(or 4L4Y, , Anak Jablay or , ) is an Indonesian pop culture phenomenon. It is a stereotype describing something "tacky" () and/or "cheesy" (). The Alay culture phenomena spans a wide array of styles in music, dress, and messaging. It has often been compared to that of the Jejemon phenomenon originating from the Philippines, and Harajuku from Japan. Although, the former emerged much later and the latter was even admired in the West.

Etymology
The word "Alay" or "Alayen" or "Sharon Alay" has no exact meaning or obvious derivation. Various definitions of alay are offered. One theory that is widely accepted is that "Alay" comes from the term "" (Indonesian: Kiteflyer), a pejorative describing someone having certain attributes from spending most of their time outside and getting sunburnt (e.g. reddened hair and skin). Kites are also considered as cheap entertainment to the middle and lower class in modern Indonesia, stereotyping alay as a part of that class.

Characteristics

Writing style
 (Indonesian: Tulisan alay) is a form of the Indonesian language that has undergone "excessive leet transformation". Contrary to the popular belief that it is "destroying" the national language, grammatical standards are met in contrast to the modern Indonesian slang language. Similar to the jejebets, alay texts offer an alternative in compressing words so that they are under the 160 character-limit in text messages, often to the point that they are impossible to read. Rules in capitalization are mostly ignored.

Alay text may have originated from the method of making strong passwords for internet accounts, which requires combinations of small and capital letters, numbers, as well as special characters. Normally, to keep the password meaningful and easy to remember, the password would consist of normal words, where some letters are capitalized or substituted with numbers (e.g. the letter a with 4, the letter o with 0). Soon this becomes a habit in writing text in general, and improved with mixing English and Indonesian in one sentence.

Confusing text that could not be understood properly and probably has no meaning (except for the writer), is also considered as Alay Text. This type of text usually contains information of the writer's mood and feelings, it is also common for the text to contain the writer's own philosophy on certain topics such as love, heart break, and relationships.

According to The Jakarta Post, a high school student from East Java initiated the trend and shot to fame after her writings were discussed in forums and blogs not because they were great, but they were in "code". Her approach in writing attracted a lot of attention, with some people reproducing her writings in forums and blogs.

See also
 Indonesian slang
 Jejemon
 Ah Beng

References

Counterculture
Internet slang
Indonesian culture
Indonesian words and phrases

Alay


Nando Motta é um cantor, ator, ilustrador e chargista brasileiro.

Biografia

Nando Motta começou sua carreira de cantor, compositor e instrumentista em 1997. Participou de algumas bandas e fez shows no Brasil e no exterior, mas seu maior destaque na área foi a participação na segunda temporada do programa de TV The Voice Brasil, em 2003. No mesmo período também trabalhou como ator, tendo participado de algumas montagens teatrais, como O Homem de la Mancha e Rio Mais Brasil, entre outras.

Em 2017, Nando se casou com a cantora Jullie, que conhecera durante o The Voice Brasil. Eles haviam se reencontrado em 2016, três anos após o fim do programa, e começaram um relacionamento, tendo inclusive criado nesta época o show "Duamô", no qual se apresentavam juntos com músicas de suas carreiras solo e novas composições feitas em conjunto.

Embora já tivesse feito alguns trabalhos de ilustração anteriormente, foi apenas em 2018 que Nando começou a trabalhar efetivamente como chargista. Seus primeiros trabalhos foram apresentados no portal jornalístico Brasil 247, onde passou a publicar regularmente suas charges, que têm foco principalmente em questões políticas e sociais.

Em 2021, o empresário Luciano Hang processou Nando por causa de uma charge em que personagens de filme de terror o chamam de monstro devido às alegações de que Hang fraudara a causa da morte da mãe, que havia sido internada com Covid-19 em um hospital da Prevent Senior, empresa acusada de usar remédios comprovadamente ineficazes no tratamento da doença. O processo motivou um movimento semelhante ao da Charge Continuada, no qual, no ano anterior, diversos chargistas (incluindo Nando) reproduziram uma charge de Renato Aroeira que fora alvo de um pedido de abertura de inquérito por associar o presidente Jair Bolsonaro ao nazismo. Iniciado pelo próprio Aroeira, vários artistas passaram a divulgar suas versões da charge de Nando com a hashtag #somostodosnandomotta.

Em 2022, a editora Quadriculando lançou o livro Desenhos do Nando, reunindo quase 100 charges do artista. A obra tem prefácio da jornalista Gisele Federicce, posfácio de Miguel Paiva e texto das orelhas de Renato Aroeira. O livro foi viabilizado por financiamento coletivo pela plataforma Catarse.

Desde 2020 é chargista do portal Brasil 247.

Prêmios

Em 2020, Nando Motta ganhou o Prêmio Vladimir Herzog na categoria "Prêmio Destaque Vladimir Herzog Continuado" ao lado de outros 109 cartunistas que participaram do movimento "Charge Continuada", que consistiu na recriação por centenas de artistas de uma charge de Renato Aroeira que fora alvo de um pedido de investigação pelo governo brasileiro por associar o presidente Jair Bolsonaro com o nazismo. Em 2022, também ganhou o Prêmio Angelo Agostini de melhor cartunista, chargista ou caricaturista.

Ligações externas

Autores de banda desenhada do Brasil
Participantes de The Voice Brasil
Homens ganhadores do Prêmio Angelo Agostini

Nando Motta


المياه المتجددة هي كمية المياه السطحية، التي توفرها الأنهار والوديان والضايات خلال السنة ويتأثر منسوبها بالتساقطات السنوية، وتعتبر المياه الجوفية كذلك مياه متجددة شريطة أن يتم تجديدها من خلال تغذيتها بمصادر مياه خارجية).

وبتعريف آخر المياه المتجددة هي تلك المياه السطحية أو الجوفية المتاحة للاستعمال البشري من خلال مدة زمنية (سنوية أو بضع سنين)، وترتبط عادة بمعدل التساقطات السنوية.

يمكن الاستفادة من المياه السطحية أو الجوفية المتجددة بتجميعها في منخفضات عن طريق بناء السدود في مشَاريع الريّ.

أمثلة عن المياه المتجددة

تعتبر مياه الأنهار والبحيرات بشكل عام مياه متجددة، ونفس الشيء بالنسبة للمياه الجوفية التي تغذيها التساقطات المطرية مباشرة أو تغذيها الأنهار والثلوج بشكل دوري (سنوي)، تعتبر أيضا مياه متجددة.

فيما تعتبر المياه الجوفية العميقة المختزنة في باطن الأرض منذ آلاف السنين، مياها غير متجددة، لأنه لا يتم تغذيتها بمنابع خارجية لها بمياه جديدة، سواء بالأمطار أو الوديان مثلا أو غيرها من السبل الطبيعية المتاحة.

معالجة مياه الصرف الصحي

وهي تقنية تستعمل في بعض بلدان العالم التي تعاني من شح كبير في معدل الأمطار ومصادر المياه المتجددة، ونتيجة لتزايد السكان والتوسع الحضري، ارتفع الطلب على المياه الصالحة للشرب والري وفي المجال الصناعي، في مقابل ارتفاع وتزايد كمية مياه الصرف الصحي.

وقد تم إعداد دراسات وتطوير تقنيات للإستفادة من المياه المعالجة من قنوات الصرف الصحي وإعادة تدويرها، وذلك بغرض تخفيف الضغط والعبء على المياه السطحية والمياه الصالحة المستعملة للشرب والريّ الفلاحي، وذلك في المجال الصناعي وكذلك لري المساحات الخضراء والمتنزهات.

التوزيع الجغرافي

يعرف توزيع المياه المتجددة اختلافا متباينا في العالم بين شماله وجنوبه وأقطاره وأقاليمه وقاراته، وحسب تداخل عدة عوامل أهمها مناخية إضافة إلى الموقع الجغرافي بين خطوط الطول وخطوط العرض وغيرها من العوامل الطبيعية والبشرية. إذ تكثر هذه المياه في بعض المناطق مثل جنوب شرق آسيا كبنغلادش واندونيسيا وأورروبا وأمريكا الشمالية وحوض الأمازون، بينما تقل أو تنعدم تقريبا في بعض المناطق الجافة أو شبه الجافة كالصحراء الكبرى بإفريفيا والقرن الإفريفي والخليج العربي ومنطقة الشرق الأوسط عموما.

هذه قائمة الدول حسب مجموع موارد المياه المتجددة مأخوذة مجملاً من كتاب حقائق العالم  وصل إليه بتاريخ يونيو 2008.

انظر أيضا

 قائمة الدول حسب مصادر المياه العذبة
 ماء عذب
 ماء
 مياه جوفية
 جفاف

مراجع

إدارة الموارد المائية
قوائم الدول
ماء


Shugart Associates war ein Hersteller und Entwicklerfirma von Computerperipherie in Sunnyvale, Kalifornien, welche Mitte der 1970er Jahre das 5¼-Zoll-Diskettensystem unter der Markenbezeichnung minifloppy am Markt einführte und in den Folgejahren den Markt für 5¼-Zoll-Diskettenlaufwerke dominierte. Zu der Zeit waren größere 8-Zoll-Diskettensysteme üblich.

Shugart Associates wurde 1973 von Alan Shugart gegründet und von ihm bis 1977 geleitet. Im Jahr 1977 wurde die Firma an Xerox verkauft, 1979 schied Alan Shugart aus der Firma aus. 1980 erfolgt die Umbenennung in Shugart Corporation, 1985 verkaufte Xerox die Shugart Corporation an die Narlinger Group, der die Firma unter dem Namen Shugart bis Anfang der 1990er Jahre weiter betrieb.

Geschichte
Alan Shugart hatte 1973 den Geschäftsplan mit Risikokapital ein ähnliches EDV-System wie das System IBM-3740 von IBM zu bauen. Er wollte, um konkurrenzfähig zu sein, dafür nötige Komponenten wie Drucker oder Diskettenlaufwerke selbst kostengünstiger entwickeln und in Folge produzieren. Jedoch konnte er auch zwei Jahre später kein funktionsfähiges Gesamtsystem präsentieren, weshalb die Geldgeber ihn gegen seinen Willen aufforderten, funktionsfähige Komponenten wie Diskettenlaufwerke als OEM-Einzelkomponente zu vermarkten. Daraus entstand im September 1976 das erste 5¼-Zoll-Diskettenlaufwerk mit der Bezeichnung SA-400, das in den Folgejahren zum größten Erfolg der Firma wurde. Das Laufwerk wurde Ende 1976 zu einem Preis von 390 US-$ verkauft, der Preis für zehn 5¼-Zoll-Disketten betrug damals 45 US-$.

