عزم الدوران مع 5 سرعات يدوي.

بالنسبة لعام 2003، تلقت المقاعد الأمامية قابلية ضبط إضافية مع دعم إضافي للخشب وفي طرازات أس إي، تم استبدال نظام الصوت سي دي و أي إم وإف إم المكون من 6 أسطوانات و4 مكبرات صوت بنظام صوت روك فوسغيت أي إم وإف إم وسي دي مع 6 مكبرات صوت 300 واط  مضخم صوت 8 بوصات يشغل جزءاً صغيراً من منطقة التخزين الخلفية. تم تصنيع آخر طراز من طراز عام 2004 إكستيرا  في يناير 2005.

الجيل الثاني

(إن50 2005)

2005-2015
ظهر الجيل الثاني من إكستيرا لأول مرة في معرض نيويورك الدولي للسيارات في عام 2004 باستخدام منصة ألفا من نيسان. أكبر في جميع الأبعاد من سابقتها، دخلت صالات العرض في أوائل عام 2005 لطراز عام 2005. تمت ترقية المحرك القياسي إلى محرك V6 سعة 4.0 لتر VQ40DE متغير الصمام V6، ينتج 261 حصان (195 كيلو واط). تم تقديم خزانة تفاضلية خلفية للقيادة على الطرق الوعرة.

تحديث 2009
تلقت إكستيرا عملية تغيير لعام 2009 (إنتاج يوليو 2008) مع مزيد من الخيارات والألوان، ومقاعد جلدية في طرازات أس إي، وأضواء مثبتة على السقف على طرازات الطرق الوعرة. كان العام الأخير لسيارة نيسان إكستيرا في المكسيك عام 2008. وفي عام 2012، تم نقل الإنتاج من سميرنا بولاية تينيسي إلى منشأة نيسان في كانتون بولاية ميسيسيبي.

تحديث 2011

 تشتمل الطرازات الأمريكية المبكرة على إكس وأس وإكس 4 برو، مع اختيار ناقل حركة يدوي بـ 6 سرعات أو ناقل حركة أوتوماتيكي بـ 5 سرعات، واختيار دفع رباعي بدوام جزئي أو دفع بعجلتين.
 تشمل التغييرات:
 نظام الهاتف القياسي الذي يعمل بتقنية بلوتوث بدون استخدام اليدين، وأدوات التحكم في الصوت في عجلة القيادة وحامل النظارات الشمسية (وحدة التحكم العلوية) على جميع المستويات.
 نيسان كونكت، حُدث مع تكامل الهاتف الذكي لأجهزة آي فون وأندرويد، مما يسمح للمستخدم بالاتصال بـ باندورا وراديو آي هارت وفيس بوك والمزيد. تشمل الإمكانيات سيريس إكس إم (الاشتراك مطلوب، يباع بشكل منفصل) ودفق الصوت عبر البلوتوث، ومساعد الرسائل النصية بدون استخدام اليدين والتعرف على الصوت.
 تصميمات عجلات جديدة من سبائك الألومنيوم مقاس 16 بوصة للطرازين أس وإكس 4 برو.
 تمت إضافة عناصر تحكم HVAC جديدة ونظام صوت مطور إلى درجة إكس.
 مقاعد أمامية مدفأة متوفرة في إكس 4 برو-4X.
 طلاء فضي على الشبك والحاجز السفلي.

التوقف
تم إيقاف إكستيرا في الولايات المتحدة بعد عام 2015. تم الاستشهاد بأسباب ضعف الاقتصاد في استهلاك الوقود، وانخفاض المبيعات، والترقيات الإلزامية للسلامة والانبعاثات.

الجوائز والتقدير

 2000 جائزة فائدة رياضية من موتور ترند لعام 2000.
 2000 شاحنة العام في أمريكا الشمالية.
 2000 جائزة السيارة الشتوية لجمعية نيو إنجلاند موتور برس لنيو إنجلاند للأفضل في فئتها - المرافق الرياضية الصغيرة.
 2001 حصل على لقب أفضل سيارة من قبل دليل شراء السيارات والشاحنات الجديدة AAA
 2005 تم اختيارها في قائمة أفضل 50 سيارة جديدة من مجلة أوتو موبيل
 2006 رُشح لقب شاحنة العام في أمريكا الشمالية
 2006 جائزة فائدة رياضية من موتور ترند لعام
 2006 جائزة أفضل سيارة رياضية متعددة الاستخدامات من شركة موتور ترند ترك ترند لعام 2006
 2006 الفائز بجائزة السيارة والسائق روك - هوبر دفع رباعي
 2006 جائزة 4 × 4 للعام من مجلة بيترسون 4 العجل والطريق الوعرة.
 2006 Edmunds.com أكثر سيارات المحرر المطلوبة
 2009 4 مجلة ويلر الدفع الرباعي
 أعلى تصنيف للسلامة من الآثار الجانبية الصادر عن الإدارة الوطنية الأمريكية للسلامة على الطرق السريعة لعام 2010 (خمس نجوم)

الإنتاج خارج أمريكا الشمالية
تم تصنيع جميع سيارات إكستيرا التي تنتجها نيسان والمُصنعة خارج الولايات المتحدة في ساو جوزيه دوس بينهايس بالبرازيل حتى عام 2007.

(توقفت نيسان عن الإنتاج البرازيلي بالكامل في عام 2007). تشنغتشو نيسان للسيارات مثل (اليابانية: نيسان بالادين) من 2003 إلى 2013. يستخدم بالادين نفس الهيكل ومعدات التشغيل مثل الجيل الأول من نيسان إكستيرا، ومحرك 2.4L KA24DE متزاوج مع ناقل حركة يدوي 5 سرعات. الواجهة الأمامية من بيك أب المحلي.

(يتوفر طراز إكستيرا من الجيل الثاني فقط في أمريكا الشمالية). وهناك فرق آخر بين سيارة إكستيرا الأمريكية ونظيراتها الصينية يتمثل في مشغل فرامل الانتظار، ودواسة مزودة بمقبض سحب في أمريكا، وذراع في الصين.

دونغفنغ اوتينغ
تنتج شركة دونغفنغ موتور نسخة صينية من إكستيرا تسمى أوتنج من 2007 إلى 2015. وهي مبنية على الجيل الأول من إكستيرا. كان متوفرا مع 2.4 لتر 4G64 و4G69 أو 2.5 لتر محرك ديزل تيربو مقترن بعلبة تروس يدوية 5 سرعات.

بالمقارنة مع الأسعار، كان سعر السوق الصيني نيسان بالادين من 159.800 إلى 244.800 يوان صيني (25264 إلى 38.702 دولاراً أمريكياً) بينما كان سعر أوتنغ من 119.800 إلى 154.800 يوان صيني (18940 إلى 24473 دولاراً أمريكياً).

الخليفة
بعد توقف إكستيرا عن السوق الأمريكية في عام 2015، بدأت نيسان في اختبار D23 نافارا الدفع الرباعي ظهرت السيارة الرياضية متعددة الاستخدامات، التي سميت فيما بعد تيرا، لأول مرة في آسيا في أوائل عام 2018، وتم إطلاق النسخة المحسنة في الشرق الأوسط في أواخر عام 2020 تحت اسم إكس-تيرا.

المبيعات

المعرض

المواصفات
 المحرك 6 اسطونات 4000 سي سي
 261 حصان بخاري العزم 41.7 كيلو
 ناقل الحركة عادي 6 سرعات أوتوماتيك 5 سرعات
 نظام تعليق صلب وممتاز على الطرق الوعرة

انظر أيضًا
 سيارة فولفو إس سي سي

روابط خارجية
نيسان - الموقع الأمريكي الرسمي

الموقع الرسمي على نيسان الصين

قصة نيسان بالادين والفريق الصيني في سباق السيارات لمسافات طويلة 2005 (داكار 2005) من هذا الموقع الإلكتروني: موقع نيسان موتورسبورتس الإلكتروني

المراجع

سيارات اخترعت في 1999
سيارات إس يو في
سيارات تدفع بجميع العجلات
سيارات خلفية الدفع
سيارات صنعت في الولايات المتحدة
سيارات عقد 1990
سيارات عقد 2000
سيارات عقد 2010
إكستيرا
مركبات توقفت في 2016
مركبات رياضية مدمجة

نيسان إكستيرا


Scream 3 is a 2000 American slasher film directed by Wes Craven and written by Ehren Kruger. It stars David Arquette, Neve Campbell, Courteney Cox Arquette, Parker Posey, Patrick Dempsey, Scott Foley, Lance Henriksen, Matt Keeslar, Jenny McCarthy, Emily Mortimer, Deon Richmond, and Patrick Warburton. It is a sequel to Scream 2 (1997) and the third installment in the Scream film series. The film's story takes place three years after the previous film's events and follows Sidney Prescott (Campbell), who has gone into self-imposed isolation following the events of the previous two films but is drawn to Hollywood after a new Ghostface begins killing the cast of the film within a film Stab 3. Scream 3 combines the violence of the slasher genre with comedy and "whodunit" mystery, while satirizing the cliché of film trilogies. Unlike the previous Scream films, there was an increased emphasis on comedic elements in this installment; the violence and horror were reduced in response to increased public scrutiny about violence in media, following the Columbine High School massacre.

Scream (1996) screenwriter Kevin Williamson provided a five-page outline for two sequels to Scream when auctioning his original script, hoping to entice bidders with the potential of buying a franchise. Williamson's commitments to other projects meant he was unable to develop a complete script for Scream 3, so writing duties were undertaken by Kruger, who discarded many of Williamson's notes. Craven and Marco Beltrami returned to direct and score the film, respectively. Production was troubled, including script rewrites, occasions when pages were only ready on the day of filming, and scheduling difficulties with the main cast. Principal photography took place from July to September 1999, and the ending was re-filmed in January 2000.

Scream 3 premiered on February 3, 2000, in Westwood, Los Angeles, and was theatrically released the following day, grossing $162million worldwide on a budget of $40million. The film received mixed reviews and is often cited as the weakest film in the series, though it has been reappraised in recent years. Scream 3 was originally intended to be the final installment of the series until the franchise was revived in 2011 with a sequel, Scream 4.

