Cenevre (Fransızca: Genève,  Arpitanca: Genèva, Almanca: Genf, Romanşça: Genevra; İtalyanca: Ginevra, dil devriminde Jönev), İsviçre'de Cenevre Gölü kıyısında yer alan, İsviçre'nin Zürih şehrinden sonra en yüksek nüfuslu ikinci şehridir.  Fransızca konuşulan İsviçre bölgesi olan "Suisse Romande" bölgesinin en büyük şehridir.  Aynı ada sahip Cenevre kantonu'nun başkentidir. Rhône Nehri'nin Cenevre Gölü'nden çıkışında konumlanmıştır.

Belediye sınırları içinde şehir (ville de Geneve) (Mart 2013 tahmini itibarıyla) nüfusu 194,245 kişi olup Belediye'yi de içine alan Cenevre Kantonu (République et Canton de Genève) içinde nüfus 472,530 İsviçreli ikametgahlı kişidir. 2011 yılı tahminlerine göre ise şehir merkezine <30 dakikalık yolu içine alan alanda  (bir kısmı Fransa sınırları içinde) (agglomération franco-valdo-genevoise (Grand Genève) da oturan İsviçre ikematgahlı nüfus  915,000 kişidir. Şehre çalışmaya gelenler bölgesinin İsviçre sınırları içinde kalan kısmi yani (Métropole lémanique bölgesinde ikamet eden nüfusun 1,5 milyon kişiyi aştığı tahmin edilmektedir. Bu bölge Cenevre Gölü sahillerinde doğuya doğru olan Vevey ve Montreux kentlerini ve kuzey-batıya Yverdon-les-Bains kentine doğru Vaud kantonu içinde  <60 dakikalık yolculuk yapanları içine almaktadır.

Cenevre bir "küresel şehir" niteliği arz etmektedir ve İsviçre'nin en kozmopolit şehri olan Cenevre'de halkın %44.3'unu yabancılar oluşturmaktadır. Şehir bir küresel finansal merkezdir. Cenevre CERN yüksek enerji fiziği laboratuvarına, Birleşmiş Milletler'in Avrupa'daki merkezine ve bu kuruluşun birçok alt kuruluşuna ev sahipliği yapmaktadır. Ayrıca Dünya Sağlık Örgütü (WHO) ve Uluslararası Kızılhaç Komitesi'nin merkezi buradadır. Cenevre dünyada bulunan diğer uluslararası kurumların epey çoğuna merkezlik yapmaktadır. Harp sahalarında asker olmayanlara karşı  ve harp esirlerine karşı yapılacak muamele ve tutumları ele alan "Cenevre Konvansiyonları" bu şehirde imzalanmıştır.

2008 yılında yapılan araştırmalara dayanan "Küresel Finansal Merkezleri Endeksi"nin finansal merkezler rekabeti ölçümlerinde Cenevre Avrupa'da Londra ve Zürih'ten sonra 3. sırayı ve uluslararası olarak 9. sırayı aldığı açıklanmıştır. 2009'da yapılan anketlere dayanan çalışmaya göre hesaplanan "yaşama kalitesi" endeksi Cenevre'nin Viyana ve Zürih'ten sonra üçüncü sırada olduğunu göstermektedir. Diğer taraftan "Mercer Araştırma Şirketi" tarafından yapılan anket araştırmalarına göre yabancı tebali uluslararası memur ve menajer çalışanlar için dünyada en pahalı şehirler arasında Cenevre 2009'da 4. ve 2011'de 5. sırada gelmektedir.

Ayrıca ünlü Cenevre otomobil fuarına ev sahipliği yapmaktadır.

Saatçilik gelişmiştir.

Şehir, zengin sosyetenin de uğrak yerlerindendir.

Tarihçe

Cenevre hakkında ilk yazılı belge bu yerleşkenin Roma İmparatorluğu tarafından sınırlarını Galler ırkından olan Helvetii kabilesine karşı korumak için sınır kalesi olarak kurulması hakkındadır. Romalılar bu yerleşkeyi MÖ 120'de ellerine geçirmişlerdi. 443'te güneye inen Germen kavimlerden olan Burgundililer bu Roma kalesini ellerine geçirdiler ve 534'te ise bu kale Franklar eline geçti. 888'de bu yerleşke yeni kurulan Burgundi Krallığı'nın bir parçası oldu. 1033'te Alman Kutsal Roma-Germen İmparatorluğu tarafından fethedildi.

1154'ten itibaren Cenevre Piskoposları Kutsal Roma-Germen İmparatorluğu prensi olarak bu şehri yönettiler. Sonra şehir koruyucusu olarak Cenevre Kontları ve daha sonra Savoya kontları kabul edildi. Bunlar şehrin gerçek yönetici olan Cenevre Piskoposu'nun en ufak hatası olarsa şehir yönetime el koymayı huy edindiler. 1290'da Savoya Kontları şehri idare eden kilise hiyerarşisi içinde seçtikleri bir kişiye "vice dominu" adı ile yardımcı şehir yöneticilik yapma imtiyazını kazandılar. 1290'da Savoya Kontu olan Chambéry'li François de Candie  kendisine ve kendini irsen takip edecekler için "Cenevre Vidamesi" unvanı aldı. Vidame'ler şehir idaresinde imtiyazlı rol oynadılar.

1387'de Cenevre Piskoposu Adhemar Fabry Cenevre şehrine yönetimde özgürlük bağışlayan bir büyük berat verdi ve bu özgür şehir beratı kendisinden sonra gelen piskoposlar tarafından da yenilenmesi beklenmekteydi. 1394'te son Cenevre Kontu direkt varis bırakmadan öldü. Bu kontluk toprakları Savoya Sülalesi eline geçti. Savoya Kontları 1416'dan sonra Savoya Dükü oldular. Cenevre şehri yönetimini ellerinden bırakmamak için çok kere ailelerinden birini Cenevre Piskoposu olarak tayin edip şehri idareye devam ettiler. Bağımsız bir şehir olmayı tercih eden Cenevre halkı 1418'da bağımsız Bern ve bağımsız Fribourg şehirleri ile birlikte bir İsviçre Federasyonu (Eidgenossenschaft) kurdular.

Protestan Reformasyon döneminde Bern şehri yeni Protestan mezhebini tercih edip bu mezhebi yaymak isteyen reformcu papazlar olan Guillaume Farel ve Antoine Froment'e şehirlerinde destek sağladılar. Cenevre'de düşünür, papaz John Calvin daha sıkı disiplinli bir Protestan mezhebi olarak Kalvinist mezhebini Cenvre'den yaymaya başladı. 1536'dan 1564'te ölmesine kadar John Calvin Cenevre şehrini çok sıkı Protestan olarak resmen idare etti. Fakat Fribourg şehri Katolik olmayı tercih etti ve 1511'de Cenevre ile olan birlik anlaşmasından ayrıldı.

19. yüzyıl başında Napolyon harplerinden sonra barışı ortaya çıkartmak için toplanan 1814-1815 Viyana Kongresi Cenevre Kantonu'na 15 tane eskiden Savoya Kontluğuna bağlı ve 5 tane Fransa'ya bağlı olan Katolik köy/mahalle (parish) verildi. Böylece koyu protestan olan Cenevre kantonuna 16.000 kadar Katolik katıldı. Aynı zamanda İsviçre kantonaları birleştirilip İsviçre Konfederasyonu kuruldu. İsviçre Konfederasyonu içindeki Roma Katolik mezhebi mensuplarının dini özgürlükleri korundu ve Konfederasyon'un Katolliklerin dinlerine herhangi bir değişme yapabilmesi için Roma'daki Papalık'dan izin alınması ve bu izin verilmezse değişmenin yapılmaması şartı konuldu. Sonra Papa VIII. Pius  Cenevre'deki Katolik kilisesi hiyerarşisini değiştirdi. Cenevre ve Lozan İsviçre şehirleri için bir yeni piskoposluk kuruldu. Eskiden Cenevre piskoposluğuna dahil olan ama Fransa'da kalan Katolikler Annecy piskoposluğuna bağlandı.

Cenevre şehrinde Protestanlar ve eski Katolikler kiliselerini idame ettirmek için şehrin topladığı yıllık vergilerden bir kısmını sübvansiyon olarak almaktaydılar. Fakat Roma Katoliklerine kiliseleri için Cenevre şehri hiç sübvansiyon vermemekteydi. Halktan daha liberal olanlar devlet yönetimi ile din yönetiminin birbirinden ayrılmasını prensip olarak istemekteydiler. 1907'de bunlar ve bunlara katılan Cenevre şehri Katolikleri bir referendum yapılmasını ve bu referandumda çoğunluğu sağladılar. 30 Haziran 1907'den itibaren Cenevre şehrinde de kilise ve devlet işleri birbirinden ayrıldı.

Coğrafya
Cenevre şehri konumunun koordinatları 46°12' Kuzey, 6°09' Doğu olup şehir Cenevre Golü'nün güneybatısında Rhone Nehri'nin bu golden çıkışında konumlanmıştır. Alpler ve Jura Dağları sıradağları ile çevrilidir.

Cenevre şehrinin belediye sınırları içindeki yüzölçümü 15.86 km olup başkenti olduğu Cenevre Kantonu yüzölçümü 282 km'dir.

Cenevre şehrinin rakımı deniz yüzeyinden 373.6 m'dir. İsviçre'de rakım tespit edilirken referans noktası olarak Cenevre Golü üzerinden bulunan "Pierres du Niton" adı verilen iki büyük kayadan büyüğü kullanılmaktadır ve Cenevre'nin rakımı referans noktası olan bu kayalardan büyüğünün rakımıdır.

Cenevre'deki ikinci önemli akarsu Cenevre şehir merkezinin hemen batısında Rhone Nehri'ne katılan Arve Nehri'dir.

Cenevre iklimi tipik kara iklimidir. Kışlar soğuk ve genellikle biraz bulutlu geçer. Kış mevsiminde ısı bazen birkaç gün 0 °C üstüne çıkmadığı ve donun devam ettiği dönemler görülebilir. Kışın birkaç gün çok şiddetli soğuk yapıp ısı derecesi -10 °C olabilmektedir. Kış aylarından, eğer antisiklon şartları istikrarla devam etmekteyse, hava birkaç gün devamlı bulutlu kalabilir. Mart ayından itibaren şiş devamlı artamaya başlar. Mayıs sonlarında işi sıcak yaz havasına dönüşür. Fakat bu dönemde yağışlarda giderek artırmaya başlar ve Mayıs ayı içinde çok kere yağmurlu fırtınalar ortaya çıkar. Bu fırtınalı yağış fazla uzun sürmez ama şiddetli fırtına birkaç dakika içinde birkaç santimetre yağış ortaya çıkartabilir. Yazlar çok kere sıcak ve nispeten nemli geçer. Fakat değişik yıllarda yaz havası değişik olabilir. Yazları sabahları güneş etrafı ısıtmadan soğuk hissedilebilir. Yaz döneminde yağışlar daha sık olurlar ama yağan yağmur nispeten çok şiddetli olur. Bu mevsimde yıldırım ve gök gürültülü yağmurlar ve hatta dolu yağışı muhtemeldir. Eylül başında hava sıcak olabilir ama hava devamlı olarak soğumaya başlamıştır. Kasım ayı gerçekten soğuk geçer. Bu aylarda geç gece ve sabah erkenden don yapmaya başlar. Sonbahara ayları şişli geçer ve Ekim ayı yılın en şişli ayıdır., Ekim sisleri çok köyü olup şehir dışında kırsal arazilerde şişli havada görüş sınırı 100 m'den aşağıda kalır.

