Marquée par le destin () est un mélodrame italien réalisé par Mario Costa et sorti en 1953.

Synopsis
Un propriétaire terrien est amoureux d'une jolie fille, mais se fait piéger par une autre femme, plus riche, qui veut en fait sa fortune. Elle parvient temporairement à séparer les deux jeunes gens, mais l'homme fait comprendre à sa fiancée que son amour est vrai. Il réalise qu'il a été victime d'une tromperie et se rendra à l'autel avec la femme qu'il a toujours aimée.

Fiche technique
 Titre français : Marquée par le destin
 Titre original italien :
 Réalisateur : Mario Costa
 Scénario : , Leo Benvenuti, , Giuseppe Mangione
 Photographie : Tonino Delli Colli
 Montage :
 Musique : Carlo Rustichelli, dirigé par Franco Ferrara
 Décors :
 Costumes : Elio Costanzi, Marilù Carteny
 Maquillage : Andrea Riva
 Production : Carlo Salsano, Angelo Rizzoli,
 Sociétés de production : Rizzoli Film, Royal Film
 Sociétés de distribution : Dear Films (Italie)
 Pays de production :
 Langue originale : italien
 Format : Noir et blanc - 1,37:1 - Son mono - 35 mm
 Durée : 100 minutes
 Genre : Mélodrame
 Dates de sortie :
 Italie :
 France :

Distribution

Amedeo Nazzari : Massimo Alberti
Myriam Bru : Maria
Jacques Sernas : Carlo Manfredini
Adriano Rimoldi : Giorgio
Tamara Lees : Clara
Marisa Merlini : Lucia
Aldo Silvani : Luigi Alberti
Celeste Almieri Calza : Margherita Manfredini
Margherita Bagni : Sœur Margherita
Cesare Bettarini : don Antonio
Aldo Bufi Landi : Mario
Miranda Campa : Anna
Vera Carmi : Sœur Anna.
Annette Ciarli : tante Adelaide
Rina Franchetti : Assunta
Aldo Giuffré : Felice
Lia Reiner : Luisa

Production
Le film, que l'on peut rattacher au genre du drame sentimental larmoyant, communément appelé melodramma strappalacrime, très populaire auprès du public italien de ces années-là, a été tourné en extérieur dans les villes de Bracciano et Trevignano Romano.

Inscrit au registre des films de la S.I.A.E. (Société italienne des auteurs et éditeurs) sous le , il est présenté à la Commission de révision des films, présidée par Teodoro Bubbio, le  et reçoit l'approbation de la censure  le , avec une longueur vérifiée de .

Notes et références

Liens externes

Film italien sorti en 1953
Film italien en noir et blanc
Film réalisé par Mario Costa
Film dramatique italien
Film avec une musique composée par Carlo Rustichelli
Film romantique italien
Adaptation d'un roman italien au cinéma
Film en italien
Film français tourné en italien
Film tourné à Rome

Marquée par le destin


Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Adalet Bakanlığı, Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Cumhurbaşkanlığına bağlı olarak çalışan, adalet ve yargı işlerinden sorumlu olan bakanlık.

Tarihçe
Adalet Bakanlığı ilk olarak 1920 yılında, cumhuriyetin ilanından önce, İsviçre medeni hukuk sistemine dayanan yeni hukuk kanununun kabul edilmesini takiben kurulmuştur. Bakanlık, tarihi boyunca Türkiye'deki adalet sisteminin değişen ihtiyaçlarına yanıt olarak çeşitli yeniden yapılanma ve yapısal değişikliklerden geçmiştir.

Görevleri

Adalet Bakanlığının görev ve yetkileri şunlardır:

 Kanunlarda kurulması öngörülen mahkemeleri açmak ve teşkilatlandırmak, ceza infaz kurumları, icra ve iflas daireleri gibi her derece ve türdeki adalet kurumlarını planlamak. kurmak ve idari görevleri yönünden gözetim ve denetimini yapmak ve geliştirmek.
 Bir mahkemenin kaldırılması veya yargı çevresinin değiştirilmesi konularında Hakimler ve Savcılar Kuruluna teklifte bulunmak.
 Kamu davasının açılması ile ilgili olarak mevzuatla Adalet Bakanına verilen yetkinin kullanılması ile ilgili çalışma ve işlemleri yapmak.
 Adli sicilin tutulması ile ilgili hizmetleri yürütmek.
 Adalet hizmetlerine ilişkin konularda, yabancı ülkelerle ilgili işlemleri yerine getirmek.
 Adalet hizmetleriyle ilgili konularda, gerekli araştırmalar ve mevzuat hazırlıklarını yapmak ve görüş bildirmek.
 Bakanlıklarca hazırlanan mevzuat taslaklarının Türk hukuk sistemine ve mevzuat tekniğine uygunluğunu incelemek ve bu konularda görüş bildirmek.
 İlgili mevzuat hükümleri uyarınca infaz işlerini düzenlemek.
 İcra ve iflas daireleri vasıtasıyla, icra ve iflas iş ve işlemlerini yürütmek.
 Görev alanıyla ilgili olarak uygulamayı takip etmek ve ortaya çıkan sorunların nedenlerini araştırarak çözüm önerileri geliştirmek.
 Ulusal veya uluslararası düzeyde bilimsel toplantılar düzenlemek, bu nitelikteki çalışmaları teşvik etmek ve desteklemek.
 Görev alanıyla ilgili kamu ya da özel kurum veya kuruluşlarla iş birliği yapmak.
 Kanunlarla veya Cumhurbaşkanlığı kararnameleriyle verilen diğer görevleri yapmak.

Bağlı birimler

Merkez teşkilatı
 Ceza İşleri Genel Müdürlüğü
 Hukuk İşleri Genel Müdürlüğü
 Mevzuat Genel Müdürlüğü
 Ceza ve Tevkifevleri Genel Müdürlüğü
 Adli Sicil ve İstatistik Genel Müdürlüğü
 Dış İlişkiler ve Avrupa Birliği Genel Müdürlüğü
 Personel Genel Müdürlüğü
 Hukuk Hizmetleri Genel Müdürlüğü
 Bilgi İşlem Genel Müdürlüğü
 Teftiş Kurulu Başkanlığı
 Strateji Geliştirme Başkanlığı
 İnsan Hakları Dairesi Başkanlığı
 Eğitim Dairesi Başkanlığı
 İcra İşleri Dairesi Başkanlığı
 Destek Hizmetleri Dairesi Başkanlığı
 Adli Destek ve Mağdur Hizmetleri Dairesi Başkanlığı
 Basın ve Halkla İlişkiler Müşavirliği
 Özel Kalem Müdürlüğü

Taşra teşkilatı
 Bölge Adliye Mahkemeleri Cumhuriyet Başsavcılıkları
 Cumhuriyet Başsavcılıkları
Ceza İnfaz Kurumları
Denetimli Serbestlik Müdürlükleri

Sürekli kurullar / Bağlı kuruluşlar
 Adli Tıp Kurumu
 Ceza ve İnfaz Kurumları ile Tutukevleri İş Yurtları Kurumu Başkanlığı
 Adalet Akademisi

İlgili kuruluşlar
 Türkiye Adalet Akademisi Başkanlığı

Düzenleyici ve denetleyici kuruluşlar

 Kişisel Verileri Koruma Kurumu

Adalet bakanları

Logolar

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

1920'de Osmanlı İmparatorluğu'nda kurulan oluşumlar
Adalet bakanlıkları

Adalet Bakanlığı (Türkiye)


سالمين الزروق مطربة ليبية من مواليد مدينة بنغازي. بدأت الغناء منذ أوائل الثمانينيات.

من أغانيها

مصادر

أشخاص من بنغازي
مغنيات ليبيات

سالمين الزروق


William Sterling Parsons (26 November 1901 – 5 December 1953) was an American naval officer who worked as an ordnance expert on the Manhattan Project during World War II. He is best known for being the weaponeer on the Enola Gay, the aircraft which dropped an atomic bomb on Hiroshima, Japan, in 1945. To avoid the possibility of a nuclear explosion if the aircraft crashed and burned on takeoff, he decided to arm the bomb in flight. While the aircraft was en route to Hiroshima, Parsons climbed into the cramped and dark bomb bay, and inserted the powder charge and detonator. He was awarded the Silver Star for his part in the mission.