Plot
Cotton Weary, now the host of a successful talk show, is contacted by Ghostface, who demands to know the whereabouts of Sidney Prescott. When Cotton refuses to cooperate, Ghostface breaks into his home and attacks his girlfriend Christine. Cotton rushes home, only for Ghostface to kill Christine, then Cotton.

Detective Mark Kincaid contacts Gale Weathers to discuss the recent murders, prompting her to travel to Hollywood, where she finds Dewey Riley working as an adviser on the set of Stab 3, the third film in the series based on the Ghostface murders. Ghostface kills Stab 3 actress Sarah Darling, causing production of the film to be halted. The remaining cast, along with Dewey and Gale, gather at the home of Jennifer Jolie, the actress playing Gale in Stab 3. Ghostface murders her bodyguard and uses a gas leak to cause an explosion, which kills actor Tom Prinze.

Sidney is living in seclusion as a crisis counselor for an abused women's hotline, fearing another killer may strike. Having uncovered Sidney's location, the killer begins taunting her by phone using a voice changer to sound like her deceased mother Maureen Prescott, forcing Sidney out of hiding and drawing her to Hollywood. Martha Meeks, the sister of Sidney's murdered friend Randy, visits Sidney and the others to deliver a videotape that Randy made before his death, posthumously warning them the rules of a horror film do not apply to anyone in the third and final film of a trilogy and that any of them, including Sidney, could die. Sidney is later attacked by Ghostface at a movie set, forcing the police to withhold her at their station.

Dewey, Gale, Jennifer, and the remaining cast, Angelina and Tyson, attend a birthday party for Stab 3s director, Roman Bridger. After Gale discovers Roman's body in the basement, Ghostface attacks the group, killing Angelina, Tyson and Jennifer. The killer then orders Sidney to the mansion to save Gale and Dewey. When Sidney arrives, Ghostface lures her inside to where Gale and Dewey are bound and gagged. As Sidney is freeing them, Ghostface appears, though Sidney gains the upper hand using a hidden gun to fight him off. Kincaid shows up but is knocked unconscious by Ghostface. Sidney flees and hides in a secret screening room where she is discovered by Ghostface, who reveals himself as Roman, having survived being shot by wearing a bulletproof vest.

Roman admits to being Sidney's half-brother, born to their mother Maureen when she was an actress in Hollywood. Four years prior, he had tried reuniting with her, only for her to reject him due to him being the product of rape. Bitter over the rejection, Roman began stalking her, filming all the men she philandered with and showing Billy Loomis the footage of Billy's father with Maureen, which motivated Billy and Stu Macher to kill her, thus setting off the string of murders in Sidney's hometown and at her college. When he discovered how much fame Sidney had attracted due to those events, Roman snapped and lured Sidney out of hiding, planning to kill her and frame her for the murders. After Roman kills Stab producer John Milton, whom he accuses of being his biological father and one of their mother's rapists, Sidney furiously denounces him and rightfully justifies his motives are by his own choices, provoking an enraged Roman to engage Sidney in a fight that ends when Roman shoots Sidney in the chest; however, Sidney survives the shot and stabs Roman multiple times, revealing to him that she, too, was wearing a bulletproof vest. As Dewey and Gale arrive, a screaming Roman suddenly recklessly resurfaces with a knife; Sidney yells at Dewey to shoot Roman in the head, which Dewey does, finally killing him.

Later at Sidney's house, Dewey proposes to Gale, who accepts. Sidney returns from a walk and leaves her gates, which were previously shown to be alarmed, open. She enters her home and is invited to join Dewey, Gale, and Kincaid to watch a movie. As she goes to join the others, her front door blows open behind her, but she walks away, leaving it as is.

Cast

Production

Development
Scream 3 was released just over two years after Scream 2, greenlit with a budget of $40million, a significant increase over the budgets of Scream at $15million and Scream 2 at $24million. Williamson's involvement had been contracted while selling his Scream script, to which he had attached two five-page outlines for potential sequels, which would become Scream 2 and Scream 3, hoping to entice buyers with the prospect of purchasing a franchise rather than a single script. Craven too had been contracted for two potential sequels following a successful test screening of Scream and he returned to direct the third installment. Shortly before production began on the film, Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold killed 12 students, a teacher, and themselves at their school, in what became known as the Columbine High School massacre. In the aftermath of the incident, many parties began looking for reasoning behind their actions and there came an increased scrutiny on the role of the media in society, including video games and film, and the influence it could have on an audience. With production of Scream 3 not yet underway, there were considerations about whether the film should be made at that time, aware of the potential for negative attention but the studio decided to press forward, albeit with changes. The studio remained however much more apprehensive concerning violence and gore in Scream 3 than with previous installments, pressing for a greater emphasis on the series' satiric humor while scaling back on the violence. At one point in the production, the studio went as far as demanding that the film feature no blood or on-screen violence at all, a drastic departure for the series, but Craven directly intervened. According to Kruger, "[Craven ...] said 'Be serious, guys. Either we make a Scream movie or we make a movie and call it something else. But if it's a Scream movie, it's going to have certain standards.'"

Writing
Bob and Harvey Weinstein approached Williamson in early 1999 to pursue a full script for a third installment to the Scream franchise, Scream 3. However, following his successes with the Scream series and other projects such as I Know What You Did Last Summer, Williamson had become involved in multiple projects including the development of the short-lived TV series Wasteland and directing his self-penned film Teaching Mrs. Tingle (1999) which Williamson had written prior to Scream and which had languished in development hell since.' Unable to develop a full script for the production, Williamson instead wrote a 20–30 page draft outline for the film that involved the return of Ghostface to the fictional town of Woodsboro where the "Stab" series, a fictional series of films within a film that exist within the Scream universe and are based on the events of Scream, would be filmed. The Weinsteins hired Arlington Road scribe Ehren Kruger to replace Williamson and helm writing duties, developing a script based on Williamson's notes.

The environment for Scream 3s development had become more complicated than with previous films. There was an increased scrutiny on the effects of violence in media and the effect it could have on the public in the aftermath of the Columbine High School massacre which occurred shortly before production would begin on the film. In addition, since the release of the original Scream films, various acts of violence had taken place which had gained notoriety and media attention when they were linked to, or blamed on, the films. Eager to avoid further criticism or connection to such incidents, Williamson's notes were largely discarded as the studio insisted that the script should focus on the comedic elements of the series while significantly reducing the violence. The setting of the film was changed from Woodsboro to Hollywood upon which Kruger commented that he believed the characters should be moving to "bigger" places from high school, to college, to the city of Hollywood. Behind the scenes however, the move away from Woodsboro was mandated as it was considered that a film containing violent acts of murder in and around the small town of Woodsboro and the associated school would attract significant negative criticism and attention that could be detrimental to the production and studio, with the film set for release less than a year following the Columbine incident.

Kruger agreed to develop the script for Scream 3 primarily to work with Craven and the executives under Miramax; he said of his decision to take on writing duties on the film:

To help in developing the script, Kruger read copies of Williamson's scripts for Scream and Scream 2, as well as watched the earlier films to better understand the characters and tone. In an interview, Kruger admitted that his lack of involvement with the development of the principal cast of Scream hampered his ability to portray them true to their previous characterization. Early scripts for Scream 3 had the character of Sidney Prescott much like "Linda Hamilton in Terminator 2: Judgment Day" – a more action-orientated heroine – at which point Craven would intervene and correct the script to bring the characters closer to their previous appearances. Kruger admitted that despite not receiving any writing credit, Craven had a significant hand in developing the script for Scream 3. Like Scream 2, the script for Scream 3 was subject to repeated alterations with pages sometimes completed only on the day on which they were to be filmed. Multiple scenes were rewritten to include previously absent characters or change elements of the plot when it was decided that they were not connecting with other scenes. In a 2013 interview, Williamson further detailed his original script, which would have seen the killers be a "Stab" fan club of Woodsboro kids. All the members of the club would have been involved in the killings and the final twist "of the movie was when Sidney walked into the house after Ghostface had killed everyone ... and they all rose up. None of them were actually dead and they'd planned the whole thing." Williamson later adapted this story for his 2013 TV series The Following.

Casting
Neve Campbell, Courteney Cox, David Arquette, and Liev Schreiber all returned to their roles as Sidney Prescott and news reporter Gale Weathers, Dewey Riley, and Cotton Weary, now host of a TV show, respectively for Scream 3, their characters being the only central roles to survive the events of the previous two films. In an interview, Craven stated that convincing the central cast to return to film a new Scream film was not difficult but as with Scream 2, their burgeoning fame and busy schedules made arranging their availability with the film's production period difficult. The consequence of Campbell's commitments in particular meant she was only available to film her role for 20 days, forcing the script to reduce the series' main character to a smaller role while focusing on the other characters played by Cox and Arquette. Lynn McCree finally makes a physical appearance in the series as Maureen Prescott (though only through an hallucination of Sidney), and Sidney now is a crisis counselor. Roger L. Jackson again returned to voice the antagonist Ghostface and Jamie Kennedy reprised his role as Randy Meeks in spite of the character's death in Scream 2. Negative feedback following the death of Randy had the production consider methods to have had his character survive to appear in Scream 3 including having the character's family hide him away for safety while recuperating from his injuries, but it was deemed too unbelievable and the idea was replaced with the character appearing in a minor role via a pre-recorded video message.

Many of the supporting cast played fictitious actors taking part in the film within a film Stab 3 including Emily Mortimer as Angelina Tyler, Parker Posey as Jennifer Jolie, Matt Keeslar as Tom Prinze, Jenny McCarthy as Sarah Darling, and Deon Richmond as Tyson Fox with Scott Foley as the film's director, Roman Bridger. Additional cast included Lance Henriksen as film producer John Milton, Patrick Dempsey as detective Mark Kincaid, Patrick Warburton as bodyguard Steven Stone, and Kelly Rutherford as Christine Hamilton, girlfriend to Cotton Weary. Rutherford was cast after filming had begun as the production was undergoing constant rewrites and the opening scene evolved from requiring only a female corpse to needing a live actress with whom Schreiber could interact. Shortly after being cast, Mortimer was found to lack the necessary work permit to allow her involvement in the film, requiring her to be flown to Vancouver to obtain one. Scream 3 also featured the first live on-screen appearance of Sidney Prescott's mother Maureen Prescott, played by Lynn McRee, the actress previously having represented the character in photographs during the previous films.