Demografi
Belediye sınırları içinde Cenevre şehrinin nüfus gelişmesini gösteren grafik:

Ulusal öneme haiz şehir mirasları
İsviçre otoritelerinin hazırladığı listeye göre Cenevre şehrinde 82 bina, özel olarak ulusal öneme haiz şehir mirası envanterine uygun olarak kabul edilmiştir. Cenevre eski şehrinin tümü bu listeye girmiştir.

Dinsel Binalar
 St. Pierre Katedrali ve Macchabés Şapeli,
 Notre-Dame Kilisesi,
 Rus Kilisesi,
 St-Germain Kilisesi,
 Fusterie Tapınağı,
 Auditoire Tapınağı

Sivil Binalar

 Cenevre Şehri Arşivleri ve Silah Deposu,
 Eski Crédit Lyonnais Banka binası,
 Eski Hôtel Buisson,
 Eski Hôtel du Résident de France et Bibliothèque de la Soçiété de lectüre de Genève;
 Eski Sanayi Sanatları Okulu,
 Bâtiment des forces motrices,
 Cenevre Kütüphanesi,
 Cenevre «Gérard Nordmann» Yahudi Kütüphanesi,
 Cabinet des estampes,
 Centre d'İconographie genevoise,
 Çollège Calvin,
 Ecole Geisendorf,
 Cenevre Üniversite Hastanesi (HUĞ),
 Hotel de Ville Konağı ve Baudet Kulesi,
 2 ve 4 Rue Saint-Laurent'daki "Clatre Apartmanı",
 11-19  Rue Charles-Giron'da "House Rotonde Apartmanı",
 2, 4, 6, 8 Rue Beauregard'da Apartmanlar,
 10-26 Rue de la Corraterie'da Apartmanlar,
 2-6 Rue des Granges'de Apartmanlar,
 8, Rue des Granges'de Apartman,
 10, 12, 14 Rue des Granges Apartmanlar,
 6, Rue des Granges 'de Apartman,
 7 ve 9 Rue Pierre Fatio'da Apartman,
 House de Saussüre ve 24  Rue de la Çiité,
 House Des arts du Grütli.  16 Rue du Général-Dufour'de
 House Royale,  44-50 Quai Gustave Ador'da iki apartman,
 Tavel House, 6 Rue du Puits-St-Pierre,
 Turrettini House,   8, 10 Rue de l'Hôtel-de-Ville,
 Brunswick Anıtı,
 Palais de Justice,
 Palais de l'Athénée,
 "Palais des Nations" ve SDN ve BM kütüphane ve arşivleri,
 "Palais Eynard" ve Cenevre Şehri Arşivleri,
 Palais Wilson,
 Parc des Bastions avec Mür des Réformateurs,
 Place Neuve Meydanı ve Général Dufour Anıtı,
 Machine Köprüsü,
 Arve Köprüsü,
 Poste du Mont-Blanc,
 Quai du Mont-Blanc,
 Quai ve Hôtel des Bergues,
 Quai Général Guisan ve İngiliz Bahçesi,
 Quai Gustave-Ador ve Jet d'eau,
 Suisse Romande TV Stüdyoları,
 Cenevre Üniversitesi,
 Victoria Hall

Arkeolojik Mevkiler

 Baur Vakfı ve Uzak-Doğu Güzel Sanatlar Müzesi,
 Grange Parkı ve kiri ve Kütüphane (neolitik sahil yerleşkesi/Roma villası),
 Plonjon bronz çağı sahil yerleşkesi,
 Madeleine Tapınağı arkeolojik siti,
 Saint-Gervais Tapınağı arkeolojik alanı,
 Keltlerin antik şehri,
 Roma Çağı'ndan İsviçre'deki kalıntılar,
 Orta Çağ köyü

Müzeler, Tiyatrolar ve diğer kültürel binalar
 Conservatoire de musique; 6, Place Neuve,
 Conservatoire et Jardin botaniques,
 Fonds cantonal d'art contemporain,
 İle Rousseau ve anıtı,
 Voltaire Enstitüsü ve Müzesi. Kütüphane ve Arşivler,
 Mallet House ve Uluslararası Reform Müzesi
 Ariana Müzesi,
 Sanat Ve Tarih Müzesi,
 Museum d'art moderne et contemporain,
 Etnografi Müzesi
 Uluslararası Kızıl Haç Müzesi
 Rath Müzesi,
 Doğa Tarihi Müzesi,
 Salle communale de Plainpalais. Pitoëff Tiyatrosu,
 Villa Bartholoni ve Tarih ve Bilimler Müzesi,

Ekonomi

Cenevre'nin ekonomisi büyük ölçüde hizmet odaklıdır ve kantonun geri kalanıyla yakından bağlantılıdır. Şehir, finans merkezlerinde dünya liderlerinden biridir. Finans sektörüne üç ana sektör hakimdir: emtia ticareti; ticaret finansmanı ve varlık yönetimi.

Dünyanın serbest ticareti yapılan petrol, şeker, tahıl ve yağlı tohumların yaklaşık üçte biri Cenevre'de alınıp satılır. Dünya pamuğunun yaklaşık %22'si Cenevre Gölü bölgesinde işlem görür. Kantonda ticareti yapılan diğer önemli emtialar arasında çelik, elektrik veya kahve vardır. Bunge Limited, Cargill, Vitol, Gunvor, BNP Paribas, Trafigura veya Mercuria Energy Group ayrıca dünyanın en büyük nakliye şirketi Mediterranean Shipping Company gibi büyük ticaret şirketlerinin bölgesel veya küresel merkezleri kantonda bulunur. Emtia ticareti Banque cantonale de Genève(BCGE), BCP, BNP Paribas, Banque cantonale vaudoise (BCV), Crédit Agricole, Credit Suisse, ING, Société Générale ve UBS, gibi tümü bu iş için bölgede merkezleri olan büyük bankalarla güçlü bir ticaret finansmanı sektörü tarafından sürdürülür.

Bir finans merkezi olarak Cenevre
Cenevre Şehir Cumhuriyeti, 1850'ye kadar kendi paralarını bastı. Belli bir süre, Fransa'da uzun süredir yaygın olduğu gibi, bunlar meteliğe (Sou) bölündü ve ardından frangı basıldı.

Endüstri
Rolex (genel merkez), Omega, Patek Philippe, Vacheron Constantin, Frédérique Constant veya Baume & Mercier gibi lüks saat üreticilerinin evi olarak Cenevre, dünyanın en önemli saatçilik şehirlerinden biridir. Cenevre damgası (Poinçon de Genève) ve Cenevre kesimleri (Côtes de Genève, Filets) gibi yerel zanaatların sunduğu kalite özellikleri iyi bilinmektedir. Ayrıca, Procter & Gamble ve Polo Ralph Lauren gibi çok sayıda çok uluslu şirketin (Avrupa) genel merkezleri Cenevre'dedir. 28.000'den fazla kişi doğrudan Cenevre merkezli 30 uluslararası kuruluş ve 172 akredite görev için çalışır; kantonun ekonomik çıktısına katkısı yüzde 9,2'dir.

Uluslararası Organizasyonlar
 Uluslararası Çalışma Örgütü (BİT);,
 Uluslararası Kızılhaç Komitesi,
 Birleşmiş Milletler Mülteciler Yüksek Komiserliği  (UNHCR),
 Dünya Meteoroloji Örgütü,
 Dünya Ticaret Örgütü,
 Uluslararası Telekomünikasyon Birliği,
 YMCA Dünya Birliği
 Dünya Fikri Mülkiyet Örgütü (WIPO)
 Avrupa Yayın Birliği (EBU)

Kardeş şehirler

Resimler

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

 Cenevre şehrinin resmi sitesi
 "Vikivoyage" "Geneva" maddesi
  DMOZ Open Directory Projesi "Geneva" maddesi

İsviçre'deki şehirler
MÖ 1. binyılda kurulan yerleşim birimleri
Eski teokrasiler
Cenevre Gölü kıyısındaki yerleşim birimleri

Cenevre


Le , ou , est un funiculaire situé sur les pentes du mont Shigi à Yao, dans la préfecture d'Osaka au Japon. Il est exploité par la compagnie Kintetsu et permet l'accès au temple Chōgosonshi-ji.

Description
Le funiculaire se compose d'une voie unique avec évitement central.

Histoire
Le funiculaire ouvre le . Il ferme en 1944 en raison de la Seconde Guerre mondiale avant de rouvrir en 1957.

Caractéristiques

 Longueur :
 Dénivelé :
 Pente : 48 %
 Écartement rails :
 Nombre de gares : 2

Liste des gares

Notes et références

Notes

Références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Liste de funiculaires dans le monde
 Liste des chemins de fer japonais

Liens externes

Nishi-Shigi
Yao (Osaka)

Funiculaire Nishi-Shigi


Çemberimde Gül Oya aşağıdaki anlamlara gelebilir:

 Çemberimde Gül Oya (türkü), Çanakkale-Biga yöresine ait türkü (Kâmil Nizam Bigalı - Ahmet Yamacı)
 Çemberimde Gül Oya (dizi), 2004-2005 yılları arasında Kanal D'de yayımlanan dram ve politik türdeki Türk televizyon dizisi.

Çemberimde Gül Oya


An Liparis halconensis in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Oakes Ames, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Oakes Ames. An Liparis halconensis in nahilalakip ha genus nga Liparis, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Liparis (Orchidaceae)

Liparis halconensis


Hermann Friedrich Emmrich (Meiningen, 7 de febrero de 1815 - íd. 1879) fue un geólogo alemán.

Se doctoró en Filosofía y fue profesor del Instituto de Meiningen (Henfling-Gymnasium Meiningen).

Describió algunos trilobites, muy estudiados después, pertenecientes a los períodos ordovícico, silúrico y devónico: tales son los géneros Phacops, Odontopleura y Trinucleus, todos ellos descritos por él en 1839.

Se le deben las obras Discusión sobre los trilobites (Berlín, 1839) e  Historia geológica de los Alpes (Geologischem Geschichte des Alpes, Jena, 1874).

Referencias

 Enciclopedia Universal Ilustrada Espasa Calpe, Tomo 19, página 1.028.

Geólogos de Alemania del siglo XIX
Paleontólogos de Alemania del siglo XIX
Nacidos en Meiningen

Hermann Friedrich Emmrich


Oasen er en kortfilm fra 2013 instrueret af Carl Marott efter manuskript af Lars Bang, Carl Marott.

Handling
Tom er en ensom sjæl, som aldrig rigtig har forstået det der med kærlighed. Det er et stort og uudforsket mysterium for ham. Men da han pludselig og helt uventet møder Laura, mærker han for første gang, hvad kærligheden gør ved ham. Tom hvirvles nu ind i et trekantsdrama, hvor han finder ud af, hvor langt han er villig til at gå for den kvinde, han elsker.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Kortfilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 2013

Oasen


USS The Sullivans may refer to:

, is a , launched in 1943, decommissioned in 1965 and donated in 1977 to the Buffalo and Erie County Naval & Military Park and serves as a museum ship
, is an  launched in 1995 and currently in service

United States Navy ship names

USS The Sullivans


O Campeonato Gaúcho de Futebol de 2023 - Série A, oficialmente denominado Gauchão Ipiranga 2023, é a 103ª edição da competição organizada anualmente pela Federação Gaúcha de Futebol. O campeão foi o , sendo seu 42° título e o sexto consecutivo.

