An attack helicopter is an armed helicopter with the primary role of an attack aircraft, with the offensive capability of engaging ground targets such as enemy infantry, military vehicles and fortifications.  Due to their heavy armament they are sometimes called helicopter gunships.

Attack helicopters can use weapons including autocannons, machine guns, rockets, and anti-tank missiles such as the AGM-114 Hellfire.  Some attack helicopters are also capable of carrying air-to-air missiles, though mostly for purposes of self-defense against other helicopters and low-flying light combat aircraft.

A modern attack helicopter has two primary roles: first, to provide direct and accurate close air support for ground troops; and second, the anti-tank role to destroy grouped enemy armor.  Attack helicopters are also used as protective escort for transport helicopters, or to supplement lighter helicopters in the armed reconnaissance roles.  In combat, an attack helicopter is projected to destroy targets worth around 17 times its own production cost before being destroyed.

Development

Background
Low-speed, fixed wing Allied aircraft like the Soviet Polikarpov Po-2 training and utility biplane had been used as early as 1942 to provide night harassment attack capability against the Wehrmacht Heer on the Eastern Front, most effectively in the Battle of the Caucasus as exemplified by the Night Witches all-female Soviet air unit. Following Operation Overlord in 1944, the military version of the similarly slow-flying Piper J-3 Cub high-wing civilian monoplane, the L-4 Grasshopper, begun to be used in a light anti-armor role by a few U.S. Army artillery spotter units over France; these aircraft were field-outfitted with either two or four bazooka rocket launchers attached to the lift struts, against German armored fighting vehicles. During the summer of 1944, U.S. Army Major Charles Carpenter managed to successfully take on an anti-armor role with his rocket-armed Piper L-4. His L-4, bearing US Army serial number 43-30426 and named Rosie the Rocketer, armed with six bazookas, had a notable anti-armor success during an engagement during the Battle of Arracourt on September 20, 1944, employing top attack tactics in knocking out at least four German armored vehicles, as a pioneering example of taking on heavy enemy armor from a slow-flying aircraft.

The Germans were also engaged in such ad hoc low-speed light aircraft platforms for ground attack very late in the war, with one subtype of the Bücker Bestmann trainer—the Bü 181C-3—armed with four Panzerfaust 100 anti-tank grenade launchers, two under each of the low-winged monoplane's wing panels, for the concluding two months of the war in Europe. This sort of role, being undertaken by low-speed fixed-wing light aircraft was something that was also likely to be achievable after World War II, from the increasing numbers of post-war military helicopter designs.  The only American helicopter in use during the war years, the Sikorsky R-4, was only being used for rescue and were still very much experimental in nature.

In the early 1950s, various countries around the world started to make increased use of helicopters in their operations in transport and liaison roles. Later on it was realised that these helicopters, successors to the World War II-era Sikorsky R-4, could be armed with weapons in order to provide them with limited combat capability. Early examples include armed Sikorsky H-34s in service with the US Air Force and armed Mil Mi-4 in service with the Soviet Air Forces. This "experimental" trend towards the development of dedicated attack helicopters continued into the 1960s with the deployment of armed Bell UH-1s and Mil Mi-8s during the Vietnam War, to this day the pair of most produced helicopter designs in aviation history. These helicopters proved to be moderately successful in these configurations, but due to a lack of armor protection and speed, they were ultimately ineffective platforms for mounting weapons in higher-threat ground combat environments.

Since the 1960s, various countries around the world started to design and develop various types of helicopters with the purpose of providing a heavily armed and protected aerial vehicle that can perform a variety of combat roles, from reconnaissance to aerial assault missions. By the 1990s, the missile-armed attack helicopter evolved into a primary anti-tank weapon. Able to quickly move about the battlefield and launch fleeting "pop-up attacks", helicopters presented a major threat even with the presence of organic air defenses. The helicopter gunship became a major tool against tank warfare, and most attack helicopters became more and more optimized for the antitank mission.

United States

Amid the opening months of the Korean War era, during August 1950, a joint US Navy and Marine Corps test used a newly acquired Bell HTL-4 helicopter to test if a bazooka could be fired from a helicopter in flight. One of the larger 3.5 inch (90mm calibre) models of the bazooka was chosen, and was mounted ahead and to the right of the helicopter to allow the door to remain clear. The bazooka was successfully tested, although it was discovered that it would require shielding for the engine compartment, which was exposed in the model 47 and other early helicopters. The helicopter itself belonged to HMX-1, a Marine experimental helicopter squadron.

In the mid-1960s, the U.S. Army concluded that a purpose-built attack helicopter with more speed and firepower than current armed helicopters was required in the face of increasingly intense ground fire (often using heavy machine guns and anti-tank rockets) from Viet Cong and NVA troops. Based on this realization, and with the growing involvement in Vietnam, the U.S. Army developed the requirements for a dedicated attack helicopter, the Advanced Aerial Fire Support System (AAFSS). The aircraft design selected for this program in 1965, was Lockheed's AH-56 Cheyenne.

As the Army began its acquisition of a dedicated attack helicopter, it sought options to improve performance over the continued use of improvised interim aircraft (such as the UH-1B/C). In late 1965, a panel of high-level officers was selected to evaluate several prototype versions of armed and attack helicopters to determine which provided the most significant increase in capability to the UH-1B. The three highest-ranked aircraft, the Sikorsky S-61, Kaman H-2 "Tomahawk", and the Bell AH-1 Cobra, were selected to compete in flight trials conducted by the Army's Aviation Test Activity. Upon completion of the flight evaluations, the Test Activity recommended Bell's Huey Cobra to be an interim armed helicopter until the Cheyenne was fielded. On 13 April 1966, the U.S. Army awarded Bell Helicopter Company a production contract for 110 AH-1G Cobras. The Cobra had a tandem cockpit seating arrangement (vs UH-1 side-by-side) to make the aircraft a smaller frontal target, increased armor protection, and greater speed.

In 1967, the first AH-1Gs were deployed to Vietnam, around the same time that the Cheyenne successfully completed its first flight and initial flight evaluations. And while the Cheyenne program suffered setbacks over the next few years due to technical problems, the Cobra was establishing itself as an effective aerial weapons platform, despite its performance shortcomings compared to the AH-56 and design issues of its own. By 1972, when the Cheyenne program was eventually cancelled to make way for the Advanced Attack Helicopter (AAH), the interim AH-1 "Snake" had built a solid reputation as an attack helicopter. In June 1972 the USMC began deploying AH-1J SeaCobra Attack Helicopters for combat operations in South Vietnam.

During the late 1970s, the U.S. Army saw the need of more sophistication within the attack helicopter corps, allowing them to operate in all weather conditions. With that the Advanced Attack Helicopter program was started. From this program the Hughes YAH-64 came out as the winner. The prototype YAH-64 was first flown on 30 September 1975. The U.S. Army selected the YAH-64 over the Bell YAH-63 in 1976, and later approved full production in 1982. After purchasing Hughes Helicopters in 1984, McDonnell Douglas continued AH-64 production and development. The helicopter was introduced to U.S. Army service in April 1986.

Today, the US attack helicopter has been further refined, and the AH-64D Apache Longbow demonstrates many of the advanced technologies being considered for deployment on future gunships. The US Marine Corps also continued to employ attack helicopters in the direct fire support role, in the form of the AH-1 Super Cobra. While helicopters were effective tank-killers in the Middle East, attack helicopters are being seen more in a multipurpose role. Tactics, such as tank plinking, showed that fixed-wing aircraft could be effective against tanks, but helicopters retained a unique low-altitude, low-speed capability for close air support. Other purpose-built helicopters were developed for special operations missions, including the MH-6 for extremely close support.

Soviet Union and its successor states

During the early 1960s, Soviet engineers started experimenting with various designs aimed at producing an aerial vehicle that could provide battlefield mobility for infantry and provide fire support to army forces on the ground.  The first of these concepts was a mock-up unveiled in 1966 in the experimental shop of the Ministry of Aircraft's factory number 329, where Mikhail Leont'yevich Mil was head designer. The mock-up, which was designated V-24, was based on another project, the V-22 utility helicopter, which itself never entered production. The V-24 had an infantry transport compartment that could hold eight troops sitting back to back, and a set of small wings positioned to the top rear of the passenger cabin, capable of holding up to six missiles or rocket pods, along with a twin-barrel GSh-23L cannon fixed to the landing skid.

These designs were proposed by Mil to the Soviet armed forces, and while he had the support of a number of strategists, he was opposed by several more senior members of the armed forces who believed that conventional weapons were a better use of resources. Despite the opposition, Mil managed to persuade the defence minister's first deputy, Marshal Andrey A. Grechko, to convene an expert panel to look into the matter. While the panel's opinions were mixed, supporters of the project eventually held sway and a request for design proposals for a battlefield support helicopter was issued.

The development of gunships and attack helicopters by the US Army during the Vietnam War convinced the Soviets of the advantages of armed helicopter ground support doctrine, which had a positive influence on moving forward with the development of the Mil Mi-24. After several mock-ups were produced, a directive was issued on 6 May 1968 to proceed with development of a twin-engine design of the helicopter. Work proceeded under Mil until his death in 1970. Detailed design work began in August 1968 under the codename Yellow 24. A full-scale mock-up of the design was reviewed and approved in February 1969. Flight tests with a prototype began on 15 September 1969 with a tethered hover, and four days later the first free flight was conducted. A second prototype was built, followed by a test batch of ten helicopters. A number of other design changes were made until the production version Mi-24A entered production in 1970, obtaining its initial operating capability in 1971 and was officially accepted into the state arsenal in 1972.  Numerous versions have been developed to this day.

In 1972, following completion of the Mi-24, development began on a unique attack helicopter with transport capability. The new design had a reduced transport capability (3 troops instead of 8) and was called the Mil Mi-28.

In 1977, a preliminary design of the Mil Mi-28 was chosen, in a classic single-rotor layout. Its transport capability was removed and it lost its similarity to the Mi-24. Design work on the Mi-28 began under Marat Tishchenko in 1980. In 1981, a design and a mock-up were accepted. The prototype (no. 012) was first flown on 10 November 1982. In this same time frame, Kamov was also attempting to submit its own designs for a new helicopter to the military, which they had designed throughout the early and mid 1980s. In 1984, the Mi-28 completed the first stage of state trials, but in October 1984 the Soviet Air Force chose the more advanced Kamov Ka-50 as the new anti-tank helicopter. The Mi-28 development was continued, but given lower priority. In December 1987 Mi-28 production in Rosvertol in Rostov-on-Don was approved. After several prototypes were built, production ceased in 1993 with additional development continuing into the 21st century. Changes in the military situation after the Cold War made specialized anti-tank helicopters less useful. The advantages of the Mi-28N, like all-weather action ability, lower cost, and similarity to the Mi-24, have become more important. In 2003, the head of Russian Air Force stated that the Mi-28N and Ka-50 attack helicopters will become the standard Russian attack helicopter. The first serial Mi-28N was delivered to the Army on 5 June 2006.

China

In 1979, the Chinese military studied the problem of countering large armor formations. It concluded that the best conventional solution was to use attack helicopters. Eight Aérospatiale Gazelle armed with Euromissile HOT were procured for evaluation.  By the mid-1980s, the Chinese decided a dedicated attack helicopter was required. At the time, they used civilian helicopters converted for the military; these were no longer adequate in the attack role, and suitable only as scouts. Following this, China evaluated the Agusta A129 Mangusta, and in 1988 secured an agreement with the US to purchase AH-1 Cobras and a license to produce BGM-71 TOW missiles; the latter was cancelled following the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 and the resulting arms embargo. The color revolutions prevented the purchase of attack helicopters from Eastern Europe in 1990 and 1991; Bulgaria and Russia rejected Chinese offers to purchase the Mil Mi-24.

While attempting to import foreign designs failed, war games determined that attack helicopters had to be commanded by the army, rather than the air force. This led to the formation of the People's Liberation Army Ground Force Aircraft (PLAGFAF), with an initial strength of 9 Harbin Z-9s. The PLAGFAF conducted tactical experiments that would help define the future Z-10's requirements. Research also decided that anti-tank missiles like the BGM-71 TOW were inadequate, and favored an analogue to the AGM-114 Hellfire.

The Gulf War highlighted the urgent need for attack helicopters, and revalidated the assessment that a purpose-built design was needed. (At the time, the Chinese military depended on armed utility helicopters such as the Changhe Z-11 and Harbin Z-9.) Also, it demonstrated that the new attack helicopter would need to be able to defend itself against other helicopters and aircraft. The military perceived that once the new attack helicopter entered service, the existing helicopters would be used as scouts.

The Armed Helicopter Developmental Work Team () was formed to develop a new medium helicopter design, as opposed to basing the new design on the light helicopters then in service. The 602nd and 608th Research Institutes started development of the 6-ton class China Medium Helicopter (CHM) program in 1994. The program was promoted as a civilian project, and was able to secure significant Western technical assistance, such as from Eurocopter (rotor installation design consultancy), Pratt & Whitney Canada (PT6C turboshaft engine) and Agusta Westland (transmission). The Chinese concentrated on areas where it could not obtain foreign help. The 602nd Research Institute's called its proposed armed helicopter design the Z-10 ().

The 602nd Research Institute was assigned as the chief designer, while Harbin Aircraft Manufacturing Corporation (HAMC) of China Aviation Industry Corporation II (AVIC II) was assigned as the primary manufacturer. Nearly four dozen other establishments participated in the program. According to Chinese sources, the initial test flights were concluded on December 17, 2003, whereas according to other sources they were completed nine months earlier in March 2003. According to Jane's Information Group, a total of 3 prototypes had completed over 400 hours of test flights by this time. By 2004, 3 more prototypes were built, for a total of 6, and a second stage of test flights were concluded on December 15, 2004. In one of the test flights the future commander-in-chief of the People's Liberation Army Ground Force Air Force (PLAGAF), Song Xiangsheng (), was on board the prototype. A third stage of intensive test flights followed, taking place during both day and night. By January 2006 weaponry and sensor tests, including firing of live ammunition, had taken place.  The helicopter was introduced to the general public in December 2010 and subsequently entered service with the People's Liberation Army.