A 1922 graduate of the United States Naval Academy, Parsons served on a variety of warships beginning with the battleship . He was trained in ordnance and studied ballistics under L. T. E. Thompson at the Naval Proving Ground in Dahlgren, Virginia. In July 1933, Parsons became liaison officer between the Bureau of Ordnance and the Naval Research Laboratory. He became interested in radar and was one of the first to recognize its potential to locate ships and aircraft, and perhaps even track shells in flight. In September 1940, Parsons and Merle Tuve of the National Defense Research Committee began work on the development of the proximity fuze, an invention that was provided to the US by the UK Tizard Mission, a radar-triggered fuze that would explode a shell in the proximity of the target. The fuze, eventually known as the VT (variable time) fuze, Mark 32, went into production in 1942. Parsons was on hand to watch the cruiser  shoot down the first enemy aircraft with a VT fuze in the Solomon Islands in January 1943.

In June 1943, Parsons joined the Manhattan Project as Associate Director at the Project Y research laboratory at Los Alamos, New Mexico, under J. Robert Oppenheimer. Parsons became responsible for the ordnance aspects of the project, including the design and testing of the non-nuclear components of nuclear weapons. In a reorganization in 1944, he lost responsibility for the implosion-type fission weapon, but retained that for the design and development of the gun-type fission weapon, which eventually became Little Boy. He was also responsible for the delivery program, codenamed Project Alberta. He watched the Trinity nuclear test from a B-29.

After the war, Parsons was promoted to the rank of rear admiral without ever having commanded a ship. He participated in Operation Crossroads, the nuclear weapon tests at Bikini Atoll in 1946, and later the Operation Sandstone tests at Enewetak Atoll in 1948. In 1947, he became deputy commander of the Armed Forces Special Weapons Project. He died of a heart attack in 1953.

Early life
William Sterling  Parsons was born in Chicago, Illinois, on 26 November 1901, the oldest of three children of a lawyer, Harry Robert Parsons, and his wife Clara, née Doolittle. Clara was the granddaughter of James Rood Doolittle, who served as US Senator from Wisconsin between 1857 and 1869, and of Joel Aldrich Matteson, Governor of Illinois from 1853 to 1857.

In 1909, the family moved to Fort Sumner, New Mexico, where William learned to speak fluent Spanish. He attended the local schools in Fort Sumner and was home schooled by his mother for a time. He commenced at Santa Rosa High School, where his mother taught English and Spanish, rapidly advancing through three years in just one. In 1917 he attended Fort Sumner High School, from which he graduated in 1918.

In 1917 Parsons traveled to Roswell, New Mexico, to take the United States Naval Academy exam for one of the appointments by Senator Andrieus A. Jones. He was only an alternate, but passed the exam while more favored candidates did not, and received the appointment. As he was only 16, two years younger than most candidates, he was shorter and lighter than the physical standards called for, but managed to convince the examining board to admit him anyway. He entered the Naval Academy at Annapolis, Maryland, in 1918, and eventually graduated 48th out of 539 in the class of 1922, in which Hyman G. Rickover graduated 107th. At the time, it was customary for midshipmen to acquire nicknames, and Parsons was called "Deacon", a play on his last name. This became shortened to "Deak".

Ordnance
On graduating in June 1922, Parsons was commissioned as an ensign and posted to the battleship , where he was placed in charge of one of the 14-inch gun turrets. In May 1927, Parsons, now a lieutenant (junior grade), returned to Annapolis, where he commenced a course in ordnance at the Naval Postgraduate School. He became friends with Lieutenant Jack Crenshaw, a fellow officer attending the same training course. Jack asked Parsons to be best man at his wedding to Betty Cluverius, the daughter of the Commandant of the Norfolk Navy Yard, Rear Admiral Wat Tyler Cluverius Jr., at the Norfolk Navy Chapel. As best man, Parsons was paired with Betty's maid of honor, her sister Martha. Parsons and Martha got along well, and in November 1929, they too were married at the Norfolk Navy Chapel. This time, Jack and Betty Crenshaw were best man and maid of honor.

The ordnance course was normally followed by a relevant field posting, so Parsons was sent to the Naval Proving Ground in Dahlgren, Virginia, to further study ballistics under L. T. E. Thompson. Following the usual pattern of alternating duty afloat and ashore, Parsons was posted to the battleship  in June 1930, with the rank of lieutenant. In November, the Commander in Chief United States Fleet, Admiral Jehu V. Chase, hoisted his flag on the Texas, bringing Cluverius with him as his chief of staff. This was awkward for Parsons, his son-in-law, but Cluverius understood, being himself the son-in-law of an admiral, in his case, Admiral William T. Sampson.

In July 1933, Parsons became liaison officer between the Bureau of Ordnance and the Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) in Washington, D.C. At the NRL he was briefed by the head of its Radio Division, A. Hoyt Taylor, who told him about experiments that had been carried out into what the Navy would later name radar. Parsons immediately recognized the potential of the new invention to locate ships and aircraft, and perhaps even track shells in flight. For this, he realized that he was going to need high frequency microwaves. He discovered that no one had attempted this. The scientists had not considered all the applications of the technology, and the Navy bureaus had not grasped their potential. He was able to persuade the scientists to establish a group to investigate microwave radar, but without official sanction it had low priority. Parsons submitted a memorandum on the subject to the Bureau of Ordnance (BuOrd) requesting $5,000 per annum for research. To his dismay, the BuOrd and Bureau of Engineering, which was responsible for the NRL, turned down his proposal.

Some thought that Parsons was ruining his career with his advocacy of radar, but he acquired one powerful backer. The Chief of the Bureau of Aeronautics (BuAer), Rear Admiral Ernest J. King, supported the use of radar as a means of determining aircraft altitude. When the Bureau of Engineering protested that such a device would necessarily be too large to carry on a plane, King told them that it would still be worthwhile, even if the only aircraft in the Navy big enough to carry it was the airship .

Parsons's marriage produced three daughters. The first, Hannah, was born in 1932; the second, Margaret (Peggy), followed in 1934. Hannah died of polio in April 1935. Parsons returned to sea in June 1936 as the executive officer of the destroyer . He was promoted to lieutenant commander in May 1937. His third daughter, Clara (Clare), was born the same year. On that occasion, Parsons left Martha with the newborn and  three-year-old Peggy to care for and reported for duty the next day, believing that his first responsibility was to his ship. His skipper, Commander Earl E. Stone, did not agree, and sent him home. In March 1938, Rear Admiral William R. Sexton had Parsons assigned to his flagship, the cruiser , as gunnery officer. Parsons's task was to improve the gunnery scores of his command, and in this he succeeded.

Proximity fuze

Parsons was posted back to Dahlgren in September 1939 as experimental officer. The atmosphere had changed considerably. In June 1940, President Franklin D. Roosevelt approved the creation of the National Defense Research Committee (NDRC), under the direction of Vannevar Bush. Richard C. Tolman, dean of the graduate school at Caltech, was given responsibility for the NDRC's Armor and Ordnance Division. Tolman met with Parsons and Thompson in July 1940, and discussed their needs. Within the Navy, too, there was a change of attitude, with Captain William H. P. (Spike) Blandy as the head of BuOrd's Research Desk. Blandy welcomed the assistance of NDRC scientists in improving and developing weapons.

In September 1940, Parsons and Merle Tuve of NDRC began work on a new concept. Shooting down an aircraft with an anti-aircraft gun was a difficult proposition. As a shell had to hit a speeding aircraft at an uncertain altitude, the only hope seemed to be to fill the sky with ammunition. A direct hit was not actually required; an aircraft might be destroyed or critically damaged by a shell detonating nearby. With this in mind, anti-aircraft gunners used time fuzes to increase the possibility of damage. The question then arose as to whether radar could be used to create an explosion in the proximity of an aircraft. Tuve's first suggestion was to have an aircraft drop a radar-controlled bomb on a bomber formation. Parsons saw that while this was technically feasible, it was tactically problematic.

The ideal solution was a proximity fuze inside an artillery shell as was first conceived by  W. A. S. Butement, Edward S. Shire, and Amherst F. H. Thomson, researchers at the British Telecommunications Research Establishment but there were numerous technical difficulties with this. The radar set had to be made small enough to fit inside a shell, and its glass vacuum tubes had to first withstand the 20,000 g force of being fired from a gun, and then 500 rotations per second in flight. A special Section T of NDRC was created, chaired by Tuve, with Parsons as special assistant to Bush and liaison between NDRC and BuOrd.

