Theuern ist ein Ortsteil von Schalkau im Landkreis Sonneberg in Thüringen.

Lage
Theuern liegt nordöstlich von Schalkau an der Landesstraße 1112. Diese Straße führt über den Thüringer Wald nach Scheibe-Alsbach und weiter. In Schalkau verbindet sie sich mit der Bundesstraße 89. Die Gemarkung von Theuern ist mit engen Gebirgstälern, Wiesen, Wald und auf höheren Ebenen mit Ackerland ausgestattet. Südhanglagen liegen unter Einfluss des günstigen fränkischen Klimas während der Vegetationszeit.

Geschichte
1425 wurde Theuern erstmals urkundlich erwähnt. Eine Wallanlage auf dem Herrenberg südöstlich an dem Eisfelder Pleß, beim Austritt des Flüsschens Grümpen aus dem Thüringer Wald beweist die Wichtigkeit. Sogar Funde beweisen die Nutzung des Platzes in vorrömischer Zeit. Am 1. Januar 1992 wurde Theuern nach Schalkau eingemeindet. Der ländlich naturnahe Ort nutzt und nutzte die Land- und Forstwirtschaft und den Tourismus als Erwerbsquelle. Im Ort befindet sich das Goldmuseum Theuern.

Verkehr
Theuern liegt nahe der Schnellfahrstrecke Nürnberg–Erfurt, hat jedoch keine direkte Anbindung. Im Öffentlichen Personennahverkehr ist der Ortsteil gen Norden Richtung Neumannsgrund und Siegmundsburg und Katzhütte einmal täglich (Montag bis Freitag) mit der Buslinie 508 angebunden. Direkte Verbindungen nach Sonneberg, Steinheid und Neuhaus am Rennweg sowie in die Ortsmitte von Schalkau existieren mehrmals täglich mit den Linien 701 und 702.

Theuern verfügt mit dem Personenbahnhof Schalkau und dem Haltepunkt Schalkau Mitte an der Strecke Eisfels–Sonneberg über Zugänge zum Schienenpersonennahverkehr. Mit den genannten Buslinien besteht aber auch ein (teilweise direkterer) Anschluss an die Bahnhöfe in Neuhaus, Sonneberg und Katzhütte. Außerdem gibt es mit der Buslinie 720 einen schnellen Weg in das Oberzentrum Coburg und von dort Anschluss an den Schienenpersonenfernverkehr über oben genannte Schnellfahrstrecke.

Dialekt
In Theuern wird Itzgründisch, ein mainfränkischer Dialekt, gesprochen.

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Ort im Landkreis Sonneberg
Geographie (Schalkau)
Ehemalige Gemeinde (Landkreis Sonneberg)
Ersterwähnung 1425
Gemeindeauflösung 1992

Theuern (Schalkau)


The Dandenong Ranges (commonly just The Dandenongs) are a set of low mountain ranges in Victoria, Australia, approximately  east of the state capital Melbourne. A minor branch of the Great Dividing Range, the Dandenongs consist mostly of rolling hills, rising to  at Mount Dandenong, as well as steeply weathered valleys and gullies covered in thick temperate rainforest, predominantly of tall mountain ash trees and dense ferny undergrowth. The namesaked Dandenong Creek and most of its left-bank tributaries (particularly the Eumemmerring Creek) originate from headwaters in these mountain ranges. Two of Melbourne's most important storage reservoirs, the Cardinia and Silvan Reservoir, are also located within the Dandenongs.

After European settlement in the Port Phillip Bay region, the range was used as a major local source of timber for Melbourne. The ranges were popular with day-trippers from the 1870s onwards. Much of the Dandenongs were protected by parklands as early as 1882 and by 1987 these parklands were amalgamated to form the Dandenong Ranges National Park, which was subsequently expanded in 1997. The range receives light to moderate snowfalls a few times in most years, frequently between late winter and late spring.

Today, The Dandenongs are home to over 100,000 residents and are popular amongst visitors, many of whom stay for the weekend at the various bed & breakfasts throughout the region. The popular Puffing Billy Railway, a heritage steam railway, runs through the hills villages of the eastern Dandenong Ranges.

Etymology

The etymology of the Dandenongs is a complicated one. Two names have been used to refer to the ranges; Corhanwarrabul and Dandenong, both derived from the Woiwurrung language of the Wurundjeri people.

It is thought that the name Dandenong was applied to the ranges due to being the origin of the Dandenong Creek; however, the original name for Dandenong Creek was Narra Narrawong. The origin of the name Dandenong is unknown, as is its meaning or correct spelling with other variations include; Tanjenong, Tangynon and Bangeong. In any case, both names relate to watercourses rather than mountains or ranges, as indicated by the ong ending. Given that the name Dandenong may not apply to anything in the immediate area, the relevance of the name Corhanwarrabul becomes apparent. Carhanwarrabul (pronounced either "corhan-warrabul" with a silent "h", or "cor-hana-warrabul") or Koran warrabin was the original name for one of the two main summits, perhaps both or perhaps the entire range. The name applied to the main summits and was in continued use up until around 1900, when the name Dandenong appeared. At any rate, Corhanwarrabul remains the most relevant name for the ranges to date.

Geology and ecology

The range is the remains of an extinct volcano last active 373 million years ago. It consists predominantly of Devonian dacite and rhyodacite.

The topography consists of a series of ridges dissected by deeply cut streams. Sheltered gullies in the south of the range are home to temperate rain forest, fern gullies and Mountain Ash forest Eucalyptus regnans, whereas the drier ridges and exposed northern slopes are covered by dry sclerophyll forest of stringybarks and box. The entire range is highly prone to bushfires, the most recent of which have been the 1983 Ash Wednesday bushfires, the 1997 Dandenong Ranges bushfires and small fires during the Black Saturday bushfires in 2009.

A number of watercourses originate in the Dandenongs, these include:
Cardinia Creek
Clematis Creek
Dandenong Creek
Eumemmerring Creek
Emerald Creek
Ferny Creek
Mast Gully Creek
Menzies Creek
Monbulk Creek
Muddy Creek
Olinda Creek
Sassafras Creek
Sherbrooke Creek
Stringy Bark Creek
Wandin Yallock Creek
Woori Yallock Creek

Waterfalls
Olinda Falls
Sherbrooke Falls
Griffith Falls

Summits

Wildlife

The Dandenong Ranges are home to a variety of native Australian mammal, bird, reptile and invertebrate species. Well-represented bird species include the Sulfur-crested cockatoo, Superb lyrebird, Laughing kookaburra, and Crimson Rosella. Mammals include the Short-beaked echidna, Common wombat, Sugar glider, and Swamp wallaby. Invertebrates include two species of burrowing crayfish.

Climate

The Dandenong Ranges climate is generally mild and wet, with daily temperature variation generally low, often as low as 1 degree in the winter months.
Rainfall is fairly uniform through the year, tending to peak between April and October with lower rainfall during January and February. The mean annual rainfall is between 1000 and 1500 mm, increasing with elevation and from west to east. The elevation means that temperatures are typically 2 to 5 °C cooler than the lower suburbs of Melbourne to the west , with temperatures typically lowering by 1 °C for every 150 m of elevation. Due to the elevation, fog is common in the winter months.

As a result of its elevation, snow typically falls one or two times a year at higher elevations, mostly between June and October. A rare summer snow occurred on Christmas Day 2006 . The local region has experienced substantial warming in recent decades  and heavy snowfalls which were once common have become rare. The last significant snowfall to affect the Dandenong Ranges was on August 10, 2008, when as much  fell at the highest elevations.

A Bureau of Meteorology weather station sits at an elevation of 513 m in the Ferny Creek Reserve in the southern part of the Dandenong Ranges. This weather station replaced one that was previously located on the summit of Dunns Hill.

Settlements in the Dandenong Ranges
Around 240,000 people live in and around the Dandenong Ranges, depending on the definition. The following settlements are located in the Dandenongs themselves (72,500~):

 Belgrave—3929
 Belgrave Heights—1,500
 Belgrave South—1,500
 Clematis—3,800
 Emerald—6,000
 Ferny Creek—1,500
 Ferntree Gully - 10,000
 Kallista—1,000
 Kalorama—1,100
 Kilsyth—10,000
 Menzies Creek—1,300
 Monbulk—2,700
 Montrose—6, 500
 Mount Dandenong—1,300
 Olinda—1,500
 Sassafras—1,000
 Selby—1,400
 Tecoma—2,200
 The Patch—800
 Upper Ferntree Gully—4,000
 Upwey—6,800

Some settlements located on and around the plateau to the east of the ranges are sometimes included (14,200~):
 Cockatoo—4,500
 Gembrook—1,600
 Macclesfield—1,600
 Seville—2,000
 Seville East—600
 Silvan—1,900
 Wandin East—500
 Wandin North—1,600

Settlements in the southern and western foothills are also sometimes included (180,500~):
 Western Foothills
 The Basin—4,100
 Boronia—20,500
 Mount Evelyn—9,100
 Southern Foothills
 Endeavour Hills—24,000
 Narre Warren—26,000
 Berwick—47,000
 Narre Warren North—7,700
 Harkaway—849
 Beaconsfield Upper—2,861

History

The ranges are located near the boundary between the Wurundjeri and Bunurong people's territories. The two nations were part of the Kulin alliance and were most often on friendly terms. The mountain range, however, was not often frequented by either nations people as mountainous areas were often considered one of many resting places for various spirits.

In 1938, the aircraft Kyeema crashed on the western face of Mount Corhanwarrabul due to heavy fog and poor navigation. Eighteen people died.

Utilities

Transmission towers
There are several large television transmission towers on various summits that were initially constructed to broadcast TV to Central Victoria
Channel 10/Channel 0, 204m high—Mount Corhanwarrabul (628m), (highest frequency)
Channel 9, 131m high—Mount Corhanwarrabul (628m)
Channel 7, 131m high—Mount Corhanwarrabul (628m), this tower is from interesting design, as it is a partially guyed tower, consisting of a free-standing lattice tower as basement and a guyed mast as pinnacle.
Channel 2—Ferny Creek Summit (561m) (lowest frequency)
Channel 7, 9 and 10 all transmit from the 204M high ' Ornata Road ' TXA owned tower just to the South of Burke's Lookout. This tower also carries some of Melbourne, Victoria's commercial FM broadcast services. It also carries DAB+ digital radio services.
Channel 2 services ( ABC, JJJ, emergency services, Govt owned ) transmit from the 130M high Broadcast Australia ' Eyre Road ' tower. This is an interesting tower in that the base is of four legged, freestanding design, while the upper portion is guyed by two sets of three guy cables. This tower is just to the North of Burke's Lookout.
Adjacent to the Broadcast Australia tower, is the TXA ' Eyre Road ' standby tower, capable of transmitting 7, 9, and 10 signals in the event of an Ornata Road transmitter/antenna failure. This tower stands at 130M also and is a conventional four legged freestanding design. About 2 km to the North of this group of three towers, stands the original Channel 9 tower, built in 1956 to a height of 69M. This tower, on Observatory Road and adjacent to the Skyhigh lookout and restaurant now carries only some of Melbourne's commercial FM broadcast channels.

Tourism and attractions
Scenic drives—popular for many years on the abundance of winding roads throughout the ranges
Picnics—dedicated picnic areas can be found in Fern Tree Gully Picnic Ground or at One Tree Hill or in Sherbrooke Forest. Emerald Lake Park has a variety of pretty picnic spots with electric barbecues, sheltered areas and water activities. This park with landscaped gardens adjoins the historic Nobelius Heritage Park
The various coffee shops and restaurants, bed and breakfasts, craft shops, antique shops and gardens
Puffing Billy Railway—a narrow-gauge heritage steam railway, from Belgrave, through to Emerald, Cockatoo and ending at Gembrook
Lookouts & views—There are several locations throughout the ranges that offer excellent views on both sides of the range. On a clear day, features as far as Mount Macedon, the You Yangs and Port Phillip can be seen simultaneously
Walking & hiking—various tracks and trails are available at a variety of lengths and difficulties. For example; Four Brothers Rocks near Gembrook, Wright Forest near Cockatoo; The Eastern Dandenong Ranges Trail, which runs through Emerald, Cockatoo to Gembrook has a variety of open scenery and dappled woodland trails and at various stages follows the Puffing Billy railway line

Sherbrooke Falls, Sherbrooke
 Cycling—the Dandenong Ranges is one of Melbourne's most popular cycling areas. Popular road cycling climbs include the "1 in 20" on the Mountain Highway, "The Wall", a steeper route between Monbulk and Olinda, and the also-steep "Devil's Elbow", heading north from Upper Ferntree Gully along the Mount Dandenong Tourist Road to Ferny Creek . Also popular for picturesque and leisurely family bike rides is the Eastern Dandenong Ranges Trail, which runs through Emerald, Cockatoo to Gembrook

Regulations
Camping is not permitted within the National Park and fire restrictions may apply during the summer months. There are no rubbish bins in the national parks and visitors must leave with all items that they arrived with. Camping is permitted near Gembrook at Kurth Kiln Regional Park. Please stay informed and be prepared, so as to ensure you have a fun and safe experience. It is important to observe weather conditions and warnings during the bushfire season and follow official recommendations.