Regulamento
O regulamento se mantém em relação à última edição. As 12 equipes jogam entre si em turno único. Os quatro melhores avançam para as semifinais em jogos de ida e volta, assim como na final, sem critério do gol qualificado. Os dois últimos colocados foram rebaixados.

Ficou definido que na fase mata-mata (semi-final e final) e em todos os grenais e no clássico ca-ju da 9ª Rodada haverá o árbitro de vídeo.

Participantes

Primeira Fase

Fase final
Em itálico as equipes que possuem o mando de campo no jogo de ida; em negrito as equipes vencedoras.

Premiação

Classificação à Série D
As vagas na quarta divisão nacional de 2024 serão distribuídas conforme classificação geral, excetuando-se os clubes com vagas garantidas em divisões nacionais para aquela temporada. Disputam as três divisões superiores do Campeonato Brasileiro de Futebol de 2023, logicamente tendo vaga assegurada para a competição em 2024 os seguintes times: , , ,  e . Por outro lado, , ,  e  disputam a série D em 2023, dispensando uma eventual vaga para 2024 caso conquistarem o acesso. Os demais clubes (,  e ) não disputarão nenhuma divisão nacional em 2023, igualmente estando aptos a disputarem espaço na quarta divisão nacional do ano seguinte.

Transmissão
Assim como em outros anos, o torneio será mostrado pelas plataformas esportivas do Grupo Globo (RBS TV, SporTV, Premiere e ge). Além disso, haverá também transmissão de mais de 40 jogos pelo portal GaúchaZH.

Jogos transmitidos na TV Aberta
Estes jogos foram transmitidos pela RBS TV na TV Aberta:

Número de jogos transmitidos de cada time:

Classificação geral

<small> Como o Caxias foi promovido à Série C 2024, a vaga para a Série D 2024 foi repassada para o Avenida.

Artilharia

Público

Maiores públicos
Estes são os dez maiores públicos pagantes do campeonato, sem considerar as partidas com portões fechados:

Menores públicos
Estes são os dez menores públicos pagantes do campeonato, sem considerar as partidas com portões fechados:

Médias de público
Estas são as médias de público dos clubes no campeonato. Considera-se apenas os jogos da equipe como mandante e o público pagante:

Campeonato Gaúcho de Futebol
Futebol de 2023 no Rio Grande do Sul


Cara de acelga est un film espagnol réalisé par José Sacristán, sorti en 1987.

Synopsis
Un vagabond attend sur une autoroute que quelqu'un l'emmène ailleurs. Il arrive dans une petite ville de province et devient impliqué dans un plan pour voler un tableau de valeur.

Fiche technique
 Titre : Cara de acelga
 Réalisation : José Sacristán
 Scénario : Carlos Pérez Merinero et José Sacristán
 Musique : Ricard Miralles
 Photographie : Carlos Suárez
 Montage : José Luis Matesanz
 Production : Alfredo Matas
 Société de production : In-Cine Compañía Industrial Cinematográfica, Jet Films et Lince Films
 Pays :
 Genre : Comédie
 Durée : 106 minutes
 Dates de sortie :
 :

Distribution
 José Sacristán : Antonio
 Fernando Fernán Gómez : Madariaga
 Marisa Paredes : Olga
 Amparo Soler Leal : Acacia
 Raúl Sender : Agustín
 Emilio Gutiérrez Caba : Eusebio
 Miguel Rellán : Paquito
 Amparo Baró : Loles
 Francisco Algora : Cocinero
 José Espinosa : Miguel Ángel
 Alberto Bové : Gregorio
 María Isbert : María
 José Segura : Camarero
 Mari Ángeles Acevedo : Petra

Distinctions
Le film a été nommé pour deux prix Goya et a reçu le prix Goya de la meilleure direction de production.

Notes et références

Liens externes

Film espagnol sorti en 1987
Comédie espagnole

Cara de acelga


«Blackout» es una canción de la banda alemana de hard rock y heavy metal Scorpions, incluida como el primer tema del disco homónimo publicado en 1982 por el sello Mercury Records. Fue escrita por Rudolf Schenker en la música y por Herman Rarebell, Klaus Meine y Sonja Kittelsen en las líricas, cuya letra ha sido interpretada como una metáfora de estar bajo los efectos de las drogas, lo que se vería claramente en el coro.

Por otro lado, es una de las canciones más interpretadas en los conciertos en vivo de la banda, ya que apareció por primera vez en la gira Blackout Tour (1982-1983) y ha sido tocada prácticamente en todas las demás giras desde entonces. De dichas presentaciones también se ha grabado en algunos discos en directo y en DVD, como por ejemplo en World Wide Live de 1985, Live At Wacken Open Air 2006 de 2008 y en el Live 2011: Get Your Sting and Blackout de 2011, entre otros.

De la misma manera ha sido incluida en varios discos recopilatorios de la banda, entre ellos el Best of Rockers 'n' Ballads de 1989, The Platinum Collection de 2005 y en la caja recopilatoria Box of Scorpions de 2004, entre otras. Cabe señalar que en 2011, la banda la regrabó para el álbum recopilatorio Comeblack lanzado en noviembre del mismo año.

Versiones

Con el pasar de los años ha sido versionada por otros artistas, entre ellos la banda de power metal Stratovarius, que la grabó como pista adicional para su disco Destiny de 1998, y que en 2001 fue agregado al álbum A Tribute to the Scorpions. El guitarrista George Lynch la versionó junto al vocalista Stevie Rachelle de Tuff, para el disco tributo Scorpion Tales de 2007. La banda de metal cristiano Stryper la grabó para su disco de covers The Covering lanzado en 2011. El grupo de heavy metal Halford interpretó la canción en un show en vivo junto a Rudolf Schenker para Live Insurrection de 2001, lanzado como pista adicional solo en Japón.

Referencias

Canciones de Scorpions
Canciones de 1982
Canciones de heavy metal
Canciones en inglés

Blackout (canción de Scorpions)


Cheyenne getur átt við:
Cheyenne, höfuðborg Wyoming.
Cheyenne, frumbyggja N-Ameríku.

Cheyenne


Primăria este o instituție a administrației locale a unei localități. Își are sediul într-o clădire special alocată. În spațiul de limbă germană clădirea respectivă se numește Rathaus (Casa Sfatului, cu referire la consiliul local), iar în cel de limbă engleză se numește City Hall (cu referire la sala orășenească de ședințe).

În România

Cea mai veche clădire de primărie de pe teritoriul actual al României este Primăria Veche a Sibiului, clădire gotică de la mijlocul secolului al XV-lea, sediul primăriei orașului până în anul 1948. Alte foste primării declarate monument istoric sunt Casa Sfatului din Brașov, Primăria Veche din Cluj și Primăria Veche din Timișoara.

În Republica Moldova

Clădirea primăriei municipiului Chișinău este un monument de arhitectură și istorie de însemnătate națională, introdus în registrul monumentelor de istorie și cultură a municipiului Chișinău la inițiativa Academiei de Științe.

Exemple proeminente

Note

Clădiri și structuri
Administrație

Primărie


An Festuca valesiaca in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Johann Christoph Schleicher ngan Jean François Aimée Gottlieb Philippe Gaudin. An Festuca valesiaca in nahilalakip ha genus nga Festuca, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Festuca

Festuca valesiaca


La famille de moteurs Gemini une famille de moteurs V8 conçue par General Motors. Bien que techniquement un small block en raison de l'entraxe des pistons valant 4,4 pouces, les ingénieurs de General Motors ne le considèrent pas comme un membre de la lignée des small block Chevrolet, mais plutôt comme un produit spécialisé. C'est un moteur totalement inédit, qui ne présente aucun lien de filiation avec les moteurs LS de GM ni avec le V8 Blackwing de Cadillac. Cette famille présente également une nouvelle philosophie de conception, utilisant un double arbre à cames en tête et un vilebrequin à plat, tandis que la plupart des autres small block de General Motors utilisent un arbre à cames central et un vilebrequin en croix. En date de octobre 2022, la famille Gemini ne comprend qu'un seul membre, le LT6, utilisé dans la Chevrolet Corvette C8 en version Z06. Il existe en revanche des fuites internes à GM qui indiqueraient qu'une deuxième version, le LT7, serait en développement. Cette version serait plus puissance grâce à l'ajout de deux turbos et serait destinée à de futures versions ZR1 et Zora de la Corvette C8.

Blocs avec alésage de 104.3 mm (2023-)

5.5L

LT6
Le LT6 est un V8 de . Il est utilisé dans la Corvette C8 en version Z06, et a été dévoilé le . Il développe  à  et  de couple à . C'est le moteur V8 atmosphérique de série le plus puissant du monde, détrônant le M159 de la Mercedes-Benz SLS AMG Black Series. C'est aussi le V8 à vilebrequin à plat de série avec la plus grosse cylindrée, détrônant le Ford Voodoo utilisé dans les Ford Mustang  GT350 et GT350R de la génération S550. Ceci a présenté des difficultés lors du développement en raison des vibrations inhérentes aux V8 à vilebrequin à plat, qui tendent à augmenter avec la cylindrée. Ce moteur utilise un bloc en alliage d'aluminium, des pistons forgés en aluminium, et un système de lubrification à carter sec.

Voir aussi
 Chevrolet small-block engine

Références

Chevrolet
Moteur automobile

Moteur V8 Gemini


Schwarzrheindorf, Almanya'nın Kuzey Ren-Vestfalya eyaletinde, Bonn kentine bağlı bölge. Ren nehri kıyısında, Beuel'in kuzeyinde uzanır. 4.500 kişinin yaşadığı semtin görülmeye değer yerleri arasında Doppel Kilisesi ilk sırada gelir.

Schwarzrheindorf


RFA Wave King (A182) was a Wave-class fleet support tanker of the Royal Fleet Auxiliary built at Govan by Harland & Wolff Ltd. In 1945, she served in the Far East with the British Pacific Fleet, designated Task Force 57 upon joining the United States fleet. On 6 May 1945 Wave King and Wave Monarch were with the Logistic Support Group 300 miles south-east of Miyako to refuel Task Force 57 which was launching air strikes against island targets in the Okinawa campaign.

Wave King struck a rock north of São Luís de Maranhão, Brazil, on 9 August 1956 and suffered severe damage. She was withdrawn from service as a result and was laid up at Portsmouth later in 1956. She arrived at Barrow-in-Furness on 16 April 1960 for scrapping.

References

Wave-class oilers
Tankers of the Royal Fleet Auxiliary
1944 ships
Ministry of War Transport ships
Ships built in Govan
Ships built by Harland and Wolff
Maritime incidents in 1956

RFA Wave King


93º NBR Awards
Melhor Filme:
Licorice Pizza
O 93º National Board of Review Awards, que homenageia os melhores do cinema de 2021, foi anunciado em 2 de dezembro de 2021. A cerimônia foi realizada em 15 de março de 2022, na Cipriani 42nd Street na cidade de Nova York.