Italy

In 1972, the Italian Army began forming a requirement for a light observation and anti-tank helicopter. Agusta had initially studied the development of a combat-orientated derivative of their existing A109 helicopter, however they decided to proceed with the development of a more ambitious helicopter design. In 1978, Agusta formally began the design process on what would become the Agusta A129 Mangusta. On 11 September 1983, the first of five A129 prototypes made the type's maiden flight; the fifth prototype would first fly in March 1986. The Italian Army placed an order for 60 A129s.

The A129 was the first European attack helicopter; as such it has several original aspects to its design, such as being the first helicopter to make use of a fully computerised integrated management system to reduce crew workload. It was decided that much of the helicopter's functionality was to be automated; as such, parts of the flight and armament systems are monitored and directly controlled by onboard computers. The A129 shares considerable design similarities to Agusta's earlier A109 utility helicopter; the rear section of the A129 was derived from the A109 and incorporated to an entirely new forward section. The A129's fuselage is highly angular and armoured for ballistic protection; the composite rotor blades are also able to withstand hits from 23mm cannon fire. The two man crew, comprising a pilot and gunner, sit in a conventional tandem cockpit.

During the 1980s, Agusta sought to partner with Westland Helicopters to develop a common light attack helicopter, other prospective manufacturing participants in the joint initiative included Fokker and Construcciones Aeronáuticas SA. In 1986, the governments of Italy, the Netherlands, Spain and the United Kingdom signed a memorandum of understanding to investigate an improved version of the A129, alternatively called the Joint European Helicopter Tonal or Light Attack Helicopter (LAH). By 1988, feasibility studies for four different options had been conducted for the LAH, these would have between 80 per cent and 20 per cent growth over the initial A129; both single-engine and twin-engine configurations were examined using various new powerplants, as well as a new rotor system, retractable landing gear, improved sensors and more powerful armament. However, the LAH project collapsed in 1990 following Britain and the Netherlands independently deciding to withdraw from the program and eventually procure the AH-64 Apache instead.

Turkey had sought a new attack helicopter since the 1990s to replace their diminished Bell AH-1 Cobra and Bell AH-1 SuperCobra fleets. Following a highly protracted selection process, in September 2007, an order was issued for 51 TAI/AgustaWestland T129 ATAK helicopters, a variant of the A129 International. As a part of the deal with AgustaWestland, Turkish defense firm TAI acquired the rights for future manufacturing of the T129; TAI intends to produce the T129 for export customers. Various components and avionics systems are intended to be replaced with indigenously-produced systems as they are developed.

France, Germany and Spain

In 1984, the French and West German governments issued a requirement for an advanced multirole battlefield helicopter. A joint venture consisting of Aérospatiale and MBB was subsequently chosen as the preferred supplier. According to statements by the French Defence Minister André Giraud in April 1986, the collaborative effort had become more expensive than an individual national programme and was forecast to take longer to complete as well. In July 1986, a government report into the project alleged that the development had become distanced from the requirements and preferences of the military customers the Tiger was being developed for.

Both France and Germany reorganised the programme. Thomson-CSF also took over the majority of the Tiger's electronic development work, such as the visual systems and sensors. Despite the early development problems and the political uncertainty between 1984 and 1986, the program was formally relaunched in November 1987; it was at this point that a greater emphasis on the attack helicopter's anti-tank capabilities came about. Much of the project's organisational framework was rapidly redeveloped between 1987 and 1989; such as the installation of a Franco-German Helicopter Office to act as a program executive agency in May 1989.

Due to the end of the Cold War and subsequent defence budgets decreases in the 1990s, financial pressures led to further questions regarding the necessity for the entire program. In 1992, Aérospatiale and MBB, among other companies, merged to form the Eurocopter Group; this led to considerable consolidation of the aerospace industry and the Tiger project itself. A major agreement was struck in December 1996 between France and Germany that cemented the Tiger's prospects and committed the development of supporting elements, such as a series of new generation missile designs for use by the new combat helicopter.

On 18 June 1999, both Germany and France publicly placed orders for an initial batch of 160 Tiger helicopters, 80 for each nation, valued at €3.3 billion. On 22 March 2002, the first production Tiger was rolled out in a large ceremony held at Eurocopter's Donauworth factory; although production models began initial acceptance trials in 2003, the first official delivery to the French Army took place on 18 March 2005; the first official Tiger delivery to the Germany followed on 6 April 2005.  Germany reduced its order to 57 in March 2013. In 2008 OCCAR estimated the project cost at . France's FY2012 budget put their share of the project at €6.3bn (~US$8.5bn), implying a programme cost of €14.5bn (~US$19.5bn) to the three main partners. At FY2012 prices, their 40 HAP cost €27m/unit (~US$36m) and their 40 HAD €35.6m/unit (~US$48m), including development costs the French Tigers cost €78.8m (~US$106m) each.

South Africa

The Rooivalk project began in early 1984 under the auspices of the Atlas Aircraft Corporation, a predecessor of Denel Aviation. Faced with the increasingly conventional nature of the South African Border War, the South African Defence Force recognised the need for a dedicated attack helicopter and accordingly set along the process of developing a suitable aircraft.

The Atlas XH-1 Alpha was the first prototype to emerge from the program. It was developed from an Aérospatiale Alouette III airframe, retaining that helicopter's engine and dynamic components, but replacing the original cockpit with a stepped tandem one, adding a 20 mm cannon on the nose and converting the undercarriage to tail-dragger configuration. The XH-1 first flew on 3 February 1985. The results were ultimately good enough to convince Atlas and the SAAF that the concept was feasible, opening the door for the development of the Rooivalk. During the Rooivalk's development, it was decided to base the aircraft on the dynamic components of the Aérospatiale Super Puma, a larger and more powerful helicopter. These components were already used on the Atlas Oryx, a local upgrade and modification of the Aérospatiale Puma.

Unfortunately, the development of the Rooivalk continued until after the conclusion of the South African Border War and defence budgets were slashed due to parliamentary changes to the requirements of the national air force. This resulted in an extensive development and production period beginning in 1990 until 2007, during which 12 aircraft were produced for use by the South African Air Force. These aircraft were subsequently upgraded to the Block 1F standard by 2011. The upgrade involves improved targeting systems and other avionics which enable the helicopter to use guided missiles for the first time. The Mokopa ATGM was qualified as part of the upgrade process. Gearbox components were improved and cooling problems with the F2 20 mm cannon were also addressed.

On 1 April 2011, the South African Air Force received the first five of eleven (one of the twelve aircraft originally delivered to the SAAF was written off after an accident) Block 1F upgraded Rooivalk. The ninth and tenth Rooivalk attack helicopters were delivered in September 2012 following their upgrade to the Block 1F initial operating standard. The eleventh and final Rooivalk was delivered on 13 March 2013.

India

The Indian Army deploys the Mil Mi-35 (export variant of Mi-24V) and HAL Rudra as of 2014. During the Kargil War in 1999, the Indian Air Force and the Indian Army found that there was a need for helicopters that can operate at such high-altitude conditions with ease. Limitations in terms of both high payloads and maneuverability of the existing Mi-35 fleet reportedly contributed to India developing indigenous rotorcraft, such as the HAL Prachand and HAL Rudra, to perform multi-role high-altitude combat operations. The HAL Rudra was a modified version of HAL Dhruv, free of any major modifications to the airframe to quickly create an armed variant for the Indian Army.

The HAL Prachand is a purpose-built attack helicopter, expressly designed to overcome several operational shortcomings of prior attack rotorcraft. By 2010, the Indian Air Force was reportedly set to acquire 65 LCHs while the Indian Army's Aviation Corps was to also procure 114 LCHs for its own purposes. During February 2020, the LCH was declared ready for production, the final assembly line has been established at HAL's Helicopter Division in Bangalore. Prime minister Narendra Modi conducted the handover ceremony of HAL Prachand to the Indian Armed forces in Jhansi.

Operations

Although usually ignored by observers, the Iran–Iraq War of the 1980s saw "the most intensive use of the helicopters" in a conventional war ever, as well as the only confirmed helicopter dogfights in history; in particular, Iranian Army Aviation AH-1J SeaCobras engaged with Mi-24 Hind and Mi-8 Hip helicopters of the Iraqi Army Air Corps. The Iranian Cobras also attacked advancing Iraqi divisions in conjunction with fixed-wing F-4 Phantoms armed with Maverick missiles, destroying numerous armoured vehicles and impeded the Iraqi advance, albeit not completely halting it.

The 1990s could be seen as the coming-of-age for the U.S. attack helicopter. The AH-64 Apache was used extensively during Operation Desert Storm with great success, being used to fire the first shots of the conflict, destroying Iraqi early warning radar and surface-to-air missile (SAM) sites with their Hellfire missiles. They were later used successfully in both of their operational roles, to direct attack against enemy armor and as aerial artillery in support of ground troops; both Hellfire missile and cannon attacks by Apaches destroyed numerous enemy tanks and armored cars. General Carl Stiner claimed that: "You could fire that Hellfire missile through a window from four miles [] away at night." However, serious logistical problems limited operations, Apaches in the Iraqi theater flew only one-fifth of planned flight-hours.

The "deep attack" role of independently operating attack helicopters came into question after a failed mission, during the 2003 Gulf War attack on the Karbala Gap. A second mission in the same area, four days later, but coordinated with artillery and fixed-wing aircraft, was more successful with minimal losses. In October 2014, U.S. Army AH-64s and Air Force fighters participated in four air strikes on Islamic State units northeast of Fallujah. In June 2016, Apaches were used in support of the Iraqi Army's Mosul offensive and provided support during the Battle of Mosul, sometimes flying night missions supporting Iraqi operations.

In 2011, France and Britain sent Eurocopter Tiger and AgustaWestland Apache attack helicopters to Libya. The primary objective of the 2011 military intervention was to protect civilians in accordance with UN Security Council Resolution 1973. Within days of the Apaches deployment, it had completed a variety of tasks such as destroying tanks, checkpoints held by pro-Gaddafi forces and vehicles carrying ammunitions loyal to Muammar Gaddafi. Apache operations over Libya have been heavily influenced and supported by NATO reconnaissance flights and intelligence missions; information was continually relayed to update target information, assess the threat of Surface to Air missiles (SAM), and the presence of civilians, enabling real time changes to missions.

In 2013, the South African National Defence Force announced that it would deploy Denel Rooivalk attack helicopters to the Democratic Republic of the Congo to support the United Nations Organization Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. This was the first combat deployment for the helicopter. Three helicopters from 16 Squadron SAAF were deployed to the region and since November 2013 it was involved in heavy fighting alongside the United Nations Force Intervention Brigade, against rebels operating in North Kivu, in particular the M23 militia, which consisted of hardened former government troops equipped with relatively heavy weaponry such as main battle tanks and anti-aircraft weaponry. During its first ever combat mission it proved to be instrumental in routing the rebels from their hilltop strongholds during an offensive by the United Nations Force Intervention Brigade and the Military of the Democratic Republic of the Congo.

See also
 Army aviation

References

Citations

Bibliography

 Bernstein, Jonathan. AH-64 Apache units of operations: Enduring Freedom an Iraqi Freedom. Oxford: Osprey Publishing, 2005. .
 Bishop, Chris. Apache AH-64 Boeing (McDonnell Douglas) 1976–2005. Osprey Publishing, 2005. .
 Brzoska, Michael. Restructuring of Arms Production in Western Europe. Oxford University Press, 1992. .
 Donald, David. "AH-64A/D Apache and AH-64D Longbow Apache". Modern Battlefield Warplanes. AIRtime Publishing Inc, 2004. .
 Frédriksen, John C. International Warbirds: An Illustrated Guide to World Military Aircraft, 1914-2000. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO, 2001. .
 .

Further reading
 Duke, R.A., Helicopter Operations in Algeria [Trans. French], Dept. of the Army (1959)
 France, Operations Research Group, Report of the Operations Research Mission on H-21 Helicopter (1957)
 Leuliette, Pierre, St. Michael and the Dragon: Memoirs of a Paratrooper, New York:Houghton Mifflin (1964)
 Riley, David, French Helicopter Operations in Algeria Marine Corps Gazette, February 1958, pp. 21–26.
 Shrader, Charles R. The First Helicopter War: Logistics and Mobility in Algeria, 1954-1962 Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers (1999)
 Spenser, Jay P., Whirlybirds: A History of the U.S. Helicopter Pioneers, Seattle, WA: University of Washington Press (1998)

Attack helicopters

Attack helicopter


Die Copa del Generalísimo 1957 war die 53. Austragung des spanischen Fußballpokalwettbewerbes, der heute unter dem Namen Copa del Rey stattfindet.

Der Wettbewerb startete am 28. April und endete mit dem Finale am 16. Juni 1957 im Estadi Montjuïc in Barcelona. Titelverteidiger des Pokalwettbewerbes war Atlético Bilbao. Den Titel gewann der CF Barcelona durch einen 1:0-Erfolg im Finale gegen den Stadtrivalen RCD Español.

Achtelfinale
Die Hinspiele wurden am 28. April, die Rückspiele am 1. Mai 1957 ausgetragen.

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Entscheidungsspiele
Das Spiel wurde am 5. Mai in Pamplona ausgetragen.

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Viertelfinale
Die Hinspiele wurden am 12. Mai, die Rückspiele am 19. Mai 1957 ausgetragen.

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Halbfinale
Die Hinspiele wurden am 2. Juni, die Rückspiele am 9. Juni 1957 ausgetragen.

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Finale

Weblinks
 Spielplan und Ergebnisse (linguasport.com)

1957
Fußballsaison 1957

Copa del Generalísimo 1957


إبراهيم السيد محمد إبراهيم الرفاعي (1931 - 19 أكتوبر 1973) قائد عسكري في الجيش المصري، كان قائد المجموعة 39 قتال صاعقة خاصة في حرب أكتوبر.