Bushfires
Due to the climate of the region, the type of vegetation and the topography, the Dandenong Ranges periodically experience bushfires. Some of the recent occurrences included:

1851—Black Thursday
1898
1905
1913
1926
1939
1962
1968
1983—Ash Wednesday, 27 deaths in the Dandenong ranges
1997—3 deaths in the ranges
2009—Black Saturday, no deaths in the ranges

Gallery

See also
Dandenong Ranges National Park
1938 Kyeema crash
 Horatio Jones house

References

External links

Accommodation - 1000 Reasons
Eastern Dandenong Ranges
Blue Dandenongs
Parks Victoria
Info sourced from Knox Historical Society on place names in the area
 The dandenongs in colour

Great Dividing Range

Dandenong Ranges


Roche-et-Raucourt () is a commune in the Haute-Saône department in the region of Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in eastern France.

Population

Sights
 Church of the 18th century, by the architect Claude Nicolas Ledoux.
 Washing places in Roche and in Raucourt
 Fountain St Didier
 Fort in Raucourt
 Chapels St Roch and St Claude

See also
Communes of the Haute-Saône department

References

Communes of Haute-Saône

Roche-et-Raucourt


Le corps de garde de Roz-sur-Couesnon est un bâtiment du XVIIe siècle, destiné à la surveillance de la baie du Mont-Saint-Michel. Il est situé au lieu dit "le corps de garde" sur la commune française de Roz-sur-Couesnon, dans le département d'Ille-et-Vilaine.

Les corps de garde côtiers
Les corps de garde côtiers s'inscrivent parmi une série de constructions voulues par Sébastien Le Prestre de Vauban à la fin du . Leur rôle était de prévenir tout débarquement d'ennemis sur les côtes.

Celui de Roz-sur-Couesnon faisait partie d'un ensemble de 46 corps de garde situés entre Saint-Pol-de-Léon dans le Finistère et le Couesnon. Il n'en reste aujourd'hui qu'une dizaine. Il abritait un détachement de miliciens garde-côtes, recrutés dans la population locale par tirage au sort. Les bons numéros constituaient la compagnie du Guet. Les mauvais numéros formaient la compagnie détachée qui devait, en cas de conflit, prendre position à la Varde ( Rothéneuf).

Localisation
Le bâtiment est situé au sommet du massif de Saint-Broladre qui domine la baie du Mont-Saint-Michel du haut de ses 80 m. La vue portait toute la baie et l'estuaire du Couesnon.

Historique
La compagnie affectée au corps de garde comprenait un capitaine, un lieutenant, un enseigne, de deux sergents, trois caporaux, trois aides caporaux, un tambour et 41 fusiliers ou canonniers. En 1758,lors d'une attaque anglaise (guerre de 7 ans), la compagnie a eu son capitaine et son lieutenant tués et cinq miliciens emprisonnés, mais les assaillants furent repoussés.
Le corps de garde a été déclaré  en 1857. Longtemps propriété privée, il a été acquis par la commune dans les années 2010.

Description
Le bâtiment comprend la salle de garde de 6 m2, avec une cheminée et une prison de 2 m2.

Notes et références

Notes

Références

Voir aussi

Liens externes

Patrimoine architectural en Ille-et-Vilaine
Architecture militaire du XVIIe siècle
Vauban

Corps de garde de Roz-sur-Couesnon


Alison Chitty  est une cheffe décoratrice et costumière britannique née le . Lauréate de deux prix Laurence-Olivier, elle est notamment connue pour ses collaborations avec les réalisateurs Mike Leigh et Peter Hall.

Biographie
Alison Chitty naît le .

Elle étudie à la Saint Martin's School of Art et à la Central School of Art and Design de Londres, avant d'être résidente au New Vic Theatre de Stoke-on-Trent puis pendant huit ans au Royal National Theatre. Elle travaille aussi pour l'English National Opera, le Royal Opera, l'opéra de Santa Fe et plusieurs autres théâtres dans le monde.

Ses créations sont reconnaissables à ses dessins et croquis distinctifs. Elles comprennent des costumes destinés à des œuvres classiques de Shakespeare, à des pièces ou films récents, à des opéras.

Pour Mike Leigh, elle a été chef décoratrice sur Life is Sweet, Naked et Secrets et Mensonges.

Elle conçoit le costume de Screaming Lord Byron, avatar de David Bowie pour le court-métrage Jazzin' for Blue Jean : turban et pantalon bouffant, dans un style « mille et une nuits ».

Elle dirige l', à Londres.

Récompenses
 2001 : Laurence Olivier Award du meilleur costume pour , Royal National Theatre ;
 2007 : Laurence Olivier Award du meilleur costume pour , Royal National Theatre ;
 2007 : Prix Sir Misha Black ;
 2008 : Prix Young Vic ;
 2009 : Élue Royal Designer for Industrie.

Alison Chity est faite officier de l'ordre de l'Empire britannique en 2004.

Références

Liens externes
 Profil sur le site Web de Rayfield Allied

Officier de l'ordre de l'Empire britannique
Étudiant de la Saint Martin's School of Art
Naissance en octobre 1948
Costumier de David Bowie
Costumier britannique
Chef décorateur britannique

Alison Chitty


Die Zeitschrift Mammal Review ist eine zoologische Fachzeitschrift, die als offizielle Zeitschrift von der britischen Mammal Society herausgegeben wird. Das Magazin erscheint seit 1970 mit der 42. Nummer im Jahr 2012, aktuell wird es viermal im Jahr publiziert. Zudem erscheinen unregelmäßig themenbezogene Ausgaben wie die im April 2011 publizierte Zeitschrift unter dem Titel Genetics and conservation of large mammals in Europe.

Der Impact Factor der Zeitschrift liegt entsprechend der Angabe von Wiley-Blackwell bei 2,515, im Jahresdurchschnitt bei 3,081.

Geschichte der Publikationen der Gesellschaft
Neben der Mammal Review veröffentlicht die Mammal Society regelmäßig einen Newsletter für Mitglieder mit dem Namen Mammal News. Bevor die Zeitschrift Mammal Review sowie die als Mitgliederzeitung konzipierte Mammal News im Jahr 1970 erschienen, publizierte die Gesellschaft von 1955 bis 1969 die zweimal im Jahr erschienene The Bulletin als Mitgliederzeitschrift mit wissenschaftlichen Beiträgen. Parallel wurde Notes on British Mammals für Mitglieder publiziert, die Artikel des Journal of Zoology mit Bezug zu Säugetieren in Großbritannien übernahm. Letztere wurde bis 1997 herausgebracht.

Inhalt
Die Zeitschrift deckt alle Themenbereiche der Säugetierforschung ab. Artikel behandeln die theoretische und angewandte Forschung an Säugetieren sowie vor allem Artikel zum Status, Schutz und Management wildlebender Säugetiere mit Fokus auf Großbritannien.

Belege

Weblinks
 Mammal Review bei der britischen Mammal Society
 Mammal Review bei Wiley-Blackwell

Mammalogische Zeitschrift

Mammal Review


Kisses on the Bottom es el decimoquinto álbum de estudio en solitario del músico británico Paul McCartney, publicado por el sello Hear Music en febrero de 2012. El disco, que contó con la producción musical de Tommy LiPuma, es un álbum de versiones de canciones jazz, con solo dos composiciones originales de McCartney, «My Valentine» y «Only Our Hearts». Grabado en marzo de 2010 en los Capitol Studios de Los Ángeles, contó con el respaldo de músicos dirigidos por Diana Krall y con invitados como Eric Clapton, Stevie Wonder y Joe Walsh.

Tras su publicación, Kisses on the Bottom obtuvo reseñas más críticas en comparación con trabajos anteriores de McCartney. Si bien algunos periodistas destacaron la buena realización y el afecto de McCartney por las canciones, otros medios fueron más críticos con los arreglos de jazz o la propia voz de McCartney. A pesar de las reseñas, el álbum alcanzó la quinta posición en la lista estadounidense Billboard 200 y debutó en el puesto tres de la lista de discos más vendidos del Reino Unido. Además, alcanzó el primer puesto en la lista de álbumes de jazz de Billboard.

En noviembre, Hear Music publicó Kisses on the Bottom - Complete Kisses, una edición ampliada disponible solo en iTunes con el álbum original, cuatro temas extra y un concierto que McCartney ofreció en los Capitol Studios el 9 de febrero. Parte del concierto fue publicada previamente en iTunes Live from Capitol Studios, un álbum digital disponible en iTunes, mientras que el concierto completo fue publicado posteriormente en el DVD y Blu Ray Live Kisses.

Grabación

Un año antes de grabar Kisses on the Bottom, McCartney contactó con el productor musical Tommy LiPuma y trabajó con él y con un teclista durante cinco días en los estudios que el músico tiene en East Sussex. Durante las sesiones, el trío «grabó 15-20 canciones» con piano y voces, para ver cómo podían evolucionar los temas. Durante esta época, McCartney también grabó una nueva canción aun inédita con la ayuda del ingeniero Geoff Emerick. Las canciones en las que McCartney comenzó a trabar fueron votadas democráticamente por la banda. Según el músico: «Saqué algunas [canciones] de mis recuerdos, cuando era niño y cantábamos en familia, lo cual fue la inspiración original de la idea, y le dije a Tom: "Miremos estas. Es el tipo de era a la que quiero mirar". El propio Tommy sugirió más; una chica en mi oficina; [...] Diana [Krall] sugirió más. Luego toqué un par de canciones que había compuesto, y Tommy dijo: "Guau, esa es una buena idea", de modo que seleccionamos un par de aquellas. [...] Todos hicimos sugerencias, y todos miramos esas sugerencias en el estudio».

Durante las sesiones de grabación, también registró una versión alternativa de «My Valentine» con una orquestación distinta, y regrabó dos canciones antiguas de su propio catálogo: «Baby's Request», originalmente publicada en el álbum de Wings Back to the Egg (1979), y «Goodnight Princess», un tema inédito de 1983 cuya nueva versión tampoco fue publicada. Gran parte de las canciones fueron interpretadas sin la ayuda de partituras. Según McCartney: «Me recordaba al modo en que solíamos hacer en The Beatles. John [Lennon] y yo componíamos una canción, fijábamos una fecha en Abbey Road Studios, y ni George Martin ni George Harrison o Ringo [Starr] sabían de qué iban las canciones. Las trabajábamos ahí mismo en la habitación».

Tras varios ensayos, la grabación de Kisses on the Bottom tuvo lugar en los Capitol Studios y en los Avatar Studios de Los Ángeles entre marzo de 2010 y comienzos de 2011. En las notas que acompañan al álbum, McCartney comenzó: «Trabajé con Diana Krall y grandes músicos del jazz como John Clayton. Es un álbum muy tierno, muy íntimo, para escuchar en casa tras el trabajo, con una copa de vino o una taza de de té». A diferencia de trabajos previos, en los que suele tocar la mayoría de los instrumentos y dirigir la evolución del sonido, McCartney solo tocó la guitarra acústica en «Get Yourself Another Fool» y «The Inch Worm», y contribuyó al álbum casi exclusivamente con su voz. Junto con la banda de Diana Krall, McCartney contó con la colaboración de invitados como Eric Clapton, que tocó la guitarra acústica en «My Valentine», y de Stevie Wonder, que tocó la armónica en «Only Our Hearts».

Recepción

Según la revista musical Rolling Stone, «al igual que Rock 'n' Roll, el álbum de John Lennon, con gemas del rock primigenio, Kisses on the Bottom es el sonido de un músico alegre indagando en sus raíces, es divertido y conmovedor escucharle cantar a su manera a través del Great American Songbook». En una reseña del álbum para la BBC, el escritor Patrick Humphries se refirió al trabajo como «Lo que McCartney hace aquí, en el mejor sentido posible, es el disco ideal de música suave».

El álbum ganó el Grammy al mejor álbum de pop vocal tradicional en la 55ª edición de los premios.

Publicación y promoción
El 9 de febrero de 2012, iTunes retransmitió a través de Internet un concierto de McCartney en los Capitol Studios de Los Ángeles (California), donde se grabó la gran mayoría del álbum. Además, McCartney interpretó «My Valentine» con Diana Krall y Joe Walsh en la 54° entrega de los Premios Grammy.

El sencillo alcanzó el puesto 20 en la lista estadounidense Adult Contemporary Chart tras debutar una semana antes en el puesto 28. En Japón, «My Valentine» llegó al puesto 23, mientras que en la lista Jazz Digital Songs de Estados Unidos alcanzó el primer puesto. "Only Our Hearts", que contó con la participación de Stevie Wonder, fue publicado como segundo sencillo y debutó en el puesto 84 en Japón.

El álbum obtuvo un notable éxito comercial, mejorando resultados de trabajos anteriores de la carrera en solitario de McCartney. En el Reino Unido, Kisses on the Bottom debutó en el puesto 3, y alcanzó el puesto 5 en la lista estadounidense Billboard 200, coincidiendo con el 48 aniversario de la entrada en las listas estadounidenses del álbum Meet the Beatles!. En la lista estadounidense de álbumes de jazz, Kisses on the Bottom debutó en el puesto 17, y en su segundo semana alcanzó el primer puesto. El álbum también alcanzó el puesto 2 en la lista Tastemaker Albums Chart, quedando por detrás del álbum de Van Halen A Different Kind of Truth y sobrepasando las ventas del álbum de Adele 21.