Top 10: Melhores Filmes do Ano
Filmes listados em ordem alfabética, exceto o primeiro, que é eleito como Melhor Filme do Ano:
Licorice Pizza
 Belfast
 Don't Look Up
 Dune
 King Richard
 The Last Duel
 Nightmare Alley
 Red Rocket
 The Tragedy of Macbeth
 West Side Story

Top 5: Melhores Filmes Estrangeiros
Filmes listados em ordem alfabética, exceto o primeiro, que é eleito como Melhor Filme:
A Hero
 Benedetta
 Lamb
 Lingui, The Sacred Bonds
 Titane
 The Worst Person in the World

Top 5: Melhores Documentários
Filmes listados em ordem alfabética, exceto o primeiro, que é eleito como Melhor Documentário:
Summer of Soul (...Or, When the Revolution Could Not Be Televised)
 Ascension
 Attica
 Flee
 The Rescue
 Roadrunner: A Film About Anthony Bourdain

Vencedores

Melhor Filme:
 Licorice Pizza

Melhor Diretor:
 Paul Thomas Anderson – Licorice Pizza

Melhor Ator:
 Will Smith – King Richard

Melhor Atriz:
 Rachel Zegler – West Side Story

Melhor Ator Coadjuvante:
 Ciarán Hinds – Belfast

Melhor Atriz Coadjuvante:
 Aunjanue Ellis – King Richard

Melhor Roteiro Original:
 Asghar Farhadi – A Hero

Melhor Roteiro Adaptado:
 Joel Coen – The Tragedy of Macbeth

Melhor Filme de Animação:
 Encanto

Melhor Desempenho Inovador:
 Alana Haim e Cooper Hoffman – Licorice Pizza

Melhor Diretor Estreante:
 Michael Sarnoski – Pig

Melhor Filme em Língua Estrangeira:
 A Hero

Melhor Documentário:
 Summer of Soul (...Or When the Revolution Could Not Be Televised)

Melhor Elenco:
 The Harder They Fall

Melhor Fotografia de Cinema:
 Bruno Delbonnel – The Tragedy of Macbeth

Prêmio NBR Liberdade de Expressão:
 Flee

Ligações Externas

Prémios National Board of Review
2021 no cinema

National Board of Review Awards 2021


Mizael Conrado de Oliveira ou simplesmente Mizael Conrado (Santo André, 10 de fevereiro de 1977) é um atleta paralímpico medalhista aposentado e dirigente desportivo brasileiro que atualmente ocupa o cargo de presidente do Comitê Paralímpico Brasileiro (CPB).

Biografia
Nascido no município de Santo André (SP), Mizael Conrado nasceu cego por causa de uma catarata congênita. Após sofrer quatro cirurgias, enquanto ainda era bebê, ele começou a enxergar, porém, aos nove anos de idade, Mizael teve um descolamento de retina, que iniciou a perda de sua visão, processo que se concluiu 13 anos, quando ficou completamente cego.

Matriculado no Instituto Padre Chico, uma escola especial para deficientes visuais, Mizael teve o seu primeiro contato com o futebol de cinco, modalidade esportiva na qual ele se destacaria como atleta paralímpico.

Carreira como atleta

Destacando-se na modalidade do futebol de cinco, ele foi convocado para a Seleção Brasileira de Futebol de 5, seleção nacional pela qual ele acabou se tornando campeão latino-americano (1994), tricampeão da Copa América (1997, 2001 e 2003), campeão mundial sub-25 (2002), bicampeão mundial (1988 e 2000) e obtendo duas medalhas de ouro em virtude de ser bicampeão paralímpico na modalidade (2004 e 2008).

Em 1998, Mizael Conrado conquistou o título de melhor jogador do mundo na modalidade Futebol de cinco.

Carreira como dirigente esportivo

A partir de 2009, ele foi eleito vice-presidente da CPB por dois mandatos. Em seguida, no ano de 2017, ele foi eleito Presidente do CPB, quando substituiu Andrew Parsons, que presidia a entidade desde 2009.

Em 2021, Mizael foi reeleito para a presidência da CPB.

Estudos e atividades não esportivas

Antes de se aposentar do esporte paralímpico, ele ainda se formou em Direito pela Universidade Cidade de São Paulo (Unicid) em 2006. Na área jurídica, ele vem atuando como advogado no ramo do direito esportivo e chegou a ser nomeado vice-presidente da Comissão de Direitos Humanos da Seccional de São Paulo da Ordem dos Advogados do Brasil (OAB/SP).

Em 2019, ele se tornou mestre em administração pública pela Fundação Getúlio Vargas, após ingressar no mestrado profissional em administração pública oferecido pela FGV, onde defendeu a dissertação denominada "Governança do Comitê Paralímpico Brasileiro após 18 anos da promulgação da lei Agnelo Piva", sob orientação do prof. dr. Humberto Falcão Martins.

Naturais de Santo André (São Paulo)
Advogados do Brasil
Presidentes do Comitê Paralímpico Brasileiro

Mizael Conrado


Missratener Sohn ist ein deutsches Electro-Industrial-Projekt und das Pseudonym des Musikers Dennis Schnaithmann aus Hannover.

Bandgeschichte
Missratener Sohn wurde 1993 in Hannover von Dennis Schnaithmann gegründet. Das Debütalbum Krankheit Zukunft erschien im Jahr 1997 bei KAFUEsysteme. Bis 2020 wurden 10 Alben, 5 Sampler-Beiträge und je ein Remix für KiEw und Xotox veröffentlicht. Live-Auftritte erfolgten in den Jahren 2005 und 2006 jeweils im Rahmen des Stahlklang-Festivals in Hamburg und im Jahr 2007 im Rahmen des Secret Garden Festivals in Hannover. Bei diesem Auftritt wurde das offizielle Video zu dem Album Maximum Hate gezeigt.

Stil
Die Musik von Missratener Sohn ist rein elektronisch. Harte Beats, Noise-Attacken und einfache Melodien sollen eine bedrohliche, düstere Atmosphäre schaffen. Die Texte sind oft voller Hoffnungslosigkeit, Wut, Trauer und Tod. Der Maschinenpark wird hauptsächlich von den Roland Synthesizern JP-8000 und JD-800 dominiert. Die bei früheren Aufnahmen benutzten Yamaha SY-77, Waldorf Microwave und diversen Roland MC wurden mit der Zeit durch Softsynthesizer ersetzt. Mit diesen wiederum wird hauptsächlich der Waldorf PPG und Korg MS-20 nachgebildet.

Diskografie

Alben
 Krankheit Zukunft (1997; KAFUEsysteme), CD
 I'm your God (2000; KAFUEsysteme), CD
 Kill me harder (2000; Eigenverlag), CDr
 Schrei nach Leben EP (2002; Eigenverlag) CDr
 SonarKiller (2004; KAFUEsysteme), CD
 Maximum Hate (2006; KAFUEsysteme), CD
 Absolute Breakout (2006; KAFUEsysteme), CDr
 Negative/Perfect (2008; KAFUEsysteme), CD
 Burn In Hate (2015; Eigenverlag), Download
 Blood in Blood out (2020; Eigenverlag), Download

Sampler-Beiträge
 e: Anus Power (1999; KAFUEsysteme), CD
 Triton Vol. 2: Death over Europe (2000; Triton), CD
 EXTREME sündenfall 3: Blutiges Kinderherz (2005; Upscene/Indigo), CD
 ORKUS Compilation 21: Der Tod kommt (2006; in Orkus 07/08), CD
 EXTREME störfrequenz 2: Infected (2008; Upscene/Indigo), CD

Remix-Versionen
 Remix Anstaltsordnung auf KiEw – Exit #72 (2005; SPV), CD
 Remix alone auf Xotox – Dokumentation 1: Ton (2006; proNoize), CD

Weblinks
 Offizielle Website

Fußnoten

Deutsche Band
Elektro-Projekt

Missratener Sohn


Hollands U/-16 fodboldlandsholdHollands landshold for fodboldspillere, som er under 16 år og administreres af Koninklijke Nederlandse Voetbalbond (KNVB).

U/16-fodboldlandshold
U/16-fodboldlandshold i Europa

Hollands U/16-fodboldlandshold


40 Wall Street (also known as the Trump Building; formerly known as the Bank of Manhattan Trust Building and Manhattan Company Building) is a  neo-Gothic skyscraper on Wall Street between Nassau and William streets in the Financial District of Manhattan in New York City. Erected in 1929–1930 as the headquarters of the Manhattan Company, the building was designed by H. Craig Severance with Yasuo Matsui and Shreve & Lamb. The building is a New York City designated landmark and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP); it is also a contributing property to the Wall Street Historic District, an NRHP district.

The building is on an L-shaped site. While the lower section has a facade of limestone, the upper stories incorporate a buff-colored brick facade and contain numerous setbacks. The facade also includes spandrels between the windows on each story, which are recessed behind the vertical piers on the facade. At the top of the building is a pyramid with a spire at its pinnacle. Inside, the lower floors contained the Manhattan Company's double-height banking room, a board room, a trading floor, and two basements with vaults. The remaining stories were rented to tenants; there were private clubs on several floors, as well as an observation deck on the 69th and 70th floors.

Plans for 40 Wall Street were revealed in April 1929, with the Manhattan Company as the primary tenant, and the structure was completed in May 1930. 40 Wall Street and the Chrysler Building competed for the distinction of world's tallest building at the time of both buildings' construction; the Chrysler Building ultimately won that title. 40 Wall Street initially had low tenancy rates due to the Great Depression and was not fully occupied until 1944. Ownership of the building and the land underneath it, as well as the leasehold on the building, has changed several times throughout its history. Since 1982, the building has been owned by two German companies. The leasehold was held by interests on behalf of Philippine dictator Ferdinand Marcos in the mid-1980s. A company controlled by developer and later U.S. president Donald Trump bought the lease in 1995.

Site
40 Wall Street is in the Financial District of Manhattan, in the middle of the block bounded by Pine Street to the north, William Street to the east, Wall Street to the south, and Nassau Street to the west. The site is L-shaped, with a longer facade on Pine Street than on Wall Street. The lot measures  on Pine Street and  on Wall Street. Originally, the site measured  on Pine Street and 150 feet on Wall Street. The lot has a total area of .

40 Wall Street is surrounded by several buildings, including Federal Hall and 30 Wall Street to the west; 44 Wall Street and 48 Wall Street to the east; 55 Wall Street to the southeast; 28 Liberty Street to the north; and 23 Wall Street and 15 Broad Street to the south. The site slopes down southward so that the Pine Street entrance is on the second floor while the Wall Street entrance is on the first floor.

Prior to the current building's completion, the site was occupied by numerous smaller office buildings. The southern part of the site was occupied by the eight-story Gallatin Bank Building at 34–36 Wall Street, designed by Cady, Berg & See and completed in 1887; the nine-story Marshall Field Building at 38 Wall Street; the Manhattan Company's original headquarters at 40 Wall Street; and a 13-story building to the east. The northern portion contained a 13-story building at 25 Pine Street, a 12-story building at 27–29 Pine Street, and the 13-story Redmond Building at 31–33 Pine Street.

Architecture

The building was designed by lead architect H. Craig Severance, associate architect Yasuo Matsui, and consulting architects Shreve & Lamb. Moran & Proctor were consulting engineers for the foundation, the Starrett Corporation was the builder, and Purdy and Henderson were the structural engineers. The interior was designed by Morrell Smith with Walker & Gillette. Many engineers and contractors were involved in various other aspects of the building's construction.

The New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission has described 40 Wall Street's facade as having "modernized French Gothic" features. The building's massing largely conforms to the Art Deco style, though there are also abstract shapes and elements of classical architecture. According to art history professor Daniel M. Abramson, the classically-styled details at the base were intended to provide "context and support", while the Gothic-style roof was intended to emphasize the building's height. 40 Wall Street is 70 stories tall, with two additional basement stories. The building's pinnacle reaches , which made it the world's tallest building for one month upon its completion.