نشأته
من مواليد قرية الخلالة - مركز بلقاس بمحافظة الدقهلية في 27 يونيو عام 1931، وقد ورث عن جده والد والدته (الأميرالاى) عبد الوهاب لبيب التقاليد العسكرية والرغبة في التضحية فداءً للوطن، كما كان لنشأته وسط أسرة تتمسك بالقيم الدينية أكبر الأثر على ثقافته وأخلاقه.

البداية
 التحق إبراهيم بالكلية الحربية عام 1951 وتخرج 1954، وانضم عقب تخرجه إلى سلاح المشاة وكان ضمن أول فرقة قوات الصاعقة المصرية في منطقة (أبو عجيلة) ولفت الأنظار بشدة خلال مراحل التدريب لشجاعته وجرأته منقطعة النظير.
 تم تعيينه مدرساً بمدرسة الصاعقة وشارك في بناء أول قوة للصاعقة المصرية وعندما وقع العدوان الثلاثي على مصر 1956 شارك في الدفاع عن مدينة بورسعيد. يمكن القول أن معارك بورسعيد من أهم مراحل حياة إبراهيم الرفاعي، إذ عرف مكانه تماماً في القتال خلف خطوط العدو، وقد كان لديه اقتناع تام بأنه لن يستطيع أن يتقدم مالم يتعلم فواصل السير على طريق اكتساب الخبرات وتنمية إمكاناته فالتحق بفرقة المظلات ثم انتقل لقيادة وحدات الصاعقة للعمل كرئيس عمليات.

الترقية الاستثنائية والقيادة

أتت حرب اليمن لتثقل خبرات ومهارات إبراهيم الرفاعي أضعافاً، حيث تولى منصب قائد كتيبة صاعقة. خلال عام 1965 صدر قرار بترقيته ترقية أستثنائية تقديرًا للإعمال التي قام بها في الميدان اليمني.

بعد معارك 1967 وفي يوم 5 أغسطس 1968 بدأت قيادة القوات المسلحة في تشكيل مجموعة صغيرة من الفدائيين للقيام ببعض العمليات الخاصة في سيناء، باسم فرع العمليات الخاصة التابعة للمخابرات الحربية والأستطلاع كمحاولة من القيادة لإستعادة القوات المسلحة ثقتها بنفسها والقضاء على إحساس العدو الإسرائيلي بالأمن، وبأمر من مدير إدارة المخابرات الحربية اللواء محمد أحمد صادق وقع الاختيار على إبراهيم الرفاعي لقيادة هذه المجموعة، فبدأ على الفور في اختيار العناصر الصالحة.

أول العمليات المرعبة
كانت أول عمليات هذه المجموعة نسف قطار للعدو عند الشيخ زويد ثم نسف مخازن الذخيرة التي تركتها قواتنا عند أنسحابها من معارك 1967، وبعد هاتين العمليتين الناجحتين، وصل لإبراهيم خطاب شكر من وزير الحربية على المجهود الذي بذله في قيادة المجموعة.

مع الوقت كبرت المجموعة التي يقودها إبراهيم الرفاعي وصار الانضمام إليها شرفًا يسعى إليه الكثيرون من أبناء القوات المسلحة، وزادت العمليات الناجحة ووطأت أقدام جنود المجموعة مناطق كثيرة داخل سيناء، فصار أختيار اسم لهذه المجموعة أمر ضرورى، وبالفعل أُطلق على المجموعة اسم المجموعة 39 قتال، وذلك من يوم 25 يوليو 1969 وأختار الشهيد إبراهيم الرفاعي شعار رأس النمر كرمز للمجموعة، وهو نفس الشعار الذي اتخذه الشهيد أحمد عبد العزيز خلال معارك 1948.

كانت نيران المجموعة أول نيران مصرية تطلق في سيناء بعد نكسة 1967، وأصبحت عملياتها مصدرًا للرعب والدمار على العدو الإسرائيلي أفرادًا ومعدات، ومع نهاية كل عملية كان إبراهيم يبدو سعيدًا تواقاً لعملية جديدة، فقد نسف مع مجموعته قطارا ً للجنود والضباط الاسرائليين عند منطقة الشيخ زويد.

وبعدها صدر قرار من القيادة المصرية بنسف مخازن الذخيرة التي خلفتها القوات المصرية إبان الانسحاب. وكان نجاح هذه العملية ضربا ً من الخيال أو شبه مستحيل. ولكن الرفاعي ورجاله تمكنوا من الوصول إليها وتفجيرها حتى إن النيران ظلت مشتعلة في تلك المخازن لثلاثة أيام متصلة.

وفي مطلع عام 1968 نشرت إسرائيل مجموعة من صواريخ أرض – أرض لإجهاض أي عملية بناء للقوات المصرية. وعلى الرغم من أن إسرائيل كانت متشددة في إخفاء هذه الصواريخ بكل وسائل التمويه والخداع، إلا أن وحدات الاستطلاع كشفت العديد منها على طول خط المواجهة.

ولم يكن الفريق أول عبد المنعم رياض في هذه الأثناء يعرف طعماً للنوم أو الراحة في معركته التي بدأها من أجل إعادة بناء القوات المسلحة المصرية، فأرسل على الفور إلى إبراهيم الرفاعي وكان الطلب «إسرائيل نشرت صواريخ في الضفة الشرقية، عايزين منها صواريخ يا رفاعي بأي ثمن لمعرفة مدى تأثيرها على الأفراد والمعدات في حالة استخدامها ضد جنودنا».

انتهت كلمات رئيس الأركان وتحول الرفاعي إلى جمرة من اللهب. ولم تمض سوى أيام قلائل لم ينم خلالها إبراهيم الرفاعي ورجاله. فبالقدر الذي أحكموا به التخطيط أحكموا به التنفيذ. فلم يكن الرفاعي يترك شيئا ً للصدفة أو يقبل بالفشل.

فكان النجاح المذهل في العملية المدهشة فعبر برجاله قناة السويس وبأسلوب الرفاعي السريع الصاعق استطاع أن يعود بثلاثة صواريخ وأحدثت هذه العملية دويا ً هائلا ً في الأوساط المصرية والإسرائيلية على حد سواء حتى تم على إثرها عزل القائد الإسرائيلي المسؤول عن قواعد الصواريخ.

ووصف الفريق عبد المنعم رياض هذه العملية بقوله (كانت من المهام الخطيرة في الحروب ومن العمليات البارزة أيضاً التي ارتبطت باسم الرفاعي عندما عبر خلف خطوط العدو في جنح الليل. ونجح في أسر جندي إسرائيلي عاد به إلى غرب القناة). كان هذا الأسير هو الملازم داني شمعون. بطل المصارعة في الجيش الإسرائيلي ولكن الرفاعي أخذه إلى قلب القاهرة دون خدش واحد.

وتتوالى عمليات الرفاعي الناجحة حتى أحدثت رأياً عاماً مصرياً مفاده «أن في قدرة القوات المصرية العبور وإحداث أضرار في الجيش الإسرائيلي» بل إنها دبت الرعب في نفوس الإسرائليين حتى أطلقوا على الرفاعي ورجاله مجموعة الأشباح.

وصبيحة استشهاد الفريق عبد المنعم رياض طلب عبد الناصر القيام برد فعل سريع حتى لا تتأثر معنويات الجيش المصري باستشهاد قائده، فعبر الرفاعي القناة واحتل برجاله موقع المعدية 6 الذي أطلقت منه القذائف التي كانت سبباً في استشهاد الفريق رياض وأباد كل من كان في الموقع من الضباط والجنود البالغ عددهم 44 عنصرا ً إسرائيليا ً.

حتى أن إسرائيل من هول هذه العملية وضخامتها تقدمت باحتجاج إلى مجلس الأمن في 9 مارس 1969 يفيد بأن جنودهم قُتلوا بوحشية. لم يكتف الرفاعي بذلك بل رفع العلم المصري على حطام المعدية 6 بعد تدميرها وكان هذا العلم يرفرف لأول مرة على القطاع المحتل منذ 67 ليبقى مرفوعاً قرابة الثلاثة أشهر.

صرخات العدو
تناقلت أخباره ومجموعته الرهيبة وحدات القوات المسلحة، لم يكن عبوره هو الخبر أنما عودته دائما ما كانت المفاجأة، فبعد كل إغارة ناجحة لمجموعته تلتقط أجهزة التصنت المصرية صرخات العدو واستغاثات جنوده، وفي إحدى المرات أثناء عودته من إغارة جديدة قدم له ضابط مخابرات هدية عبارة عن شريط تسجيل ممتلئ باستغاثات العدو وصرخات جنوده كالنساء.

أصوات السلام
مع حلول أغسطس عام 1970 بدأت الأصوات ترتفع في مناطق كثيرة من العالم منادية بالسلام بينما يضع الرفاعي برامج جديدة للتدريب ويرسم خططا للهجوم، كانوا يتحدثون عن السلام ويستعد هو برجاله للحرب، كان يؤكد أن الطريق الوحيد لاستعادة الأرض والكرامة هو القتال، كان على يقين بأن المعركة قادمة وعليه أعداد رجاله في انتظار المعركة المرتقبة.

صدق حدس الشهيد وبدأت معركة السادس من أكتوبر المجيدة، ومع الضربة الجوية الأولى وصيحات الله أكبر، انطلقت كتيبة الصاعقة التي يقودها البطل وقبل الضربات الجوية الأولى ببضع ساعات دخل وفرقته لتدمير ما يطلق عليه مدافع أبو جاموس بعيون موسى ثم في ثلاث طائرات هليكوبتر لتدمير آبار البترول في منطقة بلاعيم شرق القناة لحرمان العدو من الاستفادة منها وينجح الرجال في تنفيذ المهمة.

تتوالي العمليات

وتتوالى عمليات المجموعة الناجحة ففي السابع من أكتوبر تُغير المجموعة على مواقع العدو الإسرائيلي بمنطقتي شرم الشيخ ورأس محمد وفي السابع من أكتوبر تنجح المجموعة في الإغارة على مطار (الطور) وتدمير بعض الطائرات الرابضة به مما أصاب القيادة الإسرائيلية بالارتباك من سرعة ودقة الضربات المتتالية لرجال الصاعقة المصرية.

في الثامن عشر من أكتوبر تم تكليف مجموعة إبراهيم الرفاعي بمهمة اختراق مواقع العدو غرب القناة والوصول إلى منطقة (الدفرسوار) لتدمير المعبر الذي أقامه العدو لعبور قواته، وبالفعل تصل المجموعة فجر التاسع عشر من أكتوبر في نفس الوقت الذي تتغير فيه التعليمات إلى تدمير قوات العدو ومدرعاته ومنعها من التقدم في اتجاه طريق ('الإسماعيلية / القاهرة').

وعلى ضوء التطورات الجديدة يبدأ الرفاعي في التحرك بفرقته، فيصل إلى منطقة (نفيشه) في صباح اليوم التالى، ثم جسر (المحسمة) حيث قسم قواته إلى ثلاث مجموعات، أحتلت مجموعتين إحدى التباب وكانت تكليفات المجموعة الثالثة تنظيم مجموعة من الكمائن على طول الطريق من جسر (المحسمة) إلى قرية (نفيشه) لتحقيق الشق الدفاعي لمواقعها الجديدة. وما وصلت مدرعات العدو حتى أنهالت عليها قذائف الـ (آر بي جي) لتثنيه عن التقدم، ويرفض إبراهيم الرفاعي الاكتفاء بهذا ويأمر رجاله بمطاردة مدرعات العدو لتكبيده أكبر الخسائر.

الثغرة وقتل الرفاعي

معارك خاضها
الدفاع عن مدينة بورسعيد 1956
عمليات الصاعقة في حرب اليمن
 عملية نسف قطار حربي للجنود والضباط الاسرائليين في الشيخ زويد
 عملية نسف مخازن الذخيرة في الشيخ زويد 1968
 عملية الحصول على أحد صواريخ أرض - أرض الإسرائيلية الحديثة 1968 وتم أسر الملازم داني شمعون بطل الجيش الإسرائيلي في المصارعة وإحضاره إلى قلب القاهرة دون خدش واحد كما تم على إثرها عزل القائد الإسرائيلي المسؤول عن قواعد الصواريخ.
 عملية احتلال موقع المعدية رقم 6 في مارس 1968 الذي أطلقت منه القذائف التي كانت سبباً في استشهاد الفريق رياض. وتم إبادة كل من كان في الموقع من الضباط والجنود البالغ عددهم 44 عنصرا ً إسرائيلياً. وتم رفع العلم المصري علي حطام المعدية 6 وظل يرفرف قرابة الثلاثة أشهر.
 عملية تدمير آبار بترول بلاعيم في 6 أكتوبر 1973
 عملية ضرب مواقع العدو الإسرائيلي في شرم الشيخ ورأس محمد في 7 أكتوبر 1973
 عملية الإغارة على مطار الطور في 7 أكتوبر 1973
 عملية منطقة الدفرسوار في 19 أكتوبر وتم منع العدو من التقدم في اتجاه طريق ('الإسماعيلية / القاهرة')

أوسمة وشهادات
 نوط الشجاعة العسكري من الطبقة الأولي 1960 - 1968
 ميدالية الترقية الاستثنائية 1965
 وسام النجمة العسكرية 1968- 1969 - 1969
 نوط الواجب العسكري 1971
 وسام نجمة الشرف 1971
 وسام نجمة سيناء 1974
 وسام الشجاعة الليبي 1974 (سلم لأسرته)
 سيف الشرف يوليو 1979 (سلم لأسرته)

كتاب الأشباح

في يوم 15 أكتوبر 2012 صدر كتاب عن المجموعة باسم الإشباح للكاتب / أحمد علي عطية الله وهو أول كتاب وثائقي شامل يتحدث عن إبراهيم الرفاعي ورجال المجموعة 39 قتال من إصدار دار التوفيق للنشر والاعلام

أقرا أيضا
 قائمة قادة حرب أكتوبر المصريين

وصلات خارجية
 إبراهيم الرفاعي.... أسد الصاعقة، موقع الجماعة الإسلامية المصرية
 كتاب الاشباح للكاتب العسكري أحمد علي عطية الله

أشخاص من محافظة الدقهلية
عسكريون مصريون
مجموعة 39 قتال
مصريون قتلوا في حرب أكتوبر
مواليد 1931
ميدالية الترقية الاستثنائية
نجمة الشرف
نجمة سيناء
نوط الشجاعة العسكري
نوط الواجب العسكري
وحدات المظلات (مصر)
وسام النجمة العسكرية
وفيات 1973

إبراهيم الرفاعي


Râul Crainici este un curs de apă, afluent al râului Motru.

