The Vietnam War involved the People's Army of Vietnam (PAVN) or North Vietnamese Army (NVA), National Liberation Front for South Vietnam (NLF) or Viet Cong (VC), and the armed forces of the People's Liberation Army (PLA), Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN), United States Armed Forces, Republic of Korea Armed Forces, Armed Forces of the Philippines, Royal Thai Armed Forces, Australian Defence Force, and New Zealand Defence Force, with a variety of irregular troops.

Nearly all United States-allied forces were armed with U.S. weapons including the M1 Garand, M1 carbine, M14 rifle, and M16 rifle. The Australian and New Zealand forces employed the 7.62 mm L1A1 Self-Loading Rifle as their service rifle, with the occasional use of the M16 rifle.

The PAVN, although having inherited a variety of American, French, and Japanese weapons from World War II and the First Indochina War (aka French Indochina War), were largely armed and supplied by the People's Republic of China, the Soviet Union, and its Warsaw Pact allies. Further, some weapons—notably anti-personnel explosives, the K-50M (a PPSh-41 copy), and "home-made" versions of the RPG-2—were manufactured in North Vietnam. By 1969 the US Army had identified 40 rifle/carbine types, 22 machine gun types, 17 types of mortar, 20 recoilless rifle or rocket launcher types, nine types of antitank weapons, and 14 anti-aircraft artillery weapons used by ground troops on all sides. Also in use, mostly by anti-communist forces, were the 24 types of armored vehicles and self-propelled artillery, and 26 types of field artillery and rocket launchers.

Communist forces and weapons

During the early stages of their insurgency, the Viet Cong mainly sustained itself with captured arms (often of American manufacture) or crude, self-made weapons (e.g. copies of the US Thompson submachine gun and shotguns made of galvanized pipes).  Most arms were captured from poorly defended ARVN militia outposts.

Communist forces were principally armed with Chinese and Soviet weaponry though some VC guerrilla units were equipped with Western infantry weapons either captured from French stocks during the first Indochina war, such as the MAT-49, or from ARVN units or requisitioned through illicit purchase.

By Autumn of 1967, all Viet Cong battalions were reequipped with arms of Soviet design such as the AK-47 assault rifle and the RPG-2 anti-tank weapon. Their weapons were principally of Chinese or Soviet manufacture. The period up to the conventional phase in the 1970, the Viet Cong and NVA were mostly limited to mortars, recoilless rifles, and small-arms and had significantly lighter equipment and firepower relative to the US arsenal, relying on ambushes, with superior stealth, planning, marksmanship, and small-unit tactics to face the disproportionate US technological advantage.

Many divisions within the NVA would incorporate armoured and mechanised battalions including the Type 59 tank, BTR-60, Type 60 artillery, and rapidly altered and integrated new war doctrines following the Tet Offensive into a mobile combined-arms force. The North Vietnamese had both amphibious tanks (such as the PT-76) and light tanks (such the Type 62) used during the conventional phase. Experimental Soviet equipment started being used against ARVN forces at the same time, including Man-portable air-defense system SA-7 Grail and anti-tank missiles including the AT-3 Sagger. By 1975, they had fully transformed from the strategy of mobile light-infantry and using the people's war concept used against the United States.

US weapons
The American M16 rifle and XM177 carbine, which both replaced the M14, were lighter and considered more accurate than the AK-47 but in Vietnam was prone to "failure to extract", in which the spent cartridge case remained stuck in the chamber after a round was fired, preventing the next round from feeding and jamming the gun. This was ultimately traced to an inadequately tested switch in propellants from DuPont's proprietary IMR 4475 to Olin's WC 846, that Army Ordnance had ordered out of concern for standardization and mass production capacity.

The heavily armored, 90 mm gun M48A3 'Patton' tank saw extensive action during the Vietnam War and over 600 were deployed with U.S. forces. They played an important role in infantry support though there were a few tank versus tank battles. The M67A1 flamethrower tank (nicknamed the Zippo) was an M48 variant used in Vietnam. Artillery was used extensively by both sides but the Americans were able to ferry the lightweight 105 mm M102 howitzer by helicopter to remote locations on quick notice. With its  range, the Soviet 130 mm M-46 towed field gun was a highly regarded weapon and used to good effect by the PAVN. It was countered by the long-range, American 175 mm M107 Self-Propelled Gun (nicknamed Miller).

The United States had air superiority, though many aircraft were lost to surface-to-air missiles and anti-aircraft artillery. U.S. airpower was credited with breaking the siege of Khe Sanh and blunting the 1972 Easter Offensive against South Vietnam. At sea, the U.S. Navy had the run of the coastline, using aircraft carriers as platforms for offshore strikes and other naval vessels for offshore artillery support. Offshore naval fire played a pivotal role in the Battle of Huế in February 1968, providing accurate fire in support of the U.S. counter-offensive to retake the city.

The Vietnam War was the first conflict that saw wide scale tactical deployment of helicopters. The Bell UH-1 Iroquois nicknamed "Huey" was used extensively in counter-guerilla operations both as a troop carrier and a gunship. In the latter role it was outfitted with a variety of armaments including M60 machine guns, multi-barrelled 7.62 mm Miniguns and unguided air-to-surface rockets. The Hueys were also successfully used in MEDEVAC and search and rescue roles. Two aircraft which were prominent in the war were the AC-130 "Spectre" Gunship and the UH-1 "Huey" gunship. The AC-130 was a heavily armed ground-attack aircraft variant of the C-130 Hercules transport plane; it was used to provide close air support, air interdiction and force protection. The AC-130H "Spectre" was armed with two 20 mm M61 Vulcan cannons, one Bofors 40mm autocannon, and one 105 mm M102 howitzer. The Huey is a military helicopter powered by one turboshaft engine, and about 7,000 UH-1 aircraft saw service in Vietnam. At their disposal ground forces had access to B-52 and F-4 Phantom II and others to launch napalm, white phosphorus, tear gas and chemical weapons as well. The aircraft ordnance used during the war included precision-guided munition, cluster bombs, a thickening–gelling agent generally mixed with petroleum or a similar fuel for use in an incendiary device, initially against buildings and later mostly as an anti-personnel weapon that sticks to skin and can burn down to the bone.

The Claymore M18A1, an anti-personnel mine was widely used, and is command-detonated and directional shooting 700 steel pellets in the kill zone.

Weapons of the South Vietnamese, U.S., South Korean, Australian, Philippine, and New Zealand Forces

Hand combat weapons

 L1A1 and L1A2 bayonets – used on L1A1 Self-Loading Rifle
 M1905 bayonet – used on the M1 Garand.
 M1917 bayonet – used on various shotguns.
 M1 Bayonet – used on the M1 Garand.
 M3 fighting knife
 M4 bayonet – used on the M1 and M2 Carbine.
 M5 bayonet – used on the M1 Garand.
 M6 bayonet – used on the M14.
 M7 Bayonet – used on the M16.
 Ka-Bar Utility/fighting Knife – used by the US Army, Navy, and Marine Corps.
 Randall Made Knives – personally purchased by some US soldiers.
 Bow – used by US Mobile Riverine Force.
 Crossbow – used by South Vietnamese Montagnards

Pistols and revolvers
 Colt M1911A1 – standard US and ARVN sidearm.
 Colt Commander – used by US military officers and US Special forces.
 Browning Hi-Power – used by Australian and New Zealand forces (L9 pistol). Also used on an unofficial basis by US reconnaissance and Special Forces units.
 Colt Detective Special – .38 Special revolver, used by some ARVN officers
 Colt Police Positive Special – .38 Special revolver, used by USAF and tunnel rats
 FN Baby Browning- .25 ACP pistol, used as a last resort weapon by MACVSOG.
 High Standard HDM – Integrally suppressed .22LR handgun, supplemented by the Mark 22 Mod 0 in the later stages of the war.
 Ingram MAC-10 – compact submachine gun used by US special operations forces.
 Luger P08 – CIA provided pistol
 Quiet Special Purpose Revolver – .40 caliber suppressed revolver used by tunnel rats.
 Smith & Wesson Model 10 – .38 Special revolver used by ARVN, by US Army and USAF pilots and by tunnel rats
 Colt Python – .357 Magnum revolver carried by MACVSOG.
 Smith & Wesson Mark 22 Mod.0 "Hush Puppy" – Suppressed pistol used by US Navy SEALs and other U.S. special operations forces.
 Walther P38 – CIA provided pistol
 Walther PPK – Suppressed pistol used by MACVSOG recon skydiver team
 Welrod -Suppressed pistol used by MACVSOG.

Infantry rifles

 L1A1 Self-Loading Rifle – used by Australian and New Zealand soldiers in Vietnam

 M1 Garand – used by the South Vietnamese and South Koreans
 M1, M1A1, & M2 Carbine – used by the South Vietnamese Military, Police and Security Forces, South Koreans,

 M14, M14E2, M14A1 – issued to most U.S. troops from the early stages of the war until 1967–68, when it was replaced by the M16.
 M16, XM16E1, and M16A1 – M16 was issued in 1964, but due to reliability issues, it was replaced by the M16A1 in 1967 which added the forward assist and chrome-lined barrel to the rifle for increased reliability.
 CAR-15 – carbine variant of the M16 produced in very limited numbers, fielded by special operations early on. Later supplemented by the improved XM177.
 XM177 (Colt Commando)/GAU-5 – further development of the CAR-15, used heavily by MACV-SOG, the US Air Force, and US Army.
 Stoner 63 – used by US Navy SEALs and USMC.
 T223 – a copy of the Heckler & Koch HK33 built under license by Harrington & Richardson used in small numbers by SEAL teams. Even though the empty H&R T223 was 0.9 pounds (0.41 kg) heavier than an empty M16A1, the weapon had a forty-round magazine available for it and this made it attractive to the SEALS.
 MAS-36 rifle – used by South Vietnamese militias
 AK-47, AKM, and Type 56 – Captured rifles were used by South Vietnamese and U.S. forces.

Rifles: sniper, marksman
 M1C/D Garand and MC52 – used by CIA advisors, the USMC and the US Navy early in the war. About 520 were supplied to the ARVN and 460 to the Thai forces.
 M1903A4 Springfield – used by the USMC early in the war, replaced by the M40.
 M21 Sniper Weapon System – sniper variant of the M14 rifle used by the US Army.
 M40 (Remington Model 700)– bolt-action sniper rifle meant to replace the M1903A4 Springfield rifle and Winchester Model 70; used by the USMC
 Parker-Hale M82 – used by ANZAC forces
 Winchester Model 70 – used by the USMC

Submachine guns
 Beretta M12 – limited numbers were used by U.S. Embassy security units.
 Carl Gustaf m/45 – used by Navy SEALs in the start of the war, but later replaced by the Smith & Wesson M76 in the late 1960s. Significant numbers also used by MAC-V-SOG, South Vietnamese, and small numbers in Laos by advisors, and Laotian fighters.
 Smith & Wesson M76 – copy of the Carl Gustaf m/45; few were shipped to Navy SEALs fighting in Vietnam.
 F1 submachine gun – replaced the Owen Gun in Australian service.
 M3 Grease gun – standard U.S. military submachine gun, also used by the South Vietnamese
 M50/55 Reising – limited numbers were used by MACVSOG and other irregular forces.
 Madsen M-50 – used by South Vietnamese forces, supplied by the CIA.
 MAS-38 submachine gun – used by South Vietnamese militias.
 MAT-49 submachine gun – used by South Vietnamese militias. Captured models were used in limited numbers
 MP 40 submachine gun – used by South Vietnamese forces, supplied by the CIA.
 Owen Gun – standard Australian submachine-gun in the early stages of the war, later replaced by the F1 and withdrawn from combat use by 1971.
 Sten submachine gun – used by US special operations forces, often with a suppressor mounted.
 Sterling submachine gun – used by Australian Special Air Service Regiment and other special operations units.
 Thompson submachine gun – used often by South Vietnamese troops, and in small quantities by US artillery and helicopter units.
 Uzi – used by special operations forces and some South Vietnamese, supplied from Israel.

Shotguns

Shotguns were used as an individual weapon during jungle patrol; infantry units were authorized a shotgun by TO&E (Table of Organization & Equipment). Shotguns were not general issue to all infantrymen, but were select issue weapons, such as one per squad, etc.

 Ithaca Model 37 – pump-action shotgun used by the United States and ARVN.
 Remington Model 10 – pump-action shotgun used by the United States.
 Remington Model 11-48 – semi-automatic shotgun used by US Army.
 Remington Model 31 – pump-action shotgun used by the US Army, the SEALs and the ARVN.
 Remington Model 870 – pump-action shotgun, main shotgun used by Marines, Army, and Navy after 1966.
 Remington 7188 – experimental select fire shotgun, withdrawn due to lack of reliability. Used by US Navy SEALs
 Savage Model 69E – pump-action shotgun used by the US Army.
 Savage Model 720 – semi-automatic shotgun.
 Stevens Model 77E – pump-action shotgun used by Army and Marine forces. Almost 70,000 Model 77Es were procured by the military for use in SE Asia during the 1960s. Also very popular with the ARVN because of its small size.
 Stevens Model 520/620
 Winchester Model 1912 – used by USMC.
 Winchester Model 1200 – pump-action shotgun used by the US Army.
 Winchester Model 1897 – used by the Marines during the early stages of the war.

Machine guns
 M60 machine gun – standard General-purpose machine gun for US, ANZAC, and ARVN forces throughout the war.