Form
40 Wall Street, like many other early-20th-century skyscrapers in New York City, is designed as a freestanding tower, rising separately from all adjacent buildings. 40 Wall Street is one of several skyscrapers in the city that have pyramidal roofs, along with the Metropolitan Life Insurance Company Tower, 14 Wall Street, Woolworth Building, Consolidated Edison Building, and Thurgood Marshall United States Courthouse. The building is articulated into three horizontal sections similar to the components of a column, namely a base, shaft, and capital. The floors at the six-story base cover the entire "L"-shaped lot, while the 7th through 35th stories (making up the middle section) are shaped in a "U", with two wings of different lengths facing west. The 7th through 35th stories occupy nearly the entire lot. Above the 35th story, the building rises as a smaller, square tower through the 62nd story.

40 Wall Street has several setbacks to conform with New York City's 1916 Zoning Resolution. On the Wall Street side, the central portion of the facade is recessed through the 26th floor, while symmetrical pavilions project slightly on either side, with setbacks above the 17th, 19th, and 21st floors. The entire Wall Street facade has setbacks above the 26th, 33rd, and 35th floors. The Pine Street facade is asymmetrical, with the western pavilion being much longer; this facade has a setback above the 12th, 17th, 19th, 23rd, 26th, 28th, and 29th floors. The projecting pavilions on both sides are connected at the eighth floor by a dormer.

The building's west-facing wings are of different lengths; the northern wing is significantly longer and has cooling systems atop it, but both wings have minor setbacks above the 26th and 33rd floors, and rise only to the 35th floor. The eastern facade does not have any setbacks below the 35th story.

Facade
40 Wall Street's exterior curtain wall is composed of two layers of brick; the inner layer provides fireproofing, while the outer layer is the exterior cladding. In general, the facade is composed of buff-colored brick, as well as decorative elements made of terracotta and buff brick. The vertical bays, which contain the building's windows, are separated by piers. The piers are flat, a characteristic of the Art Deco style. Spandrel panels, which separate the rows of windows on each floor, are generally recessed behind the piers; the spandrels are generally darker on upper stories. The building's window openings, initially composed of one-over-one sash windows, were later replaced by numerous types of window-pane arrangements or by louvers.

Base

The first through sixth stories contain a limestone-and-granite facade. On the first story, the podium on the facade's Wall Street elevation is made of granite. The second- to fifth-floor facades on both sides consist of a colonnade with pilasters made of limestone. The colonnades were intended to resemble those found in Greek temples. During the design of the building, Matsui adjusted the colonnades to match the dimensions of the nearby Subtreasury building (now Federal Hall).

On the Wall Street side, the first floor originally had a central entryway with three bronze-and-glass doors, flanked by numerous entrances to the elevator lobby and the lower banking room. Double-height bronze and glass windows spanned the second and third floors, while cast-iron windows were on the fourth through sixth floors. Above the central entrance was Elie Nadelman's Oceanus sculpture (also called Aquarius); the sculpture was a  bronze depiction of Oceanus, a Greek Titan pictured on a 19th-century stock certificate issued by the Manhattan Company. The Oceanus sculpture was removed prior to 1973. Between 1961 and 1963, Carson, Lundin & Shaw added granite cladding and reconfigured the doorways on the first floor, and replaced the second- through sixth-floor windows. By 1995, the entrance had been reconfigured with seven bronze rectangular doors and three revolving doors, recessed behind the main facade. Letters reading "The Trump Building" are placed above the first floor, while the fourth floor has a pair of flagpoles.

The Pine Street elevation is arranged similarly to the Wall Street elevation and was likewise redesigned from 1961 to 1963. The Pine Street elevation rises above a low stylobate, in contrast to the Wall Street elevation, which rises above a podium. A  clock was on the Pine Street facade from 1967 to 1993. This portion of the facade consists of either 10 or 11 bays. At ground level, there is an entrance to the main elevator lobby, a service entrance, and storefronts slightly above grade. As with the Wall Street side, the fourth floor features a pair of flagpoles.

Upper stories
The 8th through 35th stories comprise the midsection of the building. There are eight flagpoles on the ninth floor of the Wall Street side, four on each pavilion. On the 19th floor of the Pine Street side, there are louvers in place of window openings. On the 36th through 62nd stories, there are brick spandrels between the windows on each story. The spandrels on the 52nd through 57th floors are made of terracotta; on the 58th through 60th floors, terracotta with buttresses; and on the 61st and 62nd floors, darker bricks with pediments and rhombus patterns.

The building's pyramidal roof is made of lead-coated copper, which over time has oxidized and turned green. The roof has French Renaissance-style detail, a design element intended to make the building appear much older than it actually was at the time of its construction. The decorations on the roof include diaperwork patterns, where the brickwork is laid in a repeating diagonal grid pattern; terraces, which are supported by buttresses; and small dormer windows. There is a cornice surrounding the roof. On top is a spire with a flagpole and a glass lantern.

Features
The building's frame is made of steel. The superstructure contains eight main columns, each of which weighs  and can carry loads of up to . As originally arranged, 40 Wall Street hosted the Manhattan Company's banking facilities on the first through sixth floors; offices on its middle floors; and machinery, an observation deck, and recreation areas on the top floors. There were also 43 elevators inside the building when it opened; , there are 36 elevators. When 40 Wall Street was completed, it could accommodate 10,000 employees.

Lower stories
Like other early-20th-century skyscrapers in the Financial District, the lobby of 40 Wall Street originally was designed with classical elements such as moldings, pilasters, columns, and heavy doorframes. The ground story was highly decentralized with seven entrances from Wall Street, leading to various vestibules. The westernmost entrance led to a private foyer with its own elevator, while the easternmost entrance connected with the elevator banks on the eastern side of the building. Two ground-level banking rooms extended northward to Pine Street: one at the center and one on the west. There was also space for brokerage-house messengers. A wide, marble staircase from the ground level led up to the main banking room on the second floor. The modern design of the lobby dates to a 1990s renovation by Der Scutt. Following Scutt's renovation, the lobby was redecorated with bronze and marble surfaces. The lobby also has escalators to the second floor.

The main banking room, a double-height space measuring , was on the second floor. The room could be accessed from ground level or directly from Pine Street. The Pine Street entrance had a foyer with two pairs of octagonal, black marble Ionic columns, while the Wall Street side of the room was supported by veined octagonal columns. The room itself consists of a main hall below five groin vaults, flanked by arcades that lead into smaller vaulted spaces. In the main hall were desks for tellers. To the north and south were two platforms for the officers of the Manhattan Company's subsidiaries, where officers and customers could meet privately in wood-paneled spaces. The walls were once decorated with three murals by Ezra Winter, depicting various scenes from the history of the Financial District; Winter's murals have since been removed. The second floor was occupied by a Duane Reade convenience store from 2011 to 2023.

A pair of stairs on the banking room's south wall flanks the escalators and leads up to what was originally the officers' quarters, a rectangular room with five white marble columns. This space had three doorways that led to private offices of Manhattan Company executives; the doorways to those offices were framed by round carvings symbolizing various sectors of the economy.

Stairs from the ground level led to the two basement stories, where the Manhattan Company's vaults were located. Under the lobby was a main vault that stored the company's own securities and funds. A safe-deposit vault for members of the public, with an  door, was below the Manhattan Company's vault.

Upper stories
On the fourth floor was the boardroom of the Manhattan Company, designed in the Georgian style as an imitation of Independence Hall's Signers' Room. It contained several elements of the Doric order, such as columns, pilasters, and a frieze. Wooden doors and fireplaces with segmental arches were on the eastern wall, while false windows were on the western wall. The space also included a fireplace, Chippendale furniture, and a blue rug. According to the Manhattan Company's magazine, the boardroom's design "recaptured the artistic spirit of the days of ... [the company's] founding".

The offices of the Manhattan Company's officers overlooked the Wall Street entrance. The offices were furnished with patterned carpets, soft chairs, and single desks, which were meant to evoke a feeling of luxury. According to Architecture and Building magazine, the executive offices' furnishings were intended as a "pleasingly striking contrast to the modern severity of the usual treatment of financial district structures". The sixth floor housed a trading floor for the International Manhattan Company, Inc. All of the offices on the upper stories were served by a pneumatic tube mail system; according to Matsui, the system was built to accommodate financial tenants "whose functions require rapid transfer of stocks and papers". The pneumatic-tube system delivered mail to and from terminals on the building's mezzanine, precluding the need for messengers to use the elevators or overcrowd the lobby.

The 26th and 27th stories housed the Luncheon Club of Wall Street, a members-only private club, built upon the suggestion of William A. Starrett, the building's general contractor. The Luncheon Club occupied a Colonial-style space designed by Matsui and Robert L. Powell, and included an entrance hall and a main dining room covered in wood, as well as private dining rooms with wallpaper. The 55th floor was entirely occupied by the Manhattan Company's officers' club, which included a dining room. The officers' club was designed in a Colonial style with Windsor chairs, a fireplace, and a ceiling with fake wood beams. Another members-only dining club, the Rookery Club, was located on the 58th story. The Bank of Manhattan Building had an observation deck on the 69th and 70th floors,  above the street; it could fit up to 100 people. The observation deck was closed to the public sometime after World War II.

History
The Manhattan Company was established by Aaron Burr in 1799, ostensibly to provide clean water to Lower Manhattan. The company's true focus was banking, and it served as a competitor to Alexander Hamilton's Bank of New York, which previously held a monopoly over banking in New York City. The Manhattan Company was headquartered at a row house at 40 Wall Street, which was the company's "office of discount and deposit". The bank remained on the site until the present skyscraper was constructed. By the early 20th century, the company was growing quickly, having acquired numerous other banks.

Development

Planning
The idea for the current skyscraper was devised by banker George L. Ohrstrom, who began acquiring land for the building in 1928 under the auspices of 36 Wall Street Corporation. Stakeholders in the corporation included Ohrstrom and the builders, Starrett Brothers (later Starrett Corporation). In September 1928, 36 Wall Street Corporation acquired 34–36 Wall Street under a 93-year lease from the Iselin family. At the time, the syndicate hoped to build a 20-story building. By that December, Ohrstrom had purchased four buildings, with frontage along 27–33 Pine Street and 34–38 Wall Street, and controlled a total area of . The plans had been updated, and the syndicate at that point envisioned a 45-story building. In January 1929, the corporation planned a bond issue to fund the building's construction. That March, Ohrstrom announced that H. Craig Severance would design a 47-story structure at 36 Wall Street. The corporation bought 25 Pine Street the same month.

Shortly after Severance's original plans were announced, the skyscraper was modified to have 60 floors, which was shorter than the  Woolworth Building and the then under construction  Chrysler Building. Plans for a 64-story skyscraper were announced after the Manhattan Company agreed to relocate to the new building in early April 1929. By April 8, Ohrstrom and Severance had planned to make the new skyscraper the world's tallest building. Two days later, it was announced that Severance had increased the tower's height to  with 62 floors, exceeding the heights of the Woolworth and Chrysler buildings. It was also announced that the Manhattan Company would be 36 Wall Street's main tenant and that the new building would be known as the Bank of Manhattan Building or the Manhattan Company Building. The height of the building was made possible by the  lot, which was one of the largest in the densely-developed Financial District.

