Laricobius é um gênero de besouros da família Derodontidae, os besouros de fungo com pescoço de dente.

É um dos quatro gêneros da família. Enquanto as outras três se alimentam de fungos, as espécies de Laricobius se alimentam de adelgídeos, minúsculos insetos muito semelhantes aos pulgões. Alguns adelgídeos são pragas florestais destrutivas, e os besouros Laricobius têm sido empregados como agentes de controle biológico de pragas para preda-los e reduzir suas populações. Um exemplo é o Laricobius nigrinus, que é liberado nas florestas para controlar o adelgid lanudo da cicuta (Adelges tsugae).

A partir de 2014, existem cerca de 23 espécies no gênero. As espécies incluem:

 Laricobius baoxingensis
 Laricobius bicolor
 Laricobius caucasicus
 Laricobius daliensis
 Laricobius danielae
 Laricobius erichsonii
 Laricobius incognitus
 Laricobius jizu
 Laricobius kangdingensis
 Laricobius kovalevi
 Laricobius ludmilae
 Laricobius laticollis
 Laricobius loebli
 Laricobius minutus
 Laricobius mirabilis
 Laricobius naganoensis
 Laricobius nigrinus
 Laricobius osakensis
 Laricobius rubidus
 Laricobius sahlbergi
 Laricobius schawalleri
 Laricobius taiwanensis
 Laricobius wittmeri

Referências

Derodontidae
Gêneros de coleópteros

Laricobius


දේශමාන්‍ය එච්. ඇල් ද සිල්වා (ඉංග්‍රීසි: H.L. de Silva) (තවද: හර්මන් ලෙනාර්ඩ් ද සිල්වා (English: Herman Leonard (H.L) de Silva) යනු  හිටපු තානාපති වරයෙකු (එක්සත් ජාතීන් නිව් යෝර්ක් ඇමරිකාව), ජනාධිපති නීතිඥ වරයෙකි.

ජීවන සටහන්

එච්. ඇල් ද සිල්වා  කොළඹ නාලන්දා විද්‍යාලයයේ ආදි සිසුවෙකි.

ආශ්‍රිත
 එච්. ඇල් ද සිල්වා ගේ ඉංග්‍රීසි විකිපීඩියා පිටුව
 කොළඹ නාලන්දා විද්‍යාලයයේ ආදි සිසු නීතිඥයින් හා විනිශ්චයකාරවරුන්
 National Awards Conferred by His Excellency the President of Sri Lanka

චරිත කතා
ශ්‍රී ලාංකිකයෝ
ශ්‍රී ලාංකික බෞද්ධයෝ
ලාංකික සිංහලයෝ
ආදි නාලන්දියයෝ
2009 මරණ
1928 උපත්

එච්. ඇල් ද සිල්වා


Allan Havey (né le 19 septembre 1954) est un humoriste et acteur américain.

Biographie
Il a commencé sa carrière de comédien à New York en 1981. Il a fait ses débuts nationaux en 1986 sur Late Night with David Letterman et a fait de nombreuses apparitions dans l'émission tout au long des années 1980 et années 1990. Lorsque Letterman a quitté NBC pour CBS après avoir été choisi pour remplacer Johnny Carson en tant qu'animateur de The Tonight Show, Havey était l'un des nombreux comédiens envisagés par NBC pour remplacer Letterman.

En novembre 1989, il a été choisi par HBO Downtown Productions pour animer une émission sur The Comedy Channel (plus tard connue sous le nom de Comedy Central). L'émission, Night After Night with Allan Havey, qui a initialement duré trois heures tous les soirs, a présenté le flux de conscience unique d'Allan, des interviews de célébrités, des nouvelles et des extraits de films (avec commentaires), et inhabituel "sur place "scénarios. Havey a souvent raconté des histoires de sa vie, parfois apocryphes ou ironiques, parfois très réelles, en tandem avec sa rupture du quatrième mur, via des riffs avec ceux derrière la caméra, comme la productrice Sue Fellows ou le scénariste en chef Eddie Gorodetsky. Night After Night est devenu un classique culte parmi les fans. L'émission présentait également le sketch "Audience of One", un segment "Viewer Mail", "Dave the Weatherman" et l'annonceur Nick Bakay, qui est parti en 1992, pour jouer le même rôle sur Le Spectacle Dennis Miller.  Night After Night  a duré trois ans.

Les rôles de films de Havey incluent Affaires privées, Checking Out, Les Joueurs, Hancock, Jerry Seinfeld's documentaire Comedian, et The Informant! de Steven Soderberg À la télévision, la comédie de Havey a été présentée deux fois sur HBO's One Night Stand ; les deux apparitions ont été nominées pour CableACE Awards. En tant qu'acteur de télévision, Havey a joué dans Seinfeld, Curb Your Enthusiasm, Punk'd et The Programme Sarah Silverman. En 2006, Havey a été choisi pour jouer le rôle principal dans la Fox sitcom  Free Ride, où il a joué Bob Stahlings, père du personnage principal Nate Stahlings. En 2012, il est apparu dans Men of a Certain Age de Ray Romano, dans Bonne chance Charlie de Disney et Louie de FX. En 2013, il a participé à deux épisodes de The Office et est apparu dans l'émission AMC Mad Men. En 2015, il est apparu dans des épisodes de la série Amazon Studios, Le Maître du Haut Château et W/ Bob and David sur Netflix.

Havey est apparu sur le podcast TV Guidance Counselor de Ken Reid le 8 avril 2015.

Notes et références

Liens externes

Acteur américain
Humoriste américain
Naissance en septembre 1954
Naissance à Saint-Louis (Missouri)

Allan Havey


An Spartina maritima in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni William Curtis, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Merritt Lyndon Fernald. An Spartina maritima in nahilalakip ha genus nga Spartina, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Spartina

Spartina maritima


Campina da Lagoa es una ciudad brasileña, localizada en la Región de Goioerê, en el centro-oeste Paranaense. Integra la Microrregión de Goioerê con un área de 817,905 kilómetros cuadrados, perteneciente a las cuencas fluviales de los ríos Piquirí, Caratuva, Herveira, Azul y Río del Medio.

Según el censo de 1996, Campina da Lagoa tenía una población de 18.290 habitantes.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Localidades de Paraná

Campina da Lagoa


Latimer est une ville américaine située dans le comté de Morris, au Kansas. Selon le recensement de 2020, sa population est de .

Notes et références

Liens externes

Ville au Kansas
Localité dans le comté de Morris (Kansas)

Latimer (Kansas)


Tatjana Iwanowna Saslawskaja (; * 9. September 1927 in Kiew, Ukrainische SSR; † 23. August 2013 in Moskau) war eine sowjetische Professorin der Soziologie und Meinungsforscherin.

Ab 1943 studierte sie Physik und später zusätzlich Ökonomie an der Moskauer Staatsuniversität. 1950 absolvierte sie die Studiengänge und 1965 wurde sie Doktor der Wissenschaften. 1954 wurde sie Mitglied der Kommunistischen Partei der Sowjetunion.

Saslawskaja wurde 1963 von Abel Aganbegjan an das  Institut für Ökonomie und Industrieproduktionsorganisation der Sibirischen Abteilung der Akademie der Wissenschaften der UdSSR berufen. 1968 wurde sie zum korrespondierenden Mitglied und 1981 zum ordentlichen Mitglied der Akademie der Wissenschaften der UdSSR gewählt. Eine ihrer Aspirantinnen war Olga Bessonowa.

Im August 1983 hielt Saslawskaja im sibirischen Zentrum der Akademie der Wissenschaften der UdSSR in Akademgorodok einen Vortrag, in dem sie ein Programm tiefgreifender sozialer, politischer und wirtschaftlicher Reformen, Perestroika, entwarf, zusammen mit dem ergänzenden Begriff Glasnost. Diese von ihr geprägten Begriffe wurden etwas später vom neuen Generalsekretär der KPdSU, Michail Gorbatschow, aufgenommen und umgesetzt.

Sie war Leiterin des Meinungsforschungsinstituts WZIOM und erhielt 2000 den Demidow-Preis der Russischen Akademie der Wissenschaften. Sie war auswärtiges Mitglied der Polnischen Akademie der Wissenschaften. 1993 wurde sie zum ordentlichen Mitglied der Academia Europaea gewählt.

Saslawskaja starb 85-jährig in Moskau und wurde auf dem Danilow-Friedhof bestattet.

Ehrungen
 Ehrenzeichen der Sowjetunion (1972)
 Orden des Roten Banners der Arbeit (1975)
 Orden der Völkerfreundschaft (1981)
 Orden der Oktoberrevolution (1987)

Weblinks

 Заславская, Татьяна Ивановна Eintrag bei der Russischen Akademie der Wissenschaften (russisch)

Einzelnachweise

Ökonom (20. Jahrhundert)
Hochschullehrer (Staatliche Universität Nowosibirsk)
Soziologe (20. Jahrhundert)
Mitglied der Russischen Akademie der Wissenschaften
Mitglied der Polnischen Akademie der Wissenschaften
Mitglied der Academia Europaea
Träger des Ordens Zeichen der Ehre
Träger des Ordens des Roten Banners der Arbeit
Träger des Ordens der Völkerfreundschaft
Träger des Ordens der Oktoberrevolution
Träger des Demidow-Preises
Absolvent der Lomonossow-Universität Moskau
KPdSU-Mitglied
Russe
Sowjetbürger
Geboren 1927
Gestorben 2013
Frau

Tatjana Iwanowna Saslawskaja


Le chevron d'honneur de la Vieille Garde () est une décoration du parti nazi décerné aux membres de la SS.

Le chevron argenté, qui est porté sur le haut de la manche du bras droit, obtient l'aval d'Adolf Hitler en . Tous les membres de la SS qui ont rejoint l'Allgemeine SS, le NSDAP ou toute autre organisation du parti avant le  ont le droit d'en porter l'insigne.

Références

Crédits

Voir aussi

Distinction du Troisième Reich

Chevron d'honneur de la Vieille Garde


Karl Günther Freiherr von Saar (* 2. September 1878 in Wiener Neustadt; † 7. Dezember 1918 in Innsbruck) war ein österreichischer Bergsteiger und Chirurg.

Genealogie
Günther von Saar war ein Sohn des Oberstleutnants Heinrich von Saar. Sein Großvater väterlicherseits namens Heinrich von Saar (1799–1863) stammte aus Krakau, arbeitete als Kreishauptmann in Przemyśl, war ein kaiserlich und königlicher Hofrat und verheiratet mit Mathilde Smolka (1805–1880), die aus Lemberg stammte.

Von Saars Mutter namens Marie (1853–1919) war eine Tochter des Ritters Eduard von Liszt (1817–1879). Ihr Vater war als promovierter Jurist ein Gen. prokurator beim Obersten Gerichts- und Cassationshof in Wien, gehörte der judiciellen Staats-Prüfungs-Commission an und trug den österreichischen Orden der Eisernen Krone. Er war verheiratet mit Karoline Pickbart (1827–1854).

Von Saars Onkel väterlicherseits war der könig- und kaiserliche Oberstleutnant Rudolf (1843–1892), der 1883 zum Freiherrn ernannt wurde. Ein Onkel mütterlicherseits war der Strafrechtler Franz von Liszt (1851–1919): Er selbst heiratete 1905 in Wien die 1885 in Dobřis geborene Klementine (Titty) Angerer, mit der er zwei Söhne und zwei Töchter hatte.

Leben
Nachdem von Saar das Gymnasium besucht hatte, studierte er von 1897 bis 1902 Medizin in Graz. Er habilitierte sich 1911 in Graz in Chirurgie. 1917 wurde er an der Universität Innsbruck Professor. Als Leiter eines Feldspitals geriet er zu Beginn des Ersten Weltkrieges 1914 in russische Kriegsgefangenschaft. Nach seiner Rückkehr arbeitete er als "Korps-Konsiliarchirurg" an der Isonzofront.