Lawrence Hecht and C.W. Morgan appeared in minor roles reprising their characters of Sidney's father Neil Prescott and Hank Loomis respectively. Nancy O'Dell appeared as an unnamed reporter, having previously appeared in Scream 2 and would go on to appear in Scream 4 in the same role. Scream 3 featured several cameo appearances including the fictional characters of Jay and Silent Bob from the 1994 film Clerks played by Jason Mewes and Kevin Smith, and director Roger Corman as an on-set studio executive. Carrie Fisher made a cameo in the film as former actress Bianca Burnette at the suggestion of Bob Weinstein; Fisher helped to write her character.

In a 2009 interview, Matthew Lillard, who played Stu Macher in Scream, said that he had been contracted to reprise his role in Scream 3 as the primary antagonist, having survived his apparent death, orchestrating new Ghostface attacks from prison on high school students and ultimately targeting Sidney. Following the Columbine High School massacre shortly before production began, the script was scrapped and re-written without his character and this plot to avoid development of a film which associated violence and murder with a high school setting.

Filming
Principal photography for Scream 3 began on July 6, 1999, in and around Hollywood, Los Angeles on a budget of $40million and finished on September 29, 1999, after twelve weeks. Filming took place largely in the areas of San Fernando Valley, Macarthur Park, Beverly Hills, Hollywood Hills and Silver Lake with the isolated home of Campbell's character situated in Topanga Canyon. The opening scene involves Cotton Weary (Schreiber) driving before arriving home where he is murdered by the Ghostface character. For the driving scene, the production filmed on Hollywood Boulevard but the following scene in Cotton's apartment was changed frequently, requiring alterations to the driving scene to maintain continuity, modifying who speaks to Cotton by phone and what the conversation entailed. Unable to return to Hollywood Boulevard, the scene was reshot on a street outside of the production studio in San Fernando Valley and intermixed with footage taken on the Boulevard. The opening attack scene was filmed partially at the exterior and interior of Harper House in West Hollywood but changes were made to the scene including introducing a live girlfriend for Cotton instead of her being dead when Cotton arrives. It was later decided that the confrontation between Cotton and Ghostface, featuring Cotton physically dominating the character and attempting to escape by skylight, was unrealistic and made Ghostface appear weak and this scene was reshot. Again however, they were unable to return to Harper House to conduct filming and resorted to constructing a replica of the apartment interior to produce the necessary footage which had the Ghostface character appear more dominant and completely excised the attempted skylight escape. Cox's character is introduced during a seminar which takes place within a classroom at UCLA, a location previously used in Scream 2 to represent the fictional Windsor College. The film studio where the fictional Stab 3 is filmed is represented by the CBS Studio Center in Studio City, San Fernando Valley while scenes at the home of Posey's character were filmed in the Hollywood Hills at Runyon Ranch in Runyon Canyon Park. The finale, featuring the final attacks of the film and confrontation between the antagonist and Sidney, was filmed at the Canfield-Moreno Estate, a mansion in Silverlake.

A scene in the film involved Campbell being pursued by Ghostface through filmset replicas of locations from the original Scream including her character's home. The scene was not present in the script itself, but Craven paid to have the sets constructed, knowing he wanted to revisit the original film in some manner. After the construction of the sets, the scene was then written around the resulting areas producing the scene in the final film. The script underwent changes repeatedly as filming was conducted with pages regularly only available on the day of filming. Additionally, if the production decided to change a scene this sometimes meant refilming other scenes to maintain continuity requiring further rewrites. The production team purposely filmed large amounts of footage containing different variations of each scene based on the different script developments in order that, should the script further change, they would ideally have a scene they could use without having to film new ones at a later date, requiring them to obtain access to locations or build sets. Additionally, a three-minute scene featuring the character of Randy Meeks had over two hours of footage filmed. The script for the film was so in flux that the epilogue scene was filmed with three variants of Patrick Dempsey's character – one with him absent, one where his arm is bandaged and one with him in a normal condition – as the production were not certain what his ultimate fate would be following the finalization of the film.

Post-production
In January 2000, three months after completing principal photography for Scream 3, the ending was refilmed when it was decided to be an inadequate conclusion. Originally the ending consisted of Sidney (Campbell) easily defeating Roman (Scott Foley) which led into an early morning scene of police arriving and then into the final scene of Sidney in her home. The production considered that this amounted to essentially three endings, damaging the pacing of the film and there was also consideration that, being the concluding chapter of the trilogy, the audience needed to believe that Sidney could lose and die, something her easy victory did not achieve. To create the alternate ending, the fight scene between Sidney and Roman was extended and an addition involved Roman shooting Sidney, seemingly to death where previously she had simply hidden from the character. A major addition was the presence of the character Mark Kincaid (Patrick Dempsey), who had previously been completely absent from the finale, after the production realized that his character simply disappeared from the plot and his story arc went nowhere.

As with production of Scream, Craven encountered repeated conflicts over censorship with the MPAA regarding violence, and the director stated in an interview that the issues made him consider leaving the horror genre.

Music

Marco Beltrami returned to score Scream 3, having scored the previous two films in the series. For the film, Beltrami employed seven orchestrators to aid in scoring the extensive orchestral accompaniment featured in the film's score. He experimented with new styles of sound production by recording instruments in abnormal circumstances such as inserting objects into a piano and recording at various velocities to create a distorted, unnatural sound and modifying the results electronically. Beltrami continued to incorporate a heavy vocal orchestra throughout the score as he had with the previous films. There was consideration that Beltrami was forced to hire multiple orchestrators to complete the score to meet the film's deadline. Beltrami took inspiration from other composers for the score, again incorporating excerpts of the score to Broken Arrow by Hans Zimmer in the track "Sid Wears a Dress".

Reception
Scream 3 held its premiere on February 3, 2000, at the AMC Avco theater in Westwood, Los Angeles, California and was theatrically released the following day on February 4.

Box office
The film set a record in its opening weekend for the number of screens in the United States with 3,467, which also made it the 7th widest opening for an R-Rated film. This was surpassed the same year in May by Mission: Impossible 2 with 3,653.

The film earned $34.7million during its opening weekend ranking number one at the box office. It is the 11th highest grossing opening weekend in a February. It went on to gross $89.1million in the United States, and $72.7million in other territories, for a world lifetime gross of $161.8million.

Critical response
On Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 41% based on 126 reviews and an average rating of 5.20/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "Despite some surprising twists, Scream 3 sees the franchise falling back on the same old horror formulas and cliches it once hacked and slashed with postmodern abandon." On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 56 out of 100, based on 32 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews". On CinemaScore, audiences gave the film an average grade of "B" on an A+ to F scale.

Time Out London was particularly critical of the film, calling the film's metafiction commentary a poor imitation of Craven's own horror film Wes Craven's New Nightmare (1994). Of the characters, Roger Ebert said "[the characters] are so thin, they're transparent" but praised Campbell's appearance saying, "The camera loves her. She could become a really big star and then giggle at clips from this film at her AFI tribute."

In a positive review, the Los Angeles Times called the film, "Genuinely scary and also highly amusing", and the BBC stated that "as the conclusion to the trilogy it works more effectively than anyone had a right to expect". Variety also praised the film as the end of the Scream trilogy, saying "Aficionados will be the best able to appreciate how wittily Craven has brought down the curtain on his much-imitated, genre-reviving series" while Empire called it "satisfying" though believed the premise of the series had worn thin.

Post-2017 re-evaluation
In the wake of the scandal involving the Scream films' executive producer Harvey Weinstein, several publications noted the parallels between Weinstein's behavior and the themes of abuse featured in the film, particularly those involving Maureen Prescott, the late mother of the film series' protagonist, Sidney. In 2017, Kristen Yoonsoo Kim noted the scene in which John Milton, portrayed by Lance Henriksen, discusses taking advantage of aspiring actresses. In 2019, the film's editor, Patrick Lussier, discussed those particular themes and Wes Craven's approach to them, saying of Henriksen's character: "Wes, I think, was very interested in that character as not necessarily the villain—he certainly is a villain—but as a catalyst for the villain's motivation. He's really the spark for the events, or retconned that he is the spark for the events, in the entire series."

In 2020, Adam White wrote that the film was "an angry indictment of sexual misconduct in Hollywood, predatory men and the casting couch". He noted several instances of "transactional sex" within the film, including the characters Jennifer and Angelina both making references to having sex with filmmakers in order to secure roles in the fictional Stab film, and Carrie Fisher in a cameo role (as a lookalike of Fisher herself) who claims that the role of Princess Leia in the Star Wars franchise was won by "the one who [slept] with George Lucas". White also noted that Rose McGowan, who appeared in the first Scream film, later accused Weinstein of raping her in a hotel room a year after the film was released. McGowan revealed in 2017 that she received a $100,000 settlement as a result of this attack.

Writing for SyFy Wire, Emma Fraser commented that throughout the series, the late Maureen is "slut-shamed" and "victim-blamed". Fraser also lamented the film's lack of exploration of these themes, stating that the film "could have been a fascinating look at the crimes of this industry and the relationship horror has with sex".

Home media
Scream 3 was released in US territories on VHS and on DVD on July 4, 2000, by Buena Vista Home Video. The video was later released as a bonus edition on October 24, 2000, by Buena Vista Home Video. The DVD version was only released as a Collector's Edition featuring deleted scenes, outtakes, audio commentary, music videos of songs featured in the film, trailers for the film and biographies on the cast and crew involved in the film's production. Following the release of Scream 3 as what was then the concluding chapter of the series, Collector's Editions of Scream, Scream 2, and Scream 3 were packaged in "The Ultimate Scream Collection" DVD boxset by Dimension Films on September 26, 2000, which included "Behind the Scream", a short documentary about the production of the films, outtakes, deleted scenes, screentests of actors involved in the films and other miscellaneous materials related to the series. In 2001, the DVD release of Scream 3 was nominated for a Saturn Award for Best Home Video Release, but lost to Princess Mononoke (1997).