 Colt Machine Gun – experimental light machine gun deployed by SEAL Team 2 in 1970.
 M1918 Browning Automatic Rifle – used by the ARVN during the early stages of the war, as well as many that were airdropped into Laos and used by Laotian fighters.
 FM 24/29 light machine gun – used by South Vietnamese militias
 Heckler & Koch HK21 -Used by SEALs
 RPD machine gun (and Type 56) – captured and used by reconnaissance teams of Mobile Strike Forces, MAC-V-SOG and other special operation forces. Also commonly modified to cut down the barrel.
 Stoner M63A Commando & Mark 23 Mod.0 – used by Navy SEALs and tested by Force Recon.
 M134 Minigun – 7.62 mm vehicle mounted machine gun (rare)
 M1919 Browning machine gun (and variants such as M37) – vehicle mounted machine gun. Meanwhile, still of use by many South Vietnamese infantry.
 M73 machine gun – tank mounted machine gun.
 Browning M2HB .50cal Heavy Machine Gun

Grenades and mines

 AN-M8 – white smoke grenade
 C4 explosive
 Mark 2 fragmentation grenade
 M1 smoke pot
 M26 fragmentation grenade and many subvariants
 M59 and M67 fragmentation grenade
 M6/M7-series riot control grenades – Used to clear NVA/VC out of caves, tunnels and buildings or stop a pursuer.
 AN/M14 TH3 thermite grenade – Incendiary grenade used to destroy equipment and as a fire-starting device.
 M15 and M34 smoke grenades – filled with white phosphorus, which ignites on contact with air and creates thick white smoke. Used for signalling and screening purposes, as well as an anti-personnel weapon in enclosed spaces, as the burning white phosphorus would rapidly consume any oxygen, suffocating the victims.
 M18 grenade Smoke Hand Grenade – Signalling/screening grenade available in red, yellow, green, and purple.
 V40 Mini-Grenade
 OF 37 grenade and DF 37 grenade, French grenades used by the ARVN in the 1950s
 XM58 riot control grenade – A miniature riot control grenade used by MACVSOG and Navy SEALs.
 M14 mine – anti-personnel blast mine
 M15 mine – anti-tank mine
 M16 mine – bounding anti-personnel fragmentation mine
 M18/M18A1 Claymore – command-detonated directional anti-personnel mine
 M19 mine – anti-tank mine

Grenade and Rocket Launchers
 M1/M2 rifle grenade adapters – used to convert a standard fragmentation grenade (M1) or smoke grenade (M2) into a rifle grenade when used with the M7 grenade launcher.
 M7 and M8 rifle grenade launcher – rifle grenade launcher used with respectively the M1 Garand and the M1 carbine, used by the South Vietnamese. Could fire the M9 and M17 rifle grenades.
M79 grenade launcher – main U.S. grenade launcher used by all branches of the US military, ANZAC forces, and ARVN.
 China Lake grenade launcher – pump action weapon used in very small numbers.
XM148 grenade launcher – experimental underbarrel 40mm grenade launcher attached to the M16 rifle or XM177 carbine. Also issued to Australian Special Air Service Regiment in conjunction with the modified L1A1 and Sterling Submachine Gun. Withdrawn due to safety reasons.
 M203 grenade launcher – one-shot 40mm underslung grenade launcher designed to attach to an M16 rifle (or XM177 carbine, with modifications to the launcher). First tested in combat April 1969.
 Mark 18 Mod 0 grenade launcher – Hand-cranked, belt-fed, 40x46mm grenade launcher used by the US Navy.
Mark 19 grenade launcher – Automatic, belt-fed, 40x53mm grenade launcher.
 Mk 20 Mod 0 grenade launcher – Automatic, belt-fed, 40x46mm grenade launcher. Used mostly by riverine crews but also by Air Force Special Operations.
 XM174 grenade launcher – Automatic, belt-fed, 40x46mm grenade launcher used mainly by the US Army.
 Bazooka – The M9 variant was supplied to the ARVN during the early years of the war, while the M20 "Super Bazooka" was used by the USMC and the ARVN until the full introduction of the M67 90mm recoilless rifle and of the M72 LAW.
 BGM-71 TOW – wire-guided anti-tank missile But only fielded in 1972 and limited to use
 FIM-43 Redeye MANPADS (Man-Portable Air-Defence System) – shoulder-fired heat-seeking anti-air missile, used by the USMC.
 M72 LAW – 66mm anti-tank rocket launcher.
 RPG-2 - Used by MACVSOG
 XM202 – experimental four-shot 66mm incendiary rocket launcher.

Flamethrowers
 M2A1-7 and M9A1-7 flamethrowers

Infantry support weapons

 M18 recoilless rifle – 57mm shoulder-fired/tripod mounted recoilless rifle, used by the ARVN early in the war.
 M20 recoilless rifle – 75mm tripod/vehicle-mounted recoilless rifle, used by US and ARVN forces early in the war.
 M67 recoilless rifle – 90mm shoulder-fired anti-tank recoilless rifle, used by the US Army, US Marine Corps, ANZAC and ARVN selected forces.
 M40 recoilless rifle 106mm tripod/vehicle-mounted recoilless rifle.
 M2 mortar – 60mm mortar, used with the lighter but less accurate and lower-range M19 mortar.
 M19 mortar – 60mm mortar, used with the older, heavier M2 mortar.
Brandt Mle 27/31 – 81mm mortar, used by ARVN forces
M1 mortar – 81mm mortar, used by ARVN forces.
 M29 mortar – 81mm mortar, used by US and ARVN forces.
 L16A1 mortar – 81mm, used by ANZAC forces.
 82-BM-37 – captured 82mm mortar, few used by USMC with US rounds.
 M30 mortar 107mm mortar, used by US and ARVN forces.
 M98 Howtar, variant of the latter mounted on a M116 howitzer carriage.

Artillery

 M55 quad machine gun – used to defend US Army bases and on vehicles
 Oerlikon 20 mm cannon – used on riverine crafts
 Bofors 40 mm gun – used on riverine crafts
 105 mm Howitzer M101A1/M2A1
 105 mm Howitzer M102
 155 mm Howitzer M114
 M53 Self-propelled 155mm gun
 M55 Self-propelled 8-inch howitzer
 M107 Self-propelled 175mm gun
 M108 Self-propelled 105 mm howitzer
 M109 Self-propelled 155 mm howitzer
 M110 Self-propelled 8-inch howitzer
 L5 pack howitzer 105 mm pack howitzer used by Australia and New Zealand
 MIM-23 Hawk – medium-range surface to air missile used in very small quantities by the US Marines.

Artillery ammunition types
 HE (High explosive) – standard artillery round.
 High-explosive anti-tank round – fired by 105 mm guns.
 White phosphorus – used for screening or incendiary purposes.
 Smoke shells – used for screening.
 Leaflet shell
 Beehive flechette rounds – antipersonnel rounds.
 Improved conventional munition – antipersonnel shell with submunitions.

Aircraft
(listed alphabetically by modified/basic mission code, then numerically in ascending order by design number/series letter)
 A-1 Skyraider – ground attack aircraft
 A-3 Skywarrior – carrier-based bomber
 A-4 Skyhawk – carrier-based strike aircraft
 A-6 Intruder – carrier-based all weather strike aircraft
 A-7 Corsair II – carrier-based strike aircraft
 A-26 Invader – light bomber
 A-37 Dragonfly – ground attack aircraft
 AC-47 Spooky – gunship
 AC-119G "Shadow" – gunship
 AC-119K "Stinger" – gunship
 AC-130 "Spectre" – gunship
 AU-24 Stallion – ground attack aircraft
 B-52 Stratofortress – heavy bomber
 B-57 Canberra – medium bomber
 Canberra B.20 – Royal Australian Air Force medium bomber
 C-1 Trader – cargo/transport aircraft
 C-2 Greyhound – cargo/transport aircraft
 C-5 Galaxy – strategic lift cargo aircraft
 C-7 Caribou – tactical cargo aircraft, used by the U.S. Air Force, the Royal Australian Air Force and the South Vietnamese Air Force
 C-46 Commando – cargo/transport aircraft
 C-47 – cargo/transport aircraft
 C-54 – transport aircraft
 C-119 Boxcar – cargo/transport aircraft
 C-121 Constellation – transport aircraft
 C-123 Provider – cargo/transport aircraft
 C-124 Globemaster II – cargo/transport aircraft
 C-130 Hercules – cargo/transport plane
 C-133 Cargomaster – cargo/transport aircraft
 C-141 Starlifter – strategic cargo aircraft
 E-1 Tracer – carrier-based airborne early warning (AEW) aircraft
 E-2 Hawkeye – carrier-based airborne early warning (AEW) aircraft
 EA-3 Skywarrior – carrier-based tactical electronic reconnaissance aircraft
 EA-6B Prowler – carrier-based electronic warfare & attack aircraft
 EB-57 Canberra – tactical electronic reconnaissance aircraft
 EB-66 – tactical electronic reconnaissance aircraft
 EC-121 – radar warning or sensor relay aircraft
 EF-10 Skyknight – tactical electronic warfare aircraft
 EKA-3B Skywarrior – carrier-based tactical electronic warfare aircraft
 F-4 Phantom II – carrier and land based fighter-bomber
 F-5 Freedom Fighter – light-weight fighter used in strike aircraft role
 F8F Bearcat – piston fighter-bomber, used by the South Vietnamese Air Force until 1964.
 F-8 Crusader – carrier and land based fighter-bomber
 F-14 Tomcat – carrier-based fighter, made its combat debut during Operation Frequent Wind, the evacuation of Saigon, in April 1975.
 F-100 Super Sabre – fighter-bomber
 F-102 Delta Dagger – fighter
 F-104 Starfighter – fighter
 F-105 Thunderchief – fighter-bomber
 F-111 Aardvark – medium bomber
 HU-16 Albatross – rescue amphibian
 KA-3 Skywarrior – carrier-based tactical aerial refueler aircraft
 KA-6 Intruder – carrier-based tactical aerial refueler aircraft
 KC-130 Hercules – tactical aerial refueler/assault transport aircraft
 KC-135 Stratotanker – aerial refueling aircraft
 O-1 Bird Dog – light observation airplane
 O-2 Skymaster – observation aircraft
 OV-1 Mohawk – battlefield surveillance and light strike aircraft
 OV-10 Bronco – light attack/observation aircraft
 P-2 Neptune – maritime patrol aircraft
 P-3 Orion – maritime patrol aircraft
 P-5 Marlin – antisubmarine seaplane
 QU-22 Pave Eagle (Beech Bonanza) – electronic monitoring signal relay aircraft
 RA-3B Skywarrior – carrier-based tactical photographic reconnaissance aircraft
 RA-5C Vigilante – carrier-based tactical photographic reconnaissance aircraft
 RB-47 Stratojet – photographic reconnaissance aircraft
 RB-57 Canberra – tactical photographic reconnaissance aircraft
 RB-66 – tactical photographic reconnaissance aircraft
 RF-4 Phantom II – carrier and land-based tactical photographic reconnaissance aircraft
 RF-8 Crusader – carrier-based tactical photographic reconnaissance aircraft
 RF-101 Voodoo – tactical photographic reconnaissance aircraft
 RT-33A – reconnaissance jet
 S-2 Tracker – carrier-based anti-submarine warfare (ASW) aircraft
 SR-71 Blackbird – strategic reconnaissance aircraft
 T-28 Trojan – trainer/ground attack aircraft
 T-41 Mescalero – trainer aircraft
 U-1 Otter – transport aircraft
 U-2 – reconnaissance aircraft
 U-6 Beaver – utility aircraft
 U-8 Seminole – transport/electronic survey aircraft
 U-10 Helio Courier – utility aircraft
 U-17 Skywagon – utility aircraft
 U-21 Ute – liaison and electronic survey
 YO-3 Quiet Star – light observation airplane

Helicopters
(listed numerically in ascending order by design number/series letter, then alphabetically by mission code)
 UH-1 Iroquois "Huey" – utility transport and gunship helicopter
 AH-1G HueyCobra – attack helicopter
 AH-1J SeaCobra – twin-engine attack helicopter
 UH-1N Iroquois – twin-engine utility helicopter
 UH-2 Seasprite – carrier-based utility helicopter
 CH-3 Sea King – long-range transport helicopter
 HH-3 "Jolly Green Giant" – long-range combat search and rescue (CSAR) helicopter
 SH-3 Sea King – carrier-based anti-submarine warfare (ASW) helicopter
 OH-6A Cayuse "Loach" (from LOH – Light Observation Helicopter) – light transport/observation (i.e. scout) helicopter
 OH-13 Sioux – light observation helicopter
 UH-19 Chickasaw – utility transport helicopter
 CH-21 Shawnee – cargo/transport helicopter
 OH-23 Raven – light utility helicopter
 CH-34 Choctaw – cargo/transport helicopter
 CH-37 Mojave – cargo/transport helicopter
 HH-43 Huskie – rescue helicopter
 CH-46 Sea Knight – cargo/transport helicopter
 CH-47 Chinook – cargo/transport helicopter
 CH-53 Sea Stallion – heavy-lift transport helicopter
 HH-53 "Super Jolly Green Giant" – long-range combat search and rescue (CSAR) helicopter
 CH-54 Tarhe "Sky Crane" – heavy lift helicopter
 OH-58A Kiowa – light transport/observation helicopter

Aircraft ordnance

 GBUs
 CBUs
 BLU-82 Daisy cutter
 Napalm
 Bomb, 250 lb, 500 lb, 750 lb, 1000 lb, HE (high explosive), general-purpose
 Rocket, aerial, HE (High Explosive), 2.75 inch

Aircraft weapons

 M60D machine gun – 7.62mm (helicopter mount)
 Minigun – 7.62 mm (aircraft and helicopter mount)
 Colt Mk 12 cannon – 20 mm (aircraft mount)
 M3 cannon – 20 mm (aircraft mount)
 M39 cannon – 20 mm (aircraft mount)
 M61 Vulcan – 20 mm (aircraft mount), M195 was used on AH-1
 M197 Gatling gun – 20 mm (used on AH-1J helicopters)
 M75 grenade launcher – 40 mm (helicopter mount)
 M129 grenade launcher – 40 mm (helicopter mount)
 AIM-4 Falcon
 AIM-7 Sparrow
 AIM-9 Sidewinder
 AGM-12 Bullpup
 AGM-22
 AGM-45 Shrike
 AGM-62 Walleye
 AGM-78 Standard ARM
 AGM-65 Maverick

Chemical weapons
Rainbow Herbicides
Agent Orange – While developed to be used as a herbicide to destroy natural obstacles and tree camouflage, it was later revealed that it posed health risks to those exposed to it.
Agent Blue – Used to destroy agricultural land that was believed to be used to grow food for the VC/NVA.
Agent Green
Agent White
Napalm
CS-1 riot control agent – "Teargas", used in grenades, cluster bomblets or (rarely) shells.
 CN gas – "teargas"

Vehicles
In addition to cargo-carrying and troop transport roles, many of these vehicles were also equipped with weapons and sometimes armor, serving as "gun trucks" for convoy escort duties.
 M274 Truck, Platform, Utility, 1/2 Ton, 4X4 – Commonly called a "Mechanical Mule".
 Land Rover (short and long wheelbase) – Australian and New Zealand forces.
 CJ-3B and M606 – 1/4 ton jeep
 M151 – ¼ ton jeep.
 Dodge M37 – 3/4 ton truck.
 M76 Otter – 1¼-ton amphibious cargo carrier used by USMC.
 M116 Husky – 1¼-ton amphibious cargo carrier, tested by USMC.
 M733 – 1¼-ton amphibious personnel carrier, M116 variant, tested by USMC.
 M35 series 2½-ton 6x6 cargo truck
 M135 2½-ton truck
 M54 5-ton 6x6 truck
 M548 – 6-ton tracked cargo carrier
 M520 Goer – 4x4 8-ton cargo truck.
 M123 and M125 10-ton 6x6 trucks

Other vehicles
 Caterpillar D7E bulldozer – used by US Army
 Various graders and bulldozers used by the USMC
 ERDLator

Combat vehicles

Tanks
 M24 Chaffee – light tank; main ARVN tank early in the war, used at least as late as the Tet Offensive.
 M41A3 Walker Bulldog – light tank, replaced the M24 Chaffee as the main ARVN tank from 1965.
 M48 Patton – main tank of the US Army and Marines throughout the war, and also used by ARVN forces from 1971.
 M67 "Zippo" – flamethrower variant of the M48 Patton, used by USMC.
 M551 Sheridan – Armored Reconnaissance Airborne Assault Vehicle/Light Tank, used by the US Army from 1969.
 Centurion Mk 5 Main Battle Tank – used by the Australian Army, with AVLB and ARV variants.