Bereits als Schüler unternahm von Saar diverse Klettertouren, unter anderem in den Alpen und den Dolomiten. Als Student setzte er seine Leidenschaft fort und so führte er, oft in Begleitung von Viktor Wolf von Glanvell, diverse Bergtouren durch. Diese Touren waren, im Gegensatz zu seiner Schulzeit, führerlos Neutouren, fanden aber ebenfalls in den Alpen und den Dolomiten statt.

Karl Günther Freiherr von Saar, der zwischen 1902 und 1913 zu den führenden österreichischen Bergsteigern gehörte, verstarb während einer Grippeepidemie.

Wirken
Ab 1899 war von Saar Mitglied in dem Österreichischen Alpenklub. Er unternahm 30 Erstbesteigungen und schuf über 60 Neutouren in den Ost- und Westalpen. 1901 bestieg von Saa den Großvenediger erstmals mit Skiern. Des Weiteren ergründete er die Skitourengebiete Mürzzuschlag und Murau. Durch seine Erstbesteigung des Campanile di Val Montanaia, beendete von Saar die Ära der Gipfelersteigungen in den Ostalpen.

Werke
 Die Nordwand des Hochtors im Gesäuse, in: Deutsche Alpenzeitung. 1901, Nr. 42–43, S. 11–13
 Neue Touren in der Geislergruppe, ebd. 1902/03, H. 19, S. 173–181
 Die Ostwand der Monte Rosa, ebd. 1909, H. 13, S. 1–6
 Aus der Fanis-Tofana-Gruppe, in: Österreichische Alpenzeitung 1899, S. 259–267
 Schneeschuhfahrten in der Umgebung von Murau in der Steiermark, ebd. 1902, S. 257–264, 269–273, 281–286
 Der Däumling im Gosaukamm, ebd. 1914, S. 177–184
 Eine Überschreitung der Kleinen und Großen Aiguille du Dru, ebd. 1917, S. 80–85
 Zur Erschließung der Karnischen Voralpen, in: Zusammenarbeit des Deutschen und Österreichischen Alpenverein (DÖAV) 1905, S. 383–400, 1906, S. 380–396, 1907, S. 301–323, 1908, S. 322–338 (mit Karl Domenigg)
 Die Berge um der Klaas-Billen-Bay, ebd. 1909, S. 109–135
 Eine Schneeschuhfahrt auf den Großvenediger, in: Mitt. des DÖAV 1901, S. 32–34
 Eine Überschreitung des Aletschhorns, ebd. 1910, S. 16 f.

Literatur

 H. Reinl, in: Österreichischen Alpenzeitung 1919, S. 50–54

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Bergsteiger (Österreich-Ungarn)
Mediziner (20. Jahrhundert)
Hochschullehrer (Universität Innsbruck – Medizin)
Sachbuchautor (Alpinismus)
Person im Ersten Weltkrieg (Österreich-Ungarn)
Person (Cisleithanien)
Geboren 1878
Gestorben 1918
Mann

Karl Günther von Saar


Hiroki Yamamoto (født 15. november 1991) er en japansk fodboldspiller, som spiller for den japanske fodboldklub Matsumoto Yamaga FC.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Japan

Hiroki Yamamoto


El arroyo Casupá, también llamado arroyo Sauce de Casupá, es un curso de agua uruguayo perteneciente a la cuenca del Plata. Atraviesa los departamentos de Florida y Lavalleja.

Nace en la Cuchilla Grande y desemboca en el río Santa Lucía, tras recorrer alrededor de 41 km.

Referencias

Casupa
Casupa
Casupa
Cuenca del río Santa Lucía (Uruguay)

Arroyo Casupá


The year 1811 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.

Astronomy
 March 25 – Great Comet discovered by Honoré Flaugergues.

Biology
 Johann Karl Wilhelm Illiger publishes Prodromus systematis mammalium et avium, an updating of Linnean taxonomy and a major influence on the concept of the 'Family' in biology. He first defines the infraclass Marsupialia.
 Peter Simon Pallas begins publication of Zoographia rosso-Asiatica, sistens omnium animalium in extenso Imperio rossico, et adjacentibus maribus observatorum recensionem, domicilia, mores et descriptiones, anatomen atque icones plurimorum in Saint Petersburg.

Chemistry
 Bernard Courtois discovers iodine.
 Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac and Louis Jacques Thénard publish Recherches Physico-Chimiques, faites sur la pile; sur la préparation chimique et les propriétés du potassium et du sodium; sur la décomposition de l'acide boracique; sur les acides fluorique, muriatique et muriatique oxigéné; sur l'action chimique de la lumière; sur l'analyse végétale et animale, etc. in Paris.
 Amedeo Avogadro proposes Avogadro's law, that equal volumes of gases under constant temperature and pressure contain equal number of molecules.

Earth sciences
 June 10 – A volcanic eruption, observed from British sloop , briefly creates Sabrina Island (Azores).

Mathematics
 Carl Friedrich Gauss works with functions of complex number variables.
 S. D. Poisson publishes Traité de mécanique (vol. 1).

Medicine
 Charles Bell publishes An Idea of a New Anatomy of the Brain, starting to distinguish between sensory and motor nerves.
 Abraham Colles publishes A Treatise on Surgical Anatomy in Dublin.
 Francis Place publishes Illustrations and Proofs of the Principles of Population, including an examination of the proposed remedies of Mr. Malthus, and a reply to the objections of Mr. Godwin and others in London, the first significant text in English to advocate contraception.

Paleontology
 Mary Anning discovers the fossilised remains of an Ichthyosaur at Lyme Regis.

Physics
 Amedeo Avogadro proposes his hypothesis relating volumes and numbers of molecules of gases.

Technology
 Friedrich Koenig, with the assistance of Andreas Friedrich Bauer, produces the first steam printing press, in London.

Awards
 Copley Medal: Benjamin Brodie

Births
 March 2 – Hugh Edwin Strickland, English geologist and ornithologist (died 1853)
 March 11
 Lady Katherine Sophia Kane née Baily, Irish botanist (died 1886)
 Urbain Le Verrier, French astronomer (died 1877)
 March 30 – Robert Bunsen, German chemist (died 1899)
 July 13 – James Young, Scottish chemist (died 1883)
 September 14 – William Budd, English physician and epidemiologist (died 1880)
 October 25 – Évariste Galois, French mathematician (died 1832)
 John Waterston, Scottish physicist and civil engineer (died 1883)

Deaths
 February 9 – Nevil Maskelyne, English Astronomer Royal (born 1732)
 August 31 – Louis Antoine de Bougainville, French explorer (born 1729)
 September 8 – Peter Simon Pallas, German-born naturalist (born 1741)

References

19th century in science
1810s in science

1811 in science


In electronics, the dynatron oscillator, invented in 1918 by Albert Hull at General Electric, is an obsolete vacuum tube electronic oscillator circuit which uses a negative resistance characteristic in early tetrode vacuum tubes, caused by a process called secondary emission.  It was the first negative resistance vacuum tube oscillator.   The dynatron oscillator circuit was used to a limited extent as beat frequency oscillators (BFOs), and local oscillators in vacuum tube radio receivers as well as in scientific and test equipment from the 1920s to the 1940s but became obsolete around World War 2 due to the variability of secondary emission in tubes.

Negative transconductance oscillators, such as the transitron oscillator invented by Cleto Brunetti in 1939, are similar negative resistance vacuum tube oscillator circuits which are based on negative transconductance (a fall in current through one grid electrode caused by an increase in voltage on a second grid) in a pentode or other multigrid vacuum tube.    These replaced the dynatron circuit and were employed in vacuum tube electronic equipment through the 1970s.

How they work

The dynatron and transitron oscillators differ from many oscillator circuits in that they do not use feedback to generate oscillations, but negative resistance.  A tuned circuit (resonant circuit), consisting of an inductor and capacitor connected together, can store electric energy in the form of oscillating currents, "ringing" analogously to a tuning fork.   If a tuned circuit could have zero electrical resistance, once oscillations were started it would function as an oscillator, producing a continuous sine wave.   But because of the inevitable resistance inherent in actual circuits, without an external source of power the energy in the oscillating current is dissipated as heat in the resistance, and any oscillations decay to zero.

In the dynatron and transitron circuits, a vacuum tube is biased so that one of its electrodes has negative differential resistance.  This means that when the voltage on the electrode with respect to the cathode is increased, the current through it decreases.    A tuned circuit is connected between the electrode and the cathode.  The negative resistance of the tube cancels the positive resistance of the tuned circuit, creating in effect a tuned circuit with zero AC resistance.  A spontaneous continuous sinusoidal oscillating voltage at the resonant frequency of the tuned circuit is generated, started by electrical noise in the circuit when it is turned on.

An advantage of these oscillators was that the negative resistance effect was largely independent of frequency, so by using suitable values of inductance and capacitance in the tuned circuit  they could operate over a wide frequency range, from a few hertz to around 20 MHz.   Another advantage was that they used a simple single LC tuned circuit without the taps or "tickler" coils required by oscillators such as the Hartley or Armstrong circuits.

Dynatron oscillator

In the dynatron a tetrode tube is used.  In some tetrodes the plate (anode) has negative differential resistance, due to electrons knocked out of the plate when electrons from the cathode hit it,  called secondary emission. This causes a downward "kink" in the plate current vs. plate voltage curve (graph below, grey region) when the screen grid is biased at a higher voltage than the plate, as described below.   This negative resistance was mostly a feature of older tubes, of 1940s or earlier vintage.   In most modern tetrodes, to prevent parasitic oscillations the plate is given a coating which drastically reduces the unwanted secondary emission, so these tubes have virtually no negative resistance "kink" in their plate current characteristic, and cannot be used in dynatron oscillators.

The tetrode wasn't the only tube which could generate dynatron oscillations.    Early triodes also had secondary emission and thus negative resistance, and before the tetrode was invented they were used in dynatron oscillators by biasing the control grid more positive than the plate.  Hull's first dynatron oscillator in 1918 used a special "dynatron" vacuum tube of his own design (shown above), a triode in which the grid was a heavy plate perforated with holes which was robust enough to carry high currents.   This tube saw little use as standard triode and tetrodes could function adequately as dynatrons.  The term "dynatron" came to be applied to all negative resistance oscillations in vacuum tubes; for example the split-anode magnetron was said to work by "dynatron oscillation".

An advantage of the dynatron circuit was that it could oscillate over a very wide frequency range; from a few hertz to 20 MHz.  It also had very good frequency stability compared to other LC oscillators of that time, and was even compared to crystal oscillators.   The circuit became popular after the advent of cheap tetrode tubes such as the UY222 and UY224 around 1928.  It was used in beat frequency oscillators (BFOs) for code reception and local oscillators in superheterodyne receivers as well as in laboratory signal generators and scientific research.  RCA's 1931 prototype television used two UY224 tubes as dynatron oscillators to generate the vertical deflection (28 Hz) and horizontal deflection (2880 Hz) signals for the CRT's deflection coils.

However the dynatron had some drawbacks.  It was found that the amount of secondary emission current from the plate varied unpredictably from tube to tube, and also within a single tube over its operating life; eventually it would stop oscillating.  When replacing the tube, several might have to be tried to find one that would oscillate in a circuit.   In addition, since dynatron oscillations were a source of instability in amplifiers, the tetrode's main application, tube manufacturers began applying a graphite coating to the plate which virtually eliminated secondary emission.  By 1945 the use of the dynatron circuit was declining.

Secondary emission

In an electron tube, when electrons emitted by the cathode strike the plate, they can knock other electrons out of the surface of the metal, an effect called secondary emission.  In a normal tetrode amplifier this is an unwanted effect, and the screen grid next to the plate is biased at a lower potential than the plate, so these secondary electrons are repelled and return to the plate due to its positive charge.

However, if the screen grid is operated at a higher potential than the plate, the secondary electrons will be attracted to it, and return to ground through the screen grid supply.  This represents a current of electrons IG2 away from the plate, which reduces the net plate current IP below the cathode current IC

Higher plate voltage causes the primary electrons to hit the plate with more energy, releasing more secondary electrons.  Therefore, starting at the voltage at which the primary electrons have enough energy to cause secondary emission, around VP = 10V, there is an operating region (grey)  in which an increase in plate voltage causes more electrons to leave the plate than the additional electrons arriving at the plate, and therefore a net reduction in plate current.