Scream 3 remained unreleased in foreign territories including Europe and Japan until 2001 where it was simultaneously released with Scream and Scream 2 on February 26 by Buena Vista Home Entertainment. Each film contained the additional content found in the Collector's Edition version of their US release including deleted scenes, outtakes, theatrical trailers, music videos and commentary from each respective film's crew. Additionally, the three films were collected together in a single pack, again released on February 26 and released as "Scream Trilogy".

Scream 3 was released on the Blu-ray Disc format on March 29, 2011, alongside Scream, and Scream 2, two weeks prior to the release of Scream 4, by Lionsgate Home Entertainment, hosting the films in 1080p high definition and included audio commentary, theatrical trailers and behind-the-scenes footage for each respective film.

Notes

References

External links

3
2000 films
2000 comedy horror films
2000 independent films
2000s American films
2000s English-language films
2000s horror thriller films
2000s mystery thriller films
2000s satirical films
2000s slasher films
2000s serial killer films
American horror thriller films
American independent films
American mystery horror films
American mystery thriller films
American satirical films
American sequel films
American serial killer films
American slasher films
Dimension Films films
Films about filmmaking
Films about fratricide and sororicide
Films about Hollywood, Los Angeles
Films about post-traumatic stress disorder
Films directed by Wes Craven
Films produced by Cathy Konrad
Films scored by Marco Beltrami
Films set in Los Angeles
Films set in studio lots
Films shot in Los Angeles
Films with screenplays by Ehren Kruger
Self-reflexive films
2000s mystery horror films
Films produced by Marianne Maddalena

Scream 3


Reacția Hunsdiecker (câteodată denumită și reacția Borodin sau reacția Hunsdiecker–Borodin) este o reacție organică în urma căreia sărurile de argint ale acizilor carboxilici sunt transformate (în prezență de halogen) în derivați halogenați, de obicei derivați bromurați. Este un bun exemplu de reacție de decarboxilare și de halogenare, întrucât produsul de reacție se formează prin eliminarea unei molecule de dioxid de carbon și prin introducerea unui atom de halogen. Reacția a fost demonstrată de către Alexandr Porfirievici Borodin, care a raportat în anul 1861 o reacție de obținere a bromurii de metil din acetat de argint. La puțin timp după, metoda a fost aplicată pentru degradarea acizilor grași în laboratorul lui Adolf Lieben. Numele provine de la Cläre Hunsdiecker și de la Heinz Hunsdiecker, a căror lucrări din anii 1930 au dus la dezvoltarea unei metode generale de realizare a reacției. Au fost publicate câteva recenzii ale reacției, și a fost dezvoltată și o variantă catalitică.

Mecanism de reacție

Se crede că reacția Hunsdiecker-Borodin evoluează printr-un mecanism radicalic. Sarea de argint a acidului carboxilic 1 reacționează ușor cu bromul molecular formând un intermediar hipobromit de acil 2. Formarea unei perechi diradicalice 3 permite să aibă loc decarboxilarea cu formarea celor doi radicali 4, care se leagă foarte ușor formând compusul halogenat (bromurat) 5. Natura derivaților halogenați care se formează este preferențială în ordinea: primar > secundar > terțiar.

Variante

Cu oxid mercuric
Lampman și Aumiller au utilizat oxidul mercuric și bromul pentru obținerea 1-bromo-3-clorociclobutanului din acidul 3-clorociclobutancarboxilic. Această reacție este o variantă a reacției Hunsdiecker. Wiberg a demonstrat că produsul de reacție reacționează cu sodiu metalic topit formând biciclobutan printr-o cuplare Wurtz, care evoluează cu randamente bune.

Reacția Kochi
Reacția Kochi este o variantă a reacției Hunsdiecker dezvoltată de către Jay Kochi și care utilizează acetat de plumb (IV) și clorură de litiu (sau bromură de litiu) pentru halogenare și decarboxilare.

Note

Hunsdiecker
Hunsdiecker

Reacție Hunsdiecker


Madalena Sá e Costa (Porto, 20 de novembro de 1915 – Porto, 18 de abril de 2022) foi uma violoncelista e pedagoga portuguesa, discípula de Guilhermina Suggia.

Biografia
Madalena Moreira de Sá e Costa nasceu na cidade do Porto no dia 20 de Novembro de 1915, no meio de uma família de músicos. A mãe era a pianista Leonilda Moreira de Sá, o pai o compositor Luís Costa e o avô materno o violinista Bernardo Moreira de Sá, o primeiro director do Conservatório de Música do Porto.

Antes de se tornar aluna da violoncelista Guilhermina Suggia, tem as primeiras aulas de violoncelo com o pai desta, Augusto Suggia. Em 1940, conclui o Conservatório Nacional de Música em Lisboa onde teve aulas com Isaura Pavia de Magalhães. Dá continuidade aos estudos no estrangeiro, nomeadamente na Suíça onde estudou com Pablo Casals, na Alemanha onde estuda com Paul Grümmer e na França onde foi aluna Gaspar Cassadó.

Com dezanove anos, estreia-se em Lisboa no Teatro Nacional de São Carlos. Um ano antes havia formado com a irmã, a pianista Helena Sá e Costa, um dueto que irá durar 50 anos e que se apresentou pela primeira vez no Palácio de Cristal no Porto. É também com a irmã que forma o Trio Portugália do qual também fazia parte o violinista Henri Mouton, e que mais tarde, com a entrada do violetista François Broos, passa a quarteto.

Tornou-se uma instrumentista de referência, tendo tocado em várias orquestras nomeadamente na Orquestra Sinfónica da Emissora Nacional, na Orquestra Sinfónica do Porto e na Camerata Musical do Porto da qual foi fundadora. Gunther Arglebe, Fritz Rieger, Frederico de Freitas, Pedro Blanch, Pedro de Freitas Branco e Silva Pereira foram alguns dos maestros com quem trabalhou.

Foi também professora em Braga no Conservatório de Música Calouste Gulbenkian e no Conservatório de Música do Porto.

Madalena Sá e Costa faleceu aos 106 anos, no dia 18 de Abril de 2022 no Porto e foi sepultada ao lado da irmã, no Cemitério de Agramonte.

Prémios e Reconhecimento
Ao longo da sua carreira foi premiada por várias entidades, entre elas destacam-se o Orpheon Portuense em 1939, a Emissora Nacional em 1943, a Fundação Harriet Cohen em 1958 e o Secretariado Nacional de Informação (SNI) em 1966.

O Conservatório de Música Calouste Gulbenkian de Braga atribuiu o seu nome a um dos seus auditórios.

Em 2015, a Câmara Municipal do Porto com o apoio do Conservatório de Música do Porto, criou em sua homenagem o Prémio Madalena Sá e Costa.

Aquando da sua morte em 2022, o Presidente da República Portuguesa, Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa, apresentou as condolências à família através da página oficial da Presidência da República Portuguesa, onde destacou o seu trabalho de pedagoga e interprete.

Obras
Publicou em 2008, a sua biografia, intitulada Memórias e Recordações, editado pela GaiLivro.

Referências

Ligações Externas
 Óbidos TV | SIPO 2012 • Ensemble de Violoncelos com Madalena Sá e Costa
 Melographia Lusitana | Trio Portugália: Helena Sá e Costa, Madalena Sá e Costa, Fernando Corrêa de Oliveira
 Fotografias: 1º Festival de Música Portuguesa na Casa do Infante: Concerto de Madalena e Helena Sá e Costa
 Filmes Liberdade | Documentário: Uma escola com Memória e Futuro

Naturais do Porto
Nascidos em 1915
Mortos em 2022
Violoncelistas de Portugal
Pedagogos de Portugal

Madalena Sá e Costa


Ernst Vilhelm Kolthoff (født 20. juli 1809 i Hamborg, død 8. februar 1890) var en dansk præst. Han var gift med en søsterdatter til professor H.N. Clausen.

Slægten Kolthoff stammede fra byen Koltoft i Angel. 6 år gammel kom han, efter et kort ophold i Holsten, til København, og 1825 blev han privat dimitteret til universitetet. I 1830 underkastede han sig den teologiske embedseksamen med karakteren egregie, og derpå var han en tid lang lærer, først ved Sorø Akademis skole, senere ved Landkadetakademiet. I 1834 vandt han den teologiske licentiatgrad for en afhandling om apostelen Johannes' forfatterskab til Apokalypsen, og efter disputatsen rejste han til Tyskland, hvor han især slog sig ned i Bonn, München og Berlin. Da han var kommen hjem, holdt han som privatdocent forelæsninger ved universitetet, indtil han 1837 blev kaldet til 2. residerende kapellan ved Frue Kirke i København. I 1841 gjorde han en rejse til Italien, Schweits, Frankrig og Belgien.

I 1843 blev han 2. residerende kapellan ved Holmens Kirke i København, 1845 residerende kapellan ved Helligaandskirken sammesteds. I 1852 forsvarede han for den teologiske doktorgrad en afhandling om de paulinske breves bidrag til skildringen af Jesu liv, og 1856 blev han udnævnt til sognepræst ved Helligaandskirken. Fra dette embede søgte han afsked 1880 og opholdt sig siden i København indtil sin død. Kolthoff har udgivet et par prædikensamlinger (1842 og 1843), og det var ham, der 1844 i Københavns gejstlige konvent foreslog nedsættelsen af en komité til overvejelse af salmebogssagen. Som medlem af denne tog han del i udarbejdelsen af det såkaldte "Prøvehæfte" (1845), og senere var han en kort tid med i den komité, der skulle udarbejde den nye salmebog.

Kilder

Præster fra Danmark
Danskere i 1800-tallet
Personer fra Hamborg

Ernst Kolthoff


Memlûk şu anlamlara gelebilir:

Memlûk, İslâm toplumlarında ortaya çıkan bir sosyal sınıf.
Memlûk, bir at ırkı.
Memlûk kılıcı, son olarak İngiliz ve Amerikan ordularınca kullanılmış bir kılıç türü.
Memlûk Sultanlığı, 13. ve 16. yüzyıllar arasında Mısır ile Suriye'de hüküm süren devlet.
Memlûk Hanedanı, Delhi Sultanlığı'nı kuran hanedan.
Memlûk Hanedanı, 18. ve 19. yüzyıllarda Irak'ta hüküm süren hanedan.