Râuri din județul Gorj
Râuri din județul Mehedinți
Bazinul Jiu

Râul Crainici, Motru


Carlo Paalam (Talakag, 16 de julho de 1998) é um boxeador filipino, medalhista olímpico.

Carreira

Paalam se juntou à equipe nacional das Filipinas em 2013 e começou a competir em nível internacional. Ele conquistou a medalha de prata nos Jogos Olímpicos de Verão de 2020 em Tóquio, após confronto na final contra o britânico Galal Yafai na categoria peso mosca.

Pugilistas olímpicos das Filipinas
Pugilistas nos Jogos Olímpicos de Verão de 2020
Medalhistas nos Jogos Olímpicos de Verão de 2020

Carlo Paalam


O Povoado fortificado da Cidade da Rocha é um sítio arqueológico no concelho de Odemira, na região do Alentejo, em Portugal.

Descrição e história
O sítio arqueológico está situado na freguesia de Santa Clara-a-Velha, no concelho de Odemira. Encontra-se num local remoto da freguesia, nas imediações da albufeira da Barragem de Santa Clara, O acesso é feito através de ramais à Estrada Municipal 1162-2, estando o local situado a cerca de 2000 m da povoação de Montalto, no sentido Sudoeste, e a 1000m a Sudeste do vértice geodésico da Chaparreira.

Corresponde a um povoado fortificado, provavelmente habitado durante os finais da Idade do Bronze ou já durante a Idade do Ferro, devido à sua tipologia e à existência de vestígios de vitrificação nas muralhas. Ocupa o topo de uma colina elevada no vale do Rio Mira, conhecida como Cerro da Rocha, e antes da subida do nível das águas devido à barragem de Santa Clara, estava a cerca de 130 m de altura em relação ao nível primitivo do rio. Foram encontrados os vestígios de muralhas, conhecidas pelas populações como círculo dos mouros, que encerravam a coroa e o lado superior da encosta setentrional, tendo um perímetro de cerca de 130 m, embora aparentemente houvesse uma interrupção no lado Sul. Eram constituídas por um aparelho regular em xisto e barro, com uma altura máxima de 1,5 m, e uma espessura superior a 1,5 m., e formavam um recinto com cerca de 0,3 Ha. Na zona de entrada estava um bastião adossado à muralha, de planta semicircular, e um raio de 4 a 5 m.

É um dos sítios arqueológicos da região onde são mais evidentes os vestígios de processo de vitrificação das muralhas. Este procedimento consistia no aquecimento dos blocos a elevadas temperaturas, de cerca de 800 a 1200 graus centígrados, num ambiente redutor, levando à deformação e liquificação parcial das pedras, que ficam com uma estrutura vesicular, da tipologia das pedras-pomes, e uma textura superficial muito escorificada, sendo este tipo conhecido como pedras vitrificadas. Além da Cidade da Rocha, este tipo de estruturas também foram descobertas no Cerro das Alminhas, também no concelho de Odemira, e no Castelo de Cola e no Cerro do Castelo de Garvão, ambos situados no concelho de Garvão. Em termos de espólio, foram recolhidos alguns fragmentos de peças de cerâmica, de fabrico manual. O motivo pelo qual as muralhas foram alvo deste processo é desconhecido, podendo ter sido causado por um incêndio acidental ou como parte de um conflito, ou então foram queimadas de forma intencional, quer pelos povos que teriam conquistado a povoação, ou pelos próprios habitantes, no sentido de impedir a sua reutilização.

Entre 1998 e 1999 o local foi alvo de trabalhos arqueológicos por parte de Jorge Vilhena, no âmbito do programa Proto-História do Médio e Baixo Vale do Mira - A Arqueologia do Rio, inserido no Plano Nacional de Trabalhos Arqueológicos.

Ver também
Lista de património edificado em Odemira
Necrópole do Pardieiro
Castelo da Caneja
Castelo de Odemira
Cerro do Castelo dos Moiros
Povoado fortificado do Cerro da Bica
Ponte D. Maria (Odemira)
Igreja de Santa Clara de Assis (Santa Clara-a-Velha)

Ligações externas

Odemira
Sítios arqueológicos do distrito de Beja
Castros de Portugal

Povoado fortificado da Cidade da Rocha


An Deschampsia in uska genus han Liliopsida. An Deschampsia in nahilalakip ha familia nga Poaceae.

Ilarom nga taxa

 Deschampsia airiformis
 Deschampsia angusta
 Deschampsia antarctica
 Deschampsia argentea
 Deschampsia atropurpurea
 Deschampsia berteroana
 Deschampsia cespitosa
 Deschampsia chapmanii
 Deschampsia chinensis
 Deschampsia christophersenii
 Deschampsia cordillerarum
 Deschampsia danthonioides
 Deschampsia domingensis
 Deschampsia elongata
 Deschampsia flexuosa
 Deschampsia foliosa
 Deschampsia gracillima
 Deschampsia hybridogena
 Deschampsia kingii
 Deschampsia klossii
 Deschampsia koelerioides
 Deschampsia laxa
 Deschampsia liebmanniana
 Deschampsia ligulata
 Deschampsia looseriana
 Deschampsia maderensis
 Deschampsia media
 Deschampsia mejlandii
 Deschampsia mendocina
 Deschampsia mexicana
 Deschampsia mildbraedii
 Deschampsia minor
 Deschampsia nubigena
 Deschampsia parvula
 Deschampsia patula
 Deschampsia pusilla
 Deschampsia robusta
 Deschampsia setacea
 Deschampsia tenella
 Deschampsia wacei
 Deschampsia venustula

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Deschampsia

Deschampsia


Pieter Fransz. de Grebber (Haarlem, c. 1600 - 1652/1653) fue un pintor y grabador neerlandés. Destacado representante del clasicismo de Haarlem, contó con numerosos discípulos y seguidores.

Biografía

Pieter de Grebber, nacido en Haarlem hacia 1600, descendía de una familia católica de artistas. Su padre Frans Pietersz. de Grebber (1573–1643), era un pintor, bordador y marchante de arte de Haarlem donde había alcanzado cierto renombre, teniendo como discípulos, además de a sus propios hijos Albert y María, quien más adelante llegaría a ser la suegra de Gabriel Metsu, a Pieter Jansz Saenredam y Judith Leyster entre otros. Aunque del mismo modo Pieter debió de iniciarse en el aprendizaje de la pintura en el taller paterno es posible que también tuviese como maestro a Hendrick Goltzius hasta la muerte de este, en 1616.

Sus primeras obras fechadas datan de 1622: Caritas, actualmente conservada en el Frans Hals Museum de Haarlem, y Una madre con sus tres hijos del Museum of Fine Arts de Houston (Texas). En 1628 fechó Las siete obras de misericordia del Frans Hals Museum, pintadas para la sala de las institutrices del asilo de ancianos de Haarlem, sin embargo, hasta 1632 no se inscribió como pintor independiente en el gremio de San Lucas de su ciudad natal, del que en 1642 fue nombrado decano.

Pintó retablos para las iglesias católicas clandestinas de los Países Bajos, las llamadas Schuilkerk. Pero recibió también encargos importantes del estatúder Federico Enrique, lo que le llevó a trabajar entre 1638 y 1650 en la región de La Haya, participando en la decoración de los palacios de Noordeinde y Huis ten Bosch.

Además de los cuadros de historia sagrada y profana que constituyeron su especialidad se conservan una veintena de retratos, en su mayor parte de sacerdotes católicos, un elevado número de dibujos y alguna estampa. Proporcionó también los dibujos para al menos un tapiz y la decoración de un techo. En 1649 publicó un pequeño opúsculo titulado Regulen: Welcke by een goet Schilder en Teyckenaer geobserveert en achtervolght moeten werden; Te samen ghestelt tot lust van de leergierighe Discipelen (Reglas que deben ser observadas y seguidas por todo buen pintor y dibujante), en el que enumeraba las once reglas que un pintor clasicista debía respetar.

Influido por los caravaggistas de la Escuela de Utrecht y por Rubens, a quien visitó con su padre en Amberes en 1618, desarrolló un estilo propio, caracterizado por la claridad de su composición y la utilización de una paleta de colores claros. Tuvo como discípulos a Nicolaes Berchem, Egbert van Heemskerck y Dirck Helmbreeker entre otros.

Referencias

Bibliografía
Biesboer, Pieter y Luna, Juan J., La pintura holandesa del Siglo de Oro. Frans Hals y la escuela de Haarlem, Madrid, Barcelona: BBV, 1994, ISBN 84-604-9248-6
Van Eck, Xander, Clandestine esplendor: paintings for the Catholic Church in the Duch Republic, Zwolle, Waanders Publisher, 2008, ISBN 978-9040084683

Enlaces externos

Pintores del Siglo de oro neerlandés
Nacidos en Haarlem
Fallecidos en Haarlem
Miembros del Gremio de San Lucas de Haarlem

Pieter de Grebber


Deiparae Virginis Mariae (1 de mayo de 1946) es una encíclica del Papa Pío XII a los obispos católicos sobre la posibilidad de definir la Asunción de la Bienaventurada Virgen María como un dogma de fe.

Durante un largo tiempo, numerosas peticiones se habían recibido de cardenales, patriarcas, arzobispos, obispos, sacerdotes, religiosos de ambos sexos, asociaciones, universidades e innumerables particulares, todos pidiendo que la Asunción corporal al cielo de la Santísima Virgen fuera definido y proclamado como dogma de fe. Esto también fue fervientemente solicitado por casi 200 padres en el Concilio Vaticano I (1869-1870).

Siguiendo el ejemplo del Papa Pío IX, quien con su encíclica Ubi Primum consultó con los obispos católicos antes de la proclamación del dogma de la Inmaculada Concepción, Pío XII pide a todos los obispos por su opinión.

Véase también
 Mariología
 Asunción de la Virgen
 Anexo:Encíclicas del papa Pío XII

Referencias

Iglesia católica en 1946

Enlaces externos
 Deiparae Virginis Mariae (en inglés)

Encíclicas de Pío XII
Encíclicas marianas

Deiparae Virginis Mariae


Olonka (russisk: Олонка, finsk: Alavoisenjoki) er en flod i Republikken Karelija i Rusland. Det gav navnet til byen Olonets ved floden og efterhånden til det omgivende område (Guvernement Olonets, Olonets Krai, nu Olonetsky Distrikt). Den er 87 km lang og har et afvandingsområde på 2.620 km2.

I 1906 blev skrevet, at Olonka flyder fra Topornoye sø gennem søerne Vagvozero, Utozero og Torosozero, og ender i Ladoga. På moderne topografiske kort over området er strømmen mellem Topornoye og Utozero benævnt Topornaya flod (Река Топорная). Det højeste punkt i dette afvandingsområde er Kaskozero, som løber ud i Pyyre Järvi (järv = sø) (Pyureyarvi, Пюреярви), hvilken er forbundet med en lavvandet bæk til Topornoye.

Vigtigste bifloder er Megrega (ved Olonets) og Tuksa floder.

Floder i republikken Karelija

Olonka


5109 Robertmiller este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
5109 Robertmiller este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Observatorul La Silla de Henri Debehogne. El prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 2,24 ua, o excentricitate de 0,07 și o înclinație de 3,6° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 5001-6000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1987
Centura de asteroizi

5109 Robertmiller


Kesif, kelime olarak "yoğun" ve bazı kaynaklarda "konsantre" yem anlamına da gelir. birim hacimde sindirilebilir besin miktarı fazla selüloz değeri %18 den azdır. Gıda sektöründe besi dönemi uzun hayvanlarda et bağlama süreci bittiğinde yağ depolama artmakta, uzun süre kesif yemle beslenen hayvanlarda daha fazla yağa rastlanmaktadır. Kesim dönemi kışa rastlayan hayvanlar yazın kesilenlere göre daha yağlı olmaktadır. Rasyon bir hayvanın 1 günde yiyeceği yem demektir. Rasyonun %60'ını kaba yemler %40'ını kesif yemler oluşturur.

Veteriner tıp
Tarım

Kesif yem


La licence est un ancien diplôme belge de l'enseignement supérieur de deuxième cycle. La licence prenait place dans une formation de quatre années : deux années de candidature suivies par deux années de licence proprement dite. Candidature et licence furent remplacées en 2008 dans le cadre du processus de Bologne : la candidature par le bachelier (bachelor en Communauté flamande) et la licence par le master.

Dans un but d'harmonisation et d'internationalisation, les universités belges francophones sont tenues de délivrer, sur simple demande, un document établissant la correspondance de chaque licence avec le master de la discipline correspondante.

Un décret officiel stipule que les capacités de poursuite d'études et d'accès professionnels des licenciés sont équivalentes à celles des masters à 120 crédits ECTS correspondants :Article 182. - Les porteurs d'un grade académique de deuxième cycle délivré en

vertu des dispositions antérieures à ce décret jouissent des mêmes capacités de

poursuite d'études et d'accès professionnels que les porteurs d'un grade de master

introduit par ce décret sanctionnant des études de deuxième cycle de 120 crédits au

moins.

Références

Diplôme
Enseignement supérieur en Belgique

Licence (Belgique)


Sutikva, prapovijesna gradina podno kuka Sutikve.