Negative resistance
Since in this region an increase in plate voltage causes a decrease in plate current, the AC plate resistance, that is the differential output resistance of the tube, is negative:

As with other negative differential resistance devices like the tunnel diode, this negative resistance can be used to create an oscillator.  A parallel tuned circuit is connected in the plate circuit of the tetrode.  The circuit will oscillate if the magnitude of the negative plate resistance is less than the parallel resistance R of the tuned circuit, including any load connected to the oscillator.

The frequency of oscillation is close to the resonant frequency of the tuned circuit.

Design
As can be seen from the graphs, for dynatron operation the screen grid had to be biased at a considerably higher voltage than the plate; at least twice the plate voltage.  The plate voltage swing is limited to the negative resistance region of the curve, the downward "kink",  so to achieve the largest output voltage swing, the tube should be biased in the center of the negative resistance region.

The negative resistance of older tetrode tubes was around 10kΩ - 20kΩ, and can be controlled by varying the control grid bias.  If the magnitude of the negative resistance |rP| is just small enough to start oscillation, just a little smaller than the positive resistance R of the tuned circuit, the oscillation frequency will be very stable, and the output waveform will be almost sinusoidal.  If the negative resistance is made significantly smaller than the positive resistance, the voltage swing will extend into the nonlinear part of the curve, and the peaks of the sine wave output will be flattened ("clipped").

Transitron oscillator

The transitron oscillator, invented by Cledo Brunetti in 1939, (although a similar effect was observed in tetrodes by Balthasar van der Pol in 1926, and Edward Herold described a similar oscillator in 1935) is a negative resistance oscillator circuit using a pentode vacuum tube, in which, instead of the plate, the screen grid has negative resistance due to being coupled to the suppressor grid.  See the circuit at right. In the transitron, the screen grid is biased at a positive voltage (battery B1) above the plate voltage while the suppressor grid is biased negatively (battery B2), at or below the cathode voltage.  Therefore, all the electrons will be reflected by the negative suppressor grid and none will get through to the plate.  The reflected electrons will instead be attracted to the screen grid, so the screen current will be high while the plate current will be zero.  However, if the suppressor grid voltage is increased, as it approaches zero (the cathode voltage) electrons will begin to pass through it and reach the plate, so the number diverted to the screen grid, and thus the screen current, will decrease. Since the other grids don't take significant current the cathode current  is split between the plate  and the screen grid :

The division of current between the screen grid and plate is controlled by the suppressor voltage.   This inverse relationship is indicated by saying the transconductance between the screen and suppressor grid (the change in screen current ΔIG2 divided by the change in suppressor voltage ΔVG3)  is negative.

Since the suppressor grid voltage and not the screen grid voltage controls the screen current, if the suppressor and screen grid are coupled together with a capacitor (C2) so there is a constant potential difference between them, increasing the screen grid voltage will increase the suppressor voltage, resulting in a decrease in screen current.  This means the screen grid has negative differential resistance with respect to the cathode, and can be used to create oscillations.

In the transitron circuit, the screen and suppressor grids are coupled with a bypass capacitor (C2) which has a low impedance at the oscillation frequency, so they have a constant potential difference.  The parallel tuned circuit (C1-L) is connected between the screen grid and the cathode (through battery B1).  The negative resistance of the screen grid cancels the positive resistance of the tuned circuit, causing oscillations.  As in the dynatron oscillator the control grid can be used to adjust the negative resistance.

Since the transitron oscillator didn't depend on secondary emission it was far more reliable than the dynatron. However, because the screen grid is not designed to handle high power, the oscillator's output power is limited.  Other tubes with multiple grids beside the pentode, such as the hexode and pentagrid converter tube, have been be used to make similar negative transconductance oscillators.  Pentode tubes used in this circuit have a negative transconductance of only around -250 microsiemens, giving a negative resistance of -4000Ω.   Tubes with more grids, such as the pentagrid converter, can be used to make transitron oscillators with higher transconductance, resulting in smaller negative resistance.

References

Electronic oscillators

Dynatron oscillator


El término mosquerito canelo puede referirse a:

 El nombre común de la especie de ave Neopipo cinnamomea de acuerdo a la Sociedad Española de Ornitología;
 Un nombre común de la especie de ave Pyrrhomyias cinnamomeus en Ecuador;
 Un nombre común de la especie de ave Empidonax fulvifrons en México.

Mosquerito canelo


Âdile Sultan (23 Mayıs 1826 - 12 Şubat 1899), Türk Divan edebiyatı şairi. Sultan II. Mahmut'un kızı, Sultan Abdülmecid'in kız kardeşi.

Hayatı
Âdile Sultan 1826 yılında, İstanbul'da, Sultan 2. Mahmut ile eşlerinden Zernigar Sultan'ın kızı olarak doğdu. Babası Sultan 2. Mahmut sanatçı kişiliği ile öne çıkmış, özellikle hat ve musiki ile yakından ilgilenmiş bir padişahtı. Âdile Sultan sarayda çok iyi bir eğitim görmüş, daha sonra da Kaptan-ı Derya Mehmet Ali Paşa ile evlenmiştir. Mehmet Ali Paşa daha sonra sadrazam olacak, ama çiftin mutlu evliliği ciddi kayıplarla yüzleşecektir. Öncelikle üç çocuklarını kaybederler, daha sonra Mehmet Ali Paşa ölür, son olarak da genç kızı Hayriye Hanım Sultan vefat eder. Ölümlerle sarsılan Adile Sultan yoğun bir kedere gömülür, Nakşibendi tarikatına girer. 12 Şubat 1899'da vefat eder. Mezarı Eyüpsultan'da, Bostan İskelesi yakınındaki Adile Sultan Türbesi'nde, kocası Mehmed Ali Paşa ile birliktedir.

Dudullu'da çeşme yaptırmıştır. Günümüzde çeşme Alemdağ caddesi üzerindedir.

Çalışmaları
Döneminin kadın şairleri Leylâ ve Fıtnat hanımlardan yetenek ve teknik bakımdan daha az başarılı sayılsa da Âdile Sultan özellikle Osmanlı tarihine tuttuğu ışık nedeniyle önemlidir. Babası, annesi, kardeşleri ve çevresi hakkında yazdıkları dönemin saray erkanının ve yönetiminin anlaşılmasına yardımcı olur. Bunun dışında Adile Sultan'ın önemli bir vasfı da Osmanlı hanedanından Divan tertip etmiş tek kadın şair olmasıdır. Ayrıca I. Süleyman (Kanuni Sultan Süleyman) Divanı'nın basılmasını sağlamıştır.

Hayatında bir dönüm noktası teşkil eden kayıplarının etkisini şiirlerinde görmek mümkündür; Çocuklarının ve eşinin arkasından hissettiği hüznü çeşitli şiirlerinde yoğun bir biçimde işlemiştir. Aruzun yanı sıra hece vezniyle (ölçüsü) de şiirler yazmıştır. Şiirlerinde Yunus Emre, Fuzûlî ve Şeyh Gâlip gibi ünlü şairlerin etkisini görmek mümkündür. Şiirleri 1996'da "Adile Sultan Dîvânı" ismiyle yayımlanmıştır.

Döneminin saray erkanı ve devlet yönetimi konusunda ve babası Sultan II. Mahmut, annesi Zenigar Sultan, kardeşi Sultan Abdülmecid  hakkında yazıları vardır.

"Gizlice şaha buyur, hâne-yi tenhâya buyur." (Hicaz Hümayun Makamı) adlı bir bestesi ve Bestecisi Hacı Faik bey olan "Merhaba ey fahr-i âlem merhaba." adlı bestelenmiş bir şiiri vardır.

Adile Sultan Vakfı
Adile Sultan kendi vakfını kurarak, özellikle eğitim ve sosyal yardım konularında etkin olmuştur. Adile Sultan'ın vakıfları ile ilgili bilgiler, İstanbul Üniversitesi Nadir Eserler Kütüphanesi'nde Türkçe Yazmalar Bölümü'nde 4993 numara ile kayıtlıdır. Vakfın gelirleri, Seyid Nizamettin Dergâhı'na gelen yoksulların, Gül Camii Sübyan Mektebi öğrenci ve öğretmenlerinin gereksinimleri için bırakılmıştır.

Adile Sultan'ın Koşuyolu'ndaki köşkü ve korusu, sağlık kurumu vazifesini görmek şartıyla öğretmenlerin kullanımına ayrılmıştır.

Fındıklı'daki Adile Sultan Sarayı, önce 1920 yılında Meclis-i Mebusan (Millet Meclisi) ve 1953-1970 yılları arasında Atatürk Kız Lisesi binası olarak kullanılmıştır. Daha sonra Güzel Sanatlar Akademisi'ne verilen bina şu anda Mimar Sinan Üniversitesi'ne tahsis edilmiş bulunmaktadır.

Kamu Yararına İnşaatları
Adile Sultan var olan okulları tamir ettirmiş, yeni okullar yaptırmış ve kentin su ihtiyacını karşılayacak çözümler getirmiştir. İstanbul'daki örnekler: Arap Camii Şadırvanı, Bedevi Dergahı Sarnıcı, Laleli Adile Sultan Çeşmesi, Adile Sultan Sıbyan Mektebi (Gül Camii Mektebi), Galata Arap Camii Mektebi, Anadoluhisarı Mektebi. Dudullu'da da çeşme ve namazgâh yaptırmıştır.

Kızı Hayriye Sultan'ı tüberküloz nedeniyle kaybeden Adile Sultan, kızının anısına Validebağ Sanatoryumu`nu yaptırmıştır.

Adile Sultan Sarayı
Adile Sultan, Hassa mimarı Sarkis Balyan'ın (ya da aynı aileden Kirkor Balyan'ın) 1861 yılında yaptığı yazlık sarayını, 1868 yılında kız okulu olması isteği ile zamanın Milli Eğitim Bakanlığı olan Nezaret-i Celile-i Maarif-i Umumiye veya kısa adıyla Maarif Nazırlığı'na bağışlamıştır.

1916 yılında bu binada Selma Rıza Feraceli'in girişimi ile Türkiye'nin ilk yatılı kız lisesi olan Kandilli Adile Sultan İnas Mekteb-i Sultanîsi açılmıştır.

Okul binası, Kurtuluş Savaşı sırasında öksüz çocuklar için barınak ve eğitim kurumu, Cumhuriyet sonrasında ise hasta öğrenci ve öğretmenler için şifa yurtluğu yapan bir sağlık-eğitim merkezi ve daha sonra da Öğretmen Evi ve Kültür Merkezi olarak kullanıldıktan sonra, Kandilli Kız Lisesi Kültür ve Eğitim Vakfı (KANKEV) tarafından Sakıp Sabancı Kandilli Eğitim ve Kültür Merkezi adıyla bir konser mekânına dönüştürülmüştür.

Eserlerinden örnekler
Gazel

Aşkta kanun imiş âşıklara cevr eylemek
Âşık oldur kim cefâ-yı yâre sabretmek gerek

Aşk nâz ü şîve evvel gösterir âşıklara
Âşık ol demde ona cânı fedâ etmek gerek

Âşıkın ancak murâdı dostunun maksûdudur
Çekse de bin derd ü mihnet hep sebât etmek gerek

Arzû-yı dü-cihândan geçmedir aşka nişân
Terk-i cân edip reh-i cânâna azm etmek gerek

Âftâb-âsâ bilip her zerresin nûr-ı safâ
Her belâ dosttan gelir kim merhabâ etmek gerek

Havf-ı a'dâ eylemez olan müsellah aşk ile
Yanmadan Hakka erilmez pertev-i tevhîd gerek

Nefsle cehd et tecellî eylesin aşk-ı Hudâ
Beyt-i kalbi Âdile ma'mûr ü pâk etmek gerek

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

1898 yılında ölenler
Osmanlı şairleri
Divan edebiyatı şairleri
Osmanlı padişah kızları
1826 doğumlular
İstanbul doğumlular
İstanbul'da ölenler
Eyüpsultan Mezarlığı'na defnedilenler

Âdile Sultan


Remazol briljantno plava R (eng. Remazol Brilliant Blue R ili RBBR) je antrakinonsko bojilo koje se koristi u tekstilnoj industriji. Bojilo je štetno po zdravlje ljudi a može oštetiti vodeni i vegetativni život ako se zagađena voda koristi za navodnjavanje.