The builders intended to spend large sums to reduce the construction period to one year, which would allow rental tenants to move into the building sooner. By mid-April 1929, tenants of the existing buildings on the lot had moved elsewhere. The Manhattan Company and Chrysler buildings started competing for the distinction of "world's tallest building". The "Race into the Sky", as popular media called it at the time, was representative of the country's optimism in the 1920s, fueled by the building boom in major cities. The Manhattan Company Building was revised to  in April 1929, which would make it the world's tallest. Severance then publicly claimed the title of the world's tallest building, but the Starrett Corporation denied any allegations that the plans had been changed to beat the Chrysler Building.

Start of construction

Construction of the Manhattan Company Building began in May 1929. By that time, the syndicate developing the building was known as the 40 Wall Street Corporation, and the building was also known as 40 Wall Street. That same month, the Manhattan Company leased its lots at 40–42 Wall Street and 35–39 Pine Street to the 40 Wall Street Corporation for 93 years. Ownership would be divided among the Manhattan Company, the Iselin family, and the 40 Wall Street Corporation, with the Manhattan Company holding a plurality stake. Simultaneously, the U.S. government invited bids on the adjoining building at 28–30 Wall Street, then occupied by a federal assay office. In June 1929, the government announced that the 40 Wall Street Corporation had placed the highest bid for the lot, bringing the syndicate's total land holding to . The assay office plot was reserved for future expansion, instead of being incorporated into the plans for the new skyscraper. The Manhattan Company moved to a temporary headquarters during construction.

Excavations for 40 Wall Street were complicated by numerous factors. There was little available space to store materials; the surrounding lots were all densely built up; the bedrock was  below street level, beneath boulders and quicksand; and the previous buildings on the lot had foundations up to  thick. Furthermore, the builders had a 12-month deadline, requiring them to plan the entire project backward from the planned completion date. Starrett Brothers had drawn up a detailed construction schedule for 40 Wall Street, outlining the timeline for each major construction contract. The schedule indicated that structural-steel installation would commence in June 1929 and that all work was to be completed by May 1, 1930. The project employed 24 timekeepers and auditors, who checked employees' attendance, as well as seven job runners, who delivered architectural drawings and ensured that materials were delivered.

To save money and time, the foundation of 40 Wall Street was constructed at the same time that buildings on the site were being cleared. The old Manhattan Company building was the last to be cleared. Caisson construction could not be used to excavate the site since the existing foundation consisted of heavy masonry blocks. To ensure that the foundation could adequately support the structure, temporary lighter footings were installed during the demolition of the old buildings and construction of the first 20 stories, and permanent heavy footings were installed afterward. Workers excavated the site to the underlying layer of bedrock, which extended as much as  deep. They then installed several dozen hollow cylinders, each measuring  wide. In addition, workers installed several hundred steel pilings, which were clustered into piers, infilled with concrete, and topped by steel caps that could accommodate structural loads of up to . The weight of the existing 12-story building on the site was used to drill the new building's foundations into the ground. Afterward, a concrete floor was poured into the excavation, which was then enclosed with a concrete cofferdam.

Superstructure and completion
In July 1929, the builders held a ceremony where William A. Starrett, head of the Starrett Corporation, drove the first rivet into the building's frame. Starrett received a $5 million loan that same month to finance the building. Work on 40 Wall Street progressed quickly, and the contractors completed four stories each week. The site was active 24 hours a day, with 2,300 workers working in three shifts; interior furnishing progressed as the steel frame rose. Workers used passenger elevators to transport materials, obviating the need for temporary construction cranes. Matsui described the steel frame as a "web system of rigidity", with joints and diagonal beams providing both lateral bracing and wind bracing. The steel frame for 40 Wall Street was manufactured in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania; transported to Jersey City, New Jersey, using 800 railcars; shipped across the Hudson River via barge; and transported from the dock to the construction site via truck. Derricks then lifted the steel beams into place, where groups of four workers riveted them onto the frame. As the tower rose, the derricks were themselves lifted two stories at a time.

Workers then installed the tower's facade by hanging pieces of curtain wall from the completed steel frame. Interior work proceeded simultaneously with the facade installation. The steel superstructure reached the 40th story by September 1929, when interior plasterwork began. The building topped out on November 13, 1929. By that time, the steel frame had reached  above street level, the facade had been completed to the 54th story, and much of the internal furnishing had been completed. By December, rental agents Brown, Wheelock, Harris, Vought & Company were leasing out the space at the Chrysler and Manhattan Company buildings, which aggregated .

The 40 Wall Street Corporation gave a $12.5 million mortgage for the building's completion in December 1929, and the corporation planned a bond issue of an equivalent value by January 1930. The building's roof was covered with scaffolding by March 1930, although Manhattan Company officials denied that they were trying to increase the building's height. The work was completed one week ahead of schedule, on May 1, 1930. Several workers received craftsmanship awards in a ceremony at the end of April 1930. The building officially opened on May 26. In total, $24 million had been spent on construction. Four workers died while constructing 40 Wall Street; a similar mortality rate to other contemporary projects of similar scale. Paul Starrett, of the Starrett Corporation, said: "Of all the construction work which I have handled, the Bank of Manhattan was the most complicated and the most difficult, and I regard it as the most successful."

Early years

Competition for "world's tallest building" title

Prior to 40 Wall Street's completion, architect William Van Alen obtained permission to install a  long spire on the Chrysler Building and had it constructed secretly. The Chrysler Building's spire was completed on October 23, 1929, bringing that building to , thereby greatly exceeding 40 Wall Street's height. Disturbed by Chrysler's victory, Shreve & Lamb wrote a newspaper article claiming that their building was the tallest, since it contained the world's highest usable floor. They stated that the observation deck at 40 Wall Street was nearly  above the top floor in the Chrysler Building. 40 Wall Street's observation deck was  high, while the Chrysler Building's observatory was  high. As a result of the Chrysler Building's spire, 40 Wall Street was the tallest building in Lower Manhattan but not the tallest in New York City.

John J. Raskob, developer of the Empire State Building (which was also designed by Shreve & Lamb), also wanted to construct the world's tallest building. The "Race into the Sky" was defined by at least five other proposals, although only the Empire State Building would survive the Wall Street Crash of 1929. Plans for the Empire State Building were changed multiple times; the final plan, published in December 1929, called for the building to be  tall. The Empire State Building was completed in May 1931, becoming the world's tallest building both by roof height and spire height.

Because of late changes to the plans of both 40 Wall Street and the Chrysler Building, as well as the fact that the buildings were erected nearly simultaneously, it is uncertain whether 40 Wall Street was ever taller than the Chrysler Building. John Tauranac, who wrote a book about the Empire State Building's history, later stated that if 40 Wall Street had "ever had been the tallest building, they would have had bragging rights, and if they did, I certainly never heard them". If only completed structures are counted, 40 Wall Street was the world's tallest building for one month, from the first week of May 1930 until the opening of the Chrysler Building on May 27, 1930.

Early tenants and foreclosure
The new building housed four Manhattan Company subsidiaries: the Bank of Manhattan Trust Company, the International Acceptance Bank, the International Manhattan Company, and the Bank of Manhattan Safe Deposit Company. The Manhattan Company used the two basement levels for storage vaults; the 1st through 6th stories for bank operations; and the 55th floor for its officers' club. Among the first tenants were Merrill Lynch & Co. and a private lunch club called the Wall Street Club. 40 Wall Street opened following the Wall Street Crash of 1929, and so suffered from a lack of tenants. Many of the original tenants had withdrawn their commitments to rent space in the building and, in some cases, had gone bankrupt. As a result, only half of the space in 40 Wall Street was leased during the 1930s. Office space rented for , less than half of the  that the building's owners had sought. For the first five years of the building's existence, 40 Wall Street Corporation was able to pay the $323,200 interest on the second mortgage-bond issue.

By early 1939, 40 Wall Street Corporation had fallen behind on rent payments, ground leases, and property taxes. That May, the Marine Midland Trust Company started foreclosure proceedings against the corporation after it defaulted on "payments of interest, taxes and other charges". In response, several bondholders formed a committee to protect their stakes; the committee expressed opposition to the proposed reorganization. In July 1939, the corporation filed a plan to reorganize all assets that were not covered by the mortgage loans. Marine Midland became the trustee of 40 Wall Street's first-mortgage fee and its bonds on the lease in February 1940, supplanting the corporation. Marine Midland, acting on behalf of the bondholders, acquired the building that September in a transaction worth almost $11.5 million. The New York Times later described the building as being "a monument to lost hope" during that era: at the time, the building's $1,000 debentures were being sold at $108.75 apiece. The structure as a whole was worth $1.25 million, which was less than the cost of the 43 elevators inside the building.

C. F. Noyes was hired as the building's leasing agent at the end of 1940. One of the larger tenants during the 1940s was the Westinghouse Electric and Manufacturing Company, which in 1941 leased four floors. Other tenants included real-estate agents, lawyers, brokers, and bankers, as well as a short-film theater in 1941. More tenants came during World War II, starting with the United States Department of the Navy. By 1943, the building was 80 percent leased, and that rate increased to 90 percent a year later. After the United States Department of War leased four floors in July 1944, the building reached full occupancy for the first time in its history. Many large tenants such as Prudential Financial, Westinghouse, and Western Union signed long-term leases. After several tenants left during the late 1940s, the building was completely rented again in 1951. At the time, 40 Wall Street's office space was renting for , a relatively high price for a building constructed before air conditioning became popular.

1946 plane crash
On the evening of May 20, 1946, a United States Army Air Forces Beechcraft C-45F Expediter airplane crashed into 40 Wall Street's northern facade. The twin-engine plane was heading for Newark Airport on a flight originating at Lake Charles Army Air Field in Louisiana. It struck the 58th floor of the building at about 8:10 pm, creating a  hole in the masonry. The crash killed all five aboard the plane, including a WAC officer, though no one in the building or on the ground was hurt. The fuselage and the wing of the splintered plane fell onto the 12th-story setback, while parts of the aircraft and pieces of brick and mortar from the building fell into the street below. Fog and low visibility were identified as the main causes of the crash, since LaGuardia Field had reported a heavy fog that reduced the ceiling to , obscuring the view of the ground for the pilot at the building's 58th story.

The month after the crash, the owners of 40 Wall Street filed a building application with the Department of Buildings to fix the hole in the facade. This crash was the second in New York City in less than a year; an Army B-25 bomber struck the 78th floor of the Empire State Building in July 1945, also caused by fog and poor visibility. The incident prompted the Army, in June 1946, to ban planes from landing in New York City during heavy fog. The 1946 accident was the last time an airplane accidentally crashed into a building in New York City in the 20th century.

1950s to 1970s

Chase relocation and Webb & Knapp acquisition

In August 1950, the building's owners submitted plans for an alteration of the building at a cost of $300,000. Over the following years, the building was retrofitted with air conditioning. The directors of the Manhattan Company and Chase National Bank voted in January 1955 to merge their respective companies, and Chase Manhattan Bank was created as a result of the merger. The new company was headquartered at Chase National's previous building at 20 Pine Street, immediately north of 40 Wall Street; soon afterward, Chase constructed a building at the neighboring 28 Liberty Street to serve as its headquarters. Meanwhile, several offices as well as a bank branch remained in 40 Wall Street.