On 29 January 1942, Parsons reported to Blandy that a batch of fifty proximity fuzes from the pilot production plant had been test fired, and 26 of them had exploded correctly. Blandy therefore ordered full-scale production to begin. In April 1942, Bush, now the Director of the Office of Scientific Research and Development (OSRD), placed the project directly under OSRD. The research effort remained under Tuve but moved to the Johns Hopkins University's Applied Physics Laboratory (APL), where Parsons was BuOrd's representative. In August 1942, a live firing test was conducted with the newly commissioned cruiser . Three pilotless drones were shot down in succession.

Parsons had the new proximity fuzes, now known as VT (variable time) fuze, Mark 32, flown to the Mare Island Navy Yard, where they were mated with 5"/38 caliber gun rounds. Some 5,000 of them were then shipped to the South Pacific. Parsons flew there himself, where he met with Admiral William F. Halsey at his headquarters in Nouméa. He arranged for Parsons to take VT fuzes out with him on the cruiser . On 6 January 1943, Helena was part of a cruiser force that bombarded Munda in the Solomon Islands. On the return trip, the cruisers were attacked by four Aichi D3A (Val) dive bombers. Helena fired at one with a VT fuze. It exploded close to the aircraft, which crashed into the sea.

To preserve the secrecy of the weapon, its use was initially permitted only over water, where a dud round could not fall into enemy hands. In late 1943, the Army obtained permission for it to be used over land. It proved particularly effective against the V-1 flying bomb over England, and later Antwerp in 1944. The use of a version fired from howitzers against ground targets was authorized in response to the German Ardennes Offensive in December 1944, with deadly effect. By the end of 1944, VT fuzes were coming off the production lines at the rate of 40,000 per day.

Manhattan Project

Project Y

Parsons returned to Dahlgren  in March 1943. Around this time, a research laboratory was established at Los Alamos, New Mexico, under the direction of J. Robert Oppenheimer as Project Y, which was part of the Manhattan Project, the top-secret effort to develop an atomic bomb. The creation of a practical weapon would necessarily require an expert in ordnance, and Oppenheimer tentatively penciled in Tolman for the role, but getting him released from OSRD was another matter. Until then, Oppenheimer had to do the job himself. In May 1943, the Manhattan Project's director, Brigadier General Leslie R. Groves, took up the matter with the Military Policy Committee, the high-level committee that oversaw the Manhattan Project. It consisted of Vannevar Bush as its chairman,  Brigadier General Wilhelm D. Styer who represented the Army, and Rear Admiral William R. Purnell as the Navy's representative.

Groves told them that he was looking for someone with "a sound understanding of both practical and theoretical ordnance – high explosives, guns and fusing – a wide acquaintance and an excellent reputation among military ordnance people and an ability to gain their support; a reasonably broad background in scientific development; and an ability to attract and hold the respect of scientists."  He said that a military officer would be his ideal, as the job might involve planning and coordinating the use of the bomb, but added that he knew of no Army officer who fit the bill. Bush then suggested Parsons, a nomination supported by Purnell. The next morning, Parsons received a phone call from Purnell, ordering him to report to Admiral King, who was now the Commander in Chief, US Fleet (Cominch). In a terse ten-minute meeting, King briefed Parsons on the Project, which he said had his full backing. That afternoon, Parsons met with Groves, who quickly sized him up as the right man for the job.

Parsons was relieved of his duties at Dahlgren  and officially assigned to Admiral King's Cominch staff on 1 June 1943, with a promotion to the rank of captain. On 15 June 1943, he arrived at Los Alamos as Associate Director. Parsons would be Oppenheimer's second in command. Parsons and his family moved into one of the houses on "Bathtub Row" that had formerly belonged to the headmaster and staff of the Los Alamos Ranch School. Bathtub Row, so-called because the houses were the only ones at Los Alamos with bathtubs, was the most prestigious address at Los Alamos. Parsons became Oppenheimer's next-door neighbor, and in fact his house was slightly larger, because Parsons had two children and Oppenheimer, at this point, had only one. With two school-age children, Parsons took a keen interest in the construction of the Central School at Los Alamos, and became president of the school board. Instead of the temporary two-story structure that Groves had envisioned in the interest of economy and not misusing the project's high priorities for labor and materials, Parsons had a well-built, modern, single-story school constructed. On seeing the result, Groves said: "I'll hold you personally responsible for this, Parsons."

Oppenheimer had already recruited key people for Parsons's Ordnance Division. Edwin McMillan was a physicist who headed the Proving Ground Group. His first task was to establish the ordnance test area. Later he became Parsons's deputy for the gun-type fission weapon. Charles Critchfield, a mathematical physicist with ordnance experience at the Army's Aberdeen Proving Ground, was in charge of the Target, Projectile and Source Group. Kenneth Bainbridge arrived in August to take charge of the Instrumentation Group. Parsons recruited Robert Brode from the proximity fuze project to become head of the Fuze Development Group. Joseph Hirschfelder was brought in as an expert on internal ballistics, and headed the Interior Ballistics Group. From the beginning, Parsons wanted Norman Ramsey as the head of the delivery group. Edward L. Bowles, the scientific adviser to the Secretary of War, Henry L. Stimson, was reluctant to part with Ramsey, but gave way under pressure from Groves, Tolman and Bush. Perhaps the most controversial group head would be Seth Neddermeyer, the head of the Implosion Experimentation Group; for the time being, Parsons accorded a relatively low priority to this work. He also recruited Hazel Greenbacker as his secretary.

Groves, among others, felt that Parsons had a tendency to fill positions with Naval officers. There was some aspect of service parochialism, and Parsons believed that involvement in the Manhattan Project would be important for the future of the Navy, but it was also due to the difficulty of getting highly skilled people from any source in wartime. Parsons simply found it easiest to get them through Navy channels. Lieutenant Commander Norris Bradbury said that he did not wish to join Project Y, but was soon on his way to Los Alamos anyway. Parsons recruited Commander Francis Birch, who replaced McMillan at Anchor Ranch. Commander Frederick Ashworth was a Naval ordnance officer and aviator who was senior aviator at Dahlgren  when he was brought in to work on the delivery side. By the end of the war, there were 41 Naval officers at Los Alamos.

Over the next few months, Parsons's division designed the gun-type plutonium weapon, codenamed Thin Man. It was assumed that a uranium-235 weapon would be similar in nature. Hirschfelder's group considered various designs, and evaluated different propellants. The ordnance test area, which became known as "Anchor Ranch", was established on a nearby ranch, where Parsons conducted test firings with a 3-inch anti-aircraft gun. Work on implosion lagged by comparison, but this was not initially a major concern, because it was expected that the gun-type would work with both uranium and plutonium. However, Oppenheimer, Groves and Parsons lobbied Purnell and Tolman to get John von Neumann to have a look at the problem. Von Neumann suggested the use of shaped charges to initiate implosion.

Oppenheimer considered that there was a "reciprocal lack of confidence" between Parsons and Neddermeyer, and in October 1943 he brought in George Kistiakowsky, who began a new attack on the implosion design. Kistiakowsky clashed with both Parsons and Neddermeyer, but felt that "my disagreements with Deak Parsons were very minor compared to my disagreements with Neddermeyer." The implosion design acquired a new urgency in April 1944, when studies of reactor-produced plutonium confirmed that it could not be used in a gun-type weapon. An accelerated effort was called for to design and build the implosion-type weapon, codenamed Fat Man. Two new groups were created at Los Alamos: X (for explosives) Division headed by Kistiakowsky, and G (for gadget) Division under Robert Bacher. Parsons was placed in charge of O (for ordnance) Division, with responsibility for both the gun-type design and delivery.

The uranium gun-type weapon known as Little Boy did prove to be simpler than Thin Man. The gun velocity needed to be only , a third that of Thin Man. A corresponding reduction in the barrel length reduced the bomb's overall length to . In turn, this made it much easier to handle, and permitted a conventional bomb shape, resulting in a more predictable flight. The main concerns with Little Boy were its safety and reliability.