 Reaktivna bojila Reaktivna bojila''' su bojila čije se molekule za vrijeme postupka bojenja vežu kovalentnim kemijskim vezama s obojenim materijalom. U tom se postupku stvaraju nove kemijske veze između određenih reaktivnih grupa sadržanih u bojilu i stanovitih grupama bojanog materijala, a nakon završenog bojanja postaju bojila kemijskom dijelom obojenog materijala.

Reaktivna bojila sadrže po pravilu u strukturi svoje molekule, osim reaktivnih grupa, i dio koji nosi te reaktivne grupe, dio koji uvjetuje obojenje (kromogen) i supstituente koji omogućuju topljivost. Kromogeni su najčešće iz reda azo-spojeva, antrakinonskih i ftalocijaninskih spojeva. Supstituenti koji omogućuju topljivost jesu sulfonske ili karboksilne grupe. One treba da omoguće bojenje u vodenim otopinama na 20 do 70°C. Pri tom je poželjno da bojilo nema veliku supstantivnost, kako bi se kemijski nevezani dio bojila mogao lako isprati. Reaktivne grupe treba da budu takve da brzina njihova reagiranja s materijalom koji se boja bude veća nego brzina reakcije s vodom na temperaturi bojanja.

Prva bojila ovog reda stavila je u promet engleska tvrtka ICI (eng. Imperial Chemical Industries) pod grupnim imenom Procion (švicarska tvrtka CIBA proizvodi ih pod imenom Cibacron). To su diklortriazinski derivati relativno jednostavnih kiselih monoazo-bojila i antrakinonskih bojila.

Pripremaju se djelovanjem cijanurklorida (klorida cijanurne kiseline, triklor-s-triazina) na spomenuta kisela bojila. Primjeri su: Procionyellow RS, koji se dobiva djelovanjem cijanurklorida na monoazo-bojilo β-naftilamin-4,8- disulfonska kiselina → m-toluidin; Procionbrilliantred 2BS, koji nastaje kondenzacijom cijanurklorida s monoazo-bojilom ortanilna kiselina → H-kiselina; Procionbrilliantblue RS, koji se dobiva iz cijanurklorida i l-amino-4-(3'-aminoanilino)-antrakinon-2,4'-disulfonske kiseline.

Ako se u cijanurkloridu zamijene dva atoma klora, dobivaju se monoklortriazinska bojila, koja se primjenjuju na višim temperaturama bojanja, kao na primjer Procionblue HBS (dobiven djelovanjem cijanurklorida u vodenoj otopini na 1-amino-4-(4'-aminoanilino)-antrakinon- 2,3'-disulfonat i kondenzacijom nastalog međuprodukta s metanilnom kiselinom) i Cibacronbraun 3GR (4-aminoazobenzen-3,4'-disulfonska kiselina lamindisulfonska kiselina → 1,6 + 1,7-naftisulfanilna kiselina + cijanurklorid + sulfanilna kiselina).

Triazinskim derivatima slični su i produkti koji sadrže diklor ili triklorpirimidinske ostatke, kao na primjer Reactonrot 2B (ortanilna kiselina → H-kiselina + 2,4,5,6-tetraklorpirimidin). Ovakva bojila sadržavaju čvršće vezane atome klora, koji onda teže reagiraju, pa su bojila otpornija prema hidrolizi i njima se može bojati na višim temperaturama. Na taj su način građena i takozvana Drimaren-bojila. Halogenirani heterociklički sistem kao reaktivnu komponentu sadrže i Levafix-E bojila, koja imaju u molekuli posebnu grupu. Kao reaktivna grupa važna je vinilsulfonska grupa —S02—CH=CH2, bilo da je u tom obliku uklopljena u sastav molekule bojila, bilo da prilikom procesa bojenja nastaje djelovanjem alkalnih agensa iz β-kloretilsulfonskih grupa (—S02CH2CH2Cl) ili iz estera β-hidroksietilsulfonskih bojila sa sumpornom kiselinom (—S02CH2CH20S03H). Primjer je Remazolbrillantblau R''.
Remalanecht-bojila građena su na isti način na osnovi kromnih i kobaltnih metalkompleksnih bojila tipa 1:2 iz o,o'-dihidroksiazospojeva.

Postoje i mnoge druge kemijske grupe koje su upotrijebljene za stvaranje reaktivnosti bojila; tako na primjer takozvana Levafix-bojila iz reda sulfonamida sadržavaju grupu — S02NHCH2CH20S03H; karbonamido-grupu sadržava grupa —NHOCCH2CH2Cl (Primazin-bojila) i tako dalje.

Za bojanje reaktivnim bojilima razrađen je velik broj posebnih specifičnih postupaka. Postignuta obojenja odlikuju se velikom jasnoćom i izvanrednim postojanostima, u čemu su vrjednija od njih samo reduktivna bojila. Međutim, reaktivna bojila su jeftinija.

Izvori

Pigmenti

Remazol briljantno plava R


O massacre de Granada de 1066 (30 de dezembro de 1066) foi o mais sangrento massacre de judeus sefarditas perpetrado por muçulmanos na Península Ibérica, quando uma multidão invadiu o Palácio Real de Granada, que na época estava sob poder muçulmano em al-Andalus, e terminou com a crucificação do vizir judeu Yosef ibn Nagrela (filho do poeta e filósofo Samuel ibn Nagrella) e o massacre da maior parte da população judaica da cidade: "Mais de 1 500 famílias judias, ou seja, cerca de 4 000 pessoas, morreram em um dia".

Granada
Taifa de Granada

Massacre de Granada


Rother is a local government district in East Sussex, England. Its council is based in Bexhill-on-Sea. The district is named after the River Rother which flows within its boundaries.

The neighbouring districts are Wealden, Tunbridge Wells, Ashford, Folkestone and Hythe, and Hastings. Aside from its coast, Hastings is surrounded by Rother.

History
The district was formed on 1 April 1974 under the Local Government Act 1972. It covered the area of three former districts, which were all abolished at the same time:
Battle Rural District
Bexhill Municipal Borough
Rye Municipal Borough
The new district was named Rother after the River Rother which flows through the district.

Governance

Rother District Council provides district-level services. County-level services are provided by East Sussex County Council. The whole district is also covered by civil parishes, which form a third tier of local government.

Political control
The council has been under no overall control since the 2019 election, being led by a coalition called the 'Rother Alliance' comprising Labour, Liberal Democrats, Greens and some of the independent councillors. The independents in the Rother Alliance formed a local political party in January 2023 called the 'Rother Association of Independent Councillors' (RAOIC).

The first election to the council was held in 1973, initially operating as a shadow authority alongside the outgoing authorities until the new arrangements came into effect on 1 April 1974. Political control of the council since 1974 has been as follows:

Leadership
The leaders of the council since 2001 have been:

Composition
Following the 2023 election, the composition of the council was:

The next election is due in 2027.

Premises
The council is based at Bexhill Town Hall on London Road in Bexhill, which was built in 1895 for the Bexhill Urban District Council, which became Bexhill Borough Council in 1902. The building continued to serve as the seat of local government following the reorganisation in 1974 which created Rother District.

Elections

Since the last boundary changes in 2019 the council has comprised 38 councillors representing 21 wards, with each ward electing one or two councillors. Elections are held every four years.

Parishes

The lowest level of local government is the civil parish; there are 34 within Rother. The parish councils for the three parishes of Battle, Bexhill-on-Sea and Rye take the style "town council". The two parishes of Ashburnham and Penhurst share a grouped parish council. The parish of East Guldeford has a parish meeting rather than a parish council due to its small population.

Ashburnham
Battle (town)
Beckley
Bexhill-on-Sea (town)
Bodiam
Brede
Brightling
Burwash
Camber
Catsfield
Crowhurst
Dallington
East Guldeford
Etchingham
Ewhurst
Fairlight
Guestling
Hurst Green
Icklesham (includes Winchelsea and Rye Harbour)
Iden
Mountfield
Northiam
Peasmarsh
Penhurst
Pett
Playden
Rye (town)
Rye Foreign
Salehurst and Robertsbridge
Sedlescombe
Ticehurst
Udimore
Westfield
Whatlington

Geography
Rother District covers two areas of relief: to the south, a section of the High Weald; and to the north the lower land, named the Rother Levels, across which flow the River Rother, which rises on the Weald and flows easterly towards Rye Bay, and its tributaries. For much of the course of the main river it constitutes the boundary between East Sussex and Kent, and is given the alternative title of the ''Kent Ditch''. Tributaries of the river include the Rivers Dudwell, Tillingham and Brede.

The district reaches the coast in the vicinity of Bexhill, and on the shores of Rye Bay.

Climate
Climate in this area has mild differences between highs and lows, and there is adequate rainfall year round.  The Köppen Climate Classification subtype for this climate is "Cfb" (Marine West Coast Climate/Oceanic climate).

Demographics
Rother has one of the oldest populations (with a median age of 52 years) and the lowest per capita income in the UK.

Transport
There are several main roads crossing the district. The major trunk road is the A21, London to Hastings road; it is joined by the A28 road from Ashford road near Hastings; which in turn is crossed by the A268 Hawkhurst to Rye road. There is also the A259 coastal route

The Hastings Line, East Coastway Line and the Marshlink Line are the three railway lines in the District; The Kent and East Sussex Railway tourist line terminates at Bodiam.

Long-distance footpaths include the Sussex Border Path; and the Saxon Shore Way, which links with the 1066 Country Walk.

Landmarks
Major landmarks include Bodiam and Camber Castles; and Battle Abbey.

References

Non-metropolitan districts of East Sussex

Rother District


Vilkaviškis  este un oraș din sud-vestul Lituaniei. Se află la 25 de kilometri nord-vest de Marijampolė, pe malul râului Șeimena. Orașul și-a luat numele de la râul Vilkauja, un afluent al râului Šeimena. Inițial a fost numit Vilkaujiškis. Numele a fost ulterior schimbat într-o formă mai ușor de pronunțat, Vilkaviškis.

Până în 1941, orașul a avut o mare comunitate evreiască, care a fost anihilată de naziști și de colaboratorii lor locali, naționaliști lituanieni. Întreaga populație evreiască a fost ucisă într-o singură zi după intrarea germanilor în oraș. Acesta este orașul din care a început Revoluția conopidei (în lituaniană: Kalafiorų revoliuciją).

Nume
Numele orașului în alte limbi este: în ; în ; în , în . Alte variante sunt Vilkavishkis și Wilkowyszki.

Istorie

Orașul a primit drepturi de oraș în 1670 de la regele Poloniei, Ioan Cazimir al II-lea Vasa, acesta  a fost unul dintre primele privilegii acordate unui loc din Lituania. Stema orașului a fost cel mai probabil împrumutată de la familia Pac, proprietară a satului în acel moment. Krzysztof Zygmunt Pac a fost, de asemenea, cancelar al Lituaniei.

A rămas în Uniunea statală polono-lituaniană până în 1795, când, prin Prima împărțire a Poloniei, a devenit parte a Regatului Prusiei. Regiunea în care se află orașul a fost împărțită între Prusia și Rusia până în 1807. În acest moment, orașul a fost încorporat în Ducatul de la Varșovia și a fuzionat în regiunea Białystok. După înfrângerea lui Napoleon Bonaparte în 1815, regiunea a intrat în componența Rusiei, apoi a fost parte a Poloniei Congresului ca parte a districtului Augustów și mai târziu a districtului Suwałki. În 1856, marea majoritate a populației orașului era evreiască, cu 4.417 de evrei și doar 834 de creștini. În timpul primului război mondial orașul a fost capturat de forțele germane și a fost ocupat până în 1918, când locul a devenit parte a Lituaniei independente. În perioada interbelică a fost construită o linie de cale ferată care trece prin orașul  Marijampolė din apropiere, ceea ce a făcut ca acesta să devină noul centru regional, înlocuind Vilkaviškis din rolul său tradițional.