Título del álbum
El título del álbum, Kisses on the Bottom, procede de un verso de la primera canción del disco, «I'm Gonna Sit Right Down and Write Myself A Letter», publicada en 1935 por Fats Waller:

En el contexto de la canción, que narra la redacción de una carta, Kisses on the Bottom se traduce al español como: «Besos al pie de una carta». Sin embargo, el título del álbum puede traducirse en un contexto meramente literal como «besos en el trasero», lo cual dio pie a burlas y especulaciones sobre el auténtico significado del título. El propio McCartney desmintió el significado literal del título y lo adjudicó al verso extraído de la canción de Fats Waller.

Lista de canciones

Personal

Músicos
Paul McCartney: voz, guitarra acústica y silbidos
Diana Krall: piano y arreglos
Karriem Riggins: batería
Robert Hurst: bajo
John Pizzarelli: guitarra
Mike Mainieri: vibráfono
Orquesta Sinfónica de Londres:
Alan Broadbent: director de orquesta y orquestación
Roman Simovic: concertino
Bucky Pizzarelli: guitarra
Andy Stein: violín
Eddie Karam: director de orquesta
Assa Drori: concertino
Johnny Mandel: director de orquesta y arreglos rítmicos
John Clayton: bajo
Jeff Hamilton: batería
Anthony Wilson: guitarra
Joe Walsh: guitarra
Eric Clapton: guitarra
Ira Nepus: trombón
Christian McBride: bajo
Abe Laboriel Jr.: coros
Chloe Arzy: coro infantil
Evyn Johnson: coro infantil
Makiah Johnson: coro infantil
Michael Johnson: coro infantil
Delany Meyer: coro infantil
Ilsey Moon: coro infantil
Sabrina Walden: coro infantil
Sasha Walden: coro infantil
Scottie Haskell: conductor de coro infantil
Stevie Wonder: armónica
Vinnie Colaiuta: batería
Chuck Berghoffer: bajo
John Chiodini: guitarra
Tamir Hendelman: piano

Equipo técnico
Tommy LiPuma: producción musical
Al Schmitt: ingeniero de sonido y mezclas
Elliot Scheiner: ingeniero
Brian Montgomery: ingeniero
Steve Genewick: ingeniero
Fernando Lodeiro: ingeniero asistente
Marcus Johnson: ingeniero asistente
Sam Okell: ingeniero asistente
Kris Burton: ingeniero asistente
Gordon Davidson: ingeniero asistente
Paul Pritchard: ingeniero asistente
Eddie Klein: ingeniero asistente
Keith Smith: ingeniero asistente
Jamie Kirkham: ingeniero asistente
Doug Sax: masterización
Sanwook "Sunny" Nam: masterización
Shari Sutcliffe: coordinador de proyecto
Mary McCartney: fotografía de portada
MJ Kim: fotografía
Jonathan Schofield: concepto artístico
Matthew Cooper: diseño
Nancy Jeffries: A&R
Scott Rodger: mánager
MPL Production Team:
Lisa Power
Ruth Birch
Claudia Schmid
Rebecca Church
Billie Temple
Toby McColl
Kat Holder
Richard Miller
Jess Whiteley

Posición en listas

Álbum

Sencillos

Referencias

Enlaces externos
Kisses on the Bottom en PaulMcCartney.com

Álbumes de Paul McCartney
Álbumes de 2012
Álbumes de Hear Music
Álbumes en inglés

Kisses on the Bottom


Cette page concerne les évènements survenus en 2014 en Israël  :

Évènement
 Guerre de Gaza de 2014 (Chronologie - Réactions internationales)
  : Élection présidentielle
  : Meurtre de trois adolescents israéliens
  : Meurtre de Mohammad Abou Khdeir
  : Attentat à Jérusalem
  : Massacre de la synagogue de Har Nof
  :

Sport
 Championnat d'Israël de football 2013-2014
 Championnat d'Israël de football 2014-2015

  :

Culture
  :

Sortie de film

 L'Aube
 Fin de partie
 L'Institutrice
 Loin de mon père
 Mon fils
 Le Procès de Viviane Amsalem
 Schnitzel
 Self Made
 The Decent One
 Tsili
 Zero Motivation

Notes et références

2014 en Israël


Simion Stoilow (* 14. September 1887 in Bukarest; † 4. April 1961 in Bukarest) war ein rumänischer Mathematiker.

Leben
Stoilow studierte ab 1907 an der Sorbonne in Paris, wo er 1916 mit der Dissertation "Sur une classe de fonctions de deux variables définies par les équations linéaires aux dérivées partielles" bei Émile Picard promoviert wurde. Von 1919 bis 1921 war er an der Universität Alexandru Ioan Cuza Iași, danach zwei Jahre an der  Universität Bukarest. Dann wurde er Professor an der Nationalen Jurij-Fedkowytsch-Universität Czernowitz. Ab 1939 war er Professor in Bukarest, zuerst an der Polytechnischen Universität, ab 1941 dann an der Universität Bukarest. Dort war er von 1944 bis 1946 Rektor und von 1948 bis 1951 Dekan der Fakultät für Mathematik und Physik. Von 1946 bis 1948 war er rumänischer Botschafter in Frankreich.

Stoilow war erst stellvertretender Direktor und ab 1954 dann Direktor des 1949 gegründeten Mathematischen Instituts der Rumänischen Akademie. Diese Stellung hatte er bis zu seinem Tode inne. Heute heißt dieses Institut zu seinen Ehren Simion Stoilow Institute of Mathematics of the Romanian Academy.

Stoilow hielt Vorträge auf den Internationalen Mathematikerkongressen (ICM) 1920 in Straßburg, 1928 in Bologna und 1936 in Oslo.

Stoilow leistete vielfältige Beiträge zur Mathematik, insbesondere zur Funktionentheorie. Er gilt als Vater der rumänischen Schule auf diesem Gebiet. Das Gebiet der topologischen Funktionentheorie wurde von ihm maßgeblich mitbegründet.  Nach ihm benannt ist hier der Stoilowsche Faktorisierungssatz: Jede stetige, offene, diskrete Abbildung zwischen ebenen Gebieten ist Komposition eines Homöomorphismus mit einer holomorphen Funktion. Auch die Stoilow-Kerékjártó-Kompaktifizierung ist mit seinem Namen verbunden.

Literatur
 Cabiria Andreian Cazacu: Sur l'oeuvre mathématique de Simion Stoilow. In: Complex analysis—fifth Romanian-Finnish seminar. Part 1. Lecture Notes in Mathematics, Band 1013, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1983, S. 8–21.
 Analysis and Topology: A Volume Dedicated to the Memory of S. Stoilow, herausgegeben von Cabiria Andreian Cazacu, Olli E. Lehto, und Themistocles M. Rassias, World Scientific Publishers, Singapur, 1998.
 Corneliu Constantinescu: Simion Stoilow. Libertas Mathematica, Band 7 (1987), S. 3–22; Online

Weblinks

Rumänischer Botschafter in Frankreich
Hochschullehrer (Czernowitz)
Person (Universität Alexandru Ioan Cuza Iași)
Hochschullehrer (Universität Bukarest)
Hochschullehrer (Polytechnische Universität Bukarest)
Mathematiker (20. Jahrhundert)
Rumäne
Geboren 1887
Gestorben 1961
Mann

Simion Stoilow


نبيل حزام ممثل ومخرج مسرحي يمني مواليد 1 ديسمبر 1961. يعتبر من نجوم الصف الأول في الدراما اليمنية. قام ببطولة العديد من المسلسلات اليمنية التي لاقت إعجاب كبير عند الجمهور.

البداية
بدأ مشواره الفني من أيام طفولته وكانت بدايته عام 1974 م من خلال إعلان الجرائد عن حاجة المسرح الوطني لكوادر جديدة وقد تقدم إلى الامتحان ضمن275 متقدماً ودهش دهشة كبيرة عندما حظي بفرصة النجاح من ضمن 15 ناجحاً وهي مسألة آنذاك لم تكن سهلة لكن اللجنة لمست بذرة الموهبة الموجودة في داخله.

ما بعد البداية

استمر برحلة طويلة في مجال الفن والتمثيل حيث كانت بدايته من المسرح الذي عشقه وظل دوما يتردد عليه حتى اليوم مثل الكثير من المسلسلات الدرامية الإذاعية التي كانت يتابعها الناس خاصة في الريف اليمني بشغف وقدم العديد من المسلسلات التلفزيونية التي لاقت رواجا في اليمن، عادة ما يكون له الدور الرئيسي في الأعمال التي يشترك فيها، كما شارك في العديد من الأعمال المشتركة بين اليمن ودول عربية أخرى كمصر وسوريا والعراق ودول الخليج، حصل لسنوات عدة على لقب أفضل فنان يمني.

أهم أعماله

مسلسلات
 وريقة الحناء (مصري- يمني مشترك)
 حكاية سعدية
 المهر
 الوصية
 حسن وضعك
 برنامج واحد صفر
 سيف بن ذي يزن (سوري- يمني مشترك)
 كيني ميني (ضيف شرف)
 شر البلية (ضيف شرف)
 حياتنا (ضيف شرف)
 الحب والثأر (2007)
 أشواق وأشواك (2009)
 ثمن الحرية (2015)
 مع ورور (2019)
 سد الغريب (2020)

أفلام

 فيلم الرهان الخاسر (2008)

مسرحيات وإذاعة
له الكثير من الأعمال المسرحية تمثيلا وإخراجا من قديمها مسرحية (الجرة والمعلم) مع الفنانة الراحلة مديحة الحيدري، كما أن له الكثير من المسلسلات الإذاعية.

ممثلون يمنيون
ممثلو تلفزيون يمنيون
ممثلو مسرح يمنيون

نبيل حزام


Championat ist der aus dem Französischen übernommene Begriff für Meisterschaft (im Französischen Championnat). In einigen Sportarten, speziell im Pferdesport, wird der französische Begriff auch im Deutschen benutzt.

 Deutsches Jockey-Championat – Auszeichnung für den Berufsrennreiter in Deutschland mit den meisten Siegen
 Deutsches Traber-Championat – Auszeichnung für den deutschen Trabrennfahrer mit den meisten Siegen in einer Rennsaison
 Deutsches Trainer-Championat – Auszeichnung für den besten Trainer im deutschen Galoppsport
 Championat der Vaterpferde – Auszeichnung für den Hengst, dessen Nachkommen bei Pferderennen das meiste Geld erbrachten
 Championat der Vaterpferde in Deutschland
 Championat der Vaterpferde in England und Irland
 Championat der Vaterpferde in Frankreich
 Championat der Vaterpferde in Nordamerika
 Championat der Vaterpferde in Japan
 Championat der Vaterpferde in Australien
 Championat der Mutterväter in Grossbritannien und Irland – Auszeichnung für den Hengst, dessen Töchter die erfolgreichsten Nachkommen bei Pferderennen brachten
 Championat der Mutterväter in Nordamerika

 Internationales Rad Championat

Championnat [] bezeichnet:
 die luxemburgische Eishockeyliga

Championat


Ana María "Anne" Hidalgo (udtales: [an idal'go]; født 19. juni 1959) er en spansk-fransk politiker, som siden det franske kommunalvalg i 2014 har været borgmester i Paris, som den første kvinde i dette embede.

Som medlem af Socialistpartiet siden 1994 var hun viceborgmester under borgmester Bertrand Delanoë (2001–2014), og hun har siden marts 2001 repræsenteret 15. arrondissement i Paris' byråd. Den 22. januar 2016 blev hun i embeds medfør valgt som første vicepræsident for den da nyoprettede stor-parisiske region Métropole du Grand Paris.

Biografi

Barndom og ungdom
Hidalgo er født nær Cádiz i det sydvestligste Spanien. Farfaren var en spansk socialist, som flygtede til Frankrig efter Den spanske Borgerkrig, sammen med kone og fire børn. Da familien nogle år senere vendte tilbage til Francos Spanien, døde farmoren under rejsen, mens farfaren blev fængslet og dødsdømt, en dom som dog blev ændret til fængsel på livstid.

Hidalgos far voksede op hos sin mors forældre. Han var elektriker, og i slutningen af 1950-erne giftede han sig med en syerske, og sammen fik de to døtre, Ana (Anne) og María (Marie). De trange økonomiske kår i Spanien fik i 1961 familien til at emigrere til Frankrig, hvor de slog sig ned i Lyon.

Hidalgo voksede op i bydelen Vaise, hvor hun snakkede spansk med forældrene og fransk med sin søster. Forældrene er nu flyttet tilbage til Spanien, mens storesøsteren Marie driver et firma i Los Angeles.

Hidalgo fik som fjortenårig fransk statsborgerskab, udover sit oprindelige spanske.