Memlûk (anlam ayrımı)


Central Scotland may refer to:

 Central Belt, the area of highest population density in Scotland, also known as the "Midlands" or "Scottish Midlands"
 Central Lowlands, a geologically-defined area of relatively low-lying land in southern Scotland
 Central Scotland (Scottish Parliament electoral region), one of the eight electoral regions of the Scottish Parliament
 Central Region, Scotland, a local government region of Scotland 1975-1996
 Centre of Scotland, the geographical centre of Scotland, located in the Highlands

See also
 Scottish Lowlands

Central Scotland


Die Niederländische Badmintonmeisterschaft 1983 war die 42. Austragung der nationalen Titelkämpfe im Badminton in den Niederlanden.

Sieger und Finalisten

Weblinks
badminton.nl

1983
Badminton 1983


ආගමේ මානව විද්‍යාවට අනෙකුත් සමාජ ආයතන වලට සාපේක්‍ෂව ආගමික ආයතනයන් පිලිබඳව අධ්‍යයනය කිරීම සහ විවිධ සංස්කෘතීන්හි ආගමික විශ්වාසයන් හා පරිචයන් සන්සන්දනය කිරීම ඇතුලත් වෙයි.

ඉතිහාසය

සෑම ආගමක්ම එය නමදින්නාවූ මානව ප‍්‍රජාවේ නිර්මාණයක්ය යන මානව විද්‍යාත්මක සිද්ධාන්තය 1841 දී ලූඞ්විග් ෆොයබාග් විසින් ප‍්‍රථම වරට ඉදිරිපත් කරන ලදී.

ෆොයබර්ග් අනුව යමින් 1912 දී එමිල් ඩර්කයිම් දක්වා සිටියේ 'ආගම යම් සමාජයක සමාජ වටිනාකම්වල ප‍්‍රක්ෂේපිතයක්' වන බවයි. එමෙන්ම එය සමාජය පිලිබඳ සංකේතීය ප‍්‍රකාශ ඉදිරිපත් කරන්නක් මෙන්ම සමාජ පිලිවෙල පිළිබඳ අදහස් දක්වන්නා වූ සංකේතීය භාෂාවක් බවද ඔහුගේ අදහස විය.

19 වන සියවසේදී සංස්කෘතික මානව විද්‍යාව සංස්කෘතික පරිණාමය පිලිබඳව වූ උනන්දුවකින් පිරී පැවතුනි. බොහෝ මානව විද්‍යා‍ඥයෝ 'පුරාතන' සහ 'නූතන' ආගම් අතර ඉතා සුළු වෙනස්කමක් පමණක් පවතින්නේ යැයි උපකල්පනය කළ අතර පුරාතන ආගම නූතන ආගම බවට පරිණාමයවීම කෙසේ සිදුවීද යන්න පිලිබඳව අදහස් දැක්වූහ. 20 වන සියවසේදී බෙහෝ මානව විද්‍යාඥයෝ මෙම ප‍්‍රවේශය ප‍්‍රතික්ෂේප කරසිටියහ. වර්තමානයේ ආගමේ මානව විද්‍යාව තුල ලූඞ්විග් ෆොයබර්ග්, කාල් මාක්ස්, සිග්මන් ෆ්‍රොයිඞ්, එමිල් ඩර්කයිම් සහ මැක්ස් වෙබර්  යානාදීන්ගේ අදහස්වල බලපෑම දැකගත හැක. ඒවායින් බොහෝදුරට කියැවෙන්නේ ආගමික විශ්වාසයන් හා පරිචයන් තුලින් ආර්ථික හා දේශපාලනික බලවේගයන් නිරූපනය වන්නේ කෙසේද යන්න පිලිබඳව සහ ආගමික විශ්වාස හා පරිචයන්ගේ සමාජීය කාර්යභාරය පිලිබඳවය.

 මානව විද්‍යාව

ආගමේ මානව විද්‍යාව


Suddenly  é um filme policial estadunidense, dirigido por Lewis Allen com roteiro escrito por Richard Sale. O filme é estrelado por Frank Sinatra e Sterling Hayden. Foi lançado em 7 de outubro de 1954, pela United Artists.

Sinopse
Três assassinos contratados chegam a uma pequena cidade da Califórnia esperando que o presidente embarque em um trem para sua viagem anual de pesca. O plano deles era assassiná-lo. Para isso, encontram uma casa bem localizada no morro e fazem de reféns o prefeito, uma viúva, seu pai e uma criança enquanto aguardam a execução do plano.

Elenco

Filmes dos Estados Unidos de 1954
Filmes policiais dos Estados Unidos
Filmes noir
Violação de domicílio em filmes
Filmes dirigidos por Lewis Allen
Filmes com trilha sonora de David Raksin
Filmes sobre presidentes fictícios dos Estados Unidos
Filmes em língua inglesa

Suddenly (filme)


Pinkovce este o comună slovacă, aflată în districtul Sobrance din regiunea Košice, pe malul râului Uj. Localitatea se află la , se întinde pe o suprafață de  și în 2017 număra 172 de locuitori. Se învecinează cu Záhor, Raionul Ujhorod, Lekárovce și Bežovce.

Istoric
Localitatea Pinkovce este atestată documentar din 1343.

Note

Legături externe

Localități din Slovacia

Pinkovce


Claude Chirac,  (born 6 December 1962) is the youngest daughter of French president Jacques Chirac and was her father's personal advisor from 1994 until his death in 2019.

Biography
Chirac is the director of communication at PRTP.PA which is part of Kering SA, a luxury group based in Paris, France. The group owns many luxury brands such as Italian labels Gucci and Bottega Veneta, French label Yves Saint Laurent as well as English label Alexander McQueen.

She had a relationship with Thierry Rey, the 1980 Summer Olympics and World gold medal champion in Judo. Rey is the father of her son, Martin Rey-Chirac.

Since 11 February 2011, Chirac has been married to former general secretary of the Elysée, Frédéric Salat-Baroux.

Honours

 3rd Class of the Order of the Cross of Terra Mariana, Estonia
 Knight of the Legion of Honour, France (14 April 2017)
  Officer of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic, Italy (21 October 1999)
 Commander of the Order of Merit, Portugal (8 July 1999)

External links
 Claude! Papa! - Article about Claude and her role as personal advisor from the election 2002
 Letter from Paris – John Laurenson on Claude Chirac's crucial but understated electoral role

References

1962 births
Living people
Politicians from Paris
Jacques Chirac
Paris 2 Panthéon-Assas University alumni

Officers of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic
Recipients of the Order of the Cross of Terra Mariana, 3rd Class
Children of presidents of France
Children of prime ministers of France

Claude Chirac


An Eleocharis nigrescens in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Christian Gottfried Daniel Nees von Esenbeck, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Carl Sigismund Kunth. An Eleocharis nigrescens in nahilalakip ha genus nga Eleocharis, ngan familia nga Cyperaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Eleocharis

Eleocharis nigrescens


Alemão 2 é um filme de ação brasileiro de 2022, dirigido por José Eduardo Belmonte e escrito por Marton Olympio e Thiago Brito, com produção executiva de Rodrigo Silveira, sendo uma sequência do filme Alemão (2014). Produzido pela RT Features e distribuído pela Manequim Filmes, é estrelado por Vladimir Brichta, Leandra Leal, Aline Borges, Gabriel Leone, Dan Ferreira e Mariana Nunes. O filme foi lançado nos cinemas em 30 de abril de 2022.

Sinopse
Machado (Vladimir Brichta) é um policial civil que trabalha no Complexo do Alemão com seus comandados, Ciro (Gabriel Leone) e Freitas (Leandra Leal) em uma missão secreta que envolve a prisão de um grande líder do tráfico de drogas na comunidade. Eles têm a supervisão da delegada Amanda (Aline Borges) e ao seguir as pistas de um informante, acabam caindo em uma emboscada. Foragidos, eles estão sendo perseguidos por um grupo de traficantes. Enquanto isso, Amanda conduz uma investigação no centro de operações e orienta o grupo de policiais a sair com vida do Alemão.

Elenco

 Vladimir Brichta como Machado
 Leandra Leal como Freitas
 Gabriel Leone como Ciro
 Aline Borges como Delegada Amanda
 Mariana Nunes como Mariana
 Dan Ferreira como Bento
 Digão Ribeiro como Soldado
 Demick Lopes como Parnau
 Thomaz Mussnich como repórter
 Zezé Motta como Dona Ivone

Produção
Depois do grande sucesso de público que foi o primeiro filme Alemão, lançado no Brasil em 2014, foi discutido uma possível sequência do filme. Desde a idealização do filme, levaram sete anos para que Alemão 2 tivesse sua produção iniciada. Inicialmente, se foi pensado no recorte social que seria recriado na sequência ficção apresentada no enredo. O produtor do filme, Rodrigo Teixeira, definiu que a história seria recriada do zero, com novos personagens e tramas, após várias reuniões da equipe.

O roteiro do filme é escrito em parceria entre Thiago Brito e Marton Olympio, com colaboração de Pedro Perazzo. No elenco, um time de atores diferentes da primeira parte foi escalado. Para interpretar os três policiais protagonistas do filme, Vladimir Brichta, Leandra Leal e Gabriel Leone foram escalados. Digão Ribeiro foi o escolhido para dar vida ao traficante que movimenta a trama. Completam ainda o elenco dos demais personagens centrais Aline Borges e Dan Ferreira. Mariana Nunes retorna no seu personagem de 2014. A consagrada atriz Zezé Motta foi convidada para fazer uma participação especial.

Lançamento
A estreia mundial do filme ocorreu no Festival do Rio, que ocorreu entre 9 e 19 de dezembro de 2021. Mas o filme foi exibido fora da mostra competitiva de longas-metragens. O lançamento comercial no Brasil ocorreu em 31 de março de 2022, distribuído pela Manequim Filmes (novo selo da Vitrine Filmes) em mais de 300 salas pelo país.