Other armored vehicles
 C15TA Armoured Truck – used by the ARVN early in the war
 LVTP5 (aka AMTRACs) – amphibious tractors/landing craft used by USMC and later by RVNMD
 Lynx Scout Car Mk II – used by the ARVN
 M113 – APC (Armored Personnel Carrier)
 M113 ACAV – Armored Cavalry Assault Vehicle
 M163 Vulcan – self-propelled anti-aircraft tank
 M114 – reconnaissance vehicle
 M132 Armored Flamethrower
 M106 mortar carrier
 M3 Scout Car – used by South Vietnamese forces early in the war.
 M3 Half-track – used by South Vietnamese forces early in the war.
 Cadillac Gage V-100 Commando – replaced ARVN M8 armored cars in 1967. Also used by US forces as M706 Commando.
 M8 Greyhound Used by ARVN forces early in the war.
 M56 Scorpion – limited use in 1965–1966
 M50 Ontos – self-propelled 106 mm recoilless rifle carrier used by the USMC until 1969.
 M42 Duster – M41 based hull, with a twin 40 mm antiaircraft gun mounted on an open turret
 M728 Combat Engineer Vehicle – modified M60 Patton tank equipped with dozer blade, short-barrelled 165mm M135 Demolition Gun, and A-Frame crane.
 M60 AVLB – armored vehicle launched bridge using M60 Patton chassis.
 M51 Armored Recovery Vehicle – fielded by US Marines.
 M578 light recovery vehicle
 M88 Recovery Vehicle – armored recovery vehicle based on M48 chassis.
 Wickums armored draisine used by the ARVN.

Naval craft

 LCM-6 and LCM-8 – with several modifications:
 LCMs modified as a river monitors
 Armored Troop Carrier
 Command and Communication Boat (CCB)
 other variants included helipad boats and tankers
 LCVP – Landing craft vehicle personnel, some made by the French Services Techniques des Construction et Armes Navales/France Outremer and known as FOM
 Swift Boat – Patrol Craft Fast (PCF)
 ASPB – assault support patrol boat
 PBR – Patrol Boat River, all-fiberglass boats propelled by twin water jets, used by the US Navy
 Hurricane Aircat – airboat used by ARVN and US Army

Communications

Radios
The geographically dispersed nature of the war challenged existing military communications. From 1965 to the final redeployment of tactical units, numerous communications-electronics systems were introduced in Vietnam to upgrade the quality and quantity of tactical communications and replace obsolete gear:
 AN/PRT-4 and PRR-9 squad radios – replaced the AN/PRC-6.
 AN/PRC-6 and AN/PRC-10 – older short range radios, used for outposts
 AN/PRC-25 and 77 – short-range FM radios that replaced the AN/PRC-8-10.
 AN/VRC-12 series (VRC-43, VRC-45, VRC-46, VRC-47, VRC-48) – FM radios that replaced the RT-66-67-68/GRC (including AN/GRC 3–8, VRC 7–10, VRC 20–22, and VRQ 1–3 sets).
 AN/GRC-106 – AM radios and teletypewriter that replaced the AN/GRC-19.
 TA-312 and TA-1 field telephones.

Encryption systems

Encryption systems developed by the National Security Agency and used in Vietnam included:

 NESTOR – tactical secure voice system, including the TSEC/KY-8, 28 and 38 was used with the PRC-77 and VRC-12
 KW-26 – protected higher level teletype traffic
 KW-37 – protected the U.S. Navy fleet broadcast
 KL-7 – provided offline security
 A number of paper encryption and authentication products, including one time pads and the KAL-55B Tactical Authentication System

Weapons of the PAVN/VC, China, Soviet and North Korea Forces

The PAVN and the Southern communist guerrillas, the Viet Cong (VC) as they were commonly referred to during the war, largely used standard Warsaw Pact weapons. Weapons used by the PAVN also included Chinese Communist variants, which were referred to as CHICOM's by the US military. Captured weapons were also widely used; almost every small arm used by SEATO may have seen limited enemy use. During the early 1950s, US equipment captured in Korea was also sent to the Viet Minh.

Small arms

Hand combat weapons

 A wide variety of bayonets meant for fitting on the many types of rifles used by the NVA and VC.
 Type 30 bayonet
 Spears, used during "suicide attacks"

Handguns and revolvers
 Makarov PM (and Chinese Type 59)
 Mauser C96 – Locally produced copies were used alongside Chinese copies and German variants supplied by the Soviets.
 Nagant M1895
 M1911 pistol
 M1935A pistol
 SA vz. 61 – automatic pistol
 Tokarev TT-33 – Standard pistol, including Chinese Type 51 and Type 54 copies including Zastava M57
 Walther P38 – Captured by the Soviets during World War II and provided to the VPA and the NLF as military aid
 Home-made pistols, such as copies of the M1911, Luger or of the Mauser C96 (Cao Dai 763) or crude one-shot guns, were also used by the Viet Cong early in the war.

Automatic and semi-automatic rifles
 SKS (Chinese Type 56) semi-automatic carbine
 AK-47 – from the Soviet Union, Warsaw Pact countries, China and North Korea
 Type 56 – Chinese-made standard rifle
 Type 58 – Limited use from North Korea
 PMK – Polish-made AK-47
 AKM – from the Soviet Union, common modernized variant of the AK-47
 PM md. 63/65 – Romanian variant of AKM
 AMD-65 – Very limited use from Hungary
 M1/M2 carbines – common and popular captured semi-automatic rifles
 M1 Garand- Captured from South Vietnamese forces
 vz. 52 rifle semi-automatic rifle, very rarely used
 Vz. 58 assault rifle
 Sturmgewehr 44 Limited
 Type 63 assault rifle – Limited use, received during the 1970s
 M14, M16A1 – captured from US and South Vietnamese forces.
 MAS-49 rifle – captured French rifle from First Indochina War

Rifles: bolt-action, marksman
 Arisaka rifles – Used by Viet Cong early in the war.
 Berthier rifles- Used by Vietcong early in the war
 Chiang Kai-shek rifle – Used by recruits and militias
 Mosin–Nagant – Bolt-action rifles and carbines from the Soviet Union and China (especially M44).
 Mauser Kar98k – Bolt-action rifle (captured from the French during the First Indochina War and also provided by the Soviets as military aid).
 MAS-36 rifle
 Lee–Enfield – Used by the Viet Cong
 Lebel rifle – Used earlier in the war.
 M1903 Springfield – Used by Viet Cong forces
 M1917 Enfield – Used by Viet Cong forces
 SVD Dragunov – Soviet semi-automatic sniper rifle in limited use
 vz. 24 – Used by Viet Cong forces.
 Older or rarer rifles where often modified by the Viet Cong early in the war: Gras mle 1874 carbines were rechambered to .410 bore while Destroyer carbines were modified to accept the magazine of the Walther P38.
 Home-made rifles, often spring-action rifles made to look like a M1 Garand or a M1 Carbine, were also used by the Viet Cong.

Submachine guns
 K-50M submachine gun (Vietnamese edition, based on Chinese version of Russian PPSh-41, under licence)
 MAT-49 submachine gun – Captured during the French-Indochina War. Many were converted from 9x19mm to 7.62x25 Tokarev
 PPSh-41 submachine gun (both Soviet, North Korean and Chinese versions)
 PPS-43 submachine gun (both Soviet and Chinese versions)
 M3 submachine gun Limited use
 Thompson submachine gun – including Vietnamese copies
 MP 40 Provided by the Soviet Union as a military aid.
Smith and Wesson M76 submachine gun - captured from US forces
 MAS-38 submachine gun – Captured from the French in the Indochina War.
 PM-63 submachine gun – Used by tank crews
 M56 submachine gun – limited use, received from Yugoslavia
 Vietnamese home-made submachine guns, inspired by the Sten or the Thompson, were used by the Viet Cong early in the war.

Shotguns
  Homemade shotguns, some inspired by the BAR or the Arisaka Type 99, were used by the Viet Cong early in the war.
Various models captured from ARVN and US forces
 Remington Model 10 – pump-action shotgun used by the Viet Cong

Machine guns
 Bren light machine gun, used by Viet Cong
 Degtyarev DP (DPM and RP-46 variants and Chinese Type 53 and Type 58 copies)
 DShK heavy machine gun (including Chinese Type 54)
 FM-24/29 – used by Viet Cong Forces
 KPV heavy machine gun
 Lewis gun
 M1918 Browning Automatic Rifle
 M1917 Browning machine gun – at least 1 used by the Viet Cong
 M1919 Browning machine gun – captured from ARVN/US forces
 M60 machine gun – captured from ARVN/US forces
M2 Browning – captured from ARVN/US forces
MG 34 – captured by the Soviets during World War II and provided to the VPA and the NLF as military aid
FG 42 – Limited use, captured by the Soviets during World War II and supplied in the 1950s
 Maxim machine-gun M1910
 PK Very limited use general-purpose machine gun from Soviet Union
 Reibel Machinegun
 RPD light machine gun (and Chinese Type 56 and North Korean Type 62 copies) – first used in 1964
 RPK light machine gun of Soviet design
 SG-43/SGM medium machine guns including Type 53 and Type 57 Chinese copies of these guns
 Type 11 light machine gun
 Type 24 machine gun (Chinese-made MG-08) – used by the Viet Cong Forces
 Type 67 machine gun
 Type 92 heavy machine gun
 Type 99 light machine gun
 Uk vz. 59 general-purpose machine gun
 ZB vz. 26 light machine gun (included Chinese copies)

Grenades, mines, and booby traps
 Home-made grenades and IEDs
 F1 grenade (Chinese Type 1)
 M29 grenade – captured
 M79 grenade launcher – captured from US or ARVN forces
 RG-42 grenade (Chinese Type 42)
 RGD-1 and RGD-2 smoke grenades
 RGD-5 grenade (Chinese Type 59)
 RKG-3 anti-tank grenade (Chinese Type 3)
 Type 67 and RGD-33 stick grenades
 Type 64 rifle grenade – fired from AT-44 grenade launchers, fitted to Mosin-Nagant carbines
 Type 89 grenade discharger

Flamethrowers
 LPO-50 flamethrower
 Type 74 Chinese-built copy

Rocket launchers, recoilless rifles, anti-tank rifles and lightweight guided missiles

 Recoilless rifles were known as DKZ (Đại-bác Không Giật).
RPG-2 recoilless rocket launcher (both Soviet, Chinese and locally produced B-40 and B-50 variants used)
RPG-7 recoilless rocket launcher
Type 51 (Chinese copy of the M20 Super Bazooka) – used by Viet Cong as late as 1964
B-10 recoilless rifle
B-11 recoilless rifle
SPG-9 73 mm recoilless rifle
M18 recoilless rifle (and Chinese Type 36 copy) and captured from US or ARVN forces
M20 recoilless rifle (and Chinese Type 52 and Type 56 copies) and captured from US or ARVN forces
PTRD Limited use by the Viet Cong Forces.
9K32 Strela-2 (SA-7) anti-aircraft weapon
9M14 Malyutka (AT-3 Sagger)

Mortars

 Brandt Mle 1935 – 60mm mortar
 M2 mortar (including Chinese Type 31 and Type 63 copies) – 60mm mortars
 M19 mortar – 60mm mortar
 M1 mortar – 81mm
 M29 mortar – 81mm
 Brandt Mle 27/31 – 81mm mortar
82-PM-37 (including Chinese Type 53 copy)- 82mm mortar
 Type 67 mortar – 82mm mortar
 M1938 107mm mortar
 120-PM-43 mortar
 M1943 160mm mortar (including Chinese Type 55 copy)

Field artillery rocket launchers
Field artillery rockets were often fired from improvised launchers, sometimes a tube fixed with bamboo.
 102mm 102A3 rockets
 107mm Type 63 MRL – used with one-tube or 12-tube launchers
 single-tube 122mm 9M22M rocket taken from BM-21 Grad MRL
 single-tube 140mm M14-OF rocket taken from BM-14 MRL

Field guns and howitzers
 57 mm anti-tank gun M1943 (ZiS-2)
 70 mm Type 92 battalion gun
Type 41 75 mm mountain gun, supplied by China
 7.5 cm Pak 40
 75mm M116 pack howitzer, supplied by China
 76 mm divisional gun M1942 (ZiS-3) (and Chinese Type 54)
 85 mm divisional gun D-44
 100 mm field gun M1944 (BS-3)
 Type 91 10 cm howitzer, supplied by China
 M101 howitzer
 122 mm gun M1931/37 (A-19)
 122 mm howitzer M1938 (M-30)
 D-74 122 mm field gun
 130 mm towed field gun M1954 (M-46)
 152 mm howitzer-gun M1937 (ML-20)
 152 mm towed gun-howitzer M1955 (D-20)
 M114 155 mm howitzer

Anti-aircraft weapons
 ZPU-1/2/4 single, double, and quad 14.5 mm anti-aircraft machine guns
 ZU-23 twin 23 mm anti-aircraft cannon
 M1939 37 mm anti-aircraft gun (and Chinese Type 55)
 S-60 57 mm anti-aircraft gun
 85mm air defense gun M1944
 100 mm air defense gun KS-19
 8.8 cm Flak 18/36/37/41
 S-75 Dvina Soviet high-altitude air defence system
 S-125 Neva Soviet high-altitude air defence system

Aircraft
 Aero Ae-45 trainer aircraft
 Aero L-29 Delfín trainer aircraft
 An-2 utility aircraft
 Cessna A-37 Dragonfly attack aircraft – limited use of captured or defected
 Ilyushin Il-12 transport aircraft
 Ilyushin Il-14 transport aircraft
 Ilyushin Il-28 jet bomber
 Lisunov Li-2 transport aircraft
 Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-15 (and Chinese F-4) jet trainer
 MiG-17 (and Chinese F-5) jet fighter
 MiG-19 (and Chinese F-6) jet fighter
 MiG-21 jet fighter
 North American T-28 Trojan – 1 ex-Laotian used in 1964
 Yakovlev Yak-18 trainer aircraft
 Zlín Z 26 trainer aircraft

Aircraft weapons
 Gryazev-Shipunov GSh-23
 Nudelman-Rikhter NR-30
 Nudelman N-37
 Nudelman-Rikhter NR-23
 K-5 (missile) (RS-2US)
 K-13 (missile) (R-3S)

Helicopters
 Mi-4
 Mi-6
 Mi-8

Tanks
 M24 Chaffee – light tank, captured from the French and used for training early in the war
 M41 Walker Bulldog – light tank, captured from the ARVN.
 M48 Patton – captured from the ARVN.
 PT-76 amphibious tank
 SU-76 self-propelled gun
 SU-100 self-propelled guns in limited numbers.
 SU-122 self-propelled gun in limited numbers
 T-34-85 medium tank, from 1959
 T-54 main battle tanks, used from 1965
 Type 59 main battle tanks
 Type 63 amphibious tank
 ZSU-57-2 anti-aircraft self-propelled systems
 ZSU-23-4 anti-aircraft self-propelled systems

Other armored vehicles
 BTR-40 APC
 BTR-50 APC
 BTR-60PB APC
 BTR-152 APC
 M3 Half-track and M8 Light Armored Car – first NVA armored vehicles. Used to protect Air Bases in the North.
 M113 armored personnel carrier – captured from the ARVN
 MTU-20 armored bridge-layer
 Type 63 APC

Support vehicles
 AT-L light artillery tractor
 AT-S and ATS-59 medium artillery tractors
 Beijing BJ212
 GAZ-46 light amphibious car
 GAZ-51 truck (and Chinese copy)
 GAZ-63 truck
 GAZ-69
 IFA W 50
 KrAZ-255 heavy truck
  artillery tractor
 MAZ-502 truck
 M35 truck series (captured)
 M54 truck series (captured)
 M151 jeep (captured)
 ZIS-150 truck (and Chinese CA-10)
 UralZIS-355M truck
 ZIL-130 truck
 ZIL-151 truck
 ZIL-157 and ZIL-157K trucks (and Chinese CA-30)
 ZiS-485 amphibious vehicle

Naval craft
 Swatow-class gunboats
 P4 and P6 torpedo boats
 Countless civilian-type sampans – mainly used for smuggling supplies and weapons

See also
 NLF and PAVN strategy, organization and structure
 NLF and PAVN logistics and equipment
 NLF and PAVN battle tactics
 Weapons of the Laotian Civil War
 Weapons of the Cambodian Civil War
Weapons of the First Indochina War

References

Citations and notes

Bibliography

External links

Vietnam War-related lists
Vietnam War
Vietnam War

Weapons of the Vietnam War


An Arisaema quinatum in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Thomas Nuttall, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Heinrich Wilhelm Schott. An Arisaema quinatum in nahilalakip ha genus nga Arisaema, ngan familia nga Araceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Arisaema

Arisaema quinatum


مارك ليفين  (ولد 21 سبتمبر 1957) هو مخرج و كاتب سيناريو أمريكي . و لقد اشتهر بأخراجه الفيلم الرومانسى الكوميدي ليتل مانهاتن .