Adspurgt om sin indvandrerbaggrund har Hidalgo i et interview sagt: "Jeg har hele mit liv måttet arbejde dobbelt så hårdt, fordi jeg både er kvinde og indvandrer, det er sikkert og vist." Hun er overbevist om, hendes livsbane har gjort det nemmere for hende at forstå migranter og deres problemer. Hidalgo virker "så rar og naturlig, at man kan overse hendes iver mht sine mærkesager. Her er ingen selviscenesættelse eller skarpe holdninger, som skaber gnidninger i hendes virke." Således berettede hun under borgmestervalgkampen ganske åbent om sine træthedsanfald, om stress og om hvilken tortur valgkampen var for hende.

Studier
Hidalgo uddannede sig til socialrådgiver ved Jean Moulin University Lyon 3 og tog senere en Master of Advanced Studies (DEA) i social- og arbejdsmarkedsforhold ved Université Paris-Nanterre.

I 1982 fik hun en femteplads i det franske arbejdstilsyns konkurrence, og to år senere fik hun job der, som repræsentant for Paris' 15. arrondissement. I sommeren 2011 lod hun sig pensionere.

Erhvervskarriere
 1984-1993: Inspection du travail (Arbejdstilsynet i Frankrig)
 1993-1995: Udvikling af efteruddannelse, Arbejdsministeriet
 1995-1996: Udsendt til International Labour Organization, Geneve
 1996-1997: Ansat i HR-afdelingen i forsyningsselskabet Compagnie Générale des Eaux (som senere blev til medieselskabet Vivendi)

Politisk karriere
Hidalgo arbejdede for tre af premierminister Lionel Jospins regeringer:
 1997-1998: som rådgiver i beskæftigelses- og solidaritetsministeriet, ledet af Martine Aubry;
 1998-2000: som teknisk rådgiver og konsulent i sekretariatet for ligestilling og videreuddannelse for kvinder, ledet af Nicole Pery;
 november 2000-maj 2002: som teknisk rådgiver i justitsministeriet, ledet af Marylise Lebranchu.

Ved kommunalvalget i 2001 var hun spidskandidat i Paris' 15. arrondissement for Socialistpartiet, som i første runde vandt 26,5% af stemmerne, men i anden runde blev slået af UMP med Édouard Balladur og borgmester René Galy-Dejean. Hidalgo opnåede dog valg til byrådet, Conseil de Paris, og blev udpeget til første viceborgmester.

I juni 2002 var hun kandidat i Paris' 12. arrondissement til parlamentsvalget. I første runde fik hun 29.6% af stemmerne, men måtte se sig slået af Balladur.

I marts 2004 blev hun valgt til regionsrådet for Île-de-France.

Som del af kampagnen i 2006 til nominering af socialistpartiets kandidat til præsidentvalget i 2007 støttede Hidalgo offentligt Dominique Strauss-Kahn, uden at tage afstand fra Lionel Jospin og Bertrand Delanoë. Som flere andre kvindelige ledere i socialistpartiet kritiserede hun populariseringen inden for politik, særligt udnævnelsen af den populistiske socialistiske præsidentkandidat Ségolène Royal, på bekostning af en mere traditionelt indstillet marxistisk kandidat.

Politiske standpunkter

Kamp mod sekter
I 2005 gik den ateistiske Hidalgo til kamp mod religiøse og filosofiske sekter, især Scientology og OINA (Ny Akropolis). Hun stod i spidsen for en selvtægtskomité, og hun deltog i en demonstration mod Scientology. Det parisiske bystyre lod med Hidalgos støtte udarbejde et kort over sekter i Paris. Kortet viste sig at være kontroversielt, og på internettet foregav en gruppe at repræsentere en "komité til støtte for Anne Hidalgo". Hidalgo har nægtet ethvert kendskab til komiteen, men et sagsanlæg mod gruppens leder blev dog senere frafaldet.

Copyright på internettet
Omkring årsskiftet 2005-2006 tog Hidalgo sammen med Paris' daværende viceborgmester Christophe Girard i en artikel i Le Monde afstand fra sine socialistiske partifællers forslag om indførelse af en 'global licens' for download fra internettet, bl.a. med henvisning til beskyttelse af kulturel mangfoldighed. Hun mødtes med beskyldninger om, at hendes egentlige ærinde var at beskytte sin tidligere arbejdsplads, mediehuset Vivendi Universals interesser. Da hun senere sammen med François Adibi og socialistpartiets kulturudvalg også tog afstand fra DRM (Digital Rights Management) var det medvirkende til, hun en tid blev lagt på is af socialistpartiets ledelse, som stadig fastholdt støtten til det oprindelige forslag om en global licens, som fremsat af Patrick Bloche, Didier Mathus og Christian Paul.

Luftforurening
I maj 2016 iværksatte Hidalgo som borgmester en kampagne mod luftforurening, Paris Respire (Paris ånder), som bl.a. omfatter forbud mod bilkørsel i visse bydele den første søndag i måneden, hvor også offentlig transport og bycykel- og elbilordninger er gratis. Hun har søgt at dæmme op for bilismen ved at hæve parkeringsafgifter og afskaffe den gratis parkering på visse dage. Samtidig har hun fået omlagt et stykke motorvej langs Seinen til park.

Hun har foreslået et forbud mod diesel-biler i Paris, samt at Paris Métro skal køre 24/7.

Privatliv
Fra sit første ægteskab har hun tre børn. I 2004 blev hun gift med Jean-Marc Germain, parlamentsmedlem for Socialistpartiet, og de har sammen en søn.

Trods sin katolske opdragelse er Hidalgo erklæret ateist.

Hun snakker flydende castilliansk, fransk og engelsk.

Æresbevisninger

  Kommandør af den spanske Isabella den Katolskes Orden (2010), "som påskønnelse for vellykket spansk integration i Frankrig"
  Ridder af Æreslegionen (2012)
  Kommandør af den svenske Nordstjerneorden (2014)
  Storkorset af den spanske Civilfortjenstorden (2015)
  Ridder af Lyons nationalorden (2016)
 "Jerevans borgmesters guldmedalje" (2016)

Bibliografi
 Une femme dans l'arène, juni 2006, Le Rocher editions, skrevet sammen med Jean-Bernard Senon, forord af Bertrand Delanoë
 Travail au bord de la crise de nerfs, oktober, 2010, skrevet sammen med Jean-Bernard Senon

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

 Officiel hjemmeside (fransk)

Politikere fra Frankrig
Socialister fra Frankrig
Borgmestre fra Frankrig
Kvindelige borgmestre
Præsidentkandidater fra Frankrig

Anne Hidalgo


Isabella af Bourbon-Parma (; ) ( – 27. november 1763) var en spansk-italiensk prinsesse, der var gift med ærkehertug Josef af Østrig, den senere kejser Josef 2.

Isabella var datter af hertug Filip 1. af Parma og prinsesse Louise Élisabeth af Frankrig. I 1760 blev hun gift med ærkehertug Josef af Østrig, ældste søn af Maria Theresia af Østrig og kejser Frans 1. Stefan og dermed arving til de Habsburgske Arvelande. Ægteskabet var ikke lykkeligt, og datteren Maria Theresias vanskelige fødsel, der blev efterfulgt af to mislykkede graviditeter påvirkede hendes mentale tilstand. Hun døde i barselsseng under fødslen af endnu en dødfødt datter.

Børn

Anetavle

Eksterne henvisninger

Huset Bourbon-Parma
Prinsesser fra Italien
Ærkehertuginder af Østrig
Personer fra Madrid

Isabella af Parma


En bedemands bekendelser er en dansk kortfilm fra 2011 med instruktion og manuskript af Martin Winther.

Handling

Eksterne henvisninger

Danske film fra 2011

Kortfilm fra Danmark

En bedemands bekendelser


Juan Pablo Espino (Ciudad de Chiquimula, Chiquimula, Guatemala, 23 de febrero de 1949) es un periodista, escritor y político esquipulteco, fue Alcalde del Municipio de Esquipulas por el Partido MLN, durante el período 1991-1993.

Trayectoria
Realizó sus estudios primarios y básicos en la Ciudad de Chiquimula posteriormente se graduó de bachiller en Ciencias y Letras y recibió el diplomado en gerencia Política y Administración Municipal por la Universidad Rafael Landívar. Luego de haberse graduado decide trasladarse a la Ciudad de Esquipulas. Ha escrito varios libros; los más conocidos son: Cuentos y Leyendas de Tierra Adentro, El Sapo que quería ir al Cielo (tres ediciones) y Matate de Pita. Cuenta con una larga lista de libros sin editar, pudiéndose mencionar entre ellos: Esquipulas: La Historia que no se ha contado, Juan Romero: Héroe o Villano de Camotán, La Conquista de Esquipulas, Anécdotas de mi Infancia y La Historia del Pollo que llegó a ser Presidente. Vive en la Ciudad de Esquipulas desde hace más de 30 años. Y fue alcalde del Municipio de Esquipulas durante el período 1991-1993. También ha ganado varias veces el concurso de los Juegos Florales de Esquipulas dedicado a los artistas, escritores y personajes de mucha importancia para esta localidad.

Libros Publicados

Carrera política

Alcaldía

Participó por primera vez en la Política, en el año 1991, inscribiéndose como candidato a la alcaldía de Esquipulas, habiendo quedado como Alcalde del Municipio de Esquipulas por el partido Movimiento de Liberación Nacional (Guatemala). Durante su administración se hicieron obras muy importantes para la Ciudad de Esquipulas, un ejemplo de ellos es la calle del millón, que es una de las principales arterías de la ciudad.

Candidaturas
Retorna a la política, en septiembre de 2007, como candidato a la Alcaldía del Municipio de Esquipulas, esta vez se inscribe como candidato para las elecciones municipales de Esquipulas, por el partido Unionista, tenía poca tendencia de votos, después del resultado de las elecciones, queda en cuarto lugar, dejando atrás a dos candidatos y habiendo sido superado por Carlos Lapola Rodríguez, Julio Roberto Lima y Ramón Peralta quien fue el ganador de las elecciones municipales durante el año 2008-2012.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Nacidos en Chiquimula
Alcaldes de Esquipulas

Juan Pablo Espino


Das Evangelisch-Lutherische Dekanat Rügheim ist eines der 16 Dekanate des Kirchenkreises Bayreuth. Im Dekanat werden 23.000 Gemeindeglieder betreut. Seit Oktober 2021 ist das Amt des Dekans vakant.

Geografie
Der Dekanatsbezirk ist landschaftlich von den Haßbergen geprägt. Politisch liegen die Kirchengemeinden im Landkreis Haßberge außer Wetzhausen, Mailes und Oblauringen, die seit der Gebietsreform dem Landkreis Schweinfurt angehören.

Geschichte

Pfarreien und Gemeinden
Das Grabfeld und der Haßgau gehörten schon früh zum Sprengel des 741 gegründeten Bistums Würzburg. Die frühe kirchliche Organisation fand über Urpfarreien statt. Die älteste Pfarrei scheint Hofheim (Patrozinium: Johannes der Täufer) zu sein. Vor 1105 wird hiervon Schweinshaupten als adelige Patronatspfarrei abgetrennt. 1047 hat Friesenhausen auch bereits eine eigene Pfarrei. Die zweite große Urpfarrei in den Haßbergen war Pfarrweisach. Ermershausen wird 1300, Birkach 1348, Burgpreppach 1383 selbständig. Ein weiterer kirchlicher Mittelpunkt war die Urpfarrei Rügheim (Patrozinium: Maria), deren Sprengel sich etwa mit der hennebergischen Zent Königsberg deckte. Der Sprengel von Rügheim zerfällt nach und nach als Fuldaer Grundbesitz im Nassachtal an Klöster und Adelige veräußert wird. 1363 wird in Königsberg ein Augustinerkloster gegründet und übernimmt die Seelsorge von Hellingen, Römershofen, Unter- und Oberhohenried und Sylbach. Goßmannsdorf löst sich 1353, Unfinden 1394, Humprechtshausen, Kleinsteinach, Kleinmünster, Mechenried 1407 und Holzhausen 1420 von Rügheim. Im oberen Nassachtal lag die Urpfarrei Wettringen. Sehr früh, d. h. wahrscheinlich im 12. Jh. konnte sich Altenmünster lösen. Wetzhausen wurde 1407, Aidhausen 1453. Mailes und Nassach spätestens 1465 und Happertshausen 1498 selbständige Pfarreien.