Die ersten 5¼-Zoll-Disketten hatte eine Kapazität von 109.400 Byte unformatiert und 89.600 Byte formatiert. Zunächst wurde das Format mit 35 Spuren pro Diskette realisiert, ein Jahr später erfolgte von Shugart die Umstellung auf 40 Spuren. Als elektrische Schnittstelle besitzen die Laufwerke 34 Pins in Form eines Platinensteckers und sind ausgelegt für die Ansteuerung von maximal vier Diskettenlaufwerken an einem Floppy-Disk-Controller. Diese Form der Schnittstelle mit 34-poligen Stecker war bis zum Ende der Ära der Diskettenlaufwerke die übliche Schnittstelle und wurde auch als Shugart-Bus bezeichnet.

Neben Diskettenlaufwerken entwickelte die Firma Shugart Corporation im Jahr 1979 die elektrische Schnittstelle "Shugart Associates System Interface" (SASI) für Massenspeicher wie Festplatten, die 1981 auf die heute noch übliche Bezeichnung Small Computer System Interface (SCSI) umbenannt wurde. Im Jahr 1986 wurde jene Schnittstelle, mit geringen Modifikationen, als ANSI-Standard X3.131-1986 (umgangssprachlich SCSI-1) genormt.

Weblinks

SA 400 minifloppy Service Manual (PDF; 2,7 MB), Shugart Associates, April 1979.

Einzelnachweise

Ehemaliger Hardwarehersteller
Produzierendes Unternehmen (Sunnyvale, Kalifornien)
Ehemaliger Festplatten-Hersteller
Gegründet 1973
Hardwarehersteller (Vereinigte Staaten)
Ehemaliges Unternehmen (Kalifornien)

Shugart Associates


Rollo Carpenter (1965) es un informático británico y el autor de Jabberwacky y Cleverbot, dos soportes lógicos basados en inteligencia artificial.  Carpenter trabajaba como director de las tecnologías de la información para una empresa especializada en la producción de software empresarial en Silicon Valley. Sin embargo volvió al Reino Unido para trabajar con la empresa Icogno.

En este momento es el Managing Director de la empresa Existor Ltd. Desarrolla Software basando en IA para la diversión, las relaciones interpersonales, la comunicación y la educación. Sus productos IA George y Joan ganaron el Premio Loebner en 2005 y 2006. En el año 2010 Carpenter ganó el premio de la Competición de la Inteligencia de Máquinas de la Sociedad Informática Británica (British Computer Society's Machine Intelligence Competition).

Cleverbot, una inteligencia artificial conservadora adaptiva, tomó parte en una prueba de Turing formal junto a hombres al festival Techniche 2011 en el instituto técnico IIT Guwahati, India el 3 de septiembre. Los resultados de 1.334 votos fueron proclamados al día siguiente el 4 de septiembre. Cleverbot fue calificado de ser 59,3% humano, mucho más lejos de lo que se esperaba. Los participantes humanos consiguieron solamente 63,3%. "¡Qué cifra sorprendente! Es más que aun yo esperé, por no decir soñé," dijo el científico IA británico Rollo Carpenter durante una conferencia al festival Techniche. "Las cifras de ayer han sobrepujado 50% y se puede decir que Cleverbot ha aprobado la Prueba de Turing, aquí a Techniche 2011." La manera y el comportamiento fueron descritos como una animada conversación que encantaba al público.

En ninguna de las pruebas había ni pensamientos analíticos ni una estrategia dirigida a forzar el Cleverbot. En este caso es seguro que sea completamente otro resultado.

Los responsables trabajan sobre el refinamiento del Cleverbot, que no es capaz de tener pensamientos lógicos propios. Por el momento solamente imita las conversaciones humanas.

La afirmación si puede supera esta dificultad es ambivalente y opinable.

Cleverbot casi recibió el título participante hablador al Techniche 2011.

Rollo es el hermano del artista Merlin Carpenter.

Véase también
Jabberwocky

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 cleverbot.com
 existor.com
 jabberwacky.com
 icogno.com
 PopSci , un video de Cleverbot

Informáticos del Reino Unido
Investigadores de la inteligencia artificial

Rollo Carpenter


Patrick Donalé Vieira (d. 23 Haziran 1976; Dakar, Senegal), Senegal asıllı Fransız eski futbolcudur. 2011'de futbolu bırakmıştır. Vieira, son olarak Manchester City forması giymiştir. Crystal Palace'da teknik direktör olarak görev yapmıştır.

Senegal'de doğan Vieira, 8 yaşında ailesiyle beraber Fransa'ya göç etmiştir.
2003 yılına kadar Senegal'e hiç gitmemiş ve Fransa millî takımını seçmiştir.

Futbol hayatına AS Cannes takımında başlamış, kısa bir süre Milan takımında oynadıktan sonra Arsenal'e transfer olmuştur. Burada kariyerinin zirvesine çıkmıştır. Arsenal'de kaptanlığa kadar yükselmiş ve birçok başarı yakalamıştır. 2005 yılında 20 milyon euro karşılığında Juventus'a transfer olmuştur. Serie A'daki şike skandalı sonrası Juventus'tan 12,2 milyon $  karşılığında İnter Milan'a transfer olmuştur. 2010 yılında Manchester City'ye transfer olmuştur. 2011 yılında 35 yaşındayken futbolculuk kariyerini sonlandırmıştır ve İngiliz ekibinde altyapı geliştirme sorumlusu olarak görev yapmaya başlamıştır. Ayrıca Vieira, kulübün küresel çapta tanınma elçiliğini yapacaktır.

Kulüp istatistikleri

|-
|1993-94||rowspan="3"|Cannes||rowspan="3"|Division 1||5||0||1||0||||||colspan="2"|-||6||0
|-
|1994-95||31||2||2||0||1||1||4||1||38||4
|-
|1995-96||13||0||||||||||4||0||17||0

|-
|1995-96||Milan||Serie A||2||0||1||0||colspan="2"|-||2||0||5||0

|-
|1996-97||rowspan="9"|Arsenal||rowspan="9"|Premier League||31||2||3||0||3||0||1||0||38||2
|-
|1997-98||33||2||9||0||2||0||2||0||46||2
|-
|1998-99||34||3||5||1||1||0||3||0||43||4
|-
|1999-2000||30||2||2||0||1||0||14||0||47||2
|-
|2000-01||30||6||6||1||||||12||0||48||7
|-
|2001-02||36||2||7||0||colspan="2"|-||11||1||54||3
|-
|2002-03||24||3||5||0||1||0||12||1||42||4
|-
|2003-04||29||3||5||0||3||0||7||0||44||3
|-
|2004-05||32||6||6||1||colspan="2"|-||6||0||44||7

|-
|2005-06||Juventus||Serie A||31||5||3||0||1||0||7||0||42||5
|-
|2006-07||rowspan="4"|Internazionale||rowspan="4"|Serie A||20||1||3||0||1||2||4||1||28||4
|-
|2007-08||16||3||3||0||1||0||3||0||23||3
|-
|2008-09||19||1||2||0||colspan="2"|-||3||0||24||1
|-
|2009-10||12||1||1||0||1||0||2||0||16||1

|-
|2009-10||rowspan="2"|Manchester City||rowspan="2"|Premier League||13||1||1||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||14||1
|-
|2010-11||15||2||8||3||1||0||8||0||32||5
49||2||3||1||1||0||8||1||61||4
100||11||13||0||4||2||21||1||138||14
307||32||57||6||12||0||76||2||452||40
456||45||73||7||17||2||105||4||651||58

Millî takım istatistikleri

|-
|1997||5||0
|-
|1998||5||0
|-
|1999||8||0
|-
|2000||17||0
|-
|2001||13||2
|-
|2002||12||2
|-
|2003||5||0
|-
|2004||11||0
|-
|2005||7||0
|-
|2006||17||2
|-
|2007||4||0
|-
|2008||2||0
|-
|2009||1||0
|-
!Toplam||107||6
|}

Başarıları

 FIFA Dünya Kupası
 Katılım : 1998, 2002, 2006
 Şampiyonluk : 1998
 Avrupa Futbol Şampiyonası
 Katılım : 2000, 2004, 2008
 Şampiyonluk : 2000
 Premier League şampiyonluk (3) : 1997-1998, 2001-2002, 2003-2004.
 FA Cup (4) : 1998, 2002, 2003, 2005.
 FIFA 100 : 2004
 Légion d'Honneur : 1998
 Carlsberg Yılın Futbolcusu : 2004

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

FFF.FR Profile
Official Internazionale site
Premier League profile

1976 doğumlular
Légion d'honneur şövalyeleri
Fransız futbolcular
Fransa millî futbol takımı futbolcuları
AS Cannes futbolcuları
AC Milan futbolcuları
Arsenal FC futbolcuları
Juventus FC futbolcuları
FC Internazionale Milano futbolcuları
Manchester City FC futbolcuları
İtalya'daki gurbetçi futbolcular
İngiltere'deki gurbetçi futbolcular
1996 Yaz Olimpiyatları futbolcuları
1998 FIFA Dünya Kupası futbolcuları
2000 Avrupa Futbol Şampiyonası futbolcuları
2001 FIFA Konfederasyonlar Kupası futbolcuları
2002 FIFA Dünya Kupası futbolcuları
2004 Avrupa Futbol Şampiyonası futbolcuları
2006 FIFA Dünya Kupası futbolcuları
2008 Avrupa Futbol Şampiyonası futbolcuları
FIFA 100
Yaşayan insanlar
Ligue 1 futbolcuları
Orta saha futbolcuları
FIFA Dünya Kupası kazanan futbolcular
Fransa 21 yaş altı millî futbol takımı futbolcuları
English Football Hall of Fame üyeleri
Amerika Birleşik Devletleri'ndeki gurbetçi teknik direktörler
FIFA Konfederasyonlar Kupası kazanan futbolcular
Fransız gurbetçi futbolcular
İngiltere'deki Fransız gurbetçiler
Amerika Birleşik Devletleri'ndeki Fransız gurbetçiler
Fransız teknik direktörler
Senegal asıllı Fransızlar
Fransız Olimpiyat futbolcuları
Premier League futbolcuları
Senegalli futbolcular
Serie A futbolcuları
Tours FC futbolcuları
Avrupa Futbol Şampiyonası kazanan futbolcular
Crystal Palace FC teknik direktörleri
İngiltere'deki gurbetçi teknik direktörler
FA Cup Finali futbolcuları
FIFA Century Club
Fransız gurbetçi teknik direktörler
Ligue 1 teknik direktörleri
Major League Soccer teknik direktörleri
OGC Nice teknik direktörleri
Senegalli teknik direktörler
Dakar doğumlu sporcular
Siyahi Fransız sporcular
Amerika Birleşik Devletleri'ndeki Fransız gurbetçi sporcular
RC Strasbourg teknik direktörleri

Patrick Vieira


The river Narva, formerly also Narwa or Narova, flows  north into the Baltic Sea and is the largest Estonian river by discharge. A similar length of land far to the south, together with it and a much longer intermediate lake, Lake Peipus, all together nowadays form the international border between Estonia and Russia.