أفلامه

كمخرج

ككاتب سيناريو

وصلات خارجية

 صفحته على imdb
 صفحته على موقع الطماطم الفاسدة

مراجع

أشخاص على قيد الحياة
كتاب أمريكيون في القرن 20
كتاب أمريكيون في القرن 21
كتاب تلفاز
كتاب تلفاز أمريكيون
كتاب تلفاز ذكور أمريكيون
كتاب سيناريو أمريكيون
كتاب سيناريو أمريكيون في القرن 20
كتاب سيناريو أمريكيون في القرن 21
كتاب سيناريو من ميشيغان
كتاب من ديترويت
كتاب وكاتبات سيناريو أمريكيون يهود
مخرجو أفلام من ميشيغان
منتجو تلفزيون أمريكيون
مواليد 1957
مواليد 1966
يهود أمريكيون في القرن 21

مارك ليفين


Elmenhorst (Stormarn), Almanya'nın kuzeyinde Schleswig-Holstein eyaleti Steinburg iline bağlı bölge. 14,92 km² yüzölçümüne sahiptir. Nüfusu 31 Aralık 2002 itibarıyla 2218 olarak tespit edilmiştir. Nüfus yoğunluğu ise km² başına 149 seviyesindedir. Belediye başkanlığı Uwe Preschner tarafından yürütülmektedir.

Dış bağlantılar
 Resmi site

Stormarn iline bağlı yerleşim birimleri

Elmenhorst, Stormarn


සෙංකඩගල රාජකීය පරිශ්‍රය ( කන්ද උඩරට මාලිගාව) යනු මහනුවර නගරයේ පිහිටි ඓතිහාසික මාලිගා සංකීර්ණයක් වන අතර 1815 දී බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය යටත් විජිතකරණයට පෙර මහනුවර රාජධානියේ රජවරුන්ගේ ප්‍රධාන නිවහන විය. මාලිගා සංකීර්ණය සාම්ප්‍රදායික උඩරට ගෘහනිර්මාණ ශිල්පයට විශිෂ්ට උදාහරණයකි, සංකීර්ණ ලී සහ ගල් කැටයම් සහ බිත්තිවල බිතුසිතුවම් වලින් සරසා ඇත. එය මගුල් මඩුව ,  බිසෝ උල්පැන්ගේ, අග බිසෝ වාසල , රජුගේ වාසල  සහ සුප්‍රසිද්ධ දළදා මාලිගාව ඇතුළු ගොඩනැගිලි කිහිපයකින් සමන්විත වේ. ලොව පුරා ගෞරවාදරයට පාත්‍ර වූ බෞද්ධ විහාරස්ථානයක් වන දළදා මාලිගාව ද මාළිගා සංකීර්ණය තුළ පිහිටා ඇත. මාලිගා සංකීර්ණය සහ දළදා මාලිගාව යන දෙකම යුනෙස්කෝ ලෝක උරුම ස්ථාන ලෙස නම් කර ඇත.

මහනුවර රජවරුන් විසින් චක්‍ර දොළහකින් යුත් සිත් ඇදගන්නාසුළු රටාවකට මහනුවර නගරය ඉදිකරන ලද්දේ ඔවුන්ගේ ශ්‍රේෂ්ඨත්වය සහ වාස්තුවිද්‍යාත්මක දස්කම් විදහාපාමිනි. කෙසේ වෙතත්, රාජධානිය බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ආක්‍රමණිකයන් අතට පත්වීමෙන් පසු, වරක් තේජාන්විත භූ දර්ශනය, හඳුනාගත නොහැකි ලෙස වෙනස් කරන ලදී.

ඉතිහාසය
මහනුවර රජ මාලිගයේ ඉතිහාසය සියවස් ගණනාවක් පුරා දිවෙන අතර විවිධ රජවරුන් සහ පාලකයන් සම්බන්ධ වේ. පළමු මාලිගය 14 වැනි සියවසේ III වික්‍රමබාහු විසින් ඉදිකරන ලදී. පසුව, එය 16 වන සියවසේ අගභාගයේදී I විමලධර්මසූරිය විසින් උඩරට නව මාලිගාවක් තනවන ලදී. 17 වන සියවසේ මුල් භාගයේ සෙනරත් රජුගේ පාලන සමයේදී පැවති මාලිගාව පෘතුගීසි ආක්‍රමණිකයන් විසින් විනාශ කරන ලදී. කෙසේ වෙතත්, පසුව එය 1634 දී II රාජසිංහ විසින් නැවත ගොඩනඟන ලදී.

පිහිටීම සහ ගෘහ නිර්මාණ ශිල්පය
මාලිගාවේ පිහිටීම කාලයත් සමඟ වෙනස් වී ඇති බව පෙනේ. පළමුවන විමලධර්මසුරිය මාලිගාව වත්මන් ස්ථානයේ විරුද්ධ පැත්තේ පිහිටා තිබී ඇත. පළමුවන විමලධර්මසූරිය රජුගේ පාලන සමයේදී මෙම මාලිගය පෘතුගීසි ගෘහනිර්මාණ ශිල්පයේ බලපෑමට ලක්වූ බව පෙනේ. පෘතුගීසි විදේශ වාර්තා  එකල මාලිගා සංකීර්ණය පිළිබඳ සවිස්තරාත්මක විස්තරයක් සපයයි, ඒවායේ විස්තර අනුව පෙනී යන්නේ දැනට ඉතිරිව ඇති ව්‍යුහයන්ට වඩා බෙහෙවින් වෙනස් වූ ස්වභාවයක් මුල් මාලිගාවේ තිබු බවයි .

ආක්‍රමණ සහ සිදුවූ විනාශ
මහනුවර රජ මාලිගය සුවිසල් ආක්‍රමණ කිහිපයකට මුහුණ දුන් අතර ඒවායින් කිහිප වතාවක්ම සම්පුර්ණයෙන්ම විනාශ විය. අද වන විට බොහෝ ගොඩනැගිලි විනාශ වී ඇති අතර ඉතිරිව ඇත්තේ ගොඩනැගිලි කිහිපයක් පමණි. කෙසේ වෙතත්, උඩරට රාජධානියේ රජ්‍යසමයේ  රජවරු විසින්  මාලිගාවට හානි සිදුවූ සැම විටම  නැවත ගොඩනඟන ලද අතර, ඒ සෑම අවස්ථාවකදීම මෙම සංකීර්ණයට ඔවුන්ග අද්විතීය නිර්මාණ ශෛලීන එක් කළහ.

විකාශය
1760 න් පසු මාලිගාවේ පිහිටීම බටහිර සිට නැගෙනහිරට වෙනස් විය. ශ්‍රී වික්‍රම රාජසිංහ රජුගේ පාලන සමයේදී මාලිගා සංකීර්ණය සැලකිය යුතු වෙනස්කම් වලට භාජනය විය. එකල මෙම මාලිගයට බිසෝ උල්පන්ගේ , මගුල් මඩුව  සහ පත්තිරුප්පුව  ඇතුළු ගොඩනැගිලි කිහිපයක් එකතු  විය.

1815 උඩරට ගිවිසුමෙන්  පසුව, රාජකීය මාලිගය, බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ජාතික ජෝන් ඩොයිලිගෙන් පටන් ගෙන 1947 දක්වා, මහනුවර ජනපති මන්දිරය නිමවන තුරු  මහනුවර දිසාපතිවරයා ලෙස පත්වූ බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ජාතිකයින්  විසින් භාවිතා කරන ලදී.

වාහල්කඩ
උඩරට මාලිගාවේ ප්‍රධාන දොරටු තුනකින් යුක්ත වූ අතර ඒවා  වාහල්කඩ ලෙසින් හැදින්වුනි. මාලිගා සංකීර්ණය වටකර ඇති බිත්ති සමග වාහල්කඩ වල්  පිහිටා තිබූ අතර ඒවා මීටර් 2.4 (අඩි 8) ක උසකින් යුක්ත විය. මාලිගාවේ පැරණිතම කොටස නාථ දේවාලයට මුහුණ ලා ඇති වාහල්කඩ බව විශ්වාස කෙරේ.

 මහා වාහල්කඩ

 උඩ වාහල්කඩ

 පිටති  වාහල්කඩ

 මෝහන  වාහල්කඩ

 මධුර වාහල්කඩ

 කොරා  වාහල්කඩ

මහා වාහල්කඩ
සඳකඩපහණින් ප්‍රවිෂ්ට වන විට , මහා මහවාහල්කඩ  දක්වා පියගැට හතකින් යුත් ප්‍රධාන ද්වාරය දක්නට ලැබේ . මහනුවර වාස්තු විද්‍යාත්මක සම්ප්‍රදායට අනුව නිර්මිත වී ඇති මෙම  දොරටුව ආරුක්කු හැඩැති දොරකින් නිර්මාණය කර ඇත. මෙම ව්‍යුහය දොරටු පාලකයන්ට නවාතැන් ගැනීමට තරම් ඉඩකඩ ඇතිවා පමණක් නොව, එය සෙවිලි කර මුදුනේ පිනක තුනකින් සරසා ඇත. ද්වාරය  වටා ඇති බිත්තිය දැඩි ලෙස ඝන වී ඇති අතර, එ ශක්තිය හා ශ්‍රේෂ්ටත්වය  මානව  පෙන්වයි.

ප්‍රධාන ගොඩනැගිලි

මහ වාසල
රජුගේ මාලිගය, මහා වාසල හෝ රාජ වාසල ලෙසද හැඳින්වේ, මාළිගා සංකීර්ණයේ උතුරු කෙළවරේ, මගුල් මඩුවට දකුණට වන්නට මෙය පිහිටා ඇත. මෙම දෙමහල් ගොඩනැගිල්ලේ මැද දොරටුවක් සහ පඩි පෙළක් ඇති අතර එය stucco සහ terra-cotta වැඩවලින් සරසා ඇති ආකර්ෂණීය ශාලාවක් වේ. මෙම දිගු  ගොඩනැඟිල්ලේ දෙපස ජනෙල් කවුළු  සහිත කාමර ඇතුළත් වන අතර ඇතුළු මළුවට මුහුණ ලා  වෙරන්ඩාවක් පිහිටා ඇත.

මෙම  වාසල  මුල් බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය යුගයේ දිසාපති ජෝන් ඩොයිලි විසින් භාවිතා කරන ලද අතර ඔහුගේ අනුප්‍රාප්තිකයින් එය ඔවුන්ගේ නිල නිවස ලෙස දිගටම භාවිතා කළහ. මෙම ගොඩනැගිල්ල දැනට පුරාවිද්‍යා දෙපාර්තමේන්තුව විසින් කෞතුකාගාරයක් ලෙස භාවිතා කරයි. මෙම ගොඩනැගිල්ලේ ඇති සුවිශේෂී අංගයක් වන්නේ "සිව් මාදුරු කවුලු" වන අතර, මෙම නිරීක්ෂණ කවුළුවලින් රජුට බිසෝ වාසල , දළදා මාලිගාව, උඩරට නගරය සහ උඩවත්ත කැලේ අභයභූමිය (උඩ වාසල වත්ත) නැරඹීමට හැකියාව ලැබී තිබී ඇත.

මැද වාසල
මැද වාසල, අගබිසෝ වාසල  ලෙසද හැඳින්වේ, එය රාජකීය බිසොවොරුන් සඳහා වූ පල්ලේ වහලේ ගොඩනැගිල්ලට වාස්තු විද්‍යාත්මක සැලසුමට සමාන වන වන අතර මද වාසල, පල්ලේ වහලේට උතුරින් පිහිටා ඇත. එය සමන්විත වන්නේ කුඩා විවෘත මළුවකින් වෙරන්ඩා සහ තනි නිදන කාමරයක් වන අතර එය ගල් යට ව්‍යුහ හතරක් මත තබා ඇති ඇඳක් සහිත වන අතර වටිනා දැව වලින් ඉදිකර ඇත. මැද ශාලාවට ඇතුල් වන දොරටුව විශාල ලෙස  සාදා ඇති අතර දොර පියන කුඩා වේ . මෙම ගොඩනැගිල්ල ඇතුළතින් පමණක් අගුලු දැමීමට සැලසුම් කර ඇති අතර, මළුව අසල කොරිඩෝවේ බිතුසිතුවම් දක්නට ඇත.

කැටයම් සහිත ලී කණු, ගල් කැට සහිත පියස්ස, පද්ම බෝරදම් සහිත මැද මිදුල, ඒ වටා ඉදිකර ඇති කාණු පද්ධතිය ඇතුළු මහනුවර යුගයේ ගෘහ නිර්මාණ ශිල්පයේ අංග රැසක් මැද වාසල තුළ දක්නට ලැබේ. මහනුවර යුගයේ ඉතිහාස වාර්තාවලට අනුව ශ්‍රී වික්‍රම රාජසිංහ රජු රංගම්මාල් බිසව මෙම ගොඩනැගිල්ලේ හුදකලා ව වාසය කල අතර ඇයව දැක බලා ගැනීමට අවස්ථාව ලැබුණේ ඇයගේ සමීපතම සේවිකාවන්ට පමණි. විශාලත්වයෙන් යුක්ත වුවත් , මැද වාසල සතුව ඇත්තේ එක් කාමරයක් පමණක් වන අතර, පුරාවිද්‍යා කෞතුකාගාරයේ ඇති තඹ පත්‍ර හතරක් ඇඳෙහි කුළුණු හතරේ වළවල්වල තැන්පත් කර ඇති ආරක්‍ෂක මන්ත්‍රයක් ලෙස භාවිතා කර ඇතැයි විශ්වාස කෙරේ. මෙම මන්ත්‍ර බොහෝ විට දරු උපත් කටයුතුසඳහා භාවිතා කර ඇති බව විශ්වාස කෙරේ. නවතම පුරාවිද්‍යා ගවේෂන්යන්ගෙන් බිත්ති මතුපිට බදාම මත  රතු පසුබිමක ඇඳ ඇති සමහර මල් රටා ද හමු වී ඇත.