La scurt timp după izbucnirea celui de-al doilea război mondial, controlul zonei a căzut în mâinile sovieticilor, între 1940 și 1941, pe baza pactului Molotov-Ribbentrop. În 1941, Germania nazistă a atacat Uniunea Sovietică, a invadat Lituania și a ocupat orașul. Între iunie și septembrie 1941, germanii, împreună cu colaboratorii lituanieni, au distrus aproape toate casele din oraș și au ucis mai mult de 3000 de persoane, majoritatea evreilor. Orașul a fost scena unui contraatac de succes al diviziei germane de tancuri Panzer Großdeutschland în toamna anului 1944, iar după lupte a fost scena unor fotografii de propagandă în care numele orașului era prezentat în mod proeminent. Orașul a fost capturat de Armata Roșie în august 1944. După război, a făcut parte din Republica Sovietică Socialistă Lituaniană în cadrul Uniunii Sovietice.

Când Lituania și-a recâștigat independența în 1991, orașul a devenit capitala nou-înființatului district municipal Vilkaviškis.

Atracții și cultură
Catedrala Catolică a Fecioarei Maria a fost construită în apropierea confluenței râurilor în 1881. Biserica Catolică a Înălțării Sfintei Cruci (cu elemente de arhitectură ortodoxă) se află puțin mai departe în direcția Marijampole. În Vilkaviškis  se mai găsesc Muzeul de istorie locală, Casa de Cultură, oficiul poștal, administrația locală, spitalul raional, mai multe supermarketuri mari (MAXIMA, IKI, NORFA), magazinul de materiale de construcții VilkaSTA.

Există mai multe terenuri de fotbal cu infrastructură pentru atletism. În centrul orașului, a fost recent construit un teren de baschet.

La marginea orașului (în direcția Kybartai și regiunea Kaliningrad) se află Lacul Pajerziai (fostă o mlaștină).

Transport
În Kybartai,  20 km  vest de Vilkaviškis și la granița cu regiunea Kaliningrad, Rusia, există posibilitatea transferului către trenurile rusești de tranzit internațional cu ecartament diferit de cel european.

Din Marijampolė, se poate circula cu trenul spre Varșovia (cu transfer la Šeštokai) și spre Europa. O linie de ecartament european de 1435 mm este construită de la Kaunas până la granița cu Polonia.

Există o rețea foarte bine dezvoltată de rute de autobuze suburbane.

Persoane notabile
Din oraș și din împrejurimi:

 Jonas Basanavičius, activist al Renașterii Naționale Lituaniene.
 Sonia Gaskell (1904), dansatoare și coregrafă
 Vincas Kudirka, autor al imnului național lituanian (născută în Paežeriai (Pojeziory) din apropiere).
 Marian Lalewicz, arhitect rus și polonez
 Miriam Markel-Mosessohn (1839-1920), scriitor și traducător evreu
 Tautvydas Poniskaitis - jucător internațional lituanian de fotbal - Portar U19  și U21
 Galina Șurepova, prima femela scafandru din marina sovietică; a antrenat delfini militari.

Referințe

Legături externe

   Scurt istoric
 Istoria scriitorului evreiesc din Vilkovishk, Lituania
 Uciderea evreilor din Vilkaviškis în timpul celui de-al doilea război mondial, pe site-ul Yad Vashem
Galina Șurepova

Orașe din Lituania

Vilkaviškis


Tjekkisk Wikipedia blev lanceret 3. maj 2002.

Kilder

Eksterne henvisninger

Wikipedia efter sprog
Etableret i 2002
Tjekkisk sprog

Tjekkisk Wikipedia


Crkva sv. Barbare, crkva u Zastražišću, općina Jelsa, zaštićeno kulturno dobro

Opis dobra
Crkva sv. Barbare najstarija je sakralna građevina u Zastražišću, građena u XIII.-XIV. stoljeću. Jednobrodna svođena crkva pravokutnog tlocrta, s poluoblom apsidom, zidana je priklesanim kamenom i ožbukana, krov je pokriven kamenom pločom. U osi glavnog pročelja jednostavan je portal, uz njega manji prozor kvadratičnog oblikovanja, nad portalom mali okulus i vitka zidana preslica, danas bez zvona. Godine 1774. nabavljena je nova oltarna pala, a građevina je obnovljena krajem XVII. stoljeća. Na oltaru su kipovi sv. Barbare i sv. Katarine, vjerojatno mletački rad s početka XVII. stoljeća. Najstarija je srednjovjekovna građevina u župi i jedna od najstarijih na otoku Hvaru.

Zaštita
Pod oznakom Z-5666 zavedena je kao nepokretno kulturno dobro - pojedinačno, pravna statusa zaštićena kulturnog dobra, klasificirano kao "sakralna graditeljska baština".

Izvori

Zaštićene sakralne građevine u Splitsko-dalmatinskoj županiji
Barbara, Zastražišće
Zastražišće

Crkva sv. Barbare u Zastražišću


Mitrovica, which stems from the name "Saint Demetrius" or "Sveti Dimitrije" (Cyrillic: "Свети Димитрије") may refer to:

Places
 District of Mitrovica, a district in Kosovo
 Mitrovica, Kosovo, a city in the district above
 North Mitrovica, the northern part of the city above
 Sremska Mitrovica, a city and municipality in Srem, Vojvodina, Serbia
 Sremska Mitrovica prison
 Sremska Mitrovica Airport
 Mačvanska Mitrovica, a town in the municipality above

People with the surname
 Rexhep Mitrovica (1888–1967), Albanian politician

See also
 Kosovska Mitrovica District (Serbia), a district of Serbia in Kosovo between 1990 and 1999
 Mitrović
 Mitrovice (disambiguation)

sv:Mitrovica

Mitrovica


Diagrama de relații () este un instrument utilizat în managementul calității pentru a expune toate relațiile și factorii cauză-efect implicați într-o problemă sau situație complexă și care descrie rezultatele dorite. Diagrama de relații permite identificarea cauzelor posibile succesive ale unei probleme date și reprezentarea complexității tuturor legăturilor lor. Dicționarul Business Dictionary oferă următoarea definiție pentru diagrama de relații: "Diagrama de relații este un instrument grafic utilizat în menținerea sub control a calității, pentru a prezenta relațiile logice și cauzale dintre factorii care produc variații."

Această tehnică poate fi utilizată, de exemplu, în analiza reclamațiilor clienților, a problemelor apărute în implementarea sistemului calității.

Exemplu de diagramă
[[File:Relations diagram.jpg|thumb|center|400px|O diagramă eșantion, pe tema emisiilor de CO2 (în paranteze)]]

Construirea unei diagrame de relații
În general, este util să se construiască o diagramă de relații atunci când:

 problema este admisă de participanți;
 problema este suficient de importantă și complexă;
 atrage după sine decizii critice.

Pentru construirea diagramei se parcurg următoarele etape:

 se descrie și se formalizează problema pe care o va explora diagrama de relații. Aceasta se scrie pe fișe autocolante care se plasează în partea superioară a suprafeței de lucru. Problema astfel formulată de grupul de participanți trebuie scrisă în centrul panoului de hârtie kraft și încercuită pentru a marca bine că este vorba de punctul de plecare al reflecției;
 identificarea cauzelor care fac ca problema respectivă să existe; fiecare dintre acestea poate fi efectul altor cauze; se stabilesc astfel legăturile "cauze-efect" principale; se trasează săgeți de la fiecare idee asupra problemei către cele pe care le cauzează sau le influențează;
 se identifică circuitele cauze-efecte care determină cu cea mai mare probabilitate, problema analizată;
 se numără săgețile de la și până la fiecare idee. Ideile de la care pornesc cele mai multe săgeți spre alte idei sunt idei de bază. Ideile care sunt desenate cu săgeți "de intrare" sunt efecte finale care ar putea fi critice de adresat.

Diagrama de relații poate fi utilizată individual, însă mai frecvent în grup de 4-5 persoane.

În concluzie, pornind de la o problemă identificată anterior, diagrama de relații permite unui grup de persoane să descopere, printr-un demers creativ și rațional, principalele cauze și interdependențele lor, care pot servi eventual ca date de intrare într-o activitate ulterioară, cum ar fi o diagramă arbore.

Note

 Vezi și
Sistem de management al calității

 Lectură suplimentară
Nancy R. Tague, The Quality Toolbox'',  Second Edition, 2013, ISBN 978-0-87389-871-3

Administrarea proiectelor
Calitate
Relații

Diagramă de relații


is a 1995 tactical role-playing game developed and published by Quest Corporation for the Super Famicom. It was later ported to the Sega Saturn (1996) and the PlayStation (1997), the latter released in North America in 1998 by Atlus USA. The second entry in the Ogre Battle series, the story takes place in the war-torn kingdom of Valeria, where protagonist Denim Powell works in a local resistance force against occupying powers, ending up caught in the ethnic conflicts driving the war. Battles are turn-based, taking place on grid-based maps from an overhead perspective with a focus on positioning and using character class abilities.

Production lasted two and a half years, with Ogre Battle creator Yasumi Matsuno acting as director, writer and lead designer. The storyline was inspired by conflicts in Europe and Asia, based heavily in personal and political drama over the fantasy-themed narrative of Ogre Battle: The March of the Black Queen. The gameplay, inspired by the video game Solstice, uses a chess-inspired combat system in contrast with the real-time battles of its predecessor. Hiroshi Minagawa was art director, while the characters were designed by Akihiko Yoshida. The music, composed by Hitoshi Sakimoto and Masaharu Iwata, used the narrative as inspiration and remains fondly remembered by the composers.

The Super Famicom release sold 500,000 units in Japan and met with positive reviews. Later ports also met with strong sales and reviews, with many praising its gameplay and narrative. The PlayStation version was met with criticism for technical issues. It has since been remembered as one of the best in its genre. Matsuno left Quest Corporation after completing Tactics Ogre, joining Square (later Square Enix) and developing Final Fantasy Tactics (1997) and other titles set within its universe of Ivalice. Quest developed further titles in the series before being absorbed by Square in 2003. A remake of the same name for the PlayStation Portable was released in 2010.

Gameplay

Tactics Ogre: Let Us Cling Together is a tactical role-playing game in which players take on the role of Denim Powell (renamable by the player), a soldier caught in the middle of a war in the nation of Valeria. The player moves between nodes on a worldmap, triggering story events followed by either a single battle or sequences of battles. Beginning the game, the player is asked to input the lead character's name, birthday, and answer a series of questions determining their alignment and statistics. Each movement on the world map equates to a single in-game day, which alters weather conditions. Prior to battles, the player can equip their preferred units with chosen weapons, armor, items and accessories. Also included is a training mode, where the player controls both sides of a battle and can raise unit strength. This mode allows for two-person multiplayer in the Super Famicom release.

The game uses a turn-based battle system dubbed the Non-Alternate Turn System. Battles and all actions within take place on a small map viewed from an overhead diagonal perspective, with spaces and level geography appearing as a square grid structure. The player team has a maximum of ten units on the field, and a maximum of thirty in their army. The enemy team and allied characters are controlled by the game's artificial intelligence. A unit has a set range of movement, and an attack range dictated by their position on the map. Turn order is dictated by a unit's Wait Turn (WT) points, which fluctuate depending on how many and what type of action is taken, with a unit's weight and agility statistic impacting how many WT are gained each turn. When an enemy is defeated, a tarot card can randomly drop, able to bestow a temporary boost to a character. After a stage's victory condition is met, units can raise their experience level during battle. If Denim is killed, the game ends and must be restarted from an earlier save point.