Project Alberta

The delivery program, codenamed Project Alberta, got underway under Ramsey's direction in October 1943. Starting in November, the Army Air Forces Materiel Command at Wright Field, Ohio, began Silverplate, the codename for the modification of B-29s to carry the bombs. Parsons arranged for a test program at Dahlgren  using scale models of Thin Man and Fat Man. Test drops were carried out at Muroc Army Air Field, California, and the Naval Ordnance Test Station at Inyokern, California, using full-size replicas of Fat Man known as pumpkin bombs. The ungainly and non-aerodynamic shape of Fat Man proved to be the main difficulty, but many other problems were encountered and overcome. Parsons, wrote Oppenheimer, "has been almost alone in this project to appreciate the actual military and engineering problems which we would encounter. He has been almost alone in insisting on facing these problems at a date early enough so that we might arrive at their solution."

In July 1944, Parsons joined Jack Crenshaw, who was investigating the Port Chicago disaster. The two men surveyed the disaster area, where 1,500 tons of munitions had exploded and 320 men had died. A year later, Parsons watched the Trinity nuclear test from a circling B-29. Afterwards, Parsons flew to Tinian, where the B-29s of Colonel Paul W. Tibbets' 509th Composite Group were preparing to deliver the weapons. En route, he stopped off in San Diego to visit his eighteen-year-old half-brother Bob, a US Marine who had been badly wounded in the Battle of Iwo Jima. Parsons also met with Captain Charles B. McVay III, the skipper of the cruiser , in Purnell's office at the Embarcadero in San Francisco and gave McVay his orders:

Parsons was in charge of scientists and technicians from Project Alberta on Tinian, who were nominally organized as the 1st Technical Service Detachment. Their role was the handling and maintenance of the nuclear weapons. Parsons was joined by Purnell, who represented the Military Liaison Committee, and Brigadier General Thomas F. Farrell, Groves' Deputy for Operations. They became, informally, the "Tinian Joint Chiefs", with decision-making authority over the nuclear mission. Before Farrell left for Tinian, Groves had told him: "Don't let Parsons get killed. We need him!"

In the space of a week on Tinian, four B-29s crashed and burned on the runway. Parsons became very concerned. If a B-29  crashed with a Little Boy, the fire could cook off the explosive and detonate the weapon, with catastrophic consequences. He raised the possibility of arming the bomb in flight with Farrell, who agreed that it might be a good idea. Farrell asked Parsons if he knew how to perform this task. "No sir, I don't", Parsons conceded, "but I've got all afternoon to learn." The night before the mission, Parsons repeatedly practiced inserting the powder charge and detonator in the bomb in the poor visibility and cramped conditions of the bomb bay.

Parsons participated in the bombing of Hiroshima on 6 August 1945, flying on the Enola Gay as weaponeer and Senior Military Technical Observer. Shortly after takeoff, he clambered into the bomb bay and carefully carried out the procedure that he had rehearsed the night before. It was Parsons and not Tibbets, the pilot, who was in charge of the mission. He approved the choice of Hiroshima as the target, and gave the final approval for the bomb to be released. For his part in the mission, Parsons was awarded the Silver Star, and was promoted to the wartime rank of commodore on 10 August 1945. For his work on the Manhattan Project, he was awarded the Navy Distinguished Service Medal.

Postwar career
In November 1945, King created a new position of Deputy Chief of Naval Operations for Special Weapons, which was given to Vice Admiral Blandy. Parsons became Blandy's assistant. In turn, Parsons had two assistants of his own, Ashworth and Horacio Rivero Jr. He also brought Greenbacker from Los Alamos to help set up the new office. Parsons was a strong supporter of research into the use of nuclear power for warship propulsion, but disagreed with Rear Admiral Harold G. Bowen Sr., the head of the Office of Research and Inventions, who wanted the US Navy to initiate its own nuclear project. Parsons felt that the Navy should work with the Manhattan Project, and arranged for Navy officers to be assigned to Oak Ridge. The most senior of them was his former classmate Rickover, who became assistant director there. They immersed themselves in the study of nuclear energy, laying the foundations for a nuclear-powered navy.

On 11 January 1946, Blandy was appointed to command Joint Task Force One (JTF-1), a special force created to conduct a series of nuclear weapon tests at Bikini Atoll, which he named Operation Crossroads, to determine the effect of nuclear weapons on warships. Parsons, who was promoted to the rank of rear admiral on 8 January 1946, became Blandy's Deputy Commander for Technical Direction and Commander Task Group 1.1. Parsons worked hard to make  a success of the operation, which he described as "the largest laboratory experiment in history". In addition to the 95 target ships, there was a support fleet of more than 150 ships, 156 aircraft, and over 42,000 personnel.

Parsons witnessed the first explosion, Able, from the deck of the task force flagship, the command ship . An airburst like the Hiroshima blast, it was unimpressive, and even Parsons thought that it must have been smaller than the Hiroshima bomb. It failed to sink the target ship, the battleship , mainly because it missed it by a considerable distance. This made it difficult to assess the amount of damage caused, which was the objective of the exercise. Blandy then announced that the next test, Baker, would occur in just three weeks. This meant that Parsons had to carry out the evaluation of Able simultaneously with the preparations for Baker. This time he assisted with the final preparations on  before heading back to seaplane tender  for the test. The underwater Baker explosion was no larger than Able, but the dome and water column made it look far more spectacular. The real problem was the radioactive fallout, as Colonel Stafford L. Warren, the Manhattan Project's medical advisor, had predicted. The target ships proved impossible to decontaminate and, lacking targets, the test series had to be called off. For his part in Operation Crossroads, Parsons was awarded the Legion of Merit.

The Special Weapons Office was abolished in November 1946, and the Manhattan Project followed suit at the end of the year. A civilian agency, the United States Atomic Energy Commission (AEC), was created by the Atomic Energy Act of 1946 to take over the functions and assets of the Manhattan Project, including development, production and control of nuclear weapons. The law provided for a Military Liaison Committee (MLC) to advise the AEC on military matters, and Parsons became a member. A joint Army-Navy organization, the Armed Forces Special Weapons Project (AFSWP), was created to handle the military aspects of nuclear weapons. Groves was appointed to command the AFSWP, with Parsons and Air Force Major General Roscoe C. Wilson as his deputies. In this capacity, Parsons pressed for the development of improved nuclear weapons. During the Operation Sandstone series of nuclear weapon tests at Enewetak Atoll in 1948, Parsons once again served as deputy commander. Parsons hoped that his next posting would be to sea, but he was instead sent to the Weapons Systems Evaluation Group in 1949. He finally returned to sea duty in 1951, this time as Commander, Cruiser Division 6, despite having never commanded a ship. Parsons and his cruisers conducted a tour of the Mediterranean showing the flag. He then became Deputy Chief of the Bureau of Ordnance in March 1952.

Death and legacy
Parsons remained in contact with Oppenheimer. The two men and their wives visited each other from time to time, and the Parsons family especially enjoyed visiting their former neighbors at their new home at Olden Manor, a 17th-century estate with a cook and groundskeeper, surrounded by  of woodlands at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey. Parsons was disturbed by the rise of McCarthyism in the early 1950s. In 1953 he wrote a letter to Oppenheimer expressing his hope that "the anti-intellectualism of recent months may have passed its peak". On 4 December that year, Parsons heard of President Dwight Eisenhower's "blank wall" directive, blocking Oppenheimer from access to classified material. Parsons became visibly upset, and that night began experiencing severe chest pains. The next morning, he went to Bethesda Naval Hospital, where he died while the doctors were still examining him. He was buried at Arlington National Cemetery alongside his daughter Hannah. He was survived by his father, brother, half-brother and sister, as well as his wife Martha and daughters Peggy and Clare.

The Rear Admiral William S. Parsons Award for Scientific and Technical Progress was established by the Navy in his memory. It is awarded "to a Navy or Marine Corps officer, enlisted person, or civilian who has made an outstanding contribution in any field of science that has furthered the development and progress of the Navy or Marine Corps." The Forrest Sherman-class destroyer  was named in his honor. Her keel was laid down by Ingalls Shipbuilding of Pascagoula, Mississippi, on 17 June 1957, and was launched by his widow Martha on 17 August 1958. When it was rechristened as a guided missile destroyer (DDG-33) in 1967, Clare, now a Naval officer herself, represented her family. Parsons was decommissioned on 19 November 1982, stricken from the Navy list on 1 December 1984, and disposed of as a target on 25 April 1989. The Deak Parsons Center, headquarters of Afloat Training Group, Atlantic, in Norfolk, Virginia, was also named for him. Parsons's portrait is among a series of paintings related to Operation Crossroads. His papers are in the Naval Historical Center in Washington, D.C.