Recepção

Resposta dos críticos
Alemão 2 obteve uma boa recepção entre os críticos de cinema, superando as críticas de seu antecessor. Escrevendo para o website Omelete, o crítico Eduardo Pereira atribuiu ao filme a nota máxima e o considerou excelente, dizendo: "É como se Alemão 2 fosse um favela movie revoltado consigo mesmo, inquieto na condição de ser mais uma peça do cinema nacional que precisa abordar essa problemática porque, bem, ela segue sendo urgente à identidade nacional em pleno 2022 (o filme, produzido em 2019, se passa em 2018, mas só chega agora às telas por conta da pandemia). Sua revolta, entretanto, é poética."

Denis Le Senechal Klimiuc, do website Cinema com Rapadura, escreveu: "Alemão 2 alcança um novo patamar qualitativo em relação ao primeiro longa, e o espectador se sentirá grato por receber esse sopro de autenticidade diante do mesmo universo. Isso demonstra que, quando bem escrito, dirigido e interpretado, não há desculpas para que uma continuação seja inferior. Pelo contrário, e o cinema nacional agradece."

Ligações externas

 Alemão 2 no portal Filme B

Filmes do Brasil de 2022
Filmes de ação do Brasil
Filmes policiais do Brasil
Filmes gravados na cidade do Rio de Janeiro
Filmes distribuídos pela Vitrine Filmes
Filmes em língua portuguesa

Alemão 2


Pierre Corrard, né à Boulogne-sur-Seine (Hauts-de-Seine) le  et mort à Bolante (Meuse) le , est un poète et romancier français. Un prix homonyme, qui n'a plus cours aujourd'hui, sera décerné par la société des gens de lettres dans la catégorie jeune romancier de moins de 35 ans, voulu par sa femme.

Biographie
En 1914, Pierre Corrard s'engage volontaire pour le front sans même avertir sa famille. Plus tard il rassure les siens par lettre, prétendant qu'il est en sécurité loin des combats. Il est pourtant tué en forêt d'Argonne sur le plateau de Bolante (Meuse) au tout début de la Première Guerre mondiale.

Il se définissait lui-même ainsi :

Œuvres
 La Nuit de Philodore ; suivi des Coulisses du succès 7ième édition, Paris : A. Michel , [s.d.]
 L'homme qui a découvert son "moi", Paris : Librairie mondiale , [s. d.].
 Un cœur de courtisane (1900), Paris : A. Michel, [s.d.].
 L'école des amants (1900), Paris : A. Michel, [s.d.].
 Les facéties d'un sage (1900), Paris : Librairie mondiale , [s.d.].
 Par les femmes (1902), Paris : Charles , 1902.
 Le journal d'une femme du monde (1902), Paris : P. Ollendorff , 1902.
 L'école des maîtresses (1903), Paris : A. Michel , 1903.
 La nuit du gnome, fantochemagorie (1905), Paris : A. Michel , 1905.
 Les glanes, poésies (1906), Paris : A. Messein , 1906.
 Les opalines, poésies (1908), Paris : A. Messein , 1908.
 Les chercheurs d'idéals (1910), Paris : E. Flammarion , 1910.
 A volets-clos, poésies (1911), Paris, A. Messein , 1911.
 La bohème s'amuse, la nuit de Philodore (1911), Paris : E. Flammarion , 1911.
 La bohème d'aujourd'hui (scènes de la vie des artistes) (1913), Paris : A. Michel , 1913.

Bibliographie
 Poésies de Pierre Corrard Eaux-fortes de Jacques Villon (1937)
 Modes et manières d'aujourd'hui Peintre : Georges Lepape (1887-1971), Préface et légende : Pierre Corrard (1877-1914), [Paris] : [s.n.] , 1912, Collection Pierre Corrard

Prix et distinctions
 1916 : Prix Jules-Davaine pour l'ensemble de son œuvre poétique.

Notes et références

Liens externes

 Bibliothèque nationale de France
 Académie française

Naissance en juillet 1877
Naissance à Boulogne-Billancourt
Décès en novembre 1914
Poète français du XIXe siècle
Romancier français du XIXe siècle
Militaire français mort au combat lors de la Première Guerre mondiale
Décès à 37 ans

Pierre Corrard


La caille à l'étouffée () est une spécialité culinaire espagnole faite en ragoût. L'ingrédient principal est la caille (Coturnix coturnix), qui est apparentée dans la cuisine traditionnelle à une volaille de chasse, surtout en Castille-La Manche. C'est un plat unique qui est généralement accompagné de poivron grillé ().

Les cailles sont généralement cuites dans un autocuiseur, ou lentement dans un pot en argile. Elles sont braisés avec d'autres légumes et diverses herbes aromatiques. Le mets est généralement accompagné de pommes de terre bouillies ou de champignons. À Castille-et-León, c'est également un plat traditionnel, par exemple dans la ville ségovienne de Fresno de Cantespino, où les habitants ont leur propre recette appelée .

Notes et références

Cuisine espagnole
Gastronomie en Castille-La Manche
Ragoût

Caille à l'étouffée


Assis Chateaubriand puede referirse a:

Personajes
 Assis Chateaubriand, Abogado, profesor, empresario y escritor brasileño

en Brasil
 Assis Chateaubriand (Paraná), municipio brasileño del estado de Paraná.

Assis Chateaubriand (desambiguación)


Johan Severin Svendsen (30 September 184014 June 1911) was a Norwegian composer, conductor and violinist. Born in Christiania (now Oslo), Norway, he lived most his life in Copenhagen, Denmark.

Svendsen's output includes two symphonies, a violin concerto, a cello concerto, and the Romance for violin, as well as a number of Norwegian Rhapsodies for orchestra. At one time Svendsen was an intimate friend of the German composer Richard Wagner and Icelandic composer Sveinbjörn Sveinbjörnsson.

Life
Svendsen's father was a music teacher and military bandmaster, who taught him both the violin and clarinet. He began playing in orchestras at age nine when he learned violin, and began composing by age eleven. At fifteen he enlisted in the military band at Akershus Fortress, playing clarinet, flute, trombone, and percussion among other instruments. By the time he finished school, he was working as an orchestral musician, and occasionally made short concert tours as a violinist. In Lübeck, on one of his tours, he came to the attention of a wealthy merchant who made it possible for him to study from 1863 to 1867 at the Leipzig Conservatory. He began his studies with Ferdinand David, but problems with his hand forced him to switch to composition, which he studied with Carl Reinecke. He completed his studies in Leipzig in 1867, receiving first prize in composition. During this period, Svendsen had a son out of wedlock, Johann Richard Rudolph (1867–1933).

Gradually his attention turned to conducting. After spending time in Paris (1868–70) and Leipzig (1870–72), he returned to Christiania. One of his students in Christiania was pianist Bertha Tapper. In the summer of 1871, he went to New York City to marry Sarah (Sally, later changed to Bergljot) Levett Schmidt, whom he had met in Paris. He was conductor of the Musical Society Concerts in Christiania (1872–77), then spent three years in Germany, Italy, England and France. He returned to teach and conduct in Kristiania (1880–1883). In 1883, he was appointed principal conductor of the Royal Theater Orchestra in Copenhagen, where he lived until his death.

In 1884, he and his wife separated, and she moved to Paris. Their relationship had been chaotic for several years. A famous anecdote would have it that in 1883, in a fit of anger, she had thrown the only copy of his Symphony No. 3 in the fire. This incident was used by Henrik Ibsen in Hedda Gabler. If anything was caught up in the fire at all, it is rather unlikely it was anything near a complete symphony. However, some sketches, most likely for a symphony, were found by conductor Bjarte Engeset in 2007. They were elaborated and orchestrated by Bjørn Morten Christophersen and premiered by the Bergen Philharmonic Orchestra and Engeset in 2011.

Following a divorce from Sarah (10 December 1901), he married (23 December 1901) Juliette Haase, with whom he had been living and had three children.  His younger son from this marriage was the famous Danish actor Eyvind Johan-Svendsen (1896–1946).

In stark contrast to his more famous contemporary and close friend, Edvard Grieg, Svendsen was famous for his skill of orchestration rather than that of harmonic value.  While Grieg composed mostly for small instrumentation, Svendsen composed primarily for orchestras and large ensembles. His most famous work is his Romance for violin and orchestra, Op. 26.  He was very popular in Denmark and Norway during his lifetime, both as a composer and a conductor, winning many national awards and honors. However this popularity did not translate into acceptance into the international repertory of classical music. He died in Copenhagen, aged 70.

Svendsen's first published work, the String Quartet in A minor, Op. 1, achieved great popular success. He quickly followed with the String Octet, Op. 3 and String Quintet, Op. 5, both of which added to his early fame. All of Svendsen's chamber music was written while he was at the Leipzig Conservatory, yet these works are not considered student works. By general consensus, Svendsen was regarded as one of the most talented students then at the Conservatory. His works won prizes and received public performances to much acclaim.