Units have a variety of commands including moving, attacking with either melee or ranged weapons, performing a spell if they are capable of magic once their magic has charged enough during battle, using an item, or performing a character-specific special move. An ability unique to the lead character is "Persuade", which has a chance of recruiting enemy units in battle. The terrain and weather conditions impact how a unit can move and act in each battle. Unit behavior is also influenced by their alignment to the story path, and their associated elemental affinity which impacts unit compatibility and can enhance attacks or other actions. An important feature is character classes with dedicated abilities, which can be evolved into more powerful classes through use in battle and transferred to compatible characters.

A key element to progress is branching story paths, labelled as "Law", "Neutral" and "Chaos", built around the lead character either accepting or rejecting the commands of authority figures. Some characters will also live or die depending on these choices, represented through dialogue options during cutscenes. The narrative's branches occur in its first three chapters, with events coming back together for the final chapter's events before playing out an ending based on earlier decisions. Up to eight different ending variations can be unlocked. Character biographies and events both from cutscenes and beyond the revealed storyline are detailed in a separate menu named the Warren Report after one of the game's characters.

Synopsis
Tactics Ogre takes place in Valeria, an archipelago united as a single kingdom under King Dolgare and worshipping a pantheon of six elemental gods, together with the Light Goddess Ishtar and the Chaos God Asmodeus. After Dolgare's apparent death with no direct heirs, the three primary ethnic groups of Valeria end up in a brief civil war, dividing into dedicated territories of varying sizes. The factions are Bacrum-Valeria, backed by the foreign nation of Lodis and ruled by its regent, Bishop Branta Mown; the Gargastan Kingdom led by Cardinal Barbatos; and the Walsta People led by Duke Ronway. After Gargastan gains the upper hand and declares itself ruler of Valeria, the neighbouring Walsta are subjected to persecution and restricted to a small island.

The story opens with a small Walsta resistance group−Denim Powell, his sister Kachua, and his childhood friend Vice Bozek−attack a group of roaming Zenobian mercenaries falsely believing their leader Lans Hamilton is the Black Knight Lans Tartare, a Lodis soldier who imprisoned Denim and Kachua's father Plancy in their childhood. The sympathetic Hamilton joins the group, bringing the old sage Warren, and Kachua vainly attempts to dissuade Denim from fighting. Denim's loyalty to the resistance is tested when Ronway orders the massacre of a town that refuses to join them, framing Gargastan for the crime. Whether Denim agrees or refuses the order, Vice disagrees and opposes him. If he rebels, Denim can later reconcile with Ronway or continue his own path. Following this Vice either becomes a fugitive for disagreeing with Denim's return, or secretly allies with Bacrum for his own ends as he serves Ronway.

Eventually finding Plancy dying from a terminal illness, Plancy tells Denim he is of the Mown family, and Kachua is Dolgare's illegitimate daughter, giving her a direct claim to Valeria's throne. By this point, the revelations regarding their bloodline and the constant danger for Denim strain his relationship with Kachua, leading her to briefly join Tartare's forces. If Denim does not comfort her, she commits suicide. Hamilton is captured and tortured by Tartare during this period, and while rescued Hamilton is left crippled and mentally traumatized. Gargastan is conquered and Barbatos dies either by suicide or execution. In all routes, Ronway's complicity in the massacre is revealed, leading to his assassination by his own people. Tartare's forces are defeated and Denim kills Branta Mown. Survivors of Tartare's Dark Knights use the stolen Zenobian sword Brunhild to break the seal on a portal leading to the realm of Asmodeus, attempting to use its power to repel Denim's forces but are instead killed.

It is revealed that Dolgare, overcome with despair over the death of his wife, made a pact with Asmodeus in an attempt to resurrect her and became an Ogre, one of humanity's ancient enemies. Dolgare attempts to return to reclaim Valeria, but Denim's forces defeat Dolgare and Warren sacrifices himself to seal the portal. Depending on Denim's actions and Kachua's fate, either Kachua is crowned queen and unites the groups in a time of peace, or Denim is crowned king and either sees Valeria conquered by Lodis or is assassinated during his inaugural speech by a Gargastan. Vice's fate varies depending on the route, either surviving as Kachua's ally, dying after killing Ronway, or being executed by Bacrum-Valeria to protect Branta Mown. In all endings, Hamilton is left in Valeria, his surviving forces return to Zenobia with Brunhild, and Tartare escapes back to Lodis.

Development

The production of Tactics Ogre began at series developer and publisher Quest Corporation following the unexpected commercial success of Ogre Battle: The March of the Black Queen upon its 1993 release. The concept for Tactics Ogre was in place by 1992, though Matsuno's team had begun work on an untitled 3D action title which was abandoned when Quest Corporation requested a sequel to Ogre Battle. Matsuno created a multi-page detailed proposal for the game, with it taking a few months to get the project started at Quest. During this period, frustration with Quest's corporate structure had convinced Matsuno to eventually leave, but he decided to complete Tactics Ogre. Matsuno acted as the game's director, designer and writer. Production, including later delays, lasted two and a half years, involving a team of fifteen to sixteen people.

Hiroshi Minagawa acted as art director, creating the sprites, effects and user interface, while Akihiko Yoshida created the new character designs and level backgrounds along with character portraits. The latter job was very difficult due to color limitations on the console. Minagawa used the character sprites from Ogre Battle as a base for the character animations. Yoshida's more realistic character designs following the "Disney-like" designs of Ogre Battle were Matsuno's choice and emerged naturally during production. Matsuno wanted Yoshida to base the character faces on notable actors of the time, such as requesting Hamilton be based on Kevin Costner from The Untouchables. Yoshida ignored the instructions and created original designs, which Matsuno eventually accepted. Memory limitations were a constant issue, with walking and running animations being the only ones that could be on-screen at all times.

The switch from real-time to turn-based tactics was born from Matsuno's boredom with the first game's systems, a situation he compared to the differing paces and audiences for Alien and Aliens. He also wanted to fill a gap in the gaming landscape, creating a more approachable alternative to the notoriously difficult Fire Emblem series. The quarter-view perspective was directly inspired by Solstice, a game Minagawa enjoyed. Minagawa created a prototype design which he showed Matsuno, which formed the technical foundation for Tactics Ogre. The 3D-style levels were created using the custom-built Hermit technology, which could create large-scale levels based on positional data using a small amount of system memory. This allowed for more detailed graphic elements and for the time complex character animations. The battle system was inspired by chess. The magic system, which started with an empty magic meter that charged over time, was chosen to represent the great power of magic in the game's world.

Scenario
While Ogre Battle is a broad tale focused on a high fantasy battle between good and evil, Matsuno disliked the result. He wrote Tactics Ogre as a complex dark fantasy political tale focusing less on supernatural elements. He wanted people to be immersed in a foreign setting, basing the world's history on the Middle Ages and its population and society on the Roman Empire. To help with creating the background, Matsuno bought a book on world mythology. Inspired by the acceptance of involved storylines with the Final Fantasy series, Matsuno decided to create a "thoroughly written scenario". The initial pitch included the first chapter's narrative split, a conversation scene between Hamilton and Tartare, and Hamilton's fate. The scene between Hamilton and Tartare was written to convey the game's narrative themes of asking the meaning of justice and the reason people fight. Story, system and tutorial text totalled 300,000 characters, the memory for which had been set aside at the start of production with a large scenario in mind. The limitations of the Super Famicom led Matsuno to stage the narrative scenes like a theatrical play.

Tactics Ogre was designed as the seventh chapter of a larger narrative dubbed the "Ogre Battle Saga". While March of the Black Queen was the fifth chapter, Matsuno felt the gameplay of Tactics Ogre was a poor fit for the sixth chapter which would have directly continued the first game's narrative. Tactics Ogre runs parallel to the planned events of the sixth chapter. When it was decided to use the same world, characters from Ogre Battle such as Hamilton were incorporated into the narrative. The narrative was influenced by a number of real-life conflicts and war crimes, including territorial clashes in Syria, Azerbaijan and Armenia, the Yugoslav Wars, and the Rwandan genocide. The portrayal of ethnic conflict was fairly rare in Japanese games of the time. He was also inspired by major events of his life in Europe including the fall of the Berlin Wall, which were beginning to see regular broadcast on Japanese television. Rather than focusing only on ethnicity, Matsuno wrote the scenario to show how a conflict based on any differences between groups could be resolved. The implementation of multiple story routes was inspired by sound novels and gamebooks of the time.

The originally-planned protagonist was Hamilton, but after Matsuno created the character of Denim he focused the story around him. Denim's and Vice's names were respectively inspired by the material denim and the clothing brand Levi's, connecting to their origin in the world's lower social ranks. Following this logic, Kachua was not given a similar name, denoting her higher social status. Kachua's emotional instability and obsession with Denim was designed to contrast starkly against many fantasy heroines of the time, being compared to the later-common "tsundere" and "yandere" anime archetypes. Matsuno found idealized heroines boring due to overuse in media, wanting a more complex female lead. The Zenobian mercenaries were featured as they were early characters in Ogre Battle and players would empathise with them. During their inclusion, Matsuno made character adjustments, particularly to the character Canopus so he would appear as a big brother figure. While originally considering the Chaos route to be the canon series of events, he later summarized the endings as alternate coexisting timelines with no "correct" choice. Matsuno originally planned for more divergence in the story paths, but memory limitations meant these and other systems relating to unit loyalty were trimmed down. The variations in Denim's endings as Valeria's king were dictated by a hidden algorithm of how the different factions viewed Denim, a version of Ogre Battles Chaos Frame. A cheat was included in the final game to show it through the Warren Report screen, but Matsuno lost the memo describing it and was only found by fans in 2014 through data mining.

Music
The music was composed by Hitoshi Sakimoto and Masaharu Iwata, who had previously worked on the first Ogre Battle. While the music of Ogre Battle had been lighter to match its narrative tone, the music for Tactics Ogre adopted a darker and more dramatic style. It was Sakimoto's first time creating orchestra-style music, learning to create equivalent sounds to a live orchestra using synthesizers. Tactics Ogre required a lot more work from Sakimoto than Ogre Battle, and he remembered putting all his heart into the compositions. Iwata described his work on the Ogre Battle series overall as a chance to change his musical style, citing Tactics Ogre as his favorite from the period.

A soundtrack album, featuring the original sound tracks on the first disc and in-game midi versions on the other two discs, was published by Datam Polystar on October 25, 1995. Tracks from Tactics Ogre were featured in the compilation album Ogre: Grand Repeat, published by Datam Polystar on October 25, 1996.

Release
Tactics Ogre was released in Japan on October 6, 1995, eighteen months after its initial announcement due to Matsuno wanting further polish in the character animations. The game's subtitle was inspired by the song of the same name by British rock band Queen. Minagawa later said that Matsuno's love of Queen and sadness at the death of Freddie Mercury led to numerous Queen references in the game. A demo was broadcast shortly before release on the Super Famicom's Satellaview peripheral. The game was also distributed through the Nintendo Power flash cartridge. It was compatible with ASCII Corporation's Turbo File, allowing save data transfer between systems. This version was re-released in Japan for Virtual Console on the Wii U on January 30, 2009. A Virtual Console version for New Nintendo 3DS was released on November 21, 2016.

It was ported to and published on the Sega Saturn by Riverhillsoft on December 13, 1996. The port was produced by Junji Shigematsu, who also supervised the porting of the original Ogre Battle to the platform. A priority was ensuring the game ran with minimal lag, which was a potential issue caused by the new CD storage. The Saturn release included voices for selected story sequences from a cast of seventeen actors. Among them were Nozomu Sasaki (Denim), Yumi Tōma (Kachua) and Toshihiko Seki (Vice). The voice work was managed by Kazuhiko Inoue. Further unique music was also created for the different endings. Promotional items were made available on the game's release, such as metal figures of some key characters, as well as stickers for the Sega Saturn Backup Memory cartridge.

A PlayStation port was developed by Kuusou Kagaku and published by Artdink on September 25, 1997. Artdink reissued this version in Japan on December 2, 2000. Atlus USA published the PlayStation version for North America, riding on the commercial success of the PlayStation version of the original Ogre Battle. It was released in North America in the first week of May 1998, dropping the original subtitle. The localization had been completed earlier than this, but Atlus chose to delay the release both to minimize competition with Final Fantasy Tactics, and to target players which Final Fantasy Tactics would introduce to the genre. The localization was impacted due to strict word limitations on the old hardware. This version was never released in Europe.