මහ මළුව
පත්තිරුප්පුව (අෂ්ටාංගික මණ්ඩපය) ඉදිරිපිට පිහිටා ඇති මහා මළුව, මහා සඳළුතලය ලෙසින්ද හඳුන්වනු ලබන අතර, එය  පුළුල් උද්‍යාන ප්‍රදේශයකි.   මහා මළුව දළ වශයෙන් හෙක්ටයාර 0.4 (අක්කර 0.99) පමණ විහිදෙන දේ . මෙහි රජ කල රජවරුන් බැහැ දැකීම සදහා එන අයවලුන් රැදී සිටීම සදහා බාවිතා වූ බව වාර්තා වේ.1818 ඌව කැරැල්ලේදී ඉංග්‍රීසින්ට එරෙහිව සටන් වැදුණු ජාතික වීරයකු වූ කැප්පෙටිපොළ දිසාවේ ජාතික වීරයාගේ හිස් කබල රැගත් ගල් කණු ස්මාරකයක් මෙම චතුරශ්‍රයේ ඇත. මෙහි විශේෂ  ප්‍රතිමා දෙකක් ද ඇතුලත් වන අතර ඒ මහනුවර යුගයේ වීරයකු වූ මද්දුම බණ්ඩාර සහ බුදුන්ගේ දළදා වහන්සේ ලංකාවට වැඩම කළ හේමමාලි සහ දන්තකුමාර කුමරු ගේ ප්‍රතිමාය.

මඟුල් මඩුව
මඟුල් මඩුව,  මහනුවර යුගයේ වැදගත් ව්‍යුහයක් විය. එය 1783 දී ශ්‍රී රාජාධි රාජසිංහ විසින් ඉදිකරන ලද අතර එය රජු විසින් දෛනික පරිපාලන කටයුතු සිදු කරන ස්ථානයක් ලෙසත් භාවිතා කරන ලදී. මෙම ප්‍රදේශය උඩරට රාජධානියට සම්බන්ධ ආගමික හා ජාතික උත්සව සඳහා මධ්‍යස්ථානයක් ලෙසද ක්‍රියා කළේය. මෙම ගොඩනැගිල්ල 1872 දී වේල්ස් කුමරු ඇල්බට් එඩ්වඩ් කුමරු පිළිගැනීමට බ්‍රිතාන්‍යයන් විසින් වෙනස් කරන  ලද මීටර් 18 (අඩි 59) කින් 10.9 මීටර් (අඩි 36) මුල් ව්‍යුහයේ දිගුවක් විය. ගඩොල් කණු සහිත පල්ලේ වහලේ" ගොඩනැගිල්ල, එයින් කුළුණු දහසයක් "මඟුල් මඩුව" මීටර් 9.6 (අඩි 31) කින් දිගු කිරීමට භාවිතා කරන ලදී. මෙම ගොඩනැගිල්ලේ දැන් අලංකාර කැටයම් කළ කුළුණු පේළි දෙකක් ඇති අතර, සෑම පේළියක්ම උඩරට විලාසිතාවේ වහලයකට ආධාරක වන පරිදි තීරු 32 කින් සමන්විත වේ. රජුට වෙනත් රටවලින් තානාපතිවරුන් හමුවුනේ මෙම ස්ථනයේ යයි පැවසේ.  දිවයිනේ අවසන් ස්වදේශික රාජධානිය වූ මහනුවර රාජධානියේ අවසානය සනිටුහන් කරමින් 1815 මාර්තු 2 වන දින කුප්‍රකට මහනුවර ගිවිසුම අත්සන් කළේ ද මගුල් මඩුවේදී ය.

මණ්ඩප

පත්තිරුප්පුව
පත්තිරිප්පුව, අෂ්ටාංගික මණ්ඩපය ලෙසද හැඳින්වේ. එය මහනුවර මාලිගාවේ මහ දොරටුවඅභියස පිහිටා ඇති විශිෂ්ට ගෘහ නිර්මාණ ව්‍යුහයකි. 1812 දී ශ්‍රී වික්‍රම රාජසිංහ රජුගේ පාලන සමයේදී ඉදිකරන ලද මෙම මණ්ඩපය දක්ෂ රාජකීය ගෘහ නිර්මාණ ශිල්පී දේවේන්ද්‍ර මූලාචාරී විසින් නිර්මාණය කරන ලදී. ප්‍රධාන මාලිගාව සංකීර්ණයෙන් වෙන්ව වෙනම ව්‍යුහයක් ලෙස මුලින් ඉදිකරන ලද එය පසුව සංකීර්ණයට ඇතුළත් කරන ලදී. "පත්තිරිප්පුව" යන නම, දෙමළ භාෂාවෙන් ව්‍යුත්පන්න වී ඇති අතර, එහි අර්ථය "වාඩි වී යමක් බැලීම" යන අර්ථය ඇති අතර, මෙම ව්‍යුහයේ  අරමුණ වී ඇත්තේ රජුට ජනතාව ඇමතීමට, පෙරහැර, කඩු සටන් සහ මල්ලවපොර තරඟ නැරඹීමට ස්ථානයක් ලෙස වේ . බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය  යටත් විජිත සමයේ දිස්ත‍්‍රික් ලේකම් කාර්යාලයක් ලෙස ද භාවිත වූ මෙම මණ්ඩපය පසුව පුස්තකාලයක් බවට පරිවර්තනය විය. මෙම මණ්ඩපය නිර්මාණය කළ දේවේන්ද්‍ර මූලාචාරීන්ට ශ්‍රී වික්‍රම රාජසිංහ රජු විසින් මැණික් එබ්බවූ රනින් කළ ශීර්ෂ ආභරණයක් වන නලල් පැටිය පිරිනමන ලද අතර එය රජුට පිරිනැමිය හැකි ඉහළම ගෞරවය ලෙස සැලකේ. පත්තිරිප්පුවේ අෂ්ටක හැඩැති වහලය, පිටත කණු  දේශීය වාස්තුවිද්‍යාත්මක සම්ප්‍රදායන්හි සුවිශේෂී ඉදිරිපත් කිරීම් වේ

ජයතිලක මණ්ඩපය
ජයතිලක මණ්ඩපය, රාජකීය ගිම්හාන නිවහන , කුණ්ඩා ශාලාව ලෙසද හැඳින්වේ. මහනුවර ,නුවර වැව මැද පිහිටි කෘතීම දිවයිනක් තුලවූ කුඩා ගොඩනැගිල්ලකි. මෙම කුඩා සුන්දර දිවයින නිර්මාණය කරන ලද්දේ ශ්‍රී වික්‍රම රාජසිංහ රජු විසින් වේ.

මුලදී, මෙම දූපතබිසෝවරුන්  සහ පරිවාර  කාන්තාවන් විවේක ගැනීම සඳහා රාජකීය ගිම්හාන මන්දිරයක්  ලෙස භාවිතා කරන ලදී. කෙසේ වෙතත්, බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය යටත් විජිත යුගයේදී එය පතොරම් ගබඩාවක් ලෙස භාවිතා කරන ලද අතර එය වටා බලකොටු ආකාරයේ parapet එකක් එකතු කරන ලදී. අවශ්‍ය වූ විට දිවයිනට ළඟාවීම සඳහා ඉදිකරන ලද හල්වැල- හකුලන පාලම ලෙස හැඳින්වෙන ආපසු ඇද ගත හැකි එල්ලෙන පාලමකින් එකල යුක්ත වූ බව පෙනේ.

දිවයිනේ මැද පිහිටි ජයතිලක මණ්ඩපය හෙවත් කුණ්ඩා ශාලාව, දිවයිනේ චමත්කාරය වැඩි කරන කුඩා ගොඩනැගිල්ලකි. අද දිවයිනේ එම ගොඩනැගිල්ලේ නටබුන් නොමැත.

බිසෝ උල්පැන්ගේ
උල්පැන්ගේ,  බිසෝ  නාන මණ්ඩපය ලෙසද හැඳින්වේ, එය දළදා මාලිගාවට දකුණින් මහනුවර වැව බැම්ම මත පිහිටා ඇති ඓතිහාසික ගොඩනැගිල්ලකි. එය 1806 දී ශ්‍රී වික්‍රම රාජසිංහ රජු විසින් වෙන්කත රංග ජම්මාල් (රෙන්ගම්මාල්) රැජින සහ ඇගේ පරිවාර  බිසෝවරුන් සඳහා නාන කාමරය ලෙස ඉදිකරන ලදී.

දෙමහල් ගොඩනැගිල්ල පැති තුනකින් වැවෙන් මායිම් වී ඇත. උඩු මහල ඇඳුම් මාරු කරන කාමරය ලෙස භාවිතා  කළ අතර බිම් මහල ස්නානය සඳහා භාවිතා කරන ලදී.

මෙම  නාන මණ්ඩපය දිග මීටර් 19 (අඩි 62) සහ පළල මීටර් 9.4 (අඩි 31) සහ ගැඹුරින් මීටර් 3.45 (අඩි 11.3) කින් යුත් පැති අටක් සහිත සෘජුකෝණාස්‍රාකාර පොකුණකින් සමන්විත වේ . එය තටාක ප්‍රදේශය වටා දිවෙන ගල් තට්ටුවක් සහිත වාත්තු කරන ලද ගල් පුවරු වලින් ඉදිකර ඇත. තටාකයේ යම් ජල මට්ටමක් පවත්වා ගෙන යන අතර ඒ සදහා තටාකයේ අතිරික්ත ජලය පිටතට ගැනීම සඳහා ගල් තටාක ව්‍යුහය තුළ අර්ධ වෘත්තාකාර විවරයක් දක්නට ලැබේ.

"උල්පන්ගේ" යන නම "උල්පත්" සඳහා "උල්", "වසන්තය" සඳහා "පෑන්", "ජලය" සඳහා "පෑන්" සහ "ගෙය" සඳහා "උල්පත් ජලයේ ව්යුහය" යන්නෙන් අදහස් වේ. තටාකයේ ජල මූලාශ්‍රය ස්වාභාවික උල්පතක් බව විශ්වාස කෙරෙන අතර එමඟින් තටාකය සඳහා නිරන්තර මිරිදිය සැපයුමක් පවත්වා ගෙන ගියේය.

නාන තටාකයට මදක් ඉදිරියට වන්නට  උස් වහලක් සහිත හතරැස් මණ්ඩපයක් ඉදිකර තිබී ඇති අතර, එය උල්පන්ගේට එන බිසෝවරුන් රැඳී සිටීමේ ස්ථානයක් ලෙස භාවිතා කරන්නට ඇත . 1817 දී  නාන මණ්ඩපය අහසට විවෘතව තිබී ඇත. එනමුදු මෙම නාන තටාකයේ ජල ප්‍රදේශය ආවරණය කිරීම සඳහා වහල ව්‍යුහයක් ඉදිකර තිබෙන්නට ඇත.

බ්‍රිතාන්‍යයන් ඔවුන්ගේ පාලන සමයේදී මෙම ගොඩනැගිල්ලේ වෙනස්කම් සිදු කර තටාක ප්‍රදේශය ගොඩකර බිම් ප්‍රදේශයක් බවට පත් කළහ. ඔවුන් 1828 සිට "United Service Library" ලෙස හැඳින්වූ පුස්තකාලයක් ලෙස ගොඩනැගිල්ල භාවිතා කළහ.

මහනුවර වැවේ දියෙහි පිහිටි මෙම නාන මණ්ඩපය වැව සමග දැකීමට අප පුරුදු වී සිටියද, ඇත්ත වශයෙන්ම, මෙය  ඉදිකර ඇත්තේ වැව ඉදිකර ගොඩ කිරීමට වසර හයකට පෙරය. එකල තිබුනේ තිගොල් වෙල වෙල්යාය. නාන තටාකයට අවශ්‍ය ජල මූලාශ්‍රය පැමිණියේ අප දකින දිගටි අෂ්ටාස්‍රාකාර තටාකයේ ජල මට්ටම ඉහළ නැංවීම සඳහා නාන තටාක ද්‍රෝණිය ඉදිකිරීම සඳහා සිමෙන්ති ගල් පුවරු වලින් වට කර තිබූ තටාක ප්‍රදේශයට යටින් ඇති  ස්වාභාවික උල්පතකින්ය.

රජ මාලිගා - ශ්‍රී ලංකා
සෙංකඩගල
සෙංකඩගල රාජකීය පරිශ්‍රය

සෙංකඩගල රාජකීය පරිශ්‍රය


Die Boberg XR9-S ist die Kurzvariante der nur als Prototyp existierenden Boberg XR9. Diese als "Shorty" bezeichnete Selbstverteidigungs-Pistole wurde vom Entwickler Arne Boberg auf ähnliche ballistische Eigenschaften wie die Glock 26 hin entwickelt, jedoch mit 30 mm weniger Gesamtlänge. So besitzt sie mit einer Gesamtlänge von 130 mm ähnliche Abmessungen wie die Kel-Tec P-3AT oder die Ruger LCP, hat aber einen etwa 15 mm längeren Lauf und einen etwa 1,8-mal so starken Patronentyp, nämlich 9 × 19 mm anstatt .380 ACP, welcher metrisch 9 × 17 mm ist. Gemäß Herstellerangaben gibt die Boberg XR9-S mittelwertig 98,1% soviel Mündungsenergie wie die Glock 26 ab, obwohl ihr Lauf etwa 3 mm kürzer ist.

Technik
Bei der Boberg XR9-S handelt es sich um einen Rückstoßlader mit rotierendem Lauf. Sie besitzt keine manuelle Sicherung, sondern einen permanenten Spannabzug (Double-Action-Only), der auf ein hahnloses Schlagstück wirkt. Um bei einer derart kleinen Taschenpistole einen möglichst langen Lauf zu realisieren, wurde auf das Ladesystem der um 1900 von Hugh W. Gabbet-Fairfax entwickelten Mars Automatic Pistol zurückgegriffen. Beim Zurückgleiten des Schlittens wird eine Patrone nach hinten aus dem Magazin gezogen und nach oben auf Laufhöhe befördert. Wenn der Verschluss wieder nach vorne schnellt, wird die Patrone in das Patronenlager gestoßen und dieses verriegelt. Beim automatischen Repetieren nach der Schussabgabe wird also gleichzeitig eine Hülse durch den Auszieher aus dem Lager und eine neue Patrone durch eine Ladekralle aus dem Magazin gezogen. Weil das Patronenlager der Boberg XR9-S (mindestens teilweise) hinter dem Griffstück mit dem Abzug liegt, ist sie ein Hinterschaftlader oder Bullpup.