Podigli su ju Iliri u prapovijesti u podnožju Sutikve. Bila je najvažnije prapovijesno naselje u solinskom bazenu. Središte naselja je bilo na zapadnom i jugozapadnom podnožju stjenovite uzvisine. Vjerojatno je autohtono naselje koja je izvorno nosile ime Salone. Za Ilirsku Salonu uzima se da je 2 km sjever-sjeverozapadno na području Rupotine na obroncima Kozjaka). Gradina Sutikva je ostvarivala vizualnu komunikaciju s gradinom Ilirskom Salonom, lociranoj na Stipetuši u Donjoj Rupotini, na istočnim kozjačkim liticama uz Ilijin potok, oko jedan i pol kilometar sjeveroistočno od Bilankuše. Uz Ilirsku Salonu, činila je mrežu gradina s vranjičkom gradinom, zatim gradinom u Uvodićima na zapadnim padinama Mosora koja je bila utvrđena velikim blokovima, gradinom na Klisu i gradinom na Markezinoj gredi. Do grčkih i rimskih vremena, područje je bilo čvrsto pod upravom Delmata. Razlozi zašto se gradina na Sutikvi uzima za izvorno naselje Salone nalazi se u strateški povoljnom zemljopisnom položaju, jer nijedan drugi lokalitete na području Solina nema takav položaj. Tu je još strateško značenje i dug povijesni kontinuitet od brončanoga do rimskoga doba. Nadživjela je svoju luku vranjičku gradinu s kojom je supostojala, a koja je nestala do mlađega željeznog doba. Gradina Sutikva komunicirala je srednjojadranskim pomorskim putem, od Kaštelanskoga zaljeva preko Visa. Niz željeznodobnih s pristaništima u tom nizu su Sutikva, odnosno ušće Jadra, ili Sv. Nofar (Veli Bijać) u Kaštelima, Splitska vrata koja je kontrolirala gradina Rat iznad Bobovišća, gradina Hvar na mjestu današnjeg grada Hvara, Gradac na Visu i možda jedna do sad neutvrđena željeznodobna gradina na položaju današnje luke Sv. Jurja ili viške uvale. Vjerojatno je vranjička gradina bila pristanište gradini Sutikvi.

Izgubljena je za arheološka istraživanja zbog izgradnje prometne infrastrukture. U prapovijesti ovdje su bile kolibe. Početkom 20. stoljeća zbog potreba gradnje uskotračne željezničke pruge ka Sinju, gradina i nalazi dosta su oštećeni te poslije u 1980-ih pri gradnji ceste koja vodi ka Mravincima. Preostale nalaze uništila je izgradnja solinskog Novog groblja podno Sutikve 1982. godine. Ostali su tek površinski ulomci lokalne i grčke keramike.

Izvori

Građevine u Solinu
Prapovijesni arheološki lokaliteti u Hrvatskoj

Sutikva (gradina)


Delta Park Station er en kommende letbanestation på Hovedstadens Letbane (Ring 3-letbanen) i Vallensbæk Kommune. Stationen kommer til at ligge på Søndre Ringvej ved erhvervsområdet Delta Park, lidt nord for krydset med Vallensbæk Torvevej.

I forbindelse med planlægningen at letbanen var det ikke lagt fast på forhånd, at der skulle anlægges en station her. Men det indgik i anlægsloven som mulighed, der kunne tilkøbes senere. Det udnyttede Vallensbæks kommunalbestyrelse i oktober 2017, da de gerne ville sikre gode forhold for virksomhederne i kommunen. Stationen forventes at åbne sammen med letbanen i 2025.

Vest for stationen ligger erhvervskvarteret Delta Park, som stationen er opkaldt efter, mens der øst for stationen ligger et rækkehuskvarter (ved Nøddebo Allé)

Referencer

Stationer på Ring 3 Letbane
Bygninger, konstruktioner og anlæg i Vallensbæk Kommune

Delta Park Station


Poggensee ist ein norddeutscher Familienname.

Herkunft und Bedeutung
Der Familienname Poggensee beruht auf dem zweimal in Schleswig-Holstein vorkommenden Ortsnamen bzw. Ortsteilnamen Poggensee.

Die Gemeinde Poggensee liegt im Amt Sandesneben-Nusse zwischen Mölln und Ratzeburg, das zweite Vorkommen ist ein Ortsteil von Bad Oldesloe, war aber früher auch ein eigenständiger Ort.

Nach landläufiger Erklärung setzt sich der Name zusammen
 aus pogge = mittelniederdeutsch "Frosch" und
 seo/see = althochdeutsch/mittelhochdeutsch "Gewässer".

Laut Stadtarchiv Bad Oldesloe ist der Name jedoch
 aus po = slawisch "am, bei" und
 kanitze = Habichtswald entstanden und wurde 1263 als
"po kense" erstmals genannt und bedeutet somit "Am Habichtswald".

Die alten Schreibweisen waren im Amt Sandesneben-Nusse 1230 Pokense, 1376 Poggenze; in Bad Oldesloe 1294 Pogense, 1380 Pogghenzee, 1650 Poggensehe.

Als Familienname galt er für jemanden, der aus einem dieser Orte stammt oder zumindest enge Beziehungen dorthin hatte.

Die Namensgattung ist insofern ein Ortsname bzw. ein Name nach der Wohnstätte und ist in dieser Schreibweise überwiegend in Schleswig-Holstein verbreitet.

Erscheinung des Familiennamens bereits 1492 als Clawes Poggentzee, Betreiber einer Glashütte in Sievershütten, der wahrscheinlich verwandt war mit dem Stifter eines silbernen Abendmahlskelches der Kirche Sülfeld. Die Inschrift heißt: "1521 DO GAV HANS POGGHENSE DE GLAZEWERDER DVSSEN KELCH".

Verbreitung
Poggensee ist, gemessen am deutschen Telefonbuch vom 31. Dezember 2002, in seiner Häufigkeit ein normal häufig auftretender Familienname in Deutschland (253 Telefonbucheinträge). Die meisten Namensträger davon wohnen in Hamburg, gefolgt von Bad Segeberg und Kreis Stormarn. Diese Häufung ist ein Hinweis auf den Entstehungsraum des Nachnamens.

Bekannte Namensträger
 Karl Poggensee, deutscher Raketentechniker
 Renate Poggensee, Sängerin (nach Heirat Renate Kern, Künstlername Nancy Wood)
 Kay Poggensee, deutscher Hochschulprofessor

Einzelnachweise

Poggensee

Poggensee (Familienname)


Peștele cu cartofi pai sau peștele cu cartofi prăjiți (en. Fish and Chips, colocvial Fish 'n' Chips) este un fel de mâncare din fileu de pește, prăjit în friteoză (Fish) și cartofi prăjiți, de asemenea în friteoză (Chips). Ea este considerată, neoficial, ca o mâncare britanică tradițională și este până astăzi parte componentă a bucătăriei engleze și scoțiene și a culturii culinare, chiar dacă a pierdut din popularitate în ultimii ani. Chips sunt varianta britanică a cartofilor prăjiți.

Fish

Pe lista de preparare a  Fish 'n' Chips, stă în primul rând, în mod tradițional, Gadus morhua (cod). Adecvați sunt și mulți pești cu carne albă, cum ar fi eglefin (haddock), pollachius virens (pollock), merlan (whiting) sau cambula (plaice). În multe magazine Fish-'n'-Chips, clienții pot alege din mai multe variante.

La prepararea aluatului se amestecă făină si un pic de bicarbonat de sodiu, ca adaos, tipul de bere engleză ale de culoare brun închis, până când aluatul rezultat prezintă o consistență puțin mai groasă decât aluatul de clătite. Peștele fără oase este apoi tăiat în fâșii groase de doi până la trei centimetri, care stropit cu un pic de amidon de porumb va fi apoi dat prin aluatul preparat. La 190 de grade Celsius, peștele este apoi prăjit timp de aproximativ două minute, în ulei vegetal, până când prinde o culoare maro auriu, dar în interior este încă suculent. Bucățile mici de aluat, care plutesc în ulei, sunt servite, uneori, ca un supliment.

În Irlanda, este cunoscută o variantă de cod afumat, care este considerată o delicatesă locală.

Legături externe

Note

Bucătăria engleză
Bucătăria scoțiană
Fast food

Pește cu cartofi pai


Angus Buchanan (Inveraray,  - ) est un joueur international écossais de rugby et de cricket.

Il fait partie de l'équipe d'Écosse de rugby qui affronte l'Angleterre dans ce qui constitue le tout premier match international de rugby de l'histoire, en 1871. Il devient à cette occasion le tout premier marqueur d'essai dans un match international, mais ne rejouera plus pour son pays.

Carrière en rugby

Carrière amateur
Angus Buchanan a joué simultanément pour la Royal HSFP et pour l'Edinburgh University RFC, étant étudiant de l'université d'Édimbourg.

Il a aussi joué pour la province écossaise .

Carrière internationale

Angus Buchanan a joué dans la toute première équipe d'Écosse de rugby lors du tout premier match international de rugby de l'histoire. Après une tentative d'essai jugée ratée de George Ritchie, Buchanan devient le premier marqueur d'essai en rugby international : l'Écosse a poussé une mêlée au-delà de la ligne d'essai anglaise, et Buchanan est tombé sur le ballon pour aplatir. Cet essai est transformé par William Cross . L'Écosse marque un deuxième essai par John Arthur, non transformé, et malgré un essai des Anglais, qui n'est pas non plus transformé, l'Écosse remporte ce premier match international sur le score final est de 1 à 0.

Selon des documents confirmés, Buchanan a été le premier joueur international écossais à naître, en , et avait vingt-quatre ans et deux mois lorsqu'il a été sélectionné. C'est le seul match qu'il ait joué pour l'Écosse.

Carrière d'arbitre et de dirigeant
Angus Buchanan est ensuite devenu un arbitre international, officiant notamment lors du match opposant l'Écosse à l'Irlande le .

En 1879, il devient le  président de la Fédération écossaise de rugby.

Carrière en criquet
Angus Buchanan a aussi joué pour l'équipe d'Écosse de cricket.

Postérité
Dans la fiction, Buchanan fait partie du « monde des sorciers », l'univers de Harry Potter : il apparaît en effet dans un extrait écrit par J. K. Rowling pour le site Pottermore. Selon cet extrait, Angus Buchanan est né dans une famille de sorciers, mais il n'est pas magicien, c'est-à-dire un . Il est également censé avoir publié un livre « révolutionnaire » intitulé , qui met en lumière sa lutte pour survivre dans une communauté qui l'a renié et la façon dont il a trouvé un foyer dans le monde moldu.

Notes et références

Annexes

Bibliographie

Liens externes

Naissance dans l'Argyll and Bute
Naissance en janvier 1847
Décès en février 1927
Décès à 80 ans
Étudiant de l'université d'Édimbourg
Joueur international écossais de rugby à XV
Joueur du Royal High School Former Pupils
Joueur de l'Edinburgh University Rugby Football Club
Joueur d'Édimbourg Rugby
Arbitre écossais de rugby à XV
Dirigeant écossais de rugby à XV
Président de la Fédération écossaise de rugby à XV
Joueur écossais de cricket

Angus Buchanan


Crkva Blagovijesti Presvete Bogorodice u Veri u Hrvatskoj je pravoslavna crkva, u sastavu Osječkopoljske i baranjske eparhije Srpske pravoslavne crkve, a koja je posvećena blagdanu Blagovijesti.

Povijest
Većina zapisa vezanih za crkvu u Veri je uništena tijekom 2. svjetskog rata. Iz onog što je sačuvano postoji podatak da prvo spominjanje crkve datira iz 1732. godine, te da je bila izgrađena od drveta, oblijepljena blatom i pokrivena trskom. Razvojem sela u 18. stoljeću dolazi do zidanja nove crkve 1764. godine, koju je 1766. godine posvetio karlovački mitropolit Pavle Nenadović na blagdan Blagovijesti presvete Bogorodice. Ovaj blagdan se i danas obilježava kao crkvena i seoska slava.

Godine 1789. se osniva prva škola u Veri, a crkva i crkvena općina imaju veliki značaj u osnivanju, te ju u potpunosti izdržavaju.

Crkva je obnovljena 2000. godine.

Izvori

Pravoslavne crkve u Hrvatskoj
Vera
Eparhija osječkopoljska i baranjska


Deterdženti (detergent) (lat.: detergens, particip prezenta od detergere: brisati, skidati) su sve tvari ili smjese koje sadrže sapune i/ili druge površinski aktivne tvari namijenjene za procese pranja i čišćenja.
Deterdženti mogu biti u bilo kojem obliku (tekućine, prašci, paste, šipke, blokovi, kalupi ili na drugi način oblikovani komadi itd.), a stavljaju se u promet ili se rabe u kućanstvu ili u profesionalne ili industrijske svrhe.

Ostali proizvodi koji se također smatraju deterdžentima su:
— "pomoćna smjesa za pranje" namijenjena za namakanje (pretpranje), ispiranje ili izbjeljivanje odjeće i rublja u kućanstvu itd.,
— "omekšivač za rublje" namijenjen za mijenjanje osjeta tkanine na dodir u procesima koji trebaju dopuniti pranje tkanine,
— "smjesa za čišćenje" namijenjena kao univerzalno sredstvo za čišćenje za uporabu u kućanstvu i/ili drugo čišćenje površina (npr.: materijala, proizvoda, strojeva, mehaničkih naprava, prijevoznih sredstava i njima povezane opreme, instrumenata, aparature itd.),
— "ostale smjese za čišćenje i pranje" namijenjene za sve druge procese pranja i čišćenja.

Zakonodavstvo

Uredba (EZ)  broj 648/2004 Europskog parlamenta i Vijeća od 31. ožujka 2004. o deterdžentima:

Zakon o provedbi Uredbe broj 648/2004 Europskog Parlamenta i Vijeća od 31. ožujka 2004. godine o deterdžentima ("Narodne novine", br. 34/12 i 25/13.