By 1956, the building's financial situation had improved considerably, and 40 Wall Street Corporation's $1,000 debentures were selling for $1,550. That year, real estate developer William Zeckendorf had his company Webb and Knapp buy the leaseholds for the land from 40 Wall Street Inc., Chase, and the estate of the Iselin family. Webb and Knapp also bought 32 percent of 40 Wall Street Corporation's stock, eventually increasing their stake to two-thirds of the corporation's shares. The firm attempted to sell 40 Wall Street in October 1957 for $15 million, but a New York Supreme Court justice enjoined the sale in November 1957 after several minority shareholders claimed the sale was illegal.

The corporation's stockholders voted in June 1959 to sell the building for not less than $17 million. To reduce disagreements, a State Supreme Court justice ordered that an auction be held for the building. That October, stockholders held an auction for 40 Wall Street. Zeckendorf submitted the highest bid, at $18.15 million, although there was only one other bidder. At the time, 40 Wall Street was believed to be the most valuable real-estate property ever to be auctioned in New York City. Webb & Knapp had spent $32 million to acquire the building; excluding the auction, the remainder of the cost was used to pay Chase and the Iselin estate.

City & Central and Loeb, Rhoades operation
Webb and Knapp sold the property to the Metropolitan Life Insurance Company in April 1960 for $20 million. Metropolitan Life leased the building back to Webb and Knapp for 99 years, under a leasehold that cost $1.2 million a year. Chase Manhattan was relocating to its new headquarters at 28 Liberty Street, and the Manufacturers Hanover Corporation was planning to relocate to the second through fifth floors, which Chase Manhattan was vacating. That September, Webb and Knapp sold the leasehold to British investors City & Central Investments (later City Centre Properties) for $15 million. The sale was finalized in November 1960, and City & Central acquired title that following month. The new operator renovated the interior and exterior. Manufacturers Hanover moved to the building in 1962, relocating $24 billion in deposits to 40 Wall Street from its old headquarters at 70 Broadway.

City Centre sold the leasehold to Loeb, Rhoades & Co., 40 Wall Street's largest tenant, in June 1966. Other major tenants at the time included Bache & Co., which had rented  by 1966. Manufacturers Hanover relocated many of its offices to 600 Fifth Avenue and 55 Water Street. After Loeb, Rhoades & Co. merged with Shearson in 1980, the  of office space occupied by Loeb, Rhoades & Co. was vacated; the space was quickly leased to Morgan Guaranty and Toronto-Dominion Bank. At the time, 40 Wall Street had  that was not yet rented, and office space in the Financial District was typically rented for .

1980s and early 1990s

Marcos family leasehold
In 1982, Loeb, Rhoades & Co. sold the leasehold to a consortium of investors. That same year, the building itself was purchased by a group of five Germans: Anita, Christian, and Walter Hinneberg; Stephanie von Bismarck; and Joachim Ferdinand von Grumme-Douglas. The Hinneberg siblings collectively held an 80 percent stake in the building's ownership, and the other two investors each held a 10 percent stake. As part of the agreement, the owners were responsible for the building's upkeep. The consortium resold the leasehold on December 31, 1982, to Joseph J. and Ralph E. Bernstein for $70 million. The Bernstein brothers planned to renovate 40 Wall Street, including gilding its roof. According to a broker who was involved in the sale, the Bernsteins were initially believed to be buying the building for the wealthy Gaon family of Switzerland, as Joseph Bernstein's wife was a member of that family.

In 1985, the Bernsteins were found to be acting on behalf of Philippine dictator Ferdinand E. Marcos and his wife Imelda. In coded cables between the Marcos family and their alleged "front" in Manhattan, Gliceria Tantoco, the 40 Wall Street building was referred to using the secret code-word "Bridgetown". Around that time, 40 Wall Street and three other buildings reportedly owned by the Marcoses were placed for sale. By February 1986, the Bernsteins were contemplating paying $250 million for 40 Wall Street and two of the other buildings. After Marcos was forced out of office, the administration of his successor Corazon Aquino froze Marcos's assets within U.S. banking channels in March 1986, and the building's future became uncertain. Citicorp, which had placed a mortgage on the building, indicated in December 1986 that it would foreclose on the property. After the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit ruled to block the sale of the Marcos properties that November, the Aquino administration filed a lawsuit against the Marcos estate to obtain title to the buildings. Saudi arms dealer Adnan Khashoggi was subsequently accused of helping the Marcoses hide their stakes in the buildings, although he was acquitted of all racketeering charges in relation with the properties.

Capital improvements to the building, including upgrades to its unreliable elevators, were suspended while legal proceedings were ongoing. The Aquino administration attempted in early 1989 to sell the four Marcos properties to Morris Bailey for $398 million. Federal district court judge Pierre N. Leval ordered a foreclosure sale of the Marcos properties in August 1989; the Bailey group hoped that Citigroup would name them as the preferred bidders. At the court-ordered auction, the Bernsteins submitted the winning bid of $108.6 million after another bidder, Jack Resnick & Sons, refused to raise its bid of $108.55 million. The second mortgage with Citicorp comprised $60 million of this total. The Bernstein brothers paid the $1.5 million down payment, but they could not pay the remainder of the purchase price before the October 10, 1989 deadline. At the time, the Bernsteins were also involved in a bankruptcy proceeding in Curaçao; a special master there had refused to repeal a bankruptcy action that would have allowed the Bernsteins to pay the remainder of 40 Wall Street's purchase price. This prompted a second auction of the building's leasehold.

Resnick operation and further issues
At a second auction in November 1989, Burton Resnick of Jack Resnick & Sons paid $77,000,100 for the leasehold, beating Citicorp's bid by $100. By then, demand for real estate in Lower Manhattan had declined in the aftermath of Black Monday in 1987. Resnick's lawyer, Howard J. Rubenstein, said his client planned to spend $30 million to $40 million renovating 40 Wall Street, although real-estate experts said the building needed closer to $50 million in renovations. Resnick decided in 1990 to spend $50 million on upgrades. The renovation would have included fire, electrical, and mechanical system replacement; renovation of the lobby; restoration of the facade and windows; and replacement of the elevators. The Resnicks were only able to upgrade the windows; they defaulted on their mortgage in 1991, and Citicorp took over the leasehold. Citicorp canceled financing for the renovation that year, citing concerns that tenants, including Manufacturers Hanover, which had moved from the lower stories of the building in 1982, might move out.

By the early 1990s, 40 Wall Street was 80 percent vacant. The building's maintenance had declined to the point that tenants reported that they frequently waited 20 minutes for an elevator, and many interior spaces had been stripped to the steel frame. Homeless people were squatting in vacant floors because the building had limited security. The building was also seen as outdated, since it had no freight elevator, the upper stories were too small, and the office floors had large numbers of structural columns. In 1992, the Hinneberg siblings transferred their 80 percent ownership stake to 40 Wall Street Ltd., while Bismarck and Grumme-Douglas conveyed their combined 20 percent stake to Scandic Wall Ltd. That same year, Citicorp prepared to sell 40 Wall Street again; the asking price was reportedly as low as $10 million. The building's valuation had declined from $123 million in 1990 to $75 million in 1993. If 40 Wall Street's lease were not sold and renovated before the end of 1992, the owners were entitled to exercise a clause to evict the leaseholder.

American International Group attempted to acquire Citicorp's stake in the building for $6.5 million, but the negotiations failed in November 1992, in what Crain's New York magazine described as a "collapse of downtown real estate". Citicorp auctioned off the building in May 1993; the bank wrote down the building's value to zero. Hong Kong firm Glorious Sun considered buying the building but ultimately decided against it. Another group from Hong Kong, the consortium Kinson Properties, agreed to lease the property, paying $8 million. Kinson planned to renovate the building for $60 million, including the lobby for $4 million and electrical and mechanical systems for $5-7 million. By the time Kinson sold the leasehold in 1995, little had been done to improve the property.

Trump lease

1990s and 2000s

In July 1995, real estate developer Donald Trump signed a letter of intent to buy Kinson's lease and spend $100 million on renovations. The leasehold was transferred that December. There have been conflicting accounts about the price of the leasehold. The New York Times reported that Trump purchased the leasehold for $8 million, while Barron's cited the leasehold as having cost between $3 million and $5 million. In November 1995, Trump stated that he was buying the leasehold from Kinson for $100,000. During a 2005 episode of The Apprentice, Trump claimed he only paid $1 million for the leasehold but that the property was actually worth $400 million. Trump's legal advisor, George H. Ross, restated this claim in a 2005 book. On a 2007 episode of CNBC's The Billionaire Inside, Trump again claimed that he paid $1 million for the leasehold but stated the building's value as $600 million. In 2012, it was reported that Trump paid $10 million for the leasehold, while the building's estimated worth was $1 billion. Trump's estimate of the building's worth also conflicted with that of New York City tax assessors, who in 2004 estimated the building as being worth $90 million.

Trump spent $35 million refurbishing 40 Wall Street. Der Scutt Architects renovated the lobby, and the Trump Organization replaced several hundred windows, refurbished 30 elevator cabs, and added lights to illuminate the roof. He planned to convert the upper half of 40 Wall Street to residential space, leaving the bottom half as commercial space. The plan was contingent on the passage of a state law in late 1995, which granted tax exemptions to developers who renovated office buildings in New York into residential and commercial space. Trump had planned to rent out studios and one- to three-bedroom apartments, but real-estate experts, quoted in the New York Daily News, said the lowest 25 floors were so large that it would not be profitable to convert them to apartments. By 1997, Trump was negotiating with hotel chains to occupy the lower stories of 40 Wall Street. Among these chains was Marriott International, which proposed operating a Ritz-Carlton hotel on either ten or twelve stories. At the time, the building was about 25 percent occupied.

Trump canceled his plans to convert the upper floors to residential space, citing high costs. By 1998, almost all of the space in the building had been leased. Several large tenants, such as American Express, CNA Financial Corporation, Bear Stearns, Nomura Holdings, Country-Wide Insurance Company, Hilton Hotels & Resorts, and Union Bank of California, had moved into 40 Wall Street after its renovation. The same year, Trump obtained a $125 million mortgage loan for the building from several European banks. City tax assessors had valued the building at $90 million by 2000. Trump tried to sell the building in 2004, expecting offers in excess of $400 million, which did not materialize. The New York Times wrote in 2005 that the building had $145 million of debt. At the time, the building was earning $32 million in rental income a year, and 40 Wall Street was still about 90 percent occupied; many tenants' leases were not scheduled to expire for several years.

2010s to present
In early July 2011, Duane Reade opened its flagship drugstore branch inside the former banking space. 40 Wall Street Ltd. handed its ownership stake in the building to 40 Wall Street Holdings in 2014. According to Federal Election Commission applications filed during Trump's 2016 presidential campaign, Trump had an outstanding mortgage of over $50 million on the property. By 2016, Bloomberg News estimated that 40 Wall Street was worth $550 million; at the time, Trump leased the building for $1.65 million a year. According to Bloomberg News, several of the building's 21st-century tenants included firms that were accused of fraudulent activity, or were associated with people accused of such activities. Rental income from 40 Wall Street's commercial spaces increased from $30.5 million in 2014 to $43.2 million in 2018. Forbes estimated in 2020 that Trump owed Ladder Capital $138 million for 40 Wall Street as part of a loan that was scheduled to mature in 2025.