Fast alle Pfarreien und Gemeinden im Dekanatsbezirk haben eine lange evangelische Tradition seit der Reformationszeit. Die damaligen Herrschaftsträger waren die Luther zugeneigten Wettiner, die katholischen Hochstifte Bamberg und Würzburg sowie überwiegend der Reformation zugewandte freie Reichsritterschaft des Landes Franken, die im Kanton Baunach organisiert war. 1400 fiel das Amt Königsberg an den Landgrafen Balthasar von Thüringen aus dem Haus Wettin.  Es bildete vom Stammland der Pflege Coburg getrennte eine Exklave von der wiederum Erlsdorf und später Nassach abgesprengte Teile darstellten. In allen Amtsortschaften hat sich früh, d. h. zwischen 1523 und 1525 die Reformation durchgesetzt. Königsberg war seit 1523 Luther zugewandt. Im Jahr 1525 wurden die Pfarreien Rügheim, Holzhausen, Unfinden, Hellingen und Unterhohenried der Superintendentur Königsberg unterstellt und aus der Diözese Würzburg herausgelöst. Die Superintendentur Königsberg selbst wurden der Generalsuperintendentur Coburg untergeordnet. Der letzte Abt des Augustinerklosters in Königsberg wird nach Auflösung des Klosters 1526 erster evangelischer Pfarrer in Rügheim. Im gesamten Kurfürstentum Sachsen wurde Luthers Lehre 1528 zur Landesreligion bestimmt. Das Amt Königsberg wurde vor dem Dreißigjährigen Krieg durch Zukäufe beträchtlich erweitert. 1614 wurden Güter in Hellingen, Unfinden, Altershausen und Köslau erworben. 1618 wurden das Rittergut Dörflis und Kottenbrunn erworben. Zwischen Würzburg, Sachsen und der Ritterschaft kam es jahrzehntelang, gerade in der Zeit der Gegenreformation zur Rechtsstreitigkeiten, die nach langen Verhandlungen zu einer grundlegenden Neuregelung der Rechte auf allen Ebenen 1696 im Haßfurter Rezess erfuhren und zu einem Kondominat führten. Betroffen hiervon waren die elf Ganerbendörfer Altershausen, Hellingen, Holzhausen, Junkersdorf, Kleinmünster, Oberhohenried, Römershofen, Rügheim, Sylbach, Uchenhofen und Unfinden. In Unterhohenried blieb nach erfolgreicher Gegenreformation 1558 nur noch die Kirche evangelisch, das Pfarramt wurde nach Oberhohenried verlegt. Die sächsische Exklave Nassach war ab 1450 eine eigene Pfarrei befand sich bis zur Auflösung des Klosters Sonnefeld im Zuge der Reformation 1525 in dessen Besitz. Südlich des Maines hatte Sachsen Rechte in den Orten Eschenau und Westheim, in denen der sächsische Bevölkerungsanteil um 1530 evangelisch wurde.

Ab 1745 wurden den Reichsrittern in den Ganerbenorten auch Rechte in kirchlichen und grundherrlichen Fragen zugestanden.
Im Ritterkanton Baunach wurde 1563 offiziell die Reformation eingeführt. Den stärksten Einfluss auf die Geschicke des Ritterkantons hatten die Geschlechter der Truchseß von Wetzhausen und der Fuchs von Bimbach.
Die Stammherrschaft der Truchseß war Wetzhausen und Mailes, wo sie seit dem 15. Jh. auch die Hochgerichtsbarkeit besaßen. Später erwarben sie den alten ritterschaftlichen Ort Oberlauringen und Altenmünster (Gegenreformation 1600) aus ursprünglichem Besitz des Deutschen Ordens. Mit der Ortschaft Manau war die Bettenburger Linie bis ins 19. Jh.  von Bamberg und Sachsen belehnt. In Bundorf wurden die Truchseß spätestens 1443 bis 1769 von Würzburg belehnt und hatten das Erbförsteramt am großen Haßberg in dieser Zeit inne. Die Mehrzahl der Untertanen in Bundorf waren allerdings Würzburgisch und somit katholisch. Für qualifizierte ev. Hausandachten diente die Schlosskapelle. Zu den Ganerbenorten im Kondominat Königsberg zählte auch Lendershausen, das 1799 aus der Pfarrei Hofheim gelöst wurde. Unter dem Schutz der Truchseß blieb das evangelische Leben in Altenmünster, Lendershausen und Jesserndorf bestehen. In dem Würzburger Ganerbenort Aidenhausen wurde 1750 für den evangelisch gesinnten Bevölkerungsteil eine neue Pfarrei errichtet und die Kirche von Friesenhausen zugewiesen.
Die Fuchs übernahmen 1340 die Herrschaft über Burgpreppach, 1408 über Schweinshaupten, das 1608 evangelisch wurde. Im 16. Jh. waren sie in den Haßbergen der größte Grundbesitzer mit Gütern u. a. in Birkach, Ditterswind, Lendershausen.
Die Hutten aus Arnstein hatten ab 1520 mit Birkenfeld und Ermershausen einen Stammsitz mit eigenem Halsgericht aufgebaut. Um 1550 wurde die Reformation eingeführt. In Ueschersdorf wurde Ende das 16. Jh. die Reformation eingeführt und eine Pfarrei errichtet. Nach der Gegenreformation 1630 hielt sich die Gemeinde nach Manau und Walchenfeld.

Die Besitzungen der Rotenhan konzentrieren sich im Baunachtal um Eyrichshof, Fischbach und Rentweinsdorf. 1533 wurde in Eyrichshof ein evangelischer Prädikant eingesetzt und somit quasi eine Pfarrei errichtet. Ebenfalls 1533 wird Rentweinsdorf als Pfarrei mit der Filiale Salmsdorf von Ebern getrennt und evangelisch. Da es neben den Rotenhan in Salmsdorf noch andere Grundherren gab dauerte es bis 1612 bis alle Einwohner zu evangelischen Glauben übergetreten waren. 1597 wurde die Kirche zur Heiligen Dreifaltigkeit in Rentweinsdorf erbaut. In Fischbach wurde 1601 eine ev. (Schloss-)Pfarrei gegründet und 1653 Filiale von Eyrichshof. Die im 18. Jh. in den Grafenstand erhobene Merzbacher Linie der Rotenhan führte um 1540 in Untermerzbach und Obermerzbach die Reformation ein. 1678 wurde ein Simultaneum eingeführt, nachdem die Patronatsherren 1670 zu alten Glauben zurückkehrten. Die Obermerzbacher Kirche stammt aus dem 11. oder 12. Jh. und ist die älteste des Dekanats.

Die Stein vom Altenstein hatten Besitzungen rund um Altenstein. Hafenpreppach wurde um 1530 evangelisch und Pfarrei, da die Mutterpfarrei Seßlach katholisch blieb. Altenstein wurde 1552 evangelisch, Maroldsweisach folgte 1555 als eigene Pfarrei. In Junkersdorf bei Ebern missglückte 1629 die Gegenreformation. Die  Evangelischen wurden von Altenstein aus betreut, dessen Filiale es 1828 wurde. Eckartshausen gehörte ebenfalls zum Besitzkomplex derer von Altenstein und wurde evangelisch.

Eichelsdorf wurde 1570 zur ev. Pfarrei erhoben, da Hofheim katholisch blieb. Das Kirchenpatronat blieb wie in Lendershausen bei Würzburg.

Im Ort Memmelsdorf lag die Landeshoheit zur Reformationszeit bei einer Ganerbschaft unter der Führung der v. Lichtenstein auf Geiersberg. 1524 führten sie die Reformation ein.

Dekanat
1809 wurde in Rügheim eine Würzburger Inspektion mit den Pfarreien Birkenfeld, Ditterswind, Ermershausen, Holzhausen, Manau, Rügheim, Schweinshaupten, Unfinden, Oberhohenried und Walchenfeld errichtet. Seit 19. Juni 1802 wurde die Inspektion bayerisch. Seit dem 1. Dezember 1820 ist Rügheim ein Bayerisches Dekanat. Danach kamen Pfarreien von Nachbardekanaten hinzu oder wurden abgegeben. Die letzte große Veränderung fand im Jahr 1975 statt, als das Dekanat Ebern mit Rügheim zusammengelegt wurde.

Kirchengemeinden
Zum Dekanatsbezirk Rügheim gehören folgende 23 Pfarreien, deren 40 Kirchengemeinden und Kirchengebäude:

Literatur
 Historischer Atlas von Bayern Kirchliche Organisation, die evangelische Kirche, Komm. für Bayer. Landesgeschichte, München 1960.
 Historischer Atlas von Bayern Franken Reihe I Heft 13: Hofheim, Komm. für Bayer. Landesgeschichte, 1964.
 Historischer Atlas von Bayern Franken Reihe I Heft 15: Ebern, Komm. für Bayer. Landesgeschichte, München 1964.
 Historischer Atlas von Bayern Franken Reihe I Heft 33: Haßfurt, Komm. für Bayer. Landesgeschichte, München 2003.

Weblinks

 offizielle Website

Einzelnachweise

Hofheim
evang.-luth. Hofheim
Rugheim
Gegründet 1820
Organisation (Landkreis Haßberge)
Christentum im Landkreis Haßberge

Evangelisch-Lutherisches Dekanat Rügheim


11485 Zinzendorf este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
11485 Zinzendorf este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Tautenburg de Freimut Börngen. Asteroidul prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 3,16 ua, o excentricitate de 0,16 și o înclinație de 1,7° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 11001-12000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1988
Centura de asteroizi

11485 Zinzendorf


دي بورمون  (2 سبتمبر 1773 - 30 أكتوبر 1846): كان جنرالا في جيش نابليون بونابرت. عينه شارل العاشر وزيرا للحربية قاد الحملة الفرنسية على الجزائر عزل وعـوضه كوزير على الجزائر.
عشية احتلال فرنسا للجزائر وتوقيع معاهدة الاستسلام قام باصدار بيان يعد فيه الجزائريين ودايهم بحمايته وعدم المساس بممتلكاتهم الذي لم يكن فعليا على ارض الواقع.

احتلال الجزائر

إنزال سيدي فرج (1830)

كان إنزال الفرنسيين في شبه جزيرة سيدي فرج من طرف جيش أفريقيا الفرنسي يقوده الجنرال «دي بورمن» بتكليف من شارل العاشر ملك فرنسا بتاريخ 14 جوان 1830م على بُعد 30 كلم عن قصبة الجزائر يهدف إلى اقتحام خلفي لقلعة مدينة الجزائر التي كانت سمعتها الحصينة معروفة منذ الهجوم الفاشل للقوات البحرية الإسبانية عليها بقيادة كارلوس الخامس ما بين 21 و25 أكتوبر 1541م.

وكان «بيار بيرتيزين» أول قائد عسكري فرنسي ينزل على أرض أفريقيا بتاريخ 14 جوان 1830م حيث استحوذ في نفس اليوم على «البرج التركي» في سيدي فرج الذي كانت تحرسه ما بين 13 و16 قطعة مدفعية من عيار 16 مم بالإضافة إلى قطعتين من الهاون.

فصادف الفرنسيون مجموعة صغيرة من حراس الساحل العاصمي الجزائريين تم التغلب عليهم بسرعة وسهولة، وأمام أخبار تقدم الجيش الفرنسي نحو مدينة الجزائر قام حوالي 1.000 ساكن جزائري بالبدء في مغادرة أسوار القلعة.

وأثناء ذلك قام الداي حسين بجمع جيش مقاومة مكون من جنود الإنكشارية مدعومين بفيالق مستقدَمة من دار السلطان ومن البايات في بايلك الغرب وبايلك التيطري وبايلك الشرق.

وتم وضع هذه القوات الجزائرية تحت قيادة «الآغا إبراهيم» بتعداد بلغ ما بين 30.000 و50.000 جندي مقاوم، رغم أن هؤلاء الرجال لم يكونوا محضرين لمقابلة ومقاومة هذه الحملة الفرنسية المدججة بالأسلحة المتطورة.

وقد كانت عاصفة رعدية قوية هبت على الجنود الفرنسيين بتاريخ 16 جوان 1830م كادت أن تجهز على قوات «بيار بيرتيزين» مثلما فعلت مع قوات كارلوس الخامس من قبل ما بين 21 و25 أكتوبر 1541م.

ففي غضون لحظات قليلة ابتلت ذخائر قوات الاحتلال الفرنسي مما أدى بالجنرال «دي بورمن»، خوفا من هجوم المقاومين الجزائريين في هذه الظروف العصيبة، بأمر جنوده بالتقهقر نحو ساحل سيدي فرج.

إلا أن الجنرال «بيار بيرتيزين» التقى بالجنرال «دي بورمن» حينها ليعطيه ملاحظات حول كون حركة التراجع القهقرى ستكون لها مساوئ أكثر من سلبيات مواصلة التقدم نحو مدينة الجزائر، حتى إن اقتضى الأمر من الجنود استعمال الحراب فلن يترددوا في ذلك لحظة.

فأذعن الجنرال «دي بورمن» لهذا الرأي بعد إصرار الجنرال «بيار بيرتيزين» عليه، وإذا بالقوات الفرنسية تتحرك من جديد صوب قصبة الجزائر.

معركة سطاوالي (1830)

نشبت معركة سطاوالي بين الفرنسيين بقيادة الجنرال «بيار بيرتيزين» والجزائريين بتاريخ 19 جوان 1830م وأدت إلى احتلال سطاوالي.

ذلك أن قوات الاحتلال الفرنسي بقيت ماكثة غير بعيد عن شبه جزيرة سيدي فرج بعد إنزالها بتاريخ 14 جوان 1830م في انتظار وصول عتاد فرض الحصار على قصبة الجزائر قبل اقتحامها، إلا أن هذا العتاد والعدة تأخر قدوم السفن التي تحمله إلى الساحل الجزائري.