The river gives its name to the archaeological (Neolithic) Narva culture, as well as the city of Narva. Narva is the third most populous urban area in Estonia, and nowadays faces the Russian town of Ivangorod right across the border over the river.

At the coast the river passes part of the resort of Narva-Jõesuu. Its mouth opens into WNW-facing Narva Bay of the Gulf of Finland. Narva gives the second-greatest discharge into the Gulf of Finland (the greatest discharge comes from river Neva).

Etymology
The etymology of the toponym Narva is not clear. According to one hypothesis it is related to the Finnic word narva which, for example, in the Vepsian language means "waterfall" or "stream".

Geography

The Narva river has its source at the northeastern end of Lake Peipus, near the villages of Vasknarva (Estonia) and Skyamya (Russia). There are a few more small villages on the upper section of the river, Permisküla and Kuningaküla on the Estonian side and Omuti on the Russian side, but up to the city of Narva the shores of the river are mostly forested or marshy land. The river is dammed entering Narva and Ivangorod, forming the Narva Reservoir, which extends up to  upstream. The Narva empties into Narva Bay near the Estonian town of Narva-Jõesuu, third largest settlement on the river after Narva and Ivangorod.

The Plyussa is the largest tributary, joining the Narva river at the reservoir from the right. The large Lake Peipus notably drains the much longer Russian river, the Velikaya, and a large, splayed drainage basin in the two countries.

Waterfall

Kreenholm ( for crow islet) is a river island in Estonia, located in the Narva River, within the city limits of Narva.

Between the southeast part of the city of Narva and the rest, facing the Russian city of Ivangorod, the river flows over the Baltic Klint, forming the Narva waterfall, at times, as it historically was, the most powerful in Europe. Before the water reaches the falls it is split into two branches by the Kreenholm island, thus the falls consist of two branches. Kreenholm Falls, west of the island, is  wide and  high with multiple terraces. Joala Falls, to the east, is  wide and makes the same descent. The international border follows the latter.

Since the creation of Narva Reservoir, an anabranch, in 1955, the falls are usually near-dry, but water is allowed to flow in them for a few days each year. When in flow non-flying viewing access is difficult, being in the border zone and most of the west bank is private, closed industrial land belonging to Krenholm Manufacturing Company.

History
The Narva was used as a trade route during the Viking Age, from the 5th to 11th centuries. It was an offshoot of the trade route from the Varangians to the Greeks.

The Narva has for centuries been an important border river. Beginning in the 13th century it was the border of Medieval Livonia and the Novgorod Republic. Though in earlier periods Narva was part of a larger buffer zone between the two territories, gradually the river emerged as the exact border. Castles built on the river banks (Narva Hermann Castle, founded at the beginning of the 14th century, Ivangorod fortress, established in 1492 and Vasknarva Castle, first built in the 14th century) were one of the main reasons behind this. Treaties from the 15th century between the Livonian Order and Novgorod Republic, later Tsardom of Russia, also recognize the Narva as the border. In the 17th century during the time of Swedish Estonia, when Ingria was also part of Sweden, the importance of the river as a border diminished. During the Russian Empire, from the end of the Great Northern War until the establishment of the Republic of Estonia in 1918, the Narva was the border of Governorate of Estonia and Saint Petersburg Governorate, with the exception of the town of Narva, which was part of the latter. By the Treaty of Tartu, signed in 1920, the Estonian–Russian border went slightly east of the river, up to , and, in particular, the town of Ivangorod was assigned to Estonia. In 1944 the former Estonian territory east of the river was transferred to Russian SFSR and the Narva was thus established as the eastern border of Estonian SSR, an internal border within USSR. In 1991 the same border became the de facto border of Estonia and Russia. Although no official border treaty has been ratified since then, today the Narva is the eastern border of the European Union and Schengen Zone.

Bridges

The Narva river is crossed only by a handful of bridges between Narva and Ivangorod. Besides the dam of the Narva Reservoir, these are, in downstream order:
 a pedestrian bridge below the Kreenholm island
 : Carrying the Tallinn–Saint Petersburg railway line.
 Friendship Bridge: The Tallinn–Saint Petersburg highway bridge on E20 just downstream from the Hermann Castle and Ivangorod Fortress. It was built in 1960 and is  long.

Bibliography

Notes

References

Rivers of Leningrad Oblast
Rivers of Estonia
International rivers of Europe
Landforms of Ida-Viru County
Narva
Ingria
Votia
Estonia–Russia border

Border rivers

Narva (river)


Victor Cosson (* 11. Oktober 1915 in Lorges; † 18. Juni 2009 in Boulogne-Billancourt) war ein französischer Radrennfahrer.

Victor Cosson, Titi genannt, war Profi-Radrennfahrer von 1937 bis 1950. Seine größten Erfolge waren der dritte Platz bei der Tour de France 1938 sowie 1943 sein Sieg bei Paris–Camembert. 1937 wurde er Dritter des Critérium des As, 1942 gewann er die Quatre Jours de la Route du Dauphinois, Vorläuferin des Critérium du Dauphiné, und 1944 wurde er Dritter der französischen Meisterschaft im Querfeldein-Rennen.

Nach dem Ende seiner Radsport-Karriere arbeitete Cosson als Motorradfahrer für die Presse bei Radrennen und als Fotograf.

Literatur
 Victor Cosson, Pascal Leroy: Victor Cosson. Champion cycliste des années sombres. Pas d'Oiseau, Toulouse 2008, ISBN 978-2-9524223-7-6.

Weblinks

  (englisch)
 Todesnachricht (französisch)

Radsportler (Frankreich)
Franzose
Geboren 1915
Gestorben 2009
Mann

Victor Cosson


«The Hellcat Spangled Shalalala» es una canción de la banda inglesa de Indie rock Arctic Monkeys, lanzado como el segundo sencillo de su cuarto álbum de estudio Suck It and See, cuyo formato fue un vinilo de 7 ", lanzado el 15 de agosto de 2011.

El vinilo de 7 " cuenta con solo un lado B titulado " Little Illusion Machine (Wirral Riddler) " y se le atribuye a Miles Kane y a The Death Ramps. The Death Ramps es un seudónimo adoptado anteriormente por la banda cuando lanzaron un disco de vinilo de edición limitada con "Teddy Picker" Lado B "Nettles" y "The Death Ramps" en 2007.

El video musical del sencillo se estrenó el 7 de julio de 2011 en YouTube. Fue dirigido por Focus Creeps, en el video aparecen pequeños cortometrajes de la banda por su gira en los Estados Unidos, más específico, Los Ángeles, California. También aparece la modelo Scarlett Kapella como "arpía".

El 8 de agosto de 2011 la mayor parte de los vinilos fue destruida en un incendio provocado en el almacén del PIAS Entertainment Group, durante los disturbios de Londres 2011. Dañando severamente la comercialización del sencillo. La limitada cantidad de inventario restante fue lanzado exclusivamente en el sitio web de la banda.

Lista de canciones

Posicionamiento

Lanzamiento

Referencias

Sencillos de Arctic Monkeys
Sencillos de 2011
Canciones escritas por Alex Turner
Canciones de Arctic Monkeys
Canciones en inglés
Canciones de indie rock

The Hellcat Spangled Shalalala


İslamofobi, kelime anlamı olarak "İslam korkusu" demektir. İslam dinine ya da Müslümanlara karşı duyulan nefret, ayrımcılık, düşmanlık ve kin besleme anlamına gelir.

Kelime kökeni
İslam ve fobi kelimelerinin birleştirilmesiyle oluşmuştur. Fobos (Antik Yunanca Φόβος), "korku" anlamına gelmektedir. Fobi kelimesinin kökeni Yunan mitolojisinde korku tanrısı olan Phobos'a dayanmaktadır.

Terim olarak İslamofobi, Xenophobia (zenofobi/yabancı korkusu) ve homophobia (homo-seksüellerden korkma ve hoşlanmama) kelimelerine kıyas yoluyla ortaya atılmış bir kelimedir ancak tam olarak ne zaman ortaya atıldığı kesin değildir. Fransızca islamophobie sözcüğünün 1920'lerde ve daha sonra 1970'lerde bazı eserlerde kullanıldığı görülmüştür. İngilizce dilinde basılı eserlerde ilk olarak Tariq Modood tarafından, The Independent gazetesi için 16 Aralık 1991'de yazdığı kitap eleştirisinde kullanılmıştır. Ancak kelime burada tam olarak ''İslam Korkusu'' olarak kullanılmamıştır. Terimin ''İslam Korkusu'' olarak ele alınıp tarif edildiği ilk eser ise Runnymede Trust tarafından 1997 yılında hazırlanan Islamophobia: A Challenge For Us All isimli rapordur.

Geçmişi
Kelime ilk kez 1991 yılında kullanılmış olup 11 Eylül saldırıları ile gündeme getirilmiştir.
Tarihî kökleri İspanya'da Endülüs'ün Emevîler tarafından işgal edilmesine kadar iner. Haçlı seferlerine asker devşirmek isteyen kilise mensuplarının yaptığı propagandalar ile fikir zemini Hristiyanlığa karşı tehditler ve tehlikeler üzerinde oluşturulmuş olan "İslamofobi", Müslümanlar ile Hristiyanlar arasındaki ilişkilerin, tanışıklığın yaygınlık kazanması ile yüzyıllar içerisinde azalmış iken yaklaşık günümüzde yeniden popülarite kazanmıştır. Bu popülaritesinde Huntington'un ünlü "Medeniyetler Çatışması" makalesinde İslam'ı Batı için bir potansiyel düşmanlık odağı olarak lanse etmesinin önemli bir etkisi olmuştur.

Özellikle 11 Eylül 2001 tarihinde New York'taki 11 Eylül saldırıları'ndan sonra Batı dünyasında yükselişe geçmiştir.

Korku
Din profesörleri Peter Gottschalk ve Gabriel Greenberg'e göre, psikolojik veya bireysel bir fobi olmanın aksine İslamofobi, İslam ve Müslümanlar hakkında toplumsal bir kaygıya işaret ediyor. Bazı sosyal bilimciler bu tanımı benimsemiş ve İslamofobinin, İslam ve Müslümanlara yönelik toplumsal damgalamanın etkili bir parçası olarak anlaşılması gerektiğini savunarak, Müslümanlara ve İslam'a karşı korkulu tutumlar ve bunlardan kaçınma şeklinde ölçmek için araçlar geliştirmişlerdir.