In popular culture

Parsons was depicted in the following films or television works:
 The Beginning or the End (1947) by Warner Anderson
 Above and Beyond (1952) by Larry Gates
 Enola Gay: The Men, the Mission, the Atomic Bomb (1980) by Robert Pine
 Day One (1989) by Dee McCafferty
 Fat Man and Little Boy (1989) by Michael Brockman
 Hiroshima (1995) by Gary Reineke

Notes

References

External links
 Interview with Peggy Parsons Bowditch, daughter of Deak Parsons, about her father and growing up in Los Alamos Voices of the Manhattan Project
 Arlington National Cemetery

1901 births
1953 deaths
United States Navy rear admirals (upper half)
United States Naval Academy alumni
Recipients of the Navy Distinguished Service Medal
Recipients of the Silver Star
Recipients of the Legion of Merit
United States Navy personnel of World War II
Manhattan Project people
Burials at Arlington National Cemetery
People associated with the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
People from Los Alamos, New Mexico
Military personnel from Chicago

William Sterling Parsons


Havaalanı, hava meydanı veya havalimanı; hava araçlarının kalkması ve inmesi için özel olarak hazırlanmış, hava araçlarının bakım ve diğer ihtiyaçlarının karşılanmasına, yolcu ve yük alınmasına ve verilmesine ilişkin tesisleri bünyesinde bulunduran yerlerdir.

Havaalanında hava araçlarının inip kalkması için en az bir yüzey (uçaklar için pist, helikopterler için heliped veya deniz uçakları için bir su kıyısı) bulunur, ayrıca genelde hava trafik kontrol kulesi, hangar, terminal binası gibi binalar da vardır.

Uçakların inip kalkmasına uygun, ancak normalde havaalanlarının sunduğu hizmetlerin pek azının bulunduğu arazi parçasına kontrolsüz hava alanı  veya uçuş pisti denir. Büyük havaalanlarında kontrol kulesi, yolcu tesisleri (lokanta, bekleme alanları vb.), bakım tesisleri, hangarlar, kargo depoları, gümrük tesisleri, itfaiye ve acil müdahale bölümleri gibi birçok bölüm ve altyapı teşkilatını kapsayabilir. Askeri havaalanına hava üssü denir. Sırf helikopterler için olan havaalanlarına heliport denir.

Çoğu dilde uçakların destinasyonuna iniş yapması, gemilerin limana yanaşmasına benzetilerek iniş kalkış yapılan yere "hava limanı" denir (örneğin airport, aéroport, flughafen, vs.). Bir havaalanının havalimanı teriminin kullanılabilmesi yerel sivil havacılık kurumunun tesciline bağlıdır (örneğin ABD'de Federal Havacılık İdaresi FAA, veya Türkiye'de Devlet Hava Meydanları İşletmesi (DHMİ)). Türkiye'de bir havaalanının DHMİ tarafından havalimanı olarak tescil edilebilmesi için birden fazla pisti ve uçak yanaşma yeri bulunması, gece uçuşlarına açık, gerekli teknik donanım ve malzemeye sahip, hava trafiği yoğun olması gerekmektedir.

Terminoloji
Türkçede havaalanları için hava meydanı, uçak alanı, havalimanı terimleri de kullanılabilir, bunların en yaygın olanı havaalanıdır ('uçak alanı' Kuzey Kıbrıs'ta kullanılanılır). Tarihsel nedenlerden dolayı havaalanları ile ilgili resmî kuruluşların adlarında "hava meydanı" geçer (Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Ulaştırma ve Altyapı Bakanlığı'na bağlı Demiryollar, Limanlar ve Hava Meydanları İnşaatı Genel Müdürlüğü ve Devlet Hava Meydanları İşletmesi) ve pek çok kanun ve yönetmelikte havaalanlarından "hava meydanı" terimi kullanılır. Türkiye'deki hava meydanlarının işletmesinden sorumlu olan DHMİ, bunları hava limanı ve havaalanı olarak ikiye ayırır. Ancak, bu terminoloji resmi belgelerde geçmişte tutarlı olarak kullanılmamıştır: örneğin "Hava Alanı: DHMİ tarafından işletilen hava limanları ve meydanları" olarak tanımlanır ve yöneticilerin adlandırılmasında havalimanlarının bir hava limanı baş müdürü tarafından, hava meydanlarının ise meydan müdürü tarafından yönetildiği belirtilir.

Ayrıca bakınız
 Havaalanı terimleri
 Havaalanı olmayan ülkeler

Kaynakça

Havaalanı


Znanstvena studija, vrsta je znanstvenog djela, najčešće djelo nekog istraživačkog tima za koje naručitelj povjerava izradu specijaliziranim znanstveno-istraživačkim organizacijama (znanstvenim institutima ili znanstvenim zavodima) ili visokim učilištima. Srodna je znanstvenom projektu. Kao studija, djelo je većeg opsega kao ishod istraživanja, proučavanja nekog užeg stručnog problema ili problematike.

Izvori

Znanost

Znanstvena studija


Yasumasa Kawasaki (født 20. august 1992) er en japansk fodboldspiller, som spiller for den japanske fodboldklub Yokohama FC.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Japan

Yasumasa Kawasaki


Un tranzit astronomic al lui Mercur prin fața Soarelui se produce, văzut de pe Venus, când Mercur trece direct printre Soare și Venus, întunecând o mică parte din discul solar, din punctul de vedere al unui "ipotetic" observator venusian.
Este foarte evident că nimeni nu a asistat la vreun astfel de tranzit, iar condițiile de observații sunt, în mod constant, defavorabile atât prin stratul gros permanent de nori de pe Venus, cât și prin condițiile extrem de ostile de la suprafața planetei. Doar de deasupra stratului de nori ar putea fi observate aceste tranzituri.

Frecvență
Frecvența tranziturilor lui Mercur prin fața Soarelui, văzute de pe Venus, este destul de neregulată: este posibil să se producă mai multe într-un deceniu, în timp ce în alte perioade, mai multe decenii până la mai mult de un secol să nu posede niciun astfel de tranzit.
Frecvența medie a tranziturilor lui Mercur văzute de pe Venus pare să fie mai mare decât aceea a tranziturilor lui Mercur văzute de pe Pământ.

Listă
Lista următoare oferă un anumit număr de tranzituri, apropiate epocii noastre.

 21 martie 1894
 4 iunie 2007
 18 decembrie 2012
 17 decembrie 2016
 2 iulie 2022
 16 ianuarie 2028
 1 august 2033
 24 iunie 2058
 24 iunie 2062
 9 ianuarie 2064
 8 ianuarie 2068
 25 iulie 2069

Vezi și
 Tranzit astronomic

Tranziturile lui Mercur
Mercur (planetă)
Venus

Tranzitul lui Mercur de pe Venus


Mafamude Portekiz'de Vila Nova de Gaia belediyesine bağlı olan, 5,39 km² yüzölçümüne sahip, 38.940 nüfuslu (2001) bir bucaktır (Portekizce: freguesia).

Tanınmış Portekizli heykeltıraş Soares dos Reis 1847'de Mafamude'de doğmuştur.

Vila Nova de Gaia'nın bucakları

Mafamude


Coriolan Steer (n. 1879, Tășnad – d. 18 iunie 1924, Tășnad) a fost un deputat în Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia, organismul legislativ reprezentativ al "tuturor românilor din Transilvania, Banat și Țara Ungurească", cel care a adoptat hotărârea privind Unirea Transilvaniei cu România, la 1 decembrie 1918.

Viața

Studiază dreptul la Oradea și Budapesta. A fost avocat, președinte al Despărțământului Tășnad al "Asteri" și director al Băncii "Vulturul" din Tășnad .

Activitate politică

La 2 decembrie 1918, Coriolan Steer a fost ales în Marele Sfat Național Românesc.

Bibliografie
 Ioan I. Șerban, Nicolae Josan, Dicționarul Personalităților Române. Trimișii românilor transilvăneni la Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia, Alba Iulia, 2003.