Kemijski sastav
Glavni su mu sastojci tenzidi, površinski aktivne tvari. Već prema traženim svojstvima deterdženta upotrebljavaju se anionski, kationski, neionski ili amfoterni tenzidi. Najšire se primjenjuju anionski tenzidi (alkil-benzen-sulfonati, alkan-sulfonati, alkil-sulfati, alkil-eter-sulfati). Molekule tenzida, koje se sastoje od hidrofilnog i hidrofobnog dijela, nakupljaju se pri pranju na granici faza koje se ne miješaju (npr. vode i masnoće). Pritom se hidrofilni dio molekule orijentira prema vodenoj fazi, a hidrofobni prema nevodenoj, npr. prema masnoći, što smanjuje napetost površine i omogućuje odvajanje nečistoće od podloge. Osim tenzida, deterdžent sadrži i sredstva za mekšanje vode i za bijeljenje, enzime za uklanjanje nečistoća od bjelančevina i drugih bioloških tvari, mirise, sredstva za zaštitu od korozije, za osvježavanje boje itd.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

Kemijski spojevi
Higijena

Deterdženti


O perioadă geologică este o subdiviziune a unei ere pe scara timpului geologic. Aceste perioade formează elemente ale unei diviziuni ierarhice în care geologii au împărțit istoria Pământului.

Eonul și era sunt subdiviziuni mai mari decât perioada, în timp ce perioadele pot fi împărțite în epoci, care la rândul lor se împart în vârste.

Structură
Cele douăsprezece perioade recunoscute în prezent ale eonului actual - Fanerozoic - sunt definite de Comisia Internațională de stratigrafie prin referire la stratigrafia din anumite locuri din întreaga lume. Următorul tabel include toate perioadele actuale recunoscute. Tabelul omite timpul de dinainte de acum 2500 de milioane de ani în urmă.

Geocronologie

Perioadă (geologie)


Die UMS AERO Group AG ist eine Aktiengesellschaft mit Sitz in Baar ZG und Niederlassung in Linköping, Schweden. Sie wurde 2009 als Swiss UAV gegründet, das Drohnen entwickelt und herstellt. Swiss UAV ist Partner des schwedischen Flugzeugbau- und Rüstungskonzerns Saab. Der von EMT angebotene Drohnen-Helikopter MUSECO ist ein Derivat der UMS AERO Group.

Die Drohnen der UMS AERO Group wurden bereits von der deutschen Bundespolizei getestet.

Produkte
Die UMS AERO Group verkauft (Stand September 2014) zwei Drohnen-Flugzeuge und ein Drohnen-Helikopter, sowie entsprechende Fernsteuerung und Trainings an:
 F-330 (Remotely Piloted Air System)
 F-720 (Tactical Remotely Piloted Air System)
 R-350 (VTOL Remotely Piloted Air System)

Weblinks

 Homepage der UMS AERO Group

Einzelnachweise

Unternehmen (Zug)

UMS Group


Corina Belcea-Fisher, née Belcea en 1975, est une violoniste roumaine résidant à Bâle, en Suisse.

Elle est premier violon du Quatuor Belcea, fondé en 1994, dont les autres instrumentistes sont Axel Schacher (second violon), Krzysztof Chorzelski (alto) et Antoine Lederlin (violoncelle) qui se sont tous rencontrés pendant leurs études aux Royal College of Music à Londres. Récemment, elle a été jury du Concours musical international Reine Élisabeth de Belgique dans son édition de 2019.

Belcea joue un violon fabriqué par Pietro Giovanni Guarneri () et possède un violon contemporain fabriqué par Felix Daniel Rotaru en 2016.

Références

Liens externes

Violoniste roumaine
Violoniste classique roumain
Naissance en 1975
Naissance en Roumanie
Étudiant du Royal College of Music

Corina Belcea


Seslikaya, Rize ilinin Ardeşen ilçesine bağlı bir köydür.

Tarihçe
Köyün adı, 1928 yılında yayınlanan Türk kaynağında Ağvan, 2009 tarihli Lazca yer adları sözlüğünde Amgvani olarak geçmektedir. Köyde Seslikaya Köprüsü ve 1801 yılında inşa edilmiş bir cami bulunmaktadır.

Coğrafya
Köy; Rize il merkezine 53 km, Ardeşen ilçe merkezine 8 km uzaklıktadır. Köydeki Kanteva, Poçibat ve Kağana mahallelerinin adları Lazcadır.

Nüfus

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

Ardeşen belde ve köyleri

Seslikaya, Ardeşen


Liepina ist der Familienname von

Asja Lācis, geborene Liepiņa (1891–1979), lettische Schauspielerin, Regisseurin und Theaterleiterin
Līga Liepiņa (* 1946), sowjetisch-lettische Theater- und Filmschauspielerin

Liepina


Kuzey Makedonya Cumhuriyeti millî futbol takımı, Kuzey Makedonya'yı uluslararası arenada temsil eden futbol takımıdır. İlk karşılaşmalarını Yugoslavya'dan ayrıldıktan sonra 1993 yılında yapılmıştır. Bundan önce Yugoslavyalı Makedon oyuncular Yugoslavya millî futbol takımı için oynadılar. Genellikle ev sahibi olduğu karşılaşmalarını Üsküp'teki Graski Stadyumu'nda oynarlar. Kuzey Makedonya, 2020 Avrupa Futbol Şampiyonası play off maçında Gürcistan'ı 1-0 mağlup ederek tarihinde ilk kez Avrupa Şampiyonası'na katılma hakkını kazandı.

Turnuva Tarihi

FIFA Dünya Kupası tarihi

Avrupa Futbol Şampiyonası tarihi

UEFA Uluslar Ligi tarihi
 Yükseldi   Aynı ligde kaldı   Düştü

Güncel kadro
Aşağıdaki oyuncular, sırasıyla 16 ve 19 Haziran 2023 tarihlerinde Ukrayna ve İngiltere ile oynanan Euro 2024 eleme maçları için çağrıldı.

Kaynakça

Avrupa'da millî futbol takımları
Millî futbol takımı

Kuzey Makedonya millî futbol takımı


Gurps er en dansk dokumentarfilm fra 1990 med instruktion og manuskript af Dola Bonfils. Filmen er en del af serien Video- og TV-Laboratoriet 1990.

Handling
Gurps er en avanceret udgave af Dungeons and Dragons efter et system, der hedder Generic Universal Role Playing System. En gruppe unge udfolder en dramatisk eventyrverden for hinanden - og tilskueren - i et rollespil, hvor de skaber en karakter, helt eller skurk, og i øvrigt kaster terninger om denne figurs udvikling og skæbne. Instruktøren af videoen spiller med i billeder og lyd, der inviterer tilskueren på en tur væk fra realiteternes verden.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Dokumentarfilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 1990

Gurps


Drosera felix, biljna vrsta iz porodice Rosikovki, mesožderka (karnivora), trajnica iz roda rosika koja raste kao endem na jugoistoku venezuelske države Bolívar.

Hemikriptofit ili hamefit.

Izvori

Rosikovke
Biljke mesožderke
Flora Venezuele

Drosera felix


An Habenaria ludibundiciliata in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni João Aguiar Nogueira Batista ngan Bianch.. An Habenaria ludibundiciliata in nahilalakip ha genus nga Habenaria, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Habenaria

Habenaria ludibundiciliata


Les élections législatives françaises de 2022 se déroulent les  et . Dans les Hautes-Alpes, deux députés sont à élire dans le cadre de deux circonscriptions.

Contexte

Résultats de l'élection présidentielle de 2022 par circonscription

Système électoral
Les élections législatives ont lieu au scrutin uninominal majoritaire à deux tours dans des circonscriptions uninominales.

Est élu au premier tour le candidat qui réunit la majorité absolue des suffrages exprimés et un nombre de voix au moins égal au quart (25 %) des électeurs inscrits dans la circonscription. Si aucun des candidats ne satisfait ces conditions, un second tour est organisé entre les candidats ayant réuni un nombre de voix au moins égal à un huitième des inscrits (12,5 %) ; les deux candidats arrivés en tête du premier tour se maintiennent néanmoins par défaut si un seul ou aucun d'entre eux n'a atteint ce seuil. Au second tour, le candidat arrivé en tête est déclaré élu.

Le seuil de qualification basé sur un pourcentage du total des inscrits et non des suffrages exprimés rend plus difficile l'accès au second tour lorsque l'abstention est élevé. Le système permet en revanche l'accès au second tour de plus de deux candidats si plusieurs d'entre eux franchissent le seuil de 12,5 % des inscrits. Les candidats en lice au second tour peuvent ainsi être trois, un cas de figure appelé . Les second tours où s'affrontent quatre candidats, appelés  sont également possibles, mais beaucoup plus rares.

Partis et nuances
Les résultats des élections sont publiés en France par le ministère de l'Intérieur, qui classe les partis en leur attribuant des nuances politiques. Ces dernières sont décidées par les préfets, qui les attribuent indifféremment de l'étiquette politique déclarée par les candidats, qui peut être celle d'un parti ou une candidature sans étiquette.

En 2022, seules les coalitions Ensemble (ENS) et Nouvelle Union populaire écologique et sociale (NUP), ainsi que le Parti radical de gauche (RDG), l'Union des démocrates et indépendants (UDI), Les Républicains (LR), le Rassemblement national (RN) et Reconquête (REC) se voient attribuer en 2022 une nuance propre.

Tous les autres partis se voient attribuer l'une ou l'autre des nuances suivantes : DXG (divers extrême gauche), DVG (divers gauche), ECO (écologiste), REG (régionaliste), DVC (divers centre), DVD (divers droite), DSV (droite souverainiste) et DXD (divers extrême droite). Des partis comme Debout la France ou Lutte ouvrière ne disposent ainsi pas de nuance propre, et leurs résultats nationaux ne sont pas publiés séparément par le ministère, car mélangés avec d'autres partis (respectivement dans les nuances DSV et DXG).

Résultats

Élus

Résultats à l'échelle du département

Résultats par coalition

Résultats par nuance

Cartes

Analyse

Les Hautes-Alpes sont le théâtre d'un affrontement entre la majorité présidentielle et la coalition de gauche, la NUPES, ici représentée par la France insoumise. Alors qu'en 2017, la division de la gauche leur avait coûté leur présence au second tour face à LR, le rassemblement de la gauche lui permet d'accéder cette fois aux deux seconds tours du département, sans succès toutefois.

Le secteur de Briançon porte à nouveau largement à sa tête, le ministre sortant de la cohésion des territoires, le radical Joël Giraud. Si ce dernier est largement réélu pour un cinquième mandat face à une militante insoumise briançonnaise, Capucine Mounal, son élection est bien plus serrée qu'en 2017 et même un peu moins confortable qu'en 2012, lorsqu'il portait les couleurs du PRG.

Le siège de Gap est plus disputé entre le chef départemental insoumis, Michel Philippo, et la sortante marcheuse, Pascale Boyer. Cette dernière, après avoir accusé un retard d'un millier de voix au premier tour parvient à renverser la situation au second en sauvant son poste par 199 voix d'avance. Le second tour de cette échéance n'est pas le premier dans l'histoire du siège à être serré. Il est tout de même le résultat le moins large depuis la réélection du radical Émile Didier en 1968. Le député-maire de Gap l'avait alors emporté d'une voix d'avance.

Résultats par circonscription

Première circonscription

Députée sortante : Pascale Boyer (LREM).

Deuxième circonscription

Députée sortante : Claire Bouchet (PRV).

Notes et références

Notes

Références

Hautes-Alpes
Législatives, 2022

Élections législatives de 2022 dans les Hautes-Alpes


ميلدريد جيلرز
ولدت في 29 نوفمبر 1900 وتوفيت في 25 يونيو 1988)، المعروفة أيضاً باسم (Axis Sally) كانت مذيعة أثناء الحرب العالمية الثانية، اشتهرت لعملها ببرامج الدعاية لألمانيا النازية.

مراجع

وصلات خارجية

 Courtroom Battle of World War II (Part 1 of 3). contains information on the careers and fates of some of the Nazi broadcasters and other collaborators.
 Courtroom Battles of World War II (Part 2 of 3).

المرأة في الحرب العالمية الثانية
النساء في عهد ألمانيا النازية
أشخاص من بورتلاند (مين)
أشخاص من كونو (أوهايو)
أشخاص من مدينة نيويورك
ألمانيا النازية
خريجو جامعة أوهايو وسلين
دعاية النازية
رومان كاثوليك أمريكيون
سجناء ومعتقلون اعتقلتهم القوات المسلحة للولايات المتحدة
سجناء ومعتقلون أمريكيون
سجناء ومعتقلون من قبل الحكومة الفيدرالية للولايات المتحدة
شخصيات إذاعية من مدينة نيويورك
شخصيات راديو من مين
فاشيون أمريكيون
كاثوليك من أوهايو
كاثوليك من مين
مدنيات أمريكيات في الحرب العالمية الثانية
مذيعو أمريكية في ألمانيا النازية
معتنقو الكاثوليكية
مواليد 1900
مواليد في بورتلاند (مين)
وفيات 1988
وفيات السرطان في أوهايو
وفيات بسبب سرطان القولون
وفيات في كولومبوس (أوهايو)

ملدريد جيلرز


فوكلوز  هو إقليم فرنسي تابع لمنطقة بروفنس ألب كوت دازور. رقمه التسلسلي 84.

توأمة
لفوكلوز (إقليم فرنسي) اتفاقيات توأمة مع:
 توتشيغي

أعلام
 غستاف دوكا
 إليز تايلور

معرض صور

مراجع

بروفنس
تأسيسات سنة 1793 في فرنسا
دول وأقاليم أسست في 1793
فوكلوز

فوكلوز (إقليم فرنسي)


بورونتورنيس (Brontornis) جنس من طيور مفترسة لا تطير التي عاشت في باتاغونيا. و الفرد الوحيد الموجود حاليا من هذا الجنس هو بي.بورمييستري. وهو تقليديا يلحق بفصيلة طيور رعب وقد سميت بذلك بسبب قدرتها على الافتراس ولأحجامها الكبيرة. وهناك فصلية فرعية له وهي بورنتورنثاين. وهي الأكبر من بين الفصائل من حيث الحجم والوزن.