Works
In parentheses, composition years and premiere place and date

Orchestra
Symphony No. 1 in D major, Op. 4 (1865–67; Christiania, 12 October 1867)
Violin Concerto, Op. 6 (1868–70; Leipzig, 6 February 1872)
Cello Concerto, Op. 7 (1870; Leipzig, 16 March 1871)
Sigurd Slembe, Symphonic Prelude, Op. 8 (1871; Leipzig, 12 December 1871)
Carnival in Paris, Episode, Op. 9 (1872; Christiania, 26 October 1872)
Funeral March, On the Death of King Carl XV, Op. 10 (1872; 26 October 1872)
Zorahayda, Legend, Op. 11 (1874, rev. 1879; Christiania, 3 October 1874, rev. 11 May 1880)
Festival Polonaise, Op. 12 (1873; Christiana, 6 August 1873)
Coronation March (for the Coronation of King Oscar II), Op. 13 (1873; Trondheim, 18 July 1873)
Norwegian Artists' Carnival, Op. 14 (1874; Christiania, 17 March 1874)
Symphony No. 2 in B-flat major, Op. 15 (1874; Christiania, 14 October 1876)
Norwegian Rhapsody No. 1, Op. 17 (1876; Kristiania, 25 September 1877)
Romeo and Juliet, Fantasia, Op. 18 (1876; Christiania, 14 October 1876)
Norwegian Rhapsody No. 2, Op. 19 (1876; ??)
Norwegian Rhapsody No. 3, Op. 21 (1876; Paris, January ??, 1879)
Norwegian Rhapsody No. 4, Op. 22 (1877; Paris, 1 February 1879)
Violin Romance, Op. 26 (1881; Kristiania, 30 October 1881; the soloist was Stanisław Barcewicz)
Polonaise, Op. 28 (1882)
Andante Funebre (1895)

String Orchestra
2 Swedish Folk Melodies, Op. 27 (1876, 1878)
2 Icelandic Melodies, Op. 30 (1874)
Ifjol gjætt' e gjeitinn (Last year I was tending the goats), Op. 31 (1874)

Chamber
String Quartet, Op. 1 (1865)
String Octet, Op. 3 (1866)
String Quintet, Op. 5 (1867)
Humorous March, Op. 16 (1874)

Vocal
2 Songs (Male Chorus), Op. 2 (1865)
5 Songs (Voice and Piano), Op. 23 (1879)
4 Songs (Voice and Piano), Op. 24 (1879)
2 Songs (Voice and Piano), Op. 25 (1878, 1880)
Wedding Cantata (for Prince Oscar Gustav Adolph and Princess Sophia Maria Victoria), Op. 29 (1881; Kristiania, October 18, 1881)
Hymn (for golden wedding anniversary of King Christian IX and Queen Louise), Op. 32 (1892)

Ballet
Foraaret kommer (The Arrival of Spring), Op. 33 (1892; Copenhagen, May 26, 1892)

About 50 other minor works, not included in his numbered catalog.

Documents
Letters by Johan Svendsen held by the State Archives in Leipzig, company archives of the Music Publishing House C.F.Peters (Leipzig).

Notes

References
Benestad, Finn and Dag Schjelderup-Ebbe, "Johan Svendsen: Mennesket og kunstneren" H. Aschehoug & Co., 1990
English translation: Benestad, Finn and Dag Schjelderup-Ebbe, "Johan Svendsen: The Man, the Maestro, the Music," Peer Gynt Press, 1995.
Øystad Gaukstad article on Svendsen for Norwegian Cultural Council (NFK) LPs of Svendsen's chamber music, 1981
Some of the information above appears on the website of Edition Silvertrust but permission has been granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License.

External links

 Biography

1840 births
1911 deaths
19th-century classical composers
19th-century conductors (music)
19th-century Norwegian composers
20th-century classical composers
20th-century conductors (music)
20th-century Norwegian composers
20th-century Norwegian male musicians
Honorary Members of the Royal Philharmonic Society
Male classical violinists
Male conductors (music)
Norwegian classical violinists
Norwegian conductors (music)
Norwegian expatriates in Denmark
Norwegian male classical composers
Norwegian military musicians
Norwegian Romantic composers

Johan Svendsen


Der Columbia Point oder auch Harbor Point befindet sich auf einer Halbinsel im Stadtteil Dorchester der Stadt Boston im Bundesstaat Massachusetts der Vereinigten Staaten. Die Halbinsel ragt vom Festland in die Dorchester Bay. Der Columbia Point war im frühen 17. Jahrhundert die Landestelle der puritanischen Siedler und wurde von den Indianern Mattaponnock genannt.

Geschichtlicher Hintergrund

17. bis 19. Jahrhundert
Das Gebiet am Columbia Point wurde vom 17. bis in die Mitte des 19. Jahrhunderts als Kälberweide genutzt – die Anwohner des nahen Dorchester brachten ihre Kälber dort zum Grasen hin. Es handelte sich größtenteils um unbewohntes Marschland mit einer Größe von 14 Acres (56.656 m²). Durch Landaufschüttungen wurde im Laufe der Jahre weiteres Land hinzu gewonnen und die zur Verfügung stehende Fläche im 20. Jahrhundert auf 350 Acres (1,4 km²) ausgedehnt.

Im Jahr 1845 verlief die Old Colony Railroad durch das Gebiet und verband Boston mit Plymouth. Die Haltestelle trug zunächst den Namen Crescent Avenue, später Columbia und wird seit dem 1. Dezember 1982 als JFK/UMass ausgewiesen. Die Station gehört heute zur MBTA und bietet Zugang sowohl zur U-Bahn Red Line als auch zu den Vorortzügen.

In den 1880er Jahren wurde auf der Weide der Calf Pasture Pumping Station Complex errichtet, der heute noch besichtigt werden kann und zum Zeitpunkt seiner Errichtung den Stand der Technik der Abwasserbehandlung darstellte, um bessere Lebensbedingungen in der Stadt zu ermöglichen. Die Station pumpte das Abwasser in eine weiter entfernte Reinigungsanlage, die auf Moon Island im Boston Harbor stand. Dieses System diente als Vorbild für ähnliche Einrichtungen weltweit. Das System funktionierte so gut, dass es als zentraler Bestandteil der Bostoner Abwasserbehandlung bis 1968 in Betrieb blieb. In diesem Jahr wurde eine neue Abwasserreinigungsanlage auf Deer Island errichtet und nahm den Betrieb auf. Die Pumpstation ist auch aus architektonischer Sicht signifikant, da es nach dem Entwurf von Henry Hobson Richardson im romanischen Stil vom damaligen Bostoner Stadtarchitekten George Clough errichtet und in das National Register of Historic Places aufgenommen wurde.

20. Jahrhundert
1934 führten Landaufschüttungen zur Eröffnung des Columbus Park sowie des damaligen Day Boulevard (heute Morrissey Boulevard) auf der Halbinsel. Ein riesiger Müllberg, der sich auf der Halbinsel befand, wurde ebenfalls als Aufschüttungsmaterial verwendet.

Während des Zweiten Weltkriegs wurde am Columbia Point eine kleine Kaserne gebaut, um einige Kriegsgefangene unterbringen zu können. Nach Kriegsende wurde sie Veteranen als Wohnquartier zur Verfügung gestellt. 1950 siedelte die Boston College High School von South End an ihre heutige Adresse am Morrissey Boulevard um.

1954 wurde das Columbia Point Development-Projekt abgeschlossen, für das weiteres Land an der Nordküste der Halbinsel aufgeschüttet wurde und in dessen Zuge 1.500 neue Apartments durch die Boston Housing Authority errichtet wurden. Parallel dazu wurde weitere Infrastruktur wie bspw. öffentliche Schulen hinzugefügt.

In den 1960er Jahren gab es eine Initiative von Einwohnern auf dem Columbia Point, die dort befindliche städtische Müllkippe dauerhaft zu schließen. Die Initiatoren gewannen das Interesse des Anwalts Francis Lee Bailey Jr., der ihre rechtliche Vertretung übernahm. Tatsächlich musste die städtische Müllkippe 1962 den Betrieb einstellen, und die ebenfalls am Columbia Point befindliche private Müllkippe Mile Road Dump schloss im Februar 1963, nachdem der Massachusetts Supreme Court ihren Betrieb für unrechtmäßig erklärt hatte.

Im Jahr 1965 wurde mit dem Columbia Point Community Health Center das erste öffentliche Gesundheitszentrum der Vereinigten Staaten auf dem Columbia Point errichtet. Es wurde von den beiden Ärzten der Tufts University Jack Geiger und Count Gibson gegründet. Geiger hatte zuvor als Medizinstudent gemeinsam mit Sidney Kark die ersten öffentlichen Gesundheitszentren sowie die Prinzipien der am Gemeinwohl orientierten Erstversorgung in KwaZulu-Natal, Südafrika, kennengelernt. Das Zentrum ist heute noch als Geiger-Gibson Community Health Center an der Mount Vernon Street in Betrieb.

1974 eröffnete der Campus der University of Massachusetts Boston an der Spitze des Columbia Point und wurde Harbor Campus getauft. Nachdem 1977 die Bemühungen, die John F. Kennedy Library in Cambridge in der Nähe der Harvard University anzusiedeln, erfolglos blieben, wurde mit dem Bau der vom Architekten I. M. Pei entworfenen John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum an der Spitze des Columbia Point begonnen. Sie wurde am 20. Oktober 1979 eröffnet.

Die Wohnblöcke am Columbia Point verfielen zusehends und wurden zunehmend gefährlich. In den 1980er Jahren lebten dort nur noch etwa 300 Familien, die Gebäude fielen fast auseinander. 1983 erkannte die Stadt Boston die nahezu aussichtslose Situation und übertrug die Verwaltung, Reinigung, Planung und Erneuerung der Grundstücke an die private Entwicklungsgesellschaft Corcoran-Mullins-Jennison. Ein 99 Jahre dauernder Leasingvertrag wurde einem Zusammenschluss der Gesellschaft mit weiteren Investoren sowie gewählten Vertretern der Mieter zugesprochen.

1986 begannen die Arbeiten an den neuen Wohneinheiten Harbor Point. Während einer Rezession im Jahr 1988, die zu einem Einbruch des Wohnungsmarktes und zu hohen Defiziten sowie teuren Darlehen führte, stand die Entwicklung des Harbor Point kurz vor dem Bankrott. Das Projekt wurde von der Chevron Corporation gerettet, die 34 Millionen US-Dollar investierte. Die Renovierungsarbeiten konnten 1990 abgeschlossen werden. Die neue Wohnanlage verfügte über Mieter unterschiedlicher Einkommensschichten und war nach neuesten Erkenntnissen ausgelegt und gestaltet worden. Zur Abgrenzung vom alten Zustand nannte man sie Harbor Point Apartments. Die Wohnungen erhielten internationale Anerkennung durch das Urban Land Institute, gewannen den FIABCI-Preis sowie 1993 die Goldmedaille des Rudy Bruner Award for Urban Excellence und waren Vorbild für das staatliche Programm Hope VI des United States Department of Housing and Urban Development.

21. Jahrhundert
Im Jahr 2008 wurden Pläne der Corcoran-Jennings-Gesellschaft bekannt gegeben, die sich mit der Neuentwicklung des 30 Acres (121.406 m²) großen Areals des Bayside Exposition Center auf der Halbinsel befassten und eine gemischte Nutzung aus Gewerbe- und Wohnimmobilien mit dem Namen Bayside on the Point vorschlugen. Allerdings gab es eine Reihe von ernsthaften Problemen bei der Planung, insbesondere da die Massachusetts Water Resources Authority in der direkten Nachbarschaft des Geländes den Bau einer Einrichtung zur Kontrolle der Abwassergerüche plante.