Lectură Suplimentară

 Gelu Neamțu, Mircea Vaida-Voevod, 1 decembrie 1918. Mărturii ale participanților, Editura Academiei Române, 2005. (ISBN 973-27-1258-9)
 Ioan I. Șerban, Nicolae Josan, Dicționarul Personalităților Române. Trimișii românilor transilvăneni la Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia, Alba Iulia, 2003. (ISBN 973-8141-90-7)
 Daniela Comșa, Eugenia Glodariu, Maria M. Jude, Clujenii și Marea Unire, Cluj Napoca, 1998. (ISBN 973-0007-24-1)

Legături externe

 Centenarul Marii Uniri: Au fost și la Alba Iulia
 Adunarea de la Alba Iulia, organ reprezentativ și democratic al poporului român din Transilvania
 Centenar 100. Marii oameni politici ai României

Vezi și
 Lista delegaților la Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia

Note

Nașteri în 1879
Decese în 1924
Delegați la Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia
Avocați români

Coriolan Steer


Chris Boltendahl (Köln, Njemačka, 2. siječnja 1962.) njemački je heavy metal-pjevač. Najpoznatiji je kao pjevač sastava Grave Digger, čiji je jedini preostali izvorni član.

Diskografija

Izvori

Njemački pjevači heavy metala
Power metal

Chris Boltendahl


Konstantin I. (škot. Còiseam mac Choinnich) (? - Inverodat, Škotska, oko 877.), kralj Albe, ujedinjenog kraljevstva Pikta i Škota od 862. godine do smrti. Sin je kralja Kennetha I. MacAlpina († 858.) i nasljednik strica, kralja Donalda I. (858. – 862.) iz dinastije Alpina.

Većinu svoje vladavine posvetio je borbi protiv okolnih vladara i u nastojanju konsolidacije Kraljevstva Albe, koje je osnovao njegov otac, Kenneth I., ujedinjenjem Pikta i Škota. Na jugu je ratovao protiv kralja Strathclydea Artgala, a sukob je došao do vrhunca 872. godine, kada je Konstantin I. ubio protivničkog kralja i na njegovo mjesto postavio svog šurjaka Rhuna, čime je uspio Strathclyde podrediti škotskoj kruni. Također, vodio je rat protiv danskog kralja Dublina, Olafa Bijelog, kojega je uspio poraziti sredinom 60-ih 9. stoljeća. Unatoč tome, Vikinzi iz Dublina i Yorkshirea stvorili su bazu na škotskom tlu, odakle su napadali i pljačkali istočne dijelove Škotske.

Konstantin I. je vjerojatno poginuo u bitci protiv Normana (Vikinga), kod Inverodata, oko 877. godine, a na prijestolju ga je naslijedio mlađi brat Aedh, kojeg je škotsko plemstvo ubilo već iduće godine, poslije čega je krunu naslijedio Kennethov unuk, Eochaid.

Bilješke

Vanjske poveznice

 Konstantin I., kralj Škotske - Britannica Online
 Kralj Konstantin I. - undiscoveredscotland.co.uk
 Kralj Konstantin I. Škotski (862.-877.)

Škotski vladari
Alpini

Konstantin I., kralj Škotske


El Departamento de Gossas es uno de los 45 departamentos de Senegal y uno de los 3 departamentos de la Región de Fatick. Se subdivide en dos distritos. En 2006, su población era de 159.946 habitantes.

Historia

Administración
Su capital es la ciudad de Gossas.

Está compuesto por dos distritos que son:
 Distrito de Colobane
 Distrito de Ouadiour

Demografía
En el censo de 2002 la población era de 150.279 habitantes. En el año 2005 estaban censadas en el departamento 159.946 personas.

Economía

Enlaces externos
  (ce texte du 21 février 2002 fixe le ressort territorial et le chef-lieu des régions et des départements)
 Statistiques Geo Hive

Gossas

Departamento de Gossas


Leyla Neyzi, 29 Temmuz 1961, İstanbul doğumlu bir Türk akademisyendir (antropolog/sosyolog/tarihçi). Halen Sabancı Üniversitesi'nde öğretim üyesidir.

İş insanı ve yazar Ali Halim Neyzi ile pediyatri uzmanı Olcay Neyzi'nin kızıdır. Robert Kolej'i bitirdikten sonra, ABD'de Stanford Üniversitesi'nde Antropoloji, Cornell Üniversitesi'nde Sosyoloji öğrenimini yapmıştır. Boğaziçi Üniversitesi'nde yardımcı doçentlik döneminden sonra araştırmalarını sözlü tarih üzerinde derinleştirmiştir. Halen Sabancı Üniversitesi'nde Antropoloji okutmaktadır. Ayrıca Oxford Üniversitesi St. Antony Koleji Çağdaş Türkiye Programında misafir öğretim üyesidir.

Çok değerli iki sözlü tarih çalışmasından ilkini İstanbul Teşvikiye semti sakinlerinin anlatılarına dayalı olarak, ikincisini ise 20. yüzyıl başı Ankara'sının küçük Musevi cemaati içinde doğmuş ve bütün yüzyıla tanıklık etmiş Yaşar Paker'in günlüğüne dayalı olarak gerçekleştirmiştir. Özellikle ikincisi, Yaşar Paker'in hayatı boyunca iki defa (önce Türk Kurtuluş Savaşı'nda, 2 Mart 1921 tarihli Meclis kararı gereğince, daha sonra da II. Dünya Savaşı esnasında) gayrimüslimlerin sevkedildiği amele taburları hakkında verdiği bilgiler nedeniyle hayli ilginçtir. Amele taburlarına dönük kalitesiz pek çok yayın ve iddiaya karşı günlüğe dayalı bir dizi çalışma içinde bilimsel netlik getirmekte, ayrıca Türkiye Yahudilerinin tarihine ışık tutmaktadır.

Ödülleri
 Malcolm Kerr Disertasyon Ödülü, Middle East Studies Association of North America, 1992.
 Population Council Middle East Awards Program araştırma ödülü, 1998-1999
 Sabancı Üniversitesi araştırma ödülü 2003-2004, (Teşvikiye Sözlü Tarihi çalışması).

Dış bağlantılar
 Personal page in Sabancı University web site

Kaynakça
 "Ben Kimim?" Türkiye'de Sözlü Tarih, Kimlik ve Öznellik (İletişim Yayınevi, Ağustos 2004)
 Küçük Hanım'dan Rubu Asırlık Adam'a Nezihe Neyzi'den Oğlu Nezih Neyzi'ye Mektuplar 1947-1948 Sel Yayıncılık, 1999)
 İstanbul'da Hatırlamak ve Unutmak Birey, Bellek ve Aidiyet (Tarih Vakfı Yurt Yayınları, 1999)

Dipnotlar

Robert Lisesinde öğrenim görenler
1961 doğumlular
20. yüzyıl Türk tarihçileri
21. yüzyıl Türk tarihçileri
20. yüzyıl Türk yazarları
21. yüzyıl Türk yazarları
Yaşayan insanlar

Leyla Neyzi


Fornelos de Montes, İspanya'nın güneybatısında bulunan Galiçya özerk bölgesinin Pontevedra eyaletine bağlı bulunan belediyesi. 2012 yılı sayımına göre nüfusu; 1906 kişidir.

Kaynakça

Pontevedra belediyeleri

Fornelos de Montes


Barbut, Orta Doğu kökenli, Türkiye ve Yunanistan'da iki zarla oynanan bir tür kumar oyunudur.

Oynanışı
İki kişi veya iki grup arasında oynanır. Bazı zar sayıları kazanır, bazı zar sayıları kaybeder.

İki bölüme ayrılarak ortaya konan değerlerin hepsini kazanan zar sayıları düşeş (6+6), dübeş (5+5) ve düşe (3+3); kaybeden zar sayıları ise dörtcihar (4+4), dubara (2+2) ve hepyek (1+1) dir. Öne sürülen değeri kazanan zar sayısı şeşbeş (6+5), kaybeden zar sayısı ikibir (2+1) dir. Diğer zar sayıları ne kazanır ne kaybeder. Oyuna başlayanın zar üstünlüğü vardır. Oyuna başlayan, kazanan bir zar atarsa öbür oyuncu zar atamaz. Kazanma olasılığı 0.492929'dur. Zarla oynanır. İki zar atıldığında toplamı 7 veya 11 ise kazanılır, 2-3-12 ise kaybedilir, 4-5-6-8-9-10 ise oyuncu bu toplamı veya 7'yi bulana kadar zarları atmaya devam eder. Eğer zarlar toplamını atarsa kazanır, 7'yi atarsa kaybeder.