Multiple guidebooks were published in Japan for the various versions of Tactics Ogre. The Super Famicom guides were published by Aspect Co. and Shueisha, the Saturn guide by Shufunotomo, and the PlayStation guides were published by Zest. A downloadable art collection was published for Microsoft Windows and Macintosh by Quest parent company Bothtec. It was also adapted into a manga series published by Enix, a gag comic anthology published by Studio DNA, and a further anthology published by Enix with a cover illustration by Akihiro Yamada. The Super Famicom original was never released outside Japan, a fact attributed to the console's waning lifespan, its complexity in narrative and mechanics, and a lack of interest from Western players. A fan translation of the Super Famicom version, which transcribed the PlayStation script using a patch, was released by translation group Aeon Genesis on April 25, 2010. A fan translation of the Saturn version, which transcribed the PlayStation Portable script, was released on February 27, 2023.

Reception

The Super Famicom release has sold over 500,000 copies in Japan. The Saturn version had sold over 70,000 units by February 1997, making it one of the console's best sellers at the time. During its release month, Western PlayStation release ranked ninth in EB Games PlayStation sales charts. Japanese gaming magazine Famitsu gave the game a Gold Award as part of its review. Review aggregate website GameRankings gave the PlayStation release a score of just over 81%, based on six reviews.

Famitsu praised the implementation of the narrative into the gameplay. Electronic Gaming Monthly praised the narrative as easy to follow compared to Final Fantasy Tactics and noted its multiple endings, while a retrospective review from Nintendo Lifes Gonçalo Lopes praised the story as "anything but [cliche]". Bryan Boulette of RPGamer gave extensive praise to the narrative, citing it as one of the best stories within the medium. Jeremy Tan of RPGFan was also fairly positive about the narrative due to its tone and variation, and magazine PlayStation Extreme lauded it as better than that of Tactics.

The Famitsu reviewers praised the gameplay in general, but some faulted its high difficulty causing the training area to become almost mandatory. Electronic Gaming Monthly praised it as a solid and enjoyable gameplay experience. GamePro praised its gameplay as more diverse, comparing it to the more complex but narrower gameplay approach of Final Fantasy Tactics. Peter Bartholow of GameSpot lauded the gameplay as enjoyable, noting its long playtime for each of its story routes. Game Informer praised the amount of randomness in gameplay created by its narrative branches and questions during the opening section, in addition to the amount of options for unit customization. Lopes gave praise to the gameplay despite its age on the original hardware, Tan noted and enjoyed the simplicity of its unit customization compared to other titles including Tactics, while PlayStation Extreme enjoyed the gameplay's approach to combat despite noting a lack of pacing and some repetition later in the game. French magazine Joypad noted that the game would give players hours of enjoyment due its complexity and length.

The graphics were praised in general by both Famitsu and GamePro, though the latter faulted the sound effects for their minimal use. Lopes also noted the small usage of sound effects, but praised the graphics and art direction. These sentiments were echoed by Electronic Gaming Monthly and Tan, who additionally praised its musical score. Game Informer also noted a lack of graphical power compared to Tactics. Bartholow was fairly negative about the graphics, finding them dated compared to other titles on the platform. PlayStation Extreme was fairly mixed on the audio and graphics due to their age and origins on the Super Famicom. Joypad negatively noted the lack of extras and language options.

Both Nintendo Life and RPGamer gave different versions of the Super Famicom original perfect scores. Both Famitsu and Japanese publication Sega Saturn Magazine praised the Saturn version, noting the inclusion of voice acting. Famitsus review of the PlayStation port praised it as a faithful adaptation of the Super Famicom original. The PlayStation version was faulted by Western reviewers for technical issues including frame rate drops, loading times and bugs.

The Super Famicom version was awarded Best Import Strategy Game of 1995 by gaming magazine GameFan. In March 2006, the Japanese Famitsu magazine readers voted on their 100 all-time favorite games, and Tactics Ogre was named number seven. In 2017, IGN placed Tactics Ogre as the 20th best RPG of all time, citing the mature themes, and multiple story paths and endings. In 2019, Famitsu conducted a poll of over 7000 readers to determine the best games of the Heisei era (1989-2019), with Tactics Ogre placing 15th. In a retrospective of tactical RPGs for the PlayStation, 1Up.com ranked Tactics Ogre as one of the best available at the time. A later retrospective of the game from the same website praised it as an innovator in the genre for its narrative and gameplay, but let down by a lack of accessibility outside Japan aside from the PlayStation port. Kat Bailey of USgamer praised its innovations for the time and mature storytelling compared to many other titles both in the genre and in general gaming. Kimberley Wallace of Game Informer ranked it among the top ten best tactical RPGs, referencing its PlayStation Portable remake as an accessible means of enjoying the game.

Legacy

Matsuno left Quest in 1995 once Tactics Ogre was completed, eventually joining Square (later Square Enix). Together with a number of Tactics Ogre staff members who followed him, he developed Final Fantasy Tactics (1997) for the PlayStation. Final Fantasy Tactics proved a success, and Matsuno went on to create multiple titles set within its fictional universe of Ivalice including Vagrant Story (2000) and Final Fantasy XII (2007). The latter would be his final project for Square Enix, as he departed the company in 2005 citing ill health, though he would return in later years to collaborate with Square Enix on a freelance basis. Banri Oda, a lead scenario writer for Final Fantasy XIV, cited Tactics Ogre as a direct influence on his storytelling for the expansion Shadowbringers.

While he left Quest after completing Tactics Ogre, Matsuno had been planning a third Ogre Battle title which would blend gameplay elements from the first Ogre Battle and Tactics Ogre into a mainstream experience. Quest continued production of the Ogre Battle series until 2003, when they were absorbed by Square following the completion and release of Tactics Ogre: The Knight of Lodis, a spin-off prequel to Tactics Ogre, going on to develop titles in the Final Fantasy Tactics subseries. Minagawa would reassemble most of the original staff, including Matsuno, for a PlayStation Portable remake of Tactics Ogre, released in 2010 in Japan and 2011 in the West. Released under its original title in the West and with the subtitle Wheel of Fortune in Japan, it received an expanded narrative, redesigned gameplay, artistic changes, graphical upgrades, and a new localization. Tactics Ogre came to PC, Playstation 4 & 5 as well as Nintendo Switch on November 11, 2022 when an updated version of the remake was released as Tactics Ogre Reborn.

Notes

References

External links
  (archived 1998)

1995 video games
Artdink games
Atlus games
Multiplayer and single-player video games
Ogre Battle
PlayStation (console) games
PlayStation Portable games
Sega Saturn games
Super Nintendo Entertainment System games
Tactical role-playing video games
Video games about revenge
Video games developed in Japan
Video games scored by Hitoshi Sakimoto
Video games scored by Masaharu Iwata
Video games with isometric graphics
Virtual Console games for Nintendo 3DS
Virtual Console games for Wii U
Virtual Console games for Wii
Riverhillsoft games

Tactics Ogre: Let Us Cling Together (1995 video game)


El Consejo de Ministros de Honduras de 1883 fue el encargado de gestionar la administración de la república de Honduras, el primero entre 9 de mayo al 19 de septiembre de 1883.

El presidente en funciones Doctor Marco Aurelio Soto, solicita permiso para retirarse de la administración del estado con el objeto de realizar un viaje a California, dejando en su defecto a los ministros siguientes:
 Ministro General Enrique Gutiérrez Lozano, Partido Liberal,
 Ministro General Luis Bográn Barahona, (1849-1895), Partido Liberal, y
 Ministro General Rafael Ciriaco Alvarado Manzano, (1836-1923), Partido Liberal.

El segundo consejo de ministros de ese mismo año, cubrió la administración del país entre el 19 de octubre al 30 de noviembre de 1883, debido a la renuncia de fecha 27 de agosto presentada por el entonces presidente Doctor Marco Aurelio Soto, dicha nota fuese aceptada el 10 de octubre y se designó a los siguientes ministros, que cubrieren la administración, mientras se celebraban elecciones presidenciales.
 Ministro General Luis Bográn Barahona (1849-1895), Partido Liberal, y
 Ministro General Rafael Ciriaco Alvarado Manzano (1836-1923), Partido Liberal.

El Doctor y general Luis Bográn Barahona fue elegido por la Asamblea Legislativa como ganador en las elecciones para presidente constitucional, tomando el cargo el 30 de noviembre.

Referencias

Consejo de Ministros de Honduras
Gobernantes de Honduras
Ministros de Honduras


عصارة الليمون هي أداة مطبخ صغيرة مُصممة لاستخلاص العصير من الليمون أو أي فواكه حمضية كالبرتقال والكريب فروت، وهي مُصممة لفصل القشر وعصر لب الفاكهة بشكل يُسهل عملها وتُصنع من أي مادة كالبلاستيك أو الزجاج أو الألمنيوم أو السيراميك.

أقدم عصارة ليمون وجدت في تركيا وتعود للقرن ال18.

هناك عدة أنواع من العصارات:
 العصارات اليدوية: هي العصارات التي تقوم باستخدام اليد سواء كان الجهاز كهربائي أو ليس كهربائي يجب عليك الضغط على الليمون أو البرتقال بيدك.
 العصارات الكهربائية: هي العصارات التي تقوم بعملية العصر والتفريق بين سائل العصير والبقايا، حيث لكل منهم لديك مخرج خاص به. وهي تمتاز بالسرعة في العصر وتعمل على تحصيل أقصى كمية ممكنة من العصير.

مراجع

أجهزة تحضير الطعام
أدوات الطعام
ليمون

عصارة الليمون


Villeneuve, LaVilleneuve or deVilleneuve may refer to:

People
 Villeneuve (surname)

Places

Australia
 Villeneuve, Queensland, a town in the Somerset Region

Canada
 Circuit Gilles Villeneuve, a Formula One racetrack in Montréal
 Villeneuve (electoral district), a former federal electoral district
 Villeneuve, Alberta
 Villeneuve Road