Ayrıca bakınız
 Zenofobi
Din karşıtlığı
Fobiler listesi

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
 Almanya'da İslam eleştirisi: Akıldışı düşman imgesi (Qantara.de)
 Islamophobia.org
 Amerikalı Dini Gruplar arasında, Müslümanlara daha fazla ayrımcılık yapılması
 "İslamofobi", Islamicawareness.net
 İslamofobi Gözleme
 Batı'nın yeni ötekisi İslamofobi
 Batı'nın yeni trendi İslamofobi
Avrupa'da İslamofobi

Siyasi ihtiralar
Irkçılık
Zenofobi

İslamofobi


Barnabé, Tu És Meu  é um filme brasileiro de 1952, dirigido por José Carlos Burle, com roteiro de Victor Lima e Berliet Jr e Edgar Brasil como diretor de fotografia. Foi produzido pela Atlântida Cinematográfica. Nos papeis principais estão Fada Santoro, Oscarito e Grande Otelo

Os números musicais do filme foram interpretados por Emilinha Borba, Adelaide Chiozzo, Mary Gonçalves, Bill Farr,Vera Lúcia e Marion.

Elenco

Ligações externas

Filmes do Brasil de 1952
Filmes de comédia do Brasil
Filmes em língua portuguesa
Filmes em preto e branco
Filmes em domínio público

Barnabé, Tu És Meu


Neal Smith (born September 23, 1947) is an American musician, best known as the drummer for the rock group Alice Cooper from 1967 to 1974. He performed on the group's early albums Pretties for You and Easy Action, their breakout album Love It to Death and the subsequent successful albums Killer, School's Out, and Billion Dollar Babies. The last new studio album with the five original Alice Cooper group members participating in new music was Muscle of Love in 1973. The original group's Greatest Hits studio album was released in 1974. In 2018 (fifty years after the original group debuted its new group name Alice Cooper in 1968), a live performance album Live from the Astroturf recorded in 2015 was released, featuring four of the original group members performing eight of their hit songs, with long-time Alice Cooper solo band guitarist and friend Ryan Roxie interplaying lead guitar parts with original group rhythm guitarist Michael Bruce, on behalf of original group lead guitarist Glen Buxton, who died in 1997 of pneumonia three weeks before his 50th birthday.

In 2011, Smith was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, in the "Performer" category, as a member of the original Alice Cooper group.

Music career

Smith graduated in 1965 from Camelback High School in Phoenix, while three of his Alice Cooper band members graduated from Cortez High School and one from North High School. Smith talks about his high school in the song "Alma Mater" sung by Alice Cooper. Neal Smith's drum part on the title track of Billion Dollar Babies is considered one of the most original and dynamic amongst musicians and fans of the group.

Billion Dollar Babies was also the name of the band founded by former Alice Cooper group musicians Michael Bruce, Dennis Dunaway and Neal Smith along with Bob Dolin and Mike Marconi after they split from Alice Cooper in 1974. This band was embroiled in a legal suit over the usage of the name. They released only one album, 1977's Battle Axe, before disbanding.

Smith has been selling real estate in New England since the early 1980s. He is also still active in music, and performed with Alice Cooper during a show in 1998. In 1999, he released his first solo album, Platinum God, recorded in 1975. He is also currently the drummer/percussionist and songwriter for Bouchard, Dunaway & Smith (BDS), composed of Smith, former Blue Öyster Cult bassist Joe Bouchard, and original Alice Cooper bassist Dennis Dunaway. The band has co-written songs with Ian Hunter.  BDS has released two albums: 2001's Back From Hell, and 2003's BDS Live In Paris. Smith has also released two albums under the group name Cinematik, with guitarist Robert Mitchell and bassist Peter Catucci, produced by Rob Fraboni. Cinematik has a loose, jam-laden world-beat sound, as opposed to BDS's more classic-rock sound.

Smith has also recorded with Buck Dharma of Blue Öyster Cult (Flat Out, 1982), Plasmatics (Beyond the Valley of 1984, 1981), and Deadringer (Electrocution of the Heart, 1989). Neal played on Bruce Cameron's CD Midnight Daydream along with an all-star cast of Jack Bruce, Buddy Miles, Billy Cox, Mitch Mitchell, Harvy Dalton Arnold and Ken Hensley. Neal Smith also has an industrial rock project called Killsmith. Killsmith's sophomore release underway makes Neal Smith set to be the first member of the original Alice Cooper Group to have a project of original material released after the group's induction to the Rock 'n' Roll Hall of Fame.

On July 1, 2010 when talking about the album, Welcome 2 My Nightmare, Alice Cooper said in a Radio Metal interview: "We'll put some of the original people on it and add some new people, I'm very happy with working with Bob (Ezrin) again." Musicians who appeared on the album included Rob Zombie, Vince Gill, Steven Hunter and Dick Wagner. Smith, Dennis Dunaway and Michael Bruce played on 3 songs on the album, and Smith co-wrote the song "I'll Bite Your Face Off".

In 2015, Smith played drums on the Hollywood Vampires cover of "School's Out / Another Brick in the Wall part 2" on the album Hollywood Vampires.

He featured on two tracks on Cooper's 2021 album Detroit Stories.

Personal
Neal Smith's sister, Cindy, married Alice Cooper bassist Dennis Dunaway. She often performed in the band's stage shows.

Discography

Solo
 Platinum God (1999)
 Cinematik (2001)
 Cinematik: One Full Moon Away (2002)
 Killsmith: Sexual Savior (2008)
 Killsmith Two (2011)
 Killsmith & The Greenfire Empire (2014)

With Alice Cooper
 Pretties for You (1969)
 Easy Action (1970)
 Love It to Death (1971)
 Killer (1971)
 School's Out (1972)
 Billion Dollar Babies (1973)
 Muscle of Love (1973)
 1969 Live at the Whisky A Go-Go (1992)
 Welcome 2 My Nightmare (2011)
 Paranormal (2017)
 Detroit Stories (2021)

With Billion Dollar Babies
 Battle Axe (1977)

With Plasmatics
 Beyond the Valley of 1984 (1981)

With Buck Dharma
 Flat Out (1982)

With Deadringer
 Electrocution of the Heart (1989)

With Ant-Bee
 Lunar Muzik (1997)

With Bruce Cameron
 Midnight Daydream (1999)

With Bouchard, Dunaway & Smith
 Back From Hell (2001)
 BDS Live in Paris (2003)

With Hollywood Vampires
 Hollywood Vampires (2015)

References

External links
Neal Smith – RockNRealtor
Outsight Radio Hours interviews
2005 Rock N Roll Universe interview

Alice Cooper (band) members
American heavy metal drummers
American rock drummers
Musicians from Akron, Ohio
1947 births
Living people
20th-century American drummers
American male drummers

Neal Smith (drummer)


زناميانكا دروها (Знамьянка Друга) هي مدينة في مقاطعة كيروفوهرادسكا في أوكرانيا.

يبلغ عدد سكانها حوالي 5340  نسمة.

مراجع

مدن أوكرانيا

زناميانكا دروها (كيروفوهرادسكا)


Mihaela Petrilă () este o canotoare română medaliată cu bronz la Jocurile Olimpice de vară din 2016 în proba de 8+1, legitimată în prezent la CSM Iași.

Carieră
Primul rezultat notabil a venit în 2009, când Mihaela Petrilă și Andreea Boghian au cucerit medalia de aur la dublu vâsle în cadrul Mondialelor de Juniori de la Brive-la-Gaillarde.

Cuplul Petrilă—Ioana Crăciun a obținut o medalie de bronz în cadrul Campionatelor Mondiale U23 din 2011, desfășurate la Amsterdam.

La regata preolimpică de la Lucerna (Elveția) din 2012, echipajul de patru vâsle (Nicoleta Albu, Roxana Cogianu și Boghian) a obținut locul doi.

La Campionatul Mondial pentru Tineret din 2013, Petrilă a obținut medalia de aur la dublu rame, împreună cu Mădălina Bereș.

În 2014, la Campionatele Europene desfășurate în Belgrad (Serbia), echipajul feminin de 8+1 a cucerit o nouă medalie, de data aceasta una de aur. La regata de la Lucerna, același echipaj a cucerit medalia de argint.

În 2015, la Europenele de la Poznań (Polonia), același echipaj a câștigat încă o medalie de bronz.

În 2016, prin rezultatul din cadrul regatei preolimpice de la Lucerna, echipajul de 8+1 (Andreea Boghian, Ioana Strungaru, Mădălina Bereș, Adelina Boguș, Laura Oprea, Roxana Cogianu, Irina Dorneanu, Daniela Druncea și Mihaela Petrilă) a reușit să se califice de pe primul loc la Jocurile Olimpice de vară din 2016. Echipajul a obținut medalia de bronz, după ce în urmă cu patru ani canotajul românesc nu a cucerit nicio medalie.

Palmares competițional

Note

Legături externe

  Mihaela Petrilă la World Rowing

Canotori olimpici români
Sportivi români în viață
Canotori la Jocurile Olimpice de vară din 2016
Medaliați olimpici cu bronz români
Ieșeni

Mihaela Petrilă


Early life and family

Acting career

Other work

In the media

Awards and recognitions

See also

Footnotes

References

Bibliography

External links

Shanaya Akanayaka


කොරියානු අධිරාජ්‍යයේ සුන්මියොං අධිරාජිනිය (1872 නොවැම්බර් 20 – 1907 ජූලි 20) යනු ජොසොන් රාජවංශයේ සහ කොරියාවේ අවසන් අධිරාජයා වූ යුංහුයි අධිරාජයාගේ භාර්යාවයි. 1872දී ඇය උපත ලැබුවා ය. 1882දී ඇය සුන්ජොං සමග විවාහ වූ අතර 1907 ජූලි 20 දින ඇය මියගියා ය. ඇය 1895 සිය නැන්දණියගේ ඝාතනයේ ඇසින් දුටු සාක්ෂිකාරියක වූවා ය. ඇය මියොංසොං අධිරාජිනියව ආරක්ෂා කරගැනීමට ඇගේ ඉදිරියෙන් සිටගත්තා ය. මෙය ඇගේ අඩු වයසින් සිදුවූ මරණයට හේතු වන්නට ඇත. ඉන් අනතුරුව ඇය තදබල ලෙස විෂාදයෙන් පීඩා විඳ තිබේ. මරණින් පසු මැය අධිරාජිනිය පදවියට ඔසවා ඇත. ඇය සිය සැමියාගේ සිංහාසනාරූඪයට පෙර මියයාම එයට හේතුවයි. ඇගේ දේහය භූමදානය කළ ස්ථානයේ ඇගේ සැමියා සහ ඔහුගේ දෙවන බිරිඳ වූ සුන්ජොං අධිරාජිනියගේ දේහයන් ද භූමදානය කොට ඇත.