Zuverlässigkeit
Ein derartig komplexes System ist natürlich potentiell anfälliger für Fehlfunktionen, so sprechen auch erste Testberichte von geringfügigen Problemen, doch fallen diese Berichte insgesamt recht positiv aus. Der Hersteller verspricht auf seiner Internetseite, dass die Taschenpistole imstande ist, 9mm +P Patronen mit einer stärkeren Laborierung zu verkraften, warnt aber in der Bedienungsanleitung davor, Patronen mit zu lose sitzenden Geschossen zu verwenden, da der ungewöhnliche Ladeprozess zur Trennung von Hülse und Geschoss führen kann. Hierzu führt der Hersteller auf seiner Webseite eine aktualisierte Liste mit allen bekannten kompatiblen und inkompatiblen Munitionssorten.

Einzelnachweise

Selbstladepistole

Boberg XR9-S


Biradiolites je rod rudista koji pripada porodici Radiolitidae.

Rasprostranjenost
Ostatci roda Biradiolites pronađeni su u: Afganistanu, Albaniji, Bugarskoj, Crnoj Gori, Egiptu, Francuskoj, Grčkoj, Gvatemali, Hrvatskoj, Iranu, Italiji, Jamajci, Kubi, Meksiku, Nizozemskoj, Njemačkoj, Omanu, Peruu, Saudijskoj Arabiji, Sloveniji, Somaliji, Srbiji, Španjolskoj, Turkmenistanu i Turskoj. Među lokacijama u Hrvatskoj gdje su pronađeni ostatci ovog roda su otoci Brač i Vis.

Taksonomija
Rodu Biradiolites pripadaju sljedeće vrste:
 Biradiolites dainellii Parona, 1911.
 Biradiolites foliacealaeformis Bøggild, 1930.
 Biradiolites pseudocornupastoris Bøggild, 1930.

Izvori

Rudisti

Biradiolites


In aviation, airspeed is the speed of an aircraft relative to the air. Among the common conventions for qualifying airspeed are:

 Indicated airspeed ("IAS"), what is read on an airspeed gauge connected to a Pitot-static system;
 Calibrated airspeed ("CAS"), indicated airspeed adjusted for pitot system position and installation error;
 Equivalent airspeed ("EAS"), calibrated airspeed adjusted for compressibility effects;
 True airspeed ("TAS"), equivalent airspeed adjusted for air density, and is the speed of the aircraft through the air in which it is flying.
Calibrated airspeed is typically within a few knots of indicated airspeed, while equivalent airspeed decreases slightly from CAS as aircraft altitude increases or at high speeds.

With EAS constant, true airspeed increases as aircraft altitude increases. This is because air density decreases with higher altitude.

The measurement and indication of airspeed is ordinarily accomplished on board an aircraft by an airspeed indicator ("ASI") connected to a pitot-static system. The pitot-static system comprises one or more pitot probes (or tubes) facing the on-coming air flow to measure pitot pressure (also called stagnation, total or ram pressure) and one or more static ports to measure the static pressure in the air flow. These two pressures are compared by the ASI to give an IAS reading.

Units
Airspeed is commonly given in knots (kn). Since 2010, the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) recommends using kilometers per hour (km/h) for airspeed (and meters per second for wind speed on runways), but allows using the de facto standard of knots, and has no set date on when to stop.

The aviation industry in Russia and China as well as aircrew flying Russian/Chinese aircraft currently use km/h for reporting airspeed. Many present-day European glider planes also indicate airspeed in kilometers per hour. Some older planes, like German World War 2 planes, also indicated airspeed in kilometers per hour.

In high altitude flight, however, the Mach number is sometimes used for reporting airspeed. Sometimes other units are also used for airspeed, including miles per hour (mph) or meters per second.

Indicated airspeed

Indicated airspeed (IAS) is the airspeed indicator reading (ASIR) uncorrected for instrument, position, and other errors. From current EASA definitions: Indicated airspeed means the speed of an aircraft as shown on its pitot static airspeed indicator calibrated to reflect standard atmosphere adiabatic compressible flow at sea level uncorrected for airspeed system errors.

Outside the former Soviet bloc, most airspeed indicators show the speed in knots (nautical miles per hour). Some light aircraft have airspeed indicators showing speed in statute miles per hour or kilometers per hour.

An airspeed indicator is a differential pressure gauge with the pressure reading expressed in units of speed, rather than pressure. The airspeed is derived from the difference between the ram air pressure from the pitot tube, or stagnation pressure, and the static pressure. The pitot tube is mounted facing forward; the static pressure is frequently detected at static ports on one or both sides of the aircraft. Sometimes both pressure sources are combined in a single probe, a pitot-static tube. The static pressure measurement is subject to error due to inability to place the static ports at positions where the pressure is true static pressure at all airspeeds and attitudes. The correction for this error is the position error correction (PEC) and varies for different aircraft and airspeeds. Further errors of 10% or more are common if the airplane is flown in "uncoordinated" flight.

Calibrated airspeed

Calibrated airspeed (CAS) is indicated airspeed corrected for instrument errors, position error (due to incorrect pressure at the static port) and installation errors.

Calibrated airspeed values less than the speed of sound at standard sea level (661.4788 knots) are calculated as follows:

 minus position and installation error correction.

where
 is the calibrated airspeed,
 is the impact pressure (inches Hg): the difference between total pressure and static pressure,
 is 29.92126 inches Hg; static air pressure at standard sea level,
 is 661.4788 knots;, speed of sound at standard sea level.

Units other than knots and inches of mercury can be used, if used consistently.

This expression is based on the form of Bernoulli's equation applicable to isentropic compressible flow. The values for  and  are consistent with the ISA i.e. the conditions under which airspeed indicators are calibrated.

Equivalent airspeed

Equivalent airspeed (EAS) is defined as the airspeed at sea level in the International Standard Atmosphere at which the (incompressible) dynamic pressure is the same as the dynamic pressure at the true airspeed (TAS) and altitude at which the aircraft is flying. That is, it is defined by the equation

where

 is the density of air at the altitude at which the aircraft is currently flying;
 is the density of air at sea level in the International Standard Atmosphere (1.225 kg/m3 or 0.00237 slug/ft3).

EAS is a measure of airspeed that is a function of incompressible dynamic pressure. Structural analysis is often in terms of incompressible dynamic pressure, so equivalent airspeed is a useful speed for structural testing. The significance of equivalent airspeed is that, at Mach numbers below the onset of wave drag, all of the aerodynamic forces and moments on an aircraft are proportional to the square of the equivalent airspeed. Thus, the handling and 'feel' of an aircraft, and the aerodynamic loads upon it, at a given equivalent airspeed, are very nearly constant and equal to those at standard sea level irrespective of the actual flight conditions.

At standard sea level pressure, CAS and EAS are equal. Up to about 200 knots CAS and 10,000 ft (3,000 m) the difference is negligible, but at higher speeds and altitudes CAS diverges from EAS due to compressibility.

True airspeed

The true airspeed (TAS; also KTAS, for knots true airspeed) of an aircraft is the speed of the aircraft relative to the airmass in which it is flying. The true airspeed and heading of an aircraft constitute its velocity relative to the atmosphere.

Uses of true airspeed

The true airspeed is important information for accurate navigation of an aircraft. To maintain a desired ground track whilst flying in a moving airmass, the pilot of an aircraft must use knowledge of wind speed, wind direction, and true air speed to determine the required heading. See wind triangle.

TAS is the true measure of aircraft performance in cruise, thus it is the speed listed in aircraft specifications, manuals, performance comparisons, pilot reports, and every situation when cruise or endurance performance needs to be measured. It is the speed normally listed on the flight plan, also used in flight planning, before considering the effects of wind.

Since indicated airspeed is a better indicator of power used and lift available, true airspeed is not used for controlling the aircraft during taxiing, takeoff, climb, descent, approach or landing; for these purposes the Indicated airspeed – IAS or KIAS (knots indicated airspeed) – is used.

Measurement of true airspeed

True airspeed is related to the Mach number  and speed of sound  by

Both the Mach number and the speed of sound can be computed using measurements of impact pressure, static pressure and outside air temperature.

At sea level in the International Standard Atmosphere (ISA) and at low speeds where air compressibility is negligible (and so a constant air density may be assumed), TAS equals CAS. Above approximately , the compressibility error rises significantly.

In flight, it can be calculated using an E6B flight calculator or equivalent.

Since temperature variations are of a smaller influence, the ASI error can be roughly estimated as indicating about 2% less than TAS per  of altitude above sea level. For example, an aircraft flying at  in the international standard atmosphere with an IAS of , is actually flying at  TAS.

See also
 ICAO recommendations on use of the International System of Units
 Acronyms and abbreviations in avionics
 Flight instruments
Ground speed
Maneuvering speed
V speeds

References

Bibliography

External links

Calculators

Aerodynamics

Airspeed


بلدية لا فيلافيلا  (بالفالنسية:La Vila-vella)، هي إحدى بلديات مقاطعة كاستيلون التي تقع في منطقة بلنسية، في شرق إسبانيا.

يبلغ عدد سكانها 2.368 نسمة وفقاً لإحصائية سنة (2006).

مراجع

أماكن مأهولة في كاستيون
بلديات كاستيلون

لا فيلافيلا


Slovenská Nová Ves este o comună slovacă, aflată în districtul Trnava din regiunea Trnava. Localitatea se află la , se întinde pe o suprafață de  și în 2017 număra 521 de locuitori.

Istoric
Localitatea Slovenská Nová Ves este atestată documentar din 1245.

Note

Legături externe

Localități din Slovacia

Slovenská Nová Ves


Onthophagus jubatus é uma espécie de inseto do género Onthophagus da família Scarabaeidae da ordem Coleoptera.

História
Foi descrita cientificamente pela primeira vez no ano de 1869 por Harold.

Referências

Ligações externas

jubatus
Coleópteros descritos em 1869

Onthophagus jubatus


Blaby () is a large village in the Blaby District in central Leicestershire, England, some five miles south of Leicester city centre. At the time of the 2011 census, Blaby had a population of 6,194, a slight fall from 6,240 in 2001 figures). Blaby's proximity to the city causes it to form part of the Leicester Urban Area.

Its name probably came Old Norse Blábýr = "farmstead or village belonging to a man named Blár" (where the -r is a case ending). There seems to have been a dense patch of Viking settlement in Leicestershire, although some records in the Blaby Library indicate the origin of the village's name was from the first vicar. Blaby is twinned with the village of Villers-sous-Saint-Leu in France.

Buildings

While there are few buildings of outstanding historical or architectural interest, old Blaby is a conservation area. Old Blaby contains The Baker's Arms, a thatched public house that dates back to 1484. The other public houses to be found in Blaby are The Fox & Tiger, The Bulls Head and The Black Horse. The Tom Thumb has been sold from Everards brewery and had planning permission granted to build 10 dwellings in its place. The Egyptian Queen has now been demolished. Blaby is home to three schools: Blaby Stokes CE Primary School, Blaby Thistly Meadow Primary School, and Foxfields Academy.

Parks
To the south of the Bakers Arms stands Bouskell Park, with a 19th-century ice house. Other parks include Northfield Park, used for football, cricket, fetes and fairs, and Oakfield Park, located off Hospital Lane.

Shops
Most shops and amenities stand on the old A426 road between Leicester to the north and Lutterworth to the south. Fosse Park shopping centre, the M1 motorway, and the M69 motorway are a few miles away.

Surrounding area
Blaby gives its name to the Blaby district and previously to the Parliamentary constituency that was held by former Chancellor of the Exchequer Nigel Lawson between 1974 and 1992. Blaby is now part of the constituency of South Leicestershire and represented by Alberto Costa of the Conservative Party.

There was a railway station on the Birmingham to Peterborough Line, but it closed in 1968.

The "Blaby Special" heirloom tomato variety originates from the Shoults' Tomato Farm, which was located in Blaby from circa 1908 until 1948: the variety was thought to be extinct but was revived from a seed bank in 2005.

A new school was incorporated (Blaby Stokes C of E) to absorb the influx of children from families new to the village taking up residence in the new development.

Sport

Blaby is home to rugby union side, Leicester Lions, who play at the 2,000 capacity Westleigh Park.

People associated with Blaby
Richard Duke clergyman of the Church of England
Lord Lawson of Blaby (former MP for Blaby, and also served as Chancellor of the Exchequer, under Margaret Thatcher)
Tom Meighan singer

References

External links

Parish council

Villages in Leicestershire
Civil parishes in Leicestershire

Blaby


Donald McKinley Glover (født 25. september 1983) er en amerikansk skuespiller, forfatter, producent, instruktør, komiker, rapper, sanger, og sangskriver. Han optræder som scenekunstner under kunstnernavnet Childish Gambino og optræder som DJ under navnet mcDJ.

Han blev først kendt for sit arbejde med Derrick Comedy og blev som 23-årig med hjælp fra Tina Fey ansat til at være forfatter for NBC's komedieserie 30 Rock. Han spillede senere community college-studerende Troy Barnes på NBC's sitcom Community. Han i spiller med i FX - serien Atlanta, som han også har skabt. Han optrådte i Spider-Man: Homecoming , som Aaron Davis, og er blevet castet som den unge Lando Calrissian i Solo: A Star Wars Story.

Efter selv at have udgivet flere albums og mixtapes, skrev han under på en pladekontrakt hos Glassnote Poster i 2011. Han udgav sit første album, Camp, den 15. november 2011 med overvejende positive anmeldelser. Hans andet album, Because the Internet, blev udgivet den 10. december 2013. Glover var nomineret til to Grammy Awards i 2015, Bedste Rap Album , Because the internet og Bedste Rap Performance for hans single "3005". Glovers tredje album, "Awaken, My Love!" blev udgivet den 2. december 2016.

Diskografi

Studiealbummer
 Camp (2011)
 Because the Internet (2013)
 "Awaken, My Love!" (2016)
 3.15.20 (2020)

Filmografi

Film

Tv

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Standupkomikere fra USA
Tv-forfattere fra USA

Donald Glover


Anser may refer to:

People
 Anser (poet), poet of ancient Rome
 Anser Farooq, Canadian lawyer

Other uses
 ANSER, a security and defense analysis group
 Anser (bird), a genus of geese
 Anser (putter), a model of golf club made by Ping
 Anser Island, in Victoria, Australia
 ACME Anser, an amphibious jet fighter project of the 1950s
 Anser, the proper name of the star Alpha Vulpeculae
 Argonne–Northwestern Solar Energy Research Center
 Sega Mega Anser, a Sega Mega Drive accessory

See also
 Ansar (disambiguation)
 Answer (disambiguation)

Anser


A video editor is someone involved in video production and the post-production of film making. Video editor's responsibilities involve decisions about the selection and combining of shots into sequences, as well as the addition of accompanying sound effects and music—to ultimately create a finished movie, television program, commercial, promo, or snipe. Video editors usually use non-linear editing software  to accomplish the task of editing. A video editor is a technically inclined individual that makes creative video editing decisions.

A video editor can also refer to a computer device controller that controls video machines to mechanically put pieces of a film together using a 9-Pin Protocol. This is also referred to as machine to machine or linear.

See also
Audio engineer
DTE (Direct To Edit)
Film editing
Linear video editing
Non-destructive editing
Non-linear editing system (NLE)
Offline editing
Online editing
Rough cut
Video editing software

References

Types of editors

Video editor


Faozan Rizal, né le  à Tegal en Indonésie, est un réalisateur, scénariste et directeur de la photographie indonésien.