أثناء ذلك كانت قوات المقاومة الشعبية ضد الاحتلال الفرنسي تتقوى في إيالة الجزائر قبل أن تتجمع الفيالق المتوافدة من دار السلطان وبايلك الغرب وبايلك التيطري وبايلك الشرق بقيادة زعيم الإنكشارية «الآغا إبراهيم» وأحمد باي القسنطيني على مستوى «مخيم سطاوالي» بتاريخ 15 جوان 1830م مقابل القوات الفرنسية التي واصلت إنزالها من السفن على ساحل سيدي فرج.

وكان باي المدية المدعو حاج علي مصطفى بومرزاق هو النائب المساعد المباشر لقائده «الآغا إبراهيم».

أما عن «فيلق آغا إبراهيم» فكان متكونا من 3.000 إنكشاري تركي، و5.000 كرغلي، و6.000 موريسكي من مدينة الجزائر، وقوات بايلك التيطري، و6.000 زواوي من منطقة القبائل، أي ما مجموعه أكثر من 20.000 جندي جزائري قام فيلقهم بمهاجمة مجموعة الجنرال «بيار بيرتيزين».

وأما بالنسبة لـ«فيلق باي قسنطينة» فقد كان يضم 1.000 إنكشاري تركي، وفيلق قسنطينة، وفيلق وهران، و6.000 زواوي من منطقة القبائل، أي ما مجموعه أكثر من 20.000 جندي جزائري قام فيلقهم بمهاجمة مجموعة الجنرال «نيكولا لوفيردو».

وتم كذلك تدعيم مواقع هؤلاء المقاومين الجزائريين، الذين بلغ تعدادهم بتاريخ 18 جوان 1830م أكثر من 40.000 جندي مقاوم، عبر خطوط دفاع ضد الفرنسيين بواسطة المدافع والهاون.

ولم يكن إنزال القوات الفرنسية قد اكتمل بَعْدُ حتى تم إخبار الجنرال «دي بورمن» بأن القوات المقاوِمة الجزائرية قد نصبت خطا من المدفعية الهجومية غير بعيد عن «مخيم سيدي فرج» أثناء الليلة ما بين 18 و19 جوان 1830م.

فقرر الجنرال «دي بورمن» المبادرة إلى الهجوم على «مخيم سطاوالي» قبل أن يباغتهم هجوم مضاد من المقاوِمين الجزائريين.

وبالفعل، انطلق هجوم المقاومين الجزائريين من «مخيم سطاوالي» على قوات الجنرال «بيار بيرتيزين» عند مطلع فجر يوم 19 جوان 1830م، إلا أن الجنود الفرنسيين استطاعوا صد الهجمة الجزائرية بعد بعض الساعات من الاشتباك.

وكانت نتيجة «معركة سطاوالي» هزيمة الجزائريين واستحواذ الفرنسيين على سلاح مدفعيتهم وعلى «مخيم سطاوالي» أين اتخذوا منه مقر ثكنة استقروا فيها.

معركة سيدي خالف (1830)

تٌُعتبر «معركة سيدي خالف» بتاريخ 24 جوان 1830م ثالثَ مواجهة بين الجزائرينن بقيادة «الآغا إبراهيم» والفرنسيين بقيادة الجنرال «لويس دي بورمن» بعد عشرة أيام من «إنزال سيدي فرج» بتاريخ 14 جوان 1830م.

ذلك أن قوات الاحتلال الفرنسي التي تم إنزالها على ساحل الجزائر أثناء الحملة الفرنسية على الجزائر قد واجهت في منطقة «سيدي خالف»، التي صارت الشراقة بعد ذلك، جنود «الآغا إبراهيم» الذي كان يقود الإنكشاريين التابعين لسلطة الداي حسين.

وقد كانت خسارة الفرنسيين في هذه المعركة متمثلة في 480 جريحا و60 قتيلا ما بين ضابط وجندي من بينهم الابن الثاني من الأبناء الأربعة المرافقين للماريشال «لويس دي بومرن»  في الجزائر، الذي سقط قتيلا، والمسمى «أميدي دي غاسن دي بورمن» .

ولعل هذه المواجهة الدموية بين جنود مملكة فرنسا من جهة، وجنود إيالة الجزائر من جهة أخرى، في منتصف المسافة بين شبه جزيرة سيدي فرج وبين مدينة الجزائر كانت حادثة فاصلة في مسار الاحتلال الفرنسي للجزائر.

سقوط مدينة الجزائر (1830)

تقدم الجنرال «دي بورمن» باتجاه مدينة الجزائر حتى تم حصارها وإسقاطها بتاريخ 5 جويلية 1830م.

وبمناسبة احتلال مدينة الجزائر، قام شارل العاشر ملك فرنسا بإرسال عصا ماريشال فرنسا لمكافأة وترقية الجنرال «لويس دي بورمن» إلى رتبة عسكرية جديدة في الجيش الفرنسي.

الحملات الأخرى

قام الماريشال «دي بورمن» بتنظيم حملات على البليدة وعنابة ووهران في منتصف شهر أوت 1830م.

ÁĐ== مراجع ==

انظر أيضا
 معاهدة دي بورمن

أشخاص من ماين ولوار (إقليم فرنسي)
حاصلون على الصليب الأكبر من وسام جوقة الشرف
سياسيون من استعادة بوربون
سياسيون من وادي اللوار
عسكرية فرنسا
مارشالات فرنسا
مواليد 1773
مواليد في أنجو
وفيات 1846
وفيات 1848
وفيات في أنجو

دي بورمن


Diana Mary Warwick, Baroness Warwick of Undercliffe (born 16 July 1945) is a Labour member of the House of Lords.

Background
Warwick was educated at Bedford College, University of London, BSc Sociology, 1967, now part of Royal Holloway, University of London.

Career
She is former Chair of the Human Tissue Authority. She is also Chair of International Students House, London.

She was Chief Executive of Universities UK for 14 years.

Previously she was General Secretary of the Association of University Teachers from 1983 to 1992 and Chief Executive of the Westminster Foundation for Democracy from 1992 to 1995 and also Chair of Voluntary Service Overseas (VSO).

On 10 July 1999 she was created a life peer as Baroness Warwick of Undercliffe, of Undercliffe in the County of West Yorkshire.

Her husband was Sean Terence Bowes Young (1943-2021), son of the director Terence Young and writer Dorothea Bennett.

References

Alumni of Bedford College, London
Alumni of Royal Holloway, University of London
Warwick of Undercliffe, Diana Warwick, Baroness
Warwick of Undercliffe, Diana Warwick, Baroness
British trade unionists
Life peeresses created by Elizabeth II
Warwick of Undercliffe, Diana Warwick, Baroness
Members of the General Council of the Trades Union Congress


كيفون هي قرية لبنانية من قرى قضاء عاليه في محافظة جبل لبنان. وتقع قرب قرية سوق الغرب و تعتبر من أجمل الأماكن السياحية اللبنانية ..

المراجع

أماكن مأهولة في قضاء عاليه
أماكن مأهولة في لبنان

كيفون


Luciana de Paula Mendes (nascida em 26 de julho de 1971, no Rio de Janeiro) é uma atleta brasileira aposentada que competiu predominantemente nos 400 e 800 metros rasos. Ela representou seu país nos Jogos Olímpicos de Verão de 1996 e 2004, chegando às semifinais em 2004. Ela também ganhou várias medalhas em nível continental.

Seus recordes pessoais nos 800 e 1000 metros rasos são os atuais recordes nacionais.

Recordes em competições

Melhores marcas pessoais

 400 metros – 52,76 (Manaus, 2001)
 600 metros – 1:25.05 (Liège, 2004)
 800 metros – 1:58.27 (Hechtel, 1994)
 1000 metros – 2:36.30 (Bruxelas, 1995)
 1500 metros – 4:20.81 (São Paulo, 2003)

Referências

Atletas olímpicos do Brasil
Atletas nos Jogos Olímpicos de Verão de 2004
Atletas nos Jogos Olímpicos de Verão de 1996
!Wikiconcurso Mulheres Brasileiras no Esporte (artigos)

Luciana Mendes


Alb românesc este un soi autohton de viță-de-vie.

Sinonime: Alb de Cetatea Albă, Alb de Akerman, Alb de Belgorod.

Istoric
Se consideră că a apărut în epoca migraților, sau chiar înainte de acestea, în spațiul cuprins între Carpați și Nistru. Cultivat inițial în diferite părți ale Moldovei, cu timpul soiul a coborât în sud și s-a stabilit în plantațiile viticole din Țara de Jos. Deoarece se găsea mai mult în plantațiile zonei Cetatea Albă, soiul a primit mai întâi numele de Alb de Cetatea Albă. În 1844, ca urmare a cuceririi regiunii de către turci, soiul Alb de Cetatea Albă a devenit Alb de Akkerman. Câteva secole mai târziu, odată cu ocupația rusă la 1812 și cea sovietică la 1940 și 1944, soiul de struguri devine Alb de Belgogrod.

După caracterul morfologic, acesta face parte din același sortogrup (grupare de soiuri înrudite, rezultate prin mutații naturale) cu soiurile albe românești Cruciulița, Galbena Verde, Negru Românesc și Gordin, care astăzi aproape au dispărut din cultură. Alb Românesc are o creștere mică, lăstarii pot ajunge într-un an vegetativ până la 1,5-2 metri. Fiind un soi autofertil, deci neavând nevoie de polen de alte soiuri, el poate fi cultivat în plantații pure. Soiul este foarte productiv, ajungând în condiții normale la 16-20 tone la hectar. Studiile realizate în România au arătat că se poate ajunge aproximativ la o cantitate dublă, chiar și pe soluri nisipoase.

Coacerea are loc în mod normal în cursul lunii septembrie, dar culesul se poate efectua, acolo unde plantațiile sunt situate pe dealuri însorite și bine aerisite, și în luna octombrie. Totuși, în acest timp, strugurii nu își măresc prea mult cantitatea de zaharuri acumulată. Ciorchinii sunt uniaxiali, cilindrici sau cilindro-conici, de obicei aripați, având în medie 14cm lungime. În general, boabele sunt dese, dar nu bătute, au formă sferică, ușor ovoidă. La coacere, culoarea bobului devine verde-gălbui, iar miezul este zemos, nearomat cu gust ierbos. Strugurii acumulează între 140-190 g/l zaharuri, din care se obțin vinuri seci cu o tărie alcoolică mică (8-11 grade) și cu aciditate totală mai ridicată între 4-6 g/l.

Vinurile obținute se pot consuma ca atare sau pot intra în cupaj cu vinuri deficitare în aciditate. Datorită acidității naturale, albul românesc poate constitui un vin materie primă pentru prepararea spumantelor românești. Fiind un vin de cursă lungă, se recomandă la mâncăruri pe bază de pește, cum ar fi pește la grătar, aspic sau rasol. Poate fi asociat de asemenea cu telemea de vacă sau bivoliță. Aceste vinuri obținute din alb românesc constituie, la fel, o materie primă corespunzătoare pentru distilate.

Note

Legături externe
 https://www.vivc.de/index.php?r=passport%2Fview&id=3267
 http://www.eu-vitis.de/index.php

Soiuri de viță-de-vie

Alb românesc


Tomoki Imai (født 29. november 1990) er en japansk fodboldspiller, som spiller for den japanske fodboldklub Matsumoto Yamaga FC.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Japan

Tomoki Imai


John Rylands (7 February 1801 – 11 December 1888) was an English entrepreneur and philanthropist. He was the owner of the largest textile manufacturing concern in the United Kingdom, and Manchester's first multi-millionaire.

After having learned to weave, Rylands became a small-scale manufacturer of hand-looms, while also working in the draper's shop which his father had opened in St Helens. He displayed a "precocious shrewdness" for retailing, and in partnership with his two elder brothers expanded into the wholesale trade. So successful were they that, in 1819, Rylands' father merged his retail business with theirs, creating the firm of Rylands & Sons. At its peak, the company employed a workforce of 15,000 in 17 mills and factories, producing 35 long tons of cloth a day.

Biography

Rylands was the third son of Joseph Rylands, a manufacturer of cotton goods, of St Helens, Lancashire, and his wife Elizabeth (née Pilkington). He was educated at St Helens Grammar School.

His aptitude for trade quickly became obvious and manifested itself early and, before the age of eighteen, he entered into partnership with his elder brothers Joseph and Richard. Their father joined them in 1819, when the firm of Rylands & Sons was established, the seat of operations being established in Wigan. Their manufactures for some years consisted of ginghams, checks, ticks, dowlases, calicoes and linens.

John, the youngest partner, occupied himself with travelling over several counties for orders until 1823, when he opened a warehouse for the firm in Manchester. Business increased rapidly, and in the course of a few years extensive properties at Wigan, along with dye works and bleach works, were purchased. Valuable seams of coal were afterwards discovered under these properties, and proved a great source of wealth to the purchasers.

In 1825 the firm became merchants as well as manufacturers, and about the same time they erected a new spinning mill. The Ainsworth mills, near Bolton, and other factories were subsequently acquired.

Joseph and Richard retired around 1839 and the death of their father in July 1847 made John Rylands sole proprietor. The business continued to expand and in 1849 a warehouse was opened in Wood Street, London.