ආශ්‍රේයයන්

කොරියානු රාජකීය බිසෝවරු
1872 උපත්
1907 මරණ
යෝහ්‍යුං මින් වංශය
කොරියානු අධිරාජිනියෝ

සුන්මියොං අධිරාජිනිය


La Veuve Montiel (La viuda de Montiel) est un film mexicain réalisé par Miguel Littín, sorti en 1979.

Synopsis
Lors d'un voyage en train, une femme se remémore les événements qui ont mené à la mort de son fils.

Fiche technique
 Titre : La Veuve Montiel
 Titre original : La viuda de Montiel
 Réalisation : Miguel Littín
 Scénario : José Agustín et Miguel Littín d'après la nouvelle de Gabriel García Márquez
 Musique : Leo Brouwer
 Photographie : Patricio Castilla
 Montage : Nelson Rodríguez
 Production : Hernán Littin
 Société de production : Cooperativa Río Mixcoac, Instituto Cubano del Arte e Industrias Cinematográficos, Macondo Films, Macuto Films, Marusia Films et Universidad Veracruzana
 Pays : , ,  et
 Genre : Drame
 Durée : 105 minutes
 Dates de sortie :
 :

Distribution
 Geraldine Chaplin : Adelaida
 Nelson Villagra : Montiel
 Katy Jurado : Mama Grande
 Eduardo Gil
 Pilar Romero : Hilaria
 Ernesto Gómez Cruz : Carmichael
 Reynaldo Miravalles
 Alejandro Parodi : Alacaide
 Ignacio Retes
 Jorge Fegán
 Emilia Rojas

Distinctions
Le film a été présenté en sélection officielle en compétition lors de Berlinale 1980.

Notes et références

Liens externes

Film mexicain sorti en 1979
Film colombien sorti en 1979
Film vénézuélien sorti en 1979
Film cubain sorti en 1979
Film dramatique mexicain
Film dramatique colombien
Film dramatique vénézuélien
Film dramatique cubain
Adaptation d'une nouvelle colombienne au cinéma

La Veuve Montiel


Roger Browne (* 13. April 1930 in Cincinnati, Ohio) ist ein US-amerikanischer Schauspieler.

Browne spielte ab 1961 Hauptrollen im italienischen Genrekino; bis 1968 war er in einigen Abenteuer und vor allem Agentenfilmen zu sehen. Danach nahm er bis 1980 noch gelegentlich Angebote wahr. Er war auch als Synchronsprecher für die englischsprachigen Versionen italienischer Filme beschäftigt und amtierte als Präsident der English Language Dubbers Association.

Filmografie
 1962: Marte, dio della guerra
 1962: Vulcanus, der Titan (Vulcano figlio di Giove)
 1963: Die Revolte der Gladiatoren (I dieci gladiatori)
 1964: Revanche für Spartacus (La vendetta di Spartacus)
 1964: I tre centurioni
 1964: Tribun und Verschwörer (Gli schiavi più forti del mondo)
 1965: Herkules und die Prinzessin von Troja (Hercules and the Princess of Troy)
 1965: Höllenhunde des Secret Service (Superseven chiama Cairo)
 1965: Operation Poker – Die Ballermann-Story (Operazione poker)
 1965: Sieben gegen alle (Sette contro tutti)
 1966: Heißer Tatort Tripolis (Password uccidete agente Gordon)
 1966: Die Höllenkatze des Kong-Fu (Le spie amano i fiori)
 1966: King hetzt 7 Killer (Um milione di dollari per sette assassini)
 1966: Rififi in Amsterdam (Rififi ad Amsterdam)
 1967: Argoman – Der phantastische Supermann (Come rubare la corona d'Inghilterra)
 1967: Assalto al tesoro di stato
 1967: È stato bello amarti
 1968: Samoa, regina della giungla
 1972: Karzan il favoloso uomo della jungla
 1973: Auch Killer müssen sterben (La mano nera - prima della mafia, più della mafia)
 1973: Mädchen im Knast (Diario segreto da un carcere femminile)
 1976: Black Emanuelle – Stunden wilder Lust (Emanuelle in America)
 1979: Simon Templar: Das Mordkartell (Return of the Saint: Murder Cartel) (Fernsehserie, 1 Folge)
 1979: Eine total verrückte Kompanie (Riavanti… marsch!)
 1980: Una moglie, due amici, quattro amanti
 2017: Hale & Garlic (Kurzfilm)

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Filmschauspieler
Synchronsprecher
US-Amerikaner
Geboren 1930
Mann

Roger Browne


Oxytetracycline is a broad-spectrum tetracycline antibiotic, the second of the group to be discovered.

Oxytetracycline works by interfering with the ability of bacteria to produce essential proteins. Without these proteins, the bacteria cannot grow, multiply and increase in numbers. Oxytetracycline therefore stops the spread of the infection and the remaining bacteria are killed by the immune system or eventually die.

Oxytetracycline is a broad-spectrum antibiotic, active against a wide variety of bacteria. However, some strains of bacteria have developed resistance to this antibiotic, which has reduced its effectiveness for treating some types of infections.

Oxytetracycline is used to treat infections caused by Chlamydia (e.g. the chest infection psittacosis, the eye infection trachoma, and the genital infection urethritis) and infections caused by Mycoplasma organisms (e.g. pneumonia).

Oxytetracycline is also used to treat acne, due to its activity against the bacteria on the skin that influence the development of acne (Cutibacterium acnes). It is used to treat flare-ups of chronic bronchitis, due to its activity against the bacteria usually responsible, Haemophilus influenzae. Oxytetracycline may also be used to treat other rarer infections, such as those caused by a group of micro-organisms called rickettsiae (e.g. Rocky Mountain spotted fever). To make sure the bacteria causing an infection are susceptible to it, a tissue sample is usually taken, for example a swab from the infected area, or a urine or blood sample.

Oxytetracycline was patented in 1949 and came into commercial use in 1950. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines as an alternative to tetracycline.

Medical uses
Oxytetracycline, like other tetracyclines, is used to treat many infections, both common and rare (see Tetracycline antibiotics group). Its better absorption profile makes it preferable to tetracycline for moderately severe acne at a dosage of 250–500 mg four times a day for usually six to eight weeks at a time, but alternatives should be sought if no improvement occurs by three months.

It is sometimes used to treat spirochaetal infections, clostridial wound infection and anthrax in patients sensitive to penicillin. Oxytetracycline is used to treat infections of the respiratory and urinary tracts, skin, ear, eye and gonorrhoea, although its use for such purposes has declined in recent years due to large increases in bacterial resistance to this class of drugs. The drug is particularly useful when penicillins and/or macrolides cannot be used due to allergy. It may be used to treat Legionnaire's disease as a substitute for a macrolide or quinolone.

Oxytetracycline is especially valuable in treating nonspecific urethritis, Lyme disease, brucellosis, cholera,  typhus,  tularaemia. and infections caused by Chlamydia, Mycoplasma and Rickettsia. Doxycycline is now preferred to oxytetracycline for many of these indications because it has improved pharmacologic features.

The standard dose is 250–500 mg six-hourly by mouth. In particularly severe infections, this dose may be increased accordingly. Occasionally, oxytetracycline is given by intramuscular injection or topically in the form of creams, ophthalmic ointments or eye drops.

Side effects
Side effects are mainly gastrointestinal and photosensitive allergic reactions common to the tetracycline antibiotics group. It can also damage calcium-rich organs, such as teeth and bones, although this is very rare.  It sometimes causes nasal cavities to erode; quite commonly, the BNF suggests, because of this, tetracyclines should not be used to treat pregnant or lactating women and children under 12 except in certain conditions where it has been approved by a specialist because there are no obvious substitutes. Candidiasis (thrush) is not uncommon following treatment with broad-spectrum antibiotics.

History
It was first found near Pfizer laboratories in a soil sample yielding the soil actinomycete, Streptomyces rimosus by Finlay et al. In 1950, a group at Pfizer led by Francis A. Hochstein, working in a loose collaboration with the Harvard organic chemist Robert B Woodward, worked out the chemical structure of oxytetracycline, enabling Pfizer to mass-produce the drug under the trade name Terramycin. This discovery was a major advancement in tetracycline research and paved the way for the discovery of an oxytetracycline derivative, doxycycline, which is one of the most popularly used antibiotics today.

Biosynthesis
Oxytetracycline belongs to a structurally diverse class of aromatic polyketide antibiotics produced by Streptomyces via type II polyketide synthases (PKSs) which are also known as bacterial aromatic polyketides. Other compounds produced via type II PKSs are important bioactive compounds which span from anticancer agents doxorubicin to antibiotics such as tetracycline. The biosynthesis of oxytetracycline can be broken down into three general portions; first is the formation of an amidated polyketide backbone with minimal PKS's, second is the cyclization of the polyketide backbone and finally, the formation of anhydrotetracycline—a shared intermediate with tetracycline—to produce oxytetracycline.

The biosynthesis of oxytetracycline begins with the utilization of PKS enzymes ketosynthase (KS), the chain length factor (CLF), the acyl carrier protein (ACP), and an acyltransferase (encoded as OxyA, OxyB, OxyC and OxyP in the oxytetracycline gene cluster) to catalyze the extension of the malonamyl-CoA starting unit with eight malonyl-CoA extender units. The process of elongating the polypeptide skeleton occurs through a series of Claisen-like decarboxylation reactions until the linear tetracyclic skeleton is formed. Thus, minimal PKS's form a completed amidated polyketide backbone without any additional post-synthase tailoring enzymes (Figure 1).

Following the formation of the linear tetracyclic skeleton, four successive cyclization reactions must occur in a regioselective manner to produce the aromatic natural product known as pretetramid—a common precursor to both oxytetracycline and other tetracycline antibiotics. In the oxytetracycline gene cluster, these enzymes are encoded as OxyK (aromatase), OxyN (cyclase), and OxyI (cyclase). Formation of pretetramid allows for one of the most important intermediates en route to the biosynthesis of oxytetracycline; this is the generation of anhydrotetracycline. Anhydrotetracycline contains the first functionalized A ring in this biosynthetic pathway.