Kaynakça

Zar oyunları

Barbut


Moscheea Kalyan sau Po-i-Kalyan este o moschee din orașul Buhara, Uzbekistan. Aceasta este cea mai importanta clădire din oraș și unul dintre cele mai celebre monumente ale acestei țări.

Istorie

Pe locul actualei moschei exista în timpurile preislamice un templu al focului zoroastrian. În anul 713, templul a fost dărâmat și înlocuit cu o moschee care a fost la rândul ei demolată și reconstruită de-a lungul timpului din cauza războaielor. În anul 1127, Arslan Han, conducătorul Hanatului Karakhanid, a renovat edificiul adăugându-i un mare minaret. Înalt de 45,6 metri, minaretul a fost numit Po-i-Kalyan (Piciorul celui Măreț), de unde și numele moscheii. De asemena, minaretul mai este poreclit și Turnul morții, deoarece de aici erau aruncați de multe ori criminalii și bandiții.

Marele cuceritor mongol, Ginghis Han, a crezut inițial că moscheea este palatul hanului local, fiind uimit de frumusețea sa. Se spune chiar că ar fi ținut o predică în această moschee pentru a vorbi mulțimii noului oraș cucerit. Cu toate acestea, mongolii au incendiat locașul, păstrându-se doar minaretul său impunător.

În anul 1512, la doi ani după moartea lui Shaibani Han, Muizz ad-Din Abu-l Gazi Ubaidullah, nepotul hanului, a ajuns sultan de Buhara. Acesta a început imediat reconstruirea și înfrumusețarea orașului. În anul 1514, moscheea Kalyan a fost reconstruită la o scară mult mai mare, pentru a rivaliza cu Moscheea Bibi-Khanum din Samarkand, capitala hanatului. Chiar și după ce Ubaidullah a fost ales han, acesta a rămas tot în Buhara, noua capitală. O altă contribuție a lui Ubaidullah Han este construirea Medresei Mir-i Arab. Construită între anii 1535-1536 ca o instituție de învățământ islamic, medresa a funcționat sub patronajul șeicului Abdullah Yamani venit din Yemen. Acesta a fost mentorul spiritual al lui Ubaidullah Han și al fiului său, Abdul-Aziz Han. Construirea medresei a însemnat ridicarea orașului Buhara la statutul unui centru de învățământ celebru. De asemenea, au fost construite câteva mausolee pentru han și membrii familiei sale.

Moschei din Uzbekistan

Moscheea Kalyan


Star Wars: The Force Unleashed je nedovršeni multimedijalni projekt kojeg su razvili LucasArtsa zajedno s Dark Horse Comics, Lego, Hasbro i Del Rey Books. Sastoji se od videoigre izdane u rujnu 2008., druge videoigre izdane u listopadu 2010., dva povezana odgovarajuća romana, akcijske figure, stripa, referentnu knjigu, dodatak za igru uloga i knjigu o izradi igre.

Nakon što je 2012. godine tvrtka Walt Disney kupila Lucasfilm i pokrenula produkciju trilogije o nastavku Zvjezdanih Ratova, projekt Unleashed, zajedno sa svim drugim proširenim svemirskim djelima iz Zvjezdanih Ratova, odbačen je iz aktualnog kanona iz Zvjezdanih Ratova i raspoređen kao dio Legenda ne kanonske priče koje sprječavaju da je serija videoigara predstavlja od nastavka dalje od Unleashed II.

Priča
Vidi isto: Star Wars: The Force Unleashed radnja

Star Wars: The Force Unleashed pripovijeda priču o tajnom učeniku Darth Vadera, s kodnim imenom "Starkiller", ali rođen kao Galen Marek, koji lovi preostale Jedije nakon što im je car Palpatine naredio da ih se ubije. Događa se između Zvjezdanih Ratova: Epizoda III Osvete Sitha i Zvjezdanih Ratova: Nove Nade, priča istražuje posljedice Velike Jedi Čistke kao i uspon Darth Vadera. Događaji Force Unleashed su "ključni" u povijesti i razvoju Darth Vadera kao lika i nude osvjetljenje drugim likovima iz Zvjezdanih Ratova: Epizoda IV Nova Nade, Zvjezdanih Ratova: Epizoda V Imperij Uzvrača Udarac i Zvjezdanih Ratova: Epizoda VI Povratka Jedija. U konačnici, Starkiller žrtvuje svoj život kako bi spasio vođe novog Pobunjeničkog Saveza; oni u njegovu čast prihvaćajući grb njegove obitelji kao svoj simbol.

U nastavku, igrači kontroliraju klon Starkillera, koji ima sjećanja izvornog Starkiller. Igra završava na cliffhangeru
gdje Starkiller hvata Darth Vadera i namjerava ga privesti pravdi. Zbog otkazivanja treće igre, kao i prethodne dvije igre dodijeljene su u odbačene marke Legende ne-kanonskih priča, cliffhanger nikada neće biti riješen.

Izlazak

Videoigre

Star Wars: The Force Unleashed

Igra Force Unleashed objavljena je u Sjevernoj Americi 16. rujna 2008., i u Australiji i jugoistočnoj Aziji 17. rujna 2008., a objavljena je u Europi 19. rujna 2008. godine. Učenik je licenciran za Namco Bandai Games da bude igriv lik u PlayStation 3 i Xbox 360 verzijama Soulcalibura IV.

Star Wars: The Force Unleashed II

Nastavak je objavljen 26. listopada 2010. Ovaj put igrač preuzima ulogu klona Starkillera koji, pobjegavši iz kandži Darth Vadera, kreće u potragu za pronalaženjem svog identiteta i izvornog Starkillerovog ljubavnog interesa, Juno Eclipse, ali je ubrzo prisiljen pridružiti se Pobunjeničkom Savezu i pomoći im srušiti Imepriju i Vadera, koji je zarobio Junonu kako bi mu namamio klona natrag njemu.

Tiskana dijela

Roman
Roman Seana Williamsa objavljen je u Sjedinjenim Američkim Državama 19. kolovoza 2008. Proveo je jedan tjedan kao prvo mjesto na listama izdavača i The New York Timesa s tvrdim koricama, skliznuvši na broj 7. ] i # 9, sljedeći tjedan. Također je dosegao 15. mjesto na listi najprodavanijih bestselera USA Todaya.

Grafički roman
Darka Horseov grafički roman The Force Unleashed objavljen je 18. kolovoza 2008. Newsarama je grafički roman nazvao "čvrstom pričom" koja se po strukturi i zapletu podudara s izvornim materijalom videoigre. IGN je grafičkom romanu dao ocjenu 6,9/10 (6,4/10 za umjetnost, 7,5 / 10 za pisanje), hvaleći cjelokupnu priču, ali promašujući nedosljednost u umjetnosti i propitujući je li komični medij najbolji način da se priča prenese.

Roba
Na Sajmu igračaka 2007. Hasbro je prikazao sedam figurica iz linije akcijskih figura temeljenih na igri. Lego je objavio model broda glavnog junaka, Rogue Shadow.

Ostavština i otkazivanje treće igre
Nakon što je ukinuta Unleashed franšiza nakon Disneyjeve odluke da ponovno pokrene kanon Zvjezdanih Ratova u korist produkcije trilogije, Sam Witwer, Marekov glasovni glumac, otkrio je da je Dave Filoni, tvorac animirane serije Zvjezdani Ratovi Pobunjenici, razmišljao o vraćanju Mareka u novi kanon i njegovo pojavljivanje u toj seriji, ali u konačnici se odlučio protiv toga, jer nije mogao pronaći način da to učini bez ugrožavanja kvalitete novog kanona ili jedinstvenih razlika lika.

Witwer je i dalje sudjelovao u franšizi Zvjezdanih Ratova, dajući glas Dartha Maula u animiranim serijima Zvjezdani Ratovi Klonski Ratovi i Zvjezdani Ratovi Pobunjenici i filmu Solo: Priča Zvjezdanih Ratova. Također je dao glas Palpatineu i drugim sporednim likovima.