France

 Villeneuve, Ain, in the Ain département
 Villeneuve, Alpes-de-Haute-Provence, in the  Alpes-de-Haute-Provence département
 Villeneuve, Ariège, in the Ariège département
 Villeneuve, Aveyron, in the Aveyron département
 Villeneuve, Gironde, in the Gironde département
 Villeneuve, Puy-de-Dôme, in the Puy-de-Dôme département
 Villeneuve-au-Chemin, in the Aube département
 Villeneuve-d'Allier, in the Haute-Loire département
 Villeneuve-d'Amont, in the Doubs département
 Villeneuve-d'Ascq, in the Nord département
 Villeneuve-d'Aval, in the Jura département
 Villeneuve-de-Berg, in the Ardeche département
 Villeneuve-de-Duras, in the Lot-et-Garonne département
 Villeneuve-de-la-Raho, in the Pyrénées-Orientales département
 Villeneuve-de-Marc, in the Isère département
 Villeneuve-de-Marsan, in the Landes département
 Villeneuve-d'Entraunes, in the Alpes-Maritimes département
 Villeneuve-de-Rivière, in the Haute-Garonne  département
 Villeneuve-d'Olmes, in the Ariège département
 Villeneuve-du-Latou, in the Ariège département
 Villeneuve-du-Paréage, in the Ariège département
 Villeneuve-en-Montagne, in the Saône-et-Loire département
 Villeneuve-Frouville, in the Loir-et-Cher département
 Villeneuve-la-Comptal, in the Aude département
 Villeneuve-la-Comtesse, in the Charente-Maritime département
 Villeneuve-la-Dondagre, in the Yonne département
 Villeneuve-la-Garenne, in the Hauts-de-Seine département
 Villeneuve-la-Guyard, in the Yonne département
 Villeneuve-la-Lionne, in the Marne département
 Villeneuve-l'Archevêque, in the Yonne département
 Villeneuve-la-Rivière, in the Pyrénées-Orientales département
 Villeneuve-le-Comte, in the Seine-et-Marne département
 Villeneuve-Lécussan, in the Haute-Garonne département
 Villeneuve-le-Roi, in the Val-de-Marne département
 Villeneuve-lès-Avignon, in the Gard département
 Villeneuve-lès-Béziers, in the Hérault département
 Villeneuve-les-Bordes, in the Seine-et-Marne département
 Villeneuve-lès-Bouloc, in the Haute-Garonne département
 Villeneuve-les-Cerfs, in the Puy-de-Dôme département
 Villeneuve-lès-Charnod, in the Jura département
 Villeneuve-les-Corbières, in the Aude département
 Villeneuve-les-Genêts, in the Yonne département
 Villeneuve-lès-Lavaur, in the Tarn département
 Villeneuve-lès-Maguelone, in the Hérault département
 Villeneuve-lès-Montréal, in the Aude département
 Villeneuve-les-Sablons, in the Oise département
 Villeneuve-Loubet, in the Alpes-Maritimes département
 Villeneuve-Minervois, in the Aude département
 Villeneuve-Renneville-Chevigny, in the Marne département
 Villeneuve-Saint-Denis, in the Seine-et-Marne département
 Villeneuve-Saint-Georges, in the Val-de-Marne département
 Villeneuve-Saint-Germain, in the Aisne département
 Villeneuve-Saint-Nicolas, in the Eure-et-Loir département
 Villeneuve-Saint-Salves, in the Yonne département
 Villeneuve-Saint-Vistre-et-Villevotte, in the Marne département
 Villeneuve-sous-Charigny, in the Côte-d'Or département
 Villeneuve-sous-Dammartin, in the Seine-et-Marne département
 Villeneuve-sous-Pymont, in the Jura (département)|Jura département
 Villeneuve-sur-Allier, in the Allier département
 Villeneuve-sur-Auvers, in the Essonne département
 Villeneuve-sur-Bellot, in the Seine-et-Marne département
 Villeneuve-sur-Cher, in the Cher département
 Villeneuve-sur-Conie, in the Loiret département
 Villeneuve-sur-Fère, in the Aisne département
 Villeneuve-sur-Lot, in the Lot-et-Garonne département
 Villeneuve-sur-Verberie, in the Oise département
 Villeneuve-sur-Vère, in the Tarn département
 Villeneuve-sur-Yonne, in the Yonne département
 Villeneuve-Tolosane, in the Haute-Garonne département
 La Villeneuve, Creuse, in the Creuse département
 La Villeneuve, Saône-et-Loire, in the Saône-et-Loire département
 La Villeneuve-au-Châtelot, in the Aube département
 La Villeneuve-au-Chêne, in the Aube département
 La Villeneuve-Bellenoye-et-la-Maize, in the  Haute-Saône département
 La Villeneuve-en-Chevrie, in the Yvelines département
 La Villeneuve-lès-Charleville, in the Marne département
 La Villeneuve-les-Convers, in the Côte-d'Or département
 La Villeneuve-sous-Thury, in the Oise département
 Lavilleneuve in the Haute-Marne département
 Lavilleneuve-aux-Fresnes in the Haute-Marne département
 Lavilleneuve-au-Roi in the Haute-Marne département

Italy
 Villeneuve, Aosta Valley

Switzerland
 Villeneuve, Fribourg
 Villeneuve, Vaud

Other uses
 Villeneuve-les-Vertus Aerodrome, a WWI airfield near Vertus, Marne, France

See also
 Villenave
 Villanova (disambiguation)
 Villanueva (disambiguation)
 Hiriberri/Villanueva de Aezkoa

Villeneuve


Four's a Crowd  é um filme estadunidense de 1938, do gênero comédia romântica, dirigido por Michael Curtiz, e estrelado por Errol Flynn, Olivia de Havilland, Rosalind Russell e Patric Knowles. O roteiro foi escrito por Casey Robinson e Sig Herzig a partir de uma história de Wallace Sullivan.

Este foi o quarto dos oito filmes que de Havilland e Flynn co-estrelaram juntos.

Sinopse
A repórter Jean Christy (Rosalind Russell) trabalha para um jornal e corre o risco de ser demitida por seu jovem chefe, Pat Buckley (Patric Knowles), depois que Buckley se desentende com seu editor-chefe, Robert Lansford (Errol Flynn). Enquanto isso, Lansford espera ganhar o negócio do magnata John Dillingwell (Walter Connolly) para sua empresa de relações públicas, e usa seu cargo no jornal de Buckley para conseguir angariar uma boa imprensa para Dillingwell. No processo, ele descobre que a neta de Dillingwell, Lorri (Olivia de Havilland), é a noiva de Buckley. Lansford decide tentar conquistar Lorri, enquanto Christy decide tentar conquistar Buckley.

Elenco
 Errol Flynn como Robert "Bob" Kensington Lansford
 Olivia de Havilland como Lorri Dillingwell
 Rosalind Russell como Jean Christy
 Patric Knowles como Patterson "Pat" Buckley
 Walter Connolly como John P. Dillingwell
 Hugh Herbert como Silas Jenkins
 Melville Cooper como Bingham, o mordomo de Dillingwell
 Franklin Pangborn como Preston
 Herman Bing como Herman, o barbeiro
 Margaret Hamilton como Amy, a governanta de Dillingwell
 Joseph Crehan como Mordomo Pierce
 Joe Cunningham como Ed Young
 Gloria Blondell como Gertrude, primeira secretária de Lansford
 Carole Landis como Myrtle, segunda secretária de Lansford

Produção
O título de produção do filme foi "All Rights Reserved", e foi supostamente baseado na carreira do notável homem de relações públicas Ivy Ledbetter Lee, que trabalhou para a família Rockefeller. O título do filme foi alterado para "Four's a Crowd" em fevereiro de 1938.

A Warner Bros. conseguiu escalar Rosalind Russell, que foi emprestada pela Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer para o filme. William Dieterle foi originalmente escalado para dirigir o filme. Edmund Goulding recusou assumir a direção, então Michael Curtiz foi designado para a função. Embora a fotografia principal tenha passado 12 dias do tempo previsto, Curtiz ainda conseguiu economizar US$ 12.000 do orçamento.

No final do filme, Flynn e de Havilland, normalmente o casal feliz no encerramento de qualquer filme em que estejam juntos, começam a se beijar apaixonadamente, apenas para ouvir protestos de Russell e Knowles, com cujos personagens eles estão envolvidos. Os casais trocam de lugar, com de Havilland dizendo: "Tchau, Errol".

Lançamento
Com o sucesso de "The Adventures of Robin Hood", Errol Flynn estava preocupado em ser rotulado apenas como um espadachim, e convenceu a Warner Bros. a escalá-lo para outros tipos de filmes, especificamente comédias malucas. No entanto, "Four's a Crowd" não foi um sucesso de bilheteria, o que fez com que a Warner Bros. mantivesse Flynn em papéis de ação.

Ligações externas
 Four's a Crowd no Virtual History

Filmes dos Estados Unidos de 1938
Filmes dirigidos por Michael Curtiz
Filmes com trilha sonora de Ray Heindorf
Filmes com trilha sonora de Heinz Roemheld
Filmes de comédia romântica dos Estados Unidos
Filmes de comédia romântica da década de 1930
Filmes em preto e branco
Filmes em língua inglesa
Filmes da Warner Bros.

Four's a Crowd


The Black Obelisk of Shalmaneser III is a black limestone Neo-Assyrian sculpture with many scenes in bas-relief and inscriptions. It comes from Nimrud (ancient Kalhu), in northern Iraq, and commemorates the deeds of King Shalmaneser III (reigned 858–824 BC). It is on display at the British Museum in London, and several other museums have cast replicas.

It is one of two complete Neo-Assyrian obelisks yet discovered, the other one being the much earlier White Obelisk of Ashurnasirpal I, and is historically significant because it is thought to display the earliest ancient depiction of a biblical figure – Jehu, King of Israel. The traditional identification of "Yaw" as Jehu has been questioned by some scholars, who proposed that the inscription refers to another king, Jehoram of Israel. Its reference to Parsua is also the first known reference to the Persians.

Tribute offerings are shown being brought from identifiable regions and peoples. It was erected as a public monument in 825 BC at a time of civil war, in the central square of Nimrud. It was discovered by archaeologist Sir Austen Henry Layard in 1846 and is now in the British Museum.

Description
It features twenty relief scenes, five on each side. They depict five different subdued kings, bringing tribute and prostrating before the Neo-Assyrian king. From top to bottom they are: (1) Sua of Gilzanu (in north-west Iran), (2) "Yaua of Bit Omri" (Jehu of the House of Omri), (3) an unnamed ruler of Musri (in northern Iraq, (4) Marduk-apil-usur of Suhi (middle Euphrates), and (5) Qalparunda of Patin (Antakya region of Turkey). Each scene occupies four panels around the monument and is described by a cuneiform script above them.

On the top and the bottom of the reliefs there is a long cuneiform inscription recording the annals of Shalmaneser III. It lists the military campaigns which the king and his commander-in-chief headed every year, until the thirty-first year of reign. Some features might suggest that the work had been commissioned by the commander-in-chief, Dayyan-Assur.

Second register

The second register from the top is thought to include the earliest surviving picture of a biblical figure. The name appears as mIa-ú-a mar mHu-um-ri-i. Rawlinson's original translation in 1850 seminal work "On the Inscriptions of Assyria and Babylonia" stated: "The second line of offerings are said to have been sent by Yahua, son of Hubiri, a prince of whom there is no mention in the annals, and of whose native country, therefore, I am ignorant" Over a year later, a connection with the bible was made by Reverend Edward Hincks, who wrote in his diary on 21 August 1851: "Thought of an identification of one of the obelisk captives — with Jehu, king of Israel, and satisfying myself on the point wrote a letter to the Athenaeum announcing it". Hincks' letter was published by Athenaeum on the same day, entitled "Nimrud Obelisk". Hincks' identification is now the commonly held position by biblical archaeologists.

The identification of "Yahua" as Jehu was questioned by contemporary scholars such as George Smith as well as in more recent times by P. Kyle McCarter and Edwin R. Thiele, based on the fact that Jehu was not an Omride, as well as transliteration and chronology issues. However, the name read as "Yaw, son of Omri (Bit-Khumri", see House of Omri), is generally accepted to follow Hincks as the Biblical Jehu, king of Israel.

The stele describes how Jehu brought or sent his tribute in or around 841 BC. The caption above the scene, written in Assyrian cuneiform, can be translated:

"I received the tribute of Iaua (Jehu) son of (the people of the land of) Omri (): silver, gold, a golden bowl, a golden vase with pointed bottom, golden tumblers, golden buckets, tin, a staff for a king [and] spears."

Casts and replicas
Replicas can be found at the Oriental Institute in Chicago, Illinois; Harvard's Museum of the Ancient Near East in Cambridge, Massachusetts; the ICOR Library in the Semitic Department at The Catholic University of America in Washington, D.C.; Corban University's Prewitt–Allen Archaeological Museum in Salem, Oregon; the Siegfried H. Horn Museum at Andrews University in Berrien Springs, MI; Kelso Museum of Near Eastern Archaeology in Pittsburgh, PA;  Canterbury Museum in Christchurch, New Zealand; the Museum of Ancient Art at Aarhaus University in Denmark, and in the library of the Theological University of the Reformed Churches in Kampen, the Netherlands.

See also
Kurkh Monoliths
List of artifacts significant to the Bible

References

External links

British Museum page on the Black Obelisk
Photo; Article
Photo; Article
Jehu Panel; Article
Photos of the four panels of the Black Obelisk dealing with Jehu and his tribute

9th-century BC steles
1846 archaeological discoveries
Assyrian art and architecture
Ancient obelisks
Victory steles
Middle Eastern sculptures in the British Museum
Sculpture of the Ancient Near East
Nimrud
Kingdom of Israel (Samaria)
Omrides
Assyrian inscriptions
Archaeological discoveries in Iraq

Black Obelisk of Shalmaneser III