After the formation of anhydrotetracycline, ATC monooxygenase (OxyS) oxidizes the C-6 position in an enantioselective manner in the presence of the cofactor NADPH and atmospheric oxygen to produce 5a,11a-dehydrotetracycline. Next, a hydroxylation occurs at the C-5 position of 5a,11a-dehydrotetracycline via the oxygenase encoded as OxyE in the oxytetracycline gene cluster. This produces the intermediate 5a,11a-dehydro-oxytetracycline. However, the exact mechanism of this step remains to be unclear. The final step of this biosynthesis occurs through the reduction of a double bond in the α, β—unsaturated ketone of 5a,11a-dehydro-oxytetracycline. In this final step, the cofactor NADPH is employed by TchA (reductase) as the reducing agent. Upon reduction, the enol form is favored due to conjugation, thus producing the aromatic polyketide oxytetracycline. Figure 2 shows the biosynthesis as described above, as well as an arrow-pushing mechanism of NADPH being used as the final cofactor in the biosynthesis of oxytetracycline.

Veterinary indications
Oxytetracycline is used to control the outbreak of American foulbrood and European foulbrood in honeybees.

Oxytetracycline can also be used to correct breathing disorders in livestock. It is administered in a powder or through an intramuscular injection.  American livestock producers apply oxytetracycline to livestock feed to prevent diseases and infections in cattle and poultry.  The antibiotic is partially absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract of the animal and the remaining is deposited in manure.  Researchers at the Agricultural Research Service studied the breakdown of oxytetracycline in manure depending on various environmental conditions. They found the breakdown slowed with increased saturation of the manure and concluded this was a result of decreased oxygen levels. This research helps producers understand the effects of oxytetracycline in animal feed on the environment, bacteria, and antimicrobial resistance.

Oxytetracycline is used to mark fish which are released and later recaptured.  The oxytetracycline interferes with bone deposition, leaving a visible mark on growing bones.

Oxytetracycline has also been formulated as a broad-spectrum anti-infective for fish under the name Terramycin 200 (TM200). It is used to control certain diseases that adversely affect salmonids, catfish, and lobsters.

References

Tetracycline antibiotics
Western honey bee medications
Pfizer brands

Oxytetracycline


Isla Nogases una isla de 24 hectáreas que constituye una reserva naval del gobierno de Filipinas, que posee un faro. Se encuentra a 3 millas de la costa de la ciudad de Anini-y y que es accesible por barco o lancha a motor en un trayecto que dura unos 20 minutos. Administrativamente hace parte de la Provincia de Antique.

Véase también
 Geografía de Filipinas
 Geografía de Asia

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Mapa de localización

Archipiélagos e islas de Filipinas

Isla Nogas


Yangelʹ ist ein Einschlagkrater auf der Mondvorderseite, zwischen Mare Vaporum und Lacus Felicitatis, südöstlich des Kraters Conon.

Der Krater wurde 1973 von der IAU nach dem russischen Raketeningenieur Michail Kusmitsch Jangel offiziell benannt.

Weblinks

 Yangelʹ auf The-Moon Wiki

Einzelnachweise

Einschlagkrater (Mond)

Yangelʹ


El Tecnológico de Monterrey, Campus Central de Veracruz  es una de las universidades privadas del estado y de las más importantes para la región, fundada en 1981 en las instalaciones anexas al Hotel Ruiz Galindo, posteriormente en 1982, fue establecida en el lugar que ahora se encuentra.

Historia

El sueño de traer una universidad al Estado de Veracruz comenzó como un sueño, donde 30 exa-alumnos egresados del Tecnológico de Monterrey se lo pusieron como todo un reto por diferentes razones, entre ellas y la más importante, cómo sería posible traer a la universidad a la región.EL primer egresado de la región Córdoba del Tecnológico de Monterrey fue Rodolfo Perdomo Calatayud, junto con Humberto Zúñiga, Gonzalo Tress, Rodrigo Menéndez, Felipe del Río, Luis Pontón, Rachuan Kuri, José Luis Carus, León Penagos, Juan Perdomo Menéndez, Tino García, Ángel Bragado, José Luis Torre y Juan Fernando Perdomo Bueno y algunos que se unieron al sueño, buscaron las posibilidades de fundar un Campus en la Ciudad de Córdoba, o por lo menos en un lugar en donde no se tuviera un conflicto con Orizaba por una nueva escuela.

Para los inicios de 1981 ya se tenía unan fecha para poder iniciar la Prepa Tec, pero aún no contaban con el lugar adecuado, buscaron diferentes alternativas, entre ellas el anexo del Hotel Ruiz Galindo (ahora Fortín de las Flores), el cual fue transformado con la ayuda de Cementos Veracruz, en las instalaciones adecuadas para poder continuar con el proyecto que tenía casi un año de iniciado.
En abril de 1981 se firmó el acta constitutiva de Enseñanza e Investigación del estado de Veracruz AC (EIEVAC), Asociación no lucrativa, que auspicia y patrocina al Tecnológico de Monterrey en su Campus Central de Veracruz. Juan Fernando Perdomo Bueno fue nombrado distinguido como Presidente Fundador cuando contaba con apenas 24 años de edad.
El 10 de agosto de 1981 fue el primer día de clases, los 98 alumnos que se inscribieron cortaron el listón de inauguración del Campus, y a la cabeza, el Ingeniero Jaime Fuentes.

Un año después, ya habían conseguido 15 hectáreas de terreno (donde actualmente se encuentra el Campus), con apoyo y recaudo de fondos de los empresarios de la localidad, se pudo construir el módulo norte con 15 salones en tres pisos, un pequeño auditorio (con capacidad de 200 personas) y el área administrativa. De esta forma, se tuvieron las nuevas instalaciones en terrenos propios.
Para 1990, también se decidió que dentro de este proyecto se incluyera un edificio con el suficiente espacio para que los alumnos desarrollaran actividades extra académicas, y es así como nace el Centro de Actividades para el Desarrollo Estudiantil (CADE) y es habilitada la cancha de fútbol.
Hacia 1993 lo que seguía dentro de los planes era el Centro de Competitividad Internacional (CCI) que concentraría el Centro Electrónico de Cálculo, la Biblioteca y Aulas de Maestría, por lo ambicioso que era el proyecto solo se había construido una de tres partes.
Al saturarse el primer edificio de aulas, se proyectó y construyó el edificio de aulas de profesional. Posteriormente se construyó también el snack de esa zona así como se completó el área deportiva (canchas de tennis) y se comenzó a recaudar fondos para un edificio de residencias para los alumnos foráneos.

TECNOLOGICO DE MONTERREY CAMPUS CENTRAL VERACRUZ SE VA

El Tec de Monterrey campus Central de Veracruz, en la ciudad de Córdoba, cerrará gradualmente sus operaciones durante los siguientes dos años, anunciaron conjuntamente el Tecnológico de Monterrey y la asociación civil Enseñanza e Investigación del Estado de Veracruz (EIEVAC).
EIEVAC es la asociación propietaria del terreno en donde está el campus y es conformada por un grupo de empresarios, quienes en 1981 invitaron al Tecnológico de Monterrey a asentarse allí.
Tanto el Tec de Monterrey como EIEVAC se comprometen a tomar las medidas necesarias para asegurar que todos los alumnos puedan completar los programas de estudio en los que estén inscritos, con el mismo estándar de calidad ofrecido al momento de su ingreso.
La oferta actual incluye tres años de preparatoria y un año de exploración para las carreras de negocios e ingenierías, después del cual los alumnos se trasladan a otro campus del Tec en el país para culminar los semestres restantes de sus carreras.
Las inscripciones para la preparatoria se suspenderán a partir del 14 de enero, sin perjuicio de los alumnos ya inscritos, quienes podrán concluir sus estudios de acuerdo a lo planeado.
A su vez, las inscripciones para las carreras del Tec se mantendrán aún de manera normal.
"Vamos a seguir garantizando el mismo nivel académico. Estamos muy orgullosos todos de formar parte de la comunidad Tec y siempre lo seguiremos estando", afirmó Rafael Comonfort, director del campus.
Durante las sesiones en las que se comunicó la decisión a los alumnos, padres de familia, colaboradores y alumnos de nuevo ingreso, el directivo aseguró que estará para atender todas las inquietudes.
Posteriormente, después de 2021, alumnos que quieran tomar las carreras del Tec de Monterrey  podrán hacerlo directamente en cualquier de sus otros 25 campus en el país, mientras que EIEVAC buscará ofrecer carreras completas, pero de la mano ya de otra institución educación.

Acreditaciones

El Campus Central de Veraruz cuenta con las acreditaciones de:
 CACECA.- Consejo de Acreditación en la Enseñanza de la Contaduría y Administración
 CACEI.- Consejo de la Acreditación en la Enseñanza de Ingeniería Industrial
En el departamento de negocios se encuentra Licenciatura de Administración de Empresas (LAE), Licenciatura en Comercio Internacional (LIN) y Licenciatura en Mercadotecnia (LEM).
En el departamento de Ciencias acredita a la carrera de Ingeniería Industrial y de Sistemas

Estás acreditaciones se basaron en la evaluación de 8 variables:
1. Profesores
2. Estudiantes
3. Programa de licenciatura
4. Formación Integral
5. Recursos Financieros
6. Recursos y Eficiencia
7. Extensión e Investigación
8. Formación Adicional

Programas educativos
Prepa tec
Carreras profesionales
Mastrías y Doctorados
Diplomados y cursos

Carreras Profesionales
Dentro del Campus hay 2 carreras completas, las cuales son:
 LAE-. Licenciado en Administración de Empresas y Estrategia de Negocios
 IIS.- Ingeniero Industrial y de Sistemas

Troncos comunes

El Campus también cuenta con el tronco común de 44 carreras en las siguientes áreas:
 Agricultura y Alimentos
 Arquitectura
 Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades
 Comunicación y Periodismo
 Derecho
 Diseño y Arte Aplicado
 Ingeniería y Ciencias
 Negocios y Administración
 Salud
 Tecnologías de Información y Electrónica

Maestrías en Línea

El Campus también ofrece maestrías en línea, por medio de Universidad Virtual dentro de las áreas
 Administración y Finanzas
 Gobierno y Política Pública
 Tecnologías de Información y Electrónica
 Ingeniería y Arquitectura
 Innovación
 Educación
 Humanidades y Ciencias Sociales

Vida Estudiantil
El Campus Central de Veracruz te ofrece también habilidades y herramientas para el crecimiento de tu desarrollo profesional y personal como lo es la Dirección de Asuntos Estudiantiles (DAE). a través de los departamentos que la integran:
Grupos Estudiantiles
Deportes
Difusión cultural
Campaña de prevención
Formación social