Biographie
Faozan Rizal a grandi à Tegal dans la province de Java central. Il commence ses études à la faculté de Cinéma et de Télévision de l'Institut Kesenian de Jakarta d'où il sort diplômé en cinématographie en 1998. Il poursuit sa formation en intégrant l'Université d'été de La Femis en 1998.

Rizal s'intéresse dans un premier temps au cinéma expérimental. Ses premières œuvres s'inspirent du travail de Gotot Prakosa, l'un des pionniers du cinéma expérimental indonésien. Il s'essaye notamment à la gravure sur pellicule. Rizal collabore ensuite avec la danseuse d'origine allemande Katia Engel pour réaliser trois films d'environ trente minutes dans lesquels se mêlent la danse, la photographie et le cinéma. Rizal réalise ensuite une trilogie de courts métrages sur le thème de la personne que l'on devient en explorant son passé et de la personne que l'on est par rapport à notre relation aux autres . Yasujiro Journey (2004), Aries (2004) et Fugu (2009) sont respectivement réalisés en 16mm, 35mm et numérique . Les deux premiers volets ont été sélectionnés au Festival international du film de Singapour.

Parallèlement à sa carrière de réalisateur, Rizal exerce le rôle de directeur de la photographie. Il commence sa carrière sur le moyen-métrage The Corridor en 2000. En 2007, Rizal collabore pour la première fois avec le réalisateur indonésien Hanung Bramantyo sur le film Get Married pour lequel il reçoit sa première nomination au Festival du film indonésien. Par la suite, Rizal sera le directeur de la photographie sur la majorité des films de Bramantyo et sera nommé au Festival du film indonésien pour Perempuan Berkalung Sorban, Pengejar Angin, Soekarno: Indonesia Merdeka et Kartini. Il reçoit finalement le Citra Award de la meilleure photographie en 2016 pour son travail sur le film Salawaku de Pritagita Arianegara.

Rizal réalise son premier long métrage  en 2012, biopic consacré à l'ancien président de la république d'Indonésie Bacharuddin Jusuf Habibie. Le film devient le plus grand succès en salles de l'histoire pour un film indonésien avec 4,6 millions de spectateurs avant d'être finalement dépassé par le film Dilan 1990 en 2018. Entre 2019 et 2020, Rizal réalise quatre nouveaux films dont  qui lui vaudra sa première nomination au prix du meilleur réalisateur lors du Festival du film indonésien 2020.

Filmographie

Réalisateur

Court métrages
 2004 : Yasujiro Journey
 2004 : Aries
 2009 : Fugu

Long Métrages
 2012 : Habibie & Ainun
 2019 : Say I Love You
 2019 : Abracadabra
 2020 : Anak Garuda
 2020 : Demi Waktu

Scénariste
 2018 : Jejak Cinta de Tarmizi Abka
 2019 : Abracadabra de lui-même

Directeur de la photographie

 2004 : Romantic de Robin Moran
 2005 : Banyu Biru de Teddy Soeriaatmadja
 2006 : Maskot de Robin Moran
 2007 : Get Married de Hanung Bramantyo
 2008 : Ayat-Ayat Cinta de Hanung Bramantyo
 2008 : Doa yang Mengancam de Hanung Bramantyo
 2008 : Best Friend? de Fajar Bustomi
 2009 : Kawin Laris de Cassandra Massardi
 2009 : Queen Bee de Fajar Nugros
 2009 : Get Married 2 de Hanung Bramantyo
 2010 : DiBurger Bacem de Deddy Mahendra Desta
 2010 : Sang Pencerah de Hanung Bramantyo
 2011 : The Game Kiss de Paul Agusta
 2011 : Tendangan dari Langit de Hanung Bramantyo
 2011 : The Perfect House de Affandi Abdul Rachman
 2011 : Pengejar Angin de Hanung Bramantyo et Hestu Saputra
 2012 : Anak-Anak Srikandi de Laura Coppens
 2012 : Parts of the Heart de Paul Agusta
 2012 : Perahu Kertas de Hanung Bramantyo
 2012 : Perahu Kertas 2 de Hanung Bramantyo
 2013 : Soekarno: Indonesia Merdeka de Hanung Bramantyo
 2013 : Isyarat de Adhyatmika, Donny Alamsyah, Asmirandah, Reza Rahadian et Monty Tiwa
 2015 : Hijab de Hanung Bramantyo
 2016 : Pesantren Impian de Ifa Isfansyah
 2016 : Firegate de Rizal Mantovani
 2017 : Kartini de Hanung Bramantyo
 2017 : Hujan Bulan Juni de Hestu Saputra
 2017 : Semua Sudah Dimaafkan Sebab Kita Pernah Bahagia de Paul Agusta et Katia Engel
 2018 : Sultan Agung: Tahta, Perjuangan, Cinta de Hanung Bramantyo et X. Jo
 2018 : Kisah Dua Jendela de Paul Agusta

Récompenses

Citra Awards

Notes et références

Liens externes

Naissance en avril 1973
Réalisateur indonésien

Faozan Rizal


بلدية كاستيلديفيلس (بالكاتالانية: Castelldefels) هي إحدى بلديات مقاطعة برشلونة، والتي تقع في منطقة كاتالونيا، شرق إسبانيا.

يبلغ عدد سكانها 58.955 نسمة وفقاً لإحصائية سنة (2007).

توأمة
لكاستيلديفيلس اتفاقيات توأمة مع كل من:
 لورمون
 هافانا القديمة

أعلام
 جورج ساندرز

مراجع

كاستيلديفيلس
بلديات في مقاطعة برشلونة

كاستيلديفيلس


302652 Hauke este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
302652 Hauke este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Observatorul Palomar de Maik Meyer. Asteroidul prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 2,67 ua, o excentricitate de 0,08 și o înclinație de 14,0° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 302001-303000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 2002
Centura de asteroizi

302652 Hauke


Akçapınar, Sakarya ilinin Taraklı ilçesine bağlı bir mahalledir.

Tarihçe
Mahalleye, Akçapınar denilen mevkiden gelenlerin ismine izafeten Akçapınar adı verilmiştir.

Coğrafya
Sakarya il merkezine 85 km, Taraklı ilçesine 15 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Dış bağlantılar

Taraklı'nın mahalleleri

Akçapınar, Taraklı


An Arisaema nepenthoides in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Nathaniel Wallich, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Carl Friedrich Philipp von Martius. An Arisaema nepenthoides in nahilalakip ha genus nga Arisaema, ngan familia nga Araceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Arisaema

Arisaema nepenthoides


1000 Airplanes on the Roof (título original en inglés; en español, Mil aviones en el tejado) es un melodrama en un acto con música de Philip Glass y texto de David Henry Hwang y proyecciones de Jerome Sirlin. Es descrita por Glass como "un drama musical de ciencia ficción".

La obra fue un encargo del Festival de Donau, Krems an der Donau, The American Music Theater Festival, Filadelfia, y el Ayuntamiento de Berlín Occidental en 1988.  Se estrenó el 15 de julio de 1988, en el Aeropuerto de Viena en el Hangar #3. La representación contó con Linda Ronstadt y fue dirigida por Michael Riesman. El estreno estadounidense tuvo lugar en septiembre de 1988 en The American Music Theater Festival, Filadelfia y siguió reprsentándose en 40 ciudades estadounidenses, incluyendo la ciudad de Nueva York, Boston y Chicago así como Glasgow, Escocia durante la celebración de esa ciudad como Ciudad Europea de la Cultura.

Enlaces externos

Óperas de Philip Glass
Óperas en inglés
Óperas de 1988
Óperas estrenadas en Viena

1000 Airplanes on the Roof


Abbasanta (, , literally "holy water"; ) is a town and comune in the province of Oristano, Sardinia (Italy). It is located on the main road between Macomer and Oristano.

Description
Abbasanta sits on a lava plateau rich in cork oaks, olive trees and  (mastic trees). The plateau arose from the lava flow of the Montiferru volcano.
The landscape of the lava plateau is characterised by pastures that are enclosed by stone walls that surround the  built in the 18th century. In the surrounding countryside, there are still some typical shelters () made of stones and boughs by the shepherds.

In the village the stone houses are characteristic. They are low and with few floors, without sheds, but usually with a back courtyard where some space is reserved for the domestic animals. This is a quite common architectural dwelling in an area traditionally involved in sheep farming rather than agriculture.

The front room of the house is often a courtyard for chickens, in the centre of which there is the hearth (), used for hanging and drying cured pork meat. Later, fireplaces replaced the hearths.

History
In Roman times, the town, called Ad Medias, was in the territory of the Æchilenenses or Cornenses.

The village was built all around the two churches of Santa Amada and Santa Caterina (dedicated to Catherine of Alexandria). There was a clear separation between social classes.

Until the 1950s the use of Italian and Sardinian language had distinct and complementary functions. Italian was the official language, used by the public administration, while Sardinian was the language spoken at home and among friends. The characteristic expressions of the dialect are usually inspired by the peasant and pastoral world. Many proverbs refer to the values of honesty, friendship, fidelity (of the woman), loyalty, parsimony and obedience to the divine will.

Main sights
The whole of the Abbasanta plateau is rich in archaeological sites. Very close to the village is the nuraghe Losa.

A country church is set on the site of Sant'Agostino (dedicated to Augustine of Hippo). Around the rural church, there are some characteristic small houses (in Sardinian language  or ) that host the pilgrims during the religious feasts.

References

Sources
Barrington Atlas of the Greek and Roman World, Map 48.

1934 establishments in Italy
States and territories established in 1934

Abbasanta


Onthophagus sternax é uma espécie de inseto do género Onthophagus, família Scarabaeidae, ordem Coleoptera.

Foi descrita cientificamente por Balthasar em 1959.

Referências

Ligações externas

sternax
Coleópteros descritos em 1959

Onthophagus sternax


En munter Klinik er en dansk stumfilm fra 1916, der er instrueret af Lau Lauritzen Sr. efter manuskript af Kai Allen.

Handling

Eksterne henvisninger

Film instrueret af Lau Lauritzen Sr.
Stumfilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 1916

En munter Klinik


A disputa territorial entre a Moldávia e a Ucrânia foi uma disputa que ocorreu entre 1997 e 2012, apesar da conclusão do acordo moldavo-ucraniano sobre a inviolabilidade das fronteiras em 23 de outubro de 1992. De acordo com um protocolo adicional de 1999, a Moldávia transferiria parte do seu território ao longo do Dniester e um troço de rodovia perto da vila de Palanca, distrito de Ștefan Vodă, em troca do direito de construir um porto em Giurgiulești. A disputa surgiu após a Ucrânia acusar a Moldávia de não ter cumprido os termos do protocolo e a Moldávia anunciar a falsificação de dados de que o litoral poderia ser transferido para a Ucrânia. A disputa sobre a fronteira se deveu ao facto de que o uso de algumas estradas era complicado pelas fronteiras existentes em Palanca e em Giurgiulești.

Antecedentes
Em 23 de outubro de 1992, a Ucrânia e a Moldávia assinaram um tratado sobre a definição da fronteira entre os dois países. Em 4 de agosto de 1998, o primeiro-ministro da Moldávia, Ion Ciubuc, e o primeiro-ministro da Ucrânia, Valeriy Pustovoitenko, assinaram um tratado sobre a transferência do troço rodoviário entre Mayaky e Udobne e de territórios perto de Palanca, no sul da Moldávia para a propriedade da Ucrânia, enquanto que a Moldávia receberia 430 metros de margem do rio Danúbio perto da cidade de Giurgiulești com o direito de construir um porto. Ambas as partes se comprometeram a construir um posto de controle conjunto.

Em 1999, um protocolo adicional ao tratado de fronteira, foi assinado pelo deputado do Parlamento da República da Moldávia, Vasilii Șova, e pelo deputado da III legislatura do Conselho Supremo, Petro Poroshenko, que estipulava que:

No entanto, o protocolo foi bloqueado pela Moldávia porque o território entre Giurgiulești e o desfiladeiro de Mîndrești já pertencia à Moldávia desde 1940, mas foi alegadamente transferido para a Ucrânia em 1992 através de um acordo verbal sem fundamento jurídico entre o Primeiro-Ministro da Moldávia Valeriu Muravschi e o Primeiro-Ministro da Ucrânia Pavlo Lazarenko. Por isso, o território proposto em troca pela Ucrânia (com uma área de  e 430 m de margem do Danúbio), faz parte de um território maior (área de  e  de margem do Danúbio) pertencente à Moldávia de jure. No entanto, de acordo com o decreto do Presidium do Soviete Supremo da União Soviética sobre o estabelecimento da fronteira entre a RSS da Ucrânia e a RSS da Moldávia, a fronteira entre as duas repúblicas termina no rio Prut.

Posições e reivindicações
  — O governo da Moldávia recusou-se a ceder um território de  perto da vila de Palanca à Ucrânia. As autoridades moldavas acreditam que a região pertence ancestralmente à Moldávia e por isso é "território inalienável". A transferência de territórios estatais foi proibida pelas leis da Moldávia e o prefeito do distrito de Ștefan Vodă, Valeriu Beril, ameaçou bloquear a rodovia, dizendo que não permitiria qualquer transferência de territórios para a Ucrânia. Como tal, a Ucrânia recebeu apenas uma superfície rodoviária, que simplesmente era propriedade da Ucrânia em território da Moldávia.
  — Alguns políticos ucranianos acreditavam que a transferência de territórios perto de Giurgiulești para a Moldávia ocorreu em violação das leis da Ucrânia; de acordo com o artigo 73 da Constituição da Ucrânia, era necessário realizar um referendo interno. A Ucrânia considera que a recusa da Moldávia em transferir os territórios era uma violação do protocolo, mas além de declarações oficiais sobre intenções de pressionar a Moldávia a concluir o acordo, pouco mais foi feito. A construção do porto de Giurgiulești poderá tornar-se uma ameaça económica para o porto ucraniano de Reni, que em 2009 perdeu cerca de 300–400 mil toneladas de carga anual de cereais da Moldávia e perdeu a produção de uma fábrica metalúrgica em Rîbnița (parcialmente devido à falta de uma linha ferroviária, que existia desde Cahul para o porto da Moldávia).

Resolução do conflito
No verão de 2011, as discussões para a implementação do protocolo de 1999 foram finalmente concluídas. Em 26 de novembro de 2012, a questão dos territórios disputados perto de Palanca foi finalmente encerrada, com o território ao redor da vila permanecendo na Moldávia, mas a rodovia transferida para a propriedade da Ucrânia.

Ver também
 Missão Assistencial da União Europeia para a fronteira da Moldávia e Ucrânia

Ligações externas

Conflitos fronteiriços
Fronteira Moldávia-Ucrânia

Disputa territorial entre a Moldávia e a Ucrânia


كووبيو (Kuopio) مدينة فنلندية يقطنها 92.649 ساكن وبذلك تكون تاسع مدن البلاد من حيث عدد السكان، وهي عاصمة إقليم سافو الشمالية.