Isto vidi
Star Wars: Shadows of the Empire

Multimedija

Star Wars: The Force Unleashed (projekt)


Les Chrysosphaerales sont un ordre d'algues unicellulaires de la classe des Chrysophyceae

Liste des familles
Selon  :
 Chrysosphaeraceae Pascher, 1914
 Chrysostomaceae Chodat, 1922

Notes et références

Liens externes

Chrysophyceae
Ordre d'algues (nom scientifique)

Chrysosphaerales


Melpomene (şarkı söylemek), Yunan mitolojisinde müzlerden (musalardan) yani ilham perilerinden biri. Trajedinin ilham perisidir.

Genelde trajik bir maske, nadiren bir bıçak tutarken resmedilir. Sık sık cothurnus (dönemin trajedi oyuncuları tarafından giyilen bir tür bot) giyerken resmedilir.

Kaynakça

 Erhat, Ezra (2004), Mitoloji Sözlüğü İstanbul: Remzi Kitabevi (Büyük Fikir Kitapları Dizisi) ISBN 9789751403919

Müzler
Hikmet tanrıçaları
Yunan tanrıçaları
Zeus'un çocukları
Antik Yunan tiyatrosu

Melpomene


Metrom Brașov war ein rumänischer Fußballverein aus Brașov. Er spielte insgesamt 20 Jahre in der zweiten rumänischen Fußballliga, der Divizia B, und stand im Achtelfinale um den rumänischen Pokal.

Geschichte
Metrom Brașov wurde im Jahr 1937 als Sportverein des rumänischen Rüstungskonzerns Metrom gegründet. In der Saison 1939/40 spielte er als Astra Metrom Brașov erstmals in der zweiten rumänischen Fußballliga, der Divizia B, zog sich aber nach der Hinrunde zurück.

Da die dritte rumänische Spielklasse in den 1940er- und 1950er-Jahren nur unregelmäßig durchgeführt wurde, dauerte es 23 Jahre, bis Metrom im Jahr 1963 in den überregionalen Spielbetrieb zurückkehrte. Schon im Jahr 1966 gelang dem Klub der Aufstieg in die Divizia B. Dort kämpfte er von Beginn an um den Klassenerhalt. Dieses Unternehmen gelang vier Jahre in Folge, ehe der Verein im Jahr 1971 wieder absteigen musste. Nachdem direkten Wiederaufstieg konnte er die Saison 1972/73 in der Staffel 2 auf dem sechsten Platz abschließen. Nach zwei weiteren Platzierungen im Mittelfeld musste Metrom am Ende der Spielzeit 1975/76 erneut den Gang in die Divizia C antreten.

Der Wiederaufstieg gelang Metrom nicht. Der Klub konnte sich in den folgenden Jahren zwar im vorderen Mittelfeld platzieren, schaffte es jedoch nicht, um die Rückkehr in die Divizia B mitzuspielen. Nach zehn Jahren folgte gar der Abstieg in die regionale Divizia D. Drei Jahre später kehrte Metrom im Jahr 1989 mit einem vierten Platz eindrucksvoll in die Divizia C zurück und stieg im Jahr 1991 abermals in die Divizia B auf. Dort sicherte er sich am Ende der Spielzeit 1991/92 den vierten Platz in der Staffel 3, was bis dahin der größte Erfolg des Klubs war. Auch die folgenden Jahre schloss Metrom im vorderen Mittelfeld ab. Am Ende der Saison 1995/96 wurde mit dem dritten Platz die beste Platzierung in der Vereinsgeschichte erreicht. Der Aufstieg in die Divizia A wurde mit elf Punkten hinter Oțelul Târgoviște klar verpasst. An diesen Erfolg konnte der Verein in der Liga nicht mehr anknüpfen. Der Klub rutschte ins Mittelfeld ab. In der Saison 2000/01 erreichte er durch einen Sieg gegen Erstligist Astra Ploiești das Achtelfinale um den rumänischen Pokal, schied dort aber gegen den FC Național Bukarest aus. Nach Saisonende verkaufte Metrom seine Lizenz an Absteiger Cimentul Fieni und nahm dessen Platz in der Divizia C ein. Dort schloss der Klub die Spielzeit 2001/02 auf dem ersten Platz ab.

Bekannte Spieler

Bekannte Trainer
  Gabriel Stan (1988–1995)
  Eugen Moldovan (1994–1996)
  Virgil Roşu (1998–1999)

Erfolge
 Aufstieg in die Divizia B: 1939, 1966, 1972, 1991
 Achtelfinale um den rumänischen Pokal: 2001

Weblinks
 Metrom Brașov auf romaniansoccer.ro (englisch)

Brasov, Metrom
Metrom Brasov
Gegründet 1937
Aufgelöst 2002

Metrom Brașov


Çözünürlük, belli bir miktar çözünenin, belirli şartlar altında, spesifik bir çözücü içinde çözünmesidir. Çözücü akışkan (ki genellikle aşırı miktarda bulunur) solvent olarak adlandırılır ve birlikte çözeltiyi oluştururlar. Çözümlendirme işlemi solvasyon (çözücü su ise hidrasyon) olarak adlandırılır.

Denge haline gelmiş ve daha fazla çözünen (solut) alamayan çözeltiye, doymuş çözelti denir. Çözeltinin denge durumu sıcaklığa bağlıdır. Belirli miktardaki bir çözücü içinde çözünebilecek maksimum çözünen madde miktarına, o maddenin o çözücü içindeki çözünürlüğü denir ve genellikle doymuş çözeltinin maksimum konsantrasyonu olarak ifade edilir. Bir maddenin bir başka madde içindeki çözünürlüğü, çözücü ile çözünen arasındaki intermoleküler kuvvetler, sıcaklık, çözümlendirmeye eşlik eden entropi değişimi, diğer maddelerin varlığı ve miktarları ve bazen de basınç veya çözücü gazın kısmi basıncından etkilenir.

Çözünürlük sabiti, nispeten düşük çözünürülükteki iyonik bileşiklerin doymuş çözeltilerini tanımlamada kullanılır (bkz. çözünürlük dengesi). Tuzlar için çözünürlük sabiti, sulu çözeltilerdeki çözünebilir maksimum miktarıdır. Çözünürlük sabiti, denge sabitinin özel bir halidir. Çözünmüş ve çözünmemiş tuz arasındaki dengeyi tanımlar. Çözünürlük sabitinin bilinmesi aynı zamanda çöktürme (çözünme reaksiyonunun tersi) işlemlerinde de çok faydalıdır. Sıcaklık, diğer denge sabitlerinin olduğu gibi çözünürlük sabitinin de nümerik değerini etkiler.

Çözeltilerin genel anlamda, katıların sıvılara karıştırılmasıyla elde edildiği düşünülürse de, herhangi iki madde karıştırılıp çözelti elde edilebilir. Karbonatlı su, gazın suda çözünmüş hali olup bir çözeltidir, hidrojen (gaz) paladyum metali (katı) içinde çözünebilir ve paslanmaz çelik aslında bir katının bir başka katı içinde çözünmüş halidir (alaşım).

Çözünürlüğe etki eden faktörler
 Çözücünün ve çözünenin cinsine göre: Çözücü ve çözünen arasındaki molekül yapısı benzerliği ne kadar fazla ise çözünürlük o kadar fazladır. Her madde her maddede çözünmez. Organik bileşikler organik çözücüde inorganik bileşikler inorganik çözücüde çözünürler. Polar bileşikler polar çözücülerde, apolar bileşikler apolar çözücülerde çözünürler. Örneğin naftalin suda çözünmez fakat benzende çözünür. Benzer benzeri çözer.
 Basınç: Katı ve sıvıların çözünürlüğüne basıncın pek etkisi yoktur. Gazların çözünürlüğü ise basınçla doğru orantılıdır.
 Sıcaklık: Katıların ve sıvıların çözünürlüğü sıcaklıkla çoğunlukla artarken, gazların çözünürlüğü sıcaklık artışıyla azalır.
 Ortak iyon etkisi: Ortak iyon çözünürlüğü azaltır.

İyonik bileşiklerin sudaki çözünürlükleri
Bu tablo, tuzların sudaki çözünürlüklerine ait genel bir bakış içerir.

Çözeltiler
Fiziksel nicelikler

Çözünürlük (kimya)


Grass Lake Township ist der Name folgender Townships in den Vereinigten Staaten:

 Grass Lake Township (Minnesota)
 Grass Lake Township (North Dakota)
 Grass Lake Charter Township, Michigan

Grass Lake Township