Cierre del Campus
El Tec de Monterrey campus Central de Veracruz, en la ciudad de Córdoba, cerrará gradualmente sus operaciones durante los siguientes dos años, anunciaron conjuntamente el Tecnológico de Monterrey y la asociación civil Enseñanza e Investigación del Estado de Veracruz (EIEVAC).
EIEVAC es la asociación propietaria del terreno en donde está el campus y es conformada por un grupo de empresarios, quienes en 1981 invitaron al Tecnológico de Monterrey a asentarse allí.
Tanto el Tec de Monterrey como EIEVAC se comprometen a tomar las medidas necesarias para asegurar que todos los alumnos puedan completar los programas de estudio en los que estén inscritos, con el mismo estándar de calidad ofrecido al momento de su ingreso.
La oferta actual incluye tres años de preparatoria y un año de exploración para las carreras de negocios e ingenierías, después del cual los alumnos se trasladan a otro campus del Tec en el país para culminar los semestres restantes de sus carreras.
Las inscripciones para la preparatoria se suspenderán a partir del 14 de enero, sin perjuicio de los alumnos ya inscritos, quienes podrán concluir sus estudios de acuerdo a lo planeado.
A su vez, las inscripciones para las carreras del Tec se mantendrán aún de manera normal.
"Vamos a seguir garantizando el mismo nivel académico. Estamos muy orgullosos todos de formar parte de la comunidad Tec y siempre lo seguiremos estando", afirmó Rafael Comonfort, director del campus.
Durante las sesiones en las que se comunicó la decisión a los alumnos, padres de familia, colaboradores y alumnos de nuevo ingreso, el directivo aseguró que estará para atender todas las inquietudes.
Posteriormente, después de 2021, alumnos que quieran tomar las carreras del Tec de Monterrey  podrán hacerlo directamente en cualquier de sus otros 25 campus en el país, mientras que EIEVAC buscará ofrecer carreras completas, pero de la mano ya de otra institución educativa.

Referencias

https://tec.mx/es/noticias/veracruz/institucion/se-anuncia-el-cierre-gradual-del-tec-campus-central-de-veracruz

Universidades del estado de Veracruz

Tecnológico de Monterrey (Campus Central de Veracruz)


The Palisades Interstate Parkway (PIP) is a  controlled-access parkway in the U.S. states of New Jersey and New York. The parkway is a major commuter route into New York City from Rockland and Orange counties in New York and Bergen County in New Jersey. The southern terminus of the route is at the George Washington Bridge in Fort Lee, New Jersey, where it connects to Interstate 95 (I-95),  New Jersey Route 4, U.S. 1, U.S. 9, and US 46. Its northern terminus is at a traffic circle in Fort Montgomery, New York, where the PIP meets US 9W and US 202 at the Bear Mountain Bridge. At exit 18, the PIP forms a concurrency with US 6 for the remaining duration of its run.

The route is named for the Hudson River Palisades, a line of cliffs rising along the western side of the Hudson River. The PIP is designated, but not signed as Route 445 in New Jersey and New York State Route 987C (NY 987C), an unsigned reference route, in New York. As with most parkways in the New York metropolitan area, commercial traffic is prohibited from using the PIP. The Palisades Interstate Parkway was built from 1947 to 1958, and fully opened to traffic on August 28, 1958.

Route description

The mainline of the parkway is designated as Route 445 in New Jersey and NY 987C in New York. The latter is one of New York's reference routes. A  spur connecting the parkway to US 9W in Fort Lee, New Jersey, is designated  Route 445S. All three designations are unsigned and used only for inventory purposes. The parkway is owned and maintained by the Palisades Interstate Park Commission but occasional maintenance is performed by the New Jersey and New York state departments of transportation. Commercial vehicles are prohibited on the entire length of the Palisades Interstate Parkway. The speed limit on the highway used to be  south of the New York State Thruway and  north of it. As of October 2018, it is 55 mph for the entire length.

New Jersey

The Palisades Interstate Parkway begins at the George Washington Bridge (GWB) in Fort Lee, New Jersey. Passengers from the upper level of the GWB can directly access the PIP northbound, while passengers from the lower level of the bridge must travel through GWB Plaza on US 9W before getting on the parkway. Passengers traveling northbound on the New Jersey Turnpike (I-95) must be in local lanes to directly get on the PIP. Once the PIP leaves the GWB, it proceeds north along the New Jersey Palisades, past the Englewood Cliffs Service Area. Unlike service areas further north along the parkway, there are two in Englewood, one for northbound drivers and one for southbound drivers. The others are in the center median shared by drivers going in both directions. There are also three different scenic lookout points over the Palisades near the northern tip of the island of Manhattan at the Harlem River. After this, the PIP parallels US 9W and the Hudson River for its entire run in New Jersey. The PIP leaves New Jersey into New York in the borough of Rockleigh.

The entire New Jersey portion of the Palisades Interstate Parkway is within Bergen County. It is designated as a state scenic byway known as the Palisades Scenic Byway. The PIP, the New Jersey Turnpike, Interstate 278, and Interstate 676 are the only highways that use sequential exit numbering in New Jersey; all others in the state are based on mileage, except for the Atlantic City–Brigantine Connector in Atlantic City, which uses lettered exits (no numerals).

New York
The parkway enters Rockland County in the hamlet of Palisades. At about the border the PIP changes direction from due north along the Hudson River to a north-west direction. Shortly after the Kings Ferry Service Area in the center median, the first two exits in New York are key exits for two colleges in Rockland County. Exit 5 provides a link to St. Thomas Aquinas College, and exit 6 provides a link to Dominican College. In West Nyack, the PIP has a key interchange with the New York State Thruway (I-87 and I-287). This intersection is about seven miles (11 km) west of the Tappan Zee Bridge. After the PIP's interchange with the NY Thruway, the PIP turns slightly north-east. At exit 13, the PIP intersects US 202 as the route crosses south of Harriman State Park in Mount Ivy. This is the first of two meetings between the PIP and US 202. At exit 15, the PIP has its last busy intersection in Rockland County with County Route 106 (CR 106, formerly part of NY 210) in Stony Point. From here, the PIP enters Harriman State Park, and at exit 16, the PIP intersects Lake Welch Parkway, which is one of several parkways commissioned within the park.

The parkway enters Orange County north of Lake Welch Parkway at exit 16 and south of the Palisades Interstate Park Commission Visitor Center, located in the center median in what was originally a parkway service area. The first interchange in Orange County is exit 17 at Anthony Wayne Recreation Area. At exit 18, the PIP intersects US 6 and Seven Lakes Drive. US 6 west heads toward the Thruway and NY 17 five miles (8 km) west in Harriman. US 6 east forms the PIP's only concurrency for the last two miles (3 km) of the PIP's run. Seven Lakes Drive joins the two routes for one mile (1.6 km) before departing at exit 19. The two routes then enter Bear Mountain State Park in an eastern direction. Finally, the Palisades Interstate Parkway meets its end at US 9W and US 202 at a traffic circle near the Hudson River and the Bear Mountain Bridge. US 6 and US 202 head east over the bridge, while US 9W heads north toward the United States Military Academy in West Point. (Southbound US 9W, breaking off to the right, is the same road as westbound US 202.)

History

In 1933–34, the first thoughts of a Palisades Interstate Parkway were developed by engineer and environmentalist William A. Welch, who was general manager and chief engineer of the Palisades Interstate Park Commission. The plan was to build a parkway to connect the New Jersey Palisades with the state parks along the Hudson River in Rockland and Orange counties. Welch would soon garner the support of John D. Rockefeller, who donated  of land along the New Jersey Palisades overlooking the Hudson River in 1933. With this favorable momentum for the new route, the proposed route was accepted as a Civil Works Administration project under Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal coalition. However, the New Jersey Highway Commission did not support construction, so the idea of a parkway was put on hold. Instead, they built an 8 mile (13 km) road along the western bank of the Hudson River called the Henry Hudson Drive, a small scenic road that is a precursor to the Parkway and is still open today.

During the 1940s, Rockefeller renewed the push for a parkway along the New Jersey Palisades, and teamed with ultimate PIP planner, Robert Moses, to establish and design the parkway. The plan originally was to have the PIP stretch from the Garden State Parkway, along the Hudson River, to the George Washington Bridge, and then north along its present-day route ending at the Bear Mountain Bridge. This southern extension was never built, but construction began on the current PIP in New York on April 1, 1947. Construction on the New Jersey portion began about one year later, paralleling the nearby Henry Hudson Drive. Construction was delayed twice due to material shortages, but that did not stop the PIP from being opened in stages during the 1940s and 1950s. The route was completed in New Jersey in 1957, and on August 28, 1958, the final piece of the PIP was completed between exits 5 and 9 in southern Rockland County.

The PIP is known for its stone arch overpasses throughout its route and its several scenic overlooks in New Jersey. All sorts of unique trees and flowers can be seen along the route as well. In 1998, because of all the natural and constructed beauty, the PIP was designated as a national landmark by the National Park Service.

The Parkway suffered from severe flooding and a minor structural collapse on July 9, 2023 near the Bear Mountain Bridge as a result of severe storms.

Exit list
While most highways in the U.S. reset their mile markers and exit numbers when crossing a state line, the Palisades Parkway does not reset either.

Rest areas

There are some rest areas on the Palisades Interstate Parkway.

 Sparkill (located just south of Exit 5, fuel and convenience store. Open 24 Hours. Park and Ride also available. Accessible both sides.) (New York)
 Englewood Cliffs (located past exit 1 just before the George Washington Bridge, fuel and convenience store. There are two separate rest areas on both sides. Phone service is also available.) (New Jersey)
 Alpine Lookout (Alpine): (North side only. Located near exit 2. Parking/scenic view area only. No fuel.) (New Jersey)
 Rockefeller Lookout (Englewood Cliffs): (North side only. Parking/scenic view area only. No fuel.) (New Jersey)
 Bear Mountain/Tomkins Cove (located between exits 16 and 17. Information and book store. No fuel. Accessible both sides.) (New York)
 State Line Lookout (Visitor center and lookout. No fuel). (New Jersey)

Palisades Interstate Parkway Police
The Palisades Interstate Parkway Police is a highway law enforcement agency for protecting the Palisades Interstate Parkway and to enforce state and city laws in the New Jersey section of highway. Headquartered in Alpine, New Jersey on Alpine Approach Road. The department consists of one chief, two lieutenants, five sergeants, and seventeen patrol officers. There are also security guards available who were trained and hired for by the police academy. Other than patrol cars, the Palisades Interstate Parkway Police also uses police boats for marine patrols and a bicycle unit.