A great fire occurred at the Manchester warehouse in 1854 but the loss, although very large, was speedily repaired. By 1864 the warehouses were seven storeys high and extended all the way along New High Street (now High Street) in Manchester: "they had become the summit of the firm's hierarchical organization, the seat of its central power and the goal of all ambitious employees" (D. A. Farnie, in "John Rylands of Manchester", 1973).

In 1873, Rylands converted his business into a limited company but he retained sole management of it. The extra capital from this move led to the purchase of more mills and the company entered into fresh business in many quarters of the globe. The firm, which had a capital of £2 million, became the largest textile manufacturing concern in the UK. His business made him Manchester's first multi-millionaire. He employed 15,000 people in his 17 mills and factories, which produced 35 long tons (39 short tons) of cloth a day.

From 1857, John Rylands lived at Longford Hall, in Stretford, an Italianate mansion he built on the site of an earlier house. In 2009 the local council placed a "blue plaque" at the site of Longford Hall to commemorate John and Enriqueta Rylands.

He was a liveryman of the Worshipful Company of Curriers.

Public works

Rylands was retired and reserved except in the company of his friends, and always shrank from public office of any kind, although he was not indifferent to public interests. He was politically liberal in his enterprises. When the Manchester Ship Canal was mooted, and there seemed a doubt as to the ways and means for the enterprise, he took up £50,000 worth of shares, increasing his contribution when the project appeared again in danger. Rylands was a Congregationalist, with leanings to the Baptist form of faith. He was of an ecumenical spirit and hoped that sectarian differences would tend to decrease: a number of Union Chapels (including one in Stretford and two in Manchester) were supported by him. His charities were numerous but unobtrusive. Among other benefactions he established and maintained orphanages, homes for aged gentlewomen, a home of rest for ministers of slender means, and he provided a town hall, public baths, library and a coffeehouse in the town of Stretford, where he lived. He also built an institute for the benefit of the villagers of Havenstreet on the Isle of Wight, where Rylands passed some of his later years from 1882, having built a house named Longford there after his mainland estate. His donations to the poor of Rome were so generous as to induce the king to decorate him in 1880 with the Order of the Crown of Italy.

For many years he employed the Rev. F. Bugby, John Gaskin, and other competent scholars to prepare special editions of the Bible and religious works which he printed for free distribution. These included:
The Holy Bible, arranged in numbered paragraphs, 1863, 4to, 1272 pages, with an excellent index in a separate volume of 277 pages. Two subsequent editions were printed in 1878 and 1886.
Diodati's Italian Testament, similarly arranged and indexed, printed for distribution in Italy.
Ostervald's French Testament, arranged on a similar plan.
Hymns of the Church Universal, with Prefaces, Annotations, and Indexes, Manchester, 1885, pp. 604, royal 8vo; a selection from a collection made by Rylands of sixty thousand hymns.

Marriages and death

He married three times: first, in 1825, Dinah, daughter of W. Raby of Ardwick, Manchester (by her he had six children, none of whom survived him); secondly in 1848, Martha, widow of Richard Carden; and thirdly in 1875, Enriqueta Augustina, the eldest surviving daughter of Stephen Cattley Tennant.

Rylands's widow erected in Manchester a permanent memorial of her husband in the John Rylands Library, of which the famous Althorp Library, purchased by her from Earl Spencer in 1892, and Lord Crawford's manuscripts, purchased by her in 1901, form part of the contents. The library was inaugurated on 6 October 1899, when Mrs Rylands received the Freedom of the City of Manchester. The first day of opening was 1 January 1900. A posthumous grant of arms to John Rylands was obtained in 1893 in which the arms of Tennant are impaled with those of Rylands.

Rylands died at his home, Longford Hall, on 11 December 1888, at the age of 87. He was buried in the Southern Cemetery, Manchester: a fine tomb was erected over the vault and his widow was buried there in 1908. The tomb was designed by C. H. Heathcote and completed in 1892. The elaborate superstructure of the tomb which included four angels was taken down in 1927 after it was vandalised and the bronze railings were stolen in 1967.

The tomb has several Bible texts inscribed upon it which reflect his deep Christian faith:
1. "Redeemed with the precious blood of Christ." (1 Peter 1:18-19)
2. "They shall be mine saith the Lord of Hosts In that day when I make up my jewels." (Malachi 3:17)
3. "Looking for the mercy of our Lord Jesus Christ unto eternal life." (Jude 1:21)
4. "Kept by the power of God through faith unto salvation." (1 Peter 1:5)
5. "The Lord stood with me and strengthened me." (2 Timothy 4:17).
6. "Not slothful in business, fervent in spirit serving the Lord." (Romans 12:11).

His estate, the bulk of which was left to his wife Enriqueta, was valued at £2,574,922 (£ as of ), greater than that left by any other cotton manufacturer to that time.

See also

Rylands v Fletcher, an important case in the law of tort

References

Notes

Bibliography

Further reading
Greenwood, Walter (1951) Lancashire. London: Robert Hale ("John Rylands", pp. 197–202)
Glasgow, Eric. "Manchester's John Rylands Library", 2000

1801 births
1888 deaths
British textile industry businesspeople
People from St Helens, Merseyside
English Congregationalists
Businesspeople from Lancashire
English philanthropists
British weavers
Curriers' Company
Burials in Greater Manchester
Recipients of the Order of the Crown (Italy)
19th-century British philanthropists
19th-century English businesspeople
John Rylands Research Institute and Library
Burials at Southern Cemetery, Manchester

John Rylands


Nur Jahan, born Mehr-un-Nissa (Persian: نورجهان, ;  – 18 December 1645) was the twentieth wife and chief consort of the Mughal emperor Jahangir.

More decisive and proactive than her husband, Nur Jahan is considered by certain historians to have been the real power behind the throne for more than a decade. Wielding a level of power and influence unprecedented for a Mughal empress, she was granted honours and privileges never enjoyed by any of her predecessors or successors like issuing having coinage struck in her name. Her pre-eminence was in part made possible by her husband Jahangir's addiction to hunting, alcohol and opium and his frequent ill-health.

Birth and early life (1577–1594)

Nur Jahan was born as Mehr-un-Nissa (1577) in Kandahar, present-day Afghanistan, into a family of Persian nobility and was the second daughter and fourth child of the Persian aristocrat Mirza Ghiyas Beg and his wife Asmat Begum. Both of Nur Jahan's parents were descendants of illustrious families – Ghiyas Beg from Muhammad Sharif and Asmat Begum from the Aqa Mulla clan. Her paternal grandfather, Khwaja Muhammad Sharif, was first a wazir to Tatar Sultan the governor of Khurasan, and later was in the service of Shah Tahmasp, who made him the wazir of Isfahan, in recognition of his excellent service. For unknown reasons, Ghiyas Beg's family had suffered a reversal in fortunes in 1577 and soon found circumstances in their homeland intolerable. Hoping to improve his family's fortunes, Ghiyas Beg chose to relocate to India where the Emperor Akbar's court was said to be at the centre of the growing trade industry and cultural scene.

Halfway along their route the family was attacked by robbers who took from them their remaining meager possessions. Left with only two mules, Ghiyas Beg, his pregnant wife, and their two children (Muhammad Sharif, Asaf Khan) were forced to take turns riding on the backs of the animals for the remainder of their journey. When the family arrived in Kandahar, Asmat Begum gave birth to their second daughter. The family was so impoverished they feared they would be unable to take care of the newborn baby. Fortunately, the family was taken in by a caravan led by the merchant noble Malik Masud, who would later assist Ghiyas Beg in finding a position in the service of Emperor Akbar. Believing that the child had signaled a change in the family's fate, she was named Mehr-un-Nissa or 'Sun among Women'. Her father Ghiyas Beg began his career in India, after being given a mansab of 300 in 1577. Thereafter he was appointed diwan (treasurer) for the province of Kabul. Due to his astute skills at conducting business, he quickly rose through the ranks of the high administrative officials. For his excellent work he was awarded the title of Itimad-ud-Daula or 'Pillar of the State' by the emperor.

As a result of his work and promotions, Ghiyas Beg was able to ensure that Mehr-un-Nissa (the future Nur Jahan) would have the best possible education. She became well-versed in Arabic and Persian languages, art, literature, music and dance. The poet and author Vidya Dhar Mahajan would later praise Nur Jahan as having a piercing intelligence, a volatile temper and sound common sense.

Marriage to Sherafgun (1594–1607)
In 1594, when Nur Jahan was seventeen years old, she married her first husband Ali Quli Istajlu (also known as Sherafgun Khan). Sherafgun was an adventurous Persian who had been forced to flee his home in Persia after the demise of his first master Shah Ismail II. He later joined the Mughal army and served under the Emperors Akbar and Jahangir. As a reward for his loyal service, Akbar arranged Nur Jahan's marriage with Sherafgun. Their only child together, a daughter, Mihr-un-Nissa Begum, popularly known as Ladli Begum, was born in 1605. While participating in a military campaign in Mewar under Prince Salim, Ali Quli Istajlu was bestowed the title of Sherafgun or "Tiger Tosser". Sherafgun's role in the rout of the Rana of Udaipur inspired this reward, but his exact actions were not recorded by contemporaries. A popular explanation is that Sherafgun saved Salim from an angry tigress. The title has been sometimes misquoted in English history of the Mughals as 'Sherafghun', which would have a different meaning.

In 1607, Sherafgun was killed after it was rumoured he had refused to obey a summons from the Governor of Bengal, took part in anti-state activities and attacked the governor when he came to escort Sherafgan to court. Some have suspected Jahangir of arranging Sherafgun's death because the latter was said to have fallen in love with Nur Jahan and had been denied the right to add her to his harem. The validity of this rumour is uncertain as Jahangir only married Nur Jahan in 1611, four years after she came to his court. Furthermore, contemporary accounts offer few details as to whether or not a love affair existed prior to 1611 and historians have questioned Jahangir's logic in bestowing honours upon Sherafgun if he wished to see him removed from the picture. The tomb, still in existence at Purana/Puratan Chawk in Bardhaman in present-day West Bengal, says that there was a battle between Sherafgan and Qutubuddin Koka, the then Mughal Subahdar of Bengal and the foster brother of Jahangir in Burdwan in 1610 AD in which both of them died and were buried there at the tomb of Pir Baharam Sakka (died in 1563). Sherafgun Khan was probably the appointed faujdar in Burdwan. This contradicts the fact that Sherafgan was murdered in the year 1607.

As Mughal Empress

Lady-in-waiting to Ruqaiya Sultan Begum (1607–1611)
After her husband Sher Afgan was killed in 1607, Nur Jahan and her daughter, Ladli Begum, were summoned to Agra by Jahangir for their protection and acted as lady-in-waiting to the Ruqaiya Sultan Begum, who had been one of the chief wives of the late Emperor Akbar. Given the precarious political connections of Sher Afgan before his death, his family would be in certain danger with him gone from those seeking to avenge Qutbuddin's murder. For her protection, then, Nur Jahan needed to be at the Mughal court in Agra, she was brought back in honour (presumably because of her father's position at court) was clear from her new post with Ruqaiya Sultan Begum. It was under Ruqaiya's care that Nur Jahan was able to spend time with her parents and occasionally visit the apartments where the emperor's women lived.

Nur Jahan served as lady-in-waiting to the Dowager Empress for four years. The relationship that grew between Nur Jahan and Ruqaiya appears to have been an extremely tender one. The Dutch merchant and travel writer Pieter van den Broecke, described their relationship in his Hindustan Chronicle, "This Begum [Ruqaiya] conceived a great affection for Mehr-un-Nissa [Nur Jahan]; she loved her more than others and always kept her in her company."

Marriage to Jahangir (1611–1627)

Nur Jahan and Jahangir have been the subject of much interest over the centuries and there are innumerable legends and stories about their relationship. Many stories allege an early affection between Nur Jahan and Emperor Jahangir before Nur Jahan's first marriage in 1594. One variation recounts that they were in love when Nur Jahan was seventeen years old, but their relationship was blocked by Emperor Akbar. However more modern scholarship has led to doubts about the existence of a prior relationship between Nur Jahan and Jahangir.

Jahangir's proposal and marriage
In 1611, Nur Jahan met Emperor Jahangir at the palace's meena bazaar during the spring festival of Nowruz which celebrated the coming of the new year, Jahangir proposed immediately and they were married on 25 May of the same year (Wednesday, 12th Rabi-ul-Awwal, 1020 AH/ 25 May 1611 AD). Nur Jahan was thirty-four years old at the time of her second marriage and she would be Jahangir's twentieth and last legal wife. According to some accounts they had two children, while others report the couple remained childless. Incomplete records and Jahangir's abundant number of children, obscure efforts to distinguish individual identities and maternity. This confusion is shown by later sources mistakenly identifying Nur Jahan as the mother of Shah Jahan. Jahangir's wife, Jagat Gosain, a Rajput princess, was, in reality, Shah Jahan's mother.

Jahangir gave her the title of Nur Mahal () upon their marriage in 1611 and Nur Jahan () five years later in 1616. Jahangir's affection and trust in Nur Jahan led to her wielding a great deal of power in affairs of state. Jahangir's addiction to opium and alcohol made it easier for Nur Jahan to exert her influence. His trust in her was so great that he gave her the highest symbol of power and determination of the decrees of the empire – his imperial seal, implying that her perusal and consent were necessary before any document or order received legal validity. So for many years, she wielded imperial power and was recognized as the real force behind the Mughal throne.