Unterdessen ging das Gelände des Bayside Expo Center im Jahr 2009 im Rahmen eines über das Vermögen der Corcoran-Jennison-Gesellschaft eröffneten Konkursverfahrens an eine in Florida ansässige Immobilienfirma verloren. Kurz darauf erwarb die University of Massachusetts Boston das Grundstück für zukünftige Erweiterungen ihres Campusgeländes. Der Kaufvertrag wurde von der University of Massachusetts Boston gemeinsam mit der University of Massachusetts Building Authority im Februar 2010 unterzeichnet und besiegelte den Kauf für 18,7 Millionen US-Dollar. Der Beginn der Bauarbeiten am neuen Edward M. Kennedy Institute for the United States Senate sowie weiteren wissenschaftlichen Einrichtungen wurde für das Jahr 2010 angegeben.

Zeitablauf

Einzelnachweise

Literatur
 Joanne Ball: Can Columbia Point Be Harbor Point? Conversion Represents A Test Of Social Engineering. In: The Boston Globe. 14. August 1988
 Todd Bressi: From the Outside Looking In: An Evaluation of Harbor Point. (PDF-Datei; 927 kB). In: Places. Band 8, Nr. 4, Sommer 1993, College of Environmental Design, UC Berkeley
 Ellen J Pader, Myrna Margulies Breitbart: Transforming Public Housing: Conflicting Visions for Harbor Point. (PDF; 1,7 MB). In: Places. Band 8, Nr. 4, Sommer 1993, College of Environmental Design, UC Berkeley
 Joan E Goody: From Project to Community: The Redesign of Columbia Point. (PDF-Datei; 4,6 MB). In: Places. Band 8, Nr. 4, Sommer 1993, College of Environmental Design, UC Berkeley
 Richard Higgins: As Columbia Point Is Reborn, Nuns Face Displacement Battle. In: The Boston Globe. 23. Juli 1988.
 Blair Kamin:  In: Blueprints. Band 15, Nr. 3, Sommer 1997, National Building Museum, Washington, D.C.
 Nina M. Silverstein, Judith M. Conahan u. a.: Aging in Place at Harbor Point: Outreach Follow-Up of Older Adults Living in Independent Mixed-Income Apartments. Gerontology Institute and College of Public and Community Service, University of Massachusetts, Boston, November 2004.
 Angie Thebaud u. a.: Privately-Funded Public Housing Redevelopment: A Study of the Transformation of Columbia Point. (PDF-Datei; 487 kB). Institute for International Urban Development, Boston, Massachusetts, September 2008.
 Lawrence J. Vale: From the Puritans to the projects: public housing and public neighbors. Harvard University Press, 2000.

Weblinks

  – Boston Redevelopment Authority, City of Boston
 Karte von Dorchester aus dem Jahr 1899 – Mt. Vernon Street und Teile des Columbia Point befinden sich in der rechten unteren Ecke

Stadtteil von Boston

Columbia Point (Boston)


Dublă identitate (titlu original: Infected) este un film canadian thriller SF de groază din 2008 regizat de Adam Weissman. Rolurile principale au fost interpretate de actorii Maxim Roy, Gil Bellows și Glenda Braganza. Scenariul este scris de Joshua Hale Fialkov, Christian Ford, Mark Wheaton, Roger Soffer după o povestire de Thomas Schnauz.

Prezentare

Doi reporteri de la Boston Daily primesc pe neașteptate ajutor de la un complice în efortul lor de a opri o invazie extraterestră.

Distribuție
 Gil Bellows - Ben
 Maxim Roy	- Lisa
 Glenda Braganza - Connie
 Mark Camacho - Craig Braddock
 Bruce Dinsmore - Peter Whitefield
 Carlo Mestroni - Captain Wimmer
 Neil Napier - Taylor Lambert
 Judd Nelson - Malcolm Burgess
 Donny Quinn - Obsequious Assistant (ca Donny Falsetti)
 Isabella Rossellini - Carla Plume
 David Schaap - Lowe
 Jesse Todd - Knutt Jourgensen

Note

Legături externe

Vezi și
Listă de filme SF thriller
 Invazie extraterestră

Filme din 2008
Filme canadiene
Filme în limba engleză
Filme regizate de Adam Weissman
Filme SF din anii 2000
Filme thriller din anii 2000
Filme cu invazii extraterestre
Filme Super Channel
Filme Muse Entertainment Enterprises
Filme SF de groază
Filme de groază din anii 2000
Filme de aventuri

Dublă identitate


Lufthansa Flight 2904 var en flyulykke, der skete på Okęcie International Airport den 14. september 1993. flyet var på vej fra Frankfurt am Main i Tyskland til Warszawa i Polen.

Flyulykker og -hændelser i 1993
Transport i Polen

Lufthansa Flight 2904


Frank Williams est un musicien, auteur-compositeur, acteur et scénariste français né le 19 avril 1975.

Il est le fondateur de plusieurs groupes de musiques, dont le duo Williams Traffic avec Nicolas Kantorowicz, ainsi que le groupe Frank Williams & The Ghost Dance.

Biographie

Frank Williams est un musicien auteur-compositeur issu du mouvement punk et de la scène alternative parisienne qu'il fréquente dans son adolescence.

Il fonde le groupe Williams Traffic en 1999. Le groupe sort deux albums sur le label BMG : "Williams Traffic & the Fugitive" en 2001 et "Brian Dreams" en 2005.

Il lance le label "La Fugitive" avec Olivier Bodin et réalise les albums d'artistes dont ceux de The Moonshiners et de Jeanne La Fonta. Il co-réalise et co-écrit également avec Fantazio les deux albums du "Fantazio Gang" dont il fait partie entre 2001 et 2010.

En 2011 il fonde le groupe Frank Williams & The Ghost Dance avec Valentine Carette, Bud et Benoit Daniel, et sort deux albums avec son label La fugitive : Temptation en 2011 et Totem Girl en 2014.

C'est avec ce groupe qu'il commence à composer des musiques pour la télévision et le cinéma, notamment la B.O du film Une histoire américaine de Armel Hostiou et Le Ciel étoilé au-dessus de ma tête de Ilan Klipper.

C'est par ce biais que Frank Williams fait ses débuts en tant qu'acteur. Il joue dans le court métrage La nuit je mens d'Aurelia Morali pour lequel il reçoit le prix d'interprétation du festival parisien Le Court Nous Tient.

Il découvre en même temps le monde du théâtre contemporain et joue dans les pièces de Robert Cantarella, Maya Bösch, Clara le Picard et Olivia Csiky Trnka.

Discographie

Albums studio

 1999 : Z.F.O. – P.Funk (Virgin / Source)
 2001 : WILLIAMS TRAFFIC - & the Fugitive (BMG / Wagram)
 2004 : Brian Dreams - Williams Traffic (BMG / Wagram)
 2005 : The Sweet Little Mother Fuckin' Show - Fantazio (La Triperie / PIAS)
 2008 : 5000 Ans - Fantazio (La Triperie / PIAS)
 2011 : Temptation - Frank Williams & the Ghost Dance(La Fugitive / Believe)
 2014 : Totem Girl - Frank Williams & the Ghost Dance - (La Fugitive / Believe)
 2015 : The World is Not My Home - La Fugitive (La Fugitive / Believe)
 2015 : Prière pour Aujourd'hui - The Moonshiners (La Fugitive / Believe)
 2017 : Wild Boys - La Fugitive (La Fugitive / Believe)

Filmographie

Compositeur

Cinéma

 2011 : Melancholic Sabbat de Lucile Littot (court-métrage)
 2011 : Rives d'Armel Hostiou
 2012 : Adios Muchacha de Manuel Almereyda (court-métrage)
 2013 : L'Ombre de Salah de Netty Radvanyi (court-métrage)
 2013 : Sangre de mi Sangre de Jérémie Reichenbach
 2015 : Une Histoire Américaine d'Armel Hostiou
 2016 : Slacks de Benoît Boussard (court-métrage)
 2017 : Mulette de Lara Hirzel (court-métrage)
 2017 : La Nuit je Mens d'Aurélia Morali (court-métrage)
 2018 : Milla de Valérie Massadian
 2018 : Le Ciel Etoilé au Dessus de ma Tête d'Ilan Klipper
 2018 : Sibyl de Justine Triet
 2018 : La Sainte Famille de Louis-Do De Lencquesaing
 2020 : Funambules d'Ilan Klipper
 2022 : Issa de Jérémie Reichenbach
 2022 : Le Processus de Paix d'Ilan Klipper

Télévision

 2012 : Naître Père de Delphine Lanson
 2016 : Médecine d'Ailleurs de Bernard Fontanille
 2021 : Soigner à tout prix d'Ilan Klipper

Théâtre

 2012 : Passé je ne sais où qui revient (Vita Nova / Bouffes Du Nord, TNS, TNB)
 2013 : Inua - Pièce équestre de Netty Radvanyi (Z Machine/Aurillac)
 2014 : Brut – Pièce équestre de Netty Radvanyi (Z Machine)
 2015 : Je Veux Je Veux – Valentine Carette et Sigrid Bouaziz (Ménagerie de Verre)
 2016 : Au Pied du Mur Sans Porte – Lazare (Vita Nova - Théâtre de la Ville Abesses)
 2018 : Open House – Clara Le Picard – Ménagerie de Verre
 2019 : Silver Factory – Clara Le Picard (compagnie à Table)- Centquatre Paris XIXè / Festival d'Avignon Juillet 2019
 2020 : Demolition Party - Olivia Csiky Trnka (compagnie Full Petal / Théâtre de Saint Gervais, Genève)
 2021 : Sur la Voie Royale - Maya Bösch (compagnie Sturmfrei / Théâtre La Manufacture, Lausanne)
 2021 : Steve Jobs - Robert Cantarella (R&C / scène nationale de Maubeuge)

Références

Liens externes

Naissance en avril 1975
Auteur-compositeur français
Acteur français de télévision
Acteur français de cinéma

Frank Williams (musicien)