See also

References

External links

Palisades Interstate Parkway
Palisades Interstate Parkway Police
An enlarged view of road jurisdiction at the Fort Lee approaches to the George Washington Bridge
Google maps satellite image of the southern end of the Parkway
Palisades Parkway (NJ 445) (Greater New York Roads)
Palisades Parkway (NY) (Greater New York Roads)

Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in New Jersey
Transportation in Bergen County, New Jersey
Historic districts in Orange County, New York
Historic districts in Rockland County, New York
Parkways in New York (state)
State highways in New Jersey
Palisades Interstate Park system
Robert Moses projects
Transportation in Orange County, New York
Transportation in Rockland County, New York
Limited-access roads in New Jersey
U.S. Route 6
Parkways in the United States
Roads on the National Register of Historic Places in New Jersey
National Register of Historic Places in Bergen County, New Jersey
Parks on the National Register of Historic Places in New Jersey

Palisades Interstate Parkway


An Bromus haussknechtii in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Pierre Edmond Boissier. An Bromus haussknechtii in nahilalakip ha genus nga Bromus, ngan familia nga Poaceae.

Mabibilngan ini ha Iraq. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Bromus

Bromus haussknechtii


Esther Benbassa (* 27. März 1950 in Istanbul) ist eine französisch-türkisch-israelische Historikerin und Judaistin. Sie hat seit 2000 den Lehrstuhl für neuere Geschichte des Judentums an der École pratique des hautes études inne. Seit 2011 gehört sie dem französischen Senat an, wo sie bis zu ihrem Fraktionsausschluss 2021 die Grünen (EELV) vertrat.

Leben

Benbassa stammt aus einer wohlhabenden Familie sephardischer Juden in Istanbul. Ihre Mutter, mit der sie Ladino sprach, war eine der wenigen Überlebenden des von den deutschen Besatzern im Zweiten Weltkrieg ab 1943 verübten Völkermords an den Juden von Thessaloniki. 1965 wanderte Benbassa im Alter von 15 Jahren aus der Türkei nach Israel aus. 1972 schloss sie ihr Studium der Philosophie und französischen Literatur an der Universität Tel Aviv mit dem Bachelor-Grad ab. Im selben Jahr begann sie mit der Fortsetzung ihrer Studien an der Universität Paris VIII (Vincennes-Saint-Denis), die sie 1973 mit einer Maîtrise abschloss.

Das Staatsexamen für Sekundarschullehrer (CAPES) legte sie 1975 im Fach lettres modernes (moderne Sprachen und Literatur) ab und arbeitete anschließend bis 1988 (mit Unterbrechungen für ihre Forschungsarbeit) als Lehrerin. Mit einer Schrift über Die Kultur und die Pariser Kommune promovierte sie 1978 an der Universität Paris VIII (Prädikat sehr gut). Zwischen 1979 und 1991 übernahm Benbassa Lehraufträge für neuere und neueste jüdische Geschichte am Institut national des langues et civilisations orientales (INALCO), der Universität Paris III (Sorbonne Nouvelle) und der Hebräischen Universität Jerusalem. Sie erhielt 1982 das Türkisch-Diplom des INALCO. Von 1984 bis 1987 war sie aus dem Schuldienst als Forscherin an das Centre national de la recherche scientifique (CNRS) abgeordnet.

Ihr Doctorat d'Etat (entspricht etwa einer Habilitation) schloss sie 1987 an der Universität Paris III (Sorbonne Nouvelle) bei dem Orientalisten (Turkologen) Louis Bazin ab, Thema ihrer Arbeit war der letzte Großrabbiner des Osmanischen Reichs, Chaim Nahum, seine Rolle in der Politik und Diplomatie. 1988–89 war sie wissenschaftliche Mitarbeiterin (Postdoc) an der Hebräischen Universität Jerusalem. Von 1989 bis 2000 fungierte sie als Forschungsdirektorin am renommierten CNRS. Parallel unterrichtete sie von 1991 bis 2000 im Doktorandenseminar Moderner Okzident der Universität Paris IV (Paris-Sorbonne), wo sie den Promotionsprogrammen für Geschichte und (seit 1998) für Religionsgeschichte angehörte.

Gastprofessuren führten sie an das Moses Mendelssohn Zentrum für europäisch-jüdische Studien der Universität Potsdam (1996), die Universität Genf (1999), die Universität Lausanne (1999–2000), das Collegium Budapest (2002), das Netherlands Institute for Advanced Study (2004–05) und an die New York University (2008).

Im Jahr 2000 berief sie die École pratique des hautes études (EPHE) als directrice d'études auf den Lehrstuhl für neuere Geschichte des Judentums. Sie gründete 2002 das Centre Alberto Benveniste für sephardische Studien und soziokulturelle Geschichte der Juden, das sie bis 2018 auch leitete. Es ist seit 2010 ein Bestandteil der gemeinsamen Forschungseinheit Centre Roland Mousnier von CNRS, EPHE und Universität Paris IV, deren stellvertretende Direktorin sie seither bis 2018 war.

Am 1. Oktober 2011 wurde sie als Senatorin über die Liste der Grünen Partei Frankreichs, Europe Écologie-Les Verts (EELV), in die 2. Kammer des französischen Parlaments gewählt. Dort vertrat sie das Département Val-de-Marne und war stellvertretende Vorsitzende des Gesetzgebungsausschusses. Bei der Senatswahl 2017 wurde sie wiedergewählt, diesmal jedoch als Senatorin von Paris. Im Juli 2021 wurde Benbassa von mehreren ihrer (ehemaligen) parlamentarischen und studentischen Mitarbeiter des Psychoterrors (harcèlement moral) beschuldigt. Mit Druck, Drohungen und Demütigungen soll sie ein "Klima der Angst" geschaffen haben. Daraufhin wurde sie im September 2021 aus der grünen Fraktion ausgeschlossen und trat im Dezember desselben Jahres auch aus der Partei EELV aus. Sie behielt jedoch ihr Mandat als fraktionslose Senatorin.

Sie ist Autorin zahlreicher Werke zur jüdischen Geschichte und zur vergleichenden Geschichte von Minderheiten. Ihre Werke wurden in mehr als zehn Sprachen übersetzt. Esther Benbassa hat sich im jüdisch-islamischen Dialog und zu Fragen des Rassismus und der Diskriminierung engagiert. Immer wieder analysiert sie auch den israelisch-palästinensischen Konflikt und dessen Rückwirkungen auf Europa. Sie hat sich wiederholt gegen eine kritiklose Unterstützung der Politik Israels durch Juden in der Diaspora sowie gegen die von ihr beklagte Tendenz ausgesprochen, den Holocaust als religiösen Kult zu missbrauchen oder in einem "Krieg der Erinnerungen" politisch zu instrumentalisieren.

Esther Benbassa ist mit ihrem Kollegen Jean-Christophe Attias verheiratet, der Professor für jüdisches Denken des Mittelalters an der EPHE ist und mit dem sie mehrere Bücher gemeinsam verfasst hat.

Auszeichnungen
 2005: Ritter des Ordre national du Mérite
 2006: Prix Seligmann für das Eintreten gegen Rassismus, Ungerechtigkeit und Intoleranz
 2008: Prix Guizot (Bronzemedaille) der Académie française für La Souffrance comme identité
 2011: Ritter der Ehrenlegion

Schriften (Auswahl)
In deutscher Sprache liegen Übersetzungen einiger Bücher von Esther Benbassa vor:
 Jude sein nach Gaza. Les Éditions du Crieur Public, Hamburg 2010, ISBN 978-3-86850-832-1.
 mit Aron Rodrigue: Die Geschichte der sephardischen Juden. Von Toledo bis Saloniki. Winkler Verlag, Bochum 2005, ISBN 3-89911-012-9.
 mit Jean-Christophe Attias: Haben die Juden eine Zukunft? Ein Gespräch über jüdische Identitäten. Chronos, Zürich 2002, ISBN 3-0340-0562-8.
 Geschichte der Juden in Frankreich. Philo-Verlag, Berlin u. a. 2000, ISBN 3-8257-0144-1.

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks

 www.estherbenbassa.net, persönlicher Webauftritt von Esther Benbassa, abgerufen am 6. Juni 2012
 www.crieur-public.com/autoren/esther-benbassa/

Historiker (Judentum)
Hochschullehrer (Universität Paris IV)
Hochschullehrer (École pratique des hautes études)
Senator (Frankreich)
EELV-Mitglied
Mitglied der Ehrenlegion (Ritter)
Träger des französischen Nationalverdienstordens (Ritter)
Franzose
Türke
Israeli
Geboren 1950
Frau

Esther Benbassa


Castiglia peut faire référence à:

Architecture
 Villa Castiglia, bâtiment historique d'Ivrée au Piémont, en Italie.

Patronymie
 Salvatore Castiglia (1819-1895), marin, diplomate et patriote italien.
 Vincent Castiglia (1982- ), peintre et tatoueur américain.

Castiglia


The king rail (Rallus elegans) is a waterbird, the largest North American rail.

Description

Distinct features are a long bill with a slight downward curve, with adults being brown on the back and rusty-brown on the face and breast with a dark brown cap. They also have a white throat and a light belly with barred flanks. Undertail coverts are white and are displayed by the male during courtship.  Immature birds are covered in down, with light brown on the head and darker brown on the back and wings.

This bird's call is a low repeated grunt transcribed as kek-kek-kek.

Distribution and habitat
This bird breeds in marshes in eastern North America. Birds along the southeastern coasts of the United States are permanent residents. Other birds migrate to the southern United States and Mexico; in Canada, they are found in southern Ontario. An adult king rail will molt completely after nesting and it becomes flightless for almost a month.

Ecology
This bird is diurnal, contrasting with its smaller, nocturnal relatives.

Breeding
The nest is a raised platform built with marsh vegetation and covered by a canopy. This is to hide the eggs of this bird from predators that are searching from above.

The king rail interbreeds with the clapper rail (Rallus crepitans) where their ranges overlap; some researchers believe that these two birds belong to the same species.

The king rail lays a clutch of 6 to 14 pale buff eggs with brown spotting. They usually measure . Both parents incubate the eggs for 21 to 23 days. When the eggs hatch, the young are covered in down and are able to leave the nest. They are not able to feed themselves, though, and thus must rely on their parents for food for up to six weeks after they hatch.

Feeding
This rail forages in shallow water near cover and eats mainly aquatic insects and crustaceans. It forages by probing the mud while moving around in shallow water.

The chicks are fed small arthropod prey by their parents. The prey is transferred from one parent's beak to that of the chick.

Males often give food to whomever they pursue during courtship.

Status
These birds are still common in some coastal areas, although interior populations have declined due to habitat loss. In Michigan, it is considered a legally protected state endangered species, at an imperiled level.

References

External links

king rail
Birds of Cuba
Birds of Mexico
Native birds of the Eastern United States
Near threatened fauna of North America
king rail

King rail