New York prosecutors scrutinized several of the Trump Organization's properties by 2021. The investigation found that, between 2011 and 2015, far higher values were presented to potential lenders than were reported to tax officials. The most extreme case involved 40 Wall Street, which in 2012 was cited as being worth $527 million to lenders but only $16.7 million to tax officials. By February 2023, the building had been placed on a lender watchlist because of its rising vacancy rate, which had reached 18 percent in the third quarter of 2022, and its maintenance costs, which had risen 11 percent since the mortgage was issued in 2015. Fitch Ratings downgraded the credit rating for the building's loans in August 2023 because new tenants were slow to move into the building while old tenants relocated elsewhere. Additionally, the building's Duane Reade location closed in late 2023 due to increased shoplifting.

Reception and landmark designations
In February 1930, the Down Town League gave an award to 40 Wall Street, recognizing it as the best building completed in Lower Manhattan during the preceding year. Fortune magazine praised Ohrstrom in 1930, noting that "[h]is piece de resistance thus far has been the shrewd and able financing of the Manhattan Company Building". Two years later, W. Parker Chase wrote that "no building ever constructed more thoroughly typifies the American spirit of hustle than does this extraordinary structure". When the neighboring 28 Liberty Street was being built in 1960, Architectural Forum wrote of 40 Wall Street: "Viewed from the street, the detailing of the top of this middle-aged tower becomes insignificant, but it can be said that the draftsmen in the Severance office, who spent many painstaking hours perfecting the ornamental peak more than three decades ago, have been justified at last."

Some critics have regarded the skyscraper negatively. Architecture critic Robert A. M. Stern wrote in his 1987 book New York 1930 that 40 Wall Street's proximity to other skyscrapers, including 70 Pine Street, 20 Exchange Place, 1 Wall Street, and the Downtown Athletic Club, "had reduced the previous generation of skyscrapers to the status of foothills in a new mountain range". Eric Nash wrote in his book Manhattan Skyscrapers that 40 Wall Street's impact was blunted by its location in the middle of the block, "surrealistically situated next to the mighty Greek Revival Federal Hall National Memorial". A critic for Newsday wrote in 2003: "It appears on few postcards, and no tourists queue to peer from its celestial ramparts. The AIA Guide to New York City does not even mention the singular ambition, pursued with almost reckless abandon, that forged its construction: to be the world's tallest building."

On December 12, 1995, the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission designated 40 Wall Street as a city landmark, noting that the Bank of Manhattan Building was historically significant for being the headquarters of the Manhattan Company and for being part of New York City's 1929–1930 skyscraper race. Five years later, on June 16, 2000, it was added to the National Register of Historic Places, largely for the same reason as the city designation. In 2007, the building was designated as a contributing property to the Wall Street Historic District, a NRHP district.

See also

List of tallest buildings in New York City
List of tallest freestanding steel structures
List of New York City Designated Landmarks in Manhattan below 14th Street
National Register of Historic Places listings in Manhattan below 14th Street
Overseas landholdings of the Marcos family

References

Notes

Citations

Sources

External links

40 Wall Street on The Trump Organization's website
The Trump Building on CTBUH Skyscraper Center

1930 establishments in New York City
Art Deco architecture in Manhattan
Art Deco skyscrapers
Bank buildings in Manhattan
Bank buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in New York City
Buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places in Manhattan
Financial District, Manhattan
Former world's tallest buildings
Historic district contributing properties in Manhattan
Individually listed contributing properties to historic districts on the National Register in New York (state)
New York City Designated Landmarks in Manhattan
Office buildings completed in 1930
Skyscraper office buildings in Manhattan
Wall Street

40 Wall Street


Rafael Cabrera Bello (Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Canarias; 25 de mayo de 1984) es un golfista español profesional desde el año 2005, ganando desde entonces tres torneos del European Tour.

Trayectoria
Acabó cuarto en el Open de España de 2002, y se impuso en el Campeonato de Profesionales de Canarias en 2005. A partir de entonces se hizo profesional.

Aun así, el paso de amateur a profesional no ha sido fácil para Rafa, porque mientras intentaba acabar su carrera de Empresariales, tenía que pasar tres veces por la Escuela de Clasificación del Circuito Europeo, y aunque consiguió dos triunfos en el Circuito Challenge (la Segunda División del Circuito Europeo) en 2006 y en 2008, no terminaba de hacerse con un puesto permanente entre la élite europea.

En la temporada 2009 del European Tour, el golf hizo justicia con Cabrera-Bello. Tras una brillantísima carrera amateur plagada de innumerables victorias tanto de carácter nacional como de carácter internacional, ha conseguido triunfar en el Open de Austria al conseguir su primer triunfo en el Circuito Europeo. Terminó con una tarjeta de 60 golpes.

Durante 2009 fue muy regular, pero el nivel exhibido en Austria superó cualquier previsión. Ni él mismo se lo esperaba. En cualquier caso, 2009 tenía todos los visos de ser su año, ya que quedó cuatro veces concluyendo entre los cinco primeros. El triunfo en Austria le ha aupado al puesto 34 de la Carrera de Dubái y, además, le situó el 109 del mundo. También le aseguró por dos años la tarjeta del Circuito Europeo.

Finalmente, resultó cuarto en el Campeonato Alfred Dunhill, el Campeonato Ballantine's y el Campeonato Alfred Dunhill Links, y quinto en el Open de Indonesia. Así, finalizó 39º en la Orden de Mérito. En 2010 terminó tercero en el Abierto Internacional BMW y 17º en el Campeonato Británico de la PGA. Además, disputó su primer Major en el US Open, donde superó el corte.

En 2011 fue segundo en el Masters de Portugal, tercero en el Masters de Catar, cuarto en el Abierto de Malasia, séptimo en el Campeonato de Abu Dabi y undécimo en el Open de España, de manera que alcanzó la 30ª posición en la Orden de Mérito. En 2012 ganó el Dubai Desert Classic, acabó segundo en el Abierto de Irlanda, tercero en el Campeonato Mundial de Match Play y el Abierto de Malasia, noveno en el Abierto de Italia y décimo en el Campeonato de Gleneagles.

En 2013, Cabrera Bello fue quinto en el Abierto de Irlanda, octavo en el Masters de Shanghái, noveno en el Volvo Golf Champions, y 14º en el Campeonato Mundial de Dubái. En 2014, terminó segundo en el Abierto Internacional BMW, tercero en el Masters de Catar, cuarto en el Campeonato de Abu Dabi, quinto en el Trofeo Hassan II, octavo en el Abierto de China y noveno en Masters Nórdico y el Campeonato Mundial de Dubái. Por tanto, culminó 17º en la Orden de Mérito.

En el European Tour 2015, el español resultó segundo en el Open de Austria, cuarto en el Open de Irlanda, quinto en el Open de Francia, séptimo en el Open de los Países Bajos y undécimo en el Open de Turquía. Por otra parte, resultó décimo en el Open de Puerto Rico del PGA Tour.

En el European Tour 2016, Cabrera Bello resultó segundo en el Masters de Catar y el Dubai Desert Classic. Además, finalizó tercero en el WGC Match Play, cuarto en el Abierto de Houston y 17º en el Masters de Augusta.

Fue olímpico en Río de Janeiro 2016, terminando 5º y consiguiendo diploma olímpico. Su rendimiento durante el año 2015 y año 2016 le valió para clasificarse automáticamente para el equipo europeo que participó en la Ryder Cup 2016.

El 10 de octubre de 2021 conquista el Open de España rompiendo una sequía de más de 4 años sin ganar un título.

Victorias como profesional (7)

Circuito Europeo (4)

Circuito Challenge (2)

Otras victorias (1)
 2005: Canarias Professional Championship (como amateur)

Resultados en los grandes

DNP = No jugado (Did Not Play)CUT = No pasó el corteT = Empatado con otrosFondo amarillo, puesto entre los diez primeros (top ten).

Resultados en Series Mundiales de Golf
Resultados no ordenados cronológicamente antes de 2015.

DNP = No jugado (Did Not Play)QF, R16, R32, R64 = Ronda en la cual el jugador perdióT = Empatado con otrosFondo amarillo, puesto entre los diez primeros (top ten).

Apariciones en Equipo
Amateur
 Junior Ryder Cup (representando a Europa): 1999 (ganadores)
 Jacques Léglise Trophy (representando a Europa Continental): 2000, 2001 (ganadores)
 Eisenhower Trophy (representando a España): 2004

Profesional
 Copa Mundial de Golf (representando a España): 2013, 2016
 Ryder Cup (representando e Europa): 2016
 EurAsia Cup (representando a Europa): 2018 (ganadores)

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Ficha en la web del European Tour
 Ficha en la web del Ranking Mundial de Golf

Deportistas de la provincia de Las Palmas
Golfistas de España
Deportistas de España en los Juegos Olímpicos de Río de Janeiro 2016
Golfistas en los Juegos Olímpicos de Río de Janeiro 2016
Nacidos en Las Palmas de Gran Canaria

Rafael Cabrera-Bello


Frederick Neal, dit Curly Neal (né le  à Greensboro et mort en  à Houston) est un basketteur américain.

Reconnaissable à son crâne chauve rasé, il a joué avec les Globetrotters de Harlem. Suivant les traces de Marques Haynes, Neal est devenu l'une des vedettes de l'équipe avec un rôle clé dans les spectacles de l'équipe. Entre 1963 et 1985, il dispute ainsi plus de  au point de devenir .

Notes et références

Liens externes

Naissance en mai 1942
Naissance à Greensboro (Caroline du Nord)
Décès en mars 2020
Décès à Houston
Décès à 77 ans
Joueur américain de basket-ball
Joueur des Globetrotters de Harlem

Curly Neal


පෘථිවි දිනය යනු පාරිසරික ආරක්ෂාව සඳහා සහය දැක්වීම සඳහා අප්‍රේල් 22 වන දින වාර්ෂික උත්සවයකි. ප්‍රථම වරට 1970 අප්‍රේල් 22 දින පවත්වන ලද, දැන් රටවල් 193කට වඩා වැඩි ගණනක බිලියන 1 ක ජනතාවක් ඇතුළුව EarthDay.org (කලින් පෘථිවි දින ජාලය) විසින් ගෝලීය වශයෙන් සම්බන්ධීකරණය කරන ලද පුළුල් පරාසයක සිදුවීම් ඇතුළත් වේ. 2022 සඳහා නිල තේමාව වන්නේ අපගේ ග්‍රහලෝකයේ ආයෝජනය යන්නයි.

ඉතිහාසය
එය එක්සත් ජනපද සෙනෙට් සභික "ගේලෝර්ඩ් නෙල්සන්" විසින් ආරම්භ කරන ලද්දේ 1970 අප්‍රේල් 22 වන දින ප්‍රථම වරට පවත්වන ලද පාරිසරික ඉගැන්වීමක් ලෙසිනි. එවකට එක්සත් ජාතීන්ගේ මහලේකම්වරයා වූ "යූ තන්ට්" එය පිළිගෙන ඇත. පළමු මිහිකත දිනය එක්සත් ජනපදය කෙරෙහි අවධානය යොමු කළ අතර, 1970 දී මුල් ජාතික සම්බන්ධීකාරක වූ "ඩෙනිස් හේස්" විසින් දියත් කරන ලද EPA (පරිසර ආරක්ෂණ ඒජන්සිය) එය 1990 දී ජාත්‍යන්තරයට ගෙන රටවල් 141 ක සිදුවීම් සංවිධානය කළේය. එහි නම සහ සංකල්පය "ජෝන් මැක්කොනෙල්" විසින් 1960 දී සැන් ෆ්රැන්සිස්කෝ හි පැවති යුනෙස්කෝ සමුළුවකදී නිර්මාණය කරන ලදී.

මූලාශ්‍ර

පෘථිවි දිනය