مصادر

أجناس الطيور
أصنوفات أحفورية وصفت في 1891
طيور الرعب
مستحاثات الأرجنتين

بورونتورنيس


L'édition masculine 2022 du tournoi de tennis d'Adélaïde est divisée en 2 tournois qui se déroulent du 3 au 9 janvier puis du 10 au 15 janvier, sur dur en extérieur. Elle appartient à la catégorie ATP 250.

Tournoi 1

Faits marquants

Forfaits
On note les forfaits de l'Américain Sebastian Korda, des Français Ugo Humbert et Arthur Rinderknech et du Serbe Miomir Kecmanović. Ils sont respectivement remplacés par Thiago Monteiro, Juan Manuel Cerúndolo, Corentin Moutet et Mikael Ymer.

Pendant le tournoi
Corentin Moutet est disqualifié lors de son match au second tour pour avoir insulté l'arbitre à la fin du second set.

Pour la 18e année consécutive, Gaël Monfils atteint la finale d'un tournoi ATP. C'est le quatrième joueur de l'histoire détenant la plus longue série de saisons avec au moins une finale sur le circuit principal après Roger Federer (20), Jimmy Connors et Rafael Nadal (19).

Lauréats
Le Français Gaël Monfils remporte le tournoi en battant en finale Karen Khachanov. Il s'agit du  titre ATP de sa carrière en simple.

En double, Rohan Bopanna et Ramkumar Ramanathan décrochent leur  titre ensemble en s'imposant en finale face à Ivan Dodig et Marcelo Melo. Il s'agit de leur  et  titre respectif dans la discipline.

Primes et points

NB : Pour les têtes de série exemptées de , une élimination au  ne rapporte aucun point ATP.

Résultats en simple

Parcours

Tableau

Résultats en double

Parcours

Tableau

Tournoi 2

Faits marquants

Forfaits
On note les forfaits de l'Allemand Dominik Köpfer, des Américains Jenson Brooksby et Sebastian Korda, de l'Australien James Duckworth et du Serbe Laslo Djere. Ils sont respectivement remplacés par Lorenzo Musetti, Arthur Rinderknech, Gianluca Mager, Jaume Munar et Thiago Monteiro.

Pendant le tournoi
Touché aux cervicales durant son entrée en lice, Gaël Monfils, vainqueur du tournoi d'Adélaïde 1 la semaine passée, a été contraint à l'abandon face à Thiago Monteiro et ne pourra pas tenter ses chances pour remporter un second titre consécutif.

Lauréats
L'Australien Thanasi Kokkinakis remporte le tournoi en battant en finale Arthur Rinderknech. Il s'agit du  titre ATP de sa carrière en simple.

En double, Wesley Koolhof et Neal Skupski décrochent leur  titre ensemble en s'imposant en finale face à Ariel Behar et Gonzalo Escobar. Il s'agit de leur  et  titre respectif dans la discipline. Ils s'étaient déjà imposés ensemble la semaine suivante à Melbourne.

Primes et points

NB : Pour les têtes de série exemptées de , une élimination au  ne rapporte aucun point ATP.

Résultats en simple

Parcours

Tableau

Résultats en double

Parcours

Tableau

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Tournoi de tennis d'Adélaïde (WTA 2022 I)
 Tournoi de tennis d'Adélaïde (WTA 2022 II)
 Tournoi de tennis d'Adélaïde
 Saison 2022 de l'ATP

Liens externes
  Site officiel
  (tournoi 1)
  (tournoi 1)
  (tournoi 2)
  (tournoi 2)

ATP 2022
Adélaïde
Tennis en Australie en 2022
Tennis en janvier 2022

Tournoi de tennis d'Adélaïde (ATP 2022)


Brestov este o comună slovacă, aflată în districtul Humenné din regiunea Prešov. Localitatea se află la , se întinde pe o suprafață de  și în 2017 număra 611 locuitori. Se învecinează cu comuna Humenné.

Istoric
Localitatea Brestov este atestată documentar din 1567.

Note

Legături externe

Localități din Slovacia

Brestov, Humenné


El Torneo de Stuttgart, por razones de patrocinio Porsche Tennis Grand Prix, es un torneo de tenis dentro del calendario de la WTA. Desde 2005 se disputa en el Porsche-Arena en Stuttgart, Alemania (hasta 2005 se disputaba en Filderstadt, un suburbio al sur de la ciudad). Este torneo se lleva a cabo desde 1978, convirtiéndolo en el torneo femenino de tenis bajo techo más antiguo de Europa. La ganadora además del premio económico recibe de parte del patrocinador un vehículo deportivo, el Porsche Taycan Turbo S Sport Turismo.

Hasta 2008 se disputaba en cancha dura bajo techo en otoño, pero a partir de la temporada 2009 cambió de superficie para jugarse en tierra batida bajo techo (el primer torneo WTA en cambiar a esta superficie) durante el mes de abril como preparación para el Torneo de Roland Garros.

Es catalogado como uno de los torneos femeninos más atractivos del circuito y dentro de sus ganadoras se incluyen ganadoras de Grand Slam, así como n.º 1 del mundo. Martina Navratilova mantiene el récord de más títulos en individuales, con 6 entre 1982 y 1992, además de 8 títulos en dobles. Tracy Austin y Martina Hingis están en segunda ubicación con 4 títulos individuales, seguidas por Lindsay Davenport y María Sharápova con 3 títulos.

Campeonas

Individual

Dobles

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Sitio Oficial

Torneo de Stuttgart

Torneo WTA de Stuttgart


تانسيفت أو واد تانسيفت هو نهر يعبر هضبة الحوز في الشمال الغربي للمغرب طوله 250 كلم. ينبع تانسيفت من شرق الأطلس الكبير، و يمر شمال تيزي نتيشكة. كما يمر بالقرب من مدينة مراكش. يصب في المحيط الأطلسي قرب القلعة القديمة في الصويرة القديمة، حوالي 33 كيلومترا جنوب مدينة آسفي. يتغير تدفق المياه فيه وفقا لهطول الأمطار ولصبيب أنهاره الرافدة الرئيسية، ويُعد واحدا من أكبر عشرة أنهار في المغرب.

الحوض المائي
تبلغ مساحة الحوض المائي لنهر تانسيفت 20 ألف كلم² وتزوده بالمياه ثلاثة أنهار رافدة رئيسية: واد غدات و واد الزات ثم واد أوريكا زائد واد شيشاوة وواد النفيس.

تبلغ مساحة الحوض المائي للنهر 18400 كلم² وتصل إلى 20 ألف كلم² باحتساب أحواض الأنهار الرافدة. يبلغ متوسط الصبيب السنوي للنهر 73.9 مترا مكعبا في الثانية.

مراجع

أنهار المغرب

تانسيفت (نهر)


Kocaeli Üniversitesi (KOÜ) Kocaeli, Türkiye'de yer alan 1976 yılında "Kocaeli Devlet Mühendislik ve Mimarlık Akademisi" adı altında Elektrik, Makine, Temel Bilimler Fakülteleri ve Yabancı Diller Enstitüsü ile kurulmuş bir devlet üniversitesidir. 2547 sayılı yasanın yürürlüğe girmesiyle Akademiler kapatılarak üniversitelere bağlanmıştır. Bu kapsamda Kocaeli DMMA, 20 Temmuz 1982 yılında Kocaeli Mühendislik Fakültesi adı altında Yıldız Teknik Üniversitesine bağlanmış ve 3 Temmuz 1992 tarih ve 3837 sayılı kanun ile de "Kocaeli Üniversitesi" adını almıştır. Kocaeli Üniversitesi adıyla eğitim-öğretim hayatına ise 6 fakülte, 1 meslek yüksekokulu, 3 enstitü ile başlamıştır.

Genel bilgi
Kocaeli Üniversitesi, 17 Ağustos 1999 Depremi'nden önce öğretim hizmetini, 15 değişik yörede bulunan ve toplam alanı 650.000 m2 olan kampüslerinde, 9 Fakülte, 3 Enstitü, 12 Meslek Yüksekokulu'nda öğrenim yapan 20.000 öğrenci ve 1.150 öğretim elemanı ile sürdürmekteydi. Yüzyılın felaketlerinden biri olarak nitelenen 17 Ağustos depreminde üniversitenin maddi varlığının yaklaşık %75'i yitirildi. Söz konusu büyük kayba karşın, 1999-2000 eğitim-öğretim yılını yalnızca bir aylık gecikmeyle başlatan Kocaeli Üniversitesi, eğitim-öğretim etkinliğini bir süre çadır, prefabrik yapı ve hızla onarılan binalarda sürdürmüştür.

Bu çalışmaların yanı sıra, Kocaeli Üniversitesine yeni bir kampüs arayışı hızla sonuçlandırılmış, 2000 yılının Ekim ayında, İzmit'e 10 km uzaklıkta bulunan Eski İstanbul yolu üzerindeki Üçtepeler mevkiinde 6500 dönümlük alana "Umuttepe" adı verilerek yeni kampüsün temeli atılmıştır. İnşaat aşamasında ülke genelinde yaşanan ekonomik krize karşın, 2004 yılının Eylül ayında Rektörlük, izleyen aylarda da Fen-Edebiyat, İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler, İletişim, Teknik Eğitim ve Tıp Fakülteleri ve Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü ile Araştırma ve Uygulama Hastanesi yeni kampüste hizmet vermeye başlamıştır. Umuttepe Kampüsü'nün yapımının tamamlanmasıyla birlikte Türkiye'de bir üniversite kampüsünün tamamı ilk defa projelendirilmiş, ilk 4 yılda açılışı yapılmış ve 8 yıl içinde bitirilmiştir.

Eylül 2015 itibarıyla, 2061 akademik personel (244 Profesör, 201 Doçent, 487 Yardımcı Doçent, 268 Öğretim Görevlisi, 166 okutman, 22 uzman 673 Araştırma Görevlisi) 1765 idari personeli vardır. 2015-2016 eğitim-öğretim yılında öğrenci sayısı 81.877 'dir. Kocaeli Üniversitesi 16 Fakülte, 4 Yüksekokul, 21 Meslek Yüksekokulu, 3 Enstitü, 13 Araştırma Merkezi ve 28 Araştırma Birimi ile Türk yükseköğretim alanının yakın dönem kurulan üniversiteleri arasında önde gelen bir devlet üniversitesidir. Ayrıca Kocaeli Üniversitesi bünyesinde TEKNOPARK, Teknoloji Transfer Ofisleri ve KOSGEB-TEKMER gibi teknoloji merkezleri barındırmaktadır.

2020 yılı itibarıyla üniversite bünyesinde 19 fakülte, 1 devlet konservatuvarı, 3 enstitü, 2 yüksekokul ve 21 meslek yüksekokulu, 15 araştırma ve uygulama merkezi 28 araştırma ve uygulama birimi le hizmet vermektedir.

2020 yılında; 21.289 ön lisans, 40.482 lisans, 4.043 yüksek lisans ve 1.107 doktora olmak üzere toplam 66.921 kayıtlı öğrenci bulunmaktadır.

2020 yılı öğretim üyesi kadrosunda; 878 araştırma görevlisi, 472 öğretim görevlisi, 471 doktor öğretim üyesi, 221 doçent ve 288 profesör olmak üzere 2.330 akademik personel bulunmaktadır.

Akademik birimler

Fakülteler
Şu an Kocaeli Üniversitesi içerisinde barındırdığı 19 Fakülte ile eğitim-öğretim faaliyetlerini sürdürmektedir.

Mühendislik Fakültesi
Kocaeli Üniversitesi Mühendislik Fakültesi'nin temelleri 1976'da kurulan Kocaeli Devlet Mühendislik ve Mimarlık Akademisi'ndeki Makina-Elektrik Fakültesi'ne dayanır. Bünyesinde kurulan Elektrik Mühendisliği ve Makina Mühendisliği Bölümü ile eğitime başlamıştır. Bakanlar Kurulu'nun konuya ilişkin kararı Resmî Gazete'de yayımlanarak Kocaeli Üniversitesinin ilk fakültesi olmuştur. Bünyesinde;
Elektrik Mühendisliği
Elektronik ve Haberleşme Mühendisliği
Bilgisayar Mühendisliği
Mekatronik Mühendisliği
Endüstri Mühendisliği
İnşaat Mühendisliği
Makine Mühendisliği
Metalurji ve Malzeme Mühendisliği
Kimya Mühendisliği
Harita Mühendisliği
Çevre Mühendisliği
Jeoloji Mühendisliği
Jeofizik Mühendisliği
 Yazılım Mühendisliği
bölümleri ile eğitim hayatını sürdürmektedir.

Diş Hekimliği Fakültesi
Kocaeli Üniversitesi Diş Hekimliği Fakültesi, Millî Eğitim Bakanlığı'nın 12.05.2008 Tarih ve 10475 sayılı yazısı üzerine, 28.03.1983 tarih ve 2809 sayılı Kanunun ek 30'uncu maddesi uyarınca, Bakanlar Kurulu'nun 17.05.2006 tarihli toplantısında alınan karar ile kurulmuştur.

Fakülte, Kocaeli Üniversitesi Rektörlüğü ile Kocaeli İl Özel İdaresi arasında, 17.04.2008 tarihinde imzalanan protokol gereği Yuvacık'ta bulunan Paşadağı mevkiinde 54.000 m² arazi üzerinde 8.200 m² kapalı alana sahiptir.  Ağız Diş ve Çene Cerrahisi, Ağız Diş ve Çene Radyolojisi, Endodonti, Restoratif Diş Tedavisi, Pedodonti, Periodontoloji, Protetik Diş Tedavisi ve Ortodonti Anabilim Dallarında klinik hizmetler vermektedir.