Jahangir entrusted her with Shah Jahan and Mumtaz Mahal's second son, Prince Shah Shuja, upon his birth in 1616. This new responsibility was given to her due to her high rank, political clout and Jahangir's affection for her. It was also an honour for the empress as Shuja was a special favourite of his grandfather.

Family advancements and consolidating power
After Sher Afgan's death, Nur Jahan's family was again found in a less than honourable or desired position. Her father was at that time, a diwan to an Amir-ul-Umra, decidedly not a very high post. In addition, both her father and one of her brothers were surrounded by scandal as the former was accused of embezzlement and the latter of treason. Her fortunes took a turn for the better when she married Jahangir. The Mughal state gave absolute power to the emperor, and those who exercised influence over the emperor gained immense influence and prestige. Nur Jahan was able to convince her husband to pardon her father and appoint him Prime Minister. To consolidate her position and power within the Empire, Nur Jahan placed various members of her family in high positions throughout the court and administrative offices. Her brother Asaf Khan was appointed grand Wazir (minister) to Jahangir.

Furthermore, to ensure her continued connections to the throne and the influence which she could obtain from it, Nur Jahan arranged for her daughter Ladli to marry Jahangir's youngest son, Shahryar. This wedding ensured that one way or another, the influence of Nur Jahan's family would extend over the Mughal Empire for at least another generation.

Administration of the Mughal Empire

Nur Jahan was fond of hunting and often went on hunting tours with her husband and was known for her boldness in hunting ferocious tigers. She is reported to have slain four tigers with six bullets during one hunt. According to Sir Syed Ahmad Khan this feat, inspired a poet to declaim a spontaneous couplet in her honor:

Nur Jahan's administrative skills proved invaluable during her regency as she defended the Empire's borders in her husband's absence and navigated family feuds, rebel uprisings, and a war of succession brought on by the failure of Jahangir to name an heir before he died on 28 October 1627.

In 1626, Emperor Jahangir was captured by rebels while on his way to Kashmir. The rebel leader Mahabat Khan had hoped to stage a coup against Jahangir. Riding into battle atop a war elephant, Nur Jahan intervened herself to get her husband released. She ordered the ministers to organize an attack on the enemy in order to rescue the Emperor; she would lead one of the units by administering commands from on top of a war elephant. During the battle Nur Jahan's mount was hit and the soldiers of the imperial army fell at her feet. Realizing her plan had failed Nur Jahan surrendered to Mahabat Khan and was placed in captivity with her husband. Unfortunately for the rebels, Mahabat Khan failed to recognize the creativity and intellect of Nur Jahan as she soon was able to organize an escape and raise an army right under his very nose. Shortly after being rescued, Jahangir died on 28 October 1627.

Quest for retention of Power
In 1620, Nur Jahan, in order to secure her power in the Mughal court after the decline of her husband, Jahangir's health, offered the marriage proposal of her daughter to the charismatic Khusrau Mirza with the affirmation of bringing him back to power. He was the first choice of Nur Jahan for the marriage of her daughter, Ladli Begum as he was the favorite of common people who desperately wanted to see him on the throne and was highly backed by the revered people of the Mughal Court owing to his exceptional capabilities and talent. However, the Prince in an effort to uphold the fidelity to his chief wife refused the marriage proposal though his wife begged him to accept the proposal and subsequently, this proposal was passed on to Prince Khurram upon whose refusal it was finally passed to and accepted by Shahryar Mirza.

Tensions between Nur Jahan and Jahangir's third son, the crowned Prince Khurram and future Shah Jahan, had been uneasy from the start. Prince Khurram resented the influence Nur Jahan held over his father and was angered at having to play second fiddle to her favourite Shahryar, his half-brother and her son-in-law. When the Persians besieged Kandahar, Nur Jahan was at the helm of the affairs. She corresponded with Kösem Sultan, Valide Sultan and regent of the Ottoman Empire. Nur Jahan attempted, with the support of the Ottomans and the Uzbeks, to form a coalition against the Safavids. However, her efforts did not succeed. She ordered Prince Khurram to march for Kandahar, but he refused. As a result of Prince Khurram's refusal to obey Nur Jahan's orders, Kandahar was lost to the Persians after a forty-five-day siege. Prince Khurram feared that in his absence Nur Jahan would attempt to poison his father against him and convince Jahangir to name Shahryar the heir in his place. This fear brought Prince Khurram to rebel against his father rather than fight against the Persians. In 1622 Prince Khurram raised an army and marched against his father and Nur Jahan. The rebellion was quelled by Jahangir's forces and the prince was forced to surrender unconditionally. Although he was forgiven for his errors in 1626, tensions between Nur Jahan and her stepson would continue to grow underneath the surface.

Jahangir died on 28 October 1627 and his death sparked a war of succession between his remaining sons, Prince Khurram who was proclaimed as Shah Jahan by Jahangir and Prince Shahryar who was backed by Nur Jahan being her son-in-law. Jahangir's eldest son Khusrau had rebelled against the Emperor, was partially blinded as a result and was later killed by Prince Khurram during an uprising in Deccan. Jahangir's second son, Parviz, was weak and addicted to alcohol. Afraid to lose her powers and influence in the Mughal court if Shah Jahan would succeed her husband, she backed her son-in-law, Shahryar Mirza, whom she believed could be easily manipulated thus retaining influence in the Mughal court. She wished for her daughter, Ladli Begum, to become Empress after her. During the first half of the war it appeared as though Shahryar and Nur Jahan might turn out to be the victors; however, the two were thwarted by Nur Jahan's brother, Asaf Khan. Asaf Khan, who was also the father of Mumtaz Mahal, sided with Shah Jahan. While Asaf Khan forced Nur Jahan into confinement, Shah Jahan defeated Shahryar's troops and ordered his execution. In 1628, Shah Jahan became the new Mughal emperor.

Later years and death (1628–1645)

Nur Jahan was put under house arrest by her brother on the orders of new Emperor Shah Jahan and spent the remainder of her life confined in Lahore with her young widowed daughter, Ladli Begum, and her granddaughter. The three of them lived a simple and austere life.

She was granted an annual amount of 2 lakhs rupees by Shah Jahan. During this period she oversaw the completion of her father's mausoleum in Agra, which she started in 1622 and is now known as Itmad- ud- daulah's tomb. The tomb served as the inspiration for the Taj Mahal, unarguably the zenith of Mughal architecture, the construction of which began in 1632 and which Nur Jahan must have heard about before she died. Nur Jahan died on 17 December 1645 at age 68. She is buried at her tomb in Shahdara Bagh in Lahore, which she had built herself. Upon her tomb is inscribed the epitaph "On the grave of this poor stranger, let there be neither lamp nor rose. Let neither butterfly's wing burn nor nightingale sing". Her brother Asaf Khan's tomb is also located nearby. Her daughter, Ladli Begum was buried beside her in her mausoleum after her death.

Patron of the arts and architecture
According to the Dutch traveller Pelaert her patronage of architecture was extensive, as he notes, "She erects very expensive buildings in all directions- "sarais", or halting places for travellers and merchants, and pleasure gardens and palaces such that no one has seen before" (Pelsaert, pp 50). In 1620, Nur Jahan commissioned a large "sarai" in Jalandhar district twenty-five miles southeast of Sultanpur. It was such an important "sarai" that, according to Shujauddin, " 'Serai Noor Mahal' in local idiom meant some spacious and important edifice."

Tomb of Itimaaduddaula
Itimaaduddaula died in January 1622, and his tomb has been generally attributed to Nur Jahan. The tomb took six years to finish (1622-1628), and was built at an enormous cost. It was built in Itimadaduddaula's own garden, on the eastern bank of the Yamuna across from Agra. The building is square measuring sixty nine feet on each side, with four octagonal towers rising up one at each corner. The central Vault inside the tomb contain the cenotaphs of Itimadduddaula and his wife, Nur Jahan's mother Asmat Begum. The walls in the central chamber are decorated with paintings set in deep niches. According to Vincent Smith the pietra dura of Itimadadudddaula's tomb was one of the earliest true examples of the technique in India. Nur Jahan also built the Pattar Masjid at Srinagar, and her own tomb at Lahore.

Textiles
According to legend, Nur Jahan is purported to have made contributions to almost every type of fine and practical art. In many cases the attributions can be traced back to Khafi Khan, who according to Ellison Banks Findly, "seems to have been in the business of re-creating Nur Jahan's talents and accomplishments beyond all realistic possibility."

Nur Jahan was very creative and had a good fashion sense, and she is credited for many textile materials and dresses like nurmahali dress and fine cloths like Panchtoliya badla (silver-threaded brocade), kinari (silver-threaded lace), etc. Nur Jahan is also credited with popularizing farsh-i-chandani, a style of sandalwood colored carpeting.

In popular culture
Literature
Nur Jahan is  in what is termed a light rhapsody in Thomas Moore's Lalla Rookh (1817).
Nur Jahan is the subject of Letitia Elizabeth Landon's short sketch  with an illustration by H. Meadows in Heath's Book of Beauty, 1837.
Nur Jahan is a prominent character in Alex Rutherford's novel The Tainted Throne which is the fourth book of the Empire of the Moghul series.
Novelist Indu Sundaresan has written three books revolving around the life of Nur Jahan. The Taj Mahal trilogy includes The Twentieth Wife (2002), The Feast of Roses (2003) and Shadow Princess (2010).
Harold Lamb's historical novel Nur Mahal (1935) is based on the life of Nur Jahan.
Nur Jahan's Daughter (2005) written by Tanushree Poddar, provides an insight into the life and journey of Nur Jahan from being a widow to the Empress and after, as seen from the perspective of her daughter.
Nur Jahan is a character in Ruchir Gupta's historical novel Mistress of the Throne (2014, ).
Nur Jahan is a major character in 1636: Mission to the Mughals, by Eric Flint and Griffin Barber, (2017, ) a volume of the Ring of Fire alternate history hypernovel.
Nur Jahan is a character in the novel Taj, a Story of Mughal India by Timeri Murari.

Films and Television
Patience Cooper essayed the role of the empress in the biographical drama film Nurjehan (1923) by J.J. Madan.
Jillo Bai portrayed Nur Jahan in the 1931 silent movie Noor Jahan.
Nur Jahan was portrayed by Naseem Banu in Sohrab Modi's film Pukar (1939).
Actress Noor portrayed Empress Nur Jahan in Nandlal Jaswantlal's film Anarkali (1953).
Mehrunnissa/Nur Jahan was portrayed by actress Veena in M. Sadiq's film Taj Mahal (1963).
Meena Kumari portrayed Noor Jahan / Meharunnisa in the 1967 movie Noor Jahan, a dream project of Sheikh Mukhtar, directed by M. Sadiq.
 Pooja Batra portrayed Empress Nur Jahan in the 2005 historical film Taj Mahal: An Eternal Love story.
Gauri Pradhan played the title role of Nur Jahan in the television series Noorjahan which aired on DD National during 2000–2001.
Siyaasat (2015), a historical drama which aired on The EPIC Channel, depicted the love story of Nur Jahan and Jahangir. It was based on the novel The Twentieth Wife by Indu Sundaresan. Jannat Zubair Rahmani and Charu Shankar portrayed Mehrunnissa/Nur Jahan.
Sauraseni Maitra portrays the role of Mehrunnisa in the second season of ZEE5's web series Taj: Divided by Blood, while Sauyma Setia portrayed the younger version in the previous season.

See also
Achabal Gardens
Serai Nurmahal
Tomb of I'timād-ud-Daulah
Panchtoliya
Nurmahali Dress

References

Further reading
Islamic Republic News Agency, "Iran India relations span centuries marked by meaningful interactions". 2014. irna.ir
 Nur Jahan: Empress of Mughal India, by Ellison Banks Findly, Oxford University Press US. 2000. .excerpts online
 Chopra, R. M., "Eminent Poetesses of Persian", 2010, Iran Society, Kolkata.
 Sundaresan, I. (2002). The twentieth wife. New York: Pocket Books.
 Sundaresan, I. (2002). Power behind the veil.
 Lal, R. (2018). Empress: The Astonishing Reign of Nur Jahan. New York: W W Norton.
What'sHerName Podcast (2018). THE EMPRESS: Interview with Nur Jahan biographer Ruby Lal.

Lal, Ruby (2018). Empress: The Astonishing Reign of Nur Jahan. W. W. Norton.

External links

1570s births
1645 deaths
Wives of Jahangir
Queens consort of India
People from Kandahar
Indian women in war
17th-century Indian Muslims
Indian people of Iranian descent
16th-century Indian women
16th-century Indian people
17th-century Indian women
16th-century Iranian women
Iranian emigrants to the Mughal Empire
Indian Shia Muslims
People from Lahore

Nur Jahan


Albin Pelak (født 9. april 1981) er en tidligere bosnisk fodboldspiller.

Bosnien-Hercegovinas fodboldlandshold

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Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Bosnien-Hercegovina

Albin Pelak