يمتد نطاقها البلدي على مساحة 1.728,53 كم²، منها 604,51 تحتلها المياه ونصف غابة. ولا تزيد الكثافة السكانية عن 82 /كم²، ولكن مناطق المدينة الحضرية مأهولة بكثافة عالية جداً (المنطقة الحضرية: 1.617,6/ كم²) فلا يزيد عنها بذلك على الصعيد الوطني سوى العاصمة هلسنكي (المنطقة الحضرية: 1.690,0/ كم²). يبلغ عدد سكان منطقة كووبيو بالكامل 119.472.

استقر أول السكان السافونيين في هذه المنطقة نهاية القرن الخامس عشر، وبنيت أول كنيسة عام 1551. أسس الكونت بر براهي في عام 1653 كووبيو «القرية الكنيسة»، ولكنها ظلت هامشية حتى عام 1775 بمنح الملك غوستاف الثالث إيـّاها صفة المدينة. إبتدءاً من خمسينيات القرن التاسع عشر اختيرت كووبيو مكاناً لإقامة بعض الشخصيات الهامة من الرومانسية القومية، بيد أنها شهدت أهم تطور لها خلال في القرن العشرين. ضـُمت بلدية فـِهمـِرسالمي إلى مدينة كووبيو في غرة يناير 2005 على غرار بلديتي كووبيون مالايسكونتا سنة 1969 وريستافيسي في عام 1973. وضـَمـّت كارتولا إلى كووبيو في عام 2011.

تحيط بحيرة كالافيسي بالمدينة، وعدة أجزاء منها مـٌقامة على جـُزر. تـُستغل واجهات كووبيو المائية الواسعة والجزر أيضاً في مشروع سآريستوكاوبونكي (Saaristokaupunki) أي مدينة أرخبيل، وهو أكبر منطقة سكنية يجري بناؤها في فنلندا حالياً. سوف تستوعب سآريستوكاوبونكي ما مجموعه 14,000 سكن في عام 2015. لن تبعد البيوت أكثر من 500 متراً من أقرب ضفة بحيرة.

تشتهر كووبيو بمساهمتها في الأطعمة الوطنية بطبق معجنات أسماك الفنلندي الشهي كالاكوكو، و باللهجة السافونية، وكذلك بتلة بويو وبرج بويو. إضافة إلى كونه منطقة شعبية جداً للاستجمام في الهواء الطلق، يستخدم بويو أيضاً كمرحلة من المراحل المنافسات السنوية بكأس العالم لتزلج القفز.

تتميز المدينة بميزة فريدة من نوعها على الصعيد الوطني في شبكة شوارعها، حيث أن كل شارع الثانوي هو عملياً للمشاة وراكبي الدرجات ويسمى رانيكاتو أي شارع المزراب. توفر هذه الشوارع للمارة بيئة هادئة بعيداً عن حركة المرور في الشوارع الرئيسية. يعود هذا الإعداد إلى العام 1776 وأول تخطيط للبلدة لبهر كييلمان. تمت إقامة الرانيكاتو أصلا كحاجز للنيران لمنع تأجج أي حريق في مدينة تم بناء معظمها بالأخشاب.

يقع المقر الرئيسي للكنيسة الأرثوذكسية الفنلندية في كووبيو، حيث يقيم كبيرها أسقف كاريليا وعموم فنلندا الأسقف ليو. أكبر كنائس فنلندا الكنيسة الإنجيلية اللوثرية لها أبرشية في كووبيو برعاية الأسقف فيلي رييكينن.

تشمل المواصلات إلى كووبيو قطارات بندولينو والخدمات الجوية من مطار كووبيو فين إير وبلو وان وفنكوم (للرحلات الداخلية إلى مطار هلسنكي فانتا)، وايربالتك (الدولية إلى ريغا).

تعتبر ساونا ياتكانكامبا الأكبر في العالم. وتقع بالقرب من البحيرة في معسكر سابق لقاطعي الأخشاب. وتبلغ سعتها 60 شخصا (و يمكن أن تصل إلى 130).

الاسم
تعددت تفسيرات اسم كووبيو. أولها هو أن شخصاً نافذاً يدعى كاوهانن (Kauhanen) في القرن السادس عشر في تافينسالمي غيـّر اسمه إلى سكوبا وكانت الناس تنطقه كوبيا (Coopia) وأخيراً كووبيو (Cuopio). ويرى تفسير الثاني أنه أتى من الفعل كووبيا (kuopia) والذي يعني مثلاً، يحفر حصان الأرض بحافره. ونظرية ثالثة ترى أنه جاء من اسم رجل كاريلي يـُدعى (Prokopij) من روكولهتي في العصور الوسطى، وهو التفسير الأكثر احتمالا بدعم من معهد بحوث لغات فنلندا.

التعليم والأعمال
ظلت كووبيو دائما مدينة تعليمية. تأسست في كووبيو بعض من أولى المدارس التي قدمت التعليم باللغة الفنلندية (مثل مدرسة للمكفوفين في عام 1871، وكلية التجارة عام 1887).

حالياً أهم المؤسسات بها هي جامعة شرق فنلندا، وجامعة سافو للعلوم التطبيقية، كلية سافو الشمالية التدريب المهني وفرع كووبيو من أكاديمية سيبيليوس.

كووبيو معروفة كمركز قوي بالصحة (مثلاً لديها أكبر معدل التحاق سنوي لطلبة الطب في فنلندا) والصيدلة والبيئة والأكل والتغذية (جميع المتخصصين بدراسة التغذية الصحية السريرية والعامة المُجازين في فنلندا متخرجون من جامعة شرق فنلندا) والسلامة (يتركز تعليم خدمات الطوارئ في كووبيو) ومهن الرعاية الاجتماعية، لكون منظمات الرئيسية كجامعة كووبيو وجامعة سافو للعلوم التطبيقية وتكنوبولس كووبيو الموجهة بشكل خاص لتلك المناطق.

هناك في كووبيو نحو 4200 مؤسسة، منها ما يقرب من 180 من شركات التصدير. توفر حوالي 45000 فرصة عمل.

الناس والثقافة

كووبيو معروفة بأنها المركز الثقافي لفنلندا الشرقية. تتواجد مجموعة واسعة من مؤسسسات التعليم الموسيقي (دراسات من مستوى رياض الأطفال حتى درجة الدكتوراه) والرقص والحياة الثقافية النشطة. من الفاعليات البارزة: مهرجان أنتي للفن المعاصر، مهرجان كووبيو للرقص، كووبيو روكوك، مهرجان كووبيو للنبيذ وماراثون فنلندا الجليدي. مطعم سامبو مكان بارز للاستمتاع بنكهة حياة كووبيو المحلية والغذاء، وهو مطعم أسماك محبوب من السكان المحليين والسياح على حد سواء.

لأهالي كووبيو سمعة خاصة في فنلندا : فهم معروفون بالبشاشة والمزاح اللفظي. في الثقافة السافوية توضع المسؤولية على عاتق المستمع لتفسير القصة. لطالما عانى سكان منطقة كووبيو وفنلندا الشرقية العديد من المشاكل الصحية وكانت معدل الوفيات أعلى من المتوسط في فنلندا. لهذا السبب، وُضـِع بها مركز إقليمي لدراسات الصحة العامة. كان مشروع كاريليا الشمالية لجامعة كووبيو بالتنسيق مع المعهد الوطني للصحة العامة ومنظمة الصحة العالمية، في بداية السبعينات إحدى أولى خطواتها نحو البحث على مستوى عالمي.

ما بعد العام 2000، وضعت كووبيو بمركز جيد للغاية في عدد مسوحات حول الصورة والشعبية وجاذبية المدن. في عام 2007 كانت في المرتبة الثالثة وراء تامبيري وأولو.

كووبيو هي مقر الكنيسة الأرثوذكسية الفنلندية. وهي خلية مستقلة داخل الولاية المستقلة ذاتياً لبطريركية القسطنطينية. وهو التيار الرئيسي الأرثوذكسي الوحيد الذي يحتفل بعيد الفصح حسب التقويم اللاتيني. نجح الأسقف الراحل بولس في إنتاج أدب لاهوت شعبي.

كما تضم المدينة أول دير للبوذية البورمية في فنلندا، ويدعى دير بوذا دهاما رمسي.

شخصيات بارزة

الرياضة في كووبيو

حاولت كووبيو استضافة دورة الألعاب الأولمبية الشتوية 2012 للشباب، مهرجان الشباب الرياضي في تقليد الألعاب الأولمبية. ودخلت الدور النهائي في نوفمبر 2008، ولكنها خسرت في نهاية المطاف أمام إنسبروك النمسا. واعتبرت صورة كووبيو كمدينة صغيرة مع جامعة كبيرة وكثير من الشباب النشط نموذجاً للمدينة التي تسعى اللجنة الأولمبية الدولية لأن تستضيف الألعاب.

 كاليفان بالو (هوكي الجليد)
 نادي كووبيو (كرة القدم)
 بويون هيهتوسيورا (التزلج والقفز للتزلج، ثنائي الشمال، البياتلون)
 بويون بيسس (بيسابالو)
 نادي كووبيو للجمباز (Kuopion Reippaan voimistelijat)
 ماراثون فنلندا الجليدي (حدث للتزلج على الجليد)
 كووبيو ستيلرز (كرة القدم الاميركية)

العلاقات الدولية

التوأمة
مدينة كووبيو متوأمة مع:

وصلات خارجية
 الموقع الرسمي لمدينة كووبيو
 KuopioInfo – موارد متنوعة حول مختلف المزارات المتعلقة بالتاريخ والحياة في كووبيو
 بانوراما 360° عن سوق كووبيو
 جامعة سافونيا للعلوم التطبيقية
 جامعة كووبيو
 تكنوبولس كووبيو
 استثمر في كووبيو - نشرة
 صور الأقمار الصناعية عبر خرائط غوغل

المراجع

كووبيو
أماكن مأهولة أسست في 1653
دوقية فنلندا الكبرى
مدن فنلندا

كووبيو


الغنامية إحدى قرى مركز أشمون التابع لمحافظة المنوفية بجمهورية مصر العربية.

السكان
بلغ عدد سكان الغنامية 4,636 نسمة، حسب الإحصاء الرسمي لعام 2006.

انظر أيضاً
قائمة قرى محافظة المنوفية

مصادر

قرى أشمون

الغنامية


Monte Carlo Rallisi (Rallye Automobile Monte Carlo), Formula Bir Monako yarışı ve Monako Kart Kupası'nı da düzenleyen Automobile Club de Monaco tarafından her yıl düzenlenen rallidir. Yarış Monako Prensliği'ndeki Fransız Rivierası ile güneydoğu Fransa arasında yapılır.

Monte Carlo Rallisi


Die Grube Napoleon war eine Buntmetallerz-Grube des Bensberger Erzreviers in Overath im Ortsteil Untereschbach. Das Grubenfeld Napoleon erstreckte sich in der Umgebung von Großbuchholz.

Geschichte
Unter dem Namen Primus erfolgte am 10. August 1847 eine erste Mutung durch Johann Wilhelm Hohn aus Obereschbach. Die Mutungsgesuche wurden mehrfach wiederholt. Nach einer Feldesbesichtigung vom 22. September 1855 erfolgte am 22. Februar 1856 die Verleihung auf Bleierz unter dem neuen Namen Napoleon an den Kaufmann C. Bennert zu Köln. Die ursprünglich als Längenfeld verliehene Grube wurde mit Verleihungsurkunde vom 28. Mai 1866 in ein Geviertfeld umgewandelt.

Betrieb und Anlagen
Über die Betriebstätigkeiten sind keine Unterlagen vorhanden. Nur die vorhandenen Relikte lassen den früheren Bergbau erahnen. In dem Siefen südöstlich des Hofes Großbuchholz ist die Halde des Untersuchungsstollens noch vollständig erhalten. Neben einem verbrochenen Stollenmundloch ist eine etwas größere Halde im Gelände auszumachen.

Literatur
 Herbert Stahl (Redaktion), Gerhard Geurts, Herbert Ommer: Das Erbe des Erzes. Band 2, Die Gruben auf den Gangerzlagerstätten im Erzrevier Bensberg. Köln 2004, ISBN 3-00-014668-7.
 Herbert Stahl (Herausgeber): Das Erbe des Erzes, Band 5, Neue Nachrichten und Geschichten zum Erzrevier Bensberg, Bergisch Gladbach 2014, ISBN 978-3-00-044826-3, S. 22

Einzelnachweise

Stillgelegtes Bergwerk im Rheinisch-Bergischen Kreis
Bergwerk in Overath
Erzgrube im Bensberger Erzrevier
Napoleon Bonaparte als Namensgeber

Grube Napoleon


ملينكو اسيموفيتش  لاعب كرة قدم سلوفيني الجنسية

جاء للاتحاد قادما من الدوري الفرنسي

و لكنه لم يوفق لأسباب عدة وهو عدم التأقلم مع الجو الحار في المملكة العربية السعودية وقيل انه من أسباب عدم نجاحه هو الغرور

و قد الغي عقده في منتصف الموسم الرياضي 1427 / 1428

روابط خارجية

مراجع

لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية سلوفينيون
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية سلوفينيون مغتربون
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مغتربون في صربيا والجبل الأسود
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مغتربون في النمسا
أجنحة كرة قدم
أشخاص على قيد الحياة
رياضيون سلوفينيون مغتربون في السعودية
رياضيون سلوفينيون مغتربون في النمسا
رياضيون سلوفينيون مغتربون في الولايات المتحدة
رياضيون سلوفينيون مغتربون في إنجلترا
رياضيون سلوفينيون مغتربون في صربيا والجبل الأسود
رياضيون سلوفينيون مغتربون في فرنسا
رياضيون من ليوبليانا
سلوفينيون من أصل صربي
لاعبو الدوري الإنجليزي الممتاز
لاعبو الدوري السلوفيني الدرجة الأولى
لاعبو الدوري الصربي لكرة القدم الدرجة الأولى
لاعبو الدوري الفرنسي
لاعبو الدوري النمساوي
لاعبو النجم الأحمر بلغراد
لاعبو أولمبيا ليوبليانا
لاعبو بطولة أمم أوروبا 2000
لاعبو توتنهام هوتسبر
لاعبو دوري الدرجة الأولى الإنجليزي
لاعبو دوري المحترفين السعودي
لاعبو دوري صربيا والجبل الأسود الممتاز
لاعبو دوري كرة القدم السلوفيني الدرجة الثانية
لاعبو كأس العالم 2002
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مغتربون في السعودية
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مغتربون في إنجلترا
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مغتربون في فرنسا
لاعبو كرة قدم سلوفينيون
لاعبو كرة قدم سلوفينيون مغتربون
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون في السعودية
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون في النمسا
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون في إنجلترا
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون في صربيا
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون في صربيا ومونتنغيرو
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون في فرنسا
لاعبو كرة قدم من ليوبليانا
لاعبو ليل
لاعبو منتخب سلوفينيا تحت 21 سنة لكرة القدم
لاعبو منتخب سلوفينيا لكرة القدم
لاعبو منتخب سلوفينيا لكرة القدم للشباب
لاعبو نادي الاتحاد (السعودية)
لاعبو نادي أوستريا فيينا
لاعبو وسط كرة قدم رجالية
مدربو كرة قدم سلوفينيون
مواليد 1977
مواليد في ليوبليانا

ميلنكو أسيموفيتش