Eğitim Fakültesi
1999'da Anıtpark Yerleşkesi'nde kurulmuş ve eğitim öğretim faaliyetine başlamıştır. Deprem sonrası yeniden inşa edilen Umuttepe Yerleşkesi'ndeki yeni binasına Eylül 2005 tarihinde taşınmıştır. Bünyesinde;
Bilgisayar ve Öğretim Teknolojileri Eğitimi
Eğitim Bilimleri
Fen ve Mat. Alanlar Eğitimi
Güzel Sanatlar Eğitimi
İlköğretim
Sosyal Alanlar Eğitimi
Türkçe Eğitimi
Yabancı Diller Eğitimi
bölümleri ile eğitim hayatını sürdürmektedir..

Tıp Fakültesi
Kocaeli Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi, 2809 sayılı Yükseköğretim Kurumları Teşkilatı Kanununa 03.07.1992 tarihinde eklenen ve 11.07.1992 tarih ve 212181 sayılı Resmi Gazete'de  yayımlanan  3837  sayılı  kanunun  ek  13.maddesi  uyarınca  kurulmuştur. Daha sonra Derince Sopalı'da bulunan SSK Kocaeli Hastanesi'nde 80 yatak kapasitesi ile  fiilen  hizmete  başlamıştır.  Fakülte,  1995‐1996  eğitim‐öğretim  yılından itibaren  41  öğrenci ile  öğretime  başlamış  ve  2000‐2001  eğitim‐öğretim  yılında  32 öğrenci ile ilk mezunlarını vermiştir.

Tıp  fakültesi  hastanesinin  17  Ağustos  1999  Marmara  depreminde  hizmet veremeyecek düzeyde hasar görmesi sonucunda 240 yataklı prefabrik hastane ile 3 adet  prefabrik  dershane  inşa  edilmiş  ve  büyük  özverilerle  eğitim‐öğretime  ara verilmemiştir.  Fakültemiz  20  Haziran  2005  tarihi  itibarıyla  Kocaeli  Üniversitesi, Umuttepe Yerleşkesi içindeki en son teknolojiye uygun olarak inşa edilmiş olan 750 yatak kapasiteli yeni binalarına taşınmıştır.

Bünyesinde Temel Tıp Bilimleri, Dahili Tıp Bilimleri ve Cerrahi Tıp Bilimleri ile eğitim-öğretime devam etmektedir.

Mimarlık ve Tasarım Fakültesi
2006 yılında Millî Eğitim Bakanlığı'nın 26/01/2006 tarihli ve 1232 sayılı yazısı üzerine, 28/3/1983 tarihli ve 2809 sayılı kanunun ek 30'u.ncu maddesine göre, 03/02/2006 tarihinde kurulmuştur. Bünyesinde;
 Mimarlık
 İç mimarlık
 Şehir ve Bölge Planlama
 Endüstriyel Tasarım
bölümleriyle eğitim-öğretime devam etmektedir.

Hukuk Fakültesi
Bakanlar kurulunun konulu izniyle 7 Temmuz 1992 gün ve 3837 sayılı kanun ile kurulmuştur. Hukuk Fakültesi, teorik ve pratik çalışmaları birlikte sunmaktadır. 49 akademik personel ile birlikte; öğrenci işleri, kütüphane ve diğer yardımcı hizmetlerde görevli 7 idari personel bulunmaktadır. Her yıl ortalama 300 öğrenci kabul edilmektedir.

Kocaeli Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi'nde kayıtlı durumda olan 6 profesör, 3 doçent ve 16 doktor öğretim üyesi olmak üzere toplam 25 akademisyen bulunmaktadır.

İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi
1992 yılında kurulmuş ve 1993-1994 eğitim öğretim yılında eğitim faaliyetine başlamıştır. Bünyesinde;
İşletme
İktisat
Çalışma Ekonomisi ve Endüstri İlişkileri
Uluslararası ilişkiler
Siyaset Bilimi ve Kamu Yönetimi
bölümleriyle eğitim-öğretimine devam etmektedir.

Güzel Sanatlar Fakültesi
Güzel Sanatlar Fakültesi 1996'da kurucu dekan Prof.Dr. Ünal Demirarslan öncülüğünde kurulmuştur. Kuruluşun ardından, fakültenin öncülü sayılabilecek "Güzel Sanatlar Bölümü" lağvedilmiş ve buradaki personel Güzel Sanatlar Fakültesi bünyesine aktarılmıştır.

Fakültenin ilk kurulduğu yer Kocaeli Üniversitesi Arslanbey Yerleşkesi'dir. 1997‐98 döneminde alınan ilk öğrencilerle Arslanbey'de eğitime başlanmış; ancak 1999 depremi nedeniyle burada sadece iki yıl kalınabilmiştir. 1999 depreminde Arslanbey'deki binanın ağır hasar görmesinden dolayı, aynı yıl Hereke'ye, buradaki eski Sümerbank lojmanlarının onarılmasıyla oluşturulan Borusan Yerleşkesi'ne taşınılmıştır.

2011 yılında ise, fakültenin Anıtpark Yerleşkesi'ne taşınma süreci başlamıştır. İlk aşamada 2011'de Grafik, Fotoğraf, Müzik, Resim, Seramik ve Temel Eğitim bölümleri Anıtpark'a taşınmış; bir yıl sonra 2012'de de, Hereke'de bırakılan Heykel ve Sahne Sanatları bölümleri Anıtpark'a taşınarak süreç tamamlanmıştır.

1997‐98 ders yılında Resim, Müzik ve Fotoğraf olmak üzere ilk önce 3 bölüme öğrenci alınmıştır.

İletişim Fakültesi
Kocaeli Üniversitesi İletişim Fakültesi, Tıp Fakültesi öğretim üyelerinden Ertuğrul Köroğlu'nun kurucu dekanlığında 1998 yılında Gazetecilik, Halkla İlişkiler ve Tanıtım, Radyo Televizyon ve Sinema bölümleri ile Anıtpark Yerleşkesi'nde 81 öğrenci ile eğitime başlamıştır. 17 Ağustos 1999 Depremi sonra Hereke Yerleşkesi'nde eğitim-öğretim hayatına devam eden fakülte 2002-2003 eğitim öğretim yılında ikinci öğretim öğrencilerine de kapılarını açtı. Özel Yetenek Sınavı ile öğrenci alan Görsel İletişim Tasarımı ve Reklamcılık Bölümleri ise ilk öğrencilerini 2005 yılında kabul etti.

Gazetecilik, Halkla İlişkiler ve Tanıtım, Radyo Televizyon ve Sinema, İletişim Bilimleri ile Görsel İletişim Tasarımı ve Reklamcılık Anabilim Dallarında tezli yüksek lisans, İletişim Tasarımı ve Bilişim Teknolojileri Anabilim Dalında tezsiz yüksek lisans programları ile İletişim Bilimleri ve Halkla İlişkiler ve Tanıtım Anabilim Dallarında doktora programları ile lisansüstü eğitim verilmektedir.

Teknoloji Fakültesi
Kocaeli Üniversitesi Teknoloji Fakültesi 13.11.2009 tarih ve 27405 sayılı Resmi Gazetede yayımlanan Bakanlar Kurulu kararı ile kurulmuştur. Bünyesinde;
 Bilişim Sistemleri Mühendisliği
 Biyomedikal Mühendisliği
 Enerji Sistemleri Mühendisliği
 Otomotiv Mühendisliği
bölümleri ile eğitime ve öğretime devam etmektedir.

Fen-Edebiyat Fakültesi
3 Temmuz 1992 tarih ve 3837 sayılı kanun ile kurulmuş ve 28 Şubat 1993 tarihinde faaliyete geçmiştir. Üniversitenin Anıtpark yerleşkesindeki bir lise binasında hizmete başlayan fakültemizde ilk olarak Matematik, Fizik, Kimya bölümlerine öğrenci alınımına başlanmıştır. Daha sonra sırası ile Türk Dili ve Edebiyatı, Batı Dilleri ve Edebiyatları, Felsefe, Biyoloji, Arkeoloji ve Tarih bölümleri açılmıştır. Şubat 2004 tarihinden bu yana Fen Edebiyat Fakültesi Kocaeli Üniversitesinin Umuttepe yerleşkesindeki modern binalarında hizmet vermektedir.

İlahiyat Fakültesi
Fakülte 2015-2016 Eğitim öğretim döneminden itibaren öğrenci kabul etmeye başlamıştır. Bünyesinde;
 Temel İslam Bilimleri
 Felsefe ve Din Bilimleri
 İslam Tarihi ve Sanatları
bölümleri ile eğitim-öğretime devam etmektedir.

Havacılık ve Uzay Bilimleri Fakültesi
2005 yılından bu yana eğitim veren Kocaeli Üniversitesi Sivil Havacılık Yüksekokulu, 16.02.2015 tarihli Bakanlar kurulu kararı ile 09.03.2015 tarih ve 29290 sayıllı resmi gazetede yayınlanarak kapatılmış; yine aynı tarihli Bakanlar kurulu kararı ile Kocaeli Üniversitesi Rektörlüğü'ne bağlı "Havacılık ve Uzay Bilimleri Fakültesi" kurulmuştur. Bünyesinde;
 Uçak Elektrik-Elektronik
 Uçak Gövde-Motor
 Sivil Hava Ulaştırma İşletmeciliği
bölümleri ile eğitim-öğretime devam etmektedir.

Denizcilik Fakültesi
Yıldız Bilge Barbaros Denizcilik Yüksekokulu, 2007 yılında (2007/11919 Sayılı) Bakanlar Kurulu Kararı ile Kocaeli Üniversitesi Rektörlüğüne bağlı olarak kurulmuş ve 2008 - 2009 Eğitim-Öğretim yılında Denizcilik İşletmeleri Yönetimi Bölümü'ne öğrenci alarak eğitime başlamıştır. Gemi Makineleri İşletme Mühendisliği Bölümü ile Güverte Bölümlerinin kurulması, Yükseköğretim Kurulu Başkanlığı (YÖK) tarafından uygun görülmüş, henüz bu iki bölüme öğrenci alınmamıştır.

Spor Bilimleri Fakültesi

Turizm Fakültesi

Ziraat ve Doğa Bilimleri Fakültesi

Yüksekokul

 Yabancı Diller Yüksekokulu

Konservatuvar
 Kocaeli Üniversitesi Devlet Konservatuvarı

Meslek Yüksekokulları
 Adalet Meslek Yüksekokulu
 Ali Rıza Veziroğlu Meslek Yüksekokulu
 Değirmendere Ali Özbay Meslek Yüksekokulu
 Ford Otosan İhsaniye Otomotiv Meslek Yüksekokulu
 Gazanfer Bilge Meslek Yüksekokulu
 Gölcük Meslek Yüksekokulu
 Hereke Asım Kocabıyık Meslek Yüksekokulu
 Hereke Ömer İsmet Uzunyol Meslek Yüksekokulu
 İzmit Meslek Yüksekokulu
 Kandıra Meslek Yüksekokulu
 Karamürsel Meslek Yüksekokulu
 Kartepe Atçılık Meslek Yüksekokulu
 Kartepe Turizm Meslek Yüksekokulu
 Kocaeli Meslek Yüksekokulu
 Kocaeli Sağlık Hizmetleri Meslek Yüksekokulu
 Uzunçiftlik Nuh Çimento Meslek Yüksekokulu

Enstitüler
 Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü
 Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü
 Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü

Yerleşkeler

Arslanbey Yerleşkesi

 İzmit Meslek Yüksekokulu
Havacılık ve Uzay Bilimleri Fakültesi
Ziraat ve Doğa Bilimleri Fakültesi

Hereke Yerleşkesi

 Hereke Asım Kocabıyık Meslek Yüksekokulu
 Hereke Ömer İsmet Uzunyol Meslek Yüksekokulu

Karamürsel Yerleşkesi

 Denizcilik Fakültesi
 Gazanfer Bilge Meslek Yüksekokulu
 Karamürsel Meslek Yüksekokulu

Köseköy Yerleşkesi
 Kartepe Atçılık Meslek Yüksekokulu

Körfez Yerleşkesi

 Ali Rıza Veziroğlu Meslek Yüksekokulu
 Yabancı Diller Yüksekokulu

Kandıra Yerleşkesi
 Kandıra Meslek Yüksekokulu

Uzunçiftlik Yerleşkesi
 Uzunçiftlik Nuh Çimento Meslek Yüksekokulu

Derbent Yerleşkesi

 Kartepe Turizm Meslek Yüksekokulu
Turizm Fakültesi

Şehit Astsb. Ömer Halisdemir Yerleşkesi

 Kocaeli Meslek Yüksekokulu
 Kocaeli Üniversitesi Devlet Konservatuvarı
Diş Hekimliği Fakültesi

Gölcük Yerleşkesi

 Ford Otosan İhsaniye Meslek Yüksekokulu
 Gölcük Meslek Yüksekokulu
 Değirmendere Ali Özbay Meslek Yüksekokulu

Anıtpark Yerleşkesi

 Mimarlık ve Tasarım Fakültesi
Güzel Sanatlar Fakültesi

Umuttepe Yerleşkesi

 Mühendislik Fakültesi
 Fen-Edebiyat Fakültesi
Eğitim Fakültesi
 Hukuk Fakültesi
 Tıp Fakültesi
 İlahiyat Fakültesi
İletişim Fakültesi
İşletme Fakültesi
 Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesi
 Sağlık Bilimleri Fakültesi
 Spor Bilimleri Fakültesi
Teknoloji Fakültesi
Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü
 Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü
 Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü
Kocaeli Sağlık Hizmetleri Meslek Yüksekokulu
 Adalet Meslek Yüksekokulu

Kaynakça

1992'de kurulan üniversiteler
Kocaeli ilinde bulunan üniversiteler
Türkiye'deki üniversiteler

Kocaeli